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alexchen4ai
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test_pretrained_train_test_split

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Iceland is widely known for its beautiful landscape of volcanoes and glaciers, but few understand the curious arthropod food web surrounding Lake Myvatn. Claudio Gratton, someone who understands this system well, is a Professor of Entomology at the University of Wisconsin, Madison. He is currently studying the aquatic-terrestrial linkages in the landscape, specifically the role midges play in the nitrogen cycle. Lake Myvatn, located in northern Iceland just below the Arctic Circle, is known as “Midge Lake” due to the massive numbers of these insects that emerge from this lake in some years. Midge (Tanytarsus gracilentus and Chironomus islandicus, family: Chironomidae) emergences fluctuate year to year, with major emergences seen every 5 to 8 years (Einarsson et al. 2002; Ives et al. 2008). In high midge emergence years, they can contribute approximately 55 These midges have important impacts on the surrounding environment by providing food for predators, distracting predators from other possible prey, and altering plant composition. The main predators of these midges are web-building spiders. On years when midge density is extraordinarily high, these will aggregate in larger numbers near the lake. Increased midge numbers reduce the predation of leafhoppers by web-building spiders. When spider density was increased, midges still reduced spider predation on other prey species by distracting the predators (Dreyer et al. 2016). Increased midge biomass has also been shown to increase the density of graminoid plant species (herbaceous, grass-like) and decrease the number of health plant shifts, with graminoids dominating in the press treatment plots (Gratton et al. in review). Midge populations at Lake Myvatn are known to influence the surrounding landscape and fluctuate year to year, therefore it is likely that similar press and pulse effects are impacting the plant communities surrounding Lake Myvatn. While it seems that the Lake Myvatn study system is unique, there are many other instances where insects impact the landscape. Some examples include: periodic cicadas, locust swarms, monarch migration, and mayfly emergences. These insect phenomena can have long- and short-term impacts on the environment and can link ecosystems. About the Authors: Olivia Bernauer is a Master’s student in Dennis vanEngelsdorp’s bee lab working to better understand the floral preferences of Maryland’s wild, native pollinators. Meghan McConnell is a Master’s student in Dennis vanEngelsdorp’s Lab studying honey bees with a focus on non-chemical control of varroa mites. After 5 years at UMD with the bee lab and Bee Informed Partnership, she will be the Delaware State Apiarist. Dreyer, J., Townsend, P. A., III, J. C. H., Hoekman, D., Vander Zanden, M. J. and Gratton, C. (2015), Quantifying aquatic insect deposition from lake to land. Ecology, 96: 499–509. doi:10.1890/14-0704.1 Dreyer, J., Hoekman, D. and Gratton, C. (2016), Positive indirect effect of aquatic insects on terrestrial prey is not offset by increased predator density. Ecol Entomol, 41: 61–71. doi:10.1111/een.12272 Einarsson, Á., Gardarsson, A., Gíslason, G. M. and Ives, A. R. (2002), Consumer–resource interactions and cyclic population dynamics of Tanytarsus gracilentus (Diptera: Chironomidae). Journal of Animal Ecology, 71: 832–845. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2656.2002.00648.x Ives, Anthony R., Árni Einarsson, Vincent A. A. Jansen, and Arnthor Gardarsson. 2008. “High-Amplitude Fluctuations and Alternative Dynamical States of Midges in Lake Myvatn.” Nature 452 (7183): 84–87. doi:10.1038/nature06610.	<urn:uuid:f2d0f143-b1b9-4d41-964f-c553bea96e3a>	{ "date": "2019-03-23T01:40:48", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-13", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912202704.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20190323000443-20190323022443-00496.warc.gz", "int_score": 4, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8768489360809326, "score": 3.765625, "token_count": 920, "url": "https://entomology.umd.edu/news/iceland-the-land-of-fire-and-ice-and-midges-oh-my" }
The colonial reaction to British taxes was not uniform. While many Americans protested what they saw as an abuse of monarchical and parliamentary power, other Americans accepted British taxes without complaint. But ultimately, many colonists protested British taxes in a number of different ways in order to enact changes in British policy. -1) The Boston Tea Party of 1773 Perhaps the most famous of American protests, the Boston Tea Party of 1773 occurred in reaction to the passage by the English Parliament of the Tea Act. This tax on tea angered many Americans, who had no representation in Parliament, and viewed this tax as antithetical to their constitutional rights. Angry American colonists boarded British ships and threw the tea into Boston Harbor, an iconic event now synonymous with the American Revolution. -2) Petition to the King (1774) Before the Declaration of Independence in which American colonists declared their independence from England, the First Continental Congress sent a petition to King George III of England protesting the Intolerable Acts. The Intolerable Acts were a series of laws passed in reaction to the Boston Tea Party, which included shutting down Boston Harbor to trade and requiring many American colonists to be tried overseas in England. In this written protest in the form of a petition, American colonists declared their loyalty to the king and asked for his support in getting rid of the Intolerable Acts. -3) Ordinary People Protested in the Streets Frustration with English taxation and elite structures of power led ordinary people to take to the streets and protest British taxes. As the American Revolution began, American colonists burned effigies of the king, destroyed his statues in America, and burned Hanoverian signia, the royal house of King George III. Tax collectors were also run out of town, and at times their houses were destroyed. -4) Declaration of Independence (1776) On July 4, 1776, the Continental Congress signed the Declaration of Independence, declaring American independence from England. This marked the culmination of colonial protests to British taxes, as many American colonists opted to revolt against the mother country rather than stay and accept taxes they did not support. Not all American colonists agreed. Some loyalists continued to support the crown, and responded with a Declaration of Dependence, signed by more colonists than the Declaration of Independence itself. But ultimately, the Whigs won the war, and American protests against excessive taxation paved the way for revolution.	<urn:uuid:f675511a-92e8-4969-ab42-6e106cf51075>	{ "date": "2014-11-29T05:53:18", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-49", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416931013466.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20141125155653-00124-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 4, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9692253470420837, "score": 4, "token_count": 488, "url": "http://www.humanities360.com/index.php/how-colonists-protested-british-taxes-6874/" }
A county judge in Des Moines, Iowa, of all places, ruled last month that the state law allowing marriage only between a man and a woman violates the constitutional rights of due process and equal protection. This isnt New York or Massachusetts or California, mind youthis is our nations heartland. Iowa voters, with their own defense of marriage act in place for over a decade, thought they had settled the issue of same-sex marriage. While the judges decision has now been stayed, this action reminds us that the institution of marriage is still under constant threat from the whims of just one obscure judge. Anyone paying attention to the early-developing race for the White House knows that Iowawith its first-in-the-nation presidential caucusis crawling with aspirants for the Oval Office. Perhaps this decision by an Iowa judge will help place this issue front-and-center in the minds of voters across the nation and thus, the presidential candidates. While some opponents of same-sex marriage argue that this is a state issue, I believe at its heart it is a national issue. In fact, I believe events in American history support this position. I suspect that Abraham Lincoln was a staunch Federalist. While he believed most issues should be decided at the state level, there are some issues that are so compelling and basic (first principles) that they have to be decided at the federal level. Lincoln understood the moral dilemma that would unfold if each state was able to decide for itself whether it would be slave or free. In a speech delivered June 17, 1858before he became presidentLincoln said the issue of slavery was a crisis that the nation could not ignore. Quoting the Bible, he said, A house divided against itself cannot stand (Matt. 12:25). I believe this government cannot endure permanently half slave and half free, Lincoln continued. I do not expect the Union to be dissolved; I do not expect the house to fall; but I do expect it will cease to be divided. It will become all one thing, or all the other. Either the opponents of slavery will arrest the further spread of it, and place it where the public mind shall rest in the belief that it is in the course of ultimate extinction, or its advocates will push it forward till it shall become alike lawful in all the States, old as well as new, North as well as South. I have ancestors who fought for the Confederacy, as well as ancestors who fought for the Union, and I appreciate the fact that the Civil War was more complicated than just the issue of slavery. There are people who assert the war was about states rights and not about slavery. What do you think was the precipitating cause that made people talk about states rights? It was some peoples belief that it was a states right to allow some people to own other people. The fact is, without the issue of slavery, there never would have been a Civil War. The slavery analogy is apt when it comes to the marriage issue. Americas familiesand the culture at largecannot survive as a union of states with half embracing same-sex marriage and half accepting only traditional marriage. The U.S. government will not disintegrate, but eventually the nation will have one definition of marriage binding us all. Lincoln gave his speech in the same year that the infamous Dred Scott decision was decided by the Supreme Court. The sensibilities of many Americans of that day were outraged by this immoral decision that said, for the purposes of law, that slaves were not people, but property. The Dred Scott decision was not what you would call a close decision. The 7-2 verdict said the right to own slaves was a fundamentally guaranteed constitutional right that could not be limited by the states. Lincoln, in an 1860 address, pointed out that the slaveholders would not be content to continue owning slaves in the states where they held them. They wanted to force everyone in the country to acknowledge their right to have slaves anywhere in the United States. In other words, they wanted to make slavery legal in every state of the union. So less than six months after the end of the Civil War, what did the people of the United States do? They adopted the Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution, which said once and for all that neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime, whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States or any place subject to their jurisdiction. Slavery was outlawed in the federal Constitution. It was not going to be an issue decided by each state. I respect the Constitution, and I dont believe it should be amended unless it is absolutely necessary. We have reached the point regarding marriage that we once reached regarding slavery. Rulings like this one in Iowa reveal the urgent need for a federal Marriage Protection Amendment. At least one person has said to me that while banning slavery expanded personal liberty, prohibiting same-sex marriage would contract or limit personal liberty. Yet while the ban on slavery expanded liberty for the slaves, it inhibited and constricted liberty for the slaveholders. In fact, the emancipation of the 3 million African-Americans held in involuntary servitude until the end of the Civil War was the largest property expropriation without any kind of indemnity or compensation to the slaveholders that has taken place anywhere in the Western world in modern history. No longer was an American free to own another human being. Liberty was secured for the slaves and constricted for slaveholders. Never has justice been better served. Forbidding same-sex couples from marrying may be a constriction of their liberty, but more importantly, it is an expansion of the peoples liberty to define what constitutes marriage. Whether or not the same-sex marriage issue becomes a topic of discussion among those running for president depends upon all of us. If we make the definition of marriage as between a man and a woman an issue, it will become an issue among the crowd of candidates reaching for the golden ring. Dr. Richard Land is president of The Ethics & Religious Liberty Commission, the Southern Baptist Convention's official entity assigned to address social, moral, and ethical concerns, with particular attention to their impact on American families and their faith.	<urn:uuid:b544f311-5246-4f76-99e8-468224eabd01>	{ "date": "2015-04-27T20:56:24", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-18", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246659449.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045739-00010-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9720172882080078, "score": 2.546875, "token_count": 1276, "url": "http://www.christianpost.com/news/a-constitutional-tipping-point-on-marriage-29303/" }
Carlson, D.; Pfeiffenberger, H. The success of Earth System Science Data derives in part from key infrastructure: digital object identifiers (doi) and open access data centers. Our concept that a data journal should promote access and exchange through publication of reviewed data descriptions presupposed third parties to hold the data. As minimum criteria for those data centers we expected international reputation for quality of service and an active lifetime extending at least a decade into the future. We also expected modern access interfaces offering geographic, topical and parameter-based browsing - so that users could discover related holdings through an ESSD link or discover ESSD by way of links in data sets revealed through the center's browse tools - and true open access. True open access means one or two clicks from abstract in ESSD to the data itself without barriers. We started with Pangaea and CDIAC. Data providers already used these centers, the staff welcomed the ESSD initiative and all parties cooperated on doi. With this initial support ESSD proved the basic concept of data publication and demonstrated utility to a larger group of data providers, many of whom suggested additional centers. So long as those data centers met expectations for open access and quality and durability of service, ESSD agreed to collaborate. Through back-door collaborations - e.g. service on particular data sets - ESSD developed working partnerships with more than 30 data centers in 13 countries. Data centers ask to join our list. We encourage those centers to stimulate local providers to submit a data set to ESSD, thus preserving our practical data-set by data-set partnership mode. For a few data centers where national policies impose a registration step, center staff and ESSD editors created bypass access routes to facilitate anonymous reviews. For ESSD purposes, open access and doi cooperation leading to reliable curation allows a win, win, win partnership among centers, providers, and journal. Mark W. Tanner Full Text Available Originally published in TESL-EJ March 2009, Volume 12, Number 4 (http://tesl-ej.org/ej48/a2.html. Reprinted with permission from the authors.Although some students have discovered how to use self-access centers effectively, the majority appear to be unaware of available resources. A website and database of materials were created to help students locate materials and use the Self-Access Study Center (SASC at Brigham Young University’s English Language Center (ELC more effectively. Students took two surveys regarding their use of the SASC. The first survey was given before the website and database were made available. A second survey was administered 12 weeks after students had been introduced to the resource. An analysis of the data shows that students tend to use SASC resources more autonomously as a result of having a web-based database. The survey results suggest that SAC managers can encourage more autonomous use of center materials by provided a website and database to help students find appropriate materials to use to learn English. Poort, J.P.; Groot, I.; Kok, L.; de Graaf, D.; Hof, B.J.F. The accessibility of certain products and services to all people, irrespective of their income, age, health and geographical location is considered to be of great social importance. Think for instance of health care, education, electricity, and sanitation. Accessibility can be secured in a variety Researchers at EPA’s National Center for Computational Toxicology integrate advances in biology, chemistry, and computer science to examine the toxicity of chemicals and help prioritize chemicals for further research based on potential human health risks. The goal of this researc... 3 Impact of Public Access to ICT Skills on Job Prospects in Rwanda ... reform and information and communication technology (ICT) policies, particularly in developing countries. ... (From internal memoranda prepared by Amy Mahan, 2008) ..... little decision-making autonomy, power, or financial control within the household. The purpose of this research is to examine the relationship between accessibility and the : growth of employment centers in order to improve our understanding of how transportation : investments influence the spatial organization of metropolitan area... Waits and delays for healthcare are legendary. These delays are not only frustrating and potentially hazardous for patients and providers but also represent significant cost to office practices. The traditional medical model that defines urgent care versus routine care is a vain and futile attempt to sort demand. This approach is at constant odds with patients' definition of urgency. Trusting patients to determine when and how they want to access care makes sense from a customer service perspective. If approached systematically using the principles of Advanced Access, patient demand patterns can be tracked to forecast demand. These demand patterns become the template for deploying the resources necessary to meet patients' needs. Although not a simple journey, the transformation to Advanced Access provides an entree to patient-centered care where patients can say, "I get exactly the care I want and need, when I want and need it." Behnke, J.; James, N. Many steps have been taken over the past 20 years to make NASA's Earth Science data more accessible to the public. The data collected by NASA represent a significant public investment in research. NASA holds these data in a public trust to promote comprehensive, long-term Earth science research. Consequently, NASA developed a free, open and non-discriminatory policy consistent with existing international policies to maximize access to data and to keep user costs as low as possible. These policies apply to all data archived, maintained, distributed or produced by NASA data systems. The Earth Observing System Data and Information System (EOSDIS) is a major core capability within NASA Earth Science Data System Program. EOSDIS is designed to ingest, process, archive, and distribute data from approximately 90 instruments. Today over 6800 data products are available to the public through the EOSDIS. Last year, EOSDIS distributed over 636 million science data products to the user community, serving over 1.5 million distinct users. The system supports a variety of science disciplines including polar processes, land cover change, radiation budget, and most especially global climate change. A core philosophy of EOSDIS is that the general user is best served by providing discipline specific support for the data. To this end, EOSDIS has collocated NASA Earth science data with centers of science discipline expertise, called Distributed Active Archive Centers (DAACs). DAACs are responsible for data management, archive and distribution of data products. There are currently twelve DAACs in the EOSDIS system. The centralized entrance point to the NASA Earth Science data collection can be found at http://earthdata.nasa.gov. Over the years, we have developed several methods for determining needs of the user community including use of the American Customer Satisfaction Index survey and a broad metrics program. Annually, we work with an independent organization (CFI Group) to send this Azbi, Trine; Larsen, Bente; Møbjerg, Anna Christine Meinertz Resultater af en afdækning og analyse af Open Access (OA) publicering på Professionshøjskolen Metropol......Resultater af en afdækning og analyse af Open Access (OA) publicering på Professionshøjskolen Metropol... National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Department of Commerce — This accession contains a scan of the analog publication 'TOGA Sea Level Center: Data from the Indian Ocean'. Abstract from p. iii of the publication: The TOGA Sea... By Robin Meckley, Contributing Writer, and Tracie Frederick, Guest Writer Open access and public access—are they different concepts or are they the same? What do they mean for the researchers at NCI at Frederick? “Open-access (OA) literature is digital, online, free of charge, and free of most copyright and licensing restrictions. What makes it possible is the Internet and the consent of the author or copyright-holder,” according to an open access website maintained by Peter Suber, director, Harvard Open Access Project. How NASA's Atmospheric Science Data Center (ASDC) is operationally using the Esri ArcGIS Platform to improve data discoverability, accessibility and interoperability to meet the diversifying government, private, public and academic communities' driven requirements. Evcil, A Nilay Accessibility to public environment is the human right and basic need of each citizen and is one of the fundamental considerations for urban planning. The aim of this study is to determine the compliance of public buildings in central business districts (CBD) of Istanbul, Turkey, to wheelchair accessibility to the guidelines of the instrument and identify architectural barriers faced by wheelchair users. This is a descriptive study of 26 public buildings in CBD of Istanbul. The instrument used is the adapted Useh, Moyo and Munyonga questionnaire to collect the data from direct observation and measurement. Descriptive statistics of simple percentages and means are used to explain the compliance to the guidelines of the instrument and wheelchair accessibility. The descriptive survey results indicate that wheelchair users experience many accessibility problems in public environment of the most urbanised city (cultural capital of Europe in 2010) in a developing country. It is found that the major architectural barrier is the public transportation items with the lowest mean compliance (25%). Beside this, the most compliant to the instrument is entrance to building items with 79% as mean percentage. It is also found that there is an intention to improve accessibility when building construction period is investigated. This article describes the example of the compliance of public buildings accessibility when the country has legislation, but lacking regulations about accessibility for the wheelchair users. Savić, Dobrica (IAEA-NIS); GreyNet, Grey Literature Network Service Since its creation in 1970, the International Nuclear Information System (INIS) has collected and provided access to more than 3.8 million bibliographic references to publications, documents, technical reports, non-copyrighted documentation, and other grey literature, as well as over a million full texts. Overall, there are 800 GB of data in the INIS repository. Public interest in accessing this collection has been remarkable. This year alone, there were more than one million sessions and alm... Full Text Available BACKGROUND: Scientific publishing is undergoing significant changes due to the growth of online publications, increases in the number of open access journals, and policies of funders and universities requiring authors to ensure that their publications become publicly accessible. Most studies of the impact of these changes have focused on the growth of articles available through open access or the number of open-access journals. Here, we investigated access to publications at a number of institutes and universities around the world, focusing on publications in HIV vaccine research--an area of biomedical research with special importance to the developing world. METHODS AND FINDINGS: We selected research papers in HIV vaccine research field, creating: 1 a first set of 50 most recently published papers with keywords "HIV vaccine" and 2 a second set of 200 articles randomly selected from those cited in the first set. Access to the majority (80% of the recently published articles required subscription, while cited literature was much more accessible (67% freely available online. Subscriptions at a number of institutions around the world were assessed for providing access to subscription-only articles from the two sets. The access levels varied widely, ranging among institutions from 20% to 90%. Through the WHO-supported HINARI program, institutes in low-income countries had access comparable to that of institutes in the North. Finally, we examined the response rates for reprint requests sent to corresponding authors, a method commonly used before internet access became widespread. Contacting corresponding authors with requests for electronic copies of articles by email resulted in a 55-60% success rate, although in some cases it took up to 1.5 months to get a response. CONCLUSIONS: While research articles are increasingly available on the internet in open access format, institutional subscriptions continue to play an important role. However Full Text Available In the study; the assessment of accessibility has been conducted in Istanbul public libraries within the scope of public area. Public libraries commonly serve with its user of more than 20 million in total, spread to the general of Turkey, having more than one thousand branches in the centrums and having more than one million registered members. The building principles and standards covering the subjects such as the selection of place, historical and architectural specification of the region, distance to the centre of population and design in a way that the disabled people could benefit from the library services fully have been determined with regulations in the construction of new libraries. There are works for the existent libraries such as access for the disabled, fire safety precautions etc. within the scope of the related standards. Easy access by everyone is prioritized in the public libraries having a significant role in life-long learning. The purpose of the study is to develop solution suggestions for the accessibility problems in the public libraries. The study based on the eye inspection and assessments carried out within the scope of accessibility in the public libraries subsidiary to Istanbul Culture and Tourism Provincial Directorate Library and Publications Department within the provincial borders of Istanbul. The arrangements such as reading halls, study areas, book shelves etc. have been examined within the frame of accessible building standards. Building entrances, ramps and staircases, horizontal and vertical circulation of building etc. have been taken into consideration within the scope of accessible building standards. The subjects such as the reading and studying areas and book shelf arrangements for the library have been assessed within the scope of specific buildings. There are a total of 34 public libraries subsidiary to Istanbul Culture and Tourism Provincial Directorate on condition that 20 ea. of them are in the Luis Alejandro Casasola Balsells Full Text Available This paper describes an analysis conducted in 2015 to evaluate the accessibility of content on Andalusian public university websites. In order to determinate whether these websites are accessible, an assessment has been carried out to check conformance with the latest Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG 2.0 established by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C. For this purpose, we have designed a methodology for analysis that combines the use of three automatic tools (eXaminator, MINHAP web accessibility tool, and TAW with a manual analysis to provide a greater reliability and validity of the results. Although the results are acceptable overall, a detailed analysis shows that more is still needed for achieving full accessibility for the entire university community. In this respect, we suggest several corrections to common accessibility errors for facilitating the design of university web portals. Columbia Univ., New York, NY. Network Project. The transcript of a panel discussion and an essay on public access to and control of society's information resources are presented. It is contended that the electronic Media--including radio, television, and communication satellites--are controlled by a select group of individuals and corporations and that they are not meeting the public interest.… CERN is committed to Open Access. It represents one of the values written in our Convention sixty years ago and is increasingly important for our Member States. In the last edition of the Bulletin, this article described how CERN is doing with regards to open access publishing today. On Thursday this week, the Open Access Policy for CERN Physics Publications* was endorsed by the Scientific Information Policy Board (SIPB) and approved by the Director-General the same day . For any clarifications regarding the policy, please contact the Scientific Information Service [email protected]. * A French version of the policy will be made available shortly. Gonder, J.; Burton, E.; Murakami, E. Access to existing travel data is critical for many analysis efforts that lack the time or resources to support detailed data collection. High-resolution data sets provide particular value, but also present a challenge for preserving the anonymity of the original survey participants. To address this dilemma of providing data access while preserving privacy, the National Renewable Energy Laboratory and the U.S. Department of Transportation have launched the Transportation Secure Data Center (TSDC). TSDC data sets include those from regional travel surveys and studies that increasingly use global positioning system devices. Data provided by different collecting agencies varies with respect to formatting, elements included and level of processing conducted in support of the original purpose. The TSDC relies on a number of geospatial and other analysis tools to ensure data quality and to generate useful information outputs. TSDC users can access the processed data in two different ways. The first is by downloading summary results and second-by-second vehicle speed profiles (with latitude/longitude information removed) from a publicly-accessible website. The second method involves applying for a remote connection account to a controlled-access environment where spatial analysis can be conducted, but raw data cannot be removed. Since its creation in 1970, the International Nuclear Information System (INIS) has collected and provided access to more than 3.8 million bibliographic references to publications, documents, technical reports, non‐copyrighted documentation, and other grey literature, as well as over a million full texts. Overall, there are 800 GB of data in the INIS repository. Public interest in accessing this collection has been remarkable. This year alone, there were more than one million sessions and almost two million page views. During the same period, there were 1.6 million full text document downloads. The INIS collection consists of seven types of literature – computer media, patents, books, reports, journal articles, miscellaneous and audio‐visuals. This paper provides an overview of the INIS collection subject coverage, and the distribution of different types of grey literature. It also provides INIS repository access statistics based on Google Analytics and other Web search data pertaining to public interest in accessing these different types of literature and the uniqueness of the collection. As one of the world's largest collections of published information on the peaceful uses of nuclear science and technology, INIS represents an extraordinary example of world cooperation. 154 INIS members share and allow access to their valuable nuclear information resources, preserving them for future generations and offering a freely available nuclear knowledge repository. (author) Cochrane, Pauline A. A listing is presented of 17 documents in the ERIC database concerning the Online Catalog (sometimes referred to as OPAC or Online Public Access Catalog), a computer-based and supported library catalog designed for patron use. The database usually represents recent acquisitions and often contains information about books on order and items in… Full Text Available This paper presents the rationale, common practices, challenges, and some personal anecdotes from a journal editor on the production, use, and re-use of peer-reviewed scholarly articles as open educational resources (OER. The scholarly and professional discourse related to open educational resources has largely focused on open learning objects, courseware, and textbooks. However, especially in graduate education, articles published in scholarly journals are often a major component of the course content in formal education. In addition, open access journal articles are critical to expanding access to knowledge by scholars in the developing world and in fostering citizen science, by which everyone has access to the latest academic information and research results. In this article, I highlight some of the challenges, economic models, and evidence for quality of open access journal content and look at new affordances provided by the Net for enhanced functionality, access, and distribution.In the 17 years since I graduated with a doctorate degree, the climate and acceptance of open access publishing has almost reversed itself. I recall a conversation with my PhD supervisor in which he argued that publishing online was not a viable option as the product would not have permanency, scholarly recognition, or the prestige of a paper publication. His comments reflect the confusion between online resources and those described as open access, but as well illustrate the change in academic acceptance and use of open access products during the past decade. The evolution from paper to online production and consumption is a disruptive technology in which much lower cost and increased accessibility of online work opens the product to a completely new group of potential users. In the case of OER these consumers are primarily students, but certainly access to scholars from all parts of the globe and the availability to support citizen science (Silvertown, 2009 George, W; Grimminger, F; Krause, B The Communications Center's portfolio covers areas such as marketing, contacts, distribution of information, sales activities and collection of bills by telephone (encashment). A special emphasis is Customer Care Management (Customer Relationship Management) to the patient and his caregivers (relatives), the customers, especially the physicians who send their patients to the hospital and the hospital doctor. By providing communication centers, the hospital would be able to improve the communication with the G.P.s, and identify the wishes and requirements more accurately and easily from the beginning. Dealing effectively with information and communication is already also of special importance for hospital doctors today. One can assume that the demands on doctors in this respect will become even more complex in the future. Doctors who are involved in scientific research are of course fully aware of the growing importance of the Internet with its new information and communication channels. Therefore analysing the current situation, the demands on a future information management system can be formulated: A system that will help doctors to avoid dealing with little goal-oriented information and thus setting up effective communication channels; an information system which is multi-media oriented towards the interests and needs of the patients and patient's relatives and which is further developed continually and directly by those involved. Arleth, Mette; Campagna, Michele The paper reports an ongoing comparative study on the accessibility of Geographic Information at public authorities’ websites in Denmark and Italy. The purpose of the study is twofold; to give an idea of the latest development and diffusion of GI on public authorities websites, and to identify...... critical factors for success or failure of the applications. First part of the study therefore consists of a mapping of the level of accessibility of GI in the two countries as a comparative analysis. The focus of the mapping is mainly on the use of geographic information as support to citizens......’ involvement in spatial e-government and planning processes. Then, in the reminder of the paper, a comparative analysis is proposed outlining similarities and divergences in critical success factors in the two examined domains.... David L Carey Miller Full Text Available This article attempts to understand the radical reform of Scottish land law in its provision for a general right of public access to private land introduced in 2003 as part of land reform legislation, an important aspect of the initial agenda of the Scottish Parliament revived in 1999. The right is to recreational access for a limited period and the right to cross land. Access can be taken only on foot or by horse or bicycle. As a starting point clarification of the misunderstood pre-reform position is attempted. The essential point is that Scots common law does not give civil damages for a simple act of trespass (as English law does but only a right to obtain removal of the trespasser. Under the reforms the longstanding Scottish position of landowners allowing walkers access to the hills and mountains becomes a legal right. A critical aspect of the new right is that it is one of responsible access; provided a landowner co-operates with the spirit and system of the Act access can be denied on the basis that it is not being exercised responsibly. But the onus is on the landowner to show that the exercise of the right is not responsible.Although the right applies to all land a general exception protects the privacy of a domestic dwelling. Early case law suggests that the scope of this limit depends upon particular circumstances although reasonable 'garden ground' is likely to be protected. There are various particular limits such as school land.Compliance with the protection of property under the European Convention on Human Rights is discussed. The article emphasises the latitude, open to nations, for limitations to the right of ownership in land in the public interest. The extent of the Scottish access inroad illustrates this. This leads to the conclusion that 'land governance' – the subject of the Potchefstroom Conference at which the paper was initially presented – largely remains a matter for domestic law; the lex situs concept is alive Zachrisson, Henrik Daae; Janson, Harald; Naerde, Ane This paper reports predictors for center care utilization prior to 18 months of age in Norway, a country with a welfare system providing up to one-year paid parental leave and universal access to subsidized and publicly regulated center care. A community sample of 1103 families was interviewed about demographics, family, and child characteristics… Full Text Available In the fall of 2004, the Academic Computing Center, a division of the Information Technology Services Department (ITS at Minnesota State University, Mankato took over responsibility for the computers in the public areas of Memorial Library. For the first time, affiliated Memorial Library users were required to authenticate using a campus username and password, a change that effectively eliminated computer access for anyone not part of the university community. This posed a dilemma for the librarians. Because of its Federal Depository status, the library had a responsibility to provide general access to both print and online government publications for the general public. Furthermore, the library had a long tradition of providing guest access to most library resources, and there was reluctance to abandon the practice. Therefore the librarians worked with ITS to retain a small group of six computers that did not require authentication and were clearly marked for community use, along with several standup, open-access computers on each floor used primarily for searching the library catalog. The additional need to provide computer access to high school students visiting the library for research and instruction led to more discussions with ITS and resulted in a means of generating temporary usernames and passwords through a Web form. These user accommodations were implemented in the library without creating a written policy governing the use of open-access computers. Ellingson, Derek; Miick, Ronald; Chang, Faye; Hillard, Robert; Choudhary, Abhishek; Ashraf, Imran; Bechtold, Matthew; Diaz-Arias, Alberto The diagnostic yield in open access endoscopy has been evaluated which generally support the effectiveness and efficiency of open access endoscopy. With a few exceptions, diagnostic yield studies have not been performed in open access endoscopy for more specific conditions. Therefore, we conducted a study to determine the efficiency of open access endoscopy in the detection of microscopic colitis as compared to traditional referral via a gastroenterologist. A retrospective search of the pathology database at the University of Missouri for specimens from a local open access endoscopy center was conducted via SNOMED code using the terms: "microscopic", "lymphocytic", "collagenous", "spirochetosis", "focal active colitis", "melanosis coli" and "histopathologic" in the diagnosis line for the time period between January 1, 2004 and May 25, 2006. Specimens and colonoscopy reports were reviewed by a single pathologist. Of 266 consecutive patients with chronic diarrhea and normal colonoscopies, the number of patients with microscopic disease are as follows: Lymphocytic colitis (n = 12, 4.5%), collagenous colitis (n = 17, 6.4%), focal active colitis (n = 15, 5.6%), and spirochetosis (n = 2, 0.4%). The diagnostic yield of microscopic colitis in this study of an open access endoscopy center does not differ significantly from that seen in major medical centers. In terms of diagnostic yield, open access endoscopy appears to be as effective in diagnosing microscopic colitis. Peterson, C.R.; Kostelnik, K.M. The Performance Assessment Center (PAC) was established by the Department of Energy's National Low-Level Waste Management Program to provide technical assistance to support the development of low-level radioactive waste disposal facilities. This user's manual provides guidance to remote users of the PAC. Information is presented on how remote users may most effectively access and use the systems available at the Performance Assessment Center in Idaho Falls, Idaho. Access requirements and operating procedures are presented to assist the first-time PAC user. This manual also provides brief descriptions of each code available on the system This paper explores the current library access policies for alumni at a public university system using document analysis, observations and interviews. We found that alumni are specifically addressed in only two library access policies, and borrowing privileges through cards, on-site access and restricted access to electronic ... Federal Laboratory Consortium — The National Center for Disaster Medicine and Public Health (NCDMPH) is an academic center tasked with leading federal, and coordinating national, efforts to develop... Nagata, Takashi; Takamori, Ayako; Kimura, Yoshinari; Kimura, Akio; Hashizume, Makoto; Nakahara, Shinji Rapid economic growth in Vietnam over the last decade has led to an increased frequency of road traffic injury (RTI), which now represents one of the leading causes of death in the nation. Various efforts toward injury prevention have not produced a significant decline in the incidence of RTIs. Our study sought to describe the geographic distribution of RTIs in Hanoi, Vietnam and to evaluate the accessibility of trauma centers to those injured in the city. We performed a cross-sectional study using Hanoi city police reports from 2006 to describe the epidemiology of RTIs occurring in Hanoi city. Additionally, we identified geographic patterns and determined the direct distance from injury sites to trauma centers by applying geographical information system (GIS) software. Factors associated with the accessibility of trauma centers were evaluated by multivariate regression analysis. We mapped 1,271 RTIs in Hanoi city. About 40% of RTIs occurred among people 20-29 years of age. Additionally, 63% of RTIs were motorcycle-associated incidents. Two peak times of injury occurrence were observed: 12 am-4 pm and 8 pm-0 am. "Hot spots" of road traffic injuries/fatalities were identified in the city area and on main highways using Kernel density estimation. Interestingly, RTIs occurring along the two north-south main roads were not within easy access of trauma centers. Further, fatal cases, gender and injury mechanism were significantly associated with the distance between injury location and trauma centers. Geographical patterns of RTIs in Hanoi city differed by gender, time, and injury mechanism; such information may be useful for injury prevention. Specifically, RTIs occurring along the two north-south main roads have lower accessibility to trauma centers, thus an emergency medical service system should be established. Upadhyay, Ushma D; Cartwright, Alice F; Johns, Nicole E A proposed California law will require student health centers at public universities to provide medication abortion. To understand its potential impact, we sought to describe current travel time, costs, and wait times to access care at the nearest abortion facilities. We projected total medication abortion use based on campus enrollment figures and age- and state-adjusted abortion rates. We calculated distance and public transit time from campuses to the nearest abortion facility. We contacted existing abortion-providing facilities to determine costs, insurance acceptance, and wait times. We estimate 322 to 519 California public university students seek medication abortions each month. As many as 62% of students at these universities were more than 30 minutes from the closest abortion facility via public transportation. Average cost of medication abortion was $604, and average wait time to the first available appointment was one week. College students face cost, scheduling, and travel barriers to abortion care. Offering medication abortion on campus could reduce these barriers. Copyright © 2018 Society for Adolescent Health and Medicine. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Conclusion: The results of this study show that public buildings in the Kumasi metropolis are not wheelchair accessible. An important observation made during this study was that there is an intention to improve accessibility when buildings are being constructed or renovated, but there are no laid down guidelines as how to make the buildings accessible for wheelchair users. ... 22 Foreign Relations 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Public access to committee records. 214.37 Section 214.37 Foreign Relations AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ADVISORY COMMITTEE MANAGEMENT Operation of Advisory Committees § 214.37 Public access to committee records. Records maintained in... Madina, Carlos; Barlag, Heike; Coppola, Giovanni; Gómez-Arriola, Inés; Rodríguez-Sánchez, Raúl; Zabala, Eduardo From the end user perspective, the main barriers for widespread electric vehicle (EV) adoption are high purchase cost and range anxiety, both regarding battery capacity and availability of accessible EV charging infrastructure. Governments and public bodies in general are taking steps towards overcoming these barriers by, among others, setting up regulatory requirements regarding standardisation, customer information and recommending objectives of publicly accessible charging infrastructure. ... Geurs, Karst Teunis; Patuelli, Roberto; Dentinho, T. In this book, leading researchers from around the world show the importance of accessibility in contemporary issues such as rural depopulation, investments in public services and public transport, and transport infrastructure investments in Europe. The trade-offs between accessibility, economic De Pietri, Diana; Dietrich, Patricia; Mayo, Patricia; Carcagno, Alejandro; de Titto, Ernesto Characterize geographical indicators in relation to their usefulness in measuring regional inequities, identify and describe areas according to their degree of geographical accessibility to primary health care centers (PHCCs), and detect populations at risk from the perspective of access to primary care. Analysis of spatial accessibility using geographic information systems (GIS) involved three aspects: population without medical coverage, distribution of PHCCs, and the public transportation network connecting them. The development of indicators of demand (real, potential, and differential) and analysis of territorial factors affecting population mobility enabled the characterization of PHCCs with regard to their environment, thereby contributing to local and regional analysis and to the detection of different zones according to regional connectivity levels. Indicators developed in a GIS environment were very useful in analyzing accessibility to PHCCs by vulnerable populations. Zoning the region helped identify inequities by differentiating areas of unmet demand and fragmentation of spatial connectivity between PHCCs and public transportation. Conrey, Elizabeth J; Seidu, Dazar; Ryan, Norma J; Chapman, Dj Sam Medical homes deliver primary care that is accessible, continuous, comprehensive, family centered, coordinated, compassionate and culturally effective. Children with special health care needs (CSHCN) require a wide range of support to maintain health, making medical home access particularly important. We sought to understand independent risk factors for lacking access. We analyzed Ohio, USA data from the National Survey of Children with Special Health Care Needs (2005-2006). Among CSHCN, 55.6% had medical home access. The proportion achieving each medical home component was highest for having a personal doctor/nurse and lowest for receiving coordinated care, family-centered care and referrals. Specific subsets of CSHCN were significantly and independently more likely to lack medical home access: Hispanic (AOR=3.08), moderate/high severity of difficulty (AOR=2.84), and any public insurance (AOR=1.60). Efforts to advance medical home access must give special attention to these CSHCN populations and improvements must be made to referral access, family-centered care, and care coordination. The Forum's work led to advice to the Scottish Government concluding that ... respect of the facilitation and upholding of access rights. This is ...... particular protection of a person's rights in respect of private and family life and the home under ... jurisprudence emphasising the necessity of a balancing-of-interests approach. Welle Donker, F.M. In the digital age geo-information has become embedded in our daily lives, such as navigation systems, community platforms, real estate information and weather forecasts. Everybody uses geo-information for their day-to-day decision making. Therefore, access to geo-information is of vital importance Full Text Available This checklist provides an overview of the Open Access policies implemented at Austrian universities and extramural research institutions. Furthermore, the polices adopted at nine public universities are analyzed and the respective text modules are categorized thematically. The second part of the checklist presents measures for the promotion of Open Access following the implementation of an Open Access policy. In Sweden, access to information is considered one of the cornerstones of the free democratic exchange of views. It is not enough that public authorities give information about their work. Public activities shall be open to the citizens and the media in such a way that they can choose the information they wish to obtain, without having to rely on public information services. An official document is public, it must be kept available to anyone who wishes to peruse it. Official documents are registered in a public register in order to allow to anyone to exercise their right of access to official document. (N.C.) Tuck, Kathy D.; Holmes, Dwight R. At the request of New Business Item: 89 (NBI: 89) adopted at the 2015 NEA Representative Assembly, this study examines the extent to which students have access to public school library/media centers with qualified staff and up-to-date resources. The study explores trends in library/media center openings and closings as well as staffing patterns… Kuhn, Tobias; Luong, ThaiBinh; Krauthammer, Michael Complex relationships in biomedical publications are often communicated by diagrams such as bar and line charts, which are a very effective way of summarizing and communicating multi-faceted data sets. Given the ever-increasing amount of published data, we argue that the precise retrieval of such diagrams is of great value for answering specific and otherwise hard-to-meet information needs. To this end, we demonstrate the use of advanced image processing and classification for identifying bar... The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation has invested in a number of public access to information and communication technology (ICT) ... University of Washington ... It is now generally accepted that affordable, effective telecommunication ... Jun 1, 2015 ... Public access venues – most often Internet cafés in cities and ... 35 years working as an economist for international development agencies. ... Birth registration is the basis for advancing gender equality and children's rights. From public open access to common property: the prospects and challenges of institutionalizing boundaries for self-governance and management of community irrigation dams in the Upper East Region, Ghana. Boler, Fran; Wier, Stuart; D'Agostino, Nicola; Fernandes, Rui R. M.; Ganas, Athanassios; Bruyninx, Carine; Ofeigsson, Benedikt COOPEUS, the European Union project to strengthen the cooperation between the US and the EU in the field of environmental research infrastructures, is linking the US NSF-supported geodesy Facility at UNAVCO with the European Plate Observing System (EPOS) in joint research infrastructure enhancement activities that will ultimately advance international geodesy data discovery and access. (COOPEUS also links a broad set of additional EU and US based Earth, oceans, and environmental science research entities in joint research infrastructure enhancement activities.) The UNAVCO Data Center in Boulder, Colorado, archives for preservation and distributes geodesy data and products, including hosting GNSS data from 2,500 continuously operating stations around the globe. UNAVCO is only one of several hundred data centers worldwide hosting GNSS data, which are valuable for scientific research, education, hazards assessment and monitoring, and emergency management. However, the disparate data holdings structures, metadata encodings, and infrastructures at these data centers represent a significant obstacle to use by scientists, government entities, educators and the public. Recently a NASA-funded project at UNAVCO and two partner geodesy data centers in the US (CDDIS and SOPAC) has successfully designed and implemented software for simplified data search and access called the Geodesy Seamless Archive Centers (GSAC). GSAC is a web services based technology that is intended to be simple to install and run for most geodesy data centers. The GSAC services utilize a repository layer and a service layer to identify and present both the required metadata elements along with any data center-specific services and capabilities. In addition to enabling web services and related capabilities at the data center level, GSAC repository code can be implemented to federate two or more GSAC-enabled data centers wishing to present a unified search and access capability to their user community. In Joshua Goodman; Michael Hurwitz; Jonathan Smith Does access to four-year colleges affect degree completion for students who would otherwise attend two-year colleges? Admission to Georgia’s four-year public sector requires minimum SAT scores. Regression discontinuity estimates show that access to this sector increases four-year college enrollment and college quality, largely by diverting students from two-year colleges. Access substantially increases bachelor’s degree completion rates for these relatively low-skilled students. SAT retaking ... Goodman, Joshua Samuel; Hurwitz, Michael; Smith, Jonathan Does access to 4-year colleges affect degree completion for students who would otherwise attend 2-year colleges? Admission to Georgia’s 4-year public sector requires minimum SAT scores. Regression discontinuity estimates show that access to this sector increases 4-year college enrollment and college quality, largely by diverting students from 2-year colleges. Access substantially increases bachelor’s degree completion rates for these relatively low-skilled students. SAT retaking behavior sugg... The study investigated the awareness and use of Open Access scholarly publications by postgraduate students of Faculty of Science in Ahmadu Bello University Zaria (ABU), Kaduna State, Nigeria. The study was guided by four research objectives namely to determine the channels of awareness of Open Access ... This article attempts to understand the radical reform of Scottish land law in its provision for a general right of public access to private land introduced in 2003 as part of land reform legislation, an important aspect of the initial agenda of the Scottish Parliament revived in 1999. The right is to recreational access for a limited ... Kalin, Sally W. Discusses the needs of remote users of online public access catalogs (OPACs). User expectations are discussed; problems encountered by remote-access users are examined, including technical problems and searching problems; support services are described, including instruction, print guides, and online help; and differences from the needs of… Ringh, Mattias; Hollenberg, Jacob; Palsgaard-Moeller, Thea . Much hope has been put to the concept of Public Access Defibrillation with a massive dissemination of public available AEDs throughout most western countries. Accordingly, current guidelines recommend that AEDs should be deployed in places with a high likelihood of OHCA. Despite these efforts, AED use...... is in most settings anecdotal with little effect on overall OHCA survival. The major reasons for low use of public AEDs are that most OHCA take place outside high incidence sites of cardiac arrest and that most OHCAs take place in residential settings, currently defined as not suitable for Public Access...... Defibrillation. However, the use of new technology for identification and recruitment of lay bystanders and nearby AEDs to the scene of the cardiac arrest as well as new methods for strategic AED placement redefines and challenges the current concept and definitions of Public Access Defibrillation. Existing... Federal Laboratory Consortium — On October 17, 2008, the Conflict Resolution and Public Participation Center (CPCX) was named a Corps Center of Expertise (CX) and Directory of Expertise (DX). The... Kuhn, Tobias; Luong, ThaiBinh; Krauthammer, Michael Complex relationships in biomedical publications are often communicated by diagrams such as bar and line charts, which are a very effective way of summarizing and communicating multi-faceted data sets. Given the ever-increasing amount of published data, we argue that the precise retrieval of such diagrams is of great value for answering specific and otherwise hard-to-meet information needs. To this end, we demonstrate the use of advanced image processing and classification for identifying bar and line charts by the shape and relative location of the different image elements that make up the charts. With recall and precisions of close to 90% for the detection of relevant figures, we discuss the use of this technology in an existing biomedical image search engine, and outline how it enables new forms of literature queries over biomedical relationships that are represented in these charts. This report describes the pilot data collections and post-questionnaire interview activities of the Council on Library Resources (CLR)/Online Computer Library Center (OCLC) Online Public Access Project. The background of the project is briefly described, the purpose and adminstration of the post-questionnaire interviews are outlined, and pilot… ... archiving publications and making them publically accessible be used to grow the economy and improve the... can ensure long-term stewardship if content is distributed across multiple private sources? (4) Are... ... archiving publications and making them publically accessible be used to grow the economy and improve the... can ensure long-term stewardship if content is distributed across multiple private sources? (4) Are... Collins, Joshua C. The purpose of this Writer's Forum is to share eight tips about writing for publication as a graduate student. These tips demonstrate writing for publication as an accessible reality for students. This Writer's Forum advances ideas, advice, and anecdotes focused on helping graduate students to see themselves as valued experts who are… den Boef, August Hans; Kircz, Joost; Riekert, Wolf-Fritz; Simon, Ingeborg The essence of a democratic process is the guarantee that citizens have free and easy access to public information. How can that be made possible and how can people learn to use that information critically? In earlier papers (Boef, et.al. 2008 and 2009), we discussed the relationship between public Morar, T.; Bertolini, L.; Radoslav, R. Public spaces are sources of quality of life in neighborhoods. Seeking to help professionals and municipalities assess how well a public space can be used by the community it serves, this paper presents a GIS-based methodology for evaluating its pedestrian accessibility. The Romanian city of Narasimha, R.; Shetye, S.R. . 79, NO. 4, 25 AUGUST 2000 391 In this issue Public access to Indian Geographical Data In late 1997 the Indian Academy of Sciences set up a Panel on Scientific Data of Public Interest to examine all issues concerning scientific data... available in the country. The mem- bers of the Panel are R. Narasimha (Chairman), S. Dhawan, M. Gadgil, I. Nath, S. Shetye (Secretary). In early 1998 the Panel issued a public announcement outlining its concerns and inviting suggestions on how... This is the first Publications Index to be published by the Center for Devices and Radiological Health. Previous indexes, titled 'Bureau of Radiological Health Publications Index', were published before the Center was formed in 1982 through the merger of the Bureau of Radiological Health and the Bureau of Medical Devices; the last of these indexes was published in October 1980. The 1988 edition contains records of medical device and radiological health documents authored or published by the Center from 1978 through 1986. It should not be considered all-inclusive since those documents for which bibliographic information was not available have been excluded. The Publications Index is being distributed to Center staff, state radiological health programs, and libraries on the Center's publication mailing list. The Center plans to update and publish the Index every other year to provide a convenient record of published Center documents Ringh, M; Hollenberg, J; Palsgaard-Moeller, T; Svensson, L; Rosenqvist, M; Lippert, F K; Wissenberg, M; Malta Hansen, C; Claesson, A; Viereck, S; Zijlstra, J A; Koster, R W; Herlitz, J; Blom, M T; Kramer-Johansen, J; Tan, H L; Beesems, S G; Hulleman, M; Olasveengen, T M; Folke, F Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) is a major health problem that affects approximately four hundred and thousand patients annually in the United States alone. It is a major challenge for the emergency medical system as decreased survival rates are directly proportional to the time delay from collapse to defibrillation. Historically, defibrillation has only been performed by physicians and in-hospital. With the development of automated external defibrillators (AEDs), rapid defibrillation by nonmedical professionals and subsequently by trained or untrained lay bystanders has become possible. Much hope has been put to the concept of Public Access Defibrillation with a massive dissemination of public available AEDs throughout most Western countries. Accordingly, current guidelines recommend that AEDs should be deployed in places with a high likelihood of OHCA. Despite these efforts, AED use is in most settings anecdotal with little effect on overall OHCA survival. The major reasons for low use of public AEDs are that most OHCAs take place outside high incidence sites of cardiac arrest and that most OHCAs take place in residential settings, currently defined as not suitable for Public Access Defibrillation. However, the use of new technology for identification and recruitment of lay bystanders and nearby AEDs to the scene of the cardiac arrest as well as new methods for strategic AED placement redefines and challenges the current concept and definitions of Public Access Defibrillation. Existing evidence of Public Access Defibrillation and knowledge gaps and future directions to improve outcomes for OHCA are discussed. In addition, a new definition of the different levels of Public Access Defibrillation is offered as well as new strategies for increasing AED use in the society. © 2018 The Association for the Publication of the Journal of Internal Medicine. Golub, Aaron; Robinson, Glenn; Brendan Nee, Brendan Nee The regional transportation planning process in the United States has not been easily opened to public oversight even after strengthened requirements for public participation and civil rights considerations. In the effort to improve the public review of regional transportation plans, this paper describes the construction of a proof-of concept web-based tool designed to analyze the effects of regional transportation plans on accessibility to jobs and other essential destinations. The tool allo... Full Text Available AbstractThis paper models land price for housing in Sleman district. It uses a multiple regression model to estimate the land price based on various variables. It finds six variables that influence the land price, namely the land width, width of the nearest road, width of the nearest main road, distance to the nearest main road, distance to Yogyakarta ring road, and the travel time to Gadjah Mada University campus. It also finds four insignificant variables, namely distance to Malioboro road, distance to Gadjah Mada University campus, travel time to Yogyakarta ring road, and travel time to Malioboro. Keyword: Land price, center of business district, accessibilityJEL classification numbers: D46, D49AbstrakPaper ini memodelkan harga tanah untuk perumahan di Kabupaten Sleman menggunakan model regresi berganda untuk memperkirakan harga tanah berdasarkan berbagai variabel. Paper ini menemukan enam variabel yang mempengaruhi harga tanah, yaitu lebar tanah, lebar jalan terdekat, lebar jalan utama terdekat, jarak ke jalan utama terdekat, jarak ke jalan lingkar Yogyakarta, dan waktu perjalanan ke Universitas Gadjah Mada. Paper ini juga menemukan empat variabel yang tidak signifikan, yaitu jarak ke jalan Malioboro, jarak ke kampus Universitas Gadjah Mada, waktu tempuh ke jalan lingkar Yogyakarta, dan waktu tempuh ke Malioboro.Keyword: Harga tanah, center of business district, aksesibilitasJEL classification numbers: D46, D49 Pardasani, Manoj; Goldkind, Lauri As critical components of the aging continuum of care, senior centers promote older adult health and well-being by providing opportunities for recreation, socialization, nutrition, health education, and access to vital social services. Nationally, a vast network of 11,000 senior centers serves over four million older adults annually. As the United… : Designing Statistics Instruction for Middle School Students Summer 2003: Algebraic Skills and Strategies for newsletter cover The National Center for Research in Mathematical Sciences Education (NCRMSE) (1987-1995 -Level Reform Fall 1993: Assessment Models Winter 1994: Reforming Geometry Spring 1994: Statistics and Securing public access workstations should be a significant part of any library's network and information-security strategy because of the sensitive information patrons enter on these workstations. As the IT manager for the Johnson County Library in Kansas City, Kan., this author is challenged to make sure that thousands of patrons get the access… Bulletin of the American Society for Information Science, 1992 This policy framework provides guidelines for federal agencies on public access to government electronic information. Highlights include reasons for disseminating information; defining user groups; which technology to use; pricing flexibility; security and privacy issues; and the private sector and state and local government roles. (LRW) Describes PCBIS, a database program for MS-DOS microcomputers that features a utility for automatically converting online public access catalog search results stored as text files into structured database files that can be searched, sorted, edited, and printed. Topics covered include the general features of the program, record structure, record… Seiden, Peggy; Sullivan, Patricia Describes the process of developing and revising a brochure to guide library patrons in conducting an author search on an online public access catalog in order to demonstrate the application of four steps in production of a functional document--analysis; planning; development; evaluation, testing, and revision. Three sources are given. (EJS) Rockman, Ilene F.; Adalian, Paul T., Jr. This report is designed to raise issues and concerns which will affect the successful implementation of an education and training program once an online public access catalog (OLPAC) has been installed in the Kennedy Library at California Polytechnic State University (Cal Poly), San Luis Obispo. Information presented in the document was gathered… Vermont Center for Geographic Information — The Vermont Fish & Wildlife Department maintains developed fishing access areas. These sites provide public access to waters in Vermont for shore fishing... Some time ago it was the lack of public access to medical research data that really stirred the issue and gave inertia for legislation and a new publishing model that puts tax payer-funded medical research in the hands of those who fund it. In today's age global climate change has become the biggest socio-economic challenge, and the same argument resonates: climate affects us all and the publicly-funded science quantifying it should be freely accessible to all stakeholders beyond academic research. Over the last few years the ‘Open Access' movement to remove as much as possible subscription, and other on-campus barriers to academic research has rapidly gathered pace, but despite significant progress, the climate system sciences are not among the leaders in providing full access to their publications and data. Beyond the ethical argument, there are proven and tangible benefits for the next generation of climate researchers to adapt the way their output is published. Through the means provided by ‘open access', both data and ideas can gain more visibility, use and citations for the authors, but also result in a more rapid exchange of knowledge and ideas, and ultimately progress towards a sought solution. The presentation will aim to stimulate discussion and seek progress on the following questions: Should free access to climate research (& data) be mandatory? What are the career benefits of using ‘open access' for young scientists? What means and methods should, or could, be incorporated into current European graduate training programmes in climate research, and possible ways forward? Hoffecker, Lilian; Hastings-Tolsma, Marie; Vincent, Deborah; Zuniga, Heidi Nurse scholars and clinicians seek to publish their research and scholarly findings to strengthen both nursing science and clinical practice. Traditionally subscription-based publications have been the mainstay of knowledge dissemination. However, subscription costs have tended to restrict access to many journals to a small, specialized, academic community, a limitation that has contributed to the development of open access (OA) publications. OA journals have a powerful appeal as they allow greater access to scholars and consumers on a global level. However, many OA journals depend on an author-pays model that may lead to unintended and undesirable consequences for authors. Today, it is easier than ever to share scholarly findings, but authors need to be vigilant when selecting a journal in which to publish. In this article, we discuss the background of open access journals and describe key consideration to distinguish between reputable publications and those that may lead authors astray. We conclude that despite controversy and concerns related to publishing in OA journals, these journals do provide opportunities for researchers and clinicians to raise the profile of their work and ensure a robust, scholarly communication system. Gilmore, Matthew B. Looks at the use of online public access catalogs, the utility of subject and call-number searching, and possible archival applications. The Wallace Archives at the Claremont Colleges is used as an example of the availability of bibliographic descriptions of multiformat archival materials through the library catalog. Sample records and searches… Yee, Martha M.; Soto, Raymond Describes a survey of reference librarians in libraries with online public access catalogs that was conducted to determine what types of searches patrons would use to look for names of fictional characters. Name, subject, and author indexes are discussed, and implications for cataloging using the MARC format are suggested. (10 references) (LRW) Warlick, Stefanie E; Vaughan, Ktl In an attempt to identify motivating factors involved in decisions to publish in open access and open archives (OA) journals, individual interviews with biomedical faculty members at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC-Chapel Hill) and Duke University, two major research universities, were conducted. The interviews focused on faculty identified as early adopters of OA/free full-text publishing. Searches conducted in PubMed and PubMed Central identified faculty from the two institutions who have published works in OA/free full-text journals. The searches targeted authors with multiple OA citations during a specified 18 month period. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with the most prolific OA authors at each university. Individual interviews attempted to determine whether the authors were aware they published in OA journals, why they chose to publish in OA journals, what factors influenced their publishing decisions, and their general attitude towards OA publishing models. Fourteen interviews were granted and completed. Respondents included a fairly even mix of Assistant, Associate and Full professors. Results indicate that when targeting biomedical faculty at UNC-Chapel Hill and Duke, speed of publication and copyright retention are unlikely motivating factors or incentives for the promotion of OA publishing. In addition, author fees required by some open access journals are unlikely barriers or disincentives. It appears that publication quality is of utmost importance when choosing publication venues in general, while free access and visibility are specifically noted incentives for selection of OA journals. Therefore, free public availability and increased exposure may not be strong enough incentives for authors to choose open access over more traditional and respected subscription based publications, unless the quality issue is also addressed. This article explores debates about the public role of religion in a secular context. Drawing on the work of critical theorist, Jurgen Habermas, this article claims that the United States requires a viable public sphere in which religious and secular voices can learn from each other. Highlighting the work of the Lane Center for Catholic Studies… Carneiro Junior, Nivaldo; Elias, Paulo Eduardo To analyze social health organizations in the light of public control and the guarantee of equity of access to health services. Utilizing the case study technique, two social health organizations in the metropolitan region of São Paulo were selected. The analytical categories were equity of access and public control, and these were based on interviews with key informants and technical-administrative reports. It was observed that the overall funding and administrative control of the social health organizations are functions of the state administrator. The presence of a local administrator is important for ensuring equity of access. Public control is expressed through supervisory actions, by means of accounting and financial procedures. Equity of access and public control are not taken into consideration in the administration of these organizations. The central question lies in the capacity of the public authorities to have a presence in implementing this model at the local level, thereby ensuring equity of access and taking public control into consideration. This report contains the titles of the publications edited in the year 1983. The scientific and technical-scientific publications of the Nuclear Research Center Karlsruhe are printed as books, as original contributions in scientific or technical specialists' journals, as scripts for habilitation, thesis, scripts for diploma, as patents, as KfK-Reports (KfK=Kernforschungszentrum Karlsruhe) and are being presented as lectures on scientific meetings. No further separate abstracts of this list of publications were prepared. (orig./HBR) [de Peter M. Macharia Full Text Available At independence in 2011, South Sudan’s health sector was almost non-existent. The first national health strategic plan aimed to achieve an integrated health facility network that would mean that 70% of the population were within 5 km of a health service provider. Publically available data on functioning and closed health facilities, population distribution, road networks, land use and elevation were used to compute the fraction of the population within 1 hour walking distance of the nearest public health facility offering curative services. This metric was summarised for each of the 78 counties in South Sudan and compared with simpler metrics of the proportion of the population within 5 km of a health facility. In 2016, it is estimated that there were 1747 public health facilities, out of which 294 were non-functional in part due to the on-going civil conflict. Access to a service provider was poor with only 25.7% of the population living within one-hour walking time to a facility and 28.6% of the population within 5 km. These metrics, when applied sub-nationally, identified the same high priority, most vulnerable counties. Simple metrics based upon population distribution and location of facilities might be as valuable as more complex models of health access, where attribute data on travel routes are imperfect or incomplete and sparse. Disparities exist in South Sudan among counties and those with the poorest health access should be targeted for priority expansion of clinical services. Scott, D. J.; Booker, L. The National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC) stewards nearly 750 publicly available snow and ice data sets that support research into our world's frozen realms. NSIDC data management is primarily supported by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), the National Science Foundation (NSF) and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), and most of the data we archive and distribute is assigned to NSIDC through the funding agency programs. In addition to these mandates, NSIDC has historically offered data stewardship to researchers wanting to properly preserve and increase visibility of their research data under our primary programs (NASA, NSF, NOAA). With publishers now requiring researchers to deliver data to a repository prior to the publication of their data-related papers, we have seen an increase in researcher-initiated data accession requests. This increase is pushing us to reexamine our process to ensure timeliness in the acquisition and release of these data. In this presentation, we will discuss the support and value a researcher receives by submitting data to a trustworthy repository. We will examine NSIDC's data accession practices, and the challenges of a consistent process across NSIDC's multiple funding sponsors. Finally, we will share recent activities related to improving our process and ideas we have for enhancing the overall data accession experience. Wang, Tao; Xing, Qin-Rui; Wang, Hui; Chen, Wei The number of articles published in open access journals (OAJs) has increased dramatically in recent years. Simultaneously, the quality of publications in these journals has been called into question. Few studies have explored the retraction rate from OAJs. The purpose of the current study was to determine the reasons for retractions of articles from OAJs in biomedical research. The Medline database was searched through PubMed to identify retracted publications in OAJs. The journals were identified by the Directory of Open Access Journals. Data were extracted from each retracted article, including the time from publication to retraction, causes, journal impact factor, and country of origin. Trends in the characteristics related to retraction were determined. Data from 621 retracted studies were included in the analysis. The number and rate of retractions have increased since 2010. The most common reasons for retraction are errors (148), plagiarism (142), duplicate publication (101), fraud/suspected fraud (98) and invalid peer review (93). The number of retracted articles from OAJs has been steadily increasing. Misconduct was the primary reason for retraction. The majority of retracted articles were from journals with low impact factors and authored by researchers from China, India, Iran, and the USA. Huffer, E.; Hertz, J.; Kusterer, J. The corpus of Earth Science data products at the Atmospheric Science Data Center at NASA's Langley Research Center comprises a widely heterogeneous set of products, even among those whose subject matter is very similar. Two distinct data products may both contain data on the same parameter, for instance, solar irradiance; but the instruments used, and the circumstances under which the data were collected and processed, may differ significantly. Understanding the differences is critical to using the data effectively. Data distribution services must be able to provide prospective users with enough information to allow them to meaningfully compare and evaluate the data products offered. Semantic technologies - ontologies, triple stores, reasoners, linked data - offer functionality for addressing this issue. Ontologies can provide robust, high-fidelity domain models that serve as common schema for discovering, evaluating, comparing and integrating data from disparate products. Reasoning engines and triple stores can leverage ontologies to support intelligent search applications that allow users to discover, query, retrieve, and easily reformat data from a broad spectrum of sources. We argue that because of the extremely complex nature of scientific data, data distribution systems should wholeheartedly embrace semantic technologies in order to make their data accessible to a broad array of prospective end users, and to ensure that the data they provide will be clearly understood and used appropriately by consumers. Toward this end, we propose a distribution system in which formal ontological models that accurately and comprehensively represent the ASDC's data domain, and fully leverage the expressivity and inferential capabilities of first order logic, are used to generate graph-based representations of the relevant relationships among data sets, observational systems, metadata files, and geospatial, temporal and scientific parameters to help prospective data consumers The report abstracted contains a list of works published in 1984. Papers not in print yet are listed separately. Patent entries take account of all patent rights granted or published in 1984, i.e. patents or patent specifications. The list of publications is classified by institutes. The project category lists but the respective reports and studies carried out and published by members of the project staff concerned. Also listed are publications related to research and development projects of the 'product engineering project' (PFT/Projekt 'Fertigungstechnik'). With different companies and institutes cooperating, PFT is sponsored by Nuclear Research Center Karlsruhe GmbH. The latter is also responsible for printing above publications. Moreover the list contains the publications of a branch of the Bundesforschungsanstalt fuer Ernaehrung which is located on the KfK-premises. The final chapter of the list summarizes publications dealing with guest-experiments and research at Nuclear Research Center Karlsruhe. (orig./PW) [de Prasad S. Thenkabail Full Text Available Remote Sensing, an open access journal (http://www.mdpi.com/journal/remotesensing has grown at rapid pace since its first publication five years ago, and has acquired a strong reputation. It is a “pathfinder” being the first open access journal in remote sensing. For those academics who were used to waiting a year or two for their peer-reviewed scientific work to be reviewed, revised, edited, and published, Remote Sensing offers a publication time frame that is unheard of (in most cases, less than four months. However, we do this after multiple peer-reviews, multiple revisions, much editorial scrutiny and decision-making, and professional editing by an editorial office before a paper is published online in our tight time frame, bringing a paradigm shift in scientific publication. As a result, there has been a swift increase in submissions of higher and higher quality manuscripts from the best authors and institutes working on Remote Sensing, Geographic Information Systems (GIS, Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS, GIScience, and all related geospatial science and technologies from around the world. The purpose of this editorial is to update everyone interested in Remote Sensing on the progress made over the last year, and provide an outline of our vision for the immediate future. [... Gill, A.B.; Hawthorne, S.W. This indexed bibliography lists publications and presentations of the Information Center Complex, Information Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, from 1971 through 1980. The 659 entries cover such topics as toxicology, air and water pollution, management and transportation of hazardous wastes, energy resources and conservation, and information science. Publications range in length from 1 page to 3502 pages and include topical reports, books, journal articles, fact sheets, and newsletters. Author, title, and group indexes are provided. Annual updates are planned Gill, A.B.; Hawthorne, S.W. This indexed bibliography lists publications and presentations of the Information Center Complex, Information Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, from 1971 through 1980. The 659 entries cover such topics as toxicology, air and water pollution, management and transportation of hazardous wastes, energy resources and conservation, and information science. Publications range in length from 1 page to 3502 pages and include topical reports, books, journal articles, fact sheets, and newsletters. Author, title, and group indexes are provided. Annual updates are planned. Full Text Available Since transportation is one of the most complicated and the basic problem of urban life in developing countries at the present time and in various dimensions, so it is necessary to view it more scientifically-practically. Reducing travelling time is one way to reduce its cost. In public transportation system, it is important to determine proper travelling costs. There are various methods to determine the distances between stations. One of these methods used in England is based on logical and calculative relations in mathematics. In this paper, in addition to studying this method some changes have been made in order to reduce and modify required variables for calculation of those relations. A numerical example is designed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the method and thus developed to optimize the public transportation stop location problem. The sensitivity of the total travel time, access, speed and the effect of the parameters on the optimum stop location are analyzed and discussed. Richer, Elise; Kubo, Hitomi; Frank, Abbey The accessibility of work support programs at one-stop centers was examined in a study during which 33 telephone directors or managers of one-stop centers in 22 states were interviewed by telephone. The interviews established the existence of extensive differences between one-stop centers from the standpoint of all aspects of their operation,… This compilation of abstracts describes and indexes the technical reporting that resulted from the scientific engineering work performed and managed by the Lewis Research Center in 1991. All the publications were announced in the 1991 issues of STAR (Scientific and Technical Aerospace Reports) and/or IAA (International Aerospace Abstracts). Included are research reports, journal articles, conference presentations, patents and patent applications, and theses. Full Text Available A Study about the internet clubs in Cultural Centers and Public Libraries in Algeria, it defines the concept of culture and its relation to internet, then deals the internet clubs and its cultural role and its negatives. Finally, talks about the electronic space and culture in Algeria. The Durham Access to Care (DATC) is one of the new streamlined vehicles for the delivery of integrated home-based and community-based health services across Ontario. Management and staff in this change transition have undertaken to become a learning organization. To implement this visionary process leadership qualities and style is key. This article gives a brief account of DATC and its move to becoming a learning organization and the author's observational reflections of an effective leadership style. Pappone, David J. To explore the impacts on public universities of implementing an incentive-based budgeting system, this dissertation focuses on one university's extensive experience with Responsibility Center Management. The financial and non-financial impacts of Responsibility Center Management will be considered by examining the extent to which commonly held… A review is presented of the first two years of free public access programing on New York City's cable television (CATV) systems. The report provides some background information on franchising, public access to CATV in New York City, and Federal Communications Commission regulations. It also deals with the public access programing developed; it… Imbriale, Ryan; Schiner, Nicholas; Elmendorf, Douglas Baltimore County Public Schools is in the midst of a transformation of teaching and learning; the goal being the creation of student-centered classrooms supported by a one-to-one computer for every student. This transformation, known as Students and Teachers Accessing Tomorrow, began in 2014 and is now in its third academic year. We present this… Mendelsohn, Michael [National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), Golden, CO (United States); Lowder, Travis [National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), Golden, CO (United States); Rottman, Mary [Rottman-Associates, San Francisco, CA (United States); Borod, Ronald [DLA Piper, London (United Kingdom); Gabig, Nathan [KPMG, Knoxville, TN (United States); Henne, Stephen [KPMG, Knoxville, TN (United States); Caplin, Conrad [KPMG, Knoxville, TN (United States); Notte, Quentin [Mercatus, Arlington, VA (United States) In late 2012, the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) initiated the Solar Access to Public Capital (SAPC) working group. Backed by a three-year funding facility from the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), NREL set out to organize the solar, legal, banking, capital markets, engineering, and other relevant stakeholder communities in order to open lower-cost debt investment for solar asset deployment. SAPC engaged its members to standardize contracts, develop best practices, and comprehend how the rating agencies perceive solar project portfolios as an investment asset class. Rating agencies opine on the future creditworthiness of debt obligations. Issuers often seek investment-grade ratings from the rating agencies in order to satisfy the desires of their investors. Therefore, for the solar industry to access larger pools of capital at a favorable cost, it is critical to increase market participants' understanding of solar risk parameters. The process provided valuable information to address rating agency perceptions of risk that, without such information, could require costly credit enhancement or higher yields to attract institutional investors. Two different securities were developed--one for a hypothetical residential solar portfolio and one for a hypothetical commercial solar portfolio. Five rating agencies (Standard and Poor's, Moody's, KBRA, Fitch, and DBRS) participated and provided extensive feedback, some through conversations that extended several months. The findings represented in this report are a composite summary of that feedback and do not indicate any specific feedback from any single rating agency. Full Text Available Background: Health cooperatives in similar structure of health network in Iran, give primary health cares to defined population with supervisory of public sector. Materials and method: This study compares health system performance between public (PHC and cooperative (CHC health centers. Results: Client's satisfaction was 4.14 in CHC and 3.9 in PHC in 5 point Likert scale. The mean for daily health services of CHC and PHC were 110.8 and 85 respectively. Conclusion: Health cooperatives are appropriate strategy for downsizing of government in health sector This compilation of abstracts describes and indexes the technical reporting that resulted from the scientific and engineering work performed and managed by the Lewis Research Center in 1990. All the publications were announced in the 1990 issues of STAR (Scientific and Technical Aerospace Reports) and/or IAA (International Aerospace Abstracts). Included are research reports, journal articles, conference presentations, patents and patent applications, and theses. This compilation of abstracts describes and indexes the technical reporting that resulted from the scientific and engineering work performed and managed by the Lewis Research Center in 1992. All the publications were announced in the 1992 issues of STAR (Scientific and Technical Aerospace Reports) and/or IAA (International Aerospace Abstracts). Included are research reports, journal articles, conference presentations, patents and patent applications, and theses. This compilation of abstracts describes and indexes the technical reporting that resulted from the scientific and engineering work performed and managed by the Lewis Research Center in 1993. All the publications were announced in the 1993 issues of STAR (Scientific and Technical Aerospace Reports) and/or IAA (International Aerospace Abstracts). Included are research reports, journal articles, conference presentations, patents and patent applications, and theses. This compilation of abstracts describes and indexes the technical reporting that resulted from the scientific and engineering work performed and managed by the Lewis Research Center in 1989. All the publications were announced in the 1989 issues of STAR (Scientific and Technical Aerospace Reports) and/or IAA (International Aerospace Abstracts). Included are research reports, journal articles, conference presentations, patents and patent applications, and theses. Waerden, van der P.J.H.J.; Borgers, A.W.J.; Timmermans, H.J.P. This paper describes a study on travelers’ evaluation of a shopping centers’ access. Using an Internet based questionnaire, residents of the city of Eindhoven, The Netherlands were asked to evaluate the access of a regional shopping center. The evaluation covered not only three different transport Full Text Available Abstract Background Application of virtual slides (VS, the digitalization of complete glass slides, is in its infancy to be implemented in routine diagnostic surgical pathology and to issues that are related to tissue-based diagnosis, such as education and scientific publication. Approach Electronic publication in Pathology offers new features of scientific communication in pathology that cannot be obtained by conventional paper based journals. Most of these features are based upon completely open or partly directed interaction between the reader and the system that distributes the article. One of these interactions can be applied to microscopic images allowing the reader to navigate and magnify the presented images. VS and interactive Virtual Microscopy (VM are a tool to increase the scientific value of microscopic images. Technology and Performance The open access journal Diagnostic Pathology http://www.diagnosticpathology.org has existed for about five years. It is a peer reviewed journal that publishes all types of scientific contributions, including original scientific work, case reports and review articles. In addition to digitized still images the authors of appropriate articles are requested to submit the underlying glass slides to an institution (DiagnomX.eu, and Leica.com for digitalization and documentation. The images are stored in a separate image data bank which is adequately linked to the article. The normal review process is not involved. Both processes (peer review and VS acquisition are performed contemporaneously in order to minimize a potential publication delay. VS are not provided with a DOI index (digital object identifier. The first articles that include VS were published in March 2011. Results and Perspectives Several logistic constraints had to be overcome until the first articles including VS could be published. Step by step an automated acquisition and distribution system had to be implemented to the corresponding In A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF PATIENT ACCESS MODES AT WILFORD HALL UNITED STATES AIR FORCE MEDICAL CENTER N AND SELECTED CIVILIAN MEDICAL CENTERS0 N...current patient access modes at WHMC and several civilian medical centers of comparable size. This project has pursued the subject of patient access in...selected civilian medical centers which are comparable to WHMC in size, specialty mix, workload, and mission, providing responsive and efficient patient Chambers, L. H.; Bethea, K. L.; LaPan, J. C. The Science Directorate (SD) at NASA's Langley Research Center conducts cutting edge research in fundamental atmospheric science topics including radiation and climate, air quality, active remote sensing, and upper atmospheric composition. These topics matter to the public, as they improve our understanding of our home planet. Thus, we have had ongoing efforts to improve public access to the results of our research. These efforts have accelerated with the release of the February OSTP memo. Our efforts can be grouped in two main categories: 1. Visual presentation techniques to improve science understanding: For fundamental concepts such as the Earth's energy budget, we have worked to display information in a more "digestible" way for lay audiences with more pictures and fewer words. These audiences are iPad-lovers and TV-watchers with shorter attention spans than audiences of the past. They are also educators and students who need a basic understanding of a concept delivered briefly to fit into busy classroom schedules. We seek to reach them with a quick, visual message packed with important information. This presentation will share several examples of visual techniques, such as infographics (e.g., a history of lidar at Langley and a timeline of atmospheric research, ozone garden diagrams (http://science-edu.larc.nasa.gov/ozonegarden/ozone-cycle.php); history of lidar at LaRC; DISCOVER-AQ maps. It will also share examples of animations and interactive graphics (DISCOVER-AQ); and customized presentations (e.g., to explain the energy budget or to give a general overview of research). One of the challenges we face is a required culture shift between the way scientists traditionally share knowledge with each other and the way these public audiences ingest knowledge. A cross-disciplinary communications team in SD is crucial to bridge that gap. 2. Lay research summaries to make research more accessible: Peer-reviewed publications are a primary product of the SD, with more The open access model, where researchers can publish their work and make it freely available to the whole medical community, is gaining ground over the traditional type of publication. However, fees are to be paid by either the authors or their institutions. The purpose of this paper is to assess the proportion and type of open access evidence-based articles in the form of systematic reviews and meta-analyses in the field of musculoskeletal disorders and orthopedic surgery. PubMed database was searched and the results showed a maximal number of hits for low back pain and total hip arthroplasty. We demonstrated that despite a 10-fold increase in the number of evidence-based publications in the past 10 years, the rate of free systematic reviews in the general biomedical literature did not change for the last two decades. In addition, the average percentage of free open access systematic reviews and meta-analyses for the commonest painful musculoskeletal conditions and orthopedic procedures was 20% and 18%, respectively. Those results were significantly lower than those of the systematic reviews and meta-analyses in the remaining biomedical research. Such findings could indicate a divergence between the efforts engaged at promoting evidence-based principles and those at disseminating evidence-based findings in the field of musculoskeletal disease and trauma. The high processing fee is thought to be a major limitation when considering open access model for publication. © 2015 Chinese Cochrane Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University and Wiley Publishing Asia Pty Ltd. Colt M McClain Full Text Available Introduction: Critical values are reported to clinicians when laboratory values are life threatening and require immediate attention. To date no definitive critical value limit recommendations have been produced regarding therapeutic drug monitoring. Some laboratories choose to publish critical value lists online. These publicly available values may be accessed and potentially utilized by laboratory staff, patient care providers, and patients. Materials and Methods: A web-based search of laboratories associated with the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education pathology residency programs was initiated to determine which therapeutic drugs had critical values and to examine the degree of variation in published critical values for these institutions. Results: Of the 107 institutions with university-based pathology training programs, 36 had published critical values online for review. Thirteen therapeutic drugs were investigated and the number of institutions reporting critical value limits for the drug, as well as the median, range, standard deviation, and the coefficient of variation of critical value concentration limits for each drug were determined. A number of the online critical value limits were deemed to be erroneous, most likely due to incorrectly listed units of measurement. Conclusions: There was a large degree of heterogeneity with regard to the chosen critical value limits for therapeutic drugs. This wide variance in critical values appears to be greater than that observed in interassay proficiency testing. Institutions should reexamine the rationale for their current critical value parameters and ensure that critical value limits and associated units are accurately published online. Campbell, A. Malcolm When the human genome project was conceived, its leaders wanted all researchers to have equal access to the data and associated research tools. Their vision of equal access provides an unprecedented teaching opportunity. Teachers and students have free access to the same databases that researchers are using. Furthermore, the recent movement to… This article discusses the issue of social enterprises gaining access to public procurement processes and contracts at the EU and national level. It primarily examines the opportunities for social enterprises to access public procurement contracts provided for in the Public Procurement Directive This report assesses the potential costs and benefits of proposed accessibility guidelines issued by the Access Board for pedestrian facilities in the public right-of-way. The report also analyzes the potential impacts of the proposed guidelines on s... Xu, Yanqing; Fu, Cong; Onega, Tracy; Shi, Xun; Wang, Fahui The National Cancer Institute (NCI) Cancer Centers form the backbone of the cancer care system in the United States since their inception in the early 1970s. Most studies on their geographic accessibility used primitive measures, and did not examine the disparities across urbanicity or demographic groups. This research uses an advanced accessibility method, termed "2-step floating catchment area (2SFCA)" and implemented in Geographic Information Systems (GIS), to capture the degree of geographic access to NCI Cancer Centers by accounting for competition intensity for the services and travel time between residents and the facilities. The results indicate that urban advantage is pronounced as the average accessibility is highest in large central metro areas, declines to large fringe metro, medium metro, small metro, micropolitan and noncore rural areas. Population under the poverty line are disproportionally concentrated in lower accessibility areas. However, on average Non-Hispanic White have the lowest geographic accessibility, followed by Hispanic, Non-Hispanic Black and Asian, and the differences are statistically significant. The "reversed racial disadvantage" in NCI Cancer Center accessibility seems counterintuitive but is consistent with an influential prior study; and it is in contrast to the common observation of co-location of concentration of minority groups and people under the poverty line. Wang, Alice; Law, Royal; Lyons, Rebecca; Choudhary, Ekta; Wolkin, Amy; Schier, Joshua The National Poison Data System (NPDS) is a database and surveillance system for US poison centers (PCs) call data. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and American Association of Poison Control Centers (AAPCC) use NPDS to identify incidents of potential public health significance. State health departments are notified by CDC of incidents identified by NPDS to be of potential public health significance. Our objective was to describe the public health impact of CDC's notifications and the use of NPDS data for surveillance. We described how NPDS data informed three public health responses: the Deepwater Horizon incident, national exposures to laundry detergent pods, and national exposures to e-cigarettes. Additionally, we extracted survey results of state epidemiologists regarding NPDS incident notification follow-up from 1 January 2015 to 31 December 2016 to assess current public health application of NPDS data using Epi Info 7.2 and analyzed data using SAS 9.3. We assessed whether state health departments were aware of incidents before notification, what actions were taken, and whether CDC notifications contributed to actions. NPDS data provided evidence for industry changes to improve laundry detergent pod containers safety and highlighted the need to regulate e-cigarette sale and manufacturing. NPDS data were used to improve situational awareness during the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill. Of 59 health departments and PCs who responded to CDC notifications about anomalies (response rate = 49.2%), 27 (46%) reported no previous awareness of the incident, and 20 (34%) said that notifications contributed to public health action. Monitoring NPDS data for anomalies can identify emerging public health threats and provide evidence-based science to support public health action and policy changes. Pons Rotger, Gabriel Angel; Nielsen, Thomas Alexander Sick This study examines the effect of accessibility to urban jobs via a public transport system on individual earnings and commuting behaviour. The effect of improved public transport based accessibility on these outcomes is determined by exploiting the exogenous variation in access to a public rail ...... with a change in commuting patterns as the improved access to public transport facilitates a shift from employment within the township to better paid jobs in the city centre, as well as in other suburbs of the Copenhagen Metropolitan area... Transparency and public access to information work as a check on the exercise of power and the existence of corruption. In Sweden the constitutional right of access to documents is justified precisely by its contribution to democracy, the rule of law and efficiency in the public administration....... The wide access to information in today’s world also makes possible the publication of personal information about individuals’ private life in an unprecedented way. Does this mean that the relative importance of the protection of privacy has to be strengthened at the cost of access to information? What...... will be the impact of the developing information and communication technology on access to information? The right of access to documents has traditionally been discussed on the level of domestic administration but when public administration is internationalised the issue of access to documents makes itself felt also... ... DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS), Classifications and Public Health Data Standards Staff, Announces the..., Medical Systems Administrator, Classifications and Public Health Data Standards Staff, NCHS, 3311 Toledo... van der Ploeg, Lidewij; Vanclay, Francis; Lourenço, Ivo; Hesselman, Marlies; Hallo de Wolf, Antenor; Toebes, Brigit This chapter examines the provision of essential public services in resettlement sites associated with project induced displacement. Restoring and improving access to essential public services in resettlement sites is an important aspect of livelihood restoration of affected peoples. Project Gold, Judy; Burke, Eva; Ciss?, Boubacar; Mackay, Anna; Eva, Gillian; Hayes, Brendan Background: Mali has one of the world's lowest contraceptive use rates and a high rate of unmet need for family planning. In order to increase access to and choice of quality family planning services, Marie Stopes International (MSI) Mali introduced social franchising in public-sector community health centers (referred to as CSCOMs in Mali) in 3 regions under the MSI brand BlueStar. Program Description: Potential franchisees are generally identified from CSCOMs who have worked with MSI outrea... Rosenkrantz, Andrew B; Rawson, James V To assess trends in publications in radiology journals designated as dealing with patient-centered care. PubMed was searched for articles in radiology journals for which the article's record referenced patient-centered/patient-centric care. Among these, original research articles were identified and assigned major themes. Trends were assessed descriptively. A total of 115 articles in radiology journals designated as dealing with patient-centered care were identified, including 40 original research articles. The number of articles annually ranged from 0 to 4 in 2000-2008, 5 to 9 in 2010-2012, 14 to 15 in 2013-2014, and 25 in 2015. Only four radiology journals had published more than one of the original research articles. Original research articles' most common themes were: optimization of patients' access to reports and images (n=7); patients' examination experience (5); image evaluation (n=4); radiologists meeting with patients (n=4); improving patients' knowledge of imaging (n=3); examination wait times/efficiency (n=3); examination utilization/appropriateness (n=3); and IT enhancements (n=3). A total of 13 of 40 original research articles solicited opinions from patients. One study involved patients in educating trainees regarding patient-centered care. No study involved patients in system-level decisions regarding health care design and delivery. Articles dealing with patient-centered care in radiology are increasing, though they remain concentrated in a limited number of journals. Though major themes included image/report access, patient experiences, and radiologists meeting with patients, many studies dealt with less clearly patient-centric topics such as examination interpretation, while inclusion of patients in systems design was lacking. Further research in radiology is encouraged to target a broader range of ideals of patient-centered care, such as diversity, autonomy, and compassion, and to incorporate greater patient engagement. Copyright © 2016 Francfort, James Edward [Idaho National Lab. (INL), Idaho Falls, ID (United States) The PEV charging stations deployed as part of The EV Project included both residential and non-residential sites. Non-residential sites included EVSE installed in workplace environments, fleet applications and those that were publicly accessible near retail centers, parking lots, and similar locations. The EV Project utilized its Micro-Climate® planning process to determine potential sites for publicly accessible EVSE in San Diego. This process worked with local stakeholders to target EVSE deployment near areas where significant PEV traffic and parking was expected. This planning process is described in The Micro-Climate deployment Process in San Diego1. The EV Project issued its deployment plan for San Diego in November 2010, prior to the sale of PEVs by Nissan and Chevrolet. The Project deployed residential EVSE concurrent with vehicle delivery starting in December 2010. The installation of non-residential EVSE commenced in April 2011 consistent with the original Project schedule, closely following the adoption of PEVs. The residential participation portion of The EV Project was fully subscribed by January 2013 and the non-residential EVSE deployment was essentially completed by August 2013. Lubowitz, James H; Brand, Jefferson C; Rossi, Michael J; Provencher, Matthew T While Arthroscopy journal is a traditional subscription model journal, our companion journal Arthroscopy Techniques is "open access." We used to believe open access simply meant online and free of charge. However, while open-access journals are free to readers, in 2017 authors must make a greater sacrifice in the form of an article-processing charge (APC). Again, while this does not apply to Arthroscopy, the APC will apply to Arthroscopy Techniques. Copyright © 2016 Arthroscopy Association of North America. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Djurhuus, Sune; Hansen, Henning Sten; Aadahl, Mette; Glümer, Charlotte Active commuters have lower risk of chronic disease. Understanding which of the, to some extent, modifiable characteristics of public transportation that facilitate its use is thus important in a public health perspective. The aim of the study was to examine the association between individual public transportation accessibility and self-reported active commuting, and whether the associations varied with commute distance, age, and gender. Twenty-eight thousand nine hundred twenty-eight commuters in The Capital Region of Denmark reported self-reported time spent either walking or cycling to work or study each day and the distance to work or study. Data were obtained from the Danish National Health Survey collected in February to April 2010. Individual accessibility by public transportation was calculated using a multi-modal network in a GIS. Multilevel logistic regression was used to analyze the association between accessibility, expressed as access area, and being an active commuter. Public transport accessibility area based on all stops within walking and cycling distance was positively associated with being an active commuter. Distance to work, age, and gender modified the associations. Residing within 10 km commute distance and in areas of high accessibility was associated with being an active commuter and meeting the recommendations of physical activity. For the respondents above 29 years, individual public transportation accessibility was positively associated with being an active commuter. Women having high accessibility had significantly higher odds of being an active commuter compared to having a low accessibility. For men, the associations were insignificant. This study extends the knowledge about the driving forces of using public transportation for commuting by examining the individual public transportation accessibility. Findings suggest that transportation accessibility supports active commuting and planning of improved public transit accessibility Onega, Tracy; Alford-Teaster, Jennifer; Wang, Fahui Satellite facilities of National Cancer Institute (NCI) cancer centers have expanded their regional footprints. This study characterized geographic access to parent and satellite NCI cancer center facilities nationally overall and by sociodemographics. Parent and satellite NCI cancer center facilities, which were geocoded in ArcGIS, were ascertained. Travel times from every census tract in the continental United States and Hawaii to the nearest parent and satellite facilities were calculated. Census-based population attributes were used to characterize measures of geographic access for sociodemographic groups. From the 62 NCI cancer centers providing clinical care in 2014, 76 unique parent locations and 211 satellite locations were mapped. The overall proportion of the population within 60 minutes of a facility was 22% for parent facilities and 32.7% for satellite facilities. When satellites were included for potential access, the proportion of some racial groups for which a satellite was the closest NCI cancer center facility increased notably (Native Americans, 22.6% with parent facilities and 39.7% with satellite facilities; whites, 34.8% with parent facilities and 50.3% with satellite facilities; and Asians, 40.0% with parent facilities and 54.0% with satellite facilities), with less marked increases for Hispanic and black populations. Rural populations of all categories had dramatically low proportions living within 60 minutes of an NCI cancer center facility of any type (1.0%-6.6%). Approximately 14% of the population (n = 43,033,310) lived more than 180 minutes from a parent or satellite facility, and most of these individuals were Native Americans and/or rural residents (37% of Native Americans and 41.7% of isolated rural residents). Racial/ethnic and rural populations showed markedly improved geographic access to NCI cancer center care when satellite facilities were included. Cancer 2017;123:3305-11. © 2017 American Cancer Society. © 2017 American The role of public health center such as surveillance screening, mass decontamination, health consultation and management, and dosage of stable iodine tablets are thought by Nuclear Safety Commission in 2008. The pollution screening and decontamination, internal exposure screening and valuation, dosage of iodine tablets, health consultation of residents and risk communication, comparative evaluation of health risks, health management under the low dose exposure are discussed to handle problems by the government and local government, and to protect the right to know information. In order to prepare the serious health hazard, the children's thyroid gland test and internal exposure test and the follow-up system have to be practiced by the local government. (S.Y.) Clauss-Ehlers, Caroline C. C. Discusses the demographic realities of children of color in the U.S., with a focus on health care needs and access issues that have an enormous influence on health status. An ecologic model is presented that incorporates cultural values and community structures into the school health center. (Contains 50 references.) (GCP) Andersson, Jonas E; Skehan, Terry In Sweden, governmental agencies and bodies are required to implement a higher level of accessibility in their buildings than that stipulated by the National Building and Planning Act (PBL). The Swedish Agency for Participation (MFD, Myndigheten för delaktighet) develops holistic guidelines in order to conceptualize this higher level of accessibility. In conjunction to these guidelines, various checklist protocols have been produced. The present study focuses on the efficiency of such checkli... ... DESIGNATIONS Post-Designation Requirements § 598.410 Public access to materials and proceedings. After... 24 Housing and Urban Development 3 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Public access to materials and... Development (Continued) OFFICE OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY FOR COMMUNITY PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT, DEPARTMENT OF... ... 22 Foreign Relations 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Administrative review of denial for public access to records. 214.51 Section 214.51 Foreign Relations AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ADVISORY COMMITTEE MANAGEMENT Administrative Remedies § 214.51 Administrative review of denial for public access to... ...; right to appeal. 1270.42 Section 1270.42 Parks, Forests, and Public Property NATIONAL ARCHIVES AND... Denial of access to public; right to appeal. (a) Any person denied access to a Presidential record... library director at the address cited in part 1253 of this chapter. (b) All appeals must be received by... ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 4 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Accessibility of tariffs to the public. 