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Stimulating New Ideas and Approaches
Asking questions that lead to brilliant ideas is at the root of scientific discovery. Quantum leaps in science are made by this type of innovative thinking, but funding for the early pursuit of such initiatives is hard to obtain. However, the Pelotonia Research Award Program provides “idea” grants that allow creative teams of scientists to embark on research that could lead to discoveries resulting in better treatments and prevention strategies. To date, 32 research teams have received Pelotonia idea grants totaling millions of dollars. The teams represent collaborations among several colleges and departments, as well as three academic institutions (including Nationwide Children’s Hospital).
The awards are issued via a peer-review process conducted by scientists not competing for the grants. The grants cover an array of studies, from the genetics of triple-negative breast cancer to imaging of precancerous pancreatic lesions; from neurofibroma tumorigenesis and therapy to the molecular mechanisms of the body’s natural killer cells against multiple myeloma; from the role of the ATF3 gene in the development and treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia to genomic aberrations driving metastatic squamous cell carcinoma (a type of skin cancer).
Visit the grant pages by year to read more about the "Idea" Grants that have been awarded. | <urn:uuid:a4e0a632-4f62-4644-929a-3c909fcd9109> | {
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Dead Poets Society Essay
A significant event that occurs towards the finale of ‘Dead Poets Society’ directed by Peter Weir is the movie’s compelling climax, which is when one of the film’s most impassioned characters, Neil ends his own life. Neil commits suicide as he feels trapped with no alternative option other than to conform to his father’s wishes. The significance of this sequence is conveyed through a range of visual and verbal features such as colour, camera work, props, symbols, music and dialogue. These features collaborate to persuasively establish the importance of this event.
When the suicide sequence begins, Neil is crushed to be adamantly told by his father, Mr. Perry that he …show more content…
Neil’s suicide reflects many of the film’s most central themes, one of these is the theme of independence and rebellion. This theme is portrayed as by committing suicide Neil was finally able to gain control; he chose his own path which shows his independence. Independence and rebellion is showed throughout the movie by all members of the ‘Dead Poets Society’ this is what makes it such an imperative theme. It has similarities with the poem ‘The Road Not Taken’ by Robert Frost as that too, deals with the deliberation between the possible differences between two roads or options. In the suicide sequence Neil’s independence and rebellion is shown through the various close up camera shots of his hands. These show that Neil is not wavering or remotely hesitant about his choice. The shots are purposefully focused on his hands and not his face to administer what he is doing physically and not what is going on in his mind emotionally. The audience cannot see Neil’s facial expression therefore they are unable to tell how Neil is feeling at that point. The shots also allude to the notion that Neil’s life is now in his hands. Neil appears to really fulfil the saying | <urn:uuid:a8c1a0be-f07d-4977-a110-099149a4dda1> | {
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Con Ed to Get the Lead Out
The project will remove about 2,400 tons of underground lead sheathing through 2009 as part its membership in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's National Partnership for Environmental Priorities Program. The voluntary program aims to reduce or eliminate chemicals that can linger for decades when released into the environment. The private-public program has targeted 31 priority chemicals, such as lead and PCBs.
Con Edison plans to replace 2,400 sections of underground lead-clad electric feeder cables this year with solid dielectric cables made of copper conductors encased in synthetic rubber. The new cables are easier to splice and better for electricity distribution.
In 2009, the company will continue replacing an additional 2,400 sections, each of which is estimated to have about 1,000 pounds of encased lead sheathing that will be recycled nearby.
Eventually the company wants to replace all lead-clad cables -- about 20 percent of the company's underground network -- by 2020, which could account for as much as 15,000 tons of reclaimed lead sheathing.
Faced with a tide of post-consumer plastic trash, organizations are thinking up innovative ways to profitably harness this potentially vast revenue stream. Read more
The sixth annual edition of research has been expanded to include data on 1,600 companies worldwide, as well as on the U.S.-based S&P 500. Find out where the world of sustainable business is headed -- and the leading indicators of future progress.
Read the stories and download the report.
Simran Sethi shares how our psychology and geography shape the ways we engage and share with each other. See our entire video collection | <urn:uuid:56db57cb-e06f-4cec-888a-0c52535f2a12> | {
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GraphQL is a query language in which we send the query to the GraphQL Server. The server executes the query at runtime for fulfilling those queries with your existing data.
Let’s me make you understand this in more easy words. I suppose that you know SQL (Structured Query Language). If we are having a user table with the information about their name, age, email, phone. Now you want to fetch the name and email of the user then you will write a query for that and you will get that information. (Select name, email form the users).
You will not get age and phone of the user because you have not asked for that information. These are a thing of the server-side (backend). If you are a frontend developer and you had made 20 pages where you need users information. You will ask the backend developer that I want user information on different pages so I need an API. Backend developer will make API will give you an endpoint.
> on 6 pages you want user’s name only
> on 10 pages you want user’s email and name
> on 4 pages you want user’s name email and phone.
So you backend developer may apply two approaches.
- He will make 3 different endpoints with different data.
- He can make a common API with all the information.
What is the problem with these two approaches?
graphql unity flutter
- We are having multiple endpoints. If someday we will ned user’s name and age then we need to make another endpoint.
- We are not having multiple endpoints but we are over fetching the data, on each page we don’t want the user’s phone still we are getting the data. | <urn:uuid:6f101d06-e806-4024-8ff6-de6dd89a8001> | {
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Sassafras (Sassafras albidum) is a native American deciduous tree that grows primarily on the east coast from Maine to Florida, and partially into the plains to Iowa. It is very abundant here in Connecticut, and easy to forage in large quantities. It likes wet soil and is found in old fields, along field edges, and in urban parks. It spreads by producing roots and sapling clones underground, so one mature tree will be surrounded by hundreds of small saplings. The tree is easy to identify in the winter by looking for these many saplings surrounding the mother tree. The bark is green on the small saplings, but as the trees get larger you can see the reddish coloring between the furrows of the grey bark.
|flowers and new leaves|
|cross-section of root|
I will mention the USDA warnings about a compound in sassafras, safrole, which is considered a potential carcinogen in massive quantities. Safrole is also used in the manufacture of MDMA. We are not that concerned, as we do not consume huge amounts of sassafras. Native Americans used the decoction of the roots as a blood purifier. Sassafras oil is used to scent cosmetics and in aromatherapy. | <urn:uuid:05b00ed0-8877-4f61-baed-bd44cb3371c4> | {
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If there is one iconic item that people often identify with a Buddhist practitioner, it must be the “Mala”, commonly called “Buddha Beads”.
When I attended my Triple Gem Refuge Ceremony, and officially became a Buddhist, we all received a wrist Mala at the end of the ceremony. While I thought this was a nice thing to receive after the ceremony, it was never explained what it was or to be used for (thankfully I already knew). With that in mind, I thought it was important to explain what these beads are all about!
What Is It?
In the simplest of terms, a Mala is a series of beads on a string that is used to help a practitioner maintain “single-mindedness” when practicing.
Typically the practices in which a Mala is used are: reciting sutras (“sermons”, typically by the Buddha), mantras/chanting, samatha meditation (in Theravāda), and reciting the Buddha’s name (or a future Buddha, such as Amitabha).
Although this video is not in English, it is subtitled and very informative and can give a little more insight:
What Did the Buddha Say About Malas?
Nothing, actually. There is nothing (at least to my knowledge) in the Theravāda suttas or Mahāyāna and Vajrayāna sūtras regarding using “Malas”. We also don’t see any representations of the historical Buddha using Malas. This is important to note because it is not mandatory to use a Mala, unless it is part of your school or teachers instruction. For example, my two favorite Buddhist teachers are at different ends of this: Ven. Master Hsing Yun does use beads, whereas Ven. Thich Nhat Hanh does not (and this is ok!).
It is more than likely that, since ‘prayer beads’ are commonplace in many religions (especially in India, where Buddhism flourished), that Buddhists found them very useful when it came to their practice. By using beads, a practitioner can focus on the practice itself, and not counting, which becomes very beneficial.
Another reason why Malas became popular with Buddhists referenced a sūtra (although I cannot find this sūtra online). There is a story that is going around that a King prayed to the Buddha for a simple practice, to which the Buddha responded by telling him to string together 108 soapnut seeds and recite the three part refuge prayer upon them. This almost entirely sounds like something coming from Mahāyāna.
What Makes a Mala?
Although technically called a “Mala” (or Mala Beads), these are often called Dharma Beads, Buddha Bracelets, Buddhist Beads, Recitation Beads, Power Beads, and various other terms. Despite the terms, these beads are not unique to Buddhism, and were actually believed to have started in the Indian continent as a religious tool thousands of years ago. You can also find “prayer beads” used by many of the major religions.
- A traditional “full” Mala is 108 beads. However Mala’s come in various bead counts such as 27, 42, and 54. No matter the number of beads on the smaller ones, you will always be able to reach “108” (more on that later). The smaller Mala’s, such as the 18 and 27, are often used as on the wrist for daily use while out, and as a sign of devotion. The 18 bead versions are often called “Arhat beads”.
- The beads of a Mala can be made out of various materials, such as seeds, wood, plastic, gems, and anything else you can think of. The type of material your Mala is made out of is very personal, as it should be! For example, the Dalai Lama favors the Tiger Eye for his Mala.
- A large or ornamented bead (sometimes called a “Buddha bead” or “mother bead” always appears to let you know you have reached the beginning or end, and allow a pause before repeating a mantra, chanting, etc. When you reach this bead, it is often where you end (with a 108 bead Mala), or you would reverse direction and start again.
- Often, a “knot” will appear on the large “Buddha” bead. This knot symbolizes the popular Buddhist notion of the “endless knot”, and the tassels (strings) from the knot reflect the roots and stems of a Lotus flower.
How Do You Use It?
A Mala is used to “count”, and that is it! While that sounds extremely simple, it helps to keep a practitioner single-mindedly focused on the practice (such as recitation) itself rather than having to devote concentration on “numbers”. Since Buddhism is focused on the mind, having to count becomes a distraction…so it is no wonder why Malas are so popular! The following instructions are adapted form the book “Bells, Gongs, and Wooden Fish – Voices for Buddhist Change“:
- Beads are held in the hand
- Start with the bead next to the Buddha/mother bead (the large bead)
- Carefully slide one bead aside with a pinching motion for each recitation (e.g., of Amitabha Buddha’s name, a Buddhist scripture, or mantra)
- Divider beads, if present, are not counted
- When the Buddha/mother bead is reached once again, one rarely goes past it (and instead reverses direction)
- In wearing Buddhist beads, practitioners are mainly reminding themselves to always keep up the practice or reciting and further practice Buddhism in daily life
What’s With the Number 108?
Ultimately, understanding what the number 108 means as it relates to a Mala will not have an overall impact on how you use it. However, it is very interesting to understand how the number 108 is so popular not only in Buddhism, but elsewhere. This list and explanation is far form complete!
- The number 108 is an important number in not only Buddhism, but Hinduism and other religions (for example, in Islam 108 is used to refer to God).
- 108 virtues to cultivate
- 108 defilements to avoid
- 108 could also refer to the feelings a person has (according to some schools of Buddhism)
- 108 questions asked by Bodhisattva Mahamati in the Lankavatara Sutra
- 108 temptations
- 108 vexations
So, 108 does have a very symbolic meaning when it comes to a Buddhist Mala! Even if you don’t have a full 108 bead Mala, you can often meet “108” beads simply by going around several times (for example, I have a 18 bead wrist Mala which can get me to 108 if I use it 6 times).
The Ultimate Smart Watch?
We are seeing an explosion of “smart watches” now from Android Wear watches, to the Apple Watch, and even a “smart band” by Microsoft. What is interesting is that (as of the date of this article in 2015) nobody really knows what they are good for, and there is nothing truly amazing about them. I’m sure that will increase in time, but it reminded me of something: there is an even better smart watch out there…the wrist Mala.
- As explained earlier in this article, the tiny wrist Mala is often used to help practitioners remember to practice Buddhism while they are out in the world. It also provides a very easy way to perform recitation without having to carry around a large 108 bead Mala (although those can be wrapped around the wrist, they are often too big for most people).
- So when it comes to a “smart watch”, I believe the Mala always wins. Why? Because it is a tool that helps you practice Buddhism, of which the goal is the mind…and that’s pretty darn smart!
- Apple may have that slogan of “The only thing that’s changed is everything” for their iPhone, but I would say the Buddhist Mala has its own: “The only that’s changed is your mind”. I will take enlightenment any day 🙂
- If you would like to find a Buddhist Mala, check out the selection on Amazon.com by clicking here.
- Check out my humorous satire advertisement below on why the Mala is the best smart watch 🙂
© Alan Peto (www.alanpeto.com). Unauthorized use and/or duplication of this material without express and written permission from this site’s author and/or owner is strictly prohibited. Reproduction of this article (to include images and files) on any other site is prohibited (this article is only available on www.alanpeto.com). Linking to this article/material, such as on Facebook, Twitter, etc., is allowed (for your convenience, social share buttons are available below). Please click here to view full copyright notice.
This article is the personal opinion(s) and viewpoint(s) of the author, Alan Peto. No warranties or guarantees, expressed or implied, are being made. The information included on this site is for educational purposes only. It is not intended nor implied to be a substitute for professional advice, teaching, or instruction. Although every effort to ensure that the information in this website was correct at press time, Alan Peto does not assume and hereby disclaims any liability to any party for any loss, damage, or disruption caused by errors or omissions Please click here to view full disclaimer.
Do you have any questions, concerns, suggestions, or ideas? Please click here to contact me. | <urn:uuid:9674789d-6fe5-4c08-868b-5ed049828a79> | {
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On holiday in Turkey, and supposed to be taking a break, but couldn’t resist snapping the waxing crescent Moon over the clear but very light polluted skies above Bodrum.
What’s very apparent sky watching from this latitude, compared to Scotland, is the much steeper angle the ecliptic makes with the horizon, resulting is quicker sunsets and a much more pronounced ‘bowl’ orientation to the Moon near the horizon.
It’s also interesting to consider the religious significance of the Moon in Muslim countries like Turkey, where a lunar phase calendar is still in active use for religious ceremonies (marked by the crescent Moon and stars in many Muslim national flags).
Because 12 synodic months is 11 days shorter than the solar year, festivals like Ramadan end up drifting through the seasons.
This is in contrast to the West where the link with the Moon and the month was severed by the introduction of the Julian calendar around 40BC. Since then our civil and religious calendars have been entirely solar, with the Gregorian correction making our current calendar accurate to 1 day in every 3236 years. | <urn:uuid:9cca2da2-27bc-48b5-b8ad-cd482200d9c6> | {
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A diaspora is a scattering of a people from their original homeland or the new community formed by such a people. Diaspora can also refer geographically to those areas of the world where Orthodox Christians live, but are outside the canonically defined territories agreed upon as belonging to an autocephalous or autonomous Orthodox church.
Some Orthodox peoples living in the West believe that they are living as dispersed peoples, as specific national and ecclesiastical "diasporas." The Church teaches that Christians, in full communion in faith, love, and sacramental life, should be at home in the One Holy Catholic and Apostolic Church in the new land in which they find themselves. The notion of a diaspora of Orthodox Christians is seen by many as an obstacle to jurisdictional unity throughout areas as yet canonically undefined.
Jurisdictions with parishes in the "diaspora"
- Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople
- Patriarchate of Antioch
- Patriarchate of Jerusalem
- Patriarchate of Moscow
- Patriarchate of Serbia
- Patriarchate of Romania
- Patriarchate of Bulgaria
- Orthodox Church in America (OCA)
- Are We Living in Diaspora?, by Archbishop Peter (L'Huillier)
- Orthodoxy in America: Diaspora or Church?, by Very Rev. Leonid Kishkovsky
- "In the Diaspora", by Metropolitan Maximos, published in The Word, November 2004 (Antiochian)
- UK diocesan crisis tests Church's mission to all by Archpriest Leonid Kishkovsky | <urn:uuid:3b378425-34c0-4b79-8f74-23e03387a433> | {
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JILA astrophysicists investigate the Sun, nearby stars, young stars, cool stars, and dying stars. Juri Toomre and the astrophysical fluid dynamics group study the internal workings of the Sun and other similar, but younger, stars. Their goal is to understand the dynamic processes that occur deep within these stars. They want to figure out how the internal motions and rotations of stars help build the magnetic fields that play a role in generating regular cycles of starspots and other phenomena. In their work, they use a powerful combination of supercomputer-based simulations and helioseismology (the use of sound waves produced by the Sun to study its inner workings).
The group believes that working out the details of the Sun’s internal structure and dynamics holds the key to understanding the 22-year sunspot cycle and other regular features such as the Sun’s consistent, but variable, rotation rate. The Sun’s equatorial regions rotate with a period of about 28 days, while the poles rotate with a period of about 35 days. This nonuniform rotation extends down through the Sun’s convection zone, but does not occur in its radiative interior, which rotates uniformly. At the base of the convection zone lies a remarkable layer of shear called the tachocline.
The Toomre group focuses on the interaction of the turbulent convective layer and the Sun’s differential rotation in building magnetic fields by dynamo action. Much of this theoretical work involves major 3D simulations of convection and magnetism within full spherical shells, capturing much of the solar convection zone. This work is complemented by observational helioseismology.
By observing sound waves in the Sun, the group has discovered large-scale meandering motions much like jet streams coexisting with weather patterns such as strong winds, jets, and tornadoes in the Sun's convection zone. These findings inspire and guide supercomputer simulations of convection and magnetism aimed at understanding how this zone of turbulent plasma is able to build the strong magnetic fields that are seen to erupt through the solar surface. The group's models can now largely explain the Sun's differential rotation with strong shear layers thought to be crucial elements in the operation of the solar dynamo.
Toomre has collaborated for more than a decade with investigators around the world in the study of the vibrational modes of the Sun, which are analogous to the vibrational modes of the Earth that can be excited by large earthquakes. These studies confirmed that the upper 29% of the Sun consists of a convective layer that experiences differential rotation. The rotation depends both on depth and distance from the solar equator. Toomre’s group compares its simulations of the Sun with another model of younger Sun-like stars that spin 3–10 times faster than our Sun.
When it was formed more than 4.5 billion years ago, the Sun may have rotated 50–60 times faster than it does today. However, as a star like the Sun ages, it loses material as stellar winds, a process that also causes its rotation to slow. At this stage in its life cycle, the Sun has become a relatively leisurely rotator. Learning more about the origin and evolution of the elderly Sun’s solar dynamo requires the study of the interaction of heat-driven convection, buoyancy, and electromagnetic forces in much younger stars.
The comparison of circulation patterns in the convection zones of young stars with those in the Sun has yielded new insights into the formation and maintenance of the solar dynamo. For instance, detailed simulations of magnetic fields inside young stars showed that rapidly spinning stars create large-scale magnetic fields throughout their convection zones. These fields are organized into large wreaths with different polarities above and below the stellar equator. These large wreath-like structures (shown at left) are not shredded apart by the young star’s turbulent convection. The evolution of these structures in young stars continues to shed light not only on how the solar dynamo functioned in the past, but also how it works today.
The appearance of the wreaths appears to be a major developmental step in building magnetic fields inside stars. They appear to be the roots of a process that creates the dynamo action observed in the Sun. Because of their simulations of young stars, the Toomre group was able to figure out that the solar dynamo operates simultaneously in the Sun’s tachocline and within its convection zone.
The Toomre group is now exploiting the capabilities of the University of Colorado-Boulder’s new supercomputer Janus for simulations of the Sun and other stars. The researchers are developing detailed simulations of the flows inside F-type stars, which are a little bigger and hotter than the Sun and have an unusual near-surface shear layer. They are also looking at helioseismic data from the Sun obtained by the Solar Dynamics Observatory to analyze real subsurface flows and compare them with simulations. Finally, they are exploring the relationship of buoyant loops in the Sun’s magnetic field to the boundary between the Sun’s convection zone and its radiative interior.
Jeffrey Linsky is expanding his studies of T Tauri stars and planets with data from the Cosmic Origins Spectrograph (COS) on the Hubble Space Telescope. He continues to investigate the evolution of these very young stars, which are surrounded by accretion disks where planets form. He has discovered that the strong Lyman-a radiation of T Tauri stars photoexcites molecules of hydrogen and carbon monoxide in accretion disks. This process produces bright, fluorescent radiation. Linsky and his colleagues probe this radiation using spectra obtained by COS.
Linsky also studies the coronae (hot ionized plasmas in the outer atmospheres of most stars), chromospheres (regions between photospheres and coronae), stellar winds (analogs of the solar wind), and circumstellar envelopes of stars in the Milky Way Galaxy. He compares these structures among different sizes and types of stars. He also wants to know how such stellar regions are affected inside binary star systems. He has detected stellar winds for 13 nearby cool stars. (Our Sun is a cool star.)
Using computer modeling, he was able to deduce the relationship between the strength of a stellar wind and the age of a star and the x-ray luminosity of its corona. Understanding the evolution of stellar winds with time allowed him to deduce that a strong solar wind, which appeared about 700 million years after the Sun began to shine, literally blew away the dense atmosphere of the planet Mars. Linsky is now undertaking additional studies of cool stars using data from COS.
Richard McCray, who is now retired, focused for more than 25 years on the death of a single star. He combined data analysis with theoretical simulations of SN1987A, the brightest supernova visible from Earth since 1604. It occurred when a blue supergiant star exploded in the Large Magellanic Cloud, a galaxy located 160,000 light years from Earth. Thanks to the Hubble Space Telescope and the Chandra and XMM-Newton observatories, this is the first time in history astronomers have been able to witness the evolution of a supernova unfolding in real time.
McCray studied the composition, temperature, and density of the supernova's debris and investigated its circumstellar ring system. He and his colleagues correctly predicted that the ring system would become a thousand times brighter in 1997 when struck by the blast wave from the stellar explosion. Since then, hot spots appeared in the ring system as more parts of it were clobbered by the supernova blast. McCray correctly predicted the 2007 merger of the hot spots. The entire ring system lit up as it was entirely overtaken by the supernova's shockwave.
McCray's observations led him to conclude that the giant star lost most of its outer layers about 20,000 years before it exploded. Next, a high-speed wind blowing off the star's surface carved out a cavity in the cloud. Then, the supernova's shockwave interacted with dense fingers of gas that protrude inward from the edge of the circumstellar gas cloud. As the shockwave rides further into the cloud, it will continue to illuminate the star's past. | <urn:uuid:9f18dfe5-e89b-490a-a4fb-6a90d6513ec9> | {
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David Bourget (Western Ontario)
David Chalmers (ANU, NYU)
Rafael De Clercq
Jack Alan Reynolds
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Acta Biotheoretica 59 (2):153-171 (2011)
When animal ethicists deal with welfare they seem to face a dilemma: On the one hand, they recognize the necessity of welfare concepts for their ethical approaches. On the other hand, many animal ethicists do not want to be considered reformist welfarists. Moreover, animal welfare scientists may feel pressed by moral demands for a fundamental change in our attitude towards animals. The analysis of this conflict from the perspective of animal ethics shows that animal welfare science and animal ethics highly depend on each other. Welfare concepts are indispensable in the whole field of animal ethics. Evidence for this can be found by analyzing the structure of theories of animal ethics and the different ways in which these theories employ welfare concepts. Furthermore, the background of values underneath every welfare theory is essential to pursue animal welfare science. Animal ethics can make important contributions to the clarification of underlying normative assumptions with regard to the value of the animal, with regard to ideas about what is valuable for the animal, and with regard to the actions that should follow from the results of animal welfare science
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John Hadley (2013). Liberty and Valuing Sentient Life. Ethics and the Environment 18 (1):87-103.
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[29 July 2014]
These days people generally think of Detroit—with its vast expanses of abandoned real estate that have given rise to the photographic genre known as ruins porn—as the place where modernity went to die. But during the middle of the 20th century, Detroit was the boomingest of boom towns.
In the ten years after the introduction in 1913 of the modern moving assembly line in the automobile industry, Detroit’s population doubled to nearly one million. In the 30 years following that, it doubled again to become the nation’s fourth-largest city and one of its most affluent, especially for the working class.
An important chapter in that story was the turning of the Motor City’s manufacturing might to arms production during the Second World War, when Detroit came to embody the slogan “Arsenal of Democracy”. The new book of the same title by journalist A.J. Baime, Wall Street Journal contributor and editor at large for Playboy, tells the tale from the point of view of the Ford Motor Company and in its involvement foremost in turning out B-24 Liberators, heavy bombers, at a faster rate than the Germans could shoot them down, helping turn the tide of the air war in Europe.
The Arsenal of Democracy: FDR, Detroit, and an Epic Quest to Arm America at War is told through portrait sketches of a few key individuals—President Franklin D. Roosevelt, who issued the call to arms in a 1940 radio broadcast during which the phrase Arsenal of Democracy was introduced, and auto pioneer Henry Ford and his only son Edsel, who fought their own battle with one another over the company’s direction in the years leading up to the war.
Along the way there are appearances by other historical figures, including the nefarious Harry Bennett, head of Ford’s so-called Service Department and Henry’s personal henchman, “Cast Iron” Charlie Sorensen, head of production at Ford, developer of modern mass-manufacturing techniques, and Edsel’s confidant, and Harry S. Truman, who at the time was an ambitious senator from Missouri intent on making a name for himself by identifying waste in government and profiteering in the defense industry.
The book begins with an overview of Henry Ford’s world-changing methods of production, and its accompanying social, economic, and political effects, that came to be termed “Fordism,” the high wage/high output system that that gave birth to the American middle class. The vast productive capacity of Ford’s system of mass manufacturing enabled him to double the wages of his workers and dramatically reduce the price of his Model T, all the while becoming one of the richest men in world history.
One story has it that the enormous wealth Ford accumulated came so quickly that his wife Clara once found an uncashed check for $75,000, the equivalent of $1.5 million in today’s money, in one of his pants pockets while doing laundry. This largesse allowed Ford to indulge in all sorts of wackiness, including a well-documented practice of virulent antisemitism and decades of thwarting rational efficiencies and new business opportunities proposed by his son Edsel, which would have added even greater profit to the enterprise.
The tussle between Henry and Edsel over the company’s destiny, and in particular its involvement in war production, is one of the book’s main narrative threads. In the ‘20s, Edsel, an aviator enthusiast, wanted to branch out into airplane production. He also wanted to adopt modern accounting techniques and rational management principles. During the First World War, he chafed at the opportunity to serve his country by enlisting in the military. He wanted to get rid of Harry Bennett, whose thuggish operating methods were barely a step above criminal, if that. (My grandfather, who worked on the line at “Ford’s” for 30 years, used to tell of having to pay a Service Department goon a “reinstatement fee” to get his job back after being laid off.)
Each of these was overturned by Henry and reluctantly accepted by Edsel who had a strong sense of filial duty. Edsel died of stomach cancer in 1943 at age 49, many say due to the maltreatment he suffered at the hands of his father. But before checking out, Edsel was able to position Ford Motor Company as a major defense contractor and bring Fordist production methods to bear on the war effort even over his father’s objections, a story that is the book’s other major narrative element.
Roosevelt recognized very early on that US involvement in the war was inevitable and also that the nation’s armed forces were completely inadequate to the task. With the Luftwaffe controlling the skies over Europe and central to the Nazi military strategy of blitzkrieg, Roosevelt was especially concerned about American air capability, or more accurately the lack of it. He set a goal of building 50,000 airplanes and asked Congress for $1.2 billion (approximately $20 billion in today’s dollars) to pay for it.
Airplane manufacturing at the time was a craft industry with each unit built by hand often with unique configurations. Standardized mass manufacturing was the answer to ramping up production to achieve the numbers needed in short order. Roosevelt called upon William Knudsen, at the time president of General Motors, to assume control of American war materiel production.
Edsel Ford’s pioneering efforts in aviation as well as his hands-on knowledge of mass manufacturing made him the obvious go-to person in the quest to expand airplane production. Edsel and Sorensen worked often under cover to meet with government officials and others in the defense industry not the least of which for the reason that Henry was both a prominent antiwar advocate and a hater of Roosevelt. On more than one occasion, Henry countermanded agreements Edsel had made to provide the military with various hardware.
Edsel persevered, even as death was overtaking him, and in the end won out, with Ford Motor Company contributing significantly to the war effort and being handsomely rewarded for it. At its peak, the massive Ford Willow Run plant, which had been constructed on Ford family farmland specifically to mass produce the B-24 Liberator, turned out 650 aircraft per month and employed some 40,000 workers in two nine-hour shifts, including Rose Will Monroe, the real life role model for cultural icon Rosie the Riveter.
Following the war, the substantial pool of accumulated capital on the one hand and pent-up consumer demand on the other fueled an economic boom in America and in particular, the suburban expansion led foremost by the automobile, ultimately precipitating the abandonment of Detroit. (A good account of the roots of Detroit’s fall from grace can be found in Thomas Sugrue’s The Origins of the Urban Crisis: Race and Inequality in Postwar Detroit.)
Baime doesn’t get into any of that, ending his tale with the D-Day invasion and the assumption of Edsel’s eldest son Henry Ford II (AKA “Hank the Deuce”) to the CEO’s suite at the company bearing his grandfather’s name. He also glosses over several knottier questions, including whether Ford-owned operations in Germany and occupied France enabled the company to profit from both sides during the war. Instead, he accepts an internal report claiming that Ford didn’t gain from enemy war production, a journalistic decision screaming to be fact-checked.
The two main narrative threads, and various subplots, of The Arsenal of Democracy could easily and in fact have been the subjects of separate books. But through a combination of primary and secondary research and facile storytelling, Baime weaves together an engaging narrative that retrieves an important piece of history for Detroit and for the nation at time when all that both seemed to have stood for appears to be in retreat. It also brings attention back to Henry’s doomed and now nearly forgotten son, Edsel, one of the Motor City’s more solid citizens. | <urn:uuid:2e40f83e-bc51-4c8f-bc9a-c6abd01b6de2> | {
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A Morton’s neuroma usually develops between the third and fourth toes. Less commonly, it develops between the second and third toes. Other locations are rare. It also is rare for a Morton’s neuroma to develop in both feet at the same time. The condition is much more common in women than men, probably as a result of wearing high-heeled, narrow-toed shoes. This style of shoe tends to shift the bones of the feet into an abnormal position, which increases the risk that a neuroma will form. Being overweight also increases the risk of a Morton’s neuroma.
Occupational hazards. Individuals whose jobs place undue stress on their forefeet (with or without wearing improper footwear) are among those who complain of neuromas. Podiatric physicians report that individuals who work on ladders, or who perform activities on their knees (such as doing landscaping, carpeting, flooring, or other work on the ground) are at risk for this problem, too, since these activities cause stress to the nerve near the ball of the foot. Those who engage in high-impact activities that bring repetitive trauma to the foot (running, aerobics, etc.) have a better than average chance of developing a neuroma at the site of a previous injury. To put it more simply, if you have sustained a previous injury to your foot (a sprain, stress fracture, etc.), that area of your foot will be more prone to neuroma development than an area that has not been injured. However, sports injuries aren?t automatically a ticket to neuromas. Trauma caused by other forms of injury to the foot (dropping heavy objects, for example) can also cause a neuroma to develop at the site of the previous injury. Much though we hate to say it, sometimes neuromas just develop and nobody knows why. The patient doesn?t have a previous injury, is wearing properly fitted shoes, and doesn?t stress his/her feet with any specific activity but the neuroma develops anyway. It is important to remember that some of the factors listed above can work alone, or in combination with each other, to contribute to the formation of neuroma.
A Morton’s neuroma causes a “burning” sharp pain and numbness on the bottom of the foot in the involved area, and this pain and numbness can radiate to the nearby toes. The pain is usually increased by walking or when the ball of the foot is squeezed together and decreased with massaging. It may force a person to stop walking or to limp from the pain.
The diagnosis of a Morton’s neuroma can usually be made by the doctor when the history of pain suggests it and the examination elicits the symptoms. The foot is generally tender when the involved area is compressed and symptoms of pain and sometimes tingling can be elicited when the sides of the foot are squeezed. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or ultrasound testing can be used to confirm the diagnosis if necessary.
Non Surgical Treatment
If your Morton’s neuroma is painful, your doctor usually will begin treatment with conservative therapies, including a switch to shoes with low heels, wide toes and good arch support. Padding techniques, including metatarsal pads or toe crest pads. Shoe inserts (orthotics) to help correct any mechanical imbalance in the foot. Anti-inflammatory medication, such as ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin and other brand names) or naproxen (Aleve, Naprosyn and other brand names) A local injection of anesthetic and corticosteroid medication into the affected area. Inflamed or injured nerves can take months to improve, even after the underlying problem has been corrected.
When early treatments fail and the neuroma progresses past the threshold for such options, podiatric surgery may become necessary. The procedure, which removes the inflamed and enlarged nerve, can usually be conducted on an outpatient basis, with a recovery time that is often just a few weeks. Your podiatric physician will thoroughly describe the surgical procedures to be used and the results you can expect. Any pain following surgery is easily managed with medications prescribed by your podiatrist. | <urn:uuid:e68cc6c6-9b73-4ef0-82a9-652c3def78fb> | {
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What’s a cheque?
A cheque is a payment method that can be practical on certain occasions, e.g., to pay the rent. It’s sort of a written permission to withdraw an amount from an individual’s account (the payor) and to deposit it in another individual’s account (the recipient).
Where to order cheques
When you open your account, ask your caisse populaire for cheques. It’s also possible to order them online through AccèsD. Note that there are fees to pay to get a chequebook.
How to write a cheque
- Before writing a cheque, make sure you have enough money in your account. If the cheque amount is higher than the funds available in your account, not only will you have to pay more than $40 in fees, but your credit file will be tarnished.
- Make sure you fill out all the lines legibly and that you don’t cross out anything.
- If you make a mistake, you can correct it by crossing out the error, correcting it and putting your initials next to it.
- If you think that your cheque is not legible or that the caisse populaire may not understand your writing or corrections, rip up your cheque into small pieces and write a new one. Indicate in your chequebook that this cheque has been discarded.
- Don’t forget to enter the name of the person whom you have made the cheque out to and the amount. It’ll be easier to find out, later on, where this amount went.
Did you know?
It could be easier and less costly to make a money transfer in AccèsD to pay back a friend or family member.
It’s also faster to pay your bills online.
Your money is on hold?
When you deposit a cheque in your account, the money isn’t available right away. Your caisse populaire holds the funds while processing the cheque and making sure that it’s accepted. Funds are generally held for 5 business days when you deposit a cheque at the counter and for 7 business days when the deposit is made at an ATM.
To avoid having a hold placed on your funds, you can:
- ask your employer to deposit your pay directly into your account
- ask you caisse populaire for an authorized transit. | <urn:uuid:d718402b-c2f6-416b-8f32-7049c8c85ea6> | {
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intelligence can't understand meaning or emotion just yet, but it
can write a pretty good essay on 17th-century maritime trade.
At the 2017 TED Conference this past April, AI expert Noriko Arai
gave a talk presenting her Todai Robot, a machine that has
been programmed to take the entrance exam to Japan's most
prestigious university, Tokyo University.
While Arai discovered Todai didn't pass muster to gain
acceptance, the robot still beat 80% of the students taking the
exam, which consisted of seven sections, including math, English,
science, and a 600-word essay writing portion.
But it wasn't necessarily cause for celebration, Arai said.
"Instead, I was alarmed."
When Arai thinks about all the evidence claiming
machines will replace huge swaths of the global workforce -
first in manufacturing and low-skill jobs, and then perhaps in
white-collar professions - she sees it as an indication that
education is flawed.
Instead of absorbing meaning from their studies, Arai has
observed children behaving more like her Todai robot. They ingest
facts and spit them back out, without comprehension. The problem
is, Todai and other forms of AI will inevitably surpass human
memory and cognition at some point, research has suggested. The
human brain can never compete with the rote fact-checking power
of a computer.
Humans excel at pattern recognition, creative projects, and
problem solving. We can read and understand. As Arai notes
repeatedly in her talk, computers cannot - at least, so
Sometimes Todai makes mistakes. Even with 15 billion
sentences in its repertoire, Arai's robot failed to grasp a
multiple choice question whose answer would have been obvious
even to young children. But as Arai found in her follow-up tests,
in which one-third of middle schoolers couldn't answer a simple
reading comprehension question, easy questions can also beguile
"So we have to think about a new type of education," Arai said,
one in which kids are taught not just to deposit facts, but also
to analyze and think critically about them. "How we humans will
coexist with AI is something we have to think about carefully,
based on solid evidence. At the same time, we have to think in a
hurry because time is running out."
Watch the talk below: | <urn:uuid:60f99dd6-2196-41e0-9be6-3e5550dc4924> | {
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Bring a bottle of water with you to your next exam and you may boost your test score, according to a new study from the University of East London. Students who brought water with them did better on an exam than those who forgot their water bottles.
The researchers accounted for the 447 undergraduate students' prior grades, so it's not just a matter of smarter students being more likely to bring a bottle of water.
Lead researcher Dr. Chris Pawson explains there may be a couple of reasons for this link between bringing water (and presumably drinking it) and better grades:
- Drinking water might have a physiological effect on the brain's cognitive functions. (Previous studies have shown that a dehydration level of just 1% of your body weight reduces your thinking functions, so it makes sense that being well-hydrated is important for your mental performance.)
- It's possible also that drinking water can reduce anxiety during test-taking. Psychology Today explains: "By offering a momentary distraction, [taking a sip of water] can break a chain of thoughts and free the mind to focus on the task, leading to better performance."
Drinking water might also also just activate a placebo affect, Psychology Today suggests. If you believe water boosts your brain power, that belief alone could improve your performance.
Either way, don't forget that bottle of water on your next test.
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E. (Edith) Nesbit (1858-1924) was an English author and poet who published over sixty books for children. She was most likely the inventor of the genre that became wildly popular in book and movie adaptations, known as "children's adventure fiction." Her most popular work included The Railway Children (1906), and her Bastable series, namely The Wouldbegoods (1901), and The Story of the Treasure Seekers (1899).
Nesbit had a creative dark side: her horror stories were well regarded. Fans described her as the "mistress of the ghost story and tales of terror." This juxtaposition-- creating children's adventures and horror-- probably provided a sort of catharsis during her prolific writing career.
Nesbit created non-fiction early in her career; she co-founded the Fabian Society, and wrote extensively about socialism in the 1880's. Even in her children's work, Nesbit did not sugar-coat; she focused on the realities of a hard life, rather than creating fantasy, parallel worlds as did so many of her contemporaries, such as Lewis Carroll and Kenneth Grahame. Her time travel book The Story of the Amulet is considered one of her most inventive tales. | <urn:uuid:e48749de-e7f6-4af4-85af-3f61b33f56c4> | {
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The U.S. 20 bridge team received important national recognition for their innovative work on the project.
Lincoln Highway concrete markers
In 1928, the Boy Scouts of America placed concrete markers along the Lincoln Highway to honor Abraham Lincoln.
"Woman's Head" (1976)
An Ames icon first took shape in 1976, on the northeast corner of the Iowa DOT’s complex. In 1998 and 1999, it was transformed into a more durable material. Learn how the Iowa DOT became home to Ames’ most famous public art work: “Woman’s Head.”
High Trestle Trail Bridge
Building a bridge that gets bikers, joggers, walkers, and even strollers across the Des Moines River would have been enough for some, but the ambitious committee members wanted the High Trestle Trail Bridge to stand out on a national level.
Welcome to the Iowa DOT’s virtual museum.
The virtual museum will highlight the art, artifacts, awards, and architecture collected and created by the Iowa DOT over the past 100 years and into the future. New items and structures will be featured every couple of months, giving the public a view of the Iowa DOT and Iowa’s transportation infrastructure they may not have expected.
Please click one of the four tabs at the top of the page to get started with your tour. We hope that you will enjoy the items and stories shared here. | <urn:uuid:ce845354-59e0-4703-8372-9e18fe259b5d> | {
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Sep 24, 2010
Blood test tracking shows pandemic flu prevention measure benefits
In one of the first large-scale serologic studies to assess the effectiveness of public health measures during the 2009 H1N1 pandemic, a study of military units in Singapore found lower rates of infection in soldiers who were subject to more stringent disease-prevention measures. The observational study, in the Journal of Infectious Diseases, involved 1,015 soldiers from 14 units. Researchers studied serum samples and symptom questionnaires between Jun 22 and Oct 9, 2009. Soldiers were subject to three levels of protection—normal, essential, or healthcare worker—based on their job duties. The normal group was provided flu information and urged to seek medical care when sick. Additional prevention measures for the essential group included enhanced surveillance and segregation into smaller work groups. Healthcare workers wore N-95 respirators, gloves, and gowns during working hours. Serum evidence of H1N1 infection was lower in the essential and healthcare groups, at 17% and 11% respectively, compared with the normal group, which had a 44% seroconversion rate. The authors concluded that their findings show the benefit of flu-prevention measures, which they say could especially be important for countries with scarce flu vaccine.
Sep 23 J Infect Dis abstract
Children with pandemic H1N1 had increased neurologic conditions
A new study in Annals of Neurology determined that 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza was associated with more cases of encephalopathy and other neurologic conditions in children than was season flu. Researchers from the University of Utah studied 303 patients from their medical center who had confirmed novel H1N1, 18 of whom had neurologic complications, and 234 children hospitalized with seasonal flu, 16 of whom had neurologic manifestations. They determined that seizures were the most common neurologic complication in both groups, and that encephalopathy, focal neurologic findings, and aphasia were significantly more common in the pandemic group. Also, 66% of the pandemic group had underlying neurologic conditions, compared with only 25% of the seasonal-flu group. They also found that focal neurologic symptoms persisted in 4 (22%) of the 18 pandemic H1N1 patients at discharge, compared with none in the seasonal-flu patients. "The absence of proven treatments for influenza-related neurological complications underlines the importance of vaccination," said Joshua Bonkowsky MD, PhD, one of the study's authors.
Sep 23 Ann Neurol study
Sep 20 press release on the study
Study finds flu data comparisons helps define severity
In an effort to better detect spikes in flu severity, Dutch researchers reported success in comparing hospital and mortality data with general surveillance for flulike illness at physicians' offices. To gauge the presence of heightened severity in the Netherlands between 1999 and 2005, they looked for flu-related hospitalization increases that were disproportionate to the number of cases reported by general physicians. They used virus isolation and characterization data when they interpreted their results. When they used the method to look at severity for all the flu seasons during the study period, they found a disproportionate severity increase in 2003 through 2004 that coincided with the circulation of a drifted influenza A (H3N2) Fujian strain. They wrote that the novel approach could help complement traditional methods of tracking increases in seasonal and pandemic flu.
Sep 23 Am J Public Health abstract
Senate food safety agreement still stalled
Senate Democrats, headed by Dick Durbin (Ill.) yesterday tried to move the food safety reform bill again yesterday by unanimous consent with the addition of a compromise amendment, but Sen Tom Coburn (R-Okla.) again rejected the bid, saying it didn't address his concerns that the legislation's costs are fully offset, Politico reported. The Congressional Budget Office has already stated that the bill is pay-as-you-go compliant. Coburn pressed Democrats to end debate on the bill by taking a cloture vote. However, Politico reported that it's not clear if Democrats have the 60 votes needed for cloture. The report said the tight legislative calendar may push further consideration of the bill past the November elections and quoted a spokeswoman for majority leader Sen Harry Reid (D-Nev.) as saying the bill could still move forward this year.
Sep 23 Politico story
Bahamas sounds dengue warning
Public health officials in the Bahamas yesterday issued a public health advisory about an increase in dengue disease activity in the Caribbean region, including the Bahamas. The Bahamas Department of Public Health reported that so far it has confirmed fives cases, and 20 more suspected infections are under investigation, the Bahamas Weekly, an online news service, reported yesterday. It said authorities are working closely with the Department of Environmental Health Services to prevent and control the spread of the disease. Meanwhile, another Bahamas news outlet reported a dengue death. The Bahamas Press reported that the fatality involved a mother of three in her late twenties who had recently graduated from college and returned to Nassau to practice medicine.
Sep 23 Bahamas Weekly report
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A sunken ship is providing treasure-hunting Greek researchers with priceless baubles more than 100 years after it was first discovered.
The Antikythera shipwreck, so named for its location off a tiny Greek isle, was once a proud Roman-era vessel laden with pieces of art and luxury goods.
Two thousand years after it wound up under the sea, and last month more specifically, a team from the Ephorate of Underwater Antiquities continued an excavation at a trench where human remains were recovered last year.
They were not disappointed. The trench continued to deliver similar material including a bronze statue’s arm, a disc adorned with a bull and preserved wooden ship planks dating to an era from which few relics have survived.
Even more exciting for researchers are hints they've found at least seven more bronze sculptures yet to be unearthed.
Since its discovery by Greek sponge divers in 1900, the wreck has yielded grand relics from the Classical era, including marble statues of ancient gods and other antiquities.
In 1976, Jacques-Yves Cousteau and the CALYPSO crew journeyed to the wreck and recovered nearly 300 objects, including skeletal remains of the passengers and crew.
These are the first to come from the site, however, since detailed mapping was done of the area in 2014.
A curator with Los Angeles' J. Paul Getty museum put the find in perspective for The New York Times.
“Say you discovered there are another seven Leonardo [DaVinci] paintings that no one knew existed and the prospect of finding them is dangling before your eyes,” Kenneth Lapatin explained. “That’s what this is like for classical archaeologists and those who study ancient Greek and Roman art.” | <urn:uuid:46b03785-5a66-43eb-8792-55fd12c4b37c> | {
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Definition - What does Failure Analysis mean?
Failure analysis is the systematic investigation of a part failure with the objectives of determining the root causes of failure and the corrective actions needed to prevent future failures. Failures occur when some system or part of a system fails to perform up to the expectations for which it was created.
Failure analysis is commonly performed in the following industries:
- Chemical processing
- Oil & gas
- Pulp & paper
Corrosionpedia explains Failure Analysis
Failure analysis relies on collecting failed components for subsequent examination of the cause or causes of failure using a wide array of methods, especially microscopy and spectroscopy. Key benefits of failure analysis include avoiding costly future instances of corrosion-induced failure, and providing evidence for any litigation proceedings.
Analysis of a failed part can be done using destructive testing or non-destructive testing (NDT). The NDT methods (such as industrial computed tomography scanning) are valuable because the failed products are unaffected by analysis. Therefore, these methods are normally used before any others.
Generally, procedure for failure analysis includes:
- Collection of data and samples
- Preliminary examination
- Non-destructive inspection
- Mechanical testing
- Selection and preservation of damaged surfaces
- Macroscopic and microscopic examination
- Preparation and examination of metallographic sections
- Damage classification
- Report writing
Corrosion-induced failures often lead to costly breakages or downtime. Therefore, identification of the cause of the failure is often critical.
Understanding Corrosion in Pumps and How to Deal With It | <urn:uuid:802fbfc9-8582-49d3-9404-abc413321cac> | {
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During the stand-off between the United States and Iraq over that country’s suspected possession of chemical and biological weapons, a Canadian delegation entered Washington state to conduct their own search for "weapons of mass destruction" held by the United States.
On February 26, Libby Davies, a member of the Canadian Parliament from Vancouver, led a "Citizens’ Weapons Inspection Team" made up of community and church leaders to search for U.S. weapons of mass destruction suspected to be deployed in Washington at the Bangor submarine base. The Puget Sound base is the home port of nuke-carrying Trident submarines.
"Canada should play the role of peacemaker by working to ensure that all weapons of mass destruction are banned," said Davies. "Our team will begin by inspecting the country which possesses thousands of the most deadly weapons ever created—nuclear weapons." The Canadians were also making a statement against their own country’s support of the U.S. threat to bomb Iraq.
Though the team was granted access to the site by the base commander, the invitation was overturned by a superior officer. Analysts suspect that 1,600 active nuclear weapons are based in Washington—more than in Britain, China, France (and Iraq) combined. | <urn:uuid:512a7a38-47f1-43d4-92f0-3c7cadd2a89f> | {
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Published on December 9, 2012 by Amy
Impact of Native American Gaming can be positive or negative, depending on the tribe and its location. In the 1970s, various Native American tribes took unprecedented action to initiate Native gaming enterprises. In doing so, they created not only a series of legal struggles between the federal, state, and tribal governments but also a groundbreaking way to revitalize the Native American economy. Native American gaming has grown from bingo parlors to high stakes gaming and is surrounded by controversy on many different levels. There are disputes concerning tribal sovereignty, negative effects of gaming, and a loss of Native American culture. In the United States the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act was passed in 1988 in order to secure collaboration between the states and tribes and also in order for the federal government to oversee gaming operations. Native American gaming has proven to be extremely lucrative for several tribes, but it has also been unsuccessful in some instances. Native American gaming is contingent upon and only beneficial to its respective reservation.
dna testing, dna ancestry testing, ancestry, genealogy, indian genealogy records, paternity testing, turquoise jewelry, native american jewelry
Gaming can be extremely successful because it stimulates the economy, increase tourism to reservations, reduces unemployment, raises incomes, and increases tribal independence while reducing dependence upon welfare. Native American gaming has created over 300,000 jobs in the United States. Tribes in only 30 states are eligible to operate gaming enterprises because 16 states have no federally recognized tribes, and four states (Massachusetts, Missouri, Rhode Island, and Utah) prohibit Native American gaming. 224 of the 550 tribes in 28 states operate the 350 Native American gaming enterprises nationwide, and 68% of Native Americans belong to a tribe with gaming operations. According to the Harvard Project on American Indian Economic Development, these enterprises earned $19.4 billion dollars in 2005. As compared to the $4.5 billion earned by Native American gaming revenues in 1995, Native American gaming enterprises have shown substantial growth in just ten years. These enterprises, earning $19.4 billion dollars a year, account for 25.8% of the nation’s $75 billion revenue (brought in by the total gaming enterprises in the country). In addition, Native American gaming is the source of 400,000 jobs, and the profits from the enterprises often go toward programs that create jobs. For example, 75% of the profit generated by Cherokee Nation Enterprises in 2005 was given to the Jobs Growth Fund, a fund that expands businesses within the Cherokee Nation to create more jobs.
Revenues, by law, must go toward improving reservation communities. The Indian Gaming Regulatory Act requires that revenues go toward: tribal government operations, promotion of the welfare of the tribe and its citizens, economic development, support of charitable organizations, and compensation to local non-Native governments for support of services provided by those governments. Tribes have boosted their socioeconomic status in the past several years by improving their infrastructure, but due to the lack of federal and state funding, have only been able to do so as a result of gaming enterprises. For instance, tribes often build casino-related facilities that draw visitors such as hotels, conference centers, entertainment venues, golf courses, and RV parks. Once a reservation has established a strong economic foundation, it can draw in businesses that are unrelated to gaming. A common trend is that casinos stimulate the economy, and other business sustain it. For instance, the San Manuel Band of Mission Indians built in a water bottling plant on the reservation and, along with three other tribes, invested in a hotel in Washington, D.C. The Winnebago Tribe of Nebraska are involved in a number of businesses; some of which are Internet media, home manufacturing, used autos, and gas stations. The Morongo Band of Mission Indians, a small band in California, has opened a Shell station, A&W drive-in, Coco’s Restaurant, a water bottling plant, and a fruit orchard operation. In addition to involvement in private corporations, Native nations have enough sustainability to bolster government programs. Some of these projects include, but are not limited to: providing law enforcement, fire fighters, schools, translators for emergency response, college scholarships, assistance with mortgage down payments, protection for endangered species, monitorship for water quality, care for elders, police cars, foster-care improvements, and health clinics.
