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by Rob Leighton Research spanning over four decades has shown that a traditional Mediterranean diet sharply reduces many health risks. People following this style of eating have: - Lower levels of heart attacks - Lower risks for diabetes and cancer - Reduced forms of dementia, and even Alzheimer’s You may associate the Mediterranean diet with extra virgin olive oil and red wine, but it is far more. It is the way the people of this region eat, beginning at breakfast and ending with the last bite taken each day. - Vegetables, fruits and grains serve as the dietary foundation. - Beverages, particularly tea, coffee or wine, provide other health-full nutrients. - Red meat, dairy and eggs, seafood and poultry are added to this foundation to make some meals more delicious and the weekly meal plan more interesting. But let me tell you about the forgotten ingredients of the Mediterranean diet. It’s blended spice and herb. The benefits of spices extend beyond great flavor. Spices and herbs are Mother Nature’s most potent forms antioxidant compounds. - Cinnamon, thyme, turmeric and oregano, for instance, deliver 20x more antioxidant power than blackberries or blueberries. - Rosemary provides more than 15x the antioxidant power of cranberries. This list goes on, but here is the challenge. Many modern cooks simply do not understand how to use spices and herbs, each and every day – breakfast, lunch and dinner. This is a lost opportunity to support long term, vibrant living while elevating the pleasure of eating. Let me show you how to harness the power of spice blends for the best disease-fighting nutrients available. Antioxidants: What Do They Do? So, what do antioxidants do? There is lots of chemistry here, but what’s important to understand is that our bodies’ naturally create oxidized compounds. These oxidized compounds are by-product of generating energy within every cell in our bodies. Left uncontrolled, they cause damage, contributing to heart disease, cancer and even aging itself. Smoking and pollution increase the levels of these harmful compounds. We are also eating more foods that deliver the harmful compounds, like deep fried foods and flame-broiled meats. When plain meat is cooked, lots of harmful, oxidized compounds are created. When the meat is marinated with herbs and spices, or cooked with herbs and spice (like you might in a stew), the levels of harmful compounds created are sharply reduced. You see, herb and spice antioxidants are already working before you put the food in your mouth! Similarly, when oils and fats are heated – even the health-full omega-3 oils – oxidized compounds are a by-product of high temperatures. Again, herbs and spices are the natural neutralizers and actually enhance the your body’s ability to absorb nutrients. Now, here is what we also know. Different antioxidants work to support your health in different parts of the body. For example, - Cinnamon supports healthier blood sugar levels. - Cocoa supports a healthier cardiovascular system. - Turmeric contributes to healthy brain function. A leading spice in curries, turmeric intake may help explain the low rate of Alzheimer’s disease in India. Among people aged 70 to 79, the rate is less than one-quarter that of the United States. Turmeric also is widely used in North African cooking, a Mediterranean cuisine. Globalization – Driven by the Spice Trade World trade has been defined by the spice trade. Cinnamon, imported from Southeast Asia, can be found referenced in the Old Testament and in Egyptian documents dating to 2000 BCE. Spices initially came to the Mediterranean via overland trading routes and then by ship sailing around the Horn of Africa. The search for alternative trade routes led Columbus to venture west to the Americas. Here is the key! Study after study is proving that the power of these plant-based nutrients is made many times more effective when they are used together. That is exactly what spice and herb blends do. They deliver multiple types of antioxidant compound. And here is the tragedy. Most people cooking in the home today do not know how to use herbs and spices in ways that can really support health. Spicing the Mediterranean Way I may have one very delicious recipe that is far from healthy, but I surround it with other dishes that bring a healthy balance to the meal. The meal itself is health; the one indulgence adds deliciousness. A Mediterranean diet builds on this philosophy. Many Americans take the opposite view. They approach the meal with the view that one healthy dish, perhaps a side salad, is sufficient to make an unhealthy meal, healthy. This is a daily eating mindset. For example, start in the morning with a healthy bowl of oatmeal. Move through the day with a salad at lunch and a few health snacks. Arrive at dinner believing the right to splurge has been earned – pizza and coke, fettuccine Alfredo, mac and cheese, steak and potatoes (with butter and sour cream), or sushi with lots soy sauce and white, sweetened rice. But remember, a Mediterranean diet defines how one eats from the first bite in the morning to the last bite at night. It certainly makes room for all forms of delicious foods, but it keeps the right balance – at every healthy meal. As I take my clients on a journey toward healthier eating, I take a similar view of spice and herbs. These flavorful ingredients are not something we look to add to a few recipes each week. We find ways to enjoy these ingredients throughout the day. My commitment to spice has had another benefits, as well. It has helped me and my clients break free of eating habits that push up cholesterol, blood pressure and inflammation levels, while adding pounds to the waistline. A commitment to spicing will help you find new and delicious ways to satisfy the love of food, healthfully. I wrote Mediterranean Spice Blends: The Forgotten Ingredients of a Heart Healthy Diet, to help my clients create healthier and tastier foods with spice blends. We start with 5 different spice blends, delivering 25 different natural herbs and spices (how’s that for a multivitamin!). No salt, no sugar and no MSG. At least five different recipes are provided for each spice blend. In the book you will find recipes for appetizers, soups, vegetables, whole grains, chicken, fish and even dessert and breakfast. Here are some of the recipes that you will find in the e-book: - Roasted Spiced Salmon - Marinate Chicken Kabobs - North African Spiced Sweet Potatoes - Strawberry Rhubarb Cobbler - Spice Bean Salad - Brown Rice Pilaf with Onions & Lentils - Barley Pilaf with Smoked Paprika, Hot Pepper & Sweet Spice - Artichoke, Red Pepper Pizza - Brussels Sprouts, White Beans, Pasta & Pine Nuts - Apricot Lentil Soup - Spiced Poached Pears - Dark Chocolate Truffles with Cinnamon and Cocoa Another Mediterranean Diet Secret – Start the Meal Right In Mediterranean-style eating, the meal often will start with medley of vegetable dishes. A variety of fresh, marinated, grilled or roasted vegetable recipes is prepared. Each is seasoned differently. Two, three, four or more may be served. - In Italy, these dishes are part of the antipasto. - In Phoenicia (modern day Israeli, Lebanon and Syria) and North Africa, these salads are part of the mezze. - In Spain, these are part of the tapas tradition. Together, they deliver a highly satisfying course – and you may well find yourself filling-up on health-full foods. These dishes also have a great place in busy life. Many can be made ahead of time and stored for a few days. Here’s another benefit! Great chefs all over the world are showing how spice blends cut the need for salt. Spice, herbs and spice blends impart the more intense flavor that meats, grains and vegetables often lack. Salt does enhance subtler flavors of blander foods – spices and herbs can be used instead to add flavor intensity, especially when blended with acidic ingredients, like vinegars, wines and lemon. Many of the recipes I’ve put together combine these power house ingredients in marinades and sauces. In Mediterranean Spice Blends, you will find great recipes to get you started, and I send all my readers more recipes to keep every healthy meal interesting and delicious. So discover how to use the forgotten ingredients from one of the world’s healthiest diet, in Mediterranean Spice Blends: The Forgotten Ingredients of a Heart Healthy Diet. Rob is known as a food passionisto and life’s magic moments occur over meals with family and friends. He happily wanders the aisles of gourmet food stores, farmers’ markets and ethnic delicatessens, preferring to end the day with a good cookbook. Rob brings a career as an executive in food and nutrition to reduce his cholesterol levels to the point where no medications are necessary. He wrote The Kardea Gourmet, Smart & Delicious Eating for a Healthy Heart, with Mayo Clinic-trained cardiologist, Dr. Richard Collins, also known as the Cooking Cardiologist. Rob is the founder of Kardea Nutrition. Kardea, which means heart in Greek, combines a love food with a deep knowledge on how to use the best natural solutions to support heart health.	<urn:uuid:1f84b5d0-4bf2-403c-a226-37e41f8d60bd>	{ "date": "2014-09-21T18:07:43", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-41", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657135777.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011215-00243-ip-10-234-18-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9303368926048279, "score": 2.71875, "token_count": 1968, "url": "http://www.homecuresthatwork.com/tag/herb-and-spice/" }
Carpenter Bees closely resemble bumblebees in appearance and size. The top of their abdomen is shiny black and hairless. They rarely sting. Carpenter Bees make tunnels in wooden structures, which are used for shelter to raise their larvae. They do not feed on the wood, but these tunnels can damage the foundation of the wood if burrows continue year after year. Affected structures include decks, posts, beams, siding and rafters. Carpenter Bees prefer unpainted wood. Carpenter Bees are found throughout the United States. - Paint wood surfaces every year to maintain a seal and discourage tunneling. - Close vacant existing holes with putty or caulk to keep Carpenter Bees from returning.	<urn:uuid:169de747-19e6-4982-8ee1-4b480ba0ff13>	{ "date": "2018-02-25T00:24:39", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-09", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891816068.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20180224231522-20180225011522-00056.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9210478663444519, "score": 3.4375, "token_count": 149, "url": "https://www.bayeradvanced.com/solution-center-page/hardscape/carpenter-bees" }
Is an educational program to develop social skills through artistic exploration to strengthen students’ critical, empathic, and creative participation in society. Art for Sharing is an educational program for youth between 11 and 15 years old that helps students develop social skills and strengthen critical, empathic, and creative participation in society through artistic explorationy. Through our theater-based methodology and reflection, teens learn about current societal problems such as achievement gaps, school and domestic violence, sexual education, child abuse, and lack of self-awareness and acceptance. The program encourages teens to become their potential as active citizens who practice the E4S values in their daily lives. Support youth in defining lifelong goals Encourage the practice of the E4S values among youth Promote healthy and responsible lifestyles Promote critical reflection and civic participation Develop social skills	<urn:uuid:11de15d4-e481-484b-8a7b-047130f3edab>	{ "date": "2019-03-25T11:35:05", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-13", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912203947.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20190325112917-20190325134917-00256.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9145848155021667, "score": 3.34375, "token_count": 169, "url": "http://en.educacionparacompartir.org/programs/art-for-sharing/" }
Date: August 22-29 Time: 8:00 pm, one hour after sunset Place: the western sky Something people often ask is how I know which dots of light are planets and which are stars. The short answer: stars are arranged in permanent groups that never change positions relative to each other, or to other groups. We call these groups constellations. The Big Dipper is a well-known example. It always looks the same, even as it rotates around the sky. Planets, in contrast, change positions relative to other planets, and to the constellations. It’s a slow drift, and you’d need to watch for a few days to notice it. The word “planet” comes from the ancient Greek, meaning “wanderer.” So if you know the constellations visually, any new “dots” intruding on their space must be planets. But there’s another visual cue visible for the next week or so, as planet Saturn and star Spica pass each other in the west. Look low in the southwest about and hour after sunset to see Saturn and Spica. They are about equal brightness now, but if you look for it, you’ll see that Spica “twinkles” much more than Saturn. Twinkling is caused by refraction of light in Earth’s atmosphere. You can read more about the physics in my August 3, 2005 post. With both objects so low in the sky, twinkling is even more enhanced. There was a time, before Galileo’s telescope, when that was the only difference between planets and stars … planets wandered and didn’t twinkle as much. But his telescope showed that stars were tiny points of light, and thus more subject to refraction. Planets, however, were larger discs of light and twinkle much less, if at all. Those observations also got Galileo to thinking there was a physical difference between planets and stars. It was a revolutionary idea at the time. But it was the same idea Copernicus had proposed for his model solar system, with all planets orbiting the Sun, and the stars very far beyond the planets. Both, of course, were correct.	<urn:uuid:27c7bb02-62a1-471c-80ff-77909264f394>	{ "date": "2020-01-22T15:46:10", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-05", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250607118.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122131612-20200122160612-00536.warc.gz", "int_score": 4, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9710484743118286, "score": 3.71875, "token_count": 471, "url": "http://sky-lights.org/2011/08/22/planet-vs-star/" }
عالم حواء للرشاقة و الجمال و احدث الازياء و الموضة و ديكور المنزل و كل ما يهم العروسة , فساتين افراح , دبل الخطوبة و اطقم ذهب , العناية بالشعر و البشرة مع وصفات حصرية بالفيديو من مطبخ همسه الاثنين، 29 أغسطس، 2011 What is a Pennyweight of Gold? What is a Gram of Gold? These are the most frequently asked questions we receive at GoldFellow. It's problematic for everyone as it doesn't relate to any measurement we currently use in our daily life. Pennyweights, however are still commonly used in the U.S. jewelry industry but we prefer to use the more accurate and globally recognized Grams (metric) as our unit of measure. There are 20 pennyweights also referred to as DWT in an ounce. There are also 31.1 grams in an ounce. As we are talking about precious metals I'll use gold in my example throughout this post. Many of our customers are weighing their valuables on home kitchen or postal scales of either mechanical or digital make. Most measure in grams and ounces, particularly when weighing food. The grams shown on your scale are not the same as the grams used in gold! You are measuring on a device that uses 28 grams per ounce while gold is measured in troy ounces. There are 31.1 grams per Troy ounce. The simplest way to use your home scale is to multiply the number showing as ounces by 20. That's it. If your scale shows 3.5 oz you have approximately 70 pennyweight. 1.5oz is about 30 pennyweight and so on. (Same for silver and platinum) Ok, now for measuring your gold in grams. The scale shows 3.5 ounces. Multiply by 31.1 and it comes to 108.85 grams of gold. If it's 1.5 oz x 31.1=46.65 grams. Lastly, if you would like to know a price per gram, follow this formula. $20 per pennyweight is$12.86 per gram. To convert simply divide $20 by 1.555=$12.86. Try $18 dwt divided by 1.555 and you get $11.58 gram As the founder of the largest wholesale gold jewelry manufacturer in the United States, I built a reputation upon doing business ethically. My company supplied gold jewelry to the most respected jewelry stores, department stores, discount big box retailers and TV shopping networks in America. Though I sold my company to Warren Buffet’s Berkshire-Hathaway in 2007, my reputation in the jewelry industry remains impeccable. Our founders began selling gold jewelry to America's leading jewelry retailers in 1977, ultimately becoming the largest manufacturer and distributor of gold jewelry in the United States. During 30 years of working in the gold jewelry industry, GoldFellow’s™ founders sold and distributed over 50 million pieces of 10kt, 14kt and 18kt gold jewelry such as chains, bracelets, necklaces, rings, earrings and more. That's over 300 tons of GOLD! Over the course of time, many of these jewelry items ended up in drawers, locked away for safe keeping or at the bottom of your jewelry box. These gold items are made from precious metal, and with gold prices at an all time high, have significant value when sold to the right company. GoldFellow™ is that company. GoldFellow™ was started with the goal of providing consumers a trusted, safe and convenient way to sell their unwanted gold, platinum and silver jewelry for cash. We now offer our 30 years of expertise to you. GoldFellow’s™ mission is to pay you top dollar for your gold, platinum and silver	<urn:uuid:f5279595-4bf1-4a82-b268-06355f6ad760>	{ "date": "2013-06-18T22:44:55", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2013-20", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368707435344/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516123035-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9201701879501343, "score": 2.5625, "token_count": 899, "url": "http://hawaa2012.blogspot.com/2011/08/what-is-pennyweight-of-gold-what-is.html" }
Thursday, January 09, 2014 Given my time spent in Warsaw, I want to share a few thoughts I found about Irena Sendler Last year was the 70th anniversary of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising. The few survivors of that revolt are, if still alive, in their 80s and 90s but today there is more interest than ever in the different aspects of the historical episode. Today the Polish Jewish Historical Institute offers tours of the site, hidden archives have been discovered and their materials published and Holocaust museums such as the United States Holocaust Museum and Yad Vashem continue to conduct research and uncover new information about life in the ghetto, the individuals who lived in the ghetto and the uprising itself. Some of the information has come from unlikely sources. In 1999 a group of non-Jewish schoolgirls embarked on a social studies project in which they were assigned to research the Holocaust. The girls became intrigued by a chance remark that they heard regarding a non-Jewish Polish woman, Irena Sendler, who had successfully saved over 2500 children from the ghetto. The girls began to investigate the story and were soon caught up in the saga of how Sendler smuggled hundreds of children out of the ghetto and ensured their survival. The girls' project was published and has since become a book, a website and a performance which, over the last 10 years, has been viewed by audiences throughout the world. The project also spawned the Lowell Milken Center where student projects of unsung heroes are displayed. Irena Sendler was a Polish social worker when the Nazis invaded Poland in 1939. When the Nazis built the Warsaw ghetto in 1940 they interned almost half a million Jews within the ghetto walls . Sendler, who had joined the Zagota Polish underground, procured papers which allowed her to enter the ghetto as an expert in infectious diseases. At first Sendler tried to bring food and medicines into the ghetto but as time went by she realized that she could save more lives if she concentrated to bringing people out of the ghetto. She decided to put her efforts into removing children from the ghetto because, she realized, it was easier to remove them and easier to hide them once they were on the Aryan side of the ghetto walls. Sendler began to smuggle children out of the ghetto, sedating them and hiding them under her tram seat, in a workman's toolbox or even in carts under garbage or barking dogs. Zagota members helped Sendler lead the older children out of the ghetto through the sewers that ran underneath the city or through a hidden passageway that was located in the Old Courthouse at the edge of the ghetto. Sendler's early efforts were aimed at the street children who were left orphans after their parents died or were deported. After a few weeks she began to approach parents and ask them to allow her to take their children out of the ghetto. These were heart wrenching moments for both Sendler and the parents. The parents had to decide whether their children would have the best chance of survival in the ghetto with their families or on their own among Polish non-Jews. "I talked the mothers out of their children" Sendler later said of the scenes in which she tried to convince families to allow her to rescue their children. The second part of the operation involved securing hiding places for the children. Sendler carefully recorded the names and hiding places of each child on pieces of tissue paper which she then hid in glass jars that were buried in her yard, hoping to reunite them with their families after the war. The children were hidden in convents and orphanages throughout Poland as well as with sympathetic Polish families. Sendler was captured by the Gestapo in October 1943. The Germans imprisoned and tortured her but she didn't reveal any information about the children's whereabouts. The Germans signed a death decree against her but her Zagota comrades were able to secure her release and she lived out the rest of the war in hiding. Sendler was still alive in 2003 as the Kansas schoolgirls were completing their project. They traveled to Warsaw and met with Sendler. Media outlets got wind of the story and began to publicize the story which has now reached millions of people around the world. Posted by Mottel at 8:33 AM Wednesday, June 05, 2013 When I first entered Yeshiva, black or blue velvet tefillin bags, with 770, Crowns or (oddly) Sheaves of Wheat were the standard for teffilin bag art. These bags were then shoved with a chitas and a pushka into a plastic vinyl bag. Suddenly, though, double bags - like mini-tallis bags that could hold both Rashis and Rabeinu Tams - came on to the scene. At first they were velvet, but soon leather bags became the standard. I desperately wanted one - but for whatever reason, it never came to be. \|Holding my original, velvet, tefillin bag.\| At first my shiny, black new bag was very exciting. Soon, however, I began to notice various flaws in its design. As anyone who followed me on Twitter may recall, the shoulder strap for the bag was attached by a snap. One wrong turn or the like, and the snap would come undone - leaving the tallis bag to fall to the ground. What was more, the leather was of poor quality. It felt stiff and the suede on the side quickly tore. When Chana surprised me with a new Tallis bag as an anniversary present last year, I was more than ready to switch. The bag, designed by Aliza Judaica Creations, was worlds beyond the previous one. The shoulder strap attaches to the side with swivel snap hooks - so no worries about it falling. As to the bag itself, made with soft Corinthian leather, it still looks remarkable after a year of use. The custom embroidering on the bag still looks sharp as well. While this bag doesn't fall, thanks to an actual working shoulder strap, it still gets considerable millage between all the trips to shul, in the car and on the plane. The fact that it's held up so well is truly a testament to its remarkable craftsmanship. This is the second product we've gotten from Aliza (the first being the gorgeous challah cover I gave Chana for her birthday) and we can't recommend her work more highly. Posted by Mottel at 1:22 PM Monday, August 20, 2012 I wonder some times about the passing of time. At times it feels like a never-ending continuous loop, day in day out, a winter's night and a summers day . . . and suddenly - moments there are clarifying moments . . . When the house is silent, and I sit by my computer, awake as I procrastinate on some random assignment . . . I wonder when things came to this moment. When did the baby that was born yesterday learn to walk and (begin to)talk? When did Poland suddenly become 6 years ago - or my first day in Yeshivah a decade ago? When a gigabyte go from an awe inspiring amount of storage capacity on the computer I got for my Bar Mitzvah become virtually negligible space on a storage card the size of a coffee bean? And I realize this is all only a blip. Suddenly the Sixties went from being in the past . . . to an era closer to my own birth than to the present. \|My father on the set of Echoes of a Summer. This photo was taken 10 years before I was born. My father is younger than I am now in this photo.\| I think to the youth of my parents. I think back to my grandfathers - the world they were born in and the questions I never asked. My paternal grandfather fought in WWII. My maternal, stationed on a US base as a dental technician during the Korean War. So many questions I never asked. How the different the world was then . . . My maternal grandfather was born in Williamsburg, before anyone outside the working class would ever call it home. He grew up in the Village where his fathers sold Yiddish Newspapers near Washington square. Here he grew up in the greatest city in the world . . . and we never spoke about it. Did he root for the Yankees or the Dodgers? (My guess? The Bronx Bombers) What is it like to visit Cooney Island when it was the place to visit on a hot summers day? What will my children think of me? Of my writings and experiences? Will my grandchildren look at my birth at the turn of the century with the same wonder that has always made 1895 seem so much further back in our past than 1902? My only solace is the eternity of Torah. When nothing else is a constant . . . when culture changes by the hour and looks so foreign by the end of the day . . . Posted by Mottel at 12:48 PM Thursday, May 31, 2012 Continuing on our Mexican Pesach, we journeyed to La Paz from Todos Santos. After spending an evening at the lovely Club El Moro, we set off for Playa Balandra. A narrow bay, the water is perfectly clear, calm and current-less. Through out most of the bay it was only knee deep - and hip deep at its deepest points. Click on the link to enjoy the photos! \|Boo says NO! NO! That's our kayak!\| Back at La Paz, we walked down the Malecón boardwalk. Posted by Mottel at 8:05 PM Saturday, May 05, 2012 As our time in Baja drew to a close, Chana and I decided to travel to neighboring cities Todos los Santos on the Pacific coast, and La Paz on the Sea of Cortes. Click on the link to enjoy Todos Santos - the magical city . . . While Cabo has become something of a massive tourist sink-hole, catering more to Americans more interested in Corona and golf, Todos Santos retains much of its original charm. \|The murals seem to be dated to the 1930s\| \|Tefilin with Velvel\| Next up? La Paz, the city of John Steinbeck. Posted by Mottel at 11:18 PM	<urn:uuid:44f37be4-4555-44c6-862b-2ede440227d0>	{ "date": "2015-11-25T08:10:59", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-48", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398445033.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205405-00271-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9802579879760742, "score": 2.71875, "token_count": 2149, "url": "http://mordechai7215.blogspot.com/" }
Why Should Others Pay For Students' Benefits? President Clinton proposes a $1,500 tax credit for each of the first two years of college in addition to his earlier proposed college tax deduction of up to $10,000 per family. His goal: "nothing less than to make the 13th and 14th year of education as universal as the first 12 are today." And further: "This is not just for those individuals, this is for America." Mr. Clinton's tax credit would cost $7.9 billion over the next six years, bringing his package of new college subsidies up to $42 billion over that period. It would be financed by raising some taxes and selling off more of the radio broadcast spectrum (apparently every politician's favorite revenue raiser). But a 1991 Congressional Budget Office study found that tuition subsidies alone already averaged more than 80 percent of the cost of providing an education at public colleges and universities. Given how heavily subsidized higher education already is, would Clinton's additional subsidy really benefit America? The president's answer is yes: "More than ever before in the history of the United States, education is the fault line, the great Continental Divide, between those who will prosper and those who will not in the new economy." But Clinton's plans would actually do little to increase educational attainment, despite their hefty price tag. College attendance would see only a small effect, because, especially at public colleges, tuition is a small part of the total cost of education. There are books, supplies, and room and board (though students have to eat and sleep somewhere in any event). More important are the earnings forgone by going to college - roughly $12,000 over the nine-month school year for a recent high school graduate. This dwarfs public-college tuition. A $1,500 credit was chosen because it slightly exceeds average yearly community-college tuition. Eliminating this tuition would make only a relatively small dent in the real cost of college to students. Few added students would graduate, but those attending anyway would get larger subsidies than they do now. The tax credit would also make little difference in increasing education among students from lower-income families. Pell Grants, Stafford Loans, and other student aid sought to increase college attendance by such students, but made little difference: Families above the median income still send about twice the percentage of college-age children to college as lower-income families, just as they did in 1970. More aid has gone to each low-income student. But, because so many more students from higher income families attend college, most of the subsidies actually go to students from families with above-average income. WHY aren't more students already going to college, if it is such a great and heavily subsidized investment? Students should be willing to borrow to pay for college. Educational opportunity does not require added subsidies; government need only assure access to loans to finance college, which it already does. "The prospect of heavy debt after graduation would no doubt discourage some students from borrowing," according to financial writer Peter Passell. "But that may be the wisest form of restraint. Someone has to finally pay the bill, and it is hard to see why that should be the taxpayers rather than the direct beneficiary of the schooling." Added education subsidies, to the extent they increase college demand, would also go in large part to education providers in better wages and working conditions (a point about economics that Adam Smith made two centuries ago). Any cultural benefits of added education would primarily accrue to students, rather than to society. Since students reap the vast majority of the benefits of such training directly, there's no justification for existing public subsidies for higher education, much less for increasing them out of others' pockets. There may be some social benefits, though difficult to articulate and measure, that justify education subsidies. But current subsidies are already very large, and given our historically high current tax burdens, the argument for leaving the money in citizens' hands, where it can be used for education if they see fit, is at least as strong. It is hard to justify this proposed sharp increase in taxpayer subsidies to higher education, other than as an election-year ploy. Not only will it make little difference in educational attainment; it also fails to help those who are really neediest. As commentator Edgar Browning put it, "Subsidies to higher education effectively benefit the brightest and most ambitious young people, and this group will on the average have the highest lifetime incomes even without assistance." *Gary M. Galles is a professor of economics at Pepperdine University in Malibu, Calif.	<urn:uuid:26d7b9f9-4dfa-408b-bbc9-7772e844bfdc>	{ "date": "2018-05-20T18:39:30", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-22", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794863662.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20180520170536-20180520190536-00496.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9708784222602844, "score": 2.53125, "token_count": 946, "url": "https://m.csmonitor.com/1996/1018/101896.opin.opin.2.html" }
“We are very fond of blaming the poor for destroying the environment. But often it is the powerful, including governments, that are responsible.” That was a typical remark by Wangari Muta Maathai, the Kenyan environmental and political activist who has just died. In the 1970s, Maathai founded the Green Belt Movement, an environmental non-governmental organisation focused on the planting of trees, environmental conservation, and women’s rights. In 2004, she became the first African woman to receive the Nobel Peace Prize for “her contribution to sustainable development, democracy and peace.” The Green Belt Movement in a profile about their founder counted the many roles she played: environmentalist; scientist; parliamentarian; founder of the Green Belt Movement; advocate for social justice, human rights, and democracy; elder; and Nobel Peace Laureate. “”It is the people who must save the environment. It is the people who must make their leaders change. And we cannot be intimidated. So we must stand up for what we believe in,” Wangari Maathai kept saying. As a tribute, I have assembled a few links to interesting online videos featuring her. Taking Root, a long format documentary, tells the dramatic story of Wangari Maathai whose simple act of planting trees grew into a nationwide movement to safeguard the environment, protect human rights, and defend democracy—a movement for which this charismatic woman became an iconic inspiration. TAKING ROOT: The Vision of Wangari Maathai Trailer on PBS YouTube channel: Wangari Maathai & The Green Belt Movement, short film by StridesinDevelopment: Riz Khan’s One on One: Wangari Maathai: Part 1 Interview with Al Jazeera English first broadcast on 19 Jan 2008 “I will be a hummingbird” – Wangari Maathai Two more memorable quotes from her to inspire us all: “I have always believed that, no matter how dark the cloud, there is always a thin, silver lining, and that is what we must look for.” “We cannot tire or give up. We owe it to the present and future generations of all species to rise up and walk!”	<urn:uuid:648269f5-b40f-42f7-b214-7b5a7417415c>	{ "date": "2019-10-16T00:16:44", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-43", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986660829.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20191015231925-20191016015425-00296.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9407970905303955, "score": 2.78125, "token_count": 471, "url": "https://nalakagunawardene.com/tag/green-belt-movement/" }
“The right to the preservation and protection of nature will be guaranteed by Mexico City authorities in the scope of their competence, always promoting citizen participation in this subject” As stated in article 18 of the new Mexico City constitution, which was approved after a vote in the constituent assembly, which resulted in the officialization of the articles in Mexico City’s political constitution, as planned. An image from the day the Rights of Nature was delivered to the senate According to the article, Nature is now a subject of rights and it clarifies that the completion of this guarantee isn’t just the work of Mexican authorities, but also of citizens. Mexico joins the progressive political current of countries like Ecuador and Bolivia, representing an example of inspiration for the world, and which was the result of the efforts of citizens, groups, and organizations, both local and international, guardians of the Rights of Nature. Last year Mexico hosted the Forum on Rights of Nature, whose conclusiones served as a foundation for the language in the article. Around 150 international and domestic civil, social, political, artistic, academic, and activist organizations presented at the forum, along with indigenous leaders from many American communities, including the World Conscious Pact. The beginning of the last day of the constituent assembly session It’s important to highlight that this victory, a víctor for all, was the product of effective collaboration among citizens around the world, united in an organized effort for the most natural cause for everyone. All the efforts and collaboration gave their fruit. Thew news caught the attention of the United Nations, understanding that this is an example to be followed, they published the article “Harmony with Nature” under the Rights of Nature section. This is an evident example for all the governments around the world of how they should create legislation around caring for nature. The process doesn’t end there, once Mexico City’s constitution is promulgated, it will still have to propose the Law of the Rights of Nature and its elaboration. The deadline for implementing the new law has been set for December 31st, 2020, but it’s estimated that it will come into effect by 2019. The implementation of a new law that establishes Nature as subject of rights isn’t the only thing that makes this new constitution progressive, it’s also the fact that it focuses on prioritizing attention to citizens and the environment. Constitution publication ceremony in Mexico City This constitution establishes the right and duty of the citizen to solve problems of general interest, and guarantees the rights of citizens to a dignified life, highlighting their rights to sport, education, technological advances, and establishing their right to coexistence, recreation, and rest. In regards to animals, it establishes that: “the city’s authorities guarantee the protection, wellbeing, and the dignified and respectful treatment of animals, and they will promote a culture of responsible care and guardianship”. This guardianship is the judicial responsibility of authorities as well as citizens. We thank everyone for their efforts, and the senators who made the proposals at the Forum for the rights of nature. However slowly, they help us to open a door to a new kind of legislation, more coherent with the needs of humanity. We thank the cited sources below:	<urn:uuid:69c0df1d-3ce1-42ab-9d02-be50f9e810f9>	{ "date": "2017-11-20T13:58:08", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-47", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806066.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20171120130647-20171120150647-00256.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.951941967010498, "score": 2.734375, "token_count": 679, "url": "http://worldconsciouspact.org/featured-2/rights-nature-mexico-city-constitution/" }
THE STUART-BENNETT DUEL. THE FIRST DUEL FOUGHT IN ILLINOIS, AT BELLEVILLE, IN ST. CLAIR COUNTY, ON FEBRUARY 8, 1819. By James Affleck, a citizen of Belleville at the time of its occurrence. The origin of the quarrel between the two men was a very trivial matter, growing out of Bennett's horse trespassing on Stuart's cornfield. The horse was a "breachy" animal, and repeatedly broke into Stuart's cornfield, which greatly enraged the latter, and he told Bennett if he didn't keep his horse out of his field he would shoot the horse. This threat was disregarded by Bennett, and the horse continued to break into the field, until one day Stuart carried his threat into execution-that is, he induced his hired man to shoot the horse with a gun loaded with powder and coarse salt, which he did, and the animal ran home bleeding and smarting with pain. Bennett became greatly enraged over the shooting of his horse, though the wound was but slight, and when he learned that Stuart was responsible for the shooting he was disposed to seek revenge. The animal was a great favorite with Bennett and the more he thought of how it had been treated the more his anger grew. While in this frame of mind he met with Jacob Short and Nathaniel Fike, a pair of young Bacchanalians, who made their haunt, and hibernated, at Tannehill's tavern, which then occupied the southwest corner of the public square on Main street, the site of the present National Hotel. Short and Fike, thinking to have some sport out of the affair, advised Bennett to seek satisfaction from Stuart by challenging him to mortal combat. They told him that Stuart had grieviously injured and insulted him, and that the only proper course for him to pursue was to challenge him to fight a duel. Bennett really assented to this, and the challenge was sent. In the meantime Short and Fike saw Stuart and told him of their plan to have some sport out of Bennett, and they at once arranged for a sham duel. Short and Fike, who were to act as seconds, promised Stuart that the guns should be loaded with powder only. Although Stuart understood that it was to be a sham duel, and was only intended to enliven the monotony of life in the then small village, Bennett did not so understand it, and with him it was to be no mockery, as the sequel proved. The arrangements for the duel were made in the court house, where the parties all met. The court house was then located on the southwest corner of Main and Illinois streets, in front of James Tannehill's tavern, with whom the writer was then living and continued to live for eight or nine years thereafter. The young men of the town teased and plagued Bennett a good deal about the proposed duel by telling him that he would take the "Duck ague" and couldn't shoot with accuracy; and Bennett, to show them that he was a sure shot, loaded his rifle and shot the head off a chicken that was in the yard close by. After the parties had made all arrangements for the duel, and were pretty full of Tannehill's whiskey, they repaired to the duelling ground, which was located about midway between Main street and the present mansion of the late Adam W. Snyder. The ground in that vicinity was all vacant then with only a few scattering trees. The principals were placed about twenty five steps apart, and just as the word "Fire," which was agreed on as the signal was uttered, Bennett fired and Stuart fell, face downward, to the ground shot in the region of the heart. He fell on his gun and immediately expired. Fike, his second, went to him, and turning him over, took the rifle he had dropped and discharged it in the air, so that it was never known whether it contained a ball or not. There was a suspicion with many that the crack of the gun was that of one containing a ball. Bennett and both seconds were arrested immediately and committed to jail, the latter, however, soon being released on bail. The State had but lately (in 1818) been admitted into the Union, and, it appears from the records, that the State had neither law, nor officials, to try prisoners in St. Clair county. The Legislature being in session at the time, it proceeded at once to enact laws for the emergency, and to appoint officials. A special term of court was called, and a bill of indictment was returned against all three for murder. On the eve of the trial Bennett succeeded in escaping from the jail, a log structure, by boring a series of holes in one of the lop, which he forced from its place and thus made his way out. Such was the sheriff's report when directed to bring the prisoner into court. Bennett fled into the wilds of Arkansas Territory, and was not heard from by the authorities for two and a half years. At the end of that time it was learned that he had been in communication with his wife; that he was at St. Genevieve, Missouri, and that he had arranged for her to meet and join him there, having sent a team and wagon for her and the children. A reward was still standing for his apprehension at that time. James Tannehill and others followed the team and family, and on arriving at the Mississippi river met Bennett, and arresting him brought him back to Belleville. He was again indicted, tried and convicted, and sentenced to death by hanging., The execution took place on September 3, 1821, in a vacant field on which a part of West Belleville is now located. The execution was public, and was witnessed by one of the largest assemblages ever brought together in this county. Poor Bennett! He lost his life for the love he had for his family. He stated on the scaffold that he was willing to risk his life for the pleasure of once more greeting his wife and children. He also denied that he had put the bullet in the gun that killed Stuart. Bennett owned a lot and log cabin on North Illinois Street (adjoining the present residence of Mr. Emil Feigenbutz) on the north, and was buried there. It was the current opinion on the street, however, that his body had been turned over to the doctors, and had been used to advance knowledge in medicine and surgery. Soon after Bennett's escape from the jail, the seconds had their trial, and were acquitted by the testimony of Rachael Tannehill, a girl of nine or ten years, who was looking out of an upper window in the Tannehill tavern at the time the party was starting for the duelling ground. She saw Bennett come around the court house, distant about seventy or eighty feet from her, and saw him put something into his gun which the jury construed to be a bullet. This testimony, together with their own, cleared the two seconds and went far to convict Bennett. Stuart and Bennett were both young men in the prime of life, each having a family. Alfonso C. Stuart was an educated man, from the state of New York, and a lawyer by profession, but unfortunately, his practice was more frequent at Tannehill's bar than that of Judge Reynolds. He was buried about a hundred yards from where he fell, northwest. John Reynolds, then residing in Cahokia; the then metropolis of the west, was Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the State, and acting circuit judge; John Hay also of Cahokia, was circuit (as well as county) clerk, and William Anderson Baird, a bachelor farmer, was sheriff. Samuel D. Lockwood, attorney general, discharged the duties of prosecuting attorney, and Bennett was ably defended by Hon. Thomas H. Benton, of Missouri. All the officials in this case were specially appointed by the Legislature to try these prisoners. Lockwood, before entering upon the trial, took the following oath: "I do solemnly swear that I will, to the best of my judgment, execute the duties imposed upon me by the act for the suppression of dueling, so help me God." Scipio Baird. a younger brother of Sheriff Baird, was deputy sheriff, and performed the duty of executing poor Bennett, of which I was an eye witness, and of which I never wish to see the like again. Belleville, St. Clair County, Illinois, December 26, 1899. COURT RECORDS OF THE CASE. STATE OF ILLINOIS, ST. CLAIR COUNTY. ss. In pursuance of an act of the Legislature of the said State of Illinois, now in session, passed the 24 of February, 1819, entitled "An act authorizing a special term of the circuit in St. Clair county, for the trial of certain prisoners," be it remembered, that on Monday, the 8th day of March, being a day fixed upon by said statute of the said State, for holding a special circuit for the said county of St. Clair, John Reynolds, one of the Justices of the Supreme Court of the said State, by arrangement made to attend the said special circuit at the court house in the said county; and John Hay, by the said law, is authorized to act as clerk to the said court. And in pursuance of an act of the said Legislature passed the 2d of March, 1819, entitled "An act supplemental to an act entitled, 'An act authorizing a special term of the circuit court in St Clair county for the trial of certain prisoners,' 11 William Baird is authorized to act as sheriff for the said special court. Monday, the 8th of March, 1819. Members present: the Honorable John Reynolds, Justice; John Hay, Clerk; Win. A. Beaird, Sheriff. Names of the Grand Inquest: Benj. Watts, foreman; Solomon Teator, Robert Abernathy, James Marney, Francis Swares, Jacob Ogle, Jr., Win. Padfield, Robert Lemen, Henry Hutton, Joshua Oglesby, Marshal Duncan, Cintes Moore, George Pricket, Win. Bridges, Sam Everitt, Joseph Penn, John Leach, Theophelus M. Nicholas, James Walker, Odian Castleberry, William T. Kineade, Jeremiah Ham,-23,-who all appeared and received their charge and retired to consult of presentments. Persons sworn to go before the grand jury, to-wit: Reuben Anderson, James Parks, James Kincade, James Read, Andrew Million, Benj. Million, Peter Sprinkle and Rachel Tannehill. Nicholas Horner excused from serving on the traverse jury. The grand jury returned from their retirement and presented a bill of indictment against Timothy Bennett, Jacob Short and Nathan Fike, for murder. The People &c., vs. } Murder. Timothy Bennett, Jacob Short and Nathan Fike. And thereupon by order of the court, the clerk issued his process, directed to the sheriff of this county, to bring forth the body of the said Timothy Bennett; and thereupon the sheriff returns the following, to-wit: "The within named Timothy Bennett, has made his escape by breaking the jail, of St. Clair county; therefore, I cannot bring his body in the court as I am commanded. I I Wm. A. BEAIRD, Sheriff of St. Clair county. Ordered that the court adjourn sine die. (Signed.) JOHN REYNOLDS. (The case was called again at the next term, Tuesday, June 15, 1819, and the recognizances of James and Rachael Tannehill, witnesses, taken in the sum of $100 each for their appearance on the following day to testify.) Wednesday, June 16th. The case against Jacob Short and Nathan Fike called. And thereupon comes as well the said defendants, to-wit: Jacob Short and Nathan Fike. As the Attorney General and the said defendants say, they are not guilty in the manner and form as in the indictment against them is alleged, and of this they put themselves upon the country, and the Attorney General doth the like. Therefore it is commanded that a jury of twelve good and lawful men who neither is, etc., because etc., and the jurors of the jury of which mention is within made, being called, to-wit: Isaac Clark, Eli Hart, Isaac Bairey, Daniel Phillips, Henry Stout, Patrick Johnson, David Coons, Andrew Maurer, Peter Hill, William. McNeal, Brice Virgin and John Cotton, who being duly elected, tried and swore the truth of and upon the premises to speak. Ordered that the court adjourn to tomorrow morning, 8 o'clock, Thursday, June 17, 1819. Trial had and the following order entered up: Upon their oaths do say, that the said defendants are not guilty in manner and form as in the said indictment against them is alleged; therefore it is considered by the court that the said defendants be acquitted and discharged of the charge aforesaid, and go thereof without a day, etc. STATE OF ILLINOIS, St. Clair county. ss. At a special circuit court called and held in the court house in Belleville, for and within the county of St. Clair, on Thursday, the twenty-sixth day of July, in the year of Our Lord, Eighteen Hundred and Twenty-One, were resent the Honorable John Reynolds. justice; Wm.. A. Beaird, esq., sheriff; John Hay, clerk. Names of grand inquest, William Glasgow, foreman, James Cohen, William L. Whiteside, Hosea Rigg, Riebard W. Chandler, John Thomas, Archibald Allen, Henry Stout, John Leach, Thomas Gillham, John Scott, John Redei, David Sparks, Daniel Burky, James Marney, Jacob Whiteside, Daniel Phillips, James Pulliam, Joseph Willbanks, Daniel Million, Tilghman West, George Harris, John Glass, who all appeared and were sworn. Thereupon the grand jury having received their charge from the bench, retired to consider of presentments. The grand jury returned from their retirement, and presented the following bill of indictment: VS. } Indictment for Murder. Thereupon it was ordered that process issue, to the Sheriff of St. Clair county commanding him that he have the body of Timothy Bennett a prisoner now in gaol of the county aforesaid, under safe and secure conduct, before the court here immediately, to answer an indictment against him for murder. The Sheriff of St. Clair county, agreeable to a process to him directed, commanding him to have the body of Timothy Bennett a prisoner, confined in the gaol of the county aforesaid, brings into court here the said Timothy Bennett accordingly; and being demanded of him, whether he is guilty of the felony aforesaid or not guilty: says he is not guilty; thereof, and for his trial puts himself, upon God and his country. And the Attorney General, in behalf of the People of the State of Illinois likewise. And thereupon it is ordered by the court, that a jury come instanter, who neither is &c as well as &c and the jurors of the jury of which mention is within made being called to-wit: Noah Mathany, John A. Mauzy, James Simmons, Bunill Hill, John Colton. Ordered that the court adjourn to tomorrow 9 o'clock. John Reynolds. Friday, the 27th July, 1821. Court opened according to adjournment. Present as before. James C. Work, George W. Jack, James Wilson, Joel R. Small, Elijah Davis, James Fox, and Zachariah Stephenson who being duly elected, tried and sworn the truth to speak of and upon the premises and having heard the evidence. Ordered that the court adjourn to tomorrow morning 7 o'clock. John Reynolds. Saturday, the 28th July, 1821. Court opened according to adjournment. Present as before. Upon their oath do say that Timothy Bennett, is guilty of the felony aforesaid, in manner and form as in the indictment against him is alleged; and it being demanded of him, if anything for himself lie had or knew to say why the court, here to judgment and execution against him, if and upon the premises should not proceed; he said he had nothing, but what he had before said: Therefore it is considered by the court, that he be hanged by the neck, until he be dead and that the Sheriff of this county, do cause execution of this judgment, to be done and performed on him the said Timothy Bennett on Monday, the third day of September, next, between the hours of ten in the forenoon and four in the afternoon, at or near the town of Belleville, &c. Samuel D. Lockwood, came into court, and took the following oath: "I do solemnly swear, that I will to the best of my judgment, execute the duties imposed on me by the act for suppressing duelling, so help me God." From Transactions of the Illinois State Historical Society--1901	<urn:uuid:81a5e9c3-c4de-4bba-8738-e7c715074d0f>	{ "date": "2014-09-18T15:43:36", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-41", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657128304.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011208-00158-ip-10-196-40-205.us-west-1.compute.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.983394980430603, "score": 2.6875, "token_count": 3584, "url": "http://www.eslarp.uiuc.edu/ibex/archive/guidebook/stuart-bennett.htm" }