221.102 Section 221.102 Aeronautics and Space OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION... Inspection § 221.102 Accessibility of tariffs to the public. Each file of tariffs shall be kept in complete... Sambe, Manasseh Tyungu; Raphael, Gabriel Okplogidi This study examines the kinds of open access scholarly publication or information resources accepted and adopted by federal university libraries in South East Nigeria. The purpose was to determine the factors that affect open access scholarly publication or information resources acceptance and adoption in university libraries. The study adopted… Brooks, Anthony Lewis This contribution is timely as it addresses accessibility in regards system hardware and software aligned with introduction of the Twenty-First Century Communications and Video Accessibility Act (CVAA) and adjoined game industry waiver that comes into force January 2017. This is an act created...... by the USA Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to increase the access of persons with disabilities to modern communications, and for other purposes. The act impacts advanced communications services and products including text messaging; e-mail; instant messaging; video communications; browsers; game...... platforms; and games software. However, the CVAA has no legal status in the EU. This text succinctly introduces and questions implications, impact, and wider adoption. By presenting the full CVAA and game industry waiver the text targets to motivate discussions and further publications on the subject... Pons Rotger, Gabriel Angel; Nielsen, Thomas Alexander Sick This study examines the effect of accessibility to urban jobs via a public transport system on individual earnings and commuting behaviour. The effect of improved public transport based accessibility on these outcomes is determined by exploiting the exogenous variation in access to a public rail...... and Metro system resulting from the construction of a new terminal Metro station connecting southern townships to Copenhagen city centre. The results show that public transport based job accessibility has a positive and permanent effect on individual earnings. The increase in earnings is associated...... with a change in commuting patterns as the improved access to public transport facilitates a shift from employment within the township to better paid jobs in the city centre, as well as in other suburbs of the Copenhagen Metropolitan area... Berner, Eta S Academic culture has a set of norms, expectations, and values that are sometimes tacit and sometimes very explicit. In medical school and other health professions educational settings, probably the most common norm includes placing a high value on peer-reviewed research publications, which are seen as the major evidence of scholarly productivity. Other features of academic culture include encouraging junior faculty and graduate students to share their research results at professional conferences and lecturing with slides as a major way to convey information. Major values that faculty share with journal editors include responsible conduct of research and proper attribution of others' words and ideas. Medical school faculty also value technology and are often quick to embrace technological advances that can assist them in their teaching and research. This article addresses the effects of technology on three aspects of academic culture: education, presentations at professional meetings, and research publications.The technologies discussed include online instruction, dissemination of conference proceedings on the Internet, plagiarism-detection software, and new technologies deployed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information, the home of PubMed. The author describes how the ease of deploying new technologies without faculty changing their norms and behavior in the areas of teaching and research can lead to conflicts of values among key stakeholders in the academic medical community, including faculty, journal editors, and professional associations. The implications of these conflicts and strategies for managing them are discussed. takes the departure in gravestones with QR-codes; objects at once physical and digital, underhandedly putting presumably private content within public reach. A plethora of issues of privacy and publicness are at play within the study's two connected but rather different empirical spaces: the physical...... in the borderland between private and public is exemplified, and with the presentation, we are ensuring a continued discussion on privacy as well as legacy in our digital society.... Full Text Available This research studies the accessibility of grocery stores to university students using the public transportation system, drawing from a case study of Fargo, North Dakota. Taking into consideration the combined travel time components of walking, riding, and waiting, this study measures two types of accessibilities: accessibility to reach a particular place and accessibility to reach the bus stop to ride the public transit system. These two accessibilities are interdependent and cannot perform without each other. A new method to calculate the average accessibility measure for the transit routes is proposed. A step-wise case study analysis indicates that one route provides accessibility to a grocery store in eight minutes. This also suggests that the North Dakota State University area has moderate accessibility to grocery stores. Zachariah, R; Kumar, A M V; Reid, A J; Van den Bergh, R; Isaakidis, P; Draguez, B; Delaunois, P; Nagaraja, S B; Ramsay, A; Reeder, J C; Denisiuk, O; Ali, E; Khogali, M; Hinderaker, S G; Kosgei, R J; van Griensven, J; Quaglio, G L; Maher, D; Billo, N E; Terry, R F; Harries, A D Open-access journal publications aim to ensure that new knowledge is widely disseminated and made freely accessible in a timely manner so that it can be used to improve people's health, particularly those in low- and middle-income countries. In this paper, we briefly explain the differences between closed- and open-access journals, including the evolving idea of the 'open-access spectrum'. We highlight the potential benefits of supporting open access for operational research, and discuss the conundrum and ways forward as regards who pays for open access. Since the European directive of December 19, 1996 about the common rules of the European power market, the eligible companies can chose their power supplier anywhere in Europe. The manager of the French power transportation network (RTE) supplies a network access to these companies according to a tariff fixed by the decree no. 2002-1014 from July 19, 2002. The aim of this document is to explain this tariff: tariffing principles ('mail-stamp' principle, voltage domain, subscribed output power tariffs, input power tariffs), tariffing elements (access to the grid, elements of output tariffs (subscribed power, overload, emergency tariffs, modifications etc..)), invoicing modalities, output tariffs, definitions. (J.S.) Rosland, Ann-Marie; Krein, Sarah L; Kim, Hyunglin Myra; Greenstone, Clinton L; Tremblay, Adam; Ratz, David; Saffar, Darcy; Kerr, Eve A Common patient-centered medical home (PCMH) performance measures value access to a single primary care provider (PCP), which may have unintended consequences for clinics that rely on part-time PCPs and team-based care. Retrospective analysis of 110,454 primary care visits from 2 Veterans Health Administration clinics from 2010 to 2012. Multi-level models examined associations between PCP availability in clinic, and performance on access and continuity measures. Patient experiences with access and continuity were compared using 2012 patient survey data (N = 2881). Patients of PCPs with fewer half-day clinic sessions per week were significantly less likely to get a requested same-day appointment with their usual PCP (predicted probability 17% for PCPs with 2 sessions/week, 20% for 5 sessions/week, and 26% for 10 sessions/week). Among requests that did not result in a same-day appointment with the usual PCP, there were no significant differences in same-day access to a different PCP, or access within 2 to 7 days with patients' usual PCP. Overall, patients had >92% continuity with their usual PCP at the hospital-based site regardless of PCP sessions/week. Patients of full-time PCPs reported timely appointments for urgent needs more often than patients of part-time PCPs (82% vs 71%; P Part-time PCP performance appeared worse when using measures focused on same-day access to patients' usual PCP. However, clinic-level same-day access, same-week access to the usual PCP, and overall continuity were similar for patients of part-time and full-time PCPs. Measures of in-person access to a usual PCP do not capture alternate access approaches encouraged by PCMH, and often used by part-time providers, such as team-based or non-face-to-face care. Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal/Potchefstroomse Elektroniese Regsblad. Journal Home · ABOUT THIS JOURNAL · Advanced Search · Current Issue · Archives · Journal Home > Vol 15, No 2 (2012) >. Log in or Register to get access to full text downloads. The essential point is that Scots common law does not give civil damages for a simple act of trespass (as English law does) but only a right to obtain removal of the trespasser. Under the reforms the longstanding Scottish position of landowners allowing walkers access to the hills and mountains becomes a legal right. Muir, Adrienne; Spacey, Rachel; Cooke, Louise; Creaser, Claire Purpose – This paper aims to consider selected results from the Arts and Humanities Research Council (AHRC) funded “Managing Access to the internet in Public Libraries” (MAIPLE) project, from 2012-2014. MAIPLE has explored the ways in which public library services manage use of the internet connections that they provide for the public. This included the how public library services balance their legal obligations and the needs of their communities in a public space and the ethical dilemmas tha... Full Text Available Transparency in public administration is an important issue in a modern democracy. Thus, we are glad to know the National Forest Service of Italy (Corpo Forestale dello Stato will make soon available on the web the forest inventory data collected in the ongoing National Inventory of Forests and Carbon stocks. We expect all public administrations “storing” important environmental data sets follow this way. ... Government procurement to the public. (b) Fee for direct hook-up. To the extent that a member of the public... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Federal Procurement Data... Procurement Data System—Public access to data. (a) The FPDS database. The General Services Administration... In conclusion, public libraries are essential to rural dwellers; therefore it is recommended that all types of information be made available to public libraries. Sensitization programmes should be encouraged. This will in turn bring about positive impact on the rural dwellers. Key words: Accessibility, Public, Library, rural, ... Andersson, Jonas E; Skehan, Terry In Sweden, governmental agencies and bodies are required to implement a higher level of accessibility in their buildings than that stipulated by the National Building and Planning Act (PBL). The Swedish Agency for Participation (MFD, Myndigheten för delaktighet) develops holistic guidelines in order to conceptualize this higher level of accessibility. In conjunction to these guidelines, various checklist protocols have been produced. The present study focuses on the efficiency of such checklist protocols. The study revolved around the use of a checklist protocol in assessments of two buildings in Stockholm: the new head office for the National Authority for Social Insurances (ASI) and the School of Architecture at the Royal Institute of Technology (KTH). The study included three groups: Group 1 and Group 2 consisted of 50 real estate managers employed by the ASI, while Group 3 consisted of three participants in a course at the KTH. The results were similar in all of the groups. The use of the checklist protocol generated queries, which related mainly to two factors: (1) the accompanying factsheet consisted of textual explanations with no drawings, photographs or illustrations and (2) the order of the questions in the checklist protocol was difficult to correlate with the two buildings' spatial logic of accessing, egressing and making use of the built space. Full Text Available Access to and sharing of data are essential for the conduct and advancement of science. This article argues that publicly funded research data should be openly available to the maximum extent possible. To seize upon advancements of cyberinfrastructure and the explosion of data in a range of scientific disciplines, this access to and sharing of publicly funded data must be advanced within an international framework, beyond technological solutions. The authors, members of an OECD Follow-up Group, present their research findings, based closely on their report to OECD, on key issues in data access, as well as operating principles and management aspects necessary to successful data access regimes. ...] Center for Veterinary Medicine eSubmitter Workshop; Public Workshop; Request for Comments AGENCY: Food... Drug Administration (FDA) is announcing a public workshop entitled: ``Center for Veterinary Medicine... be emailed to all registrants. Contact Person: Charles Andres, Center for Veterinary Medicine (HFV... Full Text Available The purpose of this editorial is to introduce the quantitative literacy community to the newly published A Handbook for Directors of Quantitative and Mathematics Centers. QMaSCs (pronounced “Q-masks” can be broadly defined as centers that have supporting students in quantitative fields of study as part of their mission. Some focus only on calculus or mathematics; others concentrate on numeracy or quantitative literacy, and some do all of that. A QMaSC may be embedded in a mathematics department, or part of a learning commons, or a stand-alone center. There are hundreds of these centers in the U.S. The new handbook, which is the outgrowth of a 2013 NSF-sponsored, national workshop attended by 23 QMaSC directors from all quarters of the U.S., is available open access on the USF Scholar Commons and in hard copy from Amazon.com. This editorial by the handbook’s editors provides background and overview of the 20 detailed chapters on center leadership and management; community interactions; staffing, hiring and training; center assessment; and starting a center; and then a collection of ten case studies from research universities, four-year state colleges, liberal arts colleges, and a community college. The editorial ends by pointing out the need and potential benefits of a professional organization for QMaSC directors. At the Karlsruhe Nuclear Research Center, the Public Relations Department directly reports to the Chief Executive Officer. The head of the Public Relation Department acts as spokesman of the center in the public, which requires him to be fully informed of the work of all units and of the policy goals of the executive board. The key tools used by the Public Relations Department are KfK-Hausmitteilungen, accident information, the scientific journal KfK-Nachrichten, press releases, exhibitions, fairs, guided tours, and nuclear energy information staff. (DG) Full Text Available The aim of this article was to explore the association between access to public spaces and physical activity for adult women, controlling and testing interactions with sociodemographic and public spaces characteristics. We combined sociodemographic data from a survey with the adult (18-65 years of age women population of Tijuana, Mexico, conducted in 2014 (N = 2,345; with data from a 2013 study on public spaces in the same city. We evaluated access to public spaces by the presence and total area of public spaces in buffers of 400, 800, 1,000 and 1,600m around the participants’ homes. We measured physical activity with the short version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ-short. We employed multinomial logistic models to evaluate the association between access to public spaces and physical activity, and tested for interactions between access to public spaces and public spaces quality and sociodemographic characteristics. We observed no interaction between access to public spaces and public spaces quality in their effect on physical activity. There was an association between the presence of public spaces in the 400m buffer, and higher odds of being in the low physical activity level (as opposed to being in the moderate level (coefficient: 0.50; 95%CI: 0.13; 0.87. Participants who used public transport were less likely to be in the low physical activity level (coefficient: -0.57; 95%CI: -0.97; -0.17. We suggest that, in this population, the access to public spaces might be less relevant for physical activity than other elements of the urban environment and sociodemographic characteristics. Effec- tiveness Data and Information Set metrics, and composite measures for access, patient satisfaction, provider communica- tion, and customer service...reduced health care costs. The patient -centered medical home (PCMH) concept is “an approach to providing comprehensive primary care [in] a health care... patient at the right place and right time” is vital to the appro- priate utilization of health care services across a broad spec- trum of patient needs By providing the public with online computing facilities, librarians make available a world of information resources beyond their traditional print materials. Internet-connected computers in libraries greatly enhance the opportunity for patrons to enjoy the benefits of the digital age. Unfortunately, as hackers become more sophisticated and… According to its advocates, sectoral decentralization reforms can make water management, health, education, local economic development, and other public functions more efficient, responsive, and accountable to citizens. Citizen participation in the user groups and local management committees that often accompany ... Jeffress, Laura; Lyle, Stacey D. Professors at higher education institutions often feel pressure to "publish or perish" in order to maintain their standing in the academic community, yet a large number of these publications languish in obscure technical journals or are presented only once at a conference or online journal. While these methods achieve the goal of… Sittenfeld, D.; Choi, F.; Farooque, M.; Helmuth, B. Because climate hazards present a range of potential impacts and considerations for different kinds of stakeholders, community responses to increase resilience are best considered through the inclusion of diverse, informed perspectives. The Science Center Public Forums project has created multifaceted modules to engage diverse publics in substantive deliberations around four hazards: heat waves, drought, extreme precipitation, and sea level rise. Using a suite of background materials including visualization and narrative components, each of these daylong dialogues engage varied groups of lay-participants at eight US science centers in learning about hazard vulnerabilities and tradeoffs of proposed strategies for building resilience. Participants listen to and consider the priorities and perspectives of fellow residents and stakeholders, and work together to formulate detailed resilience plans reflecting both current science and informed public values. Deliverables for the project include visualizations of hazard vulnerabilities and strategies through immersive planetarium graphics and Google Earth, stakeholder perspective narratives, and detailed background materials for each project hazard. This session will: communicate the process for developing the hazard modules with input from subject matter experts, outline the process for iterative revisions based upon findings from formative focus groups, share results generated by participants of the project's first two pilot forums, and describe plans for broader implementation. These activities and outcomes could help to increase the capacity of informal science education institutions as trusted conveners for informed community dialogue by educating residents about vulnerabilities and engaging them in critical thinking about potential policy responses to critical climate hazards while sharing usable public values and priorities with civic planners. collections of Old Masters, the Moltke Gallery opened in 1804 as the first fully accessible collection of this kind. Though this happened almost by coincidence, as Count Moltke had simply found himself unable to dispose of his father’s collection and decided to put it on show, his initiative soon found...... ideological backing in a period of wartime nationalism. In this climate, the exhibiting of private art collections was increasingly represented as an act of patriotism and charity. The foremost representative of this movement was the idealist collector Hans West, whose own gallery ultimately came to play... Mammen, Suraj; Keshava, Shyamkumar N; Moses, Vinu; Babu, Surendra; Varughese, Santhosh Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a worldwide public health problem and is associated with high morbidity and mortality. The majority of patients with CKD stage 5 (CKD-5), who cannot undergo renal transplant, depend on maintenance hemodialysis by surgically created access sites. Native fistulae are preferred over grafts due to their longevity. More than half of these vital portals for dialysis access will fail over time. Screening procedures to select high-risk patients before thrombosis or stenosis appears have resulted in aggressive management. These patients are referred for angiographic evaluation and/or therapy. We present the patterns of dialysis-related interventions done in our institution CMS has collected around 64 petabytes of analysable proton-proton data so far. Along with published papers, these data constitute the scientific legacy of the CMS collaboration, and preserving the data for future generations is crucial. High-school students analysing CMS data. Image: Marzena Lapka. “To preserve not only the data but also the information on how to use them, we intend to make available through open access our data that are no longer under active analysis,” says Kati Lassila-Perini, head of the CMS Data Preservation and Open Access project at the Helsinki Institute of Physics. Although providing open scientific data allows potentially everyone to perform their own analyses, doing so is very difficult. CMS scientists working in groups take many months or even years to perform a single analysis. Each analysis must be scrutinised by the whole collaboration before a scientific paper can be published. CMS therefore decided to launch a pilot project for its ope... Full Text Available Abstract Background Public access defibrillators (PADs are now available for more efficient and rapid treatment of out-of-hospital sudden cardiac arrest. PADs are used normally by untrained people on the streets and in sports centers, airports, and other public areas. Therefore, automated detection of ventricular fibrillation, or its exclusion, is of high importance. A special case exists at railway stations, where electric power-line frequency interference is significant. Many countries, especially in Europe, use 16.7 Hz AC power, which introduces high level frequency-varying interference that may compromise fibrillation detection. Method Moving signal averaging is often used for 50/60 Hz interference suppression if its effect on the ECG spectrum has little importance (no morphological analysis is performed. This approach may be also applied to the railway situation, if the interference frequency is continuously detected so as to synchronize the analog-to-digital conversion (ADC for introducing variable inter-sample intervals. A better solution consists of rated ADC, software frequency measuring, internal irregular re-sampling according to the interference frequency, and a moving average over a constant sample number, followed by regular back re-sampling. Results The proposed method leads to a total railway interference cancellation, together with suppression of inherent noise, while the peak amplitudes of some sharp complexes are reduced. This reduction has negligible effect on accurate fibrillation detection. Conclusion The method is developed in the MATLAB environment and represents a useful tool for real time railway interference suppression. Public access defibrillators (PADs) are now available for more efficient and rapid treatment of out-of-hospital sudden cardiac arrest. PADs are used normally by untrained people on the streets and in sports centers, airports, and other public areas. Therefore, automated detection of ventricular fibrillation, or its exclusion, is of high importance. A special case exists at railway stations, where electric power-line frequency interference is significant. Many countries, especially in Europe, use 16.7 Hz AC power, which introduces high level frequency-varying interference that may compromise fibrillation detection. Moving signal averaging is often used for 50/60 Hz interference suppression if its effect on the ECG spectrum has little importance (no morphological analysis is performed). This approach may be also applied to the railway situation, if the interference frequency is continuously detected so as to synchronize the analog-to-digital conversion (ADC) for introducing variable inter-sample intervals. A better solution consists of rated ADC, software frequency measuring, internal irregular re-sampling according to the interference frequency, and a moving average over a constant sample number, followed by regular back re-sampling. The proposed method leads to a total railway interference cancellation, together with suppression of inherent noise, while the peak amplitudes of some sharp complexes are reduced. This reduction has negligible effect on accurate fibrillation detection. The method is developed in the MATLAB environment and represents a useful tool for real time railway interference suppression. Djurhuus, Sune; Hansen, Henning Sten; Aadahl, Mette The increased availability of transit schedules from web sites or travel planners as well as more disaggregate data has led to a growing interest in creating individual public transportation accessibility measures. However, used extensively, standard GIS software does not have direct capabilities...... from a travel planner into a multimodal network model using simple SQL (structured query language) programming and standard GIS. The method presented here integrates all parts of travelling by public transportation from individual home addresses to all reachable transit stops within different travel....... The accessibility areas are created at morning rush hour for a study population of 29 447 individuals and a few examples of accessibility areas are presented. The results show a big difference in individual public transportation accessibility in the region. In addition, how the transit network is accessed, whether... Ouren, Douglas S.; Watts, Raymond D. Wildlife populations across the United States are benefiting from improved wildlife management techniques. However, these benefits also create new challenges including overpopulation, disease, increased winter kill, and forage degradation. These issues have become the challenges for natural resource managers and landowners. Specifically, elk (Cervus elaphus) populations in the Gunnison River Valley of Colorado are growing and causing increased resource damage on public and private lands. On public lands elk threaten sage grouse habitat and compete with domestic livestock for available forage; on private lands they diminish available livestock forage. Management of elk and elk habitat in this area is a shared responsibility of the NPS (Black Canyon of the Gunnison National Park and Curecanti National Recreation Area), BLM (Uncompahgre Field Office), USFS (Gunnison National Forest), and the CDOW (Colorado Division of Wildlife). All of these agencies participate in this research and adaptive management project. Le Manach, F.; Chaboud, Christian; Copeland, D.; Cury, Philippe; Gascuel, D.; Kleisner, K.M.; Standing, A.; Sumaila, U.R.; Zeller, D.; Pauly, D. The imperative to increase seafood supply while dealing with its overfished local stocks has pushed the European Union (EU) and its Member States to fish in the Exclusive Economic Zones of other countries through various types of fishing agreements for decades. Although European public fishing agreements are commented on regularly and considered to be transparent, this is the first global and historical study on the fee regime that governs them. We find that the EU has subsidized these agreem... Djurhuus, Sune; Hansen, Henning S; Aadahl, Mette; Glümer, Charlotte Active commuting provides routine-based regular physical activity which can reduce the risk of chronic diseases. Using public transportation involves some walking or cycling to a transit stop, transfers and a walk to the end location and users of public transportation have been found to accumulate more moderate physical activity than non-users. Understanding how public transportation characteristics are associated with active transportation is thus important from a public health perspective. This study examines the associations between objective measures of access to public transportation and self-reported active commuting. Self-reported time spent either walking or cycling commuting each day and the distance to workplace were obtained for adults aged 16 to 65 in the Danish National Health Survey 2010 (n = 28,928). Access to public transportation measures were computed by combining GIS-based road network distances from home address to public transit stops an integrating their service level. Multilevel logistic regression was used to examine the association between access to public transportation measures and active commuting. Distance to bus stop, density of bus stops, and number of transport modes were all positively associated with being an active commuter and with meeting recommendations of physical activity. No significant association was found between bus services at the nearest stop and active commuting. The results highlight the importance of including detailed measurements of access to public transit in order to identify the characteristics that facilitate the use of public transportation and active commuting. Full Text Available Active commuting provides routine-based regular physical activity which can reduce the risk of chronic diseases. Using public transportation involves some walking or cycling to a transit stop, transfers and a walk to the end location and users of public transportation have been found to accumulate more moderate physical activity than non-users. Understanding how public transportation characteristics are associated with active transportation is thus important from a public health perspective. This study examines the associations between objective measures of access to public transportation and self-reported active commuting. Self-reported time spent either walking or cycling commuting each day and the distance to workplace were obtained for adults aged 16 to 65 in the Danish National Health Survey 2010 (n = 28,928. Access to public transportation measures were computed by combining GIS-based road network distances from home address to public transit stops an integrating their service level. Multilevel logistic regression was used to examine the association between access to public transportation measures and active commuting. Distance to bus stop, density of bus stops, and number of transport modes were all positively associated with being an active commuter and with meeting recommendations of physical activity. No significant association was found between bus services at the nearest stop and active commuting. The results highlight the importance of including detailed measurements of access to public transit in order to identify the characteristics that facilitate the use of public transportation and active commuting. Han, Q.; Benedict, G.C.; Dellaert, W.; van Raaij, W.F.; Timmermans, H.J.P. This article investigates consumers' anticipation of other consumers' service time choices in capacity-constrained services and how this is affected by publicly announced access recommendations. Empirical results from an experiment with simulated congestion experiences show that the impact of Han, Q.; Dellaert, B.G.C.; Raaij, W.F.V.; Timmermans, H.J.P. This article investigates consumers' anticipation of other consumers' service time choices in capacity-constrained services and how this is affected by publicly announced access recommendations. Empirical results from an experiment with simulated congestion experiences show that the impact of Full Text Available Public transport plays a critical role in the sustainability of urban settings. The mass mobility and quality of urban lives can be improved by establishing public transport networks that are accessible to pedestrians within a reasonable walking distance. Accessibility to public transport is characterized by the ease with which inhabitants can reach means of transportation such as buses or metros. By measuring the degree of accessibility to public transport networks using a common data format, a comparative study can be conducted between different cities or metropolitan areas with different public transit systems. The General Transit Feed Specification (GTFS by Google Developers allows this by offering a common format based on text files and sharing the data set voluntarily produced and contributed by the public transit agencies of many participating cities around the world. This paper suggests a method to assess and compare public transit accessibility in different urban areas using the GTFS feed and demographic data. To demonstrate the value of the new method, six examples of metropolitan areas and their public transit accessibility are presented and compared. Full Text Available Abstract: Winter is expensive. For countries situated in the northern hemisphere, closer to the north pole, such as Canada, Russia and Scandinavia, winter requires the acquisition of special clothing, car tires, and sports equipment, snow removal or plowing from the streets, and is associated with the presence of ice patches, along with accidents and illnesses associated with cold weather. Fall-related injuries due to winter conditions have been estimated to cost the Canadian health care system $ 2.8 billion a year. However, the greatest cost snow entails every year is the social isolation of seniors as well as wheelchair and walker users. This results from the lack of accessibility, as it is difficult to circulate on snow-covered streets even for the able-bodied. Social isolation has been associated with other negative consequences such as depression and even suicide. This exploratory pilot study aimed at finding possible and feasible design solutions for improving the accessibility of sidewalks during winter conditions. For this project we used a Co-Design methodology. Stakeholders (City of Quebec representatives, designers, urban planners, occupational therapists, and adults with motor, visual and aural disabilities were invited to participate in the design process. In order to meet the objectives, two main steps were carried out: 1. Conception of the design solutions (through Co-design sessions in a Focus-group format with seniors, designers and researchers; and 2. Validation of the design solutions (consultation with experts and stakeholders. The results are a wide variety of possible and feasible solutions, including the reorganisation of the snow-removal procedure and the development of heated curb cuts. This project was funded by the City of Quebec in partnership with the Centre interdisciplinaire de recherche en réadaptation et intégration sociale (CIRRIS. Ultimately, the project sought to explore possible solutions to be implemented Tobacco control policies have proliferated in many countries in recent years, in particular youth access laws and public smoking bans. The effectiveness of youth access laws is still disputed, however, as are the costs of public smoking bans to the hospitality industry. Using a unique data set on cigarette sales at more than 100k vending machines that provides first objective evidence on the outgoing and customer behavior of smokers, we study both outcome dimensions by investigating several r... Francfort, James Edward [Idaho National Lab. (INL), Idaho Falls, ID (United States) The EV Project deployed over 4,000 ACL2 EVSE for drivers to charge their plug-in electric vehicle (PEV) when away-from-home. The vast majority of these EVSE stations were installed to be available to all PEV drivers at publicly accessible locations. Some were also deployed for use at workplaces and fleets. This paper examines only the use patterns of PEV drivers using the EVSE intended to be publicly accessible. Ferreras Fernández, Tránsito; García-Peñalvo, Francisco José; Merlo Vega, José Antonio This is the presentation of the paper entitled “Open access repositories as channel of publication scientific grey literature” in the TEEM 2015 International Conference held in Porto (Portugal) in October 7-9, 2015. In this paper we describe how the open access repositories are valid channels for the publication of scientific grey literature. Technological development facilitates the communication of scientific knowledge, allowing expand distribution channels and significantly reducing tra... End-user interfaces for the online public access catalogs (OPACs) of OhioLINK, a system linking major university and research libraries in Ohio, and its 16 member libraries, accessible through the Internet, are compared and evaluated from the user-oriented perspective. A common, systematic framework was used for the scientific observation of the… Woszczynski, Amy B.; Whitman, Michael E. Access to current research materials, pedagogical best practices, and relevant knowledge has become problematic as journal subscription costs have increased. Increasing delays in the traditional publication timeline, coupled with high subscription costs, have resulted in a diminished ability for IS faculty and their students to access the most… Yee, Martha M. Discusses features of online public access catalogs: (1) demonstration of relationships between records; (2) provision of entry vocabularies; (3) arrangement of multiple entries on the screen; (4) provision of access points; (5) display of single records; and (6) division of catalogs into separate files or indexes. User studies and other research… Kalin, Sally W. Describes a study that was conducted to determine whether the searching behavior of remote users of LIAS (Library Information Access System), Pennsylvania State University's online public access catalog (OPAC), differed from those using the OPAC within the library. Differences in search strategies and in user satisfaction are discussed. (eight… Akinbode, Rahmon O. Onaolapo; Nwalo, Kenneth Ivo Ngozi This study investigates serials management in university libraries, determines the extent to which serials are accessed and used and appraises the influence of availability, accessibility and use of serials on publications output of lecturers in federal universities in Nigeria. Questionnaire administration method was adopted to accumulate data for… Masten, Yondell; Ashcraft, Alyce Faculty are required to publish. Naïve and "in-a-hurry-to-publish" authors seek to publish in journals where manuscripts are rapidly accepted. Others may innocently submit to one of an increasing number of questionable/predatory journals, where predatory is defined as practices of publishing journals for exploitation of author-pays, open-access publication model by charging authors publication fees for publisher profit without provision of expected services (expert peer review, editing, archiving, and indexing published manuscripts) and promising almost instant publication. Authors may intentionally submit manuscripts to predatory journals for rapid publication without concern for journal quality. A brief summary of the open access "movement," suggestions for selecting reputable open access journals, and suggestion for avoiding predatory publishers/journals are described. The purpose is to alert junior and seasoned faculty about predatory publishers included among available open access journal listings. Brief review of open access publication, predatory/questionable journal characteristics, suggestions for selecting reputable open access journals and avoiding predatory publishers/journals are described. Time is required for intentionally performing due diligence in open access journal selection, based on publisher/journal quality, prior to manuscript submission or authors must be able to successfully withdraw manuscripts when submission to a questionable or predatory journal is discovered. © FEMS 2017. Bruijns, Stevan R; Maesela, Mmapeladi; Sinha, Suniti; Banner, Megan Based on relative population size and burden of disease, emergency care publication outputs from low- and middle-income regions are disproportionately lower than those of high-income regions. Ironically, outputs from regions with higher publication rates are often less relevant in the African context. As a result, the dissemination of and access to local research is essential to local researchers, but the cost of this access (actual and cost-wise) remains unknown. The aim of this study was to describe access to African emergency care publications in terms of publisher-based access (open access or subscription) and alternate access (self-archived or author provided), as well as the cost of access. We conducted a retrospective, cross-sectional study using all emergency medicine publications included in Scopus between 2011 and 2015. A sequential search strategy described access to each article, and we calculated mean article charges against the purchasing power parity index (used to describe out-of-pocket expense). We included 666 publications from 49 journals, of which 395 (59.3%) were open access. For subscription-based articles, 106 (39.1%) were self-archived, 60 (22.1%) were author-provided, and 105 (38.8%) were inaccessible. Mean article access cost was $36.44, and mean processing charge was $2,319.34. Using the purchasing power parity index it was calculated that equivalent out-of-pocket expenditure for South African, Ghanaian and Tanzanian authors would respectively be $15.77, $10.44 and $13.04 for access, and $1,004.02, $664.36 and $830.27 for processing. Based on this, the corrected cost of a single-unit article access or process charge for South African, Ghanaian and Tanzanian authors, respectively, was 2.3, 3.5 and 2.8 times higher than the standard rate. One in six African emergency care publications are inaccessible outside institutional library subscriptions; additionally, the cost of access to publications in low- and middle-income countries appears Full Text Available Perceived accessibility has been acknowledged as an important aspect of transport policy since the 70s. Nevertheless, very few empirical studies have been conducted in this field. When aiming to improve social inclusion, by making sustainable transport modes accessible to all, it is important to understand the factors driving perceived accessibility. Unlike conventional accessibility measures, perceived accessibility focuses on the perceived possibilities and ease of engaging in preferred activities using different transport modes. We define perceived accessibility in terms of how easy it is to live a satisfactory life with the help of the transport system, which is not necessarily the same thing as the objective standard of the system. According to previous research, perceived accessibility varies with the subjectively-rated quality of the mode of transport. Thus, improvements in quality (e.g. trip planning, comfort, or safety increase the perceived accessibility and make life easier to live using the chosen mode of transport. This study (n=750 focuses on the perceived accessibility of public transport, captured using the Perceived Accessibility Scale PAC (Lättman, Olsson, & Friman, 2015. More specifically, this study aims to determine how level of quality affects the perceived accessibility in public transport. A Conditional Process Model shows that, in addition to quality, feeling safe and frequency of travel are important predictors of perceived accessibility. Furthermore, elderly and those in their thirties report a lower level of perceived accessibility to their day-to-day activities using public transport. The basic premise of this study is that subjective experiences may be as important as objective indicators when planning and designing for socially inclusive transport systems. Paul T. Jaeger Full Text Available Drawing upon findings from a national survey of U.S. public libraries, this paper examines trends in Internet and public computing access in public libraries across states from 2004 to 2006. Based on library-supplied information about levels and types of Internet and public computing access, the authors offer insights into the network-based content and services that public libraries provide. Examining data from 2004 to 2006 reveals trends and accomplishments in certain states and geographic regions. This paper details and discusses the data, identifies and analyzes issues related to Internet access, and suggests areas for future research. Le Manach, Frédéric; Chaboud, Christian; Copeland, Duncan; Cury, Philippe; Gascuel, Didier; Kleisner, Kristin M; Standing, André; Sumaila, U Rashid; Zeller, Dirk; Pauly, Daniel The imperative to increase seafood supply while dealing with its overfished local stocks has pushed the European Union (EU) and its Member States to fish in the Exclusive Economic Zones of other countries through various types of fishing agreements for decades. Although European public fishing agreements are commented on regularly and considered to be transparent, this is the first global and historical study on the fee regime that governs them. We find that the EU has subsidized these agreements at an average of 75% of their cost (financial contribution agreed upon in the agreements), while private European business interests paid the equivalent of 1.5% of the value of the fish that was eventually landed. This raises questions of fisheries benefit-sharing and resource-use equity that the EU has the potential to address during the nearly completed reform of its Common Fisheries Policy. Frédéric Le Manach Full Text Available The imperative to increase seafood supply while dealing with its overfished local stocks has pushed the European Union (EU and its Member States to fish in the Exclusive Economic Zones of other countries through various types of fishing agreements for decades. Although European public fishing agreements are commented on regularly and considered to be transparent, this is the first global and historical study on the fee regime that governs them. We find that the EU has subsidized these agreements at an average of 75% of their cost (financial contribution agreed upon in the agreements, while private European business interests paid the equivalent of 1.5% of the value of the fish that was eventually landed. This raises questions of fisheries benefit-sharing and resource-use equity that the EU has the potential to address during the nearly completed reform of its Common Fisheries Policy. Full Text Available Among the strategies to improve public access to justice, increasing the accessibility and comprehensibility of legal information must be ranked as important. In this paper, the authors explore how libraries and librarians might play a role in providing the public with access and guidance to legal information. These issues are considered primarily in the context of two scenarios: that of the self-represented litigant, and that of a party to a limited scope retainer. The authors consider in particular how public libraries as a public space and public librarians as trusted intermediaries might support the objective of greater access. The possible roles of law society/courthouse and academic libraries in training and collection development are also considered. The distinction between providing access to legal information and giving legal advice is discussed briefly, and the authors suggest some possible ways of clarifying this distinction while pursuing the goal of expanding public access to legal information. Parmi les stratégies susceptibles d’améliorer l’accès du public à la justice, les mesures visant à accroître l’accessibilité et la convivialité de l’information juridique doivent être considérées comme des stratégies importantes. Dans ce document, les auteurs explorent le rôle que peuvent jouer les bibliothèques et les bibliothécaires en orientant le public et en lui donnant accès aux renseignements juridiques. Ce rôle est examiné principalement dans le contexte de deux scénarios : celui de la partie qui se représente elle-même et celui de la partie dont l’avocat a un mandat à portée limitée. Les auteurs se demandent notamment comment les bibliothèques publiques, à titre d’espace public, et les bibliothécaires, à titre d’intermédiaires de confiance, peuvent favoriser l’atteinte de l’objectif d’un meilleur accès à cette information. Les rôles que pourraient être appelées à jouer les Curs, Bradley R.; Jaquette, Ozan Public universities have pursued nonresident enrollment growth as a solution to the stagnation of state funding. Representatives of public universities often argue that nonresident tuition revenue is an important resource in efforts to finance access for resident students, whereas state policymakers are concerned that nonresident enrollment… Jaques, Thomas F. Strengthening technology in Louisiana's public libraries will support equitable and convenient access to electronic information resources for all citizens at library sites, in homes, and in business. The plan presented in this document is intended to enhance and expand technology in the state's public libraries. After discussion of the crucial… Djurhuus, Sune; Hansen, Henning S; Aadahl, Mette Active commuting provides routine-based regular physical activity which can reduce the risk of chronic diseases. Using public transportation involves some walking or cycling to a transit stop, transfers and a walk to the end location and users of public transportation have been found to accumulate...... more moderate physical activity than non-users. Understanding how public transportation characteristics are associated with active transportation is thus important from a public health perspective. This study examines the associations between objective measures of access to public transportation...... and self-reported active commuting. Self-reported time spent either walking or cycling commuting each day and the distance to workplace were obtained for adults aged 16 to 65 in the Danish National Health Survey 2010 (n = 28,928). Access to public transportation measures were computed by combining GIS... Full Text Available This paper examines the efficiency and public transport accessibility of indirect (devolved state administration performed by municipalities with extended powers (hereinafter MEPs in the Czech Republic. Our aim is to evaluate the efficiency of the revenues made by municipalities with extended powers, through performing powers delegated to them by the state administration, and those municipalities’ public transport accessibility as of 31 December, 2014. The rate of efficiency is tested on an output-oriented Free Disposable Hull model. One input variable is selected - the operating expenses of the municipal offices recalculated per inhabitant of the municipality’s administrative district - and two output variables are selected: contribution to the performance of state administration, recalculated per inhabitant of the municipality’s administrative district, and revenues from administrative fees per inhabitant of the municipality’s administrative district. The municipality’s offices’ transport accessibility is evaluated via network analysis using ArcGIS software. The article investigates the hypothesis that public administration deconcentration practices logically result in higher security costs and therefore inefficiency. The results reveal that only 66 of the country’s 205 MEPs are efficient and that operating expenses and state contributions for the performance of state administrative tasks play a significant role in these results. Efficiency is less significantly influenced by administrative fee revenues. Public transport accessibility is analyzed for two time intervals - 6:00 to 8:00 am and 1:00 to 2:00 pm - on Tuesdays. The degree of accessibility is defined using a six-point scale of accessibility. The results show that the best accessibility is in the morning hours, when the offices are accessible for 68.8% of the population aged 15+ in the Czech Republic; the worst accessibility is in the afternoon hours when only 2% of the Patz, A.; Harbo, P.; Moran, J.; van Stone, D.; Zografou, P. The Chandra Data Archive team at the Chandra X-ray Center has developed middle tier services that are used by both our search and retrieval applications to uniformly access our data repository. Accessible through an HTTP URL interface, these services can be called by our J2EE web application (WebChaser) and our Java Swing application (Chaser), as well as any other HTTP client. Programs can call the services to retrieve observation data such as a single FITS file, a proposal abstract or a detailed report of observation parameters. Having a central interface to the archive, shared by client applications, facilitates code reusability and easier maintenance. These middle tier services have been written in Java and packaged into a single J2EE application called the Search and Retrieval (SR) Services. The package consists of a web application front-end and an Enterprise Java Beans back-end. This paper describes the design and use of the SR Services. NREL's Transportation and Hydrogen Systems Center published 39 journal articles in fiscal year 2017 highlighting recent research in advanced vehicle technology, alternative fuels, and hydrogen systems. Gill, Preetinder S; Gill, Tejkaran S; Kamath, Ashwini; Whisnant, Billy Health literacy is associated with a person’s capacity to find, access, contextualize, and understand information needed for health care-related decisions. The level of health literacy thus has an influence on an individual’s health status. It can be argued that low health literacy is associated with poor health status. Health care literature (eg, pamphlets, brochures, postcards, posters, forms) are published by public and private organizations worldwide to provide information to the general public. The ability to read, use, and understand is critical to the successful application of knowledge disseminated by this literature. This study assessed the readability, suitability, and usability of health care literature associated with concussion and traumatic brain injury published by the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The Flesch–Kincaid Grade Level, Flesch Reading Ease, Gunning Fog, Simple Measure of Gobbledygook, and Suitability Assessment of Materials indices were used to assess 40 documents obtained from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website. The documents analyzed were targeted towards the general public. It was found that in order to be read properly, on average, these documents needed more than an eleventh grade/high school level education. This was consistent with the findings of other similar studies. However, the qualitative Suitability Assessment of Materials index showed that, on average, usability and suitability of these documents was superior. Hence, it was concluded that formatting, illustrations, layout, and graphics play a pivotal role in improving health care-related literature and, in turn, promoting health literacy. Based on the comprehensive literature review and assessment of the 40 documents associated with concussion and traumatic brain injury, recommendations have been made for improving the readability, suitability, and usability of health care-related documents. The recommendations are ...] Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Approach to Addressing Drug Shortage; Public Workshop AGENCY... Administration (FDA) is announcing a public workshop regarding the approach of the Center for Drug Evaluation and..., and to gain additional insight from, professional societies, patient advocates, industry, consumer... ... DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS), Classifications and Public Health Data Standards Staff, Announces the... Public Health Data Standards Staff, NCHS, 3311 Toledo Road, Room 2337, Hyattsville, Maryland 20782, e... ... DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS), Classifications and Public Health Data Standards Staff, Announces the... Prevention, Classifications and Public Health Data Standards, 3311 Toledo Road, Room 2337, Hyattsville, MD... ... DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS), Classifications and Public Health Data Standards Staff, Announces the... Administrator, Classifications and Public Health Data Standards Staff, NCHS, 3311 Toledo Road, Room 2337... When the city council of Spokane (Washington) decided in 1971 to establish a cable franchise, it created a citizens' committee to set cable specifications. Representing Spokane School District 81 and KSPS-TV (a public television station licensed to the public schools of Spokane), the author of this document served on the committee that set five… ... 41 Public Contracts and Property Management 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false May Executive agencies outlease space on major public access levels, courtyards and rooftops of public buildings? 102-79.65... Utilization of Space Outleasing § 102-79.65 May Executive agencies outlease space on major public access... O'Brien, K.; Hankin, S.; Mendelssohn, R.; Simons, R.; Smith, B.; Kern, K. J. The Observing System Monitoring Center (OSMC), a project funded by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Climate Observations Division (COD), exists to join the discrete 'networks' of In Situ ocean observing platforms -- ships, surface floats, profiling floats, tide gauges, etc. - into a single, integrated system. The OSMC is addressing this goal through capabilities in three areas focusing on the needs of specific user groups: 1) it provides real time monitoring of the integrated observing system assets to assist management in optimizing the cost-effectiveness of the system for the assessment of climate variables; 2) it makes the stream of real time data coming from the observing system available to scientific end users into an easy-to-use form; and 3) in the future, it will unify the delayed-mode data from platform-focused data assembly centers into a standards- based distributed system that is readily accessible to interested users from the science and education communities. In this presentation, we will be focusing on the efforts of the OSMC to provide interoperable access to the near real time data stream that is available via the Global Telecommunications System (GTS). This is a very rich data source, and includes data from nearly all of the oceanographic platforms that are actively observing. We will discuss how the data is being served out using a number of widely used 'web services' (including OPeNDAP and SOS) and downloadable file formats (KML, csv, xls, netCDF), so that it can be accessed in web browsers and popular desktop analysis tools. We will also be discussing our use of the Environmental Research Division's Data Access Program (ERDDAP), available from NOAA/NMFS, which has allowed us to achieve our goals of serving the near real time data. From an interoperability perspective, it's important to note that access to the this stream of data is not just for humans, but also for machine-to-machine requests. We'll also delve into how we Luz Mery Mejía O Full Text Available This article is the result of a product of a study elaborated with the aim of systematizing the available information related to the accessibility to the health services of the prison population in the penitentiary centers. To this end, we reviewed the literature and systematic collection of the academic available material in the principal university libraries in the city of Medellin, scientific databases and the web pages of national and international organizations that have dealt with this topic. The information was systematized considering some historical references to prisons and health, the record of experiences in some countries and the current regulations for health care in the prison population in the Colombian case. We conclude that although significant progress has been made to ensure health care for the prison population, in the prison there are still obstacles and limitations that infringe the right to health of this population. Likewise, it is evidenced that it has not been considered a public health problem in the country, which it is considered a challenge to incorporate it as such. Full Text Available Public transit services (PTS improve mobility and accessibility, and reduce car dependence. It is ideal if PTS are financially sustainable, with affordable fares and expedient quality. The success of PTS on accessibility improvement can be reflected by their level of patronage: do travelers choose to use them in lieu of their private cars? PTS in Hong Kong are renowned for their quality and profitability, superbly addressing the accessibility need for the city; they carry over 90% of the 11 million daily trips. A comparison of the per capita train-car and bus-vehicle kilometer run of PTS in Hong Kong with those in London and Singapore, however, suggests that it is not purely the supply that affects the use or accessibility of PTS in Hong Kong. By tracing and analyzing the development of PTS in Hong Kong over the past two decades, we found evidence that the high level of accessibility on mass public transit in the territory can be attributed to the land use policy of developing compact, high-density township, accompanying transport policies of granting high priority to the development of mass transit facilities and providing ways to ensure the financial viability of privately operated PTS, especially the innovative approach of integrating the development of public transport facility and property so as to exploit their synergy. In this paper, we study and highlight elements that contribute to the development of high accessibility on mass public transit in Hong Kong. Full Text Available Every human being has equal right for accessing to the transportation. Difable persons that have different ability also have the same right. The provision of the accessibility and information facility in public transport is not fully meet difable need and therefore difable persons have difficulties in accessibility and information while using public transports. This research will investigate the difable perceptions about accessibility and traveler information for the public transport in Jakarta. Questionnaire method will be used for this purpose and then analyzed by Importance Performance Analysis. The improvement for the transport infrastructure and information system will be elaborated. The findings of the research could be used as input for the local authority while planning or re-construction public transport infrastructure and information system so that difable persons become more accessible and convenience. The study results show that the average value of the perceived performance for the accessibility is 2.78 from 5 scales. This means the performance of the accessibility in overall is fairly. For the information facility, the average performance is 3.11 that meaning the performance in overall is good. The respondents required the provision of waiting room for difable persons as a priority. The information about the departure of the vehicle should been improved as priority to be increased. Furthermore, it is obtained that the Customer Satisfaction Index (CSI value for accessibility is 56%. This indicates the entire respondents satisfied sufficiently with the accessibility facility. Also, 62% of the CSI value shows that the respondents satisfied sufficiently with the provided information. Full Text Available The research features analysis of user-experience-based accessibility assessment and progress monitoring of buildings and public spaces; this analysis is used as a tool for facilitating the development of humane, socially sustainable and an inclusive urban environment. A group of users representing people with different kinds of disabilities, the elderly and families with children was created to assess the quality of access to various buildings with different functions and locations across Vilnius and in Singapore. A school, two hospitals, a rehab centre and two offices were selected for access monitoring in Vilnius City, while a hotel, a café and two metro stations with public squares were chosen for access assessment in Singapore. As the same method was principally applied to assess accessibility of selected buildings in Vilnius City in 2000 and 2017 and in Singapore in 2012, the article draws a comparative analysis of access levels in these two cities located in different global regions. The results show a definite improvement of access quality over time and also identify the critical aspects in this process. The segment of plot planning represents the lowest quality of access for all assessed building types as compared to the building segment and the external–internal element segments. The paper also draws conclusions that access improvement is a continuous process of implementing advanced urban policy instruments, and city planners can contribute to it by constantly analysing and presenting to public the monitoring data about the progress in access improvement. Comparing the assessment results between Vilnius City and Singapore – cities that are located in different global regions and in different socio-economic environments – provides a practical tool for benchmarking and setting the priorities for this process. Skripochnik, Edvard; O'Connor, David J; Trestman, Eric B; Lipsitz, Evan C; Scher, Larry A Objectives The modern era of hemodialysis access surgery began with the publication in 1966 by Brescia et al. describing the use of a surgically created arteriovenous fistula. Since then, the number of patients on chronic hemodialysis and the number of publications dealing with hemodialysis access have steadily increased. We have chronicled the increase in publications in the medical literature dealing with hemodialysis access by evaluating the characteristics of the 50 most cited articles. Methods We queried the Science Citation Index from the years 1960-2014. Articles were selected based on a subject search and were ranked according to the number of times they were cited in the medical literature. Results The 50 most frequently cited articles were selected for further analysis and the number of annual publications was tracked. The landmark publication by Dr Brescia et al. was unequivocally the most cited article dealing with hemodialysis access (1109 citations). The subject matter of the papers included AV fistula and graft (9), hemodialysis catheter (9), complications and outcomes (24), and other topics (8). Most articles were published in nephrology journals (33), with fewer in surgery (7), medicine (7), and radiology (3) journals. Of the 17 journals represented, Kidney International was the clear leader, publishing 18 articles. There has been an exponential rise in the frequency of publications regarding dialysis access with 42 of 50 analyzed papers being authored after 1990. Conclusion As the number of patients on hemodialysis has increased dramatically over the past five decades, there has been a commensurate increase in the overall number of publications related to hemodialysis access. Trabant, C.; Ahern, T.; Suleiman, Y.; Karstens, R.; Weertman, B. At the IRIS Data Management Center (DMC) we primarily manage seismological data but also have other geophysical data sets for related fields including atmospheric pressure and gravity measurements and higher level data products derived from raw data. With a few exceptions all data managed by the IRIS DMC are openly available and we serve an international research audience. These data are available via a number of different mechanisms from batch requests submitted through email, web interfaces, near real time streams and more recently web services. Our initial suite of web services offer access to almost all of the raw data and associated metadata managed at the DMC. In addition, we offer services that apply processing to the data before it is sent to the user. Web service technologies are ubiquitous with support available in nearly every programming language and operating system. By their nature web services are programmatic interfaces, but by choosing a simple subset of web service methods we make our data available to a very broad user base. These interfaces will be usable by professional developers as well as non-programmers. Whenever possible we chose open and recognized standards. The data returned to the user is in a variety of formats depending on type, including FDSN SEED, QuakeML, StationXML, ASCII, PNG images and in some cases where no appropriate standard could be found a customized XML format. To promote easy access to seismological data for all researchers we are coordinating with international partners to define web service interfaces standards. Additionally we are working with key partners in Europe to complete the initial implementation of these services. Once a standard has been adopted and implemented at multiple data centers researchers will be able to use the same request tools to access data across multiple data centers. The web services that apply on-demand processing to requested data include the capability to apply instrument corrections and The working party was set up to report to the Government ways of implementing the recommendations of the Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution that 'there should be a presumption in favour of unrestricted public access to the information which the pollution control authorities obtain or receive by virtue of their statutory powers'. Chapter 6 deals with Radioactive wastes. The present situation (eg on how the information is gathered, which department or bodies are involved etc) and the current state of the law are discussed. Licensed nuclear sites, sea disposal, inspections and defence wastes are all considered briefly. The case for improving public access to information and, recommendations on how to achieve this made, and the resource implications considered. On control of radioactive wastes there is currently no power for the responsible Government Departments to make information public. It is recommended that new legislation should confer powers to make information available, including a power to require public registers to be kept at prescribed places giving information related to certificates issued under the Radioactive Substances Act 1960. (UK) Berry, Leonard L; Beckham, Dan; Dettman, Amy; Mead, Robert Patient-centered access (PCA) to primary care services is rapidly becoming an imperative for efficiently delivering high-quality health care to patients. To enhance their PCA-related efforts, some medical practices and health systems have begun to use various tactics, including team-based care, satellite clinics, same-day and group appointments, greater use of physician assistants and nurse practitioners, and remote access to health services. However, few organizations are addressing the PCA imperative comprehensively by integrating these various tactics to develop an overall PCA management strategy. Successful integration means taking into account the changing competitive and reimbursement landscape in primary care, conducting an evidence-based assessment of the barriers and benefits of PCA implementation, and attending to the particular needs of the institution engaged in this important effort. This article provides a blueprint for creating a multifaceted but coordinated PCA strategy-one aimed squarely at making patient access a centerpiece of how health care is delivered. The case of a Wisconsin-based health system is used as an illustrative example of how other institutions might begin to conceive their fledgling PCA strategies without proposing it as a one-size-fits-all model. Copyright © 2014 Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Éden Fernando Batista Ferreira Full Text Available Introduction: The discussion about accessibility in urban environments is observed in several studies,but the vast majority focuses attention on structural elements and not the user. Objective: This study proposes a method of assessing urban environmental movement, from the point of view of its users, to identify the relationship between perceived barriers and facilitators in the environment movement and aspects of the body functions and structures and the users’ participation in activities, which denotes the degree of accessibility of these people in this space. Method: It describes a case study in Belem, Para state, utilizing a method of assessing the perception of users, based on indicators of environmental factors, activity and participation, structure and functions of the body, highlighted by the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health – ICF. Results:The main finding of this study indicates that people’s perceptions about their environment directly influences the movement involved in their occupations. Conclusion: Studies with this content are relevant and necessary in our current society, because they reveal how changes in major urban centers influence the accessibility and involvement of people in their occupations, thereby directly interfering with their health, quality of life, and participation in society. Sutter, Mark E; Bronstein, Alvin C; Heard, Stuart E; Barthold, Claudia L; Lando, James; Lewis, Lauren S; Schier, Joshua G Poison control centers and clinical toxicologists serve many roles within public health; however, the degree to which these entities collaborate is unknown. The objective of this survey was to identify successful collaborations of public health agencies with clinical toxicologists and poison control centers. Four areas including outbreak identification, syndromic surveillance, terrorism preparedness, and daily public health responsibilities amenable to poison control center resources were assessed. An online survey was sent to the directors of poison control centers, state epidemiologists, and the most senior public health official in each state and selected major metropolitan areas. This survey focused on three areas: service, structure within the local or state public health system, and remuneration. Questions regarding remuneration and poison control center location within the public health structure were asked to assess if these were critical factors of successful collaborations. Senior state and local public health officials were excluded because of a low response rate. The survey was completed in October 2007. A total of 111 respondents, 61 poison control centers and 50 state epidemiologists, were eligible for the survey. Sixty-nine (62%) of the 111 respondents, completed and returned the survey. Thirty-three (54%) of the 61 poison control centers responded, and 36 of the 50 state epidemiologists (72%) responded. The most frequent collaborations were terrorism preparedness and epidemic illness reporting. Additional collaborations also exist. Important collaborations exist outside of remuneration or poison control centers being a formal part of the public health structure. Poison control centers have expanded their efforts to include outbreak identification, syndromic surveillance, terrorism preparedness, and daily public health responsibilities amenable to poison control center resources. Collaboration in these areas and others should be expanded. Published Full Text Available AlmaDL Journals is an Open Access publishing service of the University of Bologna, Italy. After 5 years from the publication of the first paper in Conservation Science in Cultural Heritage about the service, we review the transformations and the growth it has experienced during this time span, with a look at the changes that have occurred in Open Access publishing that have driven and inspired the modifications adopted by AlmaDL Journals. DePauw, Karen P.; Seyam, Mohammed; Roy, Siddhartha; Abbas, Montasir; Hole, Brian; Potter, Peter As a land-grant institution, Virginia Tech is committed to research that meaningfully engages with the vital concerns of our day such as feeding, building, and empowering a healthy world. How does Virginia Tech’s commitment to engagement fit with the Open Access vision for unrestricted online access to scholarly research? Have OA journals, public repositories, and federal mandates simply made a researcher’s life more complicated or could OA be the key to unlocking research impact on a global ... North, Stephen W; McElligot, James; Douglas, Gaye; Martin, Amanda School-based health centers (SBHCs) serve an essential role in providing access to high-quality, comprehensive care to underserved children and adolescents in more than 2,000 schools across the United States. SBHCs are an essential component of the health care safety net, and their role in the patient-centered medical home (PCMH) continues to evolve as both collaborating partners and, when fully functioning, independent PCMHs. The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) supports the use of SBHCs, citing the proven benefits and exciting potential as justification, but also offers caution and recommends a focus on communication within the community. Traditional "brick and mortar" SBHCs are more likely to be located in urban communities (54.2% urban versus 18.0% rural) and be in schools with more students, allowing for a greater return on investment. Current SBHCs are located in schools with an average population of 997 students. The need for a large school population to help an SBHC approach financial viability excludes children in rural communities who are more likely to attend a school with fewer than 500 students, be poor, and have difficulty accessing health care.2 The expansion of telehealth technologies allows the creation of solutions to decrease geographic barriers that have limited the growth of SBHCs in rural communities. Telehealth school-based health centers (tSBHCs) that exclusively provide services through telemedicine are operating and developing in communities where geographic barriers and financial challenges have prevented the establishment of brick and mortar SBHCs. TSBHCs are beginning to increase the number and variety of services they provide through the use of telehealth to include behavioral health, nutrition services, and pediatric specialists. Understanding the role of tSBHCs in the growth of the PCMH model is critical for using these tools to continue to improve child and adolescent health. Copyright 2014, SLACK Incorporated. Frahm, Kathryn A.; Alsac-Seitz, Biray; Mescia, Nadine; Brown, Lisa M.; Hyer, Kathy; Liburd, Desiree; Rogoff, David P.; Troutman, Adewale This article describes an Online Mentor Program (OMP) designed to support and facilitate mentorships among and between Florida Department of Health (FDOH) employees and USF College of Public Health students using a Web-based portal. The Florida Public Health Training Center (FPHTC) at the University of South Florida (USF) College of Public Health… Full Text Available Background Given that the protection of children's health is of special importance due to their special age and physical conditions, the present study aimed to investigate the condition of children's Geographic access to health services (Health Centers and Clinical Laboratories in Kermanshah city, Iran. Materials and Methods: In this applied study, the research approach was descriptive-analytic using quantitative models in Geographic information system (GIS environment. The statistical population was the whole population of young girls aged 0-14 years old in Kermanshah, Iran. Moreover, to evaluate the spatial deployment pattern of health services and the correct and true access of this groupto such services, all data and information were collected through the Iranian Statistics Center and evaluated using the Arc-GIS Software. The latest published population statistics on the Population and Housing Census in 2011 were considered the basis for the analyses. Results: The results of the present study demonstrated that more than 40% and 60% of the young girls aged 0-14 years old in Kermanshah were deprived of proper access to health centers and clinical laboratories, respectively. In terms of the status of children’s access in the Second Scenario (access to health services by vehicles and during 5, 10, and 15 minutes, about 5.53%, 93.1% and 15.1% lacked access to health centers, respectively. In addition, in terms of the status of children’s access to clinical laboratories during 5, 10, and 15 minutes, 17.26%, 65.4% and 51% lacked access to clinical laboratories, respectively. Conclusion: The access of young girls aged 0-14 years old to health services in Kermanshah was undesirable in the access to health services through walking. Additionally, the access of this groupto health services in the access to health services by vehicles was far better than the first one. Long, Michael W; Gortmaker, Steven L; Patel, Anisha I; Onufrak, Stephen J; Wilking, Cara L; Cradock, Angie L We assessed public support for required water access in schools and parks and perceived safety and taste of water in these settings to inform efforts to increase access to and consumption of tap water. Cross-sectional survey of the US public collected from August to November 2011. Random digit-dialed telephone survey. Participants (n = 1218) aged 17 and older from 1055 US counties in 46 states. Perceived safety and taste of water in schools and parks as well as support for required access to water in these settings. Survey-adjusted perceived safety and taste as well as support for required access were estimated. There was broad support for required access to water throughout the day in schools (96%) and parks (89%). Few participants believed water was unsafe in schools (10%) or parks (18%). This study provides evidence of public support for efforts to increase access to drinking water in schools and parks and documents overall high levels of perceived taste and safety of water provided in these settings. Mohammad Javad Koohsari Full Text Available During the past decade, the role of the built environment on physical activity has been well investigated by public health, transportation and urban design scholars and it has been shown that different aspects of the built environment can influence physical activity Public open spaces (POS like parks have many health benefits and they can be important settings and destinations for having physical activity. Inequality in access to POS which may influence the amount of physical activity can be a reason for lower physical activity among deprived neighbourhoods. This paper aims to examine whether objective access to public open spaces (POS like parks is equally across the different socio-economic status (SES areas in the City of Melbourne. Objective access to POS was measured in network distance using geographic information systems (GIS and area SES was obtained using the SEIFA (Socio-Economic Indexes for Areas index. The results showed there was a significant difference in access to POS according to the SES areas. There was a significant negative correlation between the access to POS and the SES areas in which lower SES areas had poorer access to POS in comparison with the higher ones. While previous literature has emphasized the importance of energy and public infrastructure services for economic development, questions surrounding the implications of unequal spatial distribution in access to these resources remain, particularly in the developing country context. This dissertation provides evidence on the nature, origins and implications of this distribution uniting three strands of research from the development and political economy, regional science and energy economics fields. The dissertation unites three papers on the nature of spatial inequality of access to energy and infrastructure with further implications for conflict risk , the historical institutional and biogeographical determinants of current distribution of access to energy and public infrastructure services and the response of households to fuel price changes over time. Chapter 2 uses a novel survey dataset to provide evidence for spatial clustering of public infrastructure non-functionality at schools by geopolitical zone in Nigeria with further implications for armed conflict risk in the region. Chapter 3 investigates the drivers of the results in chapter 2, exploiting variation in the spatial distribution of precolonial institutions and geography in the region, to provide evidence for the long-term impacts of these factors on current heterogeneity of access to public services. Chapter 4 addresses the policy implications of energy access, providing the first multi-year evidence on firewood demand elasticities in India, using the spatial variation in prices for estimation. Mitee, Leesi Ebenezer Abstract: This Article examines the desirability of the universal recognition of the right of public access to legal information as a human right and therefore as part of a legal framework for improving national and global access to legal information. It discusses the right of public access to legal Manikandan, S; Vani, N Isai India is becoming one of the hubs of clinical research. Commensurate with these advances, the government funding for biomedical research in thrust areas is also increasing. The Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Department of Biotechnology (DBT), Department of Science and Technology (DST) are some of the government organizations which provide financial support for various research projects. The results of the funded research projects are published in various international journals. Most of these journals have an access to paid subscribers only. Hence it is unethical to use the research grants from government (people's money) and not allow the scientific community free access to the results of the study. To tackle such issues, these agencies should sign the Berlin declaration and create open access repositories. A public access policy should be formulated and listed in JULIET. The funding bodies in India should also join Pubmed Central (PMC) to form PMC India so that every investigator who has received grants would submit the full text of the paper published from his study and these can be made freely accessible to everyone. Universities and research institutions should also develop institutional open access repositories. The public access policy has definitive advantages and should be implemented. Full Text Available India is becoming one of the hubs of clinical research. Commensurate with these advances, the government funding for biomedical research in thrust areas is also increasing. The Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR, Department of Biotechnology (DBT, Department of Science and Technology (DST are some of the government organizations which provide financial support for various research projects. The results of the funded research projects are published in various international journals. Most of these journals have an access to paid subscribers only. Hence it is unethical to use the research grants from government (people′s money and not allow the scientific community free access to the results of the study. To tackle such issues, these agencies should sign the Berlin declaration and create open access repositories. A public access policy should be formulated and listed in JULIET. The funding bodies in India should also join Pubmed Central (PMC to form PMC India so that every investigator who has received grants would submit the full text of the paper published from his study and these can be made freely accessible to everyone. Universities and research institutions should also develop institutional open access repositories. The public access policy has definitive advantages and should be implemented. Dewey, Patrick R. The history of patron access microcomputers in libraries is described as carrying on a tradition that information and computer power should be shared. Questions that all types of libraries need to ask in planning microcomputer centers are considered and several model centers are described. (EM) Adamson, John; Brown, Howard This study reports on the steering of a self-access learning center in a Japanese university by its "middle management" committee over the first years of its operation. Middle management practice was informed by an ethnographic archive of various facets of center use, particularly concerning language policy and curriculum integration, issues about… This document is a transcript of the meeting, with additional written comments. The main topic is the West Valley Processing Plant and how to dispose of it and its high-level wastes. Objective is to get public input on this topic Lukenbill, W B This study analyzes court records of a county-level obscenity trial in Austin, Texas, and the appeal of the guilty verdict beginning with a Texas appellate court up to the U.S. Supreme Court of two individuals who broadcast erotized AIDS and HIV safer sex information on a public-access cable television. The trial and appellate court decisions are reviewed in terms of argument themes, and the nature of sexual value controversy is outlined. Erotic materials often conflict with broad-based sexual and community values, and providing erotized HIV and AIDS information products can be a form of radical political action designed to force societal change. This study raises question as to how this trial and this type of informational product might affect the programs and activities of information resource centers, community-based organizations, libraries, and the overall mission of public health education. Djurhuus, Sune; Hansen, Henning Sten; Aadahl, Mette BACKGROUND: Active commuters have lower risk of chronic disease. Understanding which of the, to some extent, modifiable characteristics of public transportation that facilitate its use is thus important in a public health perspective. The aim of the study was to examine the association between...... individual public transportation accessibility and self-reported active commuting, and whether the associations varied with commute distance, age, and gender. METHODS: Twenty-eight thousand nine hundred twenty-eight commuters in The Capital Region of Denmark reported self-reported time spent either walking...... or cycling to work or study each day and the distance to work or study. Data were obtained from the Danish National Health Survey collected in February to April 2010. Individual accessibility by public transportation was calculated using a multi-modal network in a GIS. Multilevel logistic regression was used... Loftus, John; Allen, Elizabeth M; Call, Kathleen Thiede; Everson-Rose, Susan A Reduced access to care and barriers have been shown in rural populations and in publicly insured populations. Barriers limiting health care access in publicly insured populations living in rural areas are not understood. This study investigates rural-urban differences in system-, provider-, and individual-level barriers and access to preventive care among adults and children enrolled in a public insurance program in Minnesota. This was a secondary analysis of a 2008 statewide, cross-sectional survey of publicly insured adults and children (n = 4,388) investigating barriers associated with low utilization of preventive care. Sampling was stratified with oversampling of racial/ethnic minorities. Rural enrollees were more likely to report no past year preventive care compared to urban enrollees. However, this difference was no longer statistically significant after controlling for demographic and socioeconomic factors (OR: 1.37, 95% CI: 1.00-1.88). Provider- and system-level barriers associated with low use of preventive care among rural enrollees included discrimination based on public insurance status (OR: 2.26, 95% CI: 1.34-2.38), cost of care concerns (OR: 1.72, 95% CI: 1.03-2.89) and uncertainty about care being covered by insurance (OR: 1.70, 95% CI: 1.01-2.85). These and additional provider-level barriers were also identified among urban enrollees. Discrimination, cost of care, and uncertainty about insurance coverage inhibit access in both the rural and urban samples. These barriers are worthy targets of interventions for publicly insured populations regardless of residence. Future studies should investigate additional factors associated with access disparities based on rural-urban residence. © 2017 National Rural Health Association. Mariana M. Santos Full Text Available BACKGROUND: Given that environmental factors, such as the school environment, can influence child development, more attention should be paid to the development of children attending day care centers. OBJECTIVE: Todetermine whether there are differences in the gross motor, fine motor, or cognitive performances of children between 1 and3 years-old of similar socioeconomic status attending public and private day care centers full time. METHOD: Participants were divided into 2 groups, 1 of children attending public day care centers (69 children and another of children attending private day care centers (47 children. All children were healthy and regularly attended day care full time for over 4 months. To assess cognitive, gross and fine motor performance, the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development III was used. The Mann-Whitney test was used for comparative analyses between groups of children between 13 and 24 months, 25 and 41 months, and 13 and 41 months. RESULTS: Children in public day care centers exhibited lower scores on the cognitive development scale beginning at 13 months old. The fine and gross motor performance scores were lower in children over the age of 25 months attending public centers. Maternal education was not related to the performance of children in either group. CONCLUSION: The scores of cognitive performance as well as fine and gross motor performance of children of similar socioeconomic status who attend public day care centers are lower than children attending private daycare centers. Full Text Available This research explored the awareness, usage and perspectives of Tanzanian researchers on open access as a mode of scholarly communication. A survey questionnaire targeted 544 respondents selected through stratified random sampling from a population of 1088 university researchers of the six public universities in Tanzania. With a response rate of 73%, the data were analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences. The study reveals that the majority of the researchers were aware of and were positive towards open access. Findings further indicate that the majority of researchers in Tanzanian public universities used open access outlets more to access scholarly content than to disseminate their own research findings. It seems that most of these researchers would support open access publishing more if issues of recognition, quality and ownership were resolved. Thus many of them supported the idea of establishing institutional repositories at their respective universities as a way of improving the dissemination of local content. The study recommends that public universities and other research institutions in the country should consider establishing institutional repositories, with appropriate quality assurance measures, to improve the dissemination of research output emanating from these institutions. Jahn, Najko; Tullney, Marco Publication fees as a revenue source for open access publishing hold a prominent place on the agendas of researchers, policy makers, and academic publishers. This study contributes to the evolving empirical basis for funding these charges and examines how much German universities and research organisations spent on open access publication fees. Using self-reported cost data from the Open APC initiative, the analysis focused on the amount that was being spent on publication fees, and compared these expenditure with data from related Austrian (FWF) and UK (Wellcome Trust, Jisc) initiatives, in terms of both size and the proportion of articles being published in fully and hybrid open access journals. We also investigated how thoroughly self-reported articles were indexed in Crossref, a DOI minting agency for scholarly literature, and analysed how the institutional spending was distributed across publishers and journal titles. According to self-reported data from 30 German universities and research organisations between 2005 and 2015, expenditures on open access publication fees increased over the years in Germany and amounted to € 9,627,537 for 7,417 open access journal articles. The average payment was € 1,298, and the median was € 1,231. A total of 94% of the total article volume included in the study was supported in accordance with the price cap of € 2,000, a limit imposed by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) as part of its funding activities for open access funding at German universities. Expenditures varied considerably at the institutional level. There were also differences in how much the institutions spent per journal and publisher. These differences reflect, at least in part, the varying pricing schemes in place including discounted publication fees. With an indexing coverage of 99%, Crossref thoroughly indexed the open access journals articles included in the study. A comparison with the related openly available cost data from Austria and Full Text Available Publication fees as a revenue source for open access publishing hold a prominent place on the agendas of researchers, policy makers, and academic publishers. This study contributes to the evolving empirical basis for funding these charges and examines how much German universities and research organisations spent on open access publication fees. Using self-reported cost data from the Open APC initiative, the analysis focused on the amount that was being spent on publication fees, and compared these expenditure with data from related Austrian (FWF and UK (Wellcome Trust, Jisc initiatives, in terms of both size and the proportion of articles being published in fully and hybrid open access journals. We also investigated how thoroughly self-reported articles were indexed in Crossref, a DOI minting agency for scholarly literature, and analysed how the institutional spending was distributed across publishers and journal titles. According to self-reported data from 30 German universities and research organisations between 2005 and 2015, expenditures on open access publication fees increased over the years in Germany and amounted to € 9,627,537 for 7,417 open access journal articles. The average payment was € 1,298, and the median was € 1,231. A total of 94% of the total article volume included in the study was supported in accordance with the price cap of € 2,000, a limit imposed by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG as part of its funding activities for open access funding at German universities. Expenditures varied considerably at the institutional level. There were also differences in how much the institutions spent per journal and publisher. These differences reflect, at least in part, the varying pricing schemes in place including discounted publication fees. With an indexing coverage of 99%, Crossref thoroughly indexed the open access journals articles included in the study. A comparison with the related openly available cost data Afacan, Gulgun; Er, Erkan; Arifoglu, Ali Building public Internet access points (PIAPs) is a significant contribution of governments towards achieving an information society. While many developing countries are investing great amounts to establish PIAPs today, people may not use PIAPs effectively. Yet, the successful implementation of PIAPs is the result of citizens' acceptance to use… Last September, US Congressman John Conyers introduced the Fair Copyright in Research Works Act. John Willinsky explains how the bill's Orwellian title obscures its true aim: to derail the new policy implemented by the National Institutes of Health to open access to publicly funded research, amid talk of sustainability that cuts both ways. Full Text Available Public transport plays an important role in cities. It is a less expensive option than private transport and could reduce congestion and improve accessibility to jobs. However, ridership could be hampered when information regarding an operator’s... Discussion of information systems methodologies that can contribute to interface design for public access systems covers: the systems life cycle; advantages of adopting information systems methodologies; soft systems methodologies; task-oriented approaches to user interface design; holistic design, the Star model, and prototyping; the… The use of Online Public Access Catalogue (OPAC) by students has a lot of advantages and computer self-efficacy is a factor that could determine its effective utilization. Little appears to be known about colleges of education students‟ use of OPAC, computer self-efficacy and the relationship between OPAC and computer ... Jane A. Ruliffson; Robert G. Haight; Paul H. Gobster; Frances R. Homans In response to widespread urban development, local governments in metropolitan areas in the United States acquire and protect privately-owned open space. We addressed the planner's problem of allocating a fixed budget for open space protection among eligible natural areas with the twin objectives of maximizing public access and species representation. Both... Review of research methodologies used in studies of online public access catalog (OPAC) users finds that a variety of research methodologies--e.g., surveys, transaction log analysis, interviews--have been used with varying degrees of expertise. It is concluded that poor research methodology resulting from limited training and resources limits the… Compares features of online public access catalogs (OPACs) at six British universities: (1) Cambridge; (2) Hull; (3) Newcastle; (4) Surrey; (5) Sussex; and (6) York. Results of keyword subject searches on two topics performed on each of the OPACs are reported and compared. Six references are listed. (MES) Matthews, Joseph R. Describes the Online Public Access Catalog (OPAC) and the inclusion of abstracting and indexing industry databases in OPACs. Topics addressed include the implications of including abstracting and indexing tape and CD-ROM products in OPACs; the need for standards allowing library systems to communicate with dissimilar CD-ROM products; and computer,… Provides background on the holdings, services, and layout of the mediatheque (multimedia library) at the Cite des Sciences et de l'Industrie (originally the Museum of Science, Technology, and Industry) in Paris. The library's online public access catalog and use of the catalog by children and the visually handicapped are described. (four… Online Public Access Catalog (OPAC) merupakan sistem katalog online yang memanfaatkan teknologi komputer dan internet sebagai media pengaksesan dan penyimpanan datanya. Sebuah katalog biasanya memberikan informasi mengenai koleksi yang disimpan dalam sebuah perpustakaan digital. Dalam penelitian ini akan dibuat sebuah prototipe aplikasi pencarian pada katalog online di perpustakaan Universitas Binadarma Palembang berbasis teknologi web semantik serta menerapkan pengolahan bahasa alami sederha... Describes a study that assessed the availability and use of microcomputer database management interfaces to online public access catalogs. The software capabilities needed to effect such an interface are identified, and available software packages are evaluated by these criteria. A directory of software vendors is provided. (4 notes with… Discussion of keyword and Boolean searching techniques in online public access catalogs (OPACs) focuses on a study conducted at Indiana State University that examined users' attitudes toward searching on NOTIS (Northwestern Online Total Integrated System). Relevant literature is reviewed, and implications for library instruction are suggested. (17… What do Google Maps and a library's Online Public Access Catalog (OPAC) have in common? Google Maps provides users with all the information they need for a trip in one place; users can get directions and find out what attractions, hotels, and restaurants are close by. Librarians must find the ultimate OPAC that will provide, in one place, all the… ERIC Clearinghouse on Information Resources, Syracuse, NY. Sixteen articles, books, and reports published between 1978 and 1983 and cited in "Resources in Education" and "Current Index to Journals in Education" are listed in this bibliography on online public access catalogs (OPACs). Emphasis is on the movement toward computer-based alternatives to library card catalogs and user… This document establishes the policy for protecting the privacy of children on EPA’s Public Access Web site. It concerns the collection, both online and off, of information from ages 13 and under, and the display of Personally Identifying Information (PII) Boles, Jeffrey R This Article examines the contentious relationship between public rights to access government-held death records and privacy rights concerning the deceased, whose personal information is contained in those same records. This right of access dispute implicates core democratic principles and public policy interests. Open access to death records, such as death certificates and autopsy reports, serves the public interest by shedding light on government agency performance, uncovering potential government wrongdoing, providing data on public health trends, and aiding those investigating family history, for instance. Families of the deceased have challenged the release of these records on privacy grounds, as the records may contain sensitive and embarrassing information about the deceased. Legislatures and the courts addressing this dispute have collectively struggled to reconcile the competing open access and privacy principles. The Article demonstrates how a substantial portion of the resulting law in this area is haphazardly formed, significantly overbroad, and loaded with unintended consequences. The Article offers legal reforms to bring consistency and coherence to this currently disordered area of jurisprudence. Alexandrov Georgii A Full Text Available Abstract First scientific journals were simply a way of informing colleagues about new research findings. In due course, they started filtering out unreasonable claims, and introduced a peer-review system. The purpose of peer reviewing changed with time. Since the middle of the past century, commercial publishers have owned a large number of scientific journals and as a result, the marketable value of a submitted manuscript has become an increasingly important factor in publishing decisions. Recently some publishers have developed business schemes which may stop this tendency. In the case of an open-access publication, the marketable value of a manuscript is not the primary consideration, since access to the research is not being sold. This innovation challenges scientists to re-consider the purpose of peer review. This editorial indicates some of the commonly used criteria for publication that consequently should receive less or little emphasis under the open-access model. Geetha Lakshmi Sreerama; Sai Varun Matavalum; Paraiveedu Arumugam Chandresekharan; Veronica Thunga Context: Despite policies to make health care accessible to all, it is not universally accessible. Frequent evaluation of barriers to accessibility of health care services paves path for improvement. Hence, present study is undertaken to evaluate the factors and public health policies influencing health care access to rural people in Chittoor District, Andhra Pradesh, which can be interpolated for other regions. Aims: To assess knowledge, perceptions, availing of public health care services, ... Miller, E.; Medina, O.; Paulsen, P.; Hopkins, J.; Long, C.; Holloman, K. The Office of Naval Research (ON R), The Office of the Secr etary of Defense (OSD) , Th e Operationally Responsive Space Off ice (ORS) , and th e National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) are funding the development and integration of key technologies and new processes that w ill allow users across th e bread th of operations the ab ility to access, task , retr ieve, and collaborate w ith data from various sensors including small satellites v ia the Intern et and the SIPRnet. The V irtual Mission Oper ations Center (VMO C) facilitates the dynamic apportionmen t of space assets, allows scalable mission man agement of mu ltiple types of sensors, and provid es access for non-space savvy users through an intu itive collaborative w eb site. These key technologies are b eing used as experimentation pathfinders fo r th e Do D's Operationally Responsiv e Sp ace (O RS) initiative and NASA's Sensor W eb. The O RS initiative seeks to provide space assets that can b e rapid ly tailored to meet a commander's in telligen ce or commun ication needs. For the DoD and NASA the V MO C provid es ready and scalab le access to space b ased assets. To the commercial space sector the V MO C may provide an analog to the innovativ e fractional ownersh ip approach represen ted by FlexJet. This pap er delves in to the technology, in tegration, and applicability of th e V MO C to th e DoD , NASA , and co mmer cial sectors. Rolfe, Danielle E; Sutton, Erica J; Landry, Mireille; Sternberg, Len; Price, Jennifer A D The health benefits of cardiac rehabilitation (CR) for women living with heart disease are well documented, yet women remain underrepresented in traditionally structured CR programs. This health service delivery gap has been attributed to a number of sex-related factors experienced by women, including lower rates of physician referral, travel-related barriers, competing work and caregiving responsibilities, greater cardiovascular disease severity, and number of comorbid health conditions. Whether a program specifically designed for women is able to address these barriers and facilitate women's participation is a question that has seldom been explored in the CR literature. As part of a larger study exploring whether 6 predefined principles of women's health (empowerment of women, accessible programs, broad definition of health care, high-quality of care, collaborative planning, and innovative and creative approaches) are reflected in the practices of the Women's Cardiovascular Health Initiative (WCHI) (a comprehensive CR and primary prevention program designed for women), the objective of this analysis was to explore how the principle of "accessible programs" is experienced by women participating in the WCHI. Fourteen women previously enrolled in the WCHI program participated in a single, in-person qualitative interview. Transcripts were analyzed using a constant-comparative approach to identify relevant themes related to program accessibility. Key themes identified included participants' experiences with acquiring physician referral, negotiating transportation issues, and navigating program schedules. Women discussed how peer support and staff members' willingness to address their health-related concerns facilitated their participation. While a women-centered CR/primary prevention program may facilitate and encourage women's participation by providing flexible program schedules as well as peer and professional support, efforts are still required to address Souza, Joelânia Pires de O.; Prudente, Amanda Moura; Silva, Dyene Aparecida; Pereira, Leandro Alves; Rinaldi, Ana Elisa M. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the knowledge of public day care centers employees about breastfeeding and complementary feeding. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 15 public day care centers randomly selected in the city of Uberlandia, Southeast Brazil. A questionnaire applied to school principals, teachers, educators and general services assistants (GSA) included demographic and socioeconomic variables and questions about knowledge on breastfeeding, complementary feeding besides ... Uddin, Muezz; Bundhoo, Shantu; Mitra, Rito; Ossei-Gerning, Nicholas; Morris, Keith; Anderson, Richard; Kinnaird, Tim Increasingly the trans-radial route (TRR) is preferred over the trans-femoral route (TFR) for PCI. However, even in high volume default TRR centers a cohort of patients undergo TFR PCI. We examined the demographics, procedural characteristics, and outcomes of patients undergoing PCI via the TF. The patient demographics, procedural data, and outcomes of 5,379 consecutive patients undergoing PCI at a default radial center between 2009 and 2012 were examined. Major bleeding (MB) was classified by ACUITY and BARC definitions. A total of 559 (10.4%) patients underwent PCI via the TFR and 4,820 patients via the TRR (89.6%). Baseline variables associated with TFR were shock, previous CABG, chronic total occlusion intervention, rotablation/laser use, female sex, and renal failure. Sixty-five patients of the TFR cohort (11.6%) experienced MB with 27 (41.5%) being access site related. MB was significantly more frequent than in the radial cohort. The variables independently associated with MB in the TFR cohort were renal failure, acute presentation, shock, and age. In the TFR, patients with MB mortality was high at 30 days (17.2% vs 2.6% for no MB, P default radial PCI center 10% of patients undergo PCI via the femoral artery. These patients have high baseline bleeding risk and undergo complex interventions. As a result the incidence of major bleeding, transfusion and death are high. Alternative strategies are required to optimize outcomes in this select group. © 2015, Wiley Periodicals, Inc. ... DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Northeast Fisheries Science Center, Woods, Hole, MA; Public Meeting/Workshop AGENCY: National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS.../workshop. SUMMARY: NOAA's Northeast Fisheries Science Center will sponsor a workshop to address the stock... Full Text Available Preetinder S Gill,1 Tejkaran S Gill,2 Ashwini Kamath,3 Billy Whisnant41College of Technology, Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti, MI; 2College of Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; 3School of Information, University of Texas, Austin, TX; 4College of Technology, Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti, MI, USAAbstract: Health literacy is associated with a person’s capacity to find, access, contextualize, and understand information needed for health care-related decisions. The level of health literacy thus has an influence on an individual’s health status. It can be argued that low health literacy is associated with poor health status. Health care literature (eg, pamphlets, brochures, postcards, posters, forms are published by public and private organizations worldwide to provide information to the general public. The ability to read, use, and understand is critical to the successful application of knowledge disseminated by this literature. This study assessed the readability, suitability, and usability of health care literature associated with concussion and traumatic brain injury published by the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The Flesch–Kincaid Grade Level, Flesch Reading Ease, Gunning Fog, Simple Measure of Gobbledygook, and Suitability Assessment of Materials indices were used to assess 40 documents obtained from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website. The documents analyzed were targeted towards the general public. It was found that in order to be read properly, on average, these documents needed more than an eleventh grade/high school level education. This was consistent with the findings of other similar studies. However, the qualitative Suitability Assessment of Materials index showed that, on average, usability and suitability of these documents was superior. Hence, it was concluded that formatting, illustrations, layout, and graphics play a pivotal role in improving Access to Educational Opportunity in Rural Communities: Alternative Patterns of Delivering Vocational Education in Sparsely Populated Areas. Volume 2: The Heartland Vocational Center: A Decentralized Center. Thomas, Ruth G.; And Others One of the four case studies addressing access of rural students to vocational education through inter-school district cooperation, the Heartland case study represents the decentralized variation of the center cooperative school pattern, identifies essential features of this form of cooperation, details factors facilitating/impeding the… Seul, M.; Pollak, J. The CUAHSI Water Data Center (WDC) supports a standards-based, services-oriented architecture for time-series data and provides a separate service to publish spatial data layers as shape files. Two new services that the WDC offers are a cloud-based server (Cloud HydroServer) for publishing data and a web-based client for data discovery. The Cloud HydroServer greatly simplifies data publication by eliminating the need for scientists to set up an SQL-server data base, a requirement that has proven to be a significant barrier, and ensures greater reliability and continuity of service. Uploaders have been developed to simplify the metadata documentation process. The web-based data client eliminates the need for installing a program to be used as a client and works across all computer operating systems. The services provided by the WDC is a foundation for big data use, re-use, and meta-analyses. Using data transmission standards enables far more effective data sharing and discovery; standards used by the WDC are part of a global set of standards that should enable scientists to access unprecedented amount of data to address larger-scale research questions than was previously possible. A central mission of the WDC is to ensure these services meet the needs of the water science community and are effective at advancing water science. Full Text Available Introduction. In 1999-2000, a Norwegian youth cracked a DVD-access code and published a decryptation program on the Internet. He was sued by the US DVD Copy Control Association (DVD-CCA and the Norwegian Motion Picture Association (MAP, allies of the US Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA, arrested by Norwegian police and charged with data crime. Two Norwegian court rulings in 2003 unanimously ruled that the program did not amount to a breach of Norwegian law, and he was fully acquitted. In the US, there have been related cases, some with other outcomes. Method. Based on a theoretical framework developed by Zwass, the paper discusses these court rulings and the wider issues of intellectual property rights versus public access rights. Analysis. The DVD-Jon case illustrates that intellectual property rights can conflict with public access rights, as the struggle between proprietary software and public domain software, as well as the SPARC and Open Archives Initiative reflect. Results. An assessment of the DVD-Jon case based on the Zwass framework does not give a clear information ethics answer. The analysis depends on whether one ascribes to consequentialist (e.g., utilitarian or de-ontological reflection, and also on which side of the digital gap is to be accorded most weight. Conclusion. While copyright interests are being legally strengthened, there may be ethically- grounded access rights that outweigh property rights. Kessel, A; Green, J; Pinder, R; Wilkinson, P; Grundy, C; Lachowycz, K Quantitative analysis of the physical and demographic parameters of access to Thames Chase Community Forest (TCCF), and how these have changed between 1990 and 2003; and qualitative exploration of our understanding of the links between health and the natural environment (TCCF), with a focus on the issue of 'access' to green space. Multimethod design involving both quantitative (analysis of physical access to green space) and qualitative (ethnography) components. Quantitative analysis, using geographical information systems, of physical access to the community forest; and ethnographic research including participant observation, non-participant observation, in-depth interviews and attendance at meetings and conferences. The quantitative analysis showed that public access to green space improved between 1990 and 2003 as a result of the regeneration and acquisition of new areas, and the average reduction in distance to green space was 162 m. However, such improvements were distributed differentially between population groups. In both 1990 and 2003, people from deprived areas and in poorer health had better access to green space than people from less deprived areas, but the greatest improvement in access to green space over this interval occurred in areas of below average deprivation (i.e. in the more affluent areas). The ethnographic research showed different interpretations of the notion of access. Use of TCCF was determined by a variety of factors including whether a person could 'imagine themselves' using such a space, different perceptions of what is actually being accessed (e.g. a place to exercise or a place to socialise), and ideas about using the countryside 'properly'. The health benefits of using a green space, such as TCCF, for walking or exercising are well recognized. However, whether people choose to use local green space may be determined by a variety of factors. These are likely to include physical distance to access of green space, as well as Najor, Michele A.; Motschall, Melissa Describes how the authors use a broad-based, client-centered model to teach an introductory course in public relations, integrating writing assignments for "clients" into course topics, which include history, ethics, theory, research, program planning, publicity, crisis management, and evaluation methods. Discusses course objectives, and notes… Ali, Nancy; Mendez, B.; Fricke, K.; Wright, E. L.; Eisenhardt, P. R.; Cutri, R. M.; Hurt, R.; WISE Team NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) has surveyed the sky in four bands of infrared light, creating a treasure trove of data. This data is of interest not only to the professional astronomical community, but also to educators, students and the general public. The Education and Public Outreach (E/PO) program for WISE is creating opportunities to make WISE data accessible to these audiences through the Internet as well as through teacher professional development programs. Shortly after WISE took its first light image in January 2010, images have been featured weekly on the WISE website. These images serve to engage the general public through "pretty pictures” that are accompanied by educational captions. Social media such as Facebook and Twitter are used to further engage the public with the images. For a more comprehensive view of WISE images, we are creating a guided tour of the infrared sky on the WorldWide Telescope. The public will be able to use the free WorldWide Telescope software to interact with WISE images and listen to narration that describes features of the Universe as seen in infrared light. We are also developing resources for teachers and students to access WISE data when in becomes public in 2011 to learn about astronomical imaging and to conduct authentic scientific investigations. Carmelo R. García Full Text Available The development of public transit systems that are accessible and safe for everyone, including people with special needs, is an objective that is justified from the civic and economic points of view. Unfortunately, public transit services are conceived for people who do not have reduced physical or cognitive abilities. In this paper, we present an intelligent public transit system by highway with the goal of facilitating access and improving the safety of public transit for persons with special needs. The system is deployed using components that are commonly available in transport infrastructure, e.g., sensors, mobile communications systems, and positioning systems. In addition, the system can operate in non-urban transport contexts, e.g., isolated rural areas, where the availability of basic infrastructure, such as electricity and communications infrastructures, is not always guaranteed. To construct the system, the principles and techniques of Ubiquitous Computing and Ambient Intelligence have been employed. To illustrate the utility of the system, two cases of services rendered by the system are described: the first case involves a surveillance system to guarantee accessibility at bus stops; the second case involves a route assistant for blind people. Oliveira, Mariana de Novaes; Brasil, Anne Lise Dias; Taddei, José Augusto de Aguiar Carrazedo This paper aims to evaluate the hygienic-sanitary conditions of kitchens in philanthropic and public daycare centers in the city of São Paulo using a tool of easy application. Information on the hygienic-sanitary conditions was gathered observing the operational conditions of five public and philanthropic daycare centers in the city of São Paulo. A score was developed for classifying the risks of food contamination. The operational conditions in the kitchens of the studied philanthropic and public daycare centers in the city of São Paulo can result in contamination of the prepared food. Among the most important risk factors for food contamination is the behavior of the workers who handle the food. Training and continuous supervision of the involved personnel are the best and easiest alternatives for assuring the appropriate hygienic-sanitary conditions and quality of the food offered to the children in these daycare centers. The Centre de l'Aube repository, second French final disposal site for low activity short lived wastes, started operating in january 1992. Since the beginning of the Project public reception and information were among ANDRA's main concern. Open to public one year before disposal operations, the Public Information Center received many visitors coming as well from the regional as from national and international origin. The two years experience will be presented as well as the modifications of the information center taking into account ANDRA's evolution. (author) Eliseu dos Santos Lima Full Text Available Introduction: Information technology has caused changes in various segments of society. In archival area its presence is remarkable, so much that lately has increased the quantity of institutions that make use of computerized systems, repositories and platforms that automate activities such as description, diffusion, and even provide access to archival documentary heritage. Objective: To discuss the functionality and usefulness of the platform International Archives Council - Access to Memory (ICA-AtoM in archival description of activities, dissemination and access to archival documentary heritage. Methodology: bibliographical research, drawn from the archival legislation, especially through research resulting from Master's dissertations, articles published in journals of the Science field of Information and manuals produced by members of the Group of CNPq-UFSM Research: Electronic Management of archival documents - Ged / A. Results: It was observed that the platform is used to describe both the permanent documents, and to provide access to information recorded in current and intermediate documents, in order to streamline access to documentary resources of public institutions. Conclusions: It is considered that the ICA-Atom besides serving the description, can provide an authentic environment for the secure storage and as a source of evidence of digital and digitized institutional documents, as well as to provide for preservation and long term access if It is connected to a RDC-Arq, like Archivematica, for example. This paper seeks to set the practical discipline of public interest intellectual property (IP) management in public health into its broader policy context. The most immediate and direct impact of IP systems on public welfare results not from international standards nor from national legislation - though these norms are fundamentally important - but rather from the accumulated impact of numerous practical choices whether or not to seek IP protection; where and where not; and how any exclusive rights are deployed, by whom, and to what end. IP management is the essentially practical exercise of limited exclusive rights over protected subject matter, the judicious use of those rights to leverage outcomes that advance an institution's or a firm's objectives. Exclusive rights are used to construct and define knowledge-based relationships, to leverage access to technology and other necessary resources, and to enhance market-based incentives. IP management choices range across a broad spectrum, spanning public domain strategies, open or exclusive licensing, and strong exclusivity. The idea of 'exclusive rights', as a specific legal mechanism, can run counter to expectations of greater openness and accessibility, but actual outcomes will depend very much on how these mechanisms are used in practice. For public interest or public sector institutions concerned with health research and development, particularly the development of new medicines, IP management choices can be just as critical as they are for private firms, although a predominant institutional concentration on advancing direct public interest objectives may lead to significantly different approaches in weighing and exercising practical choices for IP management: even so, a private sector approach should not be conflated with exclusivity as an end in itself, nor need public interest IP management eschew all leverage over IP. This paper offers a tentative framework for a richer typology of those choices, to give a Rios, Dianne; Magasi, Susan; Novak, Catherine; Harniss, Mark People with disabilities are largely absent from mainstream health research. Exclusion of people with disabilities may be explicit, attributable to poorly justified exclusion criteria, or implicit, attributable to inaccessible study documents, interventions, or research measures. Meanwhile, people with disabilities experience poorer health, greater incidence of chronic conditions, and higher health care expenditure than people without disabilities. We outline our approach to "accessible research design"-research accessible to and inclusive of people with disabilities. We describe a model that includes 3 tiers: universal design, accommodations, and modifications. Through our work on several large-scale research studies, we provide pragmatic examples of accessible research design. Making efforts to include people with disabilities in public health, epidemiological, and outcomes studies will enhance the interpretability of findings for a significant patient population. ...