Tribes sometimes distribute funds on a per capita basis in order to directly benefit its citizens. Because “per caps” have sometimes shown negative effects such as a dependence on tribal government, low attendance in school, and an unwillingness to work, some tribes have experimented with decreasing per caps as punishment. To clarify, the Fort McDowell Yavapai Nation Tribal Council deducted at least $100 from families’ per caps with children with low school attendance. This ordinance resulted in a 30% increase in graduation rates in just 3 years, a substantial increase. Furthermore, the Las Vegas Paiute Nation deducts funding for jail from the offender’s per capita because the Nation itself does not have a jail and must rent it from other governments. Punishments such as these provide an incentive for morality as well as financial assistance from the per caps themselves.
States also benefit from Native American gaming enterprises. States cannot tax reservations, but they can, under IGRA, negotiate a compact and demand compact payments. Tribes usually pay approximately or less than 10% of profits to states in order to compensate for strains put on the state. It is estimated that the state of Michigan earned $325 million from tribes spanning from 1993-2003.
It is required by law for a tribe to agree to a state compact if they request one, but the IGRA says nothing about local governments. However, many tribes do negotiate with local governments. They place a strain on traffic and emergency services, and it is not uncommon for a tribe to compensate for that. Native Americans pay $50 million annually to local governments across the nation. In addition, non-Natives hold 75% of the 300,000 jobs that belong to Native American gaming.
With gaming profits, the Creek Nation of Oklahoma has built its own hospital staffed by Native American doctors and nurses. Other tribes establish health clinics, dialysis centers, and fitness centers to deal with the problem of Native American disease and epidemics. Many tribes work toward securing hope for the future by improving schools. The Mille Lacs Band of Ojibwe built two schools that teach fluency in English as well as Ojibwe language.
There have been many past attempts to revitalize Native American economies, but most of them have failed. Two of the more successful ventures, besides gaming, include selling gasoline and cigarettes for a much lower price than can be found off the reservation. Tribes are able to sell cheaper goods because there is no state tax. Lower prices draw in non-Natives from off-reservation sites, and tribes are able to earn a considerable profit. Seminole annual income grew from $600,000 in 1968 to $4.5 million in 1977. Smokeshops account for most of this substantial increase. Less effective efforts by the Seminole Nation to boost the economy include cattle raising, craft selling, and alligator wrestling. Cattle operations are popular among the Seminole tribe: with their 7,000 head herd, Seminoles are the largest cattle operators in the state of Florida and the twelfth largest in the United States. However, cattle operations are not overwhelmingly successful because they have been known to benefit the individual rather than the tribe. In addition, cattle operations led to government dependency and debt. Another economic endeavor is craft sales. Some individuals create traditional Seminole crafts and sell them, but this market does not leave a huge impact on the tribal economy. Instead, it benefits the individual as a supplementary income. Alligator wrestling is yet another moneymaker but is not relied upon. Alligator wrestling originated in the 1920s and became synonymous with Seminole culture. It has been denigrated as exploitative, though, and is quite risky. Consequently, alligator wrestling has become less prevalent with the growing popularity of Native American gaming.
If a Native American casino is unsuccessful, its failure is often linked to its geographic location. The size of a tribe is usually insignificant. This argument follows the logic of a free market economy. Tribes with a strong economic base find it easier to draw in new businesses and consumers. Tribes in remote locations suffer because they lack a consumer base to support new and existing businesses. For example, the Morongo Band of Mission Indians is very small, but their gaming enterprises are overwhelmingly successful. In contrast, the Sioux Nation, a very large nation, has struggled to achieve success with gaming enterprises. Regardless of its thousands of members and approximately 12 gambling halls, the Sioux Nation is unable to benefit from gaming enterprises because it is too isolated from potential customers. Another example is found in San Diego County. Four tribes in San Diego County had ambitious plans for a $100 million-plus resort and convention center but preemptively scaled back this idea because they are in an inconvenient location. Far away from other civilization and in close proximity to each other, the tribes concluded their chances of an overwhelming success were slim.
The Pine Ridge Indian Reservation, the second largest reservation in the United States, suffers from extreme poverty. It is the poorest county in the United States and has attempted to revitalize its economy through the gambling industry. However, these attempts have failed. Its casino created a mere 80 jobs, but this figure is insignificant since the unemployment rate on the reservation is up to 95%. The reservation has higher unemployment, diabetes, infant mortality, teen suicide, dropout, and alcoholism rates than the country on a whole. Many homes are dilapidated, overcrowded, and without water, plumbing, and electricity. Pine Ridge’s failed attempts are predictable considering the closest major city, Denver, Colorado, is 350 miles away.
Loss of culture
With Native American gaming has come the image of a “rich Indian.” This depiction contrasts other images of Native Americans portrayed as savage, pure, connected to nature, and spiritual. The reality (that some Native Americans are powerful entrepreneurs) contradicts the notion of what a Native American is “supposed to be.” “Rich Indian” propaganda even circulated in response to Proposition 5 in California in 1998 that perpetuated the stereotype that “the only good Indian is a poor Indian.”
Society has come to believe that this is a loss of culture; however, it is merely a loss of a cultural myth. Those ideas are based on stereotypes and are “construed by the dominant society in an effort to control and justify the enduring inequalities and injustices that permeate our legal system and social landscape.” It seems contradictory to imagine a Native American running a casino and dealing with the government, but it is vital to understand that those portrayals of Native Americans are cultural myths. Moreover, it is important to understand the power a cultural myth can have. Ronald Wright describes the importance of cultural myths: “Myths create and reinforce archetypes so taken for granted, so seemingly axiomatic, that they go unchallenged. Myths are so fraught with meaning that we live and die by them. They are maps by which cultures navigate through time.”
Therefore, Native American gaming is not so much damaging Native culture as it is merely changing a cultural myth, the way the general population perceives Native Americans. Additionally, Native American gaming can be viewed as a means to rejuvenate and preserve tribal culture. For instance, many tribes use revenues generated from gaming toward museums and cultural centers. Tribes are not only able to fund themselves independently but can also afford to preserve their individual histories.
Questions of the morality of Native American gambling
There is some controversy of Native American gambling because it is argued that it contributes to a moral decay. Gambling, it is argued, promotes crime and pathological behavior. Gambling addictions as well as drug and alcohol abuse are sometimes associated with Native American gaming. Gaming has boomed in the past 50 years, so some of this criticism is justifiable. In 1962, the total estimated sums in the United States totaled $2 billion. This figure jumped to $18 billion in 1976, to $80 billion in 1985, and to $400 billion in 1993. In 2000, the total estimated sums wagered in the United States was $866 billion. In 2000, the commercial take was 10%, so the gaming industry earned approximately $70 billion. Compared to the total revenues generated by all other forms of entertainment combined: tickets to movies, plays, concerts, performances, and sports events; which earned only $22 billion, the revenues generated by gambling is astounding. In other words, gambling makes thrice that of all other entertainment forms combined. This figure takes into account the fact that gamblers win some money back. Based on these figures and the arguments that gambling promotes immorality, it is evident that gambling can be a problem. However, to blame Native American gaming for these problems merely makes Native Americans a scapegoat. Gaming enterprises, over time, have shown to be the most effective mode to build tribal economies and independence. Moreover, Native American gaming contributes to only a fraction of gambling in the United States. Native American casinos bring in only 17% of gambling revenue, while non-Native casinos raise 43%.
Time magazine controversy
In late 2002, Time magazine printed a special report entitled “Indian Casinos: Wheel of Misfortune” that infuriated Native Americans nationwide. Ernie Stevens, Jr., Chairman of the National Indian Gaming Association, wrote a letter to the editor of Time in response to the report.
>strong>Native American gaming in popular culture
Native American gaming has appeared many times in literature. The first appearance of Native American gaming was in John Rollin Ridge’s 1854 novel The Life and Adventures of Joaquin Murieta. Christal Quintasket wrote about Native American gaming in her 1927 novel Cogewea, the Half-Blood. Gerald Vizenor writes on this theme in Bearheart: The Heirship Chronicles, The Heirs of Columbus, and Dead Voices. Leslie Marmon Silko wrote a 1977 novel called Ceremony that focuses on gambling. Louise Erdrich, a prominent Native American author, wrote Love Medicine, Tracks, and The Bingo Palace. Traditional, ritual gaming is a common theme in these pieces of literature and provide literary, rather than fact-based, accounts of Native American gaming. | <urn:uuid:b1abe346-9b4c-477a-9628-eed7c1e66336> | {
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|This article needs additional citations for verification. (January 2011)|
Lanka // (Sanskrit: लङ्का lankā meaning "respected island", Sinhala: ලංකාපුර (Langkapura), Malay: Langkapuri, Tamil: Ilankai or Lankapuram, Javanese and Indonesian: Alengka or Ngalengka) is the name given in Hindu mythology to the island fortress capital of the legendary king Ravana in the great Hindu epics, the Ramayana and the Mahabharata. The fortress was situated on a plateau between three mountain peaks known as the Trikuta Mountains. The ancient City of Lankapura is thought to have been burnt down by Lord Hanuman. After the King Ravana was killed by Lord Rama with the help of the former's brother Vibhishana, Vibhishana was crowned King of Lankapura by Lord Rama after which he ruled the kingdom. The mythological Lankapuri is identified today as Sri Lanka.
His descendants ruled the kingdom even during the period of the Pandavas. According to the epic, the Mahabharata, the Pandava Sahadeva had visited this kingdom during his southern military campaign for the Rajasuya sacrifice of Pandava king Yudhisthira.
- 1 People referenced in Lanka
- 2 Rulers of Lanka
- 3 Lanka, Sri Lanka, and possible locations
- 4 Description
- 5 References to Lanka in the Mahabharata
- 6 See also
- 7 References
- 8 External links
People referenced in Lanka
- Deva - There is no specific details about Deva. But Ravana has worshipped Lord Shiva. This means Deva (God) worship was not uncommon.
- Rakshasa - Ravana, Indrajit, Kumbhakarna
- Yaksha - Kubera
- Naga - Indrajit's wife
Rulers of Lanka
Lanka was originally ruled by a Rakshasa named Sumali (as per Ramayana). Later it was taken by Visarvana (Kubera) who was a Yaksha. From him, Rakshasa Ravana, took the rulership of Lanka. Rama killed Ravana and installed his brother Vibhishana on the throne of Lanka. According to both the Ramayana and the Mahabharata, the Yaksha king Vaisravana alias Kubera was the ruler of Lanka. His capital was guarded by Rakshasas. His half-brother Ravana (son of the sage Vishravaya and Sumali's daughter) fought with Kubera in battle and obtained the sovereignty of Lanka from him. Ravana ruled Lanka as the king of Rakshasas. Having slain the king of the Rakshasas, viz Ravana, with his brother Kumbhakarna, and sons and kindred, Rama installed in the kingdom of Lanka the Rakshasa chief, Vibhishana, pious, and reverent, and kind to devoted dependents. The battle in Lanka is depicted in a famous bas-relief in the 12th century Khmer temple of Angkor Wat.
Lanka, Sri Lanka, and possible locations
The Lanka referred to in the still-extant Hindu Texts and the Ramayana (referred to as Ravana's Lanka), is considered to be a large island-country, situated in the Indian Ocean. The Ramayana, as also several other surviving Hindu texts, clearly state that Ravana's Lanka was situated 100 Yojanas (800 miles or around 1288 kilometres) away from mainland India. Some scholars have interpreted the content of these texts to determine that Lanka was located at the point where the Prime-Meridian of India passes the Equator. This island would therefore lie more than a hundred miles South-west of present-day country of Sri Lanka. The most original of all the existing versions of Valmiki's Ramayana also suggest the location of Ravana's Lanka to be in the western Indian Ocean. In fact it indicates that Lanka was in the midst of a series of large island-nations, submerged mountains, and sunken plateaus in the western part of the Indian Ocean.Valmiki's Ramayana
There has been a lot of speculation by several scholars, that Ravana's Lanka might have been in the Indian Ocean around where the Maldives once stood as a high mountain, before getting submerged in the Indian Ocean.
Ravana's Lanka, and its capital Lankapuri, are described in a manner that seems super-human even by modern-day standards. Ravana's central palace-complex (main citadel) was a massive collection of several edifices that reached over one yojana (8 miles or 12.88 kilometres) in height, one yojana in length, and half a yojana in breadth. The island had a large mountain range known as the Trikuta Mountain, atop which was situated Ravana's capital of Lanka, at the center of which in turn stood his citadel. The city itself is described as being 100 Yojanas (800 miles or 1288 kilometres) long and 30 Yojanas (240 miles or 386.4 kilometres) in breadth.
References to Lanka in the Mahabharata
Many of the references to Lanka in the Mahabharata are found in sage Markandeya's narration of the story of Rama and Sita to king Yudhishthira, which narration amounts to a truncated version of the Ramayana. The references in the following summary are to the Mahabharata, and adhere to the following form: (book:section). Markandeya's narration of the story begins at Book III (Varna Parva), Section 271 of the Mahabharata.
Sahadeva's expedition to South
The son of Pandu, viz. Sahadeva, conquered the town of Sanjayanti and the country of the Pashandas and the Karanatakas by means of his messengers alone, and made all of them pay tributes to him. The hero brought under his subjection and exacted tributes from the Paundrayas (Pandyas?) and the Dravidas along with the Udrakeralas and the Andhras and the Talavanas, the Kalingas and the Ushtrakarnikas, and also the delightful city of Atavi and that of the Yavanas. And, He having arrived at the seashore, then dispatched with great assurance messengers unto the illustrious Vibhishana, the grandson of Pulastya and the ruler of Lanka (2:30).
Presence of the King of Lanka in Yudhisthira's Rajasuya
.. The Vangas and Angas and Paundras and Odras and Cholas and Dravidas and Cheras and Pandyas and Mushika and Andhakas, and the chiefs of many islands and countries on the seaboard as also of frontier states, including the rulers of the Sinhalas, the barbarous mlecchas, the natives of Lanka, and all the kings of the West by hundreds, and all the chiefs of the seacoast, and the kings of the Pahlavas and the Daradas and the various tribes of the Kiratas and Yavanas and Sakras and the Harahunas and Chinas and Tukharas and the Sindhavas and the Jagudas and the Ramathas and the Mundas and the inhabitants of the kingdom of women and the Tanganas and the Kekayas and the Malavas and the inhabitants of Kasmira ... (3:51).
Other fragmentory references
- Lanka, with its warriors, and horses, elephants and chariots (3:149).
- Lanka with its towers and ramparts and gates (3:147)
- The walls of Lanka (3:282).
- Sri Lanka
- Kingdoms of Ancient India
- Ancient clans of Sri Lanka
- Naga people (Lanka)
- Sinhala Kingdom
- The Indian calendar, with tables for ... – Google Books. Retrieved 26 January 2011.
- "Bharath Gyan". Bharath Gyan. Retrieved 26 January 2011.
- The Hindu Pantheon - Edward Moor - Google Books. Books.google.com. Retrieved 2012-11-07.
- Excerpta Máldiviana - H.C.P. Bell, Harry Charles Purvis Bell - Google Books. Books.google.com. Retrieved 2012-11-07.
- Ravana - The Great King of Lanka - M.S. Purnalingam Pillai - Google Books. Books.google.com. Retrieved 2012-11-07.
- "Valmiki Ramayana - Sundara Kanda - Sarga 9". Sanskritdocuments.org. 2008-12-07. Retrieved 2012-11-07.
- The Society of the Rāmāyaṇa - Ananda W. P. Guruge - Google Books. Books.google.com. Retrieved 2012-11-07.
- Srimad Valmiki-Ramayana - Vālmīki - Google Books. Books.google.com. Retrieved 2012-11-07.
- Mahabharata of Krishna Dwaipayana Vyasa, translated from Sanskrit into English by Kisari Mohan Ganguli
- Sri Lanka Reference – Country Information, History and Maps
- Etymology of Lanka from Tamilnet | <urn:uuid:2d4a67a8-f095-4afb-889c-409b2abaeb18> | {
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Through a Lens Darkly
Out of Violence, Into First Grade
Perhaps more problematically, one begins to wonder if the Loyalists and their British overlords are painted a bit too broadly. There is ample evidence that the reality behind the film is a bit more complex than that which appears onscreen, defying the easy labels used by its storytellers. Maruge/Mau Mau = Good; British Colonialists/their Kenyan Loyalist friends = Bad? That characterization is a convenient one, particularly to those seeking to simultaneously inspire and tell a meaningful story in under two hours. Even the most cursory of journeys through Kenya's multi-faceted history, suggests that the cultural and historical backdrop Maruge's story are not quite as tidy as the film suggests. On that particular front, The First Grader may well be accused of over-simplification.
Setting that important caveat aside, however, the film is both charming and insightful, capturing the extraordinary joie de vivre that is such a refreshing component of many African films while simultaneously underscoring the darker, often violent subtexts that often lie beneath their sunny exteriors. As one of the angry administrators reminds Rose, "the past is always in the present," and the violence, the tribal and racial cleansing, and the ambiguity of its hero's past lurks in the background even of this seemingly innocent story, intruding into Maruge's life despite his best efforts to shield him (and his young companions) from its harsh realities.
The importance of education; the way our drive for freedom impacts everything we do; the power of perseverance—all are explored by the film in timely (if not always profound) ways. But the most intriguing insight offered is a reminder of how important it is to be grateful to our political and cultural forefathers, and how vital it is to recognize both their extraordinary accomplishments and their inevitable mistakes. Few things will guide our futures as well or as clearly as remembering those who came before us, and upon whose shoulders we stand.
Maruge's classmates received an extraordinary blessing of which few of us can boast: the opportunity to live side-by-side with one responsible for the shaping their futures, and the chance to learn of his sacrifice and heroic suffering on their behalf first-hand. And perhaps just as importantly, they were given the chance to hear of his missteps and the things he would have done differently—and from his very own lips.
Even in a country as (relatively) young as America, we are already several generations removed from our founding fathers, and the effects of that removal are obvious. How quickly we forget that our extraordinary blessings are often the result of others' sacrifices, and how easily we ignore the important lessons to be learned from those in whose footsteps we invariably tread. As Americans, we are constantly looking to the future, constantly searching for to "make it bigger, better, and more American." But the future will be far less meaningful (and we will be far, far less worthy of it) if we refuse to recognize the contributions of those who came before.
The words of Rose's angry superior—"The past is always present"—were meant as a threat; his final, unpleasant attempt to remind her that Maruge was "damaged goods," and that she was foolish to expect his desire for learning to overcome the tragic baggage of his (and his nation's) past. But it is not a threat; at least, not exclusively. It is also an important encouragement to those of us inclined to focus too much on our own future. We must make the past always present, because that is a vital part of our ability to understand the time in which we now live. And it is the only way we will see clearly as to what our future can and should be—both for ourselves, and for our children.
(Maruge, now deceased, found the perfect capstone for his amazing story: in May 2009, he was baptized into the Catholic Church—a conversion which he attributes to his newly-won ability to read the Bible. The First Grader is available through Netflix's Watch Instantly service.)
Joseph Susanka has been doing development work for institutions of Catholic higher education since his graduation from Thomas Aquinas College in 1999. He blogs at Crisis Magazine, where he also contributes feature articles on a variety of topics. | <urn:uuid:bcb1ab39-ec3c-4069-a00c-c6bbe241d0a1> | {
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"Let me win, but if I cannot win, let me be brave in the attempt!" Special Olympics Oath
1. Special Olympics is an international organization and competition held every two years. They alternate between Summer and Winter Games.
2. These Olympics are for people who have intellectual disabilities. There are also local, national and regional competitions in over 150 countries worldwide.
3. In June of 1962, Eunice Kennedy Shriver started a summer camp for children and adults with intellectual disabilities at her home in Maryland to explore their capabilities in a variety of sports and physical activities.
4. The 1st International Special Olympics Summer Games were held at Soldier Field in Chicago, Illinois, USA, on July 19 – 20, 1968. One thousand individuals with intellectual disabilities from 26 U.S. states and Canada competed in track and field and swimming.
5. Anne McGlone Burke, a physical education teacher with the Chicago Park District, began with the idea for a one-time Olympic-style athletic competition for people with special needs. She then approached Eunice Kennedy Shriver. Both women are considered to be the founders of the Special Olympics.
6. In December 1971, the U.S. Olympic Committee gave the Special Olympics official approval as one of only two organizations authorized to use the name “Olympics” in the United States.
7. Athletes from 150 countries train and participate in the Special Olympics.
8. Three million athletes participate around the world.
9. The Special Olympics motto is "Let me win. But if I cannot win, let me be brave in the attempt."
10. Special Olympics offers over 30 Olympic-type individual and team sports that provide meaningful training and competition opportunities for persons with intellectual disabilities. | <urn:uuid:d166ad97-398a-41d3-86d0-22a5d9eac075> | {
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If you’re a parent, chances are you’ve witnessed a tantrum or two in your day. We expect them in two-year-olds. But if your child reaches school age and meltdowns and outbursts are still frequent, it may be a sign that he or she has difficulty with emotional self-regulation.
Simply put, self-regulation is the difference between a two-year-old and a five-year-old, who is more able to control his emotions. Helping kids who haven’t developed self-regulation skills at the typical age is the goal of parent training programs. And many older children, even if they’re beyond tantrums, continue to struggle with impulsive and inappropriate behavior.
What is self-regulation?
Self-regulation is the ability to manage your emotions and behavior in accordance with the demands of the situation. It includes being able to resist highly emotional reactions to upsetting stimuli, to calm yourself down when you get upset, to adjust to a change in expectations and to handle frustration without an outburst. It is a set of skills that enables children, as they mature, to direct their own behavior towards a goal, despite the unpredictability of the world and our own feelings.
Related: Is It ADHD or Immaturity?
What does emotional dysregulation look like?
Problems with self-regulation manifest in different ways depending on the child, says Dr. Matthew Rouse, a clinical psychologist at the Child Mind Institute. “Some kids are instantaneous — they have a huge, strong reaction and there’s no lead-in or build-up,” he says. “They can’t inhibit that immediate behavior response.”
For other kids, he notes, distress seems to build up and they can only take it for so long. Eventually it leads to some sort of behavioral outburst. “You can see them going down the wrong path but you don’t know how to stop it.”
The key for both kinds of kids is to learn to handle those strong reactions and find ways to express their emotions that are more effective (and less disruptive) than having a meltdown.
Why do some kids struggle with self-regulation?
Dr. Rouse sees emotional control issues as a combination of temperament and learned behavior.
“A child’s innate capacities for self-regulation are temperament and personality-based,” he explains. Some babies have trouble self-soothing, he adds, and get very distressed when you’re trying to bathe them or put on clothes. Those kids may be more likely to experience trouble with emotional self-regulation when they’re older.
But the environment plays a role as well. When parents give in to tantrums or work overtime to soothe their children when they get upset and act out, kids have a hard time developing self-discipline. “In those situations, the child is basically looking to the parents to be external self-regulators,” Dr. Rouse says. “If that’s a pattern that happens again and again, and a child is able to ‘outsource’ self-regulation, then that’s something that might develop as a habit.”
Children with ADHD or anxiety may find it particularly challenging to manage their emotions, and need more help to develop emotional regulation skills.
How do we teach self-regulation skills?
Scott Bezsylko, the executive director of the Winston Prep schools for children with learning differences, says that acting out is essentially an ineffective response to a stimulus. The parent or teacher needs to help the child slow down and more carefully choose an effective response instead of being impulsive.
“We approach self-regulation skills in the same way we approach other skills, academic or social: isolate that skill and provide practice,” Bezsylko explains. “When you think of it as a skill to be taught — rather than, say, just bad behavior — it changes the tone and content of the feedback you give kids. ”
The key to learning self-regulation skills, says Dr. Rouse, is not to avoid situations that are difficult for kids to handle, but to coach kids through them and provide a supportive framework — clinicians call it “scaffolding” the behavior you want to encourage — until they can handle these challenges on their own.
Imagine a situation that can produce strong negative emotions, like a frustrating math homework assignment. If a parent hovers too much, she risks taking over the regulation role. “Instead of the child recognizing that the work is frustrating and figuring out how to handle it,” Dr. Rouse explains, “what he feels is that the parent is frustrating him by making him do it.”
Scaffolding in this situation might be helping the child with one problem, and then expecting him to try the rest. If he feels frustrated, he might get up and get a drink. He might use a timer to give himself periodic breaks. The parent would check in on him at intervals, and offer praise for his efforts.
If a child is prone to melting down when he’s asked to stop playing a video game, scaffolding might be practicing transitioning away from the game. “You’d want to practice with a game in which he’s not overly invested — you don’t want to begin with high-stakes,”
Dr. Rouse explains. “Have him practice playing for two or three minutes and then handing you the game. He gets points towards something he wants every time he does it.”
Dry runs are another way to scaffold self-regulation. For instance, if you’ve had trouble with a child reacting impulsively or having a tantrum in a store, make a short visit when you don’t need to do serious shopping. Have her practice walking with you, keeping her hands to herself. She gets points towards some goal every time she is successful.
Dr. Rouse says that often parents get discouraged when things don’t go well the first time they try skill-building, but consistency and starting at a level that is appropriate for your child are key. Rather than giving up, try paring down the activity so it is more doable, and slowly give your child more and more independence to handle it.
For instance, if brushing her teeth is a problem for your child, you might start by focusing just on putting toothpaste on the brush, and respond with positive feedback and rewards when she does it. Once she’s practiced that a few times, add the next step in the chain.
Similarly, if getting out the door in the morning is causing meltdowns, target one step at a time. First, say, getting dressed by 7:15. Once she’s mastered that, set a target time for breakfast, and add that. Breaking the chain into small steps allows her to build self-regulation skills in manageable increments.
Help kids become self-reflective
Bezsylko stresses that when parents or teachers approach impulsive, inappropriate behavior calmly and give them time, kids can learn to choose better ways to respond to that situation. The feedback kids need is non-judgmental and non-emotional: what went wrong, and why, and how they can fix it next time.
“When kids are part of an environment that’s reflective and analytic as opposed to emotional and fast-paced,” Bezsylko explains, “they can learn to make better choices.” Slowing down allows children to become more thoughtful, reflective and self-aware. “We need to slow down and model self-reflection and self-awareness and self-regulation for our kids,” he notes, “but it’s also helpful and good for us, too.”
Bezsylko notes that mindfulness and meditation are good for everyone, but especially for children with self-regulation challenges. And Dr. Rouse mentions the many parent training programs available to help them become better coaches for their kids. For older kids, dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) is also an option, as it focuses on distress tolerance and emotion regulation.
At the end of the day, though, nothing can replace the work of the parent. “It seems to me,” says Dr. Rouse, “that the family environment is the most important piece.” | <urn:uuid:a85275fc-f515-448c-be88-793d9a0cc6ac> | {
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Farm Bureau state essay winners
Class I, third place: Riches From the Soil
I learned about the riches of the soil from my great-grandmother, Nanny. She teaches me all about the soil from the beautiful flowers, trees, and gardens she grows. Every spring Nanny brings in the sludge to keep her soil and plants healthy. She is always mixing and working her soil.
She has taught me about flowers-the different types and seasons they grow in. Like tulips and daffodils grow from bulbs the soil cares for during the winter months. Pansies are planted in the spring as well. In the summer Nanny has lots of different flowers: roses, lilies, daisies, and my very favorite is the snapdragon because it really snaps.
Nanny has yummy fruit trees that grow in her back yard. The apple tree has red apples that taste good-if there are not wormholes. When picking from the cherry tree, I have to stand on a chair to pick the cherries. I like to put them on my ice cream. Her walnut tree every fall has lots of nuts and I pick them up off the ground to help her. We make stuff with the nuts, cracking them, and making them talk is funny to me.
My mom says that Nanny used to grow a big garden with tomatoes, spinach, squash, pumpkins, and lots of other veggies. Grape vines grew along her back fence,. When my mom was little she would go every October and pick the grapes and they would make grape juice. Now we are growing grapes just like my Nanny. My mom says when I was a baby I loved the grape juice.
Because of my Nanny I have learned about plants and how they grow. All these things are special to me and to my Nanny so they are treasures from the soil that make me happy and rich!
Class II second place: Riches From the Soil
"Oh I wish it would stop raining," said Jamie, standing at the large glass window. Jamie was a little girl. She had gone to visit her Grandma's and Grandpa's house in Virginia. They promised her that they would put up a swing in the front yard.
"Hey, it stopped raining," exclaimed Jamie coming out of a daydream.
"Come look at this Grandpa," Jamie said.
"What is it?" asked Grandpa. "That is a rainbow," he said. He then went on to tell her about the legend of the pot of gold at the end of the rainbow.
"I want to find it. Let's go. Can we, can we please?" exclaimed Jamie.
Grandpa looked at Grandma and she said, "Oh I guess we can. On one condition, if I can go too." They pulled their coats on and set out on their adventure.
"Hey," Grandpa said, "look at that cow. Did you know cows need soil? Cows need soil because grass, hay, and even corn comes from soil. If we didn't have soil, cows couldn't live. We get a lot of things from cows, like shoes, for example. Your shoes are leather aren't they Jamie?"
"I think so," said Jamie. "If we didn't have soil I wouldn't have my shoes. If we didn't have soil, cows would die because plants can't grow. Then I wouldn't have my shoes."
"Yep," said Grandma before Grandpa could even say anything.
They continued walking and looking for the pot of gold.
Grandpa asked, "Where do you think we get clean air from?"
"I don't know," said Jamie, "maybe from the clouds."
Grandpa chuckled, "No."
"You see that plant over there Jamie?" Grandma asked.
"Yes Grandma," said Jamie.
"We get our fresh air from plants like that," Grandpa said. "Plants take in carbon dioxide and give out fresh air. So you have to have soil to do that. You have to have soil to grow the plants."
"I think I got it," said Jamie, "we even have to have soil to breathe."
"You got it!" exclaimed Grandma.
They kept walking and came up on an ant hill. "Grandpa, what do ants have to do with soil?" asked Jamie.
"Well they dig in the ground and that helps to get air in the soil, and then they use the air to store their food," said Grandpa.
"So they let air into the dirt Grandpa?" asked Jamie. "They live with a lot of other ants that also help with digging and eat a lot of food. All foods come from soil. Right, Grandpa?"
"Right," said Grandpa.
"Trees also come from soil," said Grandma.
"Trees hold the soil together," said Grandpa. "So soil doesn't move. There are all different kinds of trees. The one we have at our house is a maple tree. We get a lot of food from trees. If we didn't have soil, plants couldn't live, and a tree is just a big plant. Plants give us so many good things. They also help clean the air."
"Sheep also live on plants," said Grandma. "Sheep give us wool and meat. We also need sheep for their wool to make blankets, coats, or even mittens. So we need sheep sometimes, too."
"Hey Grandpa," exclaimed Jamie, "the rainbow is gone."
"I guess we're not going to find the gold after all," said Grandpa.
"But Grandpa, I've already found the gold," said Jamie. "The soil is the gold, we couldn't live without it."
"Good," said Grandpa, "you've learned a lot."
Every time Jamie visited her grandparents after that, they would take a walk and look for the gold (soil).
Class III first place: Riches From the Soil
Wow! Riches you can get from the soil. Does that mean if I plant a tree, it will grow green money, or if I plant a bush it will grow silver and gold coins, or plants will grow red and green gems? To answer my own question, No. I am just being a tad silly. Our soil does produce riches but not exactly in that fashion.
Soil ain't dirt. We know less about the soil under our feet than we do about outer space. Every plant and animal depends on this vast ecosystem. Soil has varying amounts of organic matter, both living and dead organisms, minerals, and nutrients. Soil is formed from rocks and decaying plants and animals.
Soil does grow trees, like fruit and shade trees. We can eat the great tasting apples, peaches, or cherries while enjoying sitting under the shade trees. Our trees provide us with a root system that helps the soil from washing away in our mountains. No trees, no soil, no water, so end result...desert. The carbon monoxide the trees and plants absorb helps to provide our environment with much needed oxygen. So plant, plant, plant!
Farmers, whether they farm a lot of acres or the backyard farmer who plants small gardens all need rich soil. This soil can produce hay and alfalfa for cows or horses and vegetables or fruits for humans. Each shovel of soil holds more living things than all the people in the world. A farmer must and should know what the value of soil is to their production of crops. Each seed planted, nurtured by sun and water, must have the nutrients of the soil to bring it to harvest.
The plants we grow in our soil provide us with vegetables above and below the ground. Some vegetables below the ground are potatoes, carrots, radishes and etc. and vegetables above the ground are lettuce, tomatoes, peas, and etc. What occurs below the ground, unseen, determines what we see above the ground. The basic knowledge of soil conditions are essential to properly enhance plant root growth and the plants vigor. Healthy soil grows healthy plants. We grow plants for decoration in the form of flowers that produce nectar for bees and birds, bushes that provide beautiful fall colors, and grass that provides a soft cushion to walk on in our bare feet.
Soil provides shelter for our small animals. Prairie dogs, moles, mice, worms and etc. dig burrows through the soil that helps aerate the soil, they leave deposits to help fertilize the soil and to stay safe from larger predators. So when you come across those holes in the ground, don't be tempted to scuff your feet and fill them with dirt.
Yes, we do get gems from our soil in the form of minerals like diamonds, quartz, and even coal. What girl doesn't like a big diamond in the rough or a cozy fire to snuggle up on a cold winters night. The diamond or quartz makes beautiful jewelry and coal is used for home heating or helps our power plants produce electricity.
Last but maybe not the best thing that our rich soil can produce is weeds. Oh, how we hate those pesky weeds, but try to remember somewhere or somehow they must be useful.
Class V second place: Riches From the Soil
It's raining---again! Stop! Please stop, I thought a few days ago as I looked out my kitchen window into the dreary gray afternoon sky. Is it just me or does every farm wife feel that once the fall mud starts, we're blessed with an abundant supply for months? That means sweeping and more sweeping the dried clumps of straw, dirt and manure from the floor and mopping those spots that were just too wet to clump and left those water smears. It's a good thing my husband isn't much of a mind reader. I can't think he would think happy thoughts about me complaining about moisture in any form.
The next morning I had a little time for retrospection. The night had been awfully cold for October. My first morning look out the window revealed what looked like a beautiful field of tiny diamonds spread across the front lawn. That little bit of night rain had frozen slightly and now gave off the appearance of "riches" right before my eyes.
I had promised to help the grandkids with their chores. On with the hats, coats, gloves and boots. Time has a way of erasing from my foggy old mind how much easier and quicker it would have been just to do the chores myself. Finally all bundled up, we trudged out to the pens. Even the 3 year old was quick to show me that her bummer lamb was now a "big girl" and that she had "big hair" to keep her warm for the winter. Nothing could quite match the giggle of the nearly 2 year old as she got licked on the forehead by her calf, Cinderella. Isn't that farm kids for you? Loving the animals enough to think that calves possess the same beauty as famous fairy princesses. Every critter has a name and is loved just as much as if it possessed human characteristics. Riches! That is what you call being able to watch kids know what to feed and how much to feed each animal and realizing that it is a responsibility they recognize as their very own.
Just a short week later, two little girls came running as fast as their short legs would carry them. "Grandma, grandma, Dusty has baby puppies." Sure enough, the old cow dog had brought forth seven little black and white baby puppies---another few things to add to our chore list. Of course they needed a bigger and better house and some warm soft bedding. More riches from the soil---teaching compassion and the natural cycle of birth and death.
Not too long ago, I heard that "Gratitude is an attitude" and I realized just how lucky I am to have the rural lifestyle I have. I realize that although my life is much, much different from so many of my friends, I have so much to be grateful for. I am grateful that I can walk easily in knee high chore boots and probably more gracefully than I ever could in four inch heels. I'm grateful that my wardrobe staple, denim, is a wash and wear fabric, that my hair is often styled by the wind and rain and I'm grateful for the common sense that comes with farming (and my learned competence and creativity with twine and tie wire) that helps me to solve other problems that arise in my life.
Having now adult children who were raised on the farm gives me the assurance that they all know the value and the benefit of hard work and they know how to accomplish it. The memories of working together as a family helping them achieve 4-H and FFA goals and usually having the house full of good kids just like them are riches and something to be grateful for. Never was there a time they weren't willing to help each other with chores if a need arose. No time (or place) to hang out at the mall, wondering what to do next for entertainment; but there was always plenty of work, then fences to sit atop at the corrals or makeshift chairs in the farm shop as they solved the world's problems. Making true friends and the things they learned and did together were one of the riches of the soil.
It's a good thing the "diamonds" on the lawn weren't real. The value of that water into the soil means far more to a farm family than bushels of showy stones. That water is the lifeblood of our livelihood. As soon as the sun came up and warmed the earth a little, the "diamonds" disappeared just as do so many of the transient things in our lives today. But the lessons of patience, work, and perseverance are riches from the soil and are equally as lasting as any precious gem.
The riches from the soil make my world bright. I love the fall season with the rich and beautiful colors of the changing leaves. The colors of fall relate to some of the world's most expensive riches---rubies, garnets, emeralds and topaz. This season sets my "squirrel syndrome" into action as I hurry to bottle up those last few apples and make sure the squash is put in the cellar.
Back into the house, it was easy snuggling up to the little ones, wrapped in a wool blanket (compliments of our friends, the sheep). Looking around, it was fun to think of all the food, fiber, toys, household items and drugs that we aging folk depend upon that have had an origin in agriculture. The soil has made us a rich nation indeed.
Oh, let it rain! I think I'll use the riches from my summer garden, put on a pot of savory stew, make a loaf of wheat bread, mop that floor one more time and make mine an attitude of gratitude for my riches from the soil. | <urn:uuid:49986884-e2bd-4217-86b3-4ca475abd0a8> | {
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The summer Olympic games is a time for celebration as athletes from hundreds of countries compete in numerous athletic competitions. The competitions are broadcast around the word on TV and other media. The Summer Olympic games take place every four years, with all the pomp, circumstance, thrills and competition of the athletes competing for historic records and medals.
Olympia, Greece was home to the first recorded ancient Olympic Games in 776 B.C. The ancient Olympic Games were held as a religious ceremony from 776 B.C. until A.D. 393, when they were banned due to religious reasons. Baron Pierre de Coubertin, a French educator, proposed a revival of the ancient traditions in 1894.
The first modern-day Olympic Games were held in Athens, Greece in 1896. However, women were not allowed to compete until 1900. Due to World War I and World War II, there were no Olympic Games in 1916, 1940 and 1944. The Olympics were first covered on American TV in 1960, when the Games were hosted in Rome. The symbol for the Olympics is a series of five rings. The colors of the rings -- blue, yellow, black, green and red -- represent the major regions of the world: Africa, the Americas, Europe and Asia.
The 2004 Games in Athens, Greece featured 202 competing countries. Many of these countries have also hosted the Games, though there have never been any Games hosted in Africa or South America. However, the 2016 summer Games will be held in Rio de Janeiro in Brazil, so at that point Africa will be the only continent that has not been a host site.
The summer Olympic Games revolve around many different sporting events, including archery, badminton, basketball, beach volleyball, boxing, kayak, cycling, diving, equestrian, fencing, field hockey, gymnastics, handball, judo, modern pentathlon, mountain biking, rowing, sailing, shooting, soccer, swimming, synchronized swimming, table tennis, taekwondo, tennis, track and field, triathlon, volleyball, water polo, weightlifting and wrestling. A pentathlon is a competition of five sporting events: shooting, fencing, swimming, show jumping and running. A triathlon is a competition that includes a swimming, running and biking portion. Watching the summer Olympics ensures that you won't miss exciting moments in Olympic history, like swimmer Michael Phelps becoming the most decorated Olympian in history or track and field Olympian Jackie Joyner-Kersee, who dominated the summer Olympics between 1984 to 1996. | <urn:uuid:ee538aee-9f5d-4c35-b19f-88aad67eb1cb> | {
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Fuel cells and the natural gas revolution
Last week, I wrote to you about an alternative fuel — natural gas — which in a welcome contrast with the President’s greenback energy experiments is being adopted freely by American truckers. This week, I want to highlight the promise the natural gas revolution holds for consumer automobiles—but not in the way you might expect. While the collapse in natural gas prices is likely to induce demand for natural gas cars, it also might finally make it feasible to bring a space-age technology to our cars: hydrogen fuel cells.
Fuel cells are a completely different way of thinking about powering our cars. Instead of an engine which has many moving parts, a fuel cell is a power generation device that is solid-state. It’s just two plates of metal or composite with a membrane in the middle in which gasses mix—air along with some other fuel. When the fuel passes between the two plates, a chemical reaction produces electricity. Because fuel cells do not combust fuel, they are far more effective use of energy than a standard combustion engine—and they emit no pollutants to create smog or reduce air quality.
What does this have to do with the natural gas revolution? Fuel cells can run off a variety of energy sources, using different metals and composites, but two of the most common fuels are natural gas and hydrogen. Since industrial hydrogen (the best choice for use in cars) is itself produced by “reforming” natural gas, the same steep drop in the price which has made practical natural gas powered trucks also slashes a main input cost for hydrogen fuel cells.
Unlike many of President Obama’s favorite energy fantasies (such as algae), fuel cells are a viable option for many uses today, freely adopted in industries that need reliable, clean fuel sources. Forklifts, for instance, operate indoors where combustion engines would necessitate expensive ventilation systems. Instead of building a fleet of battery powered forklifts, which require perhaps two or three extra batteries for every forklift in operation, major companies such as Walmart and Coca-Cola are choosing equipment powered by hydrogen fuel cells, which refuel in minutes and run at full power for eight hours. Similarly, hydrogen fuel cells are already being used in cities around the world to power public transportation buses. Viewed over time, in many cases they’re simply a better choice.
With the boom in natural gas production, they may soon be attractive in many more applications. The really exciting promise of hydrogen fuel cells, in fact, is the automobile. Because hydrogen is one of the most basic elements on earth, it could serve as a stable, inexpensive, and universal source of fuel indefinitely. And just as in the case of the forklifts, hydrogen cars would refuel in minutes and have a range of hundreds of miles, compared with battery powered cars that take hours to recharge and travel uselessly short distances.
The major auto manufacturers have already invested millions in the development of cars powered by hydrogen fuel cells. General Motors, Ford, Chrysler, Toyota, and Honda, among others, have all demonstrated hydrogen vehicles.
Oddly, while indiscriminately wasting billions of dollars on failed alternative energy projects, the Obama administration appears much less enthused about fuel cell technology. The President proposed large cuts to fuel cell programs this year—a 20 percent reduction—while doubling down on solar and battery technology that has lagged far behind in real world results. When asked about hydrogen fuel cells’ potential in testimony before Congress last year, Secretary of Energy even made the bizarre claim that “natural gas will have to be significantly more abundant and less costly” to support fuel cell cars—bizarre, because natural gas is more abundant, and less expensive relative to oil, than at any point in history.
Once again in this instance, the administration’s policy of punishing success and subsidizing failure seems attributable to its radical environmental ideology. Secretary Chu’s tepid view of fuel cells appears rooted in the knowledge that reforming natural gas into hydrogen produces carbon dioxide as a byproduct—the same reason he’s opposed to conventional automobiles.
The administration’s confused energy approach notwithstanding, the challenges facing hydrogen fuel cell cars are much like those facing natural gas trucks. There’s a chicken-and-egg problem until energy suppliers invest in refueling stations. Like the natural gas highway, the best way to enable investments that can make the technology commercially successful is to implement serious tax reform and move to 100 percent expensing, to allow American business to write off new equipment in one year. Potentially, the infrastructure for hydrogen fuel could even piggyback on top of the developing natural gas highway, since hydrogen can be reformed from natural gas right on-site.
The President’s approach to energy policy seems to exist in isolation from the real world: he pushes solar and battery technologies that can’t compete with conventional fuels while ignoring other choices—natural gas and hydrogen fuel cells—that are already adopted over gasoline in many instances. American won’t reach the next generation of energy technologies because of President Obama. We’ll reach it in spite of him. | <urn:uuid:f61c0ec5-0603-470a-baf0-7b8ac38495c3> | {
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Yesterday, I noted that ODNI is withholding a supplemental opinion approved on August 20, 2008 that almost certainly approved the tracking of “correlations” among the phone dragnet (though this surely extends to the Internet dragnet as well).
I pointed out that documents released by Edward Snowden suggest the use of correlations extends well beyond the search for “burner” phones.
At almost precisely the same time, Snowden was testifying to the EU. The first question he answered served to clarify what “fingerprints” are and how XKeyscore uses them to track a range of innocent activities. (This starts after 11:16, transcription mine.)
It has been reported that the NSA’s XKeyscore for interacting with the raw signals intercepted by mass surveillance programs allow for the creation of something that is called “fingerprints.”
I’d like to explain what that really means. The answer will be somewhat technical for a parliamentary setting, but these fingerprints can be used to construct a kind of unique signature for any individual or group’s communications which are often comprised of a collection of “selectors” such as email addresses, phone numbers, or user names.
This allows State Security Bureaus to instantly identify the movements and activities of you, your computers, or other devices, your personal Internet accounts, or even key words or other uncommon strings that indicate an individual or group, out of all the communications they intercept in the world are associated with that particular communication. Much like a fingerprint that you would leave on a handle of your door or your steering wheel for your car and so on.
However, though that has been reported, that is the smallest part of the NSA’s fingerprinting capability. You must first understand that any kind of Internet traffic that passes before these mass surveillance sensors can be analyzed in a protocol agnostic manner — metadata and content, both. And it can be today, right now, searched not only with very little effort, via a complex regular expression, which is a type of shorthand programming. But also via any algorithm an analyst can implement in popular high level programming languages. Now, this is very common for technicians. It not a significant work load, it’s quite easy.
This provides a capability for analysts to do things like associate unique identifiers assigned to untargeted individuals via unencrypted commercial advertising networks through cookies or other trackers — common tracking means used by businesses everyday on the Internet — with personal details, such as individuals’ precise identity, personal identity, their geographic location, their political affiliations, their place of work, their computer operating system and other technical details, their sexual orientation, their personal interests, and so on and so forth. There are very few practical limitations to the kind of analysis that can be technically performed in this manner, short of the actual imagination of the analysts themselves.
And this kind of complex analysis is in fact performed today using these systems. I can say, with authority, that the US government’s claim that “keyword filters,” searches, or “about” analysis, had not been performed by its intelligence agencies are, in fact, false. I know this because I have personally executed such searches with the explicit authorization of US government officials. And I can personally attest that these kind of searches may scrutinize communications of both American and European Union citizens without involvement of any judicial warrants or other prior legal review.
What this means in non-technical terms, more generally, is that I, an analyst working at NSA, or, more concerningly, an analyst working for a more authoritarian government elsewhere, can without the issue of any warrant, create an algorithm that for any given time period, with or without human involvement, sets aside the communications of not only targeted individuals, but even a class of individual, and that just indications of an activity — or even just indications of an activity that I as the analyst don’t approve of — something that I consider to be nefarious, or to indicate nefarious thoughts, or pre-criminal activity, even if there’s no evidence or indication that’s in fact what’s happening. that it’s not innocent behavior. The nature of the mass surveillance — of these mass surveillance technologies — create a de facto policy of assigning guilt by association rather than on the basis of specific investigations based on reasonable suspicion.
Specifically, mass surveillance systems like XKeyscore provide organizations such as the NSA with the technical ability to trivially track entire populations of individuals who share any trait that is discoverable from unencrypted communications. For example, these include religious beliefs, political affiliations, sexual orientations, contact with a disfavored individual or group, history of donating to specific or general causes, interactions of transactions with certain private businesses, or even private gun ownership. It is a trivial task, for example, to generate lists of home addresses for people matching the target criteria. Or to collect their phone numbers, to discover their friends, or even, to analyze the proximity and location of their social connections by automating the detection of factors such as who they share pictures of their children with, which is capable of machine analysis.
I would hope that this goes without saying, but let me be clear that the NSA is not engaged in any sort of nightmare scenarios, such as actively compiling lists of homosexual individuals to round them up and send them into camps, or anything of that sort. However, they still deeply implicate our human rights. We have to recognize that the infrastructure for such activities has been built, and is within reach of not just the United States and its allies, but of any country today. And that includes even private organizations that are not associated with governments.
Accordingly, we have an obligation to develop international standards, to protect against the routine and substantial abuse of this technology, abuses that are ongoing today. I urge the committee in the strongest terms to bear in mind that this is not just a problem for the United States, or the European Union, but that this is in fact a global problem, not an isolated issue of Europe versus the Five Eyes or any other [unclear]. These technical capabilities don’t merely exist, they’re already in place and actively being used without the issue of any judicial warrant. I state that these capabilities are not yet being used to create lists of all the Christians in Egypt, but let’s talk about what they are used for, at least in a general sense, based on actual real world cases that I can assert are in fact true.
Fingerprints — for example, the kind used of XKeyscore — have been used — I have specific knowledge that they have been used — to track and intercept, to track, intercept, and monitor the travels of innocent citizens, who are not suspected of anything worse than booking a flight. This was done, in Europe, against EU citizens but it is of course not limited to that geographic region, nor that population. Fingerprints have also been used to monitor untold masses of people whose communications transit the entire country of Switzerland over specific routes. They’re used to identify people — Fingerprints are used to identify people who have had the bad luck to follow the wrong link on an Internet site, on an Internet forum, or even to download the wrong file. They’ve been used to identify people who simply visit an Internet sex forum. They’ve also been used to monitor French citizens who have never done anything wrong other than logging into a network that’s suspected of activity that’s associated with a behavior that the National Security Agency does not approve of.
This mass surveillance network, constructed by the NSA, which, as I pointed out, is an Agency of the US military Department of Defense, not a civilian agency, and is also enabled by agreements with countries such as the United Kingdom, Australia, and even Germany, is not restricted for being used strictly for national security purposes, for the prevention of terrorism, or even for foreign intelligence more broadly.
XKeyscore is today secretly being used for law enforcement purposes, for the detection of even non-violent offenses, and yet this practice has never been declared to any defendant or to any open court.
We need to be clear with our language. These practices are abusive. This is clearly a disproportionate use of an extraordinarily invasive authority, an extraordinarily invasive means of investigation, taken against entire populations, rather than the traditional investigative standard of using the least intrusive means or investigating specifically named targets, individuals, or groups. The screening of trillions — I mean that literally, trillions — of private communications for the vaguest indications of associations or some other nebulous pre-criminal activity is a violation of the human right to be free from unwarranted interference, to be secure in our communications and our private affairs, and it must be addressed. These activities — routine, I point out, unexceptional activities that happen every day — are only a tiny portion of what the Five Eyes are secretly doing behind closed doors, without the review, consent, or approval of any public body. This technology represents the most significant — what I consider the most significant.new threat to civil rights in modern times.
