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Volume 5, Issue 4
An Undergraduate's Reflections on Original American History Research: How Online Access to Historical Newspapers Helped Prepare an Award-Winning Tea Party Study
By David Brooks
By David Brooks, Graduate, Taylor University, May 2010
Of all the events that occurred during America’s colonial era perhaps none more immediately conjures up images than the Boston Tea Party, when patriots boarded English ships to destroy taxed tea. Nearly a year and a half later, on April 19, 1775, the skirmish between those patriots and British Regulars at Lexington and Concord provoked the shot that was heard “around the world,” a story with which many Americans are also familiar. Undoubtedly, these events merit widespread recognition, for both were key developments in the establishment of the United States. However, by moving immediately from the Tea Party to the beginning of the Revolution, one neglects crucial moments during those intervening sixteen months that helped develop a pervasive unity necessary for a successful war with Britain. That unity derived in part from responses to the Tea Act of 1773, efforts that were spearheaded in Boston but not isolated there. Indeed, reactions throughout the colonies testify to Massachusetts’ importance as the first colony to act decisively in response to the tea’s arrival. That significance is manifested most clearly in the inspired attitudes of New Yorkers, whose actions affirm the influence of the Bostonians’ decision. 1
These were the foundational thoughts of my senior thesis at Taylor University, which I presented at the annual Butler University Undergraduate Research Conference in April, 2010, in a paper entitled “Beyond Boston: New York’s Response to the Tea Act and the Development of Colonial Unity.” Although I wanted to focus on New Yorkers’ reaction to the Bostonians’ initiative, an idea inspired by research I had done earlier in the semester for a lecture I gave about the Tea Party’s significance, I was hesitant to commit to such an unfamiliar topic. After all, that New York had its own tea party was news to me when researching for the lecture. More daunting, though, was the specificity of my subject matter, particularly when conducting research at a library designed to serve only 2,000 students. One afternoon, though, I discovered a unique online database of primary sources: Early American Newspapers, Series 1, 1690-1876. No longer was insufficient research material a problem.
With access to almost any colonial newspaper that I desired, I now had a library of pertinent primary information at my fingertips. Although I could give several examples that speak to the quality of research provided by these sources, three articles suffice to illustrate how this searchable database offered me unique insight into the New Yorkers’ reactions. The first is found in the November 18, 1773, issue of the New York Gazetteer, a paper edited by James Rivington. More loyal to the Crown than most colonial newspapers, the Gazetteer often featured articles sympathetic to England, including one penned by Frederick Pigou and Benjamin Booth, New York consignees responsible for landing the taxed tea. Written under the alias “POPLICOLA,” the article appeals to the colonists’ loyalty, asking how the New Yorkers could purchase smuggled Dutch tea instead of supporting the English product. Reminding the colonists “that not this, or any other province, is your country, but the whole British empire,” Pigou and Booth asserted that by buying English tea, New Yorkers would “not only promote the common good, but their own particular interest also.” 2
In the epitome of rebuttal, a disgruntled “TRADESMAN” responded to the consignees in the next article, also on the front page. “POPLICOLA has . . . informed us that the English tea . . . is much better than the Dutch tea,” the colonist wrote, “though he has not been so kind as to tell us why.” Maintaining his sarcastic tone, the author, on behalf of many likeminded colonists, observed, “Strange it is that a gentleman who has resided so long in this city should take the inhabitants for perfect idiots!” 3 As they would later display in their response to the tea’s arrival, the New Yorkers certainly were not idiots.
The third article, printed in the April 21, 1774 issue of the New York Journal, encapsulates New Yorkers’ general feelings in response to the tea’s arrival on the Nancy three days earlier. Upon examining the ship’s extensive damage—its arrival had been delayed by nearly four months because of a series of storms—the author compared the Nancy to the boat on which the prophet Jonah attempted to flee from God. “She has met with a continued succession of misfortunes,” the New Yorker observed, “having on Board somewhat worse than a Jonah, which, after being long tossed in the tempestuous ocean, it is hoped, like him, will be thrown back upon the place from whence it came.” Clearly drawing a parallel between Jonah and the tea, the colonist wished that the commodity, once it was returned to Parliament, would “teach a lesson there as useful as the preaching of Jonah was to the Ninevites.” 4 Both of the writer’s prophecies proved true: New Yorkers unloaded the taxed tea into the “tempestuous ocean” and the empty ship’s arrival at London sent a clear message to the Crown.
These articles only begin to scratch the surface of the type of research made possible by the seven online series of Early American Newspapers. The amount of valuable information contained in these issues and the ease with which it can be browsed and searched cannot be overemphasized. In my case, just as the Tea Party was not confined to Boston, thanks to the digitization of Early American Newspapers, neither was my research limited to the print and microfilm materials held by my own small institution’s library.
1 David A. Brooks, Beyond Boston: New York’s Response to the Tea Act and the Development of Colonial Unity, HIS 341: Colonial America, Taylor University, Fall 2009.
2 POPLICOLA, “To The worthy Inhabitants of the City of New-York,” New York Gazetteer, November 18, 1773, page 1.
3 TRADESMAN, “To the Freeholders and Freemen of the City and County of New York,” New York Gazetteer, November 18, 1773, page 1.
4 “Extract of a letter from a Gentleman in London to his friend in New York, dated Feb. 14,” New York Journal, April 21, 1774, page 3. | <urn:uuid:933bc857-fb45-427e-9027-4ab4a8259d09> | {
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Daily Vent Submitted By: Old Time Farm Boy
The Theory of Evolution: Science or Human Ego?
It is old, old and exhausted. After spending billions and billions of years using its energy to build stars, planets, and the stuff of life; the universe is collapsing. The ever present pull of gravity has won and the matter and energy that makes up its mass is falling into an ever strengthening singularity. The increasing pressure and heat causes the frozen energy called matter to melt and combine with fluid energy until the entire mass of the universe has collapsed (the Big Crunch) into a singularity (black hole), a pinpoint of pure energy somewhere in the now absolute vacuum of never ending space. Then, at some later time, the singularity explodes (the Big Bang) and blasts its energy into the absolute vacuum of space, spreading out until it cools enough for energy once more to freeze into matter (98% hydrogen and 2% helium and other simple elements). The elements swirl and coalesce to form giant stars whose cores fuse at hyper-fast rates until they collapse, sending a n unimaginably strong wave of energy through their outer layers. That wave of energy blasts the star’s plasma into open space, instantaneously fusing the plasma into dust clouds of heavier elements necessary for the formation of planets and life itself. But, there are problems with The Theory of Evolution.
The first problem with The Theory of Evolution is the collapse of the universe. In 1929, Edwin Hubble discovered that the universe is still expanding (Bennett 646). Further research over almost seven decades demonstrated that not only was the universe still expanding but that it was expanding at an accelerating rate (Weintraub 257). Since matter cannot accelerate without energy being applied, the conclusion was that some form of “dark energy” exists and that it is causing the galaxies to move away from each other faster and faster (Weintraub 259). It was already known that light and dark matter make up only about 25% of the universe’s critical density mass (Bennett 718). It was then calculated that dark energy would have to make up about 70% of the mass of the universe in order for its expansion to accelerate against the attraction of gravity (Dark). Which raises the question: how can the universe collapse when dark energy can overpower gravity and cause the univer se’s expansion to accelerate?
The second problem with The Theory of Evolution has to do with the expansion of the universe. Even if there were no dark energy to prevent the universe from collapsing, the expansion of the universe is equally problematic. As enigmatic as singularities are it is well known that their gravity is one of the most powerful forces in the universe. According to Richard Wolfson “Because light can’t escape a black hole, and since no material object can go faster than light, that means nothing whatsoever can escape the hole” ( 218). Which raises the question: if a singularity’s gravity is so strong that nothing whatsoever can escape it, how is it possible for the big bang expansion or any other type of expansion of a universe size singularity to occur?
The third problem with The Theory of Evolution has to do with the formation of stars. According to fluid mechanics, specifically the expansion of an ideal gas into a vacuum, the formation of stars should be impossible. The laws of fluid mechanics says that when an ideal gas is released into a vacuum the gas will rush into the vacuum until the pressure, moles of gas, and the temperature are the same throughout. (Penn) Once the mass of the universe collapses into a singularity, the space beyond the singularity will be an absolute vacuum. Even if the energy necessary for the big bang comes from another dimension, the universe’s energy will be expanding into the vacuum and, when the universe’s energy cools enough to form into hydrogen and helium; it will still be subject to the laws of fluid mechanics which would make the formation of stars impossible. Which raises the question: if the formation of stars is impossible then how is the formation of the heavier elements nec essary for planets and life possible?
The fourth problem with The Theory of Evolution has to do with probability. Sir Roger Penrose, a member of the Order of Merit and a Fellow of The Royal Society, an English mathematical physicist and Emeritus Rouse Ball Professor of Mathematics at the Mathematical Institute of the University of Oxford and an Emeritus Fellow of Wadham College. He has received a number of prizes and awards, including the 1988 Wolf Prize for physics which he shared with Stephen Hawking for their contribution to our understanding of the universe and is renowned for his work in mathematical physics, in particular his contributions to general relativity and cosmology; calculated the odds of the universe forming as it is known today. In his book “The Emperor’s New Mind: Concerning Computers, Minds, and the Laws of Physics,” Sir Roger Penrose gives the odds at 1 in 10 to the power of 10 to the power of 128 (344). According to Penrose:
“This is an extraordinary figure. One could not possibly even write the number down in full, in ordinary denary notation: it would be ‘1’ followed by 10 128 successive ‘0’! Even if we were to write a ‘0’ on each separate proton and each separate neutron in the universe – and we could throw in all the other particles as well for good measure – we should fall far short of writing down the figure needed. (344)”
One could look from the beginning to the end of The Theory of Evolution and find fatal flaws with the theory but, without the collapse or expansion of the universe and without the formation of the giant stars that are necessary for the formation of heavier elements, all the rest of the theory is obviously scientifically impossible. Which raises the question: what would it take for The Theory of Evolution to work? Since everything in the universe is made of energy, it would take energy to make The Theory of Evolution work. It would take a form of energy, more powerful than dark energy, which could periodically reach out and force the universe to collapse. It would take a form of energy, more powerful than the gravity of a universe size singularity, which could neutralize its gravity so the universe could explode into space. It would take a form of energy, capable of overcoming the laws of fluid mechanics, which could force matter to coalesce into giant stars. It would ta ke some form of energy, capable of overcoming entropy and the natural degeneracy of matter, which could force the elements to come together in the complex molecules necessary for life to develop. Without that energy, the odds against The Theory of Evolution are bigger than the universe. To paraphrase the most important and most ignored principle of the scientific method; if the evidence does not support the theory, you change the theory so it supports the evidence.
Bennett, Jeffrey, et al. The Cosmic Perspective, Fifth Edition. San Francisco: Pearson, 2008
“Dark Energy, Dark Matter”. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. 25 June 2011
Penn State Department of Chemistry in the Eberly College of Science. 26 June 2011
Penrose, Roger. The Emperor’s New Mind: Concerning Computers, Minds, and The Laws of Physics. New York: Oxford University Press, 1990
Weintraub, David. How Old is The Universe. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2011
Wolfson, Richard. Simply Einstein: Relativity Demystified, First Edition. W. W. Norton and Company, 2003 | <urn:uuid:42b9099e-2585-4817-8420-e9194b3b2b13> | {
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Nine Ways to Combat Bullying:
Bullying Prevention in Action
Two Arizona kids dealt with bullying head-on, and emerged more confident than ever.
By Sarah Asp Olson / Illustrations by Pietari Posti
ATA World | Winter 2010
When 9-year-old Collin was having problems with another student at school, his mom decided to seek out help from his ATA family. "By attending the Bullying Prevention Program, Collin and I learned short, simple techniques that helped with this school issue," his mom says. "Collin learned how to avoid the 'hot spots' on the playground, how to speak up for himself and how to be confident in himself. Furthermore, he learned that, since bullies are not usually brave, having confidence in himself can help prevent bullying." Collin's newfound bravery also helped him stand up for his friends and other students who were being bullied. "When he notices that his friends are being picked on, Collin will try to help his friends," his mom says. "He knows that standing up for his friends boosts this confidence and will help stop bullying with others, not just himself."
When Aaron, age 11, began acting upset and distracted, even asking to stay home from school, his mom knew something was wrong. "A boy with whom he had been friends for the first few months of school was starting to turn against him," she says. "He was using not only verbal bullying, but was physically hurting my son." They tried everything—speaking with the other boy's parents, asking teachers and administration to intervene, and seeking mediation between the boys. When those avenues failed, Aaron sought out his ATA instructors for help. "We finally told Aaron to use the skills he used in karate class to defend himself, but only if the other boy physically hurt him," his mom says. "We stressed, as in ATA class, that karate is never to be used unless you are being attacked or you are in a situation where you need to defend yourself." Aaron rehearsed in his mind how he'd use his Taekwondo moves if he was threatened. The next time he was attacked, Aaron executed the move he'd learned in class and was able to defend himself against his attacker. The boy hasn't physically threatened him since.
"[The Bullying Prevention Program] gave me confidence that I could do something about the bullying," says Aaron. "[And it taught me] to not let others get you upset. I know the skills I need to defend myself." | <urn:uuid:4967fae7-cc63-479c-852b-13639001fe77> | {
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Sources: Geology, Ohio State University
quote: "The discovery was unusual because aromatic molecules -- which also included molecules like dioxyribonucleic acid (DNA) -- were thought to be almost entirely broken down after just millions of years."
quote: "...since the vast majority of sedimentary rocks were laid down by what science calls "A mass extinction event..."
quote: It could easily be the wrong dating has been applied to the layer these fossils were discovered.
quote: The possibility of a "whoops, wrong dating method!" being applied is virtually zero,
quote: The majority of rocks are thought to have been deposited slowly over time with only a minor component being from catastrophic events. | <urn:uuid:f2872391-b814-4dae-b70e-536f6cc3f42c> | {
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A 2010 report by the Automation Technologies Council (ATC) -- now the Association for Advancing Automation -- projected brisk continued growth in the automation of materials handling operations, particularly in consumer goods manufacturing. The organization refers to the automation trend as a “revolution” under way in response to competitive market pressure for shorter cycle times and the need for accuracy in expediting products to market. Once a consumer goods manufacturer has developed a new product and invested in costly market research to put it into production, the clock starts ticking for the machine builder.
Described as the “science of intelligent machines,” one promising approach to which engineers and their automation partners are increasingly turning is mechatronics. An interdisciplinary collaboration of mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, and control programming, mechatronics optimizes all of the tools required for easy and successful machine design. As the name implies, mechatronics fosters success by improving integration between mechanical and electric components, resulting in smaller machines that cost less to build and support. This is what any consumer goods manufacturer would like in a machine. But how do we get there?
Mechatronics requires synergistic ways of looking at design tools and drive systems. Precisely designed components -- motors, drives, and gearboxes -- can be viewed as standardized modular units fulfilling requirements for speed, torque, motion sequence, dynamics, and positioning accuracy.
(Source: Lenze Americas)
The traditional approach to machine building
Machine builders typically have a team of electrical, mechanical, and software engineers on staff to provide the knowledge needed to build their product. The machine development process usually begins with a machine sale: the mechanical engineer reworks the existing machine design, and remits it to the electrical engineer who builds a control panel out of the “standard technology” whether or not it is doable. Then a software engineer is called upon to execute the project by using a new version of software.
However, at this point delays can begin if there is a setback in development because of a lack of harmonization on the machine concept, component selection, mechanical design, electrical design, program methodology, or even the tasks the machine are measured against. The software engineer is tasked with gluing together a mechanical hardware concept with an electrical hardware concept that does not match. And, he doesn’t necessarily understand why they don’t work together.
The mechatronic approach
With a mechatronic approach, electrical, mechanical, and software engineers first address the product the customer would like to handle. The engineers discuss the operations, or motion, which are required to help form the product, and (mechatronic) modules are suggested to perform these operations. The engineers then turn to a known group of modules that they have previously built, knowing the performance each module can manage. Changes are recommended, and the engineering team collaborates on the implications of their specific role of the machine. Many of the implications are often positive, resulting in better, stable product handling, and a safer, more efficient machine because of a simpler design. Modules are selected and modified (simplified), controls are determined based on the features they provide to exceed the needs of the customer, and the code needed to bring the mechanical and electrical worlds together is described by the machines function -- mechatronic modules, rather than the programming language. The HMI used to control the machine is then developed to tie the machine operator to the machine using terms that the operator can understand, such as product dimensions and machine speed.
The machine in this case is built by a collaborating group of mechatronic engineers who quickly gain knowledge of all three engineering disciplines. The next time through, the engineers can develop the machine independently, or even better, select engineering groups to expand the business. These machines are more reliable because of the modular approach, canned and tested. They generally have a smaller footprint because of hidden potential in one discipline being exposed and added to another. For example, a servo driven belt can replace a metal cam for a loading arm, or a frequency drive on a knee mechanism can replace hydraulics for high-speed, high-power applications. Finally, these machines are easier to support because the software reflects the electrical and mechanical devices put together in a specific module. | <urn:uuid:2e8015b8-fb10-45eb-b57d-b793545aa8c4> | {
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Updated on 2 May 2012
One of the barriers to drug delivery is the presence of a prominent stromal matrix that separates blood vessels from tumor cells. In order for the chemotherapeutic agent to be effective in solid tumors, the agent must be able to penetrate into the tumor in sufficient quantities without causing significant toxicity to normal tissues. Researchers at Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore, have designed a novel approach to enhance the penetration of small molecules into ex vivo tissue.
The hypothesis of researchers at the NTU is that the mechanical effect of ultrasound energy, radiation force of ultrasound pulse and microstreaming resulting from bubble cavitation are the major mechanisms of pulse high-intensity focused ultrasound (pHIFU)-enhanced drug penetration.
The Ultrasound Science and Application Research Laboratory of the NTU has developed an image-guided ultrasound-enhanced drug delivery system to be applied to a transgenic mouse model. The feasibility of enhancing penetration of a small-molecule drug through the connective structure using high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) pulses has been proven and it has been demonstrated that utilizing the mechanical effect, instead of thermal effect of the HIFU pulses, brings greater efficacy and decreases toxicity.
"This approach is cost-effective, compelling and can be extended to more novel chemotherapy agents (highly-diffusive carriers and nanoparticles). This technology can be easily realized in a commercial system, and it has a great opportunity of translating into human trials soon, since several clinical HIFU devices exist, and additional new devices are currently under development," shares Dr Yufeng Zhou, assistant professor, School of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, NTU, Singapore.
Once confirmed in the transgenic mouse model, HIFU pulse-enhanced drug delivery can be tested in clinics using the existing HIFU system in an appropriate protocol. Dr Yufeng Zhou believes that at this stage, close collaborations between oncologist, radiologist, gastroenterologist, ultrasound physicist and medical administration are of importance for the multiple-center randomized clinical trial. | <urn:uuid:b9a2b26f-2b10-4328-9e71-7dd555c96a49> | {
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Tooth extractions remove problematic or unnecessary teeth to help build a healthier smile in the future. If you or one of your children is in need of an extraction, you can be confident that our team will provide you with everything necessary to make it a pleasant process.
When is a Tooth Extraction Necessary?
There is a wide variety of reasons an extraction may be recommended by your dentist. Some of the most common include:
Impacted tooth – An impacted tooth erupts at an angle, rather than straight through the gums. This may lead to the tooth only erupting partly (with some still covered by the gums), applying pressure to neighboring teeth, causing discomfort, and making the area more difficult to clean properly. Wisdom teeth most often fall into this category.
Advanced decay – If a tooth has experienced significant decay, it may not be possible to restore it with a crown or a root canal. Extracting the tooth will provide a fresh start. This is the case for some abscessed teeth as well.
Trauma – Injury or other trauma to a tooth can lead to the need for extraction.
Crowding – In some cases, there may not be enough room in the mouth and extraction of teeth will allow for healthy growth. This may be recommended by your child’s orthodontist to create enough space for orthodontic treatment.
There are two types of extractions, simple extractions and surgical extractions. Simple extractions are performed on teeth that are visible (have erupted) and can be easily removed. Surgical extractions take place when a tooth hasn’t erupted or hasn’t fully erupted, and the removal of bone or gum tissue will be necessary. Wisdom tooth extraction is typically surgical as wisdom teeth are so often impacted.
Wisdom Tooth Extraction
Wisdom teeth are also known as third molars, and are the last permanent teeth to erupt. Most individuals find their wisdom teeth erupting when they are between 17-25 years old. Some people don’t develop wisdom teeth, others may have between 1-4. Many wisdom teeth present issues ranging from impaction to discomfort. We take comprehensive x-rays to determine whether a patient’s teeth may pose issues.
Most patients opt to have their wisdom teeth removed at the end of their teens, to better avoid potential issues that may appear in the future. If you or your teen are experiencing any of these concerns, it’s likely that wisdom tooth extraction would be beneficial:
Orthodontic treatment complications relating to the third molars
During surgical tooth extraction, the gums are cut open so that the tooth is visible. Your dentist loosens the tooth until it can be lifted out. Impacted teeth may need to be removed in pieces. Sutures will be placed so that the area heals quickly and safely.
After Your Tooth Extraction
After surgical tooth extraction, rest needs to be a priority. Arrange for a friend or family member to drive you home as sedation will take time to wear off. Limit your activities for the rest of the day, and wait at least two hours before eating to allow the anesthesia to fade and avoid accidentally biting your cheek.
The extraction site will bleed slightly; change the gauze at the site when it becomes soaked. Contact us if bleeding continues after 24 hours. Prop your head up when lying down to help stop the bleeding. Take any prescribed pain medication as directed, and use an ice pack as needed. Dr. Khaghany-Duffy may also provide a special cleaning solution for the extraction site.
You should eat only soft foods for several days after surgery, including:
Other foods that don’t require chewing
It’s important that you avoid using a straw, as the sucking pressure can loosen sutures and prolong bleeding. Also avoid any tobacco use as this delays healing. If you’re experiencing prolonged discomfort or bleeding, get in touch. | <urn:uuid:cbf2fbe3-2ac0-427d-9cd5-e05f79d17eed> | {
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Research Targets Reading Patterns Among Learning-Disabled Pupils
Learning-disabled students can be distinguished from students who are simply low achievers in reading, according to a new and extensive review of research.
A group led by Vanderbilt University special education professor Douglas Fuchs, a well-known special education researcher, examined "whether learning disabilities can be distinguished from garden-variety underachievement," Mr. Fuchs said in presenting his research at the Council for Exceptional Children's annual conference here, held April 15-18.
Mr. Fuchs and three other researchers reviewed 168 studies from 16 journals on learning disabilities and reading published from 1975 to 1996. They concluded that there is a substantial difference in the reading abilities of students identified as learning-disabled and those considered low-achieving and nondisabled.
"What the data do very strongly say is that the kids identified as learning-disabled are the lowest of the low achievers," he said in an interview. "It seems like the practitioners are doing the right thing by identifying kids who are performing worse in reading."
Mr. Fuchs said the research undercuts the belief among politicians and some school officials that learning disabilities are just an excuse for poor performance, or in some cases, a means to obtain unnecessary accommodations, such as extra time to take tests.
According to Mr. Fuchs, the reading scores of 73 percent of the low-achieving but nondisabled students in the research reviewed were higher than those of students identified as learning-disabled.
Need for Research
Low-achieving students also dramatically outperformed learning-disabled students on timed tests in the reviewed research, Mr. Fuchs said. He believes that the differences in scores are related to learning-disabled students' deficiencies in automatic word recognition.
Normally developing readers progress quickly to automatically recognizing familiar words from having to sound them out, but that transition is difficult for learning-disabled students, he said.
Further, the differences between low-achieving and learning-disabled students increased as they entered higher grade levels, Mr. Fuchs found.
Some researchers remain skeptical, however.
In an interview, Frank R. Vellutino, a professor of psychology and the director of children's research at the State University of New York at Albany, called learning disabilities a "handy and comfortable diagnosis for a lot of people." Mr. Vellutino, who had not reviewed Mr. Fuchs' findings, conducted research published in 1996 that showed that most of the students identified as reading-deficient had quickly improved their skills when they received intensive instruction.
"If there are LD kids in this world, there are precious few of them," he said.
The new findings come as state and federal lawmakers are growing increasingly skeptical of the learning-disabled designation in the federal Individuals with Disabilities Education Act. In the 1995-96 school year, more than 2.5 million students were categorized as having specific learning disabilities, 51.2 percent of the more than 5 million students served under the IDEA.
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Marine Animal Encyclopedia
Horseshoe Worm Phoronis hippocrepia
Horseshoe worms are easily overlooked but they sometimes cover large areas of rock with their narrow, membranous tubes. The horseshoe worm lives inside its tube, which encrusts rock surfaces or can bore into shells or limestone rock so that only the top part of the tube shows. The end of the wormlike body is thickened and anchors the animal in its tube. The feeding head with its horseshoe of delicate ciliated tentacles is extended to catch tiny planktonic animals while the body remains hidden in the tube. The feeding head is called a lophophore and is found in all members of the phylum. Horseshoe worms brood their egg masses within the lophophore, and larvae are continually released to drift and develop in the water. | <urn:uuid:08f812d7-7f1f-4162-b889-604e84509cd3> | {
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By its very design, the iPad promotes consumption.
Essentially an interactive mobile screen, the combination of physical form and supporting software-based user interface on Apple’s wunder-tablet suggests watching and listening, enabling you to tear the “monitor” off the desk and take it with you.
By lacking a keyboard, input and production aren’t quite as natural. That isn’t necessarily because the iPad can’t accommodate such input, but rather that the software–and our habits as users–haven’t completely caught up with the not-insignificant shift in interface.
But it doesn’t have to be that way.
One microcosm of the potential of the iPad in learning is the concept of visual recording.
Visual recording is what it sounds like it’d be. As opposed to recording audio, visual recording captures visuals, though not necessarily in photographic form. The process of visually capturing ideas with the iPad isn’t terribly complex in concept. If you can think of concept-mapping, you’re halfway there.
But executing it in practice–and then doing something meaningful with those iPad-captured images–isn’t second-nature simply because it’s not something you do everyday.
The following video does an excellent job of exploring this idea, answering the following questions:
1. What is visual recording?
2. What tools (and apps) are available to make it work?
3. What do you need to understand to be able to do it?
It is also honest, offering the pros and cons of each app, and of the iPad itself in various learning domains. | <urn:uuid:1176e4e2-42fc-4b47-8e6e-b1d90e6d0641> | {
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7 Hebrew Words of Praise – Yadah
I have been reading Don Potter’s “Facing The Wall” and in its appendix is a brief overview of the seven most common words for praise used in the Old Testament. In our modern age of worship and church, it may be surprising to see praise as more than playing a song and singing. Many of the words are not even related to music.
We will be highlighting each word in a different blog post. Today, we will introduce the word yadah.
The Bible is full of the words praise, bless, or glory. Whenever these words are used they can mean one of many Hebrew words. The following is a list of only seven words. This is not an exhaustive list by any means. All these definitions were taken from the Hebrew Greek Key Study Bible KJV and Strong’s Concordance of the Bible (there are many Greek words for praise as well, but I’m only using the Hebrew.)
The first word for “praise” in the Hebrew is one of the most important words I found. That is because the heart of the word is to confess your sins. The root of the word is to have an intimate knowing of God. (These words are not in any particular order; just in the order Ray taught them.)
Praise, thank, thanksgiving, cast (throw), Genesis 29:35, when Leah had her fourth son, she raised her hands in praise to the Lord, and called him Judah (praise). This is the first time anyone was recorded raising their hands in praise for their blessings: Praise as a result of blessing. Psalm 69:30-31 David is saying his confession of praise and thanksgiving is more pleasing to God than his sacrifice. This praise also includes public confession of sin: Psalm 32:5 To confess, to sing praise, to sing, etc. essentially it is to acknowledge the word of God and man’s character.
The root of YADAH which means to be intimately acquainted with someone, or God. To understand or acquire knowledge; to know; to discern; (learning to discern God’s heart) To know by learning and experiencing. Knowing through the senses, by investigating and proving. To become acquainted in a sexual way to make oneself known; to be familiar; to reveal oneself; this Hebrew word occurs 995 times in the O.T. Knowledge gained through the senses.
“Facing The Wall” ©2002 Potterhaus Music; pp 154-155 | <urn:uuid:2260ad64-ca63-4b04-a851-484da9a794d2> | {
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In Dark Matter of the Mind Dan Everett devotes a chapter to gesture and its relation to speech. Writing in The Conversation, Gaëlle Vallée-Tourangeau and Frédéric Vallée-Tourangeau argue that gestures are important in thinking:
...that people’s thoughts, choices and insights can be transformed by physical interaction with things. In other words, thinking with your brain alone – like a computer does – is not equivalent to thinking with your brain, your eyes, and your hands – as humans frequently do.The mind in the worldIn the course of problem solving, we naturally tend to recruit artefacts and manipulate them to augment and transform our ability to think and to explain ourselves. Consider a game of Scrabble: players naturally touch, move and re-arrange the tiles they receive. If thinking were simply done “in the head”, what’s the purpose of these moves?In fact, these moves are integral to the process of generating words. As players reconfigure the physical properties of their environment, they are not simply making it easier for them to think; they are thinking. Moves can be deliberate or serendipitous. This suggests that thinking is fundamentally relational: it unfolds along a series of physical changes in the environment that at times affects, and at times is affected by, a series of biological changes in the brain.
And so it goes with creativity and insight:
I would add, anecdotally, that I find that pacing helps me to think. And, as I've argued, drawing diagrams as well.While posing a problem presented using a classic pencil and paper format never led to a breakthrough, those who could use physical artefacts to build a model of the problem were much more likely to reach some insight, no matter the difference between the partipants’ cognitive abilities.We also applied this approach to the study of complex statistical reasoning. Previous research had found that, depending on the ease of mentally representing the statistical information presented, between 11% and 40% of people succeeded in solving these reasoning problems using just pen and paper.We presented the same information on a pack of cards which reasoners were free to spread out and rearrange in any way they like. Not all participants fully engaged with the cards – perhaps unwilling to be judged as poor thinkers for doing so. Yet the success rate for those who made the most of this opportunity to use the material world to boost their thinking leapt to a 75% success rate. | <urn:uuid:4f0c5965-78b3-40c7-b546-728543a3c1d9> | {
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The Alliance has compiled a number of resources available for survivors, their friends and families, and professionals assisting survivors in New York City.
Factsheets: Domestic Violence and the Law
Domestic violence has traditionally been defined as violence in the home, or between family members. As society's definition of family has changed, so has the law's definition of family violence. While some states cling to the traditional view of domestic violence as between spouses or former spouses, increasingly legislatures are expanding the scope of the law to include children, relatives, unmarried persons living together, persons with a child in common, and even those in an "intimate relationship." (All statutes discussed in this summary are current through 1995 unless otherwise indicated. Source: National Center for Victims of Crime, Legislative Database.)
In general, state domestic violence laws prohibit physical abuse and threatened or attempted physical abuse. Many domestic violence laws also bar sexual assault or abuse, emotional or psychological abuse, or even financial exploitation.
Police have been given a more specific role in combating domestic violence in recent years. Frequently, police are required to arrest offenders if they have strong reason to believe that there has been physical abuse. In some states, if police fail to arrest an offender, they are required to file a written report stating their reasons for declining to arrest. Police are typically required to inform victims of their legal rights, to enforce protective orders, and to use all means to prevent abuse. They may also be required to transport the victim to a medical facility or shelter. Police are often required to explain the procedures for obtaining a protective order to the victim, which may include giving the victim a written pamphlet outlining the procedures.
The standard method of redress for domestic violence victims is obtaining a protective order. These may be short-term, emergency protective orders, or longer term orders issued after a hearing. An emergency protective order in most cases is only issued where the applicant can show that there is a danger of immediate harm unless an order is issued. Such an order ordinarily is valid for only a few days, until a contested hearing can be held. After a hearing, the court may issue a longer term protective order.A protective order may provide such relief as:
Offenders may be required to participate in counseling, either as part of a protective order or as part of a pretrial diversion program. Successful completion of the counseling program in many states results in the charges against the offender being dropped.