We want parents to support kids’ learning, but what do we want them to do specifically? asks Bill Jackson of Great Schools in an e-mail discussion. He envisions a campaign of public service announcements tied to a GreatKids mobile app: 1. Read to your child for 30 minutes a day. 2. Have conversations with your child every day. Use questions, not commands. 3. Teach your child the alphabet before kindergarten. 4. Teach your child to count to 20. 5. Limit TV time to 30 minutes a day. An iPad app could let parents “give their kids a quick test to see how they are doing in acquiring vocabulary,” Jackson adds. “The idea here is to . . make it a ‘club’ of parents doing the right things and getting positive feedback.” I think some parents need to be shown how to read a book with a child and how to have a conversation. Guest-blogging for Rick Hess, Jackson asks parents to list their aspirations for their children at age 18. “When you launch them at age 18, what knowledge, skills, character traits, and other qualities do you want them to have?” His list for his daughters: 1. Be passionate about some activities or commitments 2. Love to read; read for pleasure 3. Know a lot about the world (for their age) and want to know more 4. Have strong analytical and mathematical skills 5. Know a lot (for their age) about at least one area of science (biology, physics, etc) 6. Write well 7. Have skills in at least one visual, fine or performing art discipline (piano, theater, etc.) 8. Have at least one manual skill (sewing, cooking, fixing car, etc.) 9. Have at least basic computer programming skills 10. Be able to draw reasonably well 11. Have friends (fewer closer or more less close both OK) 12. Be active in serving people in need and/or advocating for ideas larger than themselves 13. Be kind to everyone they interact with 14. Have demonstrated resiliency through failure 15. Be physically active 16. Be optimistic Whether a particular school is good for a child depends on the parent’s aspirations, Jackson writes. My expectations for my daughter’s schools were modest. I wanted school to teach her reading, writing, ‘rithmetic, history and science — especially math and science, which I wasn’t teaching at home. I didn’t expect her to be skilled in a performing art or in drawing — and I was right. (She took a programming class in college, but I don’t think it’s a critical skill.) Kindness, friendliness, resiliency, problem solving, cooking . . . Kids learn that at home or not at all.	<urn:uuid:4fd2ca07-68bc-45cf-baab-524461088989>	{ "date": "2014-03-07T09:00:50", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-10", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1393999639602/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305060719-00006-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9529927372932434, "score": 2.6875, "token_count": 607, "url": "http://www.joannejacobs.com/tag/resiliency/" }
Find free pictures, photos, images and information related to a wide range of different structures, buildings and landmarks right here at Science Kids. Photo name: Machu Picchu Picture category: Structures Image size: 90 KB Dimensions: 700 x 525 Photo description: Machu Picchu is a famous Inca site found deep in the mountains of Peru. Sometimes known as ‘The Lost City of the Incas’, it was largely unknown by the outside world until it was brought to international attention in 1911 by Hiram Bingham, an American historian. It is now a popular tourist destination with many people trekking through the mountains to reach the famous landmark every year. This photo shows the famous location sitting amongst white clouds.	<urn:uuid:39aba73b-b504-4f2a-979d-130217827c1b>	{ "date": "2014-03-07T09:00:01", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-10", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1393999639602/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305060719-00006-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9330829977989197, "score": 3.3125, "token_count": 152, "url": "http://www.sciencekids.co.nz/pictures/structures/machupicchu.html" }
This article is from Dollars & Sense: Real World Economics, available at http://www.dollarsandsense.org This article is from the July/August 2013 issue of Dollars & Sense magazine. at a 30% discount. The Science and Economics of the Gas Boom Between 1868 and 1969, Cleveland’s Cuyahoga river caught fire at least ten times, including one blaze that reached the Standard Oil refinery where storage tanks detonated. Ultimately, the seemingly impossible and unnatural phenomenon of burning water came to represent the dangers of unregulated industrial development and generated popular support for the environmental laws of the 1970s, including the Clean Water Act and the Safe Drinking Water Act. Today the unsettling sight of burning water has returned, from a new industry that is exempt from both these laws. In homes near installations using the drilling technique known as hydraulic fracturing, or “fracking,” the tap water has been known to ignite with the touch of a lighter. The industry is relatively new, so the scientific literature yields only tentative results and provisional research conclusions. But the early research suggests fracking has serious negative consequences for public health and local ecology, from flaming tap water to toxic chemicals to ground tremors. Industry spokesmen insist that the negative side-effects of fracking are insignificant. But there’s one positive side-effect everyone should be able to agree upon: fracking is an ideal vehicle for explaining key economic concepts of market failure and market power, including externalities, asymmetrical information, and regulatory capture, along with brand-new ones, like science capture. Let’s start with the firewater. Liar Liar, Taps on Fire In the fracking process, natural gas (methane) is released from shale rock strata up to a mile underground, by injecting millions of gallons of water, along with sand and a variety of synthetic chemicals. The huge pressure of the water makes new cracks in the rock, allowing the gas to dissolve and be extracted. Natural gas is now responsible for 30% of U.S. electricity production and for heating half of all U.S. homes. The national and business media have breathlessly reported huge growth in gas production, and the oil-and-gas industry projects that North America will return to exporting energy by 2025. Besides the sheer growth in production, the Wall Street Journal reported earlier this year, the fracking boom has brought other economic benefits, “improving employment in some regions and a rebound in U.S.-based manufacturing,” and “greater defense against overseas turmoil that can disrupt energy supplies.” As made notorious by the documentary Gasland, water supplies are a major focus of concern about fracking, especially since the emergence of dramatic footage of a number of Pennsylvania homes, near fracking pads above the Marcellus Shale formation, producing fireballs from the kitchen tap. Duke University earth scientists conducted a more rigorous exploration of this phenomenon, published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of the Sciences. They surveyed rural Pennsylvanian water wells for residential use, measuring concentrations of methane, the main chemical component of natural gas. Concentrations rose far above natural levels closer to drill pads, spiking within one kilometer of active gas development sites to a level that “represents a potential explosion hazard.” It was also found that the specific gas chemistry in the wells matched those produced through drilling, rather than through naturally occurring compounds. As the gas boom goes “boom,” the cautious scientists conclude: “Greater stewardship, knowledge, and—possibly—regulation are needed to ensure the sustainable future of shale-gas extraction.” In parts of the country where water is scarcer, the issue is more ominous. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and U.S. Geological Survey have found toxic alcohols, glycols, and carcinogenic benzene in underground aquifers in Wyoming, evidence that fracking has tainted precious underground water supplies. In press accounts, local residents who requested the study “expressed gratitude to the EPA, and perhaps a bit of veiled doubt about the zeal of local and state regulators.” In parched Texas, the volume of water adequate for irrigating $200,000 worth of crops can be used to frack $2.5 billion-worth of gas or oil. The Wall Street Journal reports that “companies have been on a buying spree, snapping up rights to scarce river water—easily outbidding traditional users such as farmers and cities.” A Texan rancher relates: “They’re just so much bigger and more powerful than we are...We’re just kind of the little ant that gets squashed.” The heavy use of often-secret synthetic chemicals has also cast a shadow over the fracking debate. Bloomberg News reported in 2012 that energy companies and well operators were refusing to disclose the chemical formulas of thousands of substances used in the fracking process, enough to “keep [the] U.S. clueless on wells.” Many states have instituted a self-reporting law, modeled on one first developed in Texas, allowing drillers to withhold the ingredients used in their chemical mixes. Bloomberg reports that drillers “claimed similar exemptions about 19,000 times” in the first eight months of 2012 alone. The congressional exemption of the industry from federal water requirements (discussed below) makes this non-disclosure possible, so that “neighbors of fracked wells ... can’t use the disclosures to watch for frack fluids migrating into creeks, rivers and aquifers, because they don’t know what to look for.” This development is a perfect example of what economists call asymmetric information, where one participant in a transaction knows relevant information that is unknown to the other party. The lack of information on one side can put the other party at an advantage, like the seller of a used car who knows more about the car’s problems than the prospective buyer. For example, a team of Colorado endocrinologists set out to catalogue these synthetic compounds used in wells across the country, based on regulatory filings. The survey was limited due to the “void of environmental authority” to compel chemical disclosure, and thus the data sheets and reports are “fraught with gaps in information about the formulation of the products.” Many of these reports only specify the general chemical class or use the label “proprietary,” providing no additional information. Ultimately, the scientists found that over 75% of the chemicals were harmful for the sensory organs, nearly half could affect the nervous and immune systems, and 25% could cause “cancer and mutations.” Another report by Colorado scientists observed that fracking development is increasingly located “near where people live, work, and play.” The study used air sampling to find strongly elevated health risks within a radius of about half a mile from fracking sites. The effects ranged from “headaches and eye irritation” up to “tremors, temporary limb paralysis, and unconsciousness at higher exposures.” A larger review by Pennsylvania scientists reached similar conclusions, based on local resident reporting and finding a match of over two-thirds “between known health effects of chemicals detected and symptoms reported.” The scientists caution that their findings “do not constitute definitive proof of cause and effect,” but they do “indicate the strong likelihood that the health of people living in proximity to gas facilities is being affected by exposure to pollutants from those facilities.” They frequently advocate the precautionary principle—that careful study showing that a product or process is not harmful should precede its use—as when they recommend “health impact assessments before permitting begins,” and note that “scientific knowledge about the health and environmental impacts of shale gas development ... are proceeding at a far slower pace than the development itself.” These conclusions contradict the industry’s claim that fracking is both safe for public health and not in need of any further study. Especially considering the earthquakes. Perhaps more alarming than the burning water and secret chemicals is the association of fracking with earthquakes. An early report of this development came from the Oklahoma Geological Survey, which surveyed the timing of tremors and their proximity to fracking sites and found a “strong correlation in time and space” and thus “a possibility these earthquakes were induced by hydraulic fracturing.” Earthquake epicenters were mostly within two miles of wells, and any earthquake disruption or damage caused by fracking-related activities represents an externality, a side effect of an economic transaction that affects parties outside the transaction. These findings are backed up by a review in the prestigious research journal Science, in which cautious scientists note that fracking itself is not responsible for “the earthquakes that have been shaking previously calm regions.” Yet they find that the induced earthquakes do arise from “all manner of other energy-related fluid injection—including deep disposal of fracking’s wastewater, extraction of methane from coal beds, and creation of geothermal energy reservoirs.” A surveyed area in Arkansas typically had about two quakes a year, before the beginning of fracking-water disposal. The year water disposal began, the number rose to ten. The next year, to 54. After water injection was halted, the quakes tapered off. The Science authors observe the “strongly suggestive” correlation between water disposal and seismic activity: “The quakes began only after injection began, surged when the rate of injection surged, were limited to the vicinity of the wells, and trailed off after injection was stopped.” The scientists’ main conclusion is the adoption of the precautionary principle: “look before you leap ... Stopping injection has stopped significant earthquakes within days to a year. ... The new regulations in Ohio and Arkansas at least move in the direction of such a learn-as-you-go approach.” You might wonder why the EPA has not limited or regulated fracking operations, in light of the combustible water, cancer-causing chemicals, and earthquake clusters. The EPA might well have adopted significant national policies on fracking by now, had the practice not been made exempt from the main national environmental laws in the Energy Policy Act of 2005, an offspring of Dick Cheney’s secretive energy committee. The exemptions from the Clean Water Act, the Safe Drinking Water Act, the Clean Air Act, and the Superfund law drastically limit the agency’s authority to act on fracking. The drive to limit even EPA research into fracking is decades old. An extensive New York Times report, based on interviews with scientists and reviews of confidential files, found that “more than a quarter-century of efforts by some lawmakers and regulators to force the federal government to police the industry better have been thwarted, as EPA studies have been repeatedly narrowed in scope and important findings have been removed.” When Congress first directed the EPA to investigate fracking in the 1980s, the Times reported, EPA scientists found that some fracking waste was “hazardous and should be tightly controlled.” But the final report sent to Congress eliminated these conclusions. An agency scientist relates, “It was like science didn’t matter. ... The industry was going to get what it wanted, and we were not supposed to stand in the way.” Similarly, when an EPA public-advisory letter to the state of New York called for a moratorium on drilling, the advice was stripped from the released version. A staff scientist said the redaction was due to “politics,” but could as well have said “business power.” More importantly, the first major EPA review of fracking found “little or no threat to drinking water.” This was an eyebrow-raising claim, given that five of seven members of the peer review panel had current or former energy industry affiliations, a detail noted by agency whistle-blower Weston Wilson. Other studies have been narrowed in scope or colored by similar conflicts of interest. More recently, the agency announced that its study finding contamination of Wyoming groundwater will not be subjected to outside peer review, and that further work instead will be funded directly by industry. As the EPA is presently drafting a brand-new report on the subject, these past embarrassments should be kept in mind. This brings up the problem of regulatory capture, where an industry to be monitored gains major influence over regulators’ policies. As mentioned above, fracking is very loosely regulated by the states, which is always a favorite outcome for corporate America since the regulatory resources of state governments are far smaller and the regulators are even more easily dominated than those of the federal government. The industry-sponsored FracFocus website is the state-sanctioned chemical-information clearing house, and a masterpiece of smooth PR design, suggesting clear water and full transparency. But Bloomberg News reports that “more than 40 percent of wells fracked in eight major drilling states last year had been omitted from the voluntary site.” Other state reactions have varied. In 2010, the New York State legislature voted to ban fracking, but then-Governor Paterson vetoed the bill and instead issued a temporary moratorium on the practice, though fracking remains illegal in the New York City watershed. Finally, while the EPA’s main study is still pending, the agency has taken some steps, as in 2012 when it required well operators to reduce methane gas emissions from wells and storage pits to limit air pollution. But even here the regulation wears kid gloves: The new moves do not cut into industry profits. In fact, capturing the “fugitive” methane, the agency estimates, will save the industry $11 to $19 million annually. Also, the regulation won’t take effect until 2015. Mainstream, or “neoclassical,” economic theory considers itself to have solutions to these problems—solutions centered as always on “free markets.” The idea is that if firms create chronic health problems or combustible tap water, market forces should drive up their costs, as landowners learn of these firms’ practices and demand higher payment for drilling. But as seen above, even households that have already leased their land for gas development remain unaware of the identities and effects of the obscure synthetic chemicals to which they are exposed. This informational asymmetry—the firms know things the landowners don’t—significantly attenuates the ability of landowners to make informed choices. On the other hand, households that are located near a drill pad but uninvolved in licensing the drilling will experience the ill effects as externalities. Neoclassicals suggest these can be fixed through a better property-rights system, where surrounding individuals can sue drillers for injuring their health. But this solution runs up against another problem: proving cause-and-effect from a drilling pad to a particular individual’s health problems is extremely difficult. The tobacco industry notoriously made this point in court for many years, arguing that it was impossible to prove if a man’s lung cancer was caused by a four-pack-a-day cigarette habit, as opposed to, say, local auto exhaust. If cause-and-effect is hard to prove in court for cigarettes, doing so for air-delivered volatile organic compounds will be almost impossible. This problem is aggravated by the use of corporate resources to influence research. The showcase example is a study produced by the University of Texas, “Fact-Based Regulation for Environmental Protection in Shale Gas Development.” The study gave fracking a guardedly positive bill of health, finding no evidence of negative health impacts. The commercial media gave the study a good deal of favorable attention, until the revelation that the lead researcher, Dr. Charles G. Groat, formerly of USGS, sits on the board of the Plains Exploration & Production Company, a Houston-based energy firm heavily invested in gas development. His compensation from the board was several times his academic salary, and he also held 40,000 shares of its stock. An in-house review by the university was outspoken, saying “the term ‘fact-based’ would not apply” to the paper, which was “inappropriately selective ... such that they seemed to suggest that public concerns were without scientific basis and largely resulted from media bias.” Groat retired from the university the day the review was released, but this practice has become increasingly common from industries under fire for environmental or public-health impacts. Bloomberg News flatly stated that “producers are taking a page from the tobacco industry playbook: funding research at established universities that arrives at conclusions that counter concerns raised by critics.” This raises the ugly possibility of science capture. No Frackin’ Way Not that Americans are taking it lying down. A diverse popular coalition successfully fought to block a Gulf Coast gas terminal that stood to inflict major damage on local wildlife. The Oil & Gas Journal reports on the “firestorm” of activism: “In an unlikely but massive undertaking, environmental activists, sports fishermen, local politicians, media groups, and other citizens formed a coalition known as the ‘Gumbo Alliance’ that united opposition to the technology.” The Louisiana governor vetoed the project “under considerable public pressure.” Elsewhere, local residents have taken action to keep fracking and its negative externalities out of their communities. New York State “fractivists” have won an impressive 55 municipal bans and 105 local moratoriums against fracking, to date. The state’s Court of Appeals—New York’s highest court—recently upheld the bans against an industry lawsuit. These activist successes are an early challenge to what the Wall Street Journal called the new “shale barons.” American job markets remain highly depressed and state budgets are strained. What we need, instead of dogged extraction of every particle of fossil fuels from the ground, is a public employment program geared toward the construction of a new sustainable energy system. This would be a far superior alternative to fracking—on grounds of health, ecology, and employment. It could also serve as a springboard for a broader questioning of the suitability of capitalism for the challenges of the 21st century. That kind of radical approach would see the glass of water as half full, not half on fire. Note: The online version of this article was updated on August 13, 2013, to correct an error. The earlier version of the article stated that gas from fracking is responsible for 30% of U.S. electricity production and for heating half of all U.S. homes. In fact, natural gas, irrespective of method of extraction, is responsible for 30% of U.S. electricity production and for heating half of all U.S. homes.	<urn:uuid:c5a14ea3-536d-4cb0-b565-6d3f6f1e9441>	{ "date": "2016-07-31T00:33:32", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-30", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469258944256.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723072904-00018-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9548375010490417, "score": 3.484375, "token_count": 3858, "url": "http://dollarsandsense.org/archives/2013/0713larson.html" }
A Guide to the Early Years Foundation Stage (UK EYFS) The EYFS ‘framework’ is split into 7 areas of learning and 4 overriding principles of ‘The Unique Child’, ‘Enabling Environments’, Positive Relationships’ and ‘that every child learns differently’. The 7 areas of learning are as follows: Personal, social and emotional development Developing social skills, a positive sense of themselves, respect for others and a positive attitude towards learning. Communicating with others and developing skills in listening & talking Language and literacy Developing writing, reading and a love of books. Problem Solving, Reasoning and Numeracy Developing and using ideas about number, calculating, quantity, measurement, shape and space. Improving skills of control, coordination, manipulation and movement. Developing an understanding of the importance of physical activity and making healthy choices in relation to food. Knowledge and Understanding of the world Exploring and investigating the world around them. Finding out about people and places, working with a range of materials and using ICT to support learning. Developing a sense of self and own culture and heritage. Exploring and sharing thoughts, ideas and feelings through a variety of creative experiences in art, design and technology, music, movement, dance and imaginative play. All areas of Learning and Development are equally important and inter-connected. The curriculum is delivered through play – based learning, because research has shown that when playing, children are learning at their highest level and exploratory play promotes brain development.	<urn:uuid:774f217c-55eb-45e2-bedc-0a7c2c7211f4>	{ "date": "2019-12-15T16:56:11", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-51", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575541308604.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20191215145836-20191215173836-00536.warc.gz", "int_score": 4, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9256118535995483, "score": 4.3125, "token_count": 329, "url": "https://thecardinalvalley.com/our-approach/a-guide-to-the-early-years-foundation-stage-uk-eyfs/" }
Can You Find the Quail in This Photo? Keep looking, they are really in there. On one side of the lane to my house is a woodland I have restored. Under portions of that woodland are some pretty thick gooseberry thickets. I never try and walk through it, always around it. On any given sunny afternoon, I can normally count on seeing a covey of quail in the thicket closest to the lane. If we happen to find the quail on a walk or while in the timber, they rarely flush. If they do flush it is just a quick hop into the air before they go back down in the gooseberries further down the hill. Normally they just run away under the shrubs. While you ponder the number of quail in this shrub thicket, consider that quail rely on dense shrubs every day. Without shrubs, the chances of having a sustainable quail population is slim. Like my gooseberry thicket, your shrubby cover should be dense enough that you don’t want to attempt walking through it. Yet it needs to be open enough that they can flush up through the canopy. It should be free of ground cover such as fescue or brome. It should not be overtopped by larger trees that can foil their escape attempts when they flush up out of the shrubs. Research in Missouri shows that quail stay within 75 feet of shrubby cover during the winter months. Texas research showed that quail will seldom use shrubs that are overtopped by larger trees. I think my quail read that study, because they adhere to that average! Looking at the picture, do you wonder that quail like this type of cover? No self-respecting hawk or owl will attempt to enter it. It will greatly slow a fox or housecat enough to let the birds get away. It is perfect for them; it has no fescue or brome understory, it is still open enough for them to flush out of, and my woodland has few trees overtopping the shrubs. When quail flush, they can fly right over shrubs yet under the canopy of the taller woodland trees. If you no longer see quail in the haunts they frequented years ago, is it because this type of cover is gone? If it is still there, has it been invaded by fescue or brome? Is it overtopped by trees? Okay, there are four quail in the picture. Three of them are in the upper left portion of the photo. The other is about in the middle. Probably eight to 10 others were not captured in the photo, but were in the thicket, too. My point in posting the picture is to give you an idea of what quail need every single day. We refer to these areas as covey headquarters. Just like you need a home with a kitchen, bedroom and a place to relax, quail need shrubs. Period!	<urn:uuid:3b648995-60f9-4e38-b07c-7c11ef2c920d>	{ "date": "2015-01-25T22:56:27", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-06", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422115891802.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124161131-00080-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9777539372444153, "score": 2.578125, "token_count": 612, "url": "http://mdc.mo.gov/blogs/more-quail/can-you-find-quail-photo" }
Create a Macbeth Summary Macbeth Worksheet – a Summary based on the Website https://what-is-macbeth-about.com Many students find Shakespearean language impenetrable. ‘What the (insert expletive here) are they talking about?’ is not an uncommon utterance during the literary discourse of high school classrooms. 😉 If you then mix this ‘inaccessibility of the language’ with an abhorrence for the ‘over analysis’ at sentence level, many students miss the beauty, themes, insight into the human condition and complexities of how the narrative is woven. This is, of course, is a complete tragedy. It means many students leave Shakespeare bleeding on the classroom floor, never to be revisited. Enter the FREE Blank Graphic Novel Template! This free template encourages students to create a no fuss graphic novel summary of Macbeth. All the dialogue and narration has been removed from the template so students must visit a website, read the summary of the play and fill in the blanks to create their own graphic novel. The aim is for students to finish the activity with an overarching understanding of the play’s content, structure and schema before they approach the formal study of the play. As a byproduct of this process they might actually enjoy the play. How it Works: 1. Print off the graphic novel template from https://what-is-Macbeth-about.com 2. Read through each page of the online Macbeth summary from the same site and fill in the blanks in the template. NB I believe if students do this activity in pairs (2 templates with 1 internet enabled device) the discussions they have about what to write down is valuable on many levels. * Email a copy of the blank template or the link to the download page to each student. * Encourage the students to print out the template in color. Tip for Young Players: * Have photocopied copies of the blank template handy for those that didn’t, couldn’t, wouldn’t or… ‘forgot’ to print it out at home. Kicking off the Activity: DO NOT JUST COPY THE TEXT FROM THE SCREEN TO THE TEMPLATE. NO POWERFUL LEARNING HAPPENS BY DOING THIS! #putssoapboxaway Summary of Macbeth – a Tried and Proven Process 1. Teacher models reading the first page and leads into discussion. 2. In pairs students discuss and record what they think should be written. 3. Students form groups of four (Think. Pair. Square) and discuss what they have included. Compare. 4. Teacher facilitates discussion on what should be recorded and why. 5. Repeat this process for pages 2 & 3. 6. Students complete the paired summary. 7. Think. Pair. Square. 8. Model Annotation – Return to the graphic novel summary over the course of study to add annotations. A Tried and Proven Process – Fleshed Out a Little More – Teacher models the discusses: What is happening (events), What is being said (dialogue) & What is being thought (internal dialogue) in each panel of the first page. – Include in the discussion how the purpose of this activity is to enable a deeper understanding of the play’s schema and the key overarching events. – Be sure to mention how completing this task will help them retaining a working knowledge of the play for future, more in depth, tasks. – Discuss the metacognition (learning about learning) of how when people simply copy word for word, the current thinking is the person’s ‘cognitive load’ is spent focusing on writing the words not understanding the meaning of the text. They are just ‘copying’ letters and are not interacting with the content, ideas or constructing deeper meaning. And how this is not effective learning in most cases. – Have pairs fill in Page One of the template. – Include narrator’s voice in the rectangles, dialogue in the speech bubbles and thoughts in the thoughts bubbles. Typography Aside – If they wish their comic to stay true to the graphic novel conventions all lettering must be done in capitals. – Square – Students form their pairs into groups of 4. They swap their template pages and read them silently. Next they discuss the similarities and different each others’ versions i.e. what has been included, left out and why. – Come back together as a whole class to discuss the first page. – Encourage annotations and arrows to clarify events etc. – Repeat steps 1 to 4 until you are confident they are ready complete the summary without simply copying the text from the screen. – Students complete the template. During this time teacher roves the groups. Stopping to offer guidance, witty repartee and to make informal notes on skills requiring further – If students do not finish the template in one session encourage them to finish it off at home. Step 7 – Think. Pair. Square. – In the next session join pairs together to form groups of 4 (squares). – Students compare their panels and discuss what they would add, what they would leave out and why. Step 8 – Model how to Annotate. – Teacher models annotating the template using the areas of focus they wish to cover. * Discuss the notion of annotations being personal and students need to discover what works for them. – annotations can happen during reading or after reading. Annotate. Annotate. Annotate – a Few Thoughts and Possibilities in No Particular Order * Include your observations on different / interesting aspects of the play. * Use different colored pens to develop your own code. * Include your thoughts on various quotes e.g. How true is the statement? ‘This dead butcher and his fiend like queen.’? * Use words and arrows to note the changes in Macbeth and Lady Macbeth as the play unfolds esp psychologically. * Write definitions / ‘good words’ to work into essays on the back of the template. PTO works well. Here are a few ‘gems’ to get you started – regicide – despot – usurp – Draw a ‘heath’ – soliloquy – dramatic irony – metaphor – maintain mood – create atmosphere – personify – allusion – prophecy… to name but a few. * Mark examples of ‘dramatic irony’ – e.g Duncan arriving and complementing his host all the while the audience knows she his plotting to kill him. * Use arrows to show where some of the famous quotes would appear in the unabridged version of the play e.g. ‘My mind is full of scorpions’? ‘… a tale told by an idiot…’, ‘A little water will cleanse us of this deed…’, etc * Arrows to the creation of mood and atmosphere – esp light and weather. * Do ‘Clothes maketh the Man’? ‘Why do you dress me in borrowed robes?’ ‘Fetch me my armour’. * Record some of your big picture questions. Ones you think an ‘expert’ on the play might be able to answer e.g. Why do the witches do the things they do to Macbeth? Was Macduff referring to Cesarean Section when he said, ‘From his mother’s womb untimely ripped’? The Last Frame: The last frame of the template echoes Polanski’s ‘Macbeth’ where Donalbain (Banquo’s Son) visits the witches. NB This is not in Shakespeare’s original text. Why do you think the author’s have added it? Just for starters —> Think back to the prophecies regarding Banquo and his children being future kings and in the light of how the witches ‘misled’ Macbeth. You Can Download The Complete Template for FREE from One of these Places.	<urn:uuid:fa71b91a-21ee-4b90-b2c8-8c44004ba46a>	{ "date": "2018-01-23T21:46:17", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-05", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084892699.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20180123211127-20180123231127-00456.warc.gz", "int_score": 4, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8884568810462952, "score": 3.90625, "token_count": 1725, "url": "https://what-is-macbeth-about.com/macbeth-worksheet/" }
WASHINGTON, D.C. – Today on the grounds of the National Mall, the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) issued its annual report of deaths and injuries involving legal and illegal fireworks for calendar year 2012. Fireworks can have a life-altering impact on consumers, including severe eye injuries, loss of limbs, and even death. CPSC works closely with U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP); the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Fireworks, and Explosives; the Department of Transportation; and the Department of Justice to enforce federal safety standards and raise awareness about the dangers of fireworks. Last year, CPSC received reports of six men who were killed by professional-grade, homemade or banned firework devices. In addition, an estimated 8,700 consumers were treated in U.S. hospital emergency departments for fireworks-related injuries. Between June 22, 2012 and July 22, 2012, more than 5,000 consumers were treated in hospital emergency rooms due to fireworks-related injuries. Sixty percent of all fireworks injuries occur during the 30 days surrounding the July 4 holiday. More than half of these reported injuries involved burns to the hands, head and face. About 1,000 reported injuries involved sparklers and bottle rockets, fireworks that are frequently and incorrectly considered safe for young children. Follow-up investigations of incidents showed that most injuries were associated with malfunctioning fireworks or improper use. Malfunctioning fireworks often resulted in unexpected flight paths and dangerous debris. Improper use included igniting fireworks too close to someone, lighting fireworks in one’s hand and playing with lit or used fireworks. Most victims recovered from their injuries or were expected to recover completely; however, several victims reported that their injuries might be long term. “These figures represent more than numbers; they represent the lives of real people who have been affected well beyond the Fourth of July” said CPSC Chairman Inez Tenenbaum. “The federal government is working hard to keep the public safe by monitoring the ports, the marketplace, and the transportation of fireworks. Now, we need consumers to do their part and celebrate safely.” Working with CBP, CPSC conducts surveillance on imported fireworks. During 2012, the agencies collected and tested shipments of imported fireworks for compliance with the Federal Hazardous Substance Act (FHSA). About 30 percent of the tested products were found to be in violation of the law and were immediately stopped at the U.S. port. This import surveillance program strives to keep violative and dangerous fireworks off of U.S. store shelves and roadside stands. “The solid partnership between CBP, CPSC and other agencies at the Import Safety Commercial Targeting and Analysis Center (CTAC) enables greater sharing of information and targeting to ensure the safety of imported fireworks,” said CBP Assistant Commissioner Allen Gina. “Interagency collaboration at the CTAC results in the identification and interdiction of potentially unsafe imported merchandise, including non-compliant fireworks, and truly exemplifies working together as one U.S. Government at the Border to protect American consumers.” At the national level, CBP, CPSC and the Pipeline Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA) work side-by-side at the CTAC in Washington, DC to effectively combat the importation of illegal fireworks. The CTAC provides a platform for the agencies to share data, analyze import trends and conduct joint risk-based targeting to identify fireworks shipments that pose a safety risk. “Fireworks are explosives. Protecting the public means making sure that our safety regulations work when these explosives are being transported,” said PHMSA Administrator Cynthia Quarterman. “As the federal law enforcement agency charged with enforcing federal explosives laws, ATF actively works with other federal agencies, such as CPSC, through its fireworks enforcement program to protect the public from the dangers of illegal explosives devices,” said ATF Acting Director B. Todd Jones. Consumers who decide to purchase legal fireworks are urged to take these safety steps. - Make sure the fireworks you want to buy are legal in your area before buying or using them. - Never allow young children to play with or ignite fireworks, including sparklers. Parents may not realize that young children suffer injuries from sparklers. Sparklers burn at temperatures of about 2,000 degrees ─ hot enough to melt some metals. - Always have an adult closely supervise fireworks activities if older children are allowed to handle devices. - Avoid buying fireworks that are packaged in brown paper because this is often a sign that the fireworks were made for professional displays and could pose a danger to consumers. - Never place any part of your body directly over a fireworks device when lighting the fuse. Back up to a safe distance immediately after lighting fireworks. - Keep a bucket of water or a garden hose handy in case of fire or other mishap. - Never try to relight or handle malfunctioning fireworks. Soak them with water and throw them away. - Never point or throw fireworks at another person. - Light fireworks one at a time, then move back quickly. - Never carry fireworks in a pocket or shoot them off in metal or glass containers. - After fireworks complete their burning, douse the spent device with plenty of water from a bucket or hose before discarding the device to prevent a trash fire. - ATF encourages the public to report the manufacture or sale of illegal fireworks to your local law enforcement agencies or to the ATF hotline at 1-888-ATF-BOMB (1-888-283-2662). The U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission is charged with protecting the public from unreasonable risks of serious injury or death from thousands of types of consumer products under the agency's jurisdiction. The CPSC is committed to protecting consumers and families from products that pose a fire, electrical, chemical, or mechanical hazard. The CPSC's work to ensure the safety of consumer products - such as toys, cribs, power tools, cigarette lighters, and household chemicals - contributed significantly to the decline in the rate of deaths and injuries associated with consumer products over the past 30 years. To report a dangerous product or a product-related injury, call CPSC's Hotline at 800-638-2772 or CPSC's teletypewriter at 301-595-7054. To join a CPSC e-mail subscription list, please go to http://www.cpsc.gov/Newsroom/Subscribe/ (http://www.cpsc.gov/Newsroom/Subscribe/). Consumers can obtain recall and general safety information by logging on to CPSC's Web site at www.cpsc.gov (http://www.cpsc.gov).	<urn:uuid:dfd7105f-8267-46bb-a943-1ebf61a3407b>	{ "date": "2016-12-09T17:18:56", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-50", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698542714.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170902-00144-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9442147016525269, "score": 2.53125, "token_count": 1389, "url": "http://cpsc.gov/vi-VN/Newsroom/News-Releases/2013/New-CPSC-Fireworks-Injury-Data/" }
Another Supermoon! Prepare to be Showered With Silver Rays We can’t get enough of the moon, it seems, and it can’t get enough of us. Another month has flown by, and it’s time for another almost-supermoon. As it turns out, the two full moons on either side of the year’s biggest, closest moon of all, which this year occurred in June, are also just about super. It was nearly full as it rose on Sunday July 21, and it will be just a few hours past actual fullness when it rises over Turtle Island at 8:17 p.m., Space.com reports. This is the third, and final, supermoon of 2013, Earthsky.org notes. At that time it will be just 223,258 miles away, which is 1,434 miles farther than the supermoon was in June when it was closest to Earth. During the full moon of May 25, which hit exact fullness at 12:25 a.m. EDT, it was 223,327 miles away, and that was just 1,503 miles farther away than the June 23 supermoon. The moon was as close to Earth as it gets for the month on July 21, but tonight’s moon is a mere six hours past full. This is all by way of saying that moonrise tonight will be a ripe, luminous treat for the eyes yet again as it dwarfs objects on the horizon. Why are we so over the moon about the moon? Read Driven Crazy By the Moon: Why Our Lunar Obsession Continues. You need to be logged in in order to post comments Please use the log in option at the bottom of this page	<urn:uuid:5b780f07-6481-44c5-9248-bba5f3f2d23c>	{ "date": "2016-12-07T22:36:43", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-50", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698542250.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170902-00384-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9644768238067627, "score": 2.515625, "token_count": 360, "url": "https://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/2013/07/22/another-supermoon-prepare-be-showered-silver-rays-150524" }
By Valentina Falicheva A notable trend since Bitcoin gained its popularity has been an incredible rise in the interest in the technology behind Bitcoin known as Blockchain, which is the “thing” which allows cryptocurrencies to function. Some statistics indicate that the global blockchain market is expected to be worth $20 billion in 2024! In this article, we consider what it is that makes blockchain unique, as well as demystifying some myths around it, with a particular focus on how this technology is applicable to the art market. What is Blockchain and why is it revolutionary? In a nutshell, a blockchain is based on a distributed ledger technology that acts as a database on which transactions are permanently recorded. The first blockchain was created by Satoshi Nakamoto as a means to record transactions in the cyptocurrency Bitcoin. The aim behind it was to create a virtual currency which cannot be forged and is not controlled by any bank or government. One of the main benefits of blockchain technology is that it does not use a central server to store information but instead the recorded information embedded in a digital code instantly appears on a vast network of shared databases. As the information is held so widely, it means that an outsider would need to corrupt more than 51% of nodes to interfere with it. This highly secure method of recording and storing information protects it from being deleted or tampered with. Such immutable record-keeping properties of blockchain could revolutionise the art market by improving transparency, ownership and copyright issues. It is worth noting that Christie’s Art+Tech summit held on 17 July 2018 focussed on blockchain and weighed its pros and cons which in itself is an indication of the technology’s significance in the art world.	<urn:uuid:9d601994-a93e-4870-967e-868c4eb47e2b>	{ "date": "2018-11-17T17:54:49", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-47", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039743717.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20181117164722-20181117190722-00376.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9726463556289673, "score": 2.84375, "token_count": 345, "url": "https://www.thelawyer.com/knowledge-bank/white-paper/blockchain-technology-in-the-art-market-gaining-popularity/" }
"When we honor our flag we honor what we stand for as a Nation -- freedom, equality, justice, and hope." "We take the star from Heaven, the red from our mother country, separating it by white stripes, thus showing that we have separated from her, and the white stripes shall go down to posterity representing liberty." "Let us raise a standard to which the wise and honest can repair; the rest is in the hands of God." "A thoughtful mind, when it sees a Nation's flag, sees not the flag only, but the Nation itself; and whatever may be its symbols, its insignia, he reads chiefly in the flag the Government, the principles, the truths, the history which belongs to the Nation that sets it forth." ~Henry Ward Beecher "If anyone, then, asks me the meaning of our flag, I say to him - it means just what Concord and Lexington meant; what Bunker Hill meant; which was, in short, the rising up of a valiant young people against an old tyranny to establish the most momentous doctrine that the world had ever known - the right of men to their own selves and to their liberties." ~Henry Ward Beecher "It is the flag just as much of the man who was naturalized yesterday as of the men whose people have been here many generations." ~Henry Cabot Lodge "Oh! say, does that star-spangled banner yet wave, o'er the land of the free and the home of the brave?" ~Francis Scott Key "Today we celebrate Flag Day, the birthday of our Stars and Stripes. As we think back over the history of our nation's flag, we remember that the story of its early years was often one of hardship and trials, sometimes a fight for simple survival. ... As the American Republic grew and prospered and new stars were added to the flag, the ideal of freedom grew and prospered. From the rolling hills of Kentucky to the shores of California to the Sea of Tranquility on the Moon, our pioneers carried our flag before them, a symbol of the indomitable spirit of a free people. And let us never forget that in honoring our flag, we honor the American men and women who have courageously fought and died for it over the last 200 years, patriots who set an ideal above any consideration of self. Our flag flies free today because of their sacrifice." "I pledge allegiance to the Flag of the United States of America, and to the Republic for which it stands, one Nation under God, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all." ~The Pledge Of Allegiance "Off with your hat, as the flag goes by! And let the heart have its say; You're man enough for a tear in your eye That you will not wipe away." ~Henry Cuyler Bunner When Freedom from her mountain-height Unfurled her standard to the air, She tore the azure robe of night, And set the stars of glory there. She mingled with its gorgeous dyes The milky baldric of the skies, And striped its pure, celestial white With streakings of the morning light. Flag of the free heart's hope and home! By angel hands to valour given! Thy stars have lit the welkin dome, And all thy hues were born in heaven. Forever float that standard sheet! Where breathes the foe but falls before us, With Freedom's soil beneath our feet, And Freedom's banner streaming o'er us. ~Joseph Rodman Drake	<urn:uuid:4543e7f9-55fb-4d3e-8b3b-ec723d50cff4>	{ "date": "2017-11-23T20:32:12", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-47", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806939.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20171123195711-20171123215711-00656.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9320498108863831, "score": 2.546875, "token_count": 759, "url": "http://www.patrioticmoms.com/home/category/flag" }
CCS Versus Carbon-Negative Bioenergy with Biochar John Bonitz wrote this letter in response to an article that appeared earlier on the magazine website, and is published in this magazine on page 15. With debate raging over the carbon neutrality of bioenergy, America should embrace biomass technologies that are actually carbon negative. Thus, I applaud the article on the recent IEA Greenhouse Gas study, “Coupling with CCS.” Thank you for jump-starting the conversation. Beyond this, the study has limited usefulness in the U.S., as policymakers and investors have already largely rejected carbon capture and sequestration (CCS). July’s cancellation of the Mountaineer coal-fired CCS project prompted Businessweek magazine to report, "Five largescale CCS projects have been canceled or postponed, while the fate of several others remains doubtful." In a policy regime where the costs of carbon pollution remain externalized, CCS projects fail due to complexity, high operational costs, large scale and high capital costs. Current CCS technologies—often called "clean coal"—require 10 to 40 percent more energy input for the same output of a non- CCS power plant. If CCS with energy-dense coal is expensive, then CCS with low-energy density biomass will be even more expensive. In contrast, the other carbon-negative bioenergy pathway— pyrolysis or gasification with coproduction of biochar—is less complex, can be built at smaller scales, and is less capital intensive. Biofuels and/or biopower are produced while also creating biochar for use as a soil amendment. Any “energy losses” perceived in the conversion of potential Btu into charred carbon is a justifiable form of tithing back to the earth. Afterall, this biochar puts stable, recalcitrant carbon back in the soil, where it has many beneficial impacts. CCS has ready markets for CO2 pumped underground to enhance oil recovery (EOR). But biomass is a distributed resource, oil wells are not, and there is little biomass in oil country—inherently limiting the EOR market. Soil scientists are finding biochar has many benefits, including increased crop yields, retention of nutrients and water, and suppression of greenhouse gas emissions. Granted, until Americans put a price on carbon, both CCS and thermochemical bioenergy are precommercial technologies. Also, additional research is needed to determine the precise benefits of different types of biochar in different soils, for different crops. But investors and policymakers with limited capital might ask themselves, which is a better investment: complex, centralized engineering monoliths or heat-treating biomass for distributed energy and beneficial biochar? Carbon-negative bioenergy with biochar is a pathway to rebuild the soil, provide for the needs of future generations and provide some of today’s energy needs, while helping to mitigate climate change. Either way, let’s stop dithering over debatable carbon accounting and take actions that prove their merits with measurable physical sequestration of multibenefit biogenic carbon. Author: John Bonitz Southern Alliance for Clean Energy	<urn:uuid:fd472599-276c-4de4-8e0d-21a95800bd5e>	{ "date": "2017-01-16T12:53:43", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-04", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279176.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00478-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9316551685333252, "score": 2.546875, "token_count": 655, "url": "http://biomassmagazine.com/articles/5769/ccs-versus-carbon-negative-bioenergy-with-biochar" }
Common Core for Grade 7 Common Core for Mathematics Plans and Worksheets for all Grades More Lessons for Grade 7 Examples, solutions, worksheets, videos, and lessons to help Grade 7 students learn how to apply and extend previous understandings of multiplication and division and of fractions to multiply and divide rational numbers. Convert a rational number to a decimal using long division; know that the decimal form of a rational number terminates in 0s or eventually repeats. Common Core: 7.NS.2d Suggested Learning Targets Convert rational numbers to decimals (Common Core Standard 7.NS.2d) - I can convert rational numbers to decimal - I can recognize a terminating or repeating 7.NS.2D - Fraction to Decimal Using Long Division Convert rational numbers to decimals using long division The decimal form of a rational number terminates in 0's or eventually repeats. Rotate to landscape screen format on a mobile phone or small tablet to use the Mathway widget, a free math problem solver that answers your questions with step-by-step explanations. You can use the free Mathway calculator and problem solver below to practice Algebra or other math topics. Try the given examples, or type in your own problem and check your answer with the step-by-step explanations. We welcome your feedback, comments and questions about this site or page. Please submit your feedback or enquiries via our Feedback page.	<urn:uuid:1d16832d-0e92-4891-9b25-65185f02fc3b>	{ "date": "2019-07-15T20:01:55", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-30", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195524111.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20190715195204-20190715221204-00496.warc.gz", "int_score": 4, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.7887077927589417, "score": 4.09375, "token_count": 311, "url": "https://www.onlinemathlearning.com/rational-numbers-decimals-7ns2d.html" }