Now, this doesn’t guarantee that the NSA correlates identifiers to dump them into XKeyscore (which is, as far as I know, used only on data collected outside the US; the “about” 702 collection is a more limited version of what is done in the US, with returned data likely dumped into databases used with XKeyscore). But Snowden makes it clear such fingerprints involve precisely the identifiers, including phone numbers, used in the domestic dragnets.
Moreover, we know that data in the corporate store — all those people who are two or three degrees away from someone who has been digitally stop-and-frisked — is subject to all the analytical authorities the NSA uses, which clearly includes fingerprinting and use in XKeyscore.
“Correlations” — as the NSA uses in language with the FISC and Congress — are almost certainly either fingerprints, or subset of the fingerprinting process.
And this is, almost certainly, what the government is hiding in that August 20, 2008 order. | <urn:uuid:d538001a-ebb2-42a7-a858-422e8a73d78c> | {
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Did you know that animals each have their own unique way to communicate Birds sing, dogs bark, cows moo-and animals use their ears, tails, feet, and bodies to communicate, too! But what is everybody saying
Let's read and find out about how animals communicate and what they're talking about!
Thump Goes the Rabbit is filled with bright, accurate art and includes ton of visual aids like sidebars, an infographic, and a hands-on activity all about how to be a citizen scientist and make good observations in your own environment.
This is a Level 1 Let's-Read-and-Find-Out, which means the book explores introductory concepts perfect for children in the primary grades and supports the Common Core Learning Standards, Next Generation Science Standards, and the Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math (STEM) standards. Let's-Read-and-Find-Out Science is the winner of the American Association for the Advancement of Science/Subaru Science Books & Films Prize for Outstanding Science Series.
Buy Thump Goes the Rabbit: How Animals Communicate by Fran Hodgkins from Australia's Online Independent Bookstore, Boomerang Books.
Book DetailsISBN: 9780062491015
» Have you read this book? We'd like to know what you think about it - write a review about Thump Goes the Rabbit: How Animals Communicate book by Fran Hodgkins and you'll earn 50c in Boomerang Bucks loyalty dollars (you must be a Boomerang Books Account Holder - it's free to sign up and there are great benefits!)
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USMLE – Chronic Liver Disease and Renal Failure
Chronic liver disease and chronic liver failure are not synonymous terms, although the former can eventually lead to the latter. Chronic liver disease causes many clinical features, such as are seen in cirrhosis, and chronic liver failure develops when liver function can no longer maintain normal physiological conditions. The term ‘hepatic decompensation’ is often used when chronic liver failure occurs and may be precipitated by a number of events including infection or variceal hemorrhage. Chronic liver failure is a syndrome characterized by clinical and laboratory features including ascites and edema due to sodium retention by the kidneys, the normal function of which is dependent on liver function; hepatic encephalopathy due to brain dysfunction consequent on liver failure; jaundice due to inadequate hepatic bilirubin transport; and hypoalbuminemia and coagulation abnormality due to deficient hepatic protein synthesis.
Renal failure consequent on liver failure can occur in cirrhosis. The kidneys themselves are intrinsically normal and renal failure is thought to result from altered systemic blood flow including diminished renal blood flow. The condition is called’ functional renal failure of cirrhosis’ or the ‘hepatorenal syndrome’. It occurs in advanced cirrhosis, almost always with ascites and uremia is characterized by the absence of proteinuria or abnormal urinary sediment, a urine sodium excretion below 10 mmol/day, and a urine/plasma osmolality ratio greater than 1.5. It is important to exclude hypovolemia by measuring the central venous pressure and giving colloidal solutions such as human albumin solutions to maintain the pressure at 0-5 cm of water. The treatment of hepatorenal syndrome includes giving dopamine (1-2 ug/kg/min) to maximize renal blood flow and thereafter diuretics. Uremia and endogenous protein breakdown should be limited by restricting protein intake to 20 g/day and giving 300 g of carbohydrate daily. Recovery depends ultimately on improvement of liver function but in chronic liver disease this seldom occurs. Accordingly, the prognosis is very poor unless liver transplantation can be undertaken. | <urn:uuid:c5f34db8-b6bf-4f92-9aa8-27767bd4899d> | {
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There is some unsettling news out of China for people who work with or around multi-walled carbon nanotubes.
Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) are carbon-based synthetic molecules in the shape of concentric tubes. Their special shape makes them more resistant to chemicals than other types of carbon nanotubes and makes them valuable for use in electronics, optics, textiles and other areas of manufacturing.
But Chinese researchers say these tiny particles, like the sharp particles of naturally-occurring asbestos, have the potential to cause mesothelioma in people who inhale them. Lead researchers Jiegou Xu of the Anhui Medical University College of Basic Medical Sciences in Hefei, China and his colleagues exposed laboratory rats to two different kinds of MWCNTs with disturbing results.
Suspensions containing either a larger needle-like MWCNT (MWCNT-L) or a smaller MWCNT (MWCNT-S) which forms “cotton candy-like aggregates” were sprayed down the tracheas of rats every two weeks for 24 weeks. After it was inhaled, the larger molecule (MWCNT-L) was found to move over time through the lung alveoli and into the two-layered pleural lining which surrounds the lungs. There, it induced fibrosis and “patchy parietal mesothelial proliferation lesions”. MWCNT-L also triggered stronger inflammatory reactions, which have been associated with the development of mesothelioma.
In contrast, the small carbon nanotube (MWCNT-S) did not translocate out of the lungs, making it less likely to cause mesothelioma, which starts in the pleura. Inflammatory response to MWCNT-S was also not as great. “These results suggest that MWCNT-L has higher risk of causing asbestos-like pleural lesions relevant to mesothelioma development,” writes Dr. Wu.
A previous study conducted by the same team found that certain MWCNTs could translocate from the lungs into the inner or visceral pleura, but did not progress to the outer or parietal pleura where mesothelioma typically starts. They now theorize that they simply had not allowed enough time for the particles to make their way through the tissue.
More than 80% of the 2,500 mesothelioma cases that occur in the U.S. each year can be traced to exposure to asbestos. However, because of mesothelioma’s long latency, it is possible that newer particles such as MWCNTs could be found to cause mesothelioma decades from now.
Xu, J et al, “Size- and shape-dependent pleural translocation, deposition, fibrogenesis an mesothelial proliferation by multi-walled carbon nanotubes”, May 11, 2014, Cancer Science, Epub ahead of print | <urn:uuid:35511f44-cf22-41eb-a3dd-c1ff099ddb21> | {
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You are here
Women Leading Solutions on the Frontlines of Climate Change
Climate change impacts women disproportionately to men, and these impacts are amplified in vulnerable populations where communities have fewer resources to recover from and adapt to climate disasters. In the aftermath of the Bangladesh cyclone in 1991, for example, five times as many women died compared to men. In the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami 70% of the fatalities were women.Gender inequalities extend to areas that are affected by other climate change impacts like deforestation, desertification, and higher temperatures. Women in these areas play major roles in producing crops, processing and preparing food, and collecting fuel and water – all avenues of work that are affected by climate change.
In light of these inequalities, the Women’s Earth and Climate Action Network (WECAN) put on a star studded event consisting of three panels of women speakers featuring the former president of Ireland, Mary Robinson, the current president of the Marshall Islands, Hilda Heine, and a host of civil society and business leaders from all over the world. The session also featured indigenous women leaders from Ecuador, the Congo, and Morocco, as well as a strong spoken word piece by Marshallese poet, Kathy Jetnil-Kijiner.
One of the major themes of the session revolved around the fact that even though women in vulnerable communities bear the brunt of the effects of climate change, they are woefully underrepresented at the decision making level. Women account for only 20 – 25 per cent of the workforce in the renewable energy sector, and only 12 per cent of international environmental sector ministers were women.
Another highlight of the session was Diana Lopez of the Southwest Texas Workers’ Union and her discussion on how these inequalities were affecting people back home in Texas. Ms. Lopez described how even within impacted communities there are those along the Gulf Coast that have the means and resources to move from or to adapt to climate disasters, and there are those that do not. Ms. Lopez asserted that it’s the women who have “a deeper relationship to the earth,” and that, “Mother Earth is the source of money and the source of income, and women are often portrayed in that sense as well.”
I was able to ask Ms. Lopez a few questions about her experience at COP 22 so be sure to check out the interview here.
The entire event was a necessary reminder for those of us who are listening, and a wake up call for those of us who have not been aware of the unique and critical position women hold in international climate discussions.
For more information about WECAN visit their website here. | <urn:uuid:eed328a5-59f2-45e2-9e3b-ad9d669a5a9d> | {
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Wildfires - October 2005
Wildfire activity diminished across the U.S. during October, as the remaining large fires in the West and Rocky Mountain regions were suppressed. However, several large fires developed in the Great Plains in early November due to dry conditions in the central and southern Plains.
Typically, fire activity moves from the Pacific Northwest southward to the Southwest as the Polar jet stream shifts south during autumn. However, above normal precipitation has been observed at the beginnning of the western wet season inhibiting large fire development over the past month.
As reported by the National Interagency Fire Center, over 8.3 million acres have burned across the U.S. by the end of October, which at present ranks the 2005 season as the second worst since 1960 for total acreage burned. Currently the 2000 fire season remains the record year for the U.S. with over 8.4 million acres burned.
Alaska had its second consecutive year with widespread wildfire activity, as over 4.4 million acres have burned this year across the state. As of the end of October 2005 over 3.9 million acres have burned across the remainder of the U.S..
|As of November 4, 2005||Nationwide Number of Fires||Nationwide Number of Acres Burned|
Dead fuel moisture levels across the western U.S. and High Plains were dry during October. In particular, fine fuel moisture levels (i.e., 10–hour fuels) remained below 5% across most western states during the past month, with the exception of the Pacific Northwest.
For further information on drought conditions across the U.S. go to the October drought summary page.
Additional Wildfires Links
- NOAA Fire Products
- NOAA Fire Imagery
- NOAA Economics
- U.S. Drought Monitor
- National Interagency Fire Center
- U.S. Forest Service Fire Maps
- Wildland Fire Assessment System
- Alaska Interagency Coordination Center
- Canadian Interagency Forest Fire Center | <urn:uuid:b952808f-d887-40d4-9636-fb57c4fca53b> | {
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Classics in the History of Psychology
An internet resource developed by
Christopher D. Green
York University, Toronto, Ontario
(Return to index)
History of Psychology: A Sketch and an Interpretation
James Mark Baldwin (1913)
Introduction: Racial and Individual Thought.
IN writing a historical sketch, the writer's first duty is to make clear what he is writing about. And while a definition of psychology, in its relations to other sciences and to philosophy, would be open to debate, still the general field that it includes is plain. Like all science, psychology is knowledge; and like science again, it is knowledge of a definite thing, the mind.
How mind in turn is to be defined is not here and now our task, but rather to trace the ways in which it has been defined. A history of psychology is nothing more nor less than a history of the different ways in which men have looked upon the mind. We are going to trace the ways in which man has historically thought about or attempted to understand the soul, mind, or spiritual principle.
It is only to put this a little differently, to say that the subject matter of psychology, when it is historically traced, is the way or ways in which men have thought about the "self"; for the self is always what mind more or less clearly means. As we shall see, this meaning is crude enough when it starts out, the self that the mind means. In the early periods, it is [p. 2] simply the significance attaching to things as not being dead or inanimate. Deadness or lack of animation was overlooked in primitive times; all things were found to have a mysterious sort of agency similar to that of personal agents and actors. All beings fell in one class; everything was looked upon vaguely as having an anima or indwelling soul. But when differences began to be discerned, and things were classified by their properties and behaviour, then the momentous and compelling distinction came between objects that were really selves or conscious beings, and those that were merely dead or inanimate things. Once come, this distinction made psychology as such possible.
The development of the meaning attaching to the personal self, the conscious being, is the subject matter of the history of psychology. The problem of psychology is the interpretation of minds or selves, and all of its subordinate problems are those pertaining to the several parts of this great whole meaning, the self; so the history deals with the course of development of this interpretation.
We may say in brief, therefore, that the science of psychology reflects the ways in which the human mind has been able at various epochs to apprehend or interpret itself; and that the history of psychology is the history of the modes in which these attempts at interpretation have taken form. It is the history of the more or less systematic forms of reflection upon self-consciousness.
I say reflection upon self-consciousness, because it will not do to say self-consciousness simply, without further explanation. All adult human beings are conscious of self in some sort, and so were primitive men -- endowed with the ability to judge objects to be different [p. 3] from and remote from themselves. But such consciousness, or self-consciousness, is not itself sufficient; it must pass into reflection. Not only to be conscious of self, but to have some sense, impression, or idea of what the self is, is necessary to give the "interpretation " which is available for history. This means that the self must take in or apprehend that it is thinking of itself in a certain way. Let us illustrate.
Suppose we say, as we must, that the early Greek philosophers, Thales and the others, did not have a refined or clear view about the self; that is, that their psychology was crude and undeveloped. This means that if one of them had been called upon to explain what he understood the self to be, he would have given what we would now call a vague and insufficient reply. He would have pointed to some fluid and subtle physical agent, saying that the self or mind was like that. He would not have distinguished between mind and matter. But he would still have been personally self-conscious. He would have distinguished between himself and things, and between himself and other selves. His limitation would have been that he could not mean by the self what later thinkers could mean; he could not interpret it as they did. When he talked about self, describing the fact of his own self-consciousness, it would have been in terms showing that his thought on the subject was crude and lacking in essential distinctions.
It will be of interest to define our topic in this way; for when we consider that it is the human self that each of the great thinkers sought to understand and interpret to his fellows, we see that their attempts, taken in their succession, will show the progressive development of what we may call racial or social self-consciousness. [p. 4] They will show, each in turn, the type of thought about the self which is fixed in a society or race as its understanding of its own nature and faculties. A distinction must be made, indeed, when we interpret human institutions, between those customs, rights, etc., which are spontaneous, due to gregariousness, natural imitation, tradition, etc., and those which are due to deliberate co-operation, thought, interpretation of nature and man. These latter reflect directly the way individual men are at the time thinking about and interpreting the self, one another, nature, God. The history of religion, for example, is a history, just as that of psychology is, of the ways in which men have interpreted self-conscious beings-in this case super-human spirits: God, or the gods-and religious institutions vary with these interpretations. The deity cannot be thought of as more refined or more moral than the interpretation of the self at the time will allow. If the self consists of "thin vapour," then God as a self must be thin vapour also. The social interpretation shown in institutions follows upon that of the individual thinker; it cannot anticipate the latter nor can it surpass it.
Our history, then, becomes valuable as showing the stages in the evolution of racial self-consciousness. All along we find that social life -- religion, politics, art -- reflects the stages reached in the development of the knowledge of self; it shows the social uses made of this knowledge.
An analogy is current between racial evolution and individual development; we hear of the "childhood" of the race, and of its growth from childhood to mature manhood. We now see that there is more in this than mere analogy or a popular figure of speech. [p. 5] When men are thinking of themselves simply or "childishly," and are building upon such thoughts institutions of like simple and childish character, then there is a real childhood of the race. And when, with the development of finer thoughts and interpretations of personality, institutions and racial things in general grow more complex and refined, then we may say, in more than a figure, that the race is growing up into maturity. It suggests itself, indeed, that in social evolution we may see a re-statement of the great stages of individual development; that individual thought may show stages which recapitulate those of racial evolution -- a parallel similar to the "recapitulation" recognised by biologists in the evolution of organisms. The individual's development in consciousness of self recapitulates, we should then say, the evolution of self-conscious reflection in the human race.
Such a problem becomes complicated when we deal, as we do in the history of psychology, with the development of reflective self-consciousness; for we are not writing a history of human institutions, but of a human science and its effect on institutions. To get any advantage from such a principle, we should have to discover that the racial stages in the interpretation of the self, culminating in the scientific and philosophical interpretation, have been unrolled "concurrently," or in the same serial order, with the stages of development of individual self-consciousness.
Put in this way, the problem becomes for our purposes the following: Do the racial ways of thinking of the self, seen in the theory or science of the mind known as psychology, show results of a progressive character which are in nature similar to those reached by individual thought?-and this despite the fact that [p. 6] these racial thoughts occur in the minds of single men, who are themselves full-grown and reflective? That is, to put the question concretely, why do we find Thales, himself adult and reflective in thinking about the self, to represent so simple and crude a stage of racial interpretation? -- and what is the rule of progress in succeeding epochs, whereby later representative thinkers achieve higher and more refined results? Is it the same rule of progress as that shown by the individual's growth from crude to mature self-consciousness?
In answer to this, we may say that the facts, on the side of the individual, upon which the parallelism is based, are clear. We find the facts of the development of the individual's consciousness of self sufficiently well known. The child, as recent genetic psychology has shown, is entirely dependent upon society for the materials of his thought of self; his thought is dependent upon the thoughts already current in his social circle. He absorbs what society already thinks; and his originalities, in the way of further refinement, are slight. He imitates social "copy," and absorbs social tradition. The character he has in being a self, at whatever stage of development, and the character he gives to the self, in his thought about it, are different things. Just as, in the case of Thales, we say that the philosopher had a mind full-grown for reflection, but was still dependent upon society and its institutions for the material of his thought; so also the maturing child's thought of self, at each stage, is what he gets from his social environment, and makes use of to the extent of his ability. The philosopher and the child each uses the social sources of knowledge to the best of his ability. But however great his ability neither [p. 7] the one nor the other ca-n create something out of nothing.
The reason of the close concurrence between the individual's progress and that of the race appears, therefore, when we remember the dependence of each upon the other. The individual can think in this way or that only provided the race in the midst of which he lives already thinks, or thinks "toward," the same result; and the racial thinking in this way or that is only what it is because earlier individuals have thought in this way or that. So we should expect no great departure on one side or the. other from lines of thinking which are common to the two. The individual equips himself socially before he thinks independently; and society thinks progressively only as individuals are its mouthpiece.
To whatever extent this idea may be finally justified, it is an extremely attractive one. Here are two great movements, one that of the individual growing constantly more competent to understand himself and to communicate what he understands; and here is society, made up of a series of generations of individuals, doing precisely the same thing and doing it upon precisely the same mass of materials. It is On the surface likely that the series of critical periods in both, marked by new modes of accommodation and due to new crises of a natural, moral, and political sort, would show a general serial correspondence.
To the writer it has been surprising to see how closely the gropings of the thinkers who represent the racial undertaking, the philosophers, are explained for the historian by comparison with the gropings of the individual's struggle to achieve a full reflective self-consciousness. The crises are the same, the problems [p. 8] and embarrassments the same, the solutions the same. In a later chapter,[l] the matter is carried further. Our present purpose is simply to justify the use we make of the analogy in various places as we proceed. Further details of the concurrence itself will appear in the light of the sketch of the individual's progress given in the later connection.
Adopting a preliminary division of the entire history, in accordance with this guiding principle, we find the great epochs in the history of thought about the mind to be as follows --
1. The Period of Pre-historical and Pre-logical Interpretation, occurring in primitive peoples, mystical and emotional in its character. It is the period of "psychosophy," preceding psychology. It corresponds to the early a-dualistic and practical period of the child's apprehension of the self.
2. The Ancient or Unscientific Period, covering the development of Greek thought, which we may call the "Greek Period." It corresponds to the unreflective stage of the child's thought of self, the period of the origin of dualism. It is unreflective in the sense that in this period the view of the self is not exact or critical, not the subject of distinct definition, but remains incidental to the larger view of the world or nature taken as a whole. It has three sub-periods: the "projective" or Pre-socratic, the "subjective " or Socratic, and the "objective" or Aristotelian. In Plato, the motives of "ejection" and æsthetic reconciliation are present, mediating the transition from Socrates to Aristotle. [p. 9]
3. The "Mediæval" or "Substantive" Period, so named from the fact that in it the great distinction arose between mind and body as different and distinct substances. It culminated in the explicit dualism of Descartes. It corresponds to the stretch of development of the individual which culminates in a similar dualism. Historically, this allowed of the separation of the problems of mind from those of body, and justified the rise of Psychology, the science of mind, in distinction from Physics.
4. The Modern Period, or the epoch of reflective and scientific interpretation. It corresponds to the development of the individual's reflection in which the self is both objective matter and subjective principle. The subject and object selves are distinguished. Mind and body become presuppositions of reflection: spheres of reference for all sorts of experience. Psychology as a science develops its peculiar body of knowledge and its exact methods of investigation.
These great divisions will constitute the Parts of our study, the last period being subdivided into two. The further justification of this division and its corroboration, as being a fair way of utilising the concurrence of racial and individual thought, will appear as we proceed.
It results from this general plan that we are not to catalogue or even to report single theories or discoveries simply as historical facts. It is rather the conception entertained of the mental life as a whole -- its principle, and its relation to the body, to the world, and to God -- that we are to trace out. This gives us a single problem and a central one; the various solutions being [p. 10] presented in their actual genetic and historical order. Of course, the great discoveries of this thinker or that should be mentioned; but in each case they are kept subsidiary to the theory of the mental principle itself. That is, we are concerned with the science itself, its subject matter and method, not primarily with the detailed results of observation.
Chapter VIII of Vol. II.
A term used by Dessoir, Geschichte der Psychologie (1911; Eng. trans., 1912).
For the detailed filling out of this scheme the Tables of Contents (Vols. I, II) may be consulted. | <urn:uuid:46557c43-d264-4655-8e82-fcd12c944ef7> | {
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WASHINGTON - The first American president has yet another feather to add to his extensively plumed hat: George Washington is Britain's greatest enemy.
The results of a recent competition at the National Army Museum in the U.K. show the surveyor from Virginia is his former colonial master's "Greatest Enemy Commander." He beat out Irish nationalist Michael Collins with twice as many votes, as well as Napoleon Bonaparte, Erwin "Desert Fox" Rommel and founder of the Republic of Turkey Mustafa Kemal Ataturk.
The degree to which Washington reconciled with his former enemy seems to be what both sides of the Atlantic appreciate most about the "Father of His Country."
"Washington was identified with a long period of progress, of enlightenment, of America being on the side of the good guys, of coming to the rescue of others, particularly the United Kingdom in two world wars, when we were in difficulty," says Sir Peter Westmacott, the current British ambassador to the U.S.
The general's profile on his NAM page states he was "often outmanoeuvred (sic) by British generals with larger armies," but his "political leadership" allowed him to hold together the disparate "army of secessionists," with the help of the French.
Westmacott says the "man who could not tell a lie" probably bested the other four military leaders in this contest due to the universal sense of good that came from his victory, unlike those of his competitors. He notes Michael Collins might be seen that way in Ireland. There were also an "extraordinary number of things of lasting value," that came from Bonaparate's reign to the French political system, education and transportation.
Yet ultimately, the contest took place in Britain, not Ireland, and Bonaparte is considered by historians and in the English psyche as "an expansionist who wanted to dominate the whole of Europe, and eventually got his comeuppance," says Westmacott.
The ambassador cites Washington's "legacy to civilization, to world peace, to even the world's economy and the decades and decades we had of prosperity and growth until recent years," with what helps him stand above Britain's former military enemies, and what helped the two countries reunify in subsequent decades.
Any ill-will in Britain as a result of the Revolutionary War, something that was "badly mishandled at our end," Westmacott says, did not last for very long. (Side note: "The American Revolution is regarded by the Brits as something we'd rather never happened," he says.)
"Despite a few wobbles in the 19th century -- the war of 1812, and the American Civil War and so on -- was rapidly replaced with an extraordinary and lasting and amazing relationship," says Westmacott. "In British mentality, that's probably the lasting part of the memory: It's America as an invaluable and extraordinary ally in the last century, rather than a country of ungrateful immigrants who broke with their king in a way they shouldn't have."
The museum's nationwide poll took place from Feb. 13 to March 31 and yielded 8,000 online votes. The top five commanders were chosen among those from the 17th century onward who led an army against British forces "in the field of battle." This excluded notable figures like Adolf Hitler.
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(Copyright 2012 by WTOP. All Rights Reserved.) | <urn:uuid:d2e842e5-f493-440c-add8-34a840e39ad0> | {
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More details to follow about the Pu'u O'o flow, but going through my pictures, I discovered that I had a single shot that included the entire flow from start to finish: the copter was flying east of the flow, so Pu'u O'o is where the massive steam plume is rising on the right, while the Kalapana ocean entry is visible on the far left. The series of cliffs and rises are the palis, or fault scarps generated by slippage of the volcanoes towards the sea along major fault systems. Smaller steam plumes are vents and windows over the lava tube system, and the occasional surface flow. Note especially the pattern of forest islands, called kipuka. They are important biological refugia where some native species are protected from invasive predator species. | <urn:uuid:7f09b9f2-ad7d-4be2-97c5-839d2e7b4b4e> | {
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In today's ever growing society, we must pay special attention to the amounts and types of resources we our currently consuming and the supply of these resources that will last us for the future. In researching this topic there are many factors to take into account such as the ever growing population, use of limited and unlimited resources, destruction of resources without full utilization of them, and the planning and discovering of new resources for our future. It is a safe assumption to make that our society's population is not one that will be slowing down anytime soon. To date, according to the U.S. Bureau of the Census the United States population is projected to be 290,634,727 people, with a net gain of one person every 11 seconds, and though this may seem quite large it is only a mere 1/25th the world population, which currently is around 6.5 billion people. With large numbers like these and an outlook for continuous growth, it must be taken into concern that at some point, the U.S. and the world as a whole is going to reach its carrying capacity, a point at which the resources in an environment can no longer support a greater population. Though this may still be hundreds of years away, by addressing energy consumption and depletions concerns now we can prolong and prepare for that date as best as possible.
In the United States, and the world as a whole, there are three major areas in which resources can stem from; those are water, minerals, and the land. All of our resources and utilities to produce resources come from one of those three, and as our population continues to grow, those three sources are ever depleting. As stated above we are a culture who on the whole has a population that does not look like it will cease in growth anytime in the near future. Due to this, the planets limited supply of water seems to be one of the first things that would lead to destruction of our population. We already our currently experiencing global...
Bibliography: Dorr, Ann. Minerals, Foundations of Society. 2002. American Geological Institute, Alexandria, VA.
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In March 1541 Alonzo de Peña arrived at Buenaventura with the wife and family of the unfortunate Andagoya, and additional supplies and reinforcements. While this officer was endeavouring, by naild and temperate expostulation, to induce the stern Belalcazar to liberate his brother-in-law, the Vicentiate Vaca de Castro opportunely arrived at the port. This functionary had been sent out to co-operate with Pizarro in restoring tranquillity to Peru, and, after a tedious voyage, he was glad to land at Buenaventura, resolving to perform the rest of the journey by land. He was very ill from the eifects of the hardships he had experienced during his voyage, and was carried to Cali in a chair, on the backs of Indians. He conferred with Belalcazar and his prisoner Andagoya, but was unable to reconcile them; and, having received the astounding tidings of the assassination of Pizarro while he was at Popayan, he continued his journey towards the scene of his duties in Peru, in August 1541. His parting advice was that Andagoya should be sent to Spain, where the Emperor might decide the limits of his government.
At last Belalcazar allowed his rival to set out for Buenaventura, accompanied by his brother-in-law Alonzo de Peña. At the port he received the melancholy news of the death of his wife and children from fever. Leaving one Payo Romero as his lieutenant there, he embarked for Panama, and proceeded thence to Spain; having lost his government, and upwards of 50,000 castellanos de oro, besides 20,000 that he had borrowed,—equal to more than ₤140,000 of our | <urn:uuid:13442965-8e4e-4eca-94df-0881cf16b7d5> | {
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Power boffins have developed a prototype battery that’s not only lighter and thinner than existing power cells, but is produced using a printing process. Weighing in at less than 1g and measuring less than a millimetre thick, the 1.5V battery is printed using a silk-screen technique, similar to that used for T-shirts. A “rubber …
Interesting but not novel
People like Power paper have been doing this for a few years now.
They sell them for all sorts of things including borg-like skin patches, so you too can look like 7 of 9
I for one, welcome our Jerri Ryan etc etc etc
We don't want to know voltage, what's their capacity (Amperage)?
Very little I suspect.
hmm, not rechargable
looks like it might be quite usefull when they make it rechargable, disposable ones seem rather wastefull these days.
Excellent idea, but I have one reservation
Being zinc-manganese (Basically a leclanché cell), the shelf life would probably be limited, and they don't handle extemes of temperature well. Still, new technology is always good :-)... isn't it?
"By placing several 1.5V printed batteries in series, higher voltages of 3V, 4.5V and 6V can also be achieved, the boffins claimed"
I would be mightily impressed if that wasn't possible, seeing as it works with every conceivable battery currently... In fact, technically a 'cell' is the 1.5V source and a 'battery' is a collection of cells.
Fraunhofer Research Institution.
These guys are good. Bloody good.
>By placing several 1.5V printed batteries in series, higher voltages of 3V, 4.5V and 6V can also be achieved, the boffins claimed
Whooohoo- BREAKTHROUGH!!! Can they do 7.5 or even 9V?
Mmmmm I see. My determination of that picture is that the battery is somewhere between 6.5 and 7 MILES long!
Why did they even bother putting a ruler in shot if its got no scale! Thats the point of putting rulers next to things in photos!
In reality it could be 6.5 or 7 inches, or centimetres, or one of those obscure units of scale, who knows!?
This is nothing...
This is nothing but a thinly veiled grab for power...or thinly printed perhaps.
They missed an obvious application...
... the Government should require high powered versions to be built into ALL clothing with a remote control available to all Police and they won't have to bother giving cops tasers any more...
I believe its is a cm scale. Inch scales are usually divided into 1/4s, 1/8ths, 1/16s and so on. This scale is divided into 1/0ths.
I make it about 6.5 siriometers, which make the size more impressive than the battery itself
I long for the day my tshirt can power my smartphone, this is what happens when hippies and technology converge.
Smaller than potato battery
A zinc-manganese battery? Really? That's the ancient "Super Heavy Duty" battery that every electronics device recommends against using because of the low current output, low power density, leak risk, and high self-discharge.
Fraunhofer Research says it would be good for bank cards. Do I detect sarcasm there?
El Reg Standard Units
That must surely be in reg std units - thus it is an impressive 6.5-7 Wales
Is it just me?
...or does the sample pictured look like
A PAIR OF BOLLOCKS
It would be more marketable if they had one terminal in the center of each pad.
( . )( . )
Please can i buy some double-D rechargeable nipple cells?
Paris cos her batteries are flat-packaged
looks like a maxipad
The thing looks like a maxipad, maybe they should remarket it as a joypad.
Yea, more crap we don't need that can't be recycled
Anything that adds to poisonus landfill is good by me, will give something for future archeologists to talk about.
- Review Apple takes blade to 13-inch MacBook Pro with Retina display
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- Intel's Raspberry Pi rival Galileo can now run Windows
- Microsoft and HTC are M8s again: New One mobe sports WinPhone | <urn:uuid:2681106b-d52b-4d1f-b65f-8123ab3dcedb> | {
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On this day in 1833, President Andrew Jackson announced that the government would no longer deposit federal funds in the Second Bank of the United States, the quasi-governmental national bank. He then used his executive power to close the account and to put the money in various state banks.
George Washington and Alexander Hamilton had created a national bank in 1791 as a central repository for federal funds. The successor bank that Jackson reviled as an elitist institution tied to Eastern commercial interests was chartered in 1816, five years after the first bank’s charter had expired. Jackson, elected on a populist frontier-oriented platform, resented its distain for funding expansion into the vast Western territories. He also objected to a lack of congressional oversight over its dealings.
Nicholas Biddle, the director of the bank, fought back. He enlisted Sen. Henry Clay of Kentucky as a powerful ally. As the controversy raged, most members of Congress held that Jackson was wrong in holding the bank to be an unconstitutional appendage of the federal government.
In 1832, the year before Jackson finally acted, the issue created a deep split in Jackson’s cabinet. Later in 1832, Jackson vetoed an attempt by Congress to draw up a fresh charter for the bank. The bank became the focal point of the 1832 presidential election in which Jackson, as the Democratic incumbent, defeated Clay.
With his victory, Jackson felt he had won a mandate to close the bank, despite continuing opposition in Congress. By unilaterally withdrawing the funds, Jackson effectively sealed the bank’s death warrant. When its charter officially expired in 1836, it was not renewed.
Nevertheless, Jackson paid a price for having waged the struggle. In 1834, Congress censured him for what the lawmakers viewed as an abuse of presidential power during the bitter bank fight. | <urn:uuid:5c33cb28-a49d-4cc8-9de4-2fa4158f9618> | {
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Trash is delivered to the Tinker Creek Transfer Station via refuse trucks and loaded onto railcars situated belo0w the main receiving platform of the transfer station (pictured). The “Waste Line Express” - a custom-built train operated by Norfolk Southern Railroad - then transports the more than 700 tons of waste gathered from the residents and businesses each day from the transfer station to the landfill, a 33-mile one-way journey.
In 1992 Vinton, Va. — in partnership with the city of Roanoke and Roanoke county — became one of the first cities in the United States to use existing railroad tracks to transport solid waste from its transfer station to a landfill. Operations Manager Steve Barger lauds the efforts, “Getting the public involved early is critical, as doing so allowed them to take ownership of the decision-making process.”
The result of these efforts was the establishment of the Roanoke Valley Resource Authority (RVRA), the first totally rail-haul disposal system in the country. “Waste Line Express began transporting from our transfer station to the landfill in 1994, and remains one of the most unique and efficient waste disposal facilities in the nation today,” says Barger.
Vinton teamed up with Norfolk & Southern Railroads to add five miles of track to the already existing 28 miles of track to avoid increased truck traffic and other potential safety hazards. The Tinker Creek transfer station, which was designed to resemble an old-time railroad building, houses a Doosan DX225LC excavator that fills 12 rail cars, where they take a 33-mile voyage and ultimately end up at the Smith Gap Landfill. Altogether, the 12 cars can transport about 65 tons of solid waste.
The cars are emptied upon arrival to the landfill by arguably the world's largest indoor rotary dumper. The waste wood is then turned into mulch by a Doosan DX190W excavator. Citizens can pick up this mulch by pickup truck for free, as long as they provide adequate covering. To learn more about this site, visit http://www.rvra.net. | <urn:uuid:87831387-4eec-45a7-a010-d6a250aa1230> | {
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This is a sample chapter from a work in progress by Adam Yamey. It is from the life of his great-grandfather Franz Ginsberg.
Here is a brief ‘blurb’ or introductory note about the book. It was kindly suggested to me by Sandra Haven:
Franz Ginsberg left Germany in 1880. He settled in South Africa as an 18-year-old photographer, escaping the restrictions on Jews, only to adopt a homeland with escalating restrictions on ‘black’ and other non-European people. Franz flourished as a manufacturer of a large variety of domestic products, becoming well-known as an industrial pioneer. Soon, his concern for people’s welfare plunged him to politics. From 1927 onwards, as one of the 32 elected Senators of the Union of South Africa, he attempted to mitigate the racist policies that many of his fellow legislators promoted. During his progression from Town Councillor to Senator, Franz opposed the law-making processes that were to lead eventually, after his death in 1936, to the establishment of apartheid. Franz Ginsberg, the author’s great-grandfather, battled for a better world in a time not yet ready for that change—leaving a unique story and legacy on the blueprint of our modern world.
This is the sample chapter from the draft manuscript (with footnotes omitted):
COPYRIGHT: ADAM R YAMEY, 2015
Less than a year after the German trade treaty had been signed, the Senate discussed a Bill in March 1930, the Immigration Quota Bill, relating to another kind of ‘import’: human beings - immigrants wishing to enter South Africa. This was just over two years before Adolf Hitler became Chancellor of Germany, and not much longer before the Jews of Germany would begin fleeing from their homes in ever increasing numbers.
The Minister of the Interior, DF Malan, who was later, in the words of A Parker, to begin “… the apocalyptic legislative assault on black South Africans… ” during the apartheid era, explained to the Senate that the new Bill was in response to questions being asked all over the country about:
“…whether there was not a vast stream of immigrants coming to this country, immigrants who were undesirable.”
People wanted to know what the Government was going to do about them. Malan said that there had been a large number of complaints that the then existing Immigration Act was being applied in an unfair and unjust way. He explained:
“That was one of the complaints of a large section of the population, and more especially of the Jewish community in this country.”
Next, Malan talked about the Immigration Act passed in 1913. He said:
“The problem which I have mentioned is that we have a great influx of people on the one hand, chiefly from Eastern Europe. A vast and growing stream of immigrants is coming into this country, and the vast majority of them belong to a class of persons who follow a calling in life which has enough adherents in the Union, with the result that reinforcements are not required.”
Now, DF Malan was a highly educated man (he achieved a Master in Philosophy at Victoria College [which is now Stellenbosch University] and a Doctorate of Divinity at University of Utrecht) and chose his words carefully. He knew that one meaning of ‘adherents’ was ‘followers’ of, for example, a religious belief. He must have also known that ‘calling in life’ can have a religious connotation. He continued to speak about this ‘class of persons’:
“They belong to what was known as the middle classes the commercial classes, people … who belong to the commercial classes, and do not produce … The commercial community is too large for the country. This is one side of the matter.”
The other side of the problem, he explained, was emigration: too many (white) people were leaving South Africa. The solution that he favoured was adopting a quota system such was already in force in countries like the USA, Australia, and Canada. This would be incorporated in the new Bill, which proposed that on certain countries there would be no restriction, and on all other countries there would be a quota. Those admitted on the quota system would be carefully selected by the Immigration Control Board. Malan said that the Bill envisioned admitting about 1000 people per year from quota countries, and that the line which was to be drawn between countries that were unrestricted and those that were restricted would depend on the current composition of the population already in South Africa. Next, he said something that sounds very sinister in the light of what we now know about Malan’s country:
“The second principle, on which we base this discrimination, is that every country desires immigrants that will strengthen the race and that will be readily assimilated. A nation wants to be homogenous…”
Then, to drive his point further:
“There can be no doubt that there has been a certain amount of nervousness in the country during the last few years on account of the stream of immigration out of Eastern Europe.”
There was a third principle behind the new Bill, namely the safeguarding of Western Civilisation in South Africa. On this point, Malan said the following:
“South Africa has set its heart on maintaining the western form of civilisation in this country. … There is the eastern civilisation, the European civilisation and then there is the western civilisation and the civilisation of Eastern Europe. These two civilisations differ from one another, and when we draw a line between the different countries in the future, we must be very careful that we note countries belong to the western civilisation and which do not.”
According to the tree principles, Malan explained to the Senate, a line was to be drawn between Eastern and Western Europe, and no restrictions were to be placed on any of the following: USA, Western Europe, and the various parts of the British Empire. He did not state it, but I imagine that an immigrant’s skin colour was also an important factor determining whether he or she should be allowed to settle in South Africa. In any case, this was a Bill directed mainly at certain members of the world’s ‘white’ population, as Franz was to point out later in the debate.
Franz was against the new Bill, considering that it was unnecessary: most of what was being proposed was already in the Immigration Act of 1913. He knew that there was an overwhelming majority of people in favour of the Bill, and he regretted that. He had been told that the new Bill was a reaction to the country’s then poor economic condition (low wool prices and so on). Franz continued by saying that he had heard the Minister saying often that he wished to keep ‘undesirables’ out of the country. He too was in favour of this, but had difficulty understanding how an ‘undesirable’ was defined. He said:
“I think in a country like this, every decent man ought to be admitted.”
Franz had been very pleased to hear that the Minister of Labour (FHP Creswell), Mr Tielman Roos , and a number of other leaders, had praised the patriotism and usefulness of the Jewish population of South Africa. Who were these people, Franz asked. They were, he said answering his own question, the very same class of people that the minister of the Interior wished to exclude with his new Bill. To a very large extent, he added, these useful Jews had come from the east, very largely from Lithuania and other countries in Eastern Europe. Then, he spoke subtly to the Senate:
“I would like to say here that I do not hold the opinion that many people have expressed, that this Bill is anti-Semitic legislation, because I have too many proofs of goodwill extended towards the Jewish population of this country, so much proof that I cannot for one moment, believe, unless someone is lying, that there is, so far as personal experience is concerned, anything but sympathy and friendship with the Jewish people. I do not think there is much in the way of anti-Semitism in South Africa. … I have heard very much about the capabilities, the loyalty, and the patriotism of the Jewish people. So much so that one gets a little suspicious about these expressions, and I should ask why, if they are such good citizens, they are to be kept out of this country? There is a difference in outlook … between the Jewish people who come from the eastern part of Europe and those who come from the western part, but … that outlook quickly disappears in this country; in fact, it has been remarked that in an incredibly short time these people have become assimilated to such an extent that … they could not be distinguished from any other people.”
Regarding the Minister’s statement that there were too many middle-men in the country, he agreed. However, he pointed out, that the situation was changing: people were moving from one kind of occupation to another; the country population was moving into towns, and people were moving into industry and the professions. Gradually, Franz undermined the reasons that D Makan had given to back up his promotion of the new Bill.
After a short interruption, Franz continued with an impassioned speech, some of which is quoted here:
“Considerable difficulties will arise in connection with this Bill… It has caused ridiculous anomalies. … There have been perfectly new boundaries created in Europe since the war, countries that formerly belonged to Germany have become, for instance, Polish … there is Silesia too. My birthplace is in Silesia and I am very glad to think I would not come under the ratio of prohibited countries, although that might have been the case if the boundary laid down in the Peace Treaty had been shifted a few miles.”
Beuthen, where Franz was born, remained in Germany until 1945 when it was transferred to Polish rule following the Potsdam Conference in that year. Franz continued:
“I was born in Germany and the boundary was about 20 to 25 miles from my town. Since the war, however, my native town has been cut in half, and the one part is in Poland, and the other part in Germany, and, therefore, I might well have become a Pole if I had lived on the other side of the boundary. Are we to look upon Kubelik, who charmed Cape Town with his violin when he was here, as a prohibited immigrant, or would Mr Paderewski, supposing he wanted to become a music teacher in Cape Town, be permitted to do so, unless the Minister was good enough to allow him? And what would be the position of a person like Professor Voronoff?...”
I am not sure that the city of Beuthen was actually divided in two after WW1; maybe Franz was really referring to the countryside surrounding it. Kubelik, the violinist was Jan Kubelik (1880-1940) who was born in Prague ; Jan Paderewski (1860-1941), born of Polish parents in Czarist Poland, was the composer and one-time Prime Minister of Poland ; and Serge Voronoff (1866-1951) was a celebrated (in Franz’s time, but not these days) surgeon born of Jewish parents in Czarist Russia . Returning to Franz’s speech:
“Apart from these cases, I would like the Minister to explain what the position is of the man in Rhodesia … at least so far as I understand the Bill they would still come under the quota number.”
Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe), which shared a long border with South Africa, refused to join the Union of South Africa when the chance was offered in 1922, and was annexed by the UK to become a colony in 1923 . The point that Franz raised was that under the new Bill, Rhodesia, which contained many people who would have been acceptable or ‘desirable’ immigrants in the eyes of the Nationalist dominated Government of South Africa, would have become subject to the rules that were designed to limit immigration from Eastern Europe. Franz went on to say:
“… I do not agree with the arguments of so-called assimilation. How many people who are now in the country, people belonging to a variety of nationalities, do assimilate? Even between Scotch and English, Dutch and English, or German and English or Dutch. How many intermarry? They all work hand in hand and there does not seem to be any difficulty. They hold their different views and have their different traditions, but presumably they are trying to work hard for the good of the country.”
With regard to the ‘desirability’ of people from Western Europe, Franz asked:
“… whether people from the south of France and from Portugal are to be considered Nordics. I do not know whether they are to be considered more desirable than the people from Lithuania.”
Later on, he told the House that there were 60-70,000 people in South Africa, whose feelings were hurt by the Bill. Then, he said:
“The objects of the Bill could have been attained otherwise, and the restrictions that are considered desirable could have been managed by some other means without making it so obvious that those concerned are not to be considered part and parcel of South Africa. I am referring to the Jewish people of South Africa who have settled here. I came here almost 50 years ago as a stranger. This country has given me a home and has made me welcome, and I have been able to get a comfortable position here … I have considered myself a South African. I have come to live in this country, but I now begin to be doubtful whether I am going to be permitted in future whether to consider myself wholly and solely South African. The Honourable minister has spoken about problems with which this country is faced, and to me it is an insult of the first water to compare the problems of the natives and the Indians with the problems of Jews in South Africa. I am sorry that such an insult should have been levelled at a people which is supposed to be held in high esteem from the Prime Minister downwards, and it makes me wonder whether I am permitted in future still to love this country.”
Senator GG Munnik (Transvaal) followed Franz’s speech by saying that he felt strongly that just as everyone has a right to say who is his guest, the country had the right to say who could enter, and who could not. He agreed with the Minister of the Interior that the stream of immigrants from Eastern Europe was undesirable for three reasons. First, he said that South Africa has two industries - mining and agriculture - but the Eastern European immigrants engaged in neither of these ‘industries. Secondly, because they were poor, it seemed to Munnik that:
“…South Africa may now be called a Tom Tiddler’s land. Everyone who comes here to the Tom Tiddler’s land and desires to play the master.”
Tom Tiddler’s land (or ground), for those who are unfamiliar with this, is land or ground occupied by someone who is easily taken advantage of, or “…where pickings may be sought or had without effective interference ”. Munnik was implying that the South Africans (probably his fellow Afrikaners) were easy prey to the new arrivals. Thirdly, he said that the people from Eastern Europe knew neither Afrikaans nor English, and:
“…scarcely ever learn them; they only come here to make money by some means and such people are unnecessary in the country. They will remain a separate colony and we do not need them. Are we in need of people who are going to increase the problems of the country?”
Having just listened to Senator Munnik, Senator JA Neser (Transvaal) was amused by what his colleague had just said about the Eastern European immigrants. He said:
“Only a few days before he [i.e. Munnik] had brought forward a Bill for the encouragement of horse-breeding and horse-racing, and it is the people who he has now been denouncing who are the greatest supporters of horse-racing in this country.”
Then, a few moments later, he slipped into the disingenuousness so typical of racist policy-makers in South Africa:
“It is extremely unfortunate that our Jewish friends have taken it into their heads that the Bill is principally directed against them because there is not a word about the Jews or any other nationality in the Bill. It is just a coincidence that a large number of Jews come from that part of the world against which this bill is directed.”
Well, so it was! Franz was not the only Senator to defend the Jewish people in South Africa. Senator CJ Langenhoven (Cape Province), an active promoter of the use of Afrikaans rather than Dutch in the Cape, refuted Munnik’s suggestion that Jews who came to South Africa did not learn English or Afrikaans; the opposite was true. He added:
“If there are any of our friends who maintain that the Jew is undesirable, then I want to repudiate it, and I speak on behalf of the Afrikaans-speaking section of the population.”
Just when I was beginning to guess how Langenhoven would vote, that is against the Bill, his words showed how wrong I was:
“The Jew is the biggest nationalist in the whole world and in the circumstances he succeeded in maintaining the purity of his race to a greater extent than any other race in the world. The result is that the Jews remain a separate group, they form one herd, and as such do not readily assimilate with the rest of the population.”
Langenhoven, like the other supporters of the Bill, was concerned that without new controls the Dutch- and English-speaking world would become dominated by the ‘Jewish race’, and this was a reason that he would be voting for the Bill. Having demonstrated his pro-Semitism, he gave his reason for voting in favour as being not that the Jews were ‘undesirable’, but in order to achieve the self-preservation of, in his words, “our race”.
On the following day, the 5th of March 1930, the Minister of the Interior, DF Malan, made another speech in which he referred to Franz’s speech made on the previous day. He said:
“… not only do we all want him [i.e Franz] to consider himself a South African but we want to make it possible in a much greater measure than he has done today… as I said in the other House, in introducing this Bill, I consider this measure to be even more in the interests of the Jewish community in this country in that they want to identify themselves with South African life, with the South African nation, they would like to be treated on a footing of equality with other sections of the community, and they want to take their share in the national life of South Africa. That is only possible if there is no feeling arising in this country, such as there exists, unfortunately, in other countries, against the Jew as a Jew. That feeling, today does not exist to a large extent, and there is no doubt about it that it is dormant, but if this great influx of people from oversea should continue that feeling should continue, and it will become increasingly difficult for the Jewish community to come into their own, and take their share in the life of South Africa on a footing of equality. I say, therefore that not only has the Honourable Senator [i.e. Franz] a right to consider himself South African, but what we want with to do this Bill is to make it easier for himself and others to consider himself in that light.”
This speech was made less than three years before the South African version of the German Nazis, the Greyshirts led by Weichardt, began to wake up the ‘dormant’ anti-Semitism in South Africa.
The Senate passed the Bill, but continued discussing it ‘in Committee’. The schedule of countries which were not subject to quotas for immigration to South Africa were: Territories within the British Commonwealth, Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Holland, Italy, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, and the USA. Senator G Hartog (Transvaal), who was Jewish, could not understand why if Poland was excluded, why Austria was included. Also, he asked why Portugal, Italy, and Spain were included if the intention was, in his words, to:
“… replenish our stocks from the original Nordic stock.”
He felt that Latvia and Finland should be included in the schedule. He must have known that Latvia was the origin of quite a few Jewish immigrants to South Africa. To which Franz replied:
“I am going to vote against this [Bill] on principle. I am against restriction and therefore I am against deletion of any country from the schedule. I would certainly vote for the addition of a country to the schedule…”
The Minister of the Interior defended the inclusion of Spain, Portugal, and Italy because they had been included as being required for the maintenance of a “Western European Civilisation” in South Africa. He regarded Finland as being part of Eastern Europe, but not worth including as few Finns wanted to come to South Africa. Unlike Latvia, which Hartog wished to see included amongst the unrestricted countries, Finland had a negligible population of Jews. So, it could have been included on the schedule without risking much in regards to Jewish immigration to South Africa!
Fighting a losing battle, Franz, who was against the Bill, repeated that he had heard that the Minister of the Interior had wanted to secure immigrants of the ‘Nordic type’. He failed to see how people from Italy, Portugal, Spain, and some parts of France could be considered Nordic.
The so-called ‘Quota Act’ came into force on the 1st of May 1930, just over five years before Hitler and his government enacted the notorious Nuremberg Laws. This Act had the “immediate effect of reducing considerably the flow of Jewish immigrants, as of others from the restricted countries.” CP Robinson, a Jewish Member of the Union Parliament who recognised the anti-Semitic intent of the Bill, said of it (before it became an Act):
“… At present it is the poor Lithuanian, tomorrow it may be the Jew from Germany or France that will not be allowed to come in.”
Sadly, he was right. South Africa, like so many other countries with the notable exception of tiny Albania, ceased to be much of a safe haven for Jews trying to escape from the murderous intentions of the Nazis. Luckily for Franz, he did not live long enough to see the consequences of the Quota Act of 1930.