Protective orders in some states are valid only for three months, although the court may be permitted to extend the order if the circumstances warrant. In other states, an order is valid for up to three years.
States enforce their protective orders in a variety of ways, whether by treating a violation of an order as civil or criminal contempt of court, or as a separate felony or misdemeanor. In some states, police are required to arrest an offender if they have reason to believe a protective order has been violated. The law often provides a means for police to verify whether a protective order is in effect. In a number of states, the victim is given a certified copy of the protective order, and another copy of the order is sent to law enforcement.
State legislatures are becoming increasingly aware of the great potential for victim intimidation posed in cases of domestic violence, and are passing laws to deal with this intimidation. In Rhode Island, a judge is required to make clear to the victim and defendant that prosecution of the domestic violence action is determined by the prosecutor, not the victim. In Texas, a prosecutor's decision whether to file an application for a protective order must be made without considering whether a criminal complaint has been filed by the applicant (Novello, 1992). Also, in many states, the location of domestic violence shelters is confidential and need not be disclosed, even in court. Arizona imposes a $1,000 civil penalty for the disclosure of information which could identify the location of a shelter. Similarly, the address of the victim is confidential in many states.
As of 1993, all states and the District of Columbia had passed "stalking" laws in an attempt to protect victims, usually women, who are followed, harassed, and threatened over a period of time, often by ex-husbands and ex-boyfriends. In an attempt to assist victims from being stalked by protecting their anonymity, some states, like Pennsylvania, are giving individuals who have been the victims of domestic violence and stalking behavior the option of blocking their phone numbers from being revealed through the popular "caller identification" services. Other states are limiting the release of information from voter registration and department of motor vehicles records. (This trend in tightening disclosure policies concerning these records follows the passage of the Driver Protection Act as incorporated in the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994.)
Many states also consider the communications between a victim and a domestic abuse counselor privileged. There may be exceptions where the counselor learns that a child is being abused, or where the court orders disclosure in a particular case.
The law in the area of domestic violence has been expanding in recent years. In a growing number of states, courts must consider any past history of domestic violence in a family when making custody and visitation determinations. More and more often, domestic violence offenders are being prohibited by statute from owning or possessing firearms.
Training for law enforcement, prosecutors, and judges in issues of special concern to domestic violence victims is becoming more prevalent, while medical and mental health professionals are being taught to detect signs of abuse and make appropriate referrals.
Some jurisdictions are using technology to assist domestic violence victims, including providing victims with cell phones to call 911 or other alarm systems to summon help. Many courts are also ordering electronic monitoring of batterers while on bail release or post-conviction release.
Funding for services and counseling for domestic violence victims is another area which has been receiving attention. In California, offenders can be ordered to contribute up to $1,000 to a battered women's shelter. A number of states routinely require the payment of restitution by the offender to cover the cost of mental health counseling incurred by a victim of domestic abuse. Some states even assess an additional marriage license fee which is designated to fund domestic violence programs.
For information on the domestic violence laws in your area, contact your local prosecutor's office, your state Attorney General's office, or your local law library.
American Medical Association. (1991). "Domestic Violence: No Longer a Family Secret." Five Issues in American Health. Chicago, IL: American Medical Association.
American Medical Association, Council on Ethical and Judicial Affairs. (1992). "Physicians and Domestic Violence: Ethical Considerations." Journal of the American Medical Association, 267(23): 3190-3193.
Attorney General's Family Violence Task Force, Pennsylvania. (1989). Domestic Violence: A Model Protocol for Police Response. Harrisburg, PA.
Berry, Dawn B. (1995). The Domestic Violence Sourcebook. Los Angeles: Lowell House.
National Center for Victims of Crime (1997) "Domestic Violence," FYI, Arlington, VA. National Center for Victims of Crime and Crime Victims Research and Treatment Center. (1992). Rape in America: A Report to the Nation. Arlington, VA: National Center for Victims of Crime and Crime Victims Research and Treatment Center.
Novello, Antonia C. (1992). "A Medical Response to Domestic Violence." Journal of the American Medical Association, 267(23): 3132.
Stark, James and Howard Goldstein. (1985). The Rights of Crime Victims. New York: Bantam Books.
National Domestic Violence Hotline
Family Violence & Sexual Assault Institute
National Coalition Against Domestic Violence
National Council on Child Abuse & Family Violence
National Resource Center on Domestic Violence
Your state Attorney General, county/city prosecutor, or county/city law enforcement:
Check in the Blue Pages of your local phone book under the appropriate section heading of either "Local Governments," "County Governments," or "State Government."
All rights reserved.
Copyright © 1997 by the National Center for Victims of Crime. This information may be freely distributed, provided that it is distributed free of charge, in its entirety and includes this copyright notice.
Denim Day supporters and media at the Denim Day NYC 2011 press conference | <urn:uuid:54b6cf12-d817-4048-8c54-bbff40c1b621> | {
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Treating Diabetes With Enzymes: What We Know Now.
By: Dr. William Wong, ND, PhD.
Up to a year ago, for anyone asking if systemic enzymes could help lessen the load of troubles that beset Type 1 diabetic patients have, I would have told them about lowering pancreatic inflammation, and possibly helping with lower extremity circulatory issues. I would have never suggested that the use of enzymes could decrease the need for insulin, increase energy or reverse the seemingly myriad of things diabetics suffer from. Then we started getting information from Type 1 patients that amazed even me and that have subsequently sparked new research. Here are two typical case histories.
Case History #1:
A Type 1 diabetic Native American patient from Montana in his mid 40's, very insulin dependent, with peripheral neuropathy in the lower extremities (LE's) and presenting paresthesia as well in the upper extremities (UE's) radiating distally to the hand. Peripheral Vascular Disease (PVD) in the LE's had already caused several toes to be amputated.
Patient began taking therapeutic doses of fibrinolytic systemic enzymes. Within weeks, circulation was opened in his feet and lower extremities. Skin there returned to a pink / flesh color. Remaining toes now have full circulation and are no longer candidates for amputation. Lower extremity and upper extremity pain became paresthesia (tingling and pins and needles), and as a result is much more bearable.
The patient’s insulin needs were decreased.
Case History #2:
86-year-old male Caucasian from Las Vegas history of Type 1 Diabetes for over 50 years. One below the knee amputation (left side) already done due to DVP, the other leg about to be amputated due to general lack of blood flow and arterial blockage. Poor circulation body wide and a gray / white pallor to the skin also body wide. Neurological pain was had at both lower extremities. Urine flow beginning to flag as patients kidneys became laden with scar tissue (Glomerulosclerosis). Patient was highly insulin dependent. Above that the patient was functionally blind in one eye from a Lasix procedure that had generated scar tissue over the retina.
After several weeks of systemic enzyme use the patient first noticed a lessening in his lower extremity neurological pain (neuropathy). His skin color in the remaining leg changed to rosy as circulatory pathways were opening. Outer layer of whitish dead skin shed off leaving what resembled a “body wide dandruff”, exposing new pink /flesh tone skin beneath. The existing leg became pink with blood flow, no longer ulcered, no longer had ischemic pain and was saved from amputation.
Urine flow increased as fibrin was lysed (eaten away) from the kidneys. If the urine was allowed to stand in the toilet a layer of tiny bits of fibrin (component of scar tissue) in what resembled fiberglass floated to the top. The fibrosis that had blinded one eye was lysed away and the patient now has better than 20/20 vision in that eye. Most significantly, the patients own insulin production has returned (thought to be impossible under the auto immune theory of diabetic pancreatic destruction). He is no longer insulin dependent. After medical testing the patient is no longer considered diabetic at all and is off all medication.
Sound fantastic? It did to me, even as a Naturopath who expects nature to do fantastic things. Diabetes is one of those diseases you never expect patients to get better from. Even after several years of working with systemic enzymes I had heard of some Type 2 patients improving their energy and leveling off their sugar highs and lows but I had never expected any form of improvement in Type 1 patients, the medical literature was very clear. Once the immune system destroyed the insulin producing portions of the pancreas, there was no getting those tissues to function again! That medical “truth” has turned out to be merely a medical theory.
Lets take a look at the present understanding of the root causes of diabetes and add our own conjectures based on what we have observed clinically. We know from the present research work being done that the root cause of diabetes is inflammation of the pancreas. How and why this inflammation sets in we yet do not know. As we also know from the physiology of trauma, inflammation breeds fibrosis or scar tissue. One follows a chronic course of the other.
Fibrosis is also the culprit in the Peripheral Vascular Disease. In this condition, fibrin plugs form in the micro circulation (tiny blood vessels) forming blockages to full blood flow. Fibrin also forms the matrix for arterial plaque. Inflammation of trauma to the inner lining of an artery (intima), causes the traumatized or weakened section to shore itself up with scar tissue. On the spider web of scar tissue fat, calcium and heavy metals accrue forming what we know as arterial plaque. Once the fibrosis blockages become extensive enough, the patient presents the signs of PVD, which are cold extremities, intermittent caludication (pain on walking from lack of oxygen supply to the tissues known as ischemia), non healing ulcerations of the skin and eventual death of tissue creating gangrene leading to amputation.
The high blood sugar levels had during diabetes damages the body’s organs. One of the first organs to be damaged are the nerves to the legs and then the arms. Wherever the circulation is poorest the nerve damage follows and radiating nerve pain is had (neuropathy). The damage begins with, you guessed it, inflammation and progresses with, you guessed it again, fibrosis. It is this inflammation into fibrosis that seems to be a recurring theme in diabetes.
For a moment lets do some education on orally administered systemic enzymes. They have a 5 decade history of wide spread medical use in Germany, Central Europe and Japan with over 150 million patients in Europe alone having undergone enzyme therapy in the last 4 decades. There are over 200 peer-reviewed studies proving the absorption, therapeutic action and total lack of toxicity (no LD-50) of systemic enzymes. Their primary action is anti-inflammatory, (though not through a COX 1 or Cox 2 action. The enzymes instead “eat” pro inflammatory cytokines). The enzymes also have a proven lysing action on all types of fibrosis and scar tissue leaving normal or endogenous tissue entirely intact and un-bothered. This is due to the body “tagging” excesses of fibrin as exogenous proteins. (The subject of protein tagging and its discoverer won the Nobel Prize in biology in the late '90's). Entering the key words: systemic enzyme, serrapeptase, nattokinase, bromelain, pancreatin, papain, trypsin, chymo trypsin into the search engine at Pub Med will bring up some of the current research on systemic enzymes and their applications. A search in the “medical fields” section of www.mucos.cz will show abstracts of the extensive older research done with the first systemic enzyme blends of the 50's and 60's. It has to be said that there is nothing, no drug or substance, in either the allopathic medical world or in the natural health world that can remove scar tissue but highly fibrinolytic systemic enzymes.
Current thinking on diabetes is that the body’s immune system attacks the pancreas creating inflammation. This may be so. Further, the current thinking is that the inflammation brings about the destruction of the Islets of Langerhans and its Beta Cells, the places where insulin is made. This may not be so. If the studies that are currently being planned and executed further demonstrate what we are seeing clinically with Type 1 patients on systemic enzymes, then this point will have to be re-thought. Clinically most of the Type 1 patients have a significantly lower need for insulin while some no longer need the insulin at all. This would suggest that the Beta Cells and the Islets are not destroyed. I conjecture that they are merely clogged by the fibrosis created by the inflammation. Once the causative inflammation is reduced and once the fibrinolytic action of the enzymes has eaten away the fibrosis and reopened the channels, then what ever production the Islets can make can actually get into the system.
I believe that the global (body wide) non-toxic, anti-inflammatory effects of highly fibrinolytic systemic enzymes, like those found in Zymessence™, as well as the scar tissue eating effects of the same enzymes are the reasons we are seeing the decrease in pancreatic inflammation, decrease in diabetic neuropathy, in it's associated Peripheral Vascular Disease, and the decrease in insulin dependence we are seeing clinically in Type 1 patients. Let's see if the research further verifies the observed findings and gives us more insight into the pathways of action. | <urn:uuid:959feb31-1891-4911-b507-983b01d5a991> | {
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Virus experiments risk unleashing global pandemic, study warns
Public health experts have warned that controversial experiments on mutant viruses could put human lives in danger by unleashing an accidental pandemic.
Several groups of scientists around the world are creating and altering viruses to understand how natural strains might evolve into more lethal forms that spread easily among humans.
But in a report published on Tuesday, researchers at Harvard and Yale universities in the US argue that the benefits of the work are outweighed by the risk of pathogenic strains escaping from laboratories and spreading around the world.
They calculate that if 10 high-containment labs in the US performed such experiments for 10 years, the chance of at least one person becoming infected was nearly 20%. If an infected person left the laboratory, the virus might then spread more widely.
"We are not saying this is going to happen, but when the potential is a pandemic, even a small chance is something you have to weigh very heavily," said Marc Lipsitch, an epidemiologist at Harvard School of Public Health, who wrote the report with Alison Galvani, an epidemiologist at Yale.
The report threatens to reignite a crisis inscience that erupted in 2012 when a US biosecurity panel ruled that two separate studies on mutant bird flu were too dangerous to publish. They described the creation of new mutant strains that spread among ferrets – a proxy for humans – held in neighbouring cages. One fear was that the recipe for the pathogens might fall into the hands of bioterrorists.
Those studies, led by Ron Fouchier at Erasmus medical centre in Rotterdam, and YoshihiroKawaoka at the University of Wisconsin-Madison respectively, were eventually published after months of delays. Other researchers have now begun similar experiments.
Both Fouchier and Kawaoka criticised the latest report, published in Plos Medicine, and said their work had full ethical, safety and security approval, with the risks and benefits taken into account.
Last year, the US government, which funds most of the controversial work, revised its guidelines for "dual-use research of concern", or DURC. Under the new rules, work can be funded if the potential benefits are substantial and the risks considered to be manageable.
But Lipsitch said there was no evidence that the risks and benefits had been weighed up properly. "To my knowledge, no such thing has been done, but funding for these experiments continues," he said.
Lipsitch said that the US government and other funding bodies must commission comprehensive risk assessments from independent experts before deciding which studies to support.
Lipsitch and Galvani are most concerned about what are called gain-of-function studies, which aim to create highly virulent strains of viruses in secure laboratories so their genetic codes can be studied. Mutations that make a respiratory virus lodge in the throat, for example, can make the virus more transmissible through coughing.
The rational for gain-of-function studies is twofold. If scientists can work out which mutations make a virus more dangerous to people, they can improve surveillance by looking out for those mutations in natural strains. The work might also help to steer vaccine development. But Lipsitch argues that neither justification stands up: surveillance is not good enough to use the information, and vaccine developers can do without it, he says.
Rather than creating dangerous viruses in high-containment laboratories, Lipsitch and Galvani urge scientists to pursue alternative routes, for example, comparisons of seasonal human flu strains and other respiratory viruses that have jumped from animals into humans. These are not only safer, the authors claim, but the studies are scientifically sound, because they do not rely on small numbers of animals.
The report was roundly rejected by Fouchier and Kawaoka, two of the leading scientists in gain-of-function studies. Fouchier said the authors were wrong on both points they made – that alternative experiments could provide answers about the transmissibility of viruses, and that the risk of an outbreak or pandemic was high.
"The research agenda they propose is important and currently ongoing, but alone will never lead to solid conclusions about mammalian adaptation and transmission: the proof of the pudding will need to come from gain-of-function studies using infectious viruses. This is why the department of health and human services has approved our research, taking into account all ethical, safety and security issues, and weighing the risks of the research against the benefits," Fouchier said.
He said the authors had misinterpreted published data to arrive at their risk of someone picking up a virus in the laboratory. "The truth is that scientific research has never triggered a virus pandemic." Lipsitch and Galvani point out that a flu strain that spread around the world from 1977 to 2009 was probably released in a laboratory accident.
Kawaoka was similarly unimpressed with the report. "The authors imply that gain-of-function studies are going on without proper reviews. This is not so and suggests they do not understand how highly regulated this work is and the approvals and planning required to conduct this research," he said. "This commentary lists many experiments they think we should be doing. We are doing many of those experiments already."
Simon Wain-Hobson, a virologist at the Pasteur Institute in Paris, said that scientists working on the controversial virus studies should be less defensive. "There are times when we have to open up and face our critics. Marc is articulating what many of us feel is obvious," he said. | <urn:uuid:8c9b0d3e-84ae-4070-a3fe-23e17067d390> | {
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Hansatech Instruments is a small, British, scientific instrument company located in the heart of rural Norfolk. For over 40 years, our efforts have been concentrated towards the design & manufacture of high quality oxygen electrode and chlorophyll fluorescence measurement systems for the studies of cellular respiration & photosynthesis research. Our product range covers a wide range of applications within the following fields of study:
Photosynthesis StepLocationProduct Absorption of light to split water Thylakoid mem- branes O 2, NADPH, ATP Light-Independent Reactions (Calvin Cycle) StromaADP, NADP, 3 carbon sugar Cytoplasm6 carbon glucose
See the relation between Respiration and Photosynthesis ?
Our product range covers a wide range of applications covering photosynthesis and cellular respiration research including oxygen measurement systems, chlorophyll fluorescence measurement systems and chlorophyll content measurement systems.
inputs and products of photosynthesis, ..
Students demonstrate that a terrarium, a closed system, is an excellent tool for conducting environmental studies such as determining the rates of photosynthesis and cell respiration in plants. As part of this process, students:
Photosynthesis and Respiration - Cellular Life Processes
Use an oxygen sensor, a carbon dioxide sensor, and a temperature sensor to demonstrate that a terrarium, as a closed system, is an excellent tool for conducting environmental studies and to design additional investigations on photosynthesis and cellular respiration.
Comparing photosynthesis and respiration.
Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration. Energy Use in Living Organisms Step 1 Convert sunlight energy into chemical food energy Ends in Glucose.
Quia - Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
Cellular respiration Aerobic Requires Oxygen Produces 38 ATP from glucose Glucose+ 0 2 -> 6CO 2 +6H 2 0+ 38 ATP 3 steps –Glycolysis, Kreb cycle and ETS Takes place in cytoplasm & mitochondria Result – More energy Anaerobic Does not require Oxygen Produces 2 ATP from glucose Glucose-> Lactic Acid +2 ATP 2 steps – Glycolysis, Lactic Acid formation Takes place in cytoplasm Result- Sore muscles, tired
Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis
Importance of Oxygen During aerobic respiration, where do the electrons (H + ) end up as they are passed from protein to protein? They end up in the loving arms of oxygen. When oxygen accepts electrons, water is made. If oxygen wasn’t there to accept the electrons, the Electron Transport Chain would get backed up, and no energy would be produced. What type of respiration happens when there is no oxygen? …and where does it happen? | <urn:uuid:6d2284de-710e-478f-8432-7835698676cc> | {
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2 Answers | Add Yours
American Romanticism has been considered a journey away from the corruption of civilization and the limits of rational thought and toward the integrity of nature and freedom of the imagination. The characteristic journey is to the pristine countryside, a countryside associated with moral clarity, independence, and healthy living. However, in Dark Romanticism, of which Edgar Allan Poe is a part, the journey is one of the imagination, but often it travels to the mind's dark regions. This dark journey often leads to the exploration of the past and of the exotic and supernatural realms. Poetry, which is perceived as the highest form of this expression of the imagination, often ventures into these realms. Poe once wrote,
They who dream by day are cognizant of many things which escape those who dream only by night.
Poe's use of symbolism connects strongly to Dark Romanticism's employment of the realm of imagination. In addition, Poe has acknowledged the existence of sin, pain, and evil in human life. His story "The Masque of the Red Death" blends all of these themes.
In the narrative of Poe's "The Masque of the Red Death," the existence of sin and pain is certainly a motif. Material pleasures are used by Prince Prospero as distractions from the reality of the Red Death. However, death is inescapable as its figure "shrouded from head to foot in the habiliments of the grave" appears in the seventh room, the black and red room in which the clock tolls the final hour. The symbolism of this room and the other colored rooms is apparent: they represent the seven stages of human life. Poe's story is one that deals with the supernatural and the realm of the imagination.
The period of American Romanticism in literature focuses on the individual or outcast, features fantasy, with introspective characters, and exotic settings. Poe's writings are emotional, mysterious, and dark, focusing on the complex individual, emotionally seeking an elusive goal or ideal. In "The Masque of the Red Death," when Prince Prospero seeks to protect his courtiers from an unforgiving, grisly plague, he attempts to thwart death itself.
Edgar Allan Poe's "The Masque of the Red Death" opens with a vengeance, describing the fearsome plague with "the redness and the horror of blood." The story has a dark, gothic setting, located in one of Prince Prospero's:
"castellated abbeys. This was an extensive and magnificent structure, the creation of the prince's own eccentric yet august taste. A strong and lofty wall girdled it in. This wall had gates of iron."
Poe's dark sweeping style as he describes the abbey and the masquerade is emblematic of the American Romantic Period because of the way "Masque" embodies all of the major characteristics. He seamlessly incorporates the exotic with fantasy and the elusive goal, evading the Red Death.
We’ve answered 319,857 questions. We can answer yours, too.Ask a question | <urn:uuid:6093e179-c08c-4695-8729-6baa7f3092be> | {
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Born: ca. 1909
Naftali was one of six children born to a Jewish family in the small Lithuanian village of Karchai. When he was a young boy, a tutor would come to Karchai to teach the Jewish children in the village. Naftali later began public school in Janova and after graduating he went to an agricultural school. In 1929 Naftali moved to Siauliai, where he worked grading beets in a sugar beet factory.
1933-39: In Siauliai, Naftali lived with his sister, Sara, and her family who ran a dairy store. Naftali was a religious man and together with his sister's family, he attended Siauliai's Landkremer synagogue--kremer meaning "small businessmen" in German. In 1939 Germany invaded Poland. Lithuania, at the time, was still a free nation.
1940-44: In 1940 the Soviets occupied Lithuania. Then in June 1941, German troops, invading Soviet territory, took Siauliai. Naftali was among the thousands of Jews who were relocated to a ghetto established by the Nazis. Beginning in September 1941, groups of Jews in the ghetto were put to work in and around Siauliai. Naftali was put to work in a sheepskin tanning factory. Three years later, Naftali was deported. He was sent to several camps, and finally to Waldlager, a subcamp of Muhldorf in Bavaria.
In Waldlager Naftali died of sickness brought on by hunger and exposure. He was 35 years old. | <urn:uuid:6f4aae42-a6e8-4aae-b296-7e1a9b5d7907> | {
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It is often said that Badminton is the fastest sport in the world. A quick search on Google returns hundreds of sources that “certify” this claim. This is an example:
What’s the fastest sport in the world? Tennis? No. Soccer? Baseball? No and no. It’s badminton — in which the birdie, or shuttle, as the pros call it, can travel more than 200 mph.
However, a subtle feature pops out at us from the previous quote: the shuttle is the item travelling faster than anything else in other sports. But, is it really the most appropriate thing to consider when measuring the speed of a certain sport? We don’t think so.
Even if the shuttle speed cannot be reached by a table tennis ball, the dimensions of the playing area, the net height and the playing strategy greatly affect the sport’s speed. Let’s compare the next two videos:
On one hand, the table tennis point starts at a slow pace and accelerates as time passes, increasing the ball speed and frequency until it ends. On the other hand, the badminton point stays at a regular speed most of the time until it suddenly finishes with a strong smash.
In this article, we will go deeper into the matter, doing a thorough analysis on both sports. First of all, we will look at the foundations of table tennis and badminton. Then, we will analyze two example matches to gain some insight into the playing speed. Finally, we will compare the results to determine which of them is the fastest sport in the world.
The following images show the basics you should know about the court and materials used in both sports:
Both sports have similar rules, which consist basically in hitting the ball/shuttle to the opponent’s side of the table/court. The purpose of this is to make the opponent fail, which may happen because of the net obstacle, the limited size of the playing area or high speed shots that cannot be returned in time.
When hitting the ball/shuttle, there are different kind of strokes that can be used, depending on the intention and/or the position of the player.
Regarding Table Tennis, the following Youtube video from the Olympics Channel shows most of them:
Badminton basic strokes can be observed here:
Now that we know the terminology of both sports, we are ready to start the speed analysis.
Let’s measure now the speed of table tennis and badminton. But … how do we define “the speed”?
First of all, in order to compare both sports, we must have a common set of terms:
- The playing time of a match is the sum of the playing time of all its points.
- The playing time of a point is the time between the point’s start and the point’s end.
- A point starts when the ball/shuttle is hit during the service performance.
- A point ends when:
- Table tennis: the ball hits the floor, the hitter’s side of the table, the side of the table top or any other object or part of the body that interrupts its trajectory and prevents it from reaching the opponents side of the table. Also, when a player makes any kind of fault.
- Badminton: the shuttle hits the court out of bounds, the hitter’s side of the court, any player’s body part or a player makes any kind of fault.
- A hit happens when the ball or the shuttle is hit by any of the players.
Considering this, we can define “the speed” of both sports as:
That is, the ratio between the amount of times the ball/shuttle is hit and the total playing time of the match.
Now we will use a representative match of each sport to get metrics we can use to compare Table Tennis and Badminton regarding their playing speed.
The match that has been chosen for this analysis is the 2017 ITTF World Tour Platinum Qatar Open Men Singles final between Ma Long and Fan Zhendong, current World #1 and #2. The result of the match was 4-2 (11-8, 11-8, 11-7, 5-11, 6-11, 11-4) for Ma Long.
The following timeline analyzes one random point from the match:
The whole point, since the ball is hit by the server until it hits the floor, lasts for 3.773 seconds. During that time, there are eight strokes, with an average of 0.4 seconds between each of them. Considering the equation we introduced before, the speed for this point is 2.12 hits per second.
Now let’s see the key factors that determine the speed of the whole match. First, the rally length of all the points of the match:
There were 104 points, with an average of 4.90 hits per rally. The shortest rally corresponds to a serve fault, which counts as a single shot, while the longest one took 15 strokes to end.
Regarding the timing, the next pie chart shows the total distribution of the match time:
The playing time is only 4 minutes and 14 seconds out of the 56 minutes the full match took, accounting for only the 7.61 %. The longest rally lasted for 8.64 seconds, while the shortest one corresponds to the serve fault and lasted 0.55 seconds.
Now that we have all the metrics we are able to calculate the match speed. With 510 shots and 254.88 seconds of playing time, the analyzed match has a playing speed of:
Due to the nature and rules of badminton, doubles matches are more frenetic than singles. Because of that, we have chosen the 2017 All England Open Men’s Doubles final between the World #1 and #2 pairs: Gideon / Sukamuljo (IND) and Li Junhui/Liu Yuchen (CHN). The result of the match was 2-0 (21-19, 21-14) for the Indonesian players.
This timeline analyzes one random point from this match:
The action lasts for 5.206 seconds. During that time, the shuttle is hit twelve times, with an average of about 0.5 seconds between each stroke. Applying the speed equation, the speed for this single point would be 2.30 hits per second.
Let’s see now the key factors that determine the speed of the whole match. First, the rally length of all the points of the match:
The 75 points of the match recorded a minimum rally length of one hit when a serve fault happened, and a maximum of 41, which happened in the very last point. The average rally length was 8.98 hits per rally.
Switching now to the time analysis, we can see how long the public could see some action:
The whole match lasted for 39 minutes and 8 seconds. The playing time was 16.69 % of that, resulting in 6 minutes and 31 seconds. The longest rally of the match took 25.64 seconds, while the shortest only 0.6 seconds.
Now that we have all the metrics we are able to calculate the match speed. With 674 shots and 391.84 seconds of playing time, the analyzed match has a playing speed of:
And the fastest sport is…
The analysis we have conducted reveals that Table Tennis is faster than Badminton: the Table Tennis match had a speed of 2.00 hits per second, while the Badminton one reached only 1.72 hits per second. Even if the gender, level of the players, category or competition differ, we now have a brief idea of how close both sports are regarding their playing speed.
As well as that, we can get some interesting insights into both sports. We have realized that there are significant differences between them, as the rally length and playing time ratios differ quite a lot. Badminton has twice as many shots in each rally compared to Table Tennis, having also 1.5x playing time.
Which sport is the most enjoyable then? Table Tennis with its faster rallies or Badminton with its longer, thrilling points? We will not agree on this, that is for sure! | <urn:uuid:f7f0977b-082c-439b-999b-5e980629013f> | {
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Bobby suggests adding white to your gardens to highlight darker, shady areas of your yard.
White is a very under-used color, and can be added through white pots and window boxes, or white flowers.
Planting white flowers in your garden not only illuminates your yard at night, but the bright color also attract nighttime pollinators such as moths.
While these white plants help brighten up your yard at night, planting at night can also be beneficial and can make a significant difference in the success of your plants.
The moon's gravitational pull affects the moisture in the soil just as it influences the ocean tides. A practice called moon-phase gardening, popular in folklore, is being resurrected due to new concepts and scientific ideas. This practice synchronizes the planting of flowers with the cycle of the moon: such as planting flowering bulbs and perennials during the waning moon (from the day after the full moon to the day before it is new again).
The scientific evidence behind moon-phase planting hasn't been proven yet, but it's a good excuse to get outside to enjoy the cool, summer nights!
Check out our latest Q&A segment below!
For more information on white flowers, check out Bachman's
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Okay, you’ve got a six-pin microcontroller with 1k of program memory, 32 bytes of SRAM, and it can’t be programmed using an In-System-Programmer. Do you think you can use it to develop a game? [Wrtlprnft] managed to build a Simon Says game based on the diminutive device that has four buttons and four LEDs. Judging from the video after the break, we’d say he nailed it!
There are so many design challenges here. First off, with only six pins total getting eight devices connected and working means doubling up on each I/O pin and using the reset pin as a doubled-up I/O. We’ve seen momentary push buttons on the same pins as LEDs before, so that’s not too hard to get working.
But if you’re using the reset pin how do you flash the thing? It doesn’t use the same ISP programming protocol that it’s bigger cousins do, so [Wrtlprnft] used an ATmega1284P to program it, hooking up to the three I/O pins and using a transistor to push 12V on the reset pin. But there’s still the matter of writing the code. It has half of the 32 registers you’d expect to find. He ended up ditching C and went straight to writing Assembly because of the diminished instruction set. It’s the first thing he’s written in Assembly, and a great way to learn the ropes.
It may not be as polished, but we do like it just as much as the Karate Chop Simon Says game which has a lot of other bells and whistles. | <urn:uuid:0be2e9ae-bee7-4e01-8567-3904f79bd5a4> | {
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- Turkey calls the vote "first and foremost a loss for France"
- Armenia praises the vote and thanks the French
- The French Senate approved the controversial legislation 127-86
- Turkey expressed anger over the bill when it passed the National Assembly in December
The French Senate voted late Monday to criminalize any public denial of what new legislation calls the Ottoman Empire's genocide of Armenians, triggering fresh condemnation from modern Turkey.
Relations between France and Turkey have already deteriorated since the National Assembly -- the lower house of the French parliament -- voted to approve the bill in December. The Turkish government called Monday's vote "an example of irresponsibility" and vowed to "express our reaction against it in every platform."
It is already illegal in France to deny the Holocaust of World War II, a crime punishable by a year in prison and a fine of 45,000 euros ($58,500). The same punishment would be used under the Armenian legislation.
Monday night's 127-86 vote sends the legislation to French President Nicolas Sarkozy, who has indicated he would sign it. Armenia's government hailed the vote, saying France "reaffirmed its pivotal role as a genuine defender of universal human values." But Turkey, one of France's NATO allies, called it "an entirely unfortunate step for French politics."
"Politicization of the understanding of justice and history through other people's past and damaging freedom of expression in a tactless manner are first and foremost a loss for France," it in a statement on the vote. "It is obvious that the interpretation of historical events cannot be determined by the attitude of French politicians who see in themselves the right to judge other nations on the basis of one-sided views and declare a judgment on a serious allegation of crime such as genocide, thereby ignoring the principles of international law."