-site consequence analysis information. 1400.3 Section 1400.3 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL... PROGRAMS UNDER THE CLEAN AIR ACT SECTION 112(r)(7); DISTRIBUTION OF OFF-SITE CONSEQUENCE ANALYSIS INFORMATION DISTRIBUTION OF OFF-SITE CONSEQUENCE ANALYSIS INFORMATION Public Access § 1400.3 Public access to... Som de Cerff, Wim; de Vreede, Ernst; van de Vegte, John; van Hees, Ricard; van der Neut, Ian; Stammes, Piet; Pieters, Ankie; van der A, Ronald The Netherlands Sciamachy Data Center (NL-SCIA-DC) provides access to satellite data from the GOME and Sciamachy instruments for over 10 years now. GOME and Sciamachy both measure trace gases like Ozone, Methane, NO2 and aerosols, which are important for climate and air quality monitoring. Recently (February 2010) a new release of the NL-SCIA-DC provides an improved processing and archiving structure and an improved user interface. This Java Webstart application allows the user to browse, query and download GOME and Sciamachy data products, including KNMI and SRON GOME and Sciamachy products (cloud products, CH4, NO2, CO). Data can be searched on file and pixel level, and can be graphically displayed. The huge database containing all pixel information of GOME and Sciamachy is unique and allows specific selection, e.g., selecting cloud free pixels. Ordered data is delivered by FTP or email. The data available spans the mission times of GOME and Sciamachy, and is constantly updated as new data becomes available. The data services future upgrades include offering additional functionality to end-users of Sciamachy data. One of the functionalities provided will be the possibility to select and process Sciamachy products using different data processors, using Grid technology. This technology was successfully researched and will be made operationally available in the near future. Chowdhury, Shyamal K. This paper evaluates two alternative mechanisms, Public-Private Partnership in Peru and Business-NGO Partnership in Bangladesh, that provide rural people with access to telecommunications. The two mechanisms that are examined here are considered as two best practices in the provision of rural telecommunications in the context of developing countries. Under two geographically distinct market segments, rural market characterized by low per-subscriber revenue and urban market characterized by hi... Becker, Samantha; Crandall, Michael D.; Fisher, Karen E.; Kinney, Bo; Landry, Carol; Rocha, Anita Over the past decade and a half, free access to computers and the Internet in U.S. public libraries evolved from a rare commodity into a core service. Now, people from all walks of life rely on this service every day to look for jobs, find health care, and read the latest news. As the nation struggled through a historic recession, nearly one-third… Malamud, E. [Fermi National Accelerator Lab., Batavia, IL (United States)]\|[Science and Technology Interactive Center, Aurora, IL (United States) Despite the remarkable progress in the past decades in understanding our Universe, we particle physicists have failed to communicate the wonder, excitement, and beauty of these discoveries to the general public. I am sure all agree there is a need, if our support from public funds is to continue at anywhere approximating the present level, for us collectively to educate and inform the general public of what we are doing and why. Informal science education and especially science and technology centers can play an important role in efforts to raise public awareness of particle physics in particular and of basic research in general. Science Centers are a natural avenue for particle physicists to use to communicate with and gain support from the general public. Despite the remarkable progress in the past decades in understanding our Universe, we particle physicists have failed to communicate the wonder, excitement, and beauty of these discoveries to the general public. I am sure all agree there is a need, if our support from public funds is to continue at anywhere approximating the present level, for us collectively to educate and inform the general public of what we are doing and why. Informal science education and especially science and technology centers can play an important role in efforts to raise public awareness of particle physics in particular and of basic research in general. Science Centers are a natural avenue for particle physicists to use to communicate with and gain support from the general public OpenAIREplus focuses on the linking of research data to associated publications. The interlinking of research objects has implications for optimising the research process, allowing the sharing, enrichment and reuse of data, and ultimately serving to make open data an essential part of first class research. The growing call for more concrete data management and sharing plans, apparent at funder and national level, is complemented by the increasing support for a scientific infrastructure that supports the seamless access to a range of research materials. This paper will describe the recently launched OpenAIREplus and will detail how it plans to achieve its goals of developing an Open Access participatory infrastructure for scientific information. OpenAIREplus extends the current collaborative OpenAIRE project, which provides European researchers with a service network for the deposit of peer-reviewed FP7 grant-funded Open Access publications. This new project will focus on opening up the infrastructure to data sources from subject-specific communities to provide metadata about research data and publications, facilitating the linking between these objects. The ability to link within a publication out to a citable database, or other research data material, is fairly innovative and this project will enable users to search, browse, view, and create relationships between different information objects. In this regard, OpenAIREplus will build on prototypes of so-called "Enhanced Publications", originally conceived in the DRIVER-II project. OpenAIREplus recognizes the importance of representing the context of publications and datasets, thus linking to resources about the authors, their affiliation, location, project data and funding. The project will explore how links between text-based publications and research data are managed in different scientific fields. This complements a previous study in OpenAIRE on current disciplinary practices and future needs for infrastructural The advent of the open access (OA) movement in publishing has been instrumental in causing a shift in the accessibility of research findings published in academic journals. The adoption of OA and other online publication models means that the results of scientific research published in journals using a free access (FA) framework are now available, free of charge, to anyone with access to the Internet. FA journals typically require a payment from the authors of a manuscript, which has raised c... Full Text Available ... a VA Appointment Crisis Prevention Mental Health PTSD Public Health Veterans Access, Choice & Accountability Act Benefits General Benefits ... Quitting Smoking Vaccines & Immunizations Flu Vaccination Prevention / Wellness Public Health Weight Management (MOVE!) Locations Hospitals & Clinics Vet Centers ... Full Text Available University students must prepare themselves to be successful members of the global workforce, and this paper introduces one way for a self-access center to support such preparation by students outside of the formal classroom environment. In this paper, it is proposed that the Self-Access Learning Center (SALC at Kanda University of International Studies (KUIS provide ESP (English for specific purposes modules intended to prepare students for their future careers. Within these self-study modules, the following should be recognized and incorporated: 1. The principles of ESP 2. Elements of outcome-based education 3. The relationship between leadership, learning, and teachingIn describing such ESP modules, this paper also proposes the development of self-access materials that could be made available to facilitate the independent study. In medieval times, due to people’s reliance on belief, public space of Christianity came into being. With the rise of secularization, religion gradually turned into private belief, and accordingly public space returned to private space. In the 21st century, due to people’s reliance on intelligent devices, information-interactive public space emerges, and as information interaction is constantly constraining the visually impaired, public space regressed to the exclusive space of limited people. Modernity is marked by technical rationality, but an ensuing basic problem lies in the separation between human action, ethics and public space. When technology fails to overcome obstacles for a particular group, the gap between the burgeoning intelligent phenomena and the increasing ratio of visually impaired is also expanding, ultimately resulting in a growing number of “blind spots” in information-interactive space. Technological innovation not only promotes the development of the information industry, but also promotes the rapid development of the transportation industry. Traffic patterns are diversifying and diverging nowadays, but it’s a fatal blow for people with visually disabilities, Because they still can only experience the most traditional mode of transportation, sometimes even not go out. How to guarantee their interactive accessibility in large urban public transport system right, currently, is a very important research direction. Osborne-Gowey, J.; Strittholt, J.; Bergquist, J.; Ward, B. C.; Sheehan, T.; Comendant, T.; Bachelet, D. M. The world’s aquatic resources are experiencing anthropogenic pressures on an unprecedented scale and aquatic organisms are experiencing widespread population changes and ecosystem-scale habitat alterations. Climate change is likely to exacerbate these threats, in some cases reducing the range of native North American fishes by 20-100% (depending on the location of the population and the model assumptions). Scientists around the globe are generating large volumes of data that vary in quality, format, supporting documentation, and accessibility. Moreover, diverse models are being run at various temporal and spatial scales as scientists attempt to understand previous (and project future) human impacts to aquatic species and their habitats. Conservation scientists often struggle to synthesize this wealth of information for developing practical on-the-ground management strategies. As a result, the best available science is often not utilized in the decision-making and adaptive management processes. As aquatic conservation problems around the globe become more serious and the demand to solve them grows more urgent, scientists and land-use managers need a new way to bring strategic, science-based, and action-oriented approaches to aquatic conservation. The Conservation Biology Institute (CBI), with partners such as ESRI, is developing an Aquatic Center as part of a dynamic, web-based resource (Data Basin; http: databasin.org) that centralizes usable aquatic datasets and provides analytical tools to visualize, analyze, and communicate findings for practical applications. To illustrate its utility, we present example datasets of varying spatial scales and synthesize multiple studies to arrive at novel solutions to aquatic threats. de Castro, Ricardo Dias; Rangel, Marianne de Lucena; da Silva, Marcos André Azevedo; de Lucena, Brunna Thaís Lucwu; Cavalcanti, Alessandro Leite; Bonan, Paulo Rogério Ferreti; Oliveira, Julyana de Araújo The Specialized Dental Clinics (SDCs) represent the first government initiative in Latin America aimed at providing specialized oral health services. This study sought to evaluate the organizational accessibility to specialized oral health care services in Brazil and to understand the factors that may be associated with accessibility from the user’s perspective. This epidemiological, cross-sectional and quantitative study was conducted by means of interviews with individuals who sought specialized public oral health services in the city of João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil, and consisted of a sample of 590 individuals. Users expressed a favorable view of the classification and resolutive nature of specialized services offered by Brazilian public health. The binary logistic regression analysis revealed weak points highlighting the difficulty involved in obtaining such treatments leading to unfavorable evaluations. In the resolutive nature item, difficulty in accessing the location, queues and lack of materials and equipment were highlighted as statistically significant unfavorable aspects. While many of the users considered the service to be resolutive, weaknesses were mentioned that need to be detected to promote improvements and to prevent other health models adopted worldwide from reproducing the same flaws. PMID:27775584 Satkowski, L.; Tewksbury, J. With increasing exposure to extreme hurricane and flooding events, a growing number of communities, companies, and civil society organizations around the world are looking to assess climate impacts and vulnerability, and to develop resilience plans. Currently, efforts to turn data into actionable plans are constrained by limited access to robust, actionable data and information. The Partnership for Resilience and Preparedness (PREP), public-private collaboration that seeks to empower a data-driven approach to building climate resilience, aims to facilitate the process for planners, investors, resource managers, and others to routinely incorporate climate risks into their decisions, by enhancing access to relevant data and facilitating collective learning. Together, this peer-to-peer initiative of approximately 30 government, NGO, and business partners built PREPdata, an intuitive, open map-based platform that enables users to visualize, download and layer data to inform adaptation decision-making. The platform also connects practitioners to data providers, closing the feedback loop between them and enhancing the climate data ecosystem. In this session participants will learn how public-private partnerships can reduce barriers to discovering, accessing climate data and will be given an interactive tutorial on PREPdata, specific to the Gulf of Mexico and hurricane and flooding events. Participants will discover ways to incorporate local data with national and global data, learn about PREPdata application case studies, and how PREPdata can be used to analyze risk in hurricane vulnerable geographies. Full Text Available In the context of the global information economy, ready access to the Internet is critical to a city’s competitiveness, which has prompted a number of cities to launch plans to establish wireless networks. Most literature on the development of wireless cities focuses on cities in Western countries, and few have discussed how Chinese cities have adopted wireless technologies in their urban infrastructure development efforts. This paper examines recent development and spatial distribution of public Wi-Fi access in Shanghai, a leading business hub in China. We mapped Wi-Fi hotspots through the government sponsored “i-Shanghai” project and China Mobile Communications Corporation (CMCC. We find that while telecommunication providers have been proactively deploying WLAN (wireless local area network，a proxy of public Wi-Fi or wireless access hotspots in Shanghai, neither government sponsored WLAN hotspots nor facilities established by CMCC could cover the old traditional neighborhoods in the central city and sub-districts in remote rural areas. We also address the development of a more sustainable wireless city in Shanghai with a particular focus on digital divide and social equity issues. Balajee, S. Arunmozhi; Pasi, Omer G.; Etoundi, Alain Georges M.; Rzeszotarski, Peter; Do, Trang T.; Hennessee, Ian; Merali, Sharifa; Alroy, Karen A.; Phu, Tran Dac; Mounts, Anthony W. Capacity to receive, verify, analyze, assess, and investigate public health events is essential for epidemic intelligence. Public health Emergency Operations Centers (PHEOCs) can be epidemic intelligence hubs by 1) having the capacity to receive, analyze, and visualize multiple data streams, including surveillance and 2) maintaining a trained workforce that can analyze and interpret data from real-time emerging events. Such PHEOCs could be physically located within a ministry of health epidem... Catarci, Tiziana; De Giovanni, Loredana; Gabrielli, Silvia; Kimani, Stephen; Mirabella, Valeria There exist various guidelines for facilitating the design, preparation, and deployment of accessible eLearning applications and contents. However, such guidelines prevalently address accessibility in a rather technical sense, without giving sufficient consideration to the cognitive aspects and issues related to the use of eLearning materials by learners with disabilities. In this paper we describe how a user-centered design process was applied to develop a method and set of guidelines for didactical experts to scaffold their creation of accessible eLearning content, based on a more sound approach to accessibility. The paper also discusses possible design solutions for tools supporting eLearning content authors in the adoption and application of the proposed approach. Schneider, Amanda E; Ralph, Nancy; Olson, Carolyn; Flatley, Anne-Marie; Thorpe, Lorna Despite agreement among stakeholders that senior centers can promote physical and mental health, research on senior center use in urban populations is limited. Our objective was to describe demographic and health factors associated with senior center use among urban, low-income older adults in order to inform programming and outreach efforts. We used data from a 2009 telephone survey of 1036 adults randomly selected from rosters of New York City public housing residents aged 65 and older. We analyzed senior center use by race/ethnicity, age, gender, health, housing type, and income, and used a forward selection approach to build best-fit models predicting senior center use. Older adults of all ages and of both genders reported substantial use of senior centers, with nearly one third (31.3%) reporting use. Older adults living alone, at risk of depression, or living in specialized senior housing had the greatest use of centers. Senior center use varied by race/ethnicity, and English-speaking Hispanics had a higher prevalence of use than Spanish-speaking Hispanics (adjusted prevalence ratio [PR]=1.69, 95% CI: 1.11-2.59). Spanish-speaking communities and older adults living in non-senior congregate housing are appropriate targets for increased senior center outreach efforts. Monteiro, Camila Nascimento; Gianini, Reinaldo José; Barros, Marilisa Berti de Azevedo; Cesar, Chester Luiz Galvão; Goldbaum, Moisés Since 2003, the access to medication has been increasing in Brazil and particularly in São Paulo. The present study aimed to analyze the access to medication obtained in the public sector and the socioeconomic differences in this access in 2003 and 2008. Also, we explored the difference in access to medication from 2003 to 2008. Data were obtained from two cross-sectional population-based household surveys from São Paulo, Brazil (ISA-Capital 2003 and ISA-Capital 2008). Concentration curve and concentration index were calculated to analyze the associations between socioeconomic factors and access to medication in the public sector. Additionally, the differences between 2003 and 2008 regarding socioeconomic characteristics and access to medication were studied. Access to medication was 89.55% in 2003 and 92.99% in 2008, and the proportion of access to medication did not change in the period. Access in the public sector increased from 26.40% in 2003 to 48.55% in 2008 and there was a decrease in the concentration index between 2003 and 2008 in access to medication in the public sector. The findings indicate an expansion of Brazilian Unified Health System (Sistema Único de Saúde ) users, with the inclusion of people of higher socioeconomic position in the public sector. As the SUS gives more support to people of lower socioeconomic position in terms of medication provision, the SUS tends to equity. Nevertheless, universal coverage for medication and equity in access to medication in the public sector are still challenges for the Brazilian public health system. Mink, J.; Moran, S. Over the last 30 years, the SAO Telescope Data Center has reduced and archived over 1,000,000 spectra, consisting of 287,000 spectra from five high dispersion Echelle spectrographs and 717,000 spectra from four low dispersion spectrographs, across three telescopes. 151,000 spectra from six instruments are currently online and publicly available, covering many interesting objects in the northern sky, including most of the galaxies in the Updated Zwicky Catalog which are reachable through NED or Simbad. A majority of the high dispersion spectra will soon be made public, as will more data from the MMT multi-fiber spectrographs. Many objects in the archive have multiple spectra over time, which make them a valuable resource for archival time-domain studies. We are now developing a system to make all of the public spectra more easily searchable and viewable through the Virtual Observatory. Yuen, Aidan; Martins Rocha, Carla; Kruger, Estie; Tennant, Marc Advances in geospatial technologies have recognized the role of geographic distance as a barrier to healthcare accessibility. Frequent transportation is supposed to buffer issues with distance, while infrequent services impede the uptake of care. The role of public transportation on the accessibility of health care-including oral health care-is not well elucidated in the context of megacities, such as the municipality of São Paulo, Brazil. This study aimed to compare the supply of public transportation to primary dental clinics and the population between advantaged and disadvantaged areas in São Paulo city. A total of 4101 primary dental clinics in São Paulo city were identified and geocoded. Geographic coordinates were also retrieved for the 19 242 bus stops, 56 commuter rail stations and 64 rapid transit stations. Clinic locations and transport points were integrated with the city's 19 128 constituent census tracts-each containing sociodemographic data on the 11 252 204 residents-using Geographic Information Systems (GIS). Almost all clinics were located within 0.5 km of public transportation. Half of all clinics were within 0.5 km of high-frequency transport points, and three-quarters were within 1 km. Likewise, 99% of the population resided within 0.5 km of any public transportation. However, only 22% were within 0.5 km of high-frequency options, and half were within 1 km. Those within 0.5 km of high-frequency points had higher average monthly household incomes and lower illiteracy rates, with lower proportions of children and ethnic minorities, and higher proportions of older people. Clinics and populations in sociodemographically disadvantaged tracts have poorer public transportation links in São Paulo city. © 2018 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Bailey, W J; Crowe, J W A national telephone survey was conducted to measure public support for seven proposals to restrict youth access to tobacco products, including increases in the cigarette excise tax. A random digit dialing survey, using computer-assisted telephone interviews and a two-stage Mitofsky-Waksberg design, was used to generate and replace telephone numbers and to select individuals from within households. More than 94% of respondents believed cigarette smoking by children and adolescents to be a "very serious" or "somewhat serious" problem. Most respondents expressed support for all the proposed measures to restrict youth access to tobacco products (fines for sellers, fines for youthful violators, licensing of all tobacco vendors, restrictions on cigarette vending machines, ban on sponsorship of youth-oriented events, and ban on all tobacco advertising), and for increases in the cigarette excise tax. Munro-Ludders, Bruce; Simpatico, Thomas; Zvetina, Daria Illinois Deaf Services 2000 (IDS2000), a public/private partnership, promotes the creation and implementation of strategies to develop and increase access to mental health services for deaf, hard of hearing, late-deafened, and deaf-blind consumers. IDS2000 has resulted in the establishment of service accessibility standards, a technical support and adherence monitoring system, and the beginnings of a statewide telepsychiatry service. These system modifications have resulted in increase by 60% from baseline survey data in the number of deaf, hard of hearing, late-deafened, and deaf-blind consumers identified in community mental-health agencies in Illinois. Depending on the situation of deaf services staff and infrastructure, much of IDS2000 could be replicated in other states in a mostly budget-neutral manner. Full Text Available Since the enactment of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA, 1990, many impaired Americans are no longer disabled by socially condoned conditions in the built environment. However, many people with cognitive and neurological impairments continue to face significant barriers to access, due to disabling environmental hyper-sensitivity and sensory processing disorders. These people are equally protected under the ADA, therefore mitigation is required. Neuroarchitecture, where consideration of the impact of the built environment on the central nervous system informs design paradigms, must complement current ADA compliance guidelines. This paper serves to open the topic to discussion, and is a call for attention, and action, for the removal of these generally unrecognized barriers to access and the equal use and enjoyment of public facilities. Zhou, Haiying; Hou, Kun-Mean; Zuo, Decheng; Li, Jian The traditional urban public transport system generally cannot provide an effective access service for people with disabilities, especially for disabled, wheelchair and blind (DWB) passengers. In this paper, based on advanced information & communication technologies (ICT) and green technologies (GT) concepts, a dedicated public urban transportation service access system named Mobi+ has been introduced, which facilitates the mobility of DWB passengers. The Mobi+ project consists of three subsystems: a wireless communication subsystem, which provides the data exchange and network connection services between buses and stations in the complex urban environments; the bus subsystem, which provides the DWB class detection & bus arrival notification services; and the station subsystem, which implements the urban environmental surveillance & bus auxiliary access services. The Mobi+ card that supports multi-microcontroller multi-transceiver adopts the fault-tolerant component-based hardware architecture, in which the dedicated embedded system software, i.e., operating system micro-kernel and wireless protocol, has been integrated. The dedicated Mobi+ embedded system provides the fault-tolerant resource awareness communication and scheduling mechanism to ensure the reliability in data exchange and service provision. At present, the Mobi+ system has been implemented on the buses and stations of line '2' in the city of Clermont-Ferrand (France). The experiential results show that, on one hand the Mobi+ prototype system reaches the design expectations and provides an effective urban bus access service for people with disabilities; on the other hand the Mobi+ system is easily to deploy in the buses and at bus stations thanks to its low energy consumption and small form factor. Zhou, Haiying; Hou, Kun-Mean; Zuo, Decheng; Li, Jian The traditional urban public transport system generally cannot provide an effective access service for people with disabilities, especially for disabled, wheelchair and blind (DWB) passengers. In this paper, based on advanced information & communication technologies (ICT) and green technologies (GT) concepts, a dedicated public urban transportation service access system named Mobi+ has been introduced, which facilitates the mobility of DWB passengers. The Mobi+ project consists of three subsystems: a wireless communication subsystem, which provides the data exchange and network connection services between buses and stations in the complex urban environments; the bus subsystem, which provides the DWB class detection & bus arrival notification services; and the station subsystem, which implements the urban environmental surveillance & bus auxiliary access services. The Mobi+ card that supports multi-microcontroller multi-transceiver adopts the fault-tolerant component-based hardware architecture, in which the dedicated embedded system software, i.e., operating system micro-kernel and wireless protocol, has been integrated. The dedicated Mobi+ embedded system provides the fault-tolerant resource awareness communication and scheduling mechanism to ensure the reliability in data exchange and service provision. At present, the Mobi+ system has been implemented on the buses and stations of line ‘2’ in the city of Clermont-Ferrand (France). The experiential results show that, on one hand the Mobi+ prototype system reaches the design expectations and provides an effective urban bus access service for people with disabilities; on the other hand the Mobi+ system is easily to deploy in the buses and at bus stations thanks to its low energy consumption and small form factor. PMID:23112622 Full Text Available The traditional urban public transport system generally cannot provide an effective access service for people with disabilities, especially for disabled, wheelchair and blind (DWB passengers. In this paper, based on advanced information & communication technologies (ICT and green technologies (GT concepts, a dedicated public urban transportation service access system named Mobi+ has been introduced, which facilitates the mobility of DWB passengers. The Mobi+ project consists of three subsystems: a wireless communication subsystem, which provides the data exchange and network connection services between buses and stations in the complex urban environments; the bus subsystem, which provides the DWB class detection & bus arrival notification services; and the station subsystem, which implements the urban environmental surveillance & bus auxiliary access services. The Mobi+ card that supports multi-microcontroller multi-transceiver adopts the fault-tolerant component-based hardware architecture, in which the dedicated embedded system software, i.e., operating system micro-kernel and wireless protocol, has been integrated. The dedicated Mobi+ embedded system provides the fault-tolerant resource awareness communication and scheduling mechanism to ensure the reliability in data exchange and service provision. At present, the Mobi+ system has been implemented on the buses and stations of line ‘2’ in the city of Clermont-Ferrand (France. The experiential results show that, on one hand the Mobi+ prototype system reaches the design expectations and provides an effective urban bus access service for people with disabilities; on the other hand the Mobi+ system is easily to deploy in the buses and at bus stations thanks to its low energy consumption and small form factor. Alpert, J. C.; Rutledge, G.; Wang, J.; Freeman, P.; Kang, C. Y. The NOAA Operational Modeling Archive Distribution System (NOMADS) is now delivering high availability services as part of NOAA's official real time data dissemination at its Web Operations Center (WOC). The WOC is a web service used by all organizational units in NOAA and acts as a data repository where public information can be posted to a secure and scalable content server. A goal is to foster collaborations among the research and education communities, value added retailers, and public access for science and development efforts aimed at advancing modeling and GEO-related tasks. The services used to access the operational model data output are the Open-source Project for a Network Data Access Protocol (OPeNDAP), implemented with the Grid Analysis and Display System (GrADS) Data Server (GDS), and applications for slicing, dicing and area sub-setting the large matrix of real time model data holdings. This approach insures an efficient use of computer resources because users transmit/receive only the data necessary for their tasks including metadata. Data sets served in this way with a high availability server offer vast possibilities for the creation of new products for value added retailers and the scientific community. New applications to access data and observations for verification of gridded model output, and progress toward integration with access to conventional and non-conventional observations will be discussed. We will demonstrate how users can use NOMADS services to repackage area subsets either using repackaging of GRIB2 files, or values selected by ensemble component, (forecast) time, vertical levels, global horizontal location, and by variable, virtually a 6- Dimensional analysis services across the internet. Gembong Soeyono Putro Full Text Available Background: Various analgesics prescriptions for elderly are not appropriate according to the guideline and can cause the increase of side effects such as gastric problems. Puskesmas as a public health center in Indonesia has an important role in anticipating this problem. The objectives of this study was to identify the analgesic usage in elderly patients at the public health center. Methods: This retrospective descriptive study was conducted for 3 months at Tanjungsari public health center, Sumedang, West Java, Indonesia, using total sampling. The data was taken from 417 medical records from 2013. The data taken from medical records were: sex, analgesic drug, diagnosis, and drug for gastric problem. Results: From the collected data, the most analgesics prescribed for the elderly patients was paracetamol, followed by Piroxicam, Mefenamic acid, and Ibuprofen. Not all of the elderly patients who received NSAIDs, were given gastric drug. Conclusions: The most prescribed analgesic drug given to elderly patients at the public health center is paracetamol. [AMJ.2017;4(1:16–9 Southern Rural Development Center, State College, MS. Covering the 1976 activities of the Southern Rural Development Center (SRDC), this third annual report describes SRDC's: history; organization; regional workshops; functional networks; network bibliographies and other publications; Title V reports; grant received for training in rural development; orientation visits; consultants; information… Ahern, T.; Benson, R.; Trabant, C. The Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology (IRIS) is funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF) to operate the facilities to generate, archive, and distribute seismological data to research communities in the United States and internationally. The IRIS Data Management System (DMS) is responsible for the ingestion, archiving, curation and distribution of these data. The IRIS Data Management Center (DMC) manages data from more than 100 permanent seismic networks, hundreds of temporary seismic deployments as well as data from other geophysical observing networks such as magnetotelluric sensors, ocean bottom sensors, superconducting gravimeters, strainmeters, surface meteorological measurements, and in-situ atmospheric pressure measurements. The IRIS DMC has data from more than 20 different types of sensors. The IRIS DMC manages approximately 100 terabytes of primary observational data. These data are archived in multiple distributed storage systems that insure data availability independent of any single catastrophic failure. Storage systems include both RAID systems of greater than 100 terabytes as well as robotic tape robots of petabyte capacity. IRIS performs routine transcription of the data to new media and storage systems to insure the long-term viability of the scientific data. IRIS adheres to the OAIS Data Preservation Model in most cases. The IRIS data model requires the availability of metadata describing the characteristics and geographic location of sensors before data can be fully archived. IRIS works with the International Federation of Digital Seismographic Networks (FDSN) in the definition and evolution of the metadata. The metadata insures that the data remain useful to both current and future generations of earth scientists. Curation of the metadata and time series is one of the most important activities at the IRIS DMC. Data analysts and an automated quality assurance system monitor the quality of the incoming data. This insures data Nielsen, Anne Møller; Folke, Fredrik; Lippert, Freddy Knudsen BACKGROUND: Automated External Defibrillators (AEDs) are known to increase survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). The aim of this study was to examine the use and benefit of public-access defibrillation (PAD) in a nation-wide network. We primarily sought to assess survival at 1 month...... to exercise (42% vs. 0%), and with improved 30-day survival (69% vs. 15%, p=0.001). Among those presenting with a shockable rhythm, 20 (65%) had Return of Spontaneous Circulation upon arrival of EMS and 8 (26%) were conscious, which emphasizes the diagnostic value of ECG downloads from AEDs. Survival could... Full Text Available Purpose: The Purpose of this study is to evaluate accessibility features of Iranian Digital Library Software’s (IDLS. Method/Approach: This is an applied research and has done as a heuristic survey. Statistical population of the study includes five Digital Library Softwares: Azarakhsh, Nosa, Papyrus, Parvanpajooh and Payam. The researcher-made criteria list of this study is based on ISO 9241-171 and has prepared through a Delphi method. Different types of descriptive statistical techniques in collaboration with Friedman test and SAW decision making method used for data analyzing. Findings: Research results showed that IDLSs have made no impressive effort for regarding accessibility features and their accessibility has obtained solely through the Operating System and Platform that the software runs on it. That’s why input accessibility features – which have regarded through OS-, have gained first rank among other accessibility features. There is meaningful statistical difference between IDLSs in regarding accessibility features. Originality/Value: This study which survey the accessibility features of IDLSs, is one of the first attending software accessibility features in Iran and it can have an important role in introducing disable users’ needs to software developers and digital collection makers. Pribesh, Shana; Gavigan, Karen; Dickinson, Gail Stephen Krashen believes that schools can counter the effects of poverty in at least one area: access to books. However, little research has been done to determine whether students living in poverty have access to school library services comparable to those attending schools with low concentrations of students living in poverty. We examined the… Moorhead, Laura L; Holzmeyer, Cheryl; Maggio, Lauren A; Steinberg, Ryan M; Willinsky, John Through funding agency and publisher policies, an increasing proportion of the health sciences literature is being made open access. Such an increase in access raises questions about the awareness and potential utilization of this literature by those working in health fields. A sample of physicians (N=336) and public health non-governmental organization (NGO) staff (N=92) were provided with relatively complete access to the research literature indexed in PubMed, as well as access to the point-of-care service UpToDate, for up to one year, with their usage monitored through the tracking of web-log data. The physicians also participated in a one-month trial of relatively complete or limited access. The study found that participants' research interests were not satisfied by article abstracts alone nor, in the case of the physicians, by a clinical summary service such as UpToDate. On average, a third of the physicians viewed research a little more frequently than once a week, while two-thirds of the public health NGO staff viewed more than three articles a week. Those articles were published since the 2008 adoption of the NIH Public Access Policy, as well as prior to 2008 and during the maximum 12-month embargo period. A portion of the articles in each period was already open access, but complete access encouraged a viewing of more research articles. Those working in health fields will utilize more research in the course of their work as a result of (a) increasing open access to research, (b) improving awareness of and preparation for this access, and (c) adjusting public and open access policies to maximize the extent of potential access, through reduction in embargo periods and access to pre-policy literature. The report contains the titles of all publications from 1993. In the case of patents, all rights established or published during 1993 are indicated: patents, information sheets (DE-OS). The list of publications is ordered according to institutes. Under projects, only published project reports and publications by staff working on the particular projects are listed. Also included are publications printed in the Kernforschungszentrum from research and development plans within the production Technology Project (PFT) and the project called 'European Research Center for the Control of Air Pollution' (PEF), which were carried out by the Kernforschungszentrum as project sponsor in cooperation with firms and institutes. The list also includes publications of the branch of the Federal Research Institute for Nutrition based at the Kernforschungszentrum. (orig.) [de The report contains the titles of all publications from 1990. In the case of patents, all rights established or published during 1990 are indicated: patents, information sheets (DE-OS). The list of publications is ordered according to institutes. Under projects, only published project reports and publications by staff working on the particular projects are listed. Also included are publications printed in the Kernforschungszentrum from research and development plans within the Production Technology Project (PFT) and the project called 'European Research Center for the Control of Air Pollution' (PEF), which were carried out by the Kernforschungszentrum as project sponsor in cooperation with firms and institutes. The list also includes publications of the branch of the Federal Research Institute for Nutrition based at the Kernforschungszentrum. (orig./HP) [de The report contains the titles of all publications from 1992. In the case of patents, all rights established or published during 1992 are indicated: patents, information sheets (DE-OS). The list of publications is ordered according to institutes. Under projects, only published project reports and publications by staff working on the particular projects are listed. Also included are publications printed in the Kernforschungszentrum from research and development plans within the Production Technology Project (PFT) and the project called 'European Research Center for the Control of Air Pollution' (PEF), which were carried out by the Kernforschungszentrum as project sponsor in cooperation with firms and institutes. The list also includes publications of the branch of the Federal Research Institute for Nutrition based at the Kernforschungszentrum. (orig.) [de María Soledad Bravo-Marchant Full Text Available The design and implementation of public policies to grant access to scientific information is now a marked trend among numerous countries of Latin America. The creation of specific instruments, the allocation of an ongoing budget and the accumulation of experience in negotiation and contracting of national licences have all been clear signs of the achievements resulting from recent initiatives in these countries. This article reviews the experience of the Consorcio para el Acceso a la Información Cientifíca Electrónica (CINCEL Corporation, a Chilean consortium created in 2002, the public policy that made it possible and the evaluation experience of its main programme, the Electronic Library of Scientific Information (BEIC. Hurrem Sinem SANLI Full Text Available Public education aims to gain adults the skills and knowledge towards interpretation of free times of social and cultural activities. With public education, people living in the region especially women contribute to production. In Amasya, there are courses provided for women in Public Education Centers and it is made sure that they attend theses courses. In this study, a section of said center and Yassıçal broadcloth weavings are analyzed. Motifs and product examples in Yassıçal weavings are examined. These motifs are Eminem, Tekke peşkürü, Suleyman, Sinekli, Mehmet Dede, Kara viran, Çift mekik and Deveci kesmesi. This traditional motifs began to weave again. A variety of woven products; living room sets, veil, curtains, runners, bags, doll clothes and women's clothes are produced by traniees. Mendez, L C; Moraes, F Y; Fernandes, G Dos S; Weltman, E Radiotherapy plays a fundamental role in the treatment of cancer. Currently, the Brazilian public health system cannot match the national radiotherapy demand and many patients requiring radiotherapy are never exposed to this treatment. This study estimated the number of preventable deaths in the public health system if access to radiotherapy was universal. Incidence rates for the year 2016 provided by Instituto Nacional de Cancer were used in this analysis. The number of untreated patients requiring radiotherapy was obtained through the difference between the total number of patients requiring radiotherapy and the total amount of delivered radiotherapy treatments in the public health system. The number of deaths for the three most common cancers in each gender due to radiotherapy shortage was calculated. Initially, the total number of patients per cancer type was divided in stages using Brazilian epidemiological data. Subsequently, previously published tree arm diagrams were used to define the rate of patients requiring radiotherapy in each specific clinical setting. Finally, the clinical benefit of radiotherapy in overall survival was extracted from studies with level 1 evidence. Over 596 000 cancer cases were expected in Brazil in 2016. The public health system covers more than 75% of the Brazilian population and an estimated 111 432 patients who required radiotherapy in 2016 did not receive this treatment. Breast, colorectal and cervix cancers are the most frequent malignant tumours in women and prostate, lung and colorectal in men. The number of deaths due to a radiotherapy shortage in the year 2016 for these types of cancer were: (i) breast: 1011 deaths in 10 years; (ii) cervix: 2006 deaths in 2 years; (iii) lung: 1206 deaths in 2 years; (iv) prostate, intermediate risk: 562 deaths in 13 years; high risk: 298 deaths in 10 years; (v) colorectal: 0 deaths, as radiotherapy has no proven benefit in overall survival. Thousands of cancer patients requiring Gold, Judy; Burke, Eva; Cissé, Boubacar; Mackay, Anna; Eva, Gillian; Hayes, Brendan Mali has one of the world's lowest contraceptive use rates and a high rate of unmet need for family planning. In order to increase access to and choice of quality family planning services, Marie Stopes International (MSI) Mali introduced social franchising in public-sector community health centers (referred to as CSCOMs in Mali) in 3 regions under the MSI brand BlueStar. Potential franchisees are generally identified from CSCOMs who have worked with MSI outreach teams; once accredited as franchisees, CSCOMs receive training, supervision, family planning consumables and commodities, and support for awareness raising and demand creation. To ensure availability and affordability of services, franchisees are committed to providing a wide range of contraceptive methods at low fixed prices. The performance of the BlueStar network from inception in March 2012 until December 2015 was examined using information from routine monitoring data, clinical quality audits, and client exit interviews. During this period, the network grew from 70 to 135 franchisees; an estimated 123,428 clients received voluntary family planning services, most commonly long-acting reversible methods of contraception. Franchisee efficiency and clinical quality of services increased over time, and client satisfaction with services remained high. One-quarter of clients in 2015 were under 20 years old, and three-quarters were adopters of family planning (that is, they had not been using a modern method during the 3 months prior to their visit). Applying a social franchising support package, originally developed for for-profit private-sector providers, to public-sector facilities in Mali has increased access, choice, and use of family planning in 3 regions of Mali. The experience of BlueStar Mali suggests that interventions that support quality supply of services, while simultaneously addressing demand-side barriers such as service pricing, can successfully create demand for a broad range of family Gold, Judy; Burke, Eva; Cissé, Boubacar; Mackay, Anna; Eva, Gillian; Hayes, Brendan Background: Mali has one of the world's lowest contraceptive use rates and a high rate of unmet need for family planning. In order to increase access to and choice of quality family planning services, Marie Stopes International (MSI) Mali introduced social franchising in public-sector community health centers (referred to as CSCOMs in Mali) in 3 regions under the MSI brand BlueStar. Program Description: Potential franchisees are generally identified from CSCOMs who have worked with MSI outreach teams; once accredited as franchisees, CSCOMs receive training, supervision, family planning consumables and commodities, and support for awareness raising and demand creation. To ensure availability and affordability of services, franchisees are committed to providing a wide range of contraceptive methods at low fixed prices. Methods and Results: The performance of the BlueStar network from inception in March 2012 until December 2015 was examined using information from routine monitoring data, clinical quality audits, and client exit interviews. During this period, the network grew from 70 to 135 franchisees; an estimated 123,428 clients received voluntary family planning services, most commonly long-acting reversible methods of contraception. Franchisee efficiency and clinical quality of services increased over time, and client satisfaction with services remained high. One-quarter of clients in 2015 were under 20 years old, and three-quarters were adopters of family planning (that is, they had not been using a modern method during the 3 months prior to their visit). Conclusion: Applying a social franchising support package, originally developed for for-profit private-sector providers, to public-sector facilities in Mali has increased access, choice, and use of family planning in 3 regions of Mali. The experience of BlueStar Mali suggests that interventions that support quality supply of services, while simultaneously addressing demand-side barriers such as service pricing The problem of the relations between the nuclear community and the public in the former USSR and Russia arose quite recently, exactly after the Chernobyl accident and after the transition to the democratic social order in the country. Recently the Kurchatov Institute was one of the most classified scientific organization in the country. There was no question of discussing its problems in mass media as well as of visiting its facilities by the public. The Center for Public Information was established in the Institute in 1989, in the time when the tide of the public protests against the development of nuclear power in the USSR was at its zenith. The establishing of our public information service had its two objects: to bring back public confidence to nuclear scientists and to restore the high authority of the Kurchatov Institute in the public opinion; the second one was to favour the creation of the objective attitude in the society concerning the necessity of the development of nuclear power. Our first concern was the journalists. The main concern of our contacts with the public and mass media was to demonstrate and to make them understand that nuclear scientists care the public safety not less than the others do. The specific role of our center and the Kurchatov Institute itself is that we represent the only organization in Russia with the competent stuff experienced in nuclear energy and its safety problems at the same time not submitted to any state bodies responsible for Nuclear Power Plants construction and operation. It gives us the possibility to act as an objective arbiter for the public when discussing the problems of nuclear power development Full Text Available [english] Along with the dynamic development of open access, the question of how to handle open access publication charges is increasingly discussed. German research organisations have been involved in this discussion as part of their activities within the Priority Initiative “Digital Information” of the “Alliance of German Science Organisations” since 2008. In 2010 they commissioned a survey among universities and research institutions, focusing on their practice in dealing with publication charges. As a result, it became clear that these organisations are aware of the issue. For their members, they seek to develop mechanisms to facilitate publishing in author fee-based open access journals. In general, an overview of the open access strategies of the organisations shows an ongoing transformation process from a subscription-based towards an open access publishing system. However, the survey results also point to challenges. The article gives an overview of open-access related activities and developments in German research organisations and presents the results of the survey on handling of open access publication charges among academic institutions in Germany. [german] Mit der dynamischen Entwicklung von Open Access gewinnt die Diskussion um den Umgang mit Gebühren, die für Open-Access-Publikationen anfallen, an Bedeutung. Die deutschen Wissenschaftsorganisationen widmen sich dieser Diskussion, seit 2008 auch im Rahmen der Schwerpunktinitiative „Digitale Information“. Im Jahr 2010 wurde in einer Umfrage unter Hochschulen und außeruniversitären Forschungsinstitutionen die Praxis im Umgang mit diesen Publikationsgebühren unter die Lupe genommen. Dabei wurde deutlich, dass sich die Wissenschaftsorganisationen des Themas annehmen und bestrebt sind, Mechanismen zu entwickeln, um ihren Angehörigen die Veröffentlichung in Open-Access-Zeitschriften, die sich durch Publikationsgebühren finanzieren, unkompliziert zu ermöglichen. Dar Full Text Available Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) are capable of expanding access to quality education, educational resources and provide teachers with new skills. Nevertheless, a majority of rural public schools have limited ICTs, mainly due... .... On the one hand, the Internet provides valuable new opportunities for overcoming geographic limitations and the promise of unprecedented open access to public information for research on a global basis... Duda, Catherine; Rajaram, Kumar; Barz, Christiane; Rosenthal, J Thomas There has been an increasing emphasis on health care efficiency and costs and on improving quality in health care settings such as hospitals or clinics. However, there has not been sufficient work on methods of improving access and customer service times in health care settings. The study develops a framework for improving access and customer service time for health care settings. In the framework, the operational concept of the bottleneck is synthesized with queuing theory to improve access and reduce customer service times without reduction in clinical quality. The framework is applied at the Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center to determine the drivers for access and customer service times and then provides guidelines on how to improve these drivers. Validation using simulation techniques shows significant potential for reducing customer service times and increasing access at this institution. Finally, the study provides several practice implications that could be used to improve access and customer service times without reduction in clinical quality across a range of health care settings from large hospitals to small community clinics. Full Text Available Objectives: Civil rights may cover different aspects of citizens’ lives. All the members of the society should have equal access to the public facilities and public transportation system. Barriers and obstacles in society may limit the accessibility of these facilities to the disabled people. Methods: This article contains a part of the results in a phenomenological study of the Disability Rights. The purpose of this phenomenological study was to describe experiences of disability rights among 11 physically disabled that were living in Tehran, Iran. The study involves secondary analysis of in-depth transcribed interview data, using colazzi’s method. Results: A total of 655 descriptive expressions were categorized in to 25 preliminary structural elements (sub themes. 7 essential structural elements (themes emerged from an analysis of the sub themes. One of these themes was right to access which was emerged from an analysis of 6 sub themes. Discussion: Disabled people who participated in the interviews. These sub themes that were obtained from an analysis of descriptive expressions of the participants, are: right to access to housing, right to access to education and information, right to access to job facilities, right to access to medical care and rehabilitation, right to access to rest, leisure and sport and right to access to places and transportation system. The right to access theme, was then categorized in to the civil rights field. In this article we will describe the right to access as it was experienced by those physically. Mir Aftab Hussain Talpur Full Text Available The availability of accessible educational facilities is essential for the better rural education. However, because of the huge population, lack of resources and absence of proper policy plans; the distance between educational facilities and rural communities is mounting as time progresses. These sorts of problematic circumstances put damaging effects on education standards and become responsible for the declining literacy rate. Hence, the goal of this research is to investigate the lack of educational institutions with respect to indigenous standards. Therefore, in this study, the dearth of education institutions was determined for the one of the most deprived sub-regions of Pakistan, i.e. Badin. The data were collected through observations, questionnaire survey, and from secondary sources, like census report and other pertinent public sector documents. The outcome of this study can be taken as an input to develop policy plans, targeting the education accessibility issues of backward communities. This research could show a guiding-path to local planning agencies, as these can come-up with the policy plans to trounce the education accessibility issues from the bucolic sub-regions of developing countries Rita de Cássia Silveira Cambruzzi Full Text Available The physical disability is group is heterogeneous, even within a “category”, since that covers a diversity, because each has a mechanism to organize in spaces in which attends but all participate of the same challenges. However, due to the challenges encountered by persons with disabilities in establishing routes and routines within a University is that we have developed this research. We chose search access of physically disabled person in your external displacement of student housing to the classroom and the classroom until the Secretariat Department that frequents. Research whose goal is the identification and analysis of routes as its accessibility, on the campus of a public institution of higher education. The survey was submitted to the Ethics Committee that approves their implementation. Direct observations were performed, as well as records via photos and footage, which were authorized by the University. The information collected were analyzed qualitatively as the standards of the Brazilian Association of technical norms and the guiding document for the Regional Council of engineering and architecture, Rio Grande do Sul, titled: Roadmap survey. In data analysis, we see that there are needs for providing accessibility with safety and convenience, as well as establish mechanisms for the community library and the University restaurant part of living as part of the University community and also, in the exercise of their constitutional rights. Nault, André J The free availability of full-text veterinary publications in MEDLINE-indexed journals by US and Canadian veterinary faculty from 2006-7 was determined. Additionally, publishing databases were searched to obtain general statistics on veterinary publishing. A survey of institutional initiatives to promote open-access journals and institutional repositories was also performed. Veterinary faculty published a total of 4,872 articles indexed by MEDLINE in 679 different journals. Of these articles, 1,334 (27%) were available as free full text and were published in 245 different journals. Although 51 veterinary-specific journals offering immediate and free full-text access were identified, few articles in this study appeared in these titles. Rather, most free scholarly articles by veterinary faculty appeared in journals with an embargo period. Academic veterinary institutions may want to recommend acceptance of alternate forms of information dissemination (such as open-access journals and journals published only digitally) to encourage greater global dissemination of their research findings. The promotion and use of digital institutional repositories is also an area for future investment and warrants additional research. Full Text Available As part of federal and local efforts to increase access to high quality, clinical preventive services (CPS in underserved populations, the Los Angeles County Department of Public Health (DPH partnered with six local health system and community organization partners to promote the use of team care for CPS delivery. Although these partners were at different stages of organizational capacity, post-program review suggests that each organization advanced team care in their clinical or community environments, potentially affecting >250,000 client visits per year. Despite existing infrastructure and DPH’s funding support of CPS integration, partner efforts faced several challenges. They included lack of sustainable funding for prevention services; limited access to community resources that support disease prevention; and difficulties in changing health-care provider behavior. Although team care can serve as a catalyst or vehicle for delivering CPS, downstream sustainability of this model of practice requires further state and national policy changes that prioritize prevention. Public health is well positioned to facilitate these policy discussions and to assist health system and community organizations in strengthening CPS integration. Professor Bo-Christer Björk Full Text Available One of the effects of the Internet is that the dissemination of scientific publications in a few years has migrated to electronic formats. The basic business practices between libraries and publishers for selling and buying the content have, however, not changed much. Scientists have in protest against the high subscription prices of mainstream publishers started Open Access (OA journals and e-print repositories, which distribute scientific information freely. Despite widespread agreement among academics that OA would be the optimal distribution mode for publicly financed research results, OA channels still constitute only a marginal phenomenon in the global scholarly communication system. This paper discusses, in view of the experiences of the last ten years, the many barriers hindering a rapid proliferation of Open Access. The discussion is structured according to the main OA channels; peer-reviewed journals for primary publishing, subject-specific and institutional repositories for secondary parallel publishing. It also discusses the types of barriers, which can be classified as: legal framework, IT-infrastructure, business models, indexing services and standards, academic reward system, marketing and critical mass. Scott, Daniel J; Lee, Joon; Silva, Ikaro; Park, Shinhyuk; Moody, George B; Celi, Leo A; Mark, Roger G The Multiparameter Intelligent Monitoring in Intensive Care II (MIMIC-II) database is a free, public resource for intensive care research. The database was officially released in 2006, and has attracted a growing number of researchers in academia and industry. We present the two major software tools that facilitate accessing the relational database: the web-based QueryBuilder and a downloadable virtual machine (VM) image. QueryBuilder and the MIMIC-II VM have been developed successfully and are freely available to MIMIC-II users. Simple example SQL queries and the resulting data are presented. Clinical studies pertaining to acute kidney injury and prediction of fluid requirements in the intensive care unit are shown as typical examples of research performed with MIMIC-II. In addition, MIMIC-II has also provided data for annual PhysioNet/Computing in Cardiology Challenges, including the 2012 Challenge "Predicting mortality of ICU Patients". QueryBuilder is a web-based tool that provides easy access to MIMIC-II. For more computationally intensive queries, one can locally install a complete copy of MIMIC-II in a VM. Both publicly available tools provide the MIMIC-II research community with convenient querying interfaces and complement the value of the MIMIC-II relational database. helps enhance service members’ quality of life by improving the condition of military-owned housing faster and more economically than traditional...DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY SUBJECT: DoD Needs to Improve Screening and Access Controls for General Public Tenants Leasing Housing on Military...public tenants who leased DoD privatized housing before granting those tenants unescorted access to military installations. In addition, DoD officials Roya Ghasemzadeh; Mohammad Kamali; Ali Chabok; Masoud Fallahi Khoshknab; Manuchehr Shirani Objectives: Civil rights may cover different aspects of citizens’ lives. All the members of the society should have equal access to the public facilities and public transportation system. Barriers and obstacles in society may limit the accessibility of these facilities to the disabled people. Methods: This article contains a part of the results in a phenomenological study of the Disability Rights. The purpose of this phenomenological study was to describe experiences of disability r... Full Text Available There is heightened interest in identifying the impact of the federally-funded Public Health Training Center (PHTC program. Although evaluation studies have been conducted of public health training in general, evaluations of PHTC programs are rare. Field placement components are Congressionally-mandated requirements of PHTCs. Field placements are typically intensive, supervised externships for students to gain public health experience with local health departments or non-profit organizations. We have found no published evaluations of PHTC field placement components. This may be because of their small size and unique nature. We designed and evaluated a 200-hour field placement program at an established Public Health Training Center. The evaluation included pre/post surveys measuring public health core competencies, and post-experience interviews. We found significant increases in three competency domains among trainees: policy development and program planning, communication skills, and community dimensions of practice. These outcomes contribute to an evidence base on the efficacy of PHTC field placement programs, and underscore their role in public health training. Jonathan A Lee Full Text Available Phenotypic assays have a proven track record for generating leads that become first-in-class therapies. Whole cell assays that inform on a phenotype or mechanism also possess great potential in drug repositioning studies by illuminating new activities for the existing pharmacopeia. The National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS pharmaceutical collection (NPC is the largest reported collection of approved small molecule therapeutics that is available for screening in a high-throughput setting. Via a wide-ranging collaborative effort, this library was analyzed in the Open Innovation Drug Discovery (OIDD phenotypic assay modules publicly offered by Lilly. The results of these tests are publically available online at www.ncats.nih.gov/expertise/preclinical/pd2 and via the PubChem Database (https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ (AID 1117321. Phenotypic outcomes for numerous drugs were confirmed, including sulfonylureas as insulin secretagogues and the anti-angiogenesis actions of multikinase inhibitors sorafenib, axitinib and pazopanib. Several novel outcomes were also noted including the Wnt potentiating activities of rotenone and the antifolate class of drugs, and the anti-angiogenic activity of cetaben. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency — Datasets will not be made accessible to the public due to the fact that they include household level data with PII. This dataset is not publicly accessible because:... Amanda S. Clossen Full Text Available This article demonstrates how Universal and Human-Centered Design approaches can be applied to the process of library video tutorial creation in order to enhance accessibility. A series of questions that creators should consider in order to focus their design process is discussed. These questions break down various physical and cognitive limitations that users encounter, providing a framework for future video creation that is not dependent on specific software. By approaching accommodations more holistically, videos are created with accessibility in mind from their conception. Working toward the ideal of a video tutorial that is accessible to every user leads to the creation of more clearly worded, effective learning objects that are much more inclusive, making instructional concepts available to users of all abilities. Thomas F. Kresina Full Text Available Providing access to and utilization of medication assisted treatment (MAT for the treatment of opioid abuse and dependence provides an important opportunity to improve public health. Access to health services comprising MAT in the community is fundamental to achieve broad service coverage. The type and placement of the health services comprising MAT and integration with primary medical care including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV prevention, care and treatment services are optimal for addressing both substance abuse and co-occurring infectious diseases. As an HIV prevention intervention, integrated (same medical record for HIV services and MAT services MAT with HIV prevention, care and treatment programs provides the best “one stop shopping” approach for health service utilization. Alternatively, MAT, medical and HIV services can be separately managed but co-located to allow convenient utilization of primary care, MAT and HIV services. A third approach is coordinated care and treatment, where primary care, MAT and HIV services are provided at distinct locations and case managers, peer facilitators, or others promote direct service utilization at the various locations. Developing a continuum of care for patients with opioid dependence throughout the stages MAT enhances the public health and Recovery from opioid dependence. As a stigmatized and medical disenfranchised population with multiple medical, psychological and social needs, people who inject drugs and are opioid dependent have difficulty accessing services and navigating medical systems of coordinated care. MAT programs that offer comprehensive services and medical care options can best contribute to improving the health of these individuals thereby enhancing the health of the community. Škorić, Lea; Vrkić, Dina; Petrak, Jelka To identify the share of open access (OA) papers in the total number of journal publications authored by the members of the University of Zagreb School of Medicine (UZSM) in 2014. Bibliographic data on 543 UZSM papers published in 2014 were collected using PubMed advanced search strategies and manual data collection methods. The items that had "free full text" icons were considered as gold OA papers. Their OA availability was checked using the provided link to full-text. The rest of the UZSM papers were analyzed for potential green OA through self-archiving in institutional repository. Papers published by Croatian journals were particularly analyzed. Full texts of approximately 65% of all UZSM papers were freely available. Most of them were published in gold OA journals (55% of all UZSM papers or 85% of all UZSM OA papers). In the UZSM repository, there were additional 52 freely available authors' manuscripts from subscription-based journals (10% of all UZSM papers or 15% of all UZSM OA papers). The overall proportion of OA in our study is higher than in similar studies, but only half of gold OA papers are accessible via PubMed directly. The results of our study indicate that increased quality of metadata and linking of the bibliographic records to full texts could assure better visibility. Moreover, only a quarter of papers from subscription-based journals that allow self-archiving are deposited in the UZSM repository. We believe that UZSM should consider mandating all faculty members to deposit their publications in UZSM OA repository to increase visibility and improve access to its scientific output. Azétsop, Jacquineau; Diop, Blondin A Universal access to antiretroviral treatment (ART) in Chad was officially declared in December 2006. This presidential initiative was and is still funded 100% by the country's budget and external donors' financial support. Many factors have triggered the spread of AIDS. Some of these factors include the existence of norms and beliefs that create or increase exposure, the low-level education that precludes access to health information, social unrest, and population migration to areas of high economic opportunities and gender-based discrimination. Social forces that influence the distribution of dimensions of well-being and shape risks for infection also determine the persistence of access barriers to ART. The universal access policy is quite revolutionary but should be informed by the systemic barriers to access so as to promote equity. It is not enough to distribute ARVs and provide health services when health systems are poorly organized and managed. Comprehensive access to ART raises many organizational, ethical and policy problems that need to be solved to achieve equity in access. This paper argues that the persistence of access barriers is due to weak health systems and a poor public health leadership. AIDS has challenged health systems in a manner that is essentially different from other health problems. Jernigan, David H The experiences of the Center on Alcohol Marketing and Youth from 2002 to 2008 in re-framing a major public health issue and influencing public policy offer lessons for other public health movements. The Center pioneered new ways to use commercial market research data in public health surveillance and public debate. Combining a steady stream of reports and peer-reviewed articles with state and federal organizing and media advocacy, the Center re-framed a policy debate over alcohol marketing and youth, enabling measurable progress. Harris, D.A.; Paulson, G.; Perry, E. [New Jersey Univ. of Medicine and Dentistry, New Brunswick, NJ (United States). School of Public Health The network of Centers for Public Health Preparedness (CPHP) was created by the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in response to the perception that public health professionals were inadequately prepared to respond to terrorism incidents, natural disasters and similar major events. The events of September 11, 2001 and the subsequent anthrax attacks confirmed the wisdom of a concerted approach to emergency preparedness. This paper provides an outline of the network's recent activities as well as a review of the rationale, history and progress of the network to date. In the most recent grant cycle, each center was required to allocate 20 per cent of its resources to network-wide activities, including contribution of CPHP-developed materials to a central resource center maintained by the Association of Schools of Public Health. The materials are publicly available and are to be used in the development of training programs; the establishment of 19 or more exemplar groups that focus on specific preparedness-related knowledge domains such as mental health, educational evaluation methods and field epidemiology, who are also expected to develop tool kits of validated and fully described training materials for use by any CPHP person or group. The outcome of the CPHP network activities is the development of a more comprehensive and robust core of preparedness training materials that aim to facilitate rapid and effective training, while at the same time eliminating redundancy and duplication of effort. It was concluded that the expenditure of 20 per cent of center funds on network development activities is forcing the academically based CPHPs to adopt a new collaborative paradigm in order to ensure effective nationwide preparedness. 3 refs. Sidebottom, David B; Potter, Ryan; Newitt, Laura K; Hodgetts, Gillian A; Deakin, Charles D Early defibrillation is a critical link in the chain of survival. Public access defibrillation (PAD) programmes utilising automated external defibrillators (AEDs) aim to decrease the time-to-first-shock, and improve survival from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Effective use of PADs requires rapid location of the device, facilitated by adequate signage. We aimed to therefore assess the quality of signage for PADs in the community. From April 2017 to January 2018 we surveyed community PADs available for public use on the 'Save a Life' AED locator mobile application in and around Southampton, UK. Location and signage characteristics were collected, and the distance from the furthest sign to the AED was measured. Researchers evaluated 201 separate PADs. All devices visited were included in the final analysis. No signage at all was present for 135 (67.2%) devices. Only 15/201 (7.5%) AEDs had signage at a distance from AED itself. In only 5 of these cases (2.5%) was signage mounted more than 5.0 m from the AED. When signage was present, 46 used 2008 ILCOR signage and 15 used 2006 Resuscitation Council (UK) signage. Signage visibility was partially or severely obstructed at 27/66 (40.9%) sites. None of the 45 GP surgeries surveyed used exterior signage or an exterior 24/7 access box. Current signage of PADs is poor and limits the device effectiveness by impeding public awareness and location of AEDs. Recommendations should promote visible signage within the operational radius of each AED. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. NASA services of interest to writers and to the news media include personal interviews, daily audio reports of major missions, and projects via automated telephone, research assistance from historians or history monitors at technical libraries, the use of a collection of historical photographs, and the free loan of sound films of NASA research and development activities. The names and phones numbers are listed for public affairs contacts at Headquarters and at each of the major centers and their component installations. An overview of the six NASA program offices is included along with a vicinity map of each center and a description of their facilities and management responsibilities. Full Text Available Introduction: To assess characteristics, satisfaction, and disposition of emergency department (ED patients who successfully received ultrasound (US-guided peripheral intravenous (IV access. Methods: This is a prospective observational study among ED patients who successfully received US-guided peripheral IV access by ED technicians. Nineteen ED technicians were taught to use US guidance to obtain IV access. Training sessions consisted of didactic instruction and hands-on practice. The US guidance for IV access was limited to patients with difficult access. After successfully receiving an US-guided peripheral IV, patients were approached by research assistants who administered a 10-question survey. Disposition information was collected after the conclusion of the ED visit by accessing patients’ electronic medical record. Results: In total, 146 surveys were completed in patients successfully receiving US-guided IVs. Patients reported an average satisfaction with the procedure of 9.2 of 10. Forty-two percent of patients had a body mass index (BMI of greater than 30, and 17.8% had a BMI of more than 35. Sixty-two percent reported a history of central venous catheter placement. This patient population averaged 3 ED visits per year in the past year. Fifty-three percent of the patients were admitted. Conclusion: Patients requiring US-guided IVs in our ED are discharged home at the conclusion of their ED visit about half of the time. These patients reported high rates of both difficult IV access and central venous catheter placement in the past. Patient satisfaction with US-guided IVs was very high. These data support the continued use of US-guided peripheral IVs in this patient population. [West J Emerg Med. 2011;12(4:475–477. Pollak, J.; Berry, K.; Couch, A.; Arrigo, J.; Hooper, R. P. Scientific data about water are collected and distributed by numerous sources which can differ tremendously in scale. As competition for water resources increases, increasing access to and understanding of information about water will be critical. The mission of the new CUAHSI Water Data Center (WDC) is to provide those researchers who collect data a medium to publish their datasets and give those wanting to discover data the proper tools to efficiently find the data that they seek. These tools include standards-based data publication, data discovery tools based upon faceted and telescoping search, and a data analysis tool HydroDesktop that downloads and unifies data in standardized formats. The CUAHSI Hydrologic Information System (HIS) is a community developed and open source system for sharing water data. As a federated, web service oriented system it enables data publication for a diverse user population including scientific investigators (Research Coordination Networks, Critical Zone Observatories), government agencies (USGS, NASA, EPA), and citizen scientists (watershed associations). HydroDesktop is an end user application for data consumption in this system that the WDC supports. This application can be used for finding, downloading, and analyzing data from the HIS. It provides a GIS interface that allows users to incorporate spatial data that are not accessible via HIS, simple analysis tools to facilitate graphing and visualization, tools to export data to common file types, and provides an extensible architecture that developers can build upon. HydroDesktop, however, is just one example of a data access client for HIS. The web service oriented architecture enables data access by an unlimited number of clients provided they can consume the web services used in HIS. One such example developed at the WDC is the 'Faceted Search Client', which capitalizes upon exploratory search concepts to improve accuracy and precision during search. We highlight such Full Text Available Background and Objectives: Adequate access to oral and dental health services in childhood can reduce long-term complications in the following years of life. The objective of this study was to determine the barriers of access to children’s oral and dental health services from the point of view of mothers referring to health centers in Qom city. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, the statistical population included 325 mothers referred to health centers. Data were collected using a questionnaire consisted of items, including age, educational level, job, and barriers of access to oral health services. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistical indicators and logistic regression test. Results: In this study, lack of insurance coverage for dentistry costs (59.7% had the highest frequency in barriers of access to dental health services, followed by child's fear of dentistry (53.2% and high costs of dental services (49.8%. There was no significant relationship between mother's job and barriers of access to dental health services, but the chance of barriers of access to dental health services increased 1.60 times with father’s employment in government jobs. Also, the results showed that the chance of barriers of access to dental health services increased 3.60 times with residence in Pardisan region, on the other hand, the chance of access to the services, was improved up to 52% with residence in Tohid region. Conclusion: Expansion of insurance coverage of oral and dental health services and increase of public centers providing dental services can be eliminate the major part of barriers of access to these services. In addition, the proportional distribution of these services in different regions of the city can be effective in easy and low-cost access. Balajee, S Arunmozhi; Pasi, Omer G; Etoundi, Alain Georges M; Rzeszotarski, Peter; Do, Trang T; Hennessee, Ian; Merali, Sharifa; Alroy, Karen A; Phu, Tran Dac; Mounts, Anthony W Capacity to receive, verify, analyze, assess, and investigate public health events is essential for epidemic intelligence. Public health Emergency Operations Centers (PHEOCs) can be epidemic intelligence hubs by 1) having the capacity to receive, analyze, and visualize multiple data streams, including surveillance and 2) maintaining a trained workforce that can analyze and interpret data from real-time emerging events. Such PHEOCs could be physically located within a ministry of health epidemiology, surveillance, or equivalent department rather than exist as a stand-alone space and serve as operational hubs during nonoutbreak times but in emergencies can scale up according to the traditional Incident Command System structure. Meerpohl, Joerg J; Wolff, Robert F; Antes, Gerd; von Elm, Erik Several studies analyzed whether conventional journals in general medicine or specialties such as pediatrics endorse recommendations aiming to improve publication practice. Despite evidence showing benefits of these recommendations, the proportion of endorsing journals has been moderate to low and varied considerably for different recommendations. About half of pediatric journals indexed in the Journal Citation Report referred to the Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts of the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) but only about a quarter recommended registration of trials. We aimed to investigate to what extent pediatric open-access (OA) journals endorse these recommendations. We hypothesized that a high proportion of these journals have adopted recommendations on good publication practice since OA electronic publishing has been associated with a number of editorial innovations aiming at improved access and transparency. We identified 41 journals publishing original research in the subject category "Health Sciences, Medicine (General), Pediatrics" of the Directory of Open Access Journals http://www.doaj.org. From the journals' online author instructions we extracted information regarding endorsement of four domains of editorial policy: the Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts, trial registration, disclosure of conflicts of interest and five major reporting guidelines such as the CONSORT (Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials) statement. Two investigators collected data independently. The Uniform Requirements were mentioned by 27 (66%) pediatric OA journals. Thirteen (32%) required or recommended trial registration prior to publication of a trial report. Conflict of interest policies were stated by 25 journals (61%). Advice about reporting guidelines was less frequent: CONSORT was referred to by 12 journals (29%) followed by other reporting guidelines (MOOSE, PRISMA or STARD) (8 journals, 20%) and STROBE (3 journals, 7%). The EQUATOR ... access use of the Internet on NARA-supplied computers? 1254.32 Section 1254.32 Parks, Forests, and Public Property NATIONAL ARCHIVES AND RECORDS ADMINISTRATION PUBLIC AVAILABILITY AND USE USING RECORDS AND DONATED... for Internet use in all NARA research rooms. The number of workstations varies per location. We... Holba, C.; McGee, M.; Thompson, P. On March 24, 1989, the supertanker Exxon Valdez struck a sub- merged rock pinnacle at Bligh Reef, puncturing eight of its storage tanks. Within hours, 11 million gallons of crude oil were dumped into the waters of Prince William Sound. The cleanup, damage assessment, and restoration activities undertaken for this environmentally complex area presented multifaceted challenges to public and private organizations and various professional disciplines. One of these challenges was obtaining and disseminating prespill, spill, and postspill information for both the private and public sector. The Oil Spill Public Information Center (OSPIC) was created for this purpose by the US Department of Justice on behalf of the federal trustees. Its management has since been assumed by the restoration team, an arm of the state-federal Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council. On October 8, 1991, a settlement agreement was approved in United States District Court, which required Exxon to pay $1 billion in criminal restitution and civil damages to the United States and the state of Alaska. The settlement terms specify that the Trustee Council shall establish procedures providing for meaningful public participation in the injury assessment and restoration process. Consistent with that mandate, the OSPIC is responsible for providing a repository for all material related to the Exxon Valdez oil spill, The OSPIC is a specialized library open to the public. Its function is to collect, organize, and make accessible materials generated by state and federal agencies and the private sector as a result of the cleanup, damage assessment, and restoration activities of the spill. The OSPIC staff is also identifying and collecting baseline studies in the Prince William Sound and Gulf of Alaska areas, as well as materials on cold water marine spills. The OSPIC serves a variety of patrons, including industry, the oil spill response community, state and federal agencies, scientists, etc This report KfK 5025 presents the titles of scientific publications issued in 1991. Conference papers or other papers not yet available in printed from are listed separately. Patent documents of the year 1991 are listed in two categories: patent specifications and unexamined laid-open patent applications (DE-OS). Reviews on specific subjects or training documents prepared for courses in the KfK's Center for Advanced Training are not included in this report. (orig.) [de Pertiwi, Rifka Ayu; Naryoso, Agus; Luqman, Yanuar ViiiSTRATEGI PUBLIC RELATIONS DALAM MEMBANGUN BRANDINGRUMAH SAKIT TELOGOREJO MENJADI SEMARANG MEDICALCENTERAbstrakPerubahan brand merupakan hal yang sering terjadi pada sebuah institusi atauperusahaan. Hal ini menjadi salah satu pekerjaan humas yang bersangkutan dalammendapatkan kesadaran target audiens terhadap Perubahan brand tersebut.RS Telogorejo melakukan Perubahan brand menjadi Semarang MedicalCenter. Sedangkan brand RS Telogorejo sudah melekat di benak target audienssebagai rumah sakit... Full Text Available The purpose of this study is to develop an approach based on the social quality evaluation square model for evaluation of information technology usage in different social groups. Componential view to the accessibility of e-services including IT means providing the possibility to research the influences of different life conditions to usage of the public e-services. The task of this empirical study is directed towards revealing the differences of e-inclusion and e-services accessibility for social groups of citizens of Lithuania, and to compare this accessibility data with other EU countries.Design/methodology/approach—the approach is based on the square model of social quality evaluation of information technology usage in different social groups. The social division square model includes an assessment of quality according to the evaluation of socioeconomic security, social inclusion, social cohesion, and empowerment. Empowerment can be defined as consisting of individual or collective decisions to act on one’s own life.Findings—the results are demonstrated by the accessibility of public e-services data, which are evaluated by the quality of social group development according to IT applications. The hypothesis was confirmed that the e-government activities can be realized by properly selecting and installing technologies, and using technology facilities. E-services influence the capabilities of state officials to apply modern technology and increase the availability of e-services for social groups. Results consist of individual or collective decisions to act on one’s own life, to implementation of effective information technologies in the e-government activities and using of e-services. An important indicator is the implementation of e-services in the activity of citizens. It is submitted as the index of e-participation in dealing with the activities of citizens and the possibilities of authorities directly related with providing services Full Text Available The purpose of this study is to develop an approach based on the social quality evaluation square model for evaluation of information technology usage in different social groups. Componential view to the accessibility of e-services including IT means providing the possibility to research the influences of different life conditions to usage of the public e-services. The task of this empirical study is directed towards revealing the differences of e-inclusion and e-services accessibility for social groups of citizens of Lithuania, and to compare this accessibility data with other EU countries. Design/methodology/approach—the approach is based on the square model of social quality evaluation of information technology usage in different social groups. The social division square model includes an assessment of quality according to the evaluation of socioeconomic security, social inclusion, social cohesion, and empowerment. Empowerment can be defined as consisting of individual or collective decisions to act on one’s own life. Findings—the results are demonstrated by the accessibility of public e-services data, which are evaluated by the quality of social group development according to IT applications. The hypothesis was confirmed that the e-government activities can be realized by properly selecting and installing technologies, and using technology facilities. E-services influence the capabilities of state officials to apply modern technology and increase the availability of e-services for social groups. Results consist of individual or collective decisions to act on one’s own life, to implementation of effective information technologies in the e-government activities and using of e-services. An important indicator is the implementation of e-services in the activity of citizens. It is submitted as the index of e-participation in dealing with the activities of citizens and the possibilities of authorities directly related with providing Marina Malanda, Nuria; López de Santa María, Elena; Gutiérrez, Asunción; Bayón, Juan Carlos; Garcia, Larraitz; Gáldiz, Juan B Forced spirometry is essential for diagnosing respiratory diseases and is widely used across levels of care. However, several studies have shown that spirometry quality in primary care is not ideal, with risks of misdiagnosis. Our objective was to assess the feasibility and performance of a telemedicine-based training and quality assurance program for forced spirometry in primary care. The two phases included (1) a 9-month pilot study involving 15 centers, in which spirometry tests were assessed by the Basque Office for Health Technology Assessment, and (2) the introduction of the program to all centers in the Public Basque Health Service. Technicians first received 4 h of training, and, subsequently, they sent all tests to the reference laboratory using the program. Quality assessment was performed in accordance with clinical guidelines (A and B, good; C-F, poor). In the first phase, 1,894 spirometry tests were assessed, showing an improvement in quality: acceptable quality tests increased from 57% at the beginning to 78% after 6 months and 83% after 9 months (passessed after the inclusion of 36 additional centers, maintaining the positive trend (61%, 87%, and 84% at the same time points; pquality of spirometry tests improved in all centers. (2) The program provides a tool for transferring data that allows monitoring of its quality and training of technicians who perform the tests. (3) This approach is useful for improving spirometry quality in the routine practice of a public health system. Maxim N. Krot Full Text Available The article deals with the perception of Russian society coming to the throne of Emperor Alexander II in 1855. The author analyzes the internal and external situation in Russia in this period, identifying the most significant factors that influenced the public's attitude to the new monarch, and the expectations that were associated with his coming to power. The article draws parallels between the initial period of the reign of the two liberal Russian monarchs of the XIX century – Alexander I and Alexander II, most clearly expressed not so much in the circumstances of their accession, but in the public mood that prevailed in the country. It presents a broad picture of the "awakening" of public consciousness and activity after the stagnation and oppression of the preceding reign, which was reflected primarily in an effort to think freely and to discuss pressing issues facing the country, as well as contribute to the supreme power in the modernization of social and political relations, awareness where necessary, at this time it becomes clearly. The author identifies semantic levels of social consciousness of the period, indicating the particular circumstances that have shaped them. Much attention is paid to the influence of Russian society of the Crimean War, which in many ways was the starting point of social upheaval transformed in 1855 from a national-patriotic in the socio-political. The author points out that at this time has unique conditions for overcoming the contradictions between state and society and their successful cooperation in the reform of the country. This suggests a significant, perhaps - the crucial role of the public in the selection of the vector conversion of Russia, which has become a feature of the reign of Alexander II. Rubin, Geoffrey D; Krishnaraj, Arun; Mahesh, Mahadevappa; Rajendran, Ramji R; Fishman, Elliot K RadiologyInfo.org is a public information portal designed to support patient care and broaden public awareness of the essential role radiology plays in overall patient health care. Over the past 14 years, RadiologyInfo.org has evolved considerably to provide access to more than 220 mixed-media descriptions of tests, treatments, and diseases through a spectrum of mobile and desktop platforms, social media, and downloadable documents in both English and Spanish. In 2014, the RSNA-ACR Public Information Website Committee, which stewards RadiologyInfo.org, developed 3- to 5-year strategic and implementation plans for the website. The process was informed by RadiologyInfo.org user surveys, formal stakeholder interviews, focus groups, and usability testing. Metrics were established as key performance indicators to assess progress toward the stated goals of (1) optimizing content to enhance patient-centeredness, (2) enhancing reach and engagement, and (3) maintaining sustainability. Major changes resulting from this process include a complete redesign of the website, the replacement of text-rich PowerPoint presentations with conversational videos, and the development of an affiliate network. Over the past year, visits to RadiologyInfo.org have increased by 60.27% to 1,424,523 in August 2016 from 235 countries and territories. Twenty-two organizations have affiliated with RadiologyInfo.org with new organizations being added on a monthly basis. RadiologyInfo provides a tangible demonstration of how radiologists can engage directly with the global public to educate them on the value of radiology in their health care and to allay concerns and dispel misconceptions. Regular self-assessment and responsive planning will ensure its continued growth and relevance. Copyright © 2016 American College of Radiology. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Stanco, Filippo; Tanasi, Davide; Allegra, Dario; Milotta, Filippo Luigi Maria; Lamagna, Gioconda; Monterosso, Giuseppina This paper deals with a virtual anastylosis of a Greek Archaic statue from ancient Sicily and the development of a public outreach protocol for those with visual impairment or cognitive disabilities through the application of three-dimensional (3-D) printing and haptic technology. The case study consists of the marble head from Leontinoi in southeastern Sicily, acquired in the 18th century and later kept in the collection of the Museum of Castello Ursino in Catania, and a marble torso, retrieved in 1904 and since then displayed in the Archaeological Museum of Siracusa. Due to similar stylistic features, the two pieces can be dated to the end of the sixth century BC. Their association has been an open problem, largely debated by scholars, who have based their hypotheses on comparisons between pictures, but the reassembly of the two artifacts was never attempted. As a result the importance of such an artifact, which could be the only intact Archaic statue of a kouros ever found in Greek Sicily, has not fully been grasped by the public. Consequently, the curatorial dissemination of the knowledge related with such artifacts is purely based on photographic material. As a response to this scenario, the two objects have been 3-D scanned and virtually reassembled. The result has been shared digitally with the public via a web platform and, in order to include increased accessibility for the public with physical or cognitive disabilities, copies of the reassembled statue have been 3-D printed and an interactive test with the 3-D model has been carried out with a haptic device. Szabo, Christopher Paul; Fine, Jennifer; Mayers, Pat; Naidoo, Shan; Zabow, Tuviah Mental health leadership is a critical component of patient access to care. More specifically, the ability of mental health professionals to articulate the needs of patients, formulate strategies and engage meaningfully at the appropriate level in pursuit of resources. This is not a skill set routinely taught to mental health professionals. A public-private mental health leadership initiative, emanating from a patient access to care programme, was developed with the aim of building leadership capacity within the South African public mental health sector. The express aim was to equip health care professionals with the requisite skills to more effectively advocate for their patients. The initiative involved participants from various sites within South Africa. Inclusion was based on the proposal of an ongoing "project", i.e. a clinician-initiated service development with a multidisciplinary focus. The projects were varied in nature but all involved identification of and a plan for addressing an aspect of the participants' daily professional work which negatively impacted on patient care due to unmet needs. Six such projects were included and involved 15 participants, comprising personnel from psychiatry, psychology, occupational therapy and nursing. Each project group was formally mentored as part of the initiative, with mentors being senior professionals with expertise in psychiatry, public health and nursing. The programme design thus provided a unique practical dimension in which skills and learnings were applied to the projects with numerous and diverse outcomes. Benefits were noted by participants but extended beyond the individuals to the health institutions in which they worked and the patients that they served. Participants acquired both the skills and the confidence which enabled them to sustain the changes that they themselves had initiated in their institutions. The initiative gave impetus to the inclusion of public mental health as part of the curriculum Smith, Christopher M; Lim Choi Keung, Sarah N; Khan, Mohammed O; Arvanitis, Theodoros N; Fothergill, Rachael; Hartley-Sharpe, Christopher; Wilson, Mark H; Perkins, Gavin D Public access defibrillation initiatives make automated external defibrillators available to the public. This facilitates earlier defibrillation of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest victims and could save many lives. It is currently only used for a minority of cases. The aim of this systematic review was to identify barriers and facilitators to public access defibrillation. A comprehensive literature review was undertaken defining formal search terms for a systematic review of the literature in March 2017. Studies were included if they considered reasons affecting the likelihood of public access defibrillation and presented original data. An electronic search strategy was devised searching MEDLINE and EMBASE, supplemented by bibliography and related-article searches. Given the low-quality and observational nature of the majority of articles, a narrative review was performed. Sixty-four articles were identified in the initial literature search. An additional four unique articles were identified from the electronic search strategies. The following themes were identified related to public access defibrillation: knowledge and awareness; willingness to use; acquisition and maintenance; availability and accessibility; training issues; registration and regulation; medicolegal issues; emergency medical services dispatch-assisted use of automated external defibrillators; automated external defibrillator-locator systems; demographic factors; other behavioural factors. In conclusion, several barriers and facilitators to public access defibrillation deployment were identified. However, the evidence is of very low quality and there is not enough information to inform changes in practice. This is an area in urgent need of further high-quality research if public access defibrillation is to be increased and more lives saved. PROSPERO registration number CRD42016035543. Published on behalf of the European Society of Cardiology. All rights reserved. © The Author 2017. For permissions Full Text Available This issue opens the fourth volume of the Intangible Capital journal, which makes its way towards the fifth year of publication. As usually, we start this volume by evaluating the previous one and tracing new directions. Among the main contributions during the year 2007, we consider important to highlight the following aspects: the renewal of the scientific indexation agreements, the platform change to OJS, the appointment of a new editor, new members included in the editorial board, the board of reviewers, the change towards a bilingual model, the new financing obtained and, the last but not the least, the work undertaken together with many scientific editors of open access Spanish journals for obtaining the positive evaluation of the CNEAI (National Commission for the Evaluation of the Research Activity and thus, being a proof of scientific excellence. Baena del Alcazar, M. About the right of access to information under the Community Directive in Spain, the freedom of action of the Member state is evoked. The differences between the Constitution and the law 30/1992, the regulation under law 38/1995, the implementation of Community Law and the case law are discussed. The specific question of inspection reports is finally, seen. Where information is to be refused, the refusal should not be based on commercial or industrial confidentiality, a case in connection with which the legislation mentions spills and waste. Decisions should not be based on ambiguities and that any refusal should be justified on general grounds, by the unreasonableness of the request, by the generic formulation of the request, or by the damage to the environment itself, which should not be confused with the public alarm created. (N.C.) Avery, Dylan C; Smith, Charlotte D In January 2015, Berkeley, California became the first city in the Unites States to impose a tax on sugar-sweetened beverages. The tax is intended to discourage purchase of sugary beverages and promote consumption of healthier alternatives such as tap water. The goal of the study was to assess the condition of public drinking water fountains and determine if there is a difference in access to clean, functioning fountains based on race or socio-economic status. A mobile-GIS App was created to locate and collect data on existing drinking water fountains in Berkeley, CA. Demographic variables related to race and socio-economic status (SES) were acquired from the US Census - American Community Survey database. Disparities in access to, or condition of drinking water fountains relative to demographics was explored using spatial analyses. Spatial statistical-analysis was performed to estimate demographic characteristics of communities near the water fountains and logistic regression was used to examine the relationship between household median income or race and condition of fountain. Although most fountains were classified as functioning, some were dirty, clogged, or both dirty and clogged. No spatial relationships between demographic characteristics and fountain conditions were observed. All geo-located data and a series of maps were provided to the City of Berkeley and the public. The geo-database created as an outcome of this study is useful for prioritizing maintenance of existing fountains and planning the locations of future fountains. The methodologies used for this study could be applied to a wide variety of asset inventory and assessment projects such as clinics or pharmaceutical dispensaries, both in developed and developing countries. Full Text Available This paper considers current trends in academic research and publication, in particular as seen from the control community. The introduction of Web 2.0 applications for scientists and engineers is currently changing the way research is being conducted. In the near future, participants in the research community will be able to share ideas, data and results like never before. They will also be able to manage the rapidly increasing amount of scientific information much more effectively than today through collaborative efforts enabled by the new Internet tools. However, an important premise for such a development is the availability of research material. Many research results are currently shielded behind expensive subscription schemes that impede the sharing of information. At the same time, an increasing amount of research is being published through open access channels with unrestricted availability. Interestingly, recent studies show that such policies contribute to an increased number of citations compared to the pay-based alternatives. In sum, the parallel development of new tools for research collaboration and an increased access to research material may fundamentally transform the way research is going to be conducted in the future. Lemos Teixeira, Dayane; Larraín, Rafael; Melo, Oscar; Hötzel, María José Recent publications have shown that citizens in developing nations are gaining interest in farm animal welfare. The aims of this study were to assess the opinion of Chilean citizens about surgical castration without anaesthesia and lack of access to pasture in beef cattle production, to investigate how involvement in livestock production influences opinions, and to evaluate if different types of information would affect their opinion towards these management practices. The study was carried out in the Metropolitan Region of Santiago, Chile, and consisted of two surveys with 400 participants in each study. The first one used an online, self-administered questionnaire and the second one used a face to face questionnaire. The second questionnaire had four information treatments assigned randomly to survey participants (no information; negative information; negative and positive information; positive information). Most participants were aware that the two management practices are common in beef production systems and were opposed to them. Involvement in animal production was associated with greater acceptance of both management practices and participants that had visited a beef production farm before the study were more likely to support castration without anaesthesia in Survey 1. Belonging to any socioeconomic group and providing negative or positive information had no impact on participants' opinion. The results show a disconnection between the views of participants recruited for this study and beef production systems that do not provide pain control for male cattle surgical castration or provide little or no access to pasture. Full Text Available Reproducibility and reusability of research results is an important concern in scientific communication and science policy. A foundational element of reproducibility and reusability is the open and persistently available presentation of research data. However, many common approaches for primary data publication in use today do not achieve sufficient long-term robustness, openness, accessibility or uniformity. Nor do they permit comprehensive exploitation by modern Web technologies. This has led to several authoritative studies recommending uniform direct citation of data archived in persistent repositories. Data are to be considered as first-class scholarly objects, and treated similarly in many ways to cited and archived scientific and scholarly literature. Here we briefly review the most current and widely agreed set of principle-based recommendations for scholarly data citation, the Joint Declaration of Data Citation Principles (JDDCP. We then present a framework for operationalizing the JDDCP; and a set of initial recommendations on identifier schemes, identifier resolution behavior, required metadata elements, and best practices for realizing programmatic machine actionability of cited data. The main target audience for the common implementation guidelines in this article consists of publishers, scholarly organizations, and persistent data repositories, including technical staff members in these organizations. But ordinary researchers can also benefit from these recommendations. The guidance provided here is intended to help achieve widespread, uniform human and machine accessibility of deposited data, in support of significantly improved verification, validation, reproducibility and re-use of scholarly/scientific data. Starr, Joan; Castro, Eleni; Crosas, Mercè; Dumontier, Michel; Downs, Robert R; Duerr, Ruth; Haak, Laurel L; Haendel, Melissa; Herman, Ivan; Hodson, Simon; Hourclé, Joe; Kratz, John Ernest; Lin, Jennifer; Nielsen, Lars Holm; Nurnberger, Amy; Proell, Stefan; Rauber, Andreas; Sacchi, Simone; Smith, Arthur; Taylor, Mike; Clark, Tim Reproducibility and reusability of research results is an important concern in scientific communication and science policy. A foundational element of reproducibility and reusability is the open and persistently available presentation of research data. However, many common approaches for primary data publication in use today do not achieve sufficient long-term robustness, openness, accessibility or uniformity. Nor do they permit comprehensive exploitation by modern Web technologies. This has led to several authoritative studies recommending uniform direct citation of data archived in persistent repositories. Data are to be considered as first-class scholarly objects, and treated similarly in many ways to cited and archived scientific and scholarly literature. Here we briefly review the most current and widely agreed set of principle-based recommendations for scholarly data citation, the Joint Declaration of Data Citation Principles (JDDCP). We then present a framework for operationalizing the JDDCP; and a set of initial recommendations on identifier schemes, identifier resolution behavior, required metadata elements, and best practices for realizing programmatic machine actionability of cited data. The main target audience for the common implementation guidelines in this article consists of publishers, scholarly organizations, and persistent data repositories, including technical staff members in these organizations. But ordinary researchers can also benefit from these recommendations. The guidance provided here is intended to help achieve widespread, uniform human and machine accessibility of deposited data, in support of significantly improved verification, validation, reproducibility and re-use of scholarly/scientific data. Youth who smoke daily have diverse methods for obtaining cigarettes, which range from commercial sources to essentially black market transactions. This study examines access to cigarettes, attitudes toward tobacco, and the demographic characteristics of youth who are daily cigarette smokers. Biennial data from the Florida Youth Tobacco Survey, a representative sample of Florida public middle- and high-school students, were used. Daily smoking was categorized into ordinal categories of increasing intensity. Analysis was done with a logistic partial proportional odds model, which allowed the effects of the independent predictors to vary according to smoking intensity. The multivariate analysis revealed that males and females have different methods of obtaining cigarettes. Moreover, certain modes of access to cigarettes were related to daily smoking intensity. Males who obtained cigarettes from their parents or stole them from a store were much more likely to have a higher intensity of daily smoking. Females who gave someone money to buy their cigarettes or bought them from a person were more likely to smoke more cigarettes per day. Males, but not females, also perceived that increasing the number of cigarettes smoked per day provides social benefits in the form of more friends. Understanding how daily youth smokers obtain cigarettes is necessary if effective antitobacco policies are to be developed for these individuals. Daily youth smokers are at increased risk of becoming addicted to nicotine, making them more likely to transition to daily adult smoking. Evans, Megan L; Breeze, Janis L; Paulus, Jessica K; Meadows, Audra The aim of this study was to assess the impact of a revolving loan fund (RLF) on timing of device insertion and long-acting reversible contraception (LARC) access among a high-risk urban population at 3 Boston community health centers. Three health centers were identified to implement a RLF. Each clinic received $5000 from the RLF to purchase LARC devices. Data collected through medical record review retrospectively 1 year prior to start of the RLF and prospectively for 1 year thereafter included patient demographics, type of LARC selected, patient's date of documented interest in a LARC device, and date of insertion. The effect of a RLF on delay to LARC insertion was tested using negative binomial regression, controlling for site and potential confounding variables between the pre- and post-RLF periods. Three urban community health centers. Reproductive-aged women who received family planning services at the 3 participating health centers. Increasing access to LARC and decreasing wait times to LARC insertion after implementation of the RLF. Data on 133 patients in the pre-RLF group and 205 in the post-RLF group were collected. There were no statistically significant differences in demographic or clinical characteristics between the 2 time periods. LARC uptake increased significantly from the pre- to post-RLF period, specifically among implant users. There was a statistically significant decrease in the mean number of days in delay from interest to insertion from the pre- to post-RLF period (pre-RLF: 31.3 ± 50.6 days; post-RLF: 13.6 ± 16.7 days, adjusted P < .001). The reasons for the delay did not differ significantly between the 2 time periods. The RLF decreased wait time for the devices and increased overall insertion rates. This may serve as a promising solution to improve LARC access in community health centers. This project could be expanded to include more health centers, creating a city wide RLF. This expansion could allow for further data analysis This is the 14th volume of the joint list of publications of the University of Karlsruhe (T.H.), the Nuclear Research Center Karlsruhe and some institutions which are closely linked to the University. It contains the publications of the year 1981 as well as some addenda from 1980. Included were books and journals, journal articles and contributions from compilations, research reports, dissertations and habilitation theses which were written or published by these institutions, their bodies and institutes as well as their teachers and scientific staff, and also patents. Not included were, as a rule, diploma theses, newspaper articles, reviews, internal reports and bulletins. The list of publications from University is mainly based on entries made by the institutes and chairs; its completeness can not be granted here. (orig./RW) [de The scientific and technological-scientific publications of the Kernforschungszentrum Karlsruhe appear as books, ar original articles in scientific or technological periodicals, as postdoctoral theses, theses, dissertations, patents and KfK reports and are given as lectures at scientific conferences. The report KfK 4625 contains the titles of all publications from 1989. In the case of patents, all rights established or published during 1989 are indicated: patents, information sheets (DE-OS). The list of publications is ordered according to institutes. Under projects, only published project reports and publications by staff working on the particular projects are listed. Also included are publications printed in the Kernforschungszentrum from research and development plans within the Production Technology Project (PFT) and the project called 'European Research Center for the Control of Air Pollution' (PEF), which were carried out by the Kernforschungszentrum as project sponsor in cooperation with firms and institutes. The list also includes publications of the branch of the Federal Research Institute for Nutrition based at the Kernforschungszentrum. (orig./HK) [de The scientific and technological-scientific publications of the Kernforschungszentrum Karlsruhe appear as books, as original articles in scientific or technological periodicals, as postdoctoral theses, theses, dissertations, patents and KfK reports and are given as lectures at scientific conferences. The report KfK 4425 contains the titles of all publications from 1987. In the case of patents, all rights established or published during 1987 are indicated: patents, information sheets (DE-OS). The list of publications is ordered according to institutes. Under projects, only published project reports and publications by staff working on the particular projects are listed. Also included are publications printed in the Kernforschungszentrum from research and development plans within the Production Technology Project (PFT) and the project called 'European Research Center for the Control of Air Pollution' (PEF), which were carried out by the Kernforschungszentrum as project sponsor in cooperation with firms and institutes. The list also includes publications of the Federal Research Institute for Nutrition based at the Kernforschungszentrum. (orig./HK) [de Francfort, James Edward [Idaho National Lab. (INL), Idaho Falls, ID (United States) As plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) are introduced to the market place and gain more consumer acceptance, it is important for a robust and self-sustaining non-residential infrastructure of electric vehicle supply equipment (EVSE) to be established to meet the needs of PEV drivers. While federal and state financial incentives for electric vehicles were in place and remain so today, future incentives are uncertain. In order for PEVs to achieve mainstream adoption, an adequate and sustainable commercial or publicly available charging infrastructure was pursued by The EV Project to encourage increased PEV purchases by alleviating range anxiety, and by removing adoption barriers for consumers without a dedicated overnight parking location to provide a home-base charger. This included determining a business model for publicly accessible charge infrastructure. To establish this business model, The EV Project team created a fee for charge model along with various ancillary offerings related to charging that would generate revenue. And after placing chargers in the field the Project rolled out this fee structure. Gonczi, Lorant; Kurti, Zsuzsanna; Golovics, Petra Anna; Lovasz, Barbara Dorottya; Menyhart, Orsolya; Seres, Anna; Sumegi, Liza Dalma; Gal, Alexander; Ilias, Akos; Janos, Papp; Gecse, Krisztina Barbara; Bessisow, Talat; Afif, Waqqas; Bitton, Alain; Vegh, Zsuzsanna; Lakatos, Peter Laszlo In the management of inflammatory bowel diseases, there is considerable variation in quality of care. The aim of this study was to evaluate structural, access/process components and outcome quality indicators in our tertiary referral IBD center. In the first phase, structural/process components were assessed, followed by the second phase of formal evaluation of access and management on a set of consecutive IBD patients with and without active disease (248CD/125UC patients, median age 35/39 years). Structural/process components of our IBD center met the international recommendations. At or around the time of diagnosis usual procedures were full colonoscopy in all patients, with ileocolonoscopy/gastroscopy/CT/MRI in 81.8/45.5/66.1/49.6% of CD patients. A total of 86.7% of CD patients had any follow-up imaging evaluation or endoscopy. The median waiting time for non-emergency endoscopy/CT/MRI was 16/14/22 days. During the observational period patients with flares (CD/UC:50.6/54.6%) were seen by specialist at the IBD clinic within a median of 1day with same day laboratory assessment, abdominal US, CT scan/surgical consult and change in therapy if needed. Surgery and hospitalization rates were 20.1/1.4% and 17.3/3.2% of CD/UC patients. Our results highlight that structural components and processes applied in our center are in line with international recommendations, including an open clinic concept and fast track access to specialist consultation, endoscopy and imaging. Copyright © 2017 Editrice Gastroenterologica Italiana S.r.l. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Carter, Marion W; Robbins, Cheryl L; Gavin, Loretta; Moskosky, Susan Referrals to other medical services are central to healthcare, including family planning service providers; however, little information exists on the nature of referral practices among health centers that offer family planning. We used a nationally representative survey of administrators from 1,615 publicly funded health centers that offered family planning in 2013-14 to describe the use of six referral practices. We focused on associations between various health center characteristics and frequent use of three active referral practices. In the prior 3 months, a majority of health centers (73%) frequently asked clients about referrals at clients' next visit. Under half (43%) reported frequently following up with referral sources to find out if their clients had been seen. A third (32%) of all health centers reported frequently using three active referral practices. In adjusted analysis, Planned Parenthood clinics (adjusted odds ratio 0.55) and hospital-based clinics (AOR 0.39) had lower odds of using the three active referral practices compared with health departments, and Title X funding status was not associated with the outcome. The outcome was positively associated with serving rural areas (AOR 1.39), having a larger client volume (AOR 3.16), being a part of an insurance network (AOR 1.42), and using electronic health records (AOR 1.62). Publicly funded family planning providers were heavily engaged in referrals. Specific referral practices varied widely and by type of care. More assessment of these and other aspects of referral systems and practices is needed to better characterize the quality of care. Nam, Jung Min; Jeon, G. P.; Min, Y. S.; Park, S. S.; Cho, J. S.; Mun, K. J.; Kim, J. Y. PEFP(Proton Engineering Frontier Project) was Launched in 2002 as one of the 21st Century Frontier R and D Programs of MOST(Ministry of Science and Technology). Gyeongju city was selected as the project host site in March, 2006, where 'Proton Accelerator Research Center' was going to be constructed. Since 2005, the Architectural and Civil design work has been performing. The Earthwork of the site was started in June, 2009. In this paper, we describe the status of the civil engineering works for the PEFP, focusing on the earthwork of the site and access road Crane, Michael A.; Cho, Hyunje G.; Landrigan, Phillip J. The attacks on the World Trade Center (WTC) on September 11, 2001 resulted in a serious burden of physical and mental illness for the 50,000 rescue workers that responded to 9/11 as well as the 400,000 residents and workers in the surrounding areas of New York City. The Zadroga Act of 2010 established the WTC Health Program (WTCHP) to provide monitoring and treatment of WTC exposure-related conditions and health surveillance for the responder and survivor populations. Several reports have highlighted the applicability of insights gained from the WTCHP to the public health response to the Great East Japan Earthquake. Optimal exposure monitoring processes and attention to the welfare of vulnerable exposed sub-groups are critical aspects of the response to both incidents. The ongoing mental health care concerns of 9/11 patients accentuate the need for accessible and appropriately skilled mental health care in Fukushima. Active efforts to demonstrate transparency and to promote community involvement in the public health response will be highly important in establishing successful long-term monitoring and treatment programs for the exposed populations in Fukushima. (author) Full Text Available A Review of: Cirasella, J., & Bowdoin, S. (2013. Just roll with it? Rolling volumes vs. discrete issues in open access library and information science journals. Journal of Librarianship and Scholarly Communication, 1(4. http://dx.doi.org/10.7710/2162-3309.1086 Abstract Objective – To understand the prevalence of, motivations for, and satisfaction with using a rolling-volume publishing model, as opposed to publishing discrete issues, across open access academic journals in library and information science. Design – A 12 question survey questionnaire. Setting – English-language, open access library and information science (LIS journals published in the United States of America. Subjects – A total of 21 open access LIS journals identified via the Directory of Open Access Journals that were actively publishing, and that also met the authors’ standard of scholarliness, which they established by identifying a journal’s peer-review process or other evidence of rigorous review. Based on responses, 12 journals published using discrete issues, while 9 published as rolling volumes or as rolling volumes with some discrete issues. Methods – In late 2011, the study’s authors invited lead editors or primary journal contacts to complete the survey. Survey participants were asked to identify whether their journal published in discrete issues, rolling volumes, or rolling volumes with occasional discrete issues, with the latter two categories combined as one for ease of results analysis. Survey logic split respondents into two groups, either discrete-issue or rolling-volume. Respondents in both categories were posed similar sets of questions, with the key difference being that the questions directed at each category accounted for the publication model the journals themselves identified as using. Editors from both groups were asked about the reasons for using the publication model they identified for their journal: within the survey tool, authors Lättman, Katrin; Friman, Margareta; Olsson, Lars E Perceived accessibility has been acknowledged as an important aspect of transport policy since the 70s. Nevertheless, very few empirical studies have been conducted in this field. When aiming to improve social inclusion, by making sustainable transport modes accessible to all, it is important to understand the factors driving perceived accessibility. Unlike conventional accessibility measures, perceived accessibility focuses on the perceived possibilities and ease of engaging in preferr... José Alfredo Hernández Landeros Full Text Available Reflect on the need to ensure access to information to everyone as the foundation of a information society. The case of Mexico and its public policy information from the Federal Institute of Access to Information. A proposal to adopt an information management system documentation for the Federal Ministry of Health of Mexico, based on international norms and standards in order to control, organize and retrieve information within your site. Kansas Data Access and Support Center — This dataset includes boundaries for most public water supply systems (PWS) in Kansas (525 municipalities, 289 rural water districts and 13 public wholesale water... Full Text Available Background: Uttar Pradesh (UP is the most populous state in India. The maternal mortality ratio, infant mortality rate, and fertility rates are all higher than the national average. Sixty percent of UP inhabitants live in rural communities. The reasons behind the poor state of health and services in many areas of UP are inadequate knowledge and availability in communities of healthy behaviors, and information on available government health services. Methods: World Vision, Inc. implemented a three-and-half year mobilizing plan for maternal and neonatal health through a birth spacing and advocacy project (MOMENT, partnering with local organizations in rural Hardoi and urban slums of Lucknow districts in UP. World Vision used print, audio, visual media, and house-to-house contacts to educate communities on timing and spacing of pregnancies; and the benefits of seeking and using maternal and child health services (MCH including immunization and family planning (FP.This paper focuses on World Vision’s social accountability strategy – Citizen Voice and Action (CVA and interface meetings – used in Hardoi that helped educate and empower Village Health Sanitation and Nutrition Committees (VHSNCs and village leaders to access government untied funds to improve community social and health services. Results: Forty VHSNCs were revived in 24 months. Nine local leaders accessed government untied funds. In addition, increased knowledge of the benefits of timing and spacing of pregnancies, maternal child health, family planning services, and access to community entitlements led the community to embrace and contribute their time to rebuild and re-open 17 non-functional Auxiliary Nurse Midwife (ANM sub-centers. Seventeen ANMs received refresher training to provide quality care. Sub-center data showed that 1,121 and 3,156 women opted for intra-uterine contraceptive device and oral pills, respectively, and 29,316 condoms were distributed. Conclusion: In Hardoi Public Access Points, Location of public beach access along the Oregon Coast. Boat ramp locations were added to the dataset to allow users to view the location of boat ramps along the Columbia River and the Willamete River north of the Oregon City Dam., Published in 2005, 1:100000 (1in=8333ft) scale, Oregon Geospatial Enterprise Office (GEO). NSGIC State \| GIS Inventory — Public Access Points dataset current as of 2005. Location of public beach access along the Oregon Coast. Boat ramp locations were added to the dataset to allow users... Alliance to Save Energy; ICF Incorporated; ERG Incorporated; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; Brown, Richard E; Brown, Richard; Masanet, Eric; Nordman, Bruce; Tschudi, Bill; Shehabi, Arman; Stanley, John; Koomey, Jonathan; Sartor, Dale; Chan, Peter; Loper, Joe; Capana, Steve; Hedman, Bruce; Duff, Rebecca; Haines, Evan; Sass, Danielle; Fanara, Andrew This report is the appendices to a companion report, prepared in response to the request from Congress stated in Public Law 109-431 (H.R. 5646),"An Act to Study and Promote the Use of Energy Efficient Computer Servers in the United States." This report assesses current trends in energy use and energy costs of data centers and servers in the U.S. (especially Federal government facilities) and outlines existing and emerging opportunities for improved energy efficiency. It also makes recommendations for pursuing these energy-efficiency opportunities broadly across the country through the use of information and incentive-based programs. Alliance to Save Energy; ICF Incorporated; ERG Incorporated; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; Brown, Richard E; Brown, Richard; Masanet, Eric; Nordman, Bruce; Tschudi, Bill; Shehabi, Arman; Stanley, John; Koomey, Jonathan; Sartor, Dale; Chan, Peter; Loper, Joe; Capana, Steve; Hedman, Bruce; Duff, Rebecca; Haines, Evan; Sass, Danielle; Fanara, Andrew This report was prepared in response to the request from Congress stated in Public Law 109-431 (H.R. 5646),"An Act to Study and Promote the Use of Energy Efficient Computer Servers in the United States." This report assesses current trends in energy use and energy costs of data centers and servers in the U.S. (especially Federal government facilities) and outlines existing and emerging opportunities for improved energy efficiency. It also makes recommendations for pursuing these energy-efficiency opportunities broadly across the country through the use of information and incentive-based programs. Full Text Available skip to page content Attention A T users. To access the menus on this page please perform the following steps. 1. Please switch auto forms ... Conditions Continuing Education Publications List of Center Publications Articles by Center Staff Clinician’s Trauma Update PTSD Research ... Daciuk, N I; Quiñonez, E G; Poupard, M; Vergara Sandoval, R M; Mattera, F J The number of transplants performed relies, partially, on recipients' variables on the waiting list. The goal of this study was to compare recipients from a high-volume liver center in Argentina with the rest of the country. This study was a retrospective analysis of liver transplant recipients nationally between January 2013 and April 2017. It involved extracting data from the open database CRESI-SINTRA (the Argentinian database of the National Procurement Organization, an equivalent to the United Network for Organ Sharing); expressing results by percentages, medians, and interquartile ranges (IQRs); and comparing the national population with the population transplanted at Hospital El Cruce (HEC). The Mann-Whitney U test was used for analysis. Nationally, 1434 liver transplants were performed. A total of 177 (12.34%) were emergency status; 811 (56.6%) were by the Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) (n = 759)/PELD (Pediatric End-Stage Liver Disease) (n = 52), with a median graft assignment position of 5 (IQR, 3-10) in 57.2 days (IQR, 11-217). Median MELD access was 29 points (IQR, 24-33). A total of 446 (31.1%) had MELD exceptions; 249 (55.8%) of these were due to Milan hepatocellular carcinoma. At the HEC, 167 liver transplantations were performed; 26 (15.6%) were emergency status and 97 (58.1%) by MELD (none PELD). Their median graft assignment position was 4 (IQR, 4-16) in 19.1 days (IQR, 4-90); median MELD access was 28 points (IQR, 24-31). Forty-five patients (26.9%) had MELD exceptions; 31 (68.9%) were due to hepatocellular carcinoma. Our center has a larger proportion of recipients transplanted by emergency status and MELD, similar MELD access, and less waiting list time, reflecting our wide policy of liver graft acceptance. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Kansas Data Access and Support Center — This shapefile represents the private lands leased by the Kansas Department of Wildlife, Parks and Tourism (KDWPT) for fall 2011 public hunting access through the... Kansas Data Access and Support Center — This shapefile represents the private lands leased by the Kansas Department of Wildlife and Parks for fall 2010 public hunting access through the Walk-In Hunting... Kansas Data Access and Support Center — This shapefile represents the private lands leased by the Kansas Department of Wildlife and Parks for fall 2009 public hunting access through the Walk-In Hunting... Kansas Data Access and Support Center — This shapefile represents the private lands leased by the Kansas Department of Wildlife and Parks for fall 2008 public hunting access through the Walk-In Hunting... Monteiro, Inês; Chillida, Manuela de Santana Pi; Moreno, Luciana Contrera Nursing personnel is essential in hospital, health centers and enterprises and is the large work force in health system. A cross-sectional study was conducted in a large city in two public hospitals and five health centre with the objective of to evaluate the work ability and health aspects of nursing staff. The sample was composed by 570 workers. The Work Ability Index - WAI and a questionnaire with socio-demographic, health and life style data was applied. The majority of workers was women (83%), married (50.4%), and was working in night shift work (65.6%); 61.4% was auxiliary nursing, 22.3% was registered nurses (RN). The average age was 38.9 years (SD 7.8) and the Body Mass Index mean was 25.8 (SD 5.3). Only 17.2% referred to practice at least 150 minutes of physical exercise five times per week or more. 26.8% had a second job. The work ability mean was 39.3 (SD 5.3) points. Age had a negative correlation with WAI (p=0.0052). Public hospital and health centre workers had poor work ability score when compared with workers from another branches. Public policies related to workplace health promotion need to be implemented in public hospital and health centre to improve the work ability. Ferrari, Andrea; Rondelli, Roberto; Pession, Andrea; Mascarin, Maurizio; Buzzoni, Carlotta; Mosso, Maria Luisa; Maule, Milena; Barisone, Elena; Bertolotti, Marina; Clerici, Carlo Alfredo; Jankovic, Momcilo; Fagioli, Franca; Biondi, Andrea This analysis compared the numbers of patients treated at Italian pediatric oncology group (Associazione Italiana Ematologia Oncologia Pediatrica [AIEOP]) centers with the numbers of cases predicted according to the population-based registry. It considered 32,431 patients registered in the AIEOP database (1989-2012). The ratio of observed (O) to expected (E) cases was 0.79 for children (0-14 years old) and 0.15 for adolescents (15-19 years old). The proportion of adolescents increased significantly over the years, however, from 0.05 in the earliest period to 0.10, 0.18, and then 0.28 in the latest period of observation, suggesting a greater efficacy of local/national programs dedicated to adolescents. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Full Text Available The present article aims to analyze the reception of media content within a gender perspective. The women’s full exercise of citizenship and access to public debate depends greatly on the way media presents them to the world. This study considers that balanced representation of men and women in the news is an important criterion to take into account in order to produce quality journalism. Considering the various television news programs, the evening news is definitely one of the most important and, yet, one of the less studied. Daily broadcast on a prime time schedule, it is considered to be an important source of information through which citizens acknowledge themain events of the news agenda and, also, their social roles and responsibilities. Therefore, several focus groups have been organized with the purpose of debating news contents and understanding how gender meanings are negotiated by audiences. The analysis of these debates displayed important gender perspectives among focus groups participants. Its outputs allowed a better understanding of how audiences interpret gender meanings in the media and emphasized the need to develop alternative proposals of journalistic practices capable of promoting a critical, balanced and diversified gender perspective within the audiences. Damkliang, Kasikrit; Tandayya, Pichaya; Sangket, Unitsa; Pasomsub, Ekawat At the present, coding sequence (CDS) has been discovered and larger CDS is being revealed frequently. Approaches and related tools have also been developed and upgraded concurrently, especially for phylogenetic tree analysis. This paper proposes an integrated automatic Taverna workflow for the phylogenetic tree inferring analysis using public access web services at European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI) and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), and our own deployed local web services. The workflow input is a set of CDS in the Fasta format. The workflow supports 1,000 to 20,000 numbers in bootstrapping replication. The workflow performs the tree inferring such as Parsimony (PARS), Distance Matrix - Neighbor Joining (DIST-NJ), and Maximum Likelihood (ML) algorithms of EMBOSS PHYLIPNEW package based on our proposed Multiple Sequence Alignment (MSA) similarity score. The local web services are implemented and deployed into two types using the Soaplab2 and Apache Axis2 deployment. There are SOAP and Java Web Service (JWS) providing WSDL endpoints to Taverna Workbench, a workflow manager. The workflow has been validated, the performance has been measured, and its results have been verified. Our workflow's execution time is less than ten minutes for inferring a tree with 10,000 replicates of the bootstrapping numbers. This paper proposes a new integrated automatic workflow which will be beneficial to the bioinformaticians with an intermediate level of knowledge and experiences. All local services have been deployed at our portal http://bioservices.sci.psu.ac.th. Full Text Available ... Website Site Map Content Inventory Accessibility Privacy and Security Updating of Web Site Web Site Policies Important ... Immunizations Flu Vaccination Prevention / Wellness Public Health Weight Management (MOVE!) Locations Hospitals & Clinics Vet Centers Veterans Canteen ... Anggita Bunga Anggraini Full Text Available AbstrakLatar belakang: Puskesmas yang memiliki vaksin campak rusak dipengaruhi oleh beberapa faktor risiko.Oleh karena itu perlu diidentifikasi beberapa faktor risiko dominan yang mempengaruhinya.Metode: Analisis menggunakan sebagian data Riset Fasilitas Kesehatan (Rifaskes tahun 2011. Rifaskestersebut dilakukan di seluruh Puskesmas di 33 provinsi di Indonesia. Selanjutnya, pada analisis ini hanyamenggunakan data Puskesmas di provinsi yang memiliki cakupan imunisasi campak di atas angka prevalensinasional (81,6%, dan Puskesmas yang memiliki angka prevalensi campak di atas angka prevalensi nasional(1,18%. Analisis data statistik dilakukan dengan menggunakan analisis regresi logistik untuk menentukanbeberapa faktor risiko dominan yang mempengaruhi Puskesmas yang memiliki vaksin campak rusak.Hasil: Sebanyak 7 (Riau, Jakarta, Nusa Tenggara Barat, Nusa Tenggara Timur, Sulawesi Tengah, SulawesiSelatan, Gorontalo sebanyak 1259 Puskesmas memenuhi kriteria inklusi. Puskesmas yang berlokasi diperdesaan dibandingkan dengan perkotaan berisiko 3,4 kali lipat yang merupakan Puskesmas yang memilikivaksin campak rusak [rasio odds suaian (ORa = 3,37; 95% interval kepercayaan (CI = 1,34-8,26]. Selanjutnya,Puskesmas dengan ketersediaan listrik PLN kurang dari 24 jam dibandingkan dengan tersedia selama 24jam mempunyai risiko 2,1 kali lipat merupakan Puskesmas yang memiliki vaksin campak rusak (ORa =2,10; 95% CI = 1,02-4,33.Kesimpulan: Puskesmas yang mempunyai kerusakan vaksin campak yang rusak lebih banyak terjadi di Puskesmasdi perdesaan dan yang tidak tersedia listrik PLN maupun ketersediaan listrik sehari-hari kurang dari 24 jammerupakan Puskesmas yang memiliki vaksin campak rusak. (Health Science Journal of Indonesia 2015;6:116-20Kata kunci: vaksin campak rusak, Puskesmas AbstractBackground: The Public Health Center (PHC had broken measles vaccine was influenced by a numberof risk factors. Therefore, it was necessary to identify some dominant risk factors that Maurizio Francesco Errigo Full Text Available In the contemporary city places more and more lose their character of physical stock and became space of flow; the city isn’t characterized by its immobile uniqueness, but is modified and reassembled at the rate of circulation in it comes to life. Today the city is presented as a set of discontinuous fragments, which return an image of plural spaces, places and non-places, past and present. Disappearing borders, perimeters, which marked the places, neighborhoods are uncommon spaces, undefined areas between built and unbuilt. The square is the gap in the building density; it has lost its significance as a place of socialization. The recent planning instruments (plans and programs that belong to the city of Rotterdam are geared to transform the city into a “child-friendly city" (city suitable for children, the city attracts young couples and middle-class families just for the fact that the city is distancing itself from the modernist planning based on the zoning and is encouraging the mix of urban functions; particular emphasis in this phase of planning and urban design is given by the statement of the urban Vision Rotterdam 2030. The case dealt with in the article is related to the area of Bergpolder, in the north of Rotterdam, an area affected by a strong identity disposed element, a railway viaduct, and is characterized by a strong strategic value for the location and proximity with the urban center and is affected by both social and economic problem due to the insufficiency of public spaces, the use of spaces and public facilities, to the social mixité, characterized by the mixture of different ethnic groups. ... SPACE Assignment and Utilization of Space Public Access Defibrillation Programs § 102-79.115 What... 41 Public Contracts and Property Management 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false What guidelines must an agency follow if it elects to establish a public access defibrillation program in a Federal facility? 102... Johnston, Jennifer Cyne; McNeil, Deborah; van der Lee, Germaeline; MacLeod, Cheryl; Uyanwune, Yvonne; Hill, Kaitlyn To pilot a group health service delivery model, CenteringParenting, for new parents, to assess its feasibility and impact on maternal and infant outcomes. Families attended six, 2-hr group sessions in their child's first year of life with three to seven other families. Health assessments, parent-led discussions, and vaccinations occurred within the group. Demographic, breastfeeding, vaccination, maternal psychosocial health, parenting, and satisfaction data were collected and compared to a representative cohort. Four groups ran in two clinics. Four to eight parent/infant dyads participated in each group, 24 total dyads. Most participating parents were mothers. Dyads in the group model received 12 hr of contact with Public Health over the year compared to 3 hr in the typical one-on-one model. Participants were younger, more likely to have lower levels of education, and lower household income than the comparison group. Parents reported improvements in parenting experiences following the program. At 4 months, all CenteringParenting babies were vaccinated compared to 95% of babies in the comparison group. The pilot was successfully completed. Additional research is required to examine the effectiveness of CenteringParenting. Data collected provide insight into potential primary outcomes of interest and informs larger, rigorously designed longitudinal studies. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Irvine, A Blair; Gelatt, Vicky A; Hammond, Michael; Seeley, John R Behavioral parent training (BPT) has been shown to be efficacious to improve parenting skills for problematic interactions with adolescents displaying oppositional and antisocial behaviors. Some research suggests that support group curricula might be transferred to the Internet, and some studies suggest that other curriculum designs might also be effective. In this research, a BPT program for parents of at-risk adolescents was tested on the Internet in a randomized trial (N = 307) from computer labs at six community technology centers in or near large metropolitan areas. The instructional design was based on asynchronous scenario-based e-learning, rather than a traditional parent training model where presentation of course material builds content sequentially over multiple class sessions. Pretest to 30-day follow-up analyses indicated significant treatment effects on parent-reported discipline style (Parenting Scale, Adolescent version), child behavior (Eyberg Child Behavior Inventory), and on social cognitive theory constructs of intentions and self-efficacy. The effect sizes were small to medium. These findings suggest the potential to provide effective parent training programs on the Internet. Eni, David D.; Ojong, William M. This study evaluated the public perception of Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) of environmental sustainability with focus on the MDG target which has to do with reducing the proportion of people without access to safe drinking water in Cross River State, Nigeria. The stratified and systematic sampling techniques were adopted for the study,… Kim Pawlawski; Robert A. Robertson; Laura Pfister This study was intended to provide New Hampshire agencies with a better understanding of public access-related demand information. Through an analysis of three groups of New Hampshire residents based upon geographic location and length of residency, important issues and attitudes were identified from all over the State. The results of this study will assist in policy-... Mitee, Leesi Ebenezer Abstract: This article examines the use of a new legal information generic Top-Level Domain (gTLD) as a viable tool for easy identification of official legal information websites (OLIWs) and enhancing global public access to their resources. This intervention is necessary because of the existence of Hert, Carol A.; Nilan, Michael S. Presents preliminary data that characterizes the relationship between what users say they are trying to accomplish when using an online public access catalog (OPAC) and their perceptions of what input to give the system. Human-machine interaction is discussed, and appropriate methods for evaluating information retrieval systems are considered. (18… Examines elementary school students' use of an online public access catalog to investigate the interaction between children, technology, curriculum, instruction, and learning. Highlights include patterns of successes and breakdowns; search strategies; instructional approaches and childrens' interests; structure of interaction; search terms; and… Discusses several concerns about nature of online public access catalogs (OPAC) that have particular import to reference librarians: user passivity and loss of control growing out of "human-machine interface" and the larger social context; and the tendency of computerized bibliographic systems to obfuscate human origins of library… Perna, Laura W.; Steele, Patricia; Woda, Susan; Hibbert, Taifa This study uses descriptive analyses of data from multiple sources to examine changes during the 1990s in the racial/ethnic stratification of college access and choice in Maryland and to explore state public policies that may have influenced changes in the demand for and supply of higher education for students of different racial/ethnic groups… Omwami, Edith Mukudi; Keller, Edmond J. Budgetary capacity that would allow for the public funding of the provision of universal access to primary education is lacking in many sub-Saharan economies. National revenues significantly lag behind the overall economic productivity measure of GDP. Analysis of data derived from UNESCO and UNDP for 2004 shows that governments in the region spend… Frederika Welle Donker had a flywheel effect on companies within the same sector. By 2015, nearly all energy network administrators had published similar open data. The monitoring model developed in this project was assessed to be suitable to monitor the open data effects on the organisation of the data provider. The assessment model developed and tested in Chapter 7 proved to be suitable to monitor the effects of open data on organisational level. However, to provide a more complete picture of the effects of open data and to assess if there are other barriers for re-users, a more holistic approach was required to assess the maturity of open data. Therefore, a holistic open data assessment framework addressing the supplier side, the governance side, and the user side of the open data was developed and applied to the Dutch open data infrastructure in Chapter 8. This Holistic Open Data Maturity Assessment Framework was used to evaluate the State of the Open Data Nation in the Netherlands and to provide valuable information on (potential bottlenecks. The framework showed that geographic data scored significantly better than other types of government data. The standardisation and implementation rules laid down by INSPIRE Directive framework appear to have been a catalyst for moving geographic data to a higher level of maturity. The maturity assessment framework provided Dutch policy makers with useful inputs for further development of the open data ecosystem and development of well-founded strategies that will ensure the full potential of open data will be reached. Since the publication of the State of the Open Data Nation in 2014, a number of the recommendations have already been implemented. This dissertation demonstrated that many aspects that should facilitate accessibility, such as standardised metadata, have already been addressed for geodata. This research also showed that for other types of data, there is still a long way to go. There is a growing demand for other types of data, such as Kadkhodaei M.* MSc, Full Text Available Aims Drug addiction is a mental, social, and economic problem that comes from abnormal and illicit consumption of substances such as alcohol, opium, hashish, and etc., making the addict psychologically and physiologically dependent to those substances. This study was designed and performed to evaluate the pattern of drug abuse change in the addicts visiting addiction treatment centers of Kashan City, Iran. Instrument & Methods This retrospective descriptive research was performed on 4066 persons referred to addiction treatment and harm reduction therapy centers, monitored by Kashan University of Medical Sciences, during 2004 to 2008. After coding, data were entered into the SPSS 16 software. Chi-square and one-way ANOVA was used to analyze the data. Findings The main reasons of the tendency to drugs were not having fun (72.5%, family problems (55% and not having knowledge (22.7%. The use of opium was the highest in all the years while the crack was used by 7.1% of drug addicts in 2004 and increased to 76% in 2007. 92.8% of drug abuses were through fumigation, 33.7% through injection, 48% orally and 8.6% through inhalants. Conclusion Youths are the most vulnerable age group to drug addiction. Easy access to illegal drugs, wrong friends, and curiosity are of the significant factors spreading drug addiction. Casas, Antonia; Garcia, Maria Jesus; Nikouline, Andrei manage the wide variety of marine information as common vocabularies, Catalogues (CSR & EDIOS), Data and Metadata. 3.Other tools for analysis and data management - Import_DB: Script to import data and metadata from the Medatlas ASCII files into the database. - SelDamar/Selavi: interface with the database for local and web access. Allows selective retrievals applying the criteria introduced by the user, as geographical bounds, data responsible, cruises, platform, time periods, etc. Includes also statistical reference values calculation, plotting of original and mean profiles together with vertical interpolation. - ExtractDAMAR: Script to extract data when they are archived in ASCII files that meet the criteria upon an user request through SelDamar interface and export them in ODV format, making also a unit conversion. Tambo, Ernest; Madjou, Ghislaine; Khayeka-Wandabwa, Christopher; Tekwu, Emmanuel N; Olalubi, Oluwasogo A; Midzi, Nicolas; Bengyella, Louis; Adedeji, Ahmed A; Ngogang, Jeanne Y Tackling emerging epidemics and infectious diseases burden in Africa requires increasing unrestricted open access and free use or reuse of regional and global policies reforms as well as timely communication capabilities and strategies. Promoting, scaling up data and information sharing between African researchers and international partners are of vital importance in accelerating open access at no cost. Free Open Access (FOA) health data and information acceptability, uptake tactics and sustainable mechanisms are urgently needed. These are critical in establishing real time and effective knowledge or evidence-based translation, proven and validated approaches, strategies and tools to strengthen and revamp health systems. As such, early and timely access to needed emerging public health information is meant to be instrumental and valuable for policy-makers, implementers, care providers, researchers, health-related institutions and stakeholders including populations when guiding health financing, and planning contextual programs. Deakin, Charles D; Anfield, Steve; Hodgetts, Gillian A Public access defibrillation doubles the chances of neurologically intact survival following out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). Although there are increasing numbers of defibrillators (automated external defibrillator (AEDs)) available in the community, they are used infrequently, despite often being available. We aimed to match OHCAs with known AED locations in order to understand AED availability, the effects of reduced AED availability at night and the operational radius at which they can be effectively retrieved. All emergency calls to South Central Ambulance Service from April 2014 to April 2016 were screened to identify cardiac arrests. Each was mapped to the nearest AED, according to the time of day. Mapping software was used to calculate the actual walking distance for a bystander between each OHCA and respective AED, when travelling at a brisk walking speed (4 mph). 4012 cardiac arrests were identified and mapped to one of 2076 AEDs. All AEDs were available during daytime hours, but only 713 at night (34.3%). 5.91% of cardiac arrests were within a retrieval (walking) radius of 100 m during the day, falling to 1.59% out-of-hours. Distances to rural AEDs were greater than in urban areas (P<0.0001). An AED could potentially have been retrieved prior to actual ambulance arrival in 25.3% cases. Existing AEDs are underused; 36.4% of OHCAs are located within 500 m of an AED. Although more AEDs will improve availability, greater use can be made of existing AEDs, particularly by ensuring they are all available on a 24/7 basis. © Article author(s) (or their employer(s) unless otherwise stated in the text of the article) 2018. All rights reserved. No commercial use is permitted unless otherwise expressly granted. Christie, Andrew E The aquaculture of crabs from the genus Scylla is of increasing economic importance for many Southeast Asian countries. Expansion of Scylla farming has led to increased efforts to understand the physiology and behavior of these crabs, and as such, there are growing molecular resources for them. Here, publicly accessible Scylla olivacea transcriptomic data were mined for putative peptide-encoding transcripts; the proteins deduced from the identified sequences were then used to predict the structures of mature peptide hormones. Forty-nine pre/preprohormone-encoding transcripts were identified, allowing for the prediction of 187 distinct mature peptides. The identified peptides included isoforms of adipokinetic hormone-corazonin-like peptide, allatostatin A, allatostatin B, allatostatin C, bursicon β, CCHamide, corazonin, crustacean cardioactive peptide, crustacean hyperglycemic hormone/molt-inhibiting hormone, diuretic hormone 31, eclosion hormone, FMRFamide-like peptide, HIGSLYRamide, insulin-like peptide, intocin, leucokinin, myosuppressin, neuroparsin, neuropeptide F, orcokinin, pigment dispersing hormone, pyrokinin, red pigment concentrating hormone, RYamide, short neuropeptide F, SIFamide and tachykinin-related peptide, all well-known neuropeptide families. Surprisingly, the tissue used to generate the transcriptome mined here is reported to be testis. Whether or not the testis samples had neural contamination is unknown. However, if the peptides are truly produced by this reproductive organ, it could have far reaching consequences for the study of crustacean endocrinology, particularly in the area of reproductive control. Regardless, this peptidome is the largest thus far predicted for any brachyuran (true crab) species, and will serve as a foundation for future studies of peptidergic control in members of the commercially important genus Scylla. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Hawas, Yaser E.; Hassan, Mohammad Nurul; Abulibdeh, Ammar This paper presents an approach for accessibility categorization in areas where there is no extensive data available to run the conventional analysis. The presented method has the advantages of the lower data requirements and the utility of the results. Three benchmarks were selected to evaluate transit accessibility. The first one (transit coverage) investigates the spread of the service, and it is used to assess the percentage of people in a district that can access the service within a com... MacCall, Steven L The objective of this study was to determine the number and topical range of available online medical books and to assess how health sciences libraries were providing access to these resources on their public Websites. The collection-based evaluative technique of list checking was used to assess the number and topical range of online medical books of the six largest publishers. Publisher inventory lists were downloaded over a two-day period (May 16-17, 2004). Titles were counted and compared with the 2003 Brandon/Hill list. A sample of health sciences libraries was subsequently derived by consulting the 2004 "Top Medical Schools-Research" in U.S. News & World Report. Bibliographic and bibliothecal access methods were evaluated based on an inspection of the publicly available Websites of the sample libraries. Of 318 currently published online medical books, 151 (47%) were Brandon/Hill titles covering 42 of 59 Brandon/Hill topics (71%). These 151 titles represented 22% (N = 672) of the Brandon/Hill list, which further broke down as 52 minimal core, 41 initial purchase, and 58 other recommended Brandon/Hill titles. These numbers represented 50%, 28%, and 12%, respectively, of all Brandon/Hill titles corresponding to those categories. In terms of bibliographic access, 20 of 21 of sampled libraries created catalog records for their online medical books, 1 of which also provided analytical access at the chapter level, and none provided access at the chapter section level. Of the 21 libraries, 19 had library Website search engines that provided title-level access and 4 provided access at the chapter level and none that at the chapter section level. For bibliothecal access, 19 of 21 libraries provided title-level access to medical books, 8 of which provided classified and alphabetic arrangements, 1 provided a classified arrangement only, and 10 provided an alphabetic arrangement only. No library provided a bibliothecal arrangement for medical book chapters or chapter Zhang, Sheng; Liang, Fei; Li, Wenfeng The decision to make protocols of phase III randomized controlled trials (RCTs) publicly accessible by leading journals was a landmark event in clinical trial reporting. Here, we compared primary outcomes defined in protocols with those in publications describing the trials and in trial registration. We identified phase III RCTs published between January 1, 2012, and June 30, 2015, in The New England Journal of Medicine, The Lancet, The Journal of the American Medical Association, and The BMJ with available protocols. Consistency in primary outcomes between protocols and registries (articles) was evaluated. We identified 299 phase III RCTs with available protocols in this analysis. Out of them, 25 trials (8.4%) had some discrepancy for primary outcomes between publications and protocols. Types of discrepancies included protocol-defined primary outcome reported as nonprimary outcome in publication (11 trials, 3.7%), protocol-defined primary outcome omitted in publication (10 trials, 3.3%), new primary outcome introduced in publication (8 trials, 2.7%), protocol-defined nonprimary outcome reported as primary outcome in publication (4 trials, 1.3%), and different timing of assessment of primary outcome (4 trials, 1.3%). Out of trials with discrepancies in primary outcome, 15 trials (60.0%) had discrepancies that favored statistically significant results. Registration could be seen as a valid surrogate of protocol in 237 of 299 trials (79.3%) with regard to primary outcome. Despite unrestricted public access to protocols, selective outcome reporting persists in a small fraction of phase III RCTs. Only studies from four leading journals were included, which may cause selection bias and limit the generalizability of this finding. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Firschein, Oscar; Summit, Roger K. DIALOG, an interactive, computer-based information retrieval language, consists of a series of computer programs designed to make use of direct access memory devices in order to provide the user with a rapid means of identifying records within a specific memory bank. Using the system, a library user can be provided access to sixteen distinct and… Shi, Leiyu; Lee, De-Chih; Liang, Hailun; Zhang, Luwen; Makinen, Marty; Blanchet, Nathan; Kidane, Ruth; Lindelow, Magnus; Wang, Hong; Wu, Shaolong Reform of the health care system in urban areas of China has prompted concerns about the utilization of Community Health Centers (CHC). This study examined which of the dominant primary care delivery models, i.e., the public CHC model, the 'gate-keeper' CHC model, or the hospital-owned CHC models, was most effective in enhancing access to and quality of care for patients with chronic illness. The case-comparison design was used to study nine health care organizations in Guangzhou, Dongguan, and Shenzhen cities within Guangdong province, China. 560 patients aged 50 or over with hypertension or diabetes who visited either CHCs or hospitals in these three cities were surveyed by using face-to-face interviews. Bivariate analyses were performed to compare quality and value of care indicators among subjects from the three cities. Multivariate analyses were used to assess the association between type of primary care delivery and quality as well as value of chronic care after controlling for patients' demographic and health status characteristics. Patients from all three cities chose their current health care providers primarily out of concern for quality of care (both provider expertise and adequate medical equipment), patient-centered care, and insurance plan requirement. Compared with patients from Guangzhou, those from Dongguan performed significantly better on most quality and value of care indicators. Most of these indicators remained significantly better even after controlling for patients' demographic and health status characteristics. The Shenzhen model (hospital-owned and -managed CHC) was generally effective in enhancing accessibility and continuity. However, coordination suffered due to seemingly duplicating primary care outpatients at the hospital setting. Significant associations between types of health care facilities and quality of care were also observed such that patients from CHCs were more likely to be satisfied with traveling time and follow-up care by Melati Purba Bestari Full Text Available Modern libraries are characterized by the diversity of information services to users, including to fulfill the information needs of researchers. Fulfill the information requirements for this research group is very important because the information provided affect the quality of research. Library of STIE Perbanas Surabaya efforts to fulfill the information needs of researchers is to provide research resources through the provision of access annual and financial report for go public company. To provide convenience to users who do research and need annual and financial report for go public, library of STIE Perbanas Surabaya provide easy access through online catalog. To fulfill the annual and financial report for go public company, library tracking data on Indonesian stock exchange and go public company. Library attempts to provide easy access to information is expected to support a process that requires researchers and annual and financial report data so as to improve the quality and quantity of scientific works in the field of economics science, especially for subject of banking, finance and business. Melati Purba Bestari Full Text Available Modern libraries are characterized by the diversity of information services to users, including to fulfill the information needs of researchers. Fulfilling the information requirements for this research group is very important because the information provided affect the quality of research. Library of STIE Perbanas Surabaya efforts to fulfill the information needs of researchers is to provide research resources through the provision of access annual and financial report for go public company. To provide convenience to users who do research and need annual and financial report for go public, library of STIE Perbanas Surabaya provide easy access through online catalog. To fulfill the annual and financial report for go public company, library tracked data on Indonesian stock exchange and go public company. Library attempts to provide easy access to information is expected to support a process that requires researchers and annual and financial report data so as to improve the quality and quantity of scientific works in the field of economics science, especially for subject of banking, finance and business. NASA/KSC Public Affairs Director Hugh W. Harris gives the welcome and introductions at the ribbon-cutting ceremony to officially open the new Apollo/Saturn V Center, part of the Kennedy Space Center Visitor Center. The 100,000- square-foot facility includes two theaters, various exhibits and an Apollo-era Saturn V rocket, which formerly was on display outside the Vehicle Assembly Building and is one of only three moon rockets remaining in existence. The new center is located off the Kennedy Parkway at the Banana Creek launch viewing site. Lescano, R.; Kiguen, J.; Gaitan, L.; Caspani, C. The objective is to apply a method that allows us to evaluate the diagnostic quality of a public-center of mammography and to validate it. The representative centers of a social class were grouped; this one is evaluated measuring the mechanics, electrics, dosimetrics and personal parameters of the process to get the mammography diagnostic. The original study and the respective report was submitted to the valuation of a panel of experts, who evaluated image, techniques and diagnostics. The equipment and techniques used are described in this case. The judgment of the ACR and the Argentine legislation are applied. The dosimetric results of the mammography practice serve to determine the local reference levels. The people who intervened in the diagnosis are evaluated, as well as the services that can influence it. Seeking the parametric sensibility in relationship with the succeeded and precocious diagnosis, the success of it is confirmed by the panel of experts. We conclude by indicating that the success percentage in the diagnosis is about 98,36%, that there is 100% of coincidence among the perception and the value of the study quality. The valuation of the image reaches 69,2% of the maximum score, and the placement technique, 73,9%. The parametric sensibilities of the principal variables are discussed. (author) Pewa, Preksha; Garla, Bharath K; Dagli, Rushabh; Bhateja, Geetika Arora; Solanki, Jitendra In rural India, dental diseases occur due to many factors, which includes inadequate or improper use of fluoride and a lack of knowledge regarding oral health and oral hygiene, which prevent proper screening and dental care of oral diseases. The objective of the study was to evaluate the dental attendance, awareness and utilization of dental services in public health center. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 251 study subjects who were visiting dental outpatient department (OPD) of public health centre (PHC), Guda Bishnoi, and Jodhpur using a pretested proforma from month of July 2014 to October 2014. A pretested questionnaire was used to collect the data regarding socioeconomic status and demographic factors affecting the utilization of dental services. Pearson's Chi-square test and step-wise logistic regression were applied for the analysis. Statistically significant results were found in relation to age, educational status, socioeconomic status and gender with dental attendance, dental awareness and felt needs. p-value dental services, thereby increasing the oral health status of the population. Cox, G. N.; Denson, R. L. The objective of the National Space Science and Technology Center's (NSSTC) Education and Public Outreach program (EPO) is to support K-20 education by coalescing academic, government, and business constituents awareness, implementing best business/education practices, and providing stewardship over funds and programs that promote a symbiotic relationship among these entities, specifically in the area of K-20 Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) education. NSSTC EPO Program's long-term objective is to showcase its effective community-based integrated stakeholder model in support of STEM education and to expand its influence across the Southeast region for scaling ultimately across the United States. The Education and Public Outreach program (EPO) is coordinated by a supporting arm of the NSSTC Administrative Council called the EPO Council (EPOC). The EPOC is funded through federal, state, and private grants, donations, and in-kind contributions. It is comprised of representatives of NSSTC Research Centers, both educators and scientists from the Alabama Space Science and Technology Alliance (SSTA) member institutions, the Alabama Space Grant Consortium and the NASA Marshall Space Flight Center's (MSFC) Education Office. Through its affiliation with MSFC and the SSTA - a consortium of Alabama's research universities that comprise the NSSTC, EPO fosters the education and development of the next generation of Alabama scientists and engineers by coordinating activities at the K-20 level in cooperation with the Alabama Department of Education, the Alabama Commission on Higher Education, and Alabama's businesses and industries. The EPO program's primary objective is to be Alabama's premiere organization in uniting academia, government, and private industry by way of providing its support to the State and Federal Departments of Education involved in systemic STEM education reform, workforce development, and innovative uses of technology. The NSSTC EPO Patterson, G. L.; Michelle, D.; Johnston, A. The Center for Earthquake Research and Information (CERI) at the University of Memphis opened the Public Earthquake Resource Center (PERC) in May 2004. The PERC is an interactive display area that was designed to increase awareness of seismology, Earth Science, earthquake hazards, and earthquake engineering among the general public and K-12 teachers and students. Funding for the PERC is provided by the US Geological Survey, The NSF-funded Mid America Earthquake Center, and the University of Memphis, with input from the Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology. Additional space at the facility houses local offices of the US Geological Survey. PERC exhibits are housed in a remodeled residential structure at CERI that was donated by the University of Memphis and the State of Tennessee. Exhibits were designed and built by CERI and US Geological Survey staff and faculty with the help of experienced museum display subcontractors. The 600 square foot display area interactively introduces the basic concepts of seismology, real-time seismic information, seismic network operations, paleoseismology, building response, and historical earthquakes. Display components include three 22" flat screen monitors, a touch sensitive monitor, 3 helicorder elements, oscilloscope, AS-1 seismometer, life-sized liquefaction trench, liquefaction shake table, and building response shake table. All displays include custom graphics, text, and handouts. The PERC website at www.ceri.memphis.edu/perc also provides useful information such as tour scheduling, ask a geologist, links to other institutions, and will soon include a virtual tour of the facility. Special consideration was given to address State science standards for teaching and learning in the design of the displays and handouts. We feel this consideration is pivotal to the success of any grass roots Earth Science education and outreach program and represents a valuable lesson that has been learned at CERI over the last several Ayse Nilay Evcil Full Text Available Every day, in urban areas, the mobility of people and goods forms inner urban transportation. When urban transportation is carried in the form of public transportation, it becomes a public service. The urban public transport is one of the important services for all citizens since it is a public service provision. This service is provided by local government and it has been offered as a service without any distinctions between young, old, children, men, women, disabled, employee or retired or briefly to the society. Additionally, traffic congestion and the expence of owing and maintaining vehicles increase public transport usage in cities. van Heerden, I. L. Recent floods along the Atlantic and Gulf seaboards and elsewhere in the world before Katrina had demonstrated the complexity of public health impacts including trauma; fires; chemical, sewerage, and corpse contamination of air and water; and diseases. We realized that Louisiana's vulnerability was exacerbated because forty percent of the state is coastal zone in which 70% of the population resides. Ninety percent of this zone is near or below sea level and protected by man-made hurricane-protection levees. New Orleans ranked among the highest in the nation with respect to potential societal, mortality, and economic impacts. Recognizing that emergency responders had in the past been unprepared for the extent of the public health impacts of these complex flooding disasters, we created a multi-disciplinary, multi-campus research center to address these issues for New Orleans. The Louisiana Board of Regents, through its millennium Health Excellence Fund, awarded a 5-year contract to the Center in 2001. The research team combined the resources of natural scientists, social scientists, engineers, and the mental health and medical communities. We met annually with a Board of Advisors, made up of federal, state, local government, and non-governmental agency officials, first responders and emergency managers. Their advice was invaluable in acquiring various datasets and directing aspects of the various research efforts. Our center developed detailed models for assessment and amelioration of public health impacts due to hurricanes and major floods. Initial research had showed that a Category 3 storm would cause levee overtopping, and that most levee systems were unprotected from the impacts of storm-induced wave erosion. Sections of levees with distinct sags suggested the beginnings of foundation and subsidence problems. We recognized that a slow moving Cat 3 could flood up to the eaves of houses and would have residence times of weeks. The resultant mix of sewage, corpses This plan is issued in response to the February 22, 2013 Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) Memorandum for the Heads of Executive Departments and Agencies entitled Increasing Access to the Results of Federally Funded Scientific Researc... In order to develop performance measures to communicate the effect of Virginias access management program, five : tasks were performed: (1) the appropriate literature was reviewed, (2) a catalog of potential performance measures was : developed, (... ... advisory sections in shaded boxes, and indents subsections under the main sections. Introduction The Access... Standards without the elevator exception or UFAS) or the DOJ 2010 Standards between September 15, 2010 and... Telma Maria Gonçalves Menicucci Full Text Available The article analyses a form of judicialization of public policies in the health field. It has as its object lawsuits initiated against Belo Horizonte Municipality arguing for the provision of services or the acquisition of inputs not obtained in the public system via institutional access routes. The argument is that the individualized quest for the guarantee of the right to healthcare via the judicial path is a form of reproduction of the tensions produced in democratic societies between the social and the individual conceptions of citizenship. By ensuring access to goods by means of individual suits, the Judiciary interferes in the making of public choices taken on by public-sector managers, thus regulating opportunities for consumption according to a concentrating logic. And so the assertion of a constitutional right superposes the political right of the majority, represented by the Executive, to make choices as to the goods that are the object of public policies, with a relatively significant financial and budgetary impact. Oremus, Mark; Tarride, Jean-Eric; Raina, Parminder; Thabane, Lehana; Foster, Gary; Goldsmith, Charlie H; Clayton, Natasha Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder highlighted by progressive declines in cognitive and functional abilities. Our objective was to assess the general public's maximum willingness to pay ((M)WTP) for an increase in annual personal income taxes to fund unrestricted access to AD medications. We randomly recruited 500 Canadians nationally and used computer-assisted telephone interviewing to administer a questionnaire. The questionnaire contained four 'efficacy' scenarios describing an AD medication as capable of symptomatically treating cognitive decline or modifying disease progression. The scenarios also described the medication as having no adverse effects or a 30% chance of adverse effects. We randomized participants to order of scenarios and willingness-to-pay bid values; (M)WTP for each scenario was the highest accepted bid for that scenario. We conducted linear regression and bootstrap sensitivity analyses to investigate potential determinants of (M)WTP. Mean (M)WTP was highest for the 'disease modification/no adverse effects' scenario ($Can130.26) and lowest for the 'symptomatic treatment/30% chance of adverse effects' scenario ($Can99.16). Bootstrap analyses indicated none of our potential determinants (e.g. age, sex) were associated with participants' (M)WTP. The general public is willing to pay higher income taxes to fund unrestricted access to AD (especially disease-modifying) medications. Consequently, the public should favour placing new AD medications on public drug plans. As far as we are aware, no other study has elicited the general public's willingness to pay for AD medications. MANUEL PALOMARES HERRERA Analysis of the doctrinal position regarding the nature of the right of access to public information and the development of new arguments that reinforce and consolidate its fundamental nature. This right is recognized as a human right in many international declarations; in Spain the legislation of transparency and enforcement is deployed as an instrumental right although it is recognized by many states as an autonomous fundamental right without need to be linked to other fundamental rights. Ketter, T.; Kanari, M.; Tibor, G. Recent offshore discoveries and regulation in the Israel Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) are the driving forces behind increasing marine research and development initiatives such as infrastructure development, environmental protection and decision making among many others. All marine operations rely on existing seabed information, while some also generate new data. We aim to create a single platform knowledge-base to enable access to existing information, in a comprehensive, publicly accessible web-based interface. The Israel EEZ covers approx. 26,000 sqkm and has been surveyed continuously with various geophysical instruments over the past decades, including 10,000 km of multibeam survey lines, 8,000 km of sub-bottom seismic lines, and hundreds of sediment sampling stations. Our database consists of vector and raster datasets from multiple sources compiled into a repository of geophysical data and metadata, acquired nation-wide by several research institutes and universities. The repository will enable public access via a web portal based on a GIS platform, including datasets from multibeam, sub-bottom profiling, single- and multi-channel seismic surveys and sediment sampling analysis. Respective data products will also be available e.g. bathymetry, substrate type, granulometry, geological structure etc. Operating a web-GIS based repository allows retrieval of pre-existing data for potential users to facilitate planning of future activities e.g. conducting marine surveys, construction of marine infrastructure and other private or public projects. User interface is based on map oriented spatial selection, which will reveal any relevant data for designated areas of interest. Querying the database will allow the user to obtain information about the data owner and to address them for data retrieval as required. Wide and free public access to existing data and metadata can save time and funds for academia, government and commercial sectors, while aiding in cooperation Kitrou, Panagiotis M., E-mail: [email protected]; Spiliopoulos, Stavros; Papadimatos, Panagiotis; Christeas, Nicolaos; Petsas, Theodoros; Katsanos, Konstantinos; Karnabatidis, Dimitris [Patras University Hospital, Interventional Radiology Department (Greece) PurposeTo investigate the safety and effectiveness of lutonix paclitaxel-coated balloon (PCB) for the treatment of dysfunctional dialysis access.Materials and MethodsThis was a single-center, single-arm, retrospective analysis of 39 patients (23 male, 59 %) undergoing 61 interventions using 69 PCBs in a 20-month period. There was a balance between arteriovenous fistulae (AVF) and grafts (AVG) (20 AVFs, 19AVGs), and the majority of lesions were restenotic (25/39, 64.1 %). Mean balloon diameter used was 6.6 mm and length 73.4 mm. Primary outcome measure was target lesion primary patency (TLPP) at 6 months, while secondary outcome measures included factors affecting TLPP and major complications. As there were lesions treated more than once with PCB, authors also compared patency results after first and second PCB angioplasty.ResultsTLPP was 72.2 % at 6 months with a median patency of 260 days according to the Kaplan–Meier survival analysis. No major complications occurred. TLPP between AVFs and AVGs (311 vs. 237 days, respectively; p = 0.29) and de novo and restenotic lesions was similar (270.5 vs. 267.5 days, respectively; p = 0.50). In 14 cases, in which lesions were treated with two PCB angioplasties, a statistically significant difference in TLPP after the second treatment was noted (first intervention 179.5 days vs. second intervention 273.5 days; p = 0.032).ConclusionIn this retrospective analysis, Lutonix PCB proved to be safe and effective in treating restenosis in dysfunctional dialysis access with results comparable to the literature available. Larger studies are needed to prove abovementioned results. This system collects contact information. Learn how this data is collected in the system, how it will be used, access to the data, the purpose of data collection, and record retention policies for this data. Full Text Available selected for the analysis are mainly those that offered public primary health care services and acted as first point of contact with the health service delivery system. Attached to the facility data are attribute data indicating the capacity...-Based Accessibility Analysis in Determining Public Primary Health Care Demand in Metropolitan Areas Hunadi Mokgalaka July 2014 Contents • Service access planning • GIS-based accessibility analysis • Key challenges to application • Methodology... Deriba, Beyazin Kebede; Sinke, Shimele Ololo; Ereso, Berhane Megersa; Badacho, Abebe Sorsa Human resources are vital for delivering health services, and health systems cannot function effectively without sufficient numbers of skilled, motivated, and well-supported health workers. Job satisfaction of health workers is important for motivation and efficiency, as higher job satisfaction improves both employee performance and patient satisfaction. Even though several studies have addressed job satisfaction among healthcare professionals in different part of the world, there are relatively few studies on healthcare professionals' job satisfaction in Ethiopia. A facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted among health professionals working in health centers in April 2015 using self-administered structured questionnaires. All 322 health professionals working in 23 randomly selected public health centers were included. Factor scores were computed for the identified items by varimax rotation to represent satisfaction. Multivariate linear regression analysis was performed, and the effect of independent variables on the regression factor score quantified. Three hundred eight respondents participated with a response rate of 95.56%. The overall level of job satisfaction was 41.46%. Compensation (benefits) (beta 0.448 [95% CI 0.341 to 0.554]), recognition by management (beta 0.132 [95% CI 0.035 to 0.228]), and opportunity for development (beta 0.123 [95% CI 0.020 to 0.226]) were associated with job satisfaction. A unit increase in salary and incentives and recognition by management scores resulted in 0.459 (95% CI 0.356 to 0.561) and 0.156 (95% CI 0.065 to 0.247) unit increases in job satisfaction scores, respectively. The overall level of job satisfaction in health professionals was low. Salary and incentives, recognition by management, developmental opportunities, and patient appreciation were strong predictors of job satisfaction. Full Text Available Background: Health information is one of the most accessed topics online. Worldwide, about 4.5% of all Internet searches are for health-related informationand more than 70, 000 websites disseminate health information. However, critics question the quality and credibility of online health information as contents are mostly a result of limited research or are commercialised. There is a need to train people to locate relevant websites where they can efficiently retrieve evidence based information and evaluate the same. The study was conducted with the objectives of determining the prevalence of use of internet for accessing healthcare information amongst literate adult population in an urban area and to assess the association between the demography and the reasons of internet use. Methodology: We used an anonymous, cross sectional survey completed by a sample of out patients of 408 individuals who came to a tertiary care centre at Pune during the year 2015. The survey consisted of 17 questions related to behavioural, attitudinal and demographic items. Results: Out of the total of 408 individuals, 256 (63.2% individuals used internet for health information though 332 (82.4% of them were aware of authorised websites for health information and 69 (16.9% thought information available in the internet can be harmful. Also, 63 out of 256 (24.6% agreed to the fact that they ask questions to their doctors based on the information that they acquired from internet while surfing about that particular disease/ ailment. More individuals (p<0.05 who were working and who were educated, graduates and above, were using internet for health information. Conclusion: Our results suggest the great potential for using the internet to disseminate the information and awareness to the public about health and healthcare facilities. However, it is important to disseminate credible information from reliable and authorised websites assigned for health since online healthcare Fuller, Daniel; Gauvin, Lise; Kestens, Yan Few studies have examined potential disparities in access to transportation infrastructures, an important determinant of population health. To examine individual- and area-level disparities in access to the road network, public transportation system, and a public bicycle share program in Montreal, Canada. Examining associations between sociodemographic variables and access to the road network, public transportation system, and a public bicycle share program, 6,495 adult respondents (mean age, 48.7 years; 59.0 % female) nested in 33 areas were included in a multilevel analysis. Individuals with lower incomes lived significantly closer to public transportation and the bicycle share program. At the area level, the interaction between low-education and low-income neighborhoods showed that these areas were significantly closer to public transportation and the bicycle share program controlling for individual and urbanicity variables. More deprived areas of the Island of Montreal have better access to transportation infrastructure than less-deprived areas. Brands, Ties; de Romph, E.; Veitch, T.; Cook, J. The current traffic system faces well known problems like congestion, environmental impact and use of public space. Public transport (PT) is an important mode to alleviate these problems. To be able to assess the effects of policy measures properly, it is important to model the behaviour of the Brands, T.; De Romph, E.; Veitch, T.; Cook, J. Public transport (PT) is important, because the current traffic system faces well known problems like congestion, environmental impact and use of public space. To be able to assess the effects of policy measures properly, it is necessary to model the behavior of the (PT) traveler in a realistic way. Thakuriah Vonu, Piyushimita; Persky, Joseph; Soot, Siim; Sriraj, P S This paper focuses on an evaluation of public transportation-based employment transportation (ET) services to transport low-wage workers to jobs in the US. We make an attempt to capture a more comprehensive range of intended and unintended outcomes of ET services than those traditionally considered in the case of public transportation services. Using primary data from 23 locations across the country, we present a framework to evaluate how transportation improvements, in interaction with labor markets, can affect users' short-run economic welfare, users' long-run human capital accumulation and non-users' short-run economic welfare. These services were partially funded by a specialized program - the Job Access and Reverse Commute (JARC) program - which was consolidated into larger transit funding programs by recent legislation. In the sites examined, we found that low wage users benefited from self-reported increased access to jobs, improvements in earnings potential, as well as from savings in transport cost and time. Simulations show the potential of users to accrue long-term worklife benefits. At the same time, users may have accrued changes in leisure time as a result of transitioning from unemployment to employment, and generated a range of societal impacts on three classes of non-users: the general tax-paying public, the general commuting public in the service operating area and other low-wage workers in local labor markets. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Ridgely Fisk Green Full Text Available The national effort to use genomic knowledge to save lives is gaining momentum, as illustrated by the inclusion of genomics in key public health initiatives, including Healthy People 2020, and the recent launch of the precision medicine initiative. The Office of Public Health Genomics (OPHG at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC partners with state public health departments and others to advance the translation of genome-based discoveries into disease prevention and population health. To do this, OPHG has adopted an “identify, inform, and integrate” model: identify evidence-based genomic applications ready for implementation, inform stakeholders about these applications, and integrate these applications into public health at the local, state, and national level. This paper addresses current and future work at OPHG for integrating genomics into public health programs. Green, Ridgely Fisk; Dotson, W David; Bowen, Scott; Kolor, Katherine; Khoury, Muin J The national effort to use genomic knowledge to save lives is gaining momentum, as illustrated by the inclusion of genomics in key public health initiatives, including Healthy People 2020, and the recent launch of the precision medicine initiative. The Office of Public Health Genomics (OPHG) at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) partners with state public health departments and others to advance the translation of genome-based discoveries into disease prevention and population health. To do this, OPHG has adopted an "identify, inform, and integrate" model: identify evidence-based genomic applications ready for implementation, inform stakeholders about these applications, and integrate these applications into public health at the local, state, and national level. This paper addresses current and future work at OPHG for integrating genomics into public health programs. Gerard, Perry; Kapadia, Neil; Acharya, Jay; Chang, Patricia T; Lefkovitz, Zvi The purpose of this article is to review the steps that can be taken to ensure secure transfer of information over public and home networks, given the increasing utilization of mobile devices in radiology. With the rapid technologic developments in radiology, knowledge of various technical aspects is crucial for any practicing radiologist. Utilization of mobile devices, such as laptops, tablets, and even cellular phones, for reading radiologic studies has become increasingly prevalent. With such usage comes a need to ensure that both the user's and the patient's private information is protected. There are several steps that can be taken to protect sensitive information while using public networks. These steps include being diligent in reviewing the networks to which one connects, ensuring encrypted connections to web-sites, using strong passwords, and using a virtual private network and a firewall. As the role of information technology in modern radiology practice becomes more critical, these safety mechanisms must be addressed when viewing studies on any mobile device. Kruse, Florien M; Stadhouders, Niek W; Adang, Eddy M; Groenewoud, Stef; Jeurissen, Patrick P T European countries have enhanced the scope of private provision within their health care systems. Privatizing services have been suggested as a means to improve access, quality, and efficiency in health care. This raises questions about the relative performance of private hospitals compared with public hospitals. Most systematic reviews that scrutinize the performance of the private hospitals originate from the United States. A systematic overview for Europe is nonexisting. We fill this gap with a systematic realist review comparing the performance of public hospitals to private hospitals on efficiency, accessibility, and quality of care in the European Union. This review synthesizes evidence from Italy, Germany, the United Kingdom, France, Greece, Austria, Spain, and Portugal. Most evidence suggests that public hospitals are at least as efficient as or are more efficient than private hospitals. Accessibility to broader populations is often a matter of concern in private provision: Patients with higher social-economic backgrounds hold better access to private hospital provision, especially in private parallel systems such as the United Kingdom and Greece. The existing evidence on quality of care is often too diverse to make a conclusive statement. In conclusion, the growth in private hospital provision seems not related to improvements in performance in Europe. Our evidence further suggests that the private (for-profit) hospital sector seems to react more strongly to (financial) incentives than other provider types. In such cases, policymakers either should very carefully develop adequate incentive structures or be hesitant to accommodate the growth of the private hospital sector. Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Real, Sara Irene del; Jaeger, Armando Sánchez; Barón, María Adela; Díaz, Nayka; Solano, Liseti; Velásquez, Emma; López, Jesús With the purpose of evaluating nutritional status in a group of preschoolers attending a public day care center in Valencia, Venezuela (2002), a research was made for social stratus, anthropometric variables; weight, height and arm circumference, hemoglobin, seric retinol, presence of parasitosis and food consumption, as well as the mother's educational level. The program SPSS 11.0 and the t Student, ANOVA Post Hoc from Bonferroni and Fisher (p education, while only 9.8% of the mothers in poverty had reached that level. According to the Z values (H/A, W/H and AC/H), high percentages under -1.00 were observed (27.3%, 25.6% and 24.5%, respectively). The W/H and AC/H of children of mothers studying in a university presented discrepancies when compared with children of mothers with a primary educational level. A 25.9% of anemia was presented, and there were differences between anemic and non-anemic groups for H/A and AC/H. Protozoaries were observed in 61.0%, helmintos in 16.9% and both in 22.1%. There was a 2.6 times higher risk of presenting nutritional deficiency for AC/H in the group found with parasites. An adequate consumption of energy and iron was found, with an excessive consumption of proteins and vitamin A. It is concluded that there exists a nutritional risk evaluated through hematologic parameters, the presence of parasitosis and social stratus. Narita, Saki; Saito, Eiko; Sawada, Norie; Shimazu, Taichi; Yamaji, Taiki; Iwasaki, Motoki; Sasazuki, Shizuka; Noda, Mitsuhiko; Inoue, Manami; Tsugane, Shoichiro Many epidemiological studies have indicated a positive association between coffee intake and lung cancer risk, but such findings were suggested to be confounded by smoking. Furthermore, only a few of these studies have been conducted in Asia. Here, we investigated the association between coffee intake and lung cancer risk in one of the largest prospective cohort studies in Japan. We investigated the association of coffee drinking and subsequent incidence of lung cancer among 41,727 men and 45,352 women in the Japan Public Health Center-based Prospective Study using Cox proportional hazards regression, with adjustment for potential confounders and by strata of smoking status. Coffee and other dietary intakes were assessed once at baseline with a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). During 1,481,887 person-years of follow-up between 1990 and 2011, a total of 1,668 lung cancer cases were identified. In a multivariate regression model, coffee consumption was not associated with risk of lung cancer (HR 1.16; 95% CI, 0.82-1.63; P trend = 0.285 for men and HR 1.49; 95% CI, 0.79-2.83; P trend = 0.942 for women). However, there was a significant increase in the risk for small cell carcinoma (HR 3.52; 95% CI, 1.49-8.28; P trend coffee is not associated with an increased risk of lung cancer incidence, despite observing a significant increase in the risk for small cell carcinoma. Schuster, Michal; Elroy, Irit; Elmakais, Ido Hospital signage is a critical element in the patients' and visitors understanding of directions, instructions and warnings in the facility. In multilingual environments organizations need to make sure that the information is accessible in the languages of the people who consume their services. As part of a large-scale study that examined the… Paul M. Jakus; John E. Keith; Lu Liu; Dale Blahna Off-highway vehicle (OHV) use is a rapidly growing outdoor activity that results in a host of environmental and management problems. Federal agencies have been directed to develop travel management plans to improve recreation experiences, reduce social conflicts, and diminish environmental impacts of OHVs. We examine the effect of land access restrictions on the... Daniel R. Williams This paper discusses the importance of cultural and institutional differences in rights of access to nature for sustainable tourism management. Drawing on the insights from the papers contained in this issue of the Journal of Sustainable Tourism, this introduction highlights two overarching themes. The first is the ambiguous/problematic role of science... Batman, Renee F. Access to higher education has been and remains a critical issue, yet research typically focuses on students and programs which may overlook the role of the faculty. Through an in-depth case study, the perspectives of tenured and tenure-track faculty at a predominately White, Midwestern land-grant, research institution are described as they relate… Roach, Audra K.; Gainer, Jesse In this column the authors discuss barriers to worldwide open access to peer-reviewed journal articles online and how they might be addressed by literacy scholars. They highlight economic and ethical problems associated with the current subscription-based system for distributing articles (which sometimes works against the ideals of research and… Arias, M. C.; Bernaldez, A.L.; Ghiggeri, M.; Tula, C. The right of access to information by citizens about activities related to scientific and technological development of nuclear energy for peaceful uses, has evolved over time. Governments began to perceive the necessity and the benefits of informing the community, who manifested certain prejudices about nuclear activity as a consequence of the propelling of nuclear bombs in Nagasaki and Hiroshima. With the advent of environmental law and the influence of its principles, the idea of transparency of information in the nuclear field was imposed, and also the importance of both the inhabitants of countries with nuclear developments and neighbouring countries who may be affected by the bordering effects of ionizing radiation, could have access to information and to participate actively. The access to information and citizen participation has been institutionalized and reflected in international regulations through international conventions subscribed by our country and nationally through the National Constitution, the Provincials Constitutions, the City of Buenos Aires Constitution, Laws No. 25.675, 25.831 and PEN Decree No. 1172/03, among others. The present work aims to make an overview of the legal framework related to access to information on nuclear activity. (authors) [es Willie-Stephens, Jenny; Kruger, Estie; Tennant, Marc To investigate the distribution of public and private dental practices in NSW in relation to population distribution and socioeconomic status. Dental practices (public and private) were mapped and overlayed with Census data on Collection District population and Socio-Economic Indexes for Areas (SEIFA). Overall, there was an uneven geographic distribution of public and private dental practices across NSW. When the geographic distribution was compared to population socioeconomics it was found that in rural NSW, 12% of the most disadvantaged residents lived further than 50km from a public dental practice, compared to 0% of the least disadvantaged. In Sydney, 9% of the three most disadvantaged groups lived greater than 7.5km from a public dental practice, compared to 21% of the three least disadvantaged groups. The findings of this study can contribute to informing decisions to determine future areas for focus of dental resource development (infrastructure and workforce) and identifying subgroups in the population (who are geographically isolated from accessing care) where public health initiatives focused on amelioration of disease consequences should be a focus. Full Text Available Abstract Background The existence of publicly-accessible datasets comprised a significant opportunity for health services research to evolve into a science that supports health policy making and evaluation, proper inter- and intra-organizational decisions and optimal clinical interventions. This paper investigated the role of publicly-accessible datasets in the enhancement of health care systems in the developed world and highlighted the importance of their wide existence and use in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA region. Discussion A search was conducted to explore the availability of publicly-accessible datasets in the MENA region. Although datasets were found in most countries in the region, those were limited in terms of their relevance, quality and public-accessibility. With rare exceptions, publicly-accessible datasets - as present in the developed world - were absent. Based on this, we proposed a gradual approach and a set of recommendations to promote the development and use of publicly-accessible datasets in the region. These recommendations target potential actions by governments, researchers, policy makers and international organizations. Summary We argue that the limited number of publicly-accessible datasets in the MENA region represents a lost opportunity for the evidence-based advancement of health systems in the region. The availability and use of publicly-accessible datasets would encourage policy makers in this region to base their decisions on solid representative data and not on estimates or small-scale studies; researchers would be able to exercise their expertise in a meaningful manner to both, policy makers and the public. The population of the MENA countries would exercise the right to benefit from locally- or regionally-based studies, versus imported and in 'best cases' customized ones. Furthermore, on a macro scale, the availability of regionally comparable publicly-accessible datasets would allow for the Nikov, V.S.; Nikova, S.I.; Preneel, B.; Vandewalle, J.; Menezes, A.; Sarkar, P. A Key Distribution Center of a network is a server enabling private communications within groups of users. A Distributed Key Distribution Center is a set of servers that jointly realizes a Key Distribution Center. In this paper we build a robust Distributed Key Distribution Center Scheme secure Full Text Available After a short description of the organization, tasks, and activities of the Institute for Psychology Information (ZPID – Leibniz-Institute/Germany possibilities of enhancing European cooperation on psychology publication issues are stressed upon. Arguments for its necessity refer to some turning points of history in the languages of science and to some problems of Anglo-American dominance in psychology publications, which are illustrated by bibliometric results on authors’ affiliations and publication languages represented in the PsycINFO database. The vision of a European Psychology Publication Platform (EPPP is developed including some considerations about its objectives and scope, principles, submission procedure and guidelines as well as review process and evaluation. ... distribution to the general public. The NEH will regard ``freelance'' journalists as working for a news-media... disclosure to a significant extent. The NEH will make no value judgments about whether the information at... Kazun Anastasia, D. Full Text Available Russia's accession to the WTO remained one of the most talked economic events for a long time. Representatives of various interest groups (both supporters and opponents of joining the organization attended in the public debate on this issue. The paper presents the results of the analysis of publications in the print media on Russia's accession to the WTO over a period from December 2010 to December 2013. The focuses of our attention are two time slots: one and a half years prior to the entry and one and a half years after. The total number of analyzed articles is 397. As a result of the research we made some conclusions about the features of the construction of the WTO's media image. The paper presents an analysis of the positions of representatives of different groups and an evaluation of their involvement in the discussion. In addition, we provide illustrations of basic strategies used for deproblematization of the Russia's accession to the WTO, as well as to make assumptions about the reasons for which such actions became necessary. The Volpe Centers Annual Accomplishments highlights our best work of 2017 and illustrates the sustained impact of the Volpe Center in supporting the U.S. DOTs top priorities and strategic goals: safety, infrastructure, innovation, and accountab... Carter, Marion W; Gavin, Loretta; Zapata, Lauren B; Bornstein, Marta; Mautone-Smith, Nancy; Moskosky, Susan B This study aims to describe aspects of the scope and quality of family planning services provided by US publicly funded health centers before the release of relevant federal recommendations. Using nationally representative survey data (N=1615), we describe four aspects of service delivery: family planning services provided, contraceptive methods provided onsite, written contraceptive counseling protocols and youth-friendly services. We created a count index for each issue and used multivariable ordered logistic regression to identify health center characteristics associated with scoring higher on each. Half of the sample received Title X funding and about a third each were a community health center or health department clinic. The vast majority reported frequently providing contraceptive services (89%) and STD services (87%) for women in the past 3 months. Service provision to males was substantially lower except for STD screening. A total of 63% and 48% of health centers provided hormonal IUDs and implants onsite in the past 3 months, respectively. Forty percent of health centers included all five recommended contraceptive counseling practices in written protocols. Of youth-friendly services, active promotion of confidential services was among the most commonly reported (83%); offering weekend/evening hours was among the least (42%). In multivariable analyses, receiving Title X funding, having larger volumes of family planning clients and being a Planned Parenthood clinic were associated with higher scores on most indices. Many services were consistent with the recommendations for providing quality family planning services, but there was room for improvement across domains and health centers types. As assessed in this paper, the scope and quality of these family planning services was relatively high, particularly among Planned Parenthood clinics and Title X-funded centers. However, results point to important areas for improvement. Future studies should assess Birdie, C.; Vagiswari, A. The continued escalation of journal prices, and inadequate access to scholarly journals along with a consistent reduction in library resources and the advent of new technologies have all contributed to a change in the present scholarly communication. The initiative towards establishing Open Access communication has been advocated among scholars and researchers. An Institutional Archive for holding pre- and post-prints of articles written by academic and research staff increases the accessibility, visibility and impact of research output. The Indian Institute of Astrophysics (IIA) is one of the astronomical research institutes in India pioneering the Open Access movement. The institute has set up a pilot project to store the institute's publications in an institutional repository (IR). The library at IIA plays an important role in setting up this archive. While the authors and publishers are the key players in this endeavor, the role of librarians needs to be redefined in the present paradigm shift of publishing. When the Institutes decide to develop their own repositories, the skills and expertise of librarians are needed to design, develop, manage and maintain a successful repository. These and the knowledge of copyright issues relevant to the digital content of IRs are highlighted in this paper. This paper also discusses the various opportunities and tools available for librarians to learn the procedures and involve themselves in establishing their institutional repositories. Introduction. High subscription fees to scholarly research journals provoke researchers to use illegal channels of access to scientific information. Analysis of statistical data on downloads of scholarly research papers by Ukrainian Internet users from illegal web resource can help to define gaps in information provision at the institutional or the state level for each scientific field. Problem Statement. To conduct an analysis of behavior and geography of downloads of scholarly research p... “As Bill Gates and Steve Case proclaim the global omnipresence of the Internet, the majority of non-Western nations and 97 per cent of the world's population remain unconnected to the net for lack of money, access, or knowledge. This exclusion of so vast a share of the global population from the Internet sharply contradicts the claims of those who posit the World Wide Web as a ‘universal' medium of egalitarian communication.” (Trend 2001:2) Accessing 3R information for fundamental research is difficult for many reasons: the titles, abstracts, and author keywords of scientific articles do not contain the terms 3R, Reduce, Refine, Replace, alternatives or replacement. Mesh terms in Pubmed or thesaurus terms in Embase are rare and are not systematically attributed to scientific articles using animal experimentation or substitution methods. Reporting of animal conditions, animal and cell strains used for fundamental research are oft... Wasiu Lanre Adeyemo Full Text Available Background: Open Access (OA publishing has gained tremendous acceptance in academic publishing over the last decade. This paper reviews the number and trend of OA publishing of research papers originating from College of Medicine University of Lagos (CMUL, Nigeria. Materials and Methods: A computerized literature search of PubMed for all published articles originating from CMUL between 1976 and 2013 was conducted. The search phrase used was "College of Medicine University of Lagos". The search was conducted on March 30, 2013. All articles tagged "Free article" or "Free PubMed article" were selected. Results: A total of 1255 articles appeared in PubMed between 1976 and 2013 (37 years. At the first level of screening, 162 articles were identified as "Open Access". Second level of screening to eliminate articles not originating from CMUL identified 124 articles. Only 15 OA articles were published between 1976 and 2000 (24 years, 11 articles appeared as "Open Access" journals between 2001 and 2005 (5 years, 44 between 2006 and 2010 (5 years, and 54 articles were published between 2011 and 2013. Twenty-four of these articles were published in Nigerian OA Journals, and the remaining articles (100 in foreign journals. Conclusions: OA publishing is becoming popular among researchers at CMUL. This trend has been observed worldwide. Nigerian researchers are advised that while going along with the worldwide trend, they should however, be aware of predatory OA journals and publishers. The criteria for determining predatory OA publishers can be accessed via: www.scholarlyoa.com/publishers. Blackford, Martha G; Falletta, Lynn; Andrews, David A; Reed, Michael D To fulfill Food and Drug Administration and Department of Health and Human Services emergency care research informed consent requirements, our burn center planned and executed a deferred consent strategy gaining Institutional Review Board (IRB) approval to proceed with the clinical study. These federal regulations dictate public disclosure and community consultation unique to acute care research. Our regional burn center developed and implemented a deferred consent public notification and community consultation paradigm appropriate for a burn study. Published accounts of deferred consent strategies focus on acute care resuscitation practices. We adapted those strategies to design and conduct a comprehensive public notification/community consultation plan to satisfy deferred consent requirements for burn center research. To implement a robust media campaign we engaged the hospital's public relations department, distributed media materials, recruited hospital staff for speaking engagements, enlisted community volunteers, and developed initiatives to inform "hard-to-reach" populations. The hospital's IRB determined we fulfilled our obligation to notify the defined community. Our communication strategy should provide a paradigm other burn centers may appropriate and adapt when planning and executing a deferred consent initiative. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd and ISBI. All rights reserved. Colquhoun, Amy; Aplin, Laura; Geary, Janis; Goodman, Karen J; Hatcher, Juanita Population health data are vital for the identification of public health problems and the development of public health strategies. Challenges arise when attempts are made to disseminate or access anonymised data that are deemed to be potentially identifiable. In these situations, there is debate about whether the protection of an individual's privacy outweighs potentially beneficial public health initiatives developed using potentially identifiable information. While these issues have an impact at planning and policy levels, they pose a particular dilemma when attempting to examine and address community concerns about a specific health problem. Research currently underway in northern Canadian communities on the frequency of Helicobacter pylori infection and associated diseases, such as stomach cancer, is used in this article to illustrate the challenges that data controls create on the ability of researchers and health officials to address community concerns. Barriers are faced by public health professionals and researchers when endeavouring to address community concerns; specifically, provincial cancer surveillance departments and community-driven participatory research groups face challenges related to data release or access that inhibit their ability to effectively address community enquiries. The resulting consequences include a limited ability to address misinformation or to alleviate concerns when dealing with health problems in small communities. The development of communication tools and building of trusting relationships are essential components of a successful investigation into community health concerns. It may also be important to consider that public wellbeing may outweigh the value of individual privacy in these situations. As such, a re-evaluation of data disclosure policies that are applicable in these circumstances should be considered. Putu Tika Parmawati Full Text Available Abstrak Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengembangkan perangkat lunak aplikasi Online Public Access Cataloque (OPAC berbasis android. Jenis penelitian ini merupakan Research and Development (R & D dengan metode pengembangan menggunakan model prototyping. Pengembangan sistem informasi layanan audio visual berbasis video streaming dengan enam tahap, yaitu : 1 Tahap pengumpulan kebutuhan dan perbaikan, 2 Tahap perancangan desain cepat (desain awal, 3 Tahap membangun prototipe, 4 Tahap evaluasi prototype, 5 Tahap perbaikan prototype, dan 6 Tahap rekayasa produk. Penentuan tingkat kelayakan aplikasi Online Public Access Cataloque (OPAC berbasis android berdasarkan uji validasi ahli bidang teknologi informasi dan uji coba terbatas pada pengguna. Hasil uji coba sebagai berikut : 1 Pengembangan aplikasi Online Public Access Cataloque (OPAC berbasis android sudah sesuai dengan spesifikasi yang telah ditentukan sebagai aplikasi penelusuran informasi koleksi buku teks umum secara online melalui smartphone. 2 Indikator penilaian dari program ini adalah kebenaran atau ketepatan operasional sistem, ketegaran, keterluasan, keterpakaian ulang, efisiensi atau kinerja, portabilitas, integritas, modularitas, keterbacaan mendapat kualifikasi cukup baik, sedangkan verifikasi mendapat kualifikasi baik. 3 Secara umum dari hasil penilaian tersebut aplikasi OPAC berbasis android ini cukup layak untuk digunakan sebagai alternatif pelengkap pemberian layanan penelusuran informasi koleksi buku teks umum di Perpustakaan Undiksha. Kata Kunci: OPAC, android, dan temu kembali informasi Abstract Aim of this study to develop the software of Online Public Access Cataloque (OPAC based on android. Research and Development (R & D design was applied in this study which was developed through prototyping models. The software was constructed through six stages, namely: 1 needs analysis and repairment, 2 rapid design (preliminary design, 3 prototypes building, 4 prototype evaluation, 5 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Department of Commerce — The accession contains Profile Station Data Received from the British Hydrographic Office collected between November 3, 1989 to December 26, 1994 as Part of... Viviane Gabriela Nascimento Full Text Available CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Brazil is undergoing a period of epidemiological transition associated with demographic and nutritional changes. The prevalence of obesity is also increasing in children and is causing numerous health problems that are becoming public health issues. The aim here was to evaluate the prevalence of overweight among children of two and three years of age. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional study in municipal day care centers in Taubaté, state of São Paulo, Brazil. METHODS: Weight and height measurements were made on 447 preschool children forming a probabilistic randomized sample. Their body mass index (BMI was calculated. Their nutritional status was classified using the World Health Organization reference cutoff points (2006. Their mean weight, height and BMI were compared according to their age and sex. RESULTS: The mean values for the final sample (n = 447 were as follows: mean age: 38.6 months (± 3.5 and Z scores for: weight/height (W/H: 0.50 (± 1.22; height/age: -0.03 (± 1.07; weight/age (W/A: 0.51 (± 1.23; and BMI: 0.51(± 1.23. The prevalence of overweight children (BMI > 1 z was 28.86%, while the prevalence of underweight children (BMI < -2 z was 0.89%. There were no differences in mean BMI among the two and three-year age groups (P = 0.66. CONCLUSION: A high prevalence of overweight was observed in the sample of two and three-year-old children, with practically no malnutrition, thus showing that a significant nutritional transition may already be occurring, even in medium-sized cities of developing countries. Seki, M; Yamaguchi, T An educational program for persons found to have high blood cholesterol during health examinations at the Nerima Public Health Center was begun in April, 1989. This program was differed from the usual program in two areas. First, new educational material was developed consisting of a check list of 30 items to assess eating patterns. By checking these items, participants could gain an understanding of what they should change in their eating behavior. Secondly, the table of restricted foods was not used. Participants were advised to achieve healthy eating patterns and followed up with a nutritional consultation that was held after three months, at which time they were interviewed regarding compliance and had their blood cholesterol levels measured. The effectiveness of the new educational program and the relationship between achievement of healthy eating patterns and reduction in blood cholesterol levels were analyzed. The main results were as follows: 1) In subjects (n = 79) who received the new education program in 1989-1990, serum cholesterol levels showed significant reduction, as compared with controls (n = 38) who received the usual education program in 1988-1989. 2) Subjects were divided into three groups according to their changes in serum cholesterol levels,--normalized, improved and unimproved--and the number of items complied with were counted for analysis. The mean score of compliance was highest in the normalized group with significant difference between the normalized and the unimproved groups. 3) The items of the high compliance score in the normalized group were in order of high score "to decrease high-fat meats", "to decrease cakes", "to choose lean meats and poultry without skin" and "to eat vegetables at every meal". Šolić, Ivana; Stipčić, Ana; Pavličević, Ivančica; Marušić, Ana Despite increased visibility of clinical trials through international trial registries, patients often remain uninformed of their existence, especially if they do not have access to adequate information about clinical research, including the language of the information. The aim of this study was to describe the context for transparency of clinical trials in Croatia in relation to countries in Central and Eastern Europe, and to assess how informed Croatian patients are about clinical trials and their accessibility. We assessed the transparency of clinical trials from the data available in the public domain. We also conducted an anonymous survey on a convenience sample of 257 patients visiting two family medicine offices or an oncology department in south Croatia, and members of national patients' associations. Despite legal provisions for transparency of clinical trials in Croatia, they are still not sufficiently visible in the public domain. Among countries from Central and Eastern Europe, Croatia has the fewest number of registered trials in the EU Clinical Trials Registry. 66% of the patients in the survey were aware of the existence of clinical trials but only 15% were informed about possibilities of participating in a trial. Although 58% of the respondents were willing to try new treatments, only 6% actually participated in a clinical trial. Only 2% of the respondents were aware of publicly available trial registries. Our study demonstrates that there is low transparency of clinical trials in Croatia, and that Croatian patients are not fully aware of clinical trials and the possibilities of participating in them, despite reported availability of Internet resources and good communication with their physicians. There is a need for active policy measures to increase the awareness of and access to clinical trials to patients in Croatia, particularly in their own language. The study suggests a method to assess the LA of public signs using the basic methods of LL studies as well as content measures taken from the field of Translation Studies, to evaluate translation equivalence. The LA concept was tested on the linguistic landscape of Hadassah hospital in Jerusalem, Israel, which is visited ... Trench, James; Carter, Mary The Geological Survey of Ireland operates a Document Management System for providing documents and maps stored internally in high resolution and in a high level secure environment, to an external service where the documents are automatically presented in a lower resolution to members of the public. Security is devised through roles and Individual Users where role level and folder level can be set. The application is an electronic document/data management (EDM) system which has a Geographical Information System (GIS) component integrated to allow users to query an interactive map of Ireland for data that relates to a particular area of interest. The data stored in the database consists of Bedrock Field Sheets, Bedrock Notebooks, Bedrock Maps, Geophysical Surveys, Geotechnical Maps & Reports, Groundwater, GSI Publications, Marine, Mine Records, Mineral Localities, Open File, Quaternary and Unpublished Reports. The Konfig application Tool is both an internal and public facing application. It acts as a tool for high resolution data entry which are stored in a high resolution vault. The public facing application is a mirror of the internal application and differs only in that the application furnishes high resolution data into low resolution format which is stored in a low resolution vault thus, making the data web friendly to the end user for download. Minnesota State Dept. of Public Service, St. Paul. Energy Div. Franchise fees are a tax imposed on a private entity to compensate a municipality for use of a public property for private gain. The Telecommunications Act of 1996 grants municipalities the right to assess a 5% franchise fee to both cable companies and competitors of cable companies, such as operators of open video systems. The Minnesota State… Barnard-Brak, Lucy; Schmidt, Marcelo; Chesnut, Steven; Wei, Tianlan; Richman, David Data from the National Longitudinal Transition Study-2 (SRI International, 2002) were analyzed to identify variables that predicted whether individuals with intellectual disability (ID) received sex education in public schools across the United States. Results suggested that individuals receiving special education services without ID were only… This study investigates the use of Online Public Catalogue (OPAC) by undergraduate students at the Osagyefo Library in the University of Education, Winneba. The objectives of the study, among others, were to ascertain the extent to which students utilise the OPAC, their satisfaction and the challenges they encounter while ... Simmons, Randall C. Discussion of the homeless in American public libraries focuses on harmless individuals who may be considered nuisance by library staff/patrons. Highlights include literature about problem library patrons, national problem, social issues, major themes (offense to others and library staff, balancing rights, and elitism), and implications for… ... will soon be able to evaluate the business ethics and quality of potential contractor clients... public the data in FAPIIS will benefit contractors with records of business integrity and performance... and authorized users performing business on behalf of the Government will be able to view the... Müller, Susanne; Weigelt, Johan The productivity of the pharmaceutical industry, as assessed by the number of NMEs produced per US dollar spent in R&D, has been in steady decline during the past 40 years. This decline in productivity not only poses a significant challenge to the pharmaceutical industry, but also to society because of the importance of developing drugs for the treatment of unmet medical needs. The major challenge in progressing a new drug to the market is the successful completion of clinical trials. However, the failure rate of drugs entering trials has not decreased, despite various technological and scientific breakthroughs in recent decades, and despite intense target validation efforts. This lack of success suggests limitations in the fundamental understanding of target biology and human pharmacology. One contributing factor may be the traditional secrecy of the pharmaceutical sector, a characteristic that does not promote scientific discovery in an optimal manner. Access to broader knowledge relating to target biology and human pharmacology is difficult to obtain because interactions between researchers in industry and academia are typically restricted to closed collaborations in which the knowledge gained is confidential.However, open-access collaborative partnerships are gaining momentum in industry, and are also favored by funding agencies. Such open-access collaborations may be a powerful alternative to closed collaborations; the sharing of early-stage research data is expected to enable scientific discovery by engaging a broader section of the scientific community in the exploration of new findings. Potentially, the sharing of data could contribute to an increased understanding of biological processes and a decrease in the attrition of clinical programs. Helleberg, Marie; Engsig, Frederik N; Kronborg, Gitte were retained in care 95.0% of person-years under observation, increasing to 98.1% after initiation of antiretroviral treatment (HAART). The overall IR/100 person-years for first episode of LTFU was 2.6 (95% CI: 2.5-2.8) and was significantly lower after initiation of HAART (1.2 (95% CI: 1......, especially after initiation of HAART. Absence from HIV care is associated with increased mortality. We conclude that high rates of retention can be achieved in a health care system with free access to treatment and is associated with a favorable outcome.... Folke, Fredrik; Lippert, Freddy Knudsen; Nielsen, Søren Loumann BACKGROUND: Public-access defibrillation with automated external defibrillators (AEDs) is being implemented in many countries worldwide with considerable financial implications. The potential benefit and economic consequences of focused or unfocused AED deployment are unknown. METHODS AND RESULTS......: All cardiac arrests in public in Copenhagen, Denmark, from 1994 through 2005 were geographically located, as were 104 public AEDs placed by local initiatives. In accordance with European Resuscitation Council and American Heart Association (AHA) guidelines, areas with a high incidence of cardiac...... arrests were defined as those with 1 cardiac arrest every 2 or 5 years, respectively. There were 1274 cardiac arrests in public locations. According to the European Resuscitation Council or AHA guidelines, AEDs needed to be deployed in 1.2% and 10.6% of the city area, providing coverage for 19.5% (n=249... Michael L. Thomas Full Text Available This paper traces the evolution of The University of the West Indies’ Open Campus (UWIOC, which is expected to expand service and increase access to the underserved communities of the Eastern Caribbean. At present, UWI, which caters to the needs of the 16 far flung countries of the Commonwealth Caribbean, has not been able to fully serve these countries, the UWI-12, in a way that is commensurate with their developmental needs. Historically, the institution has been dominated by campus-based education, and its three campuses have been poles of attraction for scholars and scholarship to the significant advantage of the countries in which they are located: Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago, and Barbados. The University’s creation of an open campus, a fourth campus, enables it to expand its scope, enhance its appeal, and improve the efficiency of its services to individuals, communities, and countries. This new campus, a merger of UWI’s Outreach sector, which comprises the School of Continuing Studies, the Tertiary Level Institute Unit, and The UWI Distance Education Centre, will have a physical presence in each contributing country and will function as a network of real and virtual modes to deliver education and training to anyone with access to Internet facilities. Bazilian, Morgan; Pless, Jacquelyn This report, by Morgan Bazilian and Jacquelyn Pless, examines ways that Energy+ could make a large impact in providing energy access to the poor, focusing on four promising models. While there remains a focus on a technology (PV), and a region (SSA) in this report, the models the authors explore are amenable to other specifications as well. Thus, the models presented provide an opportunity for stakeholders and the international community to collaborate and leverage capacities, resources, and networks. Of course, these models are only a few of the very wide range of possible mechanisms. They also are somewhat focused on engaging the private sector. The report does not provide a full context for the complex landscape of energy access and energy poverty. Rather, the paper is focused around the specifics of the interventions. It remains the case that the fundamental building blocks of capacity building, good governance and planning, and the ability to find funding for 'upfront' due diligence and analysis remain critical. Those items are, however, largely outside the scope of this short report. Fuentes, Molly M; Thompson, Leah; Quistberg, D Alex; Haaland, Wren L; Rhodes, Karin; Kartin, Deborah; Kerfeld, Cheryl; Apkon, Susan; Rowhani-Rahbar, Ali; Rivara, Frederick P To identify insurance-based disparities in access to outpatient pediatric neurorehabilitation services. Audit study with paired calls, where callers posed as a mother seeking services for a simulated child with history of severe traumatic brain injury and public or private insurance. Outpatient rehabilitation clinics. Sample of rehabilitation clinics (N=287): 195 physical therapy (PT) clinics, 109 occupational therapy (OT) clinics, 102 speech therapy (ST) clinics, and 11 rehabilitation medicine clinics. Not applicable. Acceptance of public insurance and the number of business days until the next available appointment. Therapy clinics were more likely to accept private insurance than public insurance (relative risk [RR] for PT clinics, 1.33; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.22-1.44; RR for OT clinics, 1.40; 95% CI, 1.24-1.57; and RR for ST clinics, 1.42; 95% CI, 1.25-1.62), with no significant difference for rehabilitation medicine clinics (RR, 1.10; 95% CI, 0.90-1.34). The difference in median wait time between clinics that accepted public insurance and those accepting only private insurance was 4 business days for PT clinics and 15 days for ST clinics (P≤.001), but the median wait time was not significantly different for OT clinics or rehabilitation medicine clinics. When adjusting for urban and multidisciplinary clinic statuses, the wait time at clinics accepting public insurance was 59% longer for PT (95% CI, 39%-81%), 18% longer for OT (95% CI, 7%-30%), and 107% longer for ST (95% CI, 87%-130%) than that at clinics accepting only private insurance. Distance to clinics varied by discipline and area within the state. Therapy clinics were less likely to accept public insurance than private insurance. Therapy clinics accepting public insurance had longer wait times than did clinics that accepted only private insurance. Rehabilitation professionals should attempt to implement policy and practice changes to promote equitable access to care. Copyright © 2017 Kebede, Yenew; Fonjungo, Peter N; Tibesso, Gudeta; Shrivastava, Ritu; Nkengasong, John N; Kenyon, Thomas; Kebede, Amha; Gadde, Renuka; Ayana, Gonfa Nonstandardized specimen-transport logistics, lack of laboratory personnel to transport specimens, lack of standard specimen containers, and long turnaround time (TAT) hindered access to quality laboratory services. The objective of the Becton, Dickinson, and Company (BD)-US President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) Public-Private Partnership (PPP) was to support country-specific programs to develop integrated laboratory systems, services, and quality improvement strategies, with an emphasis on strengthening the specimen-referral system (SRS). In 2007, through the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Ethiopian Public Health Institute (EPHI) joined with the BD-PEPFAR PPP to strengthen laboratory systems. A joint planning and assessment committee identified gaps in the SRS for prioritization and intervention and piloted the system in Addis Ababa and Amhara Region. The PPP established standardized, streamlined specimen logistics, using the Ethiopian Postal Service Enterprise to support a laboratory network in which 554 facilities referred specimens to 160 laboratories. The PPP supported procuring 400 standard specimen containers and the training of 586 laboratory personnel and 81 postal workers. The average TAT was reduced from 7 days (range, 2-14 days) to 2 days (range, 1-3 days) in Addis Ababa and from 10 days (range, 6-21 days) to 5 days (range, 2-6 days) in Amhara Region. This study highlights the feasibility and untapped potential of PPPs to strengthen laboratory systems. This planned and structured approach to improving specimen referral enhanced access to quality laboratory services. © The Author 2016. Published by Oxford University Press for the Infectious Diseases Society of America. All rights reserved. For permissions, e-mail [email protected]. Frederika Welle Donker If data are the building blocks to generate information needed to acquire knowledge and understanding, then geodata, i.e. data with a geographic component (geodata), are the building blocks for information vital for decision-making at all levels of government, for companies and for citizens. Governments collect geodata and create, develop and use geo-information - also referred to as spatial information - to carry out public tasks as almost all decision-making involves a geographic component,... Kim, Sook-Nam; Choi, Soon-Ock; Shin, Seong Hoon; Ryu, Ji-Sun; Baik, Jeong-Won A feasible palliative care model for advance cancer patients is needed in Korea with its rapidly aging population and corresponding increase in cancer prevalence. This study describes the process involved in the development of a community-based palliative care (CBPC) model implemented originally in a Busan pilot project. The model development included steps I and II of the pilot project, identification of the service types, a survey exploring the community demand for palliative care, construction of an operational infrastructure, and the establishment of a service delivery system. Public health centers (including Busan regional cancer centers, palliative care centers, and social welfare centers) served as the regional hubs in the development of a palliative care model. The palliative care project included the provision of palliative care, establishment of a support system for the operations, improvement of personnel capacity, development of an educational and promotional program, and the establishment of an assessment system to improve quality. The operational infrastructure included a service management team, provision teams, and a support team. The Busan Metropolitan City CBPC model was based on the principles of palliative care as well as the characteristics of public health centers that implemented the community health projects. The potential use of the Busan CBPC model in Korea should be explored further through service evaluations. Full Text Available In this article, we present a case study of how the main publishing format of an Open Access journal was changed from PDF to EPUB by designing a new workflow using JATS as the basic XML source format. We state the reasons and discuss advantages for doing this, how we did it, and the costs of changing an established Microsoft Word workflow. As an example, we use one typical sociology article with tables, illustrations and references. We then follow the article from JATS markup through different transformations resulting in XHTML, EPUB and MOBI versions. In the end, we put everything together in an automated XProc pipeline. The process has been developed on free and open source tools, and we describe and evaluate these tools in the article. The workflow is suitable for non-professional publishers, and all code is attached and free for reuse by others. Haley, Danielle F; Linton, Sabriya; Luo, Ruiyan; Hunter-Jones, Josalin; Adimora, Adaora A; Wingood, Gina M; Bonney, Loida; Ross, Zev; Cooper, Hannah L Cross-sectional research suggests that neighborhood characteristics and transportation access shape unmet need for medical care. This longitudinal analysis explores relationships of changes in neighborhood socioeconomic disadvantage and trans- portation access to unmet need for medical care. We analyzed seven waves of data from African American adults (N = 172) relocating from severely distressed public housing complexes in Atlanta, Georgia. Surveys yielded individual-level data and admin- istrative data characterized census tracts. We used hierarchical generalized linear models to explore relationships. Unmet need declined from 25% pre-relocation to 12% at Wave 7. Post-relocation reductions in neighborhood disadvantage were inversely associated with reductions in unmet need over time (OR = 0.71, 95% CI = 0.51-0.99). More frequent transportation barriers predicted unmet need (OR = 1.16, 95% CI = 1.02-1.31). These longitudinal findings support the importance of neighborhood environments and transportation access in shaping unmet need and suggest that improvements in these exposures reduce unmet need for medical care in this vulnerable population. Chicago Univ., IL. Chapin Hall Center for Children. This guide chronicles the ongoing work and writings of the Chapin Hall Center for children at the University of Chicago, a policy research center dedicated to bringing sound information, rigorous analyses, innovative ideas, and an independent, multidisciplinary perspective to bear on policies and programs affecting children. The guide, organized… Chicago Univ., IL. Chapin Hall Center for Children. This guide chronicles the ongoing work and writings of the Chapin Hall Center for Children at the University of Chicago, a policy research center dedicated to bringing sound information, rigorous analyses, innovative ideas, and an independent, multidisciplinary perspective to bear on policies and programs affecting children. This guide, organized… In the United States, individual states have different means of determining and distributing funding. This influences library service and access to information particularly as it pertains to critical Internet access. Funding and service trends have changed, especially as it relates to public libraries, with some modifications working to their… Station Snow- Road Strength and Maintenance , by T.A. Melendy and S.A. Shoop http://hdl.handle.net/11681/21206 AD1027786 ERDC/CRREL TR-17-4 Feb 2017...U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center 3909 Halls Ferry Road Vicksburg, MS 39180-6199 Final report Approved for public release...distribution is unlimited. Prepared for U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center 3909 Halls Ferry Road Vicksburg, MS 39180-6199 ERDC/ITL SR-17 Full Text Available Introduction: The health planners in India have visualized primary health centers (PHCs and community health centers (CHCs as the key healthcare delivery institutions in rural areas. These centers are supposed to have health manpower, infrastructure, and service delivery as per the Indian public health standards (IPHS guidelines (2010. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in seven CHCs and 12 PHCs, randomly selected from eight blocks of Shimla District and evaluated in terms of health manpower, infrastructure, and services from September 2011 to August 2012. Data was collected from the selected units using structured data collection instruments designed by the IPHS. Results: The health centers were assessed according to IPHS guidelines. Outpatient department services and referral services were provided in all the centers studied. No specialist doctor was posted at any of CHCs against a sanctioned strength of at least four (surgeon, physician, obstetrician, and pediatrician per CHC. In 3 (42.8% CHCs and 8 (75% PHCs, no pharmacist was posted. Eight (75% PHCs did not have any staff nurse posted. Three (42.8% CHCs and 10 (83.3% PHCs did not have a laboratory technician. In CHCs, separate labor room was available in 6 (85.7% whereas a separate laboratory was available in all seven. Separate labor room and laboratory were available in four (25% PHCs. Conclusions: IPHS guidelines are not being followed at PHC and CHC levels of the district. Health manpower shortage is the key bottleneck in service delivery. Political advocacy is needed to ensure sufficient health manpower availability to deliver quality healthcare. Svendsen, Erik R; Runkle, Jennifer R; Dhara, Venkata Ramana; Lin, Shao; Naboka, Marina; Mousseau, Timothy A; Bennett, Charles Environmental public health disasters involving hazardous contaminants may have devastating effects. While much is known about their immediate devastation, far less is known about long-term impacts of these disasters. Extensive latent and chronic long-term public health effects may occur. Careful evaluation of contaminant exposures and long-term health outcomes within the constraints imposed by limited financial resources is essential. Here, we review epidemiologic methods lessons learned from conducting long-term evaluations of four environmental public health disasters involving hazardous contaminants at Chernobyl, the World Trade Center, Bhopal, and Graniteville (South Carolina, USA). We found several lessons learned which have direct implications for the on-going disaster recovery work following the Fukushima radiation disaster or for future disasters. These lessons should prove useful in understanding and mitigating latent health effects that may result from the nuclear reactor accident in Japan or future environmental public health disasters. Circumstances surrounding the discovery of UCRL-4725, a nuclear weapons report, on the open shelves of a LASL public library are discussed. Instances of erroneous use of declassification marking are documented in the report series that included the above report. However, no staff person had checked for similar mistakes in declassification. Recommendations are presented to move this unclassified report to its vault for classified materials and that the person responsible for LASL's failure to report to DOE the security violations be disciplined. Comments to the draft report are appended. (PSB)	<urn:uuid:efecaf4d-8f02-4cb8-b692-473867328051>	{ "date": "2018-07-18T16:45:33", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-30", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676590295.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20180718154631-20180718174631-00016.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9242187738418579, "score": 2.765625, "token_count": 99258, "url": "https://worldwidescience.org/topicpages/p/public+access+center.html" }