COPYRIGHT: ADAM R YAMEY, 2015
NOW take a look at: | <urn:uuid:9e813f7d-e1a3-4c31-95bd-3029d2094c67> | {
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OpenSCAD User Manual/Other 2D formats
The pstoedit program can convert between various vector graphics formats. OpenSCAD needs the
-polyaslines option passed to the dxf output plugin to understand the file. The
-mm option sets one mm to be one unit in the dxf; include this if you use one unit in OpenSCAD as equal to one millimeter. The
-dt options instructs pstoedit to render texts, which is usually what you want if you include text. (If the rendered text's resolution in terms of polygon count is too low, the easiest solution is to scape up the eps before converting; if you know a more elegant solution, please add it to the example.)
pstoedit -dt -f "dxf: -polyaslines -mm" infile.eps outfile.dxf
Inkscape can convert SVG to EPS. Then pstoedit can convert the EPS to DXF.
inkscape -E intermediate.eps infile.svg pstoedit -dt -f dxf:-polyaslines\ -mm intermediate.eps outfile.dxf
The conversion can be automated using the make system; put the following lines in your
all: my_first_file.dxf my_second_file.dxf another_file.dxf %.eps: %.svg inkscape -E $@ $< %.dxf: %.eps pstoedit -dt -f dxf:-polyaslines\ -mm $< $@
The first line specifies which dxf files are to be generated when
make is called in the current directory. The second paragraph specifies how to convert a file ending in .svg to a file ending in .eps, and the third from .eps to .dxf.
A more complete makefile could autogenerate dxf files from the any svg in the folder. In which case, put the following lines into your
SVG := $(wildcard *.svg) DXF := $(SVG:%.svg=%.dxf) EPS := $(SVG:%.svg=%.eps) .PHONY: all clean clean-eps clean-dxf all: $(DXF) %.eps: %.svg inkscape -E $*.eps $*.svg %.dxf: %.eps pstoedit -dt -f "dxf: -polyaslines -mm" $*.eps $*.dxf clean: clean-dxf clean-eps clean-dxf: rm -f $(DXF) clean-eps: rm -f $(EPS)
It's still possible to call
make filename.dxf to build a particular file, but this code also allows for (re)building of all dxf files in a folder just by calling
This code is also universal enough that it's possible to put the code in a single file and symlink every makefile in any directory that has svg files for dxf conversion by running:
ls -s /path/to/this/svg_to_dxf_makefile makefile
in each respective directory.
AI (Adobe Illustrator)
Although Adobe Illustrator CC/CC.2014 allows you to export illustrations as DXF (and select DXF format versions as early as 12), it will use DXF entities that are not supported by OpenSCAD, such as
Since pstoedit does not natively support Adobe Illustrator files, one alternative is to use EXDXF which is an Adobe Illustrator plug-in (30 free trial exports and then you have to pay $90 to register the plugin).
Before exporting, it is recommended that you ensure that your Artboard is the same dimensions as the component you are exporting. Although EXDXF provides you with numerous options when exporting to DXF the most important option for OpenSCAD compliance is to set
Line Conversion to
Line and Arc.
OpenSCAD doesn't always provide information about the issues it encountered with a DXF import. If this happens, select
Design | Flush Caches and then
Design | Reload and Compile. | <urn:uuid:a557c488-45cc-4d26-b60a-615899e0f5a5> | {
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Last week I attended an ISSP lecture by Thomas Briggs from Bletchley Park with other year 7-8 students about ‘Codes & Ciphers’. We looked at Morse Code and encryption methods to make data unreadable to unintended parties like the Caesar cipher where each letter is replaced with one a certain number up or down the alphabet. We were told about the history of Bletchley Park near Milton Keynes, as Britain’s main decryption centre during World War Two. It was well located being remote, safe from bombing in London but well connected. People first moved there pretending to be friends in ‘Captain Ridley’s Shooting Party’ enjoying a weekend away. Really, they were from MI6, and the Government Code and Cipher School (GC&CS), a secret team of Codebreakers. At first GC&CS recruited graduates from Cambridge and Oxford Universities, particularly Classicists who were good at Latin which used code breaking type skills and mathematicians who were good problem solvers. Bletchley Park started in 1939 with 150 staff, but grew rapidly. Some were recruited from a national crossword puzzle- if you could complete it in 10 minutes you could sit crosswords in exam conditions and then may be interviewed but weren’t told what the job was! As Bletchley Park grew, sections moved into large wooden huts which for security reasons were known only by their hut numbers. Prime Minister Winston Churchill visited once but couldn’t go often to risk its security. He said Bletchley Park should have everything they wanted.
Most enemy messages were tele-printer code enciphered with the complex Lorenz cipher machine. They were sent by telegrams communicating to army commanders in the field through telephone and telegraph cables as the Germans, Japanese and Italians thought they were unreadable. The intelligence value of breaking these was huge. In the lecture, we were shown an Enigma machine and had a hands-on demonstration. It looked like a typewriter but had a lamp board above the keys with a lamp for each letter. The operator pressed the key for the original letter of the message and the enciphered letter lit up on the lamp board. The machine had interchangeable rotors, which rotated every time a key was pressed to keep the cipher changing continuously. This was combined with a plug board on the front of the machine where pairs of letters were exchanged; these two systems gave 49 quintillion settings (!!!), which the Germans thought made Enigma unbreakable!
The first big break into Enigma messages at Bletchley Park came in January 1940, when mathematicians including Alan Turing, broke the German Army key known as ‘The Green’. Later they cracked the ‘Red’ key used by the Luftwaffe (German air force). German, Italian and Japanese systems were broken. Breaking the ciphers gave vital intelligence to Allied military operations. It is said that the information from Bletchley shortened the war by 2-4 years, and without it the outcome would have been uncertain. Bletchley Park also started the information age as code breaking was first done by hand but they could not keep up with the number of intercepts so they made machines such as ‘Colossus’, the world’s first semi-programmable electronic computer. We were shown a photograph of Colossus and it was huge! Sadly, they were all destroyed after the war but replicas are now in Bletchley Park. I would like to visit Bletchley Park and definitely recommend going to ISSP lectures as you learn lots of interesting information about new topics.
Sebastian – Year 7 | <urn:uuid:4c5bed13-aa1d-427b-ab45-9b6b8b66ffb0> | {
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Without the benefit of anthropology and archaeology it would be difficult indeed to come to North America from Europe in the 19th Century and not wonder where the indigenous people originated. In fact, Europeans imbued with Christian principles and values must have wondered, wherever they went outside of Europe, what could be the origins of all the strange and wondrous human beings they encountered. The clues had to be in the Bible or as logical extensions of ideas expressed in the Bible. They tried hard, but it was tough to deny that indigenous people were not human because they readily mated successfully with European explorers and colonizers all the time. The following is my translation of an excerpt from La Vie de Monseigneur Taché by Dom Benoit. I find it fascinating how the author grapples with the descent of the indigenous people and how these ‘savages’ became so ‘degenerate’. Read on:
On page 47*:
“From whom do the savages descend? They are men therefore they are descendants of Adam. I might add: Noah was their ancestor and Sem their father as the red or American race is mongoloid, differing less from them as Noah’s three sons differ amongst themselves. It is clear that America was populated by peoples from Asia or even from Northern Europe. Everybody knows how easy it would have been to migrate to America from Asia even if the distant wanderings of these travellers were not supported by means any more sophisticated than those of today. This last proposition seems improbable to me; I am convinced that the savages were more civilized at one time than they are now, that they abased themselves by turning away from traditions that connected them to God, just as they will redeem themselves by accepting the teachings that bring them closer to their maker and to their end.
So, the author concludes that the ‘savages’ were no doubt more civilized at one time but because they turned away from the traditions that kept them attached to the teachings of the Church, they became lost to God. Seems reasonable, I guess, but I’d like to see even just a little evidence. Nevertheless, the only rational way that ‘savages’ could be brought back to God, obviously, is by missionary work. What a job they were tasked by God and the Church to do: bring back the godless savages to the bosom of the Church and to God. Further in the book, the author also warns that the situation is urgent and critical because their work could be thwarted by the ‘methodist’ missionaries who were eager to have the ‘savages’ turn against the Church of Rome. Tough competition required urgent measures and an army of priests had to be deployed as soon as possible between the Red River settlement and the Mississippi. That’s when the archbishop of St. Boniface at the time, Msg. Provencher, appealed to Monseigneur de Mazenod, the bishop of Marseilles and founder of the Oblates of Mary Immaculate to send as many ‘troops’ as possible for the battle ahead. This was in the middle of the 19th Century, before 1853. Travel was treacherous. It took roughly 8 or 9 weeks depending on the weather to cover the 1400 miles from Montréal to St. Boniface by canoe before the railroad was build a few decades later. War can be hell and there is no doubt that the Oblates were tough and disciplined in their urgent mission to save as many ‘savages’ as they could.
*From: La Vie de Monseigneur Taché, Archevêque de St. Boniface by Dom Benoit, Superior of the Regular Canons of the Immaculate Conception of Canada. Published in a limited edition in 1904 by the Librairie Bauchemin, Montréal, Québec. | <urn:uuid:d9632a7c-7c8c-4ee2-b66d-c8e791fe1990> | {
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The common dandelion, enemy of suburban lawns, is an unusually nutritious food. Its leaves contain substantial levels of vitamins A, C, D, and B complex as well as iron, magnesium, zinc, potassium, manganese, copper, choline, calcium, boron, and silicon.
Worldwide, the root of the dandelion has been used for the treatment of a variety of liver and gallbladder problems. Other historical uses of the root and leaves include the treatment of breast diseases, water retention, digestive problems, joint pain, fever, and skin diseases.
The most active constituents in dandelion appear to be eudesmanolide and germacranolide, substances unique to this herb. Other ingredients include taraxol, taraxerol, and taraxasterol, along with stigmasterol, beta-sitosterol, caffeic acid, and p-hydroxyphenylacetic acid.
What Is Dandelion Used for Today?
Dandelion leaves are widely recommended as a food supplement for pregnant women because of the many nutrients they contain. The scientific basis for any other potential use of dandelion is scanty.
Dandelion leaves have been found to produce a mild diuretic effect,
which has led to its proposed use for people who suffer from mild
, such as may occur in premenstrual syndrome (PMS). However, no double-blind, placebo-controlled studies have been reported on the effectiveness of dandelion for this purpose. (For information on double-blind studies, and why they are so important, see
Why Does This Database Rely on Double-blind Studies?
In the folk medicine of many countries, dandelion root is regarded as a "liver tonic," a substance believed to
support the liver
in an unspecified way. This led to its use for many illnesses traditionally believed to be caused by a "sluggish" or "congested" liver, including constipation, headaches, eye problems, gout, skin problems, fatigue, and boils. Building on this traditional thinking, some modern
believe that dandelion can help
or clean out the liver and gallbladder.
This concept has led to the additional suggestion that dandelion can reduce the side effects of medications processed by the liver, as well as relieve symptoms of diseases in which impaired liver function plays a role. However, while preliminary studies do suggest that dandelion root stimulates the flow of bile,
there is as yet no meaningful scientific evidence that this observed effect leads to any of the benefits described above.
Dandelion root is also used like other bitter herbs to
and treat minor digestive disorders. When dried and roasted, it is sometimes used as a coffee substitute. Finally, dandelion root is sometimes recommended for mild
A typical dosage of dandelion root is 2 to 8 g, 3 times daily of dried root; 250 mg, 3 to 4 times daily of a 5:1 extract; or 5 to 10 ml, 3 times daily of a 1:5 tincture in 45% alcohol. The leaves may be eaten in salad or cooked.
Dandelion root and leaves are believed to be quite safe, with no side effects or likely risks other than rare allergic reactions.
Dandelion is on the FDA's GRAS (generally recognized as safe) list and approved for use as a food flavoring by the Council of Europe.
However, based on dandelion root's effect on bile secretion, Germany's Commission E has recommended that it not be used at all by individuals with obstruction of the bile ducts or other serious diseases of the gallbladder, and that it be used only under physician supervision by those with
Some references state that dandelion root can cause hyperacidity and thereby increase
pain, but this concern has been disputed.
Because the leaves contain so much
, they probably resupply any potassium lost due to dandelion's mild diuretic effect, although this has not been proven.
People with known allergies to related plants, such as
, should use dandelion with caution.
There are no known drug interactions with dandelion. However, based on what we know about dandelion root's effects, there might be some risk when combining it with pharmaceutical diuretics or drugs that reduce blood sugar levels. In addition, individuals taking the medication lithium should use herbal diuretics such as dandelion leaf only under the supervision of a physician, as being dehydrated can be dangerous when using this medication.
Safety in young children, pregnant or nursing women, or those with severe liver or kidney disease has not been established.
Interactions You Should Know About
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This isn’t a lesson; it is the notes from which I will prepare a lesson.
Note: I’m following the lesson outline the Gospel Doctrine manual uses (Lesson #3: 1 Nephi 8-11, 12:16-18, 15 and Lesson #4: 1 Nephi 12-14), but I won’t be teaching it that way. In the past, I’ve never found it possible to get past chapter 8 anyway, so it is a moot point for me, but even if I could cover more material, I think it is better to consider Nephi’s experience (1 Nephi 11-15) in its entirety. I have no idea why they decided to separate 1 Ne 12-14; I think it is counterproductive to try to understand those chapters outside of their native context in Nephi’s vision. This article, particularly the second section, explains why.
Write on the board:
strait=narrow (could be crooked)
straight=not crooked (could be broad)
1 And it came to pass that we had gathered together all manner of seeds of every kind, both of grain of every kind, and also of the seeds of fruit of every kind.
Is this a deliberate allusion to the creation account in Genesis?
I can’t help but feel that instead of a throw-away line, this is somehow the interpretive key to the vision. This article suggests that you can’t gather seeds without eating fruit, so this becomes a real-world link to Lehi’s vision; one where L&L have been eating fruit, and in a context where they likely would have understood that their future physical survival depended on eating the fruit. This experience would have involved eating fruit but with a focus on seeds, whereas Lehi’s vision is focused on eating fruit with no mention of seeds. Why might that be? (It might work well to start class with v2 and then read this verse after studying the vision. At that point, ask the class what difference v1 makes and then discuss the paragraph above.)
2 And it came to pass that while my father tarried in the wilderness he spake unto us, saying: Behold, I have dreamed a dream; or, in other words, I have seen a vision.
How will this vision compare to his previous ones?
I’m going to ask my class as we read to just stick to the text of Lehi’s vision and not, at this point, incorporate insights that they get either from Nephi’s vision or from Nephi’s later explanations to his brothers. I think this is important because (1) it honors the way the BoM is structured and (2) the visions are different and serve different purposes, and so it is helpful at this point to take them separately. But we’ll integrate next week!
How is your interpretation of the vision affected by the fact that the vision is presented in the context of Lehi sharing it with his family, and not just the vision itself?
3 And behold, because of the thing which I have seen, I have reason to rejoice in the Lord because of Nephi and also of Sam; for I have reason to suppose that they, and also many of their seed, will be saved.
(How) does this relate to the “seed” reference in v1?
We’ll learn later that partaking of the fruit doesn’t guarantee salvation (because some of the partakers are later ashamed and wander off). So what are we to make of this conclusion?
It’s interesting that Lehi here speaks of being “saved.” What does he mean by this term? Should this be understood in a strong soteriological sense—saved from death and hell, etc.? Or does it have a more down-to-earth meaning—saved, say, from the destruction of Jerusalem. Citation
4 But behold, Laman and Lemuel, I fear exceedingly because of you; for behold, methought I saw in my dream, a dark and dreary wilderness.
Skousen omits “in my dream” from the most likely original reading. How would you understand the verse differently without those words?
Should we be concerned that Lehi’s communication of this vision to his sons functions as a sort of predestination? That is, could it have left them feeling that they had no choice in the matter? (The same could apply to Nephi and Sam in the previous verse.)
Why is Sariah mentioned in neither v3 nor v4?
Shouldn’t the “behold” be followed by either “I have reason to suppose that you wouldn’t be saved” or “because you didn’t eat the fruit” to parallel the previous verse? Does Lehi leave open why he is afraid or is he afraid because of the dark and dreary wilderness? The latter might work grammmatically, but is somewhat odd in that *Lehi* was in the wilderness, not (just) his sons.
It is probably fair to say that Lehi is currently, in real life, living in a dark and dreary wilderness and v1 told us that his family (presumably all of them?) were partaking of fruit. How do Lehi’s actual circumstances relate to the vision?
Was Lehi commanded to convey this information, or was this his choice? If so, was it a mis-step? Was he sowing problems by dividing his boys this way? (Any parenting expert today would tell you never to compare your kids.)
NB joy in v3 and fear here. Are these the emotions that we would have expected? Do we consider fear and joy opposites? Should we?
What is accomplished–either for the boys or for the reader–by relating the impact that the dream had on Lehi before relating its content?
Does “methought” mean “I thought but perhaps I was wrong”? The only other use of “methought” in scripture is Alma 36:22, which refers to a vision of Lehi’s (but not this one).
Lehi did not directly address Nephi and Sam in the previous verse but speaks directly to L&L here. Is that significant?
5 And it came to pass that I saw a man, and he was dressed in a white robe; and he came and stood before me.
Why man and not angel? Are we being asked to assume that this is a mere mortal, or should we assume otherwise?
Elder Jeffrey R. Holland:
From the beginning down through the dispensations, God has used angels as His emissaries in conveying love and concern for His children. . . . Usually such beings are not seen. Sometimes they are. But seen or unseen they are always near. Sometimes their assignments are very grand and have significance for the whole world. Sometimes the messages are more private. Occasionally the angelic purpose is to warn. But most often it is to comfort, to provide some form of merciful attention, guidance in difficult times. When in Lehi’s dream he found himself in a frightening place, “a dark and dreary waste,” as he described it, he was met by an angel, “a man … dressed in a white robe; … he spake unto me,” Lehi said, “and bade me follow him.”Lehi did follow him to safety and ultimately to the path of salvation. In the course of life all of us spend time in “dark and dreary” places, wildernesses, circumstances of sorrow or fear or discouragement. Our present day is filled with global distress over financial crises, energy problems, terrorist attacks, and natural calamities. These translate into individual and family concerns not only about homes in which to live and food available to eat but also about the ultimate safety and well-being of our children and the latter-day prophecies about our planet. More serious than these—and sometimes related to them—are matters of ethical, moral, and spiritual decay seen in populations large and small, at home and abroad. But I testify that angels are still sent to help us, even as they were sent to help Adam and Eve, to help the prophets, and indeed to help the Savior of the world Himself. Oct 2008 GC.
It is interesting to me that (1) he reads the man as an angel and (2) that he suggests that this sort of divine aid is the norm, not the exceptional expereince.
Read Rev 6:11, 7:9, 13-14, JS-H 1:31-32. These are the only other scriptural references to “white robe.” (Although, more generally, there are some other similar situations.) What do you conclude?
Though there have been other interpretations of whom the man in the white robe represents in Lehi’s dream, from a messenger to a Christ-figure to Moses, I believe that John the Revelator is one important possibility. Citation
What I find more interesting here than trying to peg down who the mysterious man in the white robe was (I think settling on John the Revelator is too speculative) is this question: why aren’t we just told who it was?
6 And it came to pass that he spake unto me, and bade me follow him.
Why don’t we get the man’s direct speech? Did the man say more than “follow me”?
7 And it came to pass that as I followed him I beheld myself that I was in a dark and dreary waste.
Is this “waste” different from the dark and dreary wilderness in v4? (These are the only scriptural references to “dark and dreary.”)
Are we to draw a contrast between the white robe and the dark waste? If so, what would be conclude?
An excellent example of reversal occurs when Lehi finds himself in “a dark and dreary wilderness,” a guide in a white robe appears, and Lehi follows him to “a dark and dreary waste” (see 1 Nephi 8:4—7). We expect Lehi’s guide to bring him to a place of light and safety, but instead the prophet is taken to yet another dark and dreary place. What kind of deliverance figure, clothed in the powerful symbol of a white robe, would take a prophet from one dark place to another?” Citation
8 And after I had traveled for the space of many hours in darkness, I began to pray unto the Lord that he would have mercy on me, according to the multitude of his tender mercies.
We always rush past the “many hours.” Pause for a moment to think about how terrifying it would be to travel for many hours in the dark. What should we learn from this?
What do you think Lehi was feeling during this time? Why did the Lord put Lehi through this uncomfortable experience? Is it punitive?
What happened to the man in the white robe? Is he no longer there–and that’s why Lehi has to pray to the Lord? Or is “praying to the Lord” the same as “asking the man in the white robe”?
We’ll later find out that people who try to travel in the dark (or: is that different because it is a mist?) get lost. Does that happen to Lehi here? I’ve seen some semi-critical commentary of this vision for not picturing repentance (it does seem that once you get lost, you’re toast), but I am wondering if it would be legitimate to read this verse as Lehi’s return to the path through prayer (even though no sin is implied, or is it?).
Why is “mercy” what is needed here? Is “mercy” the same as “light” or “guidance”?
9 And it came to pass after I had prayed unto the Lord I beheld a large and spacious field.
Do you conclude that the field is an example of the Lord’s tender mercies?
What might the field symbolize? Is this related to the references about the field being white and ready to harvest?
Mosiah 11:8-9 and Ether 10:5 are the only times outside of Lehi/Nephi’s vision that “spacious” is used in the scriptures; both refer to buildings made by the wicked. Is the field evil? Neutral? Good? Why is it described as ‘spacious’ and what does that mean, given that other scriptural uses of ‘spacious’ are negative?
What does this verse teach you about what you can expect from prayer?
Not much is done with “the field;” our attention quickly shifts to the tree and remains there. Why mention the field at all? Why not just behold the tree?
10 And it came to pass that I beheld a tree, whose fruit was desirable to make one happy.
How does this tree relate to the tree of knowledge of good and evil and/or the tree of life?
How does Lehi know that the fruit is desireable?
“Happy” is interesting. Not a lot of scriptures about happiness per se. (Some modern translations use happy instead of blessed in the beatitudes.) Happy seems a little . . . tepid . . . to me.
The fruit is symbolic (right?). What does it symbolize?
Alma 32:39 is the only other scriptural reference to desirable fruit. How does that story relate to this one?
It is hard to avoid comparing this verse with Genesis 3:6 (“And when the woman saw that the tree was good for food, and that it was pleasant to the eyes, and a tree to be desired to make one wise, she took of the fruit thereof, and did eat, and gave also unto her husband with her; and he did eat.”) What do you make of the similarities and differences between these two stories?
11 And it came to pass that I did go forth and partake of the fruit thereof; and I beheld that it was most sweet, above all that I ever before tasted. Yea, and I beheld that the fruit thereof was white, to exceed all the whiteness that I had ever seen.
NB that ‘partake’ is not used in the KJV.
W1828 partake: “To take a part, portion or share in common with others; to have a share or part.” Why focus on the communal nature of the fruit here?
Was he commanded to do this or did it just seem like the right thing to do?
I think it’s significant that once he gets to the tree, Lehi finds something small, round, and white to press to his lips in a gesture not at all unlike that of Isaiah in Isaiah 6. Remember that Isaiah there, in what I argued in my “preliminaries” post is a crucial text for Nephi’s record, has a white stone taken from the altar of incense pressed to his lips, thus giving him to join the seraphic throng in singing and shouting praises to God enthroned. Lehi has something of the same experience here, and it is a clear echo of 1 Nephi 1, where we similarly see Lehi being given to ascend into heaven, through the mediation of an angelic figure (with a book, rather than a stone), so that he can shout praises along with the angels surrounding the throne of God. Citation
Note that he just “goes forth,” nothing about a rod, path, mists, etc. Why is his trip to the fruit so much less complicated than it will be for other people in this vision?
Before he tastes the fruit, he knows that it will make him happy. After he tastes it, he notes that it is sweet and white. Shouldn’t he have been able to note that it is white *before* he tastes it? I am wondering if [symbolically] only the inside is white and the outside is a different color. And how did he know about ‘happy’ before he tasted it? It seems that the whiteness of the fruit would be noticed first, since he would see it before he tastes it. Why does he tell us how it tastes before he tells us how it looks?
(Why) are sweet and white used as proxies for happy?
Virtually all OT references to “sweet” refer to the smell of the ceremonial incense, which is generally symbolic of prayer. Is that relevant here?
In the NT, Rev 10:9-10 refers to a sweet taste (“And I went unto the angel, and said unto him, Give me the little book. And he said unto me, Take it, and eat it up; and it shall make thy belly bitter, but it shall be in thy mouth sweet as honey. And I took the little book out of the angel’s hand, and ate it up; and it was in my mouth sweet as honey: and as soon as I had eaten it, my belly was bitter.”). Is that relevant here?
Is Alma 32:42 (“And because of your diligence and your faith and your patience with the word in nourishing it, that it may take root in you, behold, by and by ye shall pluck the fruit thereof, which is most precious, which is sweet above all that is sweet, and which is white above all that is white, yea, and pure above all that is pure; and ye shall feast upon this fruit even until ye are filled, that ye hunger not, neither shall ye thirst.) relevant here?
Does the whiteness of the fruit tie it to the white robe?
Why privilege taste and sight above other senses here?
Other combos of “exceed” and “white” include JS-H 1:31-32, Mark 9:3, 1 Ne 13:15, 2 Ne 5:21, and Ether 3:1. Do any of those passages nuance your understanding of this one?
12 And as I partook of the fruit thereof it filled my soul with exceedingly great joy; wherefore, I began to be desirous that my family should partake of it also; for I knew that it was desirable above all other fruit.
Skousen reads “desirous” instead of “desirable” here. Does it make a difference in your understanding of the verse?
Why do sweet and white lead to joy?
Is joy different from happiness? I think you could make the case that, before he tasted it, he knew that it would lead to happiness, but only after did he realize that it would lead to joy, and that these are not the same thing. I think Alma 27:18 (“Now was not this exceeding joy? Behold, this is joy which none receiveth save it be the truly penitent and humble seeker of happiness.”) is interesting here, because it suggests that seeking happiness can lead to joy. We might also link this to the desire for his family to partake–when he thought the fruit just made you happy, he wasn’t focused on sharing it with his family. But now that he knows that it leads to joy, he is compelled to share it. I wonder if we might also tie this in to Eve’s experience: is it fair to say that she thought beforehand that eating the fruit would have a certain effect but it actually had something a little different? I also am thinking that he didn’t realize that it was desireable above all other fruit until after he had eaten it.
I like to experiment with new recipes and I am frequently amazed at the results: sometimes I think something will rock, and I can barely eat it. Other times I have pretty low expectations, but a dish knocks my socks off. You just can’t know until you taste it . . .
What’s with all of the superlatives?
Elder Richard G. Scott:
When in a dream Lehi partook of the fruit of the tree of life and was filled with joy, his first thought was to share it with each member of his family, including the disobedient. April 1988 GC.
I like the “including the disobedient” there. I think too often we treat it as our role to exclude the disobedient, to be sure that they are adequately punished for their choices.
Marion D. Hanks:
I conceive this to be the simplest and most understandable of human emotions. That which is beautiful and good and satisfying to the soul is infinitely more so when shared with those we love. I believe this is the foundation of the missionary work of the Church, of the Primary program and the genealogical program and the serviceman’s program, and every other effort made by the Church to lift and inspire and strengthen the individual child of God. Oct 1961 GC.
I love that.
13 And as I cast my eyes round about, that perhaps I might discover my family also, I beheld a river of water; and it ran along, and it was near the tree of which I was partaking the fruit.
I think “cast . . . eyes . . . round about” may be a technical phrase in the BoM with a connotation of spiritual eyes opening. It doesn’t seem to always work this way, but many references suggest something more than just “looking over there.” If my hunch is right, then I think we can’t avoid the conclusion that “Lehi’s eyes were now opened as a result of partaking of the fruit.” Additionally, he is casting his eyes in order to “discover his family,” and it is the opening of Eve’s eyes that makes it possible for her to have children (right?). Further, despite the fact that we ignore those verses, the rivers in the creation story get a ton of airtime (=verses), and look, folks, we’ve got a river here, too. In which case, we can’t avoid comparing this story with Eve’s experience. Some thoughts on that: What happens by changing the gender of the eater? How does Sariah’s role in the dream compare with Adam’s role in the garden? Where’s Satan in Lehi’s dream? Does the fruit symbolize the same thing in both visions? In what other ways are Lehi’s and Eve’s experiences similar and different? Following this analogy, are L&L and Nephi readable as Cain and Abel?
Thoughts about the river here.
What does the river symbolize? What about the river in the New Jerusalem at the end of the book of Revelation?
Given that he was actually looking for his family, does seeing the river constitute some sort of a fail?
Is the running of the river and/or its nearness to the tree significant?
14 And I looked to behold from whence it came; and I saw the head thereof a little way off; and at the head thereof I beheld your mother Sariah, and Sam, and Nephi; and they stood as if they knew not whither they should go.
Is this a criticism of the faith of Sariah, Sam, and Nephi? How else could you read it?
Why “your mother”? Don’t they know that?
Why are they unsure about where to go? (Lehi wasn’t.)
15 And it came to pass that I beckoned unto them; and I also did say unto them with a loud voice that they should come unto me, and partake of the fruit, which was desirable above all other fruit.
This seems unusually participatory for a dream/vision. Why is it that way?
Why the loud voice?
16 And it came to pass that they did come unto me and partake of the fruit also.
Is it significant that they came unto -Lehi- and not the tree?
Again, there’s no path, rod, or mists for them. Why?
Lehi partook because of his assessment that the fruit would make him happy. They partake because Lehi told him to. Is this significant? And, getting back to the garden, is it significant that Eve partook because of an assessment of the fruit and Adam partook because Eve told him to?
17 And it came to pass that I was desirous that Laman and Lemuel should come and partake of the fruit also; wherefore, I cast mine eyes towards the head of the river, that perhaps I might see them.
So they are near S, S, and N. Why didn’t he see them in v14?
Is Lehi’s attitude toward L&L the same as our attitude toward L&L?
18 And it came to pass that I saw them, but they would not come unto me and partake of the fruit.
Does he extend the same invitation that he did in v15? If so, why isn’t it narrated? If not, why not?
Why won’t they come?
Lehi’s desire to give the tree’s fruit to his family is duly famous. But the role it plays in the unfolding of Lehi’s dream is almost universally overlooked. It is specifically in looking for his family that Lehi begins to see more of his surroundings, beginning to see the terrain—the difficult terrain—he has just passed through. . . . They’re interested, it seems, in neither the valley of Lemuel (preferring to stay in Jerusalem—echoes, here, of 1 Nephi 7) nor the privilege of ascension into the presence of God (“a visionary man,” they’ve complained before). . . . what readers tend to fail to notice is that it’s specifically the refusal on the part of Laman and Lemuel that expands Lehi’s vision beyond the bounds of his family. It’s just when they refuse to come that he begins to see more, far more, than just the basic surroundings of the tree. He now begins to see not only a much larger stage with many more props, but whole multitudes of people begin to appear in the scene. . . . it’s important only to recognize that it’s Laman and Lemuel who draw Lehi’s attention to the way others, apparently non-familial others, relate to the fruit he’s tasted in the wake of listening to the prophets. Citation
19 And I beheld a rod of iron, and it extended along the bank of the river, and led to the tree by which I stood.
The rod, which is such a crucial element of the vision from that point on, does not even exist for Lehi and his family when they are making their way to the tree. (One might argue that perhaps the rod exists but Lehi simply does not see it. However, this is a dream—a vision—not reality. If the viewer of the vision does not see something in the vision, then it does not exist as a part of the vision.) Citation.
Is (one of the) purpose(s) of the rod to keep people from falling in the river?
Is the discovery of the rod in any way related to what comes immediately before it, which is L&L’s refusal to listen to Lehi?
The term rod of iron is found in Psalm 2:9 and in three passages in the book of Revelation. The first of these (Revelation 2:27) paraphrases the Psalm, while the others (Revelation 12:5; 19:15) build on it. All of them imply that the rod is a symbol of ruling power. In the Old Testament, the rod is typically used to chastise children and wrongdoers (2 Samuel 7:14; Proverbs 13:24; 29:15). . . . Anciently, the rod was used both for correction and for gentle guidance. . . . The shepherd’s rod was a weapon, normally a piece of wood with a knob at one end. With it, he could defend the flock from predators. It was also used to count the sheep at day-end (Leviticus 27:32; Ezekiel 20:37). The staff was a long walking stick, sometimes with a crook at the top. It could also be used for handling sheep, including separating sheep and goats. . . . The use of the rod or staff as a symbol of rule is mentioned in a number of Bible passages (Psalm 110:2; Isaiah 14:5; Jeremiah 48:17; Ezekiel 19:11—12, 14; cf. D&C 85:7). The Israelite crown prince Jonathan, son of king Saul, carried a rod (1 Samuel 14:27, 43). Ezekiel 19:11 equates rods with scepters. In Numbers 24:17, the scepter of the Messiah is symbolically used to smite Israel’s enemies. Later Jewish tradition indicates that possession of the rod denotes rule over the world (Midrash Ba-Midbar Rabbah 13:14). It is interesting that when Laman and Lemuel were stopped from beating their younger brothers Sam and Nephi with a rod, the angel said to them, “Why do ye smite your younger brother with a rod? Know ye not that the Lord hath chosen him to be a ruler over you, and this because of your iniquities?” (1 Nephi 3:29; cf. 1 Nephi 2:22; 2 Nephi 5:19). It is possible that the elder brothers deliberately selected the rod to punish their brother to symbolize their claim to ruling authority in the family. Compare the story in Numbers 17:2—10, where Aaron’s authority as high priest in Israel was established by the miraculous blossoming of his rod. . . . The use of a rod to represent words or speech is found in Proverbs 10:13 and 14:3. In other passages, it refers specifically to the word of God. In Isaiah 30:31, “the voice of the Lord” is contrasted with the rod of the Assyrians. In a few passages, the rod is compared to a covenant with God which, like a rod, can be broken (Ezekiel 20:37; Zechariah 11:10, 14). Citation
(How) do these biblical uses of the rod shape your view of the rod here? (How) do you think they shaped Lehi’s view?
Later in 11:25, we will find out that the rod of iron is “the word of God.” To what extent is it appropriate to import that meaning into this chapter?
What is the word of God: the scriptures, the spoken word of God, or Jesus Christ? Here’s a link to all of the scriptural references to word of God.My sense is that in the BoM, ‘word of God’ is roughly synonymous with “gospel,” not “written scriptures.” Luke 8:11 is also interesting (“The seed is the word of God.”).
20 And I also beheld a strait and narrow path, which came along by the rod of iron, even to the tree by which I stood; and it also led by the head of the fountain, unto a large and spacious field, as if it had been a world.
For whether this should read straight or strait, see here, here, here, here, and here. Skousen goes with “straight” here. Which do you think is right, and how does it affect your interpretation of the vision? How might it apply to your life?
I think we usually read the rod as something that helps you stay on the path, but I think you can read this verse to suggest that the path is something that develops when people have been walking along holding the rod. How would this impact your interpretation of the vision?
Again, was the path there when Lehi went to the tree, or does it appear now?
Is this the same field Lehi was in before?
W1828 fountain: “A spring, or source of water; properly, a spring or issuing of water from the earth.”
Does the “as if” language mean that it is not a/the world? Does the “it” in that phrase refer to the field, or the entire scene?
If we look at this moment of Lehi’s vision through Nephi’s later comments—according to which the rod is the word of God, which we usually interpret as the scriptures—there’s a really nice little lesson in here. The pathway to the celestial kingdom is not self-sufficient; it only serves if one is quite as attentive to the scriptures as to the path itself. Still better, one might conclude that the path is only the worn ground where those clinging to the scriptures have trod; it’s nothing in itself. Thus, to seek the path alone—to attempt just to “live a good life” or just to “serve others” or just to “do what we’re expected,” etc.—is to run into major difficulties. It’s only those who are buried in scripture who actually make it to eternal life, because they alone can feel their way through the mystifying darkness of the philosophies of men, etc.
I like this little lesson for a lot of reasons, but I want to stick to Lehi’s vision on its own terms, not to turn too quickly to what Nephi has to say about the dream. To be a bit more minimalist, then: the crucial point is just to subordinate the path to the rod. It’s the rod that leads to the tree, and the path is more incidental than anything. To seek the path is to set oneself up for disaster, because it leads through mists of darkness before it arrives at the tree. One might thus say that the path is itself a kind of temptation, a distraction, a simulacrum of the way to the tree. Citation
21 And I saw numberless concourses of people, many of whom were pressing forward, that they might obtain the path which led unto the tree by which I stood.
Does “numberless” allude to the promises re Abraham’s descendants?
W1828: concourse “A moving, flowing or running together; confluence; as a fortuitous concourse of atoms; a concourse of men.” (I didn’t get the idea of movement until I read that definition; I saw them as stationary, with only some pressing forward. Now I am thinking that they are -all- moving, but only some are -moving forward.-)
Why is the path something you have to “obtain”? Isn’t it obvious?
Does the “they” who might obtain the path just refer to the people pressing forward, or to everyone? Is there any indication in this verse as to what makes the difference between those who are part of the numberless and those who press forward?
We saw the phrase “numberless concourses” in 1 Nephi 1:8. Is that passage relevant here?
22 And it came to pass that they did come forth, and commence in the path which led to the tree.
Was it Lehi’s calling out to S, S, and N that caused this, or is that coincidental? What causes this to happen?
23 And it came to pass that there arose a mist of darkness; yea, even an exceedingly great mist of darkness, insomuch that they who had commenced in the path did lose their way, that they wandered off and were lost.
W1828: mist: “Water falling in very numerous, but fine and almost imperceptible drops. That which dims or darkens, and obscures or intercepts vision.” In other words, a dark fog.
Does the mist arise as a response to people seeking the path?
What does this verse teach us about opposition? (My thought: good intentions are not enough.)
Boyd K. Packer:
The mist of darkness will cover you at times so much that you will not be able to see your way even a short distance ahead. You will not be able to see clearly. But you can feel your way. With the gift of the Holy Ghost, you can feel your way ahead through life. Grasp the iron rod, and do not let go. Citation
Neal A. Maxwell:
A few who have not been Saints, but merely tourists passing through, will depart from the path. Oct 1982 GC.
So there is a point to which you can walk on the path without the iron rod and be OK, but once that mist of darkness shows up, you have to use the rod. What does this imply about the symbolism of the path, which seems to be a somewhat neglected topic in the interpretation of the vision? My guess would be that it is “traditional religion,” by which I mean not a specific religious tradition, but rather being religious because it is traditional. That kind of religion can keep you on the path in easy times, but when temptations arise, it is not enough.
Ezra Taft Benson:
When pride has a hold on our hearts, we lose our independence of the world and deliver our freedoms to the bondage of men’s judgment. The world shouts louder than the whisperings of the Holy Ghost. The reasoning of men overrides the revelations of God, and the proud let go of the iron rod. Apr 1989 GC.
Only other scriptural references to mist outside of this vision:
Acts 13:11: And now, behold, the hand of the Lord is upon thee, and thou shalt be blind, not seeing the sun for a season. And immediately there fell on him a mist and a darkness; and he went about seeking some to lead him by the hand.
2 Peter 2:17: These are wells without water, clouds that are carried with a tempest; to whom the mist of darkness is reserved for ever.
3 Nephi 8:22 And there was not any light seen, neither fire, nor glimmer, neither the sun, nor the moon, nor the stars, for so great were the mists of darkness which were upon the face of the land.
Moses 3:6 But I, the Lord God, spake, and there went up a mist from the earth, and watered the whole face of the ground.
Abraham 5:6 But there went up a mist from the earth, and watered the whole face of the ground.
Are they related to the mist in this vision?
Is this mist from the filthy water? If so, what would that symbolize?
24 And it came to pass that I beheld others pressing forward, and they came forth and caught hold of the end of the rod of iron; and they did press forward through the mist of darkness, clinging to the rod of iron, even until they did come forth and partake of the fruit of the tree.
What distinguishes these people from those in v23, by which I mean: why are these guys and gals able to reach the rod despite the mist but the last group wandered off?
‘Clinging’ is not used elsewhere in the scriptures (‘cling’ is in D&C 122:6). It would seem that the clinging is a good thing, since their attachment to the rod distinguishes themselves from the people in v23 who wander off. And yet, come v25, they fail. So was the clinging bad? Does clinging mean that you regard the rod as an end in itself?
What does the image of clinging to the rod and moving through a dark mist convey to you?
Lehi sees that they are “clinging” to the rod of iron. In such a dark setting you might expect people to be holding hands. But nothing is said of people clinging together. No person is leading another by the hand. Maybe the significance of this is that the rod of iron, or as we learn later, the word of God, must be grasped directly, individually, of our own choice. We must know the truth for ourselves. Others can “beckon” us, as Lehi did his family, but we each need to grasp the word of God individually if we are to press forward. Citation
25 And after they had partaken of the fruit of the tree they did cast their eyes about as if they were ashamed.
What causes this?
I would have thought that after you ate the fruit you were “done” or “safe.” What does it mean to say that you can still mess up after eating the fruit? Is this a hint as to what the fruit symbolizes?
Is there a link to the creation account, where eating the fruit leads to the shame of nakedness?
Wouldn’t you think that knowing the taste of the fruit would prevent you from being swayed by the reaction of others? Since that is apparently not the case, what are we to learn from this?
The way v26 reads, it is almost as if Lehi doesn’t notice the building and its inhabitants until the people in v25 do–or *because* the people in v25 do. Why is this?
26 And I also cast my eyes round about, and beheld, on the other side of the river of water, a great and spacious building; and it stood as it were in the air, high above the earth.
The most difficult image is the building standing in the air – “high above the earth.” It appears likely that the building is shown detached from the “world” because the large and spacious field in which Lehi stands is representative of the larger path to celestialization, and the building has no part in that. It is visible to it, it obviously can effect it, but has no true place in the world of the tree. Citation
Boyd K. Packer:
Largely because of television, instead of looking over into that spacious building, we are, in effect, living inside of it. That is your fate in this generation. You are living in that great and spacious building. Citation
Is it useful to think of this as an anti-temple?
Is the point that the building has no foundation? If so, what does that mean?
Do we assume that a “mist” would be low to the ground and, if so, does that have any relationship to the fact that the building appears high above the earth? If so, what is that relationship and what does it symbolize? Is the point that people surrounded by mist but no path or rod can see nothing but the building? (These questions poached from here.)
How can Lehi apprehend that the building is in the air? That is, shouldn’t the mist make it impossible for him to tell what the first floor of the building looks like?
President Thomas S. Monson:
The great and spacious building in Lehi’s vision represents those in the world who mock God’s word and who ridicule those who embrace it and who love the Savior and live the commandments (“May You Have Courage,” Liahona and Ensign, May 2009, 126).
What does the standing in the air (or: as it were iin the air) symbolize?
Is the shift from ‘field’ to ‘earth’ significant here?
Is Lehi’s eye casting different from the eye casting in v25? If so, how and how do you know?
How do people get in the building if it doesn’t touch the ground? How does a building with no foundation stand up? Shouldn’t people be afraid to enter it? Are they?
Elder L. Tom Perry:
The current cries we hear coming from the great and spacious building tempt us to compete for ownership in the things of this world. Oct 1995 GC.
27 And it was filled with people, both old and young, both male and female; and their manner of dress was exceedingly fine; and they were in the attitude of mocking and pointing their fingers towards those who had come at and were partaking of the fruit.
Skousen reads “came up” instead of “come at” here. Does that imply that the tree is higher up than the surrounding area? Or is it more metaphorical?
Boyd K. Packer:
All of the mocking does not come from outside of the Church. Let me say that again: All of the mocking does not come from outside of the Church. Be careful that you do not fall into the category of mocking. Citation
There aren’t too many shout-outs to the ladies in the BoM (although Sariah has been mentioned in this vision); why is this one here?
Do the other BoM references (link here) shape your view of why “female” was included here? Why emphasize the diversity of the inhabitants of the building?
Boyd K. Packer:
One word in this dream or vision should have special meaning to you young Latter-day Saints. The word is after. It was after the people had found the tree that they became ashamed, and because of the mockery of the world they fell away. . . . At your baptism and confirmation, you took hold of the iron rod. But you are never safe. It is after you have partaken of that fruit that your test will come. Citation
The only thing that unifies these people is their dress, and attention is called to this fact. What does this symbolize?
Why don’t they go about their own business? Why do they bother paying attention to the fruit eaters?
Is the point that partaking of the fruit is public? Is the point that it irritates wealthy people?
L. Tom Perry:
Many of you are trying too hard to be unique in your dress and grooming to attract what the Lord would consider the wrong kind of attention. In the Book of Mormon story of the tree of life, it was the people whose “manner of dress was exceedingly fine” who mocked those who partook of the fruit of the tree. It is sobering to realize that the fashion-conscious mockers in the great and spacious building were responsible for embarrassing many, and those who were ashamed “fell away into forbidden paths and were lost.” Citation
Neal A. Maxwell:
Church members will live in this wheat-and-tares situation until the Millennium. Some real tares even masquerade as wheat, including the few eager individuals who lecture the rest of us about Church doctrines in which they no longer believe. . . . Like the throng on the ramparts of the “great and spacious building,” they are intensely and busily preoccupied, pointing fingers of scorn at the steadfast iron-rodders. Citation
How does their dress compare with the man in the white robe?
Lehi was mocked as he preached in Jrsm. Is that relevant here?
Does the pointing fingers (used nowhere else in scripture) show an example of mocking, or is it something other than mocking? What might it be?
If they are mocking those eating the fruit, why did they eat the fruit and then be ashamed later? Why did they just not eat it in the first place?
What do these people gain from the finger pointing and the mocking? Why aren’t they just doing their own thing?
Though I’m not aware of anyone having offered this interpretation, it seems more than obvious to me: the building in question is the Jerusalem temple. Jeremiah had for years, by this point, been profoundly criticizing the institution of the temple, in particular criticizing the blind faith the people had in it—their conviction that, because they had a temple, Babylon could never destroy the city. It would certainly be fitting that the temple would be filled with the wealthy, and that it was precisely the wealthy establishment who would spend their time mocking those who attain the tree. They mock those who claim to have seen through the veil without having been inside the temple, as they mock those who would leave Jerusalem for the desert to escape from a destruction decreed by “visionary men.” . . . For Latter-day Saints acquainted with the sorts of covenants one makes in the temple, the association of the temple with wealth and excess, not to mention mockery and loud laughter, should be a bit shocking. I suspect the author of the dream—God, that is—meant it to be a bit shocking, though it was probably also quite accurate. I can only hope it’s not accurate today. Same source.
28 And after they had tasted of the fruit they were ashamed, because of those that were scoffing at them; and they fell away into forbidden paths and were lost.
Is scoffing just a variation? Why not use mocking here?
This verse is out first indication that there is a path that you have to stay on *after* you eat the fruit. (How) does this change our understanding of the symbolism of the fruit?
Is it fair to say that people who haven’t (yet) eaten the fruit are spared the mocking?
Going back to the Fall, is there a parallel to the mocking in Eve’s experience? If so, what is it?
Why would shame put you on the wrong path? Why would lack of shame keep you on the right path?
What makes a path forbidden? Are there signs? Does the process of feeling shame obscure one’s ability to heed the signs?
Notice the word “fell” in this verse. Is this a reference to the fall?
Joseph B. Wirthlin:
The ideal course of life is not always easy. Comparatively few will find it and complete it. It is not a well-marked freeway, but a narrow path with only one entrance. The way to eternal life is straight and narrow. When I think of staying on the right path, I am reminded of Lehi’s dream about the tree of life. In it, the love of God was likened to a tree that bore delicious fruit, fruit that was desirable above all others. As Nephi recorded his father’s words: “And I also beheld a strait and narrow path, which came along by the rod of iron, even to the tree. … And I saw numberless concourses of people, many of whom were pressing forward, that they might obtain the path which led unto the tree.” (1 Ne. 8:20–21.) Many of these people later “fell away into forbidden paths and were lost.” (1 Ne. 8:28.) But those who ignored the scoffing and ridicule of the world and held tightly to the rod of iron enjoyed the fruit of the tree. The rod of iron represents the word of God, that leads us to the love of God. (See 1 Ne. 11:25.) You must hold firmly to the rod of iron through the mists and darknesses, the hardships and trials of life. If you relax your grip and slip from the path, the iron rod might become lost in the darkness for a time until you repent and regain your grasp of it. Oct 1989 GC.
So compared to the v23 people, are these guys better off or worse off?
Why is this the first we are hearing of forbidden paths?
29 And now I, Nephi, do not speak all the words of my father.
Why not, Nephi?
Why “speak” and not “write,” especially since he uses “write” in the next verse?
Given v30, I can’t help but feel that it is the 4 Nephi principle at work: if everything is going well, we don’t/won’t have a lot to say about it.
30 But, to be short in writing, behold, he saw other multitudes pressing forward; and they came and caught hold of the end of the rod of iron; and they did press their way forward, continually holding fast to the rod of iron, until they came forth and fell down and partook of the fruit of the tree.
This is what we have seen so far, except that they “hold fast” instead of “cling” and they “fell down” before they partake. In what ways might those changes be significant?
Is “fell down” the necessary opposite to “fell away” in v28?
Falling down usually is related to worship; is that the case here? If so, what are they worshipping? Did Lehi do this?
31 And he also saw other multitudes feeling their way towards that great and spacious building.
Skousen reads “pressing” instead of “feeling” here. That is, I think, a pretty significant change, since ‘press’ is in the previous verse and it suggests that pressing is a neutral action (could be used for good or ill) and removes the introduction of the concept of “feeling.”
What, no rod to get you to the building? Why not? You’d think that would be easier and better guided than getting to the tree.
This is the first group that we have met that have the building as a goal.
32 And it came to pass that many were drowned in the depths of the fountain; and many were lost from his view, wandering in strange roads.
So–is the fountain a bad thing? What does it symbolize? Is the fountain a symbol for Christ (a good, but not a tame, lion)?
Lost from whose view? Was the goal to stay in view? What might that symbolize?
Why is wandering bad?
Is there a significant distinction between the strange roads and the forbidden roads? Is there a distinction between roads and paths?
Ann M. Dibb:
Nephi says, “And many were lost from his view, wandering in strange roads” (1 Nephi 8:32). In difficult times in our own lives, we may find we are also “wandering in strange roads.” Let me reassure you that it is always possible for us to find our way back. Through repentance, made possible by the atoning sacrifice of our Savior, Jesus Christ, we can regain and recommit to a strong grip on the iron rod and feel the loving guidance of our Heavenly Father once again. Oct 2009 GC.
33 And great was the multitude that did enter into that strange building. And after they did enter into that building they did point the finger of scorn at me and those that were partaking of the fruit also; but we heeded them not.