11C Acetate Imaging Post Prostatectomy This research is being conducted to test an imaging technique that may be able to detect small amounts of prostate cancer that can not be detected by standard imaging. Many patients who are diagnosed with prostate cancer undergo surgery to remove the prostate. After this surgery, some patients have a PSA blood test that reveals a low but detectable level of PSA. This PSA may be produced by cancer cells in one of two locations: (1) near the area where the prostate used to be, or (2) elsewhere in the body. If the cancer is only in the area where the prostate used to be, it can be successfully treated with radiation to that area. If the cancer is elsewhere, radiation is not helpful. Currently, there is no available scan that can detect cancer when the PSA is still so low. The test used in this study is called [11C] acetate PET screening. [11C] acetate is a radioactive tracer that is given by vein to patients before PET scanning. The PET scanner then detects radioactivity from the tracer that is attached to cells within your body and uses this information to create images (pictures) on a computer screen. [11C] acetate PET scanning has been shown in early studies to detect smaller amounts of prostate cancer that can be detected by standard imaging tests such as CT scan and bone scan. If it is successful at detecting very small amounts of prostate cancer, [11C] acetate PET scanning will help doctors identify patients who will benefit from radiation therapy after their prostate has been surgically removed. It will also help them identify patients who have small amounts of prostate cancer in other parts of the body and will not benefit from radiation to the prostate area. This type of PET scan is investigational. "Investigational" means that the scan is still being studied and that research doctors are trying to find out more about it. It also means that the FDA has not approved this type of PET scan for your type of cancer. The information collected by this scan will determine whether this type of scanning is helpful but it will not be used to make decisions about your medical care. \|Study Design:\|\|Endpoint Classification: Efficacy Study Intervention Model: Single Group Assignment Masking: Open Label Primary Purpose: Diagnostic \|Official Title:\|\|Use of 11C Acetate Imaging for Improved Prediction of the Effectiveness of Salvage Pelvic Radiation Post Prostatectomy: A Pilot Study\| - Sensitivity of 11C Acetate PET [ Time Frame: 1 year ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]Preliminarily demonstrate that the 11C acetate PET imaging of subjects who have experienced PSA relapse after prostatectomy for prostate cancer is more sensitive than currently available imaging techniques. Enrolled participants will have no evidence of recurrent disease on gold-standard imaging with CT abdomen/pelvis and 99mTc MDP bone scan (approximate sensitivity of 0%). The primary outcome is evidence of residual/recurrent disease as demonstrated by 11C acetate PET uptake outside of the prostatectomy bed. - Establish a Preliminary Institutional Experience with 11C Acetate Imaging [ Time Frame: 1 year ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]To establish a preliminary institutional experience with 11C acetate imaging of men with prostate cancer - Correlate 11C Acetate PET Imaging Findings with PSA Evidence of Response [ Time Frame: 1 year ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]To descriptively correlate 11C acetate PET imaging findings with PSA evidence of response to subsequent salvage radiation therapy at 3 months and 6 months after the conclusion of radiation \|Study Start Date:\|\|December 2011\| \|Study Completion Date:\|\|February 2014\| \|Primary Completion Date:\|\|February 2014 (Final data collection date for primary outcome measure)\| Experimental: 11C Acetate Imaging 11C acetate imaging Other: 11C Acetate Imaging If you decide to participate in the study and are eligible, you will undergo a single [11C] acetate PET scan. This scan is designed to detect small amounts of your tumor that were not detected by the CT scan or the bone scan. On the day of the scan, you will fast for at least four hours prior to being given the tracer injection by vein. You will then be scanned in the PET scanner. The entire procedure will take approximately 2 hours. The investigators would like to keep track of your medical condition after you have completed your scan. The investigators would like to do this by looking up information in your medical record during the year following the scan to see how you are doing. Checking your condition helps us understand whether the [11C] acetate PET scan will be helpful to other patients in the future. Please refer to this study by its ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01602783 \|United States, Massachusetts\| \|Massachusetts General Hospital\| \|Boston, Massachusetts, United States, 02115\| \|Principal Investigator:\|\|Umar Mahmood, MD, PhD\|\|Massachusetts General Hospital\|	<urn:uuid:065312f1-44d7-4048-9a6c-dd262ff4e3db>	{ "date": "2015-04-27T04:18:14", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-18", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246657041.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045737-00140-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9350062012672424, "score": 2.75, "token_count": 1067, "url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01602783?term=prostate+cancer+screening&recr=Open&rank=11" }
Officials at the Texas Animal Health Commission say USDA is releasing 23,478 acres from its temporary cattle fever tick quarantine zone in Starr County effective immediately, one of four cattle fever tick areas in that county placed in temporary quarantine since 2007. Since 1906, federal regulations have authorized both permanent and temporary quarantine areas to control cattle fever tick disease. In contemporary times, permanent quarantines for a thin stretch of property located along the U.S.-Mexico border in eight South Texas counties have been under quarantine. This quarantine area includes a thin strip of property ranging between a few hundred yards up to five miles wide. But four additional areas in Starr County were added to the temporary quarantine zone in 2007 after escalating case numbers of parasite infections were reported on South Texas ranches. Cattle fever ticks are capable of carrying and transmitting ‘babesia,’ a blood parasite deadly to cattle. Although the ticks were practically eradicated from the U.S. in 1943, USDA says the vigilance against the pest cannot end, due to its existence in Mexico. Previously released areas from the temporary preventative fever tick quarantine area (TPQA) in Starr County consisted of 42,111 acres released on November 2, 2011, followed by 45,969 acres released on December 21, 2011. The release of this portion of the Starr County temporary quarantine area (TPQA) rescinds all movement restrictions placed on the livestock and wildlife within the 23,000-plus acres. Only one small area (33,000 acres) in Starr County now remains under temporary quarantine. Limitations placed on quarantined areas Livestock moved from the permanent quarantine zone must be individually inspected by USDA or TAHC inspectors, treated and permitted to leave the zone. More problematic, however, is wildlife movement. Deer, elk, nilgai and other species of captive or free-ranging wildlife can play host to the tick, moving it from pasture to pasture. Regardless if they are moved by inappropriate livestock movement or wildlife, sporadic cattle fever tick incursions occur, requiring producers and state and federal animal health agencies to take aggressive actions, such as temporary preventive quarantines, to prevent the spread of the potentially deadly pest. In 1973, the largest outbreak occurred, with 170 tick-infested premises detected in Texas. "Releasing another area in the TPQA continues to confirm that the cooperative efforts between the USDA-Veterinary Services Tick Force, TAHC, the Texas cattle industry and local land owners, are working successfully," said Dr. Dee Ellis, TAHC Executive Director and State Veterinarian. "The TAHC and USDA will continue to work closely with local land owners to maintain an effective surveillance program so that fever ticks do not reoccur in the area." A USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (USDA-APHIS) team permanently assigned to provide mounted patrols to a 400-plus mile strip of land reaching from the mouth of the Rio Grande River north to Amistad Reservoir near Del Rio, an estimated 150,000 acre area where a permanent livestock quarantine is being enforced as part of the Cattle Fever Tick Eradication Program (CFTEP). These troops are officially known as mounted patrol inspectors, but are known along the border as ‘tick riders’. For these tick riders the day starts early. Rising before the sun is up, they ride the river banks in search of stray cows that may have wandered out of Mexico and across shallow crossings on the river. They watch for things that don’t fit like unfamiliar tracks on the trail and an unbranded cow in a herd of registered cattle. They search for signs of stray or smuggled animals, and when they find them, they are required to rope and inspect the strays and spray them on the spot. They are then driven to special dipping vats where a "tickicide solution" disinfects the animals. The team consists of specially trained inspectors who ride on horseback in search of stray animals. All of them are experienced riders. “What we need for this program are good cowboys. That’s what our tick riders are, that and more. We can teach them the other stuff, but we can’t make a cowboy out of them,” says Ed Bowers, Director of Field Operations for the CFTEP and former inspector for 20 years. “Keeping cattle fever ticks eradicated from the United States, and thus keeping the national cattle herd free of cattle fever, is a current and critical agricultural biosecurity issue of national importance,” adds Dr. Mathew Pound, entomologist at USDA’s Knipling-Bushland U.S. Livestock Insects Research Laboratory in Kerrville, Texas, who plays an active role in research and development of new technology designed to help fight the cattle fever war. For more information about the cattle fever tick, visit the TAHC website.	<urn:uuid:c7d61463-4d89-486c-9f28-f9f6202f7f04>	{ "date": "2014-09-21T19:12:29", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-41", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657135777.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011215-00243-ip-10-234-18-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.94259113073349, "score": 3.015625, "token_count": 1009, "url": "http://beefmagazine.com/print/health/usda-lifts-temporary-fever-tick-area" }
Part of MINDING MATH, a special report from MIND Research Institute By ANDREW R. COULSON President, Education Division, MIND Research Institute At MIND Research Institute, we have focused intently on studying the real-world, at-scale effectiveness of ST Math, our visual math software. In the process, we’ve gained a perspective unique among publishers on what constitutes valid effectiveness research. That’s why we offer these guidelines on how to assess research about K-12 curricular programs. 1. What was the size of the study? Some of the results need to be at substantial scale, meaning at least five school-wide (not classroom) implementations. Super-motivated teachers can and will get outperforming results using ANY program. With large-scale studies (e.g. MIND has several from 25-50 schools) there are a substantial number of teachers involved, and it’s unlikely they are all champions. 2. Are the results repeatable over years? Only having one year of results is not compelling. It’s very important to see whether improvement is maintained or even grows in Year Two, and to see that two different sets of students achieved similar results. 3. What were the results compared to? Just having outcomes improve with program use means nothing; the improvement must be greater than a similar situation without the program. Also, the added improvement from the program must withstand a test of statistical significance. 4. Are the results repeatable across states? Look for large-scale results across multiple states. This means several different assessments show positive outcomes—an indication that the program is affecting something deeper than test prep for a specific type of assessment. 5. What outcomes were measured, and for which students? For a program to “stick,” you should look for gains in standardized assessments or other aspects of an accepted accountability system. Also, the research should disaggregate improvements by initial proficiency levels, so you’d know whether there was improvement among both low and high-performers. 6. Is the program implementation replicable and sustainable? The study should identify conditions of implementation that led to results, and you should evaluate whether these conditions—training, time, acceptance by teachers, and cost—are replicable and sustainable for you.	<urn:uuid:c0550ca8-331b-490a-ba9e-3f96266ed245>	{ "date": "2014-11-26T07:38:39", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-49", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416931006593.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20141125155646-00236-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9440686702728271, "score": 3.09375, "token_count": 480, "url": "http://www.districtadministration.com/article/does-program-really-work-six-questions-ask-about-research" }
One hundred years ago Niels Bohr introduced the idea of quantum jumps with his model of the atom. Since then, and in unexpected ways, quantum physics has taken over the world. Niels Bohr in September 1953 Niels Bohr in September 1953 Seeing the world through a quantum lens brought us some of the most transformative technological innovations of the 20th century: nuclear energy (and bombs), transistors and semiconductors, lasers and all the digital technology used in cell phones and computers, GPS navigation, medical-imaging equipment and so much more. And it's the gift that keeps on giving, with quantum computers and myriad nanotechnology applications looming on the horizon. All of this innovation started with a small group of people trying to figure out the physics of atoms and of subatomic particles, never dreaming that their discoveries would transform the way we live and how we look at nature. It's telling that Bohr's model of the atom is kind of crazy. It was a collage of ideas, the fruit of his own amazing intuition as he mixed old and new concepts. Looking only at the simplest of all atoms, that of hydrogen, Bohr imagined it as a mini solar system, with a proton circled by an electron. Following the physicist's way of doing things, he wanted to explain some of the observed data with the simplest possible model. (This is what we refer to as Ockham's Razor — always try to find the simplest explanation for, if it works, it will tend to be the right one.) Bohr knew that the atom was not a simple solar system: planets have been going around the sun for billions of years, practically without losing any energy. The electron, instead, would spiral into the nucleus almost immediately, at least according to classical electromagnetism. (The electron, being negatively charged, is attracted to the proton, which is positive. As it circled the proton it would radiate away its energy and fall in.) To salvage the atom, Bohr had to invent new rules that clashed with classical physics. He bravely put forward his idea, suggesting the implausible: what if the electron could only move in certain orbits, separated in space like the steps of a ladder. The same way that you can't stand between steps, the electron couldn't stay in the space between two orbits. It can only jump from one to another, as we can jump between steps. These are the famous quantum jumps. And how are these quantum orbits determined? Again, we bow to Bohr's amazing intuition. But first, let's make a foray into angular momentum. (If bored by thinking about physics, skip the next two paragraphs. But I hope you don't!) If electrons circle protons, they have what we call angular momentum, a quantity that measures the intensity (and orientation) of circular motions. If you tie a rock to a string and spin it, it will have angular momentum. The faster you spin, or the longer the string, or the heavier the rock, the larger its angular momentum. If nothing changes (i.e., spin and length of the rock), angular momentum is conserved. (It never is in everyday life due to friction.) When a whirling ice skater spins up by bringing her stretched arms to her chest she is using her (nearly conserved) angular momentum: shorter arms and more spin gives the same angular momentum as longer arms and slower spin. Bohr suggested that the electron's angular momentum should be quantized, that is, it could only have certain values, set by the integers (n = 1, 2, 3, ... ). If L is the electron's orbital angular momentum, Bohr's formula reads, L = n (h/2π), where h is the famous Planck constant. The constant is, of course, named after Max Planck, the physicist who in 1900 realized that every energy exchange between atoms and light occurs in chunks. So, Planck planted the seed of the quantum jump idea in physics. But back to Bohr, a quantized angular momentum meant that the electron's orbits were quantized, or separated in space. The electron could go from one to the other by jumping either down and closer to the proton, or moving up and farther away. Bohr's brilliant insight was to mix concepts from classical physics with the brand new quantum physics, creating a hybrid model of the atom. In the process, Bohr also solved an age-old mystery in physics: what determines the colors (emission spectrum) a chemical element emits when it's heated up? The strong yellow in sodium lamps is a familiar example of the dominant color in an emission spectrum. It turns out that each chemical element has its very own spectrum, characterized by a distinctive set of colors. They are an element's spectral fingerprints. Spectra were known throughout the 19th century, but no one knew why they existed. Bohr suggested that when an electron jumps between orbits, it either emits or absorbs a chunk of light. These chunks of light are called photons, Albert Einstein's key contribution to quantum physics. (There were many others, but this was the one that gave him his Nobel and that he considered his most revolutionary, even more than relativity. It's the notion that light can be thought of as being either a wave or particles.) The emission spectrum of an element consisted of the photons (or radiation) electrons gave off when they jumped from higher orbits to lower ones. The photons carried away the angular momentum the electron lost as it jumped down. Bohr suggested that the energy of the photons matched the energy difference between the two orbits. And why do different elements have different emission spectra? Since each atom has a certain number of protons in its nucleus, its electrons are attracted with different intensity; each allowed orbit will have its specific energy. When the electron jumps, the photon emitted will have that precise energy and no other. Back to the ladder analogy, it is as if each chemical element has its own ladder with steps at different distances from one another. With this, Bohr explained the emission spectrum of hydrogen, a triumph of his hybrid model. Even if incomplete, Bohr's theory captured the essence of the bizarre quantum behavior of atoms: their quantized orbits and the dance between matter and light. That quantum physics still surprises and puzzles us shows that a century after Bohr's atom we are only beginning to unveil what really goes on in the world of the very small. You can keep up with more of what Marcelo is thinking on Facebook and Twitter: @mgleiser	<urn:uuid:b96fb43a-e860-4df6-955c-5c2962446ae5>	{ "date": "2017-03-28T02:39:08", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-13", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218189589.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212949-00161-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.950359582901001, "score": 3.453125, "token_count": 1358, "url": "http://www.npr.org/sections/13.7/2013/08/14/211650524/the-idea-that-changed-the-world-100-years-of-quantum-jumps" }
Archaeologists race to save Gaza's ancient ruins - From: AAP - August 27, 2013 THE ruins of this ancient complex sit on dunes by the sea, a world away from Gaza City's noise and bustle. Up in the sky, birds compete for space with children's kites flying from a nearby farm. St. Hilarion's monastery, a reminder of the time in late antiquity when Christianity was the dominant faith in what is now the Gaza strip, is one of many archaeological treasures scattered across this coastal territory. But Gaza is one of the most crowded places on earth, and the rapid spread of its urban sprawl is endangering sites spanning 4500 years, from Bronze Age ramparts to colourful Byzantine mosaics, experts say. Archaeologists, short of funds and unable to find sufficient trained local staff, say they are scrambling to find and protect the monuments. Some are left open to the weather. Others are engulfed by new development projects. "Archeology in Gaza is everywhere," says French archaeologist Jean-Baptiste Humbert, who excavated in the territory from 1995 to 2005. He says it was once a "very rich oasis, with gardens, cities and you have settlements, dwellings, fortresses, cities everywhere, everywhere". The strip of land on the Mediterranean, sandwiched by Israel and Egypt, is now largely isolated, but once was a thriving crossroads between Africa, the Levant and Asia. Today, about 1.7 million Palestinians are squeezed into about 360 square kilometres, an area roughly twice the size of Washington, D.C. The need for housing is in Gaza greater than that for preserving ancient artefacts, said Humbert, who is affiliated with the Ecole Biblique, a French academic institution in Jerusalem. Not only does the territory have a high birth rate, but since the Islamic militant Hamas group seized Gaza in 2007, construction has often been interrupted by shortages in building materials caused by border blockades enforced by Israel and Egypt. Six years on, the ruins of St. Hilarion about 10 kilometres southwest of Gaza City illustrate the challenges of saving Gaza's ancient treasures. The two-hectare monastery complex, known in Arabic as Tel Umm Amer, is believed to mark the birthplace of St. Hilarion, a fourth century A.D. Christian monk considered to be one of the founders of monasticism in the Holy Land. The site includes walls and foundations that are the remains of two churches, a cemetery, baths, a baptism hall and mosaic pavements. The ruins were uncovered in 1999, said Nabila Maliha, an archaeologist at Gaza's Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities. Now, local authorities have trouble preserving it. "We lack the capability, the support and the proper materials," she said. Ecole Biblique, the U.N. cultural agency UNESCO and students from Gaza's Islamic University have tried to help. Preservation work includes covering the mosaic with a protective layer of sand, shoring up crumbling walls with sandbags and clearing weeds. A shortage of trained local staff is a problem. After Hamas seized Gaza from its political rival, Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas, most of the civil servants at the time stayed away from their jobs. As part of the dispute between the two factions, Abbas' West Bank-based government only paid civil servants who did not work. Employees hired by the Antiquities Ministry after 2007 don't have enough experience, said the deputy minister, Mohammed Khella, adding that some of the archaeological sites in Gaza are "in very bad condition". As a result of the border blockades, local staff had difficult leaving Gaza for training abroad. Even foreign help can only do so much, and an injection of money - according to Humbert at least 35,000 euros ($47,000) a year - is needed to preserve sites like St. Hilarion. UNESCO has given some money, but "funds needed to complete the emergency measures to put the site in safety are not available," said Junaid Sorosh-Wali, from the Ramallah office of UNESCO, the office responsible for the works in Gaza. Another site, called Jebaliyah, is located just 100 metres from a refugee camp of the same name, the largest of eight camps in Gaza. Here, Humbert is trying to shield a Byzantine mosaic pavement dating back to the sixth century. But the concrete shelter that would protect it from the weather will cost $75,000 and the archaeologist is still looking for funding. The Jebaliyah mosaic pavement is part of what once was a Byzantine church located on the road from Gaza to Jerusalem. Weather can also contribute to a site's demise, such as at Tel Es-Sakan in central Gaza. It was excavated in 2000 by French universities and contains the oldest rampart ever discovered in the Middle East, dating back some 3,500 years, Humbert said. But once uncovered, the mud bricks were exposed to rain and the walls started to vanish. Today, only a few remnants still exist. The biggest threat to Tel Es-Sakan, however, was the construction of a branch of the Palestine University in 2008 that eventually brought about the destruction of one-fourth of the site, said Humbert. An official at the university said that it received full approval from the government before starting construction, and that the building was monitored by the municipality. He spoke anonymously as he had no authorisation to talk to the media. Despite the challenges, the local antiquities authority has conducted its own excavation, at Tel Rafah along the border with Egypt, for the past three years. The site is believed to correspond to a Roman-era city where coins, jars, tools and animal remains have been found. Humbert estimated that several dozen more archaeological sites are "buried under the sand" in Gaza. New discoveries are made all the time as buildings are being constructed, he said, but residents only report finds to the authorities in some cases. Gaza only has a handful of museums that can help connect the residents and their heritage. The ministry runs the public Qasr al-Basha Museum, while construction company owner Jawdat Koudary runs a private one. But for the time being, Humbert said, any archaeologist in Gaza "is like a mad man running here, running there, to check what is in the process of destruction".	<urn:uuid:ee1eb4c3-0b39-43d5-ac0f-7783b762b877>	{ "date": "2014-10-25T21:43:19", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-42", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1414119650516.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20141024030050-00289-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.963714063167572, "score": 3.0625, "token_count": 1334, "url": "http://www.news.com.au/travel/world-travel/archaeologists-race-to-save-gazas-ancient-ruins/story-e6frfqai-1226705012602" }
Lewisia belongs to the Portulaceae (the Purslane family), It is a perennial herb that consists of 19 species and occurs around the Rocky Mountains. This herb grows on arid sand and gravel, and the leaves are carnose and form rosette. It bears flowering stalks and bloom pink, white, or orange flowers from spring to summer. The many cultivars have been raised. The 2nd photo is a cultivar 'Susan'. The specific epithet is named after Meriwether Lewis, the 18th-century American explorer.	<urn:uuid:cb17e65b-1067-41be-9dde-fbcb4eaeefc2>	{ "date": "2019-01-20T12:36:35", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-04", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583716358.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20190120123138-20190120145138-00136.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9513798952102661, "score": 2.734375, "token_count": 111, "url": "https://botanic.jp/plants-ra/lewisi.htm" }
PITTSBURGH (AP) — Production of Marcellus Shale natural gas in Pennsylvania rose again in the second half of 2011, slightly exceeding projections. The state reported Friday that drillers produced the equivalent of 1.66 billion cubic feet of gas per day from July to December. That's up from about 1.19 billion cubic feet per day in the previous six months. The output translates into a yearly average of about 1.42 billion cubic feet per day — up slightly from previous industry projections of 1.3 billion for 2011. Records also show that the industry is recycling more of the briny drilling wastewater, which contains chemicals used in hydraulic fracturing, or fracking. Under pressure from state officials, less wastewater is going to treatment plants. The amount of waste injected deep underground nearly tripled.	<urn:uuid:95cf53c9-fe15-44b0-9caa-8af4a5bdcfad>	{ "date": "2019-04-19T11:06:55", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-18", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578527566.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20190419101239-20190419123239-00336.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9233189821243286, "score": 2.578125, "token_count": 165, "url": "https://www.salon.com/2012/02/17/marcellus_gas_production_rises_so_does_recycling/" }
Chemists at Wayne State University have designed two new drugs to fight the growing problem of antibiotic resistance: an antibiotic that "self-destructs" after exposure to light and another that "self-regenerates" after encountering resistant bacteria. Both represent novel approaches for keeping infectious bacteria at bay, the researchers say. Reports on the research will appear in two separate peer-reviewed publications of the American Chemical Society, the world's largest scientific society. The report on the regenerating antibiotic is in the Dec. 22 print edition of the Journal of the American Chemical Society; the self-destructive antibiotic is scheduled for the Jan. 13 print issue of the Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. Both articles were published this month-Dec. 4 and 16, respectively-on the journals' web sites. Antibiotics are among the most widely prescribed drugs worldwide. Commonly used to fight infections in both humans and animals, these drugs have had a major impact on public health. Paradoxically, their widespread use has fueled a growing health threat: antibiotic resistance. "Once bacteria are exposed to a given antibiotic, they become resistant to its action in due time by changing their own genetic make-up to cope with the challenge," explains lead researcher Shahriar Mobashery, Ph.D., professor of chemistry at Wayne State University in Detroit. "The longer the bacteria are exposed to a given antibiotic, the higher the likelihood they will eventually evolve a resistance to that antibiotic," Dr. Mobashery said. Antibiotic resistance means that drugs that used to work against infections will no longer work effectively, putting people and animals at risk. For years, scientists have been searching for ways to resolve this growing problem. Now, they may have found a duo of answers.	<urn:uuid:00f01655-ac7e-4a9d-b996-bb3cda2ec335>	{ "date": "2014-12-21T15:52:30", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-52", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802771592.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075251-00027-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9532406330108643, "score": 3.109375, "token_count": 355, "url": "http://news.bio-medicine.org/medicine-news-2/Chemists-take-new-approach-to-fighting-resistance-9993-1/" }
View current page ...more recent posts Observation and conceptualization are not two separable aspects of one process: As Burn wrote in 1968 in »Altered Photographs«, through conceptualization, perception can be differentiated into several levels of observation with different stages of abstraction - or, perception never occurred in any way except through the formation of patterns of perception (see Section III.3) and of a »grid« comprising different »levels or stratifications«: »...it's the grid which structures our perceiving.«10 In his »Introduction« to the first issue of »Art-Language« in 1969, Terry Atkinson presented the model case of a text that is presented in the same way that a drawing on paper would be in a glass frame.11 With the text work »Print (2 sections A & B)« (1966)12, the text presented in such a manner posed its own questions regarding its status at its place of presentation: Does its two-dimensional form of presentation - the white sheet of paper - make it a work of art or does the work as text draw consequences from Marcel Duchamp's Ready-Mades? Not only are the medium differentiae of painting, sculpture, drawing problematic for the determination of the status of art, but so are other general morphological criteria.13 Questions concerning the determination of art based on uniqueness, and above all on skill or craftsmanship and visual appeal, have been replaced in object art by questions concerning the condition under which objects are chosen: These objects need not be unique, the conditions under which they are chosen need not be art-specific. In object art, semantic criteria of selection (for example, the selection of unique objects or of reproduced objects because they are relics or consumer goods), as well as the method and place of presentation, play at least as great a role as visual appearance does. Since questions concerning the definition of art and the selection of exhibitable objects according to morphological criteria became problematic, artistic work can no longer be limited to an object area that is only comprehensible in phenomenal terms. If an artist no longer takes the established »framework«14 - one that ties the function of art to the presentation of objects at exhibitions - for granted, then he can see his work as consisting in the search for an alternative »framework« for art to function in or as art. This search can begin with an analysis of the basic social and economic conditions of the »institution of art«15 , including art criticism, the art trade, and the organization of museums.	<urn:uuid:34a7b81a-5b45-4dc2-8267-53c25c955822>	{ "date": "2018-06-18T09:29:55", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-26", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267860168.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20180618090026-20180618110026-00576.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9368012547492981, "score": 2.546875, "token_count": 515, "url": "http://www.digitalmediatree.com/schwarz/?45254" }
Australian millers are required to add folic acid (a form of the B vitamin folate) to wheat flour for bread-making purposes. Folate, which occurs naturally in foods like green leafy vegetables, is necessary for healthy growth and development. Folic acid is particularly important to the healthy development of babies in early pregnancy. A baby’s growth is the most rapid in the first weeks of life, often before a woman is aware she is pregnant. The neural tube closes and fuses very early in pregnancy. If it doesn’t close, the result is a neural tube defect (NTD) such as spina bifida. Folic acid taken at recommended levels for at least one month before and three months after conception can prevent most NTDs. FSANZ has prepared healthy eating advice for women who are planning pregnancy or who are pregnant, and information on folic acid/folate and pregnancy. What foods are fortified with folic acid? All plain, fancy and sweet breads, rolls and buns; bagels; focaccia; English muffins; flat breads made with yeast; and flour mixes or flour for domestic bread making must contain folic acid. Other types of packaged flour don’t have to. Organic bread is not required to contain folic acid. Bread made from other cereal flours or meals such as rice, corn or rye (provided they do not contain any wheat flour) do not have to contain folic acid, though manufacturers may add it if they wish. Some manufacturers also voluntarily choose to fortify other foods with folic acid e.g. breakfast cereal. Manufacturers must list folic acid in the ingredient list on the labels of foods fortified with folic acid. It is sometimes listed as folate. Unpackaged bread, including bread made at the point of sale doesn’t have to have ingredient information, though this information should be made available on request. Is mandatory folic acid fortification safe? Based on all available scientific evidence, adding folic acid to bread is safe. Many countries, including the United States and Canada, have mandatory fortification of flour with folic acid and two thirds of the world’s population has access to folic acid-fortified flour. What’s happening in New Zealand? The New Zealand Government has opted for a voluntary fortification standard for folic acid in bread. For information visit the Ministry for Primary Industries website. Background scientific information on the development of the mandatory folic acid fortification Standard can be found in Proposal P295. Australian Spina Bifida & Hydrocephalus Association Monitoring of folic acid Information for health professionals Mandatory fortification brochure	<urn:uuid:4133ef4d-54c6-44ee-b1c7-abbded3f8db7>	{ "date": "2016-09-30T09:57:35", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-40", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738662159.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173742-00282-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9319219589233398, "score": 3.0625, "token_count": 563, "url": "http://www.foodstandards.gov.au/consumer/nutrition/folicmandatory/Pages/default.aspx" }
The Eagle Has Risen: Stellar Spire in the Eagle Nebula Appearing like a winged fairy-tale creature poised on a pedestal, this object is actually a billowing tower of cold gas and dust rising from a stellar nursery called the Eagle Nebula. The soaring tower is 9.5 light-years or about 57 trillion miles high, about twice the distance from our Sun to the next nearest star. Stars in the Eagle Nebula are born in clouds of cold hydrogen gas that reside in chaotic neighborhoods, where energy from young stars sculpts fantasy-like landscapes in the gas. The tower may be a giant incubator for those newborn stars. A torrent of ultraviolet light from a band of massive, hot, young stars [off the top of the image] is eroding the pillar. The starlight also is responsible for illuminating the tower's rough surface. Ghostly streamers of gas can be seen boiling off this surface, creating the haze around the structure and highlighting its three-dimensional shape. The column is silhouetted against the background glow of more distant gas. The edge of the dark hydrogen cloud at the top of the tower is resisting erosion, in a manner similar to that of brush among a field of prairie grass that is being swept up by fire. The fire quickly burns the grass but slows down when it encounters the dense brush. In this celestial case, thick clouds of hydrogen gas and dust have survived longer than their surroundings in the face of a blast of ultraviolet light from the hot, young stars. Inside the gaseous tower, stars may be forming. Some of those stars may have been created by dense gas collapsing under gravity. Other stars may be forming due to pressure from gas that has been heated by the neighboring hot stars. The first wave of stars may have started forming before the massive star cluster began venting its scorching light. The star birth may have begun when denser regions of cold gas within the tower started collapsing under their own weight to make stars. The bumps and fingers of material in the center of the tower are examples of these stellar birthing areas. These regions may look small but they are roughly the size of our solar system. The fledgling stars continued to grow as they fed off the surrounding gas cloud. They abruptly stopped growing when light from the star cluster uncovered their gaseous cradles, separating them from their gas supply. Ironically, the young cluster's intense starlight may be inducing star formation in some regions of the tower. Examples can be seen in the large, glowing clumps and finger-shaped protrusions at the top of the structure. The stars may be heating the gas at the top of the tower and creating a shock front, as seen by the bright rim of material tracing the edge of the nebula at top, left. As the heated gas expands, it acts like a battering ram, pushing against the darker cold gas. The intense pressure compresses the gas, making it easier for stars to form. This scenario may continue as the shock front moves slowly down the tower. The dominant colors in the image were produced by gas energized by the star cluster's powerful ultraviolet light. The blue color at the top is from glowing oxygen. The red color in the lower region is from glowing hydrogen. The Eagle Nebula image was taken in November 2004 with the Advanced Camera for Surveys aboard NASA's Hubble Space Telescope.	<urn:uuid:00968724-b983-4595-9bc6-3bd6b4b3de09>	{ "date": "2018-11-18T22:52:47", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-47", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039744750.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20181118221818-20181119003818-00536.warc.gz", "int_score": 4, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9449830651283264, "score": 3.5, "token_count": 690, "url": "http://hubblesite.org/image/1693/news_release/2005-12" }
20 July 2014 The Promotion of Safe Sex is Beneficial “About half of teens 15-19yo in the U.S. have had sex at least once” (TeenHealthFX). Underage sex is seen by society as indecent and immoral, but it is extremely common among teens. Innocence is withering away at younger ages as time goes on. Sex among teens has become more prevalent because of the glamorous ways the media portrays sex and the accepting of social views on the topic. “Most young people have had sex for the first time by the age of 17” (TeenHealthFX). As the quote shows, underage teens having sex is in fact more common in today’s age. The thought of sex is becoming more acceptable, and many aspects of society are making sex seem more acceptable, such as televisions, movies, social media, and music. Teens can be easily influenced by their surroundings. During puberty the urge for sex is perfectly normal and many teens are acting on those urges. Underage sex is difficult to stop but there are be ways to help prevent the dangers that can come from having unprotected sex. Pregnancies, STDs, STIs, and more dangers can be stopped by simple safety precautions. Safe sex for teens should be promoted more than it is. Teens are going to have sex, but society can help to make that a safer decision. Availability and knowledge of condoms and birth control will help teens have safer sex. The concept of society is that condoms and birth control condone teens to want to have sex. Education, availability, and parental knowledge of safe sex practices can promote the concept of safe sex by promoting the aspect of safety instead of intending the encouragement of underage sex. Middle school students should be taught or at least be given the opportunity to learn about the use of condoms. Even though in middle school the students are pre teens and new teens, they still know about sex from television, movies, music, and their peers. On television you see a plethora of sexual interactions but never do you hear the promotion of condoms or having safe sex during that sex scene on the television show. Condoms should be promoted with the promiscuous activity on the television show. When I was in middle school I knew about sex and condoms, even though I never experimented with sex. While reading the article Should Public High Schools in America Have Condom Availability Programs?, I discovered that “condoms are 98% effective for the protection against HIV, STI/STDs and pregnancy when used correctly” (taking18chances). You can infer from the quote the importance of condoms and how effective the use of them are. The concept of safe sex is the main message that should be taught to middle school students. If they do decide to have sex in middle school, they should be educated that there is a safe way to do so. Kids at this age are going through physical and emotional changes and are very concerned about fitting in with their peers. Some kids that would normally not consider having sex will do so because of peer pressure. With the exposure to such vulgar and promiscuous content on television and the Internet kids know about sex. For example, my little sister who is 12-years-old and is in sixth grade knows about sex. Her friends have even showed her porn on the Internet. Kids are becoming less innocent at young ages. If kids have heard of or have been told about sex, they will be curious, and feel enticed to experiment with sexual intercourse. I know no parent wants their 12 and 13 year old child to have sex, but if they did wouldn’t the parent rather it be protected sex? Providing middle school students with knowledge of the condom, its purpose, and the proper use can allow for safer situations. Middle school students may be too immature to use condoms, but with the proper knowledge they can make the right decision when the time comes. High School is when students start being more open to sex. When I was in high school, I would estimate…	<urn:uuid:1395387c-78a2-49f0-a907-d582ac4e208e>	{ "date": "2018-08-15T11:34:40", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-34", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221210058.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20180815102653-20180815122653-00456.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9664429426193237, "score": 2.765625, "token_count": 821, "url": "https://www.majortests.com/essay/Condoms-Human-Sexual-Behavior-And-Sex-532205.html" }
Get the tips and tricks to banish coughs and colds this winter - and make the seasonal sniffles a thing of the past! more Iodine: the smart mineral Iodine deficiency is the world’s most prevalent, yet easily preventable, cause of brain damage and lower IQs, says the World Health Organization (WHO) - and it ranks Australia in its list of countries with known iodine deficiencies. The alarming inclusion of Australia on the list of iodine-deficient countries has been backed up by the release of research results in Australia which has found that iodine deficiency rates in newborns was significant and rising. This follows other Australian studies that have found that many school-age children in Australia were iodine deficient as were at least half of pregnant women. Why is iodine so important? Iodine is an essential nutrient that humans need in very small quantities. In essence, iodine has one major function – that is to help the thyroid, a gland in the neck, produce hormones. And these hormones are vital because they ensure normal development of the brain and nervous system before birth, in babies and young children. According to WHO, the extreme result of iodine deficiency during fetal development is cretinism, but much more common – and therefore very alarming – are the subtle degrees of mental impairment caused when babies in utero and the early years don’t get enough iodine. “Iodine-deficient communities have been found to score 10-15 points lower on IQ tests than iodine-replete ones,” says WHO, adding that the result of this showing up in poor school performance, reduced mental ability and restricted capacity to work. Why are Australians deficient in iodine? In the past, iodised salt was widely used, particularly in the dairy industry which used iodine to sterilise milk containers. Today, we eat less salt and the salt we do eat tends not to be iodised. Also the dairy industry has now switched to chlorine-based cleaning products. The salt used in food manufacture is also usually non-iodised. How much iodine is needed? A teaspoon of iodine is all a person needs in a lifetime but because iodine cannot be stored for long periods by the body, very small amounts are required regularly. The actual recommended daily intake in micrograms (mcg) across the age groups is: - Infants: 90mcg/day (0-6 months); 110mcg/day (7-12 months) - Kids: 90mcg/day (1-3 years); 90mcg/day (4-8 years) 120mcg/day (9-12 years) - Teens and adults: 150mcg/ day IMPORTANT! Iodine and pregnant and breastfeeding womenBecause iodine is so vital for the brain development of unborn and newborn babies, it’s crucial that pregnant and breastfeeding women get their recommended daily intake of iodine. Australia’s National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) recommend that women who are pregnant have 220mcg of iodine per day and women who are breastfeeding should have 270mcg per day. WHO recommends pregnant and breastfeeding women take a daily oral iodine supplement, available from chemists, to boost their intake. Pregnant and breastfeeding women need to top up their dietary iodine intake because of the increased requirements during pregnancy and breastfeeding and the likelihood that they won’t get enough from their diet. Let them eat (iodine-fortified) breadIn 2009 the Australian Government introduced mandatory iodine fortification in the manufacturing of bread. The rules are all breads which contain salt – except those represented as organic – must use iodised salt. The goal is that through this mandatory fortification most of the Australian population, including women of child-bearing age, should be getting enough iodine. However, the iodine in bread does not meet the additional needs of pregnancy and breastfeeding. As a guide, two slices of bread provide about 60mcg of iodine. Related vitamin and mineral articles - Get the A-Z of essential vitamins and minerals for kids - Learn more about the B group of vitamins - Salt and your health - Pregnancy vitamins and minerals This article was written by Fiona Baker for Kidspot, Australia’s best family health resource. Sources include World Health Organisation, Medical Journal of Australia and National Health and Medical Research Council. Last revised: Tuesday, 7 December 2010 This article contains general information only and is not intended to replace advice from a qualified health professional. - Outsmarting the super nit - 7 ways to stay active with your kids this summer - 7 ways to keep your kids cool this summer - Germ busting your toddler - How to really clean your house - Simple stress busters for busy families - 10 delish juices and smoothies for healthy living - Why marriage is good for you - Six secrets of active families - Top tips to improve your family's health and happiness	<urn:uuid:700f0a34-2564-480b-8262-2082463e8dbc>	{ "date": "2014-07-30T23:06:51", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-23", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510271654.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011751-00372-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9461045861244202, "score": 3.0625, "token_count": 1031, "url": "http://www.kidspot.com.au/Kidspot-Journals/familyhealth/Nutrition-Nutritional-needs-Iodine-the-smart-mineral+4087+222+article.htm" }
Allies of Necessity: U.S.-Philippine Strategic Relations, 1898-2013 MetadataShow full metadata The U.S.-Philippine relationship, established in 1898, has a complex history that spans colonialism, World War Two, the Cold War, and the War on Terror. Through a history of partnership and shared enemies, the Philippines have proven to be a reliable ally of the United States. This paper argues that the U.S.-Philippine relationship has been one of partnership and of seeking mutual state interest, rather than a relationship marked by oppression and domination. Throughout the history of this bilateral relationship, the United States has sought to build up and assist the development of the Philippine state, while the Philippines have provided invaluable geopolitical resources and power projection capabilities to the United States. In light of the continued rise of China, the growing importance of Southeast Asia, and the Obama Administration’s current “Pivot to Asia,” an evaluation of the U.S.-Philippine relationship is vitally important, not only to understand current U.S. foreign policy in Asia, but also to inform the future decisions of U.S. policy makers.	<urn:uuid:cb69a08f-db21-4e41-ac16-46a4f147e473>	{ "date": "2018-09-19T12:44:01", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-39", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267156224.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20180919122227-20180919142227-00016.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9136159420013428, "score": 2.90625, "token_count": 238, "url": "https://digital.library.txstate.edu/handle/10877/4659" }
Skin cancer is one of the most common cancers in the world. Non-melanoma skin cancer refers to a group of cancers that slowly develop in the upper layers of the skin. The term non-melanoma distinguishes these more common types of skin cancer from the less common skin cancer known as melanoma, which can be more serious. In the UK, more than 100,000 new cases of non-melanoma skin cancer are diagnosed each year. It affects more men than women and is more common in the elderly. This page covers: When to get medical advice Symptoms of non-melanoma cancer The first sign of non-melanoma skin cancer is usually the appearance of a lump or discoloured patch on the skin that continues to persist after a few weeks, and slowly progresses over months or sometimes years. This is the cancer, or tumour. In most cases, cancerous lumps are red and firm and sometimes turn into ulcers, while cancerous patches are usually flat and scaly. Non-melanoma skin cancer most often develops on areas of skin regularly exposed to the sun, such as the face, ears, hands, shoulders, upper chest and back. See below for more information about the symptoms of specific types of non-melanoma skin cancer. When to get medical advice See your GP if you have any skin abnormality, such as a lump, ulcer, lesion or skin discolouration that hasn't healed after four weeks. While it's unlikely to be skin cancer, it's best to be sure. Types of non-melanoma skin cancer Non-melanoma skin cancers usually develop in the outermost layer of skin (epidermis), and are often named after the type of skin cell from which they develop. The two most common types of non-melanoma skin cancer are: - basal cell carcinoma (BCC) – also known as a rodent ulcer, BCC starts in the cells lining the bottom of the epidermis and accounts for about 75% of skin cancers - squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) – starts in the cells lining the top of the epidermis and accounts for about 20% of skin cancers Basal cell carcinoma Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) usually appears as a small, shiny pink or pearly-white lump with a translucent or waxy appearance. It can also look like a red, scaly patch. There's sometimes some brown or black pigment within the patch. The lump slowly gets bigger and may become crusty, bleed or develop into a painless ulcer. Squamous cell carcinoma Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) appears as a firm pink lump with a rough or crusted surface. There can be a lot of surface scale and sometimes even a spiky horn sticking up from the surface. The lump is often tender to touch, bleeds easily and may develop into an ulcer. Bowen's disease is a precancerous form of SCC sometimes referred to as squamous cell carcinoma in situ. It develops slowly and is easily treated. The main sign is a red, scaly patch on the skin that may itch. It most commonly affects elderly women and is often found on the lower leg. However, it can appear on any area of the skin. Although not classed as non-melanoma skin cancer, Bowen's disease can sometimes develop into squamous cell carcinoma if left untreated. Actinic keratoses, also known as solar keratoses, are dry, scaly patches of skin caused by damage from years of sun exposure. The patches can be pink, red or brown, and can vary in size from a few millimetres to a few centimetres across. The affected skin can sometimes become very thick, and occasionally the patches can look like small horns or spikes. Like Bowen's disease, actinic keratosis isn't classed as non-melanoma skin cancer, but there's a small risk that the patches could develop into squamous cell carcinoma if untreated. What causes non-melanoma skin cancer? Overexposure to ultraviolet (UV) light is the main cause of non-melanoma skin cancer. UV light comes from the sun, as well as from artificial tanning sunbeds and sunlamps. Other risk factors that can increase your chances of developing non-melanoma skin cancer include having: - a previous non-melanoma skin cancer - a family history of skin cancer - pale skin that burns easily - a large number of moles or freckles - medication that suppresses your immune system - a co-existing medical condition that suppresses your immune system Read more about the causes of non-melanoma skin cancer. Diagnosing non-melanoma skin cancer Your GP can examine your skin for signs of skin cancer. They may refer you to a skin specialist (dermatologist) or a specialist plastic surgeon if they're unsure or suspect skin cancer. You'll have an urgent referral (within two weeks) if you have squamous cell skin cancer. Basal cell skin cancers usually don't need an urgent referral, but you should still see a specialist within 18 weeks. Find out more about NHS waiting times. The specialist will examine your skin and may carry out a biopsy to confirm a diagnosis of skin cancer. A biopsy is a procedure where some of the affected skin is removed so it can be studied under a microscope. Read more about diagnosing non-melanoma skin cancer. Treating non-melanoma skin cancer Surgery is the main treatment for non-melanoma skin cancer. It involves removing the cancerous tumour and some of the surrounding skin. Other treatments for non-melanoma skin cancer include freezing (cryotherapy), anti-cancer creams, radiotherapy and a form of light treatment called photodynamic therapy (PDT). The treatment used will depend on the type, size and location of the non-melanoma skin cancer you have. Treatment for non-melanoma skin cancer is usually successful as, unlike most other types of cancer, there's a considerably lower risk that the cancer will spread to other parts of the body. Basal cell carcinoma doesn't usually spread to other parts of the body. There's a small risk (up to 5%) of squamous cell carcinoma spreading to other parts of the body, usually the lymph nodes (small glands found throughout your body). However, for both BCC and SCC there can sometimes be considerable skin damage if the tumour isn't treated. At least 9 out of 10 (90%) non-melanoma skin cancer cases are successfully cured. Read more about treating non-melanoma skin cancer. If you've had non-melanoma skin cancer in the past, there's a chance the condition may return. The chance of non-melanoma skin cancer returning is increased if your previous cancer was large in size and high grade (severe). If your cancer team feels there's a significant risk of your non-melanoma skin cancer returning, you'll probably need regular check-ups to monitor your health. It's also important to be aware that if you've had a non-melanoma skin cancer, your risk of developing another one in the future is increased because these cancers are often multiple. This means it's important to regularly examine your skin to check for new tumours. Preventing non-melanoma skin cancer Non-melanoma skin cancer isn't always preventable, but you can reduce your chances of developing it by avoiding overexposure to UV light. You can protect yourself from sunburn by using high-factor sunscreen, dressing sensibly in the sun, and limiting the amount of time you spend in the sun during the hottest part of the day. Sunbeds and sunlamps should also be avoided. Regularly checking your skin for signs of skin cancer can help lead to an early diagnosis and increase your chances of successful treatment. Read more about sunscreen and sun safety. Page last reviewed: 03/01/2017 Next review due: 03/01/2020	<urn:uuid:b997feb1-af13-4de0-a67a-3e110f7d75b2>	{ "date": "2017-03-24T11:59:43", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-13", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218187945.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212947-00421-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9441050291061401, "score": 3.4375, "token_count": 1737, "url": "http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/cancer-of-the-skin/Pages/Introduction.aspx" }