The statement added, "Turkey is determined to take every step required against this unjust action, which disregards basic human values and public conscience."
The Turkish-Armenian controversy over the killings that took place last century has reverberated wherever diaspora communities representing both groups exist. Armenian groups and many scholars argue that Turks committed genocide starting in 1915, when more than a million ethnic Armenians were massacred in the waning days of the Ottoman Empire.
Turkey officially denies that a genocide took place, saying hundreds of thousands of Armenian Christians and Turkish Muslims died in intercommunal violence around the bloody battlefields of World War I.
Before the vote, Sen. Herve Marseille, one of the bill's supporters, argued that since France already recognizes the Ottoman-era killings as genocide, the same standard that applies to Holocaust denial should apply to the Armenian case.
"When we contest the Jewish genocide, we can be punished," Marseille said. "And up until now, when we contest the Armenian genocide, there is no punishment. So we can't have a legal punishment for one and not for the other. Everyone is equal in front of the law."
But Sen. Jacques Mézard, who opposed the legislation, said freedom of expression was at stake.
"It calls into question historical and scientific research. Tomorrow will there be a question of a Vendée genocide?" he asked, referring to a revolt against the French revolutionary government in 1793. "Will we put the Spanish and the United States in the stocks for the massacre of Native Americans? We must reject this text and consign it to history books."
After December's vote in the National Assembly, Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan accused France of committing its own "genocide" during its war against Algerian independence in the 1950s and 1960s. Erdogan announced that Turkey was reviewing its ties with France. Ankara recalled its ambassador to Paris for consultations, canceled bilateral visits and wouldn't cooperate with France in joint projects within the European Union.
The French Foreign Ministry shot back at Erdogan's comments, saying France "assumes with clarity and transparency its duty to remember the tragedies that have marked its history." And Sarkozy has said that his country doesn't need an OK from another nation to develop its policies.
In addition to being NATO allies, Turkey and France have trade ties valued at $13.5 billion, according to Turkish statistics.
The genocide debate is also a source of tension between Turkey and the United States, another NATO ally. The White House, for example, annually beats back efforts in Congress to pass a resolution that would formally recognize the 1915 massacre of Armenians as genocide. | <urn:uuid:9dd075c3-4bfd-4fc5-98ab-a6b8f17ba0a7> | {
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Désolé. Actuellement, cette page n'existe pas en français.
German inventors drive diesel engines to greater efficiency
Hans Meixner and Randolf Mock of Siemens demonstrated how piezo direct injection technology for car engines saves significant amounts of fuel while reducing emissions. Nominated in the Industry category for European Inventor of the Year, the patent revolutionised the automobile market and is now industry standard for all modern diesel engines.
Hans Meixner started his research in the 1980s but it wouldn't be until the mid-1990s - when fuel efficiency was suddenly making newspaper headlines - that the world was ready for the innovation he and his colleague Randolf Mock came up with.
Working at electronics giant Siemens, which already had a long-running involvement with piezo materials (crystals, ceramics and polymers), the time seemed ripe to apply this technology to diesel engines to make them more environmentally friendly.
The idea for adapting piezo technology was based on the understanding that a piezo switch is able to respond almost instantly (within one ten-thousandth of a second) to an electrical charge. This means fuel flow can be more precisely calibrated, and it burns more completely. The result: better fuel economy and lower emissions.
The piezo switch is made of a ceramic material which expands when an electrical current is applied. Similar technology is used in computer inkjet printers which emit tiny drops of ink when their piezo crystals are charged. The difference here is that with fuel injection, the piezo technology opens a valve allowing fuel to be sprayed into the engine cylinder.
Tests back in the 1980s with early injection prototypes were promising, and the duo realised they could achieve fuel savings of approximately ten percent using this method. Fast forward to 1996 and their first test injector is in existence. From that point, it would only take four years for Siemens VDO to become the first European supplier to start series production of injection systems for diesel engines.
With the launch of the Peugeot 306 diesel - which was noted at the time for matching up well to its petrol-based competitors in fuel efficiency and handling - the scientists finally saw the fruits of their labour on the market.
Today, piezo technology is installed in virtually every modern diesel car on the road with drivers enjoying fuel savings of up to 15 percent. By the end of 2006, Siemens had supplied 18 million diesel injectors to customers across the globe, translating to nearly five million cars that now use the technology.
But it's not just diesel customers who are going to benefit: according to Siemens, there are even greater savings (as high as 20 percent) to be had when using this technology with petrol engines. BMW obviously agree, unveiling in 2006 their 335i Twin Turbo 3-litre engine that uses Siemens VDO's piezo direct injection gasoline (petrol) technology. Soon, piezo direct injection could become industry standard for petrol engines.At a time when the whole world is thinking about climate change, Meixner's and Mock's invention couldn't be more relevant: their breakthrough not only saves precious fuel, but reduces harmful emissions. In short, they have taken diesel and petrol car engines a step closer to becoming less of a burden on the environment. | <urn:uuid:8cf71769-72ab-48d1-b6ac-7572a1398741> | {
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Something amazing is about to happen in the Bernice E. Lavin Plant Evaluation Garden: dozens and dozens of witch hazels will all burst into bloom at once in February.
It's year two of our six-year witch hazel trial, which compares 36 different cultivars (three of each!) from the four major Hamamelis species. As with all of our trials in the Plant Evaluation Garden, gardeners can witness the process as young witch hazels settle in, grow, bloom year after year, and mature into full-size plants under conditions similar to those in your own yard.
At first glance, witch hazels hardly seem candidates for tests or trials, since, as a group, they are hardy, maintenance-free, and ignored by most pests. Whether you think of them as small trees or large shrubs, they are manageably sized, topping out at 10 to 20 feet, with some spreading forms nearly as wide. They are shapely shrubs, with smooth, rather plain brown-to-gray bark. Handsome oval leaves, sometimes downy on the underside, turn all sorts of colors in fall. And then there's the crowning glory: shaggy, spidery winter blooms with long, crinkly petals, clustered up and down the length of the branches.
Witch hazels are small trees/shrubs that grow 10 to 20 feet high and, sometimes, nearly as wide. Illustration: Lane, Chris. 2005. Witch Hazels. Published in association with the Royal Horticultural Society by Timber Press. Portland, Oregon. p. 227.
In fact, the only major drawback to witch hazels lies at their roots—a preference for well-drained, loamy, acidic soil means that they grow less than happily in clay soil.
That's what led two of our dedicated plantsmen — Dr. Andrew Bell, curator of woody plants, and Richard Hawke, manager of plant evaluation — to design the witch hazel trial. Their question: which of the myriad witch hazel cultivars perform best in Chicago's less-than-perfect soils?
The Witch Hazel Trial
The trial features 22 cultivars of Hamamelis x intermedia, the hybrid witch hazels born from the cross between two species' parents: Hamamelis mollis (Chinese witch hazel) and Hamamelis japonica (Japanese witch hazel). These hybrids are changing the outdated perception of witch hazels as twiggy, non-landscape-worthy shrubs, with more flower colors (orange, red, pink, and purple, plus a whole spectrum of yellows), more compact/home-appropriate sizes, and a crazy quilt of fall foliage color options.
Tour the witch hazel beds and you'll see H. x intermedia with names like 'Glowing Embers', 'Ripe Corn', 'Strawberries and Cream', and 'Purple Ribbons'. The rare opportunity to compare them — all in bloom at once — is a gardener's dream when it comes to choosing a finalist for your yard.
Andrew Bell explains how to use witch hazels to best advantage at home. "Give them full or three-quarter-sun in a well-drained spot where their roots won't stay wet," he says (an important note for those with automatic irrigation systems). "The idea is to plant witch hazels against a background of dark evergreens or contrasting brick, so the clusters of flowers lining the bare branches are shown off to best effect."
For native plant aficionados, our North American native witch hazel, Hamamelis virginiana, is also trialed, along with five of its cultivars. The native species is hardy (USDA Zones 3-8), spectacular in autumn (it flowers at the same time as its leaves turn golden yellow, rather than blooming in winter), and its fragrance is somewhere between sweet and intoxicating on a fine fall day. H. virginiana is the witch hazel grown and harvested for the extract of its bark and roots, which is distilled into the common astringent that bears its name. Plant it in your yard and you'll honor history: none other than Linnaeus himself named it in 1753.
So far in our trials, Dr. Bell singles out 'Little Suzie' and 'Harvest Moon' as species cultivars with lots of landscape potential — the former for its abundance of flowers on a compact frame, and the latter because it drops its leaves before its lemon yellow flowers open in fall.
Seven Hamamelis vernalis (vernal, or spring-blooming, witch hazel) cultivars round out the trial. These are the witch hazels native to the Ozark Mountains areas of Missouri and Arkansas, renowned for their intensely fragrant (though smaller-sized) flowers. Look for H. vernalis 'Amethyst'. "Its dark, near-purple flowers aren't as noticeable as lighter-colored blooms," says Dr. Bell, "but the display would be fantastic against a white house or pale stone wall."
Alone among the four major witch hazel species, Hamamelis japonica won't be found in our trials — while it's common on the mountainsides of Japan, it can't handle the extremes in Chicago-area weather. There is one example of the species at the Chicago Botanic Garden, though: it's a bonsai, one of the 19 trees donated by Japanese bonsai master Susumu Nakamura to our collection in 2000. A spectacular tree in an unexpected size, this witch hazel was the star of our Three Friends of Winter bonsai silhouette show in January; it can be seen periodically in the bonsai courtyards.
To get to the Bernice E. Lavin Plant Evaluation Garden, cross the Trellis Bridge from Evening Island or walk/bike the outer road from the parking lots. The witch hazel trial beds are at the far north end of the garden. You can't miss them — they'll be the only thing blooming in winter! It's a sight every smart gardener should see.
Want to know more about witch hazel cultivars? Our Plant Information staff has the information! Click here to read more about it. | <urn:uuid:d95536e4-a7aa-41a2-a2ef-6cfe4d4b7c23> | {
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The Untold History of the U.S
Author’s Note: I consider Oliver Stone and Peter Kuznick’ book, The Untold History of the U.S., of such importance to a real, as opposed to mainstream media fake democratic dialogue, that I intend to review it in several parts, this being Part 1.
The 1944 Coup
Skipping straight to the most explosive item in the early part of this important history: Franklin Roosevelt was elected because the ruling elite, in their unbridled greed, had transgressed all bounds, forgetting their vulnerability to democracy. Toward the end of World War II and Roosevelt’s approaching unprecedented fourth term, the millionaire-backed powers that vehemently opposed his progressive programs banded together to dump his vice-president. Knowing Roosevelt would likely die in office they moved to replace Wallace with a more malleable Harry Truman, activated at Roosevelt’s death in 1945. Their unscrupulous and spectacular success at the convention amounted, in effect, to a coup. This was referred to as “Pauley’s Coup” in honor of the Democratic Party treasurer and oil millionaire who directed it, Ed Pauley. His statement that, “It is cheaper to elect a new congress than to buy an old one.” gives us some insight into his values. Without this coup, subsequent U.S. history would have been an entirely different story, much more benign, probably avoiding slaughterhouses in Korean, Vietnam and other sites around the world. Wallace was not only anti-colonial and anti-empire. He advocated an active role in dismantling colonialism and promoting the liberation of those suffering the colonial yoke. He would not have returned Vietnam to France after the Japanese defeat nor passively accepted the division of the third world into houses of plunder for the other colonial powers. He would not have, as was done under Truman, supported former Nazi/Japanese collaborators against former resistance fighters, nor interfered with free elections in post-war Western Europe and elsewhere. To the empire enthusiast, former collaboration was a sterling resume item, demonstrating that one could be bought and so trusted to represent elite rather than national interests.
It is worth noting that Britain assigned a spy to befriend Vice President Wallace. When he reported Wallace’s post-war plans, which involved championing labor unions, women and African-American rights, anti-colonialism, well this provoked hysteria in class conscious Britain, providing yet another stream of pressure on Roosevelt to dump his Vice President. Polls at the time showed Wallace with a 67% favorable rating over Truman’s 3%. Once again the 1% exercised its disproportionate influence, consequently enriching themselves while sending the U.S. on a course disastrous for the rest of us.
The elections of 1897 were an earlier decisive moment where the path of Empire, in the form of McKinley/Roosevelt (Teddy), triumphed over the anti-empire platform of Williams Jennings Bryan. The U.S. electorate certainly has a history of voting against its own interest for it is well established that the general population pays the extensive costs of colonial or empire-building, while only a tiny elite is enriched. This is reflected in the enterprise itself on the ground, where a local elite, the collaborators, are privileged so long as they maintain “discipline” for the masses, involving a forced acceptance of poverty, disease and general misery. At home, where force is less an option, the rulers’ commission tames academics to study the population, its superstitions and prejudices to exploit. Roosevelt’s election represented a partial breakdown of this system and the Truman “coup” represented a return to the fold. The political system since has been a struggle between varying factions of the elite, a gradient running from hysterical-right to just-to-the-right of “moderate” (called Liberal), the latter being a firm believer in capitalism-as- savior but with some modest programs for the poor. Anything outside this spectrum has been ruthlessly excluded, categorized as subversive by the embracers of the religion of anti-communism or anti-sharing, the cult of the individual. The post-war leadership that came to power with Truman’s ascendancy, the Dulles Brothers, etc; had been early admirers of Hitler and Mussolini. The struggle between empire and anti-empire or democracy can be further reduced to a patriarchy/matriarchy tension with the root values of patriarchy being fear of death, that of matriarchy joy of life. The two basic impulses produce very different societies, the former characterized by domination and competition, the latter equalitarian cooperation. Obviously the patriarchal dominates our culture with only sporadic, mostly ineffectual or minor manifestations of matriarchal values… but of some consequence – social security for example, women’s suffrage, the abolition of slavery.
During World War II Allied behavior is instructive. Russia sustained far higher casualties than Britain and the U.S., suffering perhaps twenty million deaths. Stalin plead with the U.S./Britain to relieve their situation by invading France but Churchill, worried about England’s colonies in North Africa, insisted on invading there first. Agreements were made among the allies that sort of divvied up post-war Europe into spheres of influence; agreements that Stalin honored while the West did not. Russia, having been repeatedly invaded from Europe, Napoleon to Hitler, was concerned to control Eastern Europe as a buffer against future invasion. The West, fearful of the spread of a philosophy hostile to elite capitalist rule, portrayed Russian security concerns as part of its worldwide conspiracy to suffocate “freedom”. Britain and the U.S. shamelessly allied themselves with former Nazi collaborators in Greece (and elsewhere) against the resistance, crushing those forces and installing pro-capitalist dictatorship. In Italy and France, bribery and alliance with gangsters were used to insure similar factions came to power there, hypocritically crushing unions and democracy, preferring corruption and thuggery to “freedom”.
Bankers of the world, unite!
Near the end of the war a conference at Bretton-Woods established the World Bank and International Monetary Fund (IMF). The U.S., possessing 2/3 of the gold supply, insisted on the gold standard and dollar-based economy, insuring, along with the Bank and IMF, U.S. economic hegemony. In conferences at Yalta and elsewhere, an ill Roosevelt, though anti-colonialism in sentiment, gave in to demands from France and Britain to keep their colonies. Further, Truman, once president, was given deliberately false versions of the Yalta agreements by members of the church of anti-communism, Truman mentor Senator Byrnes of SC, proudly brandishing his 8th grade education, and millionair business tycoons who thought so little of Truman’s intelligence that they decided they’d better “take over.” With this leadership, with its unmistakable disdain for democracy, there was precious little to prevent the use of the doomsday weapon just developed, the atomic bomb. Roosevelt holdovers, especially experts on the Soviet Union, occasionally reached Truman with their concerns but inevitably he slipped back under the influence of the “hard-liners”. The decision to drop the bombs on a civilian population (which included some U.S. prisoners of war) was publicly justified with yet more misinformation, including exaggerated predicted losses for a U.S. invasion force, description of Hiroshima as a military base, suppression of Japanese offers to surrender and later misrepresentations of the numbers of deaths, 200,000 by 1950. Under all the obfuscation, the real reason for the decision was to intimidate the Soviets. That Truman felt the need to dissemble illustrates clearly enough that he didn’t trust the public to come to the same sadistic conclusion he did.
In Iran at one of the allied conferences, Truman was negotiating somewhat meekly with Stalin on the first day. That evening he was told that the bomb test in New Mexico had been successful. The next day Truman astounded Stalin with his macho posturing and rude arrogance, taking him aside at the end of the day and telling him about the bomb. Pro-empire forces used Truman just as later Reagan and George W. Bush were – actually, every president since Truman has had to accommodate this legacy. Not that the immediate predecessors of Roosevelt were measurably different. The Missouri Senator was an appointed judge by the corrupt Missouri politcal machine run by Boss Prendergast. When his first choice turned him down Prendergast asked Truman if he’d like to be a senator. Accepting the offer he became an extension of the machine that “hired” him. Once in the senate he was taken in (in more ways than one) and mentored by reactionary SC Senator Byrnes, he of the 8th grade education.
A Committee headed by Dean Acheson was appointed to chart a U.S. nuclear future. Depending heavily on the esteemed “Father of the bomb” Robert Oppenheimer to write the proposal, the final draft proposed to place all nuclear projects under the direction of an international body. Truman paid a political debt by inviting right wing financier Bernard Baruch to present the proposal to the U.N., adding that Baruch could edit the proposal in any way he saw fit. Baruch made changes carefully designed to guarantee a Soviet rejection. So yet another opportunity was missed or we should say, deliberately sabotaged. We live today with the consequences of such missed opportunities, which over the years were only multiplied.
Acheson also was given the assignment of coming up with a document to “scare hell out of the people” to justify military spending. The early version of the Domino Theory became, “one rotten apple can ruin the whole barrel”… thus we must oppose all “rotten apples”, that is, any nation that seeks a course independent of what later we might call global corporate rule. The Korean War or “Conflict” was apparently part of this effort to “scare hell” out of U.S. taxpayers. “Communism” was portrayed as monolithic, tyrannical, brutal and dictatorial, not to mention “Godless”. Of course any close look at this question reveals that the enemy the anti-communist church had in mind wasn’t brutality or lack of democracy or “God”. What threatened the elite was the notion of sharing, of breaking with the system that served them so well. The “rotten apple” theory was correct but not the way its proponents presented it to the public. Their real fear was that if nations were allowed to be guided by egalitarian principles and they were successful, why other nations might get ideas… hell, U.S. citizens might get ideas. That threat cannot be tolerated, no more then than now.
The 1947 National Security Act created the Department of Defense, separated the Air Force from the Army (think nukes), created the CIA and National Security Council (NSC). Even Truman feared the CIA would become a U.S. Gestapo or military dictatorship. Loyalty oaths were instituted and witch-hunts for “communists and fellow travelers” begun. Careers were destroyed based on statements or opinions that ought to be protected in a free speech democracy. There was more to come in the 50s. But in the late40s there was plenty. Tim Geitner, in his CIA history, Legacy of Ashes, documents much of the foolishness that further entrenched Soviet control of Eastern Europe and smoothed the way for Soviet hardliners to rise in the Moscow juggle for power.
Thus Truman ideologues were in power at a time when worldwide policies were being shaped regarding the Soviet Union, Colonialism, Capitalism, Third World policy, mid-east oil and Israel. The exact wrong people were in charge at a critical juncture in our history. Their legacy makes it extremely difficult for citizens to rise to positions of power in the U.S. whose point of view strays from blind allegiance to the policies that are ushering us to a cliff that is far more threatening to our survival than any fiscal metaphor, namely nuclear war and environmental collapse. | <urn:uuid:22a58d46-a15e-4b1b-877b-b91bdb416069> | {
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Businesses That Don't Recycle Are Missing Out
Author: Brad Gray
Businesses that don’t recycle face unnecessary costs, which can directly impact their bottom line, according to a new resource launched by environment organisation Planet Ark. The resource is titled The Business Case for Less Waste and is designed to help staff at any level of an organisation make the case for better waste management practices.
Every year in Australia, businesses generate over 12.5 million tonnes of waste. Almost half of that waste (46%) goes to landfill, despite estimates that approximately 70% can be reused or recycled.
New research shows that 76% of businesses believe that reducing waste is part of being a sustainable and ethical businesses. However, there is also the perception that they are doing all they can to manage their waste, that there may be little benefit in doing more, or that they don’t have the knowledge to improve their waste and recycling practices.
Less Waste & Less Wasted Money
“It’s clear that many workplaces don’t understand that they may be wasting money by sending waste to landfill. Take Cumberland Golf Club as an example; by investing in a wood chipper they cut their waste fees by $8,000 a year, and The Good Guys in Rockdale reduced their skip bin pick-ups from three times a week to one a fortnight saving thousands of dollars a year,” says Ryan Collins, Recycling Programs Manager at Planet Ark.
The costs of sending business waste to landfill are significant and not just environmental. Australian workplaces pay a state government levy for each tonne of eligible waste sent to landfill. The rate varies depending upon material type and business location. The most common charge in Western Australia is $55 a tonne, in Victoria it is $62, South Australia $76 and in NSW it is $133. In the ACT the landfill gate fee is $146. These levies are easily avoided by sending waste material to recycling.
By saving on waste costs, an organisation can reinvest in its core activities. “As a community owned not-for-profit we’d much rather use money for children’s education resources than to have rubbish taken away,” said Kathryn Barker, Early Childhood Services Manager at Illawarra Area Child Care.
- Visit the BusinessRecycling website for a copy of The Business Case for Less Waste resource . It includes case studies, tips for making the case for better waste practices and links to resources like free signage and guides for Choosing the Right Recycler.
- Look for government grants and other support for implementing better waste management like the New South Waste government’s Bin Trim Program.
All references and further details are included in The Business Case for Less Waste.
Subscribe to Positive Environment News.
Positive Environment News has been compiled using publicly available information. Planet Ark does not take responsibility for the accuracy of the original information and encourages readers to check the references before using this information for their own purposes. | <urn:uuid:5880ce8a-285d-44e0-9147-9abfd2b1fd0f> | {
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Youth hunting day announced
A unique chance to introduce young people to waterfowl hunting awaits Sept. 28, as Utah holds its annual youth hunting day.
"Holding this day is important to the future of waterfowl hunting, and the future of wetlands conservation," explained Tom Aldrich, waterfowl coordinator for the Division of Wildlife Resources. "The number of young people participating in all types of hunting has declined in recent years and if that trend continues, the funding hunters provide for wetlands conservation will also decline."
"Letting youth hunt waterfowl, without all the adult hunters out there at the same time and when waterfowl numbers are high, is a great way to get them interested and excited about waterfowl hunting," Aldrich adds. "And, since adults can't hunt that day, it gives adults more time to teach youths good hunting skills, safety and ethics."
All of the state's waterfowl management areas, and the three federal migratory bird refuges in Utah, will be open to youth hunters on Sept. 28.
To hunt that day, youth must meet the following requirements:
Age 12 to 15-years-old.
Completed a hunter education safety course.
Possess a small game or combination license.
Be accompanied by their parent or an adult who's at least 21 years of age or older.
The adult may not hunt or possess a firearm and must supervise the youth they take. An adult may take as many youth as they'd like, provided the youth are the proper age and possess the proper licenses.
Shooting on Sept. 28 begins at 8 a.m. Youth may take ducks, geese, coots and mergansers and must stay within general season limits. The 2002 - 2003 daily duck bag limit is seven ducks, including not more than two hen mallards, one pintail, two redheads and four scaups.
Canvasbacks may not be taken this season while the daily Canada goose bag limit is three. Snipe and swans may not be taken on youth hunting day.
For more information hunters may contact their nearest DWR office. | <urn:uuid:5bd1dc6a-55ed-459d-9602-ff3d74534c2a> | {
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LOCATION: Long Island City, New York, USA
OLD USE: Steam plant
NEW USE: Residential condos
The Long Island power station was built in 1906 to further enhance New York City’s transportation network. It served to power and expand the Long Island and Pennsylvania Railroads. Georgia O’Keefe used the building as a centerpiece to her painting “Across the East River” in the 1920s. The building was vacant for a decade and used as a plumbing warehouse.
The vacant structure was purchased in 2004 by CGS Developers. The year prior, they had passed up buyer the site but changed course when the city rezoned the area for residential development. Along with the steam plant, the group also bought the neighboring Schwartz Chemical Plant to be included in the redevelopment.
CGS has successfully converted the old plant into upscale residential condominiums. The adaptive reuse of the old plant is just the first step in the project’s three phases. This first phase provides 177 living units. The four steam stacks were removed due to structural issues, but glass towers were put in their place and provide additional living space. CGS’s intent to reuse the building however sees to have conflicting reports. Initially, the firm had planned to demolish the entire building and put four separate buildings in its place. One report claims reuse of the building was necessary due to the high costs of demolition, while another report states demolition would have saved money but that the public outcry against destruction made CGS change their mind. In the end however the building was converted and added onto. The desire is that this redevelopment and repurposing will help to spur additional investment in the community. | <urn:uuid:adb11b02-4f5f-4cd9-bc5c-5e0f819dd325> | {
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Large Magellanic Cloud
NASA – Nearly 200,000 light-years from Earth, the Large Magellanic Cloud, a satellite galaxy of the Milky Way, floats in space, in a long and slow dance around our galaxy. Vast clouds of gas within it slowly collapse to form new stars. In turn, these light up the gas clouds in a riot of colors, visible in this image from the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope.
The Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) is ablaze with star-forming regions. From the Tarantula Nebula, the brightest stellar nursery in our cosmic neighborhood, to LHA 120-N 11, part of which is featured in this Hubble image, the small and irregular galaxy is scattered with glowing nebulae, the most noticeable sign that new stars are being born. Image Credit: ESA/NASA/Hubble
- Galactic Views (69) (theneteconomy.wordpress.com)
- Galactic Views (68) (theneteconomy.wordpress.com)
- Galactic Views (66) (theneteconomy.wordpress.com)
Posted in Nature, Science, SPACE WATCH, Technology
Tagged Earth, Hubble Space Telescope, Large Magellanic Cloud, Milky Way, NASA, Space, Star formation, Tarantula Nebula, Technology
By Christopher Matthews – The reason the shadow inventory was thought to be bad news for the housing market was that when these homes finally did go up for sale, they would overwhelm the demand for housing, which had slowed in recent years due to the poor economy and sluggish population growth.
So what happened, and why has the dreaded shadow inventory not yet sunk the convalescent U.S. housing market? I asked Sam Khater, Deputy Chief Economist at CoreLogic, and he outlined three key reasons:
- Investors Got in on the Game
- Lenders Ramped Up Principal Forgiveness
- Many Homeowners Remain Underwater
Posted in Banking, Business, Economy
Tagged Business, CoreLogic, Financial crisis, Industrial economy, Mortgage, Real estate, Real estate economics, Sam Khater, U.S. Housing Market, United States
House Republican Whip Eric Cantor
(Photo credit: republicanconference)
By Russell Berman and Bernie Becker – The short-term debt-ceiling hike was only offered by House Republicans four days ago, but has quickly been embraced by members of both political parties.
The turnaround highlights a shifting power structure in Washington, with a newly inaugurated President Obama promising a more active government and Republicans adjusting to a minority position against a popular president and larger Senate Democratic majority. more> http://tinyurl.com/b7rlosl
Posted in Business, CONGRESS WATCH, Economy, Leadership
Tagged Barack Obama, Business, Congress Watch, Government, Industrial economy, Leadership, United States, United States public debt
English: DARPA headquarters at 3701 N. Fairfax Drive in Arlington. (Photo credit: Wikipedia)
By Alicia Chang – It’s the latest pet project from the Pentagon‘s research wing known for its quirky and sometimes out-there ideas. The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency is spending $180 million to test technologies that could make this possible.
DARPA thinks it can save money by repurposing in orbit.
“We’re attempting to essentially increase the return on investment … and try to find a way to really change the economics so that we can lower the cost” of military space missions, said DARPA program manager David Barnhart. more> http://tinyurl.com/atdb3tc
Posted in Business, Economy, SPACE WATCH, Technology
Tagged DARPA, David Barnhart, Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, Industrial economy, Pentagon, Phoenix Program, Satellite, United States, Wireless
Reuters – France plans to implement a tax on financial transactions at the end of 2014 and believes the levy to be rolled out by 11 European countries will raise “tens of billions of euros” a year, its finance minister said.
The 27-member European Union gave the go-ahead on Tuesday to 11 countries pledging to impose a tax that was proposed 40 years ago by American economist James Tobin but never got off the ground internationally. more> http://tinyurl.com/ajb93tq
Posted in Banking, Business, Economy
Tagged Banking reform, European Union, Financial crisis, Financial transaction, France, Industrial economy, James Tobin, Super regions, Tax, United States
CONGRESS WATCH Police Chief Scott Knight explains what is — and is not — fear, YouTube [VIDEO 1:00] Pelosi Announces Congressman Mike Thompson to Lead Gun Violence Prevention Task Force, US Congress Pelosi Statement on President Obama’s Gun Violence Prevention … Continue reading
CONGRESS WATCH Rep. Mike Kelly on Operation Turnaround, YouTube [VIDEO 1:12] | <urn:uuid:c8eef7fb-82ac-493f-aed7-3cb8a72af32f> | {
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Highlanders and Rulers Pakhtoon due to the poor quality of land they occupy and their insistence on living on higher grounds have always been economically challenged. Their response has always been to supplement their income by working outside their home land.
In the past they excelled as soldiers and were part of every Ruler’s force in India. They were also responsible for making many rulers like the Mughals.
Pakhtoon dynasties like the Khiljis and Suries Ruled over India in their own right.
The Age Old Purdah (veil) & British Rule
Pakhtoon have defied any central authority and maintained their independence on their highland. They even did not accept the Durranis hegemony on the land while allowed them to control main communication lines and cities like Peshawar, Kabul, Jalalabad and Khandahar.
A loose connection with the current rulers was maintained through Agents. The rulers like Babar had to struggle to get married to a Yousufzai lady while a nephew of Sher Shah was killed by Niazi tribe for trying to force a marriage with a local girl he loved.
Pakhtoon preserved the secrecy of the highlands at all cost. On this issue all differences were set aside and all tribes gathered to fight any intruder. | <urn:uuid:74e60298-25b4-4dba-af9a-5793052a302b> | {
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Ubuntu (operating system)
Ubuntu is a Debian-based Linux operating system and distribution for smartphones, personal computers, and network servers. Moreover, its default desktop environment uses Unity. It is based on free software and it named after the Southern African philosophy of Ubuntu which means “human-ness.” It mostly translated as “humanity towards others” and “the belief in a universal bond of sharing which is connected to all humanity”.
Ubuntu was developed by UK-based Canonical Ltd. It is a company which is owned by South African entrepreneur Mark Shuttleworth. This company generates revenue by the sale of technical support and other services which is related to Ubuntu. The Ubuntu project is publicly committed to the principles of open-source software development. Moreover, people are encouraged to use software for free.
A default installation of Ubuntu contains an ample range of software which includes Firefox, LibreOffice, Transmission,Thunderbird and lots of lightweight games like – chess and Sudoku. There are so many additional software packages too & it includes titles that is no longer in the default installation like GIMP, Evolution, Synaptic, and Pidgin. It is accessible from the built-in Ubuntu Software Center and also in any other APT-based package management tool. Execution of Microsoft Office or any other Microsoft Windows applications can be facilitated through the Wine compatibility package and also by the use of a virtual machine like VirtualBox or VMware Workstation.
LTS in Ubuntu
LTS is an abbreviation in Ubuntu, and it stands for “Long Term Support”. It produces a new Ubuntu Desktop, and the Ubuntu Server offers the new release in every six months. It means you always be able to have the latest and the greatest applications which the open source world offers. Ubuntu is designed in a way with security in mind.
It has nine flavours and dozens of localized and specialized derivatives today. There are also special editions for servers in it, clouds techniques and mobile devices are also there. All editions share same infrastructure and software which makes Ubuntu a unique single platform & really easy to use. It scales from consumer electronics to the desktop and up into the cloud for enterprise computing i.e. everywhere.