Like many bikers, Kent Frankovich pedaled at night and wondered if cars around him saw his dimly-lit tail light. He also bemoaned his headlamp that barely lighted his way. Instead of abandoning his night-time bike rides, he used his mechanical engineering know-how to develop Revolights, an LED lighting system for bicycle wheels. He attached a ring of LED lights to his front and rear tires. When the wheels spin, the LEDs form a bright arc. The arc is so bright that it lights the path in front of him and makes the bike visible to cars behind him. The lights are powered by rechargeable lithium-ion batteries, but a future version could use kinetic energy produced by the movement of the wheel. Frankovich is working with two colleagues on this project and is raising funds via Kickstarter. [Revolights via Fast Company] You can keep up with Kelly Hodgkins, the author of this post, on Twitter, Google + or Facebook.	<urn:uuid:892580af-804b-4351-9d6f-efead415b728>	{ "date": "2015-01-27T17:45:43", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-06", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422115860277.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124161100-00152-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9746593236923218, "score": 2.53125, "token_count": 204, "url": "http://gizmodo.com/5831624/light-your-bike-at-night-with-revolights?tag=night" }
The boy is small in stature, bespectacled, and unnaturally articulate for a sixth grader. I have heard from his teachers and principal at Annapolis, Maryland's Wiley H. Bates Middle School about the academic benefits of arts integration, how various forms of artistic expression (PDF) are employed to learn math and science as well as language arts. I have also learned about the virtues of a critical-thinking technique known as Artful Thinking, developed by Project Zero at the Harvard Graduate School of Education, that deepens students' intellectual understanding generally by deepening their understanding of the multiple layers of artistic expression. Now I am keen to discover more about the social and emotional aspects of this learning strategy. Are relationships between students positively affected by arts integration? What about the rapport between kids and teachers? My young source holds forth with disarming confidence, especially about some of the toughest social and emotional issues middle school students face: fitting in with your peers, being different without becoming isolated, how to navigate the gauntlet of critics, teasers, and bullies that line the rocky path to high school. I probe for more details. (Full disclosure: I, too, was a little guy, often defending myself against the big boys whenever they set out to prove their physical dominance. So I find my source's calm, rational discourse a bit too good to be true.) What I learn from him starts to soften me up. I'll paraphrase his remarks: Expressing yourself creatively in front of an entire class, especially when you are not good at art, is the great equalizer. At first you feel pretty weird, especially singing and dancing. Because you've never done anything like this before, and you're not sure you want to work with other students this way. You think maybe someone will make fun of you. But because everybody has to sing and dance and do the art, everyone is in the same boat. It's harder to put someone down if you're the same as him. (My source seems to relish this next part of his description.) So you have to keep doing the art day after day. You have to dance the motions of the planets or sing their name in a song or take a photo of a jungle gym exhibiting the properties of an isosceles triangle. And somehow, through all these awkward displays of creativity, the social playing field levels, and you actually start to have fun, and you begin to make friends with kids you might never have even spoken to, because they're having fun, too. (See our Resources and Downloads and our Pinterest board for arts-integration PD presentations and arts-integrated lesson plans) Even Too-Cool-for-School Kids Can't Resist I get the point, and I am impressed with his how-a-negative-becomes-a-positive analysis. Still, I want to see this contagious classroom creativity in the flesh. I am escorted to Mrs. Dunn's seventh-grade math class. Here students are investigating the geometric properties of circular shapes, in this case, the circular shapes of traditional Balinese percussion instruments. As round cymbals and drums of various sizes are distributed to the students, I size up the class. A not untypical cast of characters, all shapes, sizes, and colors. One group catches my eye: three boys wearing similar athletic-style jerseys. Tallish, physically fit, and chuckling with each other, they are clearly content with themselves. Asked by the teacher to observe something about the circular instruments, each obliges haltingly. Two of the three are only moderately helpful in group efforts to choreograph a dance to illustrate the circle properties. But when the entire class commences to play the instruments and dance around in concentric circles, I am astonished. First of all, it's true: Everyone looks pretty weird, especially my boys in the jerseys. And it only gets weirder as the tempo picks up. Unexpectedly, I actually find myself choking up. Virtually every kid is smiling, if not laughing out loud. Heads, tails, and torsos are wagging in all directions. A blissful oneness seems to reign across all the social divides, and even the three musketeers seem dead ringers for the goofy, upbeat little preschoolers I am sure they once were. When asked after the dance about circular geometry, the quick, animated responses from every corner of the classroom leave no doubt that learning is happening. Almost without exception, teachers at Bates are enthused about arts integration as a method for making learning a deeper experience for students and faculty. They are quick to add that the program has not brought an end to classroom disruptions, the need to keep kids on task, or the occasional disciplinary referral or suspension. But it has rolled back the need to police kids. And it has opened up new vistas of social and emotional connection between students and adults. As one science teacher reports, "With the vast majority of my students, I am truly facilitating big chunks of their learning by focusing them on diverse artistic expressions of their knowledge. They do the expressing, not me. And because I am not commanding them, I think they like me better. I know I like me better."	<urn:uuid:0ff66dd4-e62b-409c-8720-28a59e77f6ac>	{ "date": "2015-05-29T10:35:21", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-22", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207929978.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113209-00109-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9649072289466858, "score": 2.5625, "token_count": 1067, "url": "http://www.edutopia.org/blog/stw-arts-integration" }
The lack of quality, affordable housing contributes to several socioeconomic inequities in Rochester. None of the problems that contribute to widespread racial and socioeconomic inequities in Rochester exist in a vacuum. So it is no surprise that the lack of quality, affordable housing in the region is exacerbated by one problem (high rates of city unemployment) and, in turn, contributes mightily to others (poor academic performance among city students and the utterly high degree of segregation of the county). Tackling persistent disparities in housing thus touches on issues affecting Rochesterís economically disadvantaged residents across the board. Housing discrimination was outlawed by the 1968 Fair Housing Act but, as is often the case when it comes to civil rights, practices made illegal on the books live on in less-blatant ways. The result: A recent analysis by the Rochester Area Community Foundation found Rochesterís poorest residents more heavily clustered than almost anywhere else in the country, with 47 percent of city residents living in neighborhoods of extreme poverty. The Rochester Housing Authority has rightly made increasing its inventory of properties a top priority. Now, more elected leaders must step up to encourage and welcome more affordable housing in their communities, as Gates Supervisor Mark Assini has done. And national leaders must shore up federal Section 8 housing voucher funds, which have been repeatedly slashed over the past five years. And, of course, more living-wage jobs in the region would provide more opportunity for the unemployed to seek better housing. Poverty has chained too many Rochester residents to a life of hardship. The housing link of this chain must be broken.	<urn:uuid:b4d7ba7a-31ca-406a-8c50-651b039d615d>	{ "date": "2015-08-29T03:44:36", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-35", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440644064167.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827025424-00114-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9493781924247742, "score": 2.609375, "token_count": 321, "url": "http://www.democratandchronicle.com/article/20140112/OPINION04/301120021/-1/unite01/" }
Now and again music history gives us personalities whose accomplishments range far and wide, well beyond composition. One such musician is Michael Praetorius. Not only did he leave us a good-sized body of music both sacred and secular, he created a reference volume that generations of early music researchers and performers have found invaluable: Syntagma Musicum, describing performing practice and musical instruments in the late Renaissance era. Among Praetorius’s many publications of Lutheran church music is the collection Musarum Sioniarum: Motectae et Psalmi Latini. The 34th item in that volume is a setting of a text from the Latin Vulgate Bible. In the story of Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego – also called Ananias, Azarias and Misael – the three men refuse to worship Nebuchadnezzar’s golden image, so Nebuchadnezzar has them thrown into a furnace. There, the story goes, they’re protected by an angel. They walk about in the flames, unscathed, praying and singing. This text has come to be called The Prayer of the Three Holy Children. In the Latin Praetorius used, it’s Canticum Trium Puerorum – the song of the three boys. It’s not clear to me why they’re called boys or children when all of the biblical text refers to them as men, but those seem to be the terms used. If Bach was the master of number symbolism (more detail here and here), Praetorius excelled at word-painting, at least in this work. Where his text is "bless the lightning and clouds," at "fulgura" (lightning) he zig-zags the music across the voices. At "nubes" (clouds) the music gets softer and darker. But Praetorius’s best word-painting is the trick he plays on us throughout the entire work. Praetorius structures Canticum Trium Puerorum as a series of verses and two alternating refrains, on a text which exhorts all of Creation to bless the Lord. In the first verse, two high voices (they would have been the boys of his choir) speak of the angels and heaven. With each verse, Praetorius adds more voices. By the time he reaches the last lines of the text almost 20 minutes later, all of Creation is indeed singing – or at least all 8 voices in his choir. Our recording is from 1980 (regrettably, out of print). It was produced by Erato Records of France, with the Audite Nova Chorale of Paris and director Jean Sourisse. The choir is doubled in the refrains by a small cornett and sackbut ensemble. In general, when it comes to Renaissance music, there’s ample evidence to support the use of such doubling. However, some purists might insist that since Praetorius didn’t specify an instrumental ensemble, a pure choral reading would be safer, if you’re going for authenticity. A reviewer for Gramophone also sniffed that the 38-voice choir was too large for Praetorius. I’ll stay out of this one and let that reviewer work it out with Praetorius, should they ever meet. I will say, though, that I suspect that reviewer would wax apoplectic if he heard Erato’s earlier recording of this work. That older performance was my own introduction to Canticum Trium Puerorum, back when I was little more than a pup, musically speaking. This was long before the historically informed performance movement had made any real inroads, and it made no claims whatsoever to authenticity. Praetorius’s modest notes were sung by a massive 500-voice choir, doubled in the refrains by a blaring modern brass band (the Paris Police Force brass ensemble, if you can imagine that). It produced the sort of effect that, as the recording’s annotator pointed out, Praetorius could only have dreamed of. That recording was distributed in the US over a half-century ago under the Westminster label, and later by Musical Heritage Society. It’s many years out of print. We’ll just have to make do with 38 voices. From the Vulgate Bible (Daniel 3) \|Benedicite, Angeli Domini, Domino: benedicite, cæli, Domino.\|\|Bless the Lord, angels of the Lord: the heavens bless the Lord.\| \|Benedicite, aquæ omnes, quæ super cælos sunt, Domino: benedicite, omnes virtutes Dómini, Domino.\|\|Bless the Lord, all waters above the heavens: bless the Lord, all powers of the Lord.\| \|Benedicite, sol et luna, Domino: benedicite, stellæ cæli, Domino.\|\|Bless the Lord, sun and moon: Bless the Lord, stars of heaven.\| \|Benedicite, omnis imber et ros, Domino: benedicite, omnes spiritus Dei, Domino.\|\|Bless the Lord, rainshowers and dew: Bless the Lord, every spirit of God.\| \|Benedicite, ignis et æstus, Domino: benedicite, frigus et æstus, Domino.\|\|Bless the Lord, fire and heat: Bless the Lord, winter and summer.\| \|Benedicite, rores et pruina, Domino: benedicite, gelu et frigus, Domino.\|\|Bless the Lord, dew and hoarfrost: Bless the Lord, frost and cold.\| \|Benedicite, glacies et nives, Domino: benedicite, noctes et dies, Domino.\|\|Bless the Lord, ice and snow: Bless the Lord, nights and days.\| \|Benedicite, lux et tenebræ, Domino: benedicite, fúlgura et nubes, Domino.\|\|Bless the Lord, light and darkness: Bless the Lord, lightning and clouds.\| \|Benedicat terra Dominum: laudet et superexaltet eum in sæcula.\|\|Let the earth bless the Lord: let it praise and extol Him forever.\| \|Benedicite, montes et colles, Domino: benedicite, universa germinantia in terra, Domino.\|\|Bless the Lord, mountains and hills: Bless the Lord, all things that grow in the earth.\| \|Benedicite, fontes, Domino: benedicite, maria et flumina, Domino.\|\|Bless the Lord, fountains: Bless the Lord, seas and rivers.\| \|Benedicite, cete, et omnia quæ moventur in aquis, Domino: benedicite, omnes volucres cæli, Domino.\|\|Bless the Lord, whales, and all [creatures] that move in the waters: Bless the Lord, birds of the air.\| \|Benedicite, omnes bestiæ et pecora, Domino: benedicite, filii hominum, Domino.\|\|Bless the Lord, beasts and cattle: Bless the Lord, sons of men.\| \|Benedicite Israel Dominum: laudet et superexaltet eum in sæcula.\|\|Bless the Lord, Israel: praise and extol Him forever.\| \|Benedicite, sacerdotes Domini, Domino: benedicite, servi Domini, Domino.\|\|Bless the Lord, priests of the Lord: Bless the Lord, servants of the Lord.\| \|Benedicite, spiritus et animæ justorum, Domino: benedicite, sancti et humiles corde, Domino.\|\|Bless the Lord, spirits and souls of the just: Bless the Lord, holy and humble of heart.\| \|Benedicite, Anania, Azaria, Misael, Domino: laudate et superexaltáte eum in sæcula.\|\|Bless the Lord, Ananias, Azarias, and Misael: praise and extol Him forever.\| \|Benedicamus Patrem et Filium cum Sancto Spiritu: laudemus et superexaltemus eum in sæcula.\|\|All bless the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit: praise and extol Him forever.\| \|Benedictus es, Domine, in firmaménto cæli: et laudabilis, et gloriosus, et superexaltatus in sæcula.\|\|Blessed is the Lord in the firmament of heaven: and praised, and glorified, and extolled forever.\| This is an updated version of an article previously published in WKSU Classical on 2 May 2010.	<urn:uuid:bb652bbd-3fc9-4ef6-a7ce-4e1666aedf4d>	{ "date": "2014-07-31T09:31:34", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-23", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510272940.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011752-00390-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8332160711288452, "score": 2.8125, "token_count": 1975, "url": "http://www.wksu.org/classical/2012/07/15/praetoriuss-canticum-trium-puerorum/" }
novel’s protagonist. Tom is a mischievous boy with an active imagination who spends most of the novel getting himself, and often his friends, into and out of trouble. Despite his mischief, Tom has a good heart and a strong moral conscience. As the novel progresses, he begins to take more seriously the responsibilities of his role as a leader among his schoolfellows. in-depth analysis of Tom Sawyer. aunt and guardian. Aunt Polly is a simple, kindhearted woman who struggles to balance her love for her nephew with her duty to discipline him. She generally fails in her attempts to keep Tom under control because, although she worries about Tom’s safety, she seems to fear constraining him too much. Above all, Aunt Polly wants to be appreciated and loved. The son of the town drunk. Huck is a juvenile outcast who is shunned by respectable society and adored by the local boys, who envy his freedom. Like Tom, Huck is highly superstitious, and both boys are always ready for an adventure. Huck gradually replaces Tom’s friend Joe Harper as Tom’s sidekick in his escapades. in-depth analysis of Huckleberry Finn. Thatcher’s pretty, yellow-haired daughter. From almost the minute she moves to town, Becky is the “Adored Unknown” who stirs Tom’s lively romantic sensibility. Naïve at first, Becky soon matches Tom as a romantic strategist, and the two go to great lengths to make each other jealous. “bosom friend” and frequent playmate. Joe is a typical best friend, a convention Twain parodies when he refers to Joe and Tom as “two souls with but a single thought.” Though Joe mostly mirrors Tom, he diverges from Tom’s example when he is the first of the boys to succumb to homesickness on Jackson’s Island. As the novel progresses, Huck begins to assume Joe’s place as Tom’s companion. half-brother. Sid is a goody-goody who enjoys getting Tom into trouble. He is mean-spirited but presents a superficial show of model behavior. He is thus the opposite of Tom, who is warmhearted but behaves badly. sweet, almost saintly cousin. Mary holds a soft spot for Tom. Like Sid, she is well behaved, but unlike him, she acts out of genuine affection rather than malice. violent, villainous man who commits murder, becomes a robber, and plans to mutilate the Widow Douglas. Injun Joe’s predominant motivation is revenge. Half Native American and half Caucasian, he has suffered social exclusion, probably because of his race. in-depth analysis of Injun Joe. hapless drunk and friend of Injun Joe. Potter is kind and grateful toward Tom and Huck, who bring him presents after he is wrongly jailed for Dr. Robinson’s murder. Potter’s naïve trust eventually pushes Tom’s conscience to the breaking point, compelling Tom to tell the truth at Potter’s trial about who actually committed the murder. respected local physician. Dr. Robinson shows his more sordid side on the night of his murder: he hires Injun Joe and Muff Potter to dig up Hoss Williams’s grave because he wants to use the corpse for medical experiments. minister of the town church. The Widow Douglas kindhearted, pious resident of St. Petersburg whom the children recognize as a friend. Tom knows that the Widow Douglas will give him and Becky ice cream and let them sleep over. She is kind to Huck even before she learns that he saved her life. Welshman who lives with his sons near the Widow Douglas’s house. Mr. Jones responds to Huck’s alarm on the night that Injun Joe intends to attack the widow, and he takes care of Huck in the aftermath. father, the county judge. A local celebrity, Judge Thatcher inspires the respect of all the townspeople. He takes responsibility for issues affecting the community as a whole, such as closing the cave for safety reasons and taking charge of the boys’ treasure money. Polly’s young slave. former love. Tom abandons Amy when Becky Thatcher comes to town. of Tom’s friends, whom Tom persuades to whitewash Aunt Polly’s fence. well-dressed new boy in town. Like Amy Lawrence, Alfred gets caught in the crossfire of Tom and Becky’s love games, as Becky pretends to like him in order to make Tom jealous. somewhat ridiculous Sunday school superintendent. Because he aspires to please Judge Thatcher, Mr. Walters rewards Tom with a Bible, even though he knows that Tom hasn’t earned it. schoolmaster. Mr. Dobbins seems a slightly sad character: his ambition to be a medical doctor has been thwarted and he has become a heavy drinker and the butt of schoolboy pranks.	<urn:uuid:116c1cb6-51e5-4775-b6be-f3337e09e8f3>	{ "date": "2015-08-28T12:51:20", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-35", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440644062782.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827025422-00232-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9306486248970032, "score": 2.953125, "token_count": 1112, "url": "http://www.sparknotes.com/lit/tomsawyer/characters.html" }
\|Twenty Prominent Facts Taught in the New Testament on the Return of the Lord Written in 1925 by A. C. Gaebelein \|In our examination of the teaching in the New Testament on the return of the Lord Jesus Christ we have discovered the great prominence of this doctrine. The Lord Jesus Christ spoke frequently of His second coming. He announced it to His disciples. He gave them prophetically the program of the end of the age. He spoke of His return in different parables. He gave in His farewell discourse the promise of the blessed hope to His eleven followers, the Apostles. Even in the presence of His accusers He mentioned His return in the clouds of heaven. At His ascension the two heavenly visitors re-stated His return in like manner as He went up to heaven. We have learned that Peter preached it in his second address in the book of Acts, and that apostolic preaching and teaching did not neglect this great theme; it held an important place in their ministry and was the hope and comfort of the early Church. Furthermore the testimony of the great documents of Christianity, the Epistles, teach that His return is the goal of redemption. Some of the most vital doctrines of the faith are linked to this truth, that Christ will come back. We have seen that the resurrection of those who died in Christ, our re-union with them, the rewards for faithful service, the promised crowns and also the promised blessings for the earth are, besides much else, entirely dependent on His return. If there is no second coming of Christ the whole truth of Christianity breaks down. Then we learned from the last book of the Bible, the Apocalypse, the fitting capstone of the whole Word of God, the last word on His return. Here the Old and New Testament revelations as to this event, what precedes and what follows His return, are all restated. And now we give facts taught in the New Testament about the Lord's coming. 1. The New Testament does NOT teach that the gift of the Holy Spirit on the day of Pentecost is the second coming of Christ. This is one of the erroneous theories taught by commentators. They claim that when our Lord spoke of His return, that He meant the coming of the Holy Spirit. But such a teaching is unknown in the New Testament. The Holy Spirit is the third person of the Trinity. How then can the third person of the Godhead be the promised return of God the Son, the second person? 2. Nor does the New Testament teach that the Destruction of Jerusalem is the promised return of Christ. This view is also found in many commentaries. It is repeated by others, who, instead of searching the Scriptures search the comments of expositors of past generations. The destruction of Jerusalem was predicted by the Lord Jesus Christ. But nowhere does He say that He would come again at that time. Matthew 24:31 is the fatal blow to this view. Many commentators teach that verses 29 and 30 mean His coming in the destruction of Jerusalem. But when Jerusalem was destroyed He did not send His angels to gather His elect, the people Israel, from the four winds. They were scattered into the four corners of the earth instead. 3. Christ does not come again when the believer dies. This also is taught by many. When the Lord Jesus said to His disciples "I will come again and receive you unto myself," they say, He meant the death of the disciples, when He would come to take them to Himself. But the death of the believer is never spoken of as the second coming of Christ. When the believer dies the Lord does not come for him, but the believer goes to be with the Lord. For this view there is not a line of Scripture in the entire New Testament. 4. His return is a personal return. He said that He would go away. It was not a phantom departure, but He went in person. And he said "I will come again." He did not mean a spiritual return, but a personal coming again. His words cannot be interpreted in any other way. Furthermore the two men in white apparel said to the disciples "this same Jesus, which is taken up from you into heaven, shall so come in like manner as ye have seen him go into heaven" (Acts 1:11). Wherever His return is mentioned in the New Testament it means the return of the same One who lived on earth, who died on the cross, was buried, rose again and ascended up on high. 5. It will be a visible return. His words "they shall see the Son of man coming in the clouds of heaven" (Matthew 24:30) teach His visible coming again beyond the shadow of a doubt. So does Rev. 1:7, "Every eye shall see Him." Scoffers sometimes say, How is this possible? But every eye on earth every twenty-four hours sees the sun in the heavens. Thus in that day when He descends in the cloud every eye will behold Him. 6. His return will be in great power and glory. "And then shall they see the Son of Man coming in the clouds with great power and glory" (Mark 13:26). The Epistles speak of His glorious appearing [with power] (Titus 2:13; 2 Thess. 1:9). This power and glory is prominently revealed in the Apocalypse. 7. The Angels of God will accompany Him in His return. "For the Son of Man shall come in the glory of His Father with His angels" (Matthew 16:27). "When the Lord Jesus shall be revealed from heaven with His mighty angels" (2 Thess. 1:7). He will send forth the angels and use them as His messengers. These unseen tenants of the heavens will become visible in His return. 8. He will bring all His Saints, the redeemed of both Testaments, with Him. (See 1 Thess. 4:14). It will be His glorification as well as the glorification of the Saints. "When He shall come to be glorified in His Saints, and to be admired in all them that believed in that day (because our testimony among you was believed)" (2 Thess. 1:10). 9. His return will be suddenly, like the lightning and like a thief. The following passages teach this: Matthew 24:27; 42-51; Mark 13:35, 36; Rev. 16:15; 22:7; 12; 20. 10. The present age remains unchanged till He returns. The New Testament teaches that not Christ, but Satan, is the god of this age and the prince of it. (2 Cor. 4:4; Eph. 2:2). Satan is not dethroned till Christ comes again. (See Rev. 20:1-2.) Therefore this age remains an evil age down to its end. 11. His return is preceded by the falling away. Throughout this age there has been going on a falling away from the truth. John wrote of the many antichrists in his day. (1 John 2.) The mystery of iniquity was then already at work (2 Thess. 2:7). When the end of the age comes (Matthew 13) the harvest, the tares which began in the beginning of the age will be full grown. When He comes again He will not find "faith on the earth" (Luke 18:8); the days of Noah and Lot have returned, days of violence and lust (Luke 17:26-37). The Epistles bear a startling testimony as to the final great apostasy, an apostasy which is apparent today, for the modernistic rationalism in the different evangelical denominations is the beginning of this falling away (See 2 Thess. 2; 1 Tim. 4:1-2; 2 Tim. 3:1-5; 4:1-4; Epistle of Jude; 2 Peter 2 and 3). 12. His return is preceded by the manifestation of the final, personal Antichrist, the man of sin and the son of perdition. The Lord announced the coming of such a one. He predicted false Christs, with lying signs and wonders (Matthew 24:24-25; 2 Thess. 2; Revelation 13). 13. His return is preceded by the budding of the fig-tree [Israel]and a final witness to the nations of the world (Matthew 24:14 and 32, 33). There will be national revival among the Jews and the Lord will call a remnant from among them to herald the coming of the King, preaching the Gospel of the kingdom to all the nations of the world (see Rev. 7). The great multitude coming out of the great tribulation (Rev. 7:9-17) is not the Church, but the multitude represents those of the nations who believed this final witness, given by the 144,000 Israelites, not Gentiles, who bear this final witness. 14. His return is preceded by the great tribulation and followed by the judgment of the nations. Nowhere is it predicted that when Christ comes back He will find a converted world, that righteousness and peace will reign before His return. The Lord and His Apostles teach something entirely different. (See Matthew 24:21; Luke 21:25-26; Revelation in its main portion reveals the events of this time of greatest trouble. He returns at the close of the great tribulation, Matthew 24:29-30. He will come as judge after the tribulation. See Matthew 25:31; 2 Thess. 1:8-9). 15. The New Testament reveals His coming as a blessed hope unknown in former ages. Whatever revelation the Lord Jesus Christ predicted as to His visible, personal and glorious return, preceded by the great tribulation and the manifestation of the Antichrist, is also revealed in the Old Testament. But in one passage He spoke of something new, altogether new, unknown to the prophets and to the Old Testament Saints. This is found in John 14:1-4. It is the first intimation of the blessed hope for the Saints of the New Testament. It was given to the Apostle Paul to receive the full revelation concerning "that blessed, hope" (See again 1 Thess. 4:16-18 and 1 Cor. 15:51-52). This blessed hope has rightly and scripturally been termed "the coming of the Lord for His Saints" in distinction from "the coming of the Lord with His Saints." The latter takes place when He is visibly revealed out of heaven. 16. The coming of the Lord for His Saints takes place before the end of the age sets in, before the final great apostasy, before the great tribulation and before the manifestation of the man of sin. The denial of this has led to much confusion. Good men teach, what is an unscriptural theory, that the Church will be on earth to the very end of the tribulation period. Some speak of the Church having yet to pass "through a Gethsemane experience." But where is this taught in Scripture? Nowhere. The second chapter of the second Epistle to the Thessalonians shows that the falling away and the man of sin, cannot come as long as there is the hindering One on the earth. That One is the Holy Spirit. He dwells in the true Church, as He dwells in every individual believer, and must be taken out of the way first. He will be taken away in hindering power with the rapture of the Saints. The reason why our Lord said nothing about tribulation to His disciples in the upper room when He first mentioned "that blessed hope," is because the true Church has nothing whatever to do with that period of time. There is no tribulation of a punitive character in store for her, nor any wrath whatever (1 Thess. 1:10). The suffering Saints during the great tribulation are Jews. In the Old Testament it is spoken of as "the time of Jacob's trouble" (Jer. 30:7); and Daniel speaks of it in the same way (Dan. 12:1-2). The scope of the Book of Revelation proves conclusively, that before even the Lord receives the book of judgments and tribulation from God's hands, the Saints must first be brought to glory. Not one of the Epistles has anything to say about that great tribulation. There is a significant silence. It is because the true Church will not be here when that time comes. 17. All true believers will be taken when the Lord comes. Some teach that only a certain class of believers will participate in the glorious rapture. According to some only those will meet the Lord who believe in His coming; holiness sects claim that one must have had a "deeper" experience to be fit for His coming. Others make "Divine healing" the test, or the "gift of tongue" delusion, or something else. All these theories are not found in Scripture. Every child of God, no matter how ignorant, how weak in himself, how imperfect in walk and service, is nevertheless a child of God and as such belongs to the Father's house. Every true believer, independent of his experience, whether "deep" or "shallow," independent of his attainments, is through grace a member of the body of Christ, the Church. No member of that body will be left behind, when He comes for His Saints, for that body will be presented as a complete body in His presence. There is no such thing taught in the New Testament as a "piece-meal rapture," such as certain English and American, Bible-teachers claim, to the confusion of simple and young believers. 18. His coming for the Saints will mean a blessed re-union with our loved ones, who have gone before, and with all the Saints. It is therefore called "the comforting hope." Apart from the coming of the Lord for His Saints there is no ray of hope in Scripture of meeting our departed ones again. But when He comes for His Saints, those who died in Christ will be raised in incorruption; we, the living ones, will be changed. All will take place by the mighty power of God, in a moment, in the twinkling of an eye. Together with them we shall be caught up in clouds to meet the Lord in the air. 19. The New Testament teaches that there will be a judgment-seat of Christ. There the hidden things of our lives as to service, Christian living, Christian sacrifice and suffering, will be brought to light. Rewards and crowns will be bestowed upon those who were faithful. Others will be ashamed before Him in His presence and will be crownless, though saved as by fire. Then the Apostle Paul and all the Apostles and martyrs will receive their crowns in that day (2 Tim. 4:8). The blessed hope becomes therefore a great incentive to holy living and untiring, self-sacrificing service. 20. With His coming the Church will be glorified and share with Him His glory and His kingdom. He will present the Church to Himself "a glorious church, not having spot, or wrinkle, or any such thing; but that it should be holy and without blemish" (Eph. 5:27). Every individual believer will see Him as He is and will be like Him. Every believer will receive an eternal body, like unto His own glorious body. His prayer is answered "Father, I will that they also, whom Thou hast given Me, be with Me where I am; that they may behold My glory." His glory will be our glory. With Him we shall be priests and kings, and reign with Him for a thousand years in His Kingdom over the earth. With Him the Church shall judge the world and shall judge Angels. Copied from The Return of the Lord... by Arno Clemens Gaebelein. New York: Publications Office "Our Hope," ©1925. Arno C. Gaebelein wrote this article in 1925, before Israel was even a nation. Many religious leaders thought that Gaebelein was "way off" when he stated that God would regather the Jews back and Israel would once again become a nation before the end times. Many in his day felt that the Church replaced Israel but as we know, this is not the case. Many who held to the erroneous "replacement theology" had to rethink their beliefs when Israel became a nation in 1948. Israel, the nation, will take center stage during the Tribulation, when the Church is raptured. It is already the focus of much of the news in our times. The Bible says in Zechariah 12:3 that Jerusalem will be "a burdensome stone for all people" and this is already being fulfilled in front of our eyes. God will never forsake Israel though the whole world will come in against them...Jesus in the end will rescue them and they shall look upon Him whom they have pierced. Zechariah 12:10 And I will pour upon the house of David, and upon the inhabitants of Jerusalem, the spirit of grace and of supplications: and they shall look upon me whom they have pierced, and they shall mourn for him, as one mourneth for his only son, and shall be in bitterness for him, as one that is in bitterness for his firstborn. Jesus said to Jerusalem in Luke 13:35 "Ye shall not see me, until the time come when ye shall say, Blessed is he that cometh in the name of the Lord." Jesus comes the first time for His Church-- the Saints. The Second Coming is when He comes back with His saints and rescues Israel. This teaching agrees completely with what the Old and New Testament says concerning the Messiah and the End Times. See our comparison table in the article found here. If one sticks to the literal interpretation of Scriptures, one is never wrong for the Bible is always correct and current with the times. Copyright © 2005 Cobblestone Road Ministries All Rights Reserved The Pre-Trib Rapture Are You Rapture Ready? The Second Coming - in the Old Testament Scriptures His Final Triumph - By A.C. Gaebelein The Antichrist and The Da Vinci Code Babel - The Center of Unity Iraq in Bible Prophecy - Will Babylon Be Rebuilt? \|We are listed in the following Internet directories. We do not necessarily endorse all the sites listed in the topsites below. Just because one labels a site, "Christian" does NOT make it biblical. So please use discernment when visiting any link:\|	<urn:uuid:f225129e-aadd-4be1-8b6e-8261e8298dd0>	{ "date": "2017-02-26T03:13:14", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-09", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501171933.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104611-00416-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9540242552757263, "score": 2.671875, "token_count": 3867, "url": "http://www.cobblestoneroadministry.org/2005_CRM/Gaebelein_ReturnOfTheLord.html" }
Agricultural Pesticides and Human Health Author: Bridget Hicks This case study is part of a collection of pages developed by students in the 2012 introductory-level Geology and Human Health course in the Department of Earth Sciences, Montana State University. Learn more about this project. Pesticides are either restricted or unclassified. Restricted means it can cause harm to humans or the environment. Unclassified refers to all other pesticides. Pesticides are made up of active and inert ingredients. There are certain labeling requirements for the commercial distribution of products that used agricultural pesticides. The active ones are those which do the damage to the pest, federal law mandates that these ingredients be clearly labeled on the packaging. Inert ingredients are not required to be labeled as they do not cause harm, they are usually present as a solvent in the solution. (inert ingredients are not necessarily non-toxic). All pesticides must be registered with the EPA before they can be sold or distributed. There are many tests and requirements concerning the potential effects of the pesticides in order to be approved. Pesticides can be incredibly beneficial and have most certainly increased food production. They were of great importance in saving the United States' potato crops during the 1940's from insect and fungal pests, as well as controlling the boll weevil in El Salvador in 1953 (Monosson, 1). Yet many times their detrimental effects outweigh the positive ones. Pesticides can be extremely hazardous to the human body and other living organisms, as they are designed to be a poison. Here is a link to the EPA's webpage about agricultural pesticides. Sources of Agricultural Pesticides Source Citation: Top Ten Toxic Pollution Problems: Agricultural Pesticides. http://www.worstpolluted.org/projects_reports/display/85 Pesticides became common after the second World War as part of the war effort was scientific research into a way to end hunger, i.e. pesticides and the increasing productivity and availability of food production with their help. Currently an estimated 3.2 million tons of pesticides are used each year. Pesticides are wasted in environments where the farmer has little knowledge or care for the detrimental effects of the pesticides. Without regulations and enforcements these pesticides can easily be spread farther than their intended area. This is especially common in developing countries. With misuse the pesticides can easily be picked up by the rainwater and washed into the streams as runoff. Transport of Agricultural Pesticides Pesticides can be transported to humans or other organisms in a variety of ways. It is near to impossible for the pesticide to only affect its targeted crop. -Wind is one transportation method. The wind picks up the pesticides and can blow them onto other farms or into rivers. -It can be absorbed into the soil and then taken up by other organisms or can contaminate the surface and groundwater that run over/through it. - Pesticides are then absorbed by the plants which is detrimental to the growth of the plants. - That which is not absorbed usually remains on the surface and flows into streams as surface runoff. It is dissolved into the water and then can be taken in by plants and animals. The streams would then be considered a reservoir of pesticides with a relatively high abundance level. Pesticides frequently enter the world's surface and groundwater through either point source (direct locations where excess pesticides spill, or non-point sources, where the pesticides enter the streams through wind flow, precipitation, runoff, and leaching. These pesticides can accumulate in a surface water source such as a lake, stream, or pond, they can also leach down and become integrated into the groundwater reserves such as reservoirs. Pesticides enter the food chain through the direct application of the substance to the plants themselves by humans. Once they are absorbed by the plants or animals which eat the plants they become residue. There are maximum residue levels for crops and animals. They can also be taken in when an organism takes in the water which contains the runoff and dissolved pesticides. This can be further extended to the human who eats the fish. An easier way for humans to ingest pesticides is directly through contaminated drinking water from those polluted streams. Impacts on Human Health An estimated 2.2 million people are at risk due to exposure from agricultural pesticides, with the majority of this population being locating in developing nations. Source Citation: Chemical Safety Project to Monitor Agricultural Pesticides. http://web.stlucia.gov.lc/pr2004/january/chemical_safety_project_to_monitor_agricultural_pesticides.htm Pesticides can enter the human body through inhalation, ingestion, or by dermal penetration through the skin. Those who work with agricultural pesticides are the most at risk if they are not properly dressed or if there are broken and leaking equipment. The majority of average citizens who are effected by the pesticides intake the pesticide through consumption of a food that was been contaminated with a pesticide."In 1958, all members of the family of a local chief who is a prominent cocoa farmer at Okebode in southwestern Nigeria were hospitalized after eating a leaf vegetable undergrowth of a cocoa farm that was earlier sprayed by lindane. In 2004, carbofuran pesticide residues found on several batches of noodles manufactured in Nigeria may have resulted in 23 reported cases of vomiting and one death" (Monosson, 1). Source Citation: Top Ten Toxic Pollution Problems. http://www.worstpolluted.org/projects_reports/display/85 Pesticides cause headaches, blurred vision, vomiting, abdominal pain, suppress the immune system, lead to blood and liver diseases, depression, asthma, and nerve damage. The issue with these effects is that they may wait appear until a while after being ingested so tracing the symptoms back to the pesticide can prove to be quite difficult. Many of the symptoms can be mistaken for the flu and therefore not properly treated. The inactive ingredients such as chloroform can also cause serious risks to the liver and nervous system. These effects can also be experienced by the animals living around the streams where the pesticides accumulate. The pesticides bioaccumulate within the animals as they are not easily soluble, as that animal is eaten by another animal the pesticide then biomagnifies and obtains an even higher concentration as it moves further up the food chain. Prevention or Mitigation The easiest way to prevent the spread and abundance of agricultural pesticides is through education. If more farmers, especially in developing countries, knew about the risks of these pesticides, they would be more careful in the way that they use the pesticides and the protection that the sprayers wear. Another way is to adopt the Integrated Pesticide Management program which "emphasizes non chemical and cultural pest control strategies such as removal of diseased plant parts, crop rotation that may disrupt the life cycle of pests, and biological control such as the use of insect predators" (Monosson,1). Particular attention needs to be paid to the developing world as their lower health status makes them more vulnerable to disease and they are usually dependent upon farming as their main source of income and economy. In more developed countries where health and wealth are not such huge issues, consumers can decrease their risk of consuming agricultural pesticides by selecting products that are deemed organic which means that no pesticides were used during the production of those foods. Non government organizations are providing the best prevention strategies at the moment. There are groups that provide educational sessions, telephone hotlines, and safety classes. The UN Food and Agriculture Organization and the convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants are making global efforts to decrease the presence and abundance of the harmful pesticides.Many states within the United States have installed a Clean Sweep program which provides for proper cleanup and disposal of these pesticides. To see which states are included in the program click here EPA Clean Sweep. - Carson, Rachel. Silent Spring. Boston: Houghton Mifflin,1962. Rachel Carson had a masters in Zoology and worked for the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service for 15 years. Carson published many books on ecology but her most famous was published in 1962. Silent Spring displays the harmful effects of agriculture pesticides such as DDT. This book was intended to educate the scientific community as well as the general public. It is the perfect example of a widely used agricultural pesticide that was not known to be harmful, the publication led to the subsequent banning of this pesticide in the U.S. and most other developed nations. - Steingraber,Sandra. Living Downstream. New York City:Da Capo Press,1997. Steingraber was diagnosed with cancer and as a biologist she searched for the roots of her disease. She found that it most likely came from the high concentrations of toxins in her hometown drinking water supply. She then goes on to draw connections about other incidences of cancer in major cities where there were high toxin levels. - Van Den Bosch, Robert. The Pesticide Conspiracy. Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1989. Robert Van Den Bosch is a professor at the University of California and has conducted research exploring the harmful effects of agricultural pesticides. In his book he explains how truly detrimental these pesticides are and advocates for the end of their use. As this book was published in 1989, Van Den Bosch received much criticism from the pesticide industry and many supporting government officials as the detrimental effects were not very well known at that time. - Wheeler, Willis. Pesticides in Agriculture and the Environment. New York City: CRC Press, 2002. This book describes in depth what exactly agricultural pesticides are and the harmful effects they can have on the environment. It also looks at solutions to the inefficiency of using pesticides. It analyzes the current trends in pesticide use as well as extrapolates on future advancements. - "Agriculture." Pesticides. 27 June 2012. EPA. 03 Nov. 2012 . This is a link to the EPA's page on Agricultural Pesticides. It provides a breadth of information of general aspects of these pesticides as well as their use and the current methods of regulation and control. - "The Life and Legacy of Rachel Carson." Biography. 2012. Connecticut College. 03 Nov. 2012 This website provides information on Rachel Carson who is the most famous biologist on the harmful effects of agricultural pesticides. It provides a biography, links to all of her books, and links to additional research sources. - Monosson, Emily. "The Encyclopedia of Earth." Agricultural pesticide contamination. 11 Feb. 2011. National Council for Science and the Environment. 04. Nov. 2012 <http://www.eoearth.org/article/Agricultural_pesticide_contamination>. This link provides general information about agricultural pesticides and their harmful contamination effects. - "Top Ten Toxic Pollution Problems 2011." Agricultural Production, Pesticide Pollution. 2012. Blacksmith Institute. 03 Nov. 2012 <http://www.worstpolluted.org/projects_reports/display/85>. This site looks at the top pollution problems each year and states Agricultural Pesticides as being one of the top ten for 2011. It displays the worldwide distribution and where the majority of the population that is at risk is located.	<urn:uuid:d9696082-9703-42a9-8dd0-a71f6e4f0f1a>	{ "date": "2015-05-22T16:05:35", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-22", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207925696.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113205-00329-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9464391469955444, "score": 3.234375, "token_count": 2317, "url": "http://serc.carleton.edu/NAGTWorkshops/health/case_studies/pesticides.html" }
"Types (classes) of pain medication Pain medications are drugs used to relieve discomfort associated with disease, injury, or surgery. Because the pain process is complex, there are many types of pain drugs that provide relief by acting "... Temporary relieves minor aches and pains due to: - minor pain of arthritis - the common cold - muscular aches - premenstural and menstrual cramps - temporarily reduces fever DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION TYLENOL (acetaminophen) ® acetaminophen products are only administered orally. They are available in a variety of convenient dosage forms as listed in Tables 2 and 3. For ease of administration for young children, Infants' TYLENOL (acetaminophen) Concentrated Drops are more concentrated than the Children's TYLENOL (acetaminophen) liquid formulations. Infants' TYLENOL (acetaminophen) Concentrated Drops labeling instructs consumers to use only the dropper enclosed in the carton to dose the product and not to use any other dosing device with the product, such as spoons, droppers, or cups that come with other medicines. The labeling on Children's TYLENOL (acetaminophen) liquid formulations instructs consumers to use only the measuring cup enclosed in the package to dose the product and not to use any other dosing device, such as kitchen teaspoons, droppers, or cups that come with other medicines. TYLENOL® (acetaminophen) Arthritis Extended Relief Caplets should not be crushed, chewed, or dissolved in a liquid. b. Adult Dosage For adults and children 12 years of age and older, the recommended dose of acetaminophen is 650 to 1000 mg every 4 to 6 hours as needed, not to exceed 4000 mg in 24 hours (Table 2). For extended-release acetaminophen, the dose is 1300 mg every 8 hours as needed, not to exceed 3900 mg in 24 hours. Some adult products (Extra Strength TYLENOL (acetaminophen) , TYLENOL (acetaminophen) Arthritis Extended Relief Formula) are not intended for use in children under 12 years of age. c. Pediatric Dosage For children under 12 years of age, the recommended dose of acetaminophen is 10 to 15 mg/kg every 4 to 6 hours,47 not to exceed five doses (50-75 mg/kg) in 24 hours (Table 3). Age-Related Dosing Schedule TABLE 4. Recommended pediatric dosing of acetaminophen by weight and age (adapted from reference 47, with permission)* \|Weight\|\|Agea\|\|doseb (mg)\|\| Single Recommended daily dose (mg) \|6-11\|\|2.0 - 5.4\|\|0-3 monthsc\|\|40\|\|200\| \|12 -17\|\|5.5 - 7.9\|\|4-11 months\|\|80\|\|400\| \|18 -23\|\|8.0 - 10.9\|\|12 - 23 months\|\|120\|\|600\| \|24-35\|\|11.0 - 15.9\|\|2-3 years\|\|160\|\|800\| \|36-47\|\|16.0 - 21.9\|\|4-5 years\|\|240\|\|1200\| \|48-59\|\|22.0 -26.9\|\|6-8 years\|\|320\|\|1600\| \|60-71\|\|27.0 - 31.9\|\|9-10 years\|\|400\|\|2000\| \|72-95\|\|32.0 -43.9\|\|11 years\|\|480\|\|2400\| \| * Refer to package label for more specific information related to dosing. a For adults and children 12 years of age and older see Table 2. b Doses may be repeated every 4 hours but not more than five times daily c Data not available to define appropriate adjustments, if any, needed for the immediate neonatal period. Use of antipyretics in the immediate neonatal period is extremely limited. Weight-Related Dosing Schedule This weight-related dosing schedule was developed and recommended by McNeil Consumer Healthcare when dosing by weight. The weight-related schedule is based on weight ranges that are consistent with the use of a standard 80-mg dosage unit.47 Using this method, the weight-related dosage schedule provides a dose of 10 to 15 mg/kg body weight for a single dose. The weight-related schedule most closely approximates this dose, so that when possible, consumers should be instructed to use weight to calculate dose; otherwise, age may be used (Table 4). The label for Regular Strength TYLENOL® acetaminophen products recommends that children 6 to 11 years old take 325 mg every 4 to 6 hours, not to exceed five doses in 24 hours. d. Use of Recommended Doses for Longer Than 10 Days Clinical studies have evaluated the use of acetaminophen in adult patients with osteoarthritis of the knee at recommended doses of 4000 mg/d for up to 4 weeks.48,49 Williams and colleagues50 evaluated the use of acetaminophen in doses up to 2600 mg/d for up to 2 years. In these studies, acetaminophen was well tolerated. The package label for adult TYLENOL® acetaminophen products instructs adults not to take TYLENOL (acetaminophen) for pain for more than 10 days or for fever for more than 3 days unless directed by a doctor. The package label for Children's TYLENOL (acetaminophen) products instructs parents not to administer TYLENOL (acetaminophen) to children for pain for more than 5 days or for fever for more than 3 days unless directed by a doctor. As with all over-the-counter (OTC) analgesics, this warning is necessary so that patients and parents will seek appropriate medical evaluation of their condition if it persists beyond these time periods. e. Alternate/Concomitant Dosing Concomitant or alternate dosing with more than one antipyretic agent is not recommended. There are no studies to support alternate dosing of acetaminophen and ibuprofen or other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Studies have demonstrated that single-dose concurrent administration of aspirin and acetaminophen produced a more prolonged temperature decrement than when either antipyretic was given alone.51,52 f. Recommended Storage Conditions Storage requirements for all TYLENOL® acetaminophen drops, liquids, and solid formulations are as follows: store at room temperature. It is recommended that high humidity and excessive heat (ie, ≥ 40°C [104°F]) be avoided for the gelatin-coated formulations (eg, gelcaps, geltabs). Freezing of the liquid or suspension formulations should be avoided. g. Expiration Dating Periods for Commercially Available Products Under room temperature storage conditions, TYLENOL® acetaminophen solid formulations are generally stable for 3 years and liquid formulations are generally stable for 2 years from the date of manufacture. Refer to product package for specific expiration date. No information provided 47. Temple AR. Pediatric dosing of acetaminophen. Pediatr Pharmacol. 1983;3:321-327. 48. Amadio P, Cummings DM. Evaluation of acetaminophen in the management of osteoarthritis of the knee. Curr Ther Res. 1983;34:59-66. 49. Bradley J D, Brandt KD, Katz BP, Kalasinski LA, Ryan SI. Comparison of an anti-inflammatory dose of ibuprofen, an analgesic dose of ibuprofen, and acetaminophen in the treatment of patients with osteoarthritis of the knee. N Engl J Med. 1991;325: 87-91. 50. Williams HJ, Ward JR, Egger MJ, et al. Comparison of naproxen and acetaminophen in a two-year study of treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee. Arthritis Rheum. 1993;36:1196-1206. 51. Simila S, Keinanen S, Kouvalainen K. Oral antipyretic therapy: evaluation of benorylate, an ester of acetyl-salicylic acid and paracetamol. Eur J Pediatr. 1975;121:15-20. 52. Steele RW, Young FH, Bass JW, Shirkey HC. Oral antipyretic therapy: evaluation of aspirin-acetaminophen combination. Am J Dis Child. 1972;123:204-206. FDA rev date: Last reviewed on RxList: 11/7/2007 This monograph has been modified to include the generic and brand name in many instances. Additional Tylenol Information Tylenol - User Reviews Tylenol User Reviews Now you can gain knowledge and insight about a drug treatment with Patient Discussions. Report Problems to the Food and Drug Administration Chronic Pain/Back Pain Find tips and advances in treatment.	<urn:uuid:6e0a47cb-e502-4bf3-adfa-638d8b84dfe7>	{ "date": "2015-04-27T09:05:11", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-18", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246657868.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045737-00201-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8365159034729004, "score": 2.796875, "token_count": 1898, "url": "http://www.rxlist.com/tylenol-drug/indications-dosage.htm" }
Questions and Answers How large must a Lesson Study group be? There is no specified size. Groups can be as small as three or as large as 16. How do you get started? It is helpful for those in the group to attend an awareness session on lesson study (LS) or to attend a study. Several videos are now available for use in such presentations. A group that is willing to work through the LS cycle should then set a schedule of meetings over a four to six week period and a date for the lesson to be taught. What support is necessary? Groups benefit from the guidance of a person knowledgeable about lesson study. They also may want to involve a content specialist as they work through questions about content and/or as an observer and commentator. It is essential that arrangements be made for members of the study group to observe the lesson when it is taught. A place also should be reserved for the debriefing. What are key points for a Lesson Study Group to keep in mind? - The purpose of the study is to learn something about students’ thinking. It is not a demonstration lesson. - Comments and reflection should focus on the goals set by the group, not on an individual teacher or someone else’s agenda. - Everyone has something to contribute and all ideas should be respected and weighed. If there were already a recipe for teaching something perfectly all students would be high achievers and there would be nothing to explore. But teaching is a complex act and there are many reasons lessons may work in one situation and not in another. - Do not try to rush the process. Teachers too often try to begin with a lesson in mind instead of with goals in mind. Even with goals, they want to jump to the lesson before investigating how the content develops and what prior knowledge students must have. What do teachers get out of Lesson Study? - Lesson Study at its inner core makes teachers more aware of how students think and learn. - It reveals the importance of knowing both the big developmental picture of what you are teaching and the value of paying attention to and working out minute details that affect student learning. - It emphasizes the need for clear goals and focused lessons. - It draws attention to the importance of getting language right. - It brings home the need to think ahead to how you will close a lesson so students can make sense of it. - The learning it produces in teachers is used throughout their teaching. - Even students have said that they feel good that adults are interested in how they think. - It does produce a group of lessons that are available for sharing along with reports of what works well and what not so well.	<urn:uuid:a0e8257f-52b5-4203-9a1e-39b5e6e73d08>	{ "date": "2014-04-18T18:13:17", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-15", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609535095.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005215-00403-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 4, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.96571946144104, "score": 3.515625, "token_count": 554, "url": "http://www.aft.org/yourwork/tools4teachers/lessonstudy/faqs.cfm" }
How to Best Sample Strawberry Leaves for a Nutrient Analysis - That’s a Berry Good Question!!! Posted: May 10, 2011 A. In 2003 to 2005, with the help of county extension educators and six growers, we tracked what was going on nutritionally in plasticulture plantings across the state. We collected and analyzed leaf samples (163 of them, thanks to funding from a PDA project) to figure this out. The concentrations of nutrients in leaves vary widely over time depending on the season and what the plant is doing, no matter what production system you are using. Some nutrient elements can move in the plant after they are taken up (referred to as mobile nutrients) and others stay put in tissue in which they’ve been incorporated. Concentrations are different in leaves of different ages on the same plant, and also vary over time. With strawberries, two key elements that we are interested in are nitrogen and potassium. In similarly-aged leaves, concentrations of both elements increase very rapidly in the spring as the plant starts to grow, then stabilize briefly from early to mid-bloom, and drop again as the fruit forms. Based on the results of the project, in the plasticulture system we recommend taking samples of the most recently fully-matured leaves during early to mid-bloom, as we can interpret the results of leaf samples at that time (i.e., we can make a determination as to whether the nutrients are at optimum levels). If samples are taken at other times or different leaves are used, we can tell whether levels are rising or falling, but we really can’t correlate levels with yields – nutrient levels are simply changing too fast. Petioles (leaf stems) should be removed from the leaves, and just the trifoliate portion sent in as the concentration of nutrient in the petiole is different than the concentrations in the leaves. If you’ve sampled at other times of the season, you may be able to compare results of different plantings on your farm, but we can’t really say whether nutrient levels are normal or not. Also, be aware that results from some labs appear as “% of sufficiency range”. If you see a low number here, it doesn’t mean you are deficient until your nutrient levels are lower than the ones in the sufficient range. Seeing that you have a low “% of sufficiency” should be taken as a “heads-up”, but not necessarily a cause for panic. If you do detect deficiencies, nutrients applied through the irrigation system to correct the problem are detectable in the plant within 48 hours. It’s more difficult to tell what is going on with foliarly-applied nutrients as we can’t tell whether the nutrients are just on the leaf, or in the leaf. By the way, in matted-row production, taking leaf samples (of recently fully-expanded leaves) after renovation when leaves are regrown is still best. Got a question? Chances are that someone else has the same question, but isn't asking! Send your question to Kathy Demchak, at 102 Tyson Bldg., University Park, PA 16802, or via email to [email protected]. You will be credited with the question, or can remain anonymous, as you wish.	<urn:uuid:77ecc400-0f23-4f37-a98a-c99f2dd002ba>	{ "date": "2014-09-30T14:41:00", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-41", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1412037663007.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20140930004103-00280-ip-10-234-18-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9573277831077576, "score": 2.71875, "token_count": 691, "url": "http://extension.psu.edu/plants/tree-fruit/news/2011/how-to-best-sample-strawberry-leaves-for-a-nutrient-analysis" }
“The species faces many threats, and is rarely seen, so it was an exciting encounter for the ranger,” said Lou Jost of EcoMinga. Woolly Monkeys are the natural prey of Andean Black-and-chestnut Eagles, which are capable of snatching a monkey and flying with it dangling from their claws. However it is not the Andean Eagle that poses the real danger to the Woolly Monkey. Rather it is human hunters. Lou Jost, Fundación Ecominga Woolly Monkey meat forms part of the diet of most indigenous Amazonian communities. Traditionally the meat is consumed during festivals but such is its popularity that some indigenous communities are now hunting Woolly Monkeys to supply the bush meat trade in nearby towns. And it’s not just the indigenous who hunt the Woolly Monkey. So too do incomers who are invading forest areas. “With advances in hunting technologies, increased human population density, and changes in indigenous lifestyle from nomadic to sedentary, Woolly Monkeys have been largely eliminated from areas near human settlements. They are in urgent need of protection,” explains Lou. Rio Zuñac safe haven Rio Zuñac Reserve lies in the eastern foothills of the Andes on the western edge of the Amazon basin, and has not been inhabited by indigenous communities for many centuries. So, unlike in the Brazilian Amazon, where Woolly Monkeys have learned to stay well away from people, in Rio Zuñac Reserve, Woolly Monkeys respond less cautiously to human encounters. They may not react at all or males may even approach an observer and try to scare him or her away with threat displays. (Lou Jost, Fundación Ecominga) Unfortunately, now that Woolly Monkeys are very rare around settlements, Amazonian people are now making hunting expeditions into the Rio Zuñac area and the adjoining Llanganates National Park, specifically targeting Woolly Monkeys, Mountain Tapir, and Spectacled Bear. These expeditions often occur just before fiestas, and usually involve many hunters, who stay in the field for many days. They smoke the meat they obtain in the field, to preserve it until the fiesta. Recently a guard for the national park caught one such expedition and confiscated many smoked Woolly Monkey carcasses. EcoMinga’s guards and the national park guards have recently begun to work together. “We hope that we can protect this trusting, local population of Woolly Monkeys from human threats,” said Lou. Climate change also threatens the Woolly Monkey. There are signs that unusual climate variations are desynchronising the flowering and fruiting cycles of east Andean trees in Ecuador. Fruit is the main food of Woolly Monkeys, and the monkeys move around the forest to take advantage of mass fruitings of specific species at specific elevations. “Desynchronisation of these fruiting events may stress our monkey populations, though no one really knows what will happen,” said Lou. “Here all we can do is protect the monkeys from the threats that we can control, and hope for the best as climate changes.” The mere presence of rangers in reserves is enough to deter to hunters, so the work of Luis and other Keepers of the Wild is essential to protect rare species in protected areas supported by WLT. Please help keep Woolly Monkeys safe from hunters by donating to WLT’s Keepers of the Wild appeal.	<urn:uuid:659460f4-02f4-4be7-808d-7b5664530eae>	{ "date": "2019-02-16T18:15:36", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-09", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247480905.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20190216170210-20190216192210-00016.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9484078288078308, "score": 3.28125, "token_count": 740, "url": "https://www.worldlandtrust.org/news/2014/06/keeper-wild-has-close-encounter-woolly-monkeys/" }
Every day we creep a little closer to Douglas Adams’ famous and prescient Babel fish. A new research project from Google takes spoken sentences in one language and outputs spoken words in another — but unlike most translation techniques, it uses no intermediate text, working solely with the audio. This makes it quick, but more importantly lets it more easily reflect the cadence and tone of the speaker’s voice. Translatotron, as the project is called, is the culmination of several years of related work, though it’s still very much an experiment. Google’s researchers, and others, have been looking into the possibility of direct speech-to-speech translation for years, but only recently have those efforts borne fruit worth harvesting. Translating speech is usually done by breaking down the problem into smaller sequential ones: turning the source speech into text (speech-to-text, or STT), turning text in one language into text in another (machine translation), and then turning the resulting text back into speech (text-to-speech, or TTS). This works quite well, really, but it isn’t perfect; each step has types of errors it is prone to, and these can compound one another. Furthermore, it’s not really how multilingual people translate in their own heads, as testimony about their own thought processes suggests. How exactly it works is impossible to say with certainty, but few would say that they break down the text and visualize it changing to a new language, then read the new text. Human cognition is frequently a guide for how to advance machine learning algorithms. Spectrograms of source and translated speech. The translation, let us admit, is not the best. But it sounds better! To that end, researchers began looking into converting spectrograms, detailed frequency breakdowns of audio, of speech in one language directly to spectrograms in another. This is a very different process from the three-step one, and has its own weaknesses, but it also has advantages. One is that, while complex, it is essentially a single-step process rather than multi-step, which means, assuming you have enough processing power, Translatotron could work quicker. But more importantly for many, the process makes it easy to retain the character of the source voice, so the translation doesn’t come out robotically, but with the tone and cadence of the original sentence. Naturally this has a huge impact on expression, and someone who relies on translation or voice synthesis regularly will appreciate that not only what they say comes through, but how they say it. It’s hard to overstate how important this is for regular users of synthetic speech. The accuracy of the translation, the researchers admit, is not as good as the traditional systems, which have had more time to hone their accuracy. But many of the resulting translations are (at least partially) quite good, and being able to include expression is too great an advantage to pass up. In the end, the team modestly describes their work as a starting point demonstrating the feasibility of the approach, though it’s easy to see that it is also a major step forward in an important domain. The paper describing the new technique was published on Arxiv, and you can browse samples of speech, from source to traditional translation to Translatotron, at this page. Just be aware that these are not all selected for the quality of their translation, but serve more as examples of how the system retains expression while getting the gist of the meaning. If it feels like technological change is happening faster than it used to, that’s because it is. It took around 12,000 years to move from the agrarian to the industrial revolution but only a couple of hundred years to go from the industrial to the information revolution that’s now propelling us in a short number of decades into the artificial intelligence revolution. Each technological transformation enables the next as the time between these quantum leaps becomes shorter. That’s why if you are looking backwards to get a sense of how quickly the world around you will change, you won’t realize how quickly our radically different future is approaching. But although this can sometimes feel frightening, there’s a lot we can do now to help make sure we ride this wave of radical change rather than get drowned by it. Here’s my essential list: Do what you can to preserve your youth Scientists are discovering new ways to slow the biological process of aging. It won’t be too long before doctors start prescribing pills, gene therapies, and other treatments to manage getting old as a partly curable disease. Because most of the terrible afflictions we now fear are correlated with age, medically treating aging will push off the date when we might have otherwise developed cancers, heart disease, dementia, and other killers. To maximally benefit from the new treatments for aging tomorrow, we all, no matter what our current age, need to do what we can to take care of our bodies today. That means exercising around 45 minutes a day, eating a healthy and mostly plant-based diet, trying to sleep at least seven hours a night, avoiding too much sun, not smoking, building and maintaining strong communities and support networks, and living a purposeful life. The healthier you are when the anti-age treatments arrive, the longer you’ll be able to maintain your vitality into your later years. Quantify and monitor your health You can’t monitor what you can’t measure. If you want to maintain optimal health, you need a way to regularly assess if you are on the right track. Monitoring your health through regular broad-spectrum blood and stool tests, constant feedback about your heart rate and sleep patterns from devices like your Apple Watch or Fitbit, having your genome sequenced, getting a full body MRI, and having a regular colonoscopy may seem like overkill to most people. But waiting until you have a symptom to start assessing your health status is like waiting until your car is careening down a hill to check if the brakes are in order. Some smart people worry that this kind of monitoring of “healthy” people will waste money, overwhelm our already overburdened healthcare system, and cause people unnecessary anxiety. But even the healthiest among us are in the early stages of developing one disease or another. Society will inevitably shift from a model of responsive sick care of people already in trouble to the predictive healthcare trying to keep people out of it. Do you want to be a dinosaur-like victim of the old model or a proactive pioneer of the new one? Freeze your essential biological materials Our bodies are a treasure trove of biological materials that could save us in the future, but every morning we still flush gold down the toilet. That gold, our stool, could potentially be frozen so we could repopulate our essential gut bacteria if our microbiome were to take a dangerous hit from antibiotics or illness. Skin cells could be transformed into potentially life-saving stem cells and stored for future use to help rejuvenate various types of aging cells. If our future treatments will be personalized using our own biological materials, but we’ll need to have stored these materials earlier in life to receive the full benefit of these advances. We put money in the bank to ensure our financial security, so why wouldn’t we put some of our biological materials in a bio-bank to have our youngest possible rescue cells waiting for us when we need them and help secure our physiological security? If you plan on ever having children, freeze your eggs or your sperm More people will soon shift from conceiving children through sex to conceiving them through IVF and embryo selection. The preliminary driver of this will be parents’ increasing recognition that they can reduce the roughly 3% chance their future children will be born with dangerous genetic mutations by having their embryos screened in a lab prior to implantation in the mother. This may seem less exciting than making babies in the back seat of a car, but the health and longevity benefits of screening embryos will ultimately overpower conception by sex kind of like how vaccinating our children has (mostly) overpowered the far more natural option of not doing so. If you are likely to conceive via IVF and embryo selection, why not freeze your eggs, sperm, or embryos when you are at your biological peak and when the chance of passing on genetic abnormalities is lower than it may be later in life? Manage your public identity The days of living incognito are over. No matter how aggressively some of us may try to avoid it, our lives leave massive digital footprints that are becoming an essential part of our very identities. The authoritarian government in China is planning to give “social credit“ scores evaluating the digitally monitored behavior of each citizen in a creepy and frightening way. But even in more liberal societies we will all be increasingly judged at work, at home, and in our commercial interactions based on our aggregated digital identities. These identities will be based on what we buy, what we post, what we seek, and how and with whom we interact online. Some societies and individuals are smartly trying to exert a level of control over the collection and use of this personal data, but even this won’t change the new reality that our digital identities will significantly influence what options are available to us in life and represent us after we die. Given this, and perhaps sadly, we all need to protect our privacy but also think of our public selves as brands, managing our digitally recorded activity from early on to present ourselves to the world the way we consciously want the world to know us. Learn the language of code Our lives will be increasingly manipulated by algorithms few of us understand. Most people who were once good at finding their way now just use their GPS-guided smart phones to get where they need to go. As algorithms touching many different aspects of our lives get better, we will increasingly rely on them to make plans, purchasing decisions, and even significant life choices for us. Pretty much every job we might do and many other aspects of our lives will be guided by artificial intelligence and big data analytics. Fully understanding every detail of how each of these algorithms function may be impossible, but we’ll be even more at their mercy if we don’t each acquire at least a rudimentary understanding of what code is and how it works. If you can read one book about code, that’s a start. Learning the fundamental of coding will do even more to help you navigate the fast arriving algorithmic world. Become multicultural Pretty much wherever you were in the 18th century, you needed to understand Europe to operate effectively because European power then defined so many parts of the world. The same was true for understanding United States in the 20th century understanding America was imperative for most people living outside of the United States because US actions influenced so many aspects of their lives. For many people living in 20th century America, understanding the rest of the world was merely interesting. As China rises and Global power decentralizes in the 21st-century, we’ll all need to learn more about China, India, and other new power, population, and culture centers than ever before. This won’t just help you become a more well-rounded person, it will give you a far greater chance of success in most anything you’ll be doing. Although machine translation will make communicating across languages pretty seamless, you’ll need a cultural fluidity and fluency to succeed in the 21st century world. The good news is that people motivated to learn about other groups and societies now have more resources than ever before to do so. If you want to be ready for our multicultural, multinational future, you’d better start doing all you can to learn about other cultures and societies now. Become an obsessive learner Technological change has been a constant throughout human history, but the pace of change is today accelerating far more rapidly than ever before. As innovations across the spectrum of science and technology empower, inspire, and reinforce each other, multiple technological transformations are converging into a revolutionary whole far greater than the sum of its parts. This unprecedented rate of change will mean that much of your knowledge will start becoming obsolete as soon as you acquire it. To keep up in your career and life, you’ll need to dedicate yourself to a lifetime of never ending, aggressive, continuous, and creativity-driven learning. The only skill worth having in an exponential world will be knowing how to learn and a passion for doing it. Call me an old-fashioned futurist, but this learning process must include reading lots of books to help you understand where we have come from and how the disparate pieces of information fit together to create a larger story. This type of knowledge will be an essential foundation of the wisdom we’ll each and all need to navigate our fast-changing world. Invest in physical community We humans are social species. A primary reason we rose to the top of the food chain and built civilization is that our brains are optimized for collaborating with those around us. When we bond with our partners and friends, we realize one of our essential cord needs as humans. That’s why people in solitary confinement tend to go a bit crazy. But although our progression from feeling our sense of connection, belonging, and community has expanded from the level of clan to village to city to country to, in some ways, the world, we are still not virtual beings. We may get a little dopamine hit whenever someone likes our tweet or Facebook post, but most of us still need a connected physical community around us in order to be happy and to realize our best potential. With all of the virtual options that will surround us – chatbots engaging us in witty repartee, virtual assistants managing our schedules, and even friends messaging from faraway lands among them – our virtual future must remain grounded in our physical world. To build your essential community of flesh and blood people, you must invest in deep and meaningful relationships with the people physically around you. Don’t get stuck in today The olden days were, at least in most peoples’ minds, always better. We used to have better values, a better work ethic, better communities. We used to walk to school uphill in both directions! But while we do need to hold on to the best of the past, we also need to march boldly into the future. Because the coming world will feel like science fiction, will all need to be like science fiction writersimagining the world ahead and positioning ourselves to shape it for the better. The technologies of the future will be radically new but we’ll need to draw on the best of our ancient value systems to use them wisely. The exponential future is coming faster than most of us appreciate or are ready for. Like it or not, we are now all futurists. The ability to quickly and automatically translate anything you see using a web service is a powerful one, yet few expect much from it other than a tolerable version of a foreign article, menu, or street sign. Shouldn’t this amazing tool be put to better use? It can be, and a company called Lilt is quietly doing so — but crucially, it isn’t even trying to leave the human element behind. By combining the expertise of human translators with the speed and versatility of automated ones, you get the best of both worlds — and potentially a major business opportunity. The problem with machine translation, when you really get down to it, is that it’s bad. Sure, it won’t mistake “tomato” for “potato,” but it can’t be trusted to do anything beyond accurately translate the literal meaning of a series of words. In many cases that’s all you need — for instance, on a menu — but for a huge amount of content it simply isn’t good enough. This is much more than a convenience problem; for many language provides serious professional and personal barriers. “Information on a huge number of topics is only available in English,” said Lilt co-founder and CEO Spence Green; he encountered this while doing graduate work in the Middle East, simultaneously learning Arabic and the limitations placed on those who didn’t speak English. Much of this information is not amenable to machine translation, he explained. Imagine if you were expected to operate heavy machinery using instructions run through Google Translate, or perform work in a country where immigration law is not available in your language. “Books, legal information, voting materials… when quality is required, you need a human in the loop,” he said. Working on translation projects there and later at Google, where he interned in 2011, Green found himself concerned with how machine translation could improve access to information without degrading it — as most of the systems do. His realization, which he pursued with co-founder John DeNero, was that machine learning systems worked well not simply as a tool for translation, but as tool for translators. Working in concert with a translation system makes them faster and better at their work, lightening the cognitive load. The basic idea of Lilt’s tool is that the system provides translations for the next sentence or paragraph, as a reference for structure, tense, idiom, and so on that the translator can consult and, at least potentially, work faster and better. Lilt claims a 5x increase in words per hour translated, and says the results are as good or better than a strictly human translation. “We published papers — we knew the technology worked. We’d worked with translators and had done some large-scale experiments,” Green said, but the question was how to proceed. Talk to a big company and get them interested? “We went through this process of realizing that the big companies are really focused on the consumer applications — not anywhere there’s a quality threshold, which is really the entire translation industry,” Green said. Stay in academic research, get a grant and open-source it? “The money kind of dried up,” Green explained: money was lavishly allocated after 9/11 with the idea of improving intelligence and communication, but a decade later the sense of urgency had departed, and with it much of the grant cash. Start a company? “We knew the technology was inevitable,” he said. “The question was who would bring it to market.” So they decided it would be them. Interestingly, a major change in language translation took place around the time they were really getting to work on it. Statistical neural network systems gave way to attention-based ones; these have a natural sort of affinity to efficiently and effectively parsing things like sentences, where each word exists not like a pixel in an image, but is dependent on the words nearby it in a structured way. They basically had to reinvent their core translation system, but it was ultimately for the better. “These systems have much better fluency — they’re just a better model of language. Second, they learn much faster; you need fewer updates to adapt to a domain,” Green said. That is to say, as far as domains, that the system can quickly accommodate jargon and special rules found in, say, technical writing or real estate law. Of course, you can’t just sprint into the midst of the translation business, which spans publishing, real-time stuff, technical documents, and a dozen other verticals, and say “here, use AI!” “There’s enormous structural resistance in the industry to automating in any real way,” Green said. There was no way a major publishing house was going to change the way it worked. “We tried several business models before we found one that works. There really hasn’t been a company that has decided ‘Okay, this human-in-the-loop method is the fundamental way to solve this problem, let’s just build a company around that.’ So we’re vertically integrated, we work with big enterprises and governments, and we just own the entire translation workflow for them.” A faster method that doesn’t adversely affect translation quality is basically an efficiency multiplier — catnip for organizations that have a lot of content that needs accurate translation but needs to get the most for their money. Think about it like this: if you’re a company that puts out products in 20 countries that speak as many languages, translation of packaging, advertising, documentation, and so on is a task that’s essentially never done. The faster and cheaper you can get it done, the better, and if you have a single company that can handle it all, that’s just a cherry on top. “We work with Zendesk, Snap, Sprinklr… we just take over the whole localization workflow for them. That helps with international go to market.” said Green. If a company’s translation budget and process before using Lilt limited it to targeting 5 or 6 new markets in a given period, that could double or triple for the same price and staff, depending on efficiency gains. Right now the working on acquiring customers, naturally. “In Q4 last year we built our first sales team,” Green admitted. But initial work with governments especially has been heartening, since they have “more idiosyncratic language needs” and a large volume of text. The 29 languages Lilt supports right now will be 43 by the end of the year. A proofreading feature is in the works to improve the efficiency of editors as well as translators. They’re also working hard on connecting with academics and building the translation community around Lilt. Academics are both a crucial source of translators and language experts and a major market. A huge majority of scientific literature is only published in English because it would be onerous to translate this highly technical text for others. Green’s pet peeve seems to be that brilliant researchers are being put to work on boring consumer stuff: “Tech companies are kind of sucking up all the talent and putting them on Assistant or Alexa or something.” It’s a common refrain in frontier tech like AI and robotics. Finally, Green said, “it’s my great hope that we can close this circle and get into book translation as we go on. It’s less lucrative work but it’s the third part of the vision. If we’re able to, it’s a choice where we’ll feel like we’ve done something meaningful.” Although it may start out as support documents for apps and random government contracts, the types of content and markets amenable to Lilt’s type of human-in-the-loop process seem likely to only increase. And a future where AI and people work in cooperation is certainly more reassuring than one where humans are replaced. With translation at least, the human touch is nowhere near ready to be excluded. The Internet is of course amazing if you want to send messages across borders. But different languages can still put a wrinkle in your conversational flow, even with all the handy translation apps also on tap to help turn zut alors into shucks! So Microsoft -owned SwiftKey is probably still onto something with a new feature launching today in its Android app that bakes two-way translation right into the keyboard — which should save a lot of tedious copy-pasting, at least if you’re frequently conversing across language barriers. It’s not clear whether the translation feature will be coming to SwiftKey on iOS too (we’ve asked and will update with any additional details). Microsoft Translator is the underlying technology powering the core linguistic automagic. So SwiftKey’s parent is intimately involved in this feature addition. Microsoft’s tech does continue to exist in a standalone app form too, though. And that app is getting a cross-promotional push, via the SwiftKey addition, with the company touting an added benefit for users if they install Microsoft Translator — as the keyboard translation feature will then work offline. (SwiftKey had some 300M active users at the time of its acquisition by Microsoft, three years ago, so the size of that promotional push for Translator is potentially pretty large.) The translation option is being added to SwiftKey via a relatively recently launched Toolbar that lets users customize the keyboard — such as by adding stickers, location or calendar. To access the Toolbar (and the various add-ons nested within it) users tap on the ‘+’ in the upper left corner. With translation enabled, users of the next word predicting keyboard can then switch between input and output languages to turn incoming missives from one of more than 60 languages into another tongue at the tap of a button, as well as translate their outgoing replies back the other way without needing to know how to write in that other language. Supported languages include Italian, Spanish, Germany, Russian and Turkish, to name a few. And while the machine translation technology is doing away with the immediate need for human foreign language expertise, there’s at least a chance app users will learn a bit as they go along — i.e. as they watch their words get rendered in another tongue right before their eyes. As tech magic goes, translation is hard to beat. Even though machine translation can often still be very rough round the edges. But here, for helping with everyday chatting on mobiule messaging apps, there’s no doubt it will be a great help. Commenting on the new feature in a statement, Colleen Hall, senior product manager at SwiftKey, said: “The integration of Microsoft Translator into SwiftKey is a great, natural fit, enhancing the raft of language-focused features we know our users love to use.”	<urn:uuid:29aacbbb-3175-419b-884d-304042fd425f>	{ "date": "2019-05-20T18:02:09", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-22", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232256082.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20190520162024-20190520184024-00536.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9536117911338806, "score": 3.3125, "token_count": 5384, "url": "https://noskhefarsi.ir/tag/machine-translation/" }
Onion is a vegetable. The oinion was one of the most popular foods in ancient Egypt (Kemet). Scallion is a young onion before the development of a bulb. - botanical information - part used - nutritional information - essential oil - magick correspondences and uses - Chinese herbology - cautions and contraindications Botanical name: Allium cepa Common name: onion French name: oignon Use the botanical name when ordering seeds (bulbs, etc.) or when looking up information in the library. Common names vary by nation, culture, and region, and sometimes the same common name is applied to different plants. Some ancient Egyptian temples partially paid their workers with onions. Onion was one of the ingredients mentioned in the Ebers Papyrus. The Ebers Papyrus (from between 1600 B.C.E. and 1550 B.C.E.), was discovered by German Egyptologist Georg Ebers in 1874 C.E. The Ebers Papyrus is the oldest known complete medical textbook in existence. Most scholars believe that it is copy of a much earlier text, probably from around 3100 B.C.E. The Ebers Papyrus includes information on surgery and internal medicine, including a list of more than 800 drugs. Part Used: Entire young plant except rootlets, bulb of mature plant. Information courtesy of Mountain Rose Herbs Onions in the Salad Garden (those are collards in the upper left corner) courtesy of Green Earth Ministries (a Christian cannabis religion) Onions are a food that helps nourish the kidneys. Onions are a food that increases sexual energy and enhances fertility. nutritional value per 100 grams: - Calories: 28-36 calories - Proteins: 1 gram - Fat: trace - Carbohydrates: 7 grams - high in calcium - high in folic acid - high in potassium - high in selenium - high in sulfur See also Chinese herbalism below for Chinese gender and Chinese flavor. Onion has the number one (1) lowest pesticide load of 45 common fruits and vegetables studied in 2006 by the Environmental Working Group and is therefore a food that can be purchased conventionally-grown when organic isnt available. The EWA explains, While washing and rinsing fresh produce may reduce levels of some pesticides, it does not eliminate them. Peeling also reduces exposures, but valuable nutrients often go down the drain with the peel. The best option is to eat a varied diet, wash all produce, and choose organic when possible to reduce exposure to potentially harmful chemicals. According to USDA and FDA tests on commercially grown foods collected between 2000 and 2005, onion has a 0.2% (percentage) of samples tested with detectable pesticides, a 0.0% (percentage) of samples with two or more pesticides, an 0.0 average number of pesticides found in a sample, an average of 0.000 parts per million of all pesticides found, and 2 different pesticides found in use growing ASDF. These toxic pesticides dont apply to organic foods. Storage: Onions can safely be stored for more than a week. magickal correspondences and uses: Protection, Exorcism, Healing, Money, prophetic dreams, lust information courtesy of Safety Information: Onion essential oil (Allium cepa) is hazardous and should not be used in aromatherapy, ingested, or come in contact with the skin. Chinese gender: yang (warm) Chinese flavor: pungent These Chinese gender and flavor also apply to scallions. cautions and contraindications: Cautions and contraindications: Onion is believed to be safe. Essential oil warning: Onion essential oil (Allium cepa) is hazardous and should not be used in aromatherapy, ingested, or come in contact with the skin. Toxic to animals: The American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA) Animal Poison Control Center has determined that onion has been reported as having systemic effects on animals and/or intense effects on the gastrointestinal tract. ASPCA	<urn:uuid:f7210a14-0037-4a92-b6f4-18fd077edf8a>	{ "date": "2015-11-28T20:12:06", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-48", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398453805.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205413-00135-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8808857202529907, "score": 2.96875, "token_count": 879, "url": "http://www.teenwitch.com/foods/onion.html" }
The key to weakening an GMAT argument is to attack the conclusion. But, keep in mind that to attack is not the same as to destroy. Although an answer that destroys the conclusion would be correct, this rarely occurs because of the minimal space allotted to answer choices. Instead, you are more likely to encounter an answer that hurts the argument but does not ultimately destroy the author’s position. When evaluating an answer, ask yourself, “Would this answer choice make the author reconsider his or her position or force the author to respond?” If so, you have the correct answer. Because arguments are made up of premises and conclusions, you can safely assume that these are the parts you must attack in order to weaken an argument. Let us discuss each part, and the likelihood that each would be attacked by an answer choice. 1. The Premises One of the classic ways to attack an argument is to attack the premises on which the conclusion rests. Regrettably, this form of attack is rarely used on the GMAT because when a premise is attacked, the answer choice is easy to spot. Literally, the answer will contradict one of the premises, and most students are capable of reading an argument and then identifying an answer that simply negates a premise. In practice, almost all correct GMAT Weaken question answers leave the premises untouched. 2. The Conclusion The conclusion is the part of the argument that is most likely to be attacked, but the correct answer choice will not simply contradict the conclusion. Instead, the correct answer will undermine the conclusion by showing that the conclusion fails to account for some element or possibility. In this sense, the correct answer often shows that the conclusion does not necessarily follow from the premises even if the premises are true. Consider the following example: All my neighbors own blue cars. Therefore I own a blue car. Even though the statement that the neighbors have blue cars is entirely reasonable, the weakness in the argument is that this fact has no impact on the color of the car I own. In this overly simplified problem, the correct weakening answer would be something along the lines of, “The cars of one’s neighbors have no determinative effect on the car any individual owns.” Would that conclusively disprove that I own a blue car? No. Does it show that perhaps I do not own a blue car? Yes. Does it disprove that my neighbors own blue cars? No. Answers that weaken the argument’s conclusion will attack assumptions made by the author. In the example above, the author assumes that the neighbors’ ownership of blue cars has an impact on the color of the car that he owns. If this assumption were shown to be questionable, the argument would be undermined. The stimuli for weaken questions contain errors of assumption. This makes sense, because the easiest argument to weaken is one that already has a flaw. Typically, the author will fail to consider other possibilities or leave out a key piece of information. In this sense the author assumes that these elements do not exist when he or she makes the conclusion, and if you see a gap or hole in the argument immediately consider that the correct answer might attack this hole. As you consider possible answers, always look for the one that attacks the way the author arrived at the conclusion. Do not worry about the premises and instead focus on the effect the answer has on the conclusion. So, we know that we must first focus on the conclusion and how the author arrived at the conclusion. The second key to weakening arguments is to personalize the argument. Most students perform considerably better when they see the argument from their perspective as opposed to trying to understand the issues abstractly. When analyzing the author’s argument, imagine how you would respond if you were talking directly to the author. Would you use answer choice (A) or would you prefer answer choice (B)? Students who personalize the argument often properly dismiss answer choices that they would have otherwise wasted time considering.	<urn:uuid:a0a8812f-144a-4c24-ae29-b35efa1771ac>	{ "date": "2014-10-30T15:14:26", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-42", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1414637898226.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20141030025818-00137-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9534791707992554, "score": 2.671875, "token_count": 815, "url": "http://www.beatthegmat.com/mba/2009/09/14/how-to-weaken-an-argument" }
2010-03-30 \| Soccer or Football? Americans Love the Game No Matter the Name Soccer or Football? Americans Love the Game No Matter the Name 30 03 2010 Big football summer prompts the question, why "soccer?" By Andrew Malandrino Washington - The world's biggest football tournament begins in South Africa in June. This quadrennial event often makes people wonder why many in the United States call the world's most popular sport soccer, rather than football. In fact, soccer is the word for football in several countries around the world. Canada, Australia, World Cup host South Africa and 2002 co-host Japan all use the term to varying degrees: - Canada has the Canadian Soccer Association. - Australia's national team nickname is the Socceroos. - South Africa's top league is the Premier Soccer League. - Japan has the Japan Soccer Association, as it's known in Japanese, although it's translated as Football Association in English. And despite common perceptions, the word soccer is not American at all. The term comes from Great Britain, where "association football" was the common label starting in 1863. England, widely credited with inventing the game, formed its Football Association (FA) to govern the game and institutionalize rules. Association football distinguished itself from rugby football, another popular sport, through its use of dribbling with the feet. At the time, a game of rugby football was called "rugger." To differentiate between the two, association football became known as "soccer," an abbreviation of "association." As large numbers of immigrants from Great Britain arrived in the United States during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, they brought the soccer nickname with them. The label was useful once American gridiron football gained popularity. Today, the U.S. Soccer Federation governs the game in the United States. This name, however, was changed from "U.S. Soccer Football Association" in 1974. That name itself was changed in 1945 from "U.S. Football Association," which the organization was named at its birth in 1913. Confused? Who wouldn't be. But no matter the name, Americans love the game - in fact, the U.S. organization was among the earliest to affiliate with the game's international governing body, FIFA (Fédération Internationale de Football Association, or International Federation of Association Football). And U.S. fans are already excited that the 2010 event in South Africa will be the sixth straight World Cup appearance for the U.S. Men's National Team. The team will face England, Algeria and Slovenia in the first round, which begins June 12.	<urn:uuid:196adf8b-6e34-47cf-9f17-d5421bd68f9e>	{ "date": "2016-08-25T13:05:42", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-36", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982293468.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823195813-00202-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9659777879714966, "score": 2.53125, "token_count": 552, "url": "http://www.ait.org.tw/en/soccer-or-football.html" }
With talks between the P5+1 (the United States, Russia, China, Britain, France, and Germany) and Iran set to resume in Istanbul on April 13, officials are discussing possible compromises that might persuade Tehran to give up any ambition of developing nuclear weapons. Apparently, one of the principal components of these proposals is acceptance of Iran's right to enrich uranium to around 3.5%, a level suitable for civilian power reactors. But this could turn out to be a fatal bargain: centrifuge technology is easy to hide, and there are few barriers to continuing enrichment up to 90%, the level needed for an atomic bomb. BUYING LITTLE TIME Natural uranium contains just 0.7% of the fissile isotope U-235, which is the key to both controlled chain reactions in nuclear power plants and uncontrolled, explosive chain reactions in atomic bombs. Enriching this material is a progressively easier process. For example, if the aim is to produce 90% enriched uranium, reaching the 3.5% level requires some 75% of the work. By the time 20% enrichment is reached -- the level Iran currently achieves -- 90% of the work has been done. Therefore, cutting a deal in which Iran gives up enriching to 20% but continues enriching to 3.5% would buy relatively little time. Worse, it would not solve the more fundamental problem: the unknown scope and nature of Iran's nuclear program. In 1943, when the United States was trying to enrich uranium to make a bomb, it used two different methods. One scheme, based on magnets called calutrons, used huge amounts of electricity and employed more than 10,000 people. The other, using diffusion through specially made barriers, was housed in the largest building ever constructed. The beauty of the centrifuge method, used in Europe to fuel civilian nuclear power plants since the 1970s, is that it requires much less: a building the size of a supermarket and electricity equivalent to a small industrial plant. The danger is that the same technology, when mastered, can easily make the high-enriched uranium (HEU) needed for nuclear explosives. And the building where this is being done can be difficult to detect, as evidenced by North Korea's surprise 2010 revelation that it had built a centrifuge plant in its Yongbyon nuclear complex, and Iran's 2009 admission of work on a new facility at Fordow. Currently, Iran's capabilities appear limited because of operational problems with its IR-1 centrifuge, based on a design received from Pakistan but originally developed in Europe. The IR-1 is prone to breaking down, and Tehran's efforts to develop more advanced models have been hampered by international restrictions on its ability to import the requisite high-strength steel, carbon fiber, aluminum, and other components and machine tools. Nevertheless, Iran has built a formidable number of IR-1s and has succeeded in enriching uranium to around 20%. Tehran claims it has enriched to only 19.75%, thereby avoiding the 20% level, which is notionally the divide between low-enriched uranium and HEU (so designated because it is theoretically possible to make a nuclear explosive using 20% enriched uranium, though such a device would be so bulky and otherwise impractical that it would hardly qualify as a bomb). Originally, the government's enrichment activities were confined to the giant facility at Natanz in central Iran. Recently, however, the higher-enrichment centrifuge cascades were transferred to Fordow near the holy city of Qom. This new facility was built under a mountain so as to be immune from attack. Tehran has publicly stated that it plans to build ten such facilities, so other locations may already be designated or even under construction. Similarly, Pakistan -- the source of Iran's technology -- began with a main centrifuge plant at Kahuta, then built a second facility at Gadwal, housed in one building on the grounds of a huge munitions factory near Islamabad. Pakistan also has one or more small centrifuge plants hidden in mountain tunnels. Without a diplomatic breakthrough, Iran would likely be able to produce weapons-grade HEU eventually despite the IR-1's limitations, since even inefficient centrifuges seem capable of success given enough time. Although many Western experts sneer at the IR-1's poor performance, some estimate that Iran could make enough HEU for a bomb perhaps later this year or in 2013. If Iran chose the breakout path, it could conceivably make several bombs' worth of HEU within a matter of a few weeks or months, depending on the number of centrifuges deployed. STRICTER SAFEGUARDS AND MORE OPENNESS The compromises that will be considered in Istanbul likely include tight safeguard arrangements to prevent undisclosed Iranian activities and/or the diversion of nuclear material, as well as inspection of any suspicious sites. But a more immediate challenge is for Tehran to answer existing questions about suspect activities that suggest it has, at least in the past, worked on nuclear weapons designs and breached its obligations under the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty. This is a fundamental part of restoring international confidence in the peaceful scope of Iran's nuclear program, in both the immediate and long term. Without this more complete sort of understanding, the reputation and work of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) would be fundamentally undermined. Throughout past discussions, Iran has repeatedly offered "transparency" to build international confidence in its activities. Thus, the first step going forward should be to secure a clear commitment by competent Iranian authorities to full openness and cooperation with the IAEA. Tehran must fully implement its obligations under the IAEA statutes and Safeguards Agreement. It must also return to provisional implementation of the Additional Protocol, which strengthens inspection regimes, and work toward early ratification of that protocol. In addition, it must provide all necessary access and cooperation as the IAEA verifies the correctness and completeness of its declaration. Restraining Iran's enrichment activities might also involve limiting its number of operational centrifuges from around 10,000 to just 1,000 -- a figure commensurate with estimates of the country's maximum conceivable need for enriched uranium. In reality, though, Iran has no need to make enriched uranium at all -- the fuel for its Bushehr power reactor is supplied by Russia, and the fuel rods in the Tehran Research Reactor (used to produce medical isotopes) could be supplied from abroad if Tehran permitted it. In the past, Iran has explained its activities by speaking of elaborate plans to become a global supplier of enriched uranium for nuclear power stations. It could try this gambit once again in Istanbul or later talks. Even if the parties make some diplomatic progress at the Istanbul summit, they are unlikely to build much trust. Yet such confidence building -- which includes an even stricter safeguards regime -- is essential if compromise is to work. In the absence of progress, Iran could be tempted to pursue clandestine programs. And in the meantime, its centrifuge skills and ability to produce enough high-enriched uranium for a small arsenal of bombs are steadily increasing. Simon Henderson is the Baker fellow and director of the Gulf and Energy Policy Program at The Washington Institute. Olli Heinonen, a senior fellow at Harvard University's Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, formerly served as deputy director-general and head of the Department of Safeguards at the IAEA.	<urn:uuid:9501cd36-c9a8-4aef-96f1-56fa1ca3e8c0>	{ "date": "2017-01-20T05:47:37", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-04", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280791.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00202-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9545926451683044, "score": 2.546875, "token_count": 1497, "url": "http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/the-challenge-of-containing-irans-enrichment-activities" }