Neal A. Maxwell:
So let us have patience and faith as did Lehi who saw pointing fingers of scorn directed at those who grasped the iron rod, which rod, ironically, some of those same fingers once grasped (see 1 Ne. 8:27, 33). Oct 1993 GC.
Nice pick up, since the only use of hands in this vision: holding the rod, eating the fruit, pointing.
If (v32) many were lost who were aiming for the building but many people made it, then there must have been a *lot* of people aiming for the building. Why? Why didn’t they have Lehi’s knowledge that the fruit would make them happy?
Is there a relationship between the strange road and the strange building?
W1828: strange: “Foreign; belonging to anther country.”
The eruption of “me” in this verse is interesting; all previous referents to Lehi had been in the third person. Why does this happen here?
W1828: heed: “To mind; to regard with care; to take notice of; to attend to; to observe.” One of my class members pointed this out and it was a lightbulb moment for me–I had always assumed that “heed” primarily meant “listen to/obey,” but the nuance of “notice” puts a different spin on it. What are you noticing (even if you are not obeying) that could cause you trouble?
“Finger of scorn” is not used elsewhere in the scriptures. It sounds like it should be a part of Festivus.
The vision sets up “be ashamed” and “ignore” as possible reactions to scorn. What might we learn from that?
Take some time to identify the four groups of people mentioned in the dream. Compare the characteristics of each of the groups. You will find
an interesting comparison between these groups and the four groups in the parable of the sower in Matthew 13. Citation.
Lehi’s dream can be divided into three fundamental experiences: that of Lehi (see 1 Nephi 8:5—13), his family (see vv. 14—18), and the world (see vv. 19—33). Citation
Does that division work for you?
Elements of the vision often seem to suddenly appear, without any hint of prior awareness of them and with no foreshadowing in the text. For example, Lehi is standing next to the tree of life but does not see the river until he is looking for his family, even though the river is next to the tree by which he is standing. Citation
Why is that? Is it just accidental to the visionary experience, or are we to learn from it?
Harold B. Lee:
An interesting distinction between those who bring forth good fruit and those who do not is well illustrated in the parable of the sower, as you recall, where the Master described the three categories of presumably church members—those who brought forth fruit—”some an hundredfold,” he said, “some sixtyfold, some thirtyfold” (Matt. 13:8). And in the interpretation of Lehi’s dream in the Book of Mormon, he has four categories. Apr 1964 GC.
Also, I think the simplest, most straightforward interpretation of 1 Nephi 8 has to be in terms of the family’s immediate situation: the tree and the river are where they are staying in the desert, the large and spacious building is Jerusalem or even the temple (as Jeremiah would have interpreted it), etc. Citation: comment #2
So here are the groups of people:
(1) numberless concourses (so: people moving randomly)
(2) some of (1) press forward, but when the mist arises, they wander off
(3) some of (1) press forward, cling to the rod and therefore reach the tree despite the mist, partake, are ashamed, forbidden paths, lost
(4) other multitudes (v30), hold fast, fall down, partake
(5) other multitudes (v31), feel for building. Some drown, some lost, some wander.
(6) (v33) enter building
(How) do these groups relate to Lehi’s family, who face different circumstances? And why are those circumstances different?
What modern situations would be represented by these groups? I think we all want to be in (4); what is the key to that?
34 These are the words of my father: For as many as heeded them, had fallen away.
Skousen reads “thus is” instead of “these are.” What difference would that make to this verse?
I presume that the “them” does not refer to “the words of my father,” but the “them” at the end of v33, or the people in the building. Why does Nephi find the need to insert “these are the words of my father,” especially given that it introduces an unfortunate ambiguity into the text? Since v33 was the words of his father, what is the purpose of reiterating that at the beginning of this verse? Presumably it is to call attention to it, but why?
To reiterate the point above, if “heed’ means notice, then simply “paying attention” is enough to cause you to fall away. It doesn’t need to rise to “obeying.” That is a powerful warning.
35 And Laman and Lemuel partook not of the fruit, said my father.
Which group were they in? Why doesn’t he tell us?
Why the “said my father”? We know, Nephi, we know.
36 And it came to pass after my father had spoken all the words of his dream or vision, which were many, he said unto us, because of these things which he saw in a vision, he exceedingly feared for Laman and Lemuel; yea, he feared lest they should be cast off from the presence of the Lord.
What in the vision led Lehi to conclude that not partaking of fruit = cast off from presence of Lord? (Particularly interesting when you make a comparison with Eve, for whom taking the fruit = cast out of the presence of the Lord.)
37 And he did exhort them then with all the feeling of a tender parent, that they would hearken to his words, that perhaps the Lord would be merciful to them, and not cast them off; yea, my father did preach unto them.
The last reference to mercy was when Lehi prayed for it in the dark–(how) is that relevant here?
38 And after he had preached unto them, and also prophesied unto them of many things, he bade them to keep the commandments of the Lord; and he did cease speaking unto them.
Why the last line–isn’t that a given?
Is it appropriate to analyze the BoM looking for parenting fails on Lehi’s part? If so, is there one here? Are v37-38 and v3-4 the right thing to do with wayward kids?
1 And all these things did my father see, and hear, and speak, as he dwelt in a tent, in the valley of Lemuel, and also a great many more things, which cannot be written upon these plates.
Is it significant to the narrative that he was in the valley of Lemuel? Is that a point of contact with the field in the vision?
2 And now, as I have spoken concerning these plates, behold they are not the plates upon which I make a full account of the history of my people; for the plates upon which I make a full account of my people I have given the name of Nephi; wherefore, they are called the plates of Nephi, after mine own name; and these plates also are called the plates of Nephi.
Between “after my own name” and “also called the plates of Nephi,” I feel like Nephi is . . . a . . . little . . . slow.
What work is this verse doing? What effect does it have on the reader?
3 Nevertheless, I have received a commandment of the Lord that I should make these plates, for the special purpose that there should be an account engraven of the ministry of my people.
“Engraven” strikes me as a really important word in this verse–what does it accomplish?
Usually, we think of a ministry as being the ministry of a leader of some sort–what does Nephi mean by the ministry of my people?
4 Upon the other plates should be engraven an account of the reign of the kings, and the wars and contentions of my people; wherefore these plates are for the more part of the ministry; and the other plates are for the more part of the reign of the kings and the wars and contentions of my people.
Not only are v3-4 terribly redundant, but why do we need to know them? Won’t it be obvious when we read?
What does this verse tell us about dividing the world into ‘secular’ and ‘religious’ matters? Or about ‘religion’ and ‘politics’? Or about how we should keep our histories? Or think about the world?
5 Wherefore, the Lord hath commanded me to make these plates for a wise purpose in him, which purpose I know not.
Moral: we don’t always know why we are commanded to do things.
How can he not know the purpose? Wouldn’t the Laban experience and surrounding dialogue have made the purpose of keeping a religious record 100% clear to him?
6 But the Lord knoweth all things from the beginning; wherefore, he prepareth a way to accomplish all his works among the children of men; for behold, he hath all power unto the fulfilling of all his words. And thus it is. Amen.
Thinking about this (brief) chapter in its entirely, I am wondering why Nephi included it. Particularly given the utter lack of any discussion of writing/record keeping in the Bible, it stands out as a monument to the self-consciousness of Nephi. What purpose(s) does it serve?
1 And now I, Nephi, proceed to give an account upon these plates of my proceedings, and my reign and ministry; wherefore, to proceed with mine account, I must speak somewhat of the things of my father, and also of my brethren.
This seems crazy: “I’m going to give my own account, but to do that I have to tell you about my father, which is exactly what I’ve been doing, except when I haven’t.”
Isn’t the “reign” and “ministry” combo exactly what he just said he wouldn’t do in the last chapter?
2 For behold, it came to pass after my father had made an end of speaking the words of his dream, and also of exhorting them to all diligence, he spake unto them concerning the Jews—
“The words of his dream” is interesting because it had no direct speech in it.
What is the link–why go from the dream to the Jews?
3 That after they should be destroyed, even that great city Jerusalem, and many be carried away captive into Babylon, according to the own due time of the Lord, they should return again, yea, even be brought back out of captivity; and after they should be brought back out of captivity they should possess again the land of their inheritance.
Did Lehi preach of the return to the people in Jrsm? Is there something about his vision that made the return apparent to him? If so, was that new knowledge to him?
What effect would this info have had on Sariah, L&L, Sam, and Nephi?
4 Yea, even six hundred years from the time that my father left Jerusalem, a prophet would the Lord God raise up among the Jews—even a Messiah, or, in other words, a Savior of the world.
What is accomplished by labelling him a prophet first?
The juxtaposition of v3 and v4 makes it sound as if the Messiah would be involved in ending the Babylonian captivity, but the timeframe (600 years) makes this impossible. What is going on here?
“Messiah” and “Savior” are not the same word in Hebrew. Why does Nephi label Savior “other words” for Messiah?
Why is the timing (600 years) significant enough for it to have been revealed to Lehi and for Nephi to record it? Wouldn’t this information have been *much* more useful to the people in Jrsm than for the people going to the New World?
5 And he also spake concerning the prophets, how great a number had testified of these things, concerning this Messiah, of whom he had spoken, or this Redeemer of the world.
This time “Redeemer” instead of “Savior” is added to “Messiah.” Why? In OT usage, all of these words have different nuances; why do they get amalgamated here? On idea that seems plausible to me is that in the OT, there are various expectations (suffering servant, anointed one, etc.) that the majority of people do not expect to be fulfilled in one person, but in a variety of figures and that this is why many have a hard time recognizing who Jesus is. If that reading is correct (and I grant that it may not be), it would seem very significant that pretty much as soon as Lehi & Co. detach from the main body of the covenant people, he begins to preach to them in a way that would help them understand the unity in fulfillment of these various OT images.
6 Wherefore, all mankind were in a lost and in a fallen state, and ever would be save they should rely on this Redeemer.
“Wherefore” = “for which reason.” What about v5 leads to this “wherefore”? What is the chain of logic? It almost reads as “because this redeemer will come, therefore all mankind was lost,” but that’s backwards. What is going on here?
Does the “lost” and “fallen” state refer to the various multitudes in the vision?
In the OT, a ‘redeemer’ was (usually) a family member who could ‘redeem’ one from debt (slavery). What does that word choice teach us about Lehi’s conception of this Redeemer?
7 And he spake also concerning a prophet who should come before the Messiah, to prepare the way of the Lord—
Why would he have told his kids about this? What benefit would it be to them?
In the grand scheme of things, this really doesn’t seem important enough to warrant a mention 600 years in advance. Why include it (esp. considering v8 and the “much spake” at the end)?
8 Yea, even he should go forth and cry in the wilderness: Prepare ye the way of the Lord, and make his paths straight; for there standeth one among you whom ye know not; and he is mightier than I, whose shoe’s latchet I am not worthy to unloose. And much spake my father concerning this thing.
Why the specificity? And what happens to John’s agency when his very words are prophesied before his birth?
Is this “straight” and “path” related to the same concepts in the vision?
Is the crying meant to relate to Lehi’s loud voice used to call his family?
9 And my father said he should baptize in Bethabara, beyond Jordan; and he also said he should baptize with water; even that he should baptize the Messiah with water.
What would “baptism” have meant to Lehi?
Skousen reads “spake that he should baptize” instead of “said that he should baptize.” I wonder if the speaker in that case could be John instead of Lehi?
10 And after he had baptized the Messiah with water, he should behold and bear record that he had baptized the Lamb of God, who should take away the sins of the world.
Skousen reads “sin” instead of “sins.” That would be a very significant difference, and fit into the somewhat corporate view of this vision.
This is a HUGE emphasis on the role of John the Baptist, esp. when there is nothing here about Jesus’ mortal ministry (just the titles) or about Jesus’ mission or significance (except what we glean from the titles). Why?
One of Nephi’s favorite titles for Jesus Christ was “the Lamb of God.” Forty-four references to “the Lamb” appear in Nephi’s vision in 1 Nephi 11—14 alone. Citation
Possible meanings for Lamb of God:
(1) It refers to the Passover lamb (see Exodus 12).
(2) It refers to the sacrificial lamb (see Exodus 29:38?46).
(3) The lamb is a metaphor for the suffering servant of God (see Isaiah 53).
(4) Some post-Old Testament Jewish literature features a lamb that will destroy all evil in the last days (see also Revelation 7:17 and 17:14).
‘Lamb of God’ is the preferred title for Jesus in this vision. Why?
11 And it came to pass after my father had spoken these words he spake unto my brethren concerning the gospel which should be preached among the Jews, and also concerning the dwindling of the Jews in unbelief. And after they had slain the Messiah, who should come, and after he had been slain he should rise from the dead, and should make himself manifest, by the Holy Ghost, unto the Gentiles.
“Unbelief” is interesting here; what do you think Lehi meant by it? While there were various flavors of Judaism both in Lehi’s and in Jesus’ time, they usually tended to be characterized more by divergences in *practice* than in *belief*. Does this verse refer specifically to unbelief that Jesus was the Messiah, or to something more general?
In what sense did the resurrected Christ make himself manifest “by the Holy Ghost”?
Notice the differing roles of Jews and Gentiles in this verse. Why does Lehi make this distinction?
12 Yea, even my father spake much concerning the Gentiles, and also concerning the house of Israel, that they should be compared like unto an olive-tree, whose branches should be broken off and should be scattered upon all the face of the earth.
Why would the fate of the Gentiles have been important to them?
Is “house of Israel” the same as or different from “the Jews” when Lehi and/or Nephi use those terms?
In the OT, the olive branch makes prominent appearances after the flood and perhaps also in the lampstand in the tabernacle/temple. See also Judges 9:8f, 1 Kings 6:31f, Ps 52:8. See also Romans 11:17f. What do you make of this reference here? Is this related to the tree in the vision?
13 Wherefore, he said it must needs be that we should be led with one accord into the land of promise, unto the fulfilling of the word of the Lord, that we should be scattered upon all the face of the earth.
So their fate will mirror that of the Gentiles in v12. How would they have responded to that?
If “wherefore” is roughly synonymous with “therefore,” then how does this verse function as a “therefore” to the thoughts of v12?
If we follow the chronology, v11 got us to shortly after the Resurrection, v12 is ambiguous in timing, and v13 takes us backward to Lehi’s present. Does this seem logical? What is happening to the time sequence here?
“With one accord” is interesting. It is used primarily in Acts. Does its inclusion explain the temporal disjunct that I asked about above?
It doesn’t appear to be true that they went to the promised land “with one accord.” What work did that phrase do for Lehi, for Nephi (writing some years later), and for us?
“The Lord wants us scattered” is something of a bitter pill to hear. How do you think it affected Lehi, L&L, and Nephi’s self-awareness? What might it mean to us? What does it teach us about the Lord?
14 And after the house of Israel should be scattered they should be gathered together again; or, in fine, after the Gentiles had received the fulness of the Gospel, the natural branches of the olive-tree, or the remnants of the house of Israel, should be grafted in, or come to the knowledge of the true Messiah, their Lord and their Redeemer.
‘Lord’ is a new title here.
What does the multiple scatter/gather events in scripture teach us about the Lord, about ourselves, about community, and about the covenant? How are these teachings relevant in the age of social media?
The phrase “in fine” is used frequently in the BoM but not elsewhere. (I’m not counting references to “in fine linen” and the like.)
Checking W1828, “in fine”: “In the end or conclusion; to conclude; to sum up all.” If that is the meaning here, then it would be a pretty significant phrase, almost along the lines of “and thus we see.”
This verse seems to equate being grafted in with coming to a knowledge of the Messiah. Is that accurate? If so, what does that teach us about the scattering process?
15 And after this manner of language did my father prophesy and speak unto my brethren, and also many more things which I do not write in this book; for I have written as many of them as were expedient for me in mine other book.
Again with the self-conscious record keeper . . .
16 And all these things, of which I have spoken, were done as my father dwelt in a tent, in the valley of Lemuel.
See previous notes for possible significance of all of the tent references.
17 And it came to pass after I, Nephi, having heard all the words of my father, concerning the things which he saw in a vision, and also the things which he spake by the power of the Holy Ghost, which power he received by faith on the Son of God—and the Son of God was the Messiah who should come—I, Nephi, was desirous also that I might see, and hear, and know of these things, by the power of the Holy Ghost, which is the gift of God unto all those who diligently seek him, as well in times of old as in the time that he should manifest himself unto the children of men.
This is first ‘Son of God’ reference. I’m captivated by the titles in this section–they seem to come fast and furious, they seem to build on each other, etc. What do you make of them?
What to make of see-hear-know?
Start paying attention to references to Nephi’s desires.
Ezra Taft Benson:
Nephi had listened to his father, had believed his father, but he wanted to know through the same source his father knew—revelation. Oct 1985 GC.
Do you think it is fair to say that Nephi doubted his father?
Nephi appears to be referring to his own times as “times of old” here. That’s unusual. But then in v19, he says that his times are *not* times of old. What does Nephi mean by these phrases?
18 For he is the same yesterday, to-day, and forever; and the way is prepared for all men from the foundation of the world, if it so be that they repent and come unto him.
I’ve never understood “the same” line–it just doesn’t seem true on the face of it. How do you understand it?
Does this “way” relate to the “path” in the vision? Does the “foundation” relate to the building without a foundation?
19 For he that diligently seeketh shall find; and the mysteries of God shall be unfolded unto them, by the power of the Holy Ghost, as well in these times as in times of old, and as well in times of old as in times to come; wherefore, the course of the Lord is one eternal round.
Skousen reads “in this time” instead of “in these times.”
References to the mysteries of God.
In this verse Nephi says the mysteries of God shall be unfolded unto those who diligently seek them. When referring to the mysteries of God, the verb unfolded is often used. See Jacob 4:18, Mosiah 8:19, Alma 40:3, and D&C 10:64.
What does it suggest about the mysteries of God if we say that they can be unfolded?
References to eternal round.
To me, “the same yesterday/today/forever” is NOT the same thing as having a course that is an eternal round. (Imagine the difference between someone sitting forever next to a track versus someone continually running around the track.) Yet Nephi treats these as functionally equivalent (I think). How do you resolve this paradox? What should this teach us about the Lord?
20 Therefore remember, O man, for all thy doings thou shalt be brought into judgment.
Direct address to the audience is exceedingly rare in the scriptures. NB especially the singular “man.” Why does it happen here?
Why ‘doings’ and not thoughts or beliefs (esp. given the reference to unbelief above)?
Why does “course is an eternal round” lead to a “therefore” statement about judgment? How does this verse relate to the one before it?
21 Wherefore, if ye have sought to do wickedly in the days of your probation, then ye are found unclean before the judgment-seat of God; and no unclean thing can dwell with God; wherefore, ye must be cast off forever.
Again NB the verse begins with a ‘wherefore.’ What is the link to the previous verse?
I like “sought to do” as opposed to “have done.”
References to probation. NB one in D&C but all of the rest in the BoM. Is this not a biblical concept?
1. Trial; examination; any proceeding designed to ascertain truth; in universities, the examination of a student, as to his qualifications for a degree.
2. In a monastic sense, trial or the year of novitiate,which a person must pass in a convent, to prove his virtue and his ability to bear the severities of the rule.
3. Moral trial; the state of man in the present life, in which he has the opportunity of proving his character and being qualified for a happier state.
4. In America, the trial of a clergyman’s qualifications as a minister of the gospel, preparatory to his settlement. We say, a man is preaching on probation.
5. In general, trial for proof, or satisfactory evidence, or the time of trial.
Is probation identical in meaning with ‘mortal life’ or could it be something different? Do you think differently about your life if you think about it as being a “probation”?
“Unclean” would presumably have referred to ritual uncleanness under the Law of Moses. We might automatically think of it as being dirty in a physical sense. Would Nephi’s use of this word have had a different nuance for him, given the Law of Moses? What should this usage teach us about how to understand the law of Moses?
If you need a good story for youth for this verse, try Spencer V. Jones, Apr 2003 GC. He compares getting sprayed by a skunk to being “unclean.”
Henry B. Eyring:
And so Satan tempts with procrastination throughout our days of probation. Any choice to delay repentance gives him the chance to steal happiness from one of the spirit children of our Heavenly Father. We have all been tempted with that delay. We know from our own experience that President Spencer W. Kimball was right when he wrote, “One of the most serious human defects in all ages is procrastination,” and then he defined it: “an unwillingness to accept personal responsibility now” (The Teachings of Spencer W. Kimball, ed. Edward L. Kimball , 48; emphasis in original). And so Satan works on both our desire to think we have no cause to repent and our desire to push anything unpleasant into the future. Oct 1999 GC.
22 And the Holy Ghost giveth authority that I should speak these things, and deny them not.
Interesting reference to authority here–what to make of it? Why would he need authority to speak these things? Isn’t the alternative “not to mention them,” not “to deny them”?
1 For it came to pass after I had desired to know the things that my father had seen, and believing that the Lord was able to make them known unto me, as I sat pondering in mine heart I was caught away in the Spirit of the Lord, yea, into an exceedingly high mountain, which I never had before seen, and upon which I never had before set my foot.
Skousen adds the words “a mountain” before “which I never.”
The only OT references to ‘ponder’ are two proverbs referring to “pondering the path;” that makes a nice link to the vision.
W1828 ponder: “To weigh in the mind; to consider and compare the circumstances or consequences of an event, or the importance of the reasons for or against a decision.”
Why is it significant that Nephi had never seen this mountain before? (Especially in a redundant way.) Why is he on a mountain but his father was in a field? (Is this related to the fact that Lehi has a family drama, what we might call ‘on the ground,’ while Nephi has a historical overview, or a ‘bird’s-eye view’ that we might see from a mountaintop?)
Why doesn’t Nephi taste the fruit in this vision?
Marion G. Romney:
In addition, however, it may properly be said that prayer includes other means by which men address God. Nephi doesn’t use the word prayer in introducing his account of his great vision. He simply says: “After I had desired to know the things that my father had seen, and believing that the Lord was able to make them known unto me, as I sat pondering in mine heart I was caught away in the Spirit of the Lord, yea, into an exceeding high mountain.” (1 Ne. 11:1.) There is no doubt in my mind but that Nephi’s pondering was in essence a prayer. Apr 1978 GC.
Robert D. Hales:
Nephi gives a clear and compelling account of the process, which includes desiring, believing, having faith, pondering, and then following the Spirit. Let’s hear it as related by Nephi: “For it came to pass after I had desired to know the things that my father had seen [in a vision of the tree of life], and believing that the Lord was able to make them known unto me, as I sat pondering in mine heart I was caught away in the Spirit of the Lord, yea, … the Spirit [spoke] unto me.” Oct 2003 GC.
Does this imply that he can’t know of the things his father did unless he has his own vision?
Generally, the Bible uses “heart” where we would use “head” or “mind” and uses “bowels” where we would use “heart.” Can you suss out what Nephi means by ‘heart’? Does it matter?
NB that Lehi never got any more specific than “man in a white robe” but here is it “the Spirit of the Lord.” Is that significant?
Why does Nephi bother to tell us that he had never been to this mountain before?
2 And the Spirit said unto me: Behold, what desirest thou?
Why does Nephi’s experience have back-and-forth dialogue with the Spirit, where Lehi didn’t?
Is this back-and-forth dialogue comparable in any useful way to Nephi’s conversation with the Spirit over the killing of Laban?
Nephi has already made several references to his desires. It seems to be an overriding theme of his vision. It also shows up in Lehi’s vision (see 1 Ne 8:12.) Why?
Why would the Spirit ask Nephi what he desired?
Julie B. Beck:
A friend of mine suggested that I start looking for questions that the Lord asks us in the scriptures and ponder them (see John S. Tanner, “Responding to the Lord’s Questions,” Ensign, Apr. 2002, 26). Since then I have discovered many important questions such as “What desirest thou?” (1 Ne. 11:2) and “What think ye of Christ?” Matt. 22:42). I keep a list of those questions in the back of my scriptures. I often choose one to think about in quiet moments because pondering enlightens my mind that I “might understand the scriptures” (Luke 24:45). Apr 2004 GC.
3 And I said: I desire to behold the things which my father saw.
Why would he want this? Is it a righteous desire? Does v4 affect your answer to that question? If he believes his father, why does he want to see these things? Should we be asking for visions?
4 And the Spirit said unto me: Believest thou that thy father saw the tree of which he hath spoken?
Why does the Spirit ask this?
What effect does this verse have on the reader? Should we know the answer already?
Why does the Spirit focus on the tree, and not more generally, “do you believe that your father really had a vision”?
5 And I said: Yea, thou knowest that I believe all the words of my father.
Well then why does he want to see it himself?
6 And when I had spoken these words, the Spirit cried with a loud voice, saying: Hosanna to the Lord, the most high God; for he is God over all the earth, yea, even above all. And blessed art thou, Nephi, because thou believest in the Son of the most high God; wherefore, thou shalt behold the things which thou hast desired.
Why the loud voice? Is it related to the loud voice that Lehi used in his vision?
Why praise the Lord for Nephi’s faith–shouldn’t he praise Nephi?
Note that the Spirit equates v5’s “all the words of my father” and/or the idea that Lehi saw the tree with “the Son of the most High God.” This is perhaps especially curious since Lehi’s vision did not directly involve the Son. What is going on here?
7 And behold this thing shall be given unto thee for a sign, that after thou hast beheld the tree which bore the fruit which thy father tasted, thou shalt also behold a man descending out of heaven, and him shall ye witness; and after ye have witnessed him ye shall bear record that it is the Son of God.
Did Nephi ask for a sign? Why is he given a sign? What role should signs serve?
Why does he get a preview of coming attractions? NB that Lehi gave us a preview of the consequence of his dream (joy and fear), but not its content. Did Lehi see the man descending? If not, why does Nephi? If so, why didn’t Nephi mention it? (Nephi tells us that he doesn’t record all that his father saw; is he leaving out the man descending–if so, why?)
Does this verse suggest that the descending man is or is not symbolized by the tree and/or fruit?
8 And it came to pass that the Spirit said unto me: Look! And I looked and beheld a tree; and it was like unto the tree which my father had seen; and the beauty thereof was far beyond, yea, exceeding of all beauty; and the whiteness thereof did exceed the whiteness of the driven snow.
Why the “look”? Lehi didn’t get that. Lehi didn’t get a guide (that we know about) either. Why the difference?
Is it the tree his father saw, or is it like the tree his father saw?
Lehi doesn’t mention the beauty of the tree; is it significant that Nephi does? Lehi described the fruit as exceedingly sweet and white but didn’t describe the tree. Nephi describes the tree itself as exceedingly white. Why the difference?
Jim F.: “Before Lehi saw the tree, he went through a dark and dreary space and a large and spacious field (1 Nephi 8:7-9). Why do you think those things are omitted from Nephi’s experience?”
Are any of these references to white/snow relevant here?
9 And it came to pass after I had seen the tree, I said unto the Spirit: I behold thou hast shown unto me the tree which is precious above all.
Skousen adds “most” before “precious.”
Is whiteness a proxy for preciousness?
10 And he said unto me: What desirest thou?
Again? Why is this all about Nephi’s desire?
11 And I said unto him: To know the interpretation thereof—for I spake unto him as a man speaketh; for I beheld that he was in the form of a man; yet nevertheless, I knew that it was the Spirit of the Lord; and he spake unto me as a man speaketh with another.
Did Lehi just automatically ‘get’ the interpretation of everything, but Nephi has to ask? If so, why?
Does this verse imply that the interpretation is not obvious? If so, what effect should that have on the reader?
What does the “as a man speaketh” mean and why does Nephi mention it?
Lehi leads with the idea that his guide is a man, why does Nephi mention it here? Is form of a man the same as a man?
Nephi’s vision, in fact, should impel any reader of the book toward figural interpretation, for it acts out the method: Nephi asks for and receives a vision of what Lehi saw; then, when he asks “to know the interpretation” of the brilliantly white and beautiful tree, the Spirit of the Lord responds not with explanation but with a series of visions—first, the “fair and white” virgin of Nazareth, then “the virgin again, bearing a child in her arms,” then “the Son of God going forth among the children of men,” his baptism and ministry, and climactically his being “lifted up upon the cross and slain for the sins of the world,” so that, as in patristic Christian typology, the tree of the cross fulfills the figure of the tree in Eden (1 Ne. 11:8–9, 11, 13–15, 20, 24, 27–31, 33). Citation
Grant Hardy points out that we might have expected Nephi to “desire” to partake of the fruit in 11:10 (like his father did). So 11:11 is something of a surprise when he chooses knowledge over experience. At that point, the Spirit leaves and an angel takes over. This choice and consequences strikes me as enormously important, but I’m not sure what to make of it.
12 And it came to pass that he said unto me: Look! And I looked as if to look upon him, and I saw him not; for he had gone from before my presence.
It sorta sounds like the Spirit is messin’ with Nephi, but I doubt that is right. What is going on here?
13 And it came to pass that I looked and beheld the great city of Jerusalem, and also other cities. And I beheld the city of Nazareth; and in the city of Nazareth I beheld a virgin, and she was exceedingly fair and white.
Is this different from his father’s vision, or is Jrsm co-symbolic with the great and spacious building? Why the other cities? What are they?
NB that Nephi asked to know what the interpretation of the tree was and he is shown first a city and then a virgin. The virgin has the same characteristics as the tree (exceeding white). What does all this mean?
14 And it came to pass that I saw the heavens open; and an angel came down and stood before me; and he said unto me: Nephi, what beholdest thou?
What does it mean to say that the heavens opened? Does it mean that the heavens were not opened before this (I would have thought that they were)? Do any of these references help?
So this angel is not the Spirit mentioned before? Why the change?
Why does the angel ask about what he sees but the Spirit (of the Lord) asked about what he desired?
15 And I said unto him: A virgin, most beautiful and fair above all other virgins.
Do we assume that virgin is used in the sense of “young woman” here, or do we assume that Nephi is able to ascertain (through spiritual intervention?) her actual status? Is all of the white/pure/fair business the way in which he is able to ascertain her actual status?
16 And he said unto me: Knowest thou the condescension of God?
W1828 condescension: “Voluntary descent from rank, dignity or just claims; relinquishment of strict right; submission to inferiors in granting requests or performing acts which strict justice does not require.”
What motivates this question?
Gordon B. Hinckley:
Well did an angel ask a prophet who had foreseen these things in vision: “Knowest thou the condescension of God?” (1 Ne. 11:16.) I suppose none of us can fully understand that—how the great Jehovah should come among men, his birth in a manger, among a hated people, in a vassal state. Apr 1978 GC.
17 And I said unto him: I know that he loveth his children; nevertheless, I do not know the meaning of all things.
This is on the short list as one of my all time favorite scriptures. I like Nephi’s attitude toward what he doesn’t know. He’s frank about it, he puts it in context, he doesn’t let it overshadow the things he does know. He doesn’t need to know everything to know something. Compare Moses 5:6-7.
18 And he said unto me: Behold, the virgin whom thou seest is the mother of the Son of God, after the manner of the flesh.
Skousen reads “the mother of God” instead of “the mother of the Son of God” here.
Does this answer the condescension question? Does it answer the interpretation of the tree question?
19 And it came to pass that I beheld that she was carried away in the Spirit; and after she had been carried away in the Spirit for the space of a time the angel spake unto me, saying: Look!
Nephi has also been carried away in the Spirit. Link?
“The space of a time” is a singularly vague phrase–why include it? Is there any relation here to the space of time that Lehi spends in the dark?
20 And I looked and beheld the virgin again, bearing a child in her arms.
Does this vision affect your interpretation of Mary’s story as found in Luke? Does it affect your thinking about the idea of “preordination”? In what sense did Mary have any choice in response to the angel if Nephi had seen this event 600 years before it happened?
What do v19-20 have to say about our desire to know more about the circumstances of the child’s conception?
21 And the angel said unto me: Behold the Lamb of God, yea, even the Son of the Eternal Father! Knowest thou the meaning of the tree which thy father saw?
Skousen reads “even the Eternal Father” instead of “even the Son of the Eternal Father.”
So all of this (city-virgin-child) is supposed to explain the tree?
22 And I answered him, saying: Yea, it is the love of God, which sheddeth itself abroad in the hearts of the children of men; wherefore, it is the most desirable above all things.
How did city-virgin-child explain that the tree was the love of God?
Only other scriptural combo of shed/abroad/love is Romans 5:5 (“And hope maketh not ashamed; because the love of God is shed abroad in our hearts by the Holy Ghost which is given unto us.”), which also links in the concept of not being ashamed. The image of love shedding is interesting–what to make of it?
Very interesting: “Nephi and His Asherah”
So if we think about Lehi’s vision, we need to conclude that the love of God is something that you have to seek and choose to partake of, and that it is most desireable. That some people don’t even want it; that large numbers of people who are actively looking for it will wander off and not get it; that people who do partake of it might feel ashamed; that the building occupants make fun of people who partake of it. Is this how you normally think of the love of God? (I have to confess that I normally think of the love of God as free and easily available, there for everyone, and reaches out to you the very second you make the teeniest effort to get it. This vision causes me to reconsider that.)
23 And he spake unto me, saying: Yea, and the most joyous to the soul.
NB that joy and desire are linked here. What are the implications of that?
24 And after he had said these words, he said unto me: Look! And I looked, and I beheld the Son of God going forth among the children of men; and I saw many fall down at his feet and worship him.
Lehi didn’t see this (that we know of), but the people falling at the tree before partaking is close. Are these related?
25 And it came to pass that I beheld that the rod of iron, which my father had seen, was the word of God, which led to the fountain of living waters, or to the tree of life; which waters are a representation of the love of God; and I also beheld that the tree of life was a representation of the love of God.
In Lehi’s vision, it seemed that the fountain was opposite the tree. Here, it seems that they are in the same place. Also, this is the first time that the tree is called the tree of life. What effect does that have on the reader?
How do you read the ‘or’ between “fountain of living waters, or to the tree of life”: does it means that the tree renames the fountain, or that the rod leads to one or the other place? And what are the implications of that, especially of a rod leading to two places?
Why have two things representing one thing?
Possible word play on rod and word explored here.
So the water AND the tree represent the love of God? Why this dual symbol?
If the tree is the love of God, why would people not want to partake of that? Why would people be ashamed of partaking of that?
Why do you think that Nephi doesn’t mention the contrasting river of filthy water in this part of his account, though he seems to have seen it? (Compare 1 Nephi 8:13 and 1 Nephi 15:26-29.) Do you think that Nephi saw, as Lehi did, his family in his vision? (Compare 1 Nephi 8:14-18.) If so, why doesn’t he mention them? If not, why not?
If the tree is the love of God, how does that relate to the tree of knowledge of good and evil? The tree of life in the Garden? The tree in Alma 32? The tree in the New Jrsm at the end of Revelation?
This article reads the tree of life as a symbol for Christ and also of the temple. If you read the tree as a symbol for Christ, then is partaking of the fruit a symbol of taking the sacrament?
26 And the angel said unto me again: Look and behold the condescension of God!
Why are we circling back to that?
27 And I looked and beheld the Redeemer of the world, of whom my father had spoken; and I also beheld the prophet who should prepare the way before him. And the Lamb of God went forth and was baptized of him; and after he was baptized, I beheld the heavens open, and the Holy Ghost come down out of heaven and abide upon him in the form of a dove.
Why Redeemer here instead of another title?
Why do you think John the Baptist is not named in these passages that seem to refer to him?
Are “preparing the way for him” and “baptizing him” synonymous in this passage?
Is the heavens opening here related to the heavens opening for Nephi previously?
What would the dove have meant to Nephi?
It seems that the living waters (v25) are tied to the waters in which the Lamb is baptized.
In Lehi’s vision, the stuff about Jesus and John the Baptist came AFTER the vision. Here, Nephi unifies them. What does this mean?
Does it surprise you that what Nephi is seeing here labelled the condescension starts with Jesus’ baptism and not his birth? Is it the baptism per se that is the condescension? If so, what does this teach us about Jesus’ baptism? About our baptisms?
28 And I beheld that he went forth ministering unto the people, in power and great glory; and the multitudes were gathered together to hear him; and I beheld that they cast him out from among them.
In what way is it accurate to say that Jesus ministered “in great glory” during his earthly life? How does that description fit with the idea that what Nephi is seeing here is the condescension of God?
29 And I also beheld twelve others following him. And it came to pass that they were carried away in the Spirit from before my face, and I saw them not.
Do the multitudes in the previous verse and the twelve here map onto the various multitudes that Lehi saw?
What does that carrying away symbolize?
Is ‘following’ linked to the iron rod?
Jim F.: “Notice that the chronological order of the elements of the vision doesn’t correspond to the historical order. What does that tell us about visions? About historical order? Why might there be a break in the vision at this point, with a kind of end to the vision, followed by a new beginning in verse 30?”
30 And it came to pass that the angel spake unto me again, saying: Look! And I looked, and I beheld the heavens open again, and I saw angels descending upon the children of men; and they did minister unto them.
Was this a part of Jesus’ ministry? In what way? Why would it be significant enough to merit mention here?
31 And he spake unto me again, saying: Look! And I looked, and I beheld the Lamb of God going forth among the children of men. And I beheld multitudes of people who were sick, and who were afflicted with all manner of diseases, and with devils and unclean spirits; and the angel spake and showed all these things unto me. And they were healed by the power of the Lamb of God; and the devils and the unclean spirits were cast out.
How does this verse relate to the one before it?
Jim F.: “Why does the vision include this relatively lengthy description of the physical and psychological healings that Jesus did? How were they important to his mission of salvation?”
32 And it came to pass that the angel spake unto me again, saying: Look! And I looked and beheld the Lamb of God, that he was taken by the people; yea, the Son of the everlasting God was judged of the world; and I saw and bear record.
Skousen reads “the everlasting God” instead of “the Son of the everlasting God” here.
Skousen reads “bare” instead of “bear.”
33 And I, Nephi, saw that he was lifted up upon the cross and slain for the sins of the world.
Why doesn’t Nephi see Gethsemane?
34 And after he was slain I saw the multitudes of the earth, that they were gathered together to fight against the apostles of the Lamb; for thus were the twelve called by the angel of the Lord.
Jim F.: “Why does Nephi see a vision of the crucifixion of Jesus, but not of his resurrection? “
35 And the multitude of the earth was gathered together; and I beheld that they were in a large and spacious building, like unto the building which my father saw. And the angel of the Lord spake unto me again, saying: Behold the world and the wisdom thereof; yea, behold the house of Israel hath gathered together to fight against the twelve apostles of the Lamb.
Like the building Lehi saw, or the same building?
So the inhabitants of the great and spacious building = apostasy.
Why is “wisdom,” a generally positive concept in the OT, mentioned here in a negative way?
Why “house of Israel” and not “Jews”? What about the Gentiles?
Is “house” in “house of Israel” related to the idea of “building” in large and spacious building? If so, how?
In Lehi’s vision, they were pointing fingers and mocking. Here, they are fighting. Is that the same thing or a different thing? If it is the same, how does it shape your view as to what mocking and fingerpointing are?
It seems that what Lehi saw in the abstract, Nephi’s vision historicizes to the life of Jesus. But just reading Lehi’s vision, you wouldn’t necessarily make that connection. What’s going on here?
What about the building symbolizes the wisdom of the world?
Why does the world’s wisdom mock the people who partake of God’s love?
Why are the occupants of the building identified with the House of Israel?
36 And it came to pass that I saw and bear record, that the great and spacious building was the pride of the world; and it fell, and the fall thereof was exceedingly great. And the angel of the Lord spake unto me again, saying: Thus shall be the destruction of all nations, kindreds, tongues, and people, that shall fight against the twelve apostles of the Lamb.
Skousen omits “and it fell.”
Why does Nephi think this is pride, if the angel told him it was wisdom? What link does this vision make between pride and wisdom?
(How) is the fall of the building related to the fact that it did not have a foundation?
Why are nations, kindreds, tongues, and people–but not individuals–mentioned?
Why did Lehi’s vision not include the fall of the building?
Boyd K. Packer:
After the people of Lehi had arrived in the Western Hemisphere, Lehi had a vision of the tree of life. His son Nephi prayed to know its meaning. In answer, he was given a remarkable vision of Christ. . . . That vision is the central message of the Book of Mormon. Apr 1986 GC.
CHAPTER 12 (V16-18 ONLY)
16 And the angel spake unto me, saying: Behold the fountain of filthy water which thy father saw; yea, even the river of which he spake; and the depths thereof are the depths of hell.
I don’t remember Lehi saying anything about that. What’s going on here? There appears to be more than one fountain–why didn’t we know about this before? The angel seems to equate the river Lehi saw with the “filthy fountain,” but Lehi didn’t do this. What’s going on?
Where do you see this river in relation to the tree, path/rod, and building? How do you kow?
Why is a fountain/river a good symbol for the depths of hell?
What does it mean to say that the depths of hell are in between the tree/path/rod and the great building?
17 And the mists of darkness are the temptations of the devil, which blindeth the eyes, and hardeneth the hearts of the children of men, and leadeth them away into broad roads, that they perish and are lost.
Why are the mists a good symbol for the temptations of the devil?
“Blindeth” is an effect on the senses; “hardeneth” is an effect on the mind; “leadeth” is an effect on actions/choices. What can we learn from this?
Why are broad roads bad and narrow roads good?
Do they perish before they are lost? (Wouldn’t they get lost and then perish?) What might we conclude from this?
18 And the large and spacious building, which thy father saw, is vain imaginations and the pride of the children of men. And a great and a terrible gulf divideth them; yea, even the word of the justice of the Eternal God, and the Messiah who is the Lamb of God, of whom the Holy Ghost beareth record, from the beginning of the world until this time, and from this time henceforth and forever.
Skousen reads “sword” instead of “word” here–I think that fits the context much better. (And perhaps makes a reference back to the Laban story?)
Skousen reads “and Jesus Christ which is the Lamb of God” here.
Wait–didn’t he just learn that it was the world’s wisdom? And then conclude that it was pride? Why the introduction of vain imaginations? Are these three ways of saying the same thing?
What does “them” refer to?
Is the shift from great to large significant?
I thought the dividing gulf was the river–now it is the (s)word of God? What happened?
Why the time references?
1 And it came to pass that after I, Nephi, had been carried away in the spirit, and seen all these things, I returned to the tent of my father.
2 And it came to pass that I beheld my brethren, and they were disputing one with another concerning the things which my father had spoken unto them.
Again, I think L&L are much more righteous than we give them credit for. They are spending their free time trying to understand what the prophet was teaching. (They are going about it wrong, yes, but still . . .)
3 For he truly spake many great things unto them, which were hard to be understood, save a man should inquire of the Lord; and they being hard in their hearts, therefore they did not look unto the Lord as they ought.
Review what he said. Why would it be hard to understand? Was it hard for Nephi to understand? (Is that why he seeks his own vision?) Is Lehi just a bad teacher, or are these things not understandable via human communication? Is Lehi wrong to try to communicate them? What others things are hard to understand unless you pray about them? Should we expect things to be that way?
It seems that a reluctance to inquire of the Lord is an almost-universal failing, as prevalent as it is foolish. Why do people act like this?
“Hard to be understood.” A couple of intriguing cross-references for this phrase are Ezek 3:6 and 2 Pet 3:16 in the KJV, and Mosiah 13:32 and Alma 33:20 in the Book of Mormon. Although these passages may be interesting from a theological, translational, or linguistic perspective, a more relevant passage in terms of what may have had an effect on Nephi is Isa 6:9ff where it seems Isaiah is told to preach things that “were hard for many people to understand,” as Nephi puts it in 2 Ne 25:1.
4 And now I, Nephi, was grieved because of the hardness of their hearts, and also, because of the things which I had seen, and knew they must unavoidably come to pass because of the great wickedness of the children of men.
Grief–cf. to Lehi’s fear. Interesting reaction–he wasn’t angry or annoyed, but grieved. What should that teach us?
I’m surprised by ‘unavoidably.’ What happened to repentence?
Note that even given this golden opportunity to link his dream to his brothers, Nephi keeps them separate here.
5 And it came to pass that I was overcome because of my afflictions, for I considered that mine afflictions were great above all, because of the destruction of my people, for I had beheld their fall.
Is grief an affliction? Is this a good response? Is he saying he was worse off than Lehi, and was he right about that?
Why does his concern for his brothers fade away in this verse?
What does it mean to be overcome?
Are his afflictions great above all, or is he being overly dramatic here?
What people had he seen being destroyed? It would not have been his descendants in the great and spacious building if we operate on a strictly historicist reading (that is, that the people in the building were those in the old world that fought against the apostles). Does this verse demand that we broaden the scope a little and read Nephi’s vision as applying to his descendants as well?
6 And it came to pass that after I had received strength I spake unto my brethren, desiring to know of them the cause of their disputations.
I’m curious about the overcome-received strength process. What exactly happened? Was this divine intervention? (Did Nephi faint like a scandalized Victorian woman or what?)
There’s Nephi and his desires again. Why is that such a theme in this section?
Doesn’t v2 suggest that he already knows the cause of their dispute?
7 And they said: Behold, we cannot understand the words which our father hath spoken concerning the natural branches of the olive-tree, and also concerning the Gentiles.
Why did they focus on this and not the other parts? Review the verses where Lehi explained this–was he unclear?
8 And I said unto them: Have ye inquired of the Lord?
J. Reuben Clark, “”If we have the truth, it cannot be harmed by investigation. If we have not the truth, it ought to be harmed.” Citation
This strikes me as a pretty important scripture, one that we frequently use to point out that we don’t need to dispute things but should be able to figure them out through prayer. Is that the best reading of this verse?
9 And they said unto me: We have not; for the Lord maketh no such thing known unto us.
We usually assume that the “no such thing” is the meaning of the olive branches and Gentiles, but I wonder if they meant that the principle of “ask the Lord if you can’t figure out” was not known to them. Is this possible? Is it a better reading? I have to say that, judging by where Nephi goes in v11, I think it might be a better reading. But if I’m wrong about that and the traditional reading is better, then: What assumptions are L&L making? In what sorts of situations do we make similar assumptions?
10 Behold, I said unto them: How is it that ye do not keep the commandments of the Lord? How is it that ye will perish, because of the hardness of your hearts?
What work is “behold” doing in this verse? Is it Nephi wanting to call our attention particularly to what is being said?
Is it then a commandment to inquire of the Lord?
I have to say, this is not exactly my idea of good teaching and you’d never read this in an Ensign article. The questions seem unnecessarily combative, practically designed to put L&L on the defensive and guarantee a few more degrees of heart hardening. Is Nephi having a fail here?
11 Do ye not remember the things which the Lord hath said?—If ye will not harden your hearts, and ask me in faith, believing that ye shall receive, with diligence in keeping my commandments, surely these things shall be made known unto you.
Skousen reads “thing,” not “things,” here.
Bruce R. McConkie quoted this verse and then said, “It is the right of members of the Church to receive revelation.” Apr 1971 GC.
Note carefully all of the conditions in this verse: how and why do they work together?
Is the principle in this verse a universal truth?
12 Behold, I say unto you, that the house of Israel was compared unto an olive-tree, by the Spirit of the Lord which was in our father; and behold are we not broken off from the house of Israel, and are we not a branch of the house of Israel?
Wait–isn’t this exactly the wrong thing to do? Aren’t they supposed to ask the Lord, not have their brother explain it to them? (that’s the process Nephi used and that is what Nephi advocated above? Is this a fail? How does this verse compare to Lehi’s explanation?
Does the “which was in our father” change your understanding of the visionary experience in this instance?
From this book:
A Behold, we cannot understand the words which our father hath spoken
B concerning the natural branches of the olive-tree, and also concerning the Gentiles. And I said unto them: Have ye inquired of the Lord?
C And they said unto me: We have not; for the Lord maketh no such thing known unto us.
D Behold, I said unto them: How is it that ye do not keep the commandments of the Lord?
E How is it that ye will perish, because of the hardness of your hearts?
F Do ye not remember the things which the Lord hath said?—
E If ye will not harden your hearts, and ask me in faith, believing
that ye shall receive,
D with diligence in keeping my commandments,
C surely these things shall be made known unto you.
B Behold, I say unto you, that the house of Israel was compared unto an olive-tree,
A by the Spirit of the Lord which was in our father;
I find this interesting, because it puts the focus of the passage on remembering, not on “Have you inquired?” as we usually read it. (In the narrative, however, this does seem like an odd place to have this structure, I admit.) Focusing on “remembering” then puts an entirely different spin on “knowing” and “asking,” I think.
13 And now, the thing which our father meaneth concerning the grafting in of the natural branches through the fulness of the Gentiles, is, that in the latter days, when our seed shall have dwindled in unbelief, yea, for the space of many years, and many generations after the Messiah shall be manifested in body unto the children of men, then shall the fulness of the gospel of the Messiah come unto the Gentiles, and from the Gentiles unto the remnant of our seed—
How does Nephi know all this? If he knows this, why did he need more help with the vision?
14 And at that day shall the remnant of our seed know that they are of the house of Israel, and that they are the covenant people of the Lord; and then shall they know and come to the knowledge of their forefathers, and also to the knowledge of the gospel of their Redeemer, which was ministered unto their fathers by him; wherefore, they shall come to the knowledge of their Redeemer and the very points of his doctrine, that they may know how to come unto him and be saved.
What teachings in this verse are important for us? What would have been important for the Nephites and Lamanites?
15 And then at that day will they not rejoice and give praise unto their everlasting God, their rock and their salvation? Yea, at that day, will they not receive the strength and nourishment from the true vine? Yea, will they not come unto the true fold of God?
Why does Nephi switch to asking questions here?
What do you make of the mixing of rock, vine, and fold?
16 Behold, I say unto you, Yea; they shall be remembered again among the house of Israel; they shall be grafted in, being a natural branch of the olive-tree, into the true olive-tree.
Skousen reads “numbered,” not “remembered” in this verse. Does that have any relation to the numberless concourses in Lehi’s vision?
17 And this is what our father meaneth; and he meaneth that it will not come to pass until after they are scattered by the Gentiles; and he meaneth that it shall come by way of the Gentiles, that the Lord may show his power unto the Gentiles, for the very cause that he shall be rejected of the Jews, or of the house of Israel.
How does “for the very cause” relate what comes before and after it?
18 Wherefore, our father hath not spoken of our seed alone, but also of all the house of Israel, pointing to the covenant which should be fulfilled in the latter days; which covenant the Lord made to our father Abraham, saying: In thy seed shall all the kindreds of the earth be blessed.
19 And it came to pass that I, Nephi, spake much unto them concerning these things; yea, I spake unto them concerning the restoration of the Jews in the latter days.
20 And I did rehearse unto them the words of Isaiah, who spake concerning the restoration of the Jews, or of the house of Israel; and after they were restored they should no more be confounded, neither should they be scattered again. And it came to pass that I did speak many words unto my brethren, that they were pacified and did humble themselves before the Lord.
Skousen reads “speak so many” instead of “speak many,” which I find hilarious–he fillibustered them!
What does “confounded” mean? How is it different from scattered?