Operating System for Ubuntu Server
The Ubuntu OS and the innovative Ubuntu for Android convergence solution make it an exciting time for Ubuntu on mobile devices. In the cloud, Ubuntu is the reference operating system for the Open stack project, it is a hugely popular guest OS of various vendors whether it is online or offline. Because of shared infrastructure, developers can work on the desktop and smoothly deliver code to cloud servers running the stripped down Ubuntu Server Edition. After so many years Ubuntu is still and always will be free to use, share and develop. It is hoped by its makers that it will bring a touch of light to users computing and user will join them in helping to build the next version.
Install MediaWiki on Ubuntu 14.04
To Install MediaWiki on Ubuntu 14.04, you need to follow few steps, they are –
Step 1 — Setting Up Your Server
Step 2 — Downloading MediaWiki
Step 3 — Creating a Database
Step 4 — Setting Up MediaWiki
Virtual Machine (VM) is an emulation of a particular computer system. Its operation is based on the computer architecture and functions of a real or hypothetical computer, and their implementations may involve specialized hardware, software or a combination of both.
Classification of virtual machines can be based on the degree to which they implement functionality of targeted real machines. System virtual machines (also known as full virtualization VMs) provide a complete substitute for the targeted real machine and a level of functionality required for the execution of a complete operating system. On the other hand, process virtual machines are designed to execute a single computer program by providing an abstracted and platform-independent program execution environment.
System Virtual Machine
A system virtual machine is a virtual machine which provides a complete system platform that supports the execution of complete operating system (OS). It usually emulate an existing architecture, and is built with the purpose of providing a platform to run programs where real hardware is unavailable for use such as – executing on otherwise obsolete platforms or having multiple instances of virtual machines. It leads to more well-organized use of computing resources, both in terms of cost effectiveness and energy consumption.
That’s all for Ubuntu server virtual machine host, it is virtual due to the reason, it works inside & virtually in desktop, laptop, Smartphone or tablet. It is a guest operating system & do its work within the VM, whether it host someone else or self. | <urn:uuid:a36e153c-04cc-4fb8-86b2-8de1f801d749> | {
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There are a number of games that can be played with second graders that are both educational and community-building. These games are great for a rainy day and for a fun lesson. They are best played with classes of 10 to 20 kids.
The students are instructed to draw a monster on a piece of paper. On a separate sheet of paper, the students are instructed to describe the monster they have just drawn. When this is finished, all students pair up. The students are instructed to take turns reading the descriptions of the monster, while the partners draw the descriptions as they are read. When this is finished and all students have read their descriptions, the drawings of monsters are compared to the originals.
Circle Skip Counting
The teacher instructs the students to stand in a circle. The teacher chooses a number to count by (twos, threes, fours, etc), and picks a starter player. Beginning with the starter player and moving around the circle, each student says the next number in the sequence. Any student that says an incorrect number sits out until all students have been eliminated and a winner is declared.
Community Ball Toss
The teacher instructs students to stand in a circle. The teacher throws the ball (if indoors, use a squishy, non-bouncy ball) to a starter student, then the students are instructed to put their hands behind their back once they have had the ball, and the ball is tossed around until all students have had the ball just one time. The last student to receive the ball sends the ball back to the teacher. Next, the teacher sends the ball back to the same starter student, and the ball is tossed in the same sequence it was thrown in previously. The sequence is repeated once or twice, and then gradually the teacher begins to throw more balls into the circle, again following the same sequence, until there are five or six balls being thrown in the circle, at different points in the sequence.
Guess My Number
The teacher puts up a number line and says, "I am thinking of a number between...[insert two numbers]". For example, the teacher thinks of the number 18. The teacher says, "I am thinking of a number between 5 and 33." The teacher shows this on the number line with a sticky-note placed on 5 and a sticky note placed on 33. One student guesses a number--for example, 24. This is not the correct number, so the teacher moves the outer sticky note from the number 33 to the number 24, and says, "I am thinking of a number between 5 and 24". This continues until the number has been guessed.
This game is played just like ordinary Bingo, but the numbers have been replaced with sight-words. Each student is given a laminated card with a grid of sight-words on it (the center square is the "FREE SPACE"). The teacher draws the sight words from a hat, and the students mark the words on their laminated cards (with bingo chips or dry-erase markers) as the words are called. The first student who gets a line of marked words down his Bingo card shouts out "Bingo!" and wins the round.
- Nora Robinson; Larchmont Charter School; Los Angeles, California
- Photo Credit School girl image by Mykola Velychko from Fotolia.com
Second Grade Holiday Party Games
Classroom Games for 2nd Grade. There are a number of games that can be played with second graders that are both educational......
Themes for Second Grade Classrooms
Second Grade Classroom Management Ideas. Second Grade Classroom Management Ideas. Excellent second grade teachers must be strong classroom managers. | <urn:uuid:3762a64e-28ef-4cf5-b31c-0848b8aa85e9> | {
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Finally add the sodium bicarbonate and the cacao powder; and triturate again until the color is uniform.
Empty the sample of soil into the mortar and triturate thoroughly.
triturate the spirit of nitroglycerin with the red fat sugar and permit the alcohol to evaporate.
When thoroughly mixed, add the water gradually, and triturate till a uniform mixture is obtained.
Mix the saccharin with the senna, add the sugar and triturate thoroughly until well mixed.
Possibly the whole glyph maybe interpreted by cecelhuchah, “to triturate.”
triturate or rub the whole well together in a mortar and divide into twenty powders, and take one night and morning.
Then add the spirit of nitroglycerin, and triturate again thoroughly but gently.
The cylinder is usually raised a little during this period, as its only purpose is to agitate the mass, but not to triturate it.
triturate the anaesthesine with the sugar and the spirit of rose, add the carmine, and triturate until thoroughly mixed.
1755, from Late Latin trituratus, past participle of triturare "to thresh, to grind," from Latin tritura "a rubbing, a threshing," from past participle stem of terere "to rub" (see throw). Related: Triturated; triturating.
triturate trit·u·rate (trĭch'ə-rāt')
v. trit·u·rat·ed, trit·u·rat·ing, trit·u·rates
To rub, crush, grind, or pound into fine particles or a powder. n.
A triturated substance, especially a powdered drug. | <urn:uuid:2d96028c-7bfa-474b-8985-e610171dd47d> | {
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Tuesday, March 17, 2009
Superconductors transport electrons with zero resistance by synchronizing their movement through changes in the internal structure of materials. Hence, no physical collisions occur. The exact character of these changes has been the subject of much speculation, prompting over 100,000 scholarly papers on the subject in the last 20 years. A novel theory developed by university reseachers in the U.S. and China now attempts to explain high-temperature superconductivity using a new class of materials discovered last year called iron pnictides (pronounced NIK-tides). The key to high-temperature superconductors, according to the new theory, is their different "quantum phases," which are similar to the difference between solids and liquids, according to researchers from Rice University, Rutgers University, Zhejiang University and the Los Alamos National Laboratory. Ice and water are two phases of H2O; above the critical melting point the molecules are ordered as solids, but below it they melt in a disordered liquid. Likewise, above its critical melting point, the quantum phase of high-temperature superconductors is antiferromagnetic; below it, they melt into magnetic disorder.
BOTTOM LINE: Superconductors can supply unlimited energy by virtue of their perpetual motion around coils whose resulting magnetic energy is used today for tasks that would otherwise be too expensive to power--such as levitating trains. Unfortunately, such superconductors have to be cooled to near absolute zero, the cost of which confines their applications to really big projects. High-temperature superconductors, on the other hand, reduce the cooling costs, but they are not well understood. These researchers claim to have an explanation for high-temperature superconductors that could lead to the fabrication of designer materials that supply perpetual-motion-like energy generation. The theory will be proven out experimentally within a year, and if its valid, could eventually lead to room-temperature superconductors within our decade.
Posted by R. Colin Johnson at 9:16 AM | <urn:uuid:8b216d92-6913-4c06-8008-9159869d9098> | {
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The hypothetical question: Do bees orient more about North-South, arrangement of landmarks, or left-right?
The real life situation: I had a group of eight nucs that I needed to move about 50 yards while rotating about 180 degrees. I had a few choices. 1)Keep them in the same order, left to right. This choice would place the southern box in the northern position, and so forth. 2)I could move the nucs directly across the space, which would reverse the order, but keep the northern one the furthest north, and so forth. 3)About the arrangement of landmarks, I tried to keep the things around the nucs in the same relationship to them so that the bees would have as many visual cues as possible to prevent drifting. | <urn:uuid:8206135a-f555-4a27-98a9-e93cecd2cd53> | {
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Learning how to focus and get something done is about more than just good grades — it’s the foundation for success in life. Mastering the skills of getting organized, staying focused, and seeing work through to the end will help in just about everything you do.
Organization is the first step. It makes everything else a little easier.
Keep your assignments and class information together in binders, notebooks, or folders that are organized by subject. You might want to set up a file drawer at home to keep track of research, returned assignments, and other things you want to hold on to.
If you find yourself stuffing loose papers in your bag or grabbing different notebooks for the same class just because they’re close at hand, it’s time to stop and regroup. Take an evening to get things organized again.
Maybe you can’t carry different spiral-bounds for every class. One solution is to carry a binder that has separate sections. Another idea is to take notes in one notebook and at the end of each day rewrite them in a separate binder. This takes more time, but it is a great study skill because it allows you to read, write, and hopefully summarize all that was important during the school day. The more you review material, the more likely you are to remember it.
Whatever you choose, your system has to work for you. If it doesn’t, change it until you find what does. It’s a great way to learn about yourself and what works for your unique needs.
Most likely, you’re on your own when it comes to progress and work on assignments. It can feel great to be your own boss, especially if you’re a good one. Don’t leave things until the last minute, though — you’ll only end up working twice as hard to do half as well. Nerves and anxiety make it hard to stay focused and do a good job.
Set deadlines. At the beginning of each semester, make a calendar of due dates. Be sure you know what the main assignments are (if the teacher doesn’t mention them at the start of the semester, ask) and what format they will take (a report, presentation, group project, etc.). Set clear goals. Keep these questions in mind when organizing your calendar: What’s the final product? When do certain components need to be completed? Answering these questions allows you to prioritize assignments by due dates, level of difficulty, and completion time.
Include nonacademic commitments on your calendar, such as team practices, drama rehearsals, etc. This will help you see when things might hit crunch time later in the semester.
Give yourself mini-deadlines for the stages of each project — planning, research, drafting, revising, and creating a final product.
Meet deadlines. Decide how you’ll enforce your deadlines. For example, will you reward yourself for meeting them? Ask your friends or parents to check in with you about your mini-deadlines so that you don’t put them off. (Watch out if you ask parents to help, though. When they do, remember that they’re not nagging you — you asked them to check in!)
If you have difficulty meeting deadlines but are attempting to improve your study skills and organization, talk with your teacher. He or she can help you to create reasonable short-term goals for a particular project or test.
Oh, no! That’s due in 2 days! If something slips by and you find yourself surprised by a due date or stuck with very little turnaround time, try not to freak out. Do a breathing exercise to feel calm and focused. Then outline an approach to tackling the work. You can make an hourly or daily calendar of deadlines if that helps you structure your time.
If you’re a perfectionist, it helps to remember that everyone can lose track of something once in a while. If this happens a lot, though, you need to get more organized.
Set Your Space
You need a good workspace — someplace clean and orderly and quiet enough to focus. (If you can, avoid trying to study in places that are the center of activity, like the kitchen.) It helps to have a specific place that’s set aside for homework so that when you sit down, your mind knows you’re there to work and can help you focus more quickly.
Your bedroom, a study, or any other room where you can get away from noise and distractions is an ideal place to focus. It’s best to study at a desk or table where you can spread your work out. You’ll also need a chair that’s comfortable: It should support your lower back and allow you to keep both feet on the floor in front of you. To make studying less of a strain on your eyes, be sure you have enough light.
Finally, make sure the room you’re in is comfortable. This sounds basic, but if you’re too hot, too cold, or distracted by your pet hamster spinning on his wheel, you won’t be able to concentrate as effectively.
Have resources handy. What do you need in your work area in order to avoid interruptions? Books, supplies, notes, research sources? Keep these in one place so you don’t have to go off in search of printer paper, a stapler, or a book you know you just saw around here somewhere.
Be sure you have what you need before you head to the library or elsewhere to work on projects and papers. And each night, check that you’ve packed everything you need for class the next day — including assignments to turn in.
Provided by Teens Health.
To read the rest of this article for free, check out the latest issue of High School Illustrated – USA National Edition for iPad, iPhone, Android tablets, and Android phones. Completely free on the App Store and Google Play Store. | <urn:uuid:bb4fcb01-d8b3-48b2-ad2d-b3304e2f4638> | {
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[ ’Egkrateîs (Irenæus) ’Egkratetai (Clement of Alexandria, Hippolytus)].
Literally, "abstainers" or "persons who practised continency", because they refrained from the use of wine, animal food, and marriage. The name was given to an early Christian sect, or rather to a tendency common to several sects, chiefly Gnostic, whose asceticism was based on heretical views regarding the origin of matter.
Abstinence from the use of some creatures, because they were thought to be intrinsically evil, is much older than Christianity. Pythagorism, Essenism, Indian asceticism betrayed this erroneous tendency, and the Indian ascetics are actually quoted by Clement of Alexandria as the forerunners of the Encratites (Strom., I, xv). Although St. Paul refers to people, even in his days, "forbidding to marry and abstaining from meats" ( 1 Timothy 4:1-5 ), the first mention of a Christian sect of this name occurs in Irenæus (I, xxviii). He connects their origin with Saturninus and Marcion. Rejecting marriage, they implicitly accuse the Creator, Who made both male and female. Refraining from all ’émpsucha (animal food and intoxicants), they are ungrateful to Him Who created all things. "And now", continues Irenæus, "they reject the salvation of the first man [Adam]; an opinion recently introduced among them by Tatian, a disciple of Justin. As long as he was with Justin he gave no sign of these things, but after his martyrdom Tatian separated himself from the Church. Elated and puffed up by his professorship, he established some teaching of his own. He fabled about some invisible æons, as the Valentinians do; and proclaimed marriage to be corruption and fornication, as Marcion and Saturninus do, but he made the denial of Adam's salvation a specialty of his own." The Encratites are next mentioned by Clement Alex. (Pæd., II, ii, 33; Strom., I, xv; VII, xvii). The whole of the third book of the Stromata is devoted to combating a false encrateia, or continency, though a special sect of Encratites is not there mentioned. Hippolytus (Philos., VIII, xiii) refers to them as "acknowledging what concerns God and Christ in like manner with the Church ; in respect, however, of their mode of life, passing their days inflated with pride "; "abstaining from animal food, being water-drinkers and forbidding to marry"; "estimated Cynics rather than Christians ". On the strength of this passage it is supposed that some Encratites were perfectly orthodox in doctrine, and erred only in practice, but tà perì toû theoû kaì toû christoû need not include the whole of Christian doctrine. Somewhat later this sect received new life and strength by the accession of a certain Severus ( Eusebius, Hist. Eccl., IV, xxix), after whom Encratites were often called Severians. These Severian Encratites accepted the Law, the Prophets, and the Gospels, but rejected the Book of the Acts and cursed St. Paul and his Epistles. But the account given by Epiphanius of the Severians rather betrays Syrian Gnosticism than Judaistic tendencies. In their hatred of marriage they declared woman the work of Satan, and in their hatred of intoxicants they called wine drops of venom from the great Serpent, etc. (Hær., xiv). Epiphanius states that in his day Encratites were very numerous throughout Asia Minor, in Psidia, in the Adustan district of Phrygia, in Isauria, Pamphylia, Cilicia, and Galatia. In the Roman Province and in Antioch of Syria they were found scattered here and there. They split up into a number of smaller sects of whom the Apostolici were remarkable for their condemnation of private property, the Hydroparastatæ for their use of water instead of wine in the Eucharist. In the Edict of 382, Theodosius pronounced sentence of death on all those who took the name of Encratites, Saccophori, or Hydroparastatæ, and commanded Florus, the Magister Officiarum, to make strict search for these heretics, who were Manichæans in disguise. Sozomen (Hist. Eccl., V, xi) tells of an Encratite of Ancyra in Galatia, called Busiris, who bravely submitted to torments in the Julian persecution, and who under Theodosius abjured his heresy and returned to the Catholic Church. On the other hand, we learn from Macarius Magnes (about 403–Apocr., III, xliii) of a certain Dositheus, a Cilician, who about the same time wrote a work in eight books in defence of Encratite errors. About the middle of the fifth century they disappear from history, absorbed, probably, by the Manichæans, with whom they had so much in common from the first.
The Encratites developed a considerable literary activity. The earliest writer in their defence probably was Tatian in his book "Concerning Perfection according to the Saviour", which Clement of Alexandria quotes and refutes in Strom., III, xii. Almost contemporary with him (about A.D. 150) was Julius Cassianus, known as the founder of Docetism (see D OCETÆ ). He wrote a work "Concerning Self-restraint and Continency", of which Clement and St. Jerome have preserved some passages (Strom., I, xxi; Euseb., Praep. Ev., X, xii; Strom., III, xiii; Jerome, ad Gal., VI, viii). Concerning the eight books of Dositheus we know only that he maintained that, as the world had its beginning by sexual intercourse, so by continency ( encrateia ) it would have its end; and that he inveighed against wine-drinkers and flesh- eaters. Among the apocryphal works which originated in Encratite circles must be mentioned: The Gospel according to the Egyptians, referred to by Clement (Strom., III, ix, 13), Origen (Hom. in i Luc.), Hippolytus (Philos., V, vii), which contained a dialogue between Jesus and Salome specially appealed to by the Encratites in condemnation of marriage (to this Gospel the recently discovered "Logia" probably belong); the Gospel of Philip, of Thomas, the Acts of Peter, of Andrew, of Thomas, and other Apocrypha, furthering Gnostic-Encratite views.
Eusebius (Hist. Eccl., IV, xxi, 28) says that Musanus ( A.D. 170 or 210) wrote a most elegant book addressed to some brethren who had fallen into the heresy of the Encratites. Theodoret (Hær. Fab., I, xxi) says that Apollinaris of Hierapolis in Phrygia (about 171) wrote against the Severian Encratites.
The Catholic Encyclopedia is the most comprehensive resource on Catholic teaching, history, and information ever gathered in all of human history. This easy-to-search online version was originally printed between 1907 and 1912 in fifteen hard copy volumes.
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Catholic Online Catholic Encyclopedia Digital version Compiled and Copyright © Catholic Online | <urn:uuid:0ac260bf-ad3b-4a99-95c3-d8dcb18bcbdb> | {
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Italian researchers have found a link between a common virus and type 1 diabetes that may open the door to answers about what triggers the disease in children.
Scientists at the University of Insurbia in Varese, Italy, tested the blood of 112 children between two and 16 years of age immediately after they had been diagnosed with type 1. The researchers were looking for the presence of DNA left over from infection by an enterovirus, a common, very mild virus that usually produces either no symptoms or mild ones, such as aching muscles or rashes.
The scientists knew that previous studies have shown a possible link between enteroviruses and the onset of type 2. Their study results confirmed the link: 83 percent of the children with type 1 had low-level enterovirus infection, compared to 7 percent of children without the disease.
The researchers acknowledge that establishing a link between enteroviruses and the onset of type 1 diabetes is not the same as proving that the viruses cause the disease. But knowing to look for enterovirus markers in a child’s blood could provide a sort of early warning that the child is predisposed to developing type 1.
By looking at other environmental factors that accompany the presence of enteroviruses, scientists may be able to plot out a sequence of events that have to happen before the disease develops. They could then create ways to thwart or block the cumulative effects of those factors.
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HANUMAN IN PARASHARA SAMHITA
Dr V.V.B.Rama Rao
hanumaan kalpavrikshO me hanumaan mama kaama dhuk
ChinatamaNisthu hanumaan kO vicharah kutO bhayam
Samhita is basically a collection or a compilation. These are many: Veda Samhitas, Purana Samhitas and Agama Samihitas. These contain hymns to gods and prayers from important portions of the Veda and the rituals prescribed therein for regular use. Several rishis have thus compiled these samhitas. Sage Parashara wrote a samhita on the Rigveda. This Parashara is different from the Parshara who was the son of Shakti and grandson of Vyasa. The one who compiled Parashara Samhita is the disciple of Bashkala, who in his turn was a disciple of Paila. Paila was the son on Pila. Pila studied the Rigveda under the sage Vedavyasa. Agama Samhita contains the mantra or incantation part, set to prosodic structures with set chandas (metre). Those, who are blessed by the divine, visualize these.
Paila first initiated and taught Indrapramati and Bashkala the intricacies and the grandeur of Rigveda. Bashkala taught Parashara. Parashara Samhita appears to have been of particular interest to the devotees of Hanuman or Anjaneya. This extends to a hundred and fifty paTalas
Just as the holy Ramayana is the sum and substance of Sri Rama’s glory and Srimadbhagavatha of the exploits and achievements of Sr Krishna , Parashara Agama Samhita is the source of the upasana of the effulgent Hanuman. This great scripture brings out the sublimity of Sri Anjaneya. Hanumat tatwa is described at length. Sage Parashara taught this to Maitreyi. It is authentic beyond doubt. It has been proved that the great composer-poet and the saintly doyen of Karnatik music, Annamacharya drew heavily from the scripture Parashara Agama Samhita. The discovery of this samhita has accentuated the glory of Hanuman already evident in Valmiki’s grand epic. For those who are familiar with this samhita, Hanuman is the ninth incarnation of Sri Anjaneya.
Besides Hanuman’s glorious story, the samhita describes the deity’s incarnations. The mantras with which the deity can be propitiated and the rituals laid down to win the deity’s grace are all described here. For the sadhakas this is a valuable guidebook and a road map to reach their goal.
The birthday of Sri Anjaneya is authentically stated here as the tenth day after the full moon, in Vaishakh, on Saturday, under the star Purvabhadra, in Vaidhruti Yoga in Karka Lagna, in the afternoon.
Amighty takes an incarnation for protecting the pious and righteous and punshing the evil and sinful. Sri Anjaneya, we are told in this samhita, has taken nine incarnations. Dr Annadanam Chidambara Sastry has brought out Parashara Samhita – Sri Anjaneya Charitra. Sixteen volumes of the eighteen planned have so far been published. He has also written Sri Hanumat Navaavataara Charita.
The first of the nine incarnations of Sri Anjaneya is that of Prasannanjaneya. Veeranjaneya is the second. These are familiar to all. The third is Vimshatibhuaanjaneya, the one with twenty weapons in twenty hands. The fourth is Pachamukhaanjaneya. The Murti has five faces, four on four sides and the fifth on the top, urdhva mukha. The fifth is one with eighteen hands. The sixth is suvarchalapati, consort of Suvarchala. Suvarchala is the daughter of the Sun god. Though widely known as a brahmacharin, Sri Anjaneya was wedded to Suvarchala. In many temples this kalyanam is celebrated annually. Devout scholars mentioned that Khagendra Samhita, Saunaka Samhita and Sudarshana Samhita bear testimony to this. Even as an elaborate mantra sastra, sage Parshara conveyed this in Shodashakshari, Dvadashakshari. These have immensely benefited aspirants and practitioners. Upasakas of Sri Anjaneya.
Sadhakas and the devout observe many auspicious occasions associated with this deity as Hanumat Parva Divasas. Sri Suvarchala-Hanuman wedding is performed on the tenth day before the full moon day in the month of Jyeshtha. The eighth incarnation is that of the four-shouldered Hanuman. The eighth is that of the fierce-looking form bearing thirty-two weapons with thirty-two shoulders. This form is the deity of hunkaara hanumat mantra. The ninth is the monkey-form of Sri Anjaneya Sri Rama’s trusted servant and emissary.
The 60th paTala gives us in detail as to which incarnation has been assumed on which occasion in the right order. Sage Parashara said that there were eleven peethas (seats) of Hanuman Kaundina, Nagara, Sribhadram, Kusatarpanam, Pampaateeram. Chandrakonam, Kambhojam, Gandhamadanam, Brahmavarta puram, Naimisaharanyam, Sundaranagaram and Sri Hanumatpuram. Various upasakas meditated and did tapas to get Hanumat saakhatkaara. These were eleven in number and they came to be known as Hanumat Peethas. Each of these places has its own legend associated with Sri Anjaneya.
Thjere are a thousand names for Sri Hanuman and the justification for each has been explained in Paraashara Samhita. Hanuman is the Bhavishyabrahma, i.e., the future Lord of Creation. Om bhavishya charuraananaayana mahah is one of the hundred and eight appellations of Sri anjaneya. This was not suggested anywhere in the Ramayana. The 46th paTala of the Parashara Samhita elaborates these naama, names. Hanuman visits Brahmloka for Sr Rama Mudrika and there shows his viswaroopa and fulfills Sri Rama’s desire. He obtainex the boon to be the future Creator. This is the boon of Brahma Himself.
In TRETA YUGA a king called Vijaya ruled the city called Chandrakona. It had been the king’s ambition to go on a series of conquests and he set about his jaitra yaatra. First he went to the hermitage of Sage Garga and prostrating before the sage told the sage what his ambition had been. He was given the ashtaakshari hanuman mantra. The devout repetition of the incantation yielded him the blessing of hanumat saakshaatkaara. He was told that his desire would be fulfilled in his next birth by a boon. Vijay was born as Arjuna in Dwaparayuga. In that birth he pooh-poohed the bridge constructed by Sri Rama and was challenged by Hanuman. Arjuna was defeated but with the help of Sri Krishna and the boon in the earlier yuga given by the sage, with Hanuman on his standard, he could win over everyone. Parsahara Samhita explains how it came to be that Hanuman was on the flag of Arjuna’s chariot. Treatises like Saradatilaka, Prapanchasaara and Tantrasaara, deal with the incantatory details for the propitiation of Hanuman to some extent but it is Parashara Samhita that gives us the complete details, the mantras, the ritual associated with the performance of sadhana. This samhita enumerates and explains the incantatory compositions like Hanumat Panchadasaakshari, Shodashaakshari, ashtha dasaakshari with nyasa and the kriyas that should go along with those. It also has in it the tantra part with the various niyamas (principles, rules and conditions). The legend regarding the killing of demons like TrishhlarOma., RaktarOma and MairaavaNa,( MyraavaNa) stand testimony to Hanuman’s exploits in killing the evil and wicked ones. His extending a helping hand in protecting the good is revealed in his going to the rescue of Dhwajadatta, Mainda, Kapila and Kashyapa.
The 13th day before the full moon day in Margashrisha is the day to perform Hanumat Vrata. We see that this is performed both individually and in groups. Worshippers wear the sacred band of thread on the wrist. Parashara Samhita is the source of this religious, devout observance. It states that Hanuman lives in a banana grove near the river Pampa and the mountain Gandhamadana. It states that the camel is His mount and that Surya is His preceptor. Hanuman was born with the sacred thread of gold and He is known as boy bachelor, baala brahmacharin. Sage Parashara also gave us the songs in His praise, the meaning and the efficacy of the mantras and the ritual prescribed to be performed to propitiate Hanuman. He explains these to Maitreyi.
Hanuman is a unique deity. For the Shaivites, he is adorable in that he has Eswaramsha. For the Vaishnavites, he is equally adorable for he is the most devoted servant of Sri Rama. Hanuman is accessible to all and adored by all. That he could be propitiated and prayed to by all irrespective of caste has been amply proved in the legend of Gala, the bird catcher. What are needed are only faith and unswerving devotion. Parashara Samhita shows us Hanuman in all his macro and micro glory. Hanuman could be so small as the tip of a grain neevaara dhanya – a kind of paddy grain and so big that even Bhima would swoon seeing his amplitude. Hanuman is like the all-giving and wish-fulfilling miracles like Kalpataru, Kamadhenu and Chintamani. Witness the sage Parashara asking – ‘Why worry and fear for the worlds?’ Hanuman is the one who dispels all fear and gives all that a devotee prays for.
Dr V.V.B.Rama Ra0 (b.1938) is a retired ELT professional. He is a creative writer, biographer and a translator with lots of translations including those of books on our religion. He lives in New Delhi. Address: C-7 New Township, BTPS, New Delhi-44
Phone 011 26975732 Email: [email protected] | <urn:uuid:e0105f91-8766-4b3b-ab41-ad3f9728eaec> | {
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Seeking adaptability in lessons as a result of more dynamic planning approaches.
Planning for learning will always be an issue for teachers, in that there are multiple layers of responsibility to be contained within the plan. However, planning is the bedrock of the order and organisation that enables a teacher to run a successful class and a head to run a successful school. The ultimate in planning allows a teacher to move towards personalised approaches, allowing individual children to have their needs accommodated. There are significant links with project management, and it is no surprise that earlier incarnations of thematic work were called projects. The sadness was that these projects sometimes came to an abrupt end due to time pressures, lack of resources or some other shortfall.
Teachers and schools have a number of variables to consider in planning, learning contexts, use of space, resources of all types, time, as well as the individual learning and emotional needs of the children. A good knowledge of the curriculum is essential, as well as a clear understanding of the potential of ICT to support learning. If any of these variables are not considered, learning can be unsuccessful, i.e. poorly structured topic, lack of appropriate space, table or floor, limited resources or poor accessibility, inadequate time available for development and completion. If the children’s needs are not respected, many may not make progress.
There are current debates about whether the curriculum should be built from the needs of the children or whether it is better to define the contexts within which children will learn. The Rose and Cambridge reviews suggested learning within domains, rather than subjects. It seems to be the case that current Government thinking errs towards retention of subjects and knowledge. Either way, the learning context for the children and whether they cover a sufficiently broad curriculum will ultimately be determined by their teacher.
Most schools plan at different timescales, whole school, annual plans, medium term (1-6 weeks) and then teacher short term plans. A great deal of planning will have gone into the stage of the teacher planning a lesson. Teachers worry most about short-term planning and some schools demand significant detail at that point, which creates a very heavy bureaucratic workload to create something that is ultimately a teacher aide memoire.
There is a strong argument for allowing the short term plans to be determined by the teacher, if the medium term plans are strong guides, but with the fall-back position that plans would be required if the teaching required improvement. For many teachers, a reflective log book would be sufficient; in fact I have met teachers whose schools require specific short term plans, which the teacher then reinterprets to be easily accessible. Are short term plans any use if they do not help short term cover teachers to be able to pick up exactly what is needed?
If planning included plans for marking, then workload issues could be examined more clearly.
The value of overview planning should not be underestimated. A broad view of any journey is useful to ensure that, even if there is some tangential deviation from the original plan, there is clarity to the ultimate goals. Where planning is based on short term goal setting, it may not be possible to achieve the further goals within the timescales allowed.
In the annual plan shown, there was a clear intention by the teacher to use the first two and a half weeks of the year to establish the expectations within story writing, using the two page approach to writing (see descriptor), to get the children into certain ways of working and thinking. Poetry, art and ICT were closely linked to the process. The remainder of the curriculum during that period was described within more discrete subjects.
In this school, every subject area had a clear descriptor, a specification, of each of the subjects in the planner, so teachers knew what to teach and had suggestions as to how to teach the subject, based on previous experiences with the topic. The essence of the curriculum planning was topic, for interest and engagement, English, within every subject, and mathematics, where it was practical and useful, with DT, ICT and Art being used as support subjects to provide breadth of experience and exploration. Music and RE would occasionally be linked, but would also be developed separately. Aspects of PE and Music were also taken by experts as part of teacher PPA time.
Learning is a dynamic entity. Children should be presented with challenging opportunities with which they can engage. The best situations allow them some independence in decision making, identifying for themselves areas where they need to address a skill or knowledge shortage, thus leading to bespoke intervention. The National Curriculum as it currently stands makes very clear statements of this intention, describing both the contexts for learning and the expectation of learners.