In BSD-derived computer operating systems (including NetBSD, OpenBSD, FreeBSD and DragonFly BSD) and in related operating systems such as SunOS, a disklabel is a record stored on a data storage device such as a hard disk that contains information about the location of the partitions on the disk. Disklabels were introduced in the 4.3BSD-Tahoe release. Disklabels are usually edited using the disklabel utility. In later versions of FreeBSD, this was renamed as bsdlabel. Where disklabels are stored Traditionally, the disklabel was the first sector of the disk. However, this system only works when the only operating systems that access the disk are Unix systems that comprehend disklabels. In the world of IBM PC compatibles, disks are usually partitioned using the PC BIOS's master boot record (MBR) Partition Table scheme instead, and the BSD partitioning scheme is nested within a single, primary, MBR partition (just as the "extended" partitioning scheme is nested within a single primary partition with extended boot records). Sometimes (particularly in FreeBSD), the primary MBR partitions are referred to as slices and the subdivisions of a primary MBR partition (for the nested BSD partitioning scheme) that are described by its disklabel are called partitions. The BSD disklabel is contained within the volume boot record of its primary MBR partition. This format has a similar goal as the extended partitions and logical partition system used by MS-DOS, Windows and Linux. The same PC hard drive can have both BSD disklabel partitions and the MS-DOS type logical partitions in separate primary partitions. FreeBSD and other BSD operating systems can access both the BSD disklabel subdivided partition and the MS-DOS type Extended/Logical partitions. The contents of disklabels BSD disklabels traditionally contain 8 entries for describing partitions. These are, by convention, labeled alphabetically, 'a' through to 'h'. Some BSD variants have since increased this to 16 partitions, labeled 'a' through to 'p'. Also by convention, partitions 'a', 'b', and 'c' have fixed meanings: - Partition 'a' is the "root" partition, the volume from which the operating system is bootstrapped. The boot code in the Volume Boot Record containing the disklabel is thus simplified, as it need only look in one fixed location to find the location of the boot volume; - Partition 'b' is the "swap" partition; - Partition 'c' overlaps all of the other partitions and describes the entire disk. Its start and length are fixed. On systems where the disklabel co-exists with another partitioning scheme (such as on PC hardware), partition 'c' may actually only extend to an area of disk allocated to the BSD operating system, and partition 'd' is used to cover the whole physical disk. - Master Boot Record (MBR) - Extended Boot Record (EBR) - GUID Partition Table (GPT) - Boot Engineering Extension Record (BEER) - Apple Partition Map (APM) - Rigid Disk Block (RDB) - "disklabel(5)". 4.4BSD Programmer's Manual. Retrieved 2008-02-28. - Michael W. Lucas. "Understanding FreeBSD Disklabels".	<urn:uuid:29eec480-ab50-4908-9d67-710848011e30>	{ "date": "2014-03-16T01:46:01", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-10", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394678700883/warc/CC-MAIN-20140313024500-00006-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8749630451202393, "score": 2.890625, "token_count": 710, "url": "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BSD_disklabel" }
What is a credit report? A credit report is a statement that has information about your credit activity and current credit situation such as loan paying history and the status of your credit accounts. Most people have more than one credit report. Credit reporting companies, also known as credit bureaus or consumer reporting agencies, collect and store financial data about you that is submitted to them by creditors, such as lenders, credit card companies, and other financial companies. Creditors are not required to report to every credit reporting company. Lenders use these reports to help them decide if they will loan you money, what interest rates they will offer you. Lenders also use your credit report to determine whether you continue to meet the terms of an existing credit account. Other businesses might use your credit reports to determine whether to offer you insurance; rent a house or apartment to you; provide you with cable TV, internet, utility, or cell phone service. If you agree to let an employer look at your credit report, it may also be used to make employment decisions about you. Credit reports often contain the following information: - Your name and any name you may have used in the past in connection with a credit account, including nicknames - Current and former addresses - Birth date - Social Security number - Phone numbers - Current and historical credit accounts, including the type of account (mortgage, installment, revolving, etc.) - The credit limit or amount - Account balance - Account payment history - The date the account was opened and closed - The name of the creditor A credit report may include information on overdue child support provided by a state or local child support agency or verified by any local, state, or federal government agency. - Companies that have accessed your credit report.	<urn:uuid:0baf749d-c0a7-4d76-8553-1c5677e5b0dd>	{ "date": "2019-04-19T14:42:06", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-18", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578527839.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20190419141228-20190419163228-00216.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9632354378700256, "score": 3.140625, "token_count": 366, "url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/ask-cfpb/what-is-a-credit-report-en-309/" }
In today’s automotive industry where simulation and virtual prototyping are increasingly used to reduce time to market, the design process has changed considerably since Taguchi invented the quality planning concept . He found that it is often more costly to control the causes of manufacturing variation than making a process insensitive to these variations. By using simple experimental designs and loss functions, he often succeeded in greatly improving product performance by “building in” quality, in other words, implementing the quality-by-design idea. Robustness analysis aims at providing an accurate estimation of the sensitivity of outputs to the variability on the inputs, described in terms of random variables characterized with probabilistic distributions. In general, standard deviation is used as a measure for the robustness of the outputs: the smaller the output standard deviation, the more robust the output. The core ideas Taguchi elaborated on are still valid, although in a different design context. Today, product designers increasingly experiment using computer models instead of physical prototypes. These experiments typically involved Monte Carlo simulation, although robustness is suitable as a criterion for evaluating discrete-event simulation systems as well. Using simulation instead of experimenting with physical prototypes yields system performance improvements and cost savings, only when design robustness is evaluated properly. As a robust design optimization software solution, Optimus incorporates the Taguchi method for robust design to deliver designs that are more robust with respect to manufacturing and geometric tolerances. In reality, robust design is rarely applied. In particular in the automotive industry, where time to market and cost control are crucial competitive aspects, calls for design methods that integrate design quality and safety in the design process. This process should be based on simulation-driven robustness assessment techniques that trained engineers can leverage to gain a deeper insight into the influence of real-world conditions and uncertainties on the functional performance characteristics of a vehicle. This is extremely important for critical vehicle design aspects, such as dynamics and safety. In fact, vehicle dynamics impact all aspects of vehicle drivability and performance, ranging from fuel emissions to comfort and NVH and to ageing and durability, whereas safety aspects represents an extremely sensitive attribute, for which crash simulations serves as the most effective design and analysis tool.	<urn:uuid:4500f7b5-db15-42a8-955f-505307541163>	{ "date": "2015-03-27T06:52:11", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-14", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131295619.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172135-00002-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.933459997177124, "score": 2.609375, "token_count": 440, "url": "http://www.noesissolutions.com/Noesis/robust-optimization/what-is-robust-design.html" }
The word is often said to be derived from the old french word for a little bag or purse. But there is more to it than that. As the Oxford English Dictionary points out, the phrase ‘to open one’s budget’ was being used in the sixteenth century to mean that someone was revealing something which was secret, perhaps even dubious. It meant something like bringing out a box of tricks. The phrase seems to have been first applied to a statement of government revenue and expenditure during the Excise Crisis in 1733. The crisis was the result of Prime Minister Robert Walpole’s plans to shift the burden of taxation from landed wealth (which fell heavily on the country gentry who dominated the House of Commons) to consumption (which would have a much greater impact on the poor). Whipped up by the highly vocal opposition to Walpole, there had been rumours for months before the opening of Parliament in mid January 1733 that he would announce the introduction of excise taxes on various goods. The excise was regarded with intense dislike because it was associated with interference by bureaucrats in people’s property and daily lives. Walpole finally revealed his proposals amid intense popular and parliamentary excitement on 14th March, and explained and defended them in a pamphlet, A letter from a member of Parliament to his friends in the country, concerning the duties on wine and tobacco. A reply was published by one of the most virulent leaders of the opposition to Walpole, William Pulteney, later Earl of Bath (Pulteney’s career before 1715, when he was a close associate of Walpole, is dealt with in a separate article, here). Called The budget opened. Or, An answer to a pamphlet. Intitled, a letter from a member of Parliament to his friends in the country, concerning the duties on wine and tobacco, it attacked and mocked the proposals as typically Walpolean trickery, like the fraudulent remedies of a quack doctor: ‘At length, the Mountain is deliver’d. The grand Mystery, which was long deemed too sacred for the unhallow’d Eyes of the People, is reveal’d. What is reveal’d? Nothing, but what has been known, confuted and exploded long before it was publickly acknowledg’d’. ‘The budget is opened; and our State Emperick hath dispensed his Packets by his Zany Couriers through all Parts of the Kingdom. For my self, I do not pretend to understand this Art of political Legerdemain; nor can I find out the Difference between a new Tax, and a new Method of collecting an old Tax, which will bring in a Sum, equivalent to a new one.’ The ensuing storm about a general excise eventually forced Walpole to drop the scheme, although it was another nine years before the combined effort of his opponents managed to prise Walpole from power. The word does not appear in print frequently after that, so it may have been some time before it caught on: in 1743 the MP and satirist, and loyal follower of Walpole, Sir Charles Hanbury Williams, penned a bitter little poem called S—y’s Budget; or Drink and be d___d, aimed at one of those who had helped Pulteney to oust Walpole, the current chancellor of the exchequerSamuel Sandys, and his apparent adoption of most of Walpole’s policies as soon as he was safely in office. It isn’t known exactly when the practice of an annual event at which the chancellor of the exchequer gave an account of the state of national finances was initiated. Peter Thomas in his Eighteenth Century House of Commons tracked down the first use of the phrase ‘opening the budget’ in this sense in 1753. By 1764, at least, it seems to have been well established. That year George Grenville‘s budget speech of 9 March (of 2 and three quarter hours) which introduced stamp duties on the colonies provoked a response, The Budget: inscribed to the man who thinks himself a minister, and a counter-response, An Answer to The Budget which took the trouble to explain what it meant (for the benefit of ‘ignoramuses’, it said): ‘When the House of Commons have voted the Supplies, Mr Chancellor of the Exchequer, towards the latter end of the Sessions, opens to the House, in a Speech, what are to be the Ways and Means for raising the Money granted by the Supplies’. It also grumbled: ‘It seems to be the evil genius of this country, that every Man is a Politician: Every ignorant City Shop-keeper and Cobler is to be at Liberty to watch the State, scrutinize the Conduct of Ministers, call Names, &c. … Unless some Method is taken that shall put a Stop to this increasing licentious Practice, it will be next to impossible to carry on the public Business.’	<urn:uuid:e79aba84-2c3f-4d2d-9676-59d21fc51042>	{ "date": "2014-10-02T14:26:23", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-41", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1412037663754.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20140930004103-00256-ip-10-234-18-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9763566255569458, "score": 2.96875, "token_count": 1041, "url": "http://historyofparliamentblog.wordpress.com/2012/03/07/the-first-budget-walpoles-bag-of-tricks-and-the-origins-of-the-chancellors-great-secret/" }
December 2, 2012 Redrawing the Mideast Map Thomas Friedman, New York Times Syria is the keystone of the Middle East. If and how it cracks apart could recast this entire region. The borders of Syria have been fixed ever since the British and French colonial powers carved up the Arab provinces of the Ottoman Empire after World War I. If Assad is toppled and you have state collapse here, Syria’s civil war could go regional and challenge all the old borders — as the Shiites of Lebanon seek to link up more with the Alawite/Shiites of Syria, the Kurds in Syria, Iraq, Iran and Turkey try to link up with each other and create an independent Kurdistan, and the Sunnis of Iraq, Jordan and Syria draw closer to oppose the Shiites of Lebanon, Syria, Iran, Iraq, Saudi Arabia and Bahrain. TAGGED: Kurds, Turkey, Iran, Jordan, Iraq, Thomas Friedman, Middle East, Syria	<urn:uuid:b0230141-fa8c-471b-8be1-b83780ff7ccd>	{ "date": "2013-12-09T23:29:54", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2013-48", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386164001281/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204133321-00002-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9006944298744202, "score": 2.875, "token_count": 199, "url": "http://www.realclearworld.com/2012/12/02/redrawing_the_mideast_map_142827.html" }
Welding, Brazing and Soldering This article presents in-depth metallurgical information about the response of carbon and low-alloy steels to welding conditions and micro-structural evolution in the weld heat-affected zone. It discusses the fabrication weldability and service weldability of carbon and low-alloy steels. The article describes six general classes of the metal: low-carbon steels, high-strength low-alloy steels, quenched-and-tempered steels, heat-treatable low-alloy steels, thermal-mechanical-controlled processing steels, and chromium-molybdenum steels. It concludes with an illustration of steels' susceptibility to hydrogen-assisted cold cracking relative to carbon content and carbon equivalent. This article describes the common defects associated with arc welds in the weld metal and the heat-affected zone (HAZ) of the plate. These defects include porosity, incomplete fusion, hot cracks, lamellar tearing, undercut, rollover, and inclusions. The article details hydrogen-induced cracking and its mechanism as well as the control measures. It provides information on measurement of hydrogen in weld metal and presents a table that contain information on effect of welding processes and electrodes on hydrogen levels in welds. ASM Reference Publications Catalog The new Fall / Winter 2019-2020 Catalog features more than 200 new and upcoming releases and our popular best-selling titles. Save now with prepublication pricing and set sales.	<urn:uuid:d562d9e4-ccf5-4760-b4fd-9a39e2793604>	{ "date": "2019-11-22T05:50:23", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-47", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496671239.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20191122042047-20191122070047-00096.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.865556001663208, "score": 2.921875, "token_count": 312, "url": "https://dl.asminternational.org/handbooks/book/61/chapter-abstract/705807/Selection-of-Carbon-and-Low-Alloy-Steels?redirectedFromFulltext=true" }
We are aware that healthy eating is important to maximize our health, but unfortunately, many people develop problems with their body image which prevent them from maintaining a healthy eating lifestyle. The severity of these eating disorders varies significantly from person to person, but they are all alike in one respect – they are very detrimental to a person’s health. The most common kind of eating disorder that a person may develop is anorexia. Anorexia occurs when someone is overly concerned with their weight and simply refuses to eat. The unfortunate aspect of anorexia is that very often the person concerned is not overweight but they believe that if they were to lose weight, their new thinner body would be more beautiful. This kind of thinking results from a distorted perception of what their body actually looks like. Someone suffering from anorexia usually tries to hide it by discarding the food without anyone knowing, cutting the food into small pieces to make it look smaller, or skipping entire meals then often having to lie about that. Anorexia is extremely dangerous because it does not allow a person to lose weight in a healthy way. Reducing the amount of fat in your diet is fine, but failing to get adequate amounts of proteins, vitamins, minerals, water, and other nutrients can make your body lose muscle weight and weaken. For many, the wasting continues to such an extent that it cannot be readily reversed, even by hospital treatment. Another common type of eating disorder is bulimia. With an anorexic person the rapid weight loss is very observable, often being the key factor which alerts other family members. Someone who has bulimia however, may or may not be losing weight. A person suffering from bulimia is trying to achieve the same end result as a person with anorexia – forced weight reduction. But the bulimic person does not have the will power to give up eating food, and instead vomits or uses laxatives after meals to rid the body of these foods. Like anorexia does, this can rob the body of key nutrients, and it can also lead to significant problems in the digestive system, throat, and mouth, which are usually unable to cope with regular induced vomiting. The third main type of eating disorder is binge eating. This is a combination of anorexia and bulimia in most cases. A binge eater will, like a bulimic, not deprive themselves of food. Rather, someone who is a binge eater will eat enormous amounts of food in a single sitting, often cheaper foods of low nutritional value. But instead of vomiting as the bulimic person does, a binge eater will then refuse to eat at all and exercise rigorously for a day or two, but then commence an eating binge once again. This can lead to major problems with maintaining a health, stable weight. Eating disorders can affect both men and women of any age. However, most commonly, victims of these eating disorders are teen and young adult girls, who seem to be those who have greatest difficulty in developing a sensible attitude to their body image, wanting to become thinner as they believe this will make them ‘more beautiful’. Many people die every year as a result of complications arising from these eating disorders. However, as a result of the increase in the number of people suffering from eating disorders over recent years, the psychological and physical factors involved are now better understood and professional assistance is now widely available. If you or someone you know suffers from an eating disorder, it is important to seek help as soon as possible.	<urn:uuid:0f912a44-dc8c-4994-bc69-bebcdcb53b19>	{ "date": "2015-03-28T05:10:46", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-14", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131297281.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172137-00206-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9755375385284424, "score": 3.4375, "token_count": 722, "url": "http://www.thebetterhealthguide.com/eating-disorders/" }
Time Line Book This is a fun and easy project for creating a visual time line of Spring Leaf-out in an accordian type book.When completed it can be opened like a book, or pulled completely open to reveal the whole season's changes on one long strip! Spring Leaf-out Book Before you start you will need to have: - a blank accordian folded book for each person - JN field and Glueing in the Leaves will need to collect leaves each day they observe their trees, and press them to dry flat. 1. The leaves should be collected from the plant press carefully so the collection dates are kept with them. the leaves into envelopes and dating the outside is one system that 2. In their blank accordion books, help the students calculate how many pages (or folds) they will need before gluing in the pressed leaves. labeling the pages with pencil will help them plan only a very small amount of glue on the backs of the leaves, arrange and glue the leaves onto the pages. are some ideas for your time-line pages: Tender leaves exploding... Two days later, inches larger.. May brings rain... Gathered in the rain... and science come together in creating beautiful and interesting 4. Now students can embellish the pages to make their own fact-filled leaf time lines. Add the information they wrote into their Journey North field guides: and weather conditions sensory observations and other phenology interesting facts they can find in field guides	<urn:uuid:aeb05af0-7fb0-42b2-a329-9ff3962ecfcd>	{ "date": "2019-05-20T15:00:06", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-22", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232256040.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20190520142005-20190520164005-00096.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8970071077346802, "score": 3.4375, "token_count": 336, "url": "https://journeynorth.org/tm/leaf/15DaysC.html" }
The Efficiency of a solar cell is an important metric that determines how much of the incident solar energy is converted to useful electrical energy e.g. a 1m2 solar panel with 15% Efficiency would convert a radiant energy of 1000W/m2 into 150W of useful electrical energy. The Efficiency of a solar cell is sometimes defined in terms of the Fill Factor (FF) which is defined as. Simply put its the ratio of area defined by (Vmax, Imax) to the area defined by (Voc, Isc) on the IV curve. And the Efficiency in terms of the Fill Factor is defined as. The expression for Efficiency can be simplified by substituting FF in the above equation. Let us now look at some practical values for Efficiency and Fill Factor. This is the Efficiency ignoring certain practical issues of solar cells. Thus the typical Efficiency of mono-crystalline solar cells would be somewhat lower (15%-20%). 1. Vmax, Imax is the Voltage and Current respectively at the Maximum Power Point on the IV curve. Remember that Power is just the product of Voltage and Current. 2. From basic circuit theory, the power delivered from or to a device is optimized where the derivative (graphically, the slope) dI/dV of the I-V curve is equal and opposite the I/V ratio (where dP/dV=0). This is known as the Maximum Power Point (MPP) and corresponds to the "knee" of the curve. 3. A solar charge controller is used to charge the batteries from the solar panel operating at its Maximum Power Point. 4. The more rapid the drop in Current as the Voltage approaches the Open Circuit Voltage the closer will be the Fill Factor to the ideal value of 100%.	<urn:uuid:98930ab6-8bae-439d-b737-71898ae7c6a7>	{ "date": "2018-11-17T07:25:35", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-47", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039743294.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20181117061450-20181117083450-00176.warc.gz", "int_score": 4, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9035767912864685, "score": 3.640625, "token_count": 369, "url": "http://24solarhome.com/2013/10/" }
Decoding and vocabulary development are pivotal to developing strong reading skills. Indeed, the National Reading Panel (National Institute of Child Health and Human Development [NICHHD], 2000) has identified them as two of the five critical components of reading instruction (phonemic awareness, decoding, fluency, vocabulary, and comprehension). Other instructional resources (e.g., ICAT Resources®) have identified decoding and vocabulary development through word recognition/meaning and word study as two of seven dimensions of reading instruction (comprehension, metacognition, language and prior knowledge, word recognition and meaning, word study, fluency, and responding). Morphology is a critical element of successful vocabulary development and accurate decoding. Awareness of morphology has been shown to be a strong indicator of and positive influence upon reading comprehension (Soifer, 2005). Subsequently, weakness in decoding and vocabulary skills is noted as a potent inhibitor to fully comprehending text. An examination of the Virginia Standards of Learning reveals a vertical alignment of standards from kindergarten through eighth grade focusing on decoding and vocabulary development, more specifically, on morphology. The results of the Virginia high-stakes assessment indicate a weakness in vocabulary development for all Virginia students, thus suggesting a need to provide more intense vocabulary instruction with direct instruction in morphology. What Is Morphology? Morphology, a word of Greek origin, combines “morphe,” meaning form, and “ology,” meaning the study of. Morphing conjures mental pictures of children’s toys such as Transformers™ that transform from one form to another through the child’s manipulation of the parts. Morphology works in much the same manner, with students manipulating the parts of words to create new meanings or altered, but similar, meanings. Morphology relates to the segmenting of words into affixes (prefixes and suffixes) and roots or base words, and the origins of words. Understanding that words connected by meaning can be connected by spelling can be critical to expanding a student’s vocabulary. Further, parts of words (affixes) can have separate meanings that can transform or morph word meaning. Finally, as shown in Table 1, the sound sequences, letter patterns, and morphemes depend, to a large extent, on word origin (Henry, 2003). Table 1 Word Origin and Word Structure Matrix (Henry, 2003) \|Anglo-Saxon\|\|Consonants: bid, step, that Vowels: mad/made, barn, boat VCE (vowel consonant e): made Vowel digraph: boat Consonant-le: tumbler-controlled: barn \|Compounds: hardware, shipyard Affixes: read, reread, rereading;bid, forbid, forbidden \|Latin\|\|Same as Anglo-Saxon but few vowel digraphs Use of schwa/ǝ/: direction, spatial, excellent r-controlled: port, form \|Affixes: construction, erupting, conductor\| \|Greek\|\|ph for /f/ - phonograph ch for /k/ - chorus y for /ǐ/ - sympathy\|\|Closed: graphOpen: photoUnstable digraph: create\|\|Compounds:microscope, chloroplast, physiology\| Understanding the meaning of prefixes, suffixes, and roots enhances the comprehension of text being read. The manipulation of affixes can impact the part of speech that a word denotes. Having this knowledge enhances text comprehension as well. Direct instruction of morphology is an effective means to help with understanding and applying word structure for decoding, spelling, and vocabulary study (Wilson, 2005). Specifically, students can be taught strategies to segment or manipulate words according to their affixes and roots. As a result, students may be able to recognize an unfamiliar word simply by identifying the affixes and the remaining base word or root (Carreker, 2005). Textbooks and student writings in the early grades typically use words of Anglo-Saxon origin. Typically, these words are one- to two-syllable, high-frequency words (Berninger & Wolf, 2009). Textbooks and student writings in the upper grades more frequently use words of Latin and Greek origin. In addition, the number of syllables in these words increases and unique spelling patterns emerge. Therefore, the recommended instructional sequence for teaching word origins, affixes, and roots is Anglo-Saxon before Latin and Greek. Classroom Instruction in Morphology Prince (2009) suggested four main instructional strategies from Lesaux’s work with morphology: - Morphology should be taught as a distinct component of a vocabulary improvement program throughout the upper elementary years. - Morphology should be taught as a cognitive strategy to be learned. In order to break a word down into morphemes, students must complete the following four steps: - Recognize that they do not know the word. - Analyze the word for recognizable morphemes, both in the roots and suffixes. - Think of a possible meaning based upon the parts of the word. - Check the meaning of the word against the context of the reading. - Students also need to understand the use of prefixes, suffixes, and roots, and how words get transformed. - Students who have knowledge of Spanish can use cognates, words that share a common origin. Multisensory Introduction of Affixes A multisensory-guided discovery approach, as well as the use of an affix card deck, are recommended for teaching affixes. Using this approach, the teacher reads a series of derivatives that have a common trait (e.g., joyful, careful, helpful, graceful, cheerful). The students “discover” the similar sounds and then visually discover the sound-symbol correspondence. The similar sounds and letters are then identified as a prefix or suffix, and the student verbalizes these discoveries to anchor the learning. Finally, the teacher writes the affix on a card that is added to the affix card deck that is reviewed in a systematic manner, daily, weekly, and periodically thereafter (Carreker, 2005). Yoshimoto (2009) suggested the use of a foldable model for the study of affixes and roots. In the example shown in Figure 1, the root “port” was used as the central focus, and adjustments were made to the prefixes and suffixes added. “De-port-ment” was created in the photo model. Other arrangements that might be created by sliding the inserts to new positions include “trans-port-ation” and “im-port-ance.” Figure 1. Foldable for teaching affixes. Matching Games (http://www.fcrr.org/curriculum/PDF/G4-5/45VPartTwo.pdf) A number of matching and memory games may be found on the Florida Center for Reading Research website (follow the link above). Templates are included with directions for assembly. The games include Affix Concentration - an activity that involves matching affix and meaning; Meaningful Affixes - a foldable to assemble with affixes, roots, and definitions; Word Dissect - an activity that involves discussion and discovery with partners; and Make It Meaningful - an activity that involves an affix and root meaning discovery within the context of a sentence. Benefits of Morphology Instruction Students who understand how words are formed by combining prefixes, suffixes, and roots tend to have larger vocabularies and better reading comprehension than peers without such knowledge and skills (Prince, 2009). Nagy (2007) proposed that the teaching morphological awareness and decoding in school may be the way to narrow the achievement gap for children whose families differ in education and income levels, and ethnic or racial backgrounds. A deep and full knowledge and understanding of vocabulary will improve outcomes for students who struggle. Berninger, V. W., & Wolf, B. J. (2009). Teaching students with dyslexia and dysgraphia: Lessons from teaching and science. Baltimore, MD: Paul Brookes. Carreker, S. (2005). Teaching reading: Accurate decoding and fluency. In J. R. Birsh (Ed.), Multisensory teaching of basic language skills (2nd ed., pp. 43-81). Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brookes. Henry, M. K. (2003). Unlocking literacy: Effective decoding and spelling instruction. Baltimore: Paul H. Brookes. Nagy, W. (2007). Metalinguistic awareness and the vocabulary-comprehension connection. In R. K. Wager, A. E. Muse, & K. R. Tannenbaum (Eds.), Vocabulary acquisition: Implications for reading comprehension (pp. 52-77). New York: Guilford. National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. (2000). Report of the National Reading Panel. Teaching children to read: An evidence-based assessment of the scientific research Literature on reading and its implications for reading instruction – Reports of the subgroups (NIH Publication No. 00-4754). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. http://www.nationalreadingpanel.org/Publications/publications.htm Prince, R.E.C. (2009). Usable knowledge from Harvard Graduate School of Education - Morphological analysis: New light on a vital reading skill, HGSE Nonie Lesaux. Retrieved from http://www.uknow.gse.harvard.edu/teaching/TC102-407.html Soifer, L. H. (2005). Development of oral language and its relationship to literacy. In J. R. Birsh (Ed.), Multisensory teaching of basic language skills (2nd ed., pp. 43-81). Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brookes. Wilson, B. A. (2005). Instruction for older students struggling with reading. In J.R. Birsh (Ed.), Multisensory teaching of basic language skills (2nd ed., pp. 319-344). Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brookes. Yoshimoto, R. (2009, November). MSL/Orton-Gillingham, From sounds to syllabication to morphology: An integrated approach. Presentation at the International Dyslexia Association Conference, Orlando, Florida. Reading in the Disciplines, Final Report from the Carnegie Corporation of New York’s Council on Advancing Adolescent Literacy: http://carnegie.org/fileadmin/Media/Publications/PDF/tta_Lee.pdf Florida Center for Reading Research, Advanced Phonics, Morpheme Structures: http://www.fcrr.org/FAIR_Search_Tool/PDFs/4-5AP_018.pdf Florida Center for Reading Research, Vocabulary, Morphemic Elements: http://www.fcrr.org/curriculum/PDF/G4-5/45VPartTwo.pdf Birsh, J. R. (Ed.). (2005). Multisensory teaching of basic language skills (2nd ed.). Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brookes.	<urn:uuid:878f1ea9-c907-443b-aa88-b0443e801fbb>	{ "date": "2018-04-24T08:31:02", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-17", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125946578.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20180424080851-20180424100851-00056.warc.gz", "int_score": 4, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8695178627967834, "score": 3.96875, "token_count": 2362, "url": "http://education.wm.edu/centers/ttac/resources/articles/teachtechnique/teachingmorphology/" }
Photo of: North of Ireland: Fermanagh: View of Benaughlin. This is a view of Benaughlin looking towards Fermanagh. Benaughlin is at the foot of the Cuilcagh Mountains. The Cuilcagh Mountains has one of the largest expanses of blanket bog in Northern Ireland. The bog vegetation is characterised by luxuriant Sphagnum mosses. The mountains lie on the Shannon-Erne watershed. The Shannon rises on the north-western slopes of Cuilcagh at Shannon Pot, a steep-sided pool where the underground river emerges. There is a belief in the region that an underground river, the Northern Shannon, connects the waters at Shannon Pot to the River Claddagh, which emerges at Marble Arch Caves and then flows into the Erne. Here a number of streams disappear below ground at swallow holes named Cats Hole, Pollawaddy, Pollasumera and Polliniska, all forming part of the Marble Arch cave system.	<urn:uuid:c55acce9-87b7-4877-bff3-66f6c4b0646b>	{ "date": "2019-12-15T02:45:59", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-51", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575541301014.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20191215015215-20191215043215-00336.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9125879406929016, "score": 3.046875, "token_count": 205, "url": "http://www.irelandupclose.com/Image-of-Benaughlin-Mountain--D03101--Ireland-Photos--Fermanagh.php" }
The Italian poet Petrarch (1304-1374), or Francesco Petrarca, is best known for the Iyric poetry of his Canzoniere and is considered one of the greatest love poets of world literature. A scholar of classical antiquity, he was the founder of humanism. Petrarch has been called the first modern man. He observed the external world and analyzed his own interior life with a new awareness of values. Painfully conscious of human transience, he felt it his mission to bridge the ages and to save the classical authors from the ravages of time for posterity. He also longed for fame and for permanence in the future. Petrarch attained a vast direct knowledge of classical texts, subjecting them to critical evaluation and prizing them as an expression of the living human spirit. His attitude provided the first great stimulus to the cultural movement that culminated in the Renaissance. Petrarch's life was marked by restlessness, yet one of its constant motives was his devotion to cherished friends. Equally constant was an unresolved interior conflict between the attractions of earthly life, particularly love and glory, and his aspirations toward higher religious goals. Early Years and Education Petrarch was born on July 20, 1304, in Arezzo, where his family was living in political exile. His parents were the Florentine notary Ser Petracco and Eletta Canigiani. His childhood was spent at Incisa and Pisa until 1312, when his family moved to Avignon, then the papal residence. A housing shortage there obliged Petrarch, his younger brother Gherardo, and their mother to settle in nearby Carpentras, where he began to study grammar and rhetoric. Beginning in 1316, Petrarch pursued legal studies at the University of Montpellier. But already he preferred classical poets to the study of law. During one surprise visit Petrarch's father discovered some hidden books and began to burn them; however, moved by his son's pleading, he spared Cicero's Rhetoric and a copy of Virgil from the fire. About this time Petrarch's mother died. In 1320 Petrarch and Gherardo went to Bologna to attend the law schools. They remained in Bologna—with two interruptions caused by student riots—until their father's death in 1326. Free to pursue his own interests, Petrarch then abandoned law and participated in the fashionable social life of Avignon. Laura and the Canzoniere On April 6, 1327, in the church of St. Clare, Petrarch saw and fell in love with the young woman whom he called Laura. She did not return his love. The true identity of Laura is not known; there is, however, no doubt regarding her reality or the intensity of the poet's passion, which endured after her death as a melancholy longing. Petrarch composed and revised the love lyrics inspired by Laura until his very last years. The Canzoniere, or Rerum vulgarum fragmenta, contains 366 poems (mostly sonnets, with a few canzoni and compositions in other meters) and is divided into two sections: the first is devoted to Laura in life (1-263) and the second to Laura in death (264-366). Petrarch became a model for Italian poets. The influence of his art and introspective sensibility was felt for more than 3 centuries in all European literatures. When the income of Petrarch's family was depleted, he took the four Minor Orders required for an ecclesiastical career, and in the fall of 1330 he entered the service of Cardinal Giovanni Colonna. In 1333, motivated by intellectual curiosity, Petrarch traveled to Paris, Flanders (where he discovered two of Cicero's unknown orations), and Germany. Upon returning to Avignon, he met the Augustinian scholar Dionigi di Borgo San Sepolcro, who directed him toward a greater awareness of the importance of Christian patristic literature. Until the end of his life, Petrarch carried with him a tiny copy of St. Augustine's Confessions, a gift from Dionigi. In 1336 Petrarch climbed Mt. Ventoux in Provence; on the summit, opening the Confessions at random, he read that men admire mountains and rivers and seas and stars, yet neglect themselves. He described this experience in spiritual terms in a letter that he wrote to Dionigi (Familiares IV, 1). Major Works in Latin Petrarch's reputation as a man of letters and the canonries to which he was appointed at various times assured him the ease and freedom necessary for his studies and writing. He participated during this period in the polemic concerning the papal residence, expressing in two Epistolae metricae his conviction that the papacy must return to Rome. Early in 1337 Petrarch visited Rome for the first time. The ancient ruins of the city deepened his admiration for the classical age. In the summer he returned to Avignon, where his son, Giovanni, had been born, and then went to live at Vaucluse (Fontaine-de-Vaucluse) near the source of the Sorgue River. There he led a life of solitude and simplicity, and he also conceived his major Latin works. In 1338 Petrarch began his De viris illustribus, and about that time he also started his Latin epic on Scipio Africanus, the Africa. In Vaucluse, Petrarch probably also worked on his Triumphus Cupidinis, a poetic "procession, " written in Italian, in which Cupid leads his captive lovers. In 1340 Petrarch received invitations simultaneously from Paris and Rome to be crowned as poet. He chose Rome. His coronation on April 8, 1341, was a personal victory and a triumph for art and knowledge as well. On returning from Rome, Petrarch stopped at Parma. There, on the wooded plateau of Selvapiana, he continued his Africa with renewed inspiration. In April 1343, shortly after Petrarch had returned to Avignon, Gherardo became a Carthusian monk. That same year Petrarch's daughter, Francesca, was born. Gherardo's decision to become a monk deeply moved Petrarch, leading him to reexamine his own spiritual state. Though his Christian faith was unquestionably sincere, he felt incapable of his brother's renunciation. His inner conflict inspired the Secretuma dialogue in three books between St. Augustine and Petrarch. In it Petrarch expressed his awareness of his failure to realize his religious ideal and his inability to renounce the temporal values that motivated his life. That year Petrarch also began a treatise on the cardinal virtues, Rerum memorandarum libri. In the fall of 1343 Petrarch went to Naples on a diplomatic mission for Cardinal Colonna. He recorded his travel impressions in several letters (Familiares V, 3, 6). Upon his return he stopped at Parma, hoping to settle at Selvapiana. But a siege of Parma by Milanese and Mantuan troops forced him to flee to Verona in February 1345. There, in the cathedral library, he discovered the first 16 books of Cicero's letters to Atticus and his letters to Quintus and Brutus. Petrarch personally transcribed them, and these letters of Cicero stimulated Petrarch to plan a formal collection of his own letters. From 1345 to 1347 Petrarch lived at Vaucluse and undertook his De vita solitaria and the Bucolicum carmen the latter a collection of 12 Latin eclogues. Early in 1347 a visit to Gherardo's monastery inspired Petrarch to write his De otio religioso. In May of that year an event occurred in Rome that aroused his greatest enthusiasm. Cola di Rienzi, who shared Petrarch's fervent desire for the rebirth of Rome, gained control of the Roman government through a successful revolution. Petrarch encouraged Cola with his pen, exhorting him to persevere in his task of restoring Rome to its universal political and cultural missions. Petrarch then started out for Rome. But Cola's dictatorial acts soon brought down upon himself the hostility of the Pope and the antagonism of the Roman nobles. News of Cola's downfall, before the year was over, prompted Petrarch to write his famous letter of reproach (Familiares VII, 7), which tells of his bitter disillusionment. The Black Death and Milanese Period Rather than proceed to Rome, Petrarch remained in Parma, where in May 1348 news of Laura's death reached him. The Black Death deprived Petrarch of several of his close friends that year, among them Cardinal Colonna. His grief is reflected in the poems he then wrote to Laura and in his letters of this period, one of the most desolate letters being addressed to himself (Ad se ipsum). Three eclogues and the Triumphus mortis (following the Triumph of Love and the Triumph of Chastity) were also inspired by the pestilence. Because of the losses Petrarch had suffered, a period of his life seemed to have ended. In 1350 he began to make the formal collection of his Latin prose letters called Familiares. Since 1350 was a Year of Jubilee, Petrarch also made a pilgrimage to Rome. On his way he stopped in Florence, where he made new friends, among whom was Giovanni Boccaccio. After a brief stay in Rome, Petrarch returned northward and arrived in Parma in January 1351. In the meantime, Pope Clement VI was soliciting Petrarch's return to Avignon, and Florence sent Boccaccio with a letter of invitation promising Petrarch a professorship at the university and the restitution of his father's property. Petrarch chose Provence, where he hoped to complete some of his major works. He arrived in Vaucluse in June 1351, accompanied by his son. In Avignon that August he refused a papal secretaryship and a bishopric offered to him. Petrarch was impatient to leave the papal "Babylon" and wrote a series of violent letters against the Curia (Epistolae sine nomine). In the spring of 1352, Petrarch returned to Vaucluse, resolved to leave Provence. The following spring, after visiting Gherardo, he crossed the Alps and greeted Italy (Epistolae metricae III, 24). For 8 years he stayed in Milan under the patronage of Giovanni Visconti and later Galeazzo II Visconti, enjoying seclusion and freedom for study while using his pen to urge peace among Italian cities and states. He worked on the Canzoniere, took up old works (De viris illustribus), and began the treatise De remediis utriusque fortunae. Petrarch was also entrusted with diplomatic missions that brought him into direct relationship with heads of state, including the emperor Charles IV. Padua, Venice, and Arquà In June 1361 Petrarch went to Padua because the plague (which took the life of his son and the lives of several friends) had broken out in Milan. In Padua he terminated the Familiares and initiated a new collection, Seniles. In the fall of 1362 Petrarch settled in Venice, where he had been given a house in exchange for the bequest of his library to the city. From Venice he made numerous trips until his definitive return to Padua in 1368. During this period a controversy with several Averroists gave rise to an Invective on his own ignorance. Petrarch's Paduan patron, Francesco da Carrara, gave him some land at Arquà in the Euganean Hills near Padua. There Petrarch built a house to which he retired in 1370. He received friends, studied, and wrote, and there his daughter, Francesca, now married, joined him with her family. Despite poor health, Petrarch attempted a trip to Rome in 1370, but he had to turn back at Ferrara. Except for a few brief absences, Petrarch spent his last years at Arquà, working on the Seniles and on the Canzoniere, for the latter of which he wrote a concluding canzone to the Virgin Mary. The Posteritati, a biographical letter intended to terminate the Seniles, remained incomplete at Petrarch's death. He revised his four Triumphs (of Love, Chastity, Death, and Fame), adding two more (of Time and of Eternity). Petrarch died on the night of July 18/19, 1374, and he was ceremonially buried beside the church of Arquà. Further Reading on Petrarch The major critical biography of Petrarch is Ernest H. Wilkins, Life of Petrarch (1961). A more entertaining work is Morris Bishop, Petrarch and His World (1963). A standard study of Petrarch's poetry is Ernest H. Wilkins, The Making of the "Canzoniere" and Other Petrarchan Studies (1951). Petrarch's correspondence can be studied in James H. Robinson and Henry W. Rolfe, Petrarch: The First Modern Scholar and Man of Letters (1898; rev. ed. 1914); Ernest H. Wilkins, Petrach's Correspondence (1960); and Morris Bishop, Letters (1966).	<urn:uuid:6fa56eae-f55d-42a5-bd5b-6d13704338b6>	{ "date": "2018-01-23T13:56:57", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-05", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084891976.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20180123131643-20180123151643-00656.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9758525490760803, "score": 3.28125, "token_count": 2794, "url": "http://biography.yourdictionary.com/petrarch" }
Botanical Name: Aconitum chinense Species: A. carmichaelii Common Names: Chinese aconite, Carmichael’s monkshood or Chinese wolfsbane Habitat: E. Asia – China. It grows in woodland Garden; Dappled Shade; Herbs perennial or pseudoannual, rarely annual, with taproots or 2 to several caudices. Stem erect or twining. Leaves simple or compound, cauline ones alternate, sometimes all basal, palmately divided, rarely undivided. Inflorescence usually racemose. Pedicel with 2 bracteoles. Flowers bisexual, zygomorphic. Sepals 5, petaloid, purple, blue, or yellow; lower sepals 2, narrowly lanceolate or oblong, small; lateral sepals 2, suborbicular; upper sepal falcate, navicular, galeate to cylindric. Petals 2, clawed; limb usually with lip and spur, secretory tissue usually at limb apex, rarely abaxial. Staminodes usually absent. Stamens numerous; anthers ellipsoid-globose. Carpels 3–5(–13); style short, persistent. About 400 species: temperate regions of the N hemisphere; 211 species (166 endemic) in China. It is in flower from July to August. The flowers are hermaphrodite (have both male and female organs) and are pollinated by Bees. The plant prefers light (sandy), medium (loamy) and heavy (clay) soils and can grow in heavy clay soil. The plant prefers acid, neutral and basic (alkaline) soils. It can grow in semi-shade (light woodland) or no shade. It requires moist soil. Thrives in most soils and in the light shade of trees. Grows well in heavy clay soils. Prefers a moist soil in sun or semi-shade. Prefers a calcareous soil. Grows well in open woodlands. Members of this genus seem to be immune to the predations of rabbits and deer. A greedy plant, inhibiting the growth of nearby species, especially legumes. :Seed – best sown as soon as it is ripe in a cold frame. The seed can be stratified and sown in spring but will then be slow to germinate. When large enough to handle, prick the seedlings out into individual pots and grow them on in a cold frame for their first winter. Plant them out in late spring or early summer. Division – best done in spring but it can also be done in autumn. Another report says that division is best carried out in the autumn or late winter because the plants come into growth very early in the year. Medicinal Actions & Uses: .The root is analgesic, anodyne, carminative, diaphoretic, diuretic, irritant, sedative. This is a very poisonous plant and should only be used with extreme caution and under the supervision of a qualified practitioner. Known Hazards: The whole plant is highly toxic – simple skin contact has caused numbness in some people Disclaimer:The information presented herein is intended for educational purposes only. Individual results may vary, and before using any supplements, it is always advisable to consult with your own health care provider.	<urn:uuid:4c959eb6-2d5b-4e07-bfae-4fe4c8796a07>	{ "date": "2017-03-30T09:03:27", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-13", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218193288.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212953-00541-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8804875612258911, "score": 3.046875, "token_count": 707, "url": "http://findmeacure.com/2010/02/03/aconitum-chinense/" }