Pacified is interesting. Humbled is interesting. Preaching Isaiah at someone having an effect on them besides putting them to sleep is really interesting. (Again, I’d like to point to some evidence for the basically decent orientation of L&L.)
21 And it came to pass that they did speak unto me again, saying: What meaneth this thing which our father saw in a dream? What meaneth the tree which he saw?
Skousen reads “the things,” but it is conjectural. (Wish I could read his explanation of why . . .)
Why do they call it “this thing” first and then call it “the tree”?
Is there a relationship between the whole olive tree/branches thing and the tree? Do L&L assume that and, if so, is that a mistake on their part?
22 And I said unto them: It was a representation of the tree of life.
Why doesn’t he go into the whole city-virgin-child and love of God angle with them? He nattered on and on about the branches until I was, frankly, quite bored, but this is, to me, the good stuff and he hardly says anything about it. He answers their next question at good length, as well. Why short this one?
Does he really answer the question? Isn’t the tree of life a representation for something else?
23 And they said unto me: What meaneth the rod of iron which our father saw, that led to the tree?
Can you discern why they are asking about this now?
Is it significant that Nephi asked for “the interpretation” but they ask for “the meaning”?
24 And I said unto them that it was the word of God; and whoso would hearken unto the word of God, and would hold fast unto it, they would never perish; neither could the temptations and the fiery darts of the adversary overpower them unto blindness, to lead them away to destruction.
NB the link made between “hearken” and “hold fast.” What does this teach us about the word of God?
“They would never perish”–is this entirely true, given that some people fell away -after- eating the fruit?
25 Wherefore, I, Nephi, did exhort them to give heed unto the word of the Lord; yea, I did exhort them with all the energies of my soul, and with all the faculty which I possessed, that they would give heed to the word of God and remember to keep his commandments always in all things.
NB in Lehi’s vision, not giving heed to the finger pointers was crucial; here Nephi tells them what they should pay attention to.
Why does Nephi doubly emphasize the efforts he went through here?
26 And they said unto me: What meaneth the river of water which our father saw?
Again, I am increasingly uncomfortable by this process: Nephi prayed and got more information about the vision; Nephi told his brothers to ask the Lord for more information, and yet this entire passage is something else entirely: they ask Nephi and *he* explains it to them. What is going on here?
27 And I said unto them that the water which my father saw was filthiness; and so much was his mind swallowed up in other things that he beheld not the filthiness of the water.
This is very interesting to me–a commentary on Lehi’s weakness and/or limitations?
“Swallowed up” is interesting . . .
28 And I said unto them that it was an awful gulf, which separated the wicked from the tree of life, and also from the saints of God.
29 And I said unto them that it was a representation of that awful hell, which the angel said unto me was prepared for the wicked.
So this is another level: in addition to Lehi’s family drama and Nephi’s history, this is using the vision as a guide to the afterlife. See this for more on this.
I’m curious about the idea of something being “prepared” for the wicked. We know that plan of salvation was “prepared” for those who would repent . . .
30 And I said unto them that our father also saw that the justice of God did also divide the wicked from the righteous; and the brightness thereof was like unto the brightness of a flaming fire, which ascendeth up unto God forever and ever, and hath no end.
It is bright flame but also filthy river?
Why is the justice of God described as being “bright”? What does this imply?
Is this related to the flaming sword the cherubim use to guard the tree in Eden?
Why would this fire ascend to God? Does that link it to the incense of the OT temple, which was (usually) a symbol for prayer? If so, how would that work, exactly?
31 And they said unto me: Doth this thing mean the torment of the body in the days of probation, or doth it mean the final state of the soul after the death of the temporal body, or doth it speak of the things which are temporal?
Why would they ask this?
Is the body tormented in the days of probation? What do they mean by this? Are they accurate?
Are they offering three options for understanding it, or two?
32 And it came to pass that I said unto them that it was a representation of things both temporal and spiritual; for the day should come that they must be judged of their works, yea, even the works which were done by the temporal body in their days of probation.
33 Wherefore, if they should die in their wickedness they must be cast off also, as to the things which are spiritual, which are pertaining to righteousness; wherefore, they must be brought to stand before God, to be judged of their works; and if their works have been filthiness they must needs be filthy; and if they be filthy it must needs be that they cannot dwell in the kingdom of God; if so, the kingdom of God must be filthy also.
34 But behold, I say unto you, the kingdom of God is not filthy, and there cannot any unclean thing enter into the kingdom of God; wherefore there must needs be a place of filthiness prepared for that which is filthy.
35 And there is a place prepared, yea, even that awful hell of which I have spoken, and the devil is the preparator of it; wherefore the final state of the souls of men is to dwell in the kingdom of God, or to be cast out because of that justice of which I have spoken.
Skousen traces an enormous (for the BoM) number of changes in the word that we have here as “preparator”: “prepriator,” “father,” “foundation,” and “proprietor” (which is his choice, even though it is conjectural). Which fits best and what does that teach us about the devil?
Skousen reads “soul of man” instead of “souls of men” here.
I have to admit that this entire conversation makes me a little uncomfortable since it doesn’t mention repentance or the atonement. Why doesn’t he mention the other preparations that have been made–the Savior? Is this a Nephi fail?
36 Wherefore, the wicked are rejected from the righteous, and also from that tree of life, whose fruit is most precious and most desirable above all other fruits; yea, and it is the greatest of all the gifts of God. And thus I spake unto my brethren. Amen.
Skousen reads “separated” instead of “rejected” here. I think that fits better.
Skousen reads “of” instead of “above” here.
(1) The relationship between Lehi’s vision and Nephi’s vision. I think the norm is to read them as just one vision, but I think the differences are significant and fascinating. Joe Spencer explains why it makes sense to separate them here (second paragraph). Lehi is in an interactive dream, while Nephi is an observor. Lehi describes the dream as all about his family; Nephi’s is about the broad scope of sacred history. What does it teach us about visions and heavenly communication to know that the same crux of visionary material could have different functions? Is it fair to say that Lehi has a vision about family and Nephi has one about history? If this is indeed the case, why? And why are the visions so similar? Given that this is one of the first big chunks of material in the BoM, it and its interpretation has a large impact on the reader. So what kinds of effects do the experience of interpreting two similar-but-not-identical visions have on the reader? What do we make of the fact that Nephi wanted to see what his father saw, but actually ends up seeing (and interpreting) something quite different? It seems to me that one thing that is going on here is that Lehi interprets the symbols as a family drama and Nephi as history and this makes me think of the creation account as presented in the temple, which could also be interpreted as both a family drama and as a historical sweep. (I’d like to say a little more, but, you know.) Considering all of this, what do these two visions and their interpretations suggest about the proper parameters of interpretation–whether that is the interpretation of dreams or of any symbolic scriptures? This is a good article to read in conjunction with considering these questions because it teases out, from material we generally lump together, what belongs to Lehi’s vision and what to Nephi’s and it also includes ch12-14 in the mix. Two features in Nephi’s vision not found in Lehi’s are (1) verbal interaction with the divine guide and (2) emphasis on desire. Why do these differ between the two?
(2) Why bother with symbolic visions at all? What benefit would it have had for Lehi, for Nephi, and for the reader over just a straight (strait?) presentation of the facts? What do these visions teach us about interpreting the scriptures?
And just for fun:
Harold B. Lee:
“Oh, I’m not here to tell you that every dream you have is a direct revelation from the Lord – it may be fried liver and onions that may have been responsible for an upset nervous disorder. But … if we will learn not to be so sophisticated that we rule out that possibility of impressions from those who are beyond sight, then we too may have a dream that may direct us as a revelation.” — Harold B. Lee (1952) Citation (HT: Ardis) | <urn:uuid:fd699c65-41d7-479c-a174-e51851ab77a8> | {
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||William Falconer's Dictionary of the Marine
Table of Contents
To LABOUR to LAND-FALL
LAND-LOCKED to LASHING
LATEEN-SAIL to LEE-SIDE
LEEWARD-SHIP to LIE ALONG
LIE TO to LIMBER-BOARDS
LIMBER-ROPE to LOG-BOOK
LONG-BOAT to LUFF
LUFF-TACKLE to LYING-TO in a storm
LOGLOG, a machine used to measure the ship's head-way, or the rate of her velocity as she advances through the sea. It is composed of a reel and line, to which is fixed a small piece of wood, forming the quadrant of a circle. The term log however is more particularly applied to the latter.
The log, fig. 14, plate V. is generally about a quarter of an inch thick, and five or six inches from the angular point a to the circumference b. It is balanced by a thin plate of lead, nailed upon the arch, so as to swim perpendicularly in the water, with about 2/3 impressed under the surface. The line is fastened to the log by means of two legs a and b, fig. 15, one of which passes thro' a hole a at the corner, and is knotted on the opposite side; whilst the other leg is attached to the arch by a pin b, fixed in another hole, so as to draw out occasionally. By these legs the log is hung in equilibrio, and the line, which is united to it, is divided into certain spaces, which are in proportion to an equal number of geographical miles, as a half minute or quarter minute is to an hour of time.
This instrument is employed to measure the ship's course in the following manner: The reel, fig. 16, about which the log-line is wound, being held by one man, and the half-minute glass by another, the mate of the watch at the same time fixes the pin, and throws the log over the stern, which, swimming perpendicularly in the sea, feels an immediate resistance as the ship advances. To prevent the pin from being drawn by the effort of this resistance, the person who heaves the log continually slackens the line over the stern, or quarter, so that it becomes almost streight on the water, and the log continues nearly in the same place where it first alighted, and is considered as fixed therein. The knots are measured from a mark fastened at the distance of 12 or 15 fathoms from the log; the glass is therefore turned at the instant when this mark passes over the stern, and as soon as the glass runs out, the line is accordingly stopped; when the water, acting forcibly on the surface of the log, immediately dislodges the pin, so that the log, no longer resisting the effort of the water, is easily drawn aboard. The degree of the ship's velocity is then readily determined, by examining the number of knots nearest to that part of the line, where it was stopped at the expiration of the glass, as the knots increase in their natural order from the mark above-mentioned. The space comprehended between that mark and the log is used to let the latter be far enough astern, to be out of the eddy of the ship's wake when the glass is turned.
If the glass runs thirty seconds, the distance between the knots should be fifty seet. When it runs more or less, it should therefore be corrected by the following analogy: As 30 is to 50, so is the number of seconds of the glass to the distance between the knots upon the line. As the heat or moisture of the weather has often a considerable effect on the glass, so as to make it run slower or faster, it should be frequently tried by the vibrations of a pendulum. The line, being also liable to relax or shrink from the same cause, ought likewise to be measured, as occasion requires.
It is usual to heave the log once every hour in ships of war and East Indiamen; and in all other vessels, once in two hours; and if at any time of the watch, the wind has increased or abated in the intervals, so as to affect the ship's velocity, the officer generally makes a suitable allowance for it, at the close of the watch.
© Derived from Thomas Cadell's new corrected edition, London: 1780, page 182, 2004
Published by South Seas, using the Web Academic Resource Publisher
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- Feb 13, 2009
Disadvantages of Cloud Computing
There are a number of reasons why you might not want to adopt cloud computing for your particular needs. Let's examine a few of the risks related to cloud computing:
- Requires a constant Internet connection. Cloud computing is impossible if you can't connect to the Internet. Since you use the Internet to connect to both your applications and documents, if you don't have an Internet connection you can't access anything, even your own documents. A dead Internet connection means no work, period—and, in areas where Internet connections are few or inherently unreliable, this could be a deal-breaker. When you're offline, cloud computing simply doesn't work.
- Doesn't work well with low-speed connections. Similarly, a low-speed Internet connection, such as that found with dial-up services, makes cloud computing painful at best and often impossible. Web-based apps require a lot of bandwidth to download, as do large documents. If you're laboring with a low-speed dial-up connection, it might take seemingly forever just to change from page to page in a document, let alone to launch a feature-rich cloud service. In other words, cloud computing isn't for the broadband-impaired.
- Can be slow. Even on a fast connection, web-based applications can sometimes be slower than accessing a similar software program on your desktop PC. Everything about the program, from the interface to the current document, has to be sent back and forth from your computer to the computers in the cloud. If the cloud servers happen to be backed up at that moment, or if the Internet is having a slow day, you won't get the instantaneous access you might expect from desktop apps.
- Features might be limited. This situation is bound to change, but today many web-based applications simply aren't as full-featured as their desktop-based brethren. For example, you can do a lot more with Microsoft PowerPoint than with Google Presentation's web-based offering. The basics are similar, but the cloud application lacks many of PowerPoint's advanced features. If you're a power user, you might not want to leap into cloud computing just yet.
- Stored data might not be secure. With cloud computing, all your data is stored on the cloud. How secure is the cloud? Can unauthorized users gain access to your confidential data? Cloud computing companies say that data is secure, but it's too early in the game to be completely sure of that. Only time will tell if your data is secure in the cloud.
- Stored data can be lost. Theoretically, data stored in the cloud is unusually safe, replicated across multiple machines. But on the off chance that your data goes missing, you have no physical or local backup. (Unless you methodically download all your cloud documents to your own desktop—which few users do.) Put simply, relying on the cloud puts you at risk if the cloud lets you down. | <urn:uuid:394987b1-52cd-4c1e-9f3d-9dd4cc52f4f7> | {
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20 May, 2010 § 2 Comments
As computer architectures continued to grow and develop over time, many solutions have been proposed. This paper will discuss the competition between the IBM System/360 and Burroughs B5000 as well as its legacy in terms of the Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC) versus Complex Instruction Set Computer (CISC). The end of this paper will comment on the current state of computer architecture and where things are headed.
IBM System/360 vs Burroughs B5000
The System/360 and the B5000 differed in many fundamental ways. Figure 1 shows a table of just some of the differences:
|IBM System/360 ||Burroughs B5000 |
|Address size||24 bits||Program Reference Table with 1024 entries|
|Character size||4 bit for binary coded decimal||6 bit (8 characters for 48 bit word)
|FP size||32/64 bit||48 bit|
|Instruction size||Variable: 16/32/64 bit||12 bit|
|Integer size||32 bit||48 bit|
|Register style||General purpose registers||Stack based|
The IBM System/360 made a significant decision to be binary compatible with their machines and make all of the machines work off a common instruction set . To this day, binary compatibility still survives greatly, with the x86 architecture on desktop PC’s allowing programs written ten years ago to run on machines built yesterday.
Another significant introduction from the IBM System/360 was byte address-ability, whereas the B5000 was word addressed . Byte address-ability allowed a bigger address size than word size, and the ability to use characters located at any location.
The B5000 used a stack based register style , which is still in use today by the Java Virtual Machine. This means that there are no registers available to the assembly programmer, and anything that needs to get referenced must be pushed on to the stack. Another important side-effect of the stack based architecture was that the B5000 descriptor system used a base and limit. This, along with the separation between instructions and data, removed the possibility for stack overflow attacks. This allows modern day virtual machines, like the JVM, to have a more secure sandbox than binary compatible systems that lack the stack architecture.
The B5000′s stack based architecture is today called Segmented Virtual Memory and is used by many machines. Burrough was also the first to start talking about how multiple processors would work in the system . It wasn’t too long after that the IBM 360 series had support for multiple processors.
RISC vs. CISC
In the early 1980s David Patterson and David Ditzel introduced a reversal of directions for instruction set architectures from the Complex Instruction Set Computer to their Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC).
The processor field was then dominated by the VAX-11/78x systems. These systems used a CISC architecture and provided the best performance . Patterson and Ditzel believed they could top CISC with a reduced instruction set, including taking advantage of the memory hierarchy and its increasing performance per dollar in the memory market, increased speed of chip designers, and optimizing what is being used the most instead of creating special instructions for edge cases.
RISC took notice of Moore’s Law and the exponential increases in memory performance and tried to reduce the number of instructions available and increase the number of instructions used . RISC was thought to allow chip designers to implement the instruction set in far less time than CISC and in that amount of time, the top of the line performance would have doubled and the gains introduced by the newly designed CISC would be worthless . But these arguments had their detractors. VAX Systems Architecture argued that the gap between performance in instructions versus performance in main memory was large and that this gap continued to lead to requests for an instruction set that favored high level languages, similar to the design of the B5000.
Patterson and Ditzel cited Amdahl’s Law in trying to optimize the most well-used parts of a system to have the largest effect, and in doing so, pulled work away from the processor and gave it to the compiler. This allowed the CPU to get smaller and make room for other components on the chip. Time has agreed with this argument, as the dominant CPU for mobile devices today is the Advanced RISC Machine (ARM) chip.
The IBM System/360 was designed to have an ISA that was good for microcoded processors, paving the way for the CISC, while the Burroughs B5000 was about pipelining and VLSI, leading to RISC.
The key difference in RISC compared to CISC is the separation of hardware and software responsibilities. RISC’s goal was to move the complexity away from the hardware to software where bugs can be fixed cheaper and faster. This also gave more work to compilers to use more efficient instructions. CISC’s goal was to make the hardware more intelligent and make the job of the compiler writer easier.
Today, RISC is used in embedded devices and high-end servers, whereas CISC dominates the desktop market and the lower-end server market.
- Amdahl, Blaauw, and Brooks. Architecture of the IBM System/360. IBM Journal of Research and Development, 8(2):87-101, April 1964.
- Clark, Douglas W. and Strecker, William D. Comments on “The Case for the Reduced Instruction Set Computer,” by Patterson and Ditzel.
- Hennessy, John L. and Patterson, David A. Computer Architecture: A Quantitative Approach. 4th Edition. Page 3. 2006.
- Lonergan and King. Design of the B5000 system. Datamation, vol. 7, no. 5, pp. 28-32, May, 1961.
- Patterson, David A. and Ditzel, David R. The Case for the Reduced Instruction Set Computer. | <urn:uuid:afc75d87-d163-425a-a57f-737ea4fd526a> | {
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Drawing Excitement Lessons 10-18
Kolorful Kids helps children see their creative potential, not only by painting creatively, but by thinking creatively. Thomas Kinkade takes you step by step through the process of learning how to draw. Lesson 10: Draw a Dragon; Lesson 11: Drawing Games; Lesson 12: Tone and Texture; Lesson 13: Realism; Lesson 14: Finishing Your Drawing; Lesson 15: Being an Artist; and three more lessons!
This is a fun way to learn how to draw like a pro! Thomas Kinkade, a famous artist, takes you through the process of learning how to draw like a professional step by step. He explains the processes simply so that anyone can understand. This is a fun and interesting way to learn how to draw like a pro. | <urn:uuid:2042e58b-58ef-4ab2-94ea-55b3b214c457> | {
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This Unit provides a comprehensive review of the process of taking notes in the field, including the organisation of field notes, the important note-taking tools and techniques for capturing as much relevant and high quality information as possible. Topics range from the essential supplies that a prepared note taker should carry at all times, to tips for capturing the most important points when there may be many activities or conversations occurring simultaneously. The Unit also includes a discussion of when it is and is not appropriate to take notes, including requirements for making community members aware that notes are being taken.
Unit objectives / expected outcomes
After the completion of the Unit the trainee will be able to:
- explain why note taking is important;
- use the right note-taking tools;
- take notes appropriately and consciously;
- use the best note-taking techniques.
Content outline, main topics covered and suggested sequencing
This Unit focuses on the topics listed below:
- Fundamentals of note taking (PPT No. 1: Documentation: Fundamentals of Note Taking) (1 hr)
- Brainstorming for interview guide and checklist preparation (Exercises No. 2, 3 and 4) (2 hrs)
- Practise writing in shorthand (Exercise No. 1) (30 min)
Keywords / key concepts
Note taking, observation, mind mapping, sketch map
Components of the Unit
Handouts for Trainee (to be distributed in printed format):
Computer and beamer, notepad and pen or pencil for each participant, coloured pencils or markers, flip charts, small sheets of paper, cards, small pieces of coloured paper/cards and means to stick them to the wall or board (e.g. masking tape, pins, gum), Shorthand Guide (included in M14U03 Handout for Trainee). | <urn:uuid:38bc66a6-ddbf-4967-adc0-94a76a393979> | {
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There are several ways to select, copy, and paste data in Windows programs.
Choosing the best method for each situation can speed up your workflow.
In some situations, you don’t have a choice.
Some programs will allow you to copy data from fields using the right-click>copy method, but not text outside fields.
In this case Ctrl + c will usually work. The text can be selected by holding down the mouse button while dragging across the text.
This also works for copying text from websites that have the right-click function disabled.
To select several words or lines of text you can drag the mouse across all the text. This becomes frustrating when the highlighting scrolls fast and goes too far, then scrolls too far in the other direction when you try to reverse.
In word-processing programs, place the cursor at the beginning of text, scroll, and click the end of the text while holding down the shift key.
This method can also work in websites and programs with text outside fields, with one slight difference. Since you’re not able to put the cursor at the beginning of the text, simply drag your mouse across the first character to highlight it, hold down the shift key, then click the end of the text.
The fastest way to select text (if it’s one word or string) is to double click it. Sometimes separators like spaces, hyphens, and the @ sign in email addresses will cause partial text selection.
Rather than revert back to dragging the mouse across the string, click anywhere inside the field and press Ctrl + a (for select all).
Just as Ctrl + c can work for copying when right-click is not available, Ctrl + v can work for pasting. The letters a, c, and v are close to each other on the keyboard. You can jump from field to field and window to window by clicking them with your right hand.
At the same time you can select, copy, and paste by holding down the Ctrl key with the little finger of your left hand and tapping the appropriate letter with your index finger.
For select all, copy, then paste (Ctrl + a or double-click, Ctrl + c, Ctrl + v) you don’t have to release the Ctrl key between the steps. If you start using this method you’ll be able to do it without even thinking after a short time.
For expert typists who think they can type faster than these methods, the increased speed in your workflow comes from not having to verify important data you’ve just typed in order to keep it accurate. | <urn:uuid:e4c52974-00e9-4d95-b3f6-0730455b0f23> | {
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From the Korean Peninsula, we hop on a ship over to the islands of Japan, the Land of the Rising Sun; to the very first treaty port in Japan – and quite likely the oldest colonial port city anywhere in Asia, except for Goa, Malacca and Macao.
This is Nagasaki – and its name belies the many layers of history that make the city a palimpsest… the Portuguese Era, the Dutch Era, the Foreign Settlement Era, the Chinese presence, the city as Buddhist pilgrim site, the Atomic Bomb…. The only other palimpsest-city in Asia, with multiple layers of colonisation and peoples, is Malacca.
The Portuguese first came to Japan in 1543, more than 450 years ago. Soon after came that most famous of missionaries – St Francis Xavier, in 1549, to initiate a very efficient programme of evagelisation. By the 1560s, the Portuguese had established a sufficient toehold in Japan that they were granted a “treaty port” in Nagasaki in 1571. By 1580, they had been given sole jurisdiction and ran a trade monopoly in Asia via Macao.
The Portuguese would impart to the city a taste for tempura – or deep fried seafood – and a sponge cake called castella, both of which still exist in Japan today, the former all over the islands, and the latter specifically in Nagasaki. In the meantime, they would begin the export of one of history’s most spectacular and rare objects – nanban lacquer – or Japanese lacquer made for the European – which the Japanese called Southern Barbarians, or nanban 南蛮 – market.
In 1634, in the face of a hugely successful programme of evangelisation, the shogun ordered the construction of an artificial island, Dejima, to house the Portuguese and prevent them from further contact with the natives; but to no avail. Within 5 years, the Portuguese were expelled from the city, and Christianity hastily and violently suppressed. Japanese converts were brutally persecuted and a key milestone of this period was the execution of 26 Japanese missionaries and converts, subsequently canonized by the Catholic Church in 1862 as the 26 Martyrs of Japan. All in all, the Portuguese had been in Japan just under 100 years.
With the Portuguese gone, the Dutch East India Company filled in the vacuum. Already trading in Nagasaki since the early 1609, the Dutch alone were allowed to remain in a Japan that decided to turn in on itself as part of a centuries-long National Isolation Policy. From their settlement at Dejima – with the Portuguese gone, the Dutch moved in in 1641 – they alone controlled trade in and out of Japan; and they continued the lucrative export of nanban art, Imari porcelain and other luxury items to Europe.
The Dutch would remain on Dejima – which became associated, in turn, with the Dutch and the Dutch East India Company (the V.O.C.) – till 1858: more than two hundred years!
That which ended the Dutch monopoly in Nagasaki and Japan, was the coming of American “black ships” led by Commodore Perry into Edo harbour in 1853. The Americans forced Japan out from its National Isolation Policy and in the course of the next decade, would establish a dozen treaty ports and foreign settlements all around Japan – in particular, at the cities of Kobe, Yokohama, Osaka, Nagasaki (naturally), and even Edo itself.
In Nagasaki, a foreign settlement was established at Oura 大浦 （which means “big waterfront”) and the settlement itself extended from a Bund, or waterfront, by Nagasaki harbour, all the way up to the top of the hill. Today, much of this colonial-era architecture still stands and many buildings have been immaculately preserved. In particular, the area is famous for its Oura Cathedral – the oldest Cathedral in Japan, and its Dutch slopes – where many of the foreign settlers used to reside.
Besides the Europeans, Nagasaki also has a very strong Chinese presence, with the earliest wave of Chinese settlers migrating from the Fujian province to the city in the early 1600s, during the final years of the Ming Dynasty. These Chinese are there still and they have imparted to the city another of its most iconic dishes – the chanpon, or seafood soup noodles.
The city contains one of the most well-preserved Ming Dynasty-style Chinese temples in the world – the Sofuku-ji 崇福寺, built in 1629 and dedicated to the Goddess of the Sea, Mazu. It also has other familiar aspects of Chinese built heritage that can be found all over South and Southeast Asia – chiefly, a Hokkien Huay Kuan 福建會館, a Confucius Temple, and a City God temple － and of course, a Chinatown.
Perhaps due to the Chinese influence, Nagasaki is also renowned throughout Japan as a Buddhist pilgrimage site; and the city itself contains dozens of ancient temples both of the Buddhist, Zen Buddhist and Shinto persuasion. A full dozen of these are concentrated along a single pathway, called the Teramachi 寺町, or Temple Alley, where a pilgrim may spend a whole day simply visiting each and every one of these temples in turn.
But we are digressing.
Returning back to the main historical narrative….. The Foreign Settlement Era ended in 1899, just over 40 years after it was established. Japan became an Imperial power and a coloniser in its own right. The aftermath of Japan’s Imperialist ambition, as we all know, was World War II. And World War II was ended through the Americans dropping of the atomic bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
The Atomic Bomb thus constitutes the final, and most recent layer of history in this multi-layered city; and throughout the city centre and its outskirts, one may find traces of the horrifying impact of the bomb and moving memorials to world peace.
This month on the Grand Tour belongs to Nagasaki, and I hope you enjoy taking a journey through its rich, complex and multi-layered history, as much as I did. | <urn:uuid:ef03e670-7a4f-4ccc-8ac1-3a42e8a36b43> | {
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Healthy Habits for People With Diabetes
Healthy habits, such as eating nutritious food, getting enough exercise, managing stress, and not using tobacco are important lifestyle choices for everyone.
People with diabetes have to be even more careful to make good choices. Poor lifestyle choices have a much greater effect on the health of someone who has diabetes than on someone who doesn't.
Don't Use Tobacco
One of the most important lifestyle choices that a person with diabetes can make is to stay away from tobacco use.
Tobacco is especially harmful to people with diabetes. Having diabetes already increases a person's chances of having a heart attack or stroke. Diabetes that's not well controlled can damage blood vessels. Using tobacco speeds up this damage and puts people at an even higher risk for getting heart disease or having a stroke at a younger age.
Smoking also affects how the body absorbs and uses insulin. For people who take insulin shots, it can make the action of their insulin hard to predict. If you use tobacco, Group Health has many resources to help you quit.
Other Important Choices
- Choose healthy food in the right amount, and eat at about the same time every day.
- Find physical activities that you enjoy and can do regularly.
- Learn ways to manage stress.
- Get to and stay at a healthy weight.
- Take your diabetes medicine (pills or insulin) consistently.
- Check your blood sugar and blood pressure regularly. | <urn:uuid:8408a890-8414-4631-906a-7c474cef26ce> | {
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Learn russian in russia and ukraine learn russian » russia history delayed communist control of all russia until 1920 a brief war with poland in 1920. Kids learn about the history and timeline of the country of russia including early civilizations, the empire, tsars brief overview of the history of russia. The history of soviet russia and the soviet union reflects a period of change history of the soviet union ed stalinism: essays in historical interpretation. Need professional writing help bookwormlabcom is the place where thousands of students buy russia essays on any topic 24/7 online support call us right now 1-407. Russia's history as a democracy is short the country's first election, in 1917, was quickly reversed by the bolsheviks, and it wasn't until the 1991 election of.
A short history of ukraine a brief history of russia a brief history of crimea a brief history of romania a brief history of bulgaria a brief history of poland. A short summary of history sparknotes's the russian revolution this free synopsis covers all the crucial plot points of the russian study questions & essay. Animal farm study guide contains a biography of george orwell, literature essays, quiz questions, major themes, characters, and a full summary and analysis. Want help with russian history essays :) right back home from uni for new years and so i thought i'd try help a few people out with their russia essays, as.
Essay, term paper research paper on history: russia. A short summary of history sparknotes's the russian revolution study questions & essay topics the russian civil war broke out in the summer of that year and.
Russian revolution essaybrief history of the soviet union, 1917-1944 in the february revolution of 1917, czar nicholas. Editor's note: one of the most popular wilson quarterly essays ever (and by far the funniest) was anders henriksson’s brief history of europe as told through the. | <urn:uuid:7e4d5bda-5e70-40be-a72d-4283be7da07c> | {
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Whales in Patagonia
Text: Pablo Etchevers
The southern right whale is the great protagonist of Patagonian whale watching. The point is that in the winter and when the spring comes, a large number of whales approach the Valdés Peninsula region, mainly Golfo San José and Golfo Nuevo, in the Province of Chubut.
From early June to the beginning of November, hundreds of right whales come near the shore to mate and breed. Some of them arrive with their offspring from several points in the cold southern seas, as indicated by their name Eubalaena Australis
, whose morphology is recognized at first sight by those who take part in the whale watching tours.
Featuring a dark, grayish and blackish body, heavy and with no dorsal fin, the right whale has certain callosities on their heads that let viewers differentiate them from one another and in turn, they represent a distinctive icon of this kind of cetaceans.
Cities like Puerto Madryn, Puerto Pirámides and Trelew welcome massive visitors from all over the world eager to see the famous whales either from the shore or on board some of the boats that provide the whale watching service. The largest concentration of specimens in the area takes place in September and October.
Whale watching has been practiced in this area for almost 40 years. The first tours were organized in the 1970s, when some ships that sailed around the peninsula noticed that the whales approached them with curiosity and, as they sensed the presence of man, they performed jumps and even swam in circles around the watercrafts.
Today, the situation is exactly the same, but the passing of time, the appearance and institutionalization of whale watching, the scientific contribution to make a correct interpretation of their behavior and habits and, especially, the constant presence of these goddesses in the ocean have turned the southern right whale into an Argentinian and Patagonian passion.
The invitation has been made. Tails, jumps, backs, water jets. Everything is ready for whale watching to begin. We invite you to take part in this matchless experience, in which passion always gains the upper hand. | <urn:uuid:9b950d8a-d4c7-4a71-a62f-94a768d7340d> | {
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A few weeks ago I wrote an article on biochar , a centuries old technique for adding nutrients to the soil and retaining them. The build process is the same either way, apart from the fact that with the bigger timber we screw them together rather than nailing. Some paint-on wood treatments: which use acypetacs (such as ‘Cuprinol’) are believed to be safer than the above treatments. Do not use pressure treated wood in your vegetable garden, as the chemicals can leach into the soil and also your vegetables! There are some companies that are now making less toxic treated lumber but I would stay away from it. If you choose to use wood, build an organic garden with untreated cedar for best results.
Modern wood treatments do not contain potentially harmful heavy metals, so are safe to use. Plus, you can line the bottom of your beds with netting before you build to stop burrowing pests. We love all these examples, but we know there’s still plenty of garden beds out there that haven’t been made yet. In 2003, the EPA banned the sale of lumber treated with chromated copper arsenate (CCA) for residential use.
It’s called Botanical Edging, the reason being, if you have something as large as a Botanical garden with thousands of beds, it’s not practical to install edging, so you just dig them. In my opinion, untreated lumber is cheaper, easier, and a much healthier way to go, as compared to treated wood. Here’s a raised garden that’s been arranged in a geometric shape, not just for looks, but for function.
Garden beds can be sunken to lower the garden to where water is more easily accessible by plant roots, and more likely to retain water when it rains. Because the sides are exposed to the weather, watch out for your raised beds to dry out faster than the surrounding ground. If you’re thinking about building a raised vege garden, the first step is deciding where it’s going to go. Veges like a nice balance.
They have a formulation that you can treat wood with and it will start the petrification process and they say that once treated, wood will not rot or decay. Just remember that good drainage is important for a raised garden so don’t run the polythene sheet over the bottom of the garden. Composite (a bit ugly) and borate treated lumber (expensive but nice) will typically last much longer and have are often favored by those who care about evil chemicals. So true about going up rather than digging down- this is how I’ve built all my new beds in the yard and have improved the existing ones too.
To take full advantage of the deep rooting potential with raised beds, work up the base soil by rototilling or hand-digging before bringing in additional soil. The basic technique used in close-row, block planting is to eliminate unnecessary walkways by planting vegetables in rectangular-shaped beds or blocks instead of long single rows. We’ve had a couple of pretty good years here with the garden but there are never any guarantees. Fertilizer can be added at planting time, at a rate of one pound of 6-6-6 to each 100 square feet of raised garden bed. However, they don’t penetrate as deep into the wood and probably need re-treating more often.
Construction materials – A simple way to construct a raised bed garden is to use construction lumber (2 by 4s, 2 by 6s, 2 by 8s, and 2 by 10s). Also, because a temporary bed has no wall, the soil may erode from the top of the bed into walkways or down hillsides. Raised garden boxes have looser soil, which is ideal for root crops, providing a more optimum soil environment for root growth. I’m currently researching how best to approach some raised garden beds for food growing (the usual herbs and veggies). After planting, you can add mulch (try pine straw or mini pine bark nuggets) as the finishing touch, an especially important one to raised beds, which can be prone to drying out. | <urn:uuid:e4c9bd6f-6cc8-4d97-babe-ccfde59eb8fb> | {
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The Pitcairn PA-5 Mailwing was designed to carry air mail along the routes of the eastern United States. Efficient and economical, it helped build the route structure for what would ultimately become Eastern Air Lines.
The Mailwing NC-2895 was built in 1927 and was the prototype for a series of Pitcairn mail planes. It combined a square-steel-tube fuselage with wooden wings, both covered by fabric. After it became obsolete as a mail plane, this airplane served several private owners, survived a crash, and saw use as a crop-duster.
It was repurchased by employees of Eastern Air Lines, restored, and presented to company president Capt. Edward V. Rickenbacker, who later donated it to the Museum. The plane was restored in 1975 by veteran Eastern pilot Capt. Joseph Toth.
Gift of Captain Edward V. Rickenbacker
Air transport; mail plane; single engine; bi-plane.
The "gold" in the golden years of aviation was usually extracted by a winning combination of finances and design genius. Such was the case of Pitcairn Aircraft, Inc., where the money of Harold F. Pitcairn and the talent of Agnew Larsen joined to produce a series of clean, efficient aircraft that were to be of great significance to air transportation.
Perhaps their most important product was the Pitcairn PA-5 Mailwing, a trim, fighterlike, open-cockpit biplane. Considerably smaller than its western counterparts, the Boeing 40A and Douglas M-2, the PA-5 achieved a reputation for efficiency and reliability that resulted in a production run for it and its derivatives of well over one hundred aircraft.
The PA-5’s good performance stemmed from three factors—a clean, lightweight airframe; the reliable Wright Whirlwind engine; and the use of a Pitcairn-developed airfoil, which permitted a relatively high top speed of 136 mph and also excellent load-carrying capability.
Larsen and his small team used good, imaginative engineering techniques to create an aircraft that would carry the small loads that could reasonably be expected on the still new airmail routes, thus avoiding the pitfall of many designers who built airplanes for loads that would not be generated for several years. While the construction was, in the main, conventional, there were several innovative features, including the use of easily fabricated square tubing in the fuselage and an ingenious quick-change engine mounting.
The PA-5 was first used by Texas Air Transport on Contract Air Mail Route 21 on November 27. 1927, only four months after the first Mailwing had been licensed by the Civil Aeronautics Administration. The plane’s reputation, however, was really established on the New York-to-Atlanta run, CAM #19, which was flown by Pitcairn Aircraft. Service began on May 1,1928. The little Pitcairns, flying by night, followed the newly lighted airways between Philadelphia, Baltimore, Washington, Richmond, and Atlanta. The 760-mile route was flown in seven hours, just one-third the time it took by rail.
The forward-looking company took over the Atlanta—Miami route on December 1, 1928, creating the basic structure upon which its successor organization, Eastern Air Transport, would prosper. The new route added 595 miles and permitted fifteen-hour service between New York and Miami by the expanded fleet of sixteen Mailwings.
Far from being a gallant pony express operation, the entire Pitcairn route was cleverly planned, having five well-staffed and equipped airports with complete facilities for maintenance and even flight training.
Other airlines bought the PA-5s as well as the later PA-6, PA-7, and PA-8; a partial listing includes Colonial Air Transport, Colonial Western Airways, and Universal Division of American Airways.
The later developments were each slightly more refined, powerful, and streamlined. Detail improvements were added, including more secure mail storage, fire extinguishers, better cockpit heating and ventilation, and larger engines with a mild corresponding improvement in performance.
Civilian versions for sportsman flyers were created, with the mail compartment converted into a commodious two-passenger seat. These aircraft had a glamorous image deriving from their airmail heritage.
Progress ultimately caught up with the Mailwings as improvements in aircraft and increased load requirements made the general type obsolete. They passed from mail service to more general duties, including the dangerous task of crop-dusting, where their great structural strength made them popular with pilots. The stability that had been so advantageous flying the mail did limit their maneuverability in the dusting business, however.
The trim yellow and black Pitcairn on display had an especially exciting history, for it is the prototype Pitcairn PA-5, having the manufacturer’s number 1 displayed on its registration plate.
Registered N 2895, the first Pitcairn rode the crest of the national enthusiasm for aviation in the late 1920s. Pitcairn’s chief pilot, James G. Ray, placed eleventh in the 1927 Ford Reliability Tour. In the same year, Ray was seventh in the very demanding New York-to-Spokane Air Derby, demonstrating once again the durability and reliability of the plane. He also won first place in the free-for-all races held in Spokane immediately after the Air Derby, to add a flavor of speed to the growing reputation of the Mailwing.
The prototype was sold to Eastern Air Transport, which used it profitably through 1934. It averaged about 500 flying hours per year, an exceptionally high utilization rate for the period. It was then converted to carry passengers, beginning an odyssey through the hands of seven different owners before being repurchased by John Halliburton of Eastern Air Lines, Inc. Halliburton lec a group that restored the airplane as a gift for a Capt. Edward V. Rickenbacker, who had guided Eastern for so many years. In 1957 it was donated to the National Air and Space Museum, where it forms an interesting contrast to the more sophisticated planes that followed it. | <urn:uuid:e0c18f27-6e45-40e5-9b53-8458e532246e> | {
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Watch Out For Rogue Software
Rogue software is malware (malicious software) that is downloaded and installed on a computer. The most common type of rogue software in circulation today is fake security programs such as anti-virus or anti-spyware applications.
The purpose of this bogus software is to trick the user into believing their computer is infected with viruses or spyware, and then coerce them into paying money for a supposedly legitimate application that will remove it.
Antivirus 2009 is just one of many titles of fake security malware that is circulating around the Internet. According to anti-virus vendor Panda Security, there are now over 7000 variants of this malware that have been authored to date.
Those who have had the misfortune of encountering this exploit typically see something like the following. . .
If you see a pop-up like this appear on your computer, Do Not click on the Click Here! button.
Antivirus 2009 is just one title among many associated with rogue security software. Other titles that have surfaced recently include:
- Antivirus 2009 Plus
- XP Antivirus
- Antivirus 2008
- Antivirus Pro 2009
- Antivirus 360
- AntiVirus Lab 2009
- Malware Doctor
- WinAntispyware 2008
- Antispyware Pro XP
- Antivirus 2010
- Antivirus 2011
Where Does This Software Come From?
While malware campaigns like this used to be spread via email, the most common source today is compromised web sites. Frequently, this type of malware lurks on the pages of adult and gaming sites. However, even legitimate sites infected with malicious code can be a source of this unwanted software.
Well-known sites like Google have been compromised in this way recently. As always, it is important to pay attention to where you are going on the Internet, even when visiting legitimate sites. It helps to know what to look out for, so please read on.
How Does This Malicious Software Work?
Encountering rogue software usually begins with the aforementioned visit to a compromised Web site. Malicious code that has been embedded in the site's pages then downloads software to the unsupecting user's computer. This is often in the form of an Internet Explorer plug-in (for those using Internet Explorer).
Next, a fake virus scanner program will pop up on the desktop and begin "scanning" the system for viruses.
Regardless of whether the scanned system is virus-free or not, the scanner will always "detect" a host of viruses and suspicious files. Of course, the authors of the software invariably claim that the only way to effectively remove these newly discovered viruses is to purchase their program. Prices vary, but typically the software will cost between $40 and $50. Peace of mind is but a credit card charge away, or so these malware authors would have you believe.
- It is fraudulent. In most cases, this type of software does nothing in terms of detecting and removing real viruses
- Fake AV programs are typically Trojan viruses in that they often contain other malware such keystroke loggers and password sniffers
- When these programs install, they alter browser and registry settings, and other hidden files, often necessitating re-formatting your hard drive and the re-installation of the software
- Not only are malicious individuals getting your $49.95, they are also capturing your credit card number which they are free to use themselves, or sell to other nefarious people
- Such exploits may allow rogue software authors to steal other confidential and personal information for criminal purposes such as identity theft
- Some types of rogue software will download and install silently without any user intervention at all. This is referred to as a "drive-by download" installation
What's In It For The Bad Guys?
What do the bad guys have to gain from this? A substantial amount of money, in fact. It is estimated that some rogue security software authors are raking in as much as $150,000 per week. Therefore, they are extremely motivated and continue to devise more devious ways to trick people into parting with their money, while at the same time finding clever means to defeat legitimate anti-virus tools.
If you see a fake alert like this. . .
. . .ignore the warning completely. No matter how urgent the pop-up message may appear, do not click any of its buttons or follow any instructions it provides.
Here are five signs that you may be a victim of rogue software:
- You start seeing pop-up alerts on your desktop from an unfamiliar source
- Those pop-ups continue appearing with greater frequency, even when you are not online
- You are bombarded with urgent messages prompting you to buy and download the advertised anti-virus or anti-spyware product immediately
- Your browser's default home page has been re-directed to a different site
- New icons appear on your desktop
Like the old adage goes, "An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure."
- Avoid questionable web sites __ they are one of the primary access points for rogue software
- Never open email attachments from unknown senders
- Ensure that you are using a recognized anti-virus program with the latest virus signature updates
- Use a personal firewall program (i.e. Windows Firewall)
- Make sure your computer has the lastest security patches and updates
- Avoid downloading programs from "freeware" and "shareware" sites as they are often laden with malware
- Do not click on any pop-up warning that your computer is infected __ if you click, your computer will get sick
- At the first sign of an anti-virus pop-up, SAVE YOUR WORK IN ANY OPEN APPLICATIONS AND THEN POWER OFF YOUR COMPUTER VIA THE POWER BUTTON.
- If you have any concerns that your computer may have been compromised, seek the help of a computer professional immediately (UFV employees and other campus computer users can contact the Helpdesk)
Don't let rogue security software ruin your day, or your computer. Knowing the warning signs to look out for will help you have a safer and more productive computing experience.
Microsoft's Malware Protection Center has declared that rogue security software is now the fastest growing online threat.
Recent developments show that the bad guys aren't just interested in scaring users into downloading their rogue security software. They have now upped the ante with another tactic, referred to as "ransomware," in order to hold data files hostage, forcing the owner to pay money in order to get them back.
In this case, files with common extensions such as .doc, .pdf, ,jpg, are encrypted, thus rendering them inaccessible. The only way to decrypt those files is to pay a ransom (typically a fee of $50) to the malware authors who will then provide the means of unlocking the data via another program interestingly called FileFix Pro 2009. This definitely steps it up a notch or two from simply scaring people into buying bogus anti-virus sofeware.
Ransomware is not new. Vundo, the exploit used to encrypt those personal data files in this new scheme, has been around for some time.
It's not all bad news, however. Security vendor, FireEye, has developed a free online tool to decrypt files that have been encrypted by the aforementioned fake AV software.
|Updated Your Web Browser Recently?
A 2008 survey by Google and IBM revealed that about 637 million Google users are surfing the Web with insecure browsers.
That was then, this is now. The number of insecure browsers in use has almost certainly grown well beyond that.
With new vulnerabilities being discovered and exploited every day, it is critically important to keep your browser up to date.
Internet Explorer users can use the Automatic Updates feature in Windows to keep their browser patched and protected.
Other browser vendors have automated updates, as well, or have made getting them as easy as clicking on a button.
Regardless of what browser you use, make sure it stays updated. Like the Nike ads say, “Just do it.” Safe surfing. | <urn:uuid:ba569bf4-50cc-4d85-9953-54f37c53b4dd> | {
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This collection of riddles will entertain your students as well as build their psat and act vocabulary decoding the riddles can be an impetus for incorporating. Generating questions: using critical thinking skills add new comment generating questions: using critical thinking pre-teaching vocabulary and helping students. Quizlet provides critical thinking vocabulary activities, flashcards and games start learning today for free. Critical thinking is a term that we hear a lot, but many people don't really stop to think about what it means or how to use it new sat vocabulary. Journal of language and translation volume 6, number 1(11), (pp1-15), 2016 critical thinking ability and vocabulary learning strategy use: the case of. The vocabulary of critical thinking offers an innovative way to improve students' thinking skills it begins at a practical level by helping students master the.
Engaging esl efl activities, worksheets and topic-based lessons to help students practice and develop their critical thinking and problem-solving skills. Education for critical thinking, then, requires that the school or classroom become a microcosm of a critical society see didactic instruction. Online dissertation and thesis meaning critical thinking vocabulary words help with essay writing london quaid e azam essay writing. In the second blog post in our series on 21st century skills, (to accompany our teacher training videos on the same subject), charles vilina talks more specifically.
How to improve critical thinking skills critical thinking is the art of using reason to analyze ideas and dig deeper to get to our true potential. Critical thinking is the objective analysis of facts to form a judgment the subject is complex, and there are several different definitions which generally include.
Vocabulary jam compete head-to-head in real-time to see which team can answer the most questions correctly start a jam and invite your friends and classmates to. Data, current knowledge, in solving problems learn new skills and/or data, knowledge, and/or improve upon one's current set of skills and/or data.
The vocabulary of critical thinking phil washburn new york university new york oxford oxford university press 2010. Improve your writing by studying critical thinking june 07, 2016 education tips #6: you can take care of the vocabulary, you can take care of the format.View | <urn:uuid:0a2e1c6e-02b3-4c85-a2ba-eea8db413a65> | {
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Let's start with data from a hypothetical study (i.e., these are not real data). The investigator wished to know the typical growth rate for seedlings of a species of maple, Acer palmatum. She planted several hundred seeds in a plot area large enough so that individual plants did not complete for light, space, or nutrients.
Despite all efforts to use seeds of equal quality and to maintain the same conditions for all plants, individual seedlings varied in height at any given time. We refer to this kind of variation as random error. Most experimental studies are subject to random error, due to factors that cannot be controlled by the investigator. To measure growth, the investigator determined the height of 12 maple seedlings on the same day every other week starting one week after germination. Each sample of 12 measurements then provided an estimate of the central tendency of plant height at the time the measurements were taken. A central tendency is a measurement of the middle, or center, of a distribution.
Below is the complete set of data as it would appear in a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet. The week of the first measurement was arbitrarily assigned the value "week zero," and height was recorded in inches.
In addition to plant height the investigator needed to measure root mass and length, and dry weight of the seedlings, therefore she had to uproot and destroy each plant that was sampled. Because she measured 12 different seedlings each time instead of following the growth patterns of the same plants, each set of data is considered to be an independent sample. This is important to know if a statistical analysis is to be applied to the data.
In a different context, we use the terms dependent and independent to describe types of variables. When an investigator determines the values, such as time intervals for sampling, you have an independent variable. Data that we observe and record constitute one or more dependent variables. The value of each independent variable determines the value of the corresponding dependent variable.
Now for the first questions. We are presently working with two variables, namely time and height.
Which is the independent variable?
Which is the dependent variable?
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BYOD - How to setup your own device to work at school
- It is easier if you have already logged in once to your school Google account at least once to make sure it works before you do the following on your own device. Your teacher may get you to do this on a school owned chromebook.
- On your own BYOD device join the BYOD wifi network
- Open your Google Chrome browser - you should get a Linewize login page which is https://cloud.syd-1.linewize.net/login
- Enter your school google account details
- Now go and install these two plugins in Chrome:
- You should now be able to use the internet via your chrome browser at school.
Remember to stay focused on your work: ICT FOR LEARNING
Mr Mack's favourite website Futurism.com
Code to save is TM184
Plan It Green - City Building Game
Mr Mack's WWI Presentations
Links to other beginner resources: https://blog.vodien.com/beginners-resources-to-learn-programming-languages/#.W06T_dL7RPY (thanks Adam for sharing!)
Here are some other great coding resources that are a little more advanced. | <urn:uuid:c7cdf60c-c640-4707-86d4-be22c385114a> | {
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The chart contains 19 examples of imagery from the short story "Zlateh the Goat" by Isaac Bashevis Singer. Students have to determine which of their senses each sentence is targeting. At the end students will make observations about which senses are targeted the most and the least. Then they will theorize why.
Answer key included! | <urn:uuid:d44bb092-486c-406e-9b29-fe690f28d64c> | {
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DISCLAIMER: The information submitted is for educational purposes only and is not intended for self-diagnosis
Anxiety disorders are a group of related conditions, and each with unique symptoms. However, all anxiety disorders have one thing in common: persistent, excessive fear or worry in situations that are not threatening. People can experience one or more of the following symptoms:
Feelings of apprehension or dread
- Feeling tense and jumpy
- Restlessness or irritability
- Anticipating the worst and being watchful for signs of danger
- Pounding or racing heart and shortness of breath
- Upset stomach
- Sweating, tremors and twitches
- Headaches, fatigue and insomnia
- Upset stomach, frequent urination or diarrhea
Types of Anxiety Disorders
Different anxiety disorders have various symptoms. This means that each type of anxiety disorder has its own treatment plan. The most common anxiety disorders include:
Characterized by panic attacks—sudden feelings of terror—sometimes striking repeatedly and without warning. Often mistaken for a heart attack, a panic attack causes powerful, physical symptoms including chest pain, heart palpitations, dizziness, shortness of breath and stomach upset. Many people will go to desperate measures to avoid having an attack, including social isolation or avoiding going to specific places.