Moving towards personalisation, over the medium term, is often a very challenging aspect of a teacher’s thinking, in that it brings together the three dimensional aspects of planning. Whereas the curriculum aspects are linear, simply fitting subject blocks into a timeline, personalisation of the curriculum demands a detailed knowledge of each individual child. That can be accomplished in stages, utilising differentiation by outcome in the early stages, to establish ability levels more succinctly, in order to tailor tasks that provide challenge. Initial sifting will allow a generalised grouping by general ability, into perhaps four or five groups, e.g. level 5,4,3,2,1. If the capabilities of each group can be described with care, tasks can be set to validate these judgements. If within each group the range can be described, personalised challenge can be presented as individualised “progress ladders” based on the next few learning targets. Alternatively teachers can state the individualised expectation of specific children. An example might be the top or bottom of the ability group. Challenge is the key to educational success and the progress of individuals leads to progress across the class.
Task setting for differential challenge is the next layer of consideration. Tasks need to match the learning needs of the group of children, so differentiation is the key element. The challenge for a level five child in a class will be significantly more challenging than that for a level one child, in terms of complexity of tasking, but also potentially in the presentation of the task to the child and the necessary support. The former may be given an investigation with personal decision making embedded, whereas the latter may require step by step guidance from a knowledgeable other, with differential reading challenge provided by a larger font size. Time allowed needs to be carefully planned.
Task setting in this way is the ultimate end of teaching and learning. The original analyses of children’s abilities and the curriculum context have been refined into a clear plan of action, which is then embedded into classroom practice. The outcomes are reviewed, notice taken of anomalies and adjustments made to subsequent learning challenges. This approach to the planning process embeds the assessment knowledge at the beginning of the learning process, as it provides the background to challenge and target setting, dictates the expectations within the learning activity and the means of engaging the children, through potentially differential input or presentation and questioning. It also guides the intervention strategy of the teacher, as (s)he engages with the learning expectations, offering support or additional challenge as necessary to refine or redefine the activity.
Modelling the decision making cycle of teaching and learning, in line with teacher professional standards.
Just for information, here’s an outline planning document for ITE students, which focuses on the dynamic elements rather than the script. | <urn:uuid:de4b4241-1320-40c2-a995-d42fd8d3f980> | {
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Beware of Drowsy Driving as Daylight Saving Time Begins
FRIDAY, March 8, 2019 (HealthDay News) -- The switch to Daylight Saving Time can increase the risk of driver fatigue and crashes, but there are a number of ways to reduce the danger, an expert says.
"Any time change can exacerbate drowsiness because your internal clock has not adjusted to the time change. This can lead to disruptions in sleep until your body adjusts, which can take a few days to a week," said Jeff Hickman, a research scientist at the Virginia Tech Transportation Institute in Blacksburg.
After clocks spring ahead one hour at 2 a.m. on Sunday, try to avoid driving during rush hours and in early morning, when crash risk increases, he suggested. Driving between 2 a.m. and 4 a.m. is particularly dangerous, because your circadian rhythm is at its lowest during this two-hour period.
Drivers should try to sleep at least seven to eight hours, Hickman said. But one night of good rest may not be enough if you have had several sleepless nights. If that's the case, you'll need several nights of restful sleep to compensate.
Watch for signs of drowsy driving, including slow eyelid closures, yawning, gentle swaying of the head, fidgeting in the seat, trouble staying in your lane, difficulty maintaining speed and slow reactions, Hickman said in a Virginia Tech news release.
Be extra careful in situations that increase drowsiness, including driving alone, monotonous road conditions with little change in scenery, long drives, and extended periods of heavy traffic, he advised.
The U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration has more on drowsy driving.
SOURCE: Virginia Tech, news release, March 4, 2019 | <urn:uuid:decd0d88-4e96-4eb4-8713-7f9ee359252f> | {
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How did people realize they could do logic with electronics? Are there anecdotes of the first realizations? I'm wondering about the first "eureka" moments.
I think the resources listed above are good background references but if you want to know how logic was introduced to actual electronic equipment then consider Claude Shannon. At the age of 21, writing his MIT Master's degree thesis, he laid out the methods of how electrical applications of Boolean logic can carry out any logical or numerical process.
This was in the year 1937 and although it is not the start of work on computing devices or unique, Shannon, more than any other single person, is responsible for answering your question.
Claude Shannon is considered the father of Information Theory and also wrote many papers on the entropy of information and using statistical methods that were not that different from statistical physics (e.g. Boltzmann Distribution).
Also, a small extra -- Shannon wrote at least two papers on algorithms for a chess playing computer implementation. I wrote a chess playing program back in the late 1960s and early 1970s when I completed all my work on it. Most of my motivation came from Shannon's papers which I still have in some binder someplace. | <urn:uuid:75146eb9-a1e5-4d51-bc67-ee407fca496a> | {
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Patricia L Conroy
C LIT 431
Integrative study of the Northern European Ballad, with an emphasis on texts, performance, context, history, theory, genre classification, and interpretive approaches. Offered: jointly with SCAND 431.
Interested in popular music? How about the top of the pops from the 16th and 19th centuries in Britain, Scandinavia, and Appalachia and the Ozarks? This is the music that took all of Europe by storm with its captivating melodies and alternately tragic or hilarious lyrics. This is the music that lies at the roots of Bluegrass.
Student learning goals
General method of instruction
Lecture and discussion.
No special background necessary.
Class assignments and grading | <urn:uuid:7cbfac84-6d31-4e12-8acf-30a35c6455e2> | {
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When stress, depression, and high blood pressure ails you, where is the first place you look? The doctor’s office, right? What if I told you there is a place you can go for free treatment to reduce these afflictions? Believe it or not, that place is right outside your door. No, I’m not talking about your neighbor’s house, I’m talking about a park, the woods, and pretty much anywhere you can find nature!
According to a study done by the Mayo Clinic, Americans spend a shocking 90% of their time indoors. This travesty isn’t affecting Americans alone. That’s why, in the 1980s, the Japanese Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries came up with the idea of Shinrin-yoku, which translates to “forest bathing.”
What is Forest Bathing?
While similar to taking a hike in the woods or a walk in the park, forest bathing goes much deeper. It’s a form of therapy that allows you to get in touch with your natural surroundings. Shinrin-yoku is a form of meditating that can benefit your mental and physical health greatly.
In a 2009 study published in Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine, researchers attribute shinrin-yoku’s health benefits to substances called phytoncides, which are antimicrobial organic compounds that plants release. Researchers believe that by breathing “fresh air”, we more easily achieve a state of relaxation.
Forest bathing involves all of the senses. When Alison Aubry (a reporter with NPR) learned about forest bathing for the first time, she said her guide showed her how to use all five senses. By doing so – she was able to fully immerse herself in the experience.
The best thing about forest bathing is that you don’t actually need a forest. You can go to a local park, a small patch of woods or even your own backyard. The trick is to immerse yourself in the experience, either through meditation or simply attuning yourself to your surroundings. Focus on the present moment: notice the sights, sounds, smells, and tactical sensations around you.
What Does Forest Bathing Do For Us?
Your body produces the hormone cortisol as a way to deal with stress. This hormone fluctuates in humans naturally throughout the day as we deal with normal stressors. Unfortunately, we live in a world of abundant stressors. They can be incredibly hard to escape. When we can’t lower these hormone levels, we’re afflicted with high blood pressure, depression, and a lowered immune system. By using forest bathing as a form of meditation, we effectively lower our cortisol levels and blood pressure, while regulating our blood. More specifically, we are raising our “natural killer” white blood cells. These help us fight off diseases, cancers, and tumors.
Doctors and counselors around the world have seen a great benefit from forest bathing. They realise that guiding yourself in meditation at times can be difficult. That’s why professionals suggest having a forest guide to help you along. The Association of Nature and Forest Therapy is taking off all over the world. But a forest guide isn’t necessary and many people without guides are able to see and feel the benefits of this practice.
Being able to clear our minds from daily stressors and anxiety is crucial to both our mental and physical health. Here in the Cincinnati area, we are surrounded by many excellent local, city and county parks! In October 2017, Great Parks of Hamilton County even led a forest bathing experience. Perhaps they’ll offer it again and others will follow suit. Similar programs are available in areas across the globe. Get back in touch with nature and see how it can help you today.
Photo credits: Envato Elements | <urn:uuid:f937c877-45e0-4e21-bff1-0988248031ea> | {
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Gastric (Stomach) Cancer Defined
A Malignancy of the Stomach
Gastric cancer, or stomach cancer, is a malignancy (unrestrained growth of abnormal tissue) of the lining of the stomach. Infection with the bacteria, Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), is a common cause of this type of malignancy. Tumors called adenocarcinomas are the most common type of stomach cancers. A carcinoma is a cancer that arises from tissue that lines the internal organs or the epithelial layer of the skin. Other forms include lymphomas, carcinoid tumors, and gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Unfortunately, gastric cancer often does not have early symptoms and signs so it is often diagnosed late in the course of the disease.
Adenocarcinoma Is Common
The vast majority of gastric cancers, up to 90% to 95% of all stomach cancers, are adenocarcinomas. These cancers arise from secretory cells in the stomach lining that produce mucus and other fluids. This layer is called the mucosa. Several risk factors predispose individuals to this type of malignancy. Diet, family history, inflammation, polyps, pernicious anemia, and smoking may all play a role in this kind of cancer. It occurs most commonly in men over the age of 40. People from certain regions of eastern Europe, Asia, and South America are also at greater risk.
Beyond Adenocarcinoma: Other Kinds of Stomach Cancer
About 5% to 10% of stomach cancers are not adenocarcinomas. About 3% of gastric cancers are carcinoid tumors. These tumors arise from cells that make hormones. Lymphomas may arise from immune system tissue in the stomach. They comprise about 4% of gastric cancers. There are several different types of lymphoma that may occur in this region. Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) are among the rarest most rare types of gastric cancers. They occur in specialized cells called interstitial cells of Cajal. These are cells of the autonomic nervous system.
Who Is At Risk for Gastric Cancer?
Approximately 28,000 people in the U.S. are diagnosed with gastric cancer every year in the U.S. The median age at diagnosis of a typical patient is 68 years. It is most common in people between the ages of 65 and 74. Males are more likely to be diagnosed with the malignancy than men. About 1.7% of all cancers diagnosed every year in the U.S. are stomach cancers. It is the 15th most common cancer. Researchers suspect incidence of this cancer are going down since people are consuming fewer foods that are salted and smoked.
What Is Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori)?
H. pylori is a bacterium that can infect the stomach lining. It secretes a substance that neutralizes acid, thereby making the stomach a more hospitable place for the bacteria to grow. The infection increases the risk for gastric ulcers and ulcers in the small intestine. Years long inflammation may result in atrophic gastritis. Inflammation, ulcers and atrophic gastritis may predispose you to developing stomach cancer. A blood, stool or breath test can help diagnose H. pylori. People who currently have ulcers or who have a prior history of ulcers should be tested for the bacteria. Those who have a first-degree relative with gastric cancer should also be tested. The good news is that the infection responds to treatment with antibiotics.
Gastric Cancer Risk Factors
People who have a close blood relative who has had gastric cancer are more likely to get it. Certain medical conditions increase the risk of stomach cancer. Familial adenomatous polyposis is a condition that runs in families where people are predisposed to developing polyps. Polyps may later turn into cancer. Pernicious anemia is a risk factor for stomach cancer. People who have it have low red blood cell counts because they have difficulty absorbing vitamin B12. Having no or inadequate gastric acid, a condition called achlorhydria, is also a risk factor for stomach cancer.
Diet is one controllable risk factor for stomach cancer. People who eat a diet high in salted meat and fish, smoked foods, and pickled vegetables are at increased risk of gastric cancer. Eating a diet that is low in fruit and vegetables also increases the risk of gastric cancer. Smoking, drinking excessive amounts of alcohol, and being overweight or obese up the risk of cancer of the stomach. Thankfully, these are all lifestyle habits that are controllable. Quit smoking if you smoke and cut back on alcohol if you drink. Limit your intake of smoked and salty foods. Eat a wide variety of fruits and vegetables to lower your risk of gastric and other cancers.
Gastric Cancer Signs and Symptoms
Stomach cancer is often diagnosed in the late stages because it does not typically produce signs and symptoms in the early stages. When gastric cancer does produce signs or symptoms, a patient with the illness may experience fatigue, unintentional weight loss, loss of appetite, abdominal pain or discomfort, nausea, vomiting, bloody or black stools, heartburn, and indigestion. Feeling bloated after eating may also occur in people who have stomach cancer.
How Is Stomach Cancer Diagnosed?
If a patient is having symptoms, see the doctor who will perform a physical exam. The doctor will take a personal and family history and an account of the patient's symptoms. The physician may order blood work or other tests to determine the cause of the symptoms. If it is deemed necessary, the physician can refer you to a gastroenterologist for more specialized testing. An upper endoscopy is used to visualize the inside of the stomach and the first part of the small intestine. An endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) involves advancing a transducer down the esophagus to visualize the different layers of the stomach wall, lymph nodes, and structures close to the stomach. The doctor may take biopsies of suspicious areas.
What Is an Endoscopy?
An endoscopy is a test where the doctor advances a camera through a tube down the patient's throat to visualize the inside of the stomach. The physician may examine the stomach wall and take a biopsy of any area that looks abnormal or appears suspicious. If adenocarcinoma cells are present, the tissue may be tested for levels of a protein called HER2/neu. Measuring levels of this growth-promoting protein helps guide treatment decisions. A biopsy can check for cancer cells and other diseases and conditions.
A patient may have a combination of additional tests if the doctor suspects gastric cancer. An upper gastrointestinal (GI) series is a an X-ray test where the patient drinks a chalky solution containing barium before images are taken of the esophagus, stomach, and the beginning part of the small intestine. A CT scan or CAT scan can take cross-sectional images of the abdominal area. The patient may be required to drink contrast solution before the test or receive an injection of contrast dye. An MRI scan may be used to visualize soft tissues of the body using radiowaves and a magnetic field to produce images.
Surgery may be a treatment option for gastric cancer depending on where the cancer is, the stage of the tumor, and the overall health of the patient. The tumor will be removed and all or part of the stomach may be removed as well. The surgeon will remove lymph nodes to see if they contain cancer and examine surrounding organs like the liver for signs of cancer. This helps determine the stage and the extent of the disease. Surgery may not be an option for patients who have advanced disease. The medical team will design a treatment plan to guard against weight loss and other potential complications after surgery.
Radiation and Chemotherapy
Radiation and chemotherapy are powerful treatments that may boost the survival rate of patients with stomach cancer. Radiation therapy involves the application of high-energy particles to an area to damage or destroy cancer cells. Gamma rays, electron beams, X-rays, and protons are a few types of radiation. Chemotherapy is powerful drug therapy designed to destroy cancer cells. Different agents or a combination of agents are used in chemotherapy. Radiation and chemotherapy may be used before surgery to help shrink a tumor. They are also frequently used after surgery. You and your medical team can discuss the individualized treatment that is best for your problem.
Targeted Therapy and Immunotherapy
Targeted therapy is a kind of cancer treatment that may be used in some cancer patients. Targeted therapy exploits unique characteristics of certain malignancies and targets cancer cells for destruction. In general, these kinds of treatments have fewer side effects than standard chemo drugs. These drugs help spare healthy surrounding cells. Immunotherapy stimulates the body's own immune system to fight cancer. It is an innovative kind of cancer care.
Clinical Trials for Stomach Cancer
For patients who do not respond to standard surgery, chemo, radiation, and immunotherapy for stomach cancer, clinical trials sponsored by the National Cancer Institute offer a chance to try new procedures and drugs. Patients have to qualify in order to participate in clinical trials. Results from clinical trials add to the body of research in stomach cancer treatment. Clinical studies offer people new treatment options who may have exhausted other options for their health care. | <urn:uuid:5d71781e-ebb5-412e-a3a8-1cf13951da05> | {
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The Papers of the Blue and Gray Education Society, Number 13
A Scholarly Monograph By Douglas Cubbison
15 May 2002
The Entering Wedge
The old man gazed at the fleet a few moments in a dazed sort of way, and then as if suddenly realizing the tremendous consequences to follow threw up his hands exclaiming, My God! This is the entering wedge!
–Lieutenant Colonel Oran Perry, 69th Indiana Infantry, describing crossing of the Mississippi River at Bruinsburg April 30, 18631
After months of frustration and failure in his numerous attempts to capture the Confederate citadel of Vicksburg, Union Major General Ulysses Simpson Grant finally determined to run the fleet of Admiral David Dixon Porter past the Vicksburg batteries and to march his army south on the Louisiana bank of the Mississippi River. Once the fleet was downstream from Vicksburg, it could ferry his army across the river. Grant would then be free to maneuver into the heart of Mississippi.
While the first element of Grant’s fleet ran the Vicksburg batteries in a spectacular nighttime display on April 16, 1863, the XIII Corps under the command of Major General John Alexander McClernand and the XVII Army Corps commanded by Major General James McPherson were under orders to march down the western bank of the Mississippi River. Grant intended to link up the transports, fleet, and army at Hard Times, Louisiana.
Once the army and supporting transportation craft were in position Porter’s gunboats were to bombard Confederate fortifications at Grand Gulf. After Forts Wade and Cobun were reduced McClernand’s corps would launch an amphibious assault. Any hope of sustaining Grant’s substantial force was dependent upon Grand Gulf being under Federal control. Additionally, the position at Grand Gulf would be perfect for operations from the south against Vicksburg.
Armed with a clear understanding of their objective, Porter’s gunboats approached the Confederate fortifications at 7 A.M on April 29. Within the hour, at approximately 7:50 A.M., the first four Union gunboats Pittsburg, Carondelet, Louisville and Mound City opened fire. Although they didn’t answer for nearly a half hour, the Confederate batteries responded for the next five hours. Fort Wade was eventually silenced, but Fort Cobun was too elevated to permit effective fire from the gunboats and its fire was never effectively suppressed–indeed Fort Cobun inflicted a good deal more damage than she absorbed. With additional land batteries interspersed between the two forts and on the hills surrounding the forts, Grand Gulf was a lot more formidable than Grant initially thought. Just before 1 PM., Grant and Porter concluded that an amphibious attack would fail and called off the planned landing.
Grant had previously considered a point opposite the town of Rodney, Mississippi as an alternative should Grand Gulf prove too difficult to capture. With the assault on Grand Gulf now aborted orders were sent to both the army and navy to move to a point further downstream. Porter quietly prepared his flotilla for a night passage. Gunboats would provide covering fire. At the appointed hour the seven Federal gunboats, now headed by Benton, again pounded Fort Cobun. For a remarkably light price of just one man killed, upon the Mound City, the transports successfully completed the passage. At the same time, McClernand’s and McPherson’s corps marched four miles south to Disharoon’s Plantation. Here they boarded the transports for the crossing to Bruinsburg Landing. Once across, Grant’s intended to have his army march east to seize the suspension bridges that crossed Bayou Pierre and Little Bayou Pierre near Port Gibson. These two watercourses were serious obstacles to any movement on Vicksburg.
However, the river was not the only hindrance to Grant’s operational plan. The terrain west of Port Gibson is characterized by thick dispositions of loess or topsoil that will rapidly erode away once the vegetative cover is disturbed. The tops of the many hills in the area were cleared and in cultivation wherever the ground was level enough to be worked. The remainder of the countryside was broken by gorges and thickly covered with tall timber, underbrush, and cane indigenous to the region. Coordinated movements would be hindered by this topographical challenge.
Although he was unable to prevent the Federal passage into Mississippi, Brigadier General John Bowen, commander of the Confederate soldiers in the region, wired his superior, Confederate Lieutenant General John Clifford Pemberton that “When they cross again, they may move to Rodney.” Bowen immediately redeployed from the vicinity of Grand Gulf to a spot where he could defend both banks at the crossing points for Bayou Pierre.
Bowen first ordered Brigadier General Martin E. Green’s brigade of Arkansans and Missourians to march to Port Gibson. There they were to establish defensive positions to protect both the crossings and the advance depot of food and other supplies staged there. Perhaps in a tacit recognition of the extreme importance of Grand Gulf to Grant’s plans, Bowen remained there. This decision would have adverse ramifications for the defenders of Port Gibson on April 30th and May 1st.
In Bowen’s absence and following a survey of the terrain, Green established his primary defensive position on a ridge approximately 300 yards to the east of a small place of worship known as Magnolia Church. Green wrote that he “form[ed] [his] line on the crest of a hill running diagonally across the road, throwing out skirmishers. Green had with him the 15th and 21st regiments of Arkansas Infantry, the 12th Arkansas Sharpshooter Battalion, the 6th Mississippi Infantry Regiment, and 4 guns of the Pettus Flying Artillery.
Green positioned the 12th Arkansas Battalion astride the Rodney Road. The 15th and 21st Arkansas extended the line south in the direction of Widows Creek. The 6th Mississippi was posted to the north. The four guns of the Pettus Flying Artillery were positioned around the Foster House. Skirmishers maintained their vigil on the Magnolia Church ridge west of Green’s mainline. A combat outpost, commanded by Lieutenant William D. Tisdale of the Arkansas Sharpshooters, was located at the A. K. Shaffer House, 600 yards to the west of Green’s main position. From the Shaifer House, the Rodney Road turned east to Port Gibson, while a plantation or farm road led to the north, eventually turning east in the direction of Bayou Pierre where a barely used secondary track turned west to run through swamps in the direction of Bruinsburg.
This deployment was a critical mistake. Rather than defending Widows Creek at a potentially strong position on a prominent ridge immediately to its east, General Green chose to deploy his brigade approximately a mile further north and east on the Foster House ridge. Had Green fought at Widows Creek and been forced to retreat, the Shaffer House, Magnolia Church, and Foster House ridges all provided fine positions from which to re-establish the Confederate battle line. By leaving the Shaifer House ridge and crossroads undefended, Union forces were able to advance on Port Gibson from two fronts. Although the Foster House ridge provided a good defensive position, the Magnolia Church ridge in his front offered the Federals a sheltered position from which to launch an attack. When Green surrendered it he preordained the loss of the Foster House line. The mistake reduced Green’s options and left him but one last position (a ridge between White and Irwin’s Branches) before he would be compelled to fall back into the town. This error in judgment would compound what would soon be a very bad situation when the fighting actually took place. | <urn:uuid:7f7d0753-c2fa-406d-8e6a-e2df6586b552> | {
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Hockey is a sport that attracts many fans due to its interactive style. This type of game involves two teams playing for victory by trying to handle a puck into the adversary’s goal. They play on ice, and they have to use sticks to shoot a hard rubber, which is called a hockey puck, into the net to score points. There is a tradition according to which there must be a hockey fight involved in the game.
Unlike other games where players who fight are ejected instantly for engaging in such activities, the ice hockey fight is sustained by the officials because they consider that it helps teams to protect their principal players. So, it is considered to create solidarity among the teammates.
There are two different opinions regarding the hockey fight. Some people don’t see the point in turning to such actions that involve negative consequences such as players getting knocked out by their opponents. However, some administrators don’t want to eliminate it especially because players consider it important. Furthermore, most of the fans attend these games mainly to see these fights.
Fighting traditions in ice hockey exist since the sport became popular in the 19th century, in Canada. It is believed that fighting was a consequence of the lack of rules that the game featured. Therefore, players took advantage and tried to win the games by intimidating and controlling their opponents turning to physical methods.
Later, when the blue lines were integrated in 1918, the fights become even more frequent due to the tough physical play that they involved. So, the hockey couches saw the need to integrate new enforcers who would protect the puck handlers and fight if they needed. Therefore, a new rule had to be introduced in the official NHL rulebook.
The Rule 56, or the fistcuffs as it was called back than, accepted fights between players, and instead of ejecting them from the game, players received a five minute major penalty. These days, fighting is controlled by the Rule 46 which involves that any deviation from the original rule comes with considerable penalties.
An ice hockey fight allows the players to use certain intimidating techniques which integrate elbowing, cross-checking and high-sticking as a way to achieve their goals and score points. However, those who instigate a fight while wearing a face-shield have to face certain penalties and punishments. | <urn:uuid:12e4f921-e3b0-4706-8d09-f35fb8dbc30d> | {
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The Ancient Gods and Goddess have been a source of huge interest, each containing incredible stories of mystery, power, compassion, control and freedom. Comparable to modern day superheroes, their immortality, wisdom and powers often came at the cost of 'human' weakness that threatened or destroyed their seat of power. The Ancient Gods and Goddess provide an excellent insight into the religions and cultures of old, there stories illustrating a morale code, sociocultural desire of legal design to steer the society forward in a common belief.
In the Ancient Gods and Goddess section we categorise the Gods and Goddess into their related religions/cults/myths. Each God and Goddess is then reviewed and analysed with relationships to other Gods/Goddess and religions/cults/myths to illustrate how the Ancient Gods and Goddess have, through time, shaped our lives, culture, society and beliefs. | <urn:uuid:7f9b68bf-b3f5-4f7e-a715-790e0fbd79d5> | {
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Salmonella is back again. What is happening? Didn’t we have this problem last winter? Why haven’t improvements made through compliance with the Food Safety Modernization Act (FSMA) had an impact? Even with this increased emphasis on control of microorganisms, Salmonella foodborne illnesses have not decreased in the past decade and may, in fact, be increasing. Salmonella-related recalls are too frequent. What are some practical solutions?
Once Salmonella is established in a food plant environment, control becomes difficult. Salmonella can survive a wide range of temperature and pH values. This microorganism will lurk in a dormant state within microenvironments and raise its ugly head with some moisture and/or disturbance.
As outside temperatures drop and inside temperatures stay about the same, a cold front meets a warm front at the building perimeter. If the building perimeter is poorly insulated, condensation can result and rouse the dormant Salmonella. Then when an environmental sample is found positive, cleaning becomes more intense – which may create additional Salmonella positives with this disturbance of hidden microenvironments. The problem can get worse before it gets better. Here is a short list to examine what might be happening.
- Check the Process Temperature Cooling. Assure cooling of product is sufficient to prevent condensation inside equipment; the product and room temperature should vary by no more than 20°F. If cooked products are not cooled sufficiently, a cooler plant environment might create a conducive condition for condensation inside conveyors or bins.
- Establish Process Separation. Eliminate any co-mingling of ingredients with flavor enhancements, packing supplies, and finished products. If a plant is to produce Salmonella-free product, there needs to be “dirty” and “clean” separation along with four plant zones for cleaning and inspection. Human feet and mechanical wheels also can track Salmonella-contaminated soil from a “dirty” damp condensate area into a designated “clean” zone.
- Improve the Cleaning Inspection Process. A cleaning program may be well established for zones 1 and 2. However zones 3 and 4 are areas where condensation from the winter cold fronts are more likely to be seen. Look for condensation or evidence (such as water stains) inside equipment, around the building perimeter, and especially at poorly insulated ceilings.
- Check Plant Air Flow. Check the air flow to assure clean air source(s), and keep dirty air entering “clean” zones. Poor air flow at the building perimeter can allow condensation leading to microbial problems. By utilizing portable and ceiling fans in conjunction with exhausts, air flow can be modified temporarily along ceilings or walls. Ceiling condensate dripping onto process equipment below is a serious food safety concern.
- Check for Building for Unusual Leaks and Dust Collection. Leaks create many hours to clean, are seemingly never ending, and are preventable. As snow melts and temperatures rise and fall, roof leaks might happen at unusual times. Small leaks onto small dust can create big microbial issues. Examine the effectiveness of the dust collection system and clean overheads.
- Educate – and Re-educate Employees. Now is a good time to educate/re-educate employees about HACCP and pertinent essential pre-requisites to prevent Salmonella from raising its ugly head this winter – and about condensation and its consequences. Educated employees can be some of your best inspectors.
This short list can be used for Salmonella control preparation for the oncoming cold weather, as Salmonella seems to be more of an issue in the winter, probably due to condensation-related problems. Controlling Salmonella requires a well thought out microbial control program, so to implement a successful program, each of these items should be individually addressed. A review of the overall strategic plan, possibly already incorporated into short-term action and long-term budgeting, would be in order with any number of environmental positives. Even a small amount of Salmonella in a food product can cause harm. Thus, a single positive environmental sample should be seen as a warning to investigate the source and initiate specific corrective action. GMA has excellent Salmonella Control document. View or download it. | <urn:uuid:9e06cb6a-12f5-4b29-84b4-1c3e84325c2a> | {
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Family: Mary Todd Lincoln (1818-1882)
Called "Mother" by Mr. Lincoln, Mary Todd was the fourth child of Robert and Eliza Parker Todd. Raised in Lexington, Kentucky, Mary came to Springfield, Illinois to visit her sisters in 1840. After a tumultuous courtship, she married Abraham Lincoln on November 4, 1842. Often self-absorbed and petulant, she was nonetheless devoted to her immediate family while frequently engaged in feuds with other family members. As a young woman, Mary was as buoyant and debonair as she was bitter and dour as a widow. Raised in a slave-owning family, she became a fervent abolitionist, one of whose closest friends was her black seamstress, Elizabeth Keckley.
Her southern background and Illinois husband led to snobbish questions about her social grace when she arrived in Washington. Mrs. Lincoln was caught between northern prejudice of her southern background and southern prejudice of her northern sympathies. Recent First Ladies had been virtually invisible in Washington. Mary Todd Lincoln would not be invisible - and thus became the subject of vicious gossip which her own imprudent behavior encouraged. British journalist William Howard Russell, the correspondent for the London Times, described her shortly after observing Mrs. Lincoln at her first state dinner.
Mrs. Lincoln was already seated to receive her guests. She is of the middle age and height, of a plumpness degenerating to the embonpoint natural to her years; her features are plain, her nose and mouth of an ordinary type, and her manners and appearance homely, stiffened, however, by the consciousness that her position requires her to be something more than plain Mrs. Lincoln, the wife of the Illinois lawyer; she is profuse in the introduction of the word 'sir' in every sentence, which is now almost an Americanism confined to certain classes, although it was once as common in England. Her dress I shall not attempt to describe, though it was very gorgeous and highly coloured. She handled a fan with much energy, displaying a round, well-proportioned arm, and was adorned with some simple jewelery. She struck me as being desirous of making herself agreeable, and I own I was agreeably disappointed, as the Secessionist ladies at Washington had been amusing themselves by anecdotes which could scarcely have been founded on fact.1
“Being under scrutiny as a fashion symbol, the first lady’s popularity was as precarious as a roller-coaster ride – sometimes up and often down, with change in the blink of an eye. Her fastidious attention to matters of dress at first impressed and recommended her to the press," wrote biographer Catherine Clinton. "The rumored costs of her attire became the subject of Washington gossip and prompted bitter critiques by journalists, especially as Union soldiers fell by the thousands, maimed and wounded, dying in camp and on the battlefield.”2
Mrs. Lincoln's insecurities led her to overindulge in redecorating the White House and herself. Alternatively a spendthrift and a miser, her frequent shopping trips to New York and expensive redecorating in 1861 led to questions about her taste and extravagance. One memorable four-month period saw her collect about 400 pairs of gloves. Her own tastes in clothes followed European fashions, especially those of French Empress Eugénie and caused comment inside and outside of Washington. Even her husband was sometimes surprised by her low-cut dresses. She attempted, where possible, to get her clothes as gifts, but sometimes she misunderstood a purchase as a gift and was surprised when the merchants' bills began to pile up. Her life was further complicated by those who actually gave her gifts, hoping that in exchange she would press her husband for a job or favor.
Even during the period in 1862 and 1863 when Mrs. Lincoln was in mourning for her son Willie and wore only black, she managed to go further into debt for new clothes. By 1864, she told Elizabeth Keckley: "The President glances at my rich dresses and is happy to believe that the few hundred dollars that I obtain from him supply all my wants. I must dress in costly materials. The people scrutinize every article that I wear with critical curiosity... If he is elected, I can keep him in ignorance of my affairs, but if he is defeated, then the bills will be sent."3 Only on January 1, 1865 did she completely shed her mourning attire.