This week my train reading has been Sax Rohmer's The Mystery of Fu Manchu. As with much of my train reading, this is an older book plucked from the shelf almost at random. First published in 1913, the book introduced the character of Dr Fu Manchu who became the archetypal oriental villain. I loved the book as a kid because it was a good yarn. Now reading it again so many years later, I find myself responding differently. One feature of the book that stands out to me now is attitude towards race. Dr Fu Manchu is both apparent evil incarnate and a representative of the yellow peril. The heroes represent the white race. British simplicity is contrasted with oriental duplicity. The replication of then stereotypes now stands between me and the story. And yet, things are not quite what they seem. Charles Darwin has a lot to answer for. His ideas of natural selection combined with the concept of competition to find expression in what became known as Social Darwinism. Just as species in general survived, changed and died through competition, so with humanity in general and the various races within humanity. At its extreme, tooth and claw winnowed the weak, leaving the strong. Dominant groups always believe that they are right, that they form the natural order. At the time Social Darwinism emerged, it was natural for the dominant European powers and especially those of British ancestry in the Empire and the emerging Unites States, to believe that they were exemplars of natural selection. Despite the presence of pseudo scientific theories and analysis, the idea of "race" as such and its place in natural selection was always muddy. Terms such as race, peoples, nationalities and nations were used almost interchangeably in discussions on Darwinian processes applied to human societies. As Edwardian society danced its way towards the First World War a deep sense of unease had emerged as Darwinism spread its tentacles throughout life. After all, on-one could take survival for granted. In Europe, competition among nations and empires led to concepts such as new economic efficiency. Education and especially technical education was seen as a state tool in the competition between countries and empires. In Britain, Gemany, Italy and even the distant Australian states, technical education was restructured in an attempt to increase its contribution to economic performance. Competition had become central. Outside Europe, European dominance was being challenged by the rise of the Japanese Empire, while in China the ancient Chinese Empire had fallen the year before the first Fu Manchu book was published. In the Indian Empire, too, independence movements were challenging the established order. Beneath the stereotypes, The Mystery of Fu Manchu is a deeply ambivalent book. In the Darwinian competition, it is far from clear that the white race can win. Further, Rohmer plays to stereotypes that were themselves potentially inconsistent. One stereotype was the fascination with the orient. In 1978, the Palestinian-American scholar Edward Said in his book, Orientalism, wrote of a "pervasive Western tradition, both academic and artistic, of prejudiced outsider interpretations of the East, shaped by the attitudes of European imperialism in the 18th and 19th centuries." Said was writing from a present perspective, whereas Rohmer was capturing the popular view at the time. The term orient simply means the east. In the 19th century, the east began at the Balkans. To continental Europe and especially the French, the orient focused especially on what we now call the middle east. To the British with their far flung empire, the term included the far east and especially China and Japan. A Frenchman might think of the orient as Egypt, an Englishman China. Regardless of the precise geographical coverage, the orient with its ancient civilisations was a place of fascination and mysticism, of sometimes arcane knowledge, that exercised a profound influence on western thought. Rohmer plays to that fascination, but was also influenced by it. In that first book, Rohmer contrasts Fu Manchu with Young China, the new republic. A brilliant scientist with great powers of organisation, Fu Manchu draws from an older tradition, although it is not really clear just who he represents. He stands for power and the mysticism of the orient. The almost bumbling efforts of Denis Nayland Smith and Dr. Petrie in thwarting the evil machinations of Fu Manchu (they don't defeat him in any permanent sense) play to another stereotype, that of the honest and straightforward Englishman who somehow muddles through. Fu Manchu represents evil, Nayland Smith and Dr. Petrie good. This is superiority based on morality, not power. Rohmer himself seems aware of the tensions and inconsistencies, of the mixed views within his audience. At a personal level, he seems to have had a tendency to mysticism, a leaning towards orientalism. In Kâramanèh, the main love interest who ultimately becomes Petrie's wife, we have one type of classical oriental figure. Rohmer is aware of prejudices attached to such a multi-racial mix and feels obliged to defend her. The year following that first book's publication saw the start of the First World War, a conflict that delivered an irreparable blow to the European order. Attitudes towards competition and Social Darwinism continued to be an important and often malign influence, but a deep pessimism about the results of competition were becoming apparent. By the time Social Darwinist and travel writer R H Curle published The Face of the Earth in 1937 (Train Reading - J H Curle’s The Face of the Earth, Sunday Essay - Race, Eugenics and the views of J H Curle) he had become deeply pessimistic about the results of the competition between peoples. In the hierarchy of races or peoples within a Social Darwinist world, the future lay with the Chinese. One symptom of the gathering clouds was an increased interest in the rise and fall of empires and civilisations. This had always been something of a British interest.The first volume of Gibbon's study of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire was published in 1776. However, now there were a series of books including Toynbee's monumental study. I am not sure how much has actually changed in all this, although the wrapping, the form of expression, has. The rise of China has become a dominant reality, while the end of American empire is a popular topic. We have largely rejected Social Darwinism as it applied to peoples or races, but continue to apply it to nations and other aspects of human activities. Michael Porter's writing including the Competitive Advantage of Nations is an example. The arguments about national efficiency in general and about vocational education in particular are almost identical to those used in the period up to the First World War, although we talk about productivity rather than national efficiency. As with Rohmer, we continue to believe in superiority based on morality, a morality play now enacting itself at CHOGM where certain views held by the dominant elites in previously dominant elite countries are opposed, or at least not fully supported, by other countries. Don't get me wrong. I do believe that liberal secular democracy is generally the best form of political expression. However, I am also conscious that the CHOGM morality play is in many ways a very old and stylised script. I make no assumption that presently dominant views in countries like Australia will remain dominant. Despite the dismissive attitude of some of the Australian commentariat toward CHOGM, CHOGM is important because it really is a representative body that displays certain fissures in an especially clear way. The countries on one side - the UK, Canada, Australia and New Zealand - were once the elites of Empire. The countries on the other side including India and the African countries represent the future. Power continues to shift and who can know the outcomes?	<urn:uuid:69ce9aff-5c1e-4321-af1b-943478a6e70b>	{ "date": "2016-02-05T22:04:32", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-07", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701145519.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193905-00056-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9706900715827942, "score": 2.921875, "token_count": 1607, "url": "http://belshaw.blogspot.com/2011/10/train-reading-mystery-of-fu-manchu.html?showComment=1319849704276" }
OK. So the jury’s still out on whether cell phones give us brain tumors. But did you know something you use every day might do something even worse? If you’re a man and thinking of having a child anytime soon, make sure your laptop’s on the desk, not in your lap. Trevor Mogg at Digital Trends reports that a study done by U.S. and Argentinian researchers has found that Wi-Fi switched on could harm sperm. Previous studies on laptops and male infertility have focused on the heat generated by the machines, according to the London Daily Mail. But this new finding is something scientists feel men should know and appropriately address, too. In an experiment, sperm samples from donors were separated into two pots, a BBC report explained, according to Mogg. One was placed close to a laptop with the Wi-Fi function turned on for four hours, while the other sample was placed nearby, except without a laptop present. At the end of the experiment, the scientists found that a quarter of the sperm left with the laptop had begun swimming sluggishly, or not at all, and had undergone changes in their genetic code. Fertility is reliant upon the ability of sperm to move freely and quickly, according to the Mayo Clinic. For the sperm without the laptop, the figure – 14 percent – is still worrisome but not so much, the scientists felt, according to Mogg’s story. “The findings fuel anxiety for the millions of men who keep a number of Wi-Fi-enabled devices on their laps, in their pockets and in close proximity to their nether regions,” Carrie Gann reports at abcnews.com. But maybe it’s not the Wi-Fi or the heat. While the scientists acknowledge that heat indeed can damage sperm (remember the hot tub warnings?), they believe it’s not the culprit here, Mogg writes. Instead, they believe electromagnetic radiation may be the problem. “Our data suggest that the use of a laptop computer wirelessly connected to the internet and positioned near the male reproductive organs may decrease human sperm quality,” the scientists wrote in their report in Fertility and Sterility Journal, where the study was published. But not everyone agrees with the researchers’ conclusions. “This is not real-life biology, this is a completely artificial setting. It is scientifically interesting, but to me it doesn’t have any human biological relevance,” Robert Oates, president of the Society for Male Reproduction and Urology, told Reuters, Mogg writes. Deborah DiSesa Hirsch is an award-winning health and technology writer who has worked for newspapers, magazines and IBM in her 20-year career. To read more of her articles, please visit her columnist page. Edited by Jennifer Russell	<urn:uuid:030d638e-423b-4957-85c0-2632c6ab4954>	{ "date": "2014-09-17T15:33:56", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-41", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657123996.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011203-00346-ip-10-196-40-205.us-west-1.compute.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9521124958992004, "score": 2.984375, "token_count": 589, "url": "http://www.healthtechzone.com/topics/healthcare/articles/240022-want-baby-men-keep-laptops-your-desk.htm" }
By Fran Wisniewski Does your little one love pizza enough to ask for it everyday, sometimes at every meal? If you're a parent that gives in to the constant pizza request, you are not alone. But don't fear -- the latest Harvard study says, "Pizza is good for you!" That's right, the tomatoes on the pizza help fight cancer and may cut down on heart disease. If you would like to read more visit: Harvard Study on Pizza Celebrate the fact that pizza is good for you with a Pizza Party! Before we get started, why not learn about pizza through the ages? Adding toppings to baked flat bread can be traced as far back as the 6th century BC. In the early 1500's, the peasants of Naples began adding tomatoes to their yeast dough. That, along with olive oil, cheese and herbs made the meal. By the 17th century, pizza had gained popularity among visitors to Naples. Antica Pizzeria Port'Alba in Naples is believed to be the very first pizza tavern. Different sources say it opened anywhere between 1738 and 1830 - and it is still open today! In 1905, Gennaro Lombardi opened up a pizzeria in New York City. Lombardi's is believed to be the first pizzeria in North America and is still considered one of the best pizzerias in the US today. If you would like to learn more about the history of pizza please visit: Okay, let's get this party started! Here are some ideas to help you get started with the arrangements for your pizza party. You'll find recipe and game ideas to keep everyone moving, eating and having fun. Make Pizza Party Invitations! First, you'll need to decide when the party will be so grab a calendar and pick a date. Next, get a pencil and paper and show your child how to make a guest list. Once you're finished with that, start making invitations! This is a great way to get your child's linguistic and artistic juices flowing! Here is what you'll need: - Construction paper or cardstock - Crayons or paint (optional) - Clip art, magazines or store flyers (optional) - Pencil or Pen Directions: Cut construction paper into circles or "pizza slices" (triangles or squares) and let your child decorate one side with "pizza toppings." You can have your child use cut out pictures from magazines, store flyers or clip art and glue them on the front or have them draw or paint the toppings themselves. On the other side, write the date, time and place of your party and RSVP info. Let your child put the stamps on the envelopes or hand deliver the invitations. Go Pizza Shopping! Once you know who's coming, have your child help make a shopping list for the party. Help your child cut out pictures of the items you'll need for the party and glue them to a piece of paper. When the list is done, have them carry it and help you find what you are looking for in the store. Be sure to bring a crayon or pencil along to cross out what you've already found and have them tell you what you still need. This activity will help give your little one a sense of responsibility and their level of pride will be off the charts! Extra learning activity: Help boost your child's math skills by putting the amount of each item needed on the list. For example, place 2 pictures of onions if you need 2 onions. You can also write the words under each picture to help with word recognition skills. Note: You can do this for your everyday shopping lists too. Make Pita Pizzas! Making pita pizza's are so quick and easy even a toddler can help! Here is what you need: - 1 Pita for each person - Pizza sauce - Shredded cheese - Vegetables (mushrooms, onion, peppers, broccoli, spinach etc...) Directions: Make a pita pizza for each of your guests by spreading a light layer of sauce over the top with a spoon. (Younger children can do this if you show them how and help them once or twice.) Next, let your child add cheese and vegetables and place on a foil-lined cookie sheet. Place in a preheated 375 degree oven until the cheese is melted and the pita is brown and crispy (about 5-6 minutes; longer if needed). While you are waiting for your pizza to cook, read the story, "The Little Red Hen Makes Pizza" by Philemon Sturges. The Little Red Hen is whipping things up in her kitchen and this time pizza is on the menu! Who will help her make the pizza? Who will help her cook the pizza? Who will help her eat the pizza? Why not read and find out! I can't believe I ate the whole thing! Once the pizza is done and cooled a bit, its time for some math fun! Talking about fractions in a fun and yummy way will help your child to get a better understanding of how math works. Just show and tell them what each new cut creates. Cut the pizza in half, show your child that you now have 2 pieces -- or 2 halves. Cut each half in half again, and now you have 4 pieces! Each of the 4 pieces is called a quarter. Continue with this until you have the desired amount of pieces... then it is time to eat! Note: You can also explain how fractions work with fruit slices, cheese cubes, sandwiches and anything else you can cut up. After eating all that yummy pizza, why not play a game that will help get everyone moving! Make a Pizza Game Board Making this game board beforehand will save time and when the guests arrive the fun can begin right away. Exact dimensions are not given because you can make the pizza board any size you need to. Once you gather all needed items, this goes together rather quickly. - 3 Round or square objects in descending sizes (Lids from containers or the containers themselves are good for this project. For a larger game board, use a round or square cooking pan) - Brown construction paper, poster board, or painted cardboard (crust) - Red construction paper, poster board, or painted cardboard (sauce) - White construction paper, poster board, or painted cardboard (cheese) - Scissors (or cutting tool for cardboard) - Glue, double stick tape or hot glue (for cardboard) Image Compliments of The Public television program Hands On Crafts for kids Directions: Take the largest shape and trace the outside with a pencil on the brown paper/cardboard. This will make the "crust" for your pizza and the bottom layer. Next, take your red paper/cardboard and trace around the next descending shape. This is the "sauce" layer. Then, take the white paper/cardboard and trace around the last shape. This is the "cheese" layer. Have your child help trace while you hold the shape in place. Have an adult cut out the "pizza" layers. Putting the pizza together: Using glue, double sided tape or hot glue, center the red (sauce) shape on the brown (crust) and adhere them together. Then center the white (cheese) on top of the red (sauce) and adhere that together. You'll want to be able to see some of the "crust" and "sauce" peeking out so leave some space between the layers. If you are using regular glue, please allow time for that to dry. If you are using double stick tape or hot glue, your "pizza" is ready to go! Tape it or pin it to the wall at your child's level. Note: Hot glue works best if you are using cardboard. Please use caution when using hot glue! Making the Topping (playing pieces) - Removable glue - Waxed paper - Magazines, store flyers, veggie clip art or graphics While an adult cuts around the pizza shapes, have your child cut out pictures from magazines of yummy toppings to put on the pizza board. Once you've decided what your toppings will be, put some removable glue on the back of each picture and put them on the waxed paper. Don't have removable glue? Tape will do just fine. Time to play: "Top The Pizza" What you'll need: - Pizza game board - Tape (if not using removable glue) - Something to cover the eyes (scarf, winter hat, etc.) How to play: This game is played like "Pin The Tail On the Donkey." The only rule is that the topping must make it on the pizza! (The wall doesn't count!) Have the player choose a "topping" to put on the pizza and then cover the player's eyes so that they can't see. Have another player turn them around 3 times and point them in the right direction. Once they put one topping on, it is time for the next player to go. If there are toppings left over, allow each person to take a turn until they are finished. The pieces can be used over and over when you use removable glue, if you put them back on the waxed paper. This is a fun family game and adults can have as much fun playing this as the little ones! Using the freshest ingredients available is always a great idea when cooking. Using your own homegrown ingredients is even better! Imagine the excitement your child will have using things that they helped to grow! What to grow: You can start with seeds (f you can't find the seeds you want at your local garden store, check out Burpee Seeds) or buy plants from the store to get a jump-start on things. You can also buy these ingredients fresh at the grocery store and make your own sauce together. To learn more about how a pizza grows visit: Kids Farm. This site gives explanations for all parts of the pizza from crust to box! If you would like to make your own pizza from scratch try these great recipe sites: This is a fun site that will give you some choices and recipes for making your own pizza. Click on each layer to get a recipe: Recipe Pizza Be aware of peanut allergies before trying this. More information about pizza: - The History of Pizza Pie - The History of Pizza - History & Legends of Pizza - The Pizza Timeline - Teaching Health at Home - Pizza Game Pizza in the News: Fran Wisniewski is UniversalPreschool.com's Worldwide Ambassador. She keeps our site updated with information on preschool policies worldwide. To learn more visit: Universal Preschool Around The World. Fran is also the founder of Fran's World of Discovery.	<urn:uuid:dc99abc1-ad24-4acd-b96d-8843d904446c>	{ "date": "2018-02-25T06:07:06", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-09", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891816138.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20180225051024-20180225071024-00656.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9346210360527039, "score": 2.609375, "token_count": 2264, "url": "http://www.universalpreschool.com/how-to/pizza_party.asp" }
This challenge is open to the DiscoverDesign community. Yet, to be eligible to compete applicants must be a participating ACE Mentor Program student and enter with a team of three or more students and ACE Affiliate(s). See CIRTcompetition.org for details and download the competition packet. This challenge seeks to find exciting proposals to transform neglected parts of urban areas/cities into interactive landscapes, encouraging public engagement, community involvement, and sustainable adaptive reuse. It asks teams to provide a design/construction solution, which advocates creativity and promotes outside activity, increasing socialization, and interaction. Teams should site their proposals in an abandoned or forgotten urban site, and develop a new era playground or playscape that creates opportunity for interaction and play for citizens of all ages. Gather as much information as possible about your chosen location’s topography, climate and primary audiences. Site selection is critical and must be fully explained. Show a before and after photo. Upload images, notes, sketches, land use maps and other helpful resources that show your thinking. You can leave notes for your team in the comment section. As ideas come together, upload sketches, floor plans, bubble diagrams, aerial maps, material studies or prototype models of your initial ideas. Brainstorm materials, building techniques, structural elements and approaches that emphasize sustainability, energy efficiency, and recyclable eco-friendly products. Take your preliminary ideas and form multiple small-scale design solutions. Create digital or physical models that help articulate your more developed ideas. Discuss them as a team and make final decisions. Demonstrate specifically how using construction elements (including work flow/time lines, etc.) will achieve the challenge’s goals. Explain the dimensions, size, costs, materials, etc. determined by the team. All decisions should be explained and warranted based on the real world resources likely to be used for such a proposal. Provide a square foot cost estimate. Thoroughly describe your design process, in writing and through visuals (e.g., sketches, renderings, stepped process, before and after, budgets, timelines, etc.) that meet the precise or exact nature of the challenge and/or the client goals/needs. Explain how your design approach is an appropriate, innovative solution that realistically responds to the precise design competition problem. Explain how your design is different from other approaches or processes, if such is the case. How does your design address budgetary constraints, timeline issues or other challenges? Describe and/or demonstrate what you learned from this design competition. The following design and construction aspects will be jury evaluation criteria, and should be explained where appropriate: - site selection and its context (built and/or natural) - constructability (structural challenges, materials, textures, colors, etc.) - strategy for sustainability - surrounding landscape/external spaces - life and activities, in and around the building, including the qualities of enclosed spaces showing furniture, fittings and finishes Upload your final images, text and renderings. All work must be submitted to the competition portal by 12:00am(midnight) CST on March 14, 2019 in order to qualify for jury review.	<urn:uuid:44e1c274-e28f-4e81-868d-4927ebb9bbd0>	{ "date": "2018-12-11T09:34:35", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-51", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376823614.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20181211083052-20181211104552-00336.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9045241475105286, "score": 2.796875, "token_count": 654, "url": "https://www.discoverdesign.org/cirt-design-playground" }
Cres island is one of the most attractive islands in the Kvarner Gulf region. The fascinating diversity between its "rough" cliff-girt norhern reaches, home to griffon vultures, and the pebbly coves of its western and southern coast, enables every visitor to combine a pleasant, relaxing holiday, with a splash of adventure. The endemics of Cres island Cres has won many over by its great natural richness. One example is Lake Vrana, known for the exquisite purity of its water. The eye can reach more than seventy feet into its depths, and the surrounding caves are home to numerous mythical creatures. The island is one of the last European habitat oases of the griffon vulture, an endangered species which is looked-after by the ecological center Caput Insulae in the town of Beli. Botany lovers flock to Cres for its numerous endemic species, as diverse climatic conditiones have resulted in lush growth all over the island. Cres, the ancient island Natural beauty is only a single item in a long list of Cres offerings. Its exceptional cultural heritage captivates the first-time visitor. The legend of the island's making remembers the mythical murder and dismemberment by Medea of her brother Absyrtus during the quest for the Golden Fleece. His limbs, thrown into the sea, supposedly became the island of Cres. Archeological evidence can't back this up yet, but does prove Cres was inhabited as early as the Stone Age. Visitors to Cres are sure to be amazed at the ancient architecture of cliff-topping islands, reminiscent of fairytale castles. Beli and Lubenice are picture-perfect examples of such construction, replete with the spirit of the past. Much like the rest of the Gulf of Kvarner, Cres was one of the initial seedlings of Croatian literacy. Therefore, it comes as no surprise that one of the oldest stone inscriptions comes from Valun, which is also home to the Glagolitic lapidarium, where copies of the oldest texts written in this ancient script can be seen. Cres island in echoes of music Cres deserves to be called the Island of music, as it houses as many as three prestigious musical events. Lubenice evenings combine a mystical, four thousand-year-old setting with the sounds of classical music. Osor musical nights bring to Cres the works of Croatian and international masters of classical music, while world music and jazz relax the crowds at Beli.	<urn:uuid:09518d80-527c-48a4-8051-ec27d54513b2>	{ "date": "2017-10-19T14:44:40", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-43", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187823309.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20171019141046-20171019161046-00456.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9538556933403015, "score": 2.515625, "token_count": 531, "url": "https://www.adriatic.hr/en/guide/kvarner-island-cres/ri-31" }
This species is known only from the type locality, San Martin, in north-western State of Mexico, at 2,500m asl. Habitat and Ecology This is a metamorphosing species spending most of its time on land in a mosaic of natural grasslands and pine-oak forests, living in somewhat more open habitats than Ambystoma amblycephalum. It requires ponds and small streams in which to breed. There is no information on the population status of this species. The habitat of this species is under threat from agriculture, in particular from commercial wheat farming, leading to the desiccation and pollution of its breeding lakes and water reservoirs within its small range. However, survival of this species appears to be compatible with cattle grazing, particularly if stock ponds are available for breeding. Introduced predatory fish also pose a serious threat to this species. It does not occur in any protected areas, making the conservation and restoration of the natural habitats for this species urgent. It might be possible to breed this species in captivity, in which case captive animals could be a source of new individuals to repopulate natural habitats. It is protected under the category Pr (Special protection) by the Government of Mexico. Red List Status Critically Endangered (CR) Listed as Critically Endangered because its Extent of Occurrence is less than 100 km2 and its Area Of Occupancy is less than 10km2, all individuals are in a single sub-population, and there is continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat around San Martin. Shaffer, H.B., Flores-Villela, O., Parra-Olea, G. & Wake, D. 2008. Ambystoma bombypellum. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008: e.T59054A11876137. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T59054A11876137.en .Downloaded on 20 January 2019	<urn:uuid:b8d1cd65-e25e-42d9-a639-dc417a8d5692>	{ "date": "2019-01-20T00:08:05", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-04", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583684033.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20190119221320-20190120003320-00616.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8968771696090698, "score": 2.703125, "token_count": 426, "url": "https://amphibiaweb.org/species/3828" }
Research shows starter fertilizer phosphorus not needed for soils testing 'very high' for phosphorus December 12, 2007 Media Contact: Dr. Deanna Osmond, Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, N.C. State University, [email protected] or 919.515.7303 (This story, with a photo, is also available at: Stormwater runoff from agricultural lands that have been excessively fertilized with phosphorus (P) can pollute our drinking water. But research results by North Carolina State University soil scientists show that by applying only nitrogen (N) in the fertilizer they add when they plant their crops, farmers not only can slowly decrease the amount of phosphorus that shows up in soil tests, but can also reduce their phosphorus fertilizer application costs. "Overall, using only starter nitrogen fertilizer would produce yields similar to those achieved with nitrogen and phosphorus starter fertilizer in soils that test very high for phosphorus," says Dr. Deanna Osmond, professor and North Carolina Cooperative Extension leader in N.C. State University's Soil Science Department. Osmond and research associate Sheri Cahill conducted the research. Cooperative Extension agents and Dr. David Hardy, state Agriculture and Consumer Services Department (NCDA&CS) soil testing section chief, assisted them. "Producers can reduce the cost of phosphorus fertilizer application and slowly decrease the amount of phosphorus in the soil as determined by the soil testing procedure by applying only nitrogen in their starter fertilizer. This will save money and help the environment at the same time," says Osmond, a watershed, soil fertility and nutrient management specialist. In 2003, more than 48 percent of soil samples submitted to NCDA&CS's soil testing laboratory tested "very high" in soil P, she says. (Although 2003 data are the most recent available, soil test data tend to remain relatively stable over time.) "As soil test phosphorus increases, off-site phosphorus loss increases through erosion, soluble phosphorus runoff or leaching," Osmond says. Osmond and Cahill studied North Carolina coastal plain, piedmont and mountain sites that NCDA&CS's 2007 records indicated contained very high soil test phosphorus. The researchers sought to determine if, when used on soils testing very high in P, starter-P fertilizer would affect the growth of corn (Zea mays L.) at 38 study locations and cotton (Gossypium spp.) at 13 study locations, 12 of those on the coastal plain. They treated the test plot soils with starter-N and -P fertilizers, using 32 pounds of N and 13.4 pounds of P per acre (N+P) or by using 32 pounds of N fertilizer per acre alone, both applied to the top of the soil in a band near the seed. They exactingly repeated the treatments four times. On the day of planting, technicians or county extension agents took soil samples from each plot and sent them to NCDA&CS's Agronomic Division Soil Testing Laboratory for analysis. The researchers measured N and P concentration in early-season plant tissue, how many days it took the corn to display silk and for the cotton's earliest blooms to show, as well as yields for both crops during the growing season. While results showed that corn yield was greater in the mountains than the coastal plain or piedmont, and cotton yield was greater in the coastal plain than in the piedmont, there were no differences between the N only and N+P corn and cotton treatments within each region. Moreover, the data indicated no yield differences resulted from the different treatments, Osmond and Cahill say. Art Latham, 919.513.3117 or [email protected] Posted by Dave at December 12, 2007 02:38 PM	<urn:uuid:f1290323-b1d0-47c2-b657-4d91b38143ba>	{ "date": "2013-05-22T07:27:06", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2013-20", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368701459211/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516105059-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9407454133033752, "score": 2.734375, "token_count": 784, "url": "http://www.ncsu.edu/project/calscommblogs/news/archives/2007/12/research_shows.html" }
1. Digital Preservation as a cooperative task Sponsored by the German Ministry of Education and Research1 with funding of 800.000 EURO, the German Network of Expertise in long-term storage of digital resources (nestor)2 began in June 2003 as a cooperative effort of 6 partners representing different players within the field of long-term preservation3. The partners include: - The German National Library (Die Deutsche Bibliothek4) as the lead institution for the project - The State and University Library of Lower Saxony Göttingen (Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen5) - The Computer and Media Service and the University Library of Humboldt-University Berlin (Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin6) - The Bavarian State Library in Munich (Bayerische Staatsbibliothek7) - The Institute for Museum Information in Berlin (Institut für Museumskunde8) - General Directorate of the Bavarian State Archives (GDAB9) As in other countries, long-term preservation of digital resources has become an important issue in Germany in recent years. Nevertheless, coming to agreement with institutions throughout the country to cooperate on tasks for a long-term preservation effort has taken a great deal of effort. Although there had been considerable attention paid to the preservation of physical media like CD-ROMS, technologies available for the long-term preservation of digital publications like e-books, digital dissertations, websites, etc., are still lacking. Considering the importance of the task within the federal structure of Germany, with the responsibility of each federal state for its science and culture activities, it is obvious that the approach to a successful solution of these issues in Germany must be a cooperative approach. Since 2000, there have been discussions about strategies and techniques for long-term archiving of digital information, particularly within the distributed structure of Germany's library and archival institutions (see or ). A key part of all the previous activities was focusing on using existing standards and analyzing the context in which those standards would be applied. One such activity, the Digital Library Forum Planning Project10, was done on behalf of the German Ministry of Education and Research in 2002, where the vision of a digital library in 2010 that can meet the changing and increasing needs of users was developed and described in detail, including the infrastructure required and how the digital library would work technically, what it would contain and how it would be organized. The outcome was a strategic plan for certain selected specialist areas (see ), where, amongst other topics, a future call for action for long-term preservation was defined, described and explained against the background of practical experience. As follow up, in 2002 the nestor long-term archiving working group provided an initial spark towards planning and organising coordinated activities concerning the long-term preservation and long-term availability of digital documents in Germany. This resulted in a workshop11, held 29 - 30 October 2002, where major tasks were discussed. Influenced by the demands and progress of the nestor network, the participants reached agreement to start work on application-oriented projects and to address the following topics: - Overlapping problems - Collection and preservation of digital objects (selection criteria, preservation policy) - Definition of criteria for trusted repositories12 - Creation of models of cooperation, etc. - Digital objects production process - Analysis of potential conflicts between production and long-term preservation - Documentation of existing document models and recommendations for standards models to be used for long-term preservation - Identification systems for digital objects, etc. - Transfer of digital objects - Object data and metadata - Transfer protocols and interoperability - Handling of different document types, e.g. dynamic publications, etc. - Long-term preservation of digital objects - Design and prototype implementation of depot systems for digital objects (OAIS was chosen to be the best functional model.) - Functional requirements on user interfaces of an depot system - Identification systems for digital objects, etc. At the end of the workshop, participants decided to establish a permanent distributed infrastructure for long-term preservation and long-term accessibility of digital resources in Germany comparable, e.g., to the Digital Preservation Coalition in the UK13. The initial phase, nestor, is now being set up by the above-mentioned 3-year funding project. 2. Focal points regarding content The major aims of nestor regarding content can be summarized as follows: - Increasing awareness. Awareness of the problems related to, and the exigency of, digital long-term preservation within museums, archives and libraries will be increased and this information will be disseminated to policymakers to convince them of the need for action in this field. - Creating a network of information. Information concerning technical, organizational, legal and other aspects of digital long-term preservation will be acquired, and the existing information about current research, projects and "best practice"-results will be bundled and disseminated. - Cooperating with national and international institutions. National (German) and international strategic alliances will be established between archiving institutions (libraries, archives, museums) on one side and industry and research facilities on the other in order to solve together mutual challenges with respect to the long-term preservation of digital resources. - Coordinating strategies. Subject to the international context, an interdisciplinary forum will be set up for the development and coordination of strategies for long-term preservation of digital sources in the German cultural sector. Services, technologies and standards for long-term preservation of digital resources will be developed. - Presenting a long-lasting organizational model. At the end of the project, nestor partners will present a concept for a long-lasting organizational model for the network of excellence. In addition, network partners will vote on which tasks are going to be shared and which will be completed solely by individual organizations, in view of the delimitation between libraries, archives and museums. In order to record the current state of long-term digital preservation efforts and current demands being made on the network of excellence, 7 expert reports were commissioned at the end of 2003. The first expert reports are expected to be completed by mid-2004. The stated aim of the expert reports is to analyse in detail the requirements in Germany as to specific topics or questions and to make recommendations, if necessary. These recommendations will then be discussed with the wider public at special workshops. Following the workshops, necessary work in these areas (project applications, groups of experts, etc.) will begin. The expert reports address the following topics: - Electronic Journals. Electronic journals (e-journals) are an important publication type and are of high interest for communication within science and research communities. It is therefore one of the major aims of scientific libraries to make this type of digital resource (e-journal article) available for the long term. Questions concerning the quantity, the technical standardization of the objects, the transfer of data, etc., will be the focus of the expert report on electronic journals. - Perspectives of long-term preservation of multimedia objects. The term "multimedia" covers all objects that are not based on textsfrom pictures, audio, video, visualizations and animations to complex applications. The problems that face those tasked with the archiving of multimedia include a particularly high cycle of innovation, a multitude of technical formats, and insufficient international standardization. Specific questions like sustainability, media types, technical formats, metadata, organization, etc., are dealt with in this expert report. - Development of a descriptive profile for a national long-term preservation strategy (Preservation Policy). There are many different guidelines with varying scopes and validities for the numerous aspects of long-term preservation. Which criteria/questions are described in the already existing policies? Can the main focus of the existing guidelines be identified? What are the differences between the published policies on which common ground can be found? What does the business model of long-term preservation look like? Which expense factors need to be considered, and how can they be financed? - Digital long-term preservation and law. The basic legal conditions for long-term preservation of digital resources in Germany have to be followed. The expert report on this topic will reveal the legal requirements for digital preservation and will assess the legal deficiencies that may exist in Germany. Concerning copyright, the following points are relevant: the right to make archival copies, the right to carry out modifications (migration of data), the removal of restrictions by the digital rights management (DRM) system (e.g., copy protection, individualization of users) and the conditions imposed for the access of archived resources. - Study of the state of existing research data and raw data from scientific activities concerning their requirements and suitability for being archived or put at disposal in Germany. In this expert report the following questions will be examined in cooperation with Germany's large research institutions: How is it possible to provide scientifically relevant research data in Germany, and how can such data be archived? Which data are relevant for archiving? What is the expected volume of data? How are the research data going to be stored (e.g., in databases, on tapes)? In what different formats are these data? Will third parties have access to the data? Are there already archiving approaches in existence for these data? For which purposes have the raw data been reactivated out of organizational archives up to now, and what might these data be used for in future? Which form of availability, what reaction time and which access mechanisms will be necessary in this field? Do the raw data already contain a means for self-documentation? Does this make sense in the view of former experiences with aged data, and if so, to what extent? - A comparison of existing archiving systems. There are already many archiving systems in operation, e.g., D-SPACE, Fedora, IBM-Dias, etc. Therefore, having a descriptive overview and a comparison of existing commercial systems as well as of non-commercial systems is of great interest. This expert report will stress chosen software solutions. - Digitization and preservation of digitized material in German museums. The focus of this seventh expert report will be an inquiry about the digitized objects that currently exist within German museums. Furthermore, it will be interesting to learn whether there are already strategies and guidelines in place for the preservation of these objects. The expert reports are being coordinated by one of the project partners. In addition, every nestor partner must address five work packages within the project period. At the end of the project, work on these five will lead to concrete recommendations, guidelines and best practices for Germany. The five work packages include: - Developing criteria for trustworthy digital archives - Recommending procedures for the certification of archives - Recommending collection development policies and selection criteria for archiving digital sources - Setting up a work structure for the long-term preservation of digital sources in museums - Developing a concept for a long-lasting organization of the network of excellence and the information forum beyond the end of the project 3. German Network of excellence for digital preservation The German network of excellence represents a cooperative approach, bringing together experts, experience, partners, interested institutions, etc., with as their primary goals: development of a common homepage for the network; development of an information platform; and development of a communication platform. 1. Development of a common homepage for the network The development of a homepage (http://www.langseitarchivierung.de) that combines all information, offers, reports, etc., into a single access platform, is to the fore. This platform serves as a starting point for networks and working groups, and as a place where project ideas can be interchanged and all people interested in digital long-term preservation can be brought together to share challenges, experience and knowledge. 2. Development of an information platform The information platform consists of the following modules: subject gateway, expert database, reviews, news, catalogue, newsletter, calendar. - Subject gateway (http://nestor.sub.uni-goettingen.de) - This module is based on the development of a web-based database (PHP, MySQL) for the investigation of relevant German, Austrian and Swiss information about digital preservation. The subject gateway enables browsing by subject (e.g., preservation metadata, persistent identifier, national strategies) or by document type (e.g., article, journal, conference, project, etc.). The provision of the nestor gateway is founded on previous experience in subject gateways at SUB Göttingen and is for the most part based on the concepts of PADI14 (e.g., technology, metadata). - Expert database (under development) - Topic experts on every subject that is also listed in the Digital Preservation subject gateway will be listed in an expert database. The experts may be nominated by colleagues, or they may nominate themselves. However, the nominations are subject to editorial control to ensure that only those who are valid experts are registered in the database and that the registered experts are available to take enquiries. The expert database is still under development, and during the first stage, the priority is finding experts fluent in German. - Reviews (http://nestor.sub.uni-goettingen.de/review/) - The nestor project group and selected external experts are able to enter reviews concerning document types and other fixed topics directly into the database. A list of all the available reviews can be generated from the database via an extra button, and in addition, the records in the "Digital Preservation" subject gateway will highlight every subject entry that has a review associated with it. - News (http://nestor.sub.uni-goettingen.de/news/) - A news ticker will provide information about national and international events (e.g., the creation of a new Digital Curation Centre in UK). All news items will be archived, and the archives will be searchable in future. - Catalogue (http://nestor.sub.uni-goettingen.de/new_entry/) - Lists of newly catalogued records in the subject gateway. The expert database and the event database are available separately. In the future personalized access to the catalogued records is planned including an alert service. - Newsletter (http://nestor.sub.uni-goettingen.de/newsletter/) - A newsletter will be published every two to three months in order to provide information about current developments, references to relevant projects, initiatives, conferences, etc. The newsletter may be obtained automatically via an announcement service. - Calendar - A calendar of events will be automatically generated from the subject gateway. The monthly list will provide information about future conferences, workshops, etc., nestor-specific events will be listed in a way that is distinct from other national or international events. (Although not available at this time, the URL for the calendar will be (http://nestor.sub.uni-goettingen.de/calendar/.) All of the services described above are being developed in two languages (German and English) and are based on internationally accepted standards. 3. Development of a communication platform The communication platform provides a place for a two-way exchange between the project partners and the community. The platform enables the establishment of working groups for various topics and supports them by providing an appropriate infrastructure in terms of mailing lists, a cooperative work space system, a web-based questionnaire tool, etc. The mailing list technology used is a Sympa Mailing List Server at Humboldt-University. Initial mailing lists have been set up for the purpose of: - Contacting the project partners. To contact the project partners send email to <[email protected]>. - Maintaining internal lists for working groups, the advisory board, and experts. In addition, in order to support the working groups, a TikiWiki system has been set up. Screen shot from the nestor web site. Survey questionnaires for both the work being done on the expert reports and the work of several working groups are hosted on the same server, to guarantee interoperability of data and tools. The first survey is planned for April/May 2004 within the context of the expert report "Development of a descriptive profile for a national long term preservation strategy (Preservation Policy)". The communication platform is part of the nestor network and can be reached via <http://www2.hu-berlin.de/nestor>. 4. Long-lasting organizational concept The goal of the nestor project is to operate nestor like the Digital Preservation Coalition in the UK is operated. Once the project ends and nestor leaves the funding cycle, it could serve as a membership model for libraries, archives, museum, and publishers. Recently, a first step was taken to ensure the organisational stability of nestor as a cooperative network into the future: An advisory board has been established with representatives from different communities, including libraries, archives, museums, publishers, the scientific community, the open access community, and research funding institutions, and from the Conference of German Federal Ministers of Culture. 5. International integration and cooperation Several nestor services have been planned to make it possible for nestor to cooperate with international partners. This includes offering services in two languages as well as developing with an eye to technical interoperability. In addition, a future collaboration between the nestor subject gateway and the Australian subject gateway PADI is planned. With that in mind, nestor is using metadata compatible with OAI-PMH and Z39.50. This allows for different interfaces to be implemented quite simply within both nestor and PADI services, either for metadata exchange or for enabling distributed search via a single interface. All subject relevant metadata (keywords, classification, description, review, document type) are also available in an English language version. Nestor is already collaborating with other international working groups, such as the working group PREMIS (PREservation Metadata Implementation Strategies, http://www.oclc.org/research/projects/pmwg/). The PREMIS working group intends to develop recommendations, proposals and best practices for implementing long-term preservation metadata (PREMIS). The nestor project partner SUB Göttingen is also a member of two subgroups (WG preservation metadata, WG OAIS implementation) and will bring the results of those directly to the German community. Nestor intends to engage in future cooperative relationships with national initiatives (e.g., the Digital Preservation Coalition, the Digital Curation Center) and international projects (e.g., Erpanet, DELOS). A prerequisite for these cooperative relationships is that the different nestor services have reached a stable stage of development, which is expected by April 2004. 6. Contact information For those who wish more information, contact information is provided below. The nestor project can be contacted via email to <[email protected]>. Individual project partners German National Library (Die Deutsche Bibliothek) Die Deutsche Bibliothek, Deutsche Bibliothek Frankfurt am Main Adickesallee 1, 60322 Frankfurt am Main, Germany The State and University Library of Lower Saxony Göttingen (Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen) Dr. Heike Neuroth Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen Platz der Göttinger Sieben 1, 37073 Göttingen, Germany Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin Electronic Publishing Group, Computer and Mediaservice / University Library, Unter den Linden 6, 10099 Berlin, Germany phone.:+49-30-2093-7070 / 3274 The Bavarian State Library in Munich (Bayerische Staatsbibliothek) Ludwigstraße 16, 80539 München, Germany phone: +49 89 28638 2447 fax: +49 89 28638 2672 The Institute for Museum Information in Berlin (Institut für Museumskunde) Staatliche Museen zu Berlin - Preußischer Kulturbesitz In der Halde 1, 14195 Berlin, Germany phone: +49 30 8301 460 fax: +49 30 8301 504 (Fax) General Directorate of the Bavarian State Archives (GDAB) Dr. Karl-Ernst Lupprian Generaldirektion der Staatlichen Archive Bayerns Schönfeldstr. 5, D-80539 München, Germany phone. +49 089 28638-2484 fax: +49 089 28638-2615 Nestor will be presented at the European Conference on Digital Libraries (ECDL 2004) at the University of Bath, UK, (http://www.ecdl2004.org/) September 12 -17, 2004. 1 BMBF: Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, <http://www.bmbf.de>. 2 nestor - Kompetenznetzwerk Langzeitarchivierung, <http://www.langzeitarchivierung.de>. 3 Bau eines virtuellen Archivs kann beginnen, <http://deutschland.dasvonmorgen.de/press/870.php>. 4 Die Deutsche Bibliothek, <http://www.ddb.de>. 5 Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen, <http://www.sub.uni-goettingen.de>. 6 Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, <http://www.hu-berlin.de/>. Electronic Publishing Group at <http://www.edoc.hu-berlin.de/e_projekte_en>. 7 Benders - Bücher & Medien, <http://www.bsb.de>. 8 Institut für Museumskunde, <http://www.smb.spk-berlin.de/ifm/>. 9 Die staatlichen Archive in Bayern, <http://www.gda.bayern.de>. 10 Digital Library Forum, <http://www.dl-forum.de/engl/foerderung/projekte/digitallibraryplanungsprojekt/>. 11 Bericht vom Workshop, 29-30 Oktober und 14 November 2002, <http://www.langzeitarchivierung.de/modules.php?op= 12 In order to express the criteria see for more details. 13 Digital Preservation Coalition website, <http://www.dpconline.org>. 14 PADI (Preserving Access to Digital Information), <http://www.nla.gov.au/padi/index.html>. Arbeitskreis Infrastrukturen für Digitale Bibliotheken": Globale Standards, Integration und Kooperation -Konzeption und Gestaltung einer Infrastruktur für elektronische Fachinformationssysteme -Arbeitsbericht des Arbeitskreises Infrastrukturen für Digitale Bibliotheken" eingerichtet und betreut durch dl-konzepte / bmb+f Projekt im Digital Library-Forum, 2001, <http://www.dl-forum.de/engl/foerderung/projekte/digitallibraryplanungsprojekt/ergebnissearbeitskreis.pdf>. Dobratz, Susanne; Liegmann, Hans; Tappenbeck, Inka: Langzeitarchivierung digitaler Dokumente. In: Zeitschrift für Bibliothekswesen und Bibliographie 48 (2001) 6, S. 327-332. Dobratz, Susanne; Tappenbeck, Inka: Thesen zur Zukunft der digitalen Langzeitarchivierung in Deutschland, Bibliothek. Forschung und Praxis. 26 (2002) No. 3, p. 257-261. ISSN: 341-4183, <http://www.bibliothek-saur.de/2002_3/257-261.pdf>. Trusted Digital Repositories:Attributes and Responsibilities, an RLG-OCLC Report, <http://www.rlg.org/longterm/repositories.pdf>. Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems: Reference Model for an Open Archival Information System (OAIS), CCSDS 650.0-B-1, Blue Book, January 2002, <http://www.ccsds.org/docu/dscgi/ds.py/Get/File-143/650x0b1.pdf>. Copyright © 2004 Susanne Dobratz and Heike Neuroth	<urn:uuid:9d2fcf65-0829-4a36-a9be-943889049f31>	{ "date": "2018-01-19T07:00:36", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-05", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084887832.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20180119065719-20180119085719-00256.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8367096781730652, "score": 2.921875, "token_count": 5299, "url": "http://dlib.org/dlib/april04/dobratz/04dobratz.html" }