Guidelines on the Management of Ascites in Cirrhosis Drs KP Moore and GP Aithal Ascites is a major complication of cirrhosis,1 occurring in 50% of patients over 10 years of follow up. The development of ascites is an important landmark in the natural history of cirrhosis as it is associated with a 50% mortality over two years and signifies the need to consider liver transplantation as a therapeutic option. The majority (75%) of patients who present with ascites have underlying cirrhosis, with the remainder being due to malignancy (10%), heart failure (3%), tuberculosis (2%), pancreatitis (1%) and other rare causes. The true prevalence and incidence of cirrhosis of the liver and its complications in the UK are unknown. Mortality from cirrhosis has increased from 6 per 100 000 population in 1993 to 12.7 per 100 000 population in 2000. Approximately 4% of the general population have abnormal liver function or liver disease and approximately 10–20% of those with one of the three most common chronic liver diseases (non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, alcoholic liver disease, and chronic hepatitis C) develop cirrhosis over a period of 10–20 years. With a rising frequency of alcoholic and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, a huge increase in the burden of liver disease is expected over the next few years with an inevitable increase in the complications of cirrhosis. There have been several changes in the clinical management of cirrhotic ascites over recent years, and the purpose of these guidelines is to promote a consistent clinical practice throughout the UK.	<urn:uuid:33c16957-7781-4f81-9412-898a708b507a>	{ "date": "2014-07-29T04:52:39", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-23", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510265454.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011745-00312-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9263342618942261, "score": 2.53125, "token_count": 331, "url": "http://www.bsg.org.uk/clinical-guidelines/liver/guidelines-on-the-management-of-ascites-in-cirrhosis.html" }
Fattorini, S., Lombardo, P., Fiasca, B., Di Cioccio, A., Di Lorenzo, T. & Galassi, D.M.P. (2017) Earthquake-Related changes in species spatial niche overlaps in spring communities.Scientific Reports, 7(443), 1-9. DOI:10.1038/s41598-017-00592-z (IF2016 4,259; Q1 Multidisciplinary Sciences) Species interactions between stygobites (obligate groundwater organisms) are poorly known, reflecting the difficulty in studying such organisms in their natural environments. Some insight can be gained from the study of the spatial variability in microcrustacean communities in groundwater-fed springs. Earthquakes can increase hydraulic conductivity in the recharge area of karstic aquifers and flow rates in discharge zones, thus dislodging stygobites from their original habitats to the spring outlets. Earthquakes are expected to alter species spatial niche overlap at the spring outlets, where stygobites coexist with non-stygobites living in benthic and subsurface habitats. We compared the abundance of stygobiotic and non-stygobiotic microcrustaceans in groundwater-fed springs before and after the 6.3-Mw earthquake that hit the karstic Gran Sasso Aquifer (Italy) in 2009. Pre-seismic (1997, 2005) overall niche overlaps were not different from null expectations, while post-seismic (2012) species mean niche overlaps were higher, following the redistribution of animals caused by the earthquake-triggered discharge. The reduced abundance of stygobites following their dislodgement from the aquifer and the concomitant displacement of non-stygobites led to a higher post-seismic co-occurrence of stygobites and non-stygobites. Changes in aquifer structure destroyed pre-seismic species segregation patterns by creating new or strengthening already existing interactions.	<urn:uuid:f503e45c-b841-4665-840f-bec3f2dafd32>	{ "date": "2017-07-24T20:31:20", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-30", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549424910.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20170724202315-20170724222315-00616.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9004240036010742, "score": 2.671875, "token_count": 414, "url": "http://ce3c.ciencias.ulisboa.pt/research/publications/ver.php?id=808" }
Mantis shrimps come in a variety of species, but this species, Odontodactylus scyallarus, is the most colorful of all. They are normally nocturnal, though I have seen and photographed many during daylight. They may be seen scurrying like a mouse from one coral ledge to another, cautiously pausing every few feet to scan their surroundings. Note the powerful front claws-- and thus the namesake resemblance to the garden insect called the Praying Mantis. Did you know that stomatopod strikes are the fastest known movements in the animal kingdom? For more information about these fascinating creatures, there is an interesting web site named The Lurker's Guide to Stomatopods, maintained by Alan San Juan, devoted entirely to mantis shrimps. The stomatopod O. scyallarus is the first marine invertebrate species to be shown to have color vision. Current research indicates their color vision is superior to human color vision, with the world's most complex retina and four times as many color receptors as humans. Dr. Justin Marshall of Australia's Vision Touch and Hearing Research Centre details some of the research on a page entitled Sensory Ecology Laboratory. mantis shrimp page back to Gallery II	<urn:uuid:ed24356e-30a0-4523-9b9c-14320927e046>	{ "date": "2014-10-30T18:09:23", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-42", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1414637898644.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20141030025818-00153-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9393510818481445, "score": 2.75, "token_count": 259, "url": "http://www.divegallery.com/Mants2ndvw.htm" }
Scientists have drawn up the blueprint for a new device that could make absolutely secret communications possible over huge distances within the next few years. Quantum physics can provide a completely secure method of communication between two distant correspondents. Sending photons entangled in a quantum state makes it impossible for an eavesdropper to intercept a message. But currently this form of communications only works over a limited distance. Optical absorption along fibre optics means that photons start to lose their quantum state beyond about 15 kilometres. The new device promises to overcome this problem and has the advantage of being constructed from available technology. "The work shows that a quantum repeater can be built with tools that either exist today or are under construction," says one of the team, Mikhail Lukin at Harvard University. Richard Hughes, an expert in quantum communications at Los Alamos National Laboratory says: "My first impression is that this is a very important development towards making quantum communications practical." But Hughes cautions that there are still some technical issues to be overcome: "There will be many details to work out before experiments can be attempted." Quantum repeaters were first proposed a number of years ago and tackle the problem of signal loss by temporarily storing the state of each photon. This allows new photons with the same state to be generated at each repeater, meaning a long travel distance is achieved by a number of short steps. Researchers have previously demonstrated that single atoms can be used to temporarily store photons in a quantum state. But the process has never been reliable enough to make a useful quantum repeater. The new design uses a number of atoms per photon at each repeater, which the researchers say greatly improves reliability. "This is not only experimentally simpler, but also works better - it improves the signal to noise ratio of the scheme," says team member Peter Zoller of the Institute for Theoretical Physics at the University of Innsbruck, Austria. Journal reference: Nature (vol 414, p 413) If you would like to reuse any content from New Scientist, either in print or online, please contact the syndication department first for permission. New Scientist does not own rights to photos, but there are a variety of licensing options available for use of articles and graphics we own the copyright to.	<urn:uuid:ccc573c7-df90-47a2-89ea-17658870cc7c>	{ "date": "2013-12-11T13:34:45", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2013-48", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386164036943/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204133356-00002-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 4, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.939004123210907, "score": 3.6875, "token_count": 460, "url": "http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn1595-quantum-repeater-promises-complete-long-distance-secrecy.html" }
\|This article is a stub. Help us to expand it by contributing your knowledge. For county and town page guidelines, visit U.S. County Page Content Suggestions.\| Medway is a town in Massachusetts. It was formed in 1713 and was previously called Medfield. It can be found in Norfolk county. For more information, contact the county at 155 Village St., Medway 02053. On the attached map, Medway is shown as 7 in Norfolk county. For information about the state of Massachusetts see Massachusetts Family History Research.	<urn:uuid:83f0455f-d109-4bc2-bd13-aa436580b65e>	{ "date": "2016-06-29T16:26:38", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-26", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397749.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00128-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9466516971588135, "score": 2.546875, "token_count": 113, "url": "http://www.ancestry.com/wiki/index.php?title=Medway,_Massachusetts" }
NEOLITHIC CHAMBER TOMB (PORTAL DOLMEN) BEING UNEATHED ON ANGLESEY, THE ISLAND OFF WALES A team from the Welsh Rock Art Organization has begun excavating Ynys Môn's least-known Neolithic chambered tomb - Perthi Duon, on Anglesey, in northwest Wales - one of eighteen existing stone chambered monuments that stand within a 1.5 kilometer corridor of the Menai Straits. In 1723 the antiquarian Henry Rowlands reported three possible upright stones beneath the large capstone, however by the time the Reverend John Skinner sketched the site in 1802 it was in a ruinous state. The probable orientation of the entrance is east-west, with its concealed chamber at the western end. The team have so far uncovered several significant features, including areas of compacted-stone cairn that would once have formed a kidney-shaped mound surrounding the chamber. Team director Dr George Nash says that "This discovery, along with other excavated features clearly show this monument to be a portal dolmen, one of the earliest Neolithic monument types in Wales, dating to around 3,500 BCE. More importantly, the architecture of Perthi Duon appears to be a blueprint for other portal dolmen monuments within what is termed the Irish Sea Province. We hope, by the end of this excavation to gain a better understanding of the burial and ritual practices that went on at this site, some 5,500 years ago." Edited from University of Bristol (21 March 2014)	<urn:uuid:aa1a586d-e57f-4d78-ae2b-612ba3179781>	{ "date": "2015-11-27T02:44:15", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-48", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398447906.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205407-00346-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9250381588935852, "score": 3.03125, "token_count": 329, "url": "http://archaeologybriefs.blogspot.com/2014/04/neolithic-chamber-tomb-portal-dolmen.html" }
Seagrass an indicator goes astray Introduction). Losses have occurred all over the world. Also in the Dutch and Lower Saxonian Wadden Sea seagrass beds had been in decline over several decades. A rough aerial survey in 2002 indicated the uneven distribution of seagrass between subregions within the Wadden Sea (Fig. 1). Seagrass was scarce in the south, while it was fairly common in the north. After measures to reduce nutrient emissions have lowered the discharge of nutrients into the coastal waters of the eastern North Sea, seagrass seems to be recovering (Reise et al., 2005). The European Water Framework Directive requires a good ecological quality for all water bodies by 2015. For the North Sea coast, it is reasonable to use seagrass as an indicator to show when a good status has been reached. By using historical reference conditions from the Northfrisian Wadden Sea it has been estimated that good ecological quality comprises at least a 15 %-share of seagrass beds from the intertidal area. At present, seagrass beds cover about 90 km2, which corresponds to 10 %. An assessment of seagrass occurrence across such a wide area of difficult accessibility is only feasible from the air. However, green algae constitute a challenge for this method. On satellite images (Brockmann and Stelzer, 2008) and aerial photographs they are easily mistaken for seagrass. To distinguish between the two is essential, however, because contrary to the seagrass the opportunistic green algae respond to nutrient overloads with massive growth. This had happened twenty years ago when algal mats covered 15-20 % of intertidal flats in the Wadden Sea and smothered seagrass and the macrobenthic fauna underneath (Fig. 2) (Reise and Siebert, 1994). Each year, the Wadden Sea area is flown over at an altitude of 300 to 500 m in June, July and August during low tide exposure. In the course of summer, seagrass continuously grows denser while green algae appear to fluctuate. Both render the sediment surface darkish green. Only textural details indicate whether seagrass or green algae dominate. If a distinction cannot be made at first sight, questionable areas are flown over twice or more to reveal more structural features from different angles. If this does not help either, these problematic areas have to be visited by foot. During flights notes are taken onto maps 1 : 100.000 made from satellite images to ease orientation over light (sandy) and dark (muddy) tidal flats dissected by branching creeks. Back on the ground, data are transferred to digital maps. Areal sizes covered by seagrass beds and green algal mats are calculated with a Geographical Information System (GIS). Flying allows for rapid results but cannot replace ground observation entirely. Two species of seagrass occur in the region which differ in their indicatory value and can only be distinguished by experts (Fig. 2 a). Also, the species composition of green algal mats is variable, requires taxonomic expertise and provides information on the causes as well as the effects of massive green algal mats. Therefore, in the month of August, the entire region is surveyed area by area with trained personnel. This is very time consuming and the aim is to visit each area at least once within a period of six years. The ecological quality will be evaluated over such six year intervals. This can level out fluctuations in seagrass bed area caused by unusual weather conditions or rough seas, and avoid mistaking inherent variability for environmental quality. Results and outlook Areal sizes of seagrass beds assessed from the air have increased gradually in the intertidal of the Northfrisian Wadden Sea, particularly since this millennium has commenced (Fig. 3). This may be correlated with declining nutrient inputs. If these could be reduced further and seagrass increases accordingly, the requirement of the EU for a good ecological quality of coastal waters could be fulfilled in the coming years, based among other things on the status of intertidal seagrass beds. However, in contrast to the south, in the northern region of the Wadden Sea there is no evidence from earlier decades for a retreat in seagrass in response to a nutrient over-supply. May the apparent recovery of seagrass have causes other than the reduction of nutrient input? According to Weisse and Plüß (2006) storm frequency in winter has increased since the 1960s and since the mid 1990s has decreased again. This is related to climatic oscillations in the Northern Atlantic. High water levels caused by storm surges in summer have declined slightly over the entire period. From field experiments it is known that seagrass is highly susceptible to sediment turnover as this may happen during storm surges (Cabaço und Santos, 2007). Looking at the spatial pattern of intertidal seagrass (Fig. 4), it is apparent that seagrass predominantly occurs at sites sheltered against the prevailing surf from the south western direction in the Northfrisian region (Reise and Kohlus, 2008). In addition, field investigations have shown that the largest seagrass beds at the Halligen and the island of Pellworm are underlain by solid peat and clay in which seagrass roots get a fair hold. These observations support the assumption that sediment stability may serve as a key factor explaining why there is more seagrass in the Northfrisian region than in all the other regions of the Wadden Sea taken together (Fig. 1). The pattern in Fig. 3 may also reflect an inverse relationship to storm frequency, which has declined since the mid 1990s. If this interpretation of seagrass occurrences is correct, than its future would be less a function of nutrient supply than of storm activity, and if the latter will increase again, and the last two winters do support just that, then seagrass will not achieve an areal share of 15 % as required for a good ecological quality status by the European Water Framework Directive. A potential for further expansion of seagrass would be possible along the mainland coast if land reclamation works are phased out. These destroy seagrass beds in two ways. Between the brushwood fences traditionally set up in rectangular fields to calm down wave action, green algae tend to accumulate and then smother seagrass. Secondly, the digging of ditches in a grid-like pattern with the excacated material piled up between parallel ditches is detrimental to seagrass, either directly or by enhanced sedimentation within reclamation fields. These negative effects of land reclamation works on seagrass constitute a dilemma. The works are deemed beneficial for coastal protection if they are successful in building up a foreland to absorb wave energy in front of seawalls. In many cases, however, this aim is not achieved because of an insufficient sediment supply to the area. The net effect is merely an exclusion of seagrass beds and disturbance of other nearshore biota. In the long run, it appears questionable whether seagrass beds could maintain their spatial share if sea level rise accelerates and storm activity will increase in the wake of global warming. Such a climatic effect is not yet considered in the Water Framework Directive but should better be taken into account. - Burkholder, J.M., Tomasko, D.A. & Touchette, B.W. (2007). Seagrasses and eutrophication. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 350, 46-72. - Reise, K., Jager, Z., de Jong, D., van Katwijk, M. & Schanz, A. (2005). Seagrass. In K. Essink, C. Dettmann, H. Farke, K. Laursen, G. Lüerßen, H. Marencic, W. Wiersinga (Eds.), Wadden Sea Quality Status Report 2004, Wadden Sea Ecosystem 19 (pp. 201-207). Wilhelmshaven: Common Wadden Sea Secretariat. - Brockmann, C. & Stelzer, K. (2008). Optical remote sensing of intertidal flats. In V. Barale & M. Gade (Eds.) Remote sensing of the European Seas, in press. - Reise, K. & Siebert, I. (1994). Mass occurrence of green algae in the German Wadden Sea. Deutsche Hydrographische Zeitschrift, Supplement, 1, 171-180. - Weisse, R. & Plüß, A. (2006). Storm-related sea level variations along the North Sea coast as simulated by a high-resolution model 1958-2002. Ocean Dynamics, 56 (1), 16-25. - Cabaço, S. & Santos, R. (2007). Effects of burial and erosion on the seagrass Zostera noltii. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 340, 204-212. - Reise, K. & Kohlus, J. (2008). Seagrass recovery in the Northern Wadden Sea? Helgoland Marine Research, 62, in press. Please note that others may also have edited the contents of this article. Please note that others may also have edited the contents of this article.	<urn:uuid:d370bbcc-1b35-4616-8ad0-2cde7d25890c>	{ "date": "2019-05-22T18:42:08", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-22", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232256948.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20190522183240-20190522205240-00536.warc.gz", "int_score": 4, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9099132418632507, "score": 3.609375, "token_count": 1975, "url": "http://www.coastalwiki.org/wiki/Seagrass_an_indicator_goes_astray" }
Though he died in 1964, Jawaharlal Nehru matters greatly. Nehru practically invented the hugely influential Cold War-era view that nations freed from Western colonialism should adopt a critical, independent stance toward the West without falling into the Communist camp. Likewise, the autarchic, state-dominated, though still non-communist economic policies so many Third-World nations followed until recently. A couple of statistics show how important Nehru is for India. The United Nations recently estimated that India's population is not likely to stabilise until it reaches about 1.63 billion in about 2050; India will by then be the world's most populous country. Nehru discounted the importance of population control and allowed education as well as modern health services to be largely denied to the poor mass of Indians. He thus added many hundreds of millions to the levelling-off figure for Indian population. The overall consequence of Nehru's social and economic policies is now clear. In 1960, Indian income per capita was about the same as South Korea's. But South Korea gave priority to mass education and healthcare and followed export-led economic growth. Its income per capita is now at least 30 times India's. No wonder Nehru, more than any other modern Indian, arouses fierce controversy in India. Many there see him as the witting and unwitting fomenter of the country's most terrifying problems. But many others think of him as thoroughly benign, second only to Gandhi in making a future enlightened India possible. They point to his undeniably large contribution to the creation of Indian democracy. Even his economic policies, they tend to claim, were suitable for his time. And then there is the burning question of Nehru and Hinduism. India is the only large nation with a Hindu majority. Many Indians want Hinduism to be the state religion of India. Why not, they ask, when Christians and Muslims have scores of states to look after their interests? But Nehru, an outspoken agnostic, was crucial in the dissociation of the Indian state from Hinduism. India's large "secular" lobby idolises him for denying Hinduism pride of place in India; their Hindu nationalist opponents curse him for it. A historical figure with such a huge, troubled legacy badly needs a fair assessment. What is required is detailed analysis of how much his ideas did improve the condition of his people, and what was being done elsewhere in the world at the time. One needs to avoid blaming Nehru too much for pursuing economic ideas that may seem failures now, but that then had high intellectual repute. One does not get the necessary deep questioning of Nehru's assumptions in Benjamin Zachariah's assessment of him. His book belongs to a kind of thinking about Nehru popular among sympathisers of India's so-called Left. Whether Communist or non-Communist, this Left claims to pursue radical socialism. Despite a large following among the intelligentsia, it has never been politically dominant, except in one large province and two minor ones. In a country with so much poverty, this is a feeble performance. Zachariah, like many "leftist" intellectuals, sees Nehru as a force that could have given their tendency much greater power in Indian affairs. He was a leader with many of the right (that is to say, Left) sympathies, and with stupendous popular acclaim. He is credited with having done much that was "progressive" when in office: establishing India as a force independent and steadily critical of Western "imperialism", pursuing state-led economic policies, denying Hinduism state power, seeking friendly relations with the Soviet Union and China. But, Zachariah explains, Nehru betrayed his leftist principles by continuing to ally with the right-wing, pro-capitalist, pro-Western majority in the ruling Congress Party. As a result, capitalism remained in place and India adopted a stubborn stance in border disputes with Communist China, leading to brutal military humiliation at China's hands in 1962. This largely discredited Nehruism, and put a right-wing, capitalist ideology in secure power ever after. Zachariah's analysis of Nehru's long, complicated game of adapting his left-wing inclinations to remain leader of a right-wing party is interesting. Yet the idea that he would have joined the Left and led it to victory, had he recognised his real friends, does not convince. Zachariah underestimates how severely disillusioned with Communism Nehru was by the end of the 1930s. His books and letters express his sharp distaste for the gratuitous violence and sheer lack of scruples Communism had shown under Stalin's leadership. Stalin's Indian followers (the biggest Indian Communist Party deifies Stalin even today) could never have been Nehru's "natural" friends. Zachariah also underestimates how deeply Nehru believed in his mild, "Fabian", parliamentary method of obtaining "a socialistic pattern of society". He proudly thought it offered a peaceful means of social reform and economic growth that avoided the inequities of capitalism and the totalitarian social dragooning of Communism as practised in Russia and China. Nehru's fellow Congress leaders may be written off as reactionary by Zachariah, and even occasionally by Nehru, but they were often people who had sat for many years in British prisons with Nehru, had great popular prestige and commanded a political organisation with strength in almost every Indian village. To abandon them for a rag-tag bunch, comprising Stalinists abjectly subservient to Moscow's every order and non-Communist socialists known for their whimsicality and lack of secure mass base, was never an option for Nehru. The book betrays a depressing trait of "leftist" thinking: pervasive double-standards where the sacred cows of the Left are concerned. Thus the West is identified with "imperialism", but not the Soviet Union, despite its East European quasi-colonies. Nehru is criticised for failing to give ethnic minorities, such as the Kashmiris and Nagas, the right to choose whether they wished to belong to India, but, regarding Tibet, Zachariah forgets his concerns for the rights of nationalities and finds "understandable" China's claim to control it. India's dispute with Pakistan over Kashmir is one of the most perplexing legacies of Nehru, whose family came from Kashmir. Chitralekha Zutshi refreshingly looks at Kashmiri history from the viewpoint of the Kashmiris themselves, rather than focusing on the Indo-Pakistani quarrel. She has dug deeply into literature in several local languages to analyse what the notion of Kashmiriyat - the idea of Kashmiri national identity transcending the division between Hindu and Muslim Kashmiris - has meant historically. Zutshi shows that Kashmiriyat has been heavily oversold by those wishing to present the Kashmiri struggle for self-determination as inclusive of the Hindu minority as well as the Muslim majority. Like several other provinces of the Indian subcontinent, Kashmir developed a strong regional sense of belonging that transcended religious affiliations. However, in modern times the main political struggle there always pitted the Muslim majority against a Hindu minority that derived disproportionately large economic benefits from being associated with Kashmir's ruling elites. Zutshi's assessment of Kashmiri politics in the period leading up to the British withdrawal, while informative, has at least one bizarre discrepancy. At one point, Zutshi criticises scholars for assuming too easily that Sheikh Mohammed Abdullah's National Conference was pro-Congress and pro-India at this time. Yet a few pages on, she writes of "incontestable proof" that "the organisation was a puppet of the Congress". How the Kashmiri economy developed in a radically inequitable manner, creating Hindu-Muslim tensions, is the subject of the book's most rewarding section. When dealing with concrete things such as crops, textiles and taxes, Zutshi writes much more clearly than when analysing political and cultural disputes. The following specimen of the latter is all too typical: "Islam proved to be a significant site for the unfolding discourse on identities in Kashmiri political culture, not only as a marker for community identities, but equally significantly as a cornerstone of faith for individual Kashmiris as they wrestled with the various monumental changes of their time." Try picturing that, Orwell would have gleefully suggested. Zutshi tends to deal with society, politics and culture in abstract generalisations. This may appear philosophically sophisticated but reduces our chances of understanding what is happening. For instance, despite all Zutshi's references to "religious difference" and "communal identities", we never get a picture of how Hinduism and Islam differ as ways of life, as ideas that could explain people's clashing outlooks. With such a straightforward description we might better grasp why Kashmiri Hindus and Muslims often fear and hate each other so much. Radhakrishnan Nayar is a writer on international affairs. Author - Benjamin Zachariah Publisher - Routledge Pages - 298 Price - £45.00 and £10.99 ISBN - 0 415 25016 1 and 25017 X	<urn:uuid:0a928628-f1b7-489e-92b9-cef4dff7ef72>	{ "date": "2018-10-20T21:26:07", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-43", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583513441.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20181020205254-20181020230754-00336.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9638159275054932, "score": 3.28125, "token_count": 1874, "url": "https://www.timeshighereducation.com/books/secular-saviour-economic-demon/191398.article" }
If there's any good news out on the Ebola virus, it's this: You can't catch the deadly Ebola virus by casual contact with an infected person. To make sure you know this and other information, the World Health Organization and global tourism, airport and airline organizations have formed a task force to help contain the spread of the disease in western Africa and keep travelers updated about their health risks. The newly created Travel and Transport Task Force members include the International Civil Aviation Organization, the World Tourism Organization, the Airports Council International, International Air Transport Assn. and the World Travel and Tourism Council. "Affected countries are requested to conduct exit screening of all persons at international airports, seaports and major land crossings, for unexplained febrile illness consistent with potential Ebola infection," the task force said in a Monday statement. "Any person with an illness consistent with [Ebola] should not be allowed to travel unless the travel is part of an appropriate medical evacuation." It doesn't say airlines should stop flying to affected countries. The group also underscored the fact that travelers are at low risk of catching the disease while flying. "Unlike infections such as influenza or tuberculosis, Ebola is not spread by breathing air (and the airborne particles it contains) from an infected person," the statement says. "Transmission requires direct contact with blood, secretions, organs or other body fluids of infected living or dead persons or animals, all unlikely exposures for the average traveler." The group said infected people can't spread the virus until they begin to show signs of the illness, noting the incubation period may run two to 21 symptom-free days. People who are ill may have signs of fever, headache, achiness, diarrhea, stomach pain and other symptoms. The Ebola outbreak began in December in Guinea, then spread to Liberia and Sierra Leone, killing more than 1,100 so far. A few people in Nigeria have been infected too after having direct contact with an ill man from Liberia. Health officials say there's no vaccination and no known cure for the disease. The U.S. State Department earlier this month warned Americans to avoid traveling to parts of Nigeria, Liberia and Sierra Leone because of the Ebola outbreak. Though WHO and health officials have flown to Africa to help contain the deadly disease, there have been some setbacks. A group of armed men Sunday looted an Ebola clinic in Liberia, sending about 20 Ebola patients back into the community and picking up infected items while chanting "There's no Ebola" in Liberia. Affected countries have been trying to educate their citizens about the disease and how it's transmitted through entertaining events in the community that involve song and dance -- and a strong message about the disease.Copyright © 2015, Los Angeles Times	<urn:uuid:b999aa74-cc8e-475a-931e-a464e339b296>	{ "date": "2015-01-25T18:44:53", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-06", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422115861305.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124161101-00140-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9366061091423035, "score": 2.734375, "token_count": 566, "url": "http://www.latimes.com/travel/deals/la-trb-ebola-travel-advice-20140818-story.html" }
The hollow body of this hedgehog figure contains tiny pellets that rattled when it was shaken. The ancient Egyptians used rattles to ward off harmful forces such as snakes, scorpions, or malevolent spirits. When attacked, a hedgehog rolls into a ball, exposing a mass of pointed spines to the predator. To the Egyptians, this behavior—imitated in this figure—made the hedgehog an ideal protective symbol. - Medium: Faience, painted - Place Made: Egypt - Dates: ca. 1938-1700 B.C.E. - Dynasty: XII Dynasty-early XIII Dynasty - Period: Middle Kingdom - Dimensions: 3 x 1 3/4 x 1 3/8 in. (7.6 x 4.4 x 3.5 cm) (show scale) - Collections:Egyptian, Classical, Ancient Near Eastern Art - Museum Location: This item is on view in Egypt Reborn: Art for Eternity, Old Kingdom to 18th Dynasty, Egyptian Galleries, 3rd Floor - Accession Number: 59.186 - Credit Line: Charles Edwin Wilbour Fund - Rights Statement: Creative Commons-BY - Caption: Hedgehog Rattle, ca. 1938-1700 B.C.E. Faience, painted, 3 x 1 3/4 x 1 3/8 in. (7.6 x 4.4 x 3.5 cm). Brooklyn Museum, Charles Edwin Wilbour Fund, 59.186. Creative Commons-BY - Record Completeness: Best (82%)	<urn:uuid:7ea9648b-ded8-456e-896b-fd90710789a3>	{ "date": "2013-12-20T03:04:25", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2013-48", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1387345768787/warc/CC-MAIN-20131218054928-00002-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 4, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.7726179957389832, "score": 3.75, "token_count": 320, "url": "http://www.brooklynmuseum.org/opencollection/objects/3675/Hedgehog_Rattle/image/62680/detail" }
Try continuing these patterns made from triangles. Can you create your own repeating pattern? Watch this "Notes on a Triangle" film. Can you recreate parts of the film using cut-out triangles? This practical problem challenges you to create shapes and patterns with two different types of triangle. You could even try What do these two triangles have in common? How are they related? In how many ways can you fit two of these yellow triangles together? Can you predict the number of ways two blue triangles can be fitted together? This problem invites you to build 3D shapes using two different triangles. Can you make the shapes from the pictures? Many of you found some good ways of labelling the underwater steps in this challenge. Go to last month's problems to see more solutions.	<urn:uuid:51a137e0-c5ba-4c20-9c96-8cb6222881a5>	{ "date": "2016-06-27T00:29:04", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-26", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395613.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00198-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9197879433631897, "score": 3, "token_count": 168, "url": "http://nrich.maths.org/thismonth/1and2/2008/02" }
In late March, I traveled to Puerto Rico to conduct observations of Venus using the Arecibo Observatory telescope. It was the second time I traveled to the observatory to make radar measurements of the surface of Venus. Even though it was my second time there, the size and capability of the telescope still impressed me. The Arecibo Observatory is used by scientists around the world for studying a variety of topics, from Earth’s ionosphere, to asteroids and planetary bodies, to pulsars and galaxies. Scientists here at the National Air and Space Museum’s Center for Earth and Planetary Studies (CEPS) have recently used Arecibo to study the Moon and Venus. Observations of the Moon take place over the course of a couple of days, but for Venus we usually observe for 10 days. We can observe the Moon for most of the year because it’s always pretty close to Earth. But Venus is closest to Earth (in inferior conjunction) for only a short period of time. During the rest of the year, Venus is too far away from Earth to make the high resolution measurements we need. This time around, I split the 10-day observation period with another CEPS researcher, Gareth Morgan. Gareth took the first half of the week and I took the second half. Observations of Venus typically last 2.5 hours when Venus is within the field of view of the Arecibo telescope. We are assigned an approximately 4-hour block of time each day to work with the telescope because we need the extra time to set up the telescope for our observations. We have to plug many different cables into racks in the control room to ensure that the signal we are receiving from Venus is being filtered and amplified properly. In addition to plugging in cables for the signal processing, we also need to send certain commands to the telescope to get it ready to observe Venus. There is a computer station set up in the control room where the observer (that’s me!) can control the telescope. I enter many different computer commands to set up the software to record the data collected from the surface of Venus. Each day I create an empty document labeled with the date for the computer to store the data. Then I send commands to the telescope to get it ready to observe Venus. One computer command ensures that the telescope is ready to transmit the radio waves to Venus, and another tells the telescope where to point in the sky to view Venus as soon as it enters the telescope’s field of view. Once the planet comes into view, we send a command telling the telescope to start transmitting a signal. I need help running the telescope, so every observation day there was a telescope operator in the control room getting the telescope transmitter ready. The telescope operator is in charge of making sure that the telescope transmitter outputs a steady amount of power throughout the entire 2.5-hour observation period. It takes about 5 minutes for the radio wave to travel to Venus, bounce off the surface, and return to the Arecibo telescope dish. Generally, we transmit radio waves to Venus for 5 minutes and then receive for 5 minutes. We can see the returned signal in real time on one of the monitors in the control room. We can take this returned signal and turn it into beautiful and scientifically useful data products for analysis. For these data, we are particularly interested in analyzing the lava flows and the impact crater ejecta. By looking at lava flows and impact craters we can start to study the recent volcanic history on Venus. For instance, we still aren’t sure if Venus is volcanically active today! We can use these radar data to study recent volcanic activity and search for evidence of ongoing volcanic activity. The research is ongoing and the data we collected from this trip will be vital to our understanding of the planet.	<urn:uuid:730a4edb-02fe-491d-8bad-29001f6a747a>	{ "date": "2018-01-18T01:39:15", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-05", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084887054.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20180118012249-20180118032249-00256.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9282402992248535, "score": 3.203125, "token_count": 775, "url": "https://airandspace.si.edu/stories/editorial/using-world-class-telescope-spy-venus" }
Sensors are hardware components that can provide your computer with information about your computer's location, surroundings, and more. Programs on your computer can access information from sensors, and then store or use it to help you with everyday tasks or to improve your computer experience. There are two types of sensors: Sensors that are built in to your computer Sensors that are connected to your computer by a wired or wireless connection Some examples of sensors include a location sensor, such as a GPS receiver, that can detect your computer's current location. A program could then use that location to provide you with information about nearby restaurants or driving directions to your next destination. A light sensor installed on your computer could detect the light in your surroundings, and then adjust the screen brightness to match it. For more information about how sensors may affect your privacy, see How does a sensor affect my privacy?	<urn:uuid:03f3e1be-972b-435a-96b6-0f014301892b>	{ "date": "2014-04-18T04:01:42", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-15", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609532480.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005212-00387-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9500619173049927, "score": 3.40625, "token_count": 182, "url": "http://windows.microsoft.com/en-in/windows7/what-is-a-sensor" }
October 17, 2011 Mind Reading Computer System May Help People With Locked-in Syndrome [ Watch the Video ] Totally paralyzed people could communicate and control robotsImagine living a life in which you are completely aware of the world around you but you're prevented from engaging in it because you are completely paralyzed. Even speaking is impossible. For an estimated 50,000 Americans, this is a harsh reality. It's called locked-in syndrome, a condition in which people with normal cognitive brain activity suffer severe paralysis, often from injuries or an illness such as Lou Gehrig's disease. "Locked-in people are unable to move at all except possibly their eyes, and so they're left with no means of communication but they are fully conscious," says Boston University neuroscientist Frank Guenther. Guenther works with the National Science Foundation's (NSF) Center of Excellence for Learning in Education, Science and Technology (CELEST), which is made up of eight private and public institutions, mostly in the Boston area. Its purpose is to synthesize the experimental modeling and technological approaches to research in order to understand how the brain learns as a whole system. In particular, Guenther's research is looking at how brain regions interact, with the hope of melding mind and machine, and ultimately making life much better for people with locked-in syndrome. "People who have no other means of communication can start to control a computer that can produce words for them or they can manipulate what happens in a robot and allow them to interact with the world," Guenther says about his research. His team demonstrated two experiments on the day Science Nation stopped by. In one experiment, run by assistant research professor Jonathan Brumberg, a volunteer shows how she uses a speech synthesizer to make vowel sounds just by thinking about moving a hand or foot. She never moves her body or says anything. "We use an EEG cap to read the brain signals coming from her brain through her scalp," explains Brumberg, who tracks the brainwaves with a computer. "Depending on what body part she imagines moving, the cursor moves in different directions on the screen. Brumberg explains that he is able to, "translate those brain activities into audio signals that can be used to drive a voice synthesizer. We've mapped the "uw" sound to a left hand movement, the "aa" sound to right hand movement, and the "iy" sound to a foot movement." As the subject sits perfectly still, the cursor starts to move freely across the screen. Each of those sounds is represented by three circles on a computer screen. The subject needs to get the cursor into the center of any of the three circles to get the synthesizer to make the right vowel sound. We watch as the subject imagines moving her left hand to get the cursor to move right into the center of the "uw" circle, and we hear a synthetic "uw" droning from the synthesizer. Brumberg has experimented on locked-in patients, too, and the results have been startling. "We started with helping a locked-in patient regain an ability to make certain vowel sounds and that was amazing. He hasn't been able to talk in years and the first time he made a movement with our formant synthesizer, he nearly, you know, jumped out of his chair with excitement," says Brumberg. "Although the patient has no actual voluntary movement, involuntary motor actions are often seen when the patient gets excited." Guenther says this technology holds great promise not just for locked-in patients. "We hope these technologies would be applied to people that have other communication disorders that cause them to be unable to speak," he says. "This sort of thing would allow them to produce synthetic speech, which could be used to talk to the people around them and mention their needs." In another experiment, graduate student Sean Lorenz takes a robot out for a spin using only brainwaves. The checkerboards on the sides of the screen flash at slightly different frequencies. To the naked eye, the differences are subtle. "But the neurons in his visual cortex start firing in synchrony with the checkerboard he's looking at and so we can pick up the frequency and from that, determine which choice he was trying to make, left, right, forward or backward, for example." explains Guenther. For locked-in patients, Guenther adds, "If they're pointing their eyes at a visual screen, they can focus their attention on one of the different frequencies and they can manipulate what happens in a robot or in a computer." According to Guenther it's just a matter of time before these technologies are commercially available. It's all part of a vision that pairs biology with technology to find a way out--for those who are locked-in. On the Net:	<urn:uuid:8c2cbd1e-8082-4a56-b1de-b48be3a56199>	{ "date": "2016-08-26T02:59:44", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-36", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982295103.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823195815-00116-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9619795083999634, "score": 3.421875, "token_count": 1005, "url": "http://www.redorbit.com/news/health/1112402747/mind-reading-computer-system-may-help-people-with-locked-in-syndrome/" }
A research team based at the University of Chicago has traced increased susceptibility to bipolar disorder to two overlapping genes found on the long arm of chromosome 13. The study, published in the May 2003 issue of the American Journal of Human Genetics, is the first to implicate this gene complex, and the second to tie any gene, to the development of bipolar disorder, which affects 2 million American adults. A previous study found that the same gene complex increases risk for schizophrenia. The current finding adds credence to the emerging notion that the same genes may be contribute to both disorders. "The discovery of susceptibility genes for psychiatric disorders has been one of the most intractable problems in human genetics," said Elliot Gershon, M.D., professor and chairman of psychiatry at the University of Chicago and a co-author of the study. "In the past two years, we seem to have reached a watershed for psychiatric gene discovery, with the identification of genes that increase risk of bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. After years of false starts and unfulfilled promises, we have begun to make real progress." Bipolar disorder, also known as manic-depressive illness, is a brain disorder that causes profound shifts in a person's mood, with spurts of high energy and elation alternating with longer periods of fatigue and deep sadness. It affects about one percent of adults, usually beginning in late adolescence. The disorder is caused by multiple genes, each contributing a small part. The bipolar gene on chromosome 13 has a "weak effect," said Gershon, increasing susceptibility to the disease by about 25 percent. The implicated genes, known as G30 and G72, were discovered through positional cloning, an approach that relies on small differences between family members who have a disease and those who do not to track down the genes that increase risk. With this approach the researchers do not have to know the function of the genes that cause a disease in order to find them. Once found, however, the gene's function can be elucidated. "Instead of interrogating the usual suspects, positional cloning leads us to novel genes," said Gershon, "and novel genes provide new information, which could help us find better treatments." The team, headed by research associates Eiji Hattori and Chunyu Liu in Gershon's laboratory, studied two large series of families in which several members have bipolar disorder. The Clinical Neurogenetics pedigrees include 371 individuals from 22 extended families. The National Institute of Mental Health Genetics Initiative pedigrees include 474 individuals from 152 families. Both series provided strong evidence that one version of a stretch of DNA that includes the two genes was associated with bipolar disorder. This consistency lends power to the finding. G30 and G72 are "rather strange genes," said co-author Hattori. They are expressed only in primates, with no counterpart in mice. They have no known function. They reside in a sort of "gene desert," near the end of the chromosome, with no other genes nearby, and they overlap on complementary chromosome strands. The G72/G30 gene complex was discovered at Genset Corporation, which reported association of this complex with schizophrenia in the fall of 2002. These two reports are the first consistent demonstration of a gene complex associated with both bipolar illness and schizophrenia. For a century, these disorders were thought to be inherited separately. In the past few years, however, the possibility that the same genes contribute to both disorders has gained favor. One other gene has been implicated in bipolar disorder. In 2002, researchers found that brain-derived neurotrophic factor, a candidate gene, was associated with the disease. Additional authors are Judith Badner and Susan Christian of the University of Chicago, Tom Bonner and Sevilla Detera-Wadleigh of NIMH, and Richard Gibbs and Manjula Maheshawri of the Human Genome Sequencing Center at Baylor Univeristy. The National Institutes of Health, the National Alliance for Research on Schizophrenia and Depression and the Japan Foundation for Aging and Health supported the research.	<urn:uuid:8a681b07-deff-4d9c-a014-ed399b07c310>	{ "date": "2016-05-27T22:16:08", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-22", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464049277091.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524002117-00031-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9589627981185913, "score": 3.0625, "token_count": 831, "url": "http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2003-04/uocm-gvr042403.php" }
ONLINE CATALOG SEARCH Memorandum for the Assistant Chief of Staff, G-31 February 10, 1919 [Chaumont], France Study of possible advance of American Troops into Germany. 1. GENERAL ALLIED PLAN OF ACTION. The base of any plan for the possible advance of American forces deeper into German territory must, of necessity, include a general assumption as to the plan of action of the other allied Armies. Under existing circumstances this assumption must be formulated without consulting non-American authorities and can be only a carefully considered guess as to what we believe would be agreed to by all concerned. If the main purpose of the operation is to gain control of the heart of Germany, that is the region of Berlin, without the necessity of occupying the country generally, the economical and expeditious plan would be to occupy all the North Sea and Baltic ports and to base expeditions on Hamburg and Stettin for a concentric advance on Berlin. The Elbe and Oder rivers would afford excellent facilities for supply. The region bounded by Bremen-Hanover-Brunswick-Magdeburg-Berlin-Stettin could be effectively held by a moderate sized force owing to long stretches of river line and short lines of communication. The present line of the Rhine could then be held as a defensive front with a much reduced force. Assuming that the occasion for a deeper advance into Germany develops too rapidly to permit of moving troops around to the North Sea and Baltic ports, or that for other reasons a general advance from the present line of the Rhine is considered necessary, the following study is submitted regarding the possible participation by American troops. 2. ADVANCE FROM THE RHINE. The present deployment of the allied forces along the frontier should normally determine their order of battle during the advance and should tend to limit the choice of their respective zones of action. The Topography of Western Germany (See Map A attached)2 considered with reference to the location of the present bridge heads, the frontiers of Holland and Austria, the sea boundary to the north including the Kiel Canal, the course of the Elbe River and the location of Berlin, leads to the following conclusions: (a) The allied initial advance would be conducted on a broad front in a north-easterly direction from Mulhausen to Wesel. A smaller force based on Bremen and Hamburg would effect a junction with the main advance. (b) The right of the line would be refused from Lake Constance to Leipzig; the left would be advanced until contact was gained with the Baltic Sea in Mecklenburg Bay; the center would rest along the line of the Elbe River, unless the occupation of Berlin became necessary, in which case the left would be further advanced to Stettin. (c) The ports from Emden to Dantzig would be occupied, and the supply of the center and left of the Armies would ultimately be based upon the ports to the north and would be facilitated by the navigable rivers Weser and Elbe. 3. PROBABLE AMERICAN ZONE OF ACTION. (a) The present American bridge head is too restricted to serve as a suitable base of departure. It extends 32 kilometers along the Rhine and just excludes important roads and railroads. The base of departure should cover the strip from Bonn to the river Lahn, both inclusive, a distance of 62 kilometers. The inclusion of Bonn should not interfere with the British as their main columns would probably advance through Hanover and Munster. The inclusion of the Lahn River should not interfere with the French as there remain to the South numerous routes of advance for their forces. The axis of the American advance would probably be the line Coblentz-Cassel-Helmstedt-Stendal, an air-line distance of 380 kilometers. The extent of front to be occupied by American troops at the conclusion of the first stage of the advance (i.e., along the Elbe River), depends upon many factors. However, after a study of the entire front to be held it is believed that the American Army would probably be called upon to cover a front of at least 100 kilometers, and the logical portion appears to be that between Wittenberg and Schonebeck (10 kilometers south of Magdeburg.) The proposed zone limits are indicated in Map A attached. This zone includes two through railroad lines and sufficient through roads to permit of a well regulated advance. (b) Salient Features of the Terrain. The zone from Coblentz to Cassel (160 kilometers air line) is rugged, heavily forested country with roads and railroads following circuitous routes. At Cassel the first of a serious of river lines is encountered. The Weser is a navigable stream from Munden to its mouth. The Fulda and the Werra prolong its course to the south and are less of an obstacle. The general character of the country remains unchanged for the next 100 kilometers east of the Weser. The river Leine intersects the zone before the plain of the Elbe is reached, but is too small to be considered an obstacle. It becomes navigable at Hanover. South of Brunswick and west of Halbestadt lie the Hartz mountains, covering a rough, forested area blocking 60 kilometers of the width of the zone as it debouches into the low land. In the event of well organized hostile resistance, this region could be developed into a serious obstacle to our advance and would probably have to be turned by an enveloping movement to the north. The plain of the Elbe presents no particular obstacle, except for the heavy forest areas east of Brunswick. (See memorandum of A.C. of S. G-2 on rivers, hereto attached and marked “B”.) (c) Enemy Resistance. The amount of resistance to our advance which the enemy might be able to offer is entirely problematical and would depend primarily upon the state of mind of the population. In any event he would be forced to operate with practically no airships and would be seriously hampered by lack of motor transport and rail rolling stock. His supply of heavy and light cannon, and minenwerfers, machine guns and rifles, appears to be sufficient for the extent of the Western front on which he would be operating. The memorandum of the A.C. of S., G-2 hereto attached and marked “C” presents a study of the possibilities of the extent of the hostile resistance which might be encountered. It appears reasonable to conclude that, in proportion to the frontage and assuming prompt replacements, a moderate sized force equipped with a few heavy guns and a full allotment of light guns, airships and transport, should be able to break down and through the enemies most determined resistance. The police of the country passed through presents another problem which would make heavy demands on our forces unless the complete disarmament of the population could be effectively assured, which seems entirely possible. 4. TROOPS TO BE EMPLOYED. The base of departure is 60 kilometers in breadth. The final frontage to be covered is 100 kilometers. Under existing conditions the advance could be initiated with 1 division for each 20 kilometers of front or 3 divisions in first line. A minimum of 4 divisions would be required on the final front of the advance. The first line divisions should be followed by 2 divisions in second line, two days march (30 kilometers) in rear. One more division should follow the third line, three days march (45 kilometers) in rear of the second line. Truck transportation capable of transporting all the foot troops of one division should be available in rear of the second line. In rear of the third line one division should normally be available for each 100 kilometers of depth, to provide garrison troops. One division would be required to man the line of communication. 1. When advance had reached Cassel. 1st line………………………3 divisions } 2 army corps. 2nd line …………………….2 divisions } 3rd line ……………………..1 division } 1 army corps. Garrison troops ………...1 division } 7 divisions & 3 army corps. 2. When advance had reached the line of Elbe. 1st line……………..………4 divisions } 2 army corps. 2nd line ……………..……2 divisions } 3rd line …………..……….1 division Garrison Troops ………..2 divisions 1 army corps. Communication troops 1 division 10 divisions 3 army corps. The foregoing is a moderately large force when considered in addition to the necessary corps and army troops, S.O.S. detachments, and possible garrison troops to be left in our present zone west of the Rhine. However, it is about the maximum that would appear to be necessary, and in the event that the advance was made largely because of Bolshevik disturbances, without fear of encountering large organized units of the German Army, the number of divisions could be reduced to 8 and possibly to 6. 5. LINE OF COMMUNICA TION AND SUPPLY. Coblentz is the logical point for the advance base of the invading army. Whether it would be supplied from our S.O.S. in Central France or from Rotterdam would depend entirely upon the availability of the latter point. At the present time Rotterdam appears to be available. Between Coblentz and Cassel extends one of the most efficient rail lines in Germany, which continues beyond the latter point to Gottingen and there heads north via Hanover for Hamburg. This line would serve as the supply line for the Army until it cleared the Weser. Thereafter Cassel could be organized as the advance base, drawing its supplies from Bremerhaven or Bremen by utlizing both rail and water transportation lines. Once the Allied lines had cleared the Elbe, the supply of the most advanced divisions could be assured via that river from Hamburg. G. C. Marshall, Jr. Document Copy Text Source: Records of the American Expeditionary Forces (World War I) (RG 120), Records of General Headquarters (GHQ), Operations Division Reports (G-3), National Archives and Records Administration, College Park, Maryland. Document Format: Typed memorandum signed. 1. Brigadier General Fox Conner. 2. The three appendixes attached to this memorandum are not printed. These were: “A. Philip’s Large Scale Strategical War Map of Europe, Central and Eastern Area. B. Memorandums from G-2 regarding Rivers and the Hartz Mountains in proposed zone of advance for American Army into Germany. C. Memorandums from G-2 regarding Strength and Armament of German Army.” Recommended Citation: The Papers of George Catlett Marshall, ed. Larry I. Bland and Sharon Ritenour Stevens (Lexington, Va.: The George C. Marshall Foundation, 1981- ). Electronic version based on The Papers of George Catlett Marshall, vol. 1, “The Soldierly Spirit,” December 1880-June 1939 (Baltimore and London: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1981), pp. 175-178.	<urn:uuid:fc6aba73-33f1-4b89-9168-9de433c7bb03>	{ "date": "2017-11-17T17:44:30", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-47", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934803848.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20171117170336-20171117190336-00056.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9435485601425171, "score": 2.5625, "token_count": 2326, "url": "http://marshallfoundation.org/library/digital-archive/memorandum-for-the-assistant-chief-of-staff-g-31/" }
Yesterday the Guardian ran an intriguing article by Amelia Hill about the rise of drugs that could enhance our moral sensibilities. And by "moral," what is generally meant is non-violent and empathetic to strangers, as well as future generations. Here's a chunk of interesting observations from it: Researchers have become very interested in developing biomedical technologies capable of intervening in the biological processes that affect moral behaviour and moral thinking, according to Dr Tom Douglas, a Wellcome Trust research fellow at Oxford University's Uehiro Centre. "It is a very hot area of scientific study right now." He is co-author of Enhancing Human Capacities, published on Monday, which includes a chapter on moral enhancement. Drugs that affect our moral thinking and behaviour already exist, but we tend not to think of them in that way. [Prozac] lowers aggression and bitterness against environment and so could be said to make people more agreeable. Or Oxytocin, the so-called love hormone ... increases feelings of social bonding and empathy while reducing anxiety," he said. "Scientists will develop more of these drugs and create new ways of taking drugs we already know about. We can already, for example, take prescribed doses of Oxytocin as a nasal spray," he said. But would pharmacologically-induced altruism, for example, amount to genuine moral behaviour? Guy Kahane, deputy director of the Oxford Centre for Neuroethics and a Wellcome Trust biomedical ethics award winner, said: "We can change people's emotional responses but quite whether that improves their moral behaviour is not something science can answer." He also admitted that it was unlikely people would "rush to take a pill that would make them morally better. "Becoming more trusting, nicer, less aggressive and less violent can make you more vulnerable to exploitation," he said. "On the other hand, it could improve your relationships or help your career." Kahane does not advocate putting morality drugs in the water supply, but he suggests that if administered widely they might help humanity to tackle global issues. "Relating to the plight of people on other side of the world or of future generations is not in our nature," he said. "This new body of drugs could make possible feelings of global affiliation and of abstract empathy for future generations." Read the rest of the article, via The Guardian.	<urn:uuid:66e26510-ca10-4db0-b114-d06722ce056b>	{ "date": "2014-12-22T04:42:17", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-52", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802773201.145/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075253-00035-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9548228979110718, "score": 2.75, "token_count": 482, "url": "http://io9.com/5788936/a-drug-that-will-make-you-a-morally-upright-person?tag=neuroscience" }
Hundreds of garden plants are toxic to one degree or another, including peonies, honeysuckle, black-eyed Susans, clematis, and hydrangea. Moreover, many common weeds, such as crabgrass and clover, are hazardous, too. Harmful effects from eating these plants include digestive upsets, skin rashes, organ damage, and death. With toxic plants surrounding us in nature and in gardens, how do animals manage to survive at all? Most animals, especially those finicky felines, instinctively avoid these plants. Theoretically, dogs and cats eat plants only when they're bored. Sometimes the danger is specific to particular animals. Yew (Taxus spp.), for example, is so deadly for cats and dogs that a dog need only eat 1/10 of 1 percent of its body weight to die. However, deer feast on yew and birds scarf up the berries with no apparent harm. Native Americans fed dogs fireweed (Epilobium angustifolium), yet it's poisonous to cats. Equally toxic, but primarily to cats, are most lilies (Lilium spp.). Simply ingesting two flower petals or minute bits of stems and leaves can result in renal failure and death. The American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA) has a list of plants that are toxic to cats, dogs, and horses on its website at aspca.org/pet-care/poison-control/plants. If you suspect your pet has ingested a harmful substance, call your veterinarian. But if the animal is having seizures, losing consciousness, or having difficulty breathing, telephone ahead and take the animal immediately to your veterinarian or the nearest emergency veterinary clinic. The ASPCA's Poison Control Center (888-426-4435; $65 consultation fee) and Pet Poison Helpline (800-213-6680; $39 consultation fee) are both staffed around the clock to assist with emergencies. 4 Plants Toxic to Dogs Azalea (Rhododendron spp.). Ingestion of just a few leaves can cause digestive upset, drooling, loss of appetite, weakness, leg paralysis, or even death. Apple (Malus spp.). Seeds contain cyanogenic glycosides (cyanide). Ingesting enough seeds can provide a fatal dose. Grape (Vitis spp.). Symptoms include vomiting, diarrhea, weakness, increased drinking, abdominal pain, and kidney failure. Even if consumed in low quantities over a period of time, the result can be fatal. Cherry, plum, peach (Prunus spp.). Leaves and seeds contain cyanogenic glycosides, which can cause dilated pupils, difficulty breathing, shock, and death. 4 Plants Toxic to Cats Ivy (Hedera spp.). Leaves and berries can cause stomach irritation, diarrhea, coma, or death. Tulip (Tulipa spp.). These bulbs can damage a cat's mouth and esophagus and cause vomiting, severe diarrhea, and abnormal heart rhythms. Hyacinths and daffodils are also harmful. Castor bean (Ricinus communis). All parts, but mostly seeds, if chewed, will cause nausea, abdominal pain, bloody diarrhea, excessive thirst, muscle twitching, convulsions, or coma. Larkspur (Consolida ajacis). Plants and seeds can cause digestive upset, nervous excitement, or depression. Potentially fatal.	<urn:uuid:dfa9aec6-3333-492a-aae4-fcd0565984ff>	{ "date": "2015-04-18T08:58:05", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-18", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246634257.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045714-00111-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8840271830558777, "score": 3.375, "token_count": 729, "url": "http://www.rodalesorganiclife.com/wellbeing/pet-toxic-plants" }
Welcome to Year 4 Our teachers are Mrs Jenkins and Mrs Everitt in 4L, Mr Murray in 4P and Miss Goswami 4T. Miss Kavanagh and Mrs Maqsood work with us too. This term our topic is Digging Up the Past. In the first half term we will look at a range of stories, poems and songs, all linked to the Harvest Festival. In science we will be learning about the digestive system and the human body. In geography, we are learning how to read maps and learning about food from different countries. Later this term, we will be learning all about Ancient Egypt. Please see the overview below for more details. This half term the children will have PE on a Tuesday afternoon and Thursday morning. One session will be outside (weather permitting). Please make sure your child has the correct kits for these sessions in school, including trainers. It would also be very helpful if each item of kit was labelled with their name. Unless this gets very dirty, we will send kit home at the end of each half term. This term's Show & Tell theme is 'My Hobbies'. We would love to hear about your hobbies outside school. Make us a poster and bring in any props related to your hobby. You can also bring in a memory stick to pass on to the class teacher. The Show & Tell rota will be available in the classroom and your child will know the week they will give their talk. Your Show & Tell should last no more than 5 minutes. Please practise at home and we look forward to hearing from you! Reading, Homework and Spellings Although guided reading takes place in school regularly, it is important that your child reads a wide range of texts at home. Children should bring their reading books in a book bag to school each day, along with their Year 4 planner which can be filled in by you regularly. Children can change their reading books at any time, and are free to borrow reading books from the classroom. By the end of year 4 your child should know all their times tables up to 12 x 12. Regular practise is the key to success! Below is a list of useful websites for supporting your child with this along with other links for reinforcing other aspects of maths covered this term. Each child also has their own account set up on timestables rockstars. This is a fun way to practice the timestables and can be played at any time throughout the week. Maths homework is set via MyMaths every Wednesday and is selected to reinforce classwork. Once a half term your child will be set an additional piece of homework in their homework book. Please encourage your child to complete their homework on time. Please see the documents below detailing our curriculum.	<urn:uuid:61841708-c901-4ef9-8ddd-646f42029088>	{ "date": "2018-12-13T17:49:18", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-51", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376825029.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20181213171808-20181213193308-00336.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9662960171699524, "score": 2.796875, "token_count": 560, "url": "http://www.heymann.notts.sch.uk/page/?title=Year+4&pid=36" }
While the use of human heads as crests was very popular from the earliest rolls, their use as charges on shields came later, as in the arms of Gundelsdorf, c.1340 [Zurich 431]. Some human heads are affronty or guardant by default, but others aren’t; it depends on the type of human. As a general rule of thumb, men (Saracens, blackamoors, &c) face dexter by default, while children, maidens, &c, are affronty. Savage’s head couped (Period) Maiden’s head (or bust) (Period) The “savage’s head” and the “wild man’s head” are shown with a wreath of leaves on their heads, since the leaves on the rest of their bodies are not in evidence. In other respects, the characteristics of a human head are those of that type of human, and are described under human figure. As with animal’s heads, human heads must be specifically blazoned as couped or erased; couped heads are far more common. While the dexter-facing heads are couped at the neck, children and maidens are sometimes shown as a bust, showing the shoulders (and, in the maiden’s case, the bosom). This is not an ironclad rule, and seems to be artistic license; if the shoulders are meant to be included, they should be blazoned. Head of St. Cybi (Accepted) Janus head (Period) One instance exists in Society armory of “heads of St. Cybi”. St. Cybi was a 6th Century Cornish bishop, and is shown as a tonsured monk with a mitre. The “Janus head” is taken from representations of the Roman god of beginnings and endings. We’ve an example from period Italian heraldry, in the arms of Banda, c.1550 [BSB Cod.Icon 276:15; cf. also Woodward 201]. Also included in this category are the heads of humanoid monsters, particularly those which exist only as a head. Preeminent among these is the “cherub”, or “cherub’s head”: a child’s head cabossed, with two wings. Cherubim are found in the canting arms (Italian angeli, “angels”) of Dianiolli, c.1550 [BSB Cod.Icon 272:277]; Legh, 1576 likewise describes the cherub’s use in armory. The “seraph”, or “seraph’s head”, is a child’s head cabossed, with six wings; Guillim, 1610 gives an example of its heraldic use (misblazoning it as a “cherub with three pairs of wings”). In the Society, the seraph’s “proper” coloration is with pink skin, red hair, and rainbow-colored wings. The seraph should not be confused with the “standing seraph”, a variant of the angel, which is shown with a full body; as an heraldic charge, the standing seraph appears to be unique to the Society. Gorgon’s head cabossed (Period) Demon’s head couped (Accepted) The “gorgon’s head”, taken from the monster of Greek myth, is a woman’s head with serpents for hair. As an heraldic charge, it’s shown in Bossewell, 1572 [III.22º]. The gorgon’s head is almost invariably cabossed, but the posture should nonetheless be blazoned explicitly. Finally, there is the “demon’s head”, horned and ugly, much like a Notre Dame gargoyle; this appears to be unique to the Society. For related charges, see hat, helm, hood, mask, skull, wind. David of Moorland bears: Vert, on a bend Or three Moor’s heads couped sable. Owain of Holyhead bears: Vert, three heads of St. Cybi proper aureoled Or. Talanque bears: Azure, a horned demon’s head erased Or. Petra Malusclavus Africana bears: Per pale azure and gules, a gorgon’s head cabossed argent. John of Coventry bears: Bendy gules and argent, a Turk’s head affronty couped proper impaled upon a spearhead couped sable. Staffan Arffuidsson bears: Azure, three seraphs Or. Sabina de Almería bears: Or, a cross flory, on a chief purpure three Janus heads argent.	<urn:uuid:500199d5-6b98-40c0-bf57-6271485ab05f>	{ "date": "2017-10-23T04:19:26", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-43", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187825575.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20171023035656-20171023055656-00156.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9089573621749878, "score": 2.96875, "token_count": 1075, "url": "http://mistholme.com/dictionary/page/2/?a2zaal=H" }
The Bridge of the Longest Day The capture of the River Orne bridge at Ranville and the bridge across the Caen Canal at Bénouville is the most famous mission of the airborne division. 180 troops of the Ox and Bucks Light Infantry, commanded by Major John Howard, captured the bridges after landing in Horsa gliders only metres from their objectives. In less than ten minutes both bridges had been captured intact. The sea borne reinforcements commanded by Brigadier Lord Lovat, preceded by his bagpiper Bill Millin, were able to cross the waterways to reinforce 6th Airborne Division on the eastern flank. Among these Green Berets, 177 French Commandos commanded by Philip Kieffer. On June 26th 1944, the Caen Canal bridge was baptised Pegasus Bridge as a tribute to the British troops. Pegasus, the winged horse, was the emblem worn on the sleeves of the men of the airborne division. The insignia was chosen by the author Daphne du Maurier, wife of the wartime commander of British airborne forces General Sir Frederick Browning. In 1961 the bridge acquired celebrity status due to the D-Day film, produced by Darryl Zanuck, The Longest Day. Replaced in 1994 by a new bridge the original Pegasus Bridge is now on display in the park of the museum.	<urn:uuid:eddddc69-55c2-4d24-83f0-d5b9ab82782d>	{ "date": "2016-10-25T01:16:32", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-44", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719843.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00273-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9612885117530823, "score": 3.015625, "token_count": 275, "url": "http://www.memorial-pegasus.org/mmp/pont_benouville/index.php?lang=uk" }
GET OUR LATEST BLOG POSTS SEARCH OUR BLOG Data visualization often falls under the field of Human Computer Interaction, but HCI contains much more than data visualization. It covers everything from physical input devices, to digital interfaces, to social and psychological effects of computers. CHI is a huge computer science conference that covers everything and anything related to computer-human interaction. Here are two interesting projects from CHI2013 that are closely related to visualization. They both share principles with good visualization, but neither of them are exactly visualization in the technical sense. Visualizing Without Looking Visualization is awesome for showing information, but it has a major downside; it requires you to see. This is not good for people with impaired eyesight, or for applications where your vision needs to be focused elsewhere. The Human-Computer Interaction group at Hasso Plattner Institute have come up with an interface to provide gesture output for touchscreen devices. This lets you get information from your phone or other devices without looking at the screen. Eye-free interaction is useful for things like checking for messages during a meeting, or finding your next appointment time without taking your device out of your pocket. They imagine technology like this becoming standard on many devices, and acting as just another method for us to get information from our digital world. Visualizing The Past Another major downside to visualization is we can only see what exists in the present. The past is lost to us, and with it we lose important and enriching information. Nathan Walsh and Digital Originals have been working on a way to keep and display some of the past. Nathan creates beautiful paintings of cities, and each painting goes through a process of evolution as it is being painted. Normally, the painting process is lost in the final rendition, but Digital Originals have created Repentir, an app that lets you see snapshots of the painting in different stages of the creation process. You take a photo of any part of the painting, and your device lets you “unpaint” portions of the image, allowing you to see all the stages that built up to the masterpiece in its current form. They hope to see other artists also recording the history of their creation process, and providing that information as an insight into how artists think and work. Imagine walking into a gallery and being able to go back in time for every piece of artwork and see how it evolved. The next stage for the app is to try it out on Nathan’s work in a gallery setting. There is an upcoming exhibition in November at the Bernarducci Meisel Gallery in New York. The interim period should allow the research team to develop the app even further and possibly add more features. These projects aren’t exactly visualizations, but they both work to extend beyond what visualization can provide for us. Work like this is definitely going to be a part of the future of computing, and will hopefully be something we see in our own devices soon (if it isn’t there already). Drew Skau is Visualization Architect at Visual.ly and a PhD Computer Science Visualization student at UNCC with an undergraduate degree in Architecture. You can follow him on Twitter: @SeeingStructure	<urn:uuid:a67dd7a6-847e-4b01-b026-4181e31f5a79>	{ "date": "2015-11-29T21:13:34", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-48", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398459875.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205419-00137-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9453553557395935, "score": 2.578125, "token_count": 659, "url": "http://blog.visual.ly/reporting-from-chi-2013/" }
REAL ESTATE. The history of real estate development in Cleveland is the story of property owners who speculated on the economic future of the city and anticipated the effect of growth upon property values in different locations. They attempted to subdivide, or allot, the land into the best configuration of building lots, to supply these lots with the necessary improvements, and to promote the project to potential buyers; all in competition with one another and with the threat of periodic bank panics looming over them. Whenever possible they endeavored to get a governmental entity to pay the costs of new roads, bridges, canals, railroads, parks, industries, or public buildings and sometimes held public office to ensure the success of their ventures. During the two centuries of Cleveland's history the opportunities for real estate profits changed and as a response there were changes in the kinds of allotments that were brought to the market and an increasing professionalism of the real estate profession. But the ability to anticipate or manipulate events to increase real estate values has been constant throughout the various periods of Cleveland's growth. The first major period of real estate development was the creation of Cleveland and the WESTERN RESERVE by the proprietors of the CONNECTICUT LAND CO. at the close of the 18th century. Cleveland and the Connecticut Western Reserve have, from their inception, been parts of a gigantic speculation in land; first by King Charles II, who gave all the lands extending to the Pacific Ocean to the first settlers of Connecticut in exchange for a firmer foothold for his Empire; and later by the Connecticut Land Co. proprietors, who invested $1,200,000 in the expectation that the lands along Lake Erie's southern shore would make them all fortunes. Such fortunes would have to come from the cutting up of the Reserve's 3 million acres into smaller parcels that could be sold at a profit to the land-hungry settlers flooding the Trans-Appalachian frontier now that the British restrictions had been lifted by American independence. There were many competing areas of settlement, however, in the Northwest Territory, and to attract settlers to the Western Reserve the Connecticut Land Co. proprietors had to offer assurances that the settlers' investments would be protected from legal problems, economic stagnation, or military harm. They wanted prospective eastern settlers viewing a map to feel that the Reserve was a proper Yankee village surrounded by a good system of roads and agricultural lands. Therefore, the original surveys and maps of Cleveland were a marketing tool for the land speculators in Connecticut. These speculators, however, were not a unified body, nor were they long-term investment partners. Rather they were a group of competing speculators who were forced into a temporary alliance by the size of the purchase and the State of Connecticut's insistence that the Reserve be sold as a single entity. Once the company acquired title to the Reserve, immediate steps were taken to make a fair and proportionate distribution of the 3 million acres to the dozens of investors, leaving them free to begin selling lots to settlers in competition with one another. The first summer after purchasing the Reserve, the company dispatched its general agent, MOSES CLEAVELAND, and a party of surveyors to the Reserve. Part of his team began surveying the township lines, beginning at the Pennsylvania border and working west. Meanwhile, he took the rest of the party to the mouth of the Cuyahoga and began laying out Cleveland. Beginning with a traditional New England village green—today's PUBLIC SQUARE—they mapped out streets running at right angles in a gridiron pattern and of blocks divided into lots of 2 acres each. The following summer, 1797, another surveying party was sent to the Reserve and added to the emerging pattern of roads and property lines. The effect of these two summers of work was to create a town that contained 3 categories of lots, by size, and a radial street plan leading into the gridiron environs of today's downtown area. In the area surrounding the village center at Public Square were the "In Lots" or "Two Acre Lots," which were the realm of residential and commercial life in traditional New England villages. Bordering them were the "Out Lots" or "Ten Acre Lots" which were primarily for more rural, agrarian uses and which increased in size with distance from Public Square. Finally, the "Hundred Acre Lots" were left available for further splitting into farms or satellite villages, similar to the larger townships. The reason for this elaborate pattern of streets and lots was because Cleveland, unlike most of the townships, was slated for immediate sale to settlers to help defray the costs of the surveys. However, sales were slow as the malarial conditions near the river, the high prices set on Cleveland lots, and the availability of significantly cheaper lands in the eastern part of the Reserve combined to delay settlement. During the early decades of the 19th century, growth proceeded at a faster pace in some of the surrounding villages, such as NEWBURGH, and in ROCKPORT two groups of proprietors failed in their attempts to establish speculative town sites on opposite banks of the Rocky River. For many years the Reserve suffered from too much available land and a weak local economy. Cash was scarce and the proprietors found that their costs of holding land were rising faster than land values. The opening of the OHIO AND ERIE CANAL in 1827, which established a vigorous commercial economy and accelerated land values locally, marked the beginning of the second major period in Cleveland's real estate history, which extended until the CIVIL WAR. By 1827 the original city lots, east of the Cuyahoga, had passed into private hands and were being developed on a piecemeal basis by individual owners. One notable development was an attempt to establish a luxurious residential community along Lake St. east of Erie St. (East Ninth St.). In 1835 Lee Canfield and Sheldon Pease donated a small park, Clinton Park, to be the centerpiece of their new Clinton Square real estate development. This is the first attempt in Cleveland to support land values in a residential subdivision project by donating a park—at least since the Connecticut Land Co. did something similar with Public Square. The project failed in the Panic of 1837 and the arrival of the Cleveland and Erie Railroad destroyed the bucolic ambiance of the area. This modest attempt to create a community and anchor values to public improvements paled beside what was occurring on the west side of the river. Here groups of investors were bringing nearly 2,000 new building lots onto the market, supported by a massive public works program, in an effort to attract industry and residents. The centerpiece of the movement was the incorporation of the village of OHIO CITY in 1836 and the attempt to extend the canal to a new terminus nearby. The old bed of the Cuyahoga River, which forms WHISKEY ISLAND, would be again connected to the river, and with the canal traffic would make Ohio City a harbor town, complete with a new hotel. The first plans for building lots appeared in 1831, following the purchase of the Carter farm by investors from Buffalo and Brooklyn, and the unsurveyed lots sold for good prices. Immediately to the south, in 1836, the real estate firm of Lord and Barber developed a new residential subdivision of nearly 1,000 building lots centering on their beautiful Franklin Circle park. Their Wooster Turnpike—in 1824 the first toll road in Cuyahoga County—fed traffic up to their development along today's Rte. 42, and in 1840 they donated land for a farmers' market. They also created the Cuyahoga Steam Furnace Co. to provide jobs. JOSIAH BARBER and RICHARD LORD were both mayors of Ohio City and were in a position to shape development on this side of the river. The village of Cleveland did not ignore the challenge from the Ohio City promoters and responded by trying to hinder their economic vitality. In the early 1830s a group of Cleveland boosters—which included a recent village president, RICHARD HILLIARD, and Cleveland's soon-to-be first city mayor, JOHN W. WILLEY, as well as businessmen John S. Clark and Edmund Clark—created 2 new subdivisions. In 1835 they created Cleveland Centre (placed in the first big bend of the river, southwest of Public Square), noteworthy for its radial design evoking L'Enfant's plan for Washington, DC. Immediately to the south, across the river, the group created WILLEYVILLE in 1836, and connected it with the Wooster Turnpike to the south and Cleveland Centre to the north with a bridge at Columbus St. The Willey administration also closed the floating bridge across the river further north. The net result was to drain off north-bound traffic before it reached Ohio City and direct it through Willeyville, over the Columbus St. bridge, through Cleveland Centre and on to their market at the foot of Superior St. before reaching Cleveland. This resulted in the "Bridge War" between the two cities and a rivalry that lasted until Ohio City was annexed by Cleveland in 1854. AHAZ MERCHANT, the Cuyahoga County Surveyor, surveyed most of these new subdivisions and drew a "Map of Cleveland and Its Environs" that shows the land subdivisions in place by 1836, just before the Panic ruined things. It includes, appropriately, a drawing of the COLUMBUS ST. BRIDGE as well as the various new banks, churches and industries, but omits any reference to Ohio City. This map was an important piece of civic boosterism in its time, showing the outside world that Cleveland was growing rapidly into an important port city. In 1851 a group of prominent Clevelanders founded CLEVELAND UNIV., and one of the founders was William Slade, Jr., who platted the surrounding area into a subdivision with streets bearing such intellectual-sounding names as Literary St., Univ. St., College St., and one that would become Professor St. Next to Slade's allotment, John G. Jennings created the Univ. Hts. allotment, and donated its Pelton Park to the city. This area is now known as TREMONT. Other major subdivisions on the south and west sides during this period were two huge plattings by SILAS S. STONE (1849 and 1853), and allotments by GEORGE BENEDICT and Elias Root (1851), by Taylor and Hoyt (1852), and by H. Stone (1853), altogether totaling several thousand lots. Following the Civil War, the eastward growth of land subdividing activity moved from the radiating plan of the Ten Acre Lots and moved into the Hundred Acre Lots where gridiron allotment patterns re-emerged. By the 1860s, street horsecars permitted a greater separation between workplace and residence, and lines reached downtown from EAST CLEVELAND. The pressures of industrial pollution and large-scale immigration caused many to seek homes in the periphery, where the environment was deemed physically and spiritually healthy. Capitalizing on the demand for natural surroundings and the availability of rudimentary public transportation, subdividers were creating home sites as far out as DOAN'S CORNERS (now E. 105th) by the 1870s. Few middle class buyers could afford the time or fares to commute via horsecar from this distance. The wealthy could, however, and large tracts of land near the lake were obtained for summer retreats by men like WILLIAM J. GORDON, LIBERTY E. HOLDEN, JEPTHA H. WADE and JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER also invested in suburban lands, anticipating growth there. Coupled with the bucolic splendor of the new LAKE VIEW CEMETERY in 1869, the Doan's Corners area became a series of private estates, resorts, and speculative holdings, all having a park-like ambiance. By the 1880s the Doan's Corners area was developing into an alternative community for the Millionaires' Row culture that was being pushed eastward out from EUCLID AVE. by encroaching commercial land uses. The location of Western Reserve College, the Case School of Applied Science (see CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY), the CLEVELAND MUSEUM OF ART and other cultural institutions began to transform this area into a new elite center. After Wade donated part of his estate for WADE PARK in 1882, and the Gordon estate was deeded as a public park in 1893, real estate developers began creating large allotments in this, Cleveland's "East End." Wade himself created the Wade Park Allotment as the logical extension of Euclid Ave. living, while other promoters began creating luxurious residential communities up on the heights. A group headed by Atlanta railroad attorney Patrick Calhoun platted the Euclid Hts. Allotment in 1892 to take advantage of the new speed and hill-climbing power of the electric streetcars. Calhoun donated some of the land that became UNIV. CIRCLE in 1896 to serve as the gateway to both his elite development and the new park system. Investment syndicates from Virginia and Buffalo had begun developing SHAKER HTS., farther south on the heights, and donated the SHAKER LAKES for public parks that same year. By such donations, developers were able to turn rugged terrain that could not be developed into scenic parks that the public would maintain, while the city received park lands that it could not afford to purchase. The developers of the Brooklyn Park and Clifton Park Allotments at the mouth of the Rocky River also tied their developments to the desirable ambiance of public parks. The availability of dependable public transportation and public utilities also dictated the success of subdivision projects. Having increased the value of their properties by tying them to park and infrastructure improvements, developers wanted to be able to assure prospective buyers that their investments, in turn, would retain value. One device developers turned to for this were restrictions placed on the property deeds, prohibiting certain land uses, regulating external appearance, setting minimum standards for new homes, and barring members of ethnic minorities. The idea was to create the kind of stability, values, and homogeneity in the new neighborhood that would inspire the confidence of middle- and upper-class buyers. With millions of dollars at stake and thousands of lots to sell, developers tried many marketing devices to promote their version of ideal suburban living. The management of such large projects was getting increasingly difficult and the size of Cleveland's real estate market was increasing after the Civil War. As a result, the real estate industry developed specialized professions to help develop and market property. In the 1850s, for example, Jay A. Odell formed the first title abstracting business to help lawyers ensure that their clients' purchases were free of title problems. Justus L. Cozad created a competing firm in 1870, and in 1890 a third firm, the Ohio Abstracting Co., was established. In 1898, with the passage of new state enabling legislation, all 3 firms were purchased and merged into the Guarantee Title and Trust Co., to issue title insurance, underwrite mortgages and manage property. In 1902 James E. Church incorporated the Land Title and Trust Co. and created the present geographically based "Unit System" of organizing title records. He purchased the Guarantee Title during the Depression and in 1972 Land Title was acquired by today's Chicago Title. Real estate sales agencies underwent a big change in the 1890s as well. Until then the sale of real estate had been performed by a variety of people. In the first days of the Connecticut Land Co. it had been done by the original proprietors and their agents in the Western Reserve, particularly Turhand Kirtland, General Simon Perkins and LEONARD CASE. All through the 19th century, owners of property or their attorneys sold property, or they relied upon real estate agents. As the size of Cleveland increased and real estate transactions became more complex, the need for skilled, ethical agents increased. The number of men advertising themselves as real estate agents had grown from 37 in 1871 to 175 by 1890, and some real estate men felt the need to distance themselves from the sharp practices of others in the business. Other professional and trade groups were being created then, and in 1892 12 local agents formed the Cleveland Board of Realtors, with DANIEL TAYLOR as its first president. Stressing cooperation between members, the board set standards for real estate contracts and commission splits between agencies. By 1911 the board had 54 members and admitted its first woman member in 1927. Not all real estate sales were handled by real estate agents, nor were they all in wealthy neighborhoods. Subdivisions catering to the upper strata of business and professional men and socially prominent families may have set the fashion for new allotments, but the majority of people owned or rented older homes in more modest neighborhoods. And the way in which they found housing did not necessarily employ the services of the realty board members. In the latter half of the 19th century, Cleveland witnessed a massive immigration of people from Eastern and Souther Europe. Newly arrived CZECHS, POLES, SLOVAKS, JEWS, ITALIANS, GREEKS and other ethnic peoples settled into ethnic enclaves within Cleveland and turned to other members of their culture for assistance in finding work, homes, and financing. Polish immigrants often found such help from community leader MICHAEL KNIOLA, for example. Others might seek help from the parish or temple officials or from local merchants, neighbors, and established relatives. "LITTLE ITALY," near Univ. Circle, is an example of the type of ethnic enclave that was formed by the tendency of new immigrants to settle near others from their former villages overseas. In at least one case locally, help in finding housing was provided by an employer. In the 1890s a subsidiary of the National Carbon Co., the Pleasant Hill Land Co., created an allotment of 484 small parcels bordering 8 streets next to the company's plant on the west side. Five of the streets were whimsically named for birds—Thrush, Plover, Robin, Lark, and Quail—and gave the community its nickname of "The BIRD'S NEST." The Slovaks who moved here built and expanded 1 or 2 houses on each of these small lots into multifamily boarding houses and created a tight-knit community. During the decades after the turn of the century, development was reaching the edges of Cuyahoga County. From GLENVILLE and COLLINWOOD on the east, to LAKEWOOD on the west, men like Mars Wagar were turning farms and orchards into residential allotments. A complex web of streetcar lines linked these allotments to jobs downtown and interurban lines connected Cleveland with surrounding counties. Annexations ceased with the acquisition of BROOKLYN HTS. village in 1927, but developers had already begun taking an interest in the affairs of the suburban cities that were springing up on Cleveland's periphery. In 1901, for instance, the first CLEVELAND HTS. hamlet's Board of Trustees included Rockefeller's realtor, John G.W. Cowles, who was involved with the creation of the Euclid Hts. allotment within the hamlet. Real estate men were developing entire communities and sat on governing boards to help preserve the ambiance they were trying to create. Zoning laws began to make their appearance in the 1920s—supplementing the deed restrictions that had formerly been the only means of regulating land use and preserving values—and were upheld by the U.S. Supreme Court in 1926 in the case of VILLAGE OF EUCLID V. AMBLER REALTY CO. Earlier attempts to preserve real estate values were usually overrun by the rapid growth of Cleveland. Clinton Park and Euclid Hts. were predicated on particular urban dimensions and transportation methods, but rapid population increases and technological changes pushed their intended luxury markets farther away from the expanding urban core. Only with Shaker Hts. was a luxury community planned which had the size to retain its identity amid growth, and which took into account the emergence of the automobile. Based upon the original work done by the Shaker Hts. Land Co., Shaker Hts. realized its successful form under the inspired marketing of the Van Sweringen brothers (see ORIS P. AND MANTIS J. VAN SWERINGEN) during the period between the World Wars. The true heir to the legacy of Millionaires' Row on Euclid Ave., it became one of America's premier planned communities and grew eastward toward GATES MILLS. The postwar period of real estate in Cleveland has been characterized by 2 themes: the accelerated outward pressure on growth as the Baby Boom began and the issue of racial discrimination. The new surge in family size and the emerging pattern of consumer materialism accelerated demand for new homes for young families. Automobiles permitted longer commutes to the downtown and greater demand for homes in more distant SUBURBS. With the coming of the interstate highways in the 1950s and 1960s, the evolution of a multi-core city was accelerated. Another cause of rapid suburbanization was racially motivated. Since the Civil War and the advent of public transportation, there has been a noticeable tendency of people to move, mostly by economic class, away from urban centers; with each generation of wealthier citizens seeking residences farther out and being replaced, in turn, by waves of successively less affluent people. But in the 1960s this process accelerated into a phenomenon called "white flight," as the attempt of AFRICAN AMERICANS to find better homes, schools and neighborhoods led to white residents fleeing out of fear of eroding property values. The purpose of deed restrictions had been to reinforce homogeneity within neighborhoods and reinforce values. Restrictive covenants against selling homes to African Americans and other minorities were predicated on this principle of homogeneity, but in 1948 the U.S. Supreme Court declared that racially exclusive covenants were unenforceable in court. Fair housing laws (see FAIR HOUSING PROGRAMS) would help achieve integrated neighborhoods in areas like Cleveland Hts. and Shaker Hts., but area-wide integration remains elusive. The Cleveland Assn. of Real Estate Brokers was formed in 1948 to promote "Democracy in Housing," when African Americans found that they could not join the Cleveland Board of Realtors. The realtor's board accepted their first minority member, J. Howard Battle, in 1968 (see CLEVELAND AREA BOARD OF REALTORS). The 1970s were marked by a nationwide attack on anti-competitiveness of real estate boards and their multiple listing services. An area-wide multiple listing service had been first established in 1912, but it died out during the Depression. In the place of a comprehensive multiple system, local systems began springing up after 1949. A board-operated MLS was authorized in 1968, but generated heated protests from the established local system members and died in 1970. The present county-wide MLS was formed in 1975, which finally succeeded in merging the local systems and was incorporated as NORMLS in 1986. Many argued—and still argue—that the existence of a board-owned multiple listing service, and the cooperative agreements that supported it, served to hinder the ability of people to buy and sell homes without the services of a realtor and to fix costs unnaturally high. Costs and competition have been a part of real estate speculation since the founding of Cleveland 200 years ago. The size of the metropolitan area has grown far beyond what its founder expected, new technologies have made many innovations possible in real estate development, and the profession has evolved into a large, specialized industry since 1796. But the basic principle remains: to anticipate future changes in the real estate market and to create projects that increase land values. William C. Barrow	<urn:uuid:c72dbd1f-1431-41de-a2a8-fd1cf80b7ea2>	{ "date": "2018-12-11T14:04:31", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-51", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376823621.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20181211125831-20181211151331-00056.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9737393260002136, "score": 3.296875, "token_count": 4929, "url": "https://case.edu/ech/articles/r/real-estate" }
[fawr-swair, fohr-] /fɔrˈswɛər, foʊr-/ verb (used with or without object), foreswore, foresworn, foreswearing. [noun fawr-teyst, fohr-; verb fawr-teyst, fohr-] /noun ˈfɔrˌteɪst, ˈfoʊr-; verb fɔrˈteɪst, foʊr-/ noun 1. a slight and partial experience, knowledge, or taste of something to come in the future; anticipation. verb (used with object), foretasted, foretasting. 2. to have some advance experience or knowledge of (something to come). noun (ˈfɔːˌteɪst) 1. an early but limited […] [fawr-tel, fohr-] /fɔrˈtɛl, foʊr-/ verb (used with object), foretold, foretelling. 1. to tell of beforehand; predict; prophesy. /fɔːˈtɛl/ verb -tells, -telling, -told 1. (transitive; may take a clause as object) to tell or indicate (an event, a result, etc) beforehand; predict v. c.1300, from fore- + tell (v.). Related: Foretold; foretelling. [fawr-thawt, fohr-] /ˈfɔrˌθɔt, ˈfoʊr-/ noun 1. thoughtful provision beforehand; provident care; prudence. 2. a thinking of something beforehand; previous consideration; anticipation. /ˈfɔːˌθɔːt/ noun 1. advance consideration or deliberation 2. thoughtful anticipation of future events n. c.1300, from fore- + thought. Old English had foreðencan “to premeditate, consider.” [fawr-thawt-fuh l, fohr-] /fɔrˈθɔt fəl, foʊr-/ adjective 1. full of or having ; provident.	<urn:uuid:43c4ac9c-3fac-4013-bec3-1f38533bd4a4>	{ "date": "2017-01-19T15:06:57", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-04", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280718.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00248-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8042892217636108, "score": 2.515625, "token_count": 506, "url": "http://definithing.com/define-dictionary/foreswear/" }
William the Silent (1533-84) and his attempts--only partially and temporarily successful--to unite the Netherlands independent of Spain, in a heavily detailed but unpointed portrait that omits some of his most dramatic moments. So precise are some of the scenes of his early years at the Spanish Court that even the causes of Charles' indigestion are indicated; yet there is also some characterization of the hostilities among Lutherans, Calvinists and Catholics, laying a foundation for subsequent battles. Once he begins the fight for independence, the momentum picks up slightly--the holdout of Haarlem, cutting of the dikes at Alkmaar--yet significant items are overlooked: his resignation from the stadholder office is noted but not his gesture (refusal to take the loyalty oath). Also, the landing at Enkhuizen is ignored but there is a long section on the siege at Leiden which he directed from outside the city. Not all of this is equally relevant and it tends to obscure the larger issues of religious rivalries within and Spanish opposition outside the nascent state. Overweighted with minutiae and not at all sharpened for young readers.	<urn:uuid:03beae08-9da8-4e99-8bac-aa1b93337d02>	{ "date": "2020-01-21T02:52:18", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-05", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250601241.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20200121014531-20200121043531-00256.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9658581614494324, "score": 2.765625, "token_count": 238, "url": "https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/gordon-langley-hall-9/william-father-of-the-netherlands/" }
New York: Holt, Reinhart, and Winston, 1961. Newspaper Article. The part of this article that I chose to discuss was the section on understanding perception as related to personality growth. I feel that this discussion is important because it involves my spiritual level on all three levels of affective, cognitive, and sensorimotor. I have to be willing to honestly look at my defects of character before I can grow in personality or spirituality. The key to understanding perception in regard to making serious attempts to grow in character is to recognize that it is a unique interpretation of a situation. Nobody will see a situation exactly the way that I do. Perception is a complex cognitive process that provides a unique picture of the world that may be a lot different from my reality or other people's reality. Recognizing the difference between the real world and the perceptual world is critical to the understanding of personality patterns. Attitude is frequently used in describing people and their behaviors. An understanding of the functions of perceptual attitudes is important to the study of personality and personality growth for a number of reasons. One is that attitude helps predict future behavior. Another reason why an understanding of attitudes is important is that attitudes help people adapt to their environment. If these attitudes can be addressed and a person is able to receive feedback a person will have a greater chance at obtaining a higher level of personal growth. Citation # 7: Reinforcement. Journal of Behavioral Psychology. September 1992 issue. Psych. Lit. Search term used was reinforcement. The reason that I wanted to use this article was because it relates to my sensorimotor # 4 "I won't use turn signals". I am aware that when people cut me off or drive too slow in front of me I will speed up, pass them and make a quick turn without using my turn signals. This type of behavior is generally reinforcing for me because I get in and out of traffic much more easily. When I use my signals it seems as though other drivers are determined to keep me out of the flow of traffic. I feel as though I have won a victory when I get in and this feeling is reinforcing. Neutral stimuli may acquire value and become conditioned reinforcers when they become associated with other stimuli that are already reinforcing. Conditioned reinforcers become generalized when they are paired with more than one primary reinforcer. An example of a conditioned generalized reinforcer is getting in the traffic line, because in a round about way it provides several primary gratifications. If I get in the traffic line I will be to work on time and get a good weekly check for food, medical help etc. The reason that I chose to use this article was because it related to my affective # 2 frustration. I always feel totally overwhelmed, frustrated and often hysterical in traffic because there quite often is no consideration on the roads. Sometimes I can let go of the feelings but other times I carry it with me. I like this article because it is very easy to understand which makes it much more interesting to read. That hysteria involves such symptoms as hysterical blindness, and hysterical anesthesia's reflect defensive attempts to avoid painful thoughts and feelings by diversionary preoccupation with apparently physical symptoms. It has been thought by many that the key mechanism in this blocking was unconsciously motivated repression. The article goes on to say that through repression the basic impulses that are unacceptable to the person are rendered unconscious and thereby less frightening. Eventually these repressed feelings come up and the end result is hysteria, as it so often is the case with me. Canadian Journal of Behavioral Science; 1991, July Vol. 23 (3) p.32-37. Psych. Lit. Search terms used were treatment, phobia, systematic desensitization. The reason that I chose to use this article was because it relates to my cognition # 4: "I think about tailgating other people". This type of behavior is obviously very dangerous. I know that by continuing to behave in this manner I am creating my own disaster phobia. This article goes into great detail about the procedure and treatment used in systematic desensitization for a client attempting to overcome a disaster phobia. Systematic desensitization is used to help people overcome fears or anxieties. The individual is exposed cognitively to increasingly severe samples of aversive or fear arousing stimuli; simultaneously the person is helped to make responses incompatible with anxiety, such as muscle relaxation. Gradually the anxiety evoked by the aversive stimulus is reduced and the stimulus is neutralized. This type of therapy would be very useful to use for my driving behavior because I would be able to overcome the fears and anxieties that I experience while I am driving. American Psychologist, 12, 421-434. Psych. Lit. Search terms used were motivation, therapy, rehabilitation. The reason that I chose this article was because it relates to my successes that I experienced while trying to modify the five cognitive, affective, and sensorimotor things from not noble to noble. This article focuses on higher order motivation. I felt this article was perfect for summing up my experiences while trying to modify my behavior. Higher order motives do not involve specific physiological changes. Instead they are seen as physiological desires or wishes for particular goals or outcomes that have value for the individual. In my case of wanting to change my behavior I felt that it was higher order motivation because the desire for change came from inside of me and it wasn't because any primary needs were involved. I wanted to change so that I would feel better driving and so that myself and other people on the road would be safer. Allport, G.W. Pattern and Growth in Personality.New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1961 Ashem, R. The treatment of a Disaster Phobia by Systematic Desensitization. Canadian Journal of Behavioral Science, 1991 July vol. 23 (3) Ayllon, T., and Azrin, N.H. A Motivational System for Therapy and Rehabilitation.American psychologist, 12, 421-434. Birney, R.C. and Teevan, R.C. (eds) Reinforcement.Princeton: Van Nostrand, 1961. Brueur,J., and Freud, S. Studies on Hysteria.New York: Basic Books, 1957) Dailey, Robert C. Relationship between Locus of Control, Task Characteristics, and Attitudes.Psycholoqical Reports, 1980, 47, 855-861. Glass,G.V., Wilson, V.L. and Gottmam, J.M. Social Learning Personality.Boulder: Colorado university Press, 1974). Leitenberg,H., Agras, W.S. Thomson, L., and Wright, D.E. Feedback in Behavior Modification.Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis 1966. Luszcz, Mary A. Predictors of Memory. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 1991, 8 (2), 455-475. Schumann-Hengsteler, Ruth. The Development of Visuo-Spatial Memory. How to Remember Location.International Journal of Behavioral Development, 1992, 15 (4), 455-471. \|Back to Part I\| \|Index of ReportsBack To Homepage Dr. James' Homepage E-Mail Me\|	<urn:uuid:b0b77baa-75cd-46bc-9ff4-d04138bbc596>	{ "date": "2016-12-09T09:36:21", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-50", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698542693.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170902-00192-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9481523036956787, "score": 2.90625, "token_count": 1504, "url": "http://www.soc.hawaii.edu/leonj/499f97/suzuki/dra/file8.html" }
Your question requires a very long answer. I have replied to one part. If you require a response to the other areas, I will be happy to do so. Please send in another question. Target language: she had her suit cleaned. Level: pre-intermediate adults Sts are familiar with the following vocabulary: suit, nails, hair, clean, cut. They know how to produce the past participle (cleaned, cut, done…..). They know various pronouns: his, her, it, them, etc. Introduce a situation such as a wedding, school reunion, important client meeting or interview. This can be done with a picture. Have sts talk briefly about their experiences, their opinions of such situations – do they enjoy them or not? Talk about the amount of preparation required for such events, the time required and the fact that one person can’t or doesn’t usually do it all alone. Ask sts what the solution is or how they cope to elicit the fact that they pay somebody else to do the work for them. Introduce a character with a picture. Explain that she went to a wedding last week. Then using pictures, introduce the following: She didn’t clean her suit herself; she had it cleaned She didn’t cut her hair herself; she had it cut She didn’t do her nails herself; she had them done She didn’t repair her shoes herself; she had them repaired To check understanding, you can ask: What was the suit like at the beginning? To elicit: dirty What was the suit like later? To elicit: clean Did she clean her suit? No What happened? Somebody else did it; she had it cleaned. I hope this answers your question. Good luck for the rest of the course.	<urn:uuid:30d6c72a-d94c-4b48-a9f9-a95b6771d17c>	{ "date": "2014-11-28T00:25:14", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-49", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416931009295.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20141125155649-00172-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9709627628326416, "score": 2.921875, "token_count": 381, "url": "http://www.tefl.net/forums/viewtopic.php?f=2&t=350&view=unread" }
The Guarani were one of the first peoples contacted after Europeans arrived in South America around 500 years ago. In Brazil, there are today around 51,000 Guarani living in seven states, making them the country’s most numerous tribe. Many others live in neighbouring Paraguay, Bolivia and The Guarani people in Brazil are divided into three groups: Kaiowá, Ñandeva and M’byá, of which the largest is the Kaiowá which means ‘forest people’. \|Guarani children work on the sugar cane fields which now cover much of their people’s ancestral lands in Mato Grosso do Sul state \| They are a deeply spiritual people. Most communities have a prayer house, and a religious leader, whose authority is based on prestige rather than formal power. The ‘land without evil’ For as long as they can remember, the Guarani have been searching – searching for a place revealed to them by their ancestors where people live free from pain and suffering, which they call ‘the land without evil’. Over hundreds of years, the Guarani have travelled vast distances in search of this land. One 16th century chronicler noted their ‘constant desire to seek new lands, in which they imagine they will find immortality and perpetual ease’. This permanent quest is indicative of the unique character of the Guarani, a ‘difference’ about them which has often been noted by outsiders. Today, this manifests itself in a more tragic way: profoundly affected by the loss of almost all their land in the last century, the Guarani suffer a wave of suicide unequalled in South America. The problems are especially acute in Mato Grosso do Sul where the Guarani once occupied a homeland of forests and plains totaling some 350,000 square kilometers. Today they are squeezed onto tiny patches of land surrounded by cattle ranches and vast fields of soya and sugar cane. Some have no land at all, and live camped by roadsides. The story of Marcos Veron ‘This here is my life, my soul. If you take me away from this land, you take my life.’ Marcos Veron The killing of Guarani leader Marcos Veron in 2003 was a tragic but all too typical example of the violence that his people are subject to. Mr Veron, aged around 70, was the leader of the Guarani-Kaiowá community of Takuára. For fifty years his people had been trying to recover a small piece of their ancestral land, after it was seized by a wealthy Brazilian and turned into a vast cattle ranch. Most of the forest that once covered the area had since been cleared. In April 1997, desperate after years of lobbying the government in vain, Marcos led his community back onto the ranch. They began to rebuild their houses, and could plant their own crops again. But the rancher who had occupied the area went to court, and a judge ordered the Indians out. In October 2001, more than one hundred heavily armed police and soldiers forced the Indians to leave their land once more. They eventually ended up living under plastic sheets by the side of a highway. While still in Takuára, Marcos said, ‘This here is my life, my soul. If you take me away from this land, you take my life.’ His words came prophetically and tragically true early in 2003, when, during another attempt to return peacefully to his land, he was viciously beaten by employees of the rancher. He died a few hours later. Veron’s killers have not been charged with his murder, but they were charged with lesser crimes related to the attack, following a court hearing in early 2011. In the last 500 years virtually all the Guarani’s land in Mato Grosso do Sul state has been taken from them. Waves of deforestation have converted the once-fertile Guarani homeland into a vast network of cattle ranches, and sugar cane plantations for Brazil’s biofuels market. Many of the Guarani were herded into small reservations, which are now chronically overcrowded. In the Dourados reserve, for example, 12,000 Indians are living on little more than 3,000 hectares. The destruction of the forest has meant that hunting and fishing are no longer possible, and there is barely enough land even to plant crops. Malnutrition is a serious problem and since 2005 at least 53 Guarani children have died of starvation. Sugar cane plantations Brazil has one of the most highly-developed biofuels industries in the world. Sugar cane plantations were established in the 1980s and rely heavily on indigenous labour. Workers often work for pitiful wages under terrible conditions. In 2007, police raided a sugar cane alcohol distillery and discovered 800 Indians working and living in subhuman conditions. As many indigenous men are forced to seek work on the plantations they are absent from their communities for long periods and this has a major impact on Guarani health and society. Sexually transmitted diseases and alcoholism have been introduced by returning workers and internal tensions and violence have increased. Over 80 new sugar cane plantations and alcohol distilleries are planned for Mato Grosso do Sul, many of which are to be built on ancestral land claimed by the Guarani. The Guarani in Mato Grosso do Sul suffer from racism and discrimination, and high levels of harassment from the police. It is estimated that there are over 200 Guarani in jail with little or no access to legal advice and interpreters, trapped in a legal system they do not understand. This has resulted in innocent people being condemned. Many are serving disproportionately harsh sentences for minor offences. The response of this deeply spiritual people to the chronic lack of land has been an epidemic of suicide unique in South America. Since 1986 more than 517 Guarani have committed suicide, the youngest just nine years old. Crowded onto tiny reservations, with appalling social consequences, many Guarani communities have attempted to recover small parcels of their ancestral land. These ‘retomadas’ (literally ‘re-takings’) have been violently resisted by the powerful and ruthless farmers who now occupy the region. The ranchers frequently employ gunmen to defend ‘their’ properties, and countless Guarani have been killed during or soon after the retomadas. The small community of Ñanderú Marangatú is typical. Despite the fact that the community is entitled by law to live within a 9,000 hectare reserve, they were evicted at gunpoint by ranchers in 2005. With incredible bravery, the community returned. They now live on a tiny fraction of what is legally theirs, and the area immediately surrounding their settlement is patrolled daily by the rancher’s gunmen, who have also raped two of the Guarani women and fired bullets into the house of one of the community’s leaders. See Survival’s report to the UN which outlines the Guarani’s shocking situation. Act now to help the Guarani Your support is vital for the Guarani’s survival. There are lots of ways you can help.	<urn:uuid:38bac989-3f89-406e-a144-e471e43808ab>	{ "date": "2014-10-25T14:27:59", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-42", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1414119648297.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20141024030048-00196-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9692771434783936, "score": 3.015625, "token_count": 1531, "url": "http://www.survivalinternational.org/tribes/guarani/marcosveron" }