Although she frequently abandoned Washington on shopping and vacation trips, Mrs. Lincoln refused to abandon the White House at the outset of the Civil War in 1861 when General Winfield Scott suggested it for security reasons. Her preoccupation with money and spending led her into frequent conflict with the White House staff who called her "the Madam" and the President's secretaries, who referred to her as the "hellcat." Journalist Charles A. Dana related an incident in which Mrs. Lincoln's irritation was directed at her husband in the spring of 1861. Dana and other New Yorkers were engaged in an interview in the President's office when a messenger interrupted them with a message for Mr. Lincoln:
'She wants you.'In a letter to John T. Delane, February 11, 1862, William Howard Russell reflected the kind of abuse to which the president's wife was subjected: "Did you cast your eye over the acc[ount] of Mrs. Lincoln's Ball? Was there ever such snobbery & ridiculous sickening trash? She's like a damned old Irish or Scotch (or English) washerwoman dressed out for a Sunday at Highbury Barn. As a Paddy friend of mine said when he saw her 'My God! Where's her apples & pairs?'"5
A month later on March 11, 1862, the President himself wrote an official in the Treasury Department: "Once or twice since I have been in this House, accounts have been presented at your bureau, which were incorrect. I shall be personally and greatly obliged to you if you will carefully scan any account which comes from here; and if in any there shall appear the least semblance of wrong, make it known to me directly."6 Mary was in nominal charge of the White House's non-official operations. "She is absolute mistress of all that part of the White House inside of the vestibule on the first floor, and of all the upper floor east of the folding doors across the hall at the head of the stairs. She has had varied assistance in the management of her domain since she came into possession of it," wrote presidential aide William O. Stoddard.7
Mary's questionable judgment and trust in friends, associates, and employees led to particular embarrassment of the President. Her lack of discretion extended to both action and comment. She was a source of information for anyone who could manage to obtain her confidence. Seekers of favors and offices often sought her out when they could not influence her husband. Journalist Henry Villard observed in 1861 that "she allowed herself to be approached, and continuously surrounded by a common set of men and women, who, through her susceptibility to even the most barefaced flattery, easily gained a controlling influence over her..."8 She even attempted to influence the selection of cabinet members and judges of the U.S. Supreme Court - although without much effect.
After Willie's death, her grief and her desire to communicate with him made her vulnerable to phony mediums and spiritualists. Nearly a year after Willie's death on January 1, 1863 Orville Browning wrote: "Mrs. Lincoln has been out to see a spiritualist who has made wonderful revelations to her about her son Willie. Among other things [the spiritualist] revealed that the cabinet were all enemies of the President."9 Writing in 1887, John Nicolay said of Mrs. Lincoln's supposedly bizarre behavior:
These accounts [of her] are very much overdrawn. I was in the official family of Mr. Lincoln during his entire term, and never saw anything to justify such statements as have been made about Mrs. Lincoln at that time. That she was very eccentric there is no doubt, but [that] she went to the extremes reported I do not believe...She had her likes and dislikes. For instance, she never liked Secretary Seward...I don't think she liked me, but I never knew her to so far forget herself as to make a fuss about it. At the Executive Mansion she would receive of evening fifteen and twenty ladies and gentlemen without any exhibitions of undue nervousness or excitement. She was a woman of great frankness and would speak her mind out."10Mary loved conversation - in French or English - and had always relished social occasions. Historian George Bancroft recorded the breadth of her conversational repertoire on one occasion - from politics and secessionist brothers to White House redecorating and flowers. Unfortunately for her husband, she was not discrete in her discussions and expressed her likes, dislikes and limited insight into state affairs. At the very end of the Civil War, she was accompanied back to Washington by Carl Schurz who reported that she liberally divulged "state secrets."11
The White House provided her with opportunities to display her social skills. Mary held Tuesday evening and Saturday afternoon levees during the White House social season. Journalist Laura Catherine Redden observed her at one levee: "At all events, the charm of her face was not owing to cosmetics. It was a chubby, good-natured face. It was the face of a woman who enjoyed life, a good joke, good eating, fine clothes, and fine horses and carriages, and luxurious surroundings; but it was also the face of a woman whose affectionate nature was predominant."12
Guard William Crook, who served at the White House in 1865 took a benevolent view of Mrs. Lincoln's social graces: "I saw a good deal of Mrs. Lincoln while I was on day duty. Very few who were not about the house realized how exacting were the duties of her position. She was, of course, much absorbed by social duties, which presented difficulties no other President's wife has had to contend against. The house was filled, the receptions were crowded, with all sorts of people, of all varieties of political conviction, who felt, according to the temper of the time, that they had a perfect right to take up the President's time with their discourse and to demand of Mrs. Lincoln social consideration. Nor could there be discrimination used at the state dinner-parties; any man who was bearing a part in the events of the day must be invited - and his women folks. Jim Lane, rough old Kansas fighter, dined beside Salmon P. Chase with his patrician instincts. The White House has never, during my forty years' service, been so entirely given over to the public as during Mr. Lincoln's administration. The times were too anxious to make of social affairs anything more than an aid to more serious matters. It was necessary, of course; but it made it difficult for a first-lady-in-the-land with any preferences or prejudices not to make enemies on every hand."13
Mrs. Lincoln also privately entertained a variety of other visitors such as Sen. Charles Sumner, Sen. Ira Harris, journalist and spiritualist Nathaniel P. Willis, New York Postmaster Abram Wakeman and Assistant Secretary of the Navy Gustavus Fox. Lincoln scholar Daniel Mark Epstein wrote: “Mrs. Lincoln’s last beneficial act as a political partner was her tireless courtship of the liberal senator from Massachusetts. Playfully flirtatious but chaste, there was nothing insincere about Mary Lincoln’s pursuit of Charles Sumner.”14
Although she was jealous of her husband's attentions to other women, she herself caused public comment by her unaccompanied trips through the Northeast and her rather unorthodox friendships with men, including those on the White House staff like John Watt and other government officials like William S. Wood. Watt himself said that "Mrs. Lincoln's relations with certain men were indecently improper."15 Nevertheless, she was devoted to her husband. "Mary has her husband's deepest love. This is a matter upon which one woman cannot deceive another," wrote Elizabeth Blair Lee, whose whole family was close to the Lincolns and who herself was one of Mrs. Lincolns' few female friends in Washington.16
Mrs. Lincoln also had a more benevolent and less publicized side - as demonstrated by her work with seamstress Elizabeth Keckley to aid freed slaves. "These immense number of Contrabands are suffering intensely, many without bed covering and having to use any bits of carpeting to cover themselves - many dying of want," wrote the First Lady as she attempted to raise funds for the Contraband Relief Association.17 She also made many visits to Union hospitals to cheer wounded soldiers. William Stoddard observed that "She rarely takes outside company with her upon these errands, and she thereby loses opportunities. Is she were worldly wise she would carry newspaper correspondents, from two to five, of both sexes, every time she went, and she would have them take shorthand notes of what she says to the sick soldiers and of what the sick soldiers say to her. Then she would bring the writers back to the White House, and give them some cake and - and coffee, as a rule, and show them the conservatory."18
Three of her half-brothers died in Confederate military service during the war - Sam at Shiloh, David at Vicksburg, and Aleck at Baton Rouge. Their deaths and that of the husband of her half-sister Emilie may added to the grief she felt as the result of the death of Willie; however, she pointedly told Elizabeth Keckley that she was not grieve her half-brothers. Her many Confederate relatives led to unfounded questions about her loyalty to the Union. Mary told Elizabeth Keckley that brother Aleck "made his choice long ago. He decided against my husband, through him against me. He has been fighting against us and since he chose to be our deadly enemy, I see no special reason why I should bitterly mourn his death."19 Others of Mary's relatives became a burden to Mr. Lincoln when he became president, often seeking patronage appointments and special favors.
On July 3,1863, Mrs. Lincoln was thrown from her carriage near Mount Pleasant Hospital, hit her head and was seriously injured. Doctors from the hospital responded and returned her to the White House, where she recovered from a serious gash to her head. Whenever possible, she got her husband out for a drive in the fresh air at four in the afternoon. Together, they sometimes stopped at army hospitals and greeted wounded and sick soldiers. On their last drive together on the afternoon he was assassinated, he told his wife, "I consider this day, the war has come to a close. We must both be more cheerful in the future - between the war & the loss of our darling Willie - we have both, been very miserable."20
The Civil War and the White House years had strained their marriage. Historian Matthew Pinsker wrote: “Frustrated by her private grief and poor health, nineteenth-century gender conventions, and her husband’s near-constant state of exhaustion, the First Lady found it difficult to connect to him and to support him in his enormous endeavors.”21 Biographer Catherine Clinton noted that by 1865 Mary Lincoln "had been all but excluded from his circle of trusted advisers because of her troubling mood swings, her prolonged absences, and her capricious behavior."22
Mrs. Lincoln’s trip to the Richmond front in late March 1865 was marked by several explosions of temper. Naval officer John S. Barnes wrote that Mary Lincoln “was at no time well; the mental strain upon her was great, betrayed by extreme nervousness approaching hysteria, causing misapprehensions, extreme sensitiveness as to slights, or want of politeness or consideration. I had the greatest sympathy for her, and for Mr. Lincoln, who I am sure felt deep anxiety for her. His manner toward her was always that of the most affectionate solicitude, so marked, so gentle and unaffected that no one could see them together without being impressed by it. I remember that in several telegrams from Mr. Stanton, he always inquired for Mrs. Lincoln and requested his remembrances to her.”23
Her husband's death and her financial debts from shopping sprees immobilized her. It took over a month for her to recover enough from the president's death to leave the White House finally on May 22, 1865. For the next 17 years, she assumed the role of the martyr-widow, consumed by physical and mental illness, bedeviled by personal tragedy and personal torment, and shamed by family and country. She exiled herself to Europe in 1868 after public controversies over her finances and remained there until 1871 when she returned to Chicago. She was committed to an insane asylum by her son Robert in 1875 although she later won her release. On July 16, 1882, Mary Todd Lincoln died at the home of her sister in Springfield.
William O. Stoddard
William Wallace Lincoln
Thomas D. Lincoln
Benjamin Brown French
William S. Wood
Anson G. Henry
Orville H. Browning
Mrs. Lincoln’s Bedroom
State Dining Room
Elizabeth Todd Grimsley
Family Dining Room
Mary Todd Lincoln Research Site
Abraham Lincoln and Mary Todd Lincoln
Social Relationships (Mr. Lincoln and Friends)
Mrs. Lincoln's Shopping (Mr. Lincoln and New York)
Abram Wakeman (Mr. Lincoln and New York) | <urn:uuid:9f11b2a9-c6a3-4b0b-9068-36ea8d35b74f> | {
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SUMMIT COUNTY -- The Summit County Public Health department says this may be the worst year ever for ticks, and summer is prime season.
Since May, the environmental health supervisor says over a dozen tick specimens have been brought in for examination and testing.
Usually, the health department receives one or two samples a year.
At Cuyahoga Valley National Park, tick alert signs are posted, reminding visitors to protect themselves from the blood sucking bugs.
"Ticks have been expanding their ranges northward, and they're into Canada now. Northeast Ohio was a nice haven where we didn't have to deal with ticks forever, and I think our world has changed," says Lisa Petit, Chief of Science and Resource Management at Cuyahoga Valley National Park.
The most common species of tick in Northeast Ohio is the American dog tick, which can carry Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever.
While not all ticks carry the disease, Petit says everyone needs to be checking themselves, their children and pets after a day outdoors, even in the backyard.
"The climate change is happening, and we are getting warmer temperatures that are more conducive to the survival of ticks," Petit says.
She recommends long pants tucked into socks or boots, and long sleeves.
Repellant with the ingredient DEET or Permethrin is useful for keeping ticks away.
The CDC has a list of recommendations on how to identify ticks, safely remove them, and what warning signs of illness to look for.
Click on the link on this page for more information. | <urn:uuid:0734b4e4-03d5-41a2-9cfe-d4c373c74c8d> | {
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Most project managers are familiar with Agile and the Scrum Board. Agile works for fast-moving startup teams that need to deliver new products constantly. While Agile has many benefits, it is only one of several ways to manage a project. To choose the system that’s best for you and your team, it’s important to consider all the options.
In this short guide, we’ll look at several established project management systems, including PERT, Critical Path, and Critical Chain, to help you find new ways to make your next project a success.
The evolution of project management
Ever since the Industrial Revolution, managers have been seeking better ways to manage projects and increase worker productivity. Henry Gantt came up with his famous chart after working as a mechanical engineer for steel manufacturers. The Gantt chart, with its detailed records of time allocated and spent, provided a way for foremen and factory floor supervisors to track progress and measure worker efficiency.
Over the course of the 20th century, project management evolved as a discipline. In the 1950s, we saw the rise of PERT, Critical Path, and Work Breakdown Structures. In the late 1990s, Critical Chain was introduced. And in 2001, a group of software developers met in Utah and published the Agile Manifesto.
According to the International Journal of Project Management, all project management systems have two dimensions:
- Technical – tools and processes
- Human – team members and their expertise in subject areas
Each dimension contributes to performance and productivity and can be organized in infinite ways.
As technology pushes forward, project management changes with it. While mechanical engineering in the early 1900s required more rigid scheduling, software developers today need more flexibility and immediate feedback. Agile draws its strength from short tasks, daily stand-up meetings, and a free-form Scrum or Kanban board. In other industries, tools and teams look very different.
By weighing the pros and cons of each system, we can come up with ways to manage our own projects better. Let’s take a closer look.
PERT: building dependencies
PERT stands for “Program Evaluation Review Technique” and was created in 1957 by the U.S. Navy for its Polaris submarine missile program. Its focus on hard deadlines provided much-needed efficiency to the production process.
PERT is centered around important dates, known as milestones. The most important milestone is the final due date, and managers work backwards from there. To get from one milestone to the next, employees must complete tasks.
The project manager identifies tasks that must occur in sequence, known as serial or dependent tasks, and those that can be done at the same time, known as parallel or concurrent tasks.
In a PERT chart, the project is plotted out on a flowchart where the nodes are deadlines or milestones, and the arrows represent dependent tasks. Dependencies are represented by the linked pathways that move from left to right.
In the diagram above, an engineering project is mapped out on a PERT chart showing dependent and concurrent task flows.
PERT was revolutionary in its method to calculate deadlines. A traditional PERT analysis averages three different timelines – the shortest, realistic, and worst-case – to predict likely due dates.
The exact formula for deadlines is:
(optimistic time + (4 x most likely time) + pessimistic time)/6
You can also plot out the results of your PERT analysis on a Gantt chart, which shows durations and dependencies. The PERT chart can help during the project planning phase, and the Gantt chart can track time usage as the project progresses.
Some of the benefits of PERT include:
- Making uncertain deadlines more predictable
- A clear order to complete tasks
- Dependencies made explicit
But there is one major downside:
- Bottlenecks. If the calculations are inaccurate, any delay will create a bottleneck and affect the final delivery date.
Nevertheless, if you are looking to add structure and reduce uncertainty in project planning, PERT will help you set up important milestones and the tasks to get you there.
Work Breakdown Structure (WBS): building a task hierarchy
Without a comprehensive task list, deadlines won’t be helpful. The Work Breakdown Structure, also developed by the U.S. Department of Defense in the late 1950s, is a system for breaking a project down into manageable parts, including phases, deliverables, and work packages. The parts are all represented on a tree chart.
The WBS chart is like a visual outline for your project. Tasks are assigned different levels, such as 1. final deliverable, 1.1 tasks, 1.1.1 sub-tasks, as shown in the example diagram for building a house.
One of the main features of dividing a project according to WBS is that all the elements have to add up to the whole. A task cannot be considered complete if 100% of the subtasks are not complete, and the project is not complete without 100% of the tasks.
Some of the key benefits of the WBS process:
- Breaks down big events into manageable parts
- Defines the hierarchy of parent and child tasks
- All parts add up to the whole
- Categorizes work
Some of the drawbacks of WBS:
- Not a full project plan
- Doesn’t plot time
- Doesn’t say how tasks will get done or by whom
By focusing mainly on task lists and resource distribution rather than deadline events, WBS is complementary to PERT. WBS can also be used with PERT’s close cousin, Critical Path, which we’ll explore in the next section.
Critical Path: creating faster flow
Developed alongside PERT in the late 1950s, Critical Path Method (CPM) also centers around a flowchart of events and tasks. Together, the PERT and Critical Path methods had the biggest impact on the field of project management since the Gantt chart.
Critical Path’s main feature is the way it calculates the shortest project duration possible by lining up the longest sequence of dependent tasks necessary to complete the project.
The main difference between PERT and Critical Path is knowing how long a given task will take. With PERT, task durations are variable, hence the need to predict time using a model. Critical Path is more useful for projects where task length is easy to predict, such as a construction project or a large conference.
Engineer and blogger Tim Tyler set up a critical path for the project of making breakfast:
Critical Path also factors in slack, or float time, which is free time that emerges due to natural lulls in activity. In the diagram, slack is represented in yellow. Thanks to slack, parallel paths can emerge, and tasks can be completed concurrently.
Some of the main benefits of Critical Path:
- Greater efficiency due to use of slack time
- Defines essential tasks on the critical path
But the drawbacks are similar to PERT:
- Bottlenecks are likely
- People, budget, and task details not included
Like PERT, Critical Path imagines a project timeline as a sequence of dependent parts. Once the critical path is established, the hierarchy of parts is made clear. Critical Path projects are designed for maximum efficiency, making sure no second is wasted.
Critical Chain: adding a buffer
Parkinson’s Law states that “work expands so as to fill the time available for its completion,” and Critical Chain aims to minimize its effects. Established in 1997 by Israeli business scholar Eliyahu M. Goldratt, the method is a direct descendent of PERT and Critical Path. It works by repurposing the slack built into projects.
Instead of including slack in the task duration, Critical Chain adds a block or “buffer” of slack time between the final task and project completion.
The project manager can then add two other types of buffer to the Critical Chain. The feeding buffer goes between the completion of non-critical tasks and the critical path. The resource buffer lies along the critical path and allows for extra people, equipment, and/or space to be utilized as needed throughout the project.
Critical Chain is great because it:
- Shows a more realistic vision of time
- Incorporates resources into the timeline
- Pools extra resources to be used as needed
- Encourages faster work cycles
But it doesn’t solve the main drawbacks of PERT and Critical Path: that as project visualizations, these diagrams are mainly focused on time and schedule and less on people, work, and tools.
In a Critical Chain process, the project manager can track progress by what % of the buffer is used before the end. If the collective buffer is already gone by the halfway point, the project lacks efficiency. If there’s lots of buffer left at the end of the project, you can use that time to go over the project, test, and otherwise prepare for delivery.
Finding the right way to manage your next project
New project management methods arise when managers adopt a system and pick up what works and what doesn’t. The evolution from Gantt to PERT to Critical Chain to Agile took around a century, with tons of individualized versions created along the way. By trying out different project management systems, you can find the tools and techniques that work best for you and your team.
Ready to start with project management? Start a Redbooth workspace today. | <urn:uuid:55597fe6-e0f7-4600-ac41-3f2cf31ad36d> | {
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The “Poor Tax” and Recovery Support
We have all heard the old expression “the rich get richer and the poor get poorer.” Does that apply to addiction and behavioral health care, support and treatment? Yes, it does. But there are companies that care, like RI International, FCC in Missouri, and many other CCBHC organizations which are offering a solution.
What is the poor tax?
- Having a low credit score leads to higher interest rates. The poor get poorer.
- Lack of sufficient daily or weekly cash flow leads to borrowing. Often borrowing at extremely high interest rates. The poor get poorer.
- Many medical facilities decline Medicaid patients, due to weak reimbursements. The poor get poorer.
- Lack of sufficient cash and poor credit leads to higher deposits or cash payments for housing, transportation, and health care. The poor get poorer.
- The lack of funds makes it difficult to secure healthy life-style items like access to exercise, medications, healthy food and health care. The poor get poorer.
All of these are examples of the hidden “poor tax” that is levied upon the disadvantaged in our country. Frequently, due to no fault of their own, many Americans get caught in a downward spiral financially and in their mental health.
Poor financial health, poor living conditions, and inadequate healthcare can lead to deteriorating health and mental health, often accompanied by addiction. A single situation like a job lay-off, extreme health emergency or emotional crisis can lead down a path that makes a middle-class person plunge into homelessness, ill-health, despair and addiction.
- But, you say, there is plenty of support for addiction… we’ve all seen the commercials on TV. The rich get richer.
- There are lots of great rehab facilities in our country. The rich get richer.
- Your doctor can give you medication for your mental illness or addiction. The rich get richer.
- Friends and family are always there to help. The rich get richer.
The sad truth is that many in our very privileged and wealth country suffer and die in poverty, due to mental illness and addiction. They die due to the poor tax.
But there is help. There are companies like RI International, FCC in Missouri, and many other support organizations that treat and support the disadvantaged. The US legislature has created a federal grant program called Certified Community Behavioral Health Clinics (CCBHC) that are required to provide health care, housing and addiction and behavioral health, all regardless of a person’s ability to pay.
Let’s take opportunities like CCBHC and dissolve the poor tax and help lift these disadvantaged and downtrodden to become all they can be… healthy and productive American citizens. | <urn:uuid:c085825d-5fbf-4398-b915-16543e6e715d> | {
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Title: Structure of northern spotted owl nest stands and their historical conditions on the eastern slope of the Pacific Northwest Cascades, USA.
Author: Everett, Richard; Schellhaas, D.; Spurbeck, D.; [and others].,;
Source: Forest Ecology and Management. 94: 1-14
Publication Series: Miscellaneous Publication
Description: The northern spotted (Strix occidentalis caurina) uses a wide array of nesting habitat throughout its current range and successfully reproduces in a variety of stand types on the eastern slope of the Pacific Northwest Cascades. The species has the ability to utilize dynamic forest stands that continue to undergo significant changes in tree density, proportion of tree size classes, and tree species composition. Current stand structure and composition reflect the results of timber harvest, reduced fire effects and ongoing successional and stand development processes. In nest stands, multi-layered canopy was more strongly expressed in numbers of both small (<13 cm DBH) and large (>41 cm DBH) trees than in unoccupied stands of the same type within the owl nest sites in both dry and wet forests since Eurosettlement. Barring disturbance, further increases in the dominance of shade-tolerant species should occur over time with continual change in nest stand structure and composition. The development of dense forest stands and 'old-forest structural attributes' as a result of reduced fire effects could be potential mitigating factors to the loss of old-forest habitat from harvest and should be considered in determining the available owl habitat in the eastern Cascades. However, old-forest structural attributes in dense, overstocked stands are at high fire hazard and should be viewed as transitional unit old-forest habitat with improved sustainability becomes available.
- We recommend that you also print this page and attach it to the printout of the article, to retain the full citation information.
- This article was written and prepared by U.S. Government employees on official time, and is therefore in the public domain.
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Everett, Richard; Schellhaas, D.; Spurbeck, D.; [and others]. 1997. Structure of northern spotted owl nest stands and their historical conditions on the eastern slope of the Pacific Northwest Cascades, USA. Forest Ecology and Management. 94: 1-14
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There is no such thing as "waste" in Nature. In nature, the by-product of one system is feedstock for another system. Only humans have created this thing called "waste."Ancient Hawai`ians lived this way before the term "Zero Waste" came to be. And we can live this way again through small shifts in our daily activities. In this way, we greatly reduce our impact on Hawai'i Island's natural environment, and how much rubbish we generate, protect Hawai'i Island's natural environment, preserve our resources for future generations, and save our community tax dollars.
Recycling has become a national habit, a daily ritual practiced by millions of people every day. Yet recycling alone will not end our dependency on landfills and incinerators, nor reverse the rapid depletion of our natural resources. As world population and consumption continue to rise, it is clear that our one-way or cradle-to-grave system of extracting virgin resources to make packaging and products that will later be buried or burned is not sustainable.
Continue reading on Examiner.com Zero waste: A new systems approach gaining global ground - Honolulu Sustainable Living | Examiner.com http://www.examiner.com/sustainable-living-in-honolulu/zero-waste-a-new-systems-approach-gaining-global-ground#ixzz1ay7ni3Cd
Comments posted prior to adopting Facebook comments. | <urn:uuid:e00bb0a3-0e06-4f0b-ab96-714a78e16097> | {
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Messages: Packets, Frames, Datagrams and Cells
(Page 1 of 2)
Many networking technologies are based on packet switching, which involves the creation of small chunks of data to be sent over a network. Even though the word packet appears in the name of this method, the data items sent between networked devices are most generically called messages. Packet is one of a variety of similar words that are used in different contexts to refer to messages sent from one device to another.
In some cases these different terms can be very useful; simply the type of name used for the message can tell you something about what the message contains. In particular, different message names are usually associated with protocols and technologies operating at specific layers of the OSI Reference Model. Thus, the use of these different names can help clarify discussions that involve multiple protocols operating at different layers.
Unfortunately, these terms can also cause confusion, because they are not always applied in a universal or even consistent manner. Some people are strict about applying particular message designations only to the appropriate technologies where they are normally used, while others use the different terms completely interchangeably. This means that you should be familiar with the different message types and how they are normally used, but be prepared for the unexpected.
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Not responsible for any loss resulting from the use of this site. | <urn:uuid:aabf0680-54ca-44d4-b474-9f095b010f1c> | {
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It’s the day before Thanksgiving here in the US, a time when family and friends gather to give thanks for all that they have in their lives (theoretically, anyway).
Instead of presenting an in-depth analysis of a research paper on what is likely a day off for some
of you, we’re going to keep things a little light on The Academic Wino today and present to you a fun, at times cheesy, and educational video on the physics behind “the singing wine glass”.
You’ve seen it before–someone rubs their finger around the rim of a wine glass and it produces a tone as if the glass were “singing”. Â It’s not some crazy magic going on, just straight up physics that anyone can do with any wine glass you have sitting about your Thanksgiving table.
Once you’ve imbibed a sufficient amount of the vino, and you’ve decided to start a family band, whip out the wine glasses and write yourself a catchy new tune using physics!
“How can I get my wine glass to sing”, you ask! Â Well, I’ll let the guys over at The Sci Guys give you that lesson in this 5 minute video. Â Enjoy!
I would love to see you all trying this little experiment at home! Â Take some video of you and yours playing with this wine glass physics, upload to YouTube, and send the link in a comment or on our Facebook or Twitter pages!
Are you interested in more video demonstrations or experiments? In 2014, The Academic Wino will be incorporating video into the blog, and we’d love to hear your requests and suggestions for content.
Cheers, and Happy Thanksgiving to you from The Academic Wino! | <urn:uuid:4f1ee8b5-f9d3-4646-819e-081e15021530> | {
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Accuracy and ease of use make SM300 Soil Moisture Sensors well suited to irrigation applications. Readings can be used to optimise irrigation scheduling, or the SM300 can be installed as part of an automatic irrigation system. The sensor`s compact size allows it to be installed in plant pots or grow bags.
`A technique of growing plants in nutrient solution”. Hydroponics literally means water-working or water-activation. It is a cultivation technique for growing plants in highly oxygenated, nutrient enriched water, rather than soil. The nutrient solution and its management are the cornerstone for a successful hydroponics system. The function of a hydroponics nutrient solution is to supply the plant roots with water, oxygen and essential mineral elements in soluble form. In soil, biological decomposition breaks down...
Agro-meteorological application (AgMet) are becoming more and more important. With a rising world population, agricultural production has to become more efficient. Water is precious and scarce, pesticides are expensive and harmful to the environment if they get into the soil.
What deteriorates the physical, aerobic and water condition of the soil? Soil compaction occurs when soil particles are pressed together, reducing pore space between them. Heavily compacted soils contain few large pores, less total pore volume and consequently a greater density. A compacted soil has a reduced rate of both water infiltration and drainage. This happens because large pores are more effective in moving water downward through the soil than smaller pores.
The soil is an important natural renewable resource that for a long period of time is subject to erosion and intensive exploitation, which leads to the loss of fertile qualities. But with a reasonable technology of cultivation and periodic soil enrichment with the necessary elements, it is possible to maintain soil health. The soil provides environmental conditions for numerous microorganisms and serves as a medium for the growth of plants, thus providing plants with a place for development, nutrients, and water...
It is hard to believe, but most of the chemical, physical and biological phenomena occurring in nature depend on the humidity of the environment. As concerns the soil, humidity is not a stable feature of soil cover. It is influenced by many factors: meteorological conditions, groundwater level, mechanical soil composition, nature of vegetation, etc. Nevertheless, soil moisture plays an important role in the food chain, provides the growth and development of plants that ultimately become an animal and human...
BCMbio™ is dedicated to providing a full range of microbial solutions to the agriculture, horticulture and turf management marketplaces. A rich, biologically active soil is fundamental to building a sustainable agricultural system. Our soil specific strains are designed to improve soil quality, increase plant health and provide a cleaner, larger yield at harvest.
Delta-T Devices supplies high quality, research grade equipment to help growers monitor and control irrigation using proven technology:
improve water use efficiency
reduce fertiliser application rates
enhance crop development
Use KISTERS solutions for gathering of meteorological, soil, and other timely crop data from the field. Easily remove the difficulties in comparing statistics and validating information collected for the monitoring and measuring of agricultural production.
Globalization puts ever-increasing demands on the food and agriculture industry. Highly sensitive analytical instrumentation is key for reliable monitoring of food products along the food chain starting from agricultural production over food processing and packaging to distribution and consumption. Analytik Jena analytical solutions help you meet industry standards during both development of new products or quality control assessment.
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) offers the ability to analyze soil samples with little sample preparation, provides detection of all elements in the periodic table, and has a large dynamic range (ppm to wt. %).
Zysense Nitric Oxide instruments are widely used in agricultural applications. It is used by leading scientists at USDA, and most agricultural research institutions, plant biology testing, and evaluate the role of Nitric oxide on plant growth and development.
New research has shown the role of nitric oxide releasing molecules like Sodium Nitroprusside and its role in saline soils.
NOA 280i is also used in natural juice research and its role on blood pressure reduction.
Several studies have been done beet and...
based in Weddington, NORTH CAROLINA (USA).
Supplying water used to assist in the growing of agricultural crops, maintenance of landscapes, and revegetation of disturbed soils is best done by lightweight and sustainable thermoplastic pipe and fitting systems.
Our lab is certified and equipped to serve our clients by identifying pathogens from samples obtained from soil, water and plants. A variety of tests can be offered for pathogens detection and pathogen identification in the lab. In addition, our scientists, with training in plant protection, will be available to provide consulting services to our clients for additional support. Our timely support can help you to prevent plant diseases from spreading or happening.
Ruminant livestock generate a significant proportion of anthropogenic GHG emissions, and thereby contribute to Climate Change. Ruminants such as cattle. sheep, goats and buffalo produce meat and milk through enteric fermentation – a digestive process in which microbes decompose and ferment food in the digestive tract or rumen. This process produces methane which is emitted via belching. The amount of methane produced is directly related to the type of food consumed and the level of intake, in addition to...
From the industry’s first wagon hoist to the pioneering round baler, Vermeer inventions have helped farmers get their work done quickly and efficiently. Vermeer farm equipment is built to our traditional high standards, so it delivers the reliable service you expect from one of the nation’s leading manufacturers of agricultural equipment. And each machine is backed by comprehensive service and support from your factory trained Vermeer dealer.
Cambridge based Delta-T Devices specialises in instruments for environmental science, in particular: agronomy, plant physiology, eco-physiology, data logging, meteorology, soil moisture, solar energy studies and environmental monitoring.
Farmers and researchers in the agricultural industry have used AMS sampling equipment for over 50 years. The AMS Step Probe, Soil Recovery Probes, and a variety of one and two-piece augers are used in the agricultural sampling market to obtaining disturbed samples at or near the surface and for boring to depths where more precise samples can be obtained. AMS now offers a variety of nematode sampling equipment, ATV-mounted PowerProbe rigs, and one and two-piece open-faced augers. | <urn:uuid:0f463c26-56ad-4b6e-9c1d-d38da5287951> | {
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An intracranial lesion is a caused by atherosclerosis, and affects the
neurovascular arteries that are in the brain. These arteries supply
blood with oxygen and other nutrients to the brain to make it function
properly. An intracranial lesion occurs when the inner walls of the
arteries thicken due to a buildup of cholesterol, fatty deposits,
calcium, and other elements. This material is known as plaque.