by: Michelle Place, CRNP-CP They do not call it the common cold for nothing. It is the illness that children suffer from most frequently. Unfortunately there is no easy fix for the common cold. The good news is that although the symptoms cause discomfort and can be extremely irritating they are usually self-limiting and not dangerous to your child’s health. Treatment mainly consists of easing the symptoms in order to make your child more comfortable (and to allow everyone to get as much sleep as possible). Fever: This is the symptom which causes many parents to panic unnecessarily. When your child starts to heat up, take a deep breath and stay cool. In infants less than 3 mos old you do not need to worry until they develop a temperature of 100.4 or higher. Remember that babies who are under 1 year should always have their temperature measured rectally. For children older than 3 mos it is not worrisome until the thermometer reading reaches over 101. In the context of a cold, it is very common for children, especially young children, to have fever for the first 3 days. What to do: If the fever is making your child miserably uncomfortable it can be treated with acetaminophen (tylenol) or ibuprofen (in children 6 mos and older). If your child feels warm but remains playful and continues to drink well, it is not necessary to treat the fever. Fever is the body’s way of fighting infection so, as much as possible, we should let it do its thing. When to worry: There is really no number on the thermometer at which you should panic. Even temps as high as 104-105 will not fry your child’s brain or cause other irreparable damage. Give tylenol or ibuprofen and wait 30-60 minutes. If your child does not perk up or does not drink enough to produce urine at least 4 times in 24 hours, call your doctor. How your child looks is much more important than what you see on the thermometer. Another time fever should prompt you to visit the doctor is if it lasts for more than 5 days. Cold viruses often cause the body to run at a higher temperature for up to 4 days but if it continues beyond that someone should take a look to make sure nothing else is going on. (For more information on fever see our previous blog “Flaming Fever Facts”) Nasal Secretions: This is the hallmark of the common cold and usually begins about 2 days following exposure to the virus. What to do: - Maintain Adequate Hydration: This helps thin secretions and soothes the respiratory mucosa - Drink Warm Fluids: Grandma’s chicken soup can help enhance the removal of nasal discharge by loosening secretions, increasing the flow of mucus, and soothing the lining of the nasal passages as well as the throat. It also helps with hydration. - Nasal Saline and Suction: In infants, this can be accomplished with nasal saline drops and a bulb syringe. For older children a nasal saline spray or irrigation system can be used along with encouragement to “blow your nose!” Studies have shown that this simple intervention results in a modest improvement of symptoms, decreased use of other therapies, decreased recurrence of symptoms, and decreased school absence. - Cool Mist Humidifier: Adding moisture to the air helps to loosen nasal secretions. The humidifier/vaporizer should be cleaned after each use as recommended to decrease the risk of infection or inhalation injury. Warm/hot mist is not recommended as there has been no added benefit seen with warming the air but there is increased risk of accidental burns from scalding. - Raise the Head of the Bed: It is not just your imagination, these symptoms do worsen at night. When your child lays down the small advantage gravity was giving them in controlling the flow of nasal secretions is lost. Sleeping while propped up may offer some relief. For infants, a roll can be placed under one side of the mattress. Placing your infant on a pillow or using extraneous blankets in the bed can increase the risk of suffocation. When to worry: The huge amount of mucus that can be produced by such a small person can be astounding. These secretions can range from thin and clear to very thick and yellow or even green. The color of these secretions is no cause for alarm. Generally they are thicker and darker first thing in the morning or after a nap when they have been sitting around for a while. Once your child is up and moving things become looser and clearer. You should, however, call the doctor if the congestion is preventing your child from drinking adequately or if there is any difficulty breathing. Signs of respiratory distress are: - sustained rapid breathing (tachypnea) - nostrils become very wide with each breath (nasal flaring) - ribs are clearly visible with every breath (retractions) - can not eat/drink and breathe at the same time If you see any of these symptoms, call our office at (301) 279-6751 right away. Cough: This is arguably the most annoying of all symptoms. It keeps everyone in the house awake, is disruptive in the classroom and can last up to 4 weeks until post-nasal drip completely resolves. As a result, many parents look for something, anything to suppress this annoying reflex, however, coughing is the body’s way of protecting itself from having those secretions end up in the lungs so suppressing it is rarely the optimal choice. What to do: - Honey: A study published in the journal “Pediatrics” found that a single dose of honey given at bedtime resulted in a reduction in cough compared to no treatment. The dose of honey can be repeated as often as needed and is safe in children older than 1 year of age. Children less than one year old should not be given honey due to the risk of botulism. - Lozenges/hard candy: The AAP recommends the use of lozenges to reduce irritation and to coat the throat in children over 6 years of age keeping in mind that they could be a choking hazard. - Vapor Rub: A small study published in the journal “Pediatrics” indicated that applying vapor rub to the chest and neck may provide some relief compared to the application of vaseline or no treatment. The results of this study may be the result of the placebo effect as it was difficult to blind parents to which product they were applying. Some children also complained of irritation caused by the treatment. When to worry: Vomiting following cough can occur especially first thing in the morning. If this happens now and then and contains mostly mucus there is no need for concern. In fact, it is a very effective way the body has of clearing itself of these annoying secretions. If your child is vomiting continuously, call your doctor. Another reason to call is if the cough persists for more than 4 weeks or if it seems to be worsening rather than getting better. The Common Cold – What NOT to do: - OTC Cough/Cold medicines: These have not been shown to be effective and can have some dangerous side effects in children less than 6 years of age. (see previous post for more information). - Antibiotics: These medications are useful against bacterial infections but have no effect against any of the myriad viruses which cause cold symptoms. Antibiotic use does not prevent the development of secondary infections such as ear infections, sinusitis or pneumonia. They can cause harmful side effects and using them unnecessarily results in resistance which will render them ineffective when your child really does need them. - Antiviral Therapy: Unfortunately, there is no antiviral therapy available for any of the viruses that cause the common cold. - Zinc: Studies have not proved any efficacy in the use of zinc in decreasing the duration of cold symptoms in children. Use of homeopathic nasal zinc preparations may lead to loss of the sense of smell that can become permanent. - Echinacea: Research has shown that there is no difference in the severity or duration of cold symptoms with the use of echinacea. There is, however, increased incidence of rash following its use. - Vitamin C: No change in cold symptoms has been found after many, many studies looking at the relationship between vitamin C and the common cold. If your child’s symptoms fall into any of the “When to Worry” categories listed above, call us at (301) 279-6750 and we will be happy to see your child as soon as possible.	<urn:uuid:1c4be245-a592-4c9d-b405-5c42d0b5146d>	{ "date": "2018-04-22T20:19:39", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-17", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125945648.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20180422193501-20180422213501-00216.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9511418342590332, "score": 3.203125, "token_count": 1788, "url": "https://potomacpediatrics.com/common-cold-worry/" }
Debelko-Schoeny H, Phillips G, Darrough E, et al. Equine-assisted intervention for people with dementia. Anthrozoos. 2014; 27(1):141-155. Randomized pretest-posttest crossover design involving grooming, interaction with horses in an indoor arena, and painting the horse with finger-paints following Native American traditions. The study included 16 attendees with a diagnosis of early to moderate Alzheimer’s disease or dementia attending one adult day-services center in a Midwest metropolitan area of the United States. Level of function was determined by the Mini Mental State examination. Male to female ratio was approximately 1:1, and the majority of participants were African American. This group was compared to a control group receiving usual treatment. Primary Outcome Measures There were 2 outcome measures: pretest and posttest scoring on the Nursing Home Behavior Problem Scale and salivary cortisol levels, which normally increase under stress and decrease when stressful conditions are relieved. Behavioral problems were reduced in the intervention group in comparison to the control group. Measures assessed preintervention to postintervention showed that participants exhibited fewer disruptive behaviors in contrast to the control group on days they worked with the horses. Cortisol levels were elevated after the intervention in participants with higher Mini Mental State Examination scores. This measurement is used as a physiological measure of coping with stress. The literature is becoming rife with studies examining the effect of animals, primarily dogs, in addressing the chronic social and behavioral issues with Alzheimer’s disease and dementia. Positive outcomes are noted in increasing social engagement and communication and decreases in verbal aggression and anxiety interaction,1,2 as well as decreases in agitation, depression, and sleep disturbance.3-6 To date, however, the effect of interaction with horses and these patients has not been studied. This paper is an excellent opener. Currently, there are 5.4 million individuals with Alzheimer’s disease in the United States, and by 2050, this number is predicted to grow to 16 million people.7 While none of our current therapies, either therapeutic or pharmaceutical, help much, the above studies strongly suggest that interaction with a dog does. Horses are the chemotherapy of the animal-assisted therapy world, without the toxicity. So why on earth would we want to employ a 2000-lb horse when a 70-lb Labrador retriever would work just as well? I can tell you from my years of research with horses and kids with cerebral palsy that horses have a much more powerful presence than dogs, cats, goats, or in my mind, humans. This is why they are utilized in conditions that span everything from mental to emotional to physical to spiritual disabilities. Horses are the chemotherapy of the animal-assisted therapy world, without the toxicity. To my memory, not one article I have reviewed in the past 20 years has reported a single sneeze from any subject—adult or child. What is of even greater wonder is that none of the authors seem to fathom what may well be the strongest clinical merit of such therapies: patient motivation. Those of you who are parents or have a parent will attest to the willpower of a 4-year-old autistic child or 84-year-old progenitor who does not wish to participate in therapy, but imagine the will of a child or elder who is desperate to pet a dog or groom a horse. The animal, it turns out, is only half of the hypothesized mechanism of action. The subject’s passionate desire to participate is the other half. So I am going to firmly prod all of you clinicians to not worry about the need for endless confirmatory studies and to refer your patients, specifically your pediatric and geriatric patients, to the nearest animal-assisted therapy center. Perhaps we can use the power of the market to move the research forward rather than the conventional other way around. Trust me; your patients have nothing to lose—except, perhaps, a lot of suffering. - Fick KM. The influence of an animal on social interaction of nursing home residents in a group setting. Am J Occup Ther. 1993;47(6):529-534. - Fritz CL, Farver TB, Kass PH, Hart LA. Association with companion animals and the expression of noncognitive symptoms in Alzheimer’s patients. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1995;183(7):459-463. - Kogan LR. Effective animal-intervention for long term care residents. Activit Adapt Aging. 2001;25(1):31-45. - Steed HN, Smith BS. Animal assisted activities for geriatric patients. Activit Adapt Aging. 2003;27(1): 49-61. - Richeson NE. Effects of animal-assisted therapy on agitated behaviors and social interactions of older adults with dementia. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen. 2003;18(6):353-358. - Filan SL, Llewellyn-Jones RH. Animal-assisted therapy for dementia: a review of the literature. Int Psychogeriatr. 2006;18(4):597-611. - Alzheimer’s Association. Alzheimer’s facts and figures. Available at: http://www.alz.org/alzheimers_disease_facts_and_figures.asp. Accessed July 10, 2014.	<urn:uuid:1c64efe1-bcfc-479e-b3ea-b3111464baa2>	{ "date": "2019-11-13T07:54:13", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-47", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496666229.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20191113063049-20191113091049-00216.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.912926197052002, "score": 2.953125, "token_count": 1105, "url": "https://www.naturalmedicinejournal.com/journal/2014-08/horses-lead-way-stress-reduction-dementia-sufferers" }
Look up -- the moon is getting closer to earth! In fact, it will be getting even closer to us this weekend. This weekend is this year's "supermoon." It will be about 14 percent larger than the smallest full moon but also 30 percent brighter than the smallest full moon. So you will see this bright beautiful show in the sky," said NASA Scientiest Dr. Noah Petro. The moon follows an elliptical orbit around the Earth. A supermoon occurs when the moon is full and when its orbit is closest to earth. This year's supermoon on Sunday night is exciting because at perigee, when the moon is at it's closest point to Earth, the moon will be full! This close encounter hasn't happened since 1948, the same time when gas was 16 cents per gallon. In addition to the moon, the Taurid Meteor Shower is this weekend, but don't expect much of a show with the moon shining so bright. One last thing to look for when you are gazing -- two planets which are visible after sunset this time of year. Look for Venus low on the horizon in the southwest sky, and then Mars in the southern sky. Happy viewing!	<urn:uuid:d52cbac3-004b-42d6-8302-13a0b94d7a7e>	{ "date": "2018-02-19T05:50:42", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-09", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891812405.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20180219052241-20180219072241-00056.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9382097721099854, "score": 2.734375, "token_count": 246, "url": "http://www.wcnc.com/article/news/supermoon-and-a-meteor-shower-this-weekend/351306136" }
Food waste can be transformed into renewable green energy and a nutrient-rich fertiliser We all end up with food waste – like tea bags and egg shells – no matter how careful we are. And the good news is that residents in South Ayrshire can help to turn food waste into electricity by using their food waste recycling service each week. South Ayrshire Council has provided householders living in a food waste collection area with an indoor kitchen caddy and an outdoor caddy for food waste. You can check if you live in a food waste collection area by visiting: www.south-ayrshire.gov.uk/waste – if your food waste caddy is missing or broken, contact 0300 123 0900 to request a free replacement. Food waste decomposes in landfill sites, releasing harmful gases which contribute to climate change. However when recycled, this waste can be transformed into a valuable resource, producing renewable green energy and a nutrient-rich fertiliser. Cllr John McDowall, Sustainability and Environment Portfolio Holder for South Ayrshire Council said: "The food waste recycling service is a quick and simple way to dispose of leftover food and scraps, helping to reduce our impact on the environment, so there really is no excuse for not making use of this valuable service. "We already recycle 50 per cent of waste and we are one of the top 12 recycling Councils in Scotland, but we want to achieve a 60 per cent recycling rate by 2020. With your help, recycling food waste can help us reach this ambitious target." Zero Waste Scotland is supporting South Ayrshire Council to encourage use of the food waste service. A dedicated communications campaign will run throughout the area over the next few months so everyone has the opportunity to find out more about the service, how it works, where to get extra caddies and the types of food waste collected. Iain Gulland, Chief Executive, Zero Waste Scotland said: "Avoiding food waste by planning in advance and making the most of our food is the best way to avoid sending food waste to landfill. But we all have unavoidable food waste, whether it's vegetable peelings, tea bags or leftovers, and food waste is still making up around a third of the average household bin. "Separating this for recycling significantly reduces the amount we send to landfill and means that it can be used as a resource instead - to create energy. I'd encourage all South Ayrshire residents to get behind the service and play their part in helping achieve Scotland's zero waste ambitions." For information about the food waste collection service visit: www.south-ayrshire.gov.uk/waste	<urn:uuid:34276490-8748-4987-a275-87d52340a91d>	{ "date": "2017-02-20T01:56:04", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-09", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501170380.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104610-00144-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9100008010864258, "score": 3.03125, "token_count": 550, "url": "http://www.south-ayrshire.gov.uk/news/south-ayrshire-residents-urged-to-get-behind-food-waste-recycling-and-turn-scraps-into-electricity.aspx" }
Section I. Freedom of Religion The Constitution states that Islam is the official religion; however, while the Constitution also provides for freedom of religion, the Government does not tolerate political dissent from religious groups or leaders, and subjects both Sunni and Shi'a Muslims to governmental control and monitoring. Most world religions are represented in the country, and their followers generally practice their faith privately without interference from the Government. The population is overwhelmingly Muslim. Citizens belong to the Shi'a and Sunni branches of Islam, with Shi'a constituting over two-thirds of the indigenous population. However, Sunnis predominate because the ruling family is Sunni and is supported by the armed forces, the security service, and powerful Sunni and Shi'a merchant families. Foreigners constitute 35 to 40 percent of the total population. Roughly half of resident foreigners are non-Muslim. Christians and other non-Muslims including Jews, Hindus, and Baha'is are free to practice their religion, maintain their own places of worship, and display the symbols of their religion. Bibles and other Christian publications are displayed and sold openly in local bookstores that also sell Islamic and other religious literature. Some small groups worship in their homes. Notable dignitaries from virtually every religion and denomination visit the country and frequently meet with the Government and civic leaders. Religious tracts of all branches of Islam, cassettes of sermons delivered by Muslim preachers from other countries, and publications of other religions are readily available. However, proselytizing by non-Muslims is discouraged, anti-Islamic writings are prohibited, and conversions from Islam to other religions, while not illegal, are not tolerated well by society. Both Sunni and Shi'a Muslims are subject to governmental control and monitoring. During 1998 the Government closed a few mosques and Ma'tams (Shi'a community centers) to prevent religious leaders from delivering political speeches during their Friday prayers and sermons. The High Council for Islamic Affairs is charged with the review and approval of all clerical appointments within both the Sunni and Shi'a communities, and maintains program oversight for all citizens studying religion abroad. Public religious events, most notably the large annual commemorative marches by Shi'a, are permitted but are watched closely by the police. There are no restrictions on the number of citizens permitted to make pilgrimages to Shi'a shrines and holy sites in Iran, Iraq, and Syria. However, stateless residents who do not possess Bahraini passports often have difficulties arranging travel to religious sites abroad. The Government monitors travel to Iran and scrutinizes carefully those who choose to pursue religious study there. There was no change in the status of respect for religious freedom during the period covered by this report. The political dynamic of Sunni predominance has led to incidents of unrest between the Shi'a community and the Government, including during the period covered by this report. For example, in October 1998 police detained up to 20 young men following demonstrations against the Government over the death of a Shi'a man who died from injuries he allegedly received when police detained and tortured him in 1994. Also during the period covered by this report, the Government held in detention hundreds of Shi'a for security-related crimes such as treason. In June 1999, the Government gradually began freeing incarcerated individuals as part of an Amiri decree calling for the release or pardon of over 350 Shi'a political prisoners, detainees, and exiles, including politically active Shi'a cleric Abdul Amir Al-Jamri. By the end of the period covered by this report, as many as 700 persons still remained in detention. There were no reports of religious detainees or prisoners during the period covered by this report whose imprisonment could be attributed to the practice of their religion. There were no reports of the forced religious conversion of minor U.S. citizens who had been abducted or illegally removed from the United States, or of the Government's refusal to allow such citizens to be returned to the United States. Section II. Societal Attitudes Although there are notable exceptions, the Sunni Muslim minority enjoys a favored status. Sunnis receive preference for employment in sensitive government positions and in the managerial ranks of the civil service. Shi'a citizens are not allowed to hold significant posts in the defense and internal security forces. However, the Amir recently opened up employment to Shi'a in the Bahrain Defense Force and the Ministry of the Interior, two bodies in which Shi'a had been denied employment during the past four years. In the private sector, Shi'a tend to be employed in lower paid, less skilled jobs. Educational, social, and municipal services in most Shi'a neighborhoods, particularly in rural villages, are inferior to those found in Sunni urban communities. In an effort to remedy social discrimination, the Government has built numerous subsidized housing complexes, which are open to all citizens on the basis of financial need. In order to ease both the housing shortage and strains on the national budget, in 1997 the Government revised its policy in order to permit lending institutions to finance mortgages on apartment units. The Government has declared the Shi'a religious celebration of Ashura to be a national holiday. In a gesture of conciliation toward the Shi'a community, the Amir donated rice and lamb to some 500 Shi'a community centers for the 1999 Ashura. Converts from Islam to other religions are not well tolerated by society (see Section I). Section III. U.S. Government Policy An official written dialog takes place between U.S. Embassy officials and government contacts on matters of religion. One such example is the memorandum received by the Embassy each year from the Government in response to the Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for Bahrain.	<urn:uuid:330f7467-c4f3-4824-b649-aa3e31cb3e4c>	{ "date": "2016-09-26T15:39:57", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-40", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738660864.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173740-00281-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9632202386856079, "score": 3.046875, "token_count": 1156, "url": "http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/anti-semitism/relbarelain99.html" }
Books & Music Food & Wine Health & Fitness Hobbies & Crafts Home & Garden News & Politics Religion & Spirituality Travel & Culture TV & Movies Ground covers are really any kind of plant, either sprawling or upright, that will spread to cover an area. It can be a perennial, annual, shrub, or vine. Although ground covers are often evergreen, this need not be so. In the landscape, ground covers help to unify the various visual spaces within the area. In essence, they create a new dimension at ground level. Ground covers serve many roles in the landscape. They can become an integral part of flower beds and borders, and foundation plantings. In addition, they are also used as edgings around other plantings, along and between stepping stones and driveways. Ground covers can do more than add beauty to a garden. Hardy plants that can help minimize erosion on slopes. Although some ground covers can usually take quite a bit of foot traffic, grass or stepping stones are more suitable for heavily trafficked areas. When choosing ground covers, the color scheme of the site is an important consideration. Select species or cultivars of ground covers that will harmonize with the other plants. Some ground covers will take dry weather once they are established. However, all of them will need watering for the first few months after they are planted. Taller ground covers are able to crowd out weeds while the shorter ones are less able to do so. For a slope where weeding is difficult, choose tall ones. Ground covers should be spaced close enough together so that the plants will minimize weeds. The planting distance depends upon the type of plant being used and one’s budget. Spacing closer together will mean the ground covers will grow quickly to fill in the area. The ground covers can be arranged in various ways. Sometimes they are planted in straight or staggered rows. In addition, they can be planted in informal rounded masses. Ground covers do require maintenance until they are established. This would include weeding, fertilizing, mulching, and watering. Depending on the species, some of these are mowed in the spring to encourage new growth. There are many kinds of ground covers available. Some of the ones that are most commonly include periwinkle or vinca, daylilies, the stonecrops, hardy ice plant, and liriope. \| Related Articles \| Editor's Picks Articles \| Top Ten Articles \| Previous Features \| Site Map Content copyright © 2015 by Connie Krochmal. All rights reserved. This content was written by Connie Krochmal. If you wish to use this content in any manner, you need written permission. Contact Connie Krochmal for details. Website copyright © 2016 Minerva WebWorks LLC. All rights reserved.	<urn:uuid:79c5c8ed-edc9-4c0d-ac8e-2b96b32691fb>	{ "date": "2016-12-07T22:15:46", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-50", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698542250.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170902-00384-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9286239743232727, "score": 2.8125, "token_count": 585, "url": "http://www.bellaonline.com/articles/art37811.asp" }
The f scott fitzgerald page at american literature the awakening - kate chopin my antonia the great gatsby and tender is the night. F scott fitzgerald’s tragic tale the great gatsby remains the quintessential literary the great gatsby by f scott the awakening by kate chopin. Start studying collection 4 & 5 study guide learn vocabulary kate chopin the great awakening fitzgerald's the great gatsby. Analysis of a challenging set of literary works from a range of genres the great gatsby author(s): fitzgerald, f scott • kate chopin’s the awakening. Ap english literature and composition students are expected to master a range of the awakening kate chopin's the f scott fitzgerald: the great gatsby. A summary of chapters i–v in kate chopin's the awakening the great gatsby home → sparknotes → literature study guides → the awakening. The great gatsby lord of the flies home → sparknotes → literature study guides → the awakening → study questions the awakening kate chopin contents. Free the great gatsby gender roles papers in f scott fitzgerald’s the great gatsby and kate chopin’s the literary analysis, great gatsby. The awakening symbolism is one of an analysis of kate chopin's the awakening exploring symbolism in f scott fitzgerald’s the great gatsby 4/11 outline. Everything you need to know about the setting of kate chopin's the awakening, written by experts with you in mind literature / the awakening / analysis / setting. The great gatsby by f scott fitzgerald essential questions: how does literature reflect a culture or time period • the awakening by kate chopin. Here is a challenging summative assessment for the novel the awakening by kate chopin the great gatsby by f designed to meet in literary analysis. The awakening: top ten quotes, free study guides and book notes including comprehensive chapter analysis, complete summary analysis, author biography information, character profiles, theme analysis, metaphor analysis, and top ten quotes on classic literature. Detailed biographical information about kate chopin, the awakening speaking great grandmother died kate spent the st louis literary and. Project gutenberg's the awakening and selected short stories, by kate chopin this ebook is for the use of them mr pontellier was a great. This lesson discusses the form and genre of kate chopin's 1899 novel, the awakening the awakening by chopin: literary criticism west egg in the great gatsby. The awakening by kate chopin a streetcar named desire by tennessee analysis of exile in the awakening by kate f scott fitzgerald's the great gatsby. Feminist literature the awakening: kate chopin: new amazonia: the great gatsby: daisy buchannan: f scott fitzgerald: the postman always rings twice:. One-of-a-kind litographs printed with your own words the awakening kate chopin t f p o the awakening kate chopin price the great gatsby f scott fitzgerald. This combination in edna’s character made her a literary icon a great deal of chopin • the awakening by kate chopin : analysis of the process of. Kate chopin's the awakening informed individual analysis of the text the great gatsby by f scott fitzgerald paperback $1048. Kate chopin the great gatsby, f scott fitzgerald literary analysis literature & realism: the awakening.Download	<urn:uuid:16326c64-218c-4023-9a86-44ee7c2bc8f0>	{ "date": "2018-06-19T12:23:19", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-26", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267862929.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20180619115101-20180619135101-00256.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8479788899421692, "score": 3, "token_count": 768, "url": "http://xphomeworkwocv.getfiredband.us/a-literary-analysis-of-the-awakening-by-kate-chopin-and-a-comparison-to-the-great-gatsby-by-f-scott.html" }
\|Central coordinates\|\|110o 9.00' East 1o 23.00' North\| \|IBA criteria\|\|A1, A3\| \|Altitude\|\|20 - 310m\| \|Year of IBA assessment\|\|2004\| Summary Located in Kuching, Sarawak of East Malaysia, Bau limestone is mainly limestone hills extending along a portion of two rivers. This site also is a host to caves such as the Wind and Fairy Caves which is a tourist attraction. \|Species\|\|Season\|\|Period\|\|Population estimate\|\|Quality of estimate\|\|IBA Criteria\|\|IUCN Category\| \|Straw-headed Bulbul Pycnonotus zeylanicus\|\|resident\|\|2004\|\|present\|\|-\|\|A1\|\|Vulnerable\| \|Protected area\|\|Designation\|\|Area (ha)\|\|Relationship with IBA\|\|Overlap with IBA (ha)\| \|Bau Limestone\|\|Nature Reserve\|\|215\|\|protected area contained by site\|\|215\| \|IUCN habitat\|\|Habitat detail\|\|Extent (% of site)\| \|Artificial - terrestrial\|\|-\| Protection status Nature Reserves (5%)Not protected (95%) Contribute Please click here to help BirdLife conserve the world's birds - your data for this IBA and others are vital for helping protect the environment. Recommended citation BirdLife International (2015) Important Bird Areas factsheet: Bau Limestone. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 04/03/2015 To provide new information to update this factsheet or to correct any errors, please email BirdLife	<urn:uuid:bb7471d4-3270-4272-b2fc-337d0401f1ef>	{ "date": "2015-03-04T21:15:27", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-11", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936463658.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074103-00096-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.6611168384552002, "score": 2.53125, "token_count": 339, "url": "http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=16052" }
high school diploma/GED Extensive job preparation is needed for judges, magistrate judges, and magistrates. Extensive skill, knowledge, and experience are needed for these careers. Many require more than five years of experience. For example, surgeons must complete four years of college and an additional five to seven years of specialized medical training to be able to do their job. Employees may need some on-the-job training. However, the person will usually have the needed skills, knowledge, work-related experience, and training before starting the job. Job Zone Five Different careers need different amounts of preparation. Each O*NET career is in one of five Job Zones, which are groups of careers that need the same level of experience, education, and training. Explore more careers in Job Zone Five.	<urn:uuid:0174c38a-ab6e-4434-b350-feeeca6f57b1>	{ "date": "2019-07-16T23:34:50", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-30", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195524972.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20190716221441-20190717003441-00216.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.965725839138031, "score": 2.515625, "token_count": 167, "url": "https://www.mynextmove.org/profile/zone/23-1023.00?from=profile" }
For Climate's Sake! A Visual Reader of Climate Change by Edgar Vaid Edgar Vaid reviews a book which aims to convey the knowledge revealed by current climate research through the power of images, graphics, and case studies. The images lend the book an impact which words alone could never achieve We know why the Carthaginian general Hannibal led his army (including 37 war elephants) in a legendary crossing of the Alps in October 218 BCE – it was to make a military strike at the core of the despised Roman Empire through its back door, etc, etc. But let’s pose another question – how was such a feat achieved? The traditional answer from military historians might be Hannibal’s charismatic leadership, which of course sounds fair enough as far as it goes. However, as more mundanely explained in “For Climates Sake”, this notable event was only feasible because it took place during what climate historians call the Roman Climate Optimum, a period of about 500 years when warmer temperatures resulted in alpine passes being clear of snow all year round. So why mention this in the 21st Century? Well, it’s relevant now as a reminder that natural fluctuations in temperature have been a feature of the Earth’s climate since pre-historic times. This is a crucial factor in the debates about how far human activities are currently driving climate change, although it’s worth confirming straight away that no attempt is made here to present some kind of spurious balance, whereby the minority of climate change deniers are dignified with equal coverage - anthropogenic global warming is accepted as apodictic. One residual effect of this hefty guide is to leave the reader with an abiding impression that everything he thought he knew or imagined about global climate mechanisms is actually much more complex. This is especially true over the longer term, when climatologists must take into account such phenomena as Milankovic cycles, the Atlantic multidecadal oscillation, and Dansgard-Oeschger events - none of which I shall attempt to explain here. Hence it’s little wonder that at any one time, drawn from apparently the same environmental evidence, we may hear conflicting interpretations and accompanying rudimentary predictions. Amongst the admass, it’s understandable that climate change is a subject attracting a pool of fissiparous views, punctuated only by the illuminati’s occasional island of sound knowledge. Indeed, climatologists have wrestled for decades to explain the atmosphere’s complications. To the lay person the term ‘greenhouse effect’ may understandably have attained pejorative overtones. However, step back to 1879 and we find physicists Josef Stefan and Ludwig Bolzman calculating that without it our planet’s surface would average only about -18C. That’s a very cold and hostile temperature for humans, and it’s thanks to greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and methane retaining large amounts of the planet’s thermal radiation in the atmosphere, that the Earth’s average temperature is about 15C. This pair of correlated things, (otherwise known to Scrabble aficionados as a syzygy), is fundamental to life on Earth. However, by 1896, when Svante Arrhenius described the effect of carbon dioxide on global warming, suspicions began to arise that the greenhouse effect could potentially metamorphose from planetary asset to planetary liability. During the Holocene epoch (about the last 10,000 years) temperatures have fluctuated by one or two degrees centigrade several times, and it seems counter-intuitive that this was sufficient to drastically alter living conditions for people. But studies indicate that ostensibly small changes in global average temperatures have resulted in famines, epidemics, wars, and volkerwanderung, although they may also have led to technical and social accomplishments. In past geological epochs such climatic changes may be fairly ascribed to natural causes, eg a sudden upsurge in volcanic activity, or even an alteration in the planet’s obliquity (axial tilt) or eccentricity (orbit). However, an exponential rise in the burning of fossil fuels since the advent of the Industrial Revolution has resulted in humankind’s activities entering the climatic equation. This has led Nobel chemistry laureate Paul Crutzen to suggest that the Holocene has ended: “Because of these anthropogenic emissions of carbon dioxide, global climate may depart significantly from natural behaviour for many millennia to come. It seems appropriate to assign the term ‘Anthropocene’ to the present, in many ways human-dominated geological epoch”. This is not unreasonable, given that atmospheric CO2 levels are now about 40 percent higher than in 1850 and, following the introduction of reliable measurements, the ten warmest years have occurred since 1998. Our species didn’t end when the Stone Age finished; there was plenty of stone left, but we started to make tools from other materials. By analogy, we are capable of moving on from the fossil fuel age, and simply leaving the coal, oil, and gas in the ground; we know how to produce renewable energy. Responsibility for development of our global climate rests squarely with humanity. But how can scientists be so sure about Earth’s climatic fluctuations thousands or even millions of years ago? By using ‘proxy’ data, paleoclimatology has several irrefragable answers. Thus the type of pollen contained in a varve (single year’s sedimentary deposit) indicates what vegetation existed and hence the type of climate which prevailed at a particular time and place. Or gas bubbles trapped in ice core samples may be analysed to provide an insight to changes in the composition of the Earth’s atmosphere. Other examples include measurements of the concentric rings formed in trees and stalactites. Moving on from ‘how we know what we know’, there is a detailed exploration of risks and vulnerabilities, with an emphasis on severe weather and natural disasters as the harbingers of climate change. Interestingly, some changes do not necessarily lead where we might expect. For example, the gradual melting of large alpine glaciers owing to global warming leads to high water levels and spring-time flooding in lower river catchments. However, once these glaciers recede beyond a certain point, the water levels suddenly dwindle, seguing into a year-round phenomenon. Unfortunately it’s wrong to assume that the slowing or even decline of greenhouse gas emissions will be apotropaic. Global warming won’t cease, as a time lag is caused by the oceans which warm up far more slowly than our atmosphere. But whatever complex mechanisms are at work, if “greenhouse gas emissions are not decisively curbed in coming decades, then the risk grows that adaptation will gradually become ineffective and the resulting damage will be overwhelming”. It’s frustrating to be reminded that as long ago as 1972 “The Limits to Growth” report believed in the feasibility of setting up a combination of solar and nuclear power plants which would deliver the World’s required energy via hydrogen and electricity. Although the climatic effects of burning fossil fuels such as oil are explored in detail, it is often the little known nuggets of history which attract the reader’s attention. For example, Henry Ford might be considered to qualify for a place amongst the pantheon of early 20th Century environmental villains for his enthusiastic promotion of the motor car. In fact, it’s bitterly ironic that as late as 1925 he was urging that the internal combustion engine should run not on petroleum, but on a renewable fuel – alcohol produced from plant waste. Engines run more smoothly on alcohol and don’t emit fumes, but in a dismally familiar scenario to be repeated over the next eighty years, the oil industry’s minatory lobbying power prevailed. It seems a pity that people didn’t listen to Henry Ford. Instead, they paid attention to such figures as Thomas Midgeley, latterly responsible for developing both leaded petrol and chlorofluorocarbons – with their unpredicted adverse effects on human health and the atmosphere. Although those historic mistakes were largely overcome by the 20th Century’s close, the century ahead seems to pose a problem for almost every solution – such as the sequacious reasoning about energy saving light bulbs. These, it is forecast, will be left on longer in winter to compensate for the warmth lost from no longer using traditional incandescent bulbs. Overall, this could lead to higher, not lower electricity consumption. Such a conundrum is perhaps a classic example of human behaviour being the great unknown when we try to predict patterns of energy consumption and their climatic effects. Another example of a ‘problem finding a solution’ is the replacement of fossil fuel power stations by renewable energies such as wind and solar, so gradually reducing the speed of global warming. But that sounds alright though, doesn’t it? Superficially, yes, but one line of reasoning suggests that as European nations ‘green’ their energy needs, the consequent reduction in demand for oil would make the dwindling reserves more available (and hence cheaper) – resulting in the problem of allowing Americans to drive even bigger cars than they do already. When focussing on such issues, the text is willing to adopt a gratifyingly accusatory tone, eg: “A lifestyle with huge shopping malls, large refrigerators, and all kinds of automated appliances contributes to this thirst for energy in the land of opportunity .......... most Americans are so preoccupied with their own economic advancement and their personal surroundings that they give little attention to international issues”. Owing to the intrinsic complexity of global climatic processes, the layperson has little choice but to listen to climatologists, who may – or may not – be believed. However, as is sagely pointed out, an understandable human reaction is to suppress fears by listening to false prophets. These are the cabal of noisy spin doctors who downplay the warnings. They have teamed up with cupidity-motivated stakeholders anticipating disadvantages to their multi-national companies from efforts to mitigate anthropogenic global warming. Fortunately the reader is offered a few glimmers of hope, such as the studies supporting the theoretical feasibility of ‘green’ economics, where “prosperity would not be defined only in terms of gross domestic product, but would encompass the idea that quality of life includes aspects beyond material factors. Our current concept of wealth is based on illusions, on the central myth of the industrial age, which is that a better life can only be had through an ever-increasing exploitation of nature”. What renders this 570 page tome admirably exhaustive rather than terminally exhausting, is its comprehensive collection of vivid photos from around the World, which comprise almost half the contents and complement the solid text – indeed its sub-title is “A Visual Reader of Climate Change”. By turns poignant, startling, heart-rending, ominous, or despair-inducing, their cumulative effect lends the book an impact which its words alone could never achieve. Images of pristine wilderness, felled rainforest, and irrigated monocultures jostle with views of mega-industrial complexes, vast swathes of land scarred by open-cast mining, or vehicle-clogged urban motorways – each making either a visceral impact or more subtly inducing a quiet pause for inner reflection. Supplemented by some informative graphs, diagrams, and maps, the book also features an excellent glossary (running from advection to World Bank), and insightful case studies such as “Desert Power for Europe” and “Biofuels: A Double Edged Option”. All in all this publication represents a fine team effort in collaboration with the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology and, for anyone with a serious interest in our climate’s past, present, and future, (plus the requisite £40), it’s a worthwhile addition to the bookshelf. Edgar Vaid is a freelance book reviewer. He can be contacted at [email protected] For Climate's Sake! A Visual Reader of Climate Change is Edited by René Schwarzenbach, Christian Rentsch, Klaus Lanz, and Lars Müller, in collaboration with the Department of Environmental Sciences, ETH Zürich. To purcahse this book click here Using this website means you agree to us using simple cookies.	<urn:uuid:76794714-0ec5-4ab4-bc77-25cd5eae15e1>	{ "date": "2015-08-03T02:35:55", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-32", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042989443.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002309-00046-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9434073567390442, "score": 3.25, "token_count": 2584, "url": "http://www.theecologist.org/reviews/books/1926231/for_climates_sake_a_visual_reader_of_climate_change.html" }
Detective Dan Read and Write --- In this three page Read and Write pack, students will read the one page story and color the pictures. Then there are two pages with five sentences on each page about the story. Each sentence has a missing word. At the end of each sentence, there are two words for students to choose the correct missing word. Students will circle the word that correctly completes the sentence matching the story on the first page, and then write the correct word in the blank. This is a great reading and comprehension check for guided reading, a mini lesson, a literacy center, or homework. This product is NOW AVAILABLE in a Read and Write Bundle (set 3) offering a SAVINGS of 12%. You may also like: Reading Comprehension: Who? What? How? Reading Comprehension: How? How? asked Connie the Cow Reading Comprehension Bundle Reading Comprehension: Where? When? Why? Read and Write Bundle 1 School Read and Write Playground Read and Write Thomas the Turtle Read and Write Read and Write Bundle 2 Please visit me at: Thanks for stopping by! read and write fill in the blank reading comprehension check	<urn:uuid:b605f035-8e2d-49a5-b92c-864b6b2685c0>	{ "date": "2017-09-24T02:09:02", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-39", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818689823.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20170924010628-20170924030628-00136.warc.gz", "int_score": 4, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8584275245666504, "score": 3.71875, "token_count": 257, "url": "https://www.teacherspayteachers.com/Product/Detective-Dan-Read-and-Write-1284023" }
The ponytail palm is a type of palm tree often used as a houseplant or as a small landscaping tree. It's bulbous trunk and long, straight leaves make a stark, architectural silhouette that many gardeners and plant enthusiasts find appealing. Ponytail palms are widely available at many nurseries. However, mature ponytail palms can be expensive. Things You'll Need - Paper towels - Ponytail palm seeds - Plastic seedling tray - Seedling soil mix - Potting soil Lay two layers of paper towels onto a flat surface, such as the inside of a baking pan or on top of a large dinner plate. Sprinkle the ponytail palm seeds onto the paper towels. Spritz with water so that the paper towels are damp but not so wet as to form puddles of water. Layer a single sheet of paper towels on top of the seeds and spritz with water again. Place in a cool, dry place shielded from wind, heat and sunlight. Example locations could include a bedroom closet or inside a closed cardboard box. Keep the paper towels moist, checking thrice daily to ensure the towels are not drying out. Wait for the seeds to sprout. This may take approximately two weeks. Prepare a seedling tray while waiting for the ponytail palm seeds to sprout. A plastic seedling tray can be obtained from most garden supply stores or nurseries. Fill with a seedling soil mix, specially designed to be loose and aerated and formulated with added nutrients to promote strong seedling growth. Remove the ponytail palm seedlings once they have germinated and the seed hulls have fallen off of the seedlings. Use tweezers to carefully remove the seedlings, as baby ponytail palms are fragile. Carefully insert into the seedling trays and cover with the seedling mix so that only the seedling's top leaves are visible. Place the seedling tray in an area that receives two to three hours of direct sunlight. Too much sunlight can quickly dry out the seedling mix and kill the plants. Water gently, being careful not to wash away the seedling mix to expose the fragile plant. Wait for the ponytail palm seeds to establish themselves in the seedling tray. Once the seedlings are 2 inches tall, carefully scoop up the seedling and its surrounding soil and place in a pot filled with potting soil. Place the pots in direct sunlight and water twice daily. You may choose to replant the ponytail palms into the ground when they are too large for their pot or continue transplanting them to pots that are progressively larger. Tips & Warnings - In a pot, the ponytail palm rarely grows over 8 feet while it can reach a height of 30 feet if grown outdoors in the ground. - Ponytail palms can be grown in pots depending on the size of your individual ponytail palm strain. If you choose to grow them in pots, keep them in a sunny area near a window or on your porch or the palms will turn yellow and die. - Photo Credit SP Veres/sxc.hu How to Plant a Palm Tree From Seed If you're thinking about how nice palm trees would look in your garden, you'll have to decide if you want to plant... How to Care for a Ponytail Palm Tree From its fat trunk to the long, graceful clusters of strappy leaves, the ponytail palm (Beaucarnea recurvata) adds interest whether you grow... How to Propagate a Pony Tail Palm A pony tail palm is a succulent tree with a swollen bulb for a base and a thinner trunk with thin leaves... How to Plant a Ponytail Palm The ponytail palm (Beaucarnea recurvata), sometimes called the elephant foot tree, is not actually a palm but a member of the lily... How to Grow Ponytail Grass Ponytail grass (Stipa tenuissima) is also called Mexican feather grass. This ornamental perennial grass forms clumps 18 inches wide. Ponytail grass produces... How to Divide a Ponytail Palm Although the ponytail palm, or Beaucarnea recurvata, looks like a palm tree it is actually a unique succulent native to areas of...	<urn:uuid:09434501-466c-439f-99b3-12a36a1ff7a3>	{ "date": "2017-03-25T15:48:03", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-13", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218188962.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212948-00111-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9351023435592651, "score": 2.75, "token_count": 880, "url": "http://www.ehow.com/how_5457662_plant-ponytail-palm-seeds.html" }