Everyone tries to avoid certain things or situations that make them uncomfortable or even fearful. However, for someone with a phobia, certain places, events or objects create powerful reactions of strong, irrational fear. Most people with specific phobias have several triggers. To avoid panicking, someone with specific phobias will work hard to avoid their triggers. Depending on the type and number of triggers, this fear and the attempt to control it can seem to take over a person’s life.
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
GAD produces chronic, exaggerated worrying about everyday life. This can consume hours each day, making it hard to concentrate or finish routine daily tasks. A person with GAD may become exhausted by worry and experience headaches, tension or nausea.
Social Anxiety Disorder
Unlike shyness, this disorder causes intense fear, often driven by irrational worries about social humiliation–“saying something stupid,” or “not knowing what to say.” Someone with social anxiety disorder may not take part in conversations, contribute to class discussions, or offer their ideas, and may become isolated. Panic attack symptoms are a common reaction.
Other anxiety disorders include: agoraphobia, separation anxiety disorder and substance/medication-induced anxiety disorder involving intoxication or withdrawal or medication treatment.
– See more at: https://www.nami.org/Learn-More/Mental-Health-Conditions/Anxiety-Disorders#sthash.7V9SePCe.dpuf | <urn:uuid:c162b954-5e5c-4ed9-a9c4-9a035c738f44> | {
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Convert Nanometers to Yards
Learn How to Convert Nanometers to Yards Using our Conversion Formula
Converting a nanometer length measurement to a yard measurement involves multiplying your length by the conversion ratio to find the result. A nanometer is equal to 1.0936E-9 yards, so to convert simply multiply by 1.0936E-9.
For example, 5nm = (5 × 1.0936E-9) = 5.4681E-9yd.
Nanometers and yards are both units used to measure length. Learn more about length and find more length measurement conversion calculators. A nanometer is a metric measurement and can be abbreviated as nm, for example 1nm. A yard is an imperial measurement and can be abbreviated as yd, for example 1yd. Learn more about the metric system, including the common unit prefixes and how to convert between metric units.
In 1959 the United States, Canada, United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa agreed to define the yard as yard as exactly 0.9144 meters. Historically the yard has been a common form of measurement with its usage dating back to the Romans. In the US, fabrics and carpeting is sold by the square yard, which is equal to an area 1yd by 1yd.
A nanometer is an extremely small unit of length measurement, equal to one billionth of a meter. The nanometer is used to measure things that are very small, such as the transistors and electrical pathways in computer processors and nanotechnology. Internationally it is spelled nanometre.
We recommend using a ruler or tape measure for measuring length, which can be found at a local retailer or home center. Rulers are available in imperial, metric, or combination with both values, so make sure you get the correct type for your needs. If you need a ruler you can also download and print our free printable rulers which include both imperial and metric measurements.
More Length Conversions
- Convert to Miles Length
- 1nm is equal to 6.2137E-13 miles
- Convert to Feet Length
- 1nm is equal to 3.2808E-9 feet
- Convert to Inches Length
- 1nm is equal to 3.937E-8 inches
- Convert to Kilometers Length
- 1nm is equal to 1.0E-12 kilometers
- Convert to Meters Length
- 1nm is equal to 1.0E-9 meters
- Convert to Centimeters Length
- 1nm is equal to 1.0E-7 centimeters
- Convert to Millimeters Length
- 1nm is equal to 1.0E-6 millimeters
- Convert to Micrometers Length
- 1nm is equal to 0.001 micrometers
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Space travel makes bacteria more deadly: study
Microbiologists have found that bugs deliberately taken into space on board the space shuttle Atlantis became three times more deadly than those cultivated on Earth.
The US scientists say the results are relevant for future space travel, particularly since missions are now being planned further afield and for much longer periods.
And they say their work could also have applications in the treatment of infectious diseases on Earth.
When Atlantis blasted off on a 12-day mission in September last year, it was carrying six astronauts and some salmonella. The bacteria was part of an experiment led by researchers from Arizona State University.
During the 12-day mission, one of the astronauts activated the growth of the bacteria. When the mission returned, the bugs were compared with a control batch cultured on Earth.
The space bugs were found to be three times as deadly to mice as the control bugs.
Cheryl Nickerson is an associate professor at the Centre for Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology at Arizona State University, and lead author of the study.
"We know that reports suggest that there are aspects of the astronauts' immune systems that don't function quite as well in flight as they do on the ground, and so that suggested increased risk for infectious disease events," she said.
"In particular, when we start looking at these future missions ... as we continue to push the frontiers and explore our universe, we're going to be extending both our duration, in terms of our length of time, that we send humans into space, and also they're going to be much further out in space and much further away from Earth than they have been.
"As we start to make those kinds of changes in space flight, there comes with that an increased risk of infectious disease."
Prof Nickerson says that deepening understanding of how the bacteria react in certain situations could also have applications in the treatment of infectious diseases on Earth.
"Using this new insight that we're gaining from culturing these bacteria - under ways that they normally encounter in the body, but we haven't paid a lot of attention to before - opens up the possibility that we can identify new targets that have a real potential to be translated to a clinical application, perhaps as a new drug or therapeutic or vaccine to treat the infections, whether it's for astronauts or for space tourists, or for us here on Earth," she said.
The astronaut who carried out the experiment on board Atlantis collapsed during a welcome home ceremony from the mission.
NASA experts attributed that to her adjusting to gravity.
And Assoc Prof Nickerson says the incident was totally unrelated to her work with the bacteria.
"At no time were the crew at any risk - this experiment was properly contained in triple containment levels for their safety," she said.
"Nor was anyone on the ground, or nor is anyone on the ground in any risk for these bacteria.
"Everyone actually has potential to benefit because of the novelty in the ways that this bug is now showing us that it's causing disease." | <urn:uuid:c9dfcbd9-7d51-41e9-9e0d-ce22f7408c87> | {
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Some striking evidence of the impact of bad data can be found in fake email IDs, impersonations on social media, or misuse of stolen financial or personal information. The more widespread harm can be caused by bad data in Data Analytics, where anything from the wrong medical diagnosis to incorrect interpretation of stock history can cause service providers to close shops or face lawsuits.
With the wide proliferation of Big Data, the Internet of Things (IoT), and Real-Time Analytics, the chances of acquiring huge volumes data at high speed is assured, but the current Data Governance processes of many organizations are still not sophisticated enough to trap the inaccuracies in such high-speed and high-volume data. The Result? Bad diagnosis, bad predictions, and missed opportunities across all industry sectors.
The article titled What Does Data-Driven Culture Look Like? demonstrates how high volumes of data from many different sources have continued to affect the business ecosystem. In a data-driven business environment, the continuous evolution on newer data sources and more complex data types has necessitated the implementation of sound Data Governance mechanisms without which much of the data will remain as noise without any substance.
Business owners and operators have access to huge amounts of data they do not trust, especially those emanating from new data sources.
The Rising Data-Driven Business Ecosystem
The article titled How Bad Data Can Break Your Business shares the following important statistics about data-enabled decision making in businesses:
- A Price Water Cooper Survey pointed out that over 40 percent business executives make major decisions at least once within 30 days and the data they rely on to make these decisions are rapidly rising at an upward rate of 40 percent per year.
- A Gartner study states that about 40 percent of enterprise data is either inaccurate, incomplete, or unavailable, which results in businesses failing to achieve their data-driven goals.
This author of this article makes an interesting observation; the speed of incoming data that looks intimidating now will multiply many fold when the Internet of Things reaches full maturity. Thus, the possibility of disconnected data silos, human errors, lack of system integration, and failure of data migration are real threats to Data Management of the future. The businesses who quickly recognize these problems and plan for centralized Data Governance are surely ahead of their competition. In the near future, Data Quality will supersede technology footprints in ensuring business success.
The Cost of Bad Data
Yes, bad data can cause a huge loss to companies in terms of lost opportunities, reduced revenues, and customer attrition. In the world of Big Data, these threats are more prominent, which is confirmed by Gartner. According to this reliable market watcher, lack of Data Quality control costs average businesses $14 million dollars a year.
- Cleaning of incoming Data
- Standardization of Data
- Monitoring of Data
- Centralized Control of Data (Data Governance)
What Is Poor Data Quality Costing You? repeatedly states that in an era of the engaged customer, the quality of customer experience is what makes or breaks a business. As most businesses have gone digital or maintain a digital presence, a substantial portion of the customer engagement with the vendor happens online. The 360-degrees view of the customer is now a crucial competitive edge for businesses.
So how do vendors gain this 360-degrees view of the customer? Simple – through customer data acquired through a variety of digital touchpoints. As businesses increasingly depend on customer data for improving their customer service, the quality and value of the incoming data will play a major role in customer analytics.
At the end of the above report, the reader can find a useful questionnaire to evaluate and monitor Data Quality. A Kissmetric post indicates that business can not only save dollars from a solid Data Governance framework, but can also earn a solid business reputation for being reliable.
The Imminent Challenges Facing Data Analytics
- Poor Quality Data
Take the case of procurement industry. The article titled Data Quality and Governance Are Biggest Challenges for Procurement Teams aptly describes how the lack of Data Governance has stymied the performance levels in the procurement industry. The article talks about a CPO Survey, which indicates that bad data is the primary reason for poor quality analytics in this sector.
The primary reasons behind bad investment decisions in Bad Data: A 21st. Century Epidemic, you will notice that inaccurate, incomplete, or unavailable data can lead to poor risk assessment, incorrect financial data, or erroneous loan applications. Such bad decisions can not only cause customer fallouts but also poor business reputation.
- Disconnect between Analytics Sub-Systems
In the investment industry, business operators or service providers using legacy backend systems often have to wrestle with the lack of continuity between the backend, the middleware, and the frontend systems. In this sector, the critical need of the hour is to roll out data platforms that provide integrated back, middle, and front ends for maximizing operational efficiency and agility.
The single view management of “risks, security forecasting, reconciliations, valuations, and accruals” can greatly enhance the effectiveness of investment brokers. The article titled Data Analytics Risk Management and Front-Office Tech Amongst Top Investment for Heads of Operations demonstrates how integrated data management systems can help business operators achieve high ROI from their technological investments.
The Importance of Data Quality in Analytics
Business Analytics is one area where the need for clean data cannot be overemphasized. Many current data service providers have now transitioned into cost-friendly packages offering bundled data collection-cleansing-preparation-analytics services.
Many of these services are Cloud based and offer economical, data solutions that medium- or small-sized businesses can use. Due to the rapid commercialization of managed data services, more businesses of all sizes are now adopting clean data strategies as part of their core business activities.
The article titled Five Ways to Maintain Data Quality in Your Analytics states AT Internet conducted a recent study on the role of Data Quality in digital analytics. The article provides some tips on how to monitor the quality of data on sites that frequently update their content.
The Importance of Data Reliability in Analytics
Numerous business activities today are largely dependent on the data pipelines that collectively provide business timely competitive intelligence or operational wisdom for survival. This is more so because Big Data has facilitated the use of multi-channel, multi-variety data from disparate customer touchpoints. IBM Integrating Governing Big Data discusses how metadata, data integration capabilities, and Data Governance all jointly contribute to the quality of data that is used for day-to-day Business Analytics
The article titled How to Avoid Being Deceived by Data makes a highly convincing case for the reliability of data. According to this article, data-driven activities like A/B testing have to solely rely on data samples to evaluate results. Here it is easy to understand why a bad data sample, which is “representative” rather than “actual,” can adversely affect the results.
In Almost All UK Law Firms Are Vulnerable to Email Fraud Study Shows, the author claims that a fairly recent study demonstrates that almost all UK-based law firms use email systems that are largely prone to data piracy or fraudulent use by fake accounts. The email security firm Mimecast reports that information piracy has increased by almost 40 percent in the last quarter of 2016.
This email security firm further states that as any email system is the first customer touchpoint for the law firm, any fraudulent user can access the mail domain to distribute fake messages to external clients.
Photo Credit: funnyangel/Shutterstock.com | <urn:uuid:8355d0cf-d65f-4618-902b-63951f16d52d> | {
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How many sthene in 1 dekanewton?
The answer is 0.01.
We assume you are converting between sthene and dekanewton.
You can view more details on each measurement unit:
sthene or dekanewton
The SI derived unit for force is the newton.
1 newton is equal to 0.001 sthene, or 0.1 dekanewton.
Note that rounding errors may occur, so always check the results.
Use this page to learn how to convert between sthenes and dekanewtons.
Type in your own numbers in the form to convert the units!
1 sthene to dekanewton = 100 dekanewton
2 sthene to dekanewton = 200 dekanewton
3 sthene to dekanewton = 300 dekanewton
4 sthene to dekanewton = 400 dekanewton
5 sthene to dekanewton = 500 dekanewton
6 sthene to dekanewton = 600 dekanewton
7 sthene to dekanewton = 700 dekanewton
8 sthene to dekanewton = 800 dekanewton
9 sthene to dekanewton = 900 dekanewton
10 sthene to dekanewton = 1000 dekanewton
You can do the reverse unit conversion from dekanewton to sthene, or enter any two units below:
The sthene is the unit of force in the former Soviet mts system, 1933-1955. The symbol is sn.
The SI prefix "deka" represents a factor of 101, or in exponential notation, 1E1.
So 1 dekanewton = 101 newtons.
The definition of a newton is as follows:
In physics, the newton (symbol: N) is the SI unit of force, named after Sir Isaac Newton in recognition of his work on classical mechanics. It was first used around 1904, but not until 1948 was it officially adopted by the General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM) as the name for the mks unit of force.
ConvertUnits.com provides an online conversion calculator for all types of measurement units. You can find metric conversion tables for SI units, as well as English units, currency, and other data. Type in unit symbols, abbreviations, or full names for units of length, area, mass, pressure, and other types. Examples include mm, inch, 100 kg, US fluid ounce, 6'3", 10 stone 4, cubic cm, metres squared, grams, moles, feet per second, and many more! | <urn:uuid:f5c27948-ac8e-4a33-ac62-d29cbdde8c82> | {
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On the heels of the announcement of space flight pioneer, Sally Ride’s death, another trailblazing woman, Amelia Earhart, is being honored on what would be her 115th birthday with a Google Doodle. Pictured below, you can see the image of her Lockheed Electra, which was the plane she was in on the fateful day of her crash at sea in the Central Pacific Ocean.
According to her official biography website, Earhart became fascinated with flying the day she went to watch a stunt flyer. Apparently, the pilot thought it might be fun to dive his plane toward Earhart and her friend, but instead of giving her a scare, he planted a seed.
I did not understand it at the time,” she said, “but I believe that little red airplane said something to me as it swished by. – Amelia Earhart
This tomboy turned pilot would eventually set record after record in the field of aviation and would challenge the conventional role of women in her day.
In 1932, at the age of 34, she would set out on a journey of a lifetime, being the first woman to do a solo transatlantic flight. The 14 hour flight began in Newfoundland and would end in a farm pasture in Northern Ireland. After this heroic journey, President Herbert Hoover presented Earhart with a gold medal from the National Geographic Society, Congress awarded her the Distinguished Flying Cross-the first ever given to a woman, and she also received the Cross of Knight of the Legion of Honor from the French government.
In 1937, Earhart wanted set out to make a flight around the world. She, along with her navigator Fred Noonan, nearly made it around. In fact, she was only 7000 miles shy of reaching her goal, but something went wrong on her way to one her stops on Howland Island. A mixture of bad weather, poor radio transmissions, and equipment failure eventually led to the U.S. Navy losing track of Earhart. According to her biography these were the last transmissions heard that fateful day:
“We must be on you, but we cannot see you. Fuel is running low. Been unable to reach you by radio. We are flying at 1,000 feet.” The ship tried to reply, but the plane seemed not to hear. At 8:45 Earhart reported, “We are running north and south.” Nothing further was heard from Earhart.
Since that day, Amelia Earhart has been the stuff of legends. Even today, several news outlets are reporting how the search goes on to find the remains of the wreckage. Millions of dollars have been spent, and many theories have been laid to out, but unfortunately, Amelia Earhart’s departure from this world is still a mystery. To this day Earhart’s spirit should be an inspiration for women to aspire to their dreams. Her last letter to her husband represents the kind of spirit she had when she writes:
“Please know I am quite aware of the hazards,” she said. “I want to do it because I want to do it. Women must try to do things as men have tried. When they fail, their failure must be but a challenge to others.”
So today as we ponder the life and death of an amazing pioneer of aviation, the question becomes, “How will we honor her spirit and accept the challenge?” | <urn:uuid:62544e45-5d43-4ec3-8255-8f8fd56915a7> | {
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There is a long history of religious thinking and attention to the role of humans as stewards of the Earth and the environment. The Evangelical Environment Network, for example, is a ministry of Christian people and organizations aimed at reducing pollution and environmental degradation. The theological underpinnings for the network stem from the idea that God created Earth and humans, therefore, God’s children have a responsibility to care for his creations. This perspective is shared across a number of faiths. Early in President Barack Obama’s first term, the White House Office of Faith-Based Initiatives established a task force for religious organizations to address the effects of climate change on the environment and the American population. And, in June 2015, Pope Francis issued an encyclical urging Catholics and all people on Earth to focus on a broad range of issues and problems in the environment including pollution, climate change, biodiversity and global inequality of ecological systems.
Previous Pew Research Center studies have found only a modest effect of religion on attitudes about environmental protection. For example, a 2010 Pew Research Center telephone survey of U.S. adults found 81% of all adults, including strong majorities of all major religious traditions, favored “stronger laws and regulations to protect the environment,” while 14% opposed them. While 47% of those who attend worship services at least once or twice a month said their clergy speak out on the environment, few adults described religion’s influence as most important in shaping their thinking on environmental protection. Just 6% of U.S. adults in the 2010 survey said religious beliefs have had the biggest influence on what they think about “tougher laws to protect the environment.” More said the biggest influence on their views has been education (28%), the media (24%), personal experience (18%), or something else (11%). Another 6% said friends or family had the biggest influence on their views.
When it comes to people’s beliefs about climate change, it is the religiously unaffiliated, not those who identify with a religious tradition, who are particularly likely to say the Earth is warming due to human activity. Hispanic Catholics, like Hispanics in general, are more likely to say the Earth is warming due to human activity. White evangelical Protestants stand out as least likely to have this view. However, in multivariate statistical modeling, the major religious affiliation groups did not differ from the religiously unaffiliated in views about climate change. Political party identification and race and ethnicity are stronger predictors of views about climate change beliefs than are religious identity or observance.
Public views about climate change
The Pew Research Center survey asked respondents to pick which of three options best described their views about climate change. Overall, 50% of adults say climate change is occurring mostly because of human activity such as burning fossil fuels, 23% say climate change is occurring due to natural patterns in the Earth’s environment, and 25% say there is no solid evidence that the Earth is warming.
Pew Research asked this same question in 2009 and found that about the same share of U.S. adults (49%) said the Earth is getting warmer due to human activity, while fewer said there is no solid evidence the Earth is getting warmer (11% in 2009 compared with 25% today). And more said warming is occurring due to natural patterns in the environment (36% in 2009 compared with 23% today).
Views about climate change vary by religious affiliation and level of religious observance. Hispanic Catholics (77%), like Hispanics overall (70%), are particularly likely to say the Earth is warming due to human activity. Most of the religiously unaffiliated (64%) and 56% of black Protestants say climate change is mostly due to human activity.
By comparison, fewer white mainline Protestants (41%) view climate change as primarily due to human activity. White evangelical Protestants are least likely to hold this view; 28% among this group say the Earth is warming primarily due to human activity, 33% say the Earth’s warming is mostly due to natural patterns, and 37% say there is no solid evidence that climate change is occurring.
There are modest differences by religious observance in views on this issue; 42% of frequent churchgoers attribute the Earth’s warming to human activity, compared with 53% among those who attend services less regularly.
The Pew Research survey also asked half of the respondents about their views on climate change using a more nuanced series of questions. First, respondents were asked for their views about whether there is solid evidence the average temperature of the Earth has been getting warmer over the past few decades. Those who said there has been warming were then asked whether such warming is mostly due to human activity or mostly due to natural patterns in the Earth’s environment. (For more on these results see “Public and Scientists’ Views on Science and Society.”) The pattern of findings by religious tradition and observance are similar on this set of questions.
A series of multivariate logistic regression analyses, not shown here, found no significant effect of church attendance on views either predicting that the Earth is warming or predicting that the Earth’s warming is due to human activity, once other factors are controlled. Similarly, the major religious affiliation groups did not differ from the religiously unaffiliated in views about climate change.5
Perceptions of scientific consensus and divide about climate change
A majority of the U.S. public perceives scientists as generally in consensus about climate change. Most adults – 57% – say scientists generally agree the Earth is getting warmer because of human activity, while 37% say scientists generally disagree that human activity is the cause of the Earth getting warmer. The general public’s perception has fluctuated in the past several years, reaching a low in 2010 of 44% who said that scientists generally agree human activity is the main cause of warming temperatures.
As shown in Pew Research Center’s report “Public and Scientists’ Views on Science and Society,” public perceptions on this issue tend to be associated with individual views on the subject. Those who believe the Earth is getting warmer due to human activity are most inclined to see scientists as in agreement on this point, while those who believe the Earth’s warming is due to natural patterns or that there is no solid evidence are more likely to see scientists as divided.
Hispanic Catholics, followed by the religiously unaffiliated, are especially likely to perceive scientists as generally agreeing that the Earth is warming due to human activity. White evangelical Protestants are closely divided, with 45% saying scientists generally agree and 47% saying scientists generally do not agree about this.
There are no differences in perceptions of scientific consensus on this issue by frequency of church attendance.
A multivariate logistic regression, not shown, found neither religious affiliation nor frequency of attendance significantly predict perceptions of scientific consensus about climate change.
Offshore oil drilling
Fully seven-in-ten white evangelical Protestants and 66% of white mainline Protestants favor allowing more offshore oil and gas drilling. Support is lower among black Protestants (46%), as it is with blacks overall (45%). Hispanic Catholics (44%), like Hispanics overall (40%), are similarly less inclined to favor more offshore drilling. The religiously unaffiliated stand out for their lower levels of support: 37% favor and 60% oppose allowing more offshore drilling.
Regular churchgoers are more inclined than those who attend church less frequently to favor more offshore oil and gas drilling (57% vs. 50%).
Pew Research Center’s report, “Americans, Politics and Science Issues,” finds strong differences among party and ideology groups on views about offshore drilling. Upwards of seven-in-ten Republicans and independents who lean Republican favor offshore drilling (72%) compared with 39% of Democrats and leaning Democrats.
A multivariate logistic analysis controlling for political and demographic factors, not shown, finds both evangelical and mainline Protestants (of any race) more likely than are the religiously unaffiliated to support more offshore drilling. Frequency of church attendance is not a significant predictor of views on this issue with other factors controlled.
Building more nuclear power plants
The general public is closely divided when it comes to opinions about nuclear power. About half of adults (51%) oppose building more nuclear power plants to generate electricity, while 45% are in favor. Support for building more nuclear power plants is down modestly from 2009, when 51% were in favor.
Black Protestants stand out from other religious groups for their greater opposition to nuclear power; 65% of this group (and 62% among blacks overall) oppose more nuclear power plants, while 31% are in favor. Protestants overall are closely divided on this issue with 47% of Protestants in favor and 48% opposed.
A 57% majority of the unaffiliated oppose building more nuclear power plants, while 39% are in favor.
There are modest differences by religious observance in views about nuclear energy: 49% of regular churchgoers favor building more nuclear power plants compared with 43% among those who attend services less often.
A multivariate logistic regression analysis, not shown, found no differences by religious affiliation or frequency of church attendance in views on nuclear power, when controlling for political, educational and demographic factors, however.
A majority of the public supports one newer form of energy development: Fully 68% of adults favor the increased use of genetically engineered plants to create a liquid fuel replacement for gasoline, while 26% oppose it.
Adults across all major religious groups are in favor of using genetically engineered plant fuel as a replacement for gasoline. White mainline Protestants are especially likely to favor this (78% do so).
Views towards the increased use of bioengineered fuel alternatives to gasoline are about the same among those who attend church services more and less frequently.
Some 39% of Americans support the increased use of hydraulic fracturing, or “fracking,” to extract oil and natural gas from underground rock formations, while 51% of the public are opposed.6
The religiously unaffiliated stand out for their lower levels of support of fracking; 28% of this group favors increased fracking, while 64% are opposed. Lower support for fracking also is seen among Hispanic Catholics (33%) and among Hispanics overall (32%). Protestants are closely divided on this issue, with 46% in favor and 43% opposed to increased fracking.
There are modest differences in views about fracking by religious service attendance; 53% of those who attend services less regularly oppose the increased use of fracking, compared with 45% among those who attend services at least weekly.
A multivariate logistic regression, not shown, found mainline Protestants (of any race) more likely to favor fracking compared with the unaffiliated, when controlling for political, educational and demographic differences. Frequency of church attendance is not a significant predictor of views about fracking in this modeling.
Global population growth and natural resources
The Pew Research Center survey included one question that asked Americans to think about the relationship between global population growth and natural resources. A 59% majority of Americans say world population growth will be a major problem because there won’t be enough food and resources to go around, while 38% say world population growth will not be a major problem because we will find a way to stretch our natural resources.
Views on this issue vary across religious traditions. Most black Protestants (60%), and black adults overall (57%), take an optimistic view that new solutions will emerge to address the strains on natural resources caused by a growing world population. The unaffiliated (76%), followed by white mainline Protestants (63%), are more likely to see the growing world population as leading to a major problem.
Less-frequent churchgoers are more inclined to say global population growth will be a major problem; 63% say this, while 35% say the world will find a way to stretch its natural resources. By comparison, 51% of adults who attend church weekly or more say world population growth will be a major problem; 45% say otherwise.
A multivariate logistic analysis, not shown, finds religious group to be a significant predictor of views on this issue. Compared with the unaffiliated, evangelical and mainline Protestants (of any race), as well as Catholics and other Christians, are more likely to say world population growth will not be a major problem because we will find a way to stretch our natural resources. | <urn:uuid:f64b09f7-3551-46ea-bd1d-93e80b5e1997> | {
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GENERAL ALPHABETICAL INDEX TO THE TOWNLANDS AND TOWNS, PARISHES,
AND BARONIES OF IRELAND (Based on the 1851 census). 968 pages.
Originally published by the Stationary Office, Dublin in 1861.
This is an essential reference work for Irish genealogists, listing
all of the townland names in a single alphabetical sequence. The
Irish townland is the basic geographic division into which all
parishes are divided. There are over 64,000 townlands in Ireland,
each averaging just a few hundred acres or less. It is essential to
identify the townland of residence for Irish ancestors when doing
genealogy because many land, census, estate, and other records are
organized by townland. Also, it is often possible to distinguish
between two persons of the same name in a parish only if the
townland of residence is known. Once the townland is known, this
reference work will give its exact location, citing a map
reference, the size of the townland in acres, the county, barony
and parish within which it is located, and the Poor Law Union it is
in. This reference work also has a complete alphabetical list of the almost
3,000 civil parishes in Ireland, citing for each a map reference,
size in acres, the county, barony and Poor Law Union in which it is
found. Finally, there is an alphabetical list of the approximately
325 baronies into which Ireland was once divided, listing the map
reference, size, county and Poor Law Union.
Availability and Price:
SORRY! Microfiche Title No Longer Available. | <urn:uuid:cd33e0d9-3efb-4339-89dd-2a7166fc0e63> | {
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At 107 pages, Franz Werfel’s novella Pale Blue Ink in a Lady’s Hand is a powerful story concerning a day in the life of a high-ranking Austrian bureaucrat who faces, or believes he faces, a moral crisis. The book is intriguingly called a ‘prequel to what is known as Holocaust literature,‘ and the events in the book (with memories of the past) take place in 1936 after the passage of the Nuremberg Laws the year before. The morally complex story very delicately, yet significantly, touches on anti-Semitism, herd mentality, the impending horror, and a complete absence of moral courage on the part of its main character.
The book opens with its main character, Leonidas Tachezy reveling, smugly, in his success.
Whenever Leonidas felt consciously pleased with himself, he smiled–dashing and mocking at the same time. Like so many handsome, healthy men in fine form, men who had risen to a high position in life, he tended to feel an exceptional well-being during the first hours of the morning.
We could say that Leonidas is a self-made-man. He’s just celebrated his fiftieth birthday and has reached the pinnacle of “his brilliant career.” The son of an “impoverished high school teacher,” he made a marginal living “tutoring rich, fat, and stupid boys.” The future looked bleak, but he became successful thanks to two fortuitous turns of fate: his study partner, a Jewish student, committed suicide and left his suit to Leonidas. Leonidas took the suit, had a few alterations made and managed to attend some grand society events where he met a wealthy heiress, the much younger beautiful Amelia Paradini.
If one were to question his world view, he would openly admit that he regarded the universe as a venue whose sole intent and purpose was to pamper those divinely favoured like him, from the bottom to the top, and to furnish them with power, honor, splendor, and luxury. Wasn’t his own life absolute proof of this charitable disposition of the world? It took just one bullet in the room next to his shabby student’s digs to inherit a practically brand-new tuxedo. And from there on his life was a song.
That passage highlights Leonidas’s shallow morality. There’s no poignancy about the death of his study partner–just the feeling that the good luck he deserves fell his way. Amelia “pushed” the marriage against the wishes of her family, and since this is a woman who gets what she wants, the impoverished Latin tutor married the “richest heiress in the city.” So here they are twenty years later; he has a tremendous career, Amelia is the perfect trophy wife, and they mingle with the cream of Austrian society. Amelia spends hours pampering herself with “constant cosmetic care,” and there are no children. Leonidas “as the determined defender of his undivided pleasure [he] had never entertained a desire for children,” but he catches himself looking at his wife’s youthful body and thinking “we pay for those virgin breasts with childlessness.”
Leonidas is shaken from these disturbing thoughts by a stack of letters which await his attention. Most of them are obviously business correspondence, but one of the envelopes, addressed in pale blue ink sticks out from the rest. He recognizes the handwriting as belonging to Vera Wormser. He met Vera, a Jewish woman, when she was just 14, and years later he had an extra-marital affair with her. It’s one of the more shameful episodes of his past–an episode that he’s refused to deal with on many levels, but now the moral consequences of that affair appear to have washed up on his doorstep just as he’s trying to distance himself from anything Jewish….
Pale Blue Ink in a Lady’s Hand is a wonderful story, and that’s thanks to the story’s simple framework but also the examination of Leonidas’s undeveloped conscience. A small portion of the story exposes Leonidas’s hypothetical legal defense in which he pleads for mercy and understanding, and we see how Leonidas, a shallow, superficial human being, cannot quite grasp the moral implications of his behaviour. Moral consequences, for Leonidas, don’t really exist–they are like some faded memory he can’t quite recall, a shadow he can’t quite see, and any anguish he feels is for himself alone. And yet.. and yet… there is a moment when Leonidas cannot hide from the fact that he is a morally reprehensible human being, but even as this fact sinks in, he leaves that knowledge “back in the perfect darkness,” closing the door forever on any possibility of moral growth.
Apart from Leonidas’s so-called moral crisis, one section of the book includes a meeting between several Austrian bureaucrats who have to make a decision regarding an important medical faculty appointment. A world-renowned Nobel Prize-winner in medicine is about to passed over for the nomination because he’s Jewish and instead a relative nobody may get the appointment. This appointment becomes not so much a moral dilemma for the bureaucrats as a political one, and the meeting is a glimpse into expediency and moral cowardice. Strangely, knowing that he must face Vera Wormser, Leonidas finds himself championing Bloch’s appointment as he feels “wrapped up in the fishy community.” The meeting and later Leonidas’s rejection of “another atrocity story” are all connected to the “train [is] clattering through his head.” In spite of the fact that the novel begins with Leonidas smug in his comfortable little world, there’s an underlying anxiety, a subtle white noise, that runs through the novel along with the sense that Leonidas is somehow unaware, or deliberately ignoring the moral significance of political events that are about to consume the world. There’s a storm heading Leonidas’s way. How will he deal with it?
Today the world presented itself as a mild October day with a kind of strained, capricious youthfulness that more resembled a day in April. Over the expanse of vineyards that formed the Heitzing district’s border, thick, fast, fast-moving clouds scudded snow white with sharply delineated edges. Where the sky opened, it featured a naked and, for this time of year, nearly shameless spring blue. The garden, which had hardly changed color, retained that leathery persistence of summer. Light breezes, as mischievous as little street Arabs, blew from different directions with the leaves, which still clung fast to their branches.
My edition from the Verba Mundi International Literature series is translated by James Reidel and includes a translator’s note at the beginning of the book. There’s a brief biography of Franz Werfel (1890-1945) and an interesting overview of the real-life people who formed the characters in the book. James Reidel calls this book Werfel’s “lost jewel,” and after reading the book, it seems surprising that Pale Blue Ink in a Lady’s Hand isn’t better known. It deserves to be. | <urn:uuid:fff8f331-e877-4567-8fdb-65f8a1c4ab46> | {
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On our blue planet the dominant feature is ocean. Atlantic and Pacific, Indian, Arctic and Southern, these five great ocean basins contain 97 percent of Earth’s water. The vapor they release into the atmosphere returns as rain, sleet and snow, ever replenishing the planet with freshwater. All life, including our own, is dependent on the ocean. Understanding the ocean is essential to comprehending this planet on which we live. The ocean takes care of us. It’s about time we returned the favor.
This CD is the result of a unique collaboration between the Banana Slug String Band and four heavy hitting, ocean-focused organizations that represent thousands of ocean scientists and educators nationwide: the National Science Foundation-funded Centers for Ocean Sciences Education Excellence (COSEE); the National Marine Educators Association (NMEA); the National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration (NOAA); and Lawrence Hall of Science at the University of California, Berkeley. Our goal is to inspire young people and families to learn and care about the ocean. The health of our planet depends on it. And who says saving the planet can’t be fun?
We hope you enjoy the music, and that you sing out for our blue planet whenever you get the chance. Most of all, we hope you never forget, we have Only One Ocean!
Lawrence Hall of Science, UC Berkeley
Director, COSEE California
I see environmental science education affecting us three ways – the head, the heart and the hands. Ocean Literacy supports this holistic approach. With the head, we learn about what we view now as “only one ocean.” Questions are raised and discoveries become more sophisticated. The ocean inspires heart-felt expression and, with the hands, we work for its health, so essential to the planet.
In our Ocean Literacy CD Project, we’ve tried to capture these ideas of knowledge, beauty and a call to action. Music is powerful that way. “Going Down, Down, Down,” inspired by the music of Michael Franti, gives a fact-filled rhyming extravaganza as “we walk the ocean floor,” learning about geology and bathymetry. “The Living Sea,” inspired by the Imax movie, is enhanced by Karamo Cissokho’s stunning kora playing.
This project hatched a few years ago at the NMEA Conference in Maui. While snorkeling, we witnessed a turtle-cleaning station. One call to action, “Turtle Ate A Jelly,” tells how turtles mistake plastic bags for jellies. The cutest kid voices you’ve heard encourage us to keep plastic out of the sea. Great Lakes COSEE members suggested a song about how the ocean is part of everyone’s life. They will be two stepping when they hear, “Ocean Everywhere,” with Grammy-Award-winning BeauSoleil giving it Cajun zeal. The Hawaiian chorus of “Coral Reef,” E malama, malama, malama,i ke kai, inspires us to continue working to protect the ocean. We hope this album inspires you and your little ones to use your head, heart and hands to do the same.
“Solar” Steve Van Zandt
What is Ocean Literacy?
Ocean Literacy is the understanding of the ocean’s influence on you and your influence on the ocean. For additional information and ocean education resources, visit these sites: www.oceanliteracy.net www.marine-ed.org www.cosee.net www.education.noaa.gov www.lawrencehallofscience.org/mare www.nmsfocean.org
Banana Slug String Band
“Solar” Steve Van Zandt
Guitar & Vocals
“Marine” Mark Nolan
Guitar, Mandolin, Dulcimer, Ukulele & Vocals
Doug “Dirt” Greenfield
Electric & Acoustic Bass Guitar & Vocals
“Airy” Larry Graff
Guitar & Vocals
All songs written by Steve Van Zandt
Arrangements by the Banana Slug String Band, Will Kahn & Jonathan Arthur
Produced & Engineered by Will Kahn
Assistant Producer/Vocal Producer: Jonathan Arthur
Executive Producers: Doug Greenfield & Larry Graff
Victor Wooten – Electric Bass
BeauSoleil avec Michael Doucet
Michael Doucet – Violin & Cajun Vocals
Jimmy Breaux – Accordian
Billy Ware – Washboard
Mitch Reed – Violin
George Winston – Slack-key Guitar
Brett Dennen – Vocals
Tim Carbone – Violin
Zach Gill – Upright Piano, Hammond Organ
Barry Phillips – Cello
Will Kahn - Electric Guitar, Percussion, Drums & Electric Keyboards
Jonathan Arthur – Vocals, Vocal Arrangements, Choir Directing
Karamo Cissokho - Kora
Stewart Dean - Alto Sax
Kevin Dinoto – Lead Pan Drum
Valerie Joi Fiedmont – Vocals
Papiba Godinha - Cavaco
Heather Houston - Vocals
Lars Johnanesson – Flute, Piccolo
Kealohaoku'upu'uwai – Hawai’ian translation
Luke Kirley - Trombone, Sousaphone, Tuba
Reuben Rogers - Bass
Richard Salzberg – Vocals
Anne Stafford - Tenor & Baritone Sax
Ron Work – Bass Pan Drum
This album is dedicated with love to Kyle Strang and Kealohaoku'upu'uwai (love of my heart). We also dedicate it to the Gulf of Mexico.
Special Thanks to
Stephanie Raugust of Pacific School Chorus
Melanie Redman – Vocal Coach
Santa Cruz Guitar Company for all their generosity – great guitars, warehouse space & loan of the theremin
Mixed by Rich Williams at Paradise Studios
Mastered by Ken Lee
Cover art: Beautiful ocean murals by the students of Monarch Elementary School
Design: Mythmaker Creative Services | <urn:uuid:31249f2c-cecd-4c01-8d9c-d24fb2099f8d> | {
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Excitement still surrounds a possible hint of dark matter in an unexpected excess of cosmic-ray antielectrons (positrons) relative to electrons. A new set of data from the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS) aboard the International Space Station confirms the positron excess and provides the most accurate measurement to date of the shape of both the electron and positron spectra. The analysis reveals that the positron flux is significantly different from the electron flux above 30 GeV in energy, which suggests that positrons and electrons have a different origin.
Cosmic rays are predominantly protons and other nuclei, but electrons and positrons make up part of the mix. Standard astrophysical models of interstellar particle collisions predict that, in cosmic rays, the fraction of positrons relative to electrons should decrease with energy. However, recent observations from satellites (e.g., PAMELA and Fermi) and from AMS have shown that the positron fraction actually increases with energy.
The AMS experiment, which has a large permanent magnet that allows particle discrimination, has been collecting data since May 2011. Out of 41 billion detection events, the AMS collaboration has identified 580,000 positrons and 9.2 million electrons (50% more than in their previous data release, see 3 April 2013 Viewpoint). Thanks to the additional data, they were able to extend their measurements of the positron flux up to 500 GeV and, similarly, of the electron flux up to 700 GeV. The high-precision data reveal that both spectra change their slope at around 30 GeV but behave differently towards higher energies: the positron flux drops off much more slowly than the electron flux. One possible explanation for this spectral difference is that the positrons are being created in annihilations of dark matter particles. The authors say data at higher energy will be needed to confirm a dark matter origin. | <urn:uuid:912d042f-2e9f-4e34-91bd-f67c5906ba0f> | {
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5th graders are taught core curriculum and essential skills to prepare for middle school and beyond.
The instruction and modeling of many important study skills such as time management, the use of organizational strategies and creating mnemonics are integrated into the school day as well. Personal responsibility, respect for self and others, and integrity are encouraged. Fifth grade students are taught via a variety of learning modalities, and hands-on activities are an important part of each student’s learning experience both in the classroom and on field trips. Art, drama, music and public speaking are incorporated in classroom lessons.
Additionally, technology is integrated in all curricular areas. Interactive and experiential learning opportunities abound in fifth grade! In math, for example, every child makes their own version of an abacus early in the year. With this foundation, they then go on to create even more complex original models that demonstrate a wide variety of mathematical concepts including fractions, decimals, geometry and more. Combining language arts and social studies classes gives the students ample opportunity to be creative with building visuals to demonstrate everything from vocabulary words to colonial crafts. Students are taught how to research effectively and then go on to use their research in imaginative ways that include making and narrating slide shows, writing and performing plays, developing musical numbers, and giving speeches as historical characters (dressed in costume, of course!). Finally, in science we are always looking for that connection between the information in our notes and the “real world” that we live in. By demonstration and investigation, we try to create that “Ah ha!” moment and allow the students’ natural curiosity about the world to take over and lead them in new and exciting directions. Students carry out experiments and become familiar with the scientific method, but are also encouraged to design and carry out their own research in an area that they may have a particular interest. As a result of our commitment to providing hands-on and experiential learning opportunities, we take a number of field trips throughout the year to support the curriculum. Local excursions might include museums and places to see the arts. We also embark on an all-day trip to a colonial re-enactment village where students participate in a multitude of colonial experiences. There are also two overnight field trips which focus on individual growth, solving group challenges and environmental awareness. In addition, several professional groups perform at Magellan for our students each year. “Poetry Alive!” is always a favorite! | <urn:uuid:17741579-6f82-4a39-9b6c-6661c4f3eed3> | {
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Meticulously monitoring your blood sugar and balancing your diet can make living with diabetes manageable.
At the same time, the daily reminders that you have a disease can be stressful. And for some patients, things are much worse.
Diabetes and depression can go hand in hand, said Dr. Lawson Wulsin, a psychiatrist at the University of Cincinnati Medical Center. Depression often is fueled by the pain and anxiety that can accompany chronic conditions such as arthritis, asthma and heart disease.
Diabetes patients are two times more likely to become depressed than patients with any other chronic condition, said Dr. Wayne Katon, a professor of psychiatry and behavioral sciences at the University of Washington.
The constant worry about the disease, plus the monitoring and its consequences, can bring on severe bouts of helplessness and frustration. And each blood draw and each insulin shot brings it home.
When depression sets in, patients often lack the motivation to manage their diabetes properly, said Dr. Robert Cohen, an endocrinologist at UC Medical Center.
"People who are depressed go through a vicious cycle," Cohen said. "Diabetes can spiral out of control if they don't attend to the details of taking care of themselves."
Depression hits people with Type 2 diabetes the hardest, he said. Patients develop the disease later in life and are not accustomed to rigorously monitoring their health. They also tend to blame themselves for their disease.
Some research suggests that as many as 18percent of diabetes patients suffer with depression and that as many as 25percent have clinically significant symptoms, Katon said.
A 2008 study in the Journal of General Internal Medicine, led by Katon, suggested that diabetes patients with depression also have a 38 percent greater risk of dying over a five-year period than those patients who don't have depression.
Cecilia Boyer, an Ohio State University Medical Center nurse who specializes in diabetes care, said she sees it as well.
"When people are depressed, the more they have to do, the more overwhelmed they get," Boyer said.
Diabetes is the story of barriers, said Dr. John Paes, an endocrinologist at Westerville Medical Associates.
Glucose readings, for example, often are negative reinforcements for patients.
"Blood sugar tells the story of what's going on now because of the past," Paes said. "But if they're taught to learn from what they've done, they can feel empowered to make changes in their life."
Patients with diabetes and depression have a 25 percent to 35 percent higher chance of developing complications than do patients who aren't depressed, according to an article published a year ago in the journal Diabetes Care. They also develop complications more rapidly and spend more on health care by requiring more emergency-room visits and laboratory tests than those without depression, Wulsin said.
He said treating such patients can be a challenge, especially because diabetes and depression are driven by multiple factors that affect each patient differently.
One thing making monitoring the disease less stressful is better glucose meters, Boyer said. Each year, meters get smaller and faster and require smaller amounts of blood, which helps alleviate anxiety, she said.
Still, doctors have to help patients manage their lives as much as their symptoms.
"It depends so much on a lot of human stuff that it's hard to put out a pill for," Cohen said.
The American Diabetes Association supports this approach and recommends that physicians regularly assess their patients' mental health.
Wulsin said mental-health experts and endocrinologists are learning that they must work together.
"Primary-care physicians who manage diabetes will have much better outcomes if they can effectively manage the depression," Wulsin said.
A recent study in The New England Journal of Medicine suggests that patients who suffer with depression and another chronic disease were able to control their illnesses better with the help of a team approach.
"Diabetes (patients have) a commitment to lifelong learning," Boyer said. "A big part of that is helping them assess where a person's at and figuring out what will be helpful and what will be overwhelming to them." | <urn:uuid:1661df95-30b1-4873-8a0a-da58f2000f6d> | {
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Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Obesity Program (NUPAO)
AZ Healthy Communities
Making the healthy choice the easy choice.
Where you live impacts your health, and Arizona Department of Health Services (ADHS) has recognized this connection. Working collaboratively with outside agencies, ADHS plans to help foster environments that support healthy behavior, such as biking and walking.
The purpose of AZ Healthy Communities is to link and support Arizona communities that are using, or are interested in using, collaborative approaches to healthy community planning and the promotion of healthy lifestyles. AZ Healthy Communities strives to increase neighborhoods that promote healthier lifestyles, increase evidence on the effectiveness of innovative healthy community planning, and decrease health and social inequities by focusing on the influence of where we live.
Health Impact Assessment (HIA)
Developing an HIA
Health Impact Assessments (HIA) are a data-driven tool used to assess the potential health impact a policy, procedure or program may have. During an HIA process, public and private sector partners come together to understand health consequences, mitigations for these potential consequences, and to ensure the voice of the community is recognized throughout the HIA process. HIAs have been used to address the impacts of a variety of policies and programs, including transportation, urban development, and zoning policies. Developing an HIA is a six-step process:
- Screening: Determines whether an HIA is necessary, feasible and likely to impact the decision making process for a specific policy or program.
- Scoping: Identifies the focus of the HIA and the health effects it should highlight.
- Assessment: Describes the baseline health of a community and predicts potential health impacts of a policy. Multiple research methods are used in this stage, such as literature review, qualitative and quantitative methods and cost-benefit analysis. The assessment is based on solely science and is impartial.
- Recommendations: Provides recommendations to the decision-making body that will mitigate negative health consequences and highlight specific actions for who is to implement and monitor each recommendation.
- Reporting: Disseminates findings to stakeholders, decision makers and community. The resulting product is a report, and a request to the public for feedback.
- Monitoring and Evaluation: Continuously monitors and evaluates the HIA's process, impacts and outcomes. Indicators are used throughout the HIA process, decision making process, and to track resulting health outcomes.
Health in Policy and Practice (HIP2) is a catalyst for healthy communities throughout Arizona. They conduct HIAs and provide trainings, mentorship, and resources to increase statewide capacity for health in all policy efforts. Key partners in HIP2 include American Planning Association Arizona Chapter (APAAZ), Sonoran Institute, Maricopa County Department of Public Health (MCDPH), Livable Communities Coalition, St. Luke's Health Initiative, Arizona Department of Health Services, and ASU School of Geographical Sciences & Urban Planning.
- Screening Criteria Checklist
This checklist, created by Change Lab Solutions, provides guidance for identifying whether a HIA would benefit a policy, project or program decision. This screening checklist describes a two-step process; first, potential HIAs should be screened first at the Tier 1 level, followed by screening at the Tier 2 level. This process provides a detailed analysis of a whether a HIA is deemed feasible and appropriate.
- Human Impact Partners
Human Impact Partner's goal is to transform the policies and places people need to live healthy lives.
- Health Impact Project
Promotes the use of Health Impact Assessments as policy making tools, provides research and data, and provides technical assistance to those doing HIAs. Health Impact Project is in collaboration with the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation and the Pew Charitable Trust.
- WHO Health Impact Assessment
Supplies basic information on HIAs along with examples across all sectors, tools, and evidence to support HIA use.
- Active Living Research
A national program of the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, providing research assessment tools, research, webinars and reports on healthy community topics, such as access to parks, active transportation (such as biking and walking), air quality and urban design. | <urn:uuid:49ea787b-d22d-480e-b4d5-3e540dfbe122> | {
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MetaExplore is a European research project funded by the EC with 18 participating groups from The Netherlands, Denmark, Sweden, United Kingdom, France, Germany, Belgium, Finland, Italy, Slovenia and Argentina.
The Metaexplore project aims to develop and apply advanced molecular tools that allow the cloning and sequencing of the metagenomes of microbial communities of selected soil and aquatic habitats, followed by educated activity- and sequence-based screenings for, and analyses and engineering of, target enzymatic activities. We focus in particular on improved enzymes involved in the biodegradation of recalcitrant and xenobiotic molecules. The project is driven by both industrial demand and state-of-the-art environmental metagenomics technologies.
Terragenome is an international group of scientists interested in soil metagenomics. Leonardo da Vinci wrote, “We know more about the movement of celestial bodies than about the soil underfoot.” This statement is just as true today, 500 years after it was written, and is particularly applicable to the microorganisms that inhabit the soil as the identities and roles of most of these microorganisms remain a mystery; even the relevance of microbial diversity to the functioning of soils remains obscure. The complete sequencing of a soil metagenome (i.e., the genomes of all microorganisms inhabiting the soil environment) is now an achievable objective that requires a strong international and interdisciplinary collaboration. The purpose of the TerraGenome network is to facilitate activities that will increase our knowledge and understanding of the soil metagenome. | <urn:uuid:cd126d78-52e2-4873-b57a-872dd2cd3166> | {
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Transformation of Statistical Variables
Transformations of many kinds are used in statistical method and theory including simple changes of unit of measurement to facilitate computation or understanding, and the linear transformations underlying the application and theory of multiple regression and the techniques of classical multivariate analysis. Nevertheless the word transformation in a statistical context normally brings to mind a non-linear transformation (to logs, square roots, etc.) of basic observations done with the objective of simplifying analysis and interpretation. The present entry focuses on that aspect.
- Bartlett (1943) gives an excellent account of the early work; Box and Cox (1964) discuss the estimation of transformations via the likelihood and Bayesian methods. Butter and Verbon (1982) describe economic applications in some depth. Bickel and Doksum (1981) and Box and Cox (1982) give opposing views of estimation following a transformation.Google Scholar
- Box, G.E.P., and D.R. Cox. 1964. An analysis of transformations. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series B 26: 211–243.Google Scholar | <urn:uuid:fadcbae0-2e8e-46b4-8856-4c7ce2b165cb> | {
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Posting once a week and only about How I found your ancestors might be harder than I first thought.
Our roots are deeper than we think.
Medard Myers’ family
Medard Myers is a direct descendant of René Hébert.