As plaque forms, the vessel narrows. When the vessel narrows (for
example, with physical effort or mental stress), blood flow through the
vessel is reduced so less oxygen and other nutrients reach the brain.
This reduced blood flow may cause mild to severe headaches or other
symptoms. Complete blockage (no blood flow) of a neurovascular artery
can result in a stroke.
Several factors increase the risk of getting atherosclerosis in the
neurovascular arteries. These factors include a history of smoking, high
cholesterol, diabetes, high blood pressure, being overweight, and a
family history of stroke or heart disease.
if you believe you or someone else is experiencing a medical emergency.
For more information about Stroke Care at Main Line Health call 1.866.CALL.MLH.
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Do you want to be part of the solution, rather than part of the problem?
Do you want to learn to create elegant solutions carefully adapted to the biocultural uniqueness of place?
If you do, then becoming an ecological designer is for you.
The Ecological dimension of Gaia Education’s online course will give you the skills to become an ecological designer and create self-regenerating sustainable settlements.
World leaders have set the target of achieving three extraordinary things in the next 15 years:
- end extreme poverty
- fight inequality and injustice
- fix climate change
The 17 Global Goals for Sustainable Development could get these things done. In all countries. For all people.
If we are to reach these goals, everyone needs to know about them. That is why the Ecological dimension is one of the four key components of our online Design For Sustainability programme. How about adding ecological design to your own skill set as an agent of positive change?
The Ecological dimension can be taken as a stand-alone programme or as the starting point for our 10-month online Design For Sustainability certificate course. The cost of the Ecological dimension is £350 GBP. The course, which includes an orientation period, lasts for a duration of eight weeks. We suggest you dedicate a minimum of 10 hours a week to the course, in order to receive maximum benefit from it.
After completing the Ecological dimension you will have the confidence and ability to start positioning yourself in the field of Ecological Design and Sustainability.
Graduates of our programmes have gone on to contribute to sustainability projects, build communities, become social entrepreneurs, partake in permaculture projects and bio-dynamic farming, support transition movements and much more.
You will receive an interactive pdf document of approximately 140 pages with many images, graphics and links to useful short videos, websites and documents.
You will also be provided with your own personal Student Guide, describing each dimension’s learning outcomes, objectives and timeline, plus a set of activities for each module of the learning journey.
The Ecological dimension is authored by:
- Michael Shaw
- Daniel C. Wahl
- Ezio Gori
- Lisa Shaw
The course is built on five modules, which you can read about below.
Module 1 Whole Systems Approach to Ecological Design
Starting from the concept of ‘building cultures of sustainability’, this section covers the ‘big picture’ as well as looking at the philosophical foundations and principles of ecological design.
We look at the whole system in which we live our lives and how we can affect the world through the specific design decisions we make and implement.
Module 2 Appropriate Water Technology
The link between fossil fuel reserves and war has been a clear pattern for decades, yet equally many violent conflicts and wars have already been fought over the access to water.
Water is a very scarce resource and yet is wasted and contaminated on a gigantic scale.
A seventh of the world’s population is still without access to a safe water supply.
Learning to create more efficient systems to care for the world’s water is critical.
Module 3 Local Food Systems
Healthy local food is one of the best entry points into building a sustainable community, whether in a newly built ecovillage or in the transformation of a village or town.
Food invites us to think about our health, our local economy and our relationship with the land.
Since food is a basic need, we need to make sure to design resilient, productive and regenerative food systems as the foundations of thriving communities and regions.
Module 4 Appropriate Technology
This module deals with the appropriate technology for the generation and use of energy.
The module also looks at sustainable design of carbon neutral energy systems and explores these technologies as part of a resilience strategy for sustainable communities and ecovillages.
Scaling and scale are important aspects to consider in order to appropriately cater for various types of developments, locations and bioregions.
Module 5 Green Building and Retrofitting
This module explores the challenges inherent in modern building and construction techniques and explores alternatives that are more energy efficient and less environmentally damaging.
You will learn to discriminate between different building methods, material choices and architectural styles and how to adapt them depending on local and regional conditions.
We also explore how best to retrofit poorly designed structures and improve the patterns of suburban sprawl.
What You Will Receive
- a downloadable course book with the latest research and additional resources (also available as an online e-book)
- a student handbook with all the important information concerning the course
- a Student Guide: description of each dimension’s learning outcomes, objectives, and timeline, plus a set of activities for each module of the learning journey
- access to the virtual campus, where you join our classrooms, forums, design teams, have direct communication with tutors, with access to sample and all learning materials and activities for certification, as well as social media related to the course
- orientation to the virtual campus, e-learning tools, and the Moodle platform
- full technical and academic support to navigate the virtual course and achieve all the learning outcomes
- a Certificate of Completion from Gaia Education
- earn credits to continue to our flagship certificated programme in Sustainability and Design
- the ability and practical skills to take active steps in the strategic area of Design for Sustainability
paving the way of joining the Gaia Education Learning Journey
The Ecological Design dimension starts on 14 January 2019 & lasts for a duration of eight weeks.
We suggest you dedicate a minimum of 10 hours a week to receive the maximum benefit from this programme.
The price for this 8-week programme is £350 GBP. Early bird: register up to one month before the start date to get a 20% discount!
For further information, please email [email protected]
The cost of this unique and exciting course is £350 GBP. It may be the best investment you ever make for yourself. The whole duration of this dimension is eight weeks, encompassing approximately 80 hours of study time. Register up to one month before the start date to get a 20% early bird discount!
Upon completion, you will be equipped with the understanding and skills to become a confident change maker in ecological issues of sustainability. It will also qualify you to go on to study in our fully certificated programme, Design for Sustainability, and join a Design Studio after completing the four dimensions of the course.
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In this article ...
Examine five steps health care organizations can take to improve
physician communication skills.
With increasing stress and complexity in today's health care
environment, appropriate and effective physician communication is more
important than ever. This includes communication among physicians,
nurses, case managers, and other members of the health delivery team,
communication among physicians and administration, and communication
among physicians, the patients, and their families.
The good news is that strong communication leads to a great
potential for improving the patient experience in regard to
satisfaction, quality and safety. The bad news is that there are too
many communication gaps that lead to less-than-optimal outcomes of care.
The ugliness occurs with physicians (and others) who refuse to
abide by appropriate professional standards of care and often leads to
disruptive behaviors that can negatively impact patient care. What can
we do to make things better?
There needs to be a multidirectional approach to improving
communication. This starts by raising levels of awareness as to the
importance of communication in the care management process, looking at
obstacles that may get in the way, providing communication skills
training, developing a supportive organizational culture, and addressing
issues of non-compliance that may result in adverse events (see Table
The first step is to raise levels of awareness.
Physicians need to recognize the importance of effective
communication and how it impacts patient care. From a care management
perspective, communication plays an important role in three areas:
compliance, coordination and error prevention.
Taking the time and making the effort to communicate effectively
with patients and their families will promote a better understanding of
the medical condition and help frame appropriate expectations that will
improve patient compliance in following instructions and recommendations
In more complex medical cases where multiple care providers are
involved, more effective communication with other physicians, nurses,
care managers and support personnel will improve overall care
coordination that is particularly important as patients and their
families move through the various stages of transitional care.
Third and most important is the prevention of communication gaps
that may lead to the occurrence of preventable adverse events. The good
news is that there is a great opportunity to improve outcomes of care.
The bad news is that it isn't working the way it should. (1) The
ugly news is that the continued occurrence of adverse events often can
be traced back to gaps in communication flow. (2), (3)
After raising awareness, the next step is to get a better
understanding of underlying barriers that may impede the process. No one
intentionally starts out the day planning to be an ineffective
communicator. It's just that things seem to get in the way.
From a historical perspective, physicians are not trained to be
effective communicators. The training process starts out in an
environment of intimidation and insecurity, leading to feelings of low
self-esteem. Confidence and respect are gained by independent study
promoting knowledge acquisition and technical competency.
Little if any time is spent on developing personal or relationship
skills that may lead to a lowered sense of "emotional
intelligence," resulting in a diminished sensitivity to surrounding
events. (4), (5) These experiences often lead to an autocratic,
egocentric, domineering style of behavior that is the antithesis of team
collaboration and communication skills.
The good news is that many medical schools are now introducing
training courses to promote communication and collaboration skills. The
bad news is there remains a personal and organizational reluctance to
A second contributing factor is the growing stress and frustration
in today's health care environment. Increasing complexity, growing
external monitoring and intrusions affecting decisions about care
delivery, time demands, changing models of care, and significant
reductions in reimbursement have all led to increased levels of
physician stress, frustration, and career dissatisfaction. These, in
turn, may lead to increasing levels of burnout, depression and more
serious behavioral disorders. (6),(7)
The good news is that many of the situations can be addressed by
recognizing the importance of working with physicians and implementing
educational programs, wellness programs, and/or coaching services
designed to help them more effectively deal with environmental stresses.
The bad news is physician reluctance to admit that they can't
handle the stress or accept outside help or advice.
After raising awareness and addressing potential barriers, the next
step is to introduce communication skills for physicians. This is a
complex process that may be limited by physician values, beliefs,
interests and willingness to spend time in training.
Many organizations have approached this topic by implementing more
generalized system-wide communication enhancement programs that involve
Many organizations have had success with the
SBAR(Situation/Background/Assessment/ Recommendation) communication tool
that is designed to enhance efficiency in health care information
exchange by scripting out specific questions and responses that promote
an efficient interchange between two individuals responding to a
specific patient need. This tool has worked well, particularly in the
area of nurse/physician interactions.
Team collaboration training through models based on the airline
industry crew resource management programs have been of value in
improving team-based care, particularly in the areas of surgery,
perinatal, emergency care and intensive care services.
For physician-specific communication training, the easiest way to
introduce a program is through a series of one-hour educational seminars
that start with developing the business case of why effective
communication is important to patient care and then following up with a
series of different lectures on sensitivity training, diversity
training, conflict management, anger management and other topics
relevant to organizational needs.
More comprehensive workshops and training sessions can get into
more depth on communication mechanics, personality styles, and role-play
scenarios. Looking at the typical physician/patient encounters,
important skills to emphasize include listening, not interrupting,
seeking input, taking time to discuss, being sensitive to other
people's needs and levels of understanding, and maintaining focus
on a collaborative effort to accomplish the desired goals.
Some physicians may need additional training to help with
"difficult conversations" in an effort to enable them to more
effectively present critical information about the seriousness of a
disease and alternative treatment plans in an objective and empathetic
manner. The more time the physicians and other members of the health
care team spend on group discussions and role-play interactions, the
greater the chance for success.
Crucial to the success of any communication training program is the
underlying culture and leadership commitment to make it all happen.
Having clinical and administrative leaders committed to the importance
of culture, trust, respect and collaboration, and championing the cause
around promoting quality and patient safety sets the stage for success.
At our organization we have implemented the Just Culture Program,
SBAR training, and the Team Steps Training Program, and are currently
working our way toward Magnet designation. (8)
Appropriate and timely intervention reinforces effect. As mentioned
previously most physicians are not aware that they are not effective
communicators, and hopefully education and training focusing on the
benefits to care management and overall satisfaction will increase their
sensitivity to the importance of learning and adopting effective
In many cases where communication lapses are brought to the
attention of the physician, raising their awareness and making positive
suggestions as to how to more effectively handle the situation will
often do the trick. Success is dependent on the individual circumstance,
the skill set of the individual doing the intervention and the
receptiveness of the physician to have this type of discussion.
More chronic and severe cases will require more formal
interventions that may lead to more structured recommendations for
coaching, training or counseling. In severe cases, particularly around
disruptive behaviors, holding physicians directly accountable for their
actions may be the only recourse, with noncompliant physicians being
subject to sanctions or loss of privileges.
Improving communication leads to better outcomes of care. As
leaders of a multidisciplinary health care team, physicians need to
recognize the importance of their role in being able to lead, direct,
coordinate, and follow through on care decisions and treatment
recommendations that require efficient communication flow and task
accountabilities for all participants in the process.
Physicians have their own individual pressures, priorities and
constraints, and we need to be sensitive to these issues as we ask them
to become involved in projects outside their traditional views on care.
(1.) O'Malley, A., Reschovsky, J. "Referral and
Consultation Communication Between Primary Care and Specialist
Physicians: Finding Common Ground." Archives Internal Medicine.
171(0: 56-65, Jan. 2o11.
(2.) Joint Commission Sentinel event Alert #4o July 9, zoo8
(3.) Rosenstein, A., O'Daniel, M. "A Survey of the Impact
of Disruptive Behaviors and Communication Defects on Patient
Safety." Joint Commission Journal on Quality and Patient Safety.
34(8):464-71. Aug. 2oo8.
(4.) Krasner MS, Epstein RM, Beckman H, et al. "Association of
an Educational Program in Mindful Communication with Burnout, Empathy,
and Attitudes Among Primary Care Physicians." Journal of the
American Medical Association 302(12):12.84-93, Sept. 23, zoo9.
(5.) Arond-Thomas, M. "Understanding Emotional Intelligence
Can Help Alter Problem Behavior." The Physician Executive 3o
(5):36-9, Sept.-Oct. 2004.
(6.) Shanafelt, T., Balch, M., Bechamps, G., Russell, T.
"Burnout and Career Satisfaction Among American Surgeons."
Annals of Surgery 25o(3):463-71, Sept. 2009.
Rosenstein, A., Mudge-Riley, M. "The Impact of Stress and
Burnout on Physician Satisfaction and Behaviors." The Physician
Executive Journal 36(6):16-23, Nov.-Dec. 2010.
8. Bashaw, E. Rosenstein, A., Lounsbury, K. "Culture Trifecta:
Building the Infrastructure for Magnet and Just Culture at a Community
Hospital," Publication pending, American Nurse Today.
By Alan H. Rosenstein, MD, MBA
Alan H. Rosenstein, MD, MBA, is medical director of clinical
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Warning: this has been written by someone who, until a couple of hours ago, thought there were four basic sorts of apples – green, red, pie and sauce. Apparently there are over 7,500, so some of the terminology may be a little off for true apple buffs.
And it’s not too fanciful to assume Anglophiles will be up on their apples. The British Isles has provided many of the most popular strains of apple in the world, and found an enormous variety of uses for them too, from pies to garnishes to scrumpy. And look at the names! They’re a logophile’s delight:
A dessert apple (ie not for cooking) with a russet coloring, so no amount of lapel rubbing will shine it up. It’s a very sweet, tart apple, perfectly suited to making juice.
Beauty of Bath
A very pretty dessert apple, but not one that lasts very long after it is picked, so it’s not a great to send around the world. And the fruits would sometimes drop off the tree before fully ripe, so farmers took to putting a straw bed under the trees to catch windfalls.
Also known, gloriously, as Dempster’s Pippin, this cooking apple was first found in about 1740, in the Oxfordshire village of Woodstock.
The most popular cooking apple in the UK, The fruit is the most widely sold cooker in the UK. Large sized fruits with waxy skin, green with a red flush. A favourite ingredient in many traditional British puddings.
There’s a (possibly apocryphal) story about a ploughman who was caught stealing apples near Megginch Castle in Scotland, and was shot by a gamekeeper. His wife, in a moment of pure callousness, was given the bag of apples he had taken, and she just put them on the compost heap. A year or so later, a seedling appeared, and these were the apples that came from it.
The first recorded Ribston Pippin tree grew in 1708 from one of three apple pips Sir Henry Goodricke of Ribston Hall sent back home from Normandy. That tree lasted for over 120 years, and even when it died, re-sprouted (if that’s the right word) and managed another 90.
Apparently the apples taste a bit like pears, and is a parent to the mighty Cox’s Orange Pippin.
In 1800, a new cultivar of apple was found in the garden of a cottage in Truro, Cornwall. On the road to being recognised by the Royal Horticultural Society, some 13 years later, it picked up the name gilliflower, from the French girofle, meaning clove, which is apparently what they smell of when cut open.
Don’t try to eat this one raw, as it’s bulbous, has tough skin, and it’s a cooker. However, grenadiers make very good jam and puree. Perfect for apple pie.
The show-off of the group, Laxton’s cross-breed of Wyken Pippin and Cox’s Orange Pippin is the kind of vintage apple the Victorians built an empire on. It’s kind of green and kind of red, good for eating, but not for juice.
See also: Laxton’s Fortune, Laxton’s Epicure
Beatles fans will also know the name because George Harrison’s 1966 song “I Want To Tell You” had the working title of “Laxton’s Superb.” His working title for “Love You To” was “Granny Smith,” and as we all know, this would not be the last apple reference in Beatle history.
Not the easiest apple to get hold of, by any means, but one with a story attached. In 1957, Alfred Hull, a keen amateur gardener, once planted some apple pips in his garden, from which a sapling grew. Sadly, it was quite a weak-looking tree, the sort of thing that looked extremely unlikely to bear any fruit, and it soon became a family joke. Alfred’s daughter Pam took particular glee, telling her dad he should dig the tree up and plant a proper one.
Seven years passed, during which Pam developed Hodgkin’s Disease, and Alfred promised his daughter that if his tree should ever bear fruit, she would be the one to taste it. And then, a sole blossom, which turned into a sole apple. Alfred gave it to Pam in October, and the following spring, just as the tree bloomed fully, she passed away, aged 28.
That year the tree gave Alfred 22 pounds of apples, and by 1968 it was included in the National Register.Read More | <urn:uuid:c98d11a4-0da6-4f26-9d50-4f7095fe2536> | {
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Polar Coordinates and the Cardioid
Lecture no. 29 from the course: Understanding Calculus II: Problems, Solutions, and Tips
Taught by Professor Bruce H. Edwards | 30 min | Categories: The Great Courses Plus Online Mathematics Courses
In the first of two lectures on polar coordinates, review the main properties and graphs of this specialized coordinate system. Consider the cardioids, which have a heart shape. Then look at the derivative of a function in polar coordinates, and study where the graph has horizontal and vertical tangents. | <urn:uuid:2693e4de-e35c-48f8-9b04-fa0fb8183b54> | {
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Rolling Through Paralysis with Innovative Technology
Have you ever imagined a lightweight device with the ability to make a paraplegic stand upright, move through doors with ease, and come to him or her at the touch of a button?
Have you ever imagined a lightweight device with the ability to make a paraplegic stand upright, move through doors with ease, and come to him or her at the touch of a button? Matia Robotics has created such a device after decades of research and development: The Tek RMD, their first device created to enable those with walking disabilities to stand and maneuver indoors without someone’s assistance.
The device uses a gas spring suspension system to gently move a paraplegic up or down from their wheelchair while straps around their waist and legs keep them secure as they move. He or she can then move on the device using a joystick and pass through doorways that aren’t ADA compliant from its narrow width. When seated, they have the freedom of moving it away and back again using a remote control. The device is also advertised at $19,995, an affordable price considering similar devices can be up to $40,000.
Although the Tek RMD is an amazing achievement, it took many years to get the RMD to its current state. The company’s founder, Necati Hacikadiroğlu, discovered his passion for developing such devices while in college, and began developing the Tek RMD with a team of scientists and engineers once Matia Robotics began in 2006. After years of research in robotics and input from rehabilitation centers and paralysis foundations, they debuted their first prototype in 2012 at a trade show in Germany. Once it received worldwide acclaim, their handmade prototype went through industrial design, review by manufacturing, and approval from the FDA and CE, which allowed Matia to test the device before selling it to the public. This phase not only included testing by those of the paralysis community, but also from those in laboratories where the device endured extreme scenarios to test its limits, such as spinning the device hundreds of times and halting the breaks while speeding up and down ramps. Now the finished product is shipped to consumers through many distributors across the U.S. and eleven outside the U.S.
Regardless of the Tek RMD’s capabilities, the most priceless one to paraplegics is something most don’t expect: the ability to look someone in the eye. “As an able-bodied person, generally when you see someone in a wheelchair, your first thought is ‘I really want that person to be able to walk again’…” said Steven Boal during our interview. “…but universally what we hear from people is that they really just want to be eye level” and give hugs to their loved ones. The RMD’s low center of gravity and lightweight design allow someone to do so without the RMD making them taller, which is often overlooked when designing similar devices. Being able to provide such blessings to people is what gives Boal and the entire team the passion to keep creating these devices, with more to come.
Since they only manufacture their devices and sell them through distributors, Matia doesn’t usually showcase anything at events. However, customers can search for an RMD and future devices at their website: https://www.matiarobotics.com/. They’ve also started a contest for one person to get a free RMD! Check it out at and write your story or vote on your favorite! The contest ends on September30, 2019 at 11:59 p.m. MT. For questions, contact them through the options listed at https://www.matiarobotics.com/contact/. | <urn:uuid:8aee9256-4054-4fb1-98ef-e29be67fb08f> | {
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This article was originally published in ENGLISHTEACHING professional, Issue 21, October 2001. © Copyright Robin Walker.
Pronunciation for International Intelligibility
by Robin Walker, December 2001
If you cannot read the phonetic symbols in this article, you will need to download the IPA phonetic symbols software.
The background. Until very recently few teachers or learners really questioned the idea that in order to be understood when speaking English, students would need to get as close as possible in their pronunciation to one of the dominant native-speaker accents, such as Received Pronunciation (RP), the standard British accent, or GA (General American), the USA equivalent. Nor did anybody really bring under scrutiny the idea that the measure for successful pronunciation should be the speaker’s degree of intelligibility as determined by a native-speaker. The last decade, however, has brought about such a significant change in the role of English throughout the world that it is essential to re-examine this situation. English is currently regarded as the world’s principal international language, as a result of which there are now more exchanges between non-native speakers of English (NNS-NNS), than between non-native speakers and native speakers (NNS-NS). In the immediate future at least, this situation is not going to change in favour of the minority of native speakers, and so suddenly the hegemony of their particular (and sometimes peculiar) accents is under fire.
The demise of native-speaker accents. One of the first people to question the idea of a native-speaker accent as a model or norm was R. Macaulay. In 1988, in an article provocatively entitled ‘RP R.I.P.?’, he pointed out a simple but surprising truth about this supposedly prestige accent: less than 3% of the UK population actually used it at that time, and the percentage was falling. Macaulay also drew our attention to another forgotten reality of RP, namely that it was an accent which enclosed ‘unnecessary’ difficulties for learners of English, such as the ‘r’ sound or certain of its diphthongs.
These arguments were reiterated in The Cambridge Encyclopaedia of the English (1995), where Professor David Crystal suggests that a standard Scots accent would actually be a better model for most learners of English. Moreover, he adds, RP is constantly changing, a fact that was confirmed only recently by John Wells, Professor of Phonetics at University College, London. A study he carried out in 1998 has shown how with words like chance and one, younger native speakers of British English have a clear preference for the non-RP vowels, making these rhyme with the vowels in can and gone, as opposed to those in car and sun.
Realistic goals. If a native-speaker accent is an undesirable goal for our students for the arguments outlined above, it is at the same time a wholly unrealistic goal for the vast majority of learners, many of whom bear the scars of fruitless attempts to satisfactorily differentiate between ship and sheep, or between hat, hut, and hot. The dilemma, of course, is what we put in their place once we knock RP, GA and other native-speaker accents off their pedestals?
Joanne Kenworthy, in Teaching English Pronunciation, puts forward the concept of comfortableintelligibility as a suitable goal for the majority of learners. The term is self-explanatory, but does not actually pin down which features of English pronunciation need to be learned in order to attain this intelligibility. With this problem in mind, perhaps, Bryan Jenner attempted to determine “what all native speakers of all varieties have in common which enables them to communicate effectively with native speakers of varieties other than their own”. The results of his analysis were brought together in the Common Core, which is a list of the features of English pronunciation Jenner considered essential for intelligibility anywhere in the world.
The Lingua Franca Core. Whilst constituting a great improvement over the frustration and futility of attempting to gain native or near-native command of all of the features of English pronunciation, the Common Core still did not fully address the reality of English as an International Language (EIL): the listener for Jenner’s core continued to be the native speaker. Because of this, and on the basis of extensive data collected in multilingual EFL classes, Jennifer Jenkins modified the Common Core so as to take the reality of fully EIL into account. The resulting Lingua Franca Core identifies 7 areas in which it is essential to eliminate error in our students’ pronunciation:
· Vowel quantity: vowel quality varies widely from one NS accent to another. However, the length differences between the vowels of English feature in all accents, and the long English vowels are very long in comparison with average vowel lengths in other languages. Because of this, the distinction between long and short vowels is more important than exact vowel quality, and should be clear in speech. With diphthongs, just as with pure vowels, length should be our main concern rather than exact quality.
· Consonant conflations: when a consonant of English does not occur in a learner’s mother tongue, the ‘missing’ sound is substituted with something similar from the speaker’s first language. The substitution of one consonant for another can cause serious confusion for both NS and NNS listeners. Substituting /p/ for /f/, a Korean speaker of English, for example, would produce paint for faint, or copy, for coffee. An exception is made regarding /T/and /D/, since these two phonemes do not occur in the majority of the world’s languages, including some native-speaker varieties. A speaker with an Irish accent, for example, pronounces dare and there in the same way as are tin and thin.
· Phonetic realisations: another strategy used when struggling to pronounce English is to use a sound from your mother tongue that is close to the required English sound. However, some such approximations may lead to unintelligibility, as with/B/, the fricative sound the Spanish use for the ‘b’ in cabin, or /F/, the sound they use for the ‘g’ in again or ‘a girl’.
· Consonant cluster simplification: learners employ two radically different strategies to deal with consonant clusters. Of the two, deleting one of the consonants to simplify a cluster can affect intelligibility considerably, whilst the addition of a vowel seems to cause fewer problems. Turkish speakers of English, for example, will often insert a vowel before or after an ‘s’, so stone will sound like istone or sitone. However foreign this may sound to a native speaker, it is much less damaging to intelligibility than eliminating one of the two consonants, leaving tone or sone, for example.
· Prominence and weak forms: on the continuum between stress-timed and syllable-timed languages, English, with its multiple weak-form words and its heavily-reduced unstressed vowels, lies well towards stress-timing. As a result of this, learners frequently deem native speakers as harder to understand than non-natives. Ability to deal receptively with weak-forms and other connected speech modifications is a goal for all who will come into contact with native speakers. However, in terms of NNS production, teaching should focus on achieving adequate prominence on the stressed syllables, rather than on attaining perfect weak forms or schwas for the reduced vowels. With correct prominence, even if totally lacking in weak forms or schwa, a learner’s English will be intelligible.
· Tone groups: failing to use tone groups to divide the stream of speech into manageable, meaningful chunks has a serious effect on intelligibility. On the one hand, it may lead to breaks in speech in unexpected places, reducing intelligibility, whilst on the other, it reduces planning time for the speaker, which will inevitably lead to new errors of all types.
· Nuclear/contrastive stress but not tone: one almost unique characteristic of English is the way in which it varies the most prominent stress in a tone group to create meaning. Thus, the utterance They rented a FLAT does not carry the same meaning as They RENTED a flat. Many other languages use syntactic changes to change meaning, and so learners often fail to pick up the significance of the tonic stress, and naturally fail to use it appropriately. Clearly, to put the main stress on the wrong word in an utterance, will direct the listener’s attention to the wrong place, leading to confusion, whether the listener is a native speaker or not.
Incorrect word stress, which is widely regarded as a source of unintelligibility in spoken English, is probably the most surprising omission from the Core. However, breakdowns in communication attributable to word stress were not encountered in Jennifer Jenkins’ research data, which suggests that it is far more of a problem for NS listeners than for NNS-listeners.
Comparative lists and the Lingua Franca Core. Traditionally as teachers we have referred to the widely available lists of indications as to where to concentrate our efforts when teaching pronunciation. These lists relate in detail the individual sounds or the connected speech features that will cause difficulties for a learner of a specific L1. Essentially they constitute a summary of what our learners cannot do, and in a great many cases, the resulting list is quite formidable. Table 1, for example, is for learners whose mother tongue is Spanish.
Priorities for Spanish Speakers of English, based on Kenworthy (Teaching English Pronunciation), O’Connor (Better English Pronunciation) and Taylor (Pronunciation in Action).
1. /i:/ and /I/ confused and a vowel more like /i:/ used for both (HP)
2. /Q/ and /E/ confused and /E/ used for both (HP)
3. /Q,√,A:/ confused, a sound like /√/being used, except where ‘r’ occurs in the spelling, when /A:/ is replaced by vowel + /r/ (HP)
4. /Å/, /´U/ and /ç:/ confused (if there is no ‘r’ in the spelling), a vowel intermediate between /Å/ and /ç:/ being used. Where ‘r’ occurs in the spelling /ç:/ is replaced by vowel + /r/
5. /u:/ and /U/ confused with a vowel similar to /u:/used for both
6. /Œ:/ is replaced by the vowel + /r/
7. /´/ is usually replaced by the vowel suggested by the spelling (HP)
8. /eI/ and /E/ confused (HP)
9. /I´/, /E´/ and /U´/ are replaced by the vowel + /r/
10. No length variation - all vowels generally have the same length as the English short vowels, so long vowels seem too short (HP)
1. Confusion between /b/ and /v/ - /B/ tends to be used for both, sometimes /b/ is used for /v/ (HP)
2. /t/ is very dental in Spanish
3. /d/ and /D/are confused and often used interchangeably (HP)
4. /g/ is often replaced by a similar friction sound (/F /)
5. /s/ and /z/ confused - /s/ used for both (HP)
6. /S/ does not occur in Spanish - /s/ used instead (HP)
7. /Z/ does not occur in Spanish - /s/ used instead
8. /dZ/ and /tS/ confused - /tS/ used for both, or the sound in the Spanish ‘yo’ is used instead
9. /j/ does not occur - the sound in ‘yo’ is used instead (HP)
10. /h/ does not occur and is either deleted or substituted by /x/(HP)
11. /N/ does not occur and is substituted by /n/ (HP in some cases)
12. /l/ is always clear in Spanish
13. /r/ in Spanish is a tongue-tip flap or roll
14. /w/ does not occur and is substituted by /b/or /B/, or by /g/ if /w/ comes before /U/
15. /p, t, k/ are not aspirated in Spanish (HP for /p/ and /t/)
1. /e/ is inserted before /s+C/ or /s+C1+C2/ clusters
2. Learners tend to add /s/ for plurals: ‘pens’ sounds like ‘pence’
3. /s + C + s/ clusters difficult, with one of the /s/ being deleted
4. /s/ sometimes deleted when final in a word-final cluster
5. Final clusters with /t/ or /d/ are problematic, with deletion of /t, d/
or the insertion of a vowel
Stress, rhythm and intonation
1. Incorrect stress of compound words and ‘adj + noun’ combinations
2. Speakers have an over-even rhythm. Stressed syllables occur, but each syllable has approximately the same length
3. There are no weak forms in Spanish
4. There is no equivalent system in Spanish to the system of nuclear stress of English
5. Pitch range is too narrow and lacks high falls and rises
6. Final falling pitch may not sound low enoughThe rise-fall seems difficult
The shaded areas are those features that lie outside the lingua franca core, and what is immediately obvious once we ignore these areas, is just how much lighter the learner’s load has suddenly become. Gone are the bugbears (for learner and many non-native teachers alike) of those dreaded vowel sounds. And let’s be honest, just how often in genuine conversation will two people confuse a ‘ship’ from a ‘sheep’, or a ‘hat’ from a ‘hut’. Whilst not discouraging attempts to achieve good vowel quality, the core draws teachers’ and learners’ attention decisively towards the far more important issue of vowel length.