Java is a programming language originally developed by James Gosling at Sun Microsystems (which has since merged into Oracle Corporation) and released in 1995 as a core component of Sun Microsystems’ Java platform. The original and reference implementation Java compilers, virtual machines, and class libraries were developed by Sun from 1991 and first released in 1995. - Round off Double value to 2 decimal places in Java - How to convert byte to blob in Java - How to convert Java Object to / from JSON (Using Gson) - Sorting user-defined objects using Java Comparator - How to use JNDI to get database connection or data source Date and Time - How to get days in a month - How to get current date and time - How to compare dates - How to find difference between dates - How to get Current Timestamp - Convert String to Date - Date Formatting using SimpleDateFormat	<urn:uuid:05555cc5-8919-4586-9781-e48844b3a833>	{ "date": "2014-11-24T11:55:12", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-49", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416400380627.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20141119123300-00104-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 4, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9093242287635803, "score": 3.609375, "token_count": 195, "url": "http://kruders.com/java/" }
Turner's tooth usually only affects a single tooth in your mouth. The defect causes the sole tooth to have a weakened enamel. Thin or weakened enamel can often result in a bacterial infection because the enamel acts as a barrier against external elements. A weakened enamel can also result in tooth sensitivity. This sensitivity is often experienced when eating foods that are hot or cold. Dealing with a single tooth that has this defect can be difficult because it requires additional care. The slightest amount of bacterial buildup can quickly result in infection on your tuner's tooth. Fortunately, there are a few herbal teas that you can drink throughout the day in order to help protect your tooth from potential infection or decay. Spilanthes is considered to be a purifying herb. The herb is used to treat anything from dental sores to infections. Spilanthes is extremely effective because of its antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties. When consumed as a tea, spilanthes can be effective in protecting your turner's tooth from infection. Spilanthes can be found in loose leaf form at your local health food store. Start by placing water on the stove to boil. Pour the water into a medium sized cup and add a spoon full of the spilanthes leaves into the cup. Cover the cup and allow the herb to soak until the water is no longer clear, then drink the tea. Drink the tea immediately after your meals to fight off plaque and tooth decay. Red Root Tea Red root is a natural astringent. The plant is commonly used to treat and clean infections. The herb is also frequently included in mouthwashes in order to treat dental plaque and bacteria. Red root tea can be created by submerging the plant in a pot of water. Place the pot on the stove and allow it to boil. Strain the plant from the pot and drink it. You can go ahead and add slices of lemon or lime to the mixture for taste. Avoid adding sugar as this can cause further decay if you do not clean your teeth properly. In order to minimize tooth decay, the red root tea should be consumed in the morning and before you go to bed. It can be easy to overlook turner's tooth since it usually only affects one tooth in your mouth. Therefore, drink these herbal teas to help protect your turner's tooth from potential tooth decay. To learn more, visit a website like http://valleyoakdentalgroup.com/.Share	<urn:uuid:5659f311-c0ed-4d5f-9597-b39dff690ce2>	{ "date": "2019-08-20T22:52:15", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-35", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027315681.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20190820221802-20190821003802-00216.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9513249397277832, "score": 3.15625, "token_count": 500, "url": "http://revistalacosta.com/2016/05/29/2-herbal-teas-to-help-protect-your-turners-tooth-from-infection/" }
The Military, Bankruptcy, and Tyranny Jacob G. Hornberger In order to get our nation back on track, it’s important to return to fundamental principles, the principles on which our nation was founded. Let’s review how the Founding Fathers viewed the military and foreign policy in the context of where the United States is today. Today, Americans view a military empire as their friend and protector. The projection of U.S. military power all over the world is viewed as necessary to freedom and national security. That’s not the way our American ancestors saw things. They viewed empire, standing armies, and militarism as the greatest threats to the freedom and security of the American people. Consider the words of James Madison: A standing military force, with an overgrown Executive will not long be safe companions to liberty. The means of defence agst. foreign danger, have been always the instruments of tyranny at home. Among the Romans it was a standing maxim to excite a war, whenever a revolt was apprehended. Throughout all Europe, the armies kept up under the pretext of defending, have enslaved the people. What Madison means by “revolt,” was opposition among the citizenry to ever-growing taxes and inflation to fund the Roman military machine and its perpetual foreign military escapades. Whenever such opposition grew, the Empire would simply provoke a new crisis or war in some faraway land. That would be enough for people to rally to the government until the crisis or war was over. If the opposition among the citizenry became fervent enough, the troops would be available to suppress it.	<urn:uuid:8a58e374-551a-4bf0-b51a-96157676d2c5>	{ "date": "2016-05-26T04:47:07", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-22", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464049275645.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524002115-00176-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9537987112998962, "score": 2.609375, "token_count": 336, "url": "http://revolutionradio.org/?p=4837" }
- Element Name - Where Can the Subject Information be Found? - How Subject Works in the Metadata Form - How Should the Subject be Filled in? - Other Examples: The subjects or topics that succinctly describe the content of the resource. In many cases, the item must be read/examined to find subjects and keywords but they may come from: \|Item Types\|\|Information Sources\| \|For music scores\|\| \|For sound files\|\| \|For computer files\|\| In some cases subjects may come from accompanying or supplementary information. - 1. Subject qualifier -- drop-down menu - 2. Subject -- text field - Yes - to include multiple subjects, click 'Add' to repeat all field parts - Yes - two subject terms are required (more information) - Information in the subject/keyword field should describe what the content is 'about' - Subjects/keywords answer questions like: who, what, where, and when - Choose as many terms as necessary to capture subject content: - Two subjects are required, but an average of five subject/keyword entries is recommended (number varies depending on content) - Avoid terms too general to describe a particular item - Only include geographic subjects when the particular place is important to the subject content - The use of controlled vocabularies is not required (except UNTL-BS terms for items in the Portal) - Proper names can be subjects (including persons, places, titles, etc.) - Follow the general formatting rules for consistency: - Use appropriate capitalization, punctuation, etc. depending on the type of subject - Terms from controlled vocabularies must use the exact formatting prescribed by the source - Choose the appropriate subject type from the controlled vocabulary Girl Scouts of America Romeo and Juliet \|\|Description: Postcard of buildings at Ft. McIntosh. Keyword: Fort McIntosh University of North Texas - When assigning keywords, keep in mind that they should help users find the item you're describing and also help the item be found with other, similar items. - Follow all formatting guidelines (e.g., make keywords lowercase and plural) - Here are some suggestions: \|\|ACI service awards for Austin and Dallas airports\|\|Airport Council International \|crude oil and petroleum products markets\|\|crude oil \|\|National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)\|\|National Environmental Policy Act \|\|the DREAM Act\|\|DREAM Act\| \|\|disposal of waste\|\|waste disposal\| \|books in astronomy\|\|astronomy books\| - If an identified pet or other animal is visible in a photo or a primary subject of a text, the name can be added as a "Named Animal" Dox Happy Rx - 'Named persons' refers to people who are significant in some way to the content of the item (see below for clarification) - Only include names as 'named persons' if a surname is known - If only a first name, first and middle names, or nickname is known: - Use the name in the content description (if relevant) - Use the name in the title (if relevant) - All names should have the same format: \|\|Lott, Leanna Ivory\| \|\|Thompson, J. D.\| \|\|Williams, Mary Deline Xenia Buchanan\| van Tyen, Jan \|\|Steever, Col. Edgar Z. Petersen, Mrs. P. J. Stolte, Hugo C., Jr. \|\|Wind, Ellis (Pee Wee)\| \|\|Austin, Stephen F. (Stephen Fuller), 1793-1836\| \|\|Buchanan, Menvil Mae Seastrunk, Menvil Mae \|\|Named Person: Cody, William Frederick Keyword: Buffalo Bill Should someone be a 'named person'? \|Named Person\|\|Not a Named Person\| \|Person definitely identified in a photograph\|\|Person hesitantly identified (S. M. Garvin?) - keyword Person not visible in the photograph - keyword Statue or likeness of a person - keyword \|Plaintiff or defendant in a court case\|\|Person mentioned once in a court transcript - not included\| \|Person who is the subject of an entire or significant portion of a book\|\|Person mentioned in a paragraph or two of a book - not included\| \|Author of an autobiography\|\|Author of texts not about themselves - creator/contributor\| \|Author and addressee of a letter\|\|Person mentioned in passing in a letter - not included\| - UNTL-BS are used for records in The Portal to Texas History - For records about Portal objects, include at least one subject (preferably more) from the UNT Libraries Browse Structure - Choose as many appropriate terms as necessary from the UNTL-BS list \|\|Sports and Recreation - Riding - Bulls\| \|\|Social Life and Customs - Customs - Weddings\| \|\|Places - United States - Texas - Travis County - Austin Places - United States - Midwestern Region Places - Republic of Texas Note: Additional subjects are added to the UNTL-BS whenever there are enough items to warrant it, so the number of subjects is consistently growing. If you would like to suggest a new subject, please notify Hannah Tarver ([email protected]). - The UNT Libraries schema supports a number of controlled vocabularies and encourages the use of any readily-available subjects (e.g., from established thesauri or discipline-related word lists) that would be helpful for users - Editors are never required to include terms from external controlled vocabularies - When included, the vocabulary used should be identified for each term - If the name of the controlled vocabulary is not in the list, choose "other" and notify the metadata administrators \|\|Bee culture -- Equipment and supplies. Fort Wolters (Tex.) Capote, Truman, 1924- \|\|Costume -- China -- History -- Ming-Qing dynasties, 1368-1912.\| - Navy pamphlet: The Texas Navy. - UNTL-BS: Military and Wars - Wars - Texas Revolution - UNTL-BS: Military and War - Transportation - Ships - LCSH: Texas -- History, Naval. - LCSH: Ships. - LCSH: Texas -- History -- Republic, 1836-1846. - KWD: independence - KWD: battleships - KWD: schooners - KWD: naval vessels - KWD: Nimitz - Photograph: [Look-out Tower at Fort Davis] - LCSH: New Deal, 1933-1939 -- Texas -- Fort Davis. - LCSH: Davis Mountain State Park (Tex.) - UNTL-BS: Architecture - Civil Works - UNTL-BS: Places - United States - Texas - Jeff Davis County - Fort Davis - UNTL-BS: Landscape and Nature - State and National Parks - KWD: Civilian Conservation Corps - KWD: overlooks - KWD: scenery - KWD: mountains - KWD: deserts - Photograph: Jim Goin and Mr. [Fred] Cummings. Ice delivery in Aubrey - UNTL-BS: People - Individuals - UNTL-BS: Business, Economics and Finance - Transportation - Automobiles - KWD: cars - KWD: wagons - named_person: Goin, Jim - named_person: Cummings, Mr. Fred - Letter to Cromwell Anson Jones, 19 May 1869 - UNTL-BS: People - Individuals - Mary Jones - UNTL-BS: Social Life and Customs - Correspondence - LCSH: Jones, Mary Smith McCrory, 1819-1907 -- Correspondence. - KWD: letters - Map of the Missouri, Kansas and Texas Railway - UNTL-BS: Landscape and Nature - Geography and Maps - UNTL-BS: Business, Economics and Finance - Transportation - Railroads - LCSH: Missouri, Kansas and Texas Railway -- Maps. - LCSH: Railroads -- United States -- Maps. - Texian Campaigne plate - UNTL-BS: Military and War - Wars - Mexican War - UNTL-BS: Social Life and Customs - Food and Cooking - UNTL-BS: Social Life and Customs - Furnishings - Dishes - NMC (Chenhall's): Food T&E - NMC (Chenhall's): Tools & Equipment for Materials - KWD: ceramics - KWD: plates - KWD: Texian Campaigne - Surgical Scalpel, 19th Century - UNTL-BS: Science and Technology - OTH: Devices, Medical - KWD: surgical knife - KWD: surgical knives - Thesis: An 8-step program: Shaping and fixed-time food delivery effects on several approximations and undesired responses in goats - LCSH: Clicker training (Animal training) - LCSH: Goats -- Training. - LCSH: Operant conditioning. - KWD: shaping - Music score: Daisy: Opera in Two Acts - LCSH: Low, Juliette Gordon, 1860-1927 -- Drama. - LCSH: Girl Scouts. - LCSH: Operas -- Scores. - KWD: Girl Scouts of America - KWD: music - KWD: conductors - KWD: voices - KWD: instruments - Photograph: [Portrait of Jessie Bogle Hubbard] - LCSH: Bogle family. - UNTL-BS: People - Individuals - UNTL-BS: Social Life and Customs - Customs - Weddings - KWD: wedding dresses - KWD: portraits - named_person: Bogle, Jessie - named_person: Hubbard, Jessie Bogle - Architectural Drawing: Elementary School Building, Fort Stockton, Texas: Ceiling Plans - LCSH: Public schools -- Texas -- Designs and plans. - UNTL-BS: Architecture - Buildings - UNTL-BS: Education - Schools - Buildings - AAT: elementary schools (buildings) - KWD: Fort Stockton Independent School District - Since the "subject and keywords" element may describe both what the object is about and the format in some cases, subject-related information may be repeated in other elements: - An image with a Resource Type "Photograph" could have a more specific subject term such as "cabinet cards", "ambrotypes", or "panoramic photos" - To describe a resource, such as an autobiography, that is about its creator, place the creator's name in both the subject/keyword element and the Creator element. - Although geographic terms are normally handled by the Coverage (Place Name) element, subject fields could include geographic terms as well. - UNT Subject Qualifier Controlled Vocabulary Resources for Selected Vocabularies: \|Controlled Vocabulary\|\|UNTL Code\|\|Links to Resources\| \|University of North Texas Libraries Browse Subjects\|\|UNTL-BS\|\|UNT Libraries Browse Subjects\| \|Art and Architecture Thesaurus (Getty)\|\|AAT\|\|Art and Architecture Thesaurus\| \|Library of Congress (LC) Vocabularies\|\|Thesauri & Controlled Vocabularies\| \|\|LIV\|\|Legislative Indexing Vocabulary\| \|Classification Web (Accessible to UNT staff/students)\| \|\|TGM\|\|Thesaurus for Graphic Materials\|	<urn:uuid:0b95d02c-f1a8-44da-ab83-914b4430ec59>	{ "date": "2018-06-24T20:19:33", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-26", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267867055.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20180624195735-20180624215735-00376.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.7852945923805237, "score": 2.515625, "token_count": 2472, "url": "http://www.library.unt.edu/digital-projects-unit/subject" }
From Holocron - Star Wars Combine \|Average Height\|\|1.7 meters\| \|Average lifespan\|\|175 years\| The Imzig are an humanoid race that is distinguished from the base human stock by the bony ridges which surround their eyes. The average lifespan of the Imzig is somewhere around 175 years. Due to their longevity and penchant for space travel, they have developed a good feel for research and development. In the early ages of their existence they were a savage race, but after centuries of war and chaos the Imzig saw what they were doing to themselves. They destroyed their own people and land, they understood that if they continued that way they would not survive as a race. After many millennia of chaos and wars they have grown wise enough to see their mistakes and they wanted to correct them. This was when the House of Ka`zair was founded. This house made the first law of their race. Laws of wisdom and survival. After that the Imzig became a wise and diplomatic race which would travel through space to convince other civilizations to come like them.	<urn:uuid:32ec3b08-2275-454d-abf6-c7b3f521394d>	{ "date": "2014-04-18T08:01:37", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-15", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609533121.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005213-00059-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9826725125312805, "score": 2.53125, "token_count": 220, "url": "http://holocron.swcombine.com/wiki/Imzig" }
Friday, August 31, 2007 Afro-Virginians Attitudes on Secession and Civil War, 1861, Ervin L. Jordan, Jr., in Virginia At War, 1861William C. Davis and James I. Robertson, Jr., University of Kentucky, 2005, pp. 89-112. Virginia, a bi-racial commonwealth of 500,000 blacks and 1,000,000 whites in 1861 "had more black inhabitants than anywhere else in North America and the most enslaved blacks in the Western Hemisphere except Brazil." Of the Confederacy's 3,700,000 African Americans, Virginia was home to one-sixth of them. The explore their feelings, attitudes and commitments is a difficult thing to do. Very little first-hand documentation of the blacks' voices exists. The record of black voices is mediated by the whites recording of the words and behaviors. In the Southland, the nearly complete lack of African American editorial voices, diaries, letters, makes discovery of African Americans hearts and minds inherently hard work for the researcher. (pp. 89-90) "Possibly the best means of ascertaining black Virginians' collective and individual perspectives about the times is to examine their works and deeds concerning slavery, free blacks, and Afro-Confederates; there surreptitious longings for freedom as manifested by running away; their relations with the Union army; and limited attempts to rise up against their racial suppressors." The lack of slave revolts is not a sign of lack of desire for freedom. While the Brown raid on Harper's Ferry, VA in October 1859, exposed the climate of fear among slaveholders, the raid came is signify to blacks the coming of a possible future, a meteor of war to use Herman Melville's term. (pp. 90-92) After Virginia seceded on April 17 and the voters ratified the decision in mid-May, the black servant who daily raised the national colors over the state capitol, rescued the Stars and Stripes from the trash bin and hid it under his bed for the duration of the war. On the other hand, a slaveholder asked Jefferson Davis "Can we really expect the Negroes to stand with us?" Several slaveholders forced their slave families to emigrate to Missouri or Texas. Jordan, the essay's author, states "Confederate Virginians generally regarded slavery and white supremacy as a fundamentally natural order and divinely ordered way of life." Alexander Stephens viewed the Confederate Revolution as a keeping the world right side up and the Northern aggressor as desiring to turn the natural order of things upside down. For Stephens, slavery was the cornerstone of social, political and economic Confederate temple.(pp.93-94) Desiring freedom, the slaves understood the constraints of the racist society in which they lived and which employed personal violence against them. Free blacks in Virginia faced a two horned dilemma: stay free and avoid the suspicion that they would become the Nat Turners of their day. The slave Nat Turner led a three day massacre in southeastern Virginia in 1831 which accomplished the deaths of over sixty whites and the swift, white response of executing well over 100 slaves. Free blacks became Afro-Confederates as a means of preserving what freedoms they had. They volunteered for work details building forts, served in CSA regiments as musicians and as commissary aides. "Afro-Confederates' scruples were either coerced, feigned or sincere," Jordan states. The two-horned dilemma is apparent is the instance of Mortimer Raymond, a black Richmond police informer who "reported on black offenders" but to his own astonishment was sent to the whipping post for the crime of associating "with a white woman upon terms of closer familiarity than the law permitted." His loyalty to whites did not mean that he could exercise a freedom of association with them. (95-97) During the autumn of 1861, the enthusiasm of Afro-Confederates began to wane. Harsh camp treatment, broken promises and forced labor diminished the early 1861 desire to please and fit into the new Confederate society. Rumors of white led slave revolts were common throughout 1861; arrests and punishments with little or no evidence of revolt were just as common. Jordan states that 1861 closed Afro-Virginians, whether slaves, freemen, or serving in CSA forces, looked to the future "with pragmatic hope." (104-105) Wednesday, August 29, 2007 Blooding at Great Meadows: Young George Washington and the Battle that Shaped the Man, Alan Axelrod, 272 pages, endnotes, index, Running Press Book Publishers. 2007. The French and Indian War is local history for me. As a child, a summer vacation from the southwestern Pennsylvania dairy farm, was an six hour event: a one hour drive to Fort Necessity to spend a Sunday afternoon, and then drive back in time to milk the cows around 6:00pm. On a high school field trip for a Latin (language) festival, I walked across the Fort Pitt bridge to 'The Point' and visited the Fort Duquesne/Fort Pitt Museum. Wjhile attending the local college and during an autumn Saturday, I travelled 90 minutes and hiked the Jumonville Glen at which Washington 'assasinated' the French embassador. After all, I was bred, born and raised in Washington County, Pennsylvania and it had once been named Augusta County and claimed by Virginia. 2004 was the 250th anniversary of the beginning of the very first world war and it anniversary commoration was a local event. More text to come. Alan Axelrod, the author, sticks close to the primary sources of the period. Unfortunately there is no bibliography and the narrative text is not exhaustively footnoted. Washington's Writings and Washington's Papers are heavily relied upon, so much so, that the clarity of Washington's voice comes through to the reader. Those biographies that are considered as academically solid and not hagiography are relied upon by Axelrod. Those biographies which are not well founded upon primary sources are used to contrast the stereotypical Washington with the actual Washington. Axelrod looks for the flesh of the young Washington beneath the marble of the post-Revolutionary War patriot. The author's presentation of Washington's life before the Revolution is clear and concise. The reader understands the growth and development of the young Virginian on-the-make. The tide of colonial events and the current of Washington's own motivation carry him into the Appalachian wilderness several times. Two of the three excursions into the region of the Forks of the Ohio nearly ends the young man's life. The 1753 trek to and from Fort LaBeuf near Lake Erie during December is full of treacherous Indian guides, rafts on icy rivers, deep snow falls and near starvation. The 1754 campaign against Fort Duquesne ended in Washington's surrender at Fort Necessity and his inadvertent admission of guilt for the assassination of a French diplomat. The 1755 campaign with the British army, again towards Fort Duquesne, ended in the near massacre of the force, the death of British General Braddock, and Washington wearing a coat with six bullet holes in it. The compressed and forceful narrative works well for the story, yet this reader wished for more coverage of the defeat at Turtle Creek. The title states the book ends at Great Meadows, at which Fort Necessity existed in 1754. Axelrod continues the story through the next year, 1755 and the Battle of Turtle Creek but the discussion of this event is slim, though well done. There are no maps or illustrations in the book; this is unfortunate. Overall though, Axelrod succeeds in providing a vivid, primary source driven story with due consideration of the myths that have evolved over the generations. People at War: Civilians and Soldiers in America's Civil War, 1854-1877, Scott Reynolds Nelson and Carol Sherriff Oxford University Press, 345 pages, black and white photographs, maps, index, notes, bibliography. 2007, $28.00. While reading People At War, a review of it by Randall M. Miller, of Saint Joseph's University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, came across my desk. Here it is. "In a crowded field of books on the Civil War era. Nelson (Steel Drivin' Man) and Sheriff ( Artificial River: The Erie Canal and the Paradox of Progress, 1817-1862), historians at the College of William and Mary, give us something new—an engaging, informed portrait of two peoples at war, with an emphasis on how common soldiers and noncombatants adjusted to and were changed by the war. The authors spend more time in recruiting halls, military camps, hospitals,and prisons than in battle to observe what moved men to war and some to flee it, as well as how the physical and emotional demands of living away from home affected their sense of self and their national identity. At the same time, they discuss how the war came home to civilians, with the raids of armies and partisans, the demands of mobilization, the death and dismemberment of soldiers, the erosion of slavery, and the promise of freedom. They are especially good at linking the experience of, and expectations about, the war with Americans' ambitions and interests in the West. Their vivid descriptions of disease and destruction will remind readers that war was hell even as it was also an instrument of social change. The new social historians' interest in "the people" gets its full due in this readable, reliable, and remarkably relevant book." Monday, August 27, 2007 A Navy Department, Hitherto Unknown To Our State Organization, John Coski, in Virginia At War, 1861, William C. Davis and James I. Robertson, University of Kentucky, 2005, pp. 65-88. Text to follow. Stealing the General: The Great Locomotive Chase and the First Medal of Honor, Russell S. Bonds, Westholme Press, 444 pages, maps, b/w photographs, notes, index, bibliography, $29.95, 2007. Buster Keaton and Fess Parker. If you are over fifty, then you probably know who they are. Silent film comedian and Davy Crockett/Daniel Boone. The story of Union soldiers traveling south surreptitiously to high jack a locomotive and retreat north, all the while disabling rails and bridges was the stuff of legend before Hollywood was born. Buster Keaton's film, The General is a hallmark of silent film comedy; Fess Parker's film, The Great Locomotive Chase is the hallmark of the Cold War Disney entertainment machine. Russell Bond's Stealing the General gives the reader the whole story: the idea, its implementation, its execution, and its failure. In April 1862, twenty Union soldiers crossed Confederate lines to steal a locomotive in an endeavor to aid in the capture of Chattanooga, Tennessee. Thinking that Steven Spielberg will have Liam Neeson portray Lincoln in the film version of Team of Rivals and that Harrison Ford possibly will star in Manhunt: The 12 Day Chase for Lincoln's Killer, then Bond's work may generate a third Civil War locomotive chase film. Lawyer and historian, Russell Bonds offers a wonderfully gripping narrative account of the first Union invasion of Alabama, the theft and the chase, the capture of raiders, their executions and their escapes. By the end of the book, when the reader is thoroughly satisfied, the Medal of Honor is introduced and the story has a second ending, just like the movies. The author has a superlative writing style, and an authoritative control of the vast primary source material available from the participants. Bonds also tells the stories of Confederate railroading, boom town Atlanta, and locomotive construction. In addition, not only do the personalities of the Union soldiers come to the fore but the personalities of those chasing them. To the satisfaction of this reader, Bonds provides a succinct review of the literature of the chase, both by the participants and by later writers. Fortunately, members of the Book of the Month Club, the History Book Club, the Military Book Club and shoppers at Borders Books and Music and Amazon.com shoppers will have the opportunity to see the splendid cover art. In the Woods, Tana French, Viking Press, 429 pages,$24.95 Part police procedural, part psychological thriller and part fictional biography, In the Woods is a stunning demonstration of style and nuance by Tana French. Set in Dublin, Ireland the novel focuses on two crimes, nearly three decades apart. The murders occur at the same location, a wooded area that is a playground refuge and also an early Celt archaeological site. The victims are four children one of which survives. The survivor, as an adult investigates the second, contemporary murder. Rob Ryan, the survivor, lost all memories of his childhood that occurred before the first attack. As his childhood is hidden from him, he has hidden his conflicted past from the police administrators for whom he works. An encroaching highway interchange in the semi-rural community of Knocknaree upsets the delicate balance of community and forest, ancient and contemporary pasts. The second murder tears apart a family that well hides its dysfunctions. The death of 12 year old Katie Devlin, calls forth memories a 20 year old rape, the manipulations a psychopath and the mischief of local government corruption. Detective Ryan, the child survivor and now adult detective, and Cassie Maddox, psychology grad school drop out and undercover detective, develop both a partnership and friendship that is unique. It is the depth of these characters and those around that that is the chief strength of In The Woods. Murders and memories, psychological pressure and corrupt politics, rise above a story which could have tumbled into a tabloid-like bestseller. The real strengths of the novel is the smart craft and on-the-money metaphors Tana French uses in her memorable first novel of adults dealing with their pasts that contain violence, anger, and resolute wills to survive. News: A New Birth of Economic Freedom: Urban Sprawl in Adams County, Pennsylvania, Harper's Ferry, West Virginia, Elsewhere A tour bus and a cyclist meet in front of Gettysburg National Military Park, Pa. The park has successfully fended off a plan for a nearby casino, although development is still a major threat. Photo by Carolyn Kaster, Associated Press At Gettysburg, A New Battle: Urban Sprawl, Teresa Méndez, The Christian Science Monitor, August 24, 2007 A New List Of Endangered Battlefields Reveals Tensions Between Preservationists And Developers Gettysburg, PA. - In 1863, Abraham Lincoln stood here and gave the speech that was to become his most famous. With brevity and eloquence he spoke of the liberty and equality upon which this country was founded. He looked forward to the Union's salvation, the end of slavery – and "a new birth of freedom." What he couldn't have foreseen delivering the Gettysburg Address that afternoon was that a Southern colonel would one day claim this hallowed ground in the form of a KFC just beyond its gates. Or that the site of the battle's largest field hospital would be paved over. Today, a sizable chunk of Camp Letterman serves as the parking lot for Giant supermarket – a salmon slab of concrete with a few benches and two small plaques the only reminder of its historical significance. Last year activists fought off the unthinkable: a 5,000-slot casino within a mile of the battleground. Yet Gettysburg stubbornly remains on a list of "Endangered Battlefields" compiled annually by the nonprofit Civil War Preservation Trust. It's not just Gettysburg either. The storied sites pored over in every American History class and obsessively revisited by Civil War buffs are far from uniformly protected. From suburban sprawl to mining to a lack of funds for maintenance and repair, threats to Civil War battlefields are legion. Many are scrambling to spruce up their grounds in time for the Civil War's 150th anniversary in 2011. Far from being diminished through the years, the significance of these battlegrounds, as a sort of collective time capsule, has only grown. "The bonding between past and present is really the essence of understanding history," says James McPherson, the Pulitzer Prize-winning Civil War historian and Princeton professor, who has led his share of battlefield tours. "If these places didn't exist, we would never have the kind of connection between past and present that we do now." Yet as soon as one preservation crisis is managed, it seems another crops up. One National Park Service administrator likened the efforts to a game of whack-a-mole: • Sunday marked the anniversary of the illegal excavation of Harpers Ferry in West Virginia. Antsy developers trespassed onto Park Service land to dig trenches for sewer and water piping in anticipation of a nearby development. • In Cedar Creek, Va., a mining company is petitioning the county to have more than 600 battlefield acres rezoned so it can add five more quarries to its operations. • And from Fort Morgan, Ala., to Fort Jackson and Fort Pike in New Orleans, funds are desperately needed to restore sites in sore disrepair. Driving through Gettysburg, the park unfolds as a patchwork of public and private land. It's the most popular of the country's military parks, with nearly 2 million visitors each year. Yet in a head-spinning equation, only about 80 percent of its 6,000 acres are under Park Service protection. The rest is privately held, its use, in part, up to the discretion of its owners. Just as troublesome to preservationists is the property beyond the official park boundary. "We have a hard enough time trying to protect what's in the boundaries without even worrying about what's outside," says Jim Johnson, Gettysburg's acting superintendent. Yet much of that outlying property – such as the Baltimore Pike, a strip of land southeast of Gettysburg dotted with battlegrounds and field hospitals – is of historical consequence. It's also essential to maintaining the integrity of the viewshed. Preservationists worry that instead of cotton-puff clouds, the Gettysburg vistas will be crowded with housing developments. The movement to preserve Civil War battlefields took hold in the late 1980s with the formation of the Association for the Preservation of Civil War Sites. In 1999, it merged with another organization to form the Civil War Preservation Trust (CWPT), which today has 70,000 members. Not everyone is an enthusiastic conservationist, however. Once land comes under the jurisdiction of the National Park Service, it's off the tax roll – which can be burdensome for cash-strapped towns. But the movement is proud of its successes. The CWPT says it has helped save more than 24,000 acres in 18 states. In fact, despite the work left to be done, Professor McPherson says American Civil War sites "may be the best preserved series of battlefields anywhere in the world." "Europeans who come here are astonished by how much battlefield land has been preserved in the national park system," he says. For Steve Braden, a visitor from Georgia here with his family, that can only be a good thing. "To me this is as close as you get to sacred or hallowed ground in America," he says, wearing a baseball cap with the CWPT acronym. He is a member, visiting this battlefield for the first time since his college days in the 1970s. To view "History Under Siege: A Guide to America's Most Endangered Civil War Battlefields," visit www.civilwar.org/news/topten2007/index.htm. Wednesday, August 22, 2007 Where You Fall In Poll of U.S. Reading Habits, Associated Press, August 21, 2007 +One in four Americans read no books last year. +More women are avid readers than men. +Southerners read more than rest of country. +Democrats, liberals read slightly more books than GOP, conservatives. There it sits on your nightstand, that book you've meant to read for who knows how long but haven't yet cracked open. Tonight, as you feel its stare from beneath that teetering pile of magazines, know one thing -- you are not alone. Women are more avid readers than men, a new poll says. One in four adults say they read no books at all in the past year, according to an Associated Press-Ipsos poll released Tuesday. Of those who did read, women and seniors were most avid, and religious works and popular fiction were the top choices. The survey reveals a nation whose book readers, on the whole, can hardly be called ravenous. The typical person claimed to have read four books in the last year -- half read more and half read fewer. Excluding those who hadn't read any, the usual number read was seven. "I just get sleepy when I read," said Richard Bustos of Dallas, Texas, a habit with which millions of Americans can doubtless identify. Bustos, a 34-year-old project manager for a telecommunications company, said he had not read any books in the last year and would rather spend time in his backyard pool. That choice by Bustos and others is reflected in book sales, which have been flat in recent years and are expected to stay that way indefinitely. Analysts attribute the listlessness to competition from the Internet and other media, the unsteady economy and a well-established industry with limited opportunities for expansion. When the Gallup poll asked in 2005 how many books people had at least started -- a similar but not directly comparable question -- the typical answer was five. That was down from 10 in 1999, but close to the 1990 response of six. In 2004, a National Endowment for the Arts report titled "Reading at Risk" found only 57 percent of American adults had read a book in 2002, a four percentage point drop in a decade. The study faulted television, movies and the Internet. Who are the 27 percent of people the AP-Ipsos poll found hadn't read a single book this year? Nearly a third of men and a quarter of women fit that category. They tend to be older, less educated, lower income, minorities, from rural areas and less religious. At the same time, book enthusiasts abound. Many in the survey reported reading dozens of books and said they couldn't do without them. "I go into another world when I read," said Charlotte Fuller, 64, a retired nurse from Seminole, Florida, who said she read 70 books in the last year. "I read so many sometimes I get the stories mixed up." Among those who said they had read books, the median figure -- with half reading more, half fewer -- was nine books for women and five for men. The figures also indicated that those with college degrees read the most, and people aged 50 and up read more than those who are younger. Pollyann Baird, 84, a retired school librarian in Loveland, Colorado, says J.K. Rowling's Harry Potter fantasy series is her favorite. But she has forced herself to not read the latest and final installment, "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows," because she has yet to file her income taxes this year due to an illness and worries that once she started the book, "I know I'd have to finish it." People from the South read a bit more than those from other regions, mostly religious books and romance novels. Whites read more than blacks and Hispanics, and those who said they never attend religious services read nearly twice as many as those who attend frequently. There was even some political variety evident, with Democrats and liberals typically reading slightly more books than Republicans and conservatives. The Bible and religious works were read by two-thirds in the survey, more than all other categories. Popular fiction, histories, biographies and mysteries were all cited by about half, while one in five read romance novels. Every other genre -- including politics, poetry and classical literature -- were named by fewer than five percent of readers. More women than men read every major category of books except for history and biography. Industry experts said that confirms their observation that men tend to prefer nonfiction. "Fiction just doesn't interest me," said Bob Ryan, 41, who works for a construction company in Guntersville, Alabama. "If I'm going to get a story, I'll get a movie." Those likeliest to read religious books included older and married women, lower earners, minorities, lesser educated people, Southerners, rural residents, Republicans and conservatives. The publishing business totaled $35.7 billion in global sales last year, 3 percent more than the previous year, according to the Book Industry Study Group, a trade association. About 3.1 billion books were sold, an increase of less than 1 percent. The AP-Ipsos poll was conducted from August 6 to 8 and involved telephone interviews with 1,003 adults. It had a margin of sampling error of plus or minus 3 percentage points. Tuesday, August 21, 2007 149th Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry Unit in the Civil War, Richard E. Matthews, McFarland and Company, paperback, 296 pages, McFarland and Company, 109 photos, maps, appendices, notes, bibliography, index, 346 pp, July 2007, In 1861, Americans on both sides flooded to enlist for what all thought would be a short and glorious war. Anxious to prove their loyalty to their new homeland, thousands of America's Irish immigrant population were among those who hurried to join the fight on both sides. While the efforts of the Union's legendary Irish Brigade are well documented, little has been said regarding the role Irish American soldiers played for the Confederacy. This comprehensive history explores the Irish contribution to the Confederate military effort throughout the four major combat theatres of the Civil War. This is a paperback edition of the 1994 hardcover. Table of Contents: 1. Recruiting the Companies 7 2. Assignment to Washington 17 3. Chancellorsville 39 4. Gettysburg 67 Between pages 76 and 77 are 16 plates containing 59 photographs 5. Northern Virginia 109 6. Richmond Campaign 127 7. Wilderness 131 Between pages 140 and 141 are 16 plates containing 58 photographs 8. Spotsylvania 151 9. North Anna 161 10. Petersburg 179 11. Elmira 213 Appendix A: Civilian Occupations 231 Appendix B: Regimental Roster 233 Appendix C: Chronology—Regimental Officers 272 Appendix D: Army Command Assignments 274 Irish Americans in the Confederate Army, Sean Michael O'Brien, McFarland and Company, hardcover, 3 photos, maps, appendices, notes, bibliography, index, 264 pp. hardcover, July 2007. Beginning with an overview of Irish Americans in the South, the book looks at the Irish immigrant experience and the character of the typical Irish Confederate soldier, detailing the ways in which Irish communities supported the Southern war effort. The main focus is the military actions in which Irish American soldiers were present in significant or influential numbers. With a combat death rate disproportionate to their numbers, the 40,000 Irish who served in the Confederate army played significant roles in the Army of Northern Virginia, the Army of Tennessee, the hotly disputed coastal areas and the Mississippi and Trans-Mississippi campaigns. Most major battles of the war are discussed including Manassas, Sharpsburg, Gettysburg, Shiloh, Murfreesboro and Appomattox. Appendices contain a list of various Irish commands and field commanders in the Confederate Army. First hardcover edition. Table of Contents: PART I. THE IRISH EXPERIENCE IN THE SOUTH 1. The New Country: Irish Immigrants in the South 11 2. Fighting Irish: The Character of the Irish Confederate Soldier 23 3. Home Front: The Irish Family, Community, and Church in War 33 PART II. THE IRISH IN THE ARMY OF NORTHERN VIRGINIA 4. Green Flag Unfurled: Manassas and the Valley Campaign 43 5. Defending Richmond: The Seven Days, June 1862 53 6. Southern Offensive: Second Manassas and Sharpsburg, August–September 1862 64 7. “With Distinguished Gallantry and Coolness”: Fredericksburg, December 1862 79 8. “A Stubborn and Bloody Conflict”: Gettysburg, July 1863 87 9. “To No Avail”: Wilderness to Appomattox, May 1864–April 1865 100 PART III. THE IRISH IN THE ARMY OF TENNESSEE 10. Hornets’ Nest: The Irish at Shiloh, April 1862 109 11. “Gallantry and Courage”: Perryville and Murfreesboro, October–December 1862 116 12. The Contest for Chattanooga: Chickamauga to Ringgold Gap, September–November 1863 127 13. The Contest for Atlanta, May–September 1864 141 14. “Carnival of Death”: Franklin, November 1864 156 PART IV. THE IRISH IN THE COASTAL STRONGHOLDS 15. “Up-Hill Work”: Charleston, Savannah, and Fort Fisher 167 16. To the Last Ditch: From Fort Pickens to Fort Blakely, 1861–1865 177 PART V: THE IRISH IN THEMISSISSIPPI AND TRANS-MISSISSIPPI CAMPAIGNS 17. The Struggle for the Mississippi 189 18. West of the Sabine: The Irish in Texas 200 Epilogue: “Their Bones Lie on Every Battle-Field” 211 Appendix 1: Irish Commands in the Confederate Army 215 Appendix 2: Some Irish-American Field Commanders in the Confederate Army 226 Chapter Notes 237 Works Cited 247 Text and TOC from publisher. Friday, August 17, 2007 Still a Mystery? General Grant and the Historians, 1981-2006, Ethan Rafuse, The Journal of Military History, July 2007, 879-874. In 1879 William T. Sherman, a close friend of Ulysses S. Grant, remarked that "to me [Grant] is a mystery, and I believe he is a mystery to himself." In 1981 William S. McFeely offered a biography of Grant that presented a very different picture of the general and president than the one offered by Bruce Catton, Kenneth P. Williams and T. Harry Williams. These three historians had rescued Grant's reputation from a previous generations', the Lost Cause School, dismissal of Grant. For Catton, Kenneth Williams and Harry Williams, Grant was not the drunkard, the butcher, the pre-cursor to World War One generals noted for their attrition of their armies by foolhardy frontal charges. Strategy, tactics and grit describe Grant's performance at Forts Donelson and Henry, Shiloh, Vicksburg, and Chattanooga for these historians writing in the 1950s and 1960s. A backlash to their portrait of Grant began with Grant: A Biography, McFeely's work which won a Pulitzer Prize in 1981. McFeely presents a complex, darker picture of a soldier with a grand ambition and little ego. Grant was not a simple, hardworking and modest American trying to make his way in the world. The author described the 1864 Overland Campaign as being 'a nightmare of inhumanity and inept military strategy that ranks as the worst such episodes in the history of warfare . . . ." Grant's work was 'a hideous disaster' in McFeely's eyes. The climate of the time in which McFeely wrote the biography was quite different than the post-World War Two era. The author "approached his study of Grant not as a military historian, but with an interest in race relations." (p. 853-854) Though widely accepted and positively reviewed by both scholars and the general public, McFeely's book did garner negative criticism from Jay Luuvas, Richard N. Current, James M. McPherson and Brooks Simpson. These four gave poor marks to McFeely for offer an impressionistic treatment of the military campaigns, introducing attitudes of the 1970s into a mid-19th century life, having factual errors, oversimplifying and exaggerating interpretations of controversial events in Grant's life. McPherson was hostile to MeFeely's book, stating that it contained a superficial understanding of generalship and using irresponsibly elements of Grant's behavior. Simpson faulted McFeely for labeling Grant a butcher and a racist and for relying only on casualties a means to judge military success. Simpson cotinued his challenge to McFeely's description by citing the work of J.F.C. Fuller. "Statisical evidence that Grant's losses were not out of line with, and in some cases were actually lower than, those suffered by of Civil War generals." (pp. 856-857) Since the publication of McFeely's book, Ethan Rafuse offers Geoffrey Perret's Ulysses S. Grant: Soldier and President and J. Edward Smith's Grant as correctives. Also Brook Simpson's Ulysses S. Grant: Triumph Over Adversity, 1822-1865, state Rafuse, presents "fresh and compelling insights" into Grant's early life and military career. Common in these three biographies is the discussion of team work between Grant and Lincoln. Though each of these three biographies are quite positive towards Grant's character, the books also discuss Grant's anti-Semitism and his avoidance of taking responsibility for failed attacks. "In light of all that has been written on Grant over the last quarter century, has the 'mystery' been solved?" asked Rafuse. He closes his essays with descriptions of elements of Grant's life that have not been well covered or explained. He looks forward to the second volume of Simpson's work on Grant and hopes that in further studies of Grant, the life will be integrated into the times. (pp. 872-874) Tuesday, August 14, 2007 Lincoln May Have Had Facial Defect, Carla K. Johnson, Associated Press, August 13,2007 Artists, sculptors and photographers knew Abraham Lincoln's face had a good side. Now it's confirmed by science. Laser scans of two life masks, made from plaster casts of Lincoln's face, reveal the 16th president's unusual degree of facial asymmetry, according to a new study. The left side of Lincoln's face was much smaller than the right, an aberration called cranial facial microsomia. The defect joins a long list of ailments — including smallpox, heart illness and depression — that modern doctors have diagnosed in Lincoln. Lincoln's contemporaries noted his left eye at times drifted upward independently of his right eye, a condition now termed strabismus. Lincoln's smaller left eye socket may have displaced a muscle controlling vertical movement, said Dr. Ronald Fishman, who led the study published in the August issue of the Archives of Ophthalmology. Severe strabismus leads to double vision and can be treated today by surgery. "Lincoln noticed double vision only occasionally and it did not bother him a great deal," said Fishman, a retired Washington, D.C., ophthalmologist and history buff. Most people's faces are asymmetrical, Fishman said, but Lincoln's case was extreme, with the bony ridge over his left eye rounder and thinner than the right side, and set backward. Lincoln's appearance was mocked by his political enemies, historians say. The author Nathaniel Hawthorne, a Lincoln fan, wrote of the president's "homely sagacity" and his "sallow, queer, sagacious visage." Hawthorne's description was deemed disrespectful and deleted by a magazine editor, said Daniel Weinberg, owner of the Abraham Lincoln Book Shop in Chicago. Mount Rushmore sculptor Gutzon Borglum described the left side of Lincoln's face as primitive, immature and unfinished. When Lincoln was a boy, he was kicked in the head by a horse. Laser scans can't settle whether the kick or a developmental defect — or neither — contributed to Lincoln's lopsided face, Fishman said. The scanning technique is usually used to create 3-D images of children with cleft lip and palate before and after surgery. Fishman teamed up with Dr. Adriana Da Silveira, an Austin, Texas, orthodontist who specializes in children with facial defects, to scan a bronze and a plaster copy of two life masks, owned by the Chicago History Museum. Life masks were in vogue in the 1860s, said James Cornelius, curator at the Lincoln Presidential Library in Springfield, Illinois. Lincoln cooperated with sculptors to make them twice, in 1860 before his first presidential nomination, and in 1865, two months before his assassination. Lincoln probably did it for political purposes more than posterity, Cornelius said. "It's the equivalent of TV face time now," Cornelius said. Saturday, August 11, 2007 The Thirteenth Tale: A Novel, Diane Setterfield, Atria Publishing House, hardcover, 416 pages. Partly a saga of a dysfunctional family, partly story of multiple sets of twins, partly a ghost story, Diane Setterfield's Thirteenth Tale reminds me of Charles Dickens', Charlotte Bronte's and Daphne du Maurier's works. Tightly plotted events and exactingly portrayed characters greet the reader throughout the entire the story. In the last months of her life, the famous novelist seeks a biographer. Vida Winter, the novelist, has been lying her about her origins for decades. Margaret, the biographer, has written about brothers and has this initial conversation with Vida. "You have given nineteen different versions of your life story to journalists in the last two years alone." She shrugged. "It's my profession. I'm a storyteller." "I am a biographer, I work with facts." Margaret is one of conjoined twins; one twin dies upon separation. The dead sister/twin is the novel's first ghost. Vida's heritage also includes twins, and in addition an estate with an mansion, called Anglefield. These twins are egocentric, emotionally hollow with a mother who is later committed to an an asylum and thereby leaves her lust-ridden, incestuous brother to fall into narcissistic grief and chase working class maidens. While educating the twins, and after seeing a ghost (probably), the nanny flees. A doctor throws his hands up in despair, a kindly housekeeper and a gardener grow blind and senile as they attempt to raise the twins in the decrepit mansion. A skeleton is found in the ruins of a cottage far from the mansion. There is another death in a house-repair related accident that may also be murder. The mansion burns and in the ruins, decades later, another skeleton is found. Margaret must winnow the truth from Vida's lies and with Aurelius Love, the biographer and the reader investigate the pathology of the generations at Angelfield. The main ingredients of suicide, incest, madness, twins (at times possibly triplets), ghosts, skeletons, are sprinkled with herbs of the philosophies of history, literature, psychology and education. For desert, there is a late-blooming romance. A full meal after 416 page and you will probably retire to the drawing room for a brandy. CWL --- Until Every Traitor Copperhead Kneels Before the Goddess of Liberty: Union Soldiers and the Antiwar Movement 'A Viler Enemy In Our Rear': Pennsylvania Soldiers Confront the North's Antiwar Movement, Timothy J. Orr, in Aaron Sheean-Dean, The View From the Ground: Experiences of Civil War Soldiers, University of Kentucky Press, 2007, pp. 171-198. On May 3, 1863 a sergeant of the 28th PVI happened to view a large political meeting of the 29th OVI; the units were in the same brigade of the Army of the Potomac. The lieutenant colonel of the 29th "spoke of a set of traitors who were plotting against the government and poisoning the minds of the people." (p. 172) As a field of study, Civil War history has paid little attention to Union soldiers' camp scuttlebut on partisan politics. Several historians argue that anti-war Democrats had little or no success in obstructing the Republican war effort. Timothy J. Orr contends that the Democratic Party in the North were "hardly the enemies of the Union that the Republicans made them out to be." But the affect among troops of Republican propaganda regarding the degree of loyalty was extensive. Most soldiers from Pennsylvania "identified antiwar Democrats as the arm of the rebellion in the North." (pp., 192, 193) Orr cites Pennsylvania troops' resolutions which appear in regional newspapers. Descriptive language of these resolution include: traitors of the worst class, fellow conspirators of the South, deserving of unmigated scorn, hatred, contempt and 'the hemp that is due traitors.' Also, the antiwar proponets should be crushed to the earth, suffer a traitor's doom. (pp.188-189) The author describes how "Pennsylvania regiments contrcuted these resolutions with extreme care". A trend appears in which captains and lieutenants lead discussions among the enlisted men and then compose a letter to an editor. It took three weeks for the 140th Pennsylvania to draft a set of resolutions on which most could agree, with the colonel trying to stiffle the rhetoric. The 150th Pennsylvania wrote a resolutions document under the same conditions. The 100th Pennsylvania voted on each of their resolutions with the assent of each enlisted man in favor being signified by taking 'shoulder arms' and those opposed remaining at 'order arms.' (pp. 183-185) Pennsylvania soldiers' vote in the 1863 and 1864 elections heavily supported the Republican Party. Committant to the military draft, suspension of habeas corpus, limitations on free speech, support of the federal authority, and a complete aversion to an armistice were the planks of the soldiers' political platform. In the election of 1864, 68% of Pennsylvania soldiers who voted cast votes for Lincoln. Friday, August 10, 2007 Confederate Soldiers in Virginia 1861, Joseph T. Glatthaar, Jr., in Virginia At War, 1861, William C. Davis, and James I. Robertson, Jr., University of Kentucky Press, 2005, pp. 45-63. Northern mudsills versus Southern woodsmen. Yankee urban dwellers versus Southern farmboys. Better riding, independent-minded, superior shots, the men in 1861 who became the Army of Northern Virginia in mid-1862 would be able to take out 3, 5 or 7 Yankees. Just how “knowledgeable and experienced where these rural men who fought for the Confederacy in Virginia . . ?” Did pre-war experience create an indomitable fighting man in the Confederacy? (p. 45) What advantages did Southerners bring into military service? For one motivation. Viewed as a glorious, holy, sacred and patriotic endeavor performed by free men with honor, soldiers of the Confederacy insisted that they would win. This psychological and emotional edge was accompanied by pre-war militia training. At the very beginning of the war, Virginia Military Academy, Citadel, and a host of other military academies supplied leaders for the militia companies. Yet, both in the North and South, the immensity of the war outstripped militia experienced. The army which Winfield Scott led into Mexico was numbered at 10,000, the size of a corps during the Civil War. Lee’s Army of Northern Virginia in 1862 was twice as large as Richmond, Virginia. in 1860.. Richmond the 26th largest city in the U.S.; the 25th largest city was Troy, New York. For many Southerners, the ANV was the largest community in which they had lived. Glatthaar, the author, understands that this new community was ‘a biological time bomb. (p. 50) City dwellers had been inoculated by their survival of illnesses in their pre-war living conditions. Measles, mumps, typhoid, pneumonia, dysentery, and diarrhea took their tool in the ANV. Additionally, pre-war ‘rural living did little to develop concern over sanitation.. (p. 52) After 1st Manassas, Southern army encampments continued to suffer casualties from sanitation and hygiene issues related to the slaughtering of beef. Despite a rural upbringing most Confederate soldiers had not slept and lived for extended periods out of doors. At home, food was prepared by mothers and daughters; in camp, cooking was done by males inexperienced with food preparation. Glatthaar cites examples of soldiers mistaking tallow for lard. Also, it is assumed that the Southern soldier had extensive experience with firearms. Casualties generated by negligence and accidents were a steady drain on company strength during 1861 and 1862.Glatthaar has found. Many Confederate soldiers realized that military service was much like slavery. An extreme case of military disobedience at the company level were among Louisiana troops. Troops from other states acted in ways similar to the Louisiana men. “Removed fro traditional social controls and with too much time on their hands, young . . . responded with’ disruptive behavior. (p. 57) Wildly drunk, preferring prostitutes as female company, and gambling to the point of exhaustion, some Rebels were not good soldiers. Virginia soldiers adjusted their military performance and discipline by 1862 when Lee took command of the Army of Virginia and made it into the Army of Northern Virginia. The proper sanWriting & Fighting From the Army of Northern Virginia: A Collection of Confederate Soldier Correspondence (Writing & Fighting the Civil War) by William B. Stypleitation, proper cooking, proper self-discipline, and proper obedience acquired by Virginia soldiers by June 1862 was what was their new commander, a very proper gentleman, R. E. Lee, demanded. This essay is available from your local library, through inter-library loan, or from Civil War Librarian. For Additional Reading: Writing & Fighting From the Army of Northern Virginia: A Collection of Confederate Soldier Correspondence, William B. Styple, Belle Grove, Press, 2003 The Army of Northern Virginia: Lee's Army in the American Civil War, 1861-1865, Philip Katcher,Routledge Press, 2003 Lee's Tigers: The Louisiana Infantry in the Army of Northern Virginia, Terry L. Jones, Louisana State University Press, 2003 Thursday, August 09, 2007 Bain of McClellan enthusiasts and cheerful companion of Grant enthusiasts, James B. McPherson is ordering a larger suit jacket size. He needs room for another academic medal. The Pritzker Military Library has awarded James McPherson, author of 'This Mighty Scourge', the first Pritzker Library lifetime achievement award for military writing. McPherson's 'For Cause and Comrades: Why Men Fought in the Civil War' won the 1998 Lincoln Prize and 'Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era' won a Pulitzer Prize in 1988. The Pritzker Library, located on the 2nd floor of 619 North Fairbanks Court, in Chicago Illinois houses 18,000 volumes and 500 miliary art prints and posters. The library's website is http://www.pritzkermilitarylibrary.org/index.jsp and is funded in part by the Tawani Foundation which promotes historical presevervation and health and environmental education. The library's out reach includes webcasts and podcasts. 'This Might Scourge' collects 16 previously published esssays that cover The Lost Cause(6), Union generals(3), the home and battle Fronts (3), slavery and the coming of the war (2)and Lincoln (2). In the next several weeks, Civil War Librarian write more specifically about this collection. McPherson has his detractors. Dimitri Rotov in his Civil War Bookshelf weblog as put McPherson in the 'Centennialist School' of Civil War historiography. One particular aspect of this school is its rough treatment of McClellan. On the other hand, Ethan Rafuse, in both this writings and his shared weblog 'Civil Warriors' gives McPherson a pat-on-the-back for his chanllenges to 'Grant', William McFeely's harsh biogrpaghical treatment of its central character, that won the Pulitzer Prize two years before McPherson received is Pulitizer in i988. Rafuse tips his hat to McPherson in a July 2007 Journal of Military History essay. Civil War Librarian will discuss this essay in the next week. Friday, August 03, 2007 Aerial photographs from 1937, when superimposed on current aerial photographs have revealed a star shaped fort in an undeveloped field in Fairfax County, Virginia. Also, parts of the Chantilly/Ox Hill battlefield, can be studied even though it was bulldozed for a strip mall a few years ago. Fought on September 1, 1862, CWL views it as day four of the Second Battle of Manassas. It is treated as such by John Hennessey in his well regarded study, Return to Bull Run. Divisions under the direction of Maj. Gen. Philip Kearny and Maj. Gen. Isaac Stevens thwarted troops under the direction of Maj. Gen. Thomas J. Jackson. About 1,300 Union and 800 CSA causalites were suffered in the farm fields and during an tremendous rain storm with huge bolts of lightning. Jackson's troops were making a nearly successful turning movement of the Federal right. If achieved R. E. Lee may have a achieved the battle of annihilation for which he longed. Here's the link for the Washington Post story: For more on the Second Manassas Campaign: Return to Bull Run: The Campaign and Battle of Second Manassas, John J. Hennessy For more on the Battle of Ox Hill/Chantilly: Tempest at Ox Hill: The Battle of Chantilly, David A. Welker He Hath Loosed the Fateful Lightning: The Battle of Ox Hill,September 1, 1862, Paul Taylor	<urn:uuid:13f88aa2-4951-41d2-83a3-8fc6933314db>	{ "date": "2014-04-24T12:11:47", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-15", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1398223206120.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20140423032006-00507-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9493348598480225, "score": 3.390625, "token_count": 10470, "url": "http://www.civilwarlibrarian.blogspot.com/2007_08_01_archive.html" }
Let’s start with some numbers. In the United States, 65 million people have some type of allergy. In Europe, that number goes up to 87 million. Fifty six percent are allergic to grasses in the US versus 52% in Europe. Cat allergies are 39% in the US and 30% in Europe and food allergies are 10% in the US and 11 % in Europe. The prevalence of allergic diseases global and growing. Recent trends indicate that half of all Europeans will suffer from allergy by 2015. Today, allergy treatment, which only suppresses the symptoms or lessens the inflammation, is via drugs, anti-histamines or steroids. And that market is big business. The anti-allergy drug market is anticipated to exceed $14.7 billion by 2015 in the US alone. Worldwide allergy vaccine sales were $642 million in 2010. To keep it simple, an allergy works like this: An allergen molecule reacts with an immunoglobulin E (IgE) which is an antibody in our body that plays a starring role in allergies, i.e., having them or not having them. That molecule triggers a cellular process known as degranulation which encourages histamine to be released from your white blood cells, known as mast cells. Histamine, which is an inflammatory response, causes allergic symptoms like hay fever, watery eyes, scratchy throat, runny nose. Just suppressing allergic symptoms doesn’t get to the root of the problem. Scientists at the University of Eastern Finland led by Professor Juhu Rouvinen, in cooperation with Professors Kristiina Takkinen and Hans Söderlun from VTT, a technical research center in Finland, discovered unique IgE‐binding structures in allergens. They say these structures can be genetically modified so they do not bind IgE anymore, but they can still induce the production of the immunoglobulin G (IgG). IgG protects you from allergic symptoms by actually prohibiting the formation of IgE-allergen complexes and could, in theory, prevent the degranulation and histamine release from white blood cells. The modified allergens are produced using modern molecular biology and biotechnology. Patients will hypothetically develop a natural immunity against each allergy they have been vaccinated for in the same manner immunity is created against infectious diseases with vaccinations. Histamines are not the solution because they only inhibit or lesson the allergy so you still have the allergy,” said Rouvinen. “We believe that curing allergies is about changing or modifying the genetic structure of the allergen molecules inside of your body, so we want to eliminate the cause of the allergy, instead of removing symptoms.” Much like Louis Pasteur, through experiments, human error and learning as you go, discovered a vaccine that saved millions, Rouvinen and his team say they discovered this vaccine through brilliant science and hard work. In other words, they aren’t sure, but just like all good scientists committed to finding a cure for a disease, they found a way. The team, through the formation of a new bio-tech company called Desentum, hope to have the vaccine on the market within five to seven years.	<urn:uuid:ad26282b-d109-4e66-bab6-5c9607cac0e2>	{ "date": "2015-02-01T17:11:51", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-06", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422121744242.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124174904-00020-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9415000677108765, "score": 3, "token_count": 661, "url": "http://www.forbes.com/sites/jenniferhicks/2012/05/29/finnish-scientists-discover-vaccine-to-eliminate-allergies/?commentId=comment_blogAndPostId/blog/comment/1563-2270-180" }
I love responding to reader requests, and I recently solicited some questions on my Facebook page. This question came in from a mom of a gifted child, and I think it’s a common concern. What is the best way to teach a gifted child humility in youth? They know they are gifted, and it comes across to others as snobbishness. it’s so hard to find the balance. I want my child to be proud and sure of himself. But I also want him to not sound like he is boasting. [This is especially an issue because] his sister is not GT, and I think it makes her feel bad about the way her brain works because it is not the same as his. I love this question because I think this is a common and very tricky issue. Let’s dive in! Why is Humility Important? Humility is an essential emotional intelligence quality. Under Dan Goleman’s Emotional Intelligence framework, humility is part of self-awareness. She writes, “True humility, scientists have learned, is when someone has an accurate assessment of both his strengths and weaknesses, and he sees all this in the context of the larger whole. He’s a part of something far greater than he. He knows he isn’t the center of the universe. And he’s both grounded and liberated by this knowledge. Recognizing his abilities, he asks how he can contribute. Recognizing his flaws, he asks how he can grow.” Yes. This is what we want, not just for the gifted, but for everyone. Humility is a tremendously important attribute. It is the opposite of narcissism. People who are narcissistic have an exaggerated sense of their abilities, and they constantly seek attention, praise, and affirmation for those abilities. They make others feel badly because they don’t have the same abilities. They dress up for Halloween as Henry VIII. You get the picture. When you are humble, you learn better, you get along better with others, you don’t feel the pressure of perfectionism, you can more easily persuade people to your point of view, you are more open to others’ ideas, and on and on. What Arrogance Looks Like - ignore or denigrate others’ opinions (often without really listening to them) - go out of their way to be right and then go out of their way again to prove they were right to others because it’s just not fun if you’re right but not enough people know it - struggle with accurate self-reflection, unwilling to look at how they could have done something more optimally - make rude or unkind comments to others in a comparing way - don’t listen to others – not just their opinions, but also their wants and needs In the gifted it looks like: - a lack of respect for the teacher because he doesn’t know what the child knows about dinosaurs (bonus credit for visible eye rolling) - refusal to listen to the ideas of other kids in the group - disinterest in doing an activity that others want to do and only wanting to do what he/she wants to do/play - anger over a less-than-perfect grade without really looking at whether the grade earned was deserved - bragging about how little effort he/she spent to get a really good grade - mocking others who aren’t going to gifted pull-out (or even just dropping broad hints about it, like “Well, at GT today we got to …. too bad you had to/didn’t get to…”) - lack of remorse when they find out they hurt someone’s feelings The Optical Illusion The problem with teaching the value of humility to gifted children is that often their arrogance is a mask. Behind the mask lies deep seated self-loathing. When the question that led to this article was posted on the Facebook page, someone posted this comment: You don’t seem to know much about gifted students… most of them nourish a huge inferiority complex! Personally I find it terrible when people say we should teach gifted kids humility. It is true that many of the gifted suffer from Impostor Syndrome – a debilitating feeling that you are a fake, a fraud. You’re not gifted, and you will be found out. It’s a real problem. Some gifted children (and adults) avoid failure so often and so well that they have an identity crisis when they encounter a challenge. This leads to a feeling of inferiority while displaying bravado. Yet I disagree that it’s terrible to teach humility. I could, in fact, not disagree more. When we accept that humility is a realistic view of your strengths and weaknesses, we understand that it is the antidote to an inferiority complex. I’m at a loss to figure out how teaching this could be bad. It’s important to determine if the child has pure arrogance or masking arrogance because the intervention will be different. This is easier said than done. Even if we don’t know for sure what the root of the arrogance is, and even if there is no arrogance, the teaching of humility is critical in the development of a healthy, happy human, which is what we want for all children, gifted and more typical. How to Teach Humility - Practice listening skills exercises, like: - Telephone – This old game has lots of potential to help kids understand that even small changes in what we say can change the message . - Telling Together – The group creates a story one line at a time. Everyone adds one sentence. This forces us to really listen to what others have said. If you’re a small group, like a family, go around and around. - Listy Listener – In this activity, one person comes up with a list of items that are all connected (like things you’d find in a refrigerator, words you associate with vacation, toys, etc.). The list should be pretty long (15 items or so). The person reads the list, repeating some of items multiple times (milk, yogurt, fruit, juice, milk, lunch meat, mustard, milk, yogurt, salad dressing, milk…). After the list is read, everyone has thirty seconds to write down as many of the words they can remember. (If kids are too little to write, do this part orally.) Discuss why it’s easier to remember things you hear over and over and what that tells us about the importance of really listening to people. - Keep a journal (this allows you to develop self-awareness) - Discuss quotes like: - “A true genius admits that he/she knows nothing.” ― - “There are two things that men should never weary of, goodness and humility; we get none too much of them in this rough world among cold, proud people.” ― - “Humility is perfect quietness of heart. It is to expect nothing, to wonder at nothing that is done to me, to feel nothing done against me. It is to be at rest when nobody praises me, and when I am blamed or despised. It is to have a blessed home in the Lord, where I can go in and shut the door, and kneel to my Father in secret, and am at peace as in a deep sea of calmness, when all around and above is trouble.” ― - Role play problematic situations (playing with someone who wants to play with Lego when you want to play with Lincoln Logs, etc.) - Model it - Embarrassing or humiliating children creates defensiveness, not humility - Teach the art of the sincere apology - Read stories of leaders and celebrities who are humble (or at least not prideful!) - Teach the art of the true expression of gratitude, also someimes called a thank you - Practice sharing good news or things you’re excited about without comparison. - Serve other people. There are lots of resources on helping students serve (I wrote about this in my book, too), and the key is that they get to feel the effect of their efforts on others. - Practice seeking feedback and responding to it with kindness and acceptance. Explain to kids that thanking others for feedback doesn’t mean that you have to agree with all if it. The best cycle is: - get feedback - thank the person for it - assume it was given in respect - think about it later and decide what was true in the feedback - decide what actions (if any) need to be taken If a child is displaying signs of arrogance and/or a lack of humilitysurrounding their giftedness, it’s time for “the talk.” During the talk, these points need to come out: - Being gifted has its pros and cons, so it’s not something that makes someone better than other people. It makes some things easier and some things harder. - Sometimes when we feel like people have high expectations of us, we can feel scared that we won’t measure up. Sometimes when we feel like this, we act the other way. We act like we think we’re better than everyone else, even though we feel the opposite. When we feel this way, it’s important to talk with someone we trust about how we feel instead of acting like we’re better than everyone. - No matter how smart we are, there are always others who know more than we do about many, many things. Wise people know that they have something to learn from everyone. - When we’re around people we think are a lot better than we are at things, we can feel badly about ourselves. When you’re a gifted person, other people may feel badly without your doing anything on purpose to make them feel that way. We have to know this and be sensitive about it. - It is never okay to make people feel badly about themselves. It’s not our job, and it doesn’t work. No one becomes a better person because they were embarrassed or humiliated. - Brain smarts are not everything there is to being a great person. To be a great person, you also need to be kind and have other good traits. We can all become better people by working on it. Just like we learn things that make us more intelligent, we also learn things that make us kinder, more patient, more forgiving, and better able to control ourselves. - Giftedness is not a “get out of being a kind person” free card. Being intelligent doesn’t mean you get to use it as a weapon against other people. If you were super strong, that wouldn’t mean you could go around hitting people because you could. It’s the same thing. The talk is best done as a series of short discussions, rather than some epic marathon lecture. Please join me over at the Facebook page to find other parents and teachers who are serving gifted children. Feel free to send your own question my way! You may also like: - Your Child Is Not the Center of the Universe - The Best Fundraiser in the History of the World - 8 Benefits of Reading Classic Literature Would you like to receive my free monthly newsletter? Sign up and receive a free guide for helping gifted children thrive in school.	<urn:uuid:67a1bd13-c276-47fa-a39e-197be0e46e98>	{ "date": "2019-01-20T03:56:10", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-04", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583690495.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20190120021730-20190120043730-00336.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9641778469085693, "score": 2.78125, "token_count": 2400, "url": "http://www.giftedguru.com/humility/" }
The Native American and Indigenous Studies program reaffirms "Indigenous Peoples" as the Original Peoples of the land. NAIS centers its course work on the indigenous experiences of Native Americans, Alaskan Natives, Native Hawaiians, and First Nations Peoples. In the NAIS program, we build on the worldviews of indigenous communities and indigenous thought. Additionally, our curriculum is grounded in understanding how historic and contemporary U.S. policies shape and impact tribal sovereignty, governance, and the ability to self-govern. Thirdly, both verbal and written skills of communication are utilized to foster an engaging classroom learning environment. The foundational knowledge and methodologies in the NAIS program gives students the skills to engage with and seek future careers in tribal, state, and national levels of government and governance, in the professional fields of education, law, and heritage preservation, as well as a multitude of careers that benefit and are unique to Indigenous communities A minor in Native American and Indigenous Studies is available to students majoring in other disciplines.	<urn:uuid:d5be32db-86e2-478d-9be6-e4e1aeefc012>	{ "date": "2014-11-20T20:53:36", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-49", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416400372202.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20141119123252-00048-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.940676748752594, "score": 2.875, "token_count": 207, "url": "http://www.fortlewis.edu/native-american-indigenous-studies/Home.aspx" }
This reader introduces students of philosophy and politics to the contemporary critical literature on the classical social contract theorists: thomas hobbes (1599-1697), john locke (1632-1704), and jean-jacques rousseau (1712-1778) twelve thoughtfully selected essays guide students through the texts, familiarizing them with key elements of the. Free essay: thomas hobbes was the first philosopher to connect the philosophical commitments to politics he offers a distinctive definition to what man. This paper provides a small summary of social contract theory by hobbes, locke and rousseau it discusses what is the social contract theory and the reason the. Thomas hobbes stated that men would always be in a condition of war if they did what is thomas hobbes' social contract theory a: rousseau describes sovereign in his essay the social contract as the collective voice of citizens within a society. I'm writing an essay comparing the nature of the social contract of thomas hobbes and john locke does anyone have any ideas as to what my argument (thesis statement) could be. Hobbes in his political philosophy mainly proceeds on the essential wickedness of human nature even though the law of nature shows the way out of state of nature, it does not ensure harmony to ward off such apprehension, he supports an all powerful sovereign authority to enforce the laws of nature. Research the positions of thomas hobbes and john locke on social contract theory once you have finished analyzing the sources and your notes, write a short (two- to three-paragraph) reflective essay comparing and contrasting the social contract theories of the two philosophers. Read this essay on thomas hobbes thomasresponse paper thomas hobbes was born in london in 1588 after his social contract- agreement of citizens to abide by laws and rules government creates natural laws are terms of social contract. Ada270 ih iii h 299 1 form approved ~hi 1tin page omb no 0704-0188~ several of these questions are addressed by both thomas hobbes in leviathan, and by john locke in two treatises of 3 hobbes and the social contract tradition, jean hampton (cambridge: cambridge. Thomas hobbes essays: over 180,000 thomas hobbes essays, thomas hobbes thomas hobbes thomas hobbes an outline of thomas hobbes' social contract in the eyes of john locke and thomas hobbes john locke and thomas hobbes john locke v thomas hobbes thomas hobbes' remedy for. Thomas hobbes: moral and political philosophy the laws of nature and the social contract hobbes thinks the state of nature is something we hobbes, thomas (1998 . Short essay on social contract theory of the origin of society the social contract theory throws light on the origin of the society individual the classical representatives of this school of thought are thomas hobbes. This essay has been submitted by a law student this is not an example of the work written by our professional essay writers the social contract theories of thomas hobbes and john locke. hobbes and the hypothetical contract in dealing with the problem with political authority thomas hobbes proposes that state's derive their power from a hypothetical social contract that is made between a government and its citizens. Start studying unit 5 essays learn vocabulary, terms, and more with study play compare and contrast the political views of john locke and thomas hobbes what would be advantages and disadvantages of a living under the system(s) of government each both believed in a social contract. Thomas hobbes was born in 1588 in london he went to oxford to study government and outside of school he wanted to know people would let someone tell them want to do and give them orders. Free research that covers introduction social contract hypothesis was urbanized by english theorist thomas hobbes and john locke who lived throughout the tumultuous phase of 17th century. The secondary literature on hobbes's moral and political philosophy special issue on recent work on the moral and political philosophy of thomas hobbes, pacific philosophical quarterly, 82 hampton, j, 1986, hobbes and the social contract tradition, cambridge: cambridge university. Thomas hobbes thomas hobbes research papers explicate the complexities of hobbes' philosophy research papers on thomas hobbes (1588-1679) show he was one of the first to recognize government as the creation of humans, and not the divine state of the universe hobbes research papers tell of a social contract is made between individuals in order. Locke versus hobbes by [email protected] locke and hobbes were both social contract theorists, and both natural law theorists (natural law in the sense of saint thomas aquinas, not natural law in the sense of newton), but there the resemblance ends. Essay about thomas hobbes thomas hobbes (1588 1679) and john locke (1632 1704) developed their political theories at a time of religious, political and social upheaval in england. I will argue that although he held that maintaining a credible threat of punishment for wrongdoing is necessary for social order, to hobbes this paper recounts the pedagogical benefits of the hobbes game to introduce students to hobbes' social contract thomas hobbes's papers at. Essay on the social contract theory: hobbes, locke & rousseau meet and satisfy the social and economic needs of the public men such as thomas hobbes, john locke & jean-jacques rousseau were prominent proponents of this theory. View and download thomas hobbes essays examples also discover topics, titles compare and contrast how machiavelli, thomas more, and thomas hobbes might answer this question of the social contract theorists, thomas hobbes is the most extreme in terms of his view of human nature. Home essays john locke vs thomas hobbes and social contract hobbes' view of the state of nature and locke's view of the state of nature offer remarkable differences john locke however disagreed with thomas hobbe's, in his essay human understanding. Essays and criticism on thomas hobbes - critical essays men join in a compact with one another, make a social contract, and set up a sovereign the sovereign, called the leviathan by hobbes access our thomas hobbes study guide for free. Contrast and evaluate the social contract theories of thomas hobbes and john locke be sure to include objections and replies which theory is the most defensib - essay example. Analysis of the theory of social contract by thomas hobbes 1 through social contract, a new form of social organisation, the state, was formed to assure and guarantee rights, liberties freedom and equality. Social contract is the view that persons' moral and/or political obligations are dependent upon a contract or agreement among them to form the society in which they live. Locke's political theory was founded on social contract theory unlike thomas hobbes, locke believed that human nature is characterised by reason and tolerance in his essay, in which both these concepts are introduced, locke warns against. An outline of thomas hobbes' social contract essays: over 180,000 an outline of thomas hobbes' social contract essays, an outline of thomas hobbes' social contract term papers, an outline of thomas hobbes' social contract research paper, book reports 184 990 essays, term and research papers available for unlimited access. Two political thinkers: thomas hobbes and john locke similarities and differences between locke's and hobbes social contract theory jenkins, understanding locke an introduction to philosophy through john locke's essay (edinburgh: edinburgh university press, 1983), p231 7. Thomas hobbes and john locke were both english philosophers thomas hobbes discussed and developed the social contract theory through his book leviathanthe social contract theory was later supported and interpreted further by john locke.	<urn:uuid:910b1fed-9d74-4d19-99f1-e74b52ad18e7>	{ "date": "2018-06-23T07:57:19", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-26", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267864953.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20180623074142-20180623094142-00536.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9360373020172119, "score": 2.953125, "token_count": 1640, "url": "http://mccourseworkpakv.skylinechurch.us/thomas-hobbes-and-the-social-contract-essay.html" }
Transcript for New technology developed to help with bad weather driving There's new technology out there that may help save your life behind the wheel. Here's ABC's David Kerley. Reporter: This latest blast of winter is a slippery, sliding reminder of how dangerous driving on ice can be. It's pure ice underneath the snow. Reporter: Up to 80% of traction is lost on a slick surface. Automakers are now adding technology to their cars to make it easier for you to get out of a skid like that. Here at gm/chevrolet's test track, engineers try to get cars to slide. When I point the steering wheel, the electronics will actually say, oh, he wants to go this way. Our controller has the ability to individually control each wheel. Reporter: Electronics stability control has been mandated on new cars for more than five years now. A computer brain working faster than yours, slowing wheels that are losing traction, saving more than 1,500 lives in the last year studied. I was always taught to counter steer. If I start skidding to the left to steer to the right. It's changed now? Yes. So the technology has enabled us to basically follow what the driver wants the car to do. Reporter: And with the auto industry moving toward autonomous vehicles -- Is there going to be a point where I don't even have to do anything? Ultimately, the goal is to be able to predict what surface you're going to be on before you actually get there. Reporter: And possibly taking control of your car to keep you out of a dangerous slide. David Kerley, ABC news, Michigan. This transcript has been automatically generated and may not be 100% accurate.	<urn:uuid:e08649e4-c320-46d9-9f64-982c7f0e2be0>	{ "date": "2018-04-25T04:04:04", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-17", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125947690.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20180425022414-20180425042414-00296.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9608350992202759, "score": 2.671875, "token_count": 347, "url": "http://abcnews.go.com/WNT/video/technology-developed-bad-weather-driving-45431022" }
Above the duramater (between the dura and the skull) is a potential space called the epidural space or the extradural space. Bleeding into this area creates a space. It fills rapidly with blood because the bleeding is mostly arterial from the middle meningeal artery, a branch of the middle cerebral. With this type of bleeding an individual may be lucid just after the event and then lapse into a fatal coma. Beneath the duramater there is another potential space called the subdural space. Bleeding within this space is mainly venous, so it is typically slow. It's often quite dangerous because bleeding can go on all night and cause massive brain damage. The subarachnoid space between the arachnoid and piamater membranes is filled with cerebrospinal fluid. Bleeding in this space is usually from berry aneurisms.	<urn:uuid:dabab1ad-82e6-4fd5-9fc9-d48aadc4e712>	{ "date": "2015-09-01T20:23:40", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-35", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440645208021.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827031328-00288-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8997982144355774, "score": 3.078125, "token_count": 183, "url": "http://www.csuchico.edu/~pmccaffrey/meninges.html" }
Novel Discussion, Day Six Lesson 10 of 17 Objective: Students will be able to discuss a novel by posing and responding to questions, incorporating others into discussion, and presenting their own ideas and justifications. After work habits and learning reflection, students move into groups to discuss their reading for today. Unfortunately, it quickly becomes clear that many students are not prepared. I again give students time to read, knowing that many students won't read at home if they aren't engaged or at least nearly done from reading in class. Students get comfortable and push further into their novels.	<urn:uuid:91661346-56e5-4949-ac66-6d75dfb54400>	{ "date": "2018-06-24T10:57:34", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-26", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267866932.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20180624102433-20180624122433-00576.warc.gz", "int_score": 4, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9680072665214539, "score": 3.78125, "token_count": 120, "url": "https://betterlesson.com/lesson/538268/novel-discussion-day-six?from=consumer_breadcrumb_dropdown_lesson" }
This is most of the history from Of Dugouts and Spires. I lest our part because it was not accurate. Isaac J. Wardle was born June 14, 1835, to John and Mary Kinston Wardle. … Isaac began working twelve-hour shifts in the mines of Ravenstone, Leicestershire, England at nine years of age. He had started working as a runner at the coal mines two years earlier. … Isaac worked and saved his month to emigrate to Utah. He finally set sail May 25, 1856, from Liverpool with eight hundred and forty others on the S.S. Horizon. He crossed the plains with the ill-fated Martin Handcart Company. He arrived in Utah on November 30, 1856, and went to West Jordan to work for Alexander Beckstead. In 1859 he and Alexander built the first two homes in South Jordan. He was called up by the Utah Militia to meet Johnston’s Army at Echo Canyon in 1857 during the Utah War. He later helped build the first road up Bingham Canyon for gathering wood. Twenty-four-year-old Isaac married fifteen-year-ole Martha Ann Egbert on April 18, 1859, and took her to his new homestead in South Jordan. They were endowed in the Endowment House in Salt Lake City on April 12, 1862. They were the parents of ten children, Isaac John (md. Alice Robinson), Samuel (died as infant), Crilla M. (md. Zachariah Butterfiel), Araminta (md. Daniel Densley), Joseph S. (md. Abina Ann Beckstead), Hyrum S. (died as infant), Silas D. (md. Emeline Orgill), Junius F. (md Edna Vawdrey), an twins Edgar Ray and Ema May (md. John Willie Palmer). Isaac married (2) Mary Ann Ashton in the Endowment House on September 14, 1867. She too had traveled across the plains in the Martin Handcart Company. Mary Ann died four hours after given birth to their only child, William Haston Wardle. She was buried in South Jordan. Isaac married (3) Sophia Meyers in the Endowment House on July 26, 1869. Their children included Charles M., Hannah M., Atheamer M., and Wilford Woodruff Wardle. Isaac Wardle studied books at night by the light of the fire and practiced writing on a shovel with a piece of charcoal. He was eager to gain knowledge and to improve his home and farm. His farm prospered with two large orchards, two homes, and many outbuildings on his land. It was located at approximately 10015 South, West of the Beckstead Ditch and east of 1000 West. His orchards were east of the irrigation ditch. Isaac was superintendent of the LDS South Jordan Sunday School for nineteen years. He served as president of the seventies quorum and went on a nine-month mission to England in 1879. In 1900 he moved his family to Parker, Idaho. Martha died in 1916 in Parker, and Sophia died later in Boise. Isaac died October 30, 1917, at age eight-two. Martha, Sophia, and Isaac are buried in Parker, Idaho. pp69-70	<urn:uuid:89f3a11a-fe3c-4803-88c5-dcbc38d4e98b>	{ "date": "2016-10-24T21:55:17", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-44", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719784.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00407-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9862001538276672, "score": 2.5625, "token_count": 690, "url": "http://billywardlegen.blogspot.ro/2013/03/isaac-wardle-from-of-dugouts-and-spires.html" }
The idea of artificial slaves - and questions about their tractability - is present not only in the literature of modern times but also extends all the way back to ancient Greek sources; and it is present in the literature and oral history of the early modern period as well. Aristotle is the first to discuss the uses and advantages of the artificial slave in his Politics. There, he mentions how much better life would be if the Greeks (and for their slaves) had weaving looms, musical instruments, and other devices that were smart enough to be able to understand orders and to work by themselves. He also highlights the idea of the slave, automatic or otherwise, as part of a distributed somatic network. This idea of the artificial servant as a prosthetic extension of the master reappears in medieval and Renaissance stories about famous scientists. Such medieval works as Gower’s Confessio Amantis, where Robert Grossteste is depicted creating a talking brass servant, are followed during the Renaissance by tales like Greene’s The Honorable History of Friar Bacon and Friar Bungay, which depicts Roger Bacon creating a similar artificial, humanoid slave. In all of these instances the idea of the artificial servant is connected with an emotional paradox: the joy of self-enhancement is counterpoised with the anxiety of self-displacement that comes with distribution of agency. In this way, the older accounts of creating artificial slaves are accounts of modernity in the making—a modernity characterized by the project of extending the self and its powers, in which the vision of the extended self is fundamentally inseparable from the vision of an attenuated self. My new book, Androids and Intelligent Networks in Early Modern Literature and Culture: Artificial Slaves, traces various ancient representations of artificially made humanoid servants, from their origins to their representation in selected Renaissance texts. The book is the first to concentrate exclusively on depictions of artificial humanoid servants in the literature of Shakespeare’s time and before. These representations eerily prefigure modern robots, androids, and artificially intelligent networks, and the art that is responsible for their creation blurs the edges between magic and science in a way that resonates especially with some of our modern notions of cybernetics. In Robert Greene’s Friar Bacon and Friar Bungay, for example, we meet a sixteenth-century version of a famous medieval scientist, Roger Bacon, who tries to make a talking head of bronze. This artificial head, remarkably reminiscent of the robot in twentieth century fiction, is meant to serve mundane purposes in super-normal ways. Bacon intends to have it build a defensive wall around all of England and to solve difficult mathematical and philosophical questions—similar to the way we use modern computers. Greene’s fictional, robot-like creations appear around the same time as the homunculus, an organically-based android that emerges in the non-fictional, alchemical literature of Paracelsus and Cornelius Agrippa. Moreover, tales of the golem, an organic android that is made from inorganic material (simple earth) also reach their most elaborate form in this era. Also, Aristotle’s focus, in his Politics, on slaves’ functions versus their physical forms (which is what gives him the idea of replacing slaves with smart machines) gives me a historical precedent for discussing how Shakespeare’s The Tempest and Marlowe’s Doctor Faustus depict another form of artificial servant: the networked system. Both plays present us with scientist/scholars who use their knowledge to conjure spirits that take corporeal form and that, as a group, constitute an "organic system" for accomplishing their creators' worldly ends. Indeed, in The Tempest the island itself becomes a "machine" of sorts, as Prospero uses his magical science to yoke together all life on the island into an intelligent network made of spirit and flesh, as well as the very environment, to attain his goals. Ariel, along with other artificial slaves that interface with their masters, recapitulates Aristotle’s notion of slaves as “animate” and yet “separated” parts of the master’s body. Ariel’s role also harks forth to fictional entities like the ethereal, disembodied voice of H.A.L. the computer, in 2001: A Space Odyssey: both the voice and Ariel’s physical presence represent that part of a network which provides a “user interface” for communicating with its master/programmer. My book’s thesis is that these fictional, artificial servants embody at once the ambitions of the scientific wizards who make them and society’s perception of the dangers of those ambitions. Creations made by natural philosophers like Robert Greene’s character Friar Bacon, or by Marlowe’s Doctor Faustus (I discuss Mephistopheles as the interface for a hidden, functional network of demons), or by Shakespeare’s Prospero—whether those creations are physically or functionally humanoid—represent their makers’ dreams of dominance over nature, over their own destiny, and, indirectly, over other humans. These creations reflect the rising individualism and the cultural dangers represented by Humanism in the Renaissance and of its proponents, like Marsilio Ficino—and of those scientific thinkers, such as Paracelsus, and Cornelius Agrippa, whom he influenced. But they also represent a paradox: the self-enhancement promised by intelligent slave-systems is counterpoised with the threat of self-displacement or self-diminution that comes with distribution of agency to these artificial agents, and this is still relevant today. The chief trait of the instruments of the fictional scientists above is their difficulty in controlling them, and the consequent peril that the master-slave relationship might be reversed. So these fictional creations are also embodiments of, or vessels for, the cultural fears triggered by independent, experimental thinkers—the type of thinkers from whom our modern cyberneticists directly descend. I go into more depth about this last point in the final chapter of my book, which touches upon connections between tales of the Early Modern artificial servants and the fears and hopes expressed in modern literature about networked systems and humanoid automata. IEET Fellow Kevin LaGrandeur is a Faculty Member at the New York Institute of Technology. He specializes in the areas of technology and culture, digital culture, philosophy and literature. (3) Comments • (3766) Hits •	<urn:uuid:5f4b7298-e13c-447c-a230-64b167643b01>	{ "date": "2014-11-23T07:14:03", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-49", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416400379320.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20141119123259-00084-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9375357627868652, "score": 3.09375, "token_count": 1345, "url": "http://ieet.org/index.php/IEET/more/7081" }
The PDP-1 (Programmed Data Processor-1) was the first computer in Digital Equipment Corporation’s PDP series and was first produced in 1959. It is famous for being the computer most important in the creation of hacker culture at MIT, BBN and elsewhere.The PDP-1 was also the original hardware for playing history’s first game on a minicomputer, Steve Russell’s Spacewar!. The PDP-1 used an 18-bit word size and had 4096 words as standard main memory (equivalent to 9,216 eight-bit bytes, though the system actually used six-bit bytes), upgradable to 65,536 words. The magnetic core memory’s cycle time was 5 microseconds (corresponding roughly to a “clock speed” of 200 kilohertz; consequently most arithmetic instructions took 10 microseconds (100,000 operations per second) because they used two memory cycles: one for the instruction, one for the operand data fetch. Signed numbers were represented in one’s complement. The PDP-1 had computing power roughly equivalent to a 1996 pocket organizer and a little less memory. The PDP-1 was built mostly of DEC 1000-series System Building Blocks, using Micro-Alloy and Micro-Alloy-Diffused transistors with a rated switching speed of 5 MHz. The System Building Blocks were packaged into several 19-inch racks. The racks were themselves packaged into a single large mainframe case, with a hexagonal control panel containing switches and lights mounted to lay at table-top height at one end of the mainframe. Above the control panel was the system’s standard input/output solution, a punch tape reader and writer. The design of the PDP-1 was based on the pioneering TX-0 computer, designed and built at MIT Lincoln Laboratory. Benjamin Gurley was the lead engineer on the project. After building the first models in December 1959, the first PDP-1 was delivered to Bolt, Beranek and Newman (BBN) in November 1960, and formally accepted the next April. In 1962, DEC donated the engineering prototype PDP-1 to MIT, where it was placed in the room next to its ancestor, the TX-0 computer, which was by then on indefinite loan from Lincoln Laboratory. In this setting, the PDP-1 quickly replaced the TX-0 as the favourite machine among the budding hacker culture, and served as the platform for a wide variety of “firsts” in the computing world. Perhaps best known among these is one of the first computerized video games, Spacewar!, but among the list are the first text editor, word processor, interactive debugger, the first credible computer chess program, and some of the earliest computerized music. The PDP-1 sold in basic form for US$120,000 ($930,000 in 2013). BBN’s system was quickly followed by orders from Lawrence Livermore and Atomic Energy of Canada (AECL), and eventually 53 PDP-1s were delivered until production ended in 1969. All of these machines were still being actively used in 1970, and several were eventually saved. MIT’s example was donated to The Computer Museum, Boston, and from there ended up at the Computer History Museum (CHM). A late version of Spacewar! on paper tape was still tucked into the case. PDP-1 #44 was found in a barn in Wichita, Kansas in 1988, apparently formerly owned by one of the many aviation companies in the area, and rescued for the Digital Historical Collection, also eventually ending up at the CHM. AECL’s computer was sent to Science North, but was later scrapped. The launch of the PDP-1 marked a radical shift in the philosophy of computer design: it was the first commercial computer that focused on interaction with the user rather than just the efficient use of computer cycles. The PDP-1 used punched paper tape as its primary storage medium. Unlike punched card decks, which could be sorted and re-ordered, paper tape was difficult to physically edit. This inspired the creation of text-editing programs such as Expensive Typewriter and TECO. Because it was equipped with online and offline printers that were based on IBM electric typewriter mechanisms, it was capable of what, in 1980s terminology, would be called “letter-quality printing” and therefore inspired TJ-2, arguably the first word processor. The console typewriter was the product of a company named Soroban Engineering. It was an IBM Model B Electric typewriter mechanism, modified by the addition of switches to detect keypresses, and solenoids to activate the typebars. It used a traditional typebar mechanism, not the “golfball” IBM Selectric typewriter mechanism, which was not introduced until the next year. Lettercase was selected by raising and lowering the massive type basket. The Soroban was equipped with a two-color inked ribbon (red and black), and the interface allowed color selection. Programs commonly used color-coding to distinguish user input from machine responses. The Soroban mechanism was unreliable and prone to jamming, particularly when shifting case or changing ribbon color, and was widely disliked. Offline devices were typically Friden Flexowriters that had been specially built to operate with the FIO-DEC character coding used by the PDP-1. Like the console typewriter, these were built around a typing mechanism that was mechanically the same as an IBM Electric typewriter. However, Flexowriters were highly reliable and often used for long unattended printing sessions. Flexowriters had electromechanical paper tape punches and readers which operated synchronously with the typewriter mechanism. Typing was performed about ten characters per second. A typical PDP-1 operating procedure was to output text to punched paper tape using the PDP-1’s “high speed” (60 character per second) Teletype model BRPE punch, then to hand carry the tape to a Flexowriter for offline printing. In later years, DECtape drives were added to some PDP-1 systems, as a more convenient method of backing up programs and data, and to enable early timesharing. This latter application usually required a secondary storage medium for swapping programs and data in and out of core memory, without requiring manual intervention. For this purpose, DECtapes were far superior to paper tapes, in terms of reliability, durability, and speed. Early hard disks were expensive and notoriously unreliable; if available and working, they were used primarily for speed of swapping, and not for permanent file storage. The Type 30 Precision CRT display was a point-mode device capable of addressing 1024 by 1024 addressable locations at a rate of 20,000 points per second. A special “Display One Point On CRT” instruction was used to build up images, which had to be refreshed many times per second. The active display area was 9.25 inches square. A light pen could be used with the Type 30 to pick points on the display. An optional character generator and hardware for line and curve generation were available. MIT hackers also used the PDP-1 for playing music in four-part harmony, using some special hardware — four flip-flops directly controlled by the processor (the audio signal was filtered with simple RC filters). Music was prepared via Peter Samson’sHarmony Compiler, a sophisticated text-based program with some features specifically oriented toward the efficient coding of baroque music. Several hours of music were prepared for it, including Bach fugues, all of Mozart’s Eine kleine Nachtmusik, Christmas carols, and numerous popular songs. Only three PDP-1 computers are still known to exist, and all three are in the collection of the Computer History Museum (CHM). One is the prototype formerly used at MIT, and the other two are production PDP-1C machines. One of the latter, serial number 55 (the last PDP-1 made) has been restored to working order, is on exhibit, and is demonstrated on two Saturdays every month. The restoration is described on a special web page of the Computer History Museum. The demonstrations include: - the game Spacewar! - graphics demonstrations such as Snowflake - playing music At the Computer History Museum TX-0 alumni reunion in 1984, Gordon Bell said DEC’s products developed directly from the TX-2, the successor to the TX-0 which had been developed at what Bell thought was a bargain price at the time, about US$3 million. At the same meeting, Jack Dennis said Ben Gurley’s design for the PDP-1 was influenced by his work on the TX-0 display. Software simulations of the PDP-1 exist in SIMH and MESS, and binary image paper tapes of the software exist in the bitsavers.org archives. via PDP-1 – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.	<urn:uuid:d3baac64-3443-46a4-a3ba-41b49cab0404>	{ "date": "2019-01-20T09:19:41", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-04", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583705091.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20190120082608-20190120104608-00416.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.968656599521637, "score": 3.21875, "token_count": 1881, "url": "https://ultimatepeter.com/pdp-1/" }
Hercules, the enslaved chef of George Washington who slipped from the bonds of slavery 213 years ago on Monday, is again at the center of a massive search — this time the search for truth. “Clearly Hercules was a hero,” said Michael Coard at a small celebration of what Coard called Freedom Day held at the President’s House historical site early Monday afternoon. “Exactly 213 years ago from this very day [Hercules] escaped and that’s a courageous thing.” The date of his escape was an ironic twist of history. Feb. 22 has long been remembered in American history as the birthday of George Washington. But, for African Americans the date has a different significance — it was also the date that Hercules, also an American hero, long unsung, ran to freedom. “Everybody knows George Washington’s birthday is today, but we celebrate it as Freedom Day for one of the 316 Black people he enslaved,” Coard said. For hundreds of years the details of Hercules’ escape were obscured by history. It was thought that he escaped from Philadelphia. Historians assumed that because evading capture would have been easier in Pennsylvania, a state with many abolitionists who would have been willing to help, Hercules fled from the city while working as Washington’s chef. New findings show that he escaped from Washington’s Mount Vernon plantation in Virginia, a much more difficult task. Those findings also pinpointed the date he fled — Feb. 22, Washington’s 65th birthday. Hercules was just one of 316 slaves that Washington owned at the time. Most were kept in Virginia working on one of the five farms that made up his 8,000-acre plantation. Nine were brought to Philadelphia where Washington was living as the nation’s first president. Pennsylvania law made holding slaves within the state for longer than six months illegal. To avoid the law the president rotated his slaves between the mansion he occupied at the corner of Sixth and Market streets and Mount Vernon. As state law evolved to prohibit the owning of any slaves in Pennsylvania, Washington claimed that, as the nation’s chief executive, who was forced to live in Philadelphia, he was exempt from the law. The slaves rotated to work at the President’s House remained slaves despite the law. Hercules was not the first of Washington’s slaves to escape. Oney Judge, a maid to Martha Washington, escaped a year before Hercules, escaping to New Hampshire where she lived until her death at 75. Much less is known about Hercules, though he was celebrated in his day. He was famous as the president’s chef and for the silk clothes he wore while promenading through the streets of Philadelphia and for a portrait painted of him, a rarity among slaves. Though he was famous in Philadelphia, at Mount Vernon, Hercules was just another slave. In recent research, several historians found that he was working at Mount Vernon digging clay to make bricks when he decided to escape. Hercules vanished after his escape, evading recapture for the rest of his life. Unlike Judge, he was never heard from again. Coard speculated that he left the country after fleeing Mount Vernon. As a celebrated chef and fugitive from the president, staying the United States would have been nearly impossible. For Coard recognizing Hercules was a very personal responsibility, a nod to the “people who look like me and made this country great.” The ceremony attracted about 20 people, many — but not all — Black. Orien Reid Nix was among them. She came from her suburban Philadelphia home to honor Hercules because of a deep need to hear the story of her people, she said. For her, the story of Hercules was not an abstract lesson in history. “I’m only two generations away from slavery,” she said, adding that the history books largely ignore the history of African Americans. “We’ve had to rely on family stories.” More research on people like Hercules only proves what Nix said she has always known. “We’re really survivors of the best of the very best,” she said. “We’re a strong people who survived so much.” Coard, who serves on the committee overseeing the development of the President’s House, said the museum is slated to open next fall.	<urn:uuid:4072ff4d-7fc5-4111-9170-45fa0df89bde>	{ "date": "2013-12-05T19:40:16", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2013-48", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386163047523/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204131727-00002-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 4, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9771819114685059, "score": 3.625, "token_count": 920, "url": "http://www.ushistory.org/presidentshouse/news/tr022310.htm" }
Voters in two states approved measures to have independent commissions — rather than politically charged state legislatures — draw the boundaries of districts where candidates will run for Congress and state legislatures. A third state measure held a slight lead. Commissions won approval in Colorado and Michigan. In Utah, a commission measure was leading 50.3 to 49.7 percent with about three-quarters of the vote tallied. The measures are an effort to beat back gerrymandering by legislators who often come under pressure to protect incumbents or favor parties when drawing district lines. Voters in Colorado passed two separate amendments — one for congressional districts and one for state legislative districts — by about 71 to 29 percent. It was slightly closer in Michigan, but voters approved a redistricting commission, 61 to 39 percent. A similar measure in Missouri, creating a “state demographer” position to draw up plans for a commission, also won overwhelming approval, 62 to 38 percent. This election saw the highest number of redistricting-related ballot measures in a single year since 1982, according to Ballotpedia, a nonprofit website that tracks ballot measures. In addition to Tuesday’s measures, Ohio voters in May approved a change requiring bipartisan votes in the legislature on any redistricting plan. If a bipartisan consensus can’t be reached, a commission would draw the lines. “It’s just simply become a hot topic,” said Wendy Underhill, director of elections and redistricting at the National Conference of State Legislatures. “It used to be only an arcane topic for those who were interested in government. I do think increased partisanship contributes.” Underhill said there is more interest not only in who does redistricting, but how those lines are drawn. “This decade, there’s interest in what those standards might be — districts that are contiguous and compact, and in competitiveness and fairness, whatever that might mean.” About two dozen states currently have commissions involved in redistricting. But their makeup varies widely, leading some political scholars to wonder whether commissions do a better job than state legislators. Colorado’s legislature, led by a bipartisan coalition, voted unanimously to put the independent commission questions on Tuesday’s ballot. One question called for the creation of an independent commission to redraw congressional district lines and the other to draw state legislative district lines. Each commission will have 12 members, an equal number of Democrats and Republicans and some independents. Under Michigan’s new constitutional amendment, both congressional and legislative districts will be created by a commission. The citizen initiative had a rocky path to the ballot. The citizens group Voters not Politicians gathered enough signatures to put the measure on the ballot. But the group Citizens Protecting Michigan’s Constitution sued, arguing that the initiative would change the “fundamental operation of state government.” The Michigan Supreme Court decided 4-3 in late July that the measure qualified for the ballot. Utah’s Proposition 4 would create an independent, seven-member commission to draft election maps for both congressional and state legislative districts. In Missouri, the approved ballot initiative will have a nonpartisan state demographer file proposed maps with the existing election commissions. The maps would need support from 70 percent of commissioners. The demographer is tasked with considering “partisan fairness and competitiveness,” contiguousness, compactness and the boundaries of existing political subdivisions in drawing up the plan.	<urn:uuid:5ef4ed5d-7eba-4c59-81ab-d7b1d574175e>	{ "date": "2018-11-18T20:24:47", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-47", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039744649.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20181118201101-20181118223101-00096.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9509468078613281, "score": 2.78125, "token_count": 707, "url": "https://www.pewtrusts.org/en/research-and-analysis/blogs/stateline/2018/11/07/gerrymandering-opponents-win-key-victories?utm_campaign=2018-11-07+Election+state+policy+special&utm_medium=email&utm_source=Pew" }
We are in the beginning stages of the work, and our goal is to make sure all of us including parents and community readily understand what we expect everyone of our graduates to be able to know and do. Yes, we currently have graduate standards tied to coursework and passing relevant exams. However, we are taking this process steps further by defining specific skills and qualities tied to 21st Century Learning Skills (For example, the five C's which include Citizenship, Communication, Collaboration, Critical Thinking, and Creativity) and then ensuring these skills are taught, measured and developed in every grade level. The main purpose for creating such a profile is to make sure students are prepared for college and career. This is purposeful work, and our teaching, learning and testing has to be tied and aligned to 21st Century Learning readiness in post high school education and career. In creating the graduate profile, we ask the following questions: - What are the explicit qualities and skills we want every graduate to be able to have and demonstrate? - Are these qualities and skills easy to read and interpret by all of us including students, parents, employees and community? - Will we be able to teach and articulate these through every grade level? - Are they measurable, and will it be obvious throughout the system if students are on task? A simple point needs to be made in noting how essential it is for our students and staff to have 21st Century learning tools available in order for all of us to pull this off! The graphic below provides a visual illustration of the foundation of a graduate profile:	<urn:uuid:c10a773c-f9f1-4f5b-963e-6f42effb1c5e>	{ "date": "2017-10-21T16:00:35", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-43", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187824820.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20171021152723-20171021172723-00156.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9709429144859314, "score": 3.1875, "token_count": 323, "url": "http://richmerlo.blogspot.com/2014/10/" }