So is little Germaine Lagasse.
Germaine’s mother, Alice D. Myers, is the little girl in front of her father Medard N. Myers.
She was as such a descendant of René Hébert, and she probably never learned about her Acadian roots.
In the past, there have been several articles written about the Acadians, who for a time resided in Guilford, Connecticut, but none of them have answered the question–“What are their names?”
That information can be answered, at least in part, but first; a little history is in order.
Britain had won Nova Scotia from the French in 1713, so when the residents of Grand Pre woke up on the morning of September 5, 1755, they were curious about the British ships in Minas bay, but were not alarmed. After all, they were French people who had lived there since the beginning of the 17th Century, and for the last 42 years under British rule. It was true that they had never sworn allegiance to Britain, not wanting to bear arms against their own countrymen, but they had lived there as neutrals, not firing upon the British, either. The British called this land “Nova Scotia” (New Scotland), but the French called the land and the surrounding land L’Acadie, or Acadia–the Indian name meaning–the fertile soil. | <urn:uuid:b6022688-e71e-4609-b1f6-26b7c84f4d69> | {
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The Mlnarik Law Group
We know you love to keep up with every development in the law. And while you can simply follow our blog to learn more about Law and legal resources in many practice areas.
National Military Appreciation Month reaches its peak this Memorial Day weekend, as the nation remembers the individuals who gave their lives while serving their country. There are actually two national holidays, Memorial Day and Veterans Day, which honor the sacrifice of Americans who served in the U.S. Armed Forces, and celebrate our nation’s values of duty, honor and civic responsibility. Interestingly, and likely because these holidays appear to celebrate the same thing, many people confuse Memorial Day and Veterans Day. It is important to understand their difference.
Memorial Day is a day for remembering and honoring military personnel who died in service of their country, particularly those who died in battle or as a result of wounds sustained in battle. While those who died are also remembered, on Veterans Day, this holiday is designated to thank and honor all those who served honorably in the military — in wartime or peacetime. In fact, Veterans Day is largely intended to thank living veterans for their service, to acknowledge their contributions to our national security, and to underscore the fact that all those who served — not only those who died — have sacrificed and done their duty. So you see, the holidays, though similar in the way they commemorate the sacrifices of thousands of American service members, are quite distinctly different and, as such, have different histories.
Memorial Day is the older of the two holidays, having its roots in the Civil War. First known as “Decoration Day,” it was instituted by former Union Army Maj. Gen. John A. Logan to honor those who died in the armed forces. The first official observance of Memorial Day was May 28, 1868, when flowers were placed on the graves of Union and Confederate soldiers at Arlington National Cemetery.
With General Orders No. 11, Logan designated May 30, 1868, “for the purpose of strewing with flowers or otherwise decorating the graves of comrades who died in defense of their country,” and to conduct special services as circumstances permitted. He declared, “Let no vandalism of avarice or neglect, no ravages of time, testify to the present or to the coming generations that we have forgotten, as a people, the cost of free and undivided republic.” He also asked that the nation renew its pledge to assist the soldiers’ and sailors’ widows and orphans.
The General said he inaugurated the observance “with the hope it will be kept up from year to year, while a survivor of the war remains to honor the memory of his departed comrades.” After World War I, the holiday was extended to all soldiers who had fallen in all American wars. The observance has continued, although now Memorial Day is observed on the last Monday of May.
The establishment of Veterans Day as a national holiday had a different history. It stems from the armistice that ended combat in World War I on Nov. 11, 1918. In November 1919, one year later, President Woodrow Wilson declared Nov. 11 as the first commemoration of Armistice Day. It honored all who had served in the U.S. Armed Forces in World War I. In 1938, Congress approved a bill that made Nov. 11 an annual legal holiday known as “Armistice Day” that would honor the cause of world peace, but it was primarily used to honor World War I veterans. It would probably still be known as “Armistice Day” had World War I, “The War to End All Wars,” lived up to its name. A few years after the day became a national holiday, the United States entered a war — World War II — that called on more than 16.5 million American men and women to serve in the U.S. military. Of those, some 292,000 died in battle. In 1954, after World War II, Representative Edwin K. Rees of Kansas proposed that Nov. 11 be set aside as an occasion to honor those who served America in all wars instead of only World War I. Shortly afterward, President Dwight Eisenhower signed the bill which officially changed the name of the holiday and broadened its purpose to celebrate all those who served or are serving in the armed forces.
Memorial Day and Veterans Day honor the innumerable individuals who sacrificed themselves to preserve the freedoms all Americans enjoy, with Memorial Day remembering those who gave their lives, and Veterans Day honoring all who served in the U.S. Armed Forces. Events to celebrate the service member community this Memorial Day can be found across the nation, and while many authors and media professionals use this time to remember specific soldiers, many family members and friends choose to share their memories in private. However you decide to honor those service members who gave the ultimate sacrifice to preserve our country and freedoms, remember the historical significance of their service and their admirable example of duty, honor and selflessness. | <urn:uuid:4de2d789-c012-45e6-9fae-7d02a4931112> | {
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Mitigating the effects of oil palm production on tigers and other mammals in Sumatra, Indonesia
Also posted for question #3.
The Zoological Society of London (ZSL) has been studying the impacts of oil palm plantations on wild mammals in Sumatra, Indonesia since 2001, focusing on the ecology of medium to large terrestrial mammals, particularly the tiger (Panthera tigris sumatrae). Sumatra contains a range of possible wildlife habitats ranging from primary rain forest through degraded forests and scrub to commercial crops such as oil palm. We have examined the habitat matrix on and around oil palm plantations, which consists not only of oil palm crop but also of degraded forests and scrub areas, both on plantation land and in the surrounding landscape.
The results show that the oil palm crop itself contains very low mammal diversity. Of over 40 species identified in the immediate area, less than a third were ever detected within the oil palm crop. Landscape-level surveys showed that all species detected, with the exception of wild boar (Sus scrofa), preferred the degraded forest and scrub areas to the oil palm crop itself. Tigers were studied on the plantation margins using radio tracking technology, camera trapping and pug-mark transects, but were never detected within the oil palm crop. The same technology showed tapirs (Tapirus indicus) and sun bears (Helarctos malayanus) following a similar pattern, but occasionally crossed oil palm through riverine scrub corridors.
However, scrub and degraded forest habitats on and around plantation-owned land retained good terrestrial mammal diversity. Twenty-eight species of high conservation value were detected in the immediate vicinity of the plantation (18 IUCN red listed and 25 protected by Indonesian law). Tigers (IUCN: Critically endangered) initially survived well on the plantation margins, probably benefiting from high densities of wild pig, which thrive in and around oil palm plantations.
During the study period, populations of all species found outside the oil palm crop decreased. Tigers had disappeared by 2004. The primary reason was large sale clearing and settling of unplanted habitats by local communities which the plantation was powerless to prevent, despite having set the area aside for wildlife conservation purposes. These settlements also created an increase in illegal hunting, further impacting wildlife numbers.
These results show that the continued expansion of the palm oil industry is likely having a devastating effect through habitat loss on a wide range of mammal species, not only through forest clearance but even when clearing degraded habitats. In addition, oil palm plantations represent significant barriers for wide ranging or dispersing species such as tigers and elephants, further endangering core populations. Further impacts are created by the opening of access to unplanted habitats.
However, the results also show that existing oil palm plantations do have a role to play in mammal conservation, through management of unplanted land set aside for conservation, and/or through establishment of connectivity corridors for core populations – provided that such areas can be kept clear of human settlement.
Finally, the results show that government support is essential in mitigating the environmental impact of oil palm at both the landscape and plantation levels; ensuring that plantation site selection avoids key wildlife areas, encouraging oil palm companies to maintain wildlife habitats around the planted areas on their land and supporting conservation activities that are carried out on site, particularly in terms of law enforcement to prevent settlement and hunting.
Zoological Society of London (2007 - in print) Wildlife conservation and oil palm. Conservation Report
Zoological Society of London (2005) Rapid Survey of the PT Asiatic Persada/PT Asialog oil palm/forest matrix.
Maddox, T.M., Priatna, D., Gemita, E. and Salampessy, A. (2004) Pigs, Palms, People and Tigers: Survival of the Sumatran Tiger in a Commercial Landscape. Jambi Tiger Project Report 2002 – 2004.
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|Name: _________________________||Period: ___________________|
This test consists of 5 short answer questions and 1 (of 3) essay topics.
Short Answer Questions
1. In what kind of clothes does Tucker dress Jack?
2. How does McKyle try to recharge himself?
3. What does Dinsdale think Jack's insanity could ruin for him?
4. What kind of state does Dinsdale say Tucker was in when he discovered Claire's body?
5. Who is the first character to see Claire dead?
Essay Topic 1
Compare Jack's character to the person he was at the beginning of the play to the person he is at the end.
1) What did Jack hope to achieve aboard the ship?
2) What events changes Jack ideas about life?
3) How has Jack's character changed by the end of the novel?
Essay Topic 2
Compare Jack and Charles.
1) What is their relationship to each other?
2) How are their ideas different?
3) How do their differences in opinion prove to be destructive?
Essay Topic 3
Examine the construction of Barnes' argument.
1) How does he introduce his ideas?
2) How does he construct his ideas to come to logical conclusion?
3) What weaknesses and strengths can you identify in Barnes' argument?
This section contains 863 words
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Newswise — DALLAS – March 6, 2017 – Daylight saving time was first adopted in the U.S. 99 years ago, a brief experiment during World War I that was resurrected several decades later. Daylight saving time starts on 2 a.m. Sunday, March 12.
The merits of the concept – originally rooted in energy conservation – are still debated today as more scientific studies examine the unusual ways that setting the clock forward just one hour can affect our lives.
Do more drivers crash due to lack of sleep? Can the disruption to our normal body-clock cycle cause more heart attacks?
As we embark on another spring of sunlit evenings, who better to address how daylight saving time affects our body clock than the father of the CLOCK gene: Dr. Joseph Takahashi of the Peter O’Donnell Jr. Brain Institute at UT Southwestern Medical Center.
Below are a few issues commonly tied to the time change, followed by Dr. Takahashi’s take on each:
Studies have shown the days immediately following the time change can cause more daytime sleepiness and less attention at school and work. Does this affect certain people more than others, and how can this be avoided?
Dr. Takahashi: “It is likely that advancing our clocks in the spring would more affect owls, those individuals who tend to stay awake later at night and consequently wake up later in the morning. Less affected are the larks, those individuals who tend to wake up early and go to sleep earlier. Since being an owl or a lark is in large part genetically influenced, the best way to deal with daylight saving time is to be self-aware of your chronotype (early vs. late awakening and sleeping) and to realize that advancing your clock will be harder if you are an owl and easier if you are a lark.”
Some people report they have more cluster headaches when the clocks are moved. Is there a scientific link between the two, or could this be due to other seasonal issues such as allergies?
Dr. Takahashi: “I’m not aware of any studies that have directly linked daylight saving time with cluster headaches, so it could be a coincidence. Or, it could be triggered by the slight additional stress caused by resetting our rhythms.”
Research through the years have both supported and debunked the idea that vehicle accidents spike directly after daylight saving time begins, particularly the Monday after the clock jumps forward. Any insight to keep us safe behind the wheel?
Dr. Takahashi: “Perhaps it might be a good approach to be sure to go to sleep slightly ahead of your normal bedtime, have an extra coffee and be vigilant on the road.”
Heart Attack Risks
Studies indicate the rate of heart attacks increases in the first few days after daylight saving time starts. Why would this be?
Dr. Takahashi: “It is now well established that the incidence of heart attacks is highest in the morning. Since waking up one hour earlier adds to stress and sleep deprivation, these might contribute to the increase.”
Any general tips for those of us who have a tougher time adjusting to the new schedule?
Dr. Takahashi: “As we discussed, self-awareness of your chronotype and good sleep hygiene are the best tips. To self-assess your chronotype, you can take a simple questionnaire at Munich Chronotype. You can also check out the National Sleep Foundation.”
Dr. Takahashi is Chairman of Neuroscience at UT Southwestern, with the Peter O’Donnell Jr. Brain Institute at UT Southwestern, and a Howard Hughes Medical Institute Investigator, who holds the Loyd B. Sands Distinguished Chair in Neuroscience, and is the 2016 recipient of the Peter Farrell Prize in Sleep Medicine.
About UT Southwestern Medical Center
UT Southwestern, one of the premier academic medical centers in the nation, integrates pioneering biomedical research with exceptional clinical care and education. The institution’s faculty includes many distinguished members, including six who have been awarded Nobel Prizes since 1985. The faculty of almost 2,800 is responsible for groundbreaking medical advances and is committed to translating science-driven research quickly to new clinical treatments. UT Southwestern physicians provide medical care in about 80 specialties to more than 100,000 hospitalized patients and oversee approximately 2.2 million outpatient visits a year. | <urn:uuid:bdf34b06-0bc7-46d9-9058-1399c47a1244> | {
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The Cullen College of Engineering is the biggest inhabitant of the UH Energy Research Park, the only industry research park in the City of Houston dedicated to energy. Research in diesel emissions, biofuels, wind energy, superconductivity and petroleum engineering are all currently housed or are in development at the park. The Cullen College of Engineering is looking to partner with corporations and industries in efforts that span from basic and applied research to product development and technology transfer.
SSpeed Center — Building 3
The Severe Storm Prediction, Education and Evacuation from Disasters (SPEED) Center organizes leading universities, researchers, emergency managers and private and public entities to better address severe storm impacts in the Gulf Coast area, the largest energy hub in the world. The center, a collaborative effort with Rice University, focuses on severe storm and hurricane research and storm surge prediction; radar-based rainfall and flooding warning systems for urban and coastal areas; state-of-the-art educational programs for workforce training and public awareness; infrastructure risks assessment; and evacuation plans linked to the best warning and transportation systems and societal needs.
National Wind Energy Center — Building 3
With the federal government attempting to fuel 30 percent of the nation’s electricity consumption through wind sources by 2030, researchers at the National Wind Energy Center are working establish an offshore wind energy operation to lead the nation toward this goal. They are working to develop advanced materials to be used in turbine blades and towers that can withstand extreme offshore conditions. In addition, they hope to streamline the manufacturing process for blades larger than 70 meters.
National Center for Airborne Laser Mapping (NCALM) — Building 4
Research at the NSF-funded National Center for Airborne Laser Mapping (NCALM) is focused on mapping terrains with laser surveying instruments to provide critical data to scientists and government agencies about the changing surface of the earth. Everything from erosion and drainage patterns to the devastating effect that natural disasters have on the environment can be topographically mapped and modeled for study. The NCALM team is currently working to develop a next generation Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) system to provide some of the most accurate, high-res observations available via laser mapping. The system will also be able to penetrate shallow water depths, which is currently not available with existing technology. Less expensive than current commercial units, the technology has commercialization potential, making it more readily available for widespread research.
Petroleum Engineering — Building 9
In January 2011, UH's new Petroleum Engineering Program opened in a newly renovated building at the Energy Research Park. The new undergraduate program is fully operational in this location, which is home to several classrooms, undergraduate teaching laboratories, a computer lab, graduate research laboratories, offices and a student lounge. In June 2011, the facility was formally named the ConocoPhillips Petroleum Engineering Building.
Texas Center for Clean Emissions, Engines & Fuels (TxCEF) — Building 14
The Texas Center for Clean Emissions, Engines & Fuels (TxCEF) was established in 2004 through a partnership with the City of Houston to test emissions for the city’s fleet of diesel vehicles. Since Houston is a non-attainment area, emissions in the industrial region of Houston must meet state emissions regulations and the moving fleet of diesel vehicles is a huge contributor to the problem. In addition to testing vehicle emissions, Harold and center researchers have a variety of projects aimed at testing and implementing retrofit technologies, which work by cleaning NOx toxins emitted from diesel vehicle engines. The center is working to provide the EPA with data on the performance of these technologies and is working with specific companies to test and retrofit their systems on various diesel vehicles, including a fleet of local school buses.
Researchers are also working to examine the potential of algae as a renewable source of fuel. Unlike corn and soybeans, algae harvested as a biofuel will not compete with the production of current food crop and would only use two percent of the nation’s cropland to generate enough biofuel to meet half the country’s fuel demand. Currently, Harold and Muncrief are looking for ways to tailor algae production that can be processed by today’s refineries.
Energy Device Fabrication Laboratory — Building 15
The mission of the Energy Device Fabrication Laboratory is to develop transformational technologies that are capable of producing inexpensive, high efficiency solid-state energy devices using roll-to-roll thin film manufacturing. Its innovative approach developed by Prof. Venkat Selvamanickam, Professor of Mechanical Engineering and the Director of the Applied Research Hub, is based upon creation of single-crystalline-like semiconductor thin films on inexpensive, flexible substrates. This approach is built on process method successfully demonstrated by Prof. Selvamanickam in the superconductor industry to construct a power transmission cable which was inserted into the electric power grid in 2008. | <urn:uuid:c1fdac99-3cdc-45dd-ad4b-fd32a597c37f> | {
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Sustainable agriculture is a rapidly growing field aiming at producing food and energy in a sustainable way for our children. This discipline addresses current issues such as climate change, increasing food and fuel prices, starvation, obesity, water pollution, soil erosion, fertility loss, pest control and biodiversity depletion. Novel solutions are proposed based on integrated knowledge from agronomy, soil science, molecular biology, chemistry, toxicology, ecology, economy, philosophy and social sciences. As actual society issues are now intertwined, sustainable agriculture will bring solutions to build a safer world. This book series analyzes current agricultural issues and proposes alternative solutions, consequently helping all scientists, decision-makers, professors, farmers and politicians wishing to build safe agriculture, energy and food systems for future generations. | <urn:uuid:69959534-2870-49bc-acfb-ad239720864b> | {
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- Special Sections
- Public Notices
For more than 60 years, 88-year-old Tim Nugent of Champaign, Ill. has been by far the nation’s most effective advocate in terms of creating educational and vocational opportunities for people with disabilities. After reading my column the next two weeks, perhaps you will agree
“They had no opportunities for higher education, no sports, no accessibility,” began Nugent in a telephone interview while referring to civilians and veterans with physical disabilities after World War II. “And yet these people with disabilities had the same aspirations, interests, talents and skills you and I have. They just had to learn how to do them in a different way. Our task (at the University of Illinois) was to create an environment for them to be able to do things. Today, UI has graduates that are medical doctors, lawyers, senators, professors – every position imaginable.”
Beginning in 1948 at UI, Nugent helped establish a number of “firsts” nationally for students with physical disabilities: a competitive college-level adapted sports program (1948); a disability service fraternity (1948); the National Wheelchair Basketball Association (1949); curb cuts for students using wheelchairs (1950); wheelchair accessible buses (1952); national architectural accessibility standards (1961); student study-abroad program (1965); and varsity letters to student-athletes with disabilities (1977).
I could go on, including the recent opening of Nugent Hall, a state-of-the-art accessible IU dorm for students with complex physical disabilities.
But those “firsts” took work. “It’s easy to change a doorway, for example, but not so to change people’s perceptions and attitudes,” said Nugent. “The concept of people with disabilities going into a regular college was very foreign to people in 1948. Some thought people with disabilities shouldn’t be out in the public eye.”
Besides people using wheelchairs, Nugent and his program embraced all people with disabilities, including those blind and deaf.
He said, “For years, 80 percent of those disabled early in life and applying to UI had never been to regular elementary or secondary school. They were applying in their 30s or 40s and this occurred into the 1970s. You’d be surprised the number of people with disabled children who were ashamed of their child and kept them hidden (and out of school). The attitudes of the schools and parents then was a big negative.”
Perhaps Nugent’s greatest legacy has been the more than 3,000 Illinois alumni with disabilities working throughout the world.
Nugent has been the nation’s premier advocate over the years helping expand opportunities for all Americans with disabilities.
Beginning in 1948, he accomplished a number of national “firsts” at the University of Illinois, including in the ‘50s of having wheelchair accessible buses and curb cuts and starting a wheelchair basketball association tournament. He helped develop national architectural accessibility standards and the nation’s first comprehensive higher education program for people with permanent disabilities.
More than 3,000 UI alumni with disabilities are his greatest legacy. He retired in 1985.
“We had one lady born without legs below the hips,” Nugent said of an UI student. “One arm ended at the shoulder; the other at the elbow. So she didn’t have hands or fingers. She went through the University, learned to drive her own car, and is teaching today. We also had one boy who was blind with both arms amputated, which meant he couldn’t read Braille. He ended up working for the State of Illinois.”
He added, “We had one woman, a quadriplegic, who came to UI nonfunctional. I evaluated her. She had fractured her neck in an car accident. Early in college, she had to take three hours each day to get ready for school. Later, she completed her degree, became a Paralympic Games medalist, and drove a convertible. She married, and could make breakfast for her family and get to work by 8:00 a.m.”
UI has had other successful alumni with disabilities, including 8-time Boston Marathon winner Jean Driscoll, an executive vice president of the nation’s largest agricultural commodities firm, and countless physicians, lawyers, and state and federal office holders.
Though still not ideal, he suggested societal attitudes about people with disabilities have improved dramatically since 1948. “In our early years,” he cited as one example, “a father wrote to the president of UI to say his able-bodied daughter was dating one of my wheelchair students. In the letter, the father said, ‘I suppose the University is trying to do something for these poor unfortunates, but isn’t there something you can do to protect our sons and daughter from these freaks?’ The president sent me the letter. It was ridiculous. Some of the most successful marriages are among able-bodied and wheelchair-using people. That (disabled) gentleman ended up being a brilliant student and is a lawyer today.”
Contact danieljvance.com [Palmer Bus Service and Blue Valley Sod made this column possible.] | <urn:uuid:e4b4adeb-1c8a-49b1-b3cf-e90946f5475b> | {
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A variety of pediatric drugs are currently in use for treating infants/children afflicted with different diseases/disorders. These drugs, while serving their therapeutic purposes, may exert adverse effects. Two important questions therefore are: i) whether the developing infants/children are equipped with mechanism(s) for protection against the adverse effects of pediatric drugs, and ii) how the emergence of such protection mechanism(s), during the infant/child development, may help alleviate these adverse effects. In humans and other vertebrates, sulfation as mediated by the SULTs is known to play a major role in the detoxification of xenobiotics. Of particular interest in this proposed research is the role that sulfation may play in influencing the susceptibility of the developing infants/children t the adverse effects of pediatric drugs. In our recent studies using the zebrafish as a model, we demonstrated that different SULTs exhibited distinct patterns of expression at different stages during embryogenesis on to larval development. Moreover, like human SULTs, zebrafish SULTs displayed differential sulfating activities toward a number of drugs tested. In view of the crucial role of these enzymes in the detoxification of xenobiotics, we hypothesize that the susceptibility of the developing infants/children, and likewise zebrafish embryos/larvae, to any potential adverse effects of drugs may be dependent on the ontogeny and tissue/organ-specific expression of relevant drug-sulfating SULTs. To verify this hypothesis, selected pediatric drugs that are commonly used for treating cough/cold and allergy/asthma symptoms in infants/children will be tested. These drugs, especially when improperly administered, may cause adverse effects including death in extreme cases. The proposed research will address three issues that are pertinent to the above-mentioned hypothesis, namely the drug- sulfating capacity of the SULTs, their ontogeny and tissue/organ distribution, and the involvement of relevant drug-sulfating SULTs in protection against the adverse effects of drugs.
The specific aims are: 1. To analyze the sulfating activity of our established repertoires of human and zebrafish SULTs toward selected pediatric drugs, and to clarify the ontogeny and tissue/organ-specific expression of relevant human and zebrafish drug-sulfating SULTs;and 2. To verify the involvement of relevant drug-sulfating SULTs in protection against the adverse effects of selected pediatric drugs during zebrafish development. Successful completion of this project will reveal how the ontogeny and tissue/organ-specific expression of relevant drug-sulfating SULTs may influence the susceptibility to any potential adverse effects of the tested pediatric drugs during development. With better understanding about the ontogeny of human drug-sulfating SULTs and their substrate specificity and catalytic efficiency, the information obtained may eventually become useful in helping to choose particular types and doses of the pediatric drugs for different age groups of infants/ children, thereby alleviating potential adverse effects that may occur at different stages during development.
The proposed studies are designed to obtain fundamental information concerning the molecular mechanisms underlying the role of the cytosolic sulfotransferases (SULTs) in protection against the adverse effects of pediatric drugs during the developmental process. The information obtained may also help establish the zebrafish as a useful system for scrutinizing the adverse effects of drugs in general.
|Kurogi, Katsuhisa; Chepak, Andriy; Hanrahan, Michael T et al. (2014) Sulfation of opioid drugs by human cytosolic sulfotransferases: metabolic labeling study and enzymatic analysis. Eur J Pharm Sci 62:40-8|
|Kurogi, Katsuhisa; Liu, Tzu-An; Sakakibara, Yoichi et al. (2013) The use of zebrafish as a model system for investigating the role of the SULTs in the metabolism of endogenous compounds and xenobiotics. Drug Metab Rev 45:431-40|
|Hashiguchi, Takuyu; Sakakibara, Yoichi; Hara, Yosuke et al. (2013) Identification and characterization of a novel kaempferol sulfotransferase from Arabidopsis thaliana. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 434:829-35| | <urn:uuid:85f7b960-bfb4-41ea-91ae-657d9f6aa33d> | {
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By Christopher Hoffman
A version of this article has appeared in The Huffington Post.
It is in the light of the Pentagon’s lift of the band on women serving in combat that we acknowledge March 21st, 2013 as the seventieth anniversary of the death of Cornelia Fort, the first female pilot to die for the United States military. Besides experiencing the bombing of Pearl Harbor first hand and thwarting the discrimination against female pilots by being one of the first to join the United States’ Women’s Auxiliary Ferrying Squad (WAFS), Cornelia Fort died for her beliefs and the country she loved.
Cornelia Clark Fort was born on February 5th, 1919. Daughter of Dr. Rufus Fort and Mrs. Louise Clark Fort, Cornelia was born into a large family in Nashville, Tennessee. With her father the founder of a colossal insurance company, Cornelia’s life was planned out for her. The family chauffer, Epperson Bond, would drive her from Fortland Farms, the family’s 356 acre estate, to Ward-Belmont, an exclusive private school for girls. She was expected to assimilate into high Southern society and become a debutant. Ms. Fort was part of the Junior League, the Girl’s Cotillion
Club, and the Query Club (the women’s literary club of Nashville). Flying a plane was
nowhere in her mind at the time she spent in Nashville. In fact, her father had made
her brothers swear that they would never fly an airplane.
Cornelia was sent to Ogontz School for Young Ladies in 1936, the same school that Amelia Earhart attended. Cornelia disliked the “gray walls and oppressive atmosphere” and would often state, “Amelia probably took up flying as a means of escaping the clutch of these gray walls.” Cornelia began to ask her parents if she could transfer.
“Cornelia wanted desperately to go to Sarah Lawrence College. Its teachers
were world-class. It was also, Cornelia knew, a school that valued the individuality of each student, allowing her, in essence, the freedom to design her own curriculum,” writes Rob Simbeck, author of Daughter of the Air, a biography on Ms. Fort. However, her father was against the idea. He did not think that Sarah
Lawrence, “a liberal northern school” was “proper for a southern girl.” In the end,
Cornelia and her mother petitioned Dr. Fort until he finally gave in.
The young southern girl quickly found her place in Sarah Lawrence’s
community. She “had a fondness of music nurtured by William Schuman” and
became highly involved with the student body. Ms. Fort joined the yearbook staff,
music club, studied literature and writing, and wrote for Sarah Lawrence’s
newspaper, The Campus. She even became the Chief Editorial Editor.
In 1939, Cornelia Fort received her two-year college diploma from Sarah
Lawrence. After her father died, Cornelia took up a flying lesson for fun. “How dare
you fly. Father forbade us from flying,” remarked Dudley, Cornelia’s brother. “Daddy
gave that oath to the boys, not to me,” Cornelia answered with a smile.
Ms. Fort took up flying because she “thought it’d be a good thing.” She quickly
fell in love with the sky and went on to get numerous licenses including her
instructor license, private license, transport license, seaplane license, and
commercial license. She became the first female flying instructor in all of Tennessee.
When asked why she flies, Cornelia answered, “It gets under your skin, deep down
inside.” On December 7, 1941, Ms. Fort was giving a flying instruction in Hawaii
when a Japanese plane almost crashed into her. “I saw a plane coming closer. It was
in violation of the air traffic rules. I waited for it to give way for me, and then when it
didn’t, I jerked the stick out of the student’s hand and pulled the plane up. Just in
time, I spotted the insignia on the Japanese plane: a red sun on the fuselage. I could
hardly believe my eyes. Then I saw smoke over Pearl Harbor and realized we had
been attacked.” Cornelia began to take the plane down while her student kept
asking when he would get to fly solo. “Not today, brother, not today!” she answered.
When she landed, there were explosions and gunfire. “My student let out one gasp
and disappeared. He never did pay me for that half hour of instruction,” she pointed
In 1942, Cornelia Fort was the second woman to sign up for the newly
created Women’s Auxiliary Ferrying Squad (or WAFS for short), a civilian
organization of women pilots who transported supplies for the U.S. military. “I knew
I was going to join the WAFS before the organization was a reality, before it had a
name, before it was anything but a radical idea in the minds of a few men who
believed that women could fly airplanes,” stated Ms. Fort. “I felt I could be doing
something more constructive for my country than knitting socks. Better to go to war
than lose the things that make life worth living.”
The WAFS, headed by Mrs. Nancy Harkness Love, made history by proving
that women could fly airplanes for the war effort. Before the WAFS, many did not
believe that women could be trusted to fly military planes. “Because there were and
are so many disbelievers in women pilots, especially in their place in the army,
officials want the best possible qualifications to go with the first experimental
group. We had to deliver the goods or else. Or else there wouldn’t ever be another
chance for women pilots in any part of the service,” said Ms. Fort. Some of the men
were “extremely bitter” and “went to great lengths to discredit them whenever
possible.” One man even tried to “play games in the sky” with a female pilot while
she was giving him a flying lesson. Even though the brave women in the WAFS were
regarded as “different” by their friends and family, they fought against the
discrimination. “The only way to show the disbelievers, the snickering hanger pilots,
is to show them,” laughed Cornelia.
The WAFS were a huge part of Cornelia’s life. “We felt a part of something
larger,” she would often say. “And that we, in a very small way, are being allowed to
help keep that sky free is the most beautiful thing I have ever known.” Even though
the life of a woman pilot was not luxurious, Ms. Fort continued. “It keeps you broke,
but it keeps you happy,” she said. The WAFS lived a barrack lifestyle and Cornelia
recounted, “all of us in the WAFS still think it is the most wonderful thing in the
world even after a month of barrack life, slightly less house-like version of
dormitory life at Sarah Lawrence College.”
In 1943, at age 24, Cornelia Fort died. She was flying across the country with
a group of other pilots. Adela Scharr, Cornelia’s “marching buddy” recounted what
she believed happened, “This young man had sort of cornered Cornelia and was
playing around like he was dog-fighting with her. The problem was that these
fellows were young showoffs.” Lt. Stamme, a recent pilot with under 300 hours of flight was flying close to Cornelia, who held over 1,100 hours of flying. Fort’s plane
and Stamme’s plane collided. Stamme’s landing gear hit Fort’s plane and
investigators said, “the impact of such a mid-air collision could have jammed or
damaged the canopy, making it impossible to open and causing the pilot to lose
consciousness.” At twenty-four years old, Cornelia Fort became the first WAFS to die
for her country, and may be the first female pilot to die on duty for the U.S. military.
“I am grateful that my one talent, flying, was useful to my country,” wrote Ms.
Fort before her tragic death. Fort’s estate and money was given to Sarah Lawrence
to create a scholarship for southern girls. Cornelia wrote in her will of “an
appreciation of the deep and sincere intellectual experience I received while a
student.” Sadly, the scholarship soon dried up. An airpark in Nashville was named
after Cornelia in 1946 and there is also a small, unofficial plaque for Cornelia at her
crash site in Mulberry Canyon, Texas.
Why is Cornelia Fort virtually unknown? “It’s not uncommon to find a
woman who’s remarkable and unappreciated. It’s disrespectful we’re not honoring her in some way,” says Elizabeth Wilson class of ’13 and co-chair of the Feminist Collective at Sarah Lawrence College. Women during that time were not appreciated or recognized. The WAFS did not get recognition or veteran benefits until 1979. “The efforts and sacrifices of a talented and courageous group of women have been
recognized and the pilots accorded status as military veterans…and they continue
to inspire Air force women who now follow in their footsteps,” said Ms. Antonio
Chayes, Assistant Secretary of the Air Force.
An archivist from the U.S. Army Women’s Museum stated that the museum’s
archives did not have any records of her. Because she was given the active duty
status in 1979, the museum does not consider her as part of the military, but only
“contracted.” Many women have died in service for the United States, from women
disguising as men that fought in the Revolutionary War to WWII’s Women’s Army
Corps. With that said, there may have been a few female pilots flying planes in WWI
as part of the Women’s Army Corps. “The WAFS were nothing more than a group of
women with extensive flying experience, who were recruited, to ferrying aircraft to
various bases and locations within the United States and in some cases abroad,” said
the Air Force Historical Studies Office. Not only did Cornelia face discrimination for
being a female pilot, but she was only the first of thirty eight brave women to lose
her life while serving under the WAFS or WASPS (Women’s Airforce Service Pilots, a
group that succeeded the WAFS).
Cornelia was a woman before her time, rebelling against the norms society placed on her. “Many of our Nashville friends were meadowmousy and we had lived in a very traditional style,” said Cornelia’s sister, Louise. “I think she was a great rebel of her time.” Rob Simbeck calls her a “hero, someone who lived for something bigger than she was, someone who gave of herself in a cause she believed in and a country she loved.”
When attempting to meet with Karen Lawrence to speak about a possible memorial for Cornelia Fort, I was told by her secretary that this project “has nothing to do with Karen.” I was directed to Cheryl Cipro and we spoke briefly of a possible memorial. However, the offer of having “cookies and lemonade on the South Lawn” to honor the life of one of the first female pilots to die for the U.S. military seemed disgraceful. I made another visit to Karen’s secretary, Rosemary Dahill, and she insisted that she had passed along the message about the 70th anniversary of Cornelia’s death to Karen. Sadly, nothing was done on March 21 st to honor this American hero.
Cornelia believed in freedom and readily flew for her country despite the
discrimination and risks. She was expected to take the life of a Southern debutant
but wanted adventure. In the end, let us remember Cornelia Fort in the words she
wrote to her mother before her death: “I was happiest in the sky…Think of me there
and remember me.”
Christopher Hoffman is a student at Sarah Lawrence College. | <urn:uuid:f9cbbf1d-b638-4df7-b1be-18830688cf5a> | {
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Chapter 2 key terms from AP Psychology Zimbardo textbook.
A five-step process for empirical investigation of a hypothesis under conditions designed to control biases and subjective judgments.
An approach to research that relies on sensory experience and observation as research data.
A testable explanation for a set of facts or observations.
A statement predicting the outcome of a scientific study; a statement describing the relationship among variables in a study.
Specific descriptions of concepts involving the conditions of a scientific study.
A stimulus condition so named because the experimenter changes it independently of all the other carefully controlled experimental conditions.
A process by which chance alone determines the order in which the stimulus is presented.
Pieces of information, especially information gathered by a researcher to be used in testing a hypothesis.
The measured outcome of a study; the responses of the subjects in a study.
In research this refers to doing a study over to see whether the same results are obtained. As a control for bias, replication is often done by someone other than the researcher who performed the original study.
A kind of research in which the researcher controls all the conditions and directly manipulates the conditions, including the independent variable.
Variables that have an unwanted influence on the outcome of an experiment.
Constraints that the experimenter places on the experiment to ensure that each subject has the exact same conditions.
Each subject of the sample has an equal likelihood of being chosen for the experimental group of an experiment.
Ex Post Facto
Research in which we choose subjects based on a pre-existing condition.
A type of research that is mainly statistical in nature.
A quasi-experimental method in which questions are asked to subjects.
A research method in which subjects are observed in their natural environment.
A type of study in which one group of subjects is followed and observed.
A study in which a representative cross section of the population is tested or surveyed at one specific time.
A research method in which a cross section of the population is chosen and then each cohort is followed for a short period of time.
The researcher allowing personal beliefs to affect the outcome of a study.
The researcher allowing his or her expectations to affect the outcome of a study.
An experimental procedure in which both researchers and participants are uninformed about the nature of the independent variable being administered.
Institutional Review Board
A committee at each institution where research is conducted to review every experiment for ethics and methodology.
Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee
A committee at each institution where research is conducted to review every experiment involving animals for ethics and methodology.
ABCs of Laboratory Animal Research
Guiding principles in which research on animals is conducted. Governs the morality and ethical aspect of research on animals.
A summary chart, showing how frequently each of the scores in a set of data occurs.
A bar graph depicting a frequency distribution. The height of the bars indicates the frequency of a group of scores.
Statistical procedures used to describe characteristics and responses of groups of subjects.
The measure of central tendency most often used to describe a set of data--calculated by adding all the scores and diving by the number of scores. (mathematical average)
The measure of central tendency for a distribution, represented by the score the separates the upper half of the scores in a distribution from the lower half.
A measure of central tendency for a distribution, represented by the score that separates the upper half scores in a distribution from the lower half.
The simplest measure of variability, represented by the difference between the highest and the lowest values in a frequency distribution.
A measure of variability that indicates the average difference between the scores and their mean.
A relationship between variables, in which changes in one variable are reflected in changes in the other variable.
A bell-shaped curve, describing the spread of a characteristic throughout a population.
A number between -1 and +1 expressing the degree of relationship between two variables.
Statistical techniques used to assess whether the results of a study are reliable or whether they might be simply the result of a chance.
A sample group of subjects selected by chance.
A sample obtained in such a way that it reflects the distribution of important variables in the larger population in which the researchers are interested.
Psychologists accept a difference between the groups as "real", or significant, when the probability that it might be due to an atypical sample drawn by chance is less than 5 in 100. | <urn:uuid:717e8a79-88d7-4209-b25c-1eff39ce802d> | {
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What is a Value Scale?
A value scale is a simple drawing tool that helps you see and draw values by comparison. The scale above has a sliding range of values on one edge and ten gradated sections on the other edge.
How to use a Value Scale
Let’s say you’re drawing a portrait of someone with blond hair. From any distance away, hold the value scale next to the hair, squint your eyes, and, see what part of the gray scale matches. Then check the value against the drawing.
Take as many “readings” as you need too. For example you could check to see what value the highlights, mid-values, and shadows of the hair are.
How To Draw A Value Scale
If you’re trying out a new brand of drawing paper, it’s very useful to draw a value scale on it using the type of hatching you plan to use. (Overhand side of pencil shading vs tip of pencil shading for example.) You’ll see how the texture effects each value, and you’ll get a good idea of the values you can and can’t create on the paper.
- Draw 5 to 10 one inch squares.
- Leave the first square blank.
- Make the last square (No. 10) as dark as you can without squashing the grain of the paper. Here’s how:
– Fill the square using the softest pencil first (4B to 9B) and then go over that with the sharp tip of a harder pencil (2H to HB).
(The harder lead will act like a “stump” and push the softer lead into the grain of the paper that it skipped over and make the value darker.)
– Repeat until the square is as dark as it can be without completely flattening the paper texture or grain.
- Gradate the middle squares into steps using a combination of pencils grades for each step.
– In other words, 2H, 3H,4H and 5H pencils won’t easily create one stepped value each and you won’t work like that anyway. Realistically, you’ll use whatever pencil you have in hand to start shading and then switch to another to darken the value, so it’s much more natural to create the steps with a combination of pencils too.
- Use the hard lead over soft lead technique for all of the darker values. For the lighter values, use the same technique only with a very light touch. For example, to make a “3” value, you might hatch a 4H pencil over a 3H.
Here’s a chart with pencil grades and their general value ranges. (Each brand is different though, so test your pencils to find their range.)
Mid Gray and White Value Finder Cards
In some circumstances values fool the eye. For example, look at the right side edges of the squares on the value scale. They look as if they lighten as they get nearer the darker value beside them, and darker to the left where they approach the lighter value.
That’s an optical illusion.
Actually, those squares are solid gray. Surround any of them with a single value and you’ll clearly see that.
A “value finder card” is just a piece of paper with a hole cut in it that you can use to surround a questionable value with a known value.
Note: I call these “value finders.” If they have a proper name, I don’t know what it is. :)
Make the white finder out of the drawing paper you plan to use, since different brands come in a fairly large range of values.
A mid gray (No. 5 on the scale) is a quick way to spot check values. Just hold it up to see if a value is “lighter than” or “darker than”mid gray, and then check the drawing and adjust. | <urn:uuid:3367261f-b351-4d76-90fe-7577a2979930> | {
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May 12, 2008 9:55 AM | 2
What’s in a Word is more than just a book by renowned author Webb Garrison. What’s in the word Williamsburgh is the million dollar question on the minds of many Brooklynites.
The name Williamsburgh, spelled with the letter H may seem strange to many. After all, most present day Brooklyn locations like the Williamsburg Bridge, and Williamsburg the neighborhood, omit the letter H at the end. But have you ever wondered what happened to our dear friend letter H.
Let’s take a trip down memory lane. In the mid 1800’s, before it was home to hipsters and artists Williamsburgh was its own village within the Town of Bushwick. After making a name for itself as a bustling and thriving community of its own, Williamsburg seceded from Bushwick and became the City of Williamsburgh in 1852. The City of Williamsburgh maintained its status for only three years before merging with Bushwick and becoming part of Brooklyn in 1855. At this time not only did Williamsburg merge with Brooklyn, it also managed to lose its identity in the merger, dropping the H from its name.
Want to learn more about Brooklyn past and present? Then check out the Brooklyn Collection online or at Central Library. | <urn:uuid:80c3df84-dd90-40da-8fe1-9d4d9f9bafa5> | {
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Cardiac rehabilitation - Description and benefits
Cardiac rehab benefits
The benefits of a cardiac rehabilitation program include:
- increasing your activity level, improving your cardiovascular fitness, and increasing your heart's functional capacity
- reducing your risk factors
- giving you more control over your own health
- providing education about reducing risk factors and changing your lifestyle.
If you have cardiovascular disease or a cardiac event (like a heart attack), your first exercise may be through a medically supervised program called cardiac rehabilitation.
Cardiac rehabilitation involves structured exercise, education about your heart, information about how to manage your current condition, and a plan for helping to prevent more cardiac problems.
Cardiac therapists will guide you through rehabilitation and watch you closely.
Inpatient cardiac rehabilitation
This phase of your rehabilitation takes place while you are still in the hospital. Members of a special cardiac rehabilitation team will meet with you.
They may include an occupational therapist, registered nurses, an exercise physiologist, a respiratory care practitioner and a physical therapist.
Tips for exercise
- Set realistic exercise goals. You can't go from having no exercise to walking 5 miles a day overnight. Start with small gains and slowly increase your goals.
- Don't exercise if you are ill or have a fever. "Listen" to your body and respect its demands when it needs to rest or heal.
- In addition to your regular exercise, try to sneak bits of other exercise into each day such as:
- Park your car at the end of the parking lot and walk to the store.
- Take the stairs now and then.
- Walk to the mailbox instead of driving to the post office.
Your cardiac rehabilitation therapist will work closely with your doctor to prescribe a step-by-step program of activity and exercise. This will help prevent you from losing muscle mass while you're in the hospital.
This program is designed to monitor your heart's response to exercise and ensures you are safe and able to perform activities of daily living.
Outpatient cardiac rehabilitation
Your rehabilitation may continue on a regular schedule after you leave the hospital. These fully-monitored sessions will help you safely build up your tolerance for activity
and improve the strength of your heart so you can return to your normal everyday tasks.
Educational programs and support groups will help you learn how to lower your risks and help yourself recover emotionally and physically.
Long-term maintenance cardiac rehabilitation
After you've completed your outpatient program, it is important to continue in other programs that promote cardiovascular and physical fitness, and support you as you help create a heart-healthy lifestyle.
Some hospitals have a medical fitness center for you to continue your exercise program under the supervision of staff trained to monitor people with heart problems.
Mixed feelings about exercise
You may have mixed feelings about being active. You might like to do more, but aren't sure how much you're capable of doing.
Your health care team will tailor an exercise program just for you. They will:
- teach you how to measure and monitor your body's response to your activity level
- teach you when to stop and rest, when to avoid activity altogether, and when to be active
- help you gradually progress according to your abilities. | <urn:uuid:4aacc4af-898f-4d30-bf20-021d84410ab7> | {
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Fifty-one percent of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender workers hide their sexual orientation and gender identity from co-workers, a report from the Human Rights Campaign Foundation released this week showed.
The report, called “Degrees of Equality: A National Study Examining Workplace Climate for LGBT Employees,” examined work experiences of LGBT individuals and found that while attitudes toward LGBT people in the workplace have improved, a significant number of LGBT employees report working in a negative workplace environment.
LGBT employees who are not open to anyone at work about their identity may face negative work outcomes, such as strained professional relationships, retention and productivity.
For example, 54 percent of workers who are not open about their identity reported lying about their personal life in the past 12 months as opposed to only 21 percent of workers who are open to their co-workers about their orientation.
Thinking about the past 12 months, about how many times has the following happened as a result of working in an environment that is not always accepting of LGBT people?
The biggest reason LGBT employees gave for not disclosing their orientation/gender identity was that it was no one’s business. Making people feel uncomfortable and being stereotyped were also top reasons for LGBT workers to keep sexual orientation a secret at work.
Are any of the following reasons why you personally are not out to anyone at work?
According to the report, LGBT workers report that derogatory comments and jokes said at work are a major indicator that it is unsafe to disclose sexual orientation or gender identity in the workplace. Fifty-eight percent of employees at companies with an Equal Employment Opportunity policy that includes sexual orientation and gender identity said someone at work has made a joke or derogatory comment about LGBT. Nine percent has heard a direct supervisor make a discriminatory comment.
How often does the following happen at work? How often do people at work do the following? Has your supervisor ever made negative comments about LGBT people?
To see more from this report, you can go to www.DegreesOfEquality.org | <urn:uuid:96345f5a-bef5-4005-b462-163e571c624e> | {
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- Enabling Subcellular pH Sensing
Daniel S. Burgess
A team of scientists at Rice University in Houston has reported that gold nanoshells — structures on the order of 100 nm in diameter comprising a nonconducting core and an outer layer of gold — can be functionalized to yield surface-enhanced Raman scattering spectra that indicate the pH level at that site. The investigators propose that the nanoparticles may enable applications in the biosciences based on the real-time sensing of chemical changes at the subcellular level, including the noninvasive identification of cancerous tumors and the monitoring of transplanted tissues for early signs of rejection.
Naomi J. Halas, director of the university’s Laboratory for Nanophotonics, characterized the development as an evolution in the research into such nanoscale structures from the theoretical to the practical.
“Most work in the nanoparticle field has been on how to make nanoparticles and studies of their properties,” she explained. “What we have done instead is to make nanoparticles that are essentially light in/light out nanodevices that report back specific information with high accuracy — in our case, (about) pH — at an accuracy similar to what could be measured by standard equipment at the laboratory bench.”
To do so, Halas and her colleagues exploited the fact that nanoshells enhance local electromagnetic fields through the action of plasmons, optical excitations coupled with oscillations of their conduction electrons. The optical resonance of the particles is a function of the relative size of their core and shell, and the investigators thus designed structures that would amplify the near-IR spectroscopic response of a pH-sensitive monolayer of paramercaptobenzoic acid adsorbed to the surface of the nanoshells. To optimize the performance for biological sensing, they further chose dimensions that also would yield a far-field absorbance maximum in the near-IR, ensuring high transmission of the excitation signal for interrogating the nanoparticles through blood and tissue.
In characterizing the performance of the functionalized nanoshells, the investigators employed a Raman microscope from Renishaw plc of Wotton-under-Edge, UK, to excite particles deposited on a silicon substrate and exposed to phosphate-buffered saline of various known pH values. They collected the backscattered signal with a 63× water-immersion lens from Leica Microsystems GmbH of Wetzlar, Germany, using an integration time of 30 s to yield high-resolution Raman spectra from spots on the sample.
They discovered several reproducible changes in the spectra that could be used to assess the pH level in the region immediately around a nanoparticle. In a proof-of-principle demonstration of the application of the structures for pH sensing, they applied a locally linear manifold approximation algorithm to multispectral data sets collected at pH intervals of 0.2 for solutions with pH values of 5.80 to 7.60, which they selected for its potential importance in distinguishing more acidic cancerous cells from healthy ones. Using this information, the researchers obtained estimates of 6.47 and 7.01, respectively, for the pH values of solutions known to be 6.10 and 7.15.
Halas said that the nanoshell-based approach to sensing pH is unique in that it is repeatable, highly site-specific, nontoxic and suitable for use over a relatively wide range of pH values.
“Cells are a highly complex and compact chemical environment,” Halas said. “Measuring changes in pH would indicate changes in what proteins are being manufactured in the cell, which could indicate other conditions, such as the onset of disease, a change in disease pathology or response to stress or a stimulus — chemical or physical.”
The researchers are collaborating with interested parties in hopes of developing nanoparticle-based sensors for assessing cell viability under various conditions.
Nano Letters, August 2006, pp. 1687-1692.
MORE FROM PHOTONICS MEDIA | <urn:uuid:6c702968-ac94-4d6a-80d6-455eb71be9f3> | {
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Discovery news posted this short news bit earlier this year, summarizing that colonizing beyond our planet is a doable feat. This is based on expectations from private ventures, to be able to run operations much leaner than NASA, mainly relying on reusable rockets. A vision of an 80,000 humans colony was shared as well.
A home loan company put together the enlightening and entertaining infographic below, showing via a graphical calculation that a not-so-bad scenario means a cost of $48 Billion to move to, and live on Mars.
If indeed it will cost almost $50 Billion for one adult to move to Mars, what credit score do I need to get a home loan? How long would it take me to pay it off, assuming a good salary working on Mars should cover it?
Here’s the very informative graphic (click on it to zoom): | <urn:uuid:462a68d8-b653-4661-8efc-f91d9466cd46> | {
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Cooling the brain is known to be beneficial in strokes (16 July, p 44). The major blood supply to the brain, the carotid artery, passes through the centre of the cavernous sinus, a pool of venous blood that links the jugular vein and the tissues of the face. You report that cooling helmets applied to the scalp are being tested, but the veins of the scalp pass to the jugular vein directly. It is possible that cooling the face and the lining of the nose would cool the brain more efficiently. The carotid artery is also accessible for cooling as it passes up the neck. A water-cooled mask for the face and neck and a flow of cooled, humidified air through the nose might cool the brain more efficiently than a helmet.
To continue reading this article, subscribe to receive access to all of newscientist.com, including 20 years of archive content. | <urn:uuid:50143d89-ab36-47bb-98ad-8b31c7ec2815> | {
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