There is a similar, significant reduction in the workload in terms of stress, rhythm and intonation. Once again, gone are those odious exercises on discriminating between fall and rise tones, which it turns out do not even reflect what is happening. In practice, it is both possible and correct to ask a ‘Yes/No’-question with a fall tone, or a ‘Wh’-question with a rise, as is so elegantly explained in David Brazil’s Pronunciation for Advanced Learners of English. Similarly, clusters come down to dealing with deletion of consonants (elision), except perhaps, where this would be natural among native speakers, as is the case for /t/ or /d/ when they come between consonants, as in can’t come or Hold the line. Here deletion could be openly encouraged since it facilitates speech.
Good vowel length, good pronunciation of most of the consonants, good handling of clusters, the avoidance of incorrect deletions, prominence and good tonic stress - these are the focus of our work on pronunciation, together with one area which did not come up in any traditional list, but is a priority in the LFC, namely the appropriate use of tone groups.
Monolingual groups. By rejecting native-speaker accents such as RP or GA as norms, and by applying the concept of the lingua franca core to the ‘difficulties’ our learners are claimed to have, we arrive at a much reduced, and much more achievable set of pronunciation goals. (If you work with a monolingual group other than Spanish, try the LFC ‘filtering’ exercise carried out above for the problems your learners are said to have. The result will almost definitely make you feel better about teaching pronunciation to your classes.)
However, this already bright picture is made even more so if we take a close look at how it is that precisely with monolingual groups, who make up the majority teaching situation around the world, the learners’ first language, instead of being ignored or, worse still, seen as an obstacle, actually provides access to an important number of our new pronunciation goals.
The consonant phonemes /z, S, Z/, for example, are described traditionally as not occurring in Castilian Spanish. However, a basic knowledge of Spanish phonetics reminds us that /z/is an allophone for /s/and is found in words like mismoor asno. The /S/, though not an allophone of Castilian, is common in a number of the other languages spoken in the Iberian peninsular, whilst the /Z/sound features in the pronunciation of Argentinean Spanish. In the same way, a Portuguese speaker of English having difficulty with the /tS, dZ/ sounds can be referred to the Brazilian Portuguese pronunciation of the words tia or dia, or to the accents from Sao Paulo city, Carioca or Mieiro. Another very English phoneme, /N/,does not ‘officially’ occur in French, yet once again a good working knowledge of French phonetics comes to our aid: the ‘n’ in en guarde or in dingue offers a very close approximation to the English velar /n/.
The technique we are employing in all of the above examples is sometimes known as association. We link the pronunciation feature we are aiming at with an equivalent or near equivalent feature in the student’s own language, or in related languages, dialects or accents. As a technique, it works especially well with consonants, although it also works with certain aspects of stress, rhythm and intonation. Elision, the deletion of certain sounds in rapid speech, may actually be a feature of your students’ mother tongue. In Spanish, for example, the /s/ is deleted in combinations with /r/ such as más rojo or más rápido.
By approaching these sounds through the mother-tongue of monolingual groups, we are not only contemplating a reduced, achievable set of goals, but also switching the emphasis to what learners CAN do as opposed to what they supposedly canNOT do. This apparently minor shift in viewpoint could well prove critical to the success of our pronunciation work: we reduce the negative psychological effects of always stressing what is wrong, whilst at the same time stressing the value of the student’s own language as a tool for speaking English. This should prove especially positive for those students who explicitly or otherwise do not wish to lose their own national or regional identity on imitating pure ‘English’ sounds.
Non-native teachers with monolingual groups. Monolingual groups may not be the ideal context in which to improve pronunciation skills, but they are a reality for most of us, and one, which will not change, in the immediate future. However, as Donna Brinton indicates, “... the task of the EFL pronunciation teacher is simplified by the homogenous first language background of the learners since knowledge of this language can generally be brought to bear in constructing the pronunciation syllabus.”
Given such groups, who is best situated to deploy the detailed knowledge of the phonetics of both English and the students’ L1 that is needed to produce solutions of the sort seen in the last section? The answer quite simply would be fluent, bilingual speakers with a good knowledge of the two phonetic systems. But between two fluent, bilingual speakers, one from the UK/USA/etc. and one sharing the same nationality as the learners, who would be best? The answer to our question may lie in considering the following:
· The native-speaker of English can provide native-speaker modelling in class. But since a native-speaker accent is not our goal, this advantage is of limited value, and competent non-native speakers can also produce perfectly adequate modelling.
· A good working knowledge of both languages’ phonetic systems is necessary, but many UK-trained EFL teachers qualify without even a good knowledge of the phonetics of English, and only a very few study the phonetics of their learners’ mother tongue. In contrast, in many countries a degree in English means the study of the phonetics of both the L1 and English systems.
· Who knows best, through personal experience, the physical and psychological difficulties in learning a second language pronunciation? Again, on average it is the non-native speaker of English who has greatest empathy with their students’ difficulties and diffidences.
· Who knows through personal experience which approximations to our pronunciation goals are sufficiently good to be intelligible to listeners, and which are not? Here non-native speakers have a clear advantage, since their native-speakers counterparts have seldom if ever experimented with adjustments in their pronunciation of English in order to be understood.
The best teacher for monolingual groups, we conclude, is the fluent, bilingual speaker of either nationality, although the non-native teacher probably has the edge over the native-speaker colleague. The teacher worst situated, and by quite a significant distance, is the native speaker who is neither fluent in the learners’ mother tongue, nor fully understands the corresponding phonologies.
Conclusion. By viewing English as a tool for international intelligibility, we establish a new perspective on pronunciation goals, with priorities that are both fewer in number and more realistic than those previously set. For monolingual groups the learner’s first language is a vital tool in achieving these new goals, and the bilingual non-native speaker teacher is an ideal instructor.
Acknowledgements: My thanks to Dr Kevin Keyes of the Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil, for his help with Brazilian Portuguese.
D Brazil,Pronunciation for Advanced Learners of English, Cambridge Univ. Press, 1994.
D Brinton, Integrating pronunciation in the language syllabus, Speak Out! 16, IATEFL, 1995.
D Crystal, The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. Cambridge Univ. Press, 1995.
B Jenner, Teaching pronunciation: the common core, Speak Out! 4, IATEFL, 1989.
J Jenkins The Phonology of English as an International Language. Cambridge Univ. Press, 2000
J Kenworthy, Teaching English Pronunciation, Longman, 1987.
R Macaulay, RP RIP, Applied Linguistics Vol. 9 No. 2, 1988.
J D O’Connor, Better English Pronunciation, Cambridge University Press, 1967.
L Taylor, Pronunciation in Action, Prentice Hall, 1993.
J Wells, Which pronunciation do you prefer? IAFTEFL Issues149, IATEFL, 1999.
Robin Walker has been teaching English in Spain for 20 years. He has been involved in teacher education since1983, and collaborates with the state teacher centres, Oviedo University and OUP España. He is a member of IATEFL and TESOL-Spain, and his specialist interests are pronunciation, ESP and learner independence.
Please feel free to leave a message in the guestbook at Karen's Linguistics Issues.
©Robin Walker2001. All rights reserved. | <urn:uuid:431c2dcd-393d-46b5-be6c-dc077ae53d2e> | {
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Published: Jan 1959
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The method consists essentially of measuring the light absorbed by a suspension of the particles in a liquid medium; increments of light absorption are measured as the particles settle in the medium. A photoelectric cell is used to measure the light absorption.
The apparatus is simple and comprises a stable light system, a cell (for containing the suspension), a photoelectric cell, and a microammeter.
Calculations are based on Stokes' law, with modifications to compensate for variations with very fine particles. Comparison with other methods shows good agreement.
While not absolute, the method is reasonably accurate and reproducible; it has the distinct advantage of speed and simplicity and gives a complete size distribution. The elapsed time required for a determination is approximately 1hr.
A wide variety of materials has been successfully analyzed by this method.
Research Manager, The Eagle-Picher Co., Joplin, Mo
The Eagle-Picher Co., Joplin, Mo | <urn:uuid:cb90507b-21b4-46b3-ab23-77ad0b10d719> | {
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Sargent Park Math Zone
This is a classroom blog hub for Grade 8 students at Sargent Park School.
Friday, March 21, 2014
2 Minutes to Make a Difference 2014
Here is the link for your Issue Backgrounder's from
Free the Children
Your Task this week is to become familiar with the 5 pillars. For each pillar please research 10 points. Following your research you need to choose 1 pillar to become an expert on. This will become the topic of your group for your 1-2 minute movie.
You may only have up to 3 people per group.
This assignment is due next day 5 class.
Post a Comment
Post Comments (Atom) | <urn:uuid:b617a657-dffe-4621-88bd-cd2d8446a22c> | {
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By Christine McConville
MEDFORD, MA–So it’s officially winter: the ground is frozen solid, there’s ice in the streams and ponds, and animal control officers are getting lots of calls.
“They’ll usually say, ‘There’s a fox or a coyote in my backyard. What should I do?’ ” said Jerry Smith, Winchester’s longtime animal control officer. He tells them it’s just that time of year.
“It’s mating season, and they are all out there looking,” Smith said. “And if they’ve already got a mate, chances are they are looking for food.” Mating habits aside, wildlife specialists say that throughout the Boston suburbs, there are more frequent, and more varied, sightings than ever before.
“There are some wildlife sightings that people would have been surprised about 20 years ago,” said Marion Larson, information and education biologist at the Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and Wildlife. Moose sightings in Lowell and Westford, for example– “that’s something you wouldn’t have seen 20 years ago,” she said.
Some of that has been part of an effort by wildlife specialists to restore certain indigenous species, such as the Wild Turkey, which was virtually extinct in Massachusetts 20 years ago. In other cases, such as Moose, animals are going to greater lengths to keep their bellies full.
“We’ve got Phil the Turkey,” said Medford Mayor Michael McGlynn about the wild bird who frequently jams up morning commuters. McGlynn said he often hears from neighbors who see herds of deer nibbling on bushes, reports he never heard 20 or 30 years ago.
Red and Gray Foxes, Wild Turkeys, and Whitetail Deer have been in Massachusetts for centuries, while coyotes are relative newcomers. But it is only recently that humans and animals are brushing up against each other with any frequency.
Many say the change can be linked to decades of suburban sprawl.
“Every time a house goes up,” Smith said, “the animals that lived in that spot have to go someplace else to find their food,” he said. “Now, you take a five-, six-, seven-acre lot–that’s a lot of animals that have been displaced.”
Medford animal control officer Patrick Hogan said many wildlife observers believe that foxes and coyotes simply prefer the suburbs, because food is more easily available there than in the woods.
“There’s more trash, and bird seed,” he said, “and a lot of people feed their dogs and cats outside, and that’s a really good food source, too.” Animal control officers also say callers’ concerns vary from season to season.
From December to March, coyotes and foxes are out looking for mates, and they’ll cover a good distance, and show up in some unusual places, in their quest. They’ll also create a ruckus. When coyotes howl in the winter, it’s generally part of their mating ritual. Sometimes, they howl to let other coyotes know of their presence. Other times, they’ll howl to keep the competition away.
Eventually the females will get pregnant, and the animals will cover greater distances in their quest for food.
“It can get tough,” Smith said. “The mice and the moles and snakes aren’t around. The only thing they have to eat are the squirrels.”
And it is times like these when a well-fed cat can look pretty tempting to foxes and coyotes. Smith said foxes and coyotes tend to steer clear of dogs, but will wait in a yard where a cat lives, and when the cat takes a nap, the predator might pounce.
Coyote pups and fox kits arrive in April, and soon after that, animal control officers receive a different kind of call.
“Some people get alarmed when they see these animals out in the middle of the day,” Smith said. “One lady called to say there’s a fox in her yard, with three little ones. She wanted to know what to do, so I told her, ‘Get a camera.’ “
Some springtime callers will report a “sick looking” coyote or fox; Smith said it’s usually because the animal is shedding its winter coat, so its fur looks dull and mangy.
By summer, the entire coyote family will go out looking for food, and people frequently mention nighttime howling.
“A lot of times that howling happens when the mother gets a Raccoon,” Smith said. “She’ll start howling, to let her pups know, ‘I’ve got something.’ “
No matter what time of year a sighting occurs, Smith, Hogan, and others frequently remind people that coyotes and foxes are afraid of humans, and encourage people to keep it that way. To make your property less attractive to coyotes and foxes, wildlife specialists suggest securing your garbage and feeding your pets indoors. They also suggest closing off crawl spaces and trimming overgrown brush. –Boston Globe | <urn:uuid:d652df46-14df-4e52-960d-2b2e3a5f1429> | {
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Depression: Supporting Someone Who Is Depressed
What is an Actionset?
If someone you care about has been diagnosed with depression, you may feel helpless. Maybe you're watching a once-vibrant person slide into inactivity or seeing a good friend lose interest in activities that he or she used to enjoy. The change in your loved one's or friend's behavior may be so great that you feel you no longer know him or her.
You probably want to help in some way. This topic will give you the tools to do so.
- Depression is a disease. It's not being lazy, and you can't "just get over it."
- The best thing you can do for someone who is depressed is to help him or her start or continue treatment.
- Offer support. You can do this by understanding what depression is, being patient, and offering help.
- Don't ignore talk about suicide. Talk to a doctor, or call or emergency help if needed.
- Reassure the person that he or she will get better with the right kind of treatment. Treatment depends on how severe the depression is and includes medicine, counseling, self-care, or a combination of these.
Depression is a disease. It's caused by changes in the chemicals in the brain. Depression isn't a character flaw, and it doesn't mean that the person is bad or weak. It doesn't mean that he or she is going crazy.
Depression causes a person to feel sad and hopeless much of the time. It's different from normal feelings of sadness, grief, or low energy. The person may lose interest in daily activities and may feel sad and grouchy for a long time.
Many people don't get help because they are embarrassed or think that they'll get over depression on their own. But most people need treatment to get better.
Treatment depends on how severe the depression is and includes medicine, counseling, self-care, or a combination of these. Sometimes a person has to try several types of treatment before finding one that works. Most people feel better in 1 to 3 weeks, but it can take as many as 6 to 8 weeks for treatment to work as well as it can.
Depression is common. Men and women of all ages, ethnic groups, and economic groups can have it. It often runs in families. But it also can happen to someone who doesn't have a family history of depression. A person can have depression one time or many times.
If you've never been depressed, it's hard to understand just how hopeless and discouraged depression can make you feel. Depression can upset your life as much as other major illnesses, and it can make it hard to take care of family, work, and social duties.
Supporting someone who has depression is important because it can:
- Help the person continue treatment. This is the best thing that can happen.
- Boost the person's self-esteem and self-confidence. This helps the person deal better with family, work, school, and daily life.
- Show the person that he or she has a friend. Friendship can show the person that he or she is not alone.
Here are some things you can do to help:
The more you know about depression, the better you can understand what the person is going through.
- Know what is true about depression, and know the myths about depression. Myths include thinking that depression isn't real or that you're weak if you're depressed.
- Know the warning signs of suicide, such as talking a lot about death or giving things away and writing a will. If you notice them, call the doctor.
- Call or emergency help if you think:
- The person is going to harm himself or herself or others. For example, the person has a written plan or a weapon or is saving (stockpiling) medicines.
- The person is hearing or seeing things that are not real.
- The person seems to be thinking or speaking in a bizarre way that is unlike his or her usual behavior.
Help with professional treatment
If you have permission, you can:
- Help the person set up and get to visits with a doctor or other health professional.
- Help the person manage medicines.
- Know the side effects of medicines and contact the doctor if needed.
- Remind the person who has depression that medicine is important and that the dose or medicine can be changed to reduce or get rid of side effects.
A person who has depression may feel alone in the world. Your support can help.
- Listen when the person wants to talk. If you're there to help the person talk things through, it may help the person feel better or continue treatment.
- Avoid giving advice. But gently point out that not everything is bad, and offer hope. Urge the person to continue treatment. Don't tell the person that he or she is lazy or should be able to get over it.
- Keep your relationship as normal as you can, but don't pretend that depression doesn't exist or that there isn't a problem.
- Ask the person to do things with you, such as go for walks or to a movie, and encourage the person to continue with favorite activities. If the person says no, then that's okay. But be sure to ask again in the future. Don't push too much, which may make the person feel worse.
- Ask what you can do to help in daily life. You might help with housework or lawn care, getting the kids to school, or running errands.
- Don't be offended. If you are a spouse or are very close to someone, you may feel hurt because the person isn't paying attention to you and may seem angry or uncaring. Remember that your loved one still cares for you but just isn't able to show it.
Take care of yourself
Spending a lot of time with someone who has depression may be hard on you too. These caregiver tips can help:
- Take care of yourself first. Do things you enjoy, such as seeing family or going to movies.
- Don't help too much. A common mistake caregivers make is providing too much care. Even if they don't admit it, people like to help themselves. Take some time off.
- Don't do it alone. Ask others to help you, or join a support group. The more support you have, the more help you can give to the person.
For more information, see the topic Caregiver Tips.
Now that you have read this information, you are better prepared to help someone who has depression.
Some medicines for depression have side effects that cause people to stop taking them.
- Depression: Dealing With Medicine Side Effects
- Depression: Taking Antidepressants Safely
If you would like more information on depression, the following resource is available:
|National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI)|
|3803 North Fairfax Drive|
|Arlington, VA 22203|
|Phone: ||1-800-950-NAMI (1-800-950-6264) hotline for help with depression|
|Fax: ||(703) 524-9094|
|Web Address: ||www.nami.org|
The National Alliance on Mental Illness is a national self-help and family advocacy organization dedicated solely to improving the lives of people who have severe mental illnesses such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder (manic depression), major depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and panic disorder. NAMI focuses on support, education, advocacy, and research. The mission of the organization is to "eradicate mental illness and improve the quality of life of those affected by these diseases."
Return to topic:
|Primary Medical Reviewer||Kathleen Romito, MD - Family Medicine|
|Specialist Medical Reviewer||Lisa S. Weinstock, MD - Psychiatry|
|Last Revised||January 11, 2013|
eMedicineHealth Medical Reference from Healthwise
To learn more visit Healthwise.org
© 1995-2014 Healthwise, Incorporated. Healthwise, Healthwise for every health decision, and the Healthwise logo are trademarks of Healthwise, Incorporated. | <urn:uuid:db076e65-ad3e-4e8e-bbe8-c853ec9f160e> | {
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On December 15, 2011, the United States declared an end to its war in Iraq.
After nine years, at a cost of 4,500 plus U.S. and tens of thousands of Iraqi lives and $1 trillion U.S., was the war worthwhile?
Iraq has most probably suffered more casualties than if Saddam Hussein had remained in power, internal violence remains endemic, and centrifugal forces work at pulling apart not only the appearance of democracy but the nation’s very fabric. Although many Iraqis nominally enjoy more freedom than they did while Saddam ruled, the quality of life for the average Iraqi is arguably no better and perhaps worse today than ten years ago, before the U.S. invasion and occupation.
Because of the war, U.S. taxpayers are $1 trillion deeper in debt. Congress paid for the war through special appropriations, all funded with deficit financing. Extensive, post-conquest searches found no weapons of mass destruction or links between Saddam’s regime and al Qaeda. However, the nine-year U.S. occupation of Iraq proved fertile ground for terrorist attacks on U.S. forces there, giving birth to al Qaeda Iraq and proving a valuable source of recruiting rhetoric and motivation for Islamic terrorists in many countries.
In sum, the Iraq war appears to have produced few winners (perhaps only a handful of Islamic terrorist organizations) and few possible winners (perhaps Iran if the unified nation of Iraq collapses and large Iraq’s Shiite population seeks protection through an alliance with Iran). Everybody else lost because of the Iraq war.
Declarations that the Iraq war has ended seem premature, similar to Bush’s ill-fated comment that major combat operations had ended shortly after the conquest of Baghdad. U.S. advisers (mostly civilian, but with a small military contingent) remain in Iraq. Heavy-handed U.S. policies seem likely to call for continued interventions in Iraq and financial aid will continue to flow to a corrupt and often ineffective Iraqi government.
For example, some U.S. politicians are already calling for the U.S. to provide advanced fighter jets to Iraq, contending that a nation cannot adequately defend itself without a strong air force. These politicians conveniently ignore the question of against whom the Iraqis need to defend themselves. Iraq is much too weak, disorganized, and internally conflicted to wage a successful defense against Iran, with or without the fighters. No other serious threat against Iraq exists.
Iraq is a failed state; the U.S. obviously does not know how to fix that failure, or would have done so in the last nine years. Perhaps the best gift that the U.S. can give to its citizens, Iraqis, and the rest of the world is to truly end its disastrous intervention in Iraq, confessing that the war was an act of hubris and unjust. | <urn:uuid:5661347c-0126-4bb4-ab36-f7fd798f7c81> | {
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Ticonderoga in Essex County, New York — The American Northeast (Mid-Atlantic)
British forces under Amherst
erected an artillery battery
to attack the French Fort at
Carillon, which they seized
and named Fort Ticonderoga.
Erected by American Legion Post 224.
Location. 43° 50.638′ N, 73° 25.349′ W. Marker is in Ticonderoga, New York, in Essex County. Marker is on The Portage, on the right when traveling south. Click for map. Marker is in this post office area: Ticonderoga NY 12883, United States of America.
Other nearby markers. At least 8 other markers are within walking distance of this marker. Military Heroes of Ticonderoga (within shouting distance of this marker); Lord Howe’s Grave (about 300 feet away, measured in a direct line); Mount Defiance (about 300 feet away but has been reported missing); From this point south… (about 400 feet away); Men of Ticonderoga (approx. 0.2 miles away); Hon. Clayton Harris DeLano (approx. 0.3 miles away); Grand Carry Landing (approx. 0.3 miles away); Old Military Road (approx. 0.4 miles away). Click for a list of all markers in Ticonderoga.
Also see . . .
1. The Battle of Ticonderoga 1758. Account of the battle where the British took Fort Carillon from BritishBattles.com. (Submitted on August 8, 2008, by Bill Coughlin of North Arlington, New Jersey.)
2. Fort Ticonderoga National Historic Landmark. (Submitted on August 8, 2008, by Bill Coughlin of North Arlington, New Jersey.)
Categories. • Military • Notable Events • Notable Places • War, French and Indian •
Credits. This page originally submitted on , by Bill Coughlin of North Arlington, New Jersey. This page has been viewed 1,375 times since then and 31 times this year. Photos: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. submitted on , by Bill Coughlin of North Arlington, New Jersey. This page was last revised on June 16, 2016. | <urn:uuid:d9984268-43f1-4bf4-b888-4e862861aa2e> | {
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Posted in Finance, Accounting and Economics Terms, Total Reads: 557
Definition: Foreign Currency Effect
When an investor makes an investment in a foreign country, thereturns on the investment fluctuates depending upon thecurrency value of the foreign country with respect to the home currency. This is called as Foreign Currency Effect.
For example, if suppose an investor from US buys the stock of a company here in India, he/she receives returns in the form of dividends. Suppose the investor receives a dividend of Rs. 1000as issued by the company. As per the current exchange rate(which is 1 US dollar = Rs. 54), the investor would receive only$19 in return. However if the exchange rate become Rs. 48 per dollar, the investor would receive $21 in returns. This variability in the return on investment due to the changes in the currency value is termed foreign currency effect.
Foreign Currency Effect is also a source of risk which is intrinsic in any foreign investments. If the investor’s home currency strengthens, the returns will be greater thus resulting in a gain and similarly vice-versa.
Browse definitions and meaning of more concepts and terms similar to Foreign Currency Effect. The Management Dictionary covers definitions and overview of over 7000 business concepts from 6 categories. | <urn:uuid:1729eb97-cdbf-43ce-be55-16d8e0c1c323> | {
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The CanSat concept was first introduced in the late 1990s by the American professor Robert Twiggs. It provides an affordable way to introduce students to the many challenges in building a satellite. Students design and build a small electronic payload that can fit inside a soda can. The CanSat is launched and ejected from a rocket or a balloon. By the use of a parachute, the CanSat slowly descends back to earth performing its mission while transmitting telemetry.
NAROM arranged the first Norwegian CanSat competition in 2009 where four teams from Norwegian upper secondary schools got to launch their CanSats up to an altitude of one kilometer with a rocket from Andøya. All teams achieved their mission and got god data from the CanSat. You can watch a short video from the 2009 Camp by clicking the image below.
This year a total of 20 teams from upper secondary schools all over Norway handed in proposals to compete for the opportunity to get their CanSats launched from a rocket. Six teams were picked out, and all 6 CanSats will be launched the 27th of April 2010 from Andøya.
The European Space Agency, ESA, is this year arranging a pilot CanSat competition involving 11 teams from 10 different member states. All teams are from upper secondary schools with pupil at the age of 16 +. The competition is organised in collaboration with the Norwegian Centre for Space-related Education (NAROM) and the launch will take place at Andøya the 15th to 19th of August 2010.
The CanSat Rocket
As a launch vehicle for the CanSats NAROM is using a commercially available amateur rocket kit, called the Intruder. The rocket is 1.5 meters long and can carry two CanSats to an altitude of approximately 1 kilometer. The vertical acceleration exceeds 10 G, and the rocket reaches its maximum velocity of 544 km/h in less than two seconds! | <urn:uuid:2f07212a-67ae-448b-a82d-fca964665161> | {
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Our primate cousins could turn the question of human origins upside down.
Could the bonobo homeland also be the origin of our common ancestor?
Image: Cyril Ruoso / Time
“I really strongly feel that people may have evolved from this region,” he said. "It’s a big claim, yes, I understand, but I really think it is worth it to put it on the table."
The vast majority of hominin fossils have been found in eastern Africa, in what is modern day Ethiopia, Kenya and Tanzania. The most reasonable assumption has long been that it was in East Africa, near the Rift Valley, where the Pan-Homo division took place. However, the earliest hominin fossil find to date, Sahelanthropus tchadensis, is between 6-7 mya and was found in in the central African country of Chad (about 2,500 km away). S. tchadensis was much more ape-like than later Australopithecines and is thought to have coexisted alongside our common ancestor with chimpanzees and bonobos.
This early Chad find is important considering that the fossil record is so sparse between 12 mya and 4 mya (the crucial period as far as we're concerned). The only representatives of this vast period after S. tchadensis was Orrorin tugenensis (6 mya from Kenya) an ape species that may have been partially bipedal, Ardipithecus ramidus kadabba (5.5 mya from Ethiopia) and Ardipithecus ramidus ramidus (4.4 mya also from Ethiopia). All of these species were much more apelike than the Australopithecines, which first appear in the fossil record 4.15 mya in Kenya and 4.1 mya in Ethiopia. An excellent timeline at hominin.net helps put these dates and the location of the finds into context.
Fossil map showing many of the hominin fossil discoveries throughout Africa.
Image: National Geographic
While Ethiopia or Kenya would seem to be the most likely candidates for the split between Homo and Pan, the fact that the earliest known hominin has been found in Chad has raised some questions about this. Writing in the journal Nature about how the discovery of S. tchadensis changes our understanding of early human origins, Brunet. et al state:
This suggests that an exclusively East African origin of the hominid clade is unlikely to be correct. It will never be possible to know precisely where or when the first hominid species originated, but we do know that hominids had dispersed throughout the Sahel and East Africa by 6 Myr.Furthermore, Australopithecus bahrelghazali (about 3.6 mya) was also discovered in Chad, suggesting that there is a great deal of material still to be discovered in this region. Later hominin fossils have also been discovered in South Africa (such as Australopithecus africanus and Paranthropus robustus). This means that the distribution of hominins extends all the way from Chad to East Africa to South Africa. Interestingly, the nearest central point between all these locations is the Democratic Republic of Congo.
"The bonobo may more closely resemble the common ancestor of all three modern species," De Waal says. "It's an important issue that's yet to be resolved."
Bonobos are the only primate, other than humans, that regularly walk upright.
Unfortunately, fossils are unlikely to help. Rain forest soils are notoriously bad for fossilization. The bones will decay long before minerals can replace the organic material. Even in ideal conditions (such as arid or anoxic environments) fossilization is extremely rare. So there is a certain amount of "environmental bias" in the fossil record. Unless an organism had a large enough range to be living in the right location for fossilization to occur, there will be no record that they ever existed. This could mean that the hominin fossils we do have were from individuals after they had migrated to the far edge of their original range and that the really exciting evolutionary events occurred in Central Africa. If this is the case, then the reason we have so many fossils from East Africa isn't because that was the cradle of humanity, it's just because the conditions were right for fossilization. Unfortunately, without evidence to test this hypothesis it remains in the realm of mere conjecture.
One piece of evidence that makes me think bonobos and humans might have shared more than just a similar environment has to do with a region of DNA promoting the release of oxytocin. At the AVPR1A gene both humans and bonobos (but not chimpanzees) share a repetitive microsatellite locus that Elizabeth Hammock and Larry Young have shown to be important for cooperation, empathy and social bonding. It is far more parsimonious that chimpanzees lost this repetitive microsatellite than for both humans and bonobos to independently develop the same mutation.
So if I had to make my best guess, I would put my money on the Pan-Homo split occuring in the mosaic environments of Central Africa near DR Congo. I would also predict that this common ancestor would appear more bonobo-like than chimpanzee-like. We may never know the real answer. But, considering the exciting "hobbit" fossils discovered on the island of Flores, Indonesia, it may be possible for fossilization to occur even in the rain forest if conditions are just right. At this moment, somewhere in a cave near Lac Tumba in the Democratic Republic of Congo, our common ancestor with bonobos and chimpanzees may be lying in wait for the next intrepid explorer to unearth. If so it would be the anthropological find of the century. Our long search to understand human origins would finally be at an end. | <urn:uuid:49b91276-a334-4a04-a0ea-fb05c7c2a56d> | {
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There are many poor people who have to take care of their own dental problems because they can’t afford proper dental care.
In addition to not being able to pay for proper dental care, there are some cases where a lack of interest results in serious dental problems.
For example one young boy developed a tooth with an abscess and didn’t get any dental care.
As a result the abscess spread to his brain and since no one realized that the boy had a real problem, the boy died.
These days, there are numerous cases such as these that routinely occur all because the treatments for these dental problems are so expensive and dental clinics that are free and are conducted for poor people don’t have any visibility with the public.
For those people who have a very low income and can’t afford good dental care there are numerous dental care clinics that are run by public organization including the government.
These free dental clinics will provide free dental checkups for the poor. Also, there are many medical universities that have also begun to offer dental camps for free or at a very low cost.
There are numerous medical students of dentistry who are in their last years of school who participate in free dental camps and are helping the poor by solving their dental problems.
There are also dental discount insurance plans for the people who can’t afford regular dental checkups as a result of their inability to pay for dental care. These discount dental insurance plans are available with many dentists. The only thing that a person has to do is to get a membership card is to show up to the dentist and prove their inability to pay.
In addition, there are dentists who will provide proper dental care very inexpensively and some even base their fees on the patient’s ability to pay. These affordable dentists are available in most areas. These dental care programs are usually only found by a family member or friend telling them about it. However, there are some business directories that have information about dentists who provide dental checkups for free or at an affordable cost.
There are also numerous NGOs and other government organizations that offer many types of affordable dental plans to provide dental care for the poor. These organizations help to solve dental problems at a cost that poor people can afford. These are charity organizations that will have recognized dentists take part in the dental checkup events.
We live in a developed world and it isn’t really a problem for the poor to receive proper dental care. It is simply necessary for poor people to be informed about the availability of these dental clinics that are free. There is no reason for any more children to die as a result of not receiving the proper dental care. The affordable dental service is available it is just that poor people don’t know about it. | <urn:uuid:24e7ece5-fdd9-4b4f-9f87-a29690363d19> | {
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- Ask the pupils questions about Christmas: When is Christmas?(Winter/December/December 25th), What do you eat? (Meat/fish …), What presents do you like? (footballs, dolls, cars …).
- Give out the Christmas in Britain worksheet. Ask the pupils to read the text and draw their attention to the underlined words.
- Ask the pupils to read the definitions and match the definitions to the underlined words in the text. They then write the words in the spaces.
- Ask them to find the secret word that goes down the page (Christmas).
1. Carols, 2. Father Christmas, 3. Turkey, 4. Reindeer, 5. Presents, 6. Stockings,
7. Christmas trees, 8. Crackers, 9. Christmas Eve | <urn:