DAG Tech develops, supports, and contributes to the Open Source community In production and development, open source as a development model promotes universal access via a free license to a product’s design or blueprint, and universal redistribution of that design or blueprint, including subsequent improvements to it by anyone. Before the phrase open source became widely adopted, developers and producers used a variety of other terms. Open source gained hold with the rise of the Internet, and the attendant need for massive retooling of the computing source code. Opening the source code enabled a self-enhancing diversity of production models, communication paths, and interactive communities. The open-source software movement arose to clarify the environment that the new copyright, licensing, domain, and consumer issues created. Generally, open source refers to a computer program in which the source code is available to the general public for use and/or modification from its original design. Open-source code is meant to be a collaborative effort, where programmers improve upon the source code and share the changes within the community. Typically this is not the case, and code is merely released to the public under some license. Others can then download, modify, and publish their version (fork) back to the community. Today you find more projects with forked versions than unified projects worked by large teams. Many large formal institutions have sprung up to support the development of the open-source movement, including the Apache Software Foundation, which supports projects such as the open source framework behind big data Apache Hadoop and an open-source HTTP server Apache HTTP. The open-source model is based on a more decentralized model of production, in contrast with more centralized models of development such as those typically used in commercial software companies. A main principle of open-source software development is peer production, with products such as source code, “blueprints“, and documentation available to the public at no cost. The open-source movement in software began as a response to the limitations of proprietary code, and has since spread across different fields. This model is also used for the development of open-source appropriate technologies, solar photovoltaic technology and open-source drug discovery.	<urn:uuid:68a6ed5c-6d4f-4d37-893a-1b70ecc54673>	{ "date": "2017-12-17T06:04:01", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-51", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948593526.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20171217054825-20171217080825-00656.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9361321330070496, "score": 3.046875, "token_count": 443, "url": "https://www.dagtech.com/our-technology/open-source/" }
Health Education in Schools The AAFP supports the principle that health education should be included in the curriculum of grades K through 12 and continued in the community through adult education programs. Students at all levels should be provided opportunities to: - Obtain accurate information on health, illness, and illness prevention. - Obtain accurate information on health topics most relevant to the student population, such as substance abuse, sexual abuse, suicide, safety, nutrition, obesity, eating disorders, sexual activity, teenage pregnancy, sexually transmitted diseases, mental health, family violence, risk taking behavior, coping with peer pressure and stress. - Gain understanding of growth and development from conception through adulthood. Gain an understanding of family health history and its impact on one's own health risks, and learn how one's health behavior is related to health status. - Discuss personal attitudes, values and beliefs relating to health. Discuss the processes through which social values are acquired and the ways in which they can affect health. - Develop critical thinking and decision-making skills in terms of health and sickness evaluation. - Develop an awareness of the limitations of medicines and medical science in their personal care. - Become interested in assuming responsibility for personal health. - Develop a personal life-long health life style plan, including areas of healthy eating, exercise, social relationships, and avoidance of risky behaviors. - Develop a sense of social responsibility and participate in promotion of health education to peers, family and community. Through such well-designed programs of health education, an impact can be made to improve the environmental and life-style factors in health in many segments of the population. (1980) (2015 COD)	<urn:uuid:a34d9bb0-6c3b-4a4c-a70f-c05b5e0d2384>	{ "date": "2018-09-22T21:36:34", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-39", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267158691.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20180922201637-20180922222037-00056.warc.gz", "int_score": 4, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9411365985870361, "score": 3.671875, "token_count": 339, "url": "https://www.aafp.org/about/policies/all/health-schools.html" }
February 8, 2013 \| by Hiu Chung So One in a series of articles about how to reduce the risk of cancer ... The skin is the body's largest organ, but it's also one of the most neglected. Skin cancer is — by far — the most common cancer among Americans. According to the National Cancer Institute, there will be more than 2 million new cases of skin cancer in 2013. That includes approximately 76,000 new cases of its most deadly form, melanoma. And the reason is as clear as day. Americans simply do not take enough precautions against the sun's ultraviolet (UV) rays; many even deliberately compromise their skin health for a tan. “Ultraviolet rays from the sun cause mutations which can lead to skin cancer,” said City of Hope dermatologist Jae Jung, M.D., Ph.D. “Every melanoma patient I have seen under the age of 40 has had a sun tanning history.” The good news is that the risk of skin cancer can be dramatically reduced, and all it takes is a little savvy and vigilance in protecting yourself from the sun, said Jung. She offers these tips: • Choose a powerful sunscreen. The American Cancer Society recommends using a broad-spectrum sunscreen, which protects against both UVA and UVB rays, with a skin protection factor (SPF) of at least 30. “Some evidence suggests higher SPF levels are better, and I personally use SPF 90 every day,” Jung said. She also notes that people with sensitive skin can opt for gentler sunscreens containing zinc oxide or titanium dioxide. • Use a lot and use it often. “Reapplication and using enough is key to getting appropriate protection from sunscreens,” Jung said, noting that someone in the sun should apply sunscreen to exposed skin every one to two hours. Approximately two fingertips’ worth is needed to cover face, hands and neck, and an entire ounce is required to cover the whole body. Sunscreens labeled “water resistant” and “water proof” will maintain their protection in the water for 40 and 80 minutes, respectively, she added. • Cover up. Clothing and accessories can also protect skin from the sun. These include full-sleeve shirts, long-legged pants, wide-brimmed hats, sunglasses and cover-up wraps and sarongs. Although most clothing will protect the skin from UV rays, Jung said, those with a listed ultraviolet protection factor, or UPF, are ideal. • Take shade from 10 to 4. Between 10 a.m. and 4 p.m. is when the UV rays are most intense, so people need to be extra cautious about their sun exposure — and extra attentive about their skin protection — during that time. • Start young. Jung advises parents to be extra mindful of their children’s sun exposure, too, because damage from UV rays can accumulate over a lifetime. “One study showed that sun-induced melanoma risk is determined by the amount of UV exposure you get before the age of 10.” Jung also wants to remind people that there’s currently no amount or form of tanning that’s considered safe. She offers this cautionary tale from the melanoma patients she sees: “They were all uniformly disgusted by their vanity [in their younger days]. Especially since the sun also ages your skin, women who did a lot of tanning wound up looking a decade or two older than those who didn’t,” Jung said. First in the series: To fight cancer, exercise for the long haul	<urn:uuid:5415a9a7-5140-440f-8a46-c3eb2655a7b1>	{ "date": "2017-08-18T08:47:53", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-34", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886104631.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20170818082911-20170818102911-00216.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9626650810241699, "score": 2.96875, "token_count": 753, "url": "https://www.cityofhope.org/cancer-prevention-sun" }
Zack Anderson, KLJ Articles Editor The Export-Import (“Ex-Im Bank”) is a governmental agency which extends opportunities for credit for the purchase of United States produced goods, and its existence is currently in jeopardy. In fact, it hasn’t been active since June, when Congress declined to renew its charter. While some will argue that the access to capital that the Ex-Im Bank provides has been relied upon by businesses, and its closure allows other countries to take jobs away from the U.S., others will argue that the bank is a source of corporate welfare of the highest degree and should be terminated sooner, rather than later. The Ex-Im Bank was originally established by an executive order in 1934 but was later formalized by Congress as an independent agency in 1945. However, beginning in 2012, Congress chartered the Ex-Im Bank on three-year terms, which it allowed to lapse in June 2015 without renewal. This has caused an effective shuttering of the agency and a termination of all activities, other than outstanding obligations. The Ex-Im Bank serves three general functions. First, it is able to guarantee commercial loans to foreign purchasers who are buying domestically produced goods, essentially supplementing the creditworthiness of the United States for the purchasers. Second, it can guarantee payment to the domestic exporter if the buyer fails to perform. Last, the Ex-Im Bank can actually lend money to finance projects abroad. These functions enable domestic businesses that are shipping their products abroad, and the foreign purchasers who utilize these products, to conduct business where it otherwise is impossible due to limitations on commercial lending—be it excessive risk, lack of collateral, or general uncertainty. The effects of the Ex-Im Bank’s closure can be see through the relocation of job prospects from the United States to other countries who have similar financing agencies. This loss in opportunity raises the cost of business internationally. Because financing agencies such as the Ex-Im Bank typically have a requirement of fifty percent of domestic content and exportation from the home country, businesses must relocate their operations to utilize these programs. Therefore, although the loans provided by the Ex-Im Bank are short—usually one year—the implications from a temporary shutdown of the agency are large. However, all hope is not lost. Some United States politicians are keen on the importance of the Ex-Im Bank to U.S. competition abroad and have taken steps to revive it, including the use of a Congressional discharge petition to force a vote to renew its charter. However, differences in opinion regarding the effectiveness and importance of the Bank have formed strong divisions among supporters and critics and an analysis into the merits of both sides is warranted before advocating for its revival or ultimate closure. Opponents to the Bank typically rely on research that shows that the largest beneficiaries of the agency’s financing are suppliers of large corporations, namely Boeing and General Electric. While it may not be the largest or most important federal agency, the Ex-Im Bank serves a valuable purpose: providing loan guarantees to purchasers of U.S. exports which in turn supports domestic manufacturing. However, its critics will argue this purpose is illegitimate as businesses should shoulder the risk of their transactions and ample finance opportunities exist in the marketplace for both large and small businesses. So who is right, those in favor of government-supported lending, or those who bemoan the Ex-Im Bank as corporate welfare masquerading as financial assistance and job creation? J.D. expected May 2016. Susan Davis, Congress Lets Export-Import Bank Expire, USA Today (July 1, 2015, 12:26 PM), http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2015/06/30/export-import-bank-expiring-congress/29468333. Should Congress Reauthorize the Export-Import Bank?, Wall St. J. (Jan. 26, 2015), http://www.wsj.com/articles/should-congress-reauthorize-the-export-import-bank-1422244839. Export-Import Bank Act of 1945, 12 U.S.C. § 635 et seq. (1945). Export-Import Bank Reauthorization Act of 2012, Pub. L. No. 112-122 (2012). Gordan Gray, Ex-Im Bank: What Happens Now?, Am. Action F. (July 20, 2015), http://americanactionforum.org/insights/ex-im-bank-what-happens-now. Aaron Xavier Fellmeth, The Law of International Business Transactions 726 (2d ed. 2011). Nick Timiraos, General Electric Says to Move 500 U.S. Jobs Overseas Blaming Ex-Im Bank Closure, Wall St. J. (Sept. 15, 2015, 10:46 AM), http://www.wsj.com/articles/general-electric-says-to-move-500-u-s-jobs-overseas-due-to-ex-im-bank-closure-1442322192. Aaron Xavier Fellmeth, The Law of International Business Transactions 727 (2d ed. 2011). Jim Zarroli, Supporters in Congress Make New Attempt to Revive the Export-Import Bank, NPR (Oct. 25, 2015), http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2015/10/25/451749399/supporters-in-congress-make-new-attempt-to-revive-the-export-import-bank. See, e.g., Loren Thompson, Ten Valuable Things America Will Lose If The Export-Import Bank Dies, Forbes (Oct. 23, 2015, 10:14 AM), http://www.forbes.com/sites/lorenthompson/2015/10/23/ten-valuable-things-america-will-lose-if-the-export-import-bank-dies; Diane Katz, Export-Import Bank: Propaganda Versus the Facts, Heritage Found. (July 13, 2015), http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2015/07/exportimport-bank-propaganda-versus-the-facts; Ian Vásquez,Why We Don’t Need the Export-Import Bank, Cato Inst. (Aug. 25, 1997), http://www.cato.org/publications/commentary/why-we-dont-need-exportimport-bank. Diane Katz, Export-Import Bank: Propaganda Versus the Facts, Heritage Found. (July 13, 2015), http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2015/07/exportimport-bank-propaganda-versus-the-facts.	<urn:uuid:57cda8be-1858-4bd0-b576-51ba652631dc>	{ "date": "2019-08-23T01:24:08", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-35", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027317688.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20190822235908-20190823021908-00336.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9044070839881897, "score": 2.640625, "token_count": 1420, "url": "http://www.kentuckylawjournal.org/index.php/2015/10/28/the-export-import-bank-financier-or-corporate-welfare/" }
Problems such as bedwetting, urinary tract infections and complex genital and urinary tract disorders can be both physically and emotionally challenging. Treating children from birth to age 21, the Children’s Pediatric Urology department helps children and their families address these issues. The Children’s team includes pediatric urologists specially trained in the treatment of these disorders. Sometimes pediatric urology conditions require surgery. Children’s works to provide high-quality care for the full range of genital and urinary tract disorders, from the most common to the most complex. Our comprehensive services include consultation, evaluation, treatment and long-term assistance. How does the urinary system work? The body takes nutrients from food and converts them to energy. During this process waste products are left behind in the bowel and in the blood. The urinary system keeps chemicals, such as potassium, sodium, and water in a physiologic normal balance, and removes the waste products of body metabolism from the blood. Other important functions of the kidneys include the production of hormones important for the regulation of blood pressure (renin), and the production of red blood cells (erythropoietin). Facts about urine: - Adults pass about a quart and a half of urine each day, depending on the fluids and foods consumed. - The volume of urine formed at night is about half that formed in the daytime. - Normal urine is sterile. It contains fluids, salts and waste products, but it is free of bacteria, viruses and fungi. - The tissues of the bladder are isolated from urine and toxic substances by a coating that discourages bacteria from attaching and growing on the bladder wall.	<urn:uuid:4b61daf5-0100-46af-8885-5e7daa6ba654>	{ "date": "2014-03-11T13:45:32", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-10", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394011205602/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305092005-00006-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 4, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9436075687408447, "score": 3.515625, "token_count": 342, "url": "http://www.choa.org/childrens-hospital-services/urology" }
by Martin Hollmann How to design rigid airships and semi-rigid airships, gas bags, ballonets are discussed. Determine in-flight-airloads on airships and airship speed computer programs are included. Material fabrics available from Dupont, ILC Dover and Raven as well as a brief history of early airships is presented. 50 pages and many pictures.	<urn:uuid:48ffd966-b92e-4513-ac69-ec5c4ba85d59>	{ "date": "2018-09-22T23:28:35", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-39", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267158766.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20180922221246-20180923001646-00496.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9306023120880127, "score": 2.65625, "token_count": 79, "url": "https://www.aircraftdesigns.com/product/modern-airship-design/" }
Jesus often used parables and other indirect rhetorical devices, some that represented more complete stories like "The Laborers in the Vineyard," (Matthew 20:1-16), some that offered shorter insights like "The Pompous Pharisee and the Sinful Tax Collector" (Luke 18:9-14), and many that present thought-provoking short metaphorical commentaries like "Putting New Wine in Old Wineskins" (Matthew 9:17), and "The Leaven" (Matthew 13:33). The Bible often requires us to think about what is meant by something like "…a dog returneth to his vomit." (Proverbs 26:11) These verbal devices cause the listener (or reader) to come to the truth through thought on underlying truths. Jesus also employed these methods when being challenged by those who wanted to hand him over to the state to be tortured and killed. One of the verbal devices used by Jesus was the technique of giving the question back to the belligerent asker to require him to figure out the truth for himself. It avoided confrontation while at the same time presenting the truth in the conversation if the asker chose to honestly follow logic and obtain the true conclusion. One such occasion involved an attempt to get Jesus to say something about the evil nature of the state that would result in him being imprisoned. This may be the only time recorded when Jesus (rather than one of his apostles) actually conversed directly on the topic of the nature of the state. The loaded question was carefully constructed and posed by the interrogators with the assumption that there was no way for Jesus to present an answer that wouldn't anger the state's minions resulting in Jesus' arrest. 15 Then went the Pharisees, and took counsel how they might entangle him in his talk. 16 And they sent out unto him their disciples with the Herodians, saying, Master, we know that thou art true, and teachest the way of God in truth, neither carest thou for any man: for thou regardest not the person of men. 17 Tell us therefore, What thinkest thou? Is it lawful to give tribute unto Caesar, or not? 18 But Jesus perceived their wickedness, and said, Why tempt ye me, ye hypocrites? 19 Shew me the tribute money. And they brought unto him a penny. 20 And he saith unto them, Whose is this image and superscription? 21 They say unto him, Caesar’s. Then saith he unto them, Render therefore unto Caesar the things which are Caesar’s; and unto God the things that are God’s. 22 When they had heard these words, they marvelled, and left him, and went their way. What should we derive from this? Jesus clearly gives the question back to the asker by saying to render unto Caesar the things which are Caesar's. The asker was given the task to do the thinking. This answer avoided confrontation with those who would have immediately bound him in chains if it was stated more directly. So, Jesus has the interrogator ask himself, "what things are Caesar's?" Friedrich Nietzsche said, "Everything the State says is a lie, and everything it has it has stolen." Frederic Bastiat pointed out that men “can secure the means of existence in two ways: by creating them or by stealing them” (Economic Harmonies, p. 479) Bastiat, said that "The Romans could not fail to consider property anything but a purely conventional fact — a product, an artificial, of written law. Evidently they could not go back, as political economy does, to the very nature of man and perceive the relations and necessary connections that exist among wants, faculties, labor, and property." He said that it "would have been absurd and suicidal for them" to do so because "they lived by looting, when all their property was the fruit of plunder, when they had based their whole way of life on the labor of slaves." (Selected Essays on Political Economy, p. 101). In other words, what the state claimed as its property was actually stolen. A state decree of written "law" attempted to legitimize the theft from those who actually owned the property which they obtained through their own production or voluntary exchange. This scriptural passage is often used incorrectly to postulate that Jesus was a statist. The true meaning couldn't be farther from that. The passage itself directly states that Jesus perceived their, "wickedness." Jesus then masterfully has us ponder and determine what the state really owns. The answer is nothing. Give Caesar what pertains to him. You do the math. David Hathaway [send him mail] is a former supervisory DEA Agent who homeschools his nine children. He enjoys writing about the injustices of the state.	<urn:uuid:45b3fce8-549b-46a1-9925-cd880d9c1288>	{ "date": "2014-12-23T00:21:17", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-52", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802777418.140/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075257-00107-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.974709689617157, "score": 2.765625, "token_count": 1003, "url": "http://www.lewrockwell.com/2012/09/david-hathaway/give-unto-ceasar/" }
Neem oil is a vegetable oil pressed from the fruits and seeds of the Neem tree, Azadirachta indica, which is endemic to the Indian sub-continent and has been introduced to many other areas in the tropics. It is perhaps the most important of the commercially available products of neem. The oil is generally light to dark brown, bitter and has a rather strong odour that is said to combine the odours of peanut and garlic. It comprises mainly triglycerides and large amounts of triterpenoid compounds, which are responsible for the bitter taste. It is hydrophobic in nature and in order to emulisify it in water for application purposes, it must be formulated with appropriate surfactants. Neem oil also contains steroids (campesterol, beta-sitosterol, stigmasterol) and a plethora of triterpenoids of which Azadirachtin is the most well known and studied. The Azadirachtin content of Neem Oil varies from 300ppm to over 2000ppm depending on the quality of the neem seeds crushed. \|Average composition of Neem Oil fatty acids\| \|Common Name\|\|Acid Name\|\|Average Percentage Range\| \|Omega-6 fatty acid\|\|Linoleic acid\|\|6\|\|to\|\|16%\| \|Omega-9 fatty acid\|\|Oleic acid\|\|25\|\|to\|\|54%\| \|Palmitic acid\|\|Hexadecanoic acid\|\|16\|\|to\|\|33%\| \|Stearic acid\|\|Octadecanoic acid\|\|9\|\|to\|\|24%\| \|Omega-3 fatty acid\|\|Alpha-linolenic acid\|\|??\|\|to\|\|?%\| \|Palmitoleic acid\|\|9-Hexadecenoic acid\|\|??\|\|to\|\|??%\| The method of processing is likely to affect the composition of the oil, since the methods used, such as pressing (expelling) or solvent extraction are unlikely to remove exactly the same mix of components in the same proportions.The Neem oil yield that can be obtained from neem seed kernels varies also widely in literature and varies from 25% to 45%. The oil can be obtained through pressing (crushing) of the seed kernel both through cold pressing or through a process incorporating temperature controls. Neem seed oil can also be obtained by solvent extraction of the neem seed, fruit, oilcake or kernel. A large industry in India extracts the oil remaining in the seed cake using hexane. This solvent-extracted oil is of a lower quality as compared to the cold pressed oil and is mostly used for soap manufacturing. Neem cake is a by-product obtained in the solvent extraction process for neem oil. Neem oil is not used for cooking purposes but, in India and Bangladesh, it is used for preparing cosmetics (soap, hair products, body hygiene creams, hand creams) and in Ayurvedic, Unani and other traditional medicines is used in the treatment of a wide range of afflictions. The most frequently reported indications in ancient Ayurvedic writings are skin diseases, inflammations and fevers, and more recently rheumatic disorders, insect repellent and insecticidal effects. Traditional Ayurvedic uses of neem include the treatment of fever, leprosy, malaria, ophthalmia and tuberculosis. Various folk remedies for neem include use as an anthelmintic, antifeedant, antiseptic, diuretic, emmenagogue, contraceptive, febrifuge, parasiticide, pediculocide and insecticide. It has been used in traditional medicine for the treatment of tetanus, urticaria, eczema, scrofula and erysipelas. Traditional routes of administration of neem extracts included oral, vaginal and topical use. Neem oil has an extensive history of human use in India and surrounding regions for a variety of therapeutic purposes. Formulations made of Neem oil also find wide usage as a bio-pesticide for organic farming, as it repels a wide variety of pests including the mealy bug, beet armyworm, aphids, the cabbage worm, nematodes and the Japanese beetle. Neem Oil is non-toxic to mammals and birds as well as many beneficial insects such as honeybees and lady bugs. Neem oil also controls black spot, powdery mildew, anthracnose and rust. Applied in a spray at 100:1 or 200:1. Agitation is recommended. - Evaluation of Cold-Pressed Oil from the Seed Kernels of Azadirachta Indica (A.Juss), Meliaceae (Neem) for use in Listable Therapeutic Goods; Office of Complementary Medicines, Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA), Australia - N. Kaushik and S. Vir. Variations in fatty acid composition of neem seeds collected from the Rajasthan state of India; Biochemical Society Transactions 2000 Volume 28, part 6 - Schmutterer, H. (Editor) (2002) The Neem Tree: Source of Unique Natural Products for Integrated Pest Management, Medicine, Industry And Other Purposes (Hardcover),2nd Edition, Weinheim,Germany: VCH Verlagsgesellschaft .ISBN 3-527-30054-6 - Vietmeyer, N. D. (Director) (1992), Neem: A Tree for Solving Global Problems. Report of an ad hoc panel of the Board on Science and Technology for International Development, National Research Council, Washington, DC, USA: National Academy Press. pp.71-72. ISBN 0-309-04686-6	<urn:uuid:ec1d0499-8827-496e-84a4-f566947efb9c>	{ "date": "2017-02-28T14:51:20", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-09", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501174163.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104614-00464-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8822932243347168, "score": 2.90625, "token_count": 1198, "url": "https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Horticulture/Neem_Oil" }
Britain and the World Edited by The British Scholar Society Britain's influence on the world was profound and far-reaching, touching every continent and subject, from Africa to South America and archaeology to zoology. From the sixteenth century onward, the histories of Britain and the world became increasingly interrelated. Yet mainstream British history is still prone to neglect the world's influence upon domestic developments, and British overseas history to a considerable extent remains dominated by the study of the British Empire. This series takes a broader approach to Britain and the world history, from the sixteenth century to the present day, seeking to investigate the extent of Britain's influence on the world, and on the world's influence on Britain.	<urn:uuid:df41a724-baca-4967-a605-6b10e86edb29>	{ "date": "2018-02-18T21:54:25", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-09", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891812259.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20180218212626-20180218232626-00256.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.928668737411499, "score": 2.515625, "token_count": 141, "url": "https://www.palgrave.com/gb/series/14795?facet-subj=subj__724000" }
Here is an interesting piece on the current crisis, from Discovery News: According to a new study in Geophysical Research Letters, global warming may have hit a speed bump and could go into hiding for decades. Earth's climate continues to confound scientists. Following a 30-year trend of warming, global temperatures have flatlined since 2001 despite rising greenhouse gas concentrations, and a heat surplus that should have cranked up the planetary thermostat. "This is nothing like anything we've seen since 1950," Kyle Swanson of the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee said. "Cooling events since then had firm causes, like eruptions or large-magnitude La Ninas. This current cooling doesn't have one." Instead, Swanson and colleague Anastasios Tsonis think a series of climate processes have aligned, conspiring to chill the climate. In 1997 and 1998, the tropical Pacific Ocean warmed rapidly in what Swanson called a "super El Nino event." It sent a shock wave through the oceans and atmosphere, jarring their circulation patterns into unison. How does this square with temperature records from 2005-2007, by some measurements among the warmest years on record? When added up with the other four years since 2001, Swanson said the overall trend is flat, even though temperatures should have gone up by 0.2 degrees Centigrade (0.36 degrees Fahrenheit) during that time. The discrepancy gets to the heart of one of the toughest problems in climate science -- identifying the difference between natural variability (like the occasional March snowstorm) from human-induced change. But just what's causing the cooling is a mystery. Sinking water currents in the north Atlantic Ocean could be sucking heat down into the depths. Or an overabundance of tropical clouds may be reflecting more of the sun's energy than usual back out into space. "It is possible that a fraction of the most recent rapid warming since the 1970s was due to a free variation in climate," Isaac Held of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration in Princeton, New Jersey wrote in an email to Discovery News. "Suggesting that the warming might possibly slow down or even stagnate for a few years before rapid warming commences again." Swanson thinks the trend could continue for up to 30 years. But he warned that it's just a hiccup, and that humans' penchant for spewing greenhouse gases will certainly come back to haunt us. "When the climate kicks back out of this state, we'll have explosive warming," Swanson said. "Thirty years of greenhouse gas radiative forcing will still be there and then bang, the warming will return and be very aggressive." Let’s review, shall we? 1. There has been no global warming for at least eight years, according to these climate scientists. I gather that this is the consensus. 2. During that time, man-made greenhouse gases have been increasing. 3. The climate models on which global warming predict an increase in temperature, contrary to what actually happened. 4. No one seems to have any idea why this cooling period is taking place. 5. It is possible that a fraction of the most recent rapid warming since the 1970s was due to a free variation in climate.” 6. You can count on global warming kicking back in in about, oh, thirty years or so. Now that’s a lot to chew on. Consider items 1-3: that’s what we used to call “falsification.” It’s something every legitimate scientific theory or hypothesis must be subject to. Of course one piece of contrary evidence doesn’t mean that the former is false, but it certainly does weaken it. Number five is very significant because that period of pretty steep warming has always constituted the main empirical evidence for AGW. But in spite of having no idea why the climate is behaving like it is, Dr. Swanson reassures us that “warming will return and be very aggressive.” How he could possible know that is anyone’s guess. Surely thirty years of grace when it comes to global warming should be good news? I predict that this study will completely uninteresting to the mainstream press.	<urn:uuid:73f1d176-e7ad-441e-b6f6-1bc83bb2e59b>	{ "date": "2017-01-22T08:09:53", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-04", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281419.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00330-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.95280921459198, "score": 3.078125, "token_count": 868, "url": "http://southdakotapolitics.blogs.com/south_dakota_politics/2009/03/global-warming-on-hold-.html" }
Lawrence C. Paulson, Computer Laboratory, University of Cambridge Research associates: Tanja Vos (to 17 March 2000), Sidi O. Ehmety Funded by the EPSRC (1 October 1999 to 16 June 2003). Grant reference GR/M75440/01. Value £157,756 Background. UNITY is a formalism for proving the correctness of concurrent systems. It supports a simple model of concurrent programming. There is a single, global state. A program consists of an initial condition and a set of actions. The latter is a collection of guarded atomic commands that are repeatedly executed under some fairness constraint. UNITY includes a small fragment of temporal logic. While primitive compared with TLA , it supplies well-understood methods for proving both safety and progress (liveness) properties. UNITY is of enduring interest: introduced in 1988, it is still investigated by many researchers. UNITY gives a general treatment of concurrent systems, especially those based on shared variables. The original textbook specified commands to be simultaneous assignments to variables. Researchers later realized that any commands could be allowed, provided a command always terminated and that each program included a skip (do nothing) command [16, 17]. UNITY supersedes the ad-hoc formalisms that authors sometimes introduce when verifying concurrent programs. The input language of Murphi, a popular model-checker, is based on UNITY . The Isabelle mechanization regards a program as a triple: the set of program states, the set of allowed initial states, and the set of commands. A command (or action) is a relation on the set of program states. The set of possible finite traces is defined inductively. Predicates on states are identified with sets of states. Similarly, program properties (or specifications) are identified with sets of programs, by analogy with the 'proofs as programs' approach. Identifying program properties with sets allows a smooth formalization of the guarantees operator discussed below. Safety properties are expressed using the constrains operator co (also called next), which expresses the usual precondition-postcondition relationship. The meaning of F : A co B is that if A holds and some action of program F is executed, then B will hold afterwards. (Recall that specifications are identified with sets of programs; equivalently, co may be regarded as a 3-place relation.) If the postcondition equals the precondition then the property holds forever once established and is called stable. A stable property that holds initially is called invariant. Progress properties are expressed using the leads-to relation. The meaning of F : A \|-> B is that if A holds now then B will hold eventually as program F executes. Leads-to properties depend upon which fairness policy is adopted. Misra describes three: minimal progress, weak fairness and strong fairness. Most work assumes weak fairness, which guarantees that a command will eventually be executed if it is enabled continuously. UNITY has been mechanized using other tools. HOL-UNITY is impressive. It provides much automation and includes a graphical interface for outlining progress proofs, but it does not address program composition. Coq-UNITY has its own treatment of composition: a program has an additional component defining the set of actions it may be composed with. This treatment seems limited and does not appear to be used by other researchers. This proposal starts from the notion of the union of two programs: essentially, parallel composition. If F and G are two programs defined over the same state space, then F \|\| G is also a program. Its initial condition is the intersection of those of F and G, while its set of actions is the union of F's and G's actions. Our goal is to derive properties of F \|\| G from the abstract properties of F and G without having to consider the actions of F \|\| G explicitly. We can reason in this compositional way about safety. If F : A co B and G : A co B then clearly F \|\| G : A co B, since an action of F \|\| G is either an action of F or an action of G, and all those actions take the precondition A to the postcondition B. However, such reasoning does not work for progress. Even if F : A \|-> B and G : A \|-> B, we cannot expect that F \|\| G : A \|-> B because the two programs might interfere with each other. For example, if x is a shared variable, then F might increment x and G might decrement x; each program guarantees that eventually \|x\| > 10, but F \|\| G does not: it can alternately increment and decrement x forever. Several researchers have proposed methods for reasoning about compositional systems. Chandy and Sanders base their work on existential and universal properties. A property X is existential provided that if F satisfies X then F \|\| G satisfies X. It is universal provided that if F, G satisfy X then F \|\| G satisfies X. These simple notions allow a compositional approach to progress based upon transient assertions (which are existential) and safety assertions (which are universal), combined using the PSP law. Chandy and Sanders also introduce guarantees assertions. If F : X guarantees Y, then for all G, if F \|\| G satisfies X, then F \|\| G also satisfies Y. (Here X and Y are program properties: safety, progress, or even other guarantees properties. Such assertions provide a general means of proving safety and progress properties of systems that take F as a component. The theory outlined above allows reasoning about F \|\| G where the two components cooperate to make progress. Equally important is the case where F makes progress and G does not interfere. Meier and Sanders give a general treatment of non-interference, superseding the work of several previous authors. Central to their approach is the notion of progress set, which generalizes the sufficient conditions of previous non-interference theorems. The literature includes much more in this vein. With the help of mechanical proof tools, this theory can be subjected to formal scrutiny and applied to examples. UNITY proofs have traditionally been done by hand. Many unstated assumptions make mechanization difficult. For example, if x is a local variable of F, then obviously the only actions of F \|\| G that can modify x are actions of F. All such 'obvious' properties have to be made explicit and given effective proof support. The very notion of state is problematical. Insisting that a state should be a function from variable names to values is restrictive. Allowing states to remain abstract yields a more elegant formalization, allowing for instance Cartesian product constructions over state spaces. The elegance is marred when we consider variable sharing, particularly the sort that identifies the variables F[i ].out and G.in[i]. We now have the choice between complicating the theory to admit such sharing or forcing states after all to be functions over variables. In the later case, the variable names will become equivalence classes. Both approaches are complicated. A third approach to extending and renaming state variables could be based upon the work of Marques . Determining which approach is best will require experimentation. This is a key task of the proposal, and is independent of the various theories of composition. The next step is to mechanize the theory of Chandy and Sanders , which is the most attractive of the existing theories of composition. One feature that distinguishes their work from many other 'rely-guarantee' models is that assertions refer to the full system, rather than distinguishing the component from its environment. This facilitates the analysis of systems comprising many components. Paulson has already mechanized parts of this theory, but much work remains, and all such work is preliminary until the notion of state (discussed above) is finalized. The next step is to evaluate the environment by performing some case studies. The first will be the Allocator of Chandy and Charpentier . In this example, several clients request and return resources (represented by tokens), while an allocator attempts to satisfy the requests. Since the design is compositional, the allocator and a typical client are specified separately. Properties of the allocator are proved under the assumption that clients are well-behaved (for instance, they return resources eventually). A typical client is verified under analogous assumptions. Many clients and the allocator can be combined to form a system, which is verified by reasoning about how the components interact. This proof is expressed in terms of the abstract properties of the components and can be performed before the components themselves have been verified. The Allocator example admits several variations and generalizations. For example, the clients and allocator can communicate via shared variables (instantaneously) or via a network. Such distinctions are important; exhausting these possibilities will take some time. The expertise and mechanical theories derived from the first case study will allow more elaborate ones to be investigated. There are other examples in the literature, but ideally, new examples will be designed in collaboration with the UNITY teams at Caltech or Austin. Other theories for verifying compositional systems will also be investigated. One possibility is the progress sets of Meier and Sanders ; another is Misra's closure properties . More speculatively, another possibility is to apply the mechanical formalisms to Misra's theory of multiprogramming, Seuss . Flemming Andersen, Kim Dam Petersen, and Jimmi S. Pettersson. Program verification using HOL-UNITY. In J. Joyce and C. Seger, editors, Higher Order Logic Theorem Proving and Its Applications: HUG '93, LNCS 780, pages 1–15. Springer, 1994. K. Mani Chandy and Michel Charpentier. An experiment in program composition and proof, 1998. preprint. K. Mani Chandy and Jayadev Misra. Parallel Program Design: A Foundation. Addison-Wesley, 1988. K. Mani Chandy and Beverly A. Sanders. Reasoning about program composition, 1998. preprint. Michel Charpentier, Mamoun Filali, Philippe Mauran, Gérard Padiou, and Philippe Quéinnec. Tailoring UNITY to distributed program design. In Rolim , pages 820–832. David L. Dill, Andreas J. Drexler, Alan J. Hu, and C. Han Yang. Protocol verification as a hardware design aid. In Computer Design: VLSI in Computers and Processors, pages 522–525. IEEE Computer Society Press, October 1992. Jim Grundy and Malcolm Newey, editors. Theorem Proving in Higher Order Logics: Emerging Trends. Supplementary proceedings, TPHOLs '98. Technical report 98–08, Department of Computer Science, Australian National University, 1998. Barbara Heyd and Pierre Crégut. A modular coding of UNITY in COQ.In von Wright et al. , pages 251–266. Kolyang, T. Santen, and B. Wolff. A structure preserving encoding of Z in Isabelle/HOL. In von Wright et al. , pages 283–298. Leslie Lamport. The temporal logic of actions. ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems, 16(3):872–923, May 1994. François Marques. Program composition in COQ-UNITY. In Grundy and Newey , pages 95–104. David Meier and Beverly Sanders. Composing leads-to properties. Technical Report TR 96–013, Department of Computer and Information Science, University of Florida, 1996. Stephan Merz. Yet another encoding of TLA in Isabelle. Technical report, Institut für Informatik, TU München, 1997. Jayadev Misra. A family of 2-process mutual exclusion algorithms. February 1990. Notes on UNITY: 13–90. Jayadev Misra. Closure properties. Sep 1994. Jayadev Misra. A logic for concurrent programming: Progress. Journal of Computer and Software Engineering, 3(2):273–300, 1995. Jayadev Misra. A logic for concurrent programming: Safety. Journal of Computer and Software Engineering, 3(2):239–272, 1995. Jayadev Misra. An object model for multiprogramming. In Rolim . José Rolim, editor. Parallel and Distributed Processing, LNCS 1388, 1998. J. von Wright, J. Grundy, and J. Harrison, editors. Theorem Proving in Higher Order Logics: TPHOLs '96, LNCS 1125, 1996. Lawrence C. Paulson	<urn:uuid:f6536a4a-24ce-4850-817a-c4f52daf3e46>	{ "date": "2014-09-02T18:59:34", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-35", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1409535922763.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20140909043232-00095-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9088541865348816, "score": 2.765625, "token_count": 2630, "url": "http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~lp15/Grants/UNITY/index.html" }
Home > Preview The flashcards below were created by user on FreezingBlue Flashcards. What is Michael Kirton's KIA Instrument (adaption-innovation theory)? It is a model of problem solving and creativity, which aims to increase collaboration and reduce conflict between groups. According to Mr. Kirton's book Adaption-Innovation: In the context of Change and Diversity what are the 2styles and how do the knowledge of the factors involved in his theory help us? - 1. Adaptors - 2. Innovators - Helpful Factors - 1. Difficulties/Challenges - 2. Opportunities/Benifits - 3. Style vs. Level of Performance What does the adaptors do? - People that lean in this direction tend to employ deciplined, precise and methodical approaches. - Prefer to solve existing problems rather than find new problems. - Like to refine existing practices. ie. Accountants, Engineers,Civil Servants How are knowing style vs. level of performance helpful? Kirton found that style is not at all related to a person's effectiveness. Style ie. adaptor innovator How are knowing the opportunities /benefits helpful? The reason that studying these styles is benificial is that we can learn to value both approaches and see them as complimentary insted of contradictory. How do understanding Difficulties/Challenges help? - Styles tend to clash. - Adaptors view innovators as impractical and abbrassive and overly cavilier with ideas and creators of chaos. While Innovators view adaptors as dogmatic and detail driven. What do innovators do? Tend to approach tasks from unusual angles. Like to discover new problems and avenues of solutions. Question basic assumptions related to current practices and have little tolerance of routine or detailed work. Discuss the five categories of individuals who have different ways of accepting change? - 1. Innovators - 2. Early Adopters - 3. Early Majority - 4. Late Majority - 5. Laggards How do Early Majority handle change? This is 34% of the population and they constitute the tipping point of whether an idea catches on or not. Seldom hold positions of opinion leadership in a social system. Deliberate some time before adopting a new innovation. How do Late Majorities handle change? This is 34% of the population that accept change a little later, but still in a respectable period of time. These folks are skepticle for change and may adopt change out of necessity or peer pressure.They do not adopt change until a Majority has done so. How do Laggards accept change? The last 16% of the population and tend to resisit change more than the other types. Tend to possess almost no opinion leadership. Tend to be isolates in a social system. Look to the past rather than the future. Suspicious of innovationand those that promote them. Who should leaders focus their change efforts on? All of them, but Early Majority would probably be the group I would focus on. If you have that 34% they will more likely get the Late Majority to come on board. What is Cognitive Dissonance and how can knowing about this help you become a better leader? Theory originated with Leon Festinger at Stanford University. It is a mental dicomfort you are being torn between two competing choices. To be a quitter or fixer is up to you. What are the two major aspects of change and how can this help you as a leader? - Danger/oppotunity, to make different - People tend to resist it. It can help you manage change. Explain inferences and why it is important to know about them. It is when you draw a conclusion that goes beyond what is known and is based on a guess or assumtion. Because you make act incorrectly on assumed information. What are the seven tactics for managing change? - 1.Education/Communication- Valid information - 2.Participation- Get them involved in process - 3.Facilitation and Support- Provide training - 4.Negotiation- Between the two parties involved - 5.Co-Optation- Assign someone else to solve issue - 6.Manipulation- Hidden agenda is present - 7.Coercion- Forcing a person to do something What are the two different phases of creativity and how do you think you can use these in your life, give specific example? 1. Divergent Thinking- First step in problem solving. This is a practice of generating many diverse ideas in order to find the best ones.(Mining for diamonds) 2. Convergent Thinking- The need for people to reach an agreement to support an idea. Explain the four parts of the Shamrock Organization model. - First Leaf- Core employees -Typical model (9-5) - Second Leaf- Contract employees (limited term) - Third Leaf- Employees that work from home (Online) - Stem- Customer (self service) How can a knowledge of the Shamrock Organization model help you? - 1. Have exciting new products - 2. Be lowest cost prvider - 3. Have truly exceptional service Know where to cut or tweak organization. Describe the concept of reframing and give an example of how you think you can use this in your life? Changing your way of thinking by changing your frame of reference. What is the Mozart effect? Title of book by Donald Campbell. The theory that music can develop peoples brains in non-obvious ways. What are three ways the Mozart Effect can improve your own creativity? - 1.Fluency- Create an environment that forces creativity (Darwin) - 2. Flexability- Abbility to see novel combinations (velcro) - 3. Risk-Taking- Create organization that is willing to allow for risk and reasonable failures. What are some ways companies are using “weird ideas that work?” - 1.Vu ja de- Seeing old things new ways. - 2.Retrograde Inversion- Looking at things upside down and backwards. Segway, Flexus roll up keyboard, Realestate How do you think these “weird ideas” can be applied to your job or at EMU? What does Margaret Mead’s anthropological research in New Guinea tell us about organizational culture? Her main finding was that culture radically shapes peoples behaviors. What would you like to do? Home > Flashcards > Print Preview	<urn:uuid:b98a5a38-7ec0-4663-907c-f880163ed72d>	{ "date": "2017-04-24T05:39:24", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-17", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917119080.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031159-00292-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9146628975868225, "score": 3.125, "token_count": 1397, "url": "https://www.freezingblue.com/flashcards/print_preview.cgi?cardsetID=49979" }
Keywords: Concurrency, Java Multithreading, Threads Multithreading is an essential feature of Java. In this tutorial I will focus on explaining the basics of Java Threads, how to use them and how to feel comfortable with them. You will find lots of examples focused on single feature or method. Learning through examples is usually the best way to understand programming languages. For running these examples you can use an IDE like Eclispe or Netbeans, and if you don’t like to install them you can search for an online Java IDE. What is Java thread? Threads are lightweight processes used by Java to support concurrency. All Java programs has at least one thread – the main thread, created by the JVM at the start of the program and executing the content of the main method. Every Java thread is created and managed by Thread class. How to create threads in Java? Each thread is associated with an instance of Thread. You can create threads in two different ways - With Thread instance - Separating the thread logic from its management Here are two very basic examples of the two different approaches – create another thread: First I will subclass Thread And the next one will implements Runnable. At the end you again need to create a thread instance and pass the Runnable object to it. How to manage a thread Sleep – its time to sleep The sleep method is used to suspend the current thread execution for a fixed amount of time and its used to make execution time available for other threads. Keep in mind that sleep time is not precise because it relies on the OS running on this device. So you can’t be sure if the thread will sleep the given time period precisely – and this question is often used in Java tests, especially job tests. Also keep in mind that the method sleep throws InterruptedException and you must state that your method throws it or you need to add a try-catch block. Example of using Thread.sleep: And the result of the code above: We have another thread! Buy from main thread I like to sleep Join (join the dark side) or at least Thread.join This method allows one thread to wait for the completion of another. The current thread pauses and the thread which join method is called takes over. You can specify a time period but again like sleep the time period is not precise and depends on the OS. Here is the same example with join: This will be the end of part one. Part two will look at synchronization and a bit of more complex topics about Java Threads.	<urn:uuid:fbb9734b-2bb6-438e-a010-b87d31bb62b3>	{ "date": "2017-09-20T03:47:01", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-39", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818686169.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20170920033426-20170920053426-00576.warc.gz", "int_score": 4, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9286712408065796, "score": 3.75, "token_count": 541, "url": "http://tutorialhere.com/easy-java-threads-tutorial/" }
Device writes on water Researchers at Akishima Laboratories (Mitsui Zosen), working in conjunction with professor Shigeru Naito of Osaka University, have developed a device that uses waves to draw text and pictures on the surface of water. The device consists of 50 water wave generators encircling a cylindrical tank 1.6 meters in diameter and 30 cm deep (about the size of a backyard kiddie pool). The wave generators move up and down in controlled motions to simultaneously produce a number of cylindrical waves that act as pixels. The pixels, which measure 10 cm in diameter and 4 cm in height, are combined to form lines and shapes. The device is capable of spelling out the entire roman alphabet, as well as some simple kanji characters. Each letter or picture remains on the water surface only for a moment, but they can be produced in succession on the surface every 3 seconds. I don't see a use for this but at least it looks cool. And once we perfect writing on water we can work on more important things. Like writing on the moon. With a giant laser. To carve my name.	<urn:uuid:c4931df7-acf1-481d-bbea-102bd1a019e0>	{ "date": "2014-09-23T04:22:46", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-41", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657137948.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011217-00300-ip-10-234-18-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9392647743225098, "score": 3.25, "token_count": 233, "url": "http://geekologie.com/2006/07/device-writes-on-water.php" }