Of course, most of you know that a GPS can stop working if the batteries fail, or if the device loses communication with the satellite(s) that it receives its information from, but a compass should always work without fail right? Very few people, if you asked them, would be aware that the Earth’s magnetic field reverses itself every several thousands of years — or that partial reversals happen with even greater frequency… … When this reversal takes place, not even a standard mechanical compass would be able to determine true north. In fact, the compass would reverse — telling you that south is north and vice-verse. GPS’s, satellites, and most all other electronics could easily be damaged due to the protective properties that the magnetic field affords us (further explained below.) Other concerns related to a full or partial magnetic field reversal This magnetic field acts as a protective shield, circulating a magnetic field between the north and south pole, which protects the Earth from radioactive energy streaks from outer space; much of which emanates from the sun… … This means higher radiation levels overall on the entire planet; possibly leaving the world less-inhabitable than it is when the field is normal. The last full reversal of the Earth’s magnetic core happened 780,000 years ago, and lasted for 3-5000 years before returning to normal. Partial reversals, which are also called “Laschamp events” happen with even greater frequency and are even more unpredictable. A Laschamp event (name after the place in France where the phenomenon was discovered back in the 60′s) can happen anytime, and would make our delicate “electronic society” vulnerable to the radiation effects mentioned earlier. The last Laschamp event happened approximately 40,000 years ago (soon after humans first inhabited Europe) and only took 450 years to complete a full reversal. This incident was confirmed by samples taken from core samples in the Black Sea, along with samples from the North Atlantic and South Pacific oceans. Magnetic fields created by “roiling” The magnetic fields on our planet are created by the turbulent, swirling movement of the earth’s outer liquid core (referred to as “roiling”) and the process is as of yet, an unpredictable process for the scientific community to unravel. Furthermore, scientists don’t really know the widespread, long-term effects of such an event on civilization or the ecosystem, making this another variable that can effect the future of mankind. Original Source: http://www.space.com/18202-earth-magnetic-field-reversal.html	<urn:uuid:8b8e8386-3d0e-4ae1-a60e-be009b8f36b6>	{ "date": "2014-07-24T19:24:16", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-23", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1405997890773.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20140722025810-00096-ip-10-33-131-23.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9412655234336853, "score": 3.390625, "token_count": 546, "url": "http://www.circulatethis.com/the-earths-magnetic-field-can-effect-more-than-just-your-compass-and-gps/" }
Alice Liddell Hargreaves 1852 - 1934 Until her death in 1934 at at the age of 82, Alice Liddell Hargreaves had to bear a burden. She was known to the world as Alice in Wonderland, heroine of the stories written for and about her by Lewis Carroll, the pen name of Charles Lutwidge Dodgson. He was a mathematics tutor at Christ Church, where her father was Dean. Alice was born in 1852, the third of the ten children of Henry Liddell and his wife Lorina. At that time he was headmaster of Westminster School, but in 1855 he was appointed Dean (Head) of Christ Church, where he had been an undergraduate, and the family moved to Oxford, where work immediately began on refurbishing the Dean's Lodgings in Tom Quad. The Dean and Mrs Liddell were to become the stars of Oxford society, and many parties, receptions and musical soirees were held in the spacious Deanery over the following years. Alice and her siblings were encouraged from an early age to attend some of these events, and to learn how to mingle and converse intelligently with the many eminent guests who were present. Mrs Liddell, sometimes maliciously referred to later as "the Kingfisher", was anxious that her daughters should make good marriages when the time came, and training in social skills could not begin too soon. However, Alice and her older and younger sisters, Lorina and Edith, were only little girls and had plenty of time to play and to escape from the watchful eye of their governess, Miss Prickett. It was while they were playing in the Deanery garden on April 25th 1856 that the twenty four year old Charles Dodgson first met Alice, and marked the date in his diary as being of special significance. He was a keen photographer, and had been photographing the Cathedral, and the trio were attracted by what he was doing, so he also tried to take pictures of them, but they were too impatient to sit still. Dean Liddell shared his interest in this new art, so it was not long before he was invited to take the first of the many photographs of the growing family, and of Alice in particular. He was at one time almost as famous for his photographic portraits of children and well known contemporaries as he was as a writer. Dodgson had a set of rooms near Tom Tower and fitted them out with a studio and dark room. He kept a box of dressing-up clothes for his subjects to wear and plenty of ingenious games, toys and puzzles to keep them amused while he set up his camera. A famous early picture shows the six year old Alice as a beggar girl, barefoot and in a short ragged dress, and another is of Alice and Lorina in oriental costume. Not only did the girls enjoy the photographic sessions with Dodgson, they also went on outings and boating parties with him - usually accompanied, of course, by their governess. Alice particularly liked going to the newly opened University Museum to look at the dinosaur skeletons, stuffed animals and insects there, especially the mouldering remains of the Dodo and the large picture of this very odd looking extinct bird. Dodgson had a stammer, and sometimes had trouble saying his own name, thus in her mind he became linked with the Dodo, and indeed in Alice in Wonderland the Dodo is Dodgson himself. On these outings, he had always made up stories to entertain his young companions, but it was during a boat trip up the Thames to Godstow on July 4th 1862 that he began to tell the story of Alice and her adventures underground. This time Alice herself was at the centre of the tale, and she would remember that afternoon for the rest of her life. She begged him to write the story down for her, and this he did gradually, expanding the text and illustrating the manuscript with his own drawings. It was his Christmas present to her in 1864, and the following year was published but with a new title suggested by her father, Alice in Wonderland, and illustrations by Sir John Tenniel, who used another child as his model. Far from having long fair hair held back with an Alice band, Alice Liddell, as can be seen from photographs, had short straight dark hair. Many of the characters and happenings in the book and in the sequel, Alice through the Looking Glass, were based on people, places and events in Oxford that were familiar to Alice, but viewed through the prism of Dodgson's imagination. Alice was usually portrayed in fiction as being blonde-haired He saw the Liddell children almost every day, but these meetings came to an abrupt halt in the summer of 1863. The reason is not known, and a page in his diary which might have revealed the answer was cut out after his death, but Dodgson did not mention them again in his diary until the following December, and the next summer Mrs Liddell forbade any further excursions on the river. In May 1865, when Alice was 12, he noted that she seemed " changed a good deal, and hardly for the better " Childhood was ending for his dream child and with it their easy friendship. Alice grew up to be both beautiful and cultured, and she soon caught the eye of Prince Leopold, Queen Victoria's youngest son and then an undergraduate at Christ Church. They fell in love, but a marriage was not to be. The Queen insisted that he must marry a princess, and he did so, but only after Alice had married Reginald Hargreaves, who had also been a student at the college. The wedding took place in 1880 in Westminster Abbey, but a notable absentee was Prince Leopold. He later married a German princess and in 1883 had a daughter who was named Alice. He stood as godfather to Alice Hargreaves' second son, Leopold, who had been born a few weeks earlier, and thus the memory of their love lived on in the names of their children. Mr and Mrs Hargreaves set up home in Cuffnells, the country house on the Hargreaves estate in Hampshire. Alice had been well taught by her mother and had no trouble running a household with numerous servants, arranging balls and shooting parties, as well as bringing up three sons. As a girl she had had John Ruskin as her art master, and so she also continued to draw, paint, and to do woodcarvings. A panel carved by her for the door of a church is now at St. Frideswide's church in Osney and depicts a scene from the life of Oxford's patron saint. Terrible grief struck the family when the two older boys, Alan and Leopold (who was known as Rex), were killed during the First World War; Reginald never recovered from the shock and died in 1926. Alice herself still led an active social and cultural life, but the cost of maintaining Cuffnells was becoming a worrisome burden. In 1928 she arranged the sale through Sotheby's of some of her Alice memorabilia, including the manuscript given to her so long ago by Charles Dodgson. It was sold for £15,400 to an American dealer, but in 1948 was given back to the United Kingdom by wellwishers from the United States and is now in the British Museum. In 1932, to mark the centenary of Dodgson's birth, Alice was invited to New York by the University of Columbia to attend a Lewis Carroll exhibition and to receive an honorary doctorate. This was an exciting and exhausting trip for her, but almost more draining was the deluge of letters from Alice fans that followed and the intrusion of journalists. When she lay dying in 1934 there were maudlin articles in the press, and her death was marked by an obituary in The Times. She was cremated at Golders Green and her ashes interred in the family grave in Lyndhurst, Hampshire.	<urn:uuid:a34fbfc2-8556-4be0-a6db-3a0eb66b416b>	{ "date": "2015-08-03T08:57:29", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-32", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042989790.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002309-00017-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9926618933677673, "score": 2.671875, "token_count": 1675, "url": "http://news.bbc.co.uk/local/oxford/hi/people_and_places/history/newsid_8130000/8130525.stm" }
Fuel and further development So what is the fuel that boosts the rocket engine? According to Sarah Sharp: “It’s ammonium perchlorate.” Greenberg elaborates, “We did indeed have a GOX/Paraffin engine project, but it’s been on hold for several years now. We hope to restart that project sometime in the future. For now, we’re sticking with very standard solid amateur rocketry motors: an ammonium perchlorate oxidizer with HTPB fuel. We launched on a small “N” motor this last May, and we’re aiming for a larger “N” this October at the Black Rock Desert amateur rocketry launch. ” However, there is great potential in GOX/Paraffin and LOX/Paraffin technology. While it is absolutely safe to be used in rocketry, it is also much cheaper compared to any alternative. Besides, there is big research work on, which will allow hybrid motors with Active Fin Control (AFC), Thrust Vector Control (TVC), as well as a reaction control system (RCS) to use it. It could enable achieving a new flight record that’s above the already-achieved altitude of 10 kilometres. Greenberg reveals, “PSAS is going to reach higher altitudes sometime later next year. We’re currently busy with rebuilding the avionics system, so you can subscribe to a mailing-list and help us reach the sky.” The author would like to thank the following PSAS members for their help during this survey: Andrew Greenberg, Sarah Sharp, Jamey Sharp and Ian Osgood. Pictures are copyrights of Sarah Sharp, Wikipedia and its members.	<urn:uuid:933e76b2-132e-4aa8-b6d5-0a45353a8ba7>	{ "date": "2014-10-22T22:27:18", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-42", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1413507447660.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20141017005727-00074-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8439709544181824, "score": 2.671875, "token_count": 363, "url": "http://www.opensourceforu.com/2009/09/linux-in-rocket-science/3/" }
You probably didn’t think that there was a separate zone of the Fiscal Cliff (Reg. U.S. Pat. Off.) for dairy products. It has nothing to do, I assure you, with dietary laws; it’s just politics as usual, as usual: Come Jan. 1, there is a threat that milk prices could rise to $6 to $8 a gallon if Congress does not pass a new farm bill that amends farm policy dating back to the Truman presidency. At this point, you should be asking yourself, not “Why is a farm policy from 1949 still on the books?” but “Why do we have farm policy in the first place?” Under the current program, the government sets a minimum price to cover dairy farmers’ production costs. If the market price drops below that, the government buys dairy products from farmers to buoy prices and increase demand. Since milk prices have remained above that minimum price in recent years, dairy farmers usually do better by selling their products commercially rather than to the government. But if 1949 rules go into effect, the government would be required to buy dairy products at around $40 per hundredweight roughly twice the current market price to drive up the price of milk to cover dairy producers’ cost. And that, of course, is why we have farm policy in the first place: to pretend that we’re guaranteeing a living to individual farmers. It’s why Uncle Sam will always drink your milkshake. (Via the Consumerist.)	<urn:uuid:5df0f3a1-6403-4b00-8b56-e6d83f616a72>	{ "date": "2017-12-14T06:25:47", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-51", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948541253.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20171214055056-20171214075056-00256.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9594300985336304, "score": 2.5625, "token_count": 318, "url": "https://www.dustbury.com/archives/15669" }
How to Make the Most of Your Outdoor Activity: Staying Warm If you come from a warmer climate and this is your first time experiencing the cold, pay special attention to this section. No matter which winter sport you choose, staying warm is important. Your body needs to stay warm to work properly. When your body is at the right temperature, it won’t need to spend as much energy getting warm which will provide maximum energy for winter fun. The right clothing will help you do that. New fabrics and insulations are constantly making apparel warmer, more breathable and more waterproof. But there are still a few basics to keep in mind. Layering your clothes allows you to add or subtract layers depending upon your activity and the weather conditions. In general, the three main layers are wicking, insulating and weather protection. Wicking layer is what you wear closest to your skin. It’s purpose is to draw moisture away from your body and through the outer layers of your clothes so it can evaporate (think long underwear). Choose silk or a synthetic fabric that boasts “wicking power”. Cotton for outdoor winter wear is a no-no. Cotton absorbs and retains moisture, the exact opposite of what you are trying to accomplish. The wicking layer should fit snugly but not tight to the skin and be loose enough to trap air between layers, but not too bulky to restrict movement. The Insulating layer is worn between the wicking layer and the protection layer. Its purpose is to keep heat, from your body, in and cold out. This layer includes sweaters, sweatshirts, vests and pullovers. Popular insulation materials include: - Fleece is a synthetic material that keeps insulating even when wet and dries quickly. - Wool is a natural fabric and wicks away moisture. The Protection layer is worn on the outside and consists of a “shell” and pants, which guards you against the elements of winter. Winter shells and pants should be made from materials that repel water and protect you from snow, sleet or rain and blocks the wind, while also letting perspiration evaporate. Depending on the weather and type of winter activity, you may want to have protective layers with increasing amounts of insulation. Always look for functional hoods, cuffs, pockets and zippers that will make garments comfortable in all types of outdoor weather. Socks a single pair of comfortable well fitting wool socks should be all that is necessary for maximum comfort. Too many layers of socks can inhibit circulation and cause problems with moisture and blisters. Head-wear is essential for warmth since you can lose as much as 60% of your body heat through your head. There are thousands of choices and styles to choose from and depending on weather, wearing a hat may eliminate the need for one of your layers. Scarves or neck gaiters are especially nice for particularly cold or windy weather. If you do wear a scarf be sure to tuck it in to avoid getting tangled up in your arms or poles. Sunglasses or Goggles can be an important item to have especially if it is a bright sunny day or windy. Make sure your eye protection has full UV protection. Gloves or mittens are a necessity to protect your fingers from frostbite. Gloves or mittens should fit so you can move your digits around in your glove. Restricting finger movement can actually reduce circulation and make you feel colder. Now that you are all geared up, here is one final note: Don’t forget to put on sunscreen with a minimum SPF of 15. It might seem odd, but sunlight, reflects the white snow and ice back onto your face and can result in sunburn. So cover up with sunscreen and use a lip balm that contains sunscreen. It’s as important to apply sunscreen in the winter as it is in the summer!	<urn:uuid:f4107509-3e09-4228-8fcf-06d8c6a3db4d>	{ "date": "2014-11-29T06:10:49", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-49", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416931013466.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20141125155653-00124-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9381215572357178, "score": 2.734375, "token_count": 806, "url": "http://defeatdiabetes.org/stay-warm-while-participating-in-winter-sports/" }
Accidental and intentional exposures to toxic substances occur in children of all ages. Children younger than 6 years are primarily involved in accidental exposures, with the peak incidence in 2-year-olds. Of the more than 2.5 million exposures reported by the American Association of Poison Control Centers’ National Poison Data System in 2013, a total of 61% of exposures occurred in those younger than 20 years: 48% in children aged 5 years and younger, 6% aged 6–12 years, and 7% aged 13–19 years. Young children’s exposures are typically unintentional low dose/volume exposures, but are occasionally exposed to intentional poisoning through the actions of parents or caregivers. Involvement of child abuse specialists is very helpful in these cases (see Chapter 8). Substance abuse and intentional ingestions account for most exposures in the adolescent population. In some locales, small-scale industrial or manufacturing processes may be associated with homes and farms, and exposures to hazardous substances should be considered in the history. Methamphetamine and hash oil production is extremely hazardous and can cause injury to children from inhalation and burns. Pediatric patients also have special considerations pertaining to nonpharmaceutical toxicologic exposures. Their shorter stature places them lower to the ground as well as the fact that many are crawling, and some gas and vapor exposures will gather closer to the ground. They may have a greater inhalational exposure due to their higher minute ventilation. At their younger age, they may not be physically mature enough to remove themselves from exposures. They also have a large body surface area to weight ratio making them vulnerable to topical exposures and hypothermia. et al: 2013 Annual report of the America Association of Poison Control Centers’ National Poison Data System (NPDS): 31th Annual Report. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2014;52:1032–1283 PMID: PHARMACOLOGIC PRINCIPLES OF TOXICOLOGY In the evaluation of the poisoned patient, it is important to compare the anticipated pharmacologic or toxic effects with the patient’s clinical presentation. If the history is that the patient ingested a tranquilizer 30 minutes ago, but the clinical examination reveals dilated pupils, tachycardia, dry mouth, absent bowel sounds, and active hallucinations—clearly anticholinergic toxicity—diagnosis and therapy should proceed accordingly. In addition, standard pharmacokinetics (absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination) often cannot be applied in the setting of a large dose, since these parameters are extrapolated from healthy volunteers receiving therapeutic doses. Depending on the route, absorption rates can vary in general, intravenous/intra-arterial > inhalation > sublingual > intramuscular > subcutaneous > intranasal > oral > rectal > dermal. Large overdoses, hypotension, decreased gut mobility are factors that can delay absorption. The t1/2 of an agent must be interpreted carefully. Most published t1/2 values are for therapeutic dosages. The t1/2 may increase as the quantity of the ingested substance increases for many common intoxicants such as ...	<urn:uuid:8fe0c9aa-6f74-4bb5-97f6-9f4b8d64c063>	{ "date": "2017-10-20T16:14:31", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-43", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187824226.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20171020154441-20171020174441-00856.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9212440848350525, "score": 3.265625, "token_count": 639, "url": "http://accessphysiotherapy.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?bookid=1795&sectionid=125738455" }
A new study shows that overweight adults may be able to lower their risk of developing a range of symptoms that often precede heart disease and type 2 diabetes by consuming a dairy-rich diet. According to the report, overweight adults who consumed the most servings of milk, butter, yogurt and cheese were the least likely to be diagnosed with high cholesterol, elevated blood pressure and high blood pressure, regardless of whether these foods were low in fat. Collectively, these medical conditions are known as insulin resistance syndrome (IRS) and are major risk factors for diabetes and heart disease, researchers explain in the latest issue of The Journal of the American Medical Association. Researchers followed 3,000 black and white people aged 18 to 30 for 10 years. Those who consumed the most dairy products had a 72 percent lower incidence of insulin resistance syndrome than those with the lowest intake. However, the results only held true for overweight young adults. In this study, people were defined as being overweight if they had a body mass index (BMI) of 25 or over. (Your BMI is about 25 if you're 5 feet, 9 inches tall and you weigh 170 pounds.) No such advantage was found in leaner people. In addition, each average daily serving of dairy consumed was associated with a 21% lower risk of developing IRS over the study period regardless of other dietary or lifestyle factors such as smoking, alcohol intake and exercise. Other research findings include: - There was no association between high dairy consumption and the risk of IRS among individuals who were normal weight. - While white adults tended to consume more dairy foods than blacks, there were no racial differences when it came to the relationship of dairy foods to IRS. - Both men and women seemed to benefit equally from a dairy-rich diet. - Dairy consumption rose in tandem with intakes of whole grain, fruits and vegetables. - Those who consumed the most dairy also drank less sugar-sweetened soft drinks. “Our findings suggest that dairy consumption may be part of a dietary pattern that reduces the risk of obesity and IRS,” said Mark Pereira, the study's lead author. “I'm aware of published papers from the U. S. Department of Agriculture showing that milk intake over the past three decades has decreased and soda intake has increased.” And during that same time, the incidence rates of obesity and type 2 diabetes have increased. “It is possible that there is an important connection between dairy intake and the epidemics of obesity and type 2 diabetes but this issue needs further study,” said Pereira, an epidemiologist at Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School. With some exceptions — fat in whole milk and lactose intolerance , milk has good things in it, said Pereira. The sugars it contains are complex, “very different from the sugars in candy. They are converted to blood sugar at a lower rate,” he says. And milk contains a lot of useful protein, he adds, which means that “it is more filling than soda. People who drink milk are less likely to eat too much because it is more filling.” But you can avoid the negatives in milk by observing the American Heart Association’s dietary rules which call for “a couple of servings a day of reduced-fat dairy products,” he says. And those who are lactose intolerant can still gain the health benefits from lactose-free milk and other dairy products. The study was funded through a grant from the Charles H. Hood Foundation, an independent organization focused on children's health. Reuters, Health Scout News	<urn:uuid:370216f4-8674-4a50-a70f-ea1c3665d3eb>	{ "date": "2014-04-16T04:41:58", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-15", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609521512.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005201-00011-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9703221917152405, "score": 3.09375, "token_count": 738, "url": "http://www.dairyherd.com/dairy-news/latest/dairy-foods-help-lower-risk-for-diabetes-heart-disease-113940149.html" }
Obesity and diabetes are a global epidemic contributing to an increasing prevalence of related systemic disorders, including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH) is a subtype of NAFLD (Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver disease) that is characterized by an accumulation of the abnormal amount of fat in the liver. This excessive buildup of fat in the liver leads to hepatocyte injury, liver inflammation and progression of fibrosis. NASH is becoming increasingly common with the alarming epidemic of obesity and carries the risk for more aggressive liver diseases such as fibrosis, cirrhosis, liver failure, and in some rare instances, hepatocellular cancer. The exact cause of the NASH has not been illuminated because generally, it is different for each patient. NASH occurs in people who don’t abuse alcohol, however its symptoms, though none or very few, are similar to those of the liver disease that occurs in people due to long-term, heavy consumption of alcohol Presence of certain metabolic syndromes like type II diabetes, obesity, and insulin resistance are symptoms of NASH. A large population-based study conducted in the United States recently, utilizing data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys from 2009-2010 (NHANES), reported obesity rates of 35.5% among men and 35.8% among women. The prevalence of NASH is believed to have increased by a similar rate over the same period. DelveInsight believes that the number of prevalent cases of NASH in 7MM will grow by 2.82% during the forecasted period 2015-2027, and will reach upto 18.6 million cases by 2027. United States will continue to have the highest number of prevalent cases in the 7MM during 2015-2027 and by the end of this period is estimated to account for almost 55.71% (10.36 million cases) of all prevalent cases in 7MM. NASH is widely being seen as the major cause of various liver transplants. With the growing prevalence of the disease NASH, there is a rising need for the development of approved therapies for this disease. Though various companies are trying to develop a treatment for NASH, as of today, there are no approved therapies for this disease which limits doctors to prescribing certain off-label drugs for containing the disease. Lifestyle modifications remain the first line of treatment (active exercise program, weight loss, diet, control of the metabolic syndrome, and liver-directed pharmacotherapy) for NASH. A number of companies have various drugs in their pipeline at different stages of development. These include Elafibranor (Genfit Pharma), Obeticholic acid (Intercept Pharmaceuticals), Selonsertib (Gilead Sciences), Cenicriviroc (Allergan) etc.	<urn:uuid:1a42983e-a080-4807-8840-530b108689ed>	{ "date": "2018-03-19T01:14:08", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-13", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257646189.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20180319003616-20180319023616-00456.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9436092972755432, "score": 2.875, "token_count": 599, "url": "https://www.delveinsight.com/blog/nonalcoholic-steatohepatitis-nash-highly-epidemic/" }
Northwest African Cheetah Google Sniper – The Record Breaker – Click Here! The Northwest African Cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus hecki) is quite different in appearance from the other African cheetahs. Also known as the Saharan Cheetah it’s a subspecies found in the north-western part of Africa (especially the central Western Sahara desert and the Sahel). Its total global population is estimated to be around 250 mature individuals and is classified as critically endangered. The coat of this subspecies is shorter and nearly white in color. Spots on the body fade from black over the spine to light brown on the legs. The face may have few or even no spots, and the tear marks (dark stripes running down from the corner of each eye to the side of the muzzle to the corner of the mouth) are often nonexistent. The shape of body is fundamentally the same as that of the sub-Saharan subspecies, except that it is to some extent smaller in size. Habitat and Distribution This subspecies ranges around the western and central Sahara desert and the Sahel in small, fragmented populations. The largest populations of these animals are believed to exist in Algeria’s Ahaggar highlands. This claim is not very reliable as it is based on limited data obtained in 2009 from observations of only four individuals. Besides Algeria, the range is believed to include Niger, Togo, Mali, Burkina Faso and Benin. About 60 Northwest African Cheetahs are thought to inhabit Algeria, as compared to 10 or lesser in Niger. This subspecies have important behavioral and physiological adaptations, which allow it to stay alive in the extreme conditions of the Sahara desert, where temperatures may rise up to 45 degrees Celsius during the day (113 degrees Fahrenheit) and where water sources are extremely scarce. Perhaps these extreme conditions have forced the animal to become even more nocturnal, compared to its other cousins. This kind of lifestyle helps the animal to stay out of the daytime heat of the desert and to conserve water. They can subsist without direct access to water, obtaining water indirectly from the blood of their prey. A team of scientists from the Zoological Society of London photographed this subspecies for the first time in 2009 by using a night-time camera trap in the deserts of Algeria. Next year another individual was photographed in the deserts of the Termit Massif in Niger, again using a night-time camera trap. These cats by and large lead a solitary and semi-nomadic life. Small groups are found, but they are usually as mother and cubs or male coalitions, which generally have a very small range. Female territories are located in areas of high prey base, which as a result determine male territories. Hunting and diet The main prey species of this animal are antelopes that have adapted to desert environment, such as the Dama Gazelle, addax, Rhim Gazelle and Dorcas Gazelle. Smaller animals such as hares are also taken. Not much information is available on the following subspecies. - Acinonyx jubatus raineyii: eastern Africa (Tanzania, Uganda, Kenya and Somalia) - Acinonyx jubatus jubatus: southern Africa (Democratic Republic of Congo, Angola, Botswana, Namibia, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Malawi, South Africa, Tanzania and Zambia) - Acinonyx jubatus soemmeringii: central Africa (Sudan, Niger, Cameroon, Chad, Nigeria, Central African Republic and Ethiopia) - Acinonyx jubatus velox Leave a Reply You must be logged in to post a comment.	<urn:uuid:b5a4c5d8-98e9-4138-a751-581512fefbd3>	{ "date": "2015-08-29T20:52:39", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-35", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440644064538.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827025424-00290-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9221486449241638, "score": 3.46875, "token_count": 768, "url": "http://tigertribe.net/cheetah-the-fastest-land-animal/northwest-african-cheetah/" }
Michelangelo Merisi, also known as Caravaggio Michelangelo Merisi, also known as Caravaggio, was an Italian painter active in various parts of Italy, such as Rome, Naples, Malta, and Sicily between 1590 to 1610. His paintings have become famous over the years because of his ability to combine realistic observations of the human physical and emotional state with dramatic lighting. The style employed in his paintings can be seen as an early precursor of the Baroque style of painting. Caravaggio was born in Milan in 1571. His father, Fermo was the household administrator, architect and decorator to the Marchese of Caravaggio, a small town near the city of Bergamo, and the place from which Caravaggio would take his artist name later in life. In 1576 he and his family moved from Milan to Caravaggio to escape a plague overrunning the Milan suburbs. Caravaggio’s father died not longer after and his mother followed suit in 1584 leaving him an orphan. It was in this same year that he began a four-year apprenticeship with Simone Peterzano, a Milanese painter who taught Caravaggio the basics of his art. Moving back to Milan he underwent further initial training under Simone Peterzano, before leaving Milan in 1592 after being accused of wounding a police officer. He arrived in Rome as he described his own words, “naked and extremely needy … without fixed address and without provision … short of money.” Success in Rome was a little easier to come by as the many new churches and palazzos increased the demand for artworks and paintings. Caravaggio’s style was becoming highly sought after and his radical naturalism combined with physical observation and a theatrical use of chiaroscuro led to his work being held in high regard. During this period, Caravaggio secured a string of highly prestigious commissions for religious works generally featuring violence, decapitations, torture and death. For the most part, each new piece of work increased his fame and by 1604 his paintings were famous not only across Italy but across Europe. Unfortunately, Caravaggio led a turbulent life, and he was notorious for brawling, leading to many trial proceedings being held against him. In May 1606, he accidently killed a young man named Ranuccio Tomassoni in mysterious circumstances. This led to Caravaggio being outlawed and fleeing to Naples where he became a patron of Costanza Colonna Sforza, widow of Francesco Sforza, who Caravaggio’s father had previously held a position. Outside the jurisdiction of Roman authorities and protected by the Colonna family, he continued to paint and became one of the most famous painters in Naples. Despite being successful in Naples, after only a few months Caravaggio left to go to Malta. Fabrizio Sforza Colonna, Costanza’s son, was a Knight of Malta and general of the Order’s galleys. It is presumed that Caravaggio hoped the Grand Master of the Knights of Saint John, would help him secure pardon for Tomassoni’s death so he could return to Rome at the earliest opportunity. Whilst in Malta Caravaggio continued to paint and again found himself being commissioned for many important religious pieces. Unfortunately, by August 1608, he was again arrested and imprisoned for another brawl this time with a knight. Upon release, Caravaggio decided to make his way to Sicily. Reports from this period show him to be a man of increasingly bizarre behaviour and after rubbing one too many locals up the wrong way he moved back to Naples after only nine months. In October 1609 he was involved in a violent attempt on his life which led to his face being seriously disfigured. Perhaps fed up with the life he was now leading, he took a boat northward in hope of receiving a pardon from Rome. What happened during or after this boat trip is shrouded in mystery, but the facts are that at some point during the trip Caravaggio died. Initial reports stated a fever took him, with many historians musing that he may have died of syphilis, malaria, or possibly brucellosis. Some scholars, however, argue that Caravaggio’s antagonistic nature may have led to him being attacked and killed by someone bearing a grudge. Whichever is true, the world had lost an important artist whose work would live far beyond his death. Caravaggio style employed observation of the physical form with dramatic use of chiaroscuro (the use of contrasting light and shadow). He used darkened shadows to transfix subjects in bright shafts of light that allowed crucial moments and scenes, often featuring violent struggles, torture or death, to be transfixed in time. – The Calling of Saint Matthew This, probably the most famous painting by Caravaggio, shows the moment Jesus inspired Matthew to follow him. Standing alongside Saint Peter, Jesus points at Matthew, who sits at a table with four other men. The painting is clearly inspired by the real world and he anchors the biblical scene in reality. Heavy use of shadows lifts the drama to new heights and adds seriousness to an already tense scene. – Doubting Thomas Another biblical themed painting. Doubting Thomas, also known as The Incredulity of Saint Thomas, shows a detailed and gory picture of the scene where the apostle Thomas pokes his fingers into the wounds suffered by Christ during crucifixion to make sure they are real. Again, a heavy use of shadow adds drama to the scene. Bacchus was the Roman name for the god of wine, madness and ecstasy. In the painting by Caravaggio, we see Bacchus portrayed as a 17th century Italian teenager. Many have speculated that Caravaggio used a mirror to paint Bacchus and modelled the god on his own form.	<urn:uuid:64d459dc-b7c6-492d-ae0d-3a42b82b66a5>	{ "date": "2019-10-21T01:20:02", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-43", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570987750110.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20191020233245-20191021020745-00416.warc.gz", "int_score": 4, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9804375767707825, "score": 3.625, "token_count": 1241, "url": "https://www.bergamo-airport.com/michelangelo-merisi-caravaggio.html" }
It can make appreciating the good parts of life hard, while making it easy to focus on the bad. So what can you do if you’re suffering from depression? This article will provide you with some helpful advice. When you are trying to improve your depression symptoms, remember that it is a long road. Some people think that depression can be cured right away, and get disappointed when their symptoms do not go away right away. Stay focused and be proud when each symptom slowly does go away. Try to get outside as much as you can, when suffering from depression. Even if it is just for a quick walk every day, getting some sun and fresh air, can make a world of a difference for controlling depression symptoms. Sitting inside all the time, will just make you feel worse. You need to do all you can to alleviate your depression once you identify what is causing it. Say you feel depressed because you are in poor physical condition. One way to address that would be to begin a simple, gentle program of activities. Begin walking for a few minutes a day or do one light video workout daily. It is important not to take your frustrations out on those around you when you have depression. Many times, people are just so unhappy that they bring others around them down as well by the way they treat them. Instead, let your loved ones know how much you appreicate their support. Never apply the crazy label to yourself. First of all it is completely inaccurate but secondly it will only cause you to fall further and further into a state of despair. Avoid giving yourself any labels at all and try your best to just focus on being the best you possibly can. Drink a lot of water if you are feeling depressed. The body can survive for weeks without food, but without water our body and brain will begin to shut down. It is almost impossible to be happy when your body is dehydrated because your brain is not working properly. Try to drink filtered water when possible because many cities water have chemicals in them, and we do not know how this affects our brain. When it comes to depression, ask your doctor if you should take medication. Sometimes, medication will be essential to your recovery. Depression is caused by an imbalance of chemicals in your brain and medication helps to balance out those chemicals. One basic way to reduce depression is to get horizontal and have sex. Sex is known to release endorphins and when we are faced with long term depressing situations, we tend to forget about it and ignore our needs as human beings. Sex is one of the best all around total body relaxers and a great way to feel good about yourself. To assist with managing depression, examine your diet and what you are eating on a regular basis. Junk food is filled with preservatives and sugars which does not provide natural energy to the body. Fresh fruits and vegetables will give the body the nutrients and vibrancy needed to help focus on lifting your mood.	<urn:uuid:380949a5-1ceb-4330-8c35-004127d28087>	{ "date": "2019-04-24T04:57:12", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-18", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578626296.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20190424034609-20190424060609-00416.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9619206190109253, "score": 2.515625, "token_count": 602, "url": "http://www.1stfortea.com/2019/01/" }
The purpose of writing using namespace std; is that The program will know to look in the std library to find the object. Namespace std contains all the classes, objects and functions of the standard C++ library. JAZAKALLAH alam.so after writing using name space std we do not have to write other directives like <math>,<string> etc.?am i right? The real point is not what anyone chooses to use. It is what they choose to recommend. The two may not be the same.	<urn:uuid:0d145ce4-d5f6-438d-8d31-894d073550ed>	{ "date": "2015-11-28T09:35:35", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-48", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398451872.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205411-00277-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8538067936897278, "score": 2.578125, "token_count": 111, "url": "http://www.cplusplus.com/forum/beginner/85572/2/" }
When Hurricane Irma ravaged the island of Barbuda in the Caribbean, the ferocious storm “extinguished” the isle’s way of life and left the beautiful spot “uninhabitable.” And, now, for the first time in a few centuries, no one lives there. “The damage is complete,” Ronald Sanders, the Antigua and Barbuda ambassador to the United States, told Public Radio International. “It’s a humanitarian disaster.” “For the first time in 300 years, there’s not a single living person on the island of Barbuda — a civilization that has existed in that island for close to, over 300 years has now been extinguished.” Sanders made similar remarks in an interview with CNN. Antigua and Barbuda — which is located southeast of Puerto Rico and where the Atlantic Ocean and the Caribbean Sea meet — became a sovereign state in the British commonwealth in 1981. Its population in July was estimated to be 94,731, with 97% of the population living on the island of Antigua, the CIA World Factbook said. The majority-Christian and the majority-English speaking nation is reliant in large part on travel and tourism and has financial services businesses. But tourism is its bread and butter — accounting for nearly 60% of its GDP. When the storm hit, Antigua received minimal damage but the storm obliterated Barbuda’s infrastructure, flattening structure after structure. At least one death was reported. Rescuers evacuated residents to Antigua and a state of emergency has been declared. “We’ve tried to make living accommodations as good as humanly possible in these circumstances. Fortunately, we had planned ahead for this hurricane, and we had ordered supplies in from Miami and the United States before the hurricane hit,” Sanders told PRI. He told CNN about 1,700 people were evacuated from Antigua to Barbuda and said others went to Antigua on their own. The living conditions aren’t perfect and they can be “cramped,” he said. But the evacuees are safe and the young people from Barbuda will be going to school in Antigua, for the time being. “It’s government facilities in which they are being located. We’ve opened some others. We’ve taken a nursing home for instance and converted that into accommodation and Antiguans have been very generous in opening their homes to some of the Barbudans, particularly those with young children,” he told PRI. The government believes that while some Barbudans might choose to stay in Antigua even after their island is rebuilt, many will want to go home. It’s a small island, 62 square miles, and its residents have a strong sense of belonging. That’s where their ancestors are buried, Sanders said. “Generations of people have lived on that island. They know nothing else. The commitment to that island is extremely strong. They have a strong sense of who they are,” he told CNN. The government intends to rebuild the island, which will take time. International humanitarian help is needed in what is a gargantuan job, Sanders said, adding that the small island community can’t rebuild without such assistance. Prominent voices, such as actor Robert de Niro, are urging help for the island. Wealthy individuals have made donations that add up to around $5 million or more and countries have come forward with immediate relief. The country is thankful for the help but Sanders notes that a few million dollars is a “drop in the bucket.” A massive effort is required, he told CNN. “We’re a $1 billion economy facing a $250 million problem,” he said. “We need to look at how we get this island back into shape.” He can’t give a timetable for any of the steps to rebuild. It all depends on how much funding the country can raise. The first thing to do now is clean up so construction can start on buildings strong enough to withstand hurricanes. “The island is not exactly safe for anything to happen,” he told CNN, saying it is filled with dead animals, water flies and rubbish everywhere. Electricity must be re-established and water needs to flow again. Antigua and Barbuda is in a different situation from other hard-hit Caribbean islands that are territories of larger and richer nations that can step in to help rebuild: the United States, the United Kingdom, France and the Netherlands, for example. “Antigua is a tiny place, and we have no godfather,” Sanders told CNN. Officials are envisioning assembling a donors conference, he said, where international agencies and nations would plan a rebuilding initiative. He said it makes sense for larger industrial nations to help out his small and pristine country because of climate change. “We are the victims of greenhouse gases. We contribute little to pollution,” he told CNN. “We are hoping our neighboring countries can respond.” The country would have been hurt even worse if Antigua had taken the same kind of beating from Irma that Barbuda did, Sanders said. But it has been spared and the tourist industry is still functioning well. “Antigua remains open for business,” he told CNN. Sanders describes the “remarkable beauty” of Barbuda and its beaches. “Crystal clear water with pink sand beaches. You stand in that water up to your neck and you can look down and see your toes,” he said. While rebuilding Barbuda is a daunting task, the alternative of abandoning the island is “crazy,” Sanders said. It would become a haven for drug traffickers if it is left alone. “The island has to be secure. It has to be populated. It has to be policed,” he told CNN.	<urn:uuid:f58670b2-c8d2-4f13-a269-7bc4c6c09f7e>	{ "date": "2019-10-23T20:58:33", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-43", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570987836295.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20191023201520-20191023225020-00296.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9574305415153503, "score": 2.890625, "token_count": 1271, "url": "https://ktla.com/2017/09/15/no-one-living-on-barbuda-for-first-time-in-300-years-after-hurricane-irma-ravages-island/?utm_source=related_2" }
New Report Details Alzheimer's Toll on Alaska Women According to a new report, Alzheimer's disease burdens women more than men, with women more likely to get the disease and also more likely to become a caregiver. The Alzheimer's Association report states a woman's risk of developing Alzheimer's at age 65 or older is one in six, compared to a man's odds of one in 11. Women in their sixties are twice as likely to have Alzheimer's than they are to develop breast cancer. There are also 2.5 times more women than men providing full-time care for someone living with Alzheimer's. An estimated 6,000 Alaskans live with Alzheimer's or dementia -- a statistic that is expected to double by 2020. The increase is partly due to more awareness of the disease and Alaska's aging population, according to Lisa Wawrzonek with Alzheimer's Resource of Alaska. "It's one of our state's biggest health care threats because in Alaska, our senior population is growing at four times the national average," Wawrzonek said. Alaska also poses unique challenges. A lack of resources, especially in rural communities, can make the disease especially isolating for those it afflicts, and for those who care for them. Caregiving can be a stressful, full-time job. "Alaskans have very independent spirits; sometimes asking for help is difficult," Wawrzonek said. "And a little bit of help can go a long way with this disease." Ellie Brimanis, 83, questions her own Alzheimer's diagnosis -- but not the commitment made by caregivers. "They have to change their lifestyle to suit the person they're caring for," Brimanis said. Brimanis says she is fortunate because her grown children take care of her. She spends her days at Day Break Adult Day Services, where the majority of people are diagnosed with Alzheimer's or dementia. "I like the group activities where we just get together, sit at tables, we play Scrabble or what have you. There's some very, very interesting people here," Brimanis said. Day Break plans physically and mentally engaging activities like music, art, board games and exercise. There is no known cure for Alzheimer's, but keeping the mind engaged can slow the disease's progression. According to the Alzheimer's Association, one of the reasons more women are diagnosed is because they live longer. Age is the biggest risk factor, although a person could be at higher risk if it runs in their family. Copyright © 2014, KTUU-TV	<urn:uuid:937beda1-993d-4d71-943e-d42c5dafc88e>	{ "date": "2014-07-30T21:15:51", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-23", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510271654.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011751-00372-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9649419188499451, "score": 2.71875, "token_count": 531, "url": "http://m.ktuu.com/news/new-report-details-alzheimers-toll-on-alaska-women/25063258" }
Helium Ions (He II) in the Sun's Atmosphere All stars are made up mostly of hydrogen and helium. Since atoms in the Sun's atmosphere are extremely hot, they move around very, very quickly. The atoms often collide, and such collisions can knock electrons loose from an atom. Atoms with missing (or extra!) electrons are called ions. A helium (chemical element symbol He) atom that is missing one electron is called He II. Normal, neutral helium atoms that still have both electrons are called He I. Under conditions (temperatures around 60,000 to 80,000 kelvins) that exist in the Sun's atmosphere, helium atoms are ionized to form He II ions. These ions emit extreme ultraviolet (EUV) radiation at a wavelength of 30.4 nm (304 Å). Radiation at this wavelength allows scientists to see structures and processes in the transition region - a special area in the Sun's atmosphere. The transition region is the boundary between the Sun's lower atmosphere (chromosphere) and its upper atmosphere (corona). These high energy UV emissions are (thankfully!) blocked by Earth's atmosphere, so scientists must use orbiting solar telescopes on satellites above the atmosphere to view the Sun at this wavelength. Helium is a very rare element on Earth. Because it is lighter than air, helium is used to inflate balloons. Helium holds on to its electrons very strongly, making it extremely difficult to ionize. As a result of this, helium does not react easily with other chemicals.	<urn:uuid:0c3ee405-228a-45d6-bcd3-528696a64227>	{ "date": "2014-03-08T13:44:45", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-10", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1393999654667/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305060734-00006-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 4, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9276949167251587, "score": 3.828125, "token_count": 313, "url": "http://www.windows2universe.org/sun/spectrum/uv_helium_ions_he_ii_eit304.html&edu=elem" }
Without innovation, it will be very difficult and very costly to achieve the transformation to a greener economy. There is vast amount of scientific and empirical evidence that suggests that reducing global greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions will require innovation and large-scale adoption of green technologies throughout the global energy system. How to foster green technologies and innovation is perhaps the most crucial challenge for a green economy. Recent efforts show that OECD governments as well as emerging economies are giving priority to R&D activities and incentives for specific technologies such as renewal energies and environmental technologies. The key challenge for policy makers in the area of science, technology and innovation is to identify the specific policies that will be needed to achieve broad technological change. The OECD Innovation Strategy outlines that strengthening innovation requires a policy response on several fronts. Besides market-based measures and regulatory policies such as carbon pricing that work at the end of the innovation cycle, policies that enhance the supply of available knowledge and technologies will also be needed. As innovation will be an important driver of the transition to a green economy, the OECD Committee for Scientific and Technological Policy (CSTP) organised a workshop with the following objectives: Click here to download the draft agenda (updated 19 October). For further information, please contact Mario Cervantes, Science and Technology Policy Division, OECD Directorate for Science, Technology and Industry	<urn:uuid:6b9a1d83-21d0-4352-8ca0-4f6139b7d946>	{ "date": "2015-04-27T04:38:39", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-18", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246657041.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045737-00140-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9019585847854614, "score": 2.96875, "token_count": 272, "url": "http://www.oecd.org/science/inno/oecdworkshopongreentechnologyandinnovationpolicies.htm" }
One of my favourite holiday reads this summer was the ‘The Last Speakers’ by linguist K. David Harrison. The book is a compelling, first person account of the plight of the world’s minority languages – at least 1 in 4 of the world’s 7000 languages are in danger of dying out – and, most importantly, what can be done to save them. In many cases, Harrison points out, this involves adults and young people learning a (heritage) language that is hardly spoken at home, if at all. As anyone who has struggled to learn a second language will know, this is no trivial task. In the final chapter, Harrison describes a visit to the Washoe people, in Nevada, to find out about the fight to maintain their heritage language. One of the interviewees is Danny, a man in his twenties, who tells Harrison about his own efforts to preserve and teach Washo. Because so few children are exposed to the Washo language in the home, Danny explains that what is needed is an immersion programme for teenagers. He explains why: ‘[…] ‘Cause the way I learned to talk Washo was real hard. I learned it one word at a time, in the beginning. And just in the past two years I started putting it together – you don’t talk like you talk in English. And then there’s little, just little sounds that changes the word or changes the tense or whatever. The more I hear it, the more I understand it and I speak it better.’ Danny might not be a linguist, but he knows that there are two ways to learn a language. The easy way is the way we all learn our first language: as a child, with enough input from our parents, and without any formal teaching. The other way is the hard way, after the so-called ‘critical period’ for language acquisition, as an adult, in class rooms and from text-books. And we all know just how hard that can be. For adult language learners, there is a worldwide community of academics and practitioners devoted to research into the (cognitive, socio-cultural and pedagogic) processes involved in teaching and learning second languages, and how they can be made most effective. The fruits of their labours are countless journal articles on second language acquisition, and textbooks that strain to summarise the most important of them. Outside of the classroom, there are a myriad of ways to learn a second language, and countless commercial companies offering the newest and best methods for doing so. And, finally, there are a myriad of guide books, websites and blogs, written by fellow language learners, offering advice and insights on the most effective ways to learn a foreign language. All of these are valuable, of course. But, for me, Danny sums up the process (and challenge) of second language acquisition most succinctly. Unless you grew up speaking it, there is only one way to learn a second language and that’s the hard way – one word at a time. The interview made me think of an excellent documentary I saw last year, also about language endangerment, called ‘Tongues of Heaven’. The film explores the attitudes of four young women, from minority language communities in Taiwan and Hawaii, to their heritage languages. The two women from Taiwan in particular, fluent speakers of Mandarin, have both struggled to learn and speak the language of their grandparents. In carrying the burden of past generations to maintain their heritage languages into the future, they admit to feeling guilty that they haven’t tried harder to do so. ‘Do you feel lazy?’ the interviewer asks one of the women about her efforts to learn the language of her ethnic group, Kanakanavu. ‘Lazy? Yes,’ she replies. But, as a teenager in a rapidly modernizing society, it’s hard to blame her. As any language learner will know, irrespective of all the great guidance material there is out there, it takes grit, determination and time to learn a foreign language to any degree of fluency. It’s going to take the same grit and determination to ensure Washo, Kanakanavu and the many other minority languages across the world can be saved from extinction.	<urn:uuid:b2101afc-ca56-484a-b394-4dfa1f36f65d>	{ "date": "2019-12-08T00:45:17", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-51", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540503656.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20191207233943-20191208021943-00176.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9515790343284607, "score": 2.921875, "token_count": 891, "url": "https://wordjazz.blog/2014/08/17/how-to-learn-a-second-language-lessons-from-a-last-speaker/" }
Dr. Jacqueline Gerhart: Talk To Your Doctor About Daily Aspirin Madison, Wisconsin - UW Health Family Medicine physician Jacqueline Gerhart writes a column that usually appears weekly on madison.com and in the Wisconsin State Journal. Columns are re-published here with permission. Dear Dr. Gerhart: My dad takes an aspirin every day for his heart. How does that work? Should I do that too? Dear Reader: When to use aspirin can get confusing. Let's discuss how aspirin works, what conditions you should use it for, and when to use it to help prevent things like heart attack or stroke. Aspirin was first marketed by Bayer in 1897. It was first used as a pain reliever. Then in 1918 it was widely used in the Spanish flu pandemic. While it was thought to "cure the flu," it in reality helped simply to reduce the fever. Today, aspirin is used as an analgesic (for pain relief), an antipyretic (for fever reduction) and an anti-inflammatory. Aspirin's uses go beyond pain and fever, however. Aspirin also works by preventing blood clots. It inhibits our clot-making cells (called platelets) from binding together. Because of this, aspirin is used as a preventive medication in people who may be at high risk of forming clots. People more likely to form clots in their arteries are also more likely to be subject to stroke or heart attack. Therefore, in some populations, taking a daily aspirin can help prevent heart attack or stroke. This is called primary prevention. Aspirin also is used on a daily basis by people who have had a prior heart attack or stroke to help decrease the likelihood that they will have another episode of heart attack or stroke in the future. This is called secondary prevention. For primary prevention, the United States Preventive Task Force recommends that men aged 45-79 who do not have heart disease take a daily aspirin to prevent a heart attack. Women aged 55-79 should take a daily aspirin to prevent stroke. Interestingly, the opposite is not true: Studies did not show that men had a decreased risk of stroke or that women had a decreased risk of heart attack while on aspirin for primary prevention. For patients who already had a heart attack or stroke, or who had a stent or bypass surgery, a daily aspirin or other anti-platelet medication may be warranted regardless of age. Have a discussion with your doctor about the benefits of preventing future clots compared to the risks of causing harm from aspirin – like stomach irritation or ulceration. In addition to prevention, aspirin is actually used at the time of a heart attack. If you have chest pain and call the ER or an ambulance, when you arrive they will give you aspirin. This is because during a heart attack, the arteries of the heart are often clogged and injured – and aspirin helps prevent clot formation in that injured, already narrowed artery – thus potentially lessening damage. While taking aspirin at the start of a heart attack is recommended, taking aspirin during a stroke is not. While many strokes are caused by clots, some are caused by bleeding blood vessels. Taking aspirin in a situation where you could be bleeding in your brain is dangerous. You should not take aspirin if you are allergic to it, or to other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) like ibuprofen or naproxen. If you have had prior stomach bleeding or ulcers, aspirin is often not recommended. And, prior to surgery, you will likely be asked to discontinue your daily aspirin for a period of time – usually 5-10 days. Discuss with your doctor the benefits and risks to see if a daily aspirin is right for you. Thanks for the question! This column provides general health information and is not specific advice intended for any particular individual(s). It is not a professional medical opinion or a diagnosis. Always consult your personal health care provider about your concerns. No ongoing relationship of any sort (including but not limited to any form of professional relationship) is implied or offered by Dr. Gerhart to people submitting questions. Date Published: 05/28/2014	<urn:uuid:e533c257-fbba-41a4-906b-bb0a82834c90>	{ "date": "2016-12-07T14:29:06", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-50", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698542213.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170902-00432-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9562451243400574, "score": 3.125, "token_count": 859, "url": "http://www.uwhealth.org/news/dr-jacqueline-gerhart-talk-to-your-doctor-about-daily-aspirin/43513" }
Parasomnias are phenomena, either behavioral or physiological, that intrude into the sleep process and by themselves, are not primarily disorders of sleep and wake states. These disorders are manifestations of central nervous system activation usually transmitted through skeletal muscle or autonomic, or involuntary, nervous system channels. They include nightmares/night terrors, sleepwalking, REM behavior disorder (RBD), clenching or grinding of the teeth (bruxism), bedwetting and others. Although these disorders can be normal in children or adults (if they occur only occasionally), parasomnias can be disruptive to the sleeper, bed partner or other family members when the episodes become frequent or particularly intense. A careful sleep history and sometimes an overnight sleep study are needed to diagnose and treat parasonmias. Nightmares are frightening dreams that usually awaken the sleeper during REM sleep. Night terrors are characterized by sudden arousal from slow wave sleep with a piercing scream or cry, followed by manifestations of intense fear and a temporary inability to regain full consciousness. The person is usually inconsolable, and will not remember the event in the morning. Sleepwalking consists of a series of complex behaviors that are initiated during slow wave sleep and result in walking during sleep. There may be difficulty in arousing the patient during a sleepwalking episode and amnesia afterward is common. REM Behavior Disorder (RBD) During REM sleep a person is paralyzed except for the eyes and breathing muscles. This is called atonia. In Rem Behavior Disorder (RBD) muscle atonia does not occur and the sleeper is free to exhibit elaborate motor activity associated with dreaming. These behaviors may be violent or injurious to the sleeper and may disrupt sleep continuity. Bruxism is a movement disorder characterized by grinding or clenching of the teeth during sleep. Bruxism may cause abnormal wear of the teeth or jaw muscle discomfort. Bruxism may increase in severity during times of stress or when another sleep disorder such as Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) is present. Bedwetting or sleep enuresis, is the recurrent and involuntary voiding of urine during sleep. Bedwetting can be associated with other medical conditions such as diabetes, urinary tract infection or epilepsy. These conditions need to be properly treated before other treatments for bedwetting can be explored.	<urn:uuid:81b854a5-4f9b-4ce8-b650-b5b3b4d72e13>	{ "date": "2015-04-27T09:02:53", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-18", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246657868.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045737-00201-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9337631464004517, "score": 3.390625, "token_count": 475, "url": "http://www.sjo.org/Our-Services/Sleep-Disorders-Center/Sleep-Disorders/Parasomnias.aspx" }
Editor’s Note: Through the winter months, Clearwater educators – eager to teach, and learn! – will regularly post an Educator Blog covering the Hudson River from Lake Tear of the Clouds to the Battery in NYC . Dividing the river into 15 to 20-mile-long stretches, we will cover the entire river by the time we’re sailing again in April. Our tri-fold focus will cover Cultural History, Natural History, and Environmental Issues, and will include factoids and ponderables to stimulate the minds of even the most seasoned river lovers! Scots Pine plantation. (Photo by Will Allen) For this blog, Clearwater Onboard Education Specialist, Tom O’Dowd, is focuses on the camp where he worked for four summers, NY State Department of Environmental Conservation Camp Pack Forest, which sits on the banks of the Hudson River in Warrensburg, NY. Camp Pack Forest takes place at the Charles Lathrop Pack Demonstration Forest, a property of SUNY ESF. It is made up of camp buildings (cabins, dining hall, office), a man-made lake (Lake Pack Forest), a small mountain, a series of beaver ponds and marshes, and a unique kettle bog habitat. The property extends at least a mile from the main buildings to the Hudson River itself. A huge part of the property is a plantation, once used for demonstrating forestry techniques to students of the NY State College of Forestry, the early name of SUNY ESF. Tree plantations usually exist as a monoculture, a landscape managed to grow one species for economic purposes (lumber, pulp, etc.). Because trees are often planted at the same time, they compete for light, grow tall quickly, and have few lower branches. All of these characteristics make plantations good for business and less than desirable for other plants and animals. Think of a Christmas tree farm. (Live Christmas trees are still better than plastic ones, but decorating an existing houseplant is best!). Pack Forest is a demonstration forest, meaning it is now used to instruct students of forestry at SUNY-ESF in forestry methods. The camp has a huge tract of land, broken up into a grid, where each square section is a different species of tree. There are a lot of squares of red and other pines. There are also a variety of logging road types and techniques, esp. water-bars that reduce run-off and mucky roads. Water bars channel water off the road while still allowing vehicles to pass, and can be made by digging ditches, laying logs or stones, or constructing bars with flaps of rubber sticking up. Geo.W. Pack , engraving by Bierstadt after the painting by Daniel Huntington, 1893 Pack Forest is named after Charles Lathrop Pack, a wealthy timberman–one of the five richest men before World War I (and known for his interest in stamp collecting!)—who donated this land to the (then-named) NY State College of Forestry. His body is buried beneath some White Pines (Pinus strobus) near the lake. Pack came from a family of wealthy timbermen—his father and grandfather had created successful logging operations in the state of Michigan. His grandfather, George Pack, Jr., lived in central New York and became a lawyer and land owner before travelling with his wife and ten children down the Erie Canal, on a “side-wheeler” steamboat to Buffalo, through Lake Erie, to the banks of Lake Huron in Michigan. George Pack’s son, George Willis Pack (who was born and would die in New York state), would begin more timber operations, help others buy land in Michigan, serve on the board of regents for the University of Michigan, and come to be known as an abolitionist. He would go on to live in Asheville, North Carolina, and fund many public buildings and parks. Charles Lathrop Pack was one of the first men to be trained in forestry (he studied in Germany). He also was one of the first foresters to be paid to evaluate forestlands (by Jay Gould, wealthy railroad developer). Charles was a forestry expert for President Roosevelt and served as President of several conservation, food security, and forestry organizations, including the National War Garden Commission and the American Forestry Association. The Pack Demonstration Forest is one of three he donated (the others for Yale and the University of Washington). A WWF camp in Tuscany. (Source: Wikimedia). The future of the environment depends on the citizens of the future. The youth of today are the citizens of the future. That’s why Clearwater makes it our mission to create the next generation of environmental leaders. This is the heart of environmental education, and more specifically, place-based education. Participants in Clearwater’s “Classroom of the Waves” sail programs, tideline and in-class programs, Camp Clearwater, and our Youth Empowerment Programs get in touch with nature, their Hudson Valley, and their inner strengths all while bonding with peers and having fun. Environmental education is crucial to environmental protection. Pack Forest and the other DEC Camps give us good examples of Environmental Education in action. The camps focus on environmental concepts (adaptation, diversity, energy flows, etc.) as well as caring about the environment (they have human impact lessons and solo time in nature). Students camp, hike, canoe, swim, play games, fish, and even have the chance to learn about hunter safety. At Pack Forest, there is even a wheelchair accessible interpretive trail, the Grandmother Tree Trail, which visits various forest and wetland habitats and the Grandmother tree herself via bridges, trails, and boardwalks. Once again, this kind of joyful access to nature is CRUCIAL to environmental protection…to creating the future environmental leaders. Think about it. What caused YOU to become an environmentalist? A lot of research has been done on what makes a person care for the environment and work to protect it, and there are two things* that almost all adult environmentalists say led them to be environmentalists: 1) Positive experiences in nature as a child 2) An adult mentor who shares nature (and other fun times) with the child * = sometimes being part of an environmental organization as a child is cited as the (distant) third most-important influence on future environmental behavior. Perhaps experience with Clearwater can give students positive experiences on the river (wind in their faces, fishes in their hands) with positive role models (their teachers and the crew) and an organization that supports their activism (Green Cities initiative and Festival activities). A Challenge for You: Think about how you can bring nature into a child’s life. Can you bring them on a walk through the woods or skip rocks with them on the Hudson? Can you watch the moon at night with them or take them on a sail on the sloop Clearwater? Are you being a good role model, deliberately making everyday life choices based on environmental factors? If you are reading the Clearwater Educator Blog, you probably already care about the sloop’s mission to create the next generation of environmental leaders. So, thanks for reading, and please join us on our mission!	<urn:uuid:e73a8a66-bdc5-4779-a924-9cac1b13a3e0>	{ "date": "2014-12-17T19:54:11", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-52", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802764752.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075244-00035-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9539331793785095, "score": 2.734375, "token_count": 1498, "url": "http://www.clearwater.org/educator-blog/hudson-river-miles-240-260-a-great-camp-and-its-legacy/" }
A healthy gut is one of the most important weapons to have in your illness-fighting arsenal. Probiotics are an essential tool to maintaining a healthy gut. But what are prebiotics, and where do they fit in this puzzle of optimal health? Why You Need Prebiotics and Probiotics Let’s start with the basics. Probiotics are live bacteria that help keep your gut healthy and balanced. They are helpful in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome; inflammatory bowel disease, diarrhea caused by viruses, bacteria or parasites and diarrhea caused by antibiotics. Taking probiotics may also be helpful in treating eczema, urinary and vaginal health and preventing allergies and colds. Prebiotics are a type of non-digestible fiber found in specific foods that “feed” probiotics. Just like we eat food for fuel and nourishment, probiotics eat prebiotics. Prebiotics encourage the growth and activity of beneficial microbes in the intestinal tract, promoting overall good health. What Foods Contain Prebiotics? Prebiotics are abundant in sunchokes, artichokes, asparagus, garlic, onions, chicory root, burdock root, dandelion root, plantains, raw dandelion greens, raw garlic, onions, bananas, rye and barley. Try to consume 5 grams of uncooked, prebiotic fiber each day. Cooking prebiotics decreases their nutritional value. What Foods Contain Probiotics? Get your daily fill of probiotics by eating yogurt, sauerkraut, kefir, tempeh, kombucha and other fermented foods and specific cheeses including Gouda, mozzarella, cheddar and cottage cheese. How to Take Probiotics Probiotics are best taken in the morning with breakfast, or at least within 30 minutes of eating a nutritious meal. Probiotics are available in the refrigerated section at health food stores and come in a variety of delicious flavors. High quality probiotics are stored in black or opaque bottles to avoid damage from light. Some are also formulated especially for women, men and children. Store your probiotics in your refrigerator at home. Buy a probiotic infused with prebiotics and include prebiotic foods in your diet.	<urn:uuid:240d5562-b383-42da-a978-1ab192062831>	{ "date": "2019-05-24T11:59:52", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-22", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232257605.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20190524104501-20190524130501-00336.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9145594835281372, "score": 2.734375, "token_count": 465, "url": "https://welllivingco.com/blogs/wellness/prebiotics-vs-probiotics" }
Business organizations are waking up to the importance of designing an effective supply chain management to keep pace with the globalized market. A Supply Chain Management is about planning and managing all activities involved in sourcing and conversions. It is a strategic concept that involves understanding the series of activities, from the supplier to the ultimate consumer. Supply Chain Management serves functions that include production and procurement of materials, transportation of these materials and finally the distribution to the consumers. Coordination and collaboration at every stage has to be immaculate. A well designed Supply Chain Management should be able to tackle challenges that arise in any particular link. Here are some key challenges that are faced in Supply Chain Management: Infrastructure: As the basic foundation for any business venture to succeed is the best infrastructure, supply chain is no different. Unfortunately, this is the biggest challenge faced by most sectors and organizations. It is an acknowledged fact that much more can be accomplished with better infrastructure. Technology: The development in the field of technology is faster than ever and the best way to boost Supply Chain Management is to update technology to keep pace with the changing times. Communication: This is a major issue face by a number of organizations. Monitoring the follow of communication from both ends is critical. Consistency: After achieving the desired result in supply chain, it is necessary to maintain that level. This is taken for granted and results in the effectiveness of the chain being compromised. In addition, these are some points to take careful note of: - Be prepared: The Supply Chain Management should be effective enough to be able to deal with problems on-the-spot. - People: A good supply chain requires a good team. - Supplier: Never underestimate the capabilities of the supplier. Supply chain management is vital in sectors like service, agriculture and manufacturing organizations. But the level of complexity involved is not standard for any business. However, it is an acknowledged fact that organizations having the best supply chain management win the race! Play the Chain Brain Challenge to win exciting prices based on Supply Chain Management Play the Supply Chain Contest Now	<urn:uuid:589e20b9-494c-4e28-a4df-c763437fbb8a>	{ "date": "2017-04-28T12:08:33", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-17", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917122955.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031202-00001-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9474430084228516, "score": 2.53125, "token_count": 422, "url": "https://welearnindia.wordpress.com/2014/02/" }
Sound Change Character You are probably familiar with the word "一" which means "one" or "a". This word in the dictionary only has the pronunciation "yī", but you will find that Chinese people sometimes pronounce it as "yí" and "yì". Sound changing is for speaking fluency. Though the same character is pronounced differently sometimes, its meaning doesn't change and the changes only show in its tones. What's more, the tone of the word depends on the tone of the directly following word. For example: - "一本书" should be pronounced in "yì běn shū". (a book) - "一盆花" is pronounced in "yì pén huā". (a potted flower) - "一个人" is pronounced in "yí gè rén". (a person) - "一杯水" is pronounced in "yì bēi shuǐ". (a cup of water) - "一二三" is pronounced in “yī èr sān". (one, two, three) Generally speaking, the sound change character would have no other pronunciations except the pronunciation of itself, the one in the dictionary. It is for oral practice that the sound changes. When singly pronounced or at the end of a phrase, the character is read with the tone of itself, such as the character "一" in "一二三" (yī èr sān). "One, two, three" is for counting, not a phrase or a clause. In phrases or clauses, when the second character is the first, second or third tone, then "一" is pronounced with the fourth tone. If the second character is the fourth tone, "一" is pronounced with second tone. To understand better, here is another example: character "不" for you. "不" means "no" and the pronunciation is "bù". When the second character is the first tone, "不" is pronounced with the fourth tone. If the second character is the first tone, second tone or third tone,"不" is with the fourth tone. If the second character is the fourth tone, “不" is pronounced with the second tone, namely bú. Look at the following cases: [bù kāi xīn] [bù xíng] [bù xiǎo xīn] [bú zài] “绝不" is pronounced as [jué bù], because “不" is at the end of the phrase.	<urn:uuid:7e755988-e705-4e42-b9a4-984553d94108>	{ "date": "2017-01-19T10:41:44", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-04", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280587.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00404-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 4, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.958008885383606, "score": 3.859375, "token_count": 573, "url": "http://www.brighthubeducation.com/learning-chinese/86698-polyphone-and-sound-changing-characters/" }
Kunsan, also spelled Gunsan, city and port, North Chŏlla (Jeolla) do (province), western South Korea. Kunsan is situated on the province’s Yellow Sea coast 25 miles (40 km) west-northwest of the provincial capital, Chŏnju (Jeonju), and 7.5 miles (12 km) from the mouth of the Kŭm (Geum) River. From the time of the Chŏson (Yi) dynasty (1392–1910), it was noted as a rice-shipping port, and much of its commercial activities centred on processing, storing, and transporting rice grown on the rich Kŭm River plain. Kunsan’s manufactures include automobiles, electronics, metal products, and food products, and a free-trade zone was established in the early 21st century. The Saeman’gŭm (Saemangeum) Seawall, a 21-mile- (33-km-) long dike linking Kunsan with Pyŏnsan (Byeonsan) Peninsula National Park to the south, was completed in 2010; the world’s longest seawall at the time of its opening, it made possible the reclamation of some 155 square miles (400 square km) of low-lying farmland and freshwater lakes. Pop. (2010) 260,546. Learn More in these related articles: North Chŏlla, do(province), southwestern South Korea. It is bounded by the provinces of South and North Ch’ungch’ŏng (Chungcheong; north), North and South Kyŏngsang (Gyeongsang; east), and South Chŏlla (south), and by the Yellow Sea (west). The province is dividedRead More South Korea, country in East Asia. It occupies the southern portion of the Korean peninsula. The country is bordered by the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (North Korea) to the north, the East Sea (Sea of Japan) to the east, the East China Sea to the south, and the YellowRead More Yellow Sea, large inlet of the western Pacific Ocean lying between mainland China on the west and north and the Korean peninsula on the east. It is situated to the north of the East China Sea, which it bounds on a line running from theRead More Chŏnju, city and capital of North Chŏlla (Jeolla) do(province), southwestern South Korea. It is 21 miles (34 km) east of the Yellow Sea and is surrounded by steep hills with fortified castles. One of the oldest cities in Korea, Chŏnju had its origins in the ThreeRead More Kŭm River, river, southwestern South Korea. It rises east of Chŏnju in North Chŏlla do(province) and flows north-northwest through North Ch’ungch’ŏng do,where it turns southwest and empties into the Yellow Sea at Kunsan. The Kŭm River is 249 miles (401 km) long and is navigable forRead More	<urn:uuid:772b3a53-efca-4e02-9235-d40e89f7440e>	{ "date": "2018-02-18T05:41:28", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-09", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891811655.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20180218042652-20180218062652-00056.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.929318904876709, "score": 2.84375, "token_count": 666, "url": "https://www.britannica.com/place/Kunsan" }
In the sweltering heat of an early July afternoon, Michael R. Waters clambers down into a shadowy pit where a small hive of excavators edge their trowels into an ancient floodplain. A murmur rises from the crew, and one of the diggers gives Waters, an archaeologist at the Center for the Study of the First Americans at Texas A&M University, a dirt-smeared fragment of blue-gray stone called chert. Waters turns it over in his hand, then scrutinizes it under a magnifying loupe. The find, scarcely larger than a thumbnail, is part of an all-purpose cutting tool, an ice age equivalent of a box cutter. Tossed away long ago on this grassy Texas creek bank, it is one among thousands of artifacts here that are pushing back the history of humans in the New World and shining rare light on the earliest Americans. Waters, a tall, rumpled man in his mid-fifties with intense blue eyes and a slow, cautious way of talking, does not look or sound like a maverick. But his work is helping to topple an enduring model for the peopling of the New World. For decades scientists thought the first Americans were Asian big-game hunters who tracked mammoths and other large prey eastward across a now submerged landmass known as Beringia that joined northern Asia to Alaska. Arriving in the Americas some 13,000 years ago, these colonists were said to have journeyed rapidly overland along an ice-free corridor that stretched from the Yukon to southern Alberta, leaving behind their distinctive stone tools across what is now the contiguous U.S. Archaeologists called these hunters the Clovis people, after a site near Clovis, N.M., where many of their tools came to light.	<urn:uuid:cadbfacf-60e4-4f06-ad50-06b13809fa68>	{ "date": "2015-11-25T09:20:06", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-48", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398445033.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205405-00271-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9595039486885071, "score": 3.0625, "token_count": 373, "url": "http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/first-americans-researchers-reconsider-peopling-new-world/" }
I dearly love experiments. Does it seem to anybody else on this list that, over the last 20-30 years, the experiment is going out of style? In any case, the recently published research results of Pieter Johnson, Chris Solomon, and their colleagues on the community effects of Bellamya (1) invasion, which include both experimental and field components, arrive as especially welcome contributions to our (surprisingly slender) file on the biology of invasive viviparids. Bellamya populations (2) seem to have appeared in the Northern Highlands lake district of Wisconsin sometime in the 1950s. Johnson and his colleagues (3) conducted an 8-week experiment in a set of 24 outdoor “mesocosms” containing 1,000 of water from nearby Sparkling Lake, a clean sand/gravel substrate (inoculated with lake mud), two cinder block “refugia,” and 45 individuals each of Physa gyrina, Lymnaea stagnalis, and Helisoma trivolvis. Eight of the mesocosms received 45 Bellamya, eight received a pair of crayfish (4), eight received both Bellamya and crayfish, and eight were held as controls. The most striking result of these experiments was that the populations of Physa and Lymnaea grew in the absence of Bellamya, but declined in the presence. The control Physa roughly doubled in population size over the 8 weeks, while the control Lymnaea roughly doubled in wet mass, although apparently did not reproduce (5). But all pulmonate populations declined by all measures in the Bellamya treatments. Clearly the invasion of Bellamya through the lakes of Northern Wisconsin should have negative effects on the native freshwater gastropods, right? Well, of course it’s more complicated than that. The Helisoma populations declined in both biomass and abundance (5) in all mesocosms, including the controls. Whether the Helisoma were outcompeted by the Physa and Lymnaea, or whether these mesocosms were simply unsuitable habitat for Helisoma, we'll never know. My intuition suggests to me that if the researchers had floated some macrophytic vegetation on the surface of their mesocosms, their Helisoma populations would have been fine (6). The problem is that the experiments of Johnson and colleagues show Helisoma going to extinction in the absence of Bellamya just as clearly as they show Physa and Lymnaea going to extinction in the presence (7). As much as I love experiments, a 5’ x 5’ structural foam plastic tank and a lake are two entirely different things. Who could disagree? Certainly not our colleagues in Wisconsin. Thus in a companion study, Chris Solomon and a gang of four (including yours truly) surveyed 42 lakes in northern Wisconsin, roughly half of which had been invaded by Bellamya and half not, collecting a great variety of environmental measures in the process (8). We found evidence of positive correlations between the presence of Bellamya and several general measures of lake productivity, such as conductivity and Secchi turbidity, but very little evidence of an effect of Bellamya on the native freshwater gastropod fauna. At neither the site level nor at the lake level could we find any evidence that Bellamya presence or abundance had any effect on the native freshwater gastropod community at all. The absence of any significant results whatsoever neatly confirms my hypothesis, of course. Casting an eye back through the FWGNA archives, it looks as though I’ve authored fully 13 previous posts on invasive species, primarily Pomacea, Potamopyrgus, and Bellamya, with other viviparids and Bithynia making cameo appearances. And it may be recalled that I am an advocate of the “empty niche” hypothesis, which dates me back to the 1970s with most embarrassing accuracy. Essentially, I think that the two best predictors for the success of a potential invasion are that the invading population must be weedy and different (9). Invaders must be adapted to the new environment they are invading, of course, while ecologically different from the native inhabitants – the more different, the better. The gigantic, filter-feeding, ovoviviparous Bellamya is indeed strikingly different from all the other elements of the freshwater gastropod community native to northern Wisconsin. Hence I would not expect to uncover any competitive effects, and feel quite validated that we did not find any. But I hasten to add two asterisks. First, populations of four different species of viviparids inhabit the lakes of northern Wisconsin, three of which are gigantic, filter-feeding, ovoviviparous invaders: Bellamya chinensis, B. japonica, and Viviparus georgianus. That our distributional data returned no evidence of a negative relationship within this subset, over 197 sites in 42 lakes, does indeed seem to suggest that our methods may have been too weak to detect even bona fide competition, where it occurs. Second, a special challenge attends the selection of any invasive species for a study of population biology. What would make the researcher think that any such population has reached the carrying capacity of its environment? Competition cannot begin until some resource becomes limiting. If both Bellamya and Viviparus populations are still growing and spreading through northern Wisconsin in 2009, there is no reason to imagine that either will have any effect on the other. And in fact, our analysis did return evidence of correlations between Bellamya presence and such measures of disturbance such as boat landings and shoreline housing. This implies to us that Bellamya populations may indeed be actively growing and spreading even in northern Wisconsin, where the invasion may have been ongoing for as much as 50 years. I conclude with a call for additional research (10). This is a button you have rarely seen me push in this series of essays, both because it is trivially obvious to me that we need additional research on all aspects of freshwater gastropod biology, and because I try not to preach to the choir. But where other people see "invasive species," I see "model organism." We have been greatly enriched, for example, by a huge volume of first-rate research on Pomacea in recent years (11), and that literature is huge (12). Meanwhile I haven't seen more than a couple papers published on even the most basic aspects of the life history of Bellamya, in total, over the 100-year history of the North American invasion (13). And three paragraphs ago I found myself offering an hypothesis regarding carrying capacities of invasive viviparids without a single estimate of population size, even static, ever taken anytime, anywhere. As easy as invasive viviparids are to sample, sitting on clean sand at the bottom of bathtub reservoirs? Shame on us all! Keep in touch, everybody! (1) I follow Smith (2000) in preferring the (internationally-recognized) generic nomen "Bellamya" over the (provincial) "Cipangopaludina." See the FWGNA page on B. japonica for details and references. (2) Wisconsin populations are almost entirely Bellamya chinensis. I did identify B. japonica in five (of 42) lakes surveyed, which were lumped with B. chinensis for analysis. That's B. chinensis on the left, and B. japonica on the right. (3) Johnson, P. J., J. D. Olden, C. T. Solomon, and M. J. Vander Zanden (2009) Interactions among invaders: community and ecosystem effects of multiple invasive species in an experimental aquatic system. Oecologia 159: 161-170. (4) The crayfish were the invasive Orconectes rusticus. Those results were interesting as well, but don’t bear directly on the subject of this essay. (5) Pulmonate juveniles are born at approximately 1 mm shell length. The sampling problems of finding such “speck babies” in a 1,000 liter mesocosm with sand and cinder blocks should be obvious to everybody. Thus I strongly suspect the “pulmonate abundance” figures reported by Johnson and colleagues are systematic underestimates. (6) Helisoma is certainly quite commonly observed on floating vegetation. Any sort of additional habitat along these lines would certainly have benefited all three pulmonate populations. (7) And if there’s a crayfish in the lake, all pulmonate populations are immediately doomed. (8) Solomon, C. T, J. D. Olden, P. T. J. Johnson, R. T. Dillon and M J. Vander Zanden (2010) Distribution and community-level effects of the Chinese mystery snail (Bellamya chinensis) in northern Wisconsin lakes. Biological Invasions 12: 1591 - 1605. [PDF] 476kb. (9) "Invaders Great and Small" Post of September '08. (10) This should not be construed as a call to sequence two genes from single individuals sampled from 40 imaginary viviparid species in a vain attempt to reconstruct evolutionary events of 100 million years ago, while remaining arrogantly clueless regarding the basic population genetics of even one crappy pond full of crappy snails today. (11) "Ampullariids star at Asilomar" Post of August '05. (12) "Review: Global Advances in Golden Apple Snails" Post of May '07. (13) Stanczykowska, A, E. Magnin and A. Dumouchel (1971) Etude de trois populations de Viviparus malleatus (Reeve) de la region de Montreal. I. Croissance, fecondite, biomasse et production annuelle. Can. J. Zool. 49: 1431-1441. Jokinen, E.H. (1982) Cipangopaludina chinensis (Gastropoda: Viviparidae) in North America, review and update. Nautilus 96: 89-95. Therriault, T. W. and E. Kott (2002-3) Cipangopaludina chinensis malleata (Gastropoda: Viviparidae) in southern Ontario: An update of the distribution and some aspects of life history. Malac. Rev. 35-36: 111-121. (1) From John Havel [email protected] Since I’m a newcomer to snail research (although an old hand at invasions), I was hesitant to reply to all. So, below are my comments on your most-interesting essay. I plan to work again next spring and summer at Trout Lake. Doing some quantitative sampling for densities and fecundity patterns could be interesting. Care to join me for part of the venture? Nice review of the papers by Johnson et al. (2009) and Solomon et al (in press). By the way, in last summer’s experiments with a former student, I also found very little effect of Bellamya on Physa growth rates in the laboratory (Clark and Havel, unpublished data). See also the paper of Pattinson et al. (2003) on invasive Daphnia. We discuss the same empty niche hypothesis as important for tropical D. lumholtzi invading reservoirs of the south-central US. I don’t agree that Bellamya are that different in dominant feeding ecology from native gastropods. After all, Bellamya are well known to clean surfaces quite thoroughly, and are for sale by breeders on the internet for cleaning ornamental ponds. Perhaps more important is whether or not resources are indeed limiting. (Although I now see that you consider this later in your essay.) Regarding your statement about Bellamya being a "model organism." I agree! Lots of ways to study general ecology principles. [e.g., see papers by Havel and Shurin (2004) and Havel et al. (2005)] Your assertion that we are "without a single estimate of population size, even static, ever taken anytime, anywhere" is an exaggeration, of course. See Solomon et al. (2009): quantitative sampling (see methods par. 4) plus population density estimates (results par. 5). But, I agree that population and fecundity estimates would be useful for better understanding these study systems and the potential of exotic viviparid snails for population growth and expansion. But regarding your suggestion that viviparids might be easy to sample, "sitting on clean sand at the bottom of bathtub reservoirs," lakes can be spatially very complex (macrophytes, rocks, sand, logs, leaf litter, flocculent organics). I found quantitative sampling to be a real challenge; but then I’m new to the benthos. (I could definitely use some help with these techniques.) Havel, J.E., and J.B. Shurin. 2004. Mechanisms, effects, and scales of dispersal in freshwater zooplankton: a synthesis. Limnology and Oceanography 49: 1229-1238. Havel, J.E., C. E. Lee, and J. Vander Zanden. 2005. Do reservoirs facilitate invasions into landscapes? BioScience 55: 518-525. Pattinson, K.R., J.E. Havel, and R.G. Rhodes. 2003. Invasibility of a reservoir to exotic Daphnia lumholtzi: Experimental assessment of diet selection and life history responses to Cyanobacteria. Freshwater Biology 48: 233-246. (2) From David Campbell [email protected] Regarding Smith's (2000) preference for the generic nomen "Bellamya," unfortunately, he's led you astray. The type of Bellamya is from West Africa, and no East Asian species belongs in it (even if you put them in the same genus, there are older names both from Africa and from Asia). See... Mita E. Sengupta, Thomas K. Kristensen, Henry Madsen, Aslak Jørgensen. 2009. Molecular phylogenetic investigations of the Viviparidae (Gastropoda: Caenogastropoda) in the lakes of the Rift Valley area of Africa. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 52:797–805 ...for the molecular data, though they don't deal with the nomenclatural implications, except for incorrectly suggesting that Neothauma should be included in Bellamya- Neothauma is the older name. It's still possible that some other name applies besides Cipangpaludina, but to determine that requires actually checking the type species of the nominal Asian genera. (3) From Jeremy Tiemann [email protected] Have you seen this paper yet? Bury, J.A. B.E. Sietman, and B.N. Karns. 2007. Distribution of the non-native viviparid snails, Bellamya chinensis and Viviparus georgianus, in Minnesota and the first record of Bellamya japonica from Wisconsin. Journal of Freshwater Ecology 22(4):697-703. (4) From Bob Prezant [email protected] Rob, I agree...a "model organism" is just what we have in Bellamya. Can't remember if I sent this article to you. Hope you're warmer than we are here in NJ. Prezant, R. S., E. J. Chapman and A. McDougall (2006) In utero predator-induced responses in the viviparid snail Bellamya chinensis. Canadian Journal of Zoology 84: 600-608.	<urn:uuid:bd37668a-5f3f-44d0-ba8d-e4429754b582>	{ "date": "2017-03-26T14:53:00", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-13", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218189242.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212949-00131-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9254121780395508, "score": 2.59375, "token_count": 3368, "url": "http://fwgna.blogspot.com/2009_12_01_archive.html" }
- Historic Sites Inventing The Presidency As America goes into its fifty-fifth presidential election, we should remember that there might have been only one—if we hadn’t had the only candidate on earth who could do the job October 2004 \| Volume 55, Issue 5 Such pleas did not fall on deaf ears. Working closely with Knox, Washington devised a policy designed to create several sovereign Indian “homelands.” He concurred when Knox insisted that “the independent tribes of indians ought to be considered as foreign nations, not as the subjects of any particular State.” Treaties with these tribes ought to be regarded as binding contracts with the federal government, whose jurisdiction could not be compromised: “Indians being the prior occupants possess the right of the Soil. . . . To dispossess them . . . would be a gross violation of the fundamental Laws of Nature and of that distributive Justice which is the glory of a nation.” A more coercive policy of outright confiscation, Washington believed, would constitute a moral failure that “would stain the character of the nation.” He sought to avoid the outcome—Indian removal—that occurred more than 40 years later under Andrew Jackson. Instead, he envisioned multiple sanctuaries under tribal control that would be bypassed by the surging wave of white settlers and whose occupants would gradually, over the course of the next century, become assimilated as full-fledged American citizens. Attempting to make this vision a reality occupied more of Washington’s time and energy than any other foreign or domestic issue during his first term. Success depended on finding leaders willing to negotiate yet powerful enough to impose a settlement on other tribes. Knox and Washington found a charismatic Creek chief of mixed blood named Alexander McGillivray, a literate man whose diplomatic skills and survival instincts made him the Indian version of France’s Talleyrand, and in the summer of 1790 Washington hosted McGillivray and 26 chiefs for several weeks of official dinners, parades, and diplomatic ceremonies more lavish than any European delegation enjoyed. (McGillivray expected and received a personal bribe of $1,200 a year to offset the bribe the Spanish were already paying him not to negotiate with the Americans.) Washington and the chiefs locked arms in Indian style and invoked the Great Spirit, and then the chiefs made their marks on the Treaty of New York, redrawing the borders for a sovereign Creek Nation. Washington reinforced the terms of the treaty by issuing the Proclamation of 1790, an Executive Order forbidding private or state encroachments on all Indian lands guaranteed by treaty with the United States. But the President soon found that it was one thing to proclaim and quite another to sustain. The Georgia legislature defied the proclamation by making a thoroughly corrupt bargain to sell more than 15 million acres on its western border to speculators calling themselves the Yazoo Companies, thereby rendering the Treaty of New York a worthless piece of paper. In the northern district above the Ohio, no equivalent to McGillivray could be found, mostly because the Six Nations, which Washington could remember as a potent force in the region, had been virtually destroyed in the War for Independence and could no longer exercise hegemony over the Ohio Valley tribes. Washington was forced to approve a series of military expeditions into the Ohio Valley to put down uprisings by the Miamis, Wyandots, and Shawnees, even though he believed that the chief culprits were white vigilante groups determined to provoke hostilities. The Indian side of the story, he complained, would never make it into the history books: “They, poor wretches, have no press thro’ which their grievances are related; and it is well known, that when one side only of a Story is heard, and often repeated, the human mind becomes impressed with it, insensibly.” Worse still, the expedition commanded by Arthur St. Clair was virtually annihilated in the fall of 1791—reading St. Clair’s battle orders is like watching Custer prepare for the Little Bighorn—thereby creating white martyrs and provoking congressional cries for reprisals in what had become an escalating cycle of violence that defied Washington’s efforts at conciliation. Eventually the President was forced to acknowledge that his vision of secure Indian sanctuaries could not be enforced. “I believe scarcely any thing short of a Chinese wall,” he lamented, “will restrain Land jobbers and the encroachment of settlers upon the Indian country.” Knox concurred, estimating that federal control on the frontier would require an arc of forts from Lake Erie to the Gulf of Mexico, garrisoned by no less than 50,000 troops. This was a logistical, economic, and political impossibility. Washington’s vision of peaceful coexistence also required that federal jurisdiction over the states as the ultimate guarantor of all treaties be recognized as supreme, which helps explain why he was so passionate about the issue, but also why it could never happen. If a just accommodation with the Native American populations was the major preoccupation of his first term, it was also the singular failure.	<urn:uuid:1529a89a-df75-476a-82d4-78a7cb8df31e>	{ "date": "2013-05-19T18:42:43", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2013-20", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368697974692/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516095254-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 4, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9655542969703674, "score": 3.703125, "token_count": 1057, "url": "http://www.americanheritage.com/content/inventing-presidency?page=9" }
Stenographic societies often took a progressive stance on race, celebrating the accomplishments of minorities. Certainly, there were exceptions — some groups protested the advancement of African Americans — but stenographers, in general, saw the increasing role of minorities as a sign of advancement. The Shorthand Review published an article, July 1891, chronicling the success of African Americans, writing, “There are hundreds of young men and women holding similar positions in different parts of the country and commanding good salaries. Even in the South where the hellish prejudice prevents Afro-American youths from occupying ordinary clerical positions, they are often accepted as typewriters.” Full text of the article — © 2018, Mark Adams. All rights reserved.	<urn:uuid:a9dd716d-b463-41d4-9097-9a2b2c1db674>	{ "date": "2019-05-20T03:47:02", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-22", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232255536.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20190520021654-20190520043654-00456.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9565733671188354, "score": 3.21875, "token_count": 151, "url": "https://type-writer.org/?p=5004" }
Fungi may have ended coal era End of era The humble fungus may have been responsible for bringing to an end Earth's period of accumulating coal reserves, say researchers. "It's an interesting hypothesis. We have found data in support of that," says genomics expert Dr Igor Grigoriev from Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. He and colleagues report their findings today in the journal Science. During the 60 million-year-long Carboniferous period on Earth vast carbon beds were laid down from the burial of ancient forests in marshy swamps. The trees did not decay but were instead converted into peat and under extreme pressure to coal. But 300 million years ago, something changed to stop this deposition of coal. Grigoriev and colleagues suggest it may have been the rise of fungi capable of digesting the polymer lignin, which among other things keeps plant cell walls rigid. Fungal genome study The hypothesis comes from the study of 31 genomes of mainly wood decay fungi - a group called Agaricomycetes. This group includes white rot fungi, which can digest all components of plant biomass - cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. Agaricomycetes also includes brown rot fungi, which digests only cellulose and hemicelluloses, and mycorrhizal fungi, which help plants to grow. Grigoriev and colleagues built a fungal family tree using the genome analyses and then used molecular clock analysis to determine when particular fungi evolved. They discovered the common ancestor of Agaricomycetes was a white rot fungus that emerged about 300 million years ago, at the end of the Carboniferous period. "It could be one of the explanations why we don't see a lot of coal created after that time point," says Grigoriev. He emphasises the method used to determine the timeline for the emergence of white rot fungi is not very accurate, but the possibility is nonetheless interesting. The findings were a surprise result from US Department of Energy-funded research project focussed on understanding fungal diversity and their role in converting biomass to biofuels. One of the barriers in biofuel production is that the sugars that need to be fermented are trapped inside the plant biomass, which needs to be broken down by fungi. "The focus of this work was very practical," says Grigoriev. He says the research has provided the most comprehensive catalogue of genes encoding enzymes involved in biomass degradation. "Industry can jump on this opportunity and try to better understand the function of these enzymes and try to build cocktails of enzymes that will efficiently convert biomass into biofuels," says Grigoriev.	<urn:uuid:c0dd33d9-4b21-4ea5-af84-99cfd98fa408>	{ "date": "2016-05-27T04:47:39", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-22", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464049276537.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524002116-00236-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9468668699264526, "score": 3.375, "token_count": 560, "url": "http://www.abc.net.au/science/articles/2012/06/29/3534160.htm?site=science&topic=latest&listaction=subscribe" }
FRIDAY, Aug. 17 (HealthDay News) -- Sediment in the rivers, streams and lakes of Minnesota contains antimicrobial compounds from personal care products, such as soaps, disinfectants and sanitizers, according to the results of a statewide study. Researchers from Arizona State University found the active ingredients in these products -- triclosan and triclocarban -- were detected in all samples taken upstream and downstream of wastewater treatment plants. They noted that these ingredients are known as "endocrine disruptors," chemicals that interfere with hormones, and that they persist in the environment. "This study underscores the extent to which additives of antimicrobial consumer products are polluting freshwater environments in the U.S.; it also shows natural degradation processes to be too slow to counter the continuous environmental release of these . . . chemicals," Rolf Halden, professor in the Ira A. Fulton School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, said in an Arizona State University news release. Because the chemicals triclosan and triclocarban are absorbed through the skin when used, they contaminate blood, urine and breast milk, and eventually end up in sewage and surface waters, the researchers explained. To determine the extent of this contamination, the investigators collected freshwater sediment samples from 12 locations upstream and downstream of wastewater treatment plants. The researchers analyzed these samples to see if they contained antimicrobial compounds. The study revealed that overall concentrations of triclocarban were up to 58 times higher than those of triclosan. "We were able to detect these two compounds both upstream and downstream of suspected input sources, and the levels of the antimicrobial soap ingredient triclocarban were usually higher compared to triclosan," the study's first author, Arjun Venkatesan, an environmental engineering graduate student, said in the news release. "Although triclosan is used in a larger number of formulations and personal care products, we found triclocarban to be more abundant in freshwater environments." The researchers concluded that because the antimicrobial compounds were found both upstream and downstream of the wastewater treatment plants, there are likely many sources contributing to the pollution of the water at the sites studied. There was also a strong association between the level of contamination with the discharge from the treatment plants, stream flow and the number of people living in the area, they noted. "Municipalities in Minnesota and across the U.S. work hard using state-of-the-art equipment to keep our freshwater environments clean but they cannot control what consumers, misled by aggressive marketing, discharge into the sewage collection system," said Halden. The study authors pointed out that Minnesota is not alone. Wherever products containing antimicrobials are used, the water and sediments are contaminated. They cautioned that uncontrolled used of these compounds could contribute to antibiotic resistance. "Regulatory agencies are aware of the overuse of antimicrobials but no state or federal restrictions have been implemented yet for either triclosan or triclocarban," said Halden. "Aside from ecological concerns, widespread environmental occurrence of antimicrobials also is a potential public health concern because unwarranted use of antimicrobials can promote drug resistance of human pathogens." The best way to limit the pollution of the environment is to limit the use of unnecessary antimicrobial personal care products, the researchers suggested. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has more about antimicrobial resistance. SOURCE: Arizona State University, news release, Aug. 14, 2012 Copyright © 2012 HealthDay. All rights reserved. \|Previous: Smoking During Pregnancy May Cause Asthma, Wheezing in Kids\|\|Next: Health Highlights: Aug. 18, 2012\| Reader comments on this article are listed below. Review our comments policy. Submit your opinion: Are you a Doctor, Pharmacist, PA or a Nurse? Join the Doctors Lounge online medical community	<urn:uuid:75aa99a8-72a7-448e-90a6-1d98a45724b4>	{ "date": "2015-10-07T15:45:45", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-40", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443737867468.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001221747-00148-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9398825168609619, "score": 2.65625, "token_count": 818, "url": "http://www.doctorslounge.com/index.php/news/hd/31402" }
How can teachers help kids learn if they don’t even have the classroom basics like pencils and paper? It’s a question that retired autoworker John Mika asked himself back in 2008 on the first day of his new job as a substitute teacher in Buffalo. When he asked his third graders to take out their pencils for a writing assignment, only three of the 27 students had pencils. “Nobody had paper, either,” says Mika. “These kids were struggling.” When he checked the teacher’s desk, he found a box of pencils the teacher had purchased herself for the youngsters. That got him thinking: What if he could provide free supplies to teachers at the poorest schools, many of whom spend hundreds of dollars a year out of their own pockets for supplies? Three years later, Mika opened the Teacher’s Desk in a donated warehouse. Set up like an office supply store, the nonprofit venture allows teachers from area schools to shop free for donated supplies, including pencils, paper, glue and books. Mika has provided $374,000 in supplies to 1,247 teachers since October 2011. And, says fifth-grade teacher Amber Berry, who used to spend $500 a year on supplies, the benefits go far beyond saving money: “It’s like someone has given us teachers the hug we need.” More Heroes Among Us: Know a hero? Send suggestions to [email protected]. For more inspiring stories, read the latest issue of PEOPLE magazine	<urn:uuid:e7b611ff-2cdf-4d0a-b73b-bc147216a1c9>	{ "date": "2017-09-24T14:14:46", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-39", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818690029.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20170924134120-20170924154120-00096.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.969107985496521, "score": 2.75, "token_count": 326, "url": "http://people.com/human-interest/back-to-school-john-mika-gives-students-desperately-needed-supplies/" }
Hardware Today: NAS and SANs Hardware Today typically focuses on servers, but in this new special report on other hardware components in the server room, we delve into the ever-evolving, acronym-rich world of network-attached storage (NAS). When you begin any conversation involving storage technology, it's best to start with some definitions of terms. Network attached storage and storage area networks used to carry distinct definitions, but today the lines are blurring and NAS can look a lot like a SAN. There was a time when storage equated with direct attached storage (DAS) devices. There was little controversy in defining the straightforward DAS. Products in this category include devices like vanilla SCSI hard drives and on-board RAID arrays. The problem with the DAS approach is that it uses a lot of CPU power, and requires even more CPU resources for sharing with other machines. Next Came NASs and SANs Network storage options like NAS and storage area networks (SAN) solve the problem presented by DAS devices by farming out data storage to dedicated machines. For a while, these storage technologies seemed like unique options. The biggest similarity between NAS and SAN was that their names made up an anagram. "Four or five years ago, it was pretty clear," said Bob Passmore, storage research vice President for Gartner. "If you had file servers and you wanted to consolidate them, you did it with NAS. If you had any other kind of application running on block storage, then you built a SAN to consolidate," Passmore said. NAS began life as a dedicated file server using the IP protocol. In contrast, SANs provided a one-stop shop to a conglomerate of block-based storage, usually at the enhanced speed of Fibre Channel (Fibre Channel interconnects storage devices, allowing them to communicate at very high speeds, up to 10Gbps in future implementations. However, 4Gbps is more common today). File-based storage saves work for client systems by defining files before providing them. In contrast, block-based storage leaves the job of delineating files from blocks of data to the client's CPU. So for a while, NAS meant strictly files over IP. SAN meant Fibre Channel, or, hypothetically, direct connections using the new iSCSI standard. (Fibre Channel is the only one of the the protocols to avoid requiring processor time to sort network traffic. Both IP-based and iSCSI protocols require software parsing of network traffic, which eats valuable CPU time). But the NAS vs. SAN divide has shifted recently in a few ways, thanks largely to efforts of NAS pioneer Network Appliance. When the vendor introduced both Fibre Channel and iSCSI capabilities into its NAS appliances, the result was NAS with a SAN-like feel. iSCSI and NAS Besides making it more SAN-like, the effect of Network Appliance's introduction of iSCSI to the NAS market requires some explanation. Network Appliance began building SAN-like Fibre Channel and iSCSI capabilities into its NAS appliances to meet the certification standards of applications like Exchange, whose developers frowned on file-based storage. To achieve this, Gartner's Passmore said, it built iSCSI into its appliances before the standard was even introduced. The head start snowballed. While Microsoft and Novell cautiously introduced iSCSI drivers, Passmore said, Linux developers adopted earlier, at a time when Network Appliance provided the only iSCSI NAS option. "NetApp became the test vehicle," he said, "which means that who knows whether it has implemented the standard correctly or not it really doesn't matter." The de facto standard in place, Passmore said he thinks Network Appliance's iSCSI offerings will be the only ones seeing production deployments any time soon. Network Appliance's strength in defining the market matches its strength on the ground, in terms of deployments. "Network Appliance is sort of the gorilla in the NAS space," according to Passmore, citing Gartner Dataquest research which indicates that Network Appliance holds the top spot in market share by revenue. Network Appliance also bolstered NAS's definition by building a base 25,000 to 30,000 customers. EMC Proceeds With Caution Network Appliance's de facto iSCSI standard is not for everyone. Storage giant EMC prefers to take a more cautious approach. "It's one thing to go into a lab, test or one-off an application environment and drop in an array, download the [iSCSI] drivers and deploy it," said EMC Senior Director of NAS Marketing Tom Joyce. "It's another situation to deploy a few thousand of these things and manage them effectively." "We believe we're meeting the market where customers are starting to actually deploy [iSCSI]," he said, "and we're getting to the point where the technology actually works." EMC's Symmetrix DMX allows iSCSI currently, Joyce said, and its CLARiiON and Symmetrix products are ultimately targeted to feature it. The Celerra NS700 and NS700G should support it by Q3, 2004, he said. EMC Competitive Analyst Brian Maher sees the iSCSI picture as more of a SAN issue. "iSCSI is basically SAN technology using a lower-cost interconnect." By this estimation, EMC's SAN expertise should transfer into good long-term iSCSI prospects. Perhaps a NAS in SANs clothing should really be considered as a SAN.	<urn:uuid:e616c7c9-3c70-4fd8-82c0-f8dabb5a761c>	{ "date": "2017-03-23T22:12:16", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-13", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218187225.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212947-00076-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9513201713562012, "score": 2.515625, "token_count": 1143, "url": "http://www.serverwatch.com/hreviews/article.php/3320041/Hardware-Today-NAS-and-SANs.htm" }
Mandelberg, John and Janson, Annick (2010) Technology to enhance learning with students with disabilities. In: shar-E-fest 2010, 27-28 September, 2010, Hamilton, New Zealand. (Unpublished) Full text not available from this repository. Presentation about Technology to enhance learning with students with disabilities eg. using video as a tool, dessemination and distribution. \|Item Type:\|\|Conference or Workshop Item (Speech)\| \|Keywords:\|\|Technology, disabilities, YANIV, video, art, learning\| \|Subjects:\|\|B Philosophy. Psychology. Religion > BF Psychology\| B Philosophy. Psychology. Religion > BH Aesthetics L Education > LB Theory and practice of education > LB1028 Education Research N Fine Arts > N Visual arts (General) For photography, see TR P Language and Literature > PN Literature (General) > PN1993 Motion Pictures \|Divisions:\|\|Schools > School of Media Arts\| \|Deposited On:\|\|22 Jan 2012 21:53\| \|Last Modified:\|\|22 Jan 2012 21:53\| Repository Staff Only: item control page	<urn:uuid:a4d70cea-af9d-4953-bd58-a8178500bbb8>	{ "date": "2013-06-19T14:32:15", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2013-20", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368708142388/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516124222-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.687792181968689, "score": 2.515625, "token_count": 248, "url": "http://researcharchive.wintec.ac.nz/1618/" }

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