What does a Fuel Injector do? The Fuel Injector is an electronically controlled valve that is supplied with pressurized fuel by the fuel pump and when energized atomizes the fuel into a fine mist so that it can burn easily by the vehicle’s engine. Where are Fuel Injectors located? The fuel injector is mounted in the intake manifold so that fuel is sprayed directly at the intake valves. A fuel supply rail connects all of the fuel injectors to the fuel supply. Will a malfunctioning Fuel Injector illuminate the check engine light or affect vehicle operation? A failing sensor can illuminate the MIL and cause the engine to run too rich or lean, leading to misfire and loss of power. What are the common causes of failure? Improper fuel filter maintenance can cause the injector to clog with debris. Poor quality fuel often results in deposits on the fuel injector disrupting the fuel spray pattern. How to determine if these injectors are malfunctioning. The CLEEN Fuel Injection Cleaning Kit (CST100C) can test fuel pumps, pressure regulators and diagnose leaking fuel injectors. An injector balance test with a scan tool will determine fuel contribution and an injector drop test will determine fuel flow through each injector. What makes BWD Fuel Injectors the best. - BWD flow matched injectors promote smooth engine operation and balanced fuel delivery reducing overall fuel consumption and harmful emissions - Stainless steel calibration slide and spring assembly prevents corrosion within the fuel control body leading to an extended service life - Precision wound and trimmed solenoid windings allow the computer to command efficient delivery of fuel - High-temp Viton o-rings enable prolonged sealing of injector under extreme heat conditions View our Fuel Injection Replacement video View our Cleen Plan video View our 21st Century Tune-Up® video video Back to Just the Facts	<urn:uuid:5d81a07e-3700-4071-83f7-6cb2f0cbb1a0>	{ "date": "2015-01-27T10:19:26", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-06", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422122238694.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124175718-00165-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8704329133033752, "score": 2.609375, "token_count": 395, "url": "http://www.bwdbrand.com/BWD%20-%20Just%20The%20Facts-Fuel%20Injectors/Content.aspx" }
Oysters Australia IPA: Pacific Oyster Mortality Syndrome (POMS) – closing knowledge gaps to continue farming C. gigas in Australia University of Sydney (USYD) POMS, caused by OsHV-1, has devastated C. gigas farming in two estuaries in NSW. Australia’s other growing areas are free (survey 2011). Expert opinion is that the virus will spread, but the time frame is unpredictable; TAS and SA are at great risk. Research to find a solution to continue farming is an immediate priority to protect the ~$53M pa industry. Farming C. gigas in the face of POMS requires improvements in both husbandry and genetics. Genetically resistant stock will not be available commercially until 2018, with partial resistance (POMS R&D Coordination Committee report). Improved husbandry is needed at all stages of the production cycle. It is addressed by this application, which builds on research in FRDC projects 2011/053 and 2012/032 that led to breakthroughs in understanding the epidemiology of POMS: mortality can be completely prevented in hatcheries using relatively simple water treatments, and reduced by 50% in adult stock (but not juveniles) by raising the growing height. However, many growers do not have infrastructure for this. In June 2014 industry stated it would benefit from information about consistency of seasonal infection, changes in the virus, hatchery biosecurity, and whether spat can be certified free from infection. Growers at SAOGA August 2014 reiterated that they urgently need a strategy for juvenile grow out and rack and rail systems that can't easily be elevated. Priorities were confirmed in a face to face meeting with TORC members on 28th August 2014. Objectives were reviewed by Oysters Australia R&D committee on 1/12/14, and modified accordingly, leading to this full application. This project fits within the FRDC 2015 Environment Priority 5: development of robust methodologies for investigation of mollusk disease outbreaks; integrated health management for commercial molluscs, which flow from priorities of the Aquatic Animal Health Subprogram. 1. To determine methods for the conditioning/husbandry of spat and juvenile oysters to obtain survival after exposure to OsHV-1 based on improved scientific understanding of exposure, pathogenesis, immunity, tolerance or latency 2. To confirm i) the consistency of seasonal patterns of POMS, ii) the periodicity of infection within season, iii) inter-estuary temperature variation, and iv) predict POMS seasonal behaviour. 3. To identify changes in OsHV-1 DNA sequence over time (2010-2016) to understand infection and disease patterns 4. To investigate the mechanisms of survival of Pacific oysters after exposure to OsHV-1, including assessment of exposure dose and using biosensors 5. To determine whether water treatments prevent OsHV-1 infection of spat or merely prevent mortality, and whether they can be applied for biosecurity of hatchery effluent 6. To describe an integrated disease control strategy based on complementary use of genetically resistant oysters (when available) and husbandry methods throughout the production cycle: hatchery-juvenile-growout to market 7. To build capacity in aquatic animal health for Australian industry through training a post graduate student	<urn:uuid:3a83cada-475f-4ad3-8933-03492b14738d>	{ "date": "2019-07-17T13:15:12", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-30", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195525187.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20190717121559-20190717143559-00296.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9238815903663635, "score": 2.8125, "token_count": 687, "url": "https://www.frdc.com.au/project/2014-040" }
With flu season beginning earlier in Arizona and the nation this year and expected to be worse than usual, health experts continue to urge individuals to get vaccinated. "Getting vaccinated against flu is a key step you can take to prevent having the flu yourself, as well as spreading it to others," said Lynn Carosella, RN, an infection control nurse at Scottsdale Healthcare. Carosella urged vaccination annually because the flu vaccine is reformulated each year to address the strains of flu virus being seen across the nation. There are two types of flu vaccines: The actual "flu shot" vaccine that contains killed flu virus and a nasal-spray flu vaccine, which contains a live, weakened flu virus. "Neither will cause you to catch the flu. Flu vaccine also will not prevent disease from other viruses," said Carosella. The shot is approved for individuals aged six months and up. The nasal vaccine is approved for people ages 2 to 49 who are not pregnant. If you have had a bad reaction to flu vaccine in the past, ask your doctor before being vaccinated. While flu vaccination is the best way to prevent the flu, Carosella noted that other ways to increase your chances of remaining flu-free include: • Wash your hands after covering a cough, sneeze and blowing your nose. • Cough or sneeze into a tissue, or cough into your sleeve. Flu viruses are primarily spread through droplets that are coughed or sneezed from an infected person. • Avoid close contact with those who are sick. If you are sick, avoid contact with others. • Try not to touch your nose, eyes or mouth. • Keep your immune system strong by eating a healthy diet, getting plenty of sleep and exercise, staying hydrated and managing stress.	<urn:uuid:93ef6e17-e037-4a7a-a131-630c8427755d>	{ "date": "2014-10-23T02:18:06", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-42", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1413507449153.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20141017005729-00169-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9580201506614685, "score": 3.109375, "token_count": 371, "url": "http://ktar.com/22/1594312/Health-experts-continue-to-urge-flu-vaccinations" }
Editor's Note: The following message was submitted to Patch by the Massachusetts State Police. The Massachusetts State Police, in conjunction with the Department of Transportation, have begun a public awareness message on the use of personal headphones, or “ear buds,” while driving a motor vehicle. The constant need for instant communication has helped pioneer a host of advanced cell phone technology and has become an integral part of our lives. Unfortunately, this has added to the many distractions that hinder safe operation of motor vehicles. Hands-free technology, including personal headphones, have helped eliminate the constant need to hold a cell phone while driving. But some operators have begun to use their headsets to listen to music, audio books, and other media while driving. When you use both pieces of a headset, you are closing off one of your vital senses. Your ability to hear what’s going on around you is important. Some dangers while driving are not immediately identified by sight alone and your ability to hear may be your only warning to immediate danger. First responders, including law enforcement and fire and rescue crews, use their emergency lights and sirens to safely navigate the roadways when responding to emergencies. During daylight hours, flashing emergency lights may not be seen as easily as at nighttime, and the only way to for an operator to be warned of the emergency vehicle is from a siren. The concern is the wail from a siren can be drowned out by an operator wearing headphones in both of their ears. Additionally vehicles registered in Massachusetts are required to get a safety inspection and part of that inspection requires the horn to be in good working order. The horn, when properly used, is a safety signal device used to warn operators of possible collisions and hazards posed from other vehicles or objects in the roadway. The wearing of headphones removes the effectiveness of those warnings, further leaving a driver oblivious of a dangerous situation. The use of only one earpiece is acceptable under current Massachusetts law. Frankly, there is no legitimate reason for an operator to be wearing both headphones while driving. The campaign is to inform the public that wearing both headphones or “ear buds” is unnecessary and unlawful. This is a primary offense allowing police to stop and cite motorists when they’re observed to be wearing both pieces in their ears while operating a motor vehicle. Part of this public awareness effort is the use of the Massachusetts Department of Transportation’s electronic signboards along highways and secondary roads. The signs are a simple, efficient and cost-effective way to inform the public on this issue and hopefully effect a change in motorist usage of these devices. Public safety is the primary reason for this message and the goal is to inform operators of the safe, responsible and lawful use of this technology.	<urn:uuid:3d2caf41-a0c7-409a-af4a-4312135641d8>	{ "date": "2014-04-23T17:42:38", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-15", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1398223203235.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20140423032003-00155-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9558607339859009, "score": 2.578125, "token_count": 560, "url": "http://bedford-ma.patch.com/groups/police-and-fire/p/state-police-spread-awareness-on-use-of-headphones-wh84386067e6" }
Photograph by Melissa Farlow Republished from the pages of National Geographic magazine Bizarre. Is that the right word for the Colorado Plateau, this thirsty sprawl of gaudy-hued stone festooned with such names as Hell Roaring Canyon, Scorpion Gulch, and Horsethief Point? Edward Abbey began his classic Desert Solitaire with the simple "This is the most beautiful place on earth." Fiery rock can do that to a man. Others trying to understand the seductive pull of the plateau country apply adjectives like "amazing" and "awesome." Which aren't incorrect, merely inadequate. In truth, a single adjective may not suffice. All the same, as I fly over the plateau on a May morning, looking down on whalebacks of slickrock, on crashing waves of rock, on minarets and pyramids of rock hewn by water and wind—how could any word fit better than "bizarre"? Especially in Utah, the bizarrest precinct of this Great State of Rock, which is almost as big as three Ohios and sprawls into Arizona, New Mexico, and Colorado. Desert this is, but water's tattoo is everywhere. Spidery little arroyos coalesce into bigger arroyos that plunge into the still deeper groove of a river, maybe into the thousand-foot-deep (305-meter-deep) canyon of the Escalante, a scalpel—cut in red rock, so narrow that the stream and its fringe of willows and tamarisks are invisible unless you're dead-on overhead. Most of the collected runoff, if it hasn't vaporized or died in a mudflat, swells the Colorado River. By the time the river courses into Arizona and roars into the plateau country's most dazzling feature, the Grand Canyon, it is plowing a furrow more than a mile deep. Pretty impressive digging, this, considering that the precipitation in parts of the plateau averages only six inches (15 centimeters) a year. Water was also present at the creation, in far greater abundance. Tens of millions of years ago, seas, swamps, and rivers deposited dozens of layers of rock: limestones, mudstones, shales, many reddened by traces of iron. In those eons the plateau country was flat and much lower than its heights today, which are typically 5,000 feet (1,524 meters) above sea level. Winds also contributed raw material, the makings of sandstone layers hundreds of feet thick. The whole shebang was thrust upward by forces within the Earth. Colliding tectonic plates tilted and bent layers like cardboard. Omnipotent then as now, water attacked the soft stones, carving canyons. That's Plateau Geology 101, slightly abbreviated. Winging 2,500 feet (762 meters) over this rockscape, I feel a tenuous kinship with John Wesley Powell. On his scary hundred-day journey down the Green and Colorado Rivers in 1869, that indefatigable adventurer-scientist surmounted cliff tops to reconnoiter the uncharted territory he had penetrated. Of course, I'm riding shotgun in a Cessna while Powell had to pull himself up onearmed from a riverine chasm to a lookout; he lost his right arm at Shiloh in the Civil War. But we gaped at the same sights. "The landscape everywhere . . .," he wrote, "is of rock—cliffs of rock, tables of rock, plateaus of rock, crags of rock—ten thousand strangely carved forms." Clearly Powell was awed by the fantastical convolutions of this land. He became the chief expositor of the "plateau province," as he called it, documenting not only the geology but also the ways and lineages of its Indians, meanwhile campaigning for sensible husbanding of the water. Powell hadn't glimpsed some of the craziest rock shapes—the pinnacle-like hoodoos of Bryce Canyon or the vaulting spans of Arches, canonized by Edward Abbey. Bryce and Arches are two of the roughly 30 parks and other national preserves that make the heart of the province one of the nation's most protected regions. It isn't perfect protection; environmentalists decry its insufficiencies while locals, ingrained with the Westerner's mistrust of bureaucracy, grumble about overkill. In the largest unit, the 1.9-million-acre (7,689-square-kilometer) national monument Grand Staircase-Escalante, created only in 1996, off-road vehicles plow tracks that won't disappear for decades. On the other hand many mining claims have been relinquished or bought out by those devious Feds, and no new claims are permitted. And while allowing multiple uses, including ranching (yes, there's a little grass here and there), the Bureau of Land Management is charged with superintending the monument, to protect its attributes. Gaudy vistas are only one of those attributes. The plateau is a time machine nonpareil, holding who knows what secrets. When the rocks at the bottom of the Grand Canyon are counted in, the swath of Earth's history exposed by water's relentless gouging of the plateau is reckoned by geologists to reach back 1.7 billion years, more than a third of Earth's existence. One afternoon, puffing along behind Alan Titus, a BLM paleontologist, I dropped back a mere 75 million years or so. Titus assured me we were tramping through a swamp where ferns and magnolias had flourished, although it looked awfully like a forest of stunted pinons and junipers. "The whistles and shrieks you hear are not birds," Titus said, coaxing my imagination into play. "They're dinosaurs." Soon he had me seeing huge crocodiles and snakes sloshing lazily in warm pools. And then, guiding me to a row of dark, roundish objects half-buried in the soil, Titus said: "You're looking at the remains of an animal that's been extinct for 65 million years or more"—the fossilized vertebrae of a duck-billed dinosaur that lived in the Cretaceous period. Titus says this specimen was 25 feet (7.6 meters) long. "I'm waiting for that big tyrannosaur," he said. "I want to find one before I retire." On another afternoon I climbed to a high cliff's edge. The setting sun infused the rocky layers vaulting away to the horizon with a crimson incandescence—the kind of glow, surely, that compelled Edward Abbey to pronounce these rocks beautiful. A hot, dry wind came up, gusting stronger and stronger, and as it assaulted the cliff faces it whined and screamed. Sounded just like dinosaur shrieks. Volunteers risk their lives to vaccinate children in Islamic State-controlled territory in Syria. Video.	<urn:uuid:e7784151-635e-49b7-ad69-477db568846b>	{ "date": "2015-07-29T16:05:44", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-32", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042986451.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002306-00225-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9460539221763611, "score": 2.640625, "token_count": 1441, "url": "http://science.nationalgeographic.com/science/earth/surface-of-the-earth/wide-wild-west/" }
Squirrels can wreak havoc on gardens, digging up and eating flower bulbs, decimating vegetable beds, and greedily robbing bird feeders. They are also extremely resourceful and acrobatic, and few fences can keep them out of gardens they want to enter. Gardeners who want to keep their plants safe from squirrels must be creative and thorough with their fencing solutions. Squirrels can get over, under or around just about any kind of vertical fence, so the best way to completely exclude them from a garden bed is to take away the over, under and around pathways by enclosing the bed within a cage made of squirrel-proof fencing. Chicken wire attached to a wood frame to make an open-bottom cage the same size as a raised bed can effectively keep out squirrels when it is placed over the bed so that it rests on the bed frame. The cage should also be weighted down or attached to the bed frame so that squirrels can't push it aside or crawl under it. Squirrels can cause as much damage underground as they can above ground, and protecting newly planted bulbs from them can be a challenge. Laying a horizontal layer of fine mesh fencing such as chicken wire over the planting bed after the bulbs are planted discourages squirrels from digging in the bed and eating the bulbs. Weighting down the edge of the fencing or securing it in the soil will prevent the squirrels from squeezing under the edge of the fencing. A simple barrier fence won't stop squirrels, but a barrier fence combined with an electric fence can provide a deterrent that discourages squirrels from crossing the fence. Fences designed to exclude squirrels and other small animals from gardens utilize a low wire mesh fence, about 18 inches high, in combination with wires that carry an electric charge. When squirrels try to climb over or dig under the barrier fence, they come into contact with the charged wires and receive a mild electric shock, which usually causes them to retreat. Some gardeners employ nylon netting around plants in an attempt to keep squirrels at bay. Although nylon net fences can be effective at keeping animals away from plants in general, squirrels can generally find their way around netting unless it entirely covers the plant, and persistent squirrels can chew through almost any type of plastic or nylon. - David De Lossy/Digital Vision/Getty Images	<urn:uuid:0d7a9134-a99d-4986-9f62-e996c4f5a287>	{ "date": "2016-10-23T06:20:02", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-44", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719155.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00314-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9524422883987427, "score": 2.640625, "token_count": 481, "url": "http://homeguides.sfgate.com/squirrelblocking-fences-51036.html" }
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative movement disorder that affects 1 in 100 people over the age of 60, one million people in the US and six million worldwide. Patients show a resting tremor, slowness of movement (bradykinesia), postural instability and rigidity. Parkinson's disease results primarily from the loss of neurons deep in the middle part of the brain (the midbrain), in particular neurons that produce dopamine (referred to as “dopaminergic”). There are actually two groups of midbrain dopaminergic (DA) neurons, and only one, those in the substantia nigra (SN) are highly susceptible to degeneration in Parkinson’s patients. There is a relative sparing of the second group and these are called ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopaminergic neurons. These two groups of neurons reside in different regions of the adult ventral midbrain and importantly, they deliver dopamine to their downstream neuronal targets in different ways. SN neurons deliver dopamine in small rapid squirts, like a sprinkler, whereas VTA neurons have a tap that provides a continuous stream of dopamine. A major therapeutic strategy for Parkinsons’ patients is to produce DA neurons from human embryonic stem cells for use in transplantation therapy. However early human trials were disappointing, since a number of patients with grafts of human fetal neurons developed additional, highly undesirable motor dyskinesias. Why this occurred is not known, but one possibility is that the transplant mixture, which contained both SN and VTA DA neurons, provided too much or unregulated amounts of DA (from the VTA neurons), overloading or confusing the target region in the brain that usually receives dopamine from SN neurons in small, regular quantities. Future human trials will likely utilize DA neurons that have been made from human embryonic stem cells (hES). Since stem cells have the potential to develop into any type of cell in the body, these considerations suggest that we should devise a way to specifically produce SN neurons and not VTA neurons from stem cells for use in transplantation. However, although we can produce dopaminergic neurons from hES cells, to date the scientific community cannot distinguish SN from VTA neurons outside of their normal brain environment and therefore has no ability to produce one selectively and not the other. We do know, however, that these two populations of neurons normally form connections with different regions in the brain, and we propose to use this fact to identify molecular markers that distinguish SN from VTA neurons and to determine optimal conditions for the differentiation of hES to SN DA neurons, at the expense of VTA DA neurons. Our studies have the potential to significantly impact transplantation therapy by enabling the production of SN over VTA neurons from hES cells, and to generate hypotheses about molecules that might be useful for coaxing SN DA neurons to form appropriate connections within the transplanted brain. Statement of Benefit to California: The goal of our work is to further optimize our ability to turn undifferentiated human stem cells into differentiated neurons that the brain can use as replacement for neurons damaged by disease. We focus on Parkinson’s disease, a neurodegenerative disease that afflicts 4-6 million people worldwide in all geographical locations, but which is more common in rural farm communities compared to urban areas, a criteria important for California's large farming population. In Parkinson’s patients, a small, well-defined subset of neurons, the midbrain dopaminergic neurons have died, and one therapeutic strategy is to transplant healthy replacement neurons to the patient. Our work will further our understanding of the biology of these neurons in normal animals. This will allow us to refine the process of turning human embryonic stem cells onto biologically active dopaminergic neurons that can be used in transplantation therapy. Our work will be of benefit to all Parkinson's patients including afflicted Californians. Further, this project will utilize California goods and services whenever possible.	<urn:uuid:503035e1-4e29-41d4-8382-50fb1c4d378c>	{ "date": "2014-04-17T08:23:44", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-15", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609526311.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005206-00035-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9297419190406799, "score": 3.28125, "token_count": 806, "url": "http://www.cirm.ca.gov/public-web-disease-focus/parkinsons-disease?page=2" }
Evidence-based practice might be defined since the incorporation of client values and clinical know-how with very best exploration evidence. The top tactics are grouped together to sort 'treatment bundles', which can be distinct evidence-based follow sets, usually 3 to 5, which when reliably and collectively executed can Enhance the outcome of clients (Fathima, 2013). The most important obstacle struggling with health facilities at present could be the dependable and well timed implementation of proposed greatest methods along with the incorporation of these actions into workflows so as to get rid of HAIs. This limitation will require you to dig as a result of online and offline publications to get the newest within your discipline. Although nurses are working with much more evidence-based practice, there remains some space for advancement. The following are a few places where nurses could greater adhere to EBP: Access to related, correct, and current information and facts is starting to become vital for nurses to help keep their knowledge up-to-date and undertake EBP. It was, therefore, deemed fascinating to discover how frequently nurses utilized distinctive info resources to satisfy their data needs. Uncover good nursing essay topics: The subject needs to be fascinating together with it need to have sizeable span for investigation Along with utilizing conventional and properly-established procedures and tactics, overall health care practitioners are adopting innovative interventions which are based on very best practices and also stable study-based evidence. Evidence-based exercise (EBP) is a person this kind of procedure and is also speedily getting attractiveness as a consequence of its likely to efficiently handle medical challenges and provide greater patient care. Insufficient lookup competencies can lead to missing critical facts or retrieving an excessive amount of info that would trigger information and facts overload and anxiety. Third, check Every single physique paragraph and Examine no matter you can try these out if each argument supports your topic inside a beneficial way. Get Experienced writing help from our certified nursing investigation paper writes. We're professionals in research writing!! The conclusion will come at the top. Right here, you have to at last conclude the essay which has a positive Notice and an implicit call to motion for that readers. Nursing is a crucial and noble career within the Health care sector that's focused on the care of individuals, communities, and people so they might maintain, attain, and Recuperate optimum wellness. Peer-reviewed Exploration-based The phrases in essence mean the identical detail: that the information 1 takes advantage of is based on sound, scientific (or social scientific) exploration, and not opinion. The specific term “evidence-based investigation” is, in distinction to its synonyms, mainly limited to your nursing career and provides the theoretical foundation for evidence-based exercise, wherein the practitioner bases all useful conclusions on analysis experiments, Specifically These which have been vetted along professional benchmarks. Detail-oriented: We concentrate to facts. Just convey to us what you would like us to accomplish with the many Guidance and you may get your essay completed this way.	<urn:uuid:6c9f188d-5c61-4874-8f19-80f17c2bdecf>	{ "date": "2019-11-18T21:40:31", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-47", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496669847.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20191118205402-20191118233402-00456.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9508771896362305, "score": 2.5625, "token_count": 618, "url": "http://landenuhrai.free-blogz.com/17722600/fascination-about-nursing-writing-service" }
New research provides details on how gut bacteria turn a nutrient found in red meat into metabolites that increase the risk of developing heart disease. Publishing in the November 4th issue of the Cell Press journal Cell Metabolism, the findings may lead to new strategies for safeguarding individuals' cardiovascular health. Previous research led by Dr. Stanley Hazen, of Lerner Research Institute and the Miller Family Heart and Vascular Institute at Cleveland Clinic, revealed a pathway by which red meat can promote atherosclerosis, or hardening of the arteries. Essentially, bacteria in the gut convert L-carnitine, a nutrient abundant in red meat, into a compound called trimethylamine, which in turn changes to a metabolite named trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), which promotes atherosclerosis. Now Dr. Hazen and his team extend their earlier research and identify another metabolite, called gamma-butyrobetaine, that is generated to an even greater extent by gut bacteria after L-carnitine is ingested, and it too contributes to atherosclerosis. The researchers found that gamma-butyrobetaine is produced as an intermediary metabolite by microbes at a rate that is 1,000-fold higher than the formation of trimethylamine in the gut, making it the most abundant metabolite generated from dietary L-carnitine by microbes in the mouse models examined. Moreover, gamma-butyrobetaine can itself be converted into trimethylamine and TMAO. Interestingly, however, the bacteria that produce gamma-butyrobetaine from L-carnitine are different from the bacterial species that produce trimethylamine from L-carnitine. The discovery that metabolism of L-carnitine involves two different gut microbial pathways, as well as different types of bacteria, suggests new targets for preventing atherosclerosis--for example, by inhibiting various bacterial enzymes or shifting gut bacterial composition with probiotics and other treatments. "The findings identify the pathways and participants involved more clearly, and help identify targets for therapies for interventions to block or prevent heart disease development," says Dr. Hazen. "While this is into the future, the present studies may help us to develop an intervention that allows one to 'have their steak and eat it too' with less concern for developing heart disease." Dr. Hazen also notes that consumers should be cautious of taking supplements that contain gamma-butyrobetaine. Over-the-counter nutritional supplements are not regulated by the Food and Drug Administration and need to demonstrate only minimal safety data.	<urn:uuid:e959c10d-ead4-46ee-8b24-f9bd35bea6ae>	{ "date": "2016-06-28T13:34:57", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-26", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396887.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00158-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9259650707244873, "score": 2.8125, "token_count": 535, "url": "http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2014-11/cp-wdr102814.php" }
In order to understand how breast cancer can develop, it is important to know what the female breast is made of. The mature female breast is made up of four essential structures: lobules (glands); (milk)ducts; fat; and connective tissue. The upper, superficial, area of the breast is mostly made up of glandular tissue. This tissue is what is responsible for the tenderness that many women experience before their menstrual cycle. This is also where almost 50 percent of the breast cancer cases are located. The lobules, as you can see in the picture, group together, forming larger units called lobes. The average breast has between 15 and 20 lobes, which form a spoke pattern originating from the nipple/areola area. The lobes run into the (milk)ducts which continue through the breast towards the nipple. Once arrived at the nipple, the ducts merge into 6 to 10 larger ducts, called collecting ducts, which connect to the outside. Lymph nodes run through the entire body, and act as filters for foreign particles, such as cancer cells. The lymph nodes found around the armpit are the most important when it comes to diagnosing breast cancer. Because breast cancer often first spreads to the lymph nodes in the armpit, from the breasts, doctors can determine which stage the breast cancer is in, and in turn, determine the treatment. The breasts of younger women are mainly made up of glandular tissue, with on average only a small percentage being fat (depending on the woman general percentage of body fat). Therefore the breasts are firmer than in older counterparts. As women grow older, especially due to the loss of estrogen at menopause, the lobes shrivel and are replaced by fat. The breasts become softer, and lose their support. Physical examination and mammography are easier to interpret and are also more accurate. All components of the breast are influenced by hormones, the glandular tissue being the most sensitive. Very dramatic and totally normal changes can occur in the consistency of the breasts during the menstrual cycle. These changes are most pronounced just before the menstruation, when levels of estrogen and progesterone are at their highest. Right after menstruation, hormone levels are at their lowest and the breast becomes softer and less tender. This is also the best time to perform a self-breast exam or mammogram. In post menopausal women, who are not taking estrogen supplementation, weight becomes a significant factor in the size and appearance of the breasts. Being mostly composed of fat at this point, small changes in body weight can produce significant changes in breast size.	<urn:uuid:b619d4c3-a8cc-40e5-80e4-de3f35edea5d>	{ "date": "2017-03-29T13:15:23", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-13", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218190295.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212950-00191-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 4, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9696242213249207, "score": 3.6875, "token_count": 542, "url": "http://www.pinkribbon.info/BreastCancer/InformationAboutYourBreasts.aspx" }
Pesky critters, are they not? Many young children are aflicted every summer with large reactions to ordinary mosquito bites. The bites swell, become reddened and hard ("indurated" in medicalese), perhaps as large as a half dollar or more. The skin around the bite may have the texture of an orange peel. The bite reaction area may weep and ooze a clear yellow fluid. Scratching creates even more irritation, and the traumatized bites sometimes become infected - impetigo. So what can parents do about this phenomenon? Quite simply, avoidance of the insects and repellents: - Avoidance means just that. Mosquitoes spend most of their time hanging upside down under leaves, waiting for something warm (a mammal like yourself or your child) to amble by. Then they home in on the warmth and natural odors we give off. I understand that certain perfumes can have an attractive effect, as well. So keep your child indoors during the evening hours when mosquitoes are active. - We know that the most effective topical insect repellent is a chemical known as DEET. This substance is effective, but unfortunately can be taken up through the thinner skin of young children and might cause brain toxicity. Some slow-release DEET preparations have been approved for use with young children. Because of the risk of toxicity, parents should always follow the application instructions and age guidelines scrupulously when using such a product. - I sometimes recommend an oral repellent. Ordinary vitamin B1, in a dose of 15 mg per 30 pounds of body weight, is given orally about the same time each day. This apparently makes the individual exude a scent which is quite obnoxious to mosquitoes. If mosquito bite reactions are a major problem, ask your doctor if he or she might do this for you. In our town, patients can get this without a prescription. Your mileage may vary. - Speculative: It is known that elements of garlic are noxious to mosquitoes - that is natural repellants. I do not know of any controlled studies, but it is possible that one of the oral garlic preparations that claims to be odor free to other humans might deter mosquito biting. This would seem harmless enough to try... Treatment of the bites: - Hydrocortisone 1% cream is available over the counter. Use it up to four times a day on any new bites and for several days thereafter. - Diphenhydramine (Benadryl®) is useful for itching and swelling in a dose of one teaspoon (5 ml) per 25-30 pounds of body weight, given every four to six hours. - There are topical anti-itching gels and lotions that contain pramoxine and other substances for use after the bites occur. They are safe and fairly effective. - Of course if you suspect infection, use an antibacterial ointment such as Neosporin® or Bactracin® Keep in mind that hands and feet tend to swell dramatically in response to any bite or sting. This is because of the natural tourniquet effect of the carpal and tarsal ligaments that encircle the wrist and ankle respectively. Don't be surprised by this; give the Benadryl® as above, and elevate the extremity at night if possible. Don't ask me how to do that with a two year old 8-)	<urn:uuid:0c068162-7b59-42f7-b84a-fd87b61ca267>	{ "date": "2015-09-01T10:06:38", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-35", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440645171365.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827031251-00053-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9422057271003723, "score": 3.296875, "token_count": 704, "url": "http://www.drhull.com/EncyMaster/M/mosquito_bites.html" }
One of the major challenges we currently face is how to ensure that there are sufficient resources available to feed all seven billion people who currently call this planet home. As things currently stand we produce enough food worldwide to meet the nutritional needs of every human being on this planet, and yet the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) has released figures which show that almost one billion people are chronically undernourished. At present therefore the main problem is inequality in the distribution of food resources. However there are a number of worrying future trends, which include stagnant or declining crop yields, loss of topsoil, the growth in biofuels, increased demand for meat, and the effects of climate change. Taken together these factors are likely to put considerable pressure on the food supply over the next few years, which may result in genuine food-supply shortages. Add to that the fact that human populations are expected to increase by another two to three billion by the middle of this century and there are the makings of a potential food crisis. Currently about forty percent of the Earth’s land area is given over to agriculture. This may not sound like a lot, but the areas which remain include the world’s cities, deserts, mountain ranges, ice sheets, and tropical and temperate forests. Areas which are suitable for further agricultural expansion are therefore very limited, and are often of considerable ecological value. Conversion of tropical rainforests to agricultural land is already causing serious environmental degradation in countries such as Indonesia and Brazil. Other areas which may at first glance appear to be under-utilised include marginal lands with poor soils, and steeply-sloping terrain. The fact is that most of the suitable land for agriculture throughout the world is already being used for this purpose.	<urn:uuid:c27ba777-fc73-4d8b-a527-1d21929db35b>	{ "date": "2017-07-28T08:35:46", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-30", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549448146.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20170728083322-20170728103322-00376.warc.gz", "int_score": 4, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9658855199813843, "score": 3.609375, "token_count": 358, "url": "https://ownfuture.wordpress.com/" }
Natural Antibiotics to Kill Bacteria, Other Pathogens Ongoing news reports highlight our increasing concern about the development of antibiotic resistance in MRSA, tuberculosis, and other infectious pathogens. Antibiotics for pneumonia and other conditions are becoming decreasingly effective because of the abuse of antibiotic treatments. In fact, antibiotic resistance has been called a “ticking time bomb” by medical authorities.1 Very simply, when antibiotic users do not complete the full course of their treatment, some bacteria are allowed to survive, reproduce, and develop new abilities to resist our menu of antibiotic drugs. These resistant genes are then passed on through generations and even between species of bacteria. However, the sudden growth of antibiotic resistance has also been fueled by insufficient hospital safety practices and by the excessive use of antibiotics by farmers in the meat industry. Mothers and fathers in particular may be concerned about antibiotics during pregnancy, as these drugs can be passed along to the developing child. In this and other cases, natural antibiotics are sometimes safer and healthier. Similarly, many Earth Clinic readers are concerned about antibiotics for sinusitis. Sinus infection antibiotics – due to the nature of recurrent sinus infections – can require repeated antibiotic treatments. This can increase the possibility of antibiotic resistance and claims a heavy toll on the body. In this case, natural antibiotic treatments such as with cayenne pepper may be superior for the sufferer and for society as a whole. Natural Antibiotics for Sinusitis and Other Conditions Cayenne pepper, garlic, hydrogen peroxide, and apple cider vinegar are some of the most popular natural remedies for use as oral antibiotics and topical antibiotics alike. 3Antibiotic Resistance Among Gram-Negative Bacilli in US Intensive Care Units 4Medical Consequences of Antibiotic Use in Agriculture 5Antibiotic prescribing and antibiotic resistance in community practice: retrospective study, 1996-8	<urn:uuid:2487be8a-26bd-46d8-80f9-3115a5642236>	{ "date": "2018-06-19T06:13:11", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-26", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267861980.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20180619060647-20180619080647-00176.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9044902920722961, "score": 2.859375, "token_count": 386, "url": "https://rsensativelife.wordpress.com/2015/01/23/antibiotic-resistance-2/" }
The first Labor Day celebration took place on September 5, 1882 in New York City, when thousands of workers marched and took an unauthorized “workingman’s holiday” to protest the unlimited hours many workers of the era were compelled to put in. While overwork is still a problem for many Americans, a growing number of Americans are grappling with unpredictable, constantly shifting schedules, as detailed in a new issue brief today from Equitable Growth. Unpredictable scheduling is often aided by “just-in-time” scheduling software, which allows employers to generate schedules based on predicted consumer demand, accounting for factors such as time of day, weather, the season, or even a nearby sporting event. But they do so at the expense of the worker, many of whom see their schedules shift from day-to-day and are given little advanced notice of when they are supposed to show up to work These kind of unstable schedules affect about 17 percent of the labor force, according to one study. They tend to be most common in retail and service sectors, which are some of the fastest-growing industries and also ones in which workers already face a lack of benefits, poor working conditions, and insufficient pay. (See Table 1.) What’s more, employers frequently require full-time availability to ensure there are always enough workers during busy periods but then fail to give stable or full-time hours. Employees may spend time and money commuting to work for a scheduled shift only to be sent home without pay if business is slow. For those with children, that may mean they have to pay for childcare even if they themselves did not get paid. And within some industries, it is not uncommon for employers to require workers to remain on-call, keeping their schedules free on the chance that their employer may need them. These practices perpetuate existing gender and racial inequalities, as workers of color—especially women of color—tend to be sorted into the low-paid positions most most affected by these unstable scheduling practices (despite sharing similar levels of education and age with their white counterparts). The volatility in hours can mean that workers may not earn enough to make ends meet, which affects family well-being as well as economic demand. Yet workers may be unable to take a second job or pursue the kind of education necessary for upward mobility because of the constantly fluctuating hours. In fact, many employees—especially those with care responsibilities—are fired or forced to quit in order to search for a new job. As we lay out in our issue brief, this has costs for firms. While reducing labor costs may slash expenditures in the short-term, treating workers’ time as just another variable in the cost equation undermines productivity and creates high turnover rates, both of which are costly. Unpredictable schedules also affect who can take jobs and how productive workers may be on the jobs, which also has an impact on business profits. Despite the problems, federal law does not address unpredictable schedules. But in the face of mounting pressure from employees and policymakers, many private companies have begun to overhaul their work policies. Six major retailers, for example, ended on-call scheduling after attorney general Eric Schneiderman launched an inquiry into their workforce. Wal-Mart Stores Inc., which was one of the first adopters of just-in-time scheduling practices, has announced that it is testing a new system that gives employees the choice to have fix schedules for up to six months at a time. Technology companies also are helping workers take matters into their own hands, and are creating a variety of new smartphone apps that can help employees and employers provide more schedule flexibility. Local governments also are beginning to pay attention to this issue. After San Francisco enacted the Retail Workers Bill of Rights in 2014, which restricts employers’ ability to impose unpredictable and last-minute schedules on their employees, 18 different states and municipalities introduced similar work-hour legislation in 2015. A bill was introduced last year on the federal level as well. Of course, legislation alone cannot completely eliminate scheduling abuses by employers, but a federal standard would provide an important marker that states and localities could improve upon and motivate the private sector to invent new ways to balance labor costs and profits.	<urn:uuid:56e69822-fa14-47cc-937c-15cfd7cf95cd>	{ "date": "2017-03-24T23:58:16", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-13", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218188717.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212948-00431-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.970183253288269, "score": 2.8125, "token_count": 857, "url": "http://equitablegrowth.org/equitablog/taking-a-look-at-unpredictable-schedules/" }
Do You Bite Your Nails, Pick Your Skin Or Pull Your Hair It Might Mean You’re A Perfectionist Many people think of nail biting as a nervous habit, but the driving force may not be anxiety. Mounting evidence shows that people who compulsively bite their nails, pick their skin or pull their hair are often perfectionists, and their actions may help soothe boredom, irritation and dissatisfaction. The study, published in the March issue of the Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, points to perfectionism — a trait that can be more damaging than many people realize — as an underlying cause. “We believe that individuals with these repetitive behaviors may be perfectionistic, meaning that they are unable to relax and to perform task at a ‘normal’ pace,” Dr. Kieron O’Connor, professor of psychiatry at the university and the study’s lead author, said in a press release Tuesday. “They are therefore prone to frustration, impatience, and dissatisfaction when they do not reach their goals. They also experience greater levels of boredom.” In the study, the researchers worked with 48 participants, half of whom regularly engaged in these types of behaviors. The other participants, who didn’t engage in these behaviors, acted as a control group. The participants were asked questions about the extent to which they experienced emotions like boredom, anger, guilt, irritability and anxiety. Then, each participant was exposed to situations designed to provoke particular feelings (including relaxation, stress, frustration and boredom). In the boredom scenario, for instance, the subject was simply left alone in a room for six minutes. Participants with a history of fidgety, body-focused behaviors reported greater urges to engage in those behaviors when they were feeling stressed and frustrated. But they didn’t report feeling those urges while they were relaxing. “We believe that individuals with these repetitive behaviors maybe perfectionistic, meaning that they are unable to relax and to perform tasks at a ‘normal’ pace,” author and professor Kieron O’Connor from the University of Montreal told The Daily Mail. “They are therefore prone to frustration, impatience, and dissatisfaction when they do not reach their goals.” “They also experience greater levels of boredom,” O’Connor added. The perfectionist beliefs of a person are related to how organized a person typically is. “Although these behaviors can induce important distress, they also seem to satisfy an urge and deliver some form of reward,” O’Connor told The Daily Mail. The findings could help therapists treat patients who suffer from the disorders; studies have shown that these types of perfectionist beliefs and behaviors can be eased with cognitive-behavior therapy. If patients can learn to think and act differently when tension builds, they may be able to stop the urge before it starts.	<urn:uuid:45b72932-2d66-4296-9308-8f0e254bb106>	{ "date": "2018-06-21T00:43:24", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-26", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267863980.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20180621001211-20180621021211-00096.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.961851954460144, "score": 2.6875, "token_count": 596, "url": "http://hihearts.com/do-you-bite-your-nails-pick-your-skin-or-pull-your-hair-it-might-mean-youre-a-perfectionist/" }
Schaefer-standhaft Surname History The family history of the Schaefer-standhaft last name is maintained by the AncientFaces community. Join the community by adding to to our knowldge of the Schaefer-standhaft: - Schaefer-standhaft family history - Schaefer-standhaft country of origin, nationality, & ethnicity - Schaefer-standhaft last name meaning & etymology - Schaefer-standhaft spelling & pronunciation Latest photos on AncientFaces No one from the schaefer-standhaft community has shared photos. Here are new photos on AncientFaces: Schaefer-standhaft Country of Origin, Nationality, & Ethnicity No one has submitted information on schaefer-standhaft country of origin, nationality, or ethnicity. Add to this section No content has been submitted about the Schaefer-standhaft country of origin. The following is speculative information about Schaefer-standhaft. You can submit your information by clicking Edit. The nationality of Schaefer-standhaft may be difficult to determine because country boundaries change over time, making the original nationality indeterminate. The original ethnicity of Schaefer-standhaft may be in dispute based on whether the name came about naturally and independently in various locales; for example, in the case of names that are based on a craft, which can come into being in multiple regions independently (such as the family name "Miller" which referred to the profession of working in a mill). Schaefer-standhaft Meaning & Etymology No one has submitted information on schaefer-standhaft meaning and etymology. Add to this section No content has been submitted about the meaning of Schaefer-standhaft. The following is speculative information about Schaefer-standhaft. You can submit your information by clicking Edit. The meaning of Schaefer-standhaft come may come from a profession, such as the name "Miller" which referred to the profession of working in a mill. Some of these craft-based last names may be a profession in some other language. This is why it is good to understand the nationality of a name, and the languages used by its progenitors. Many western names like Schaefer-standhaft are inspired by religious texts such as the Bible, the Bhagavadgītā, the Quran, and other related texts. Commonly these names relate to a religious sentiment such as "Grace of God". Schaefer-standhaft Pronunciation & Spelling Variations No one has added information on schaefer-standhaft spellings or pronunciations. Add to this section No content has been submitted about alternate spellings of Schaefer-standhaft. The following is speculative information about Schaefer-standhaft. You can submit your information by clicking Edit. Last names like Schaefer-standhaft change in their pronunciation and spelling as they travel across tribes, family branches, and eras over time. In the past, when few people knew how to write, names such as Schaefer-standhaft were transliterated based on their pronunciation when people's names were recorded in public records. This could have led to misspellings of Schaefer-standhaft. Understanding spelling variations and alternate spellings of the Schaefer-standhaft family name are important to understanding the possible origins of the name. Last names similar to Schaefer-standhaftSchaeferstein, Schaefersteven, Schaefer-strauss, Schaefer-Sudduth, Schaefer-sünkel, Schaefers-walch, Schaefert, Schaefer-theile, Schaeferthomas, Schaefer-thranow, Schaefertimothy, Schaefer-tirotta, Schaefertodd, Schaefer-ulriksen, Schaefer-unterhalt, Schaefervernon, Schaefer-vogel, Schaeferwallace, Schaefer-weigand, Schaefer-wepner schaefer-standhaft Family Tree No one from the schaefer-standhaft community have added family members to the schaefer-standhaft family tree.	<urn:uuid:c2f16bf8-3a5a-4bc7-a477-02e2b1d9286a>	{ "date": "2014-03-09T02:05:28", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-10", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1393999670363/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305060750-00006-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "int_score": 3, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8902185559272766, "score": 2.546875, "token_count": 897, "url": "http://www.ancientfaces.com/surname/schaefer-standhaft-family-history/2714413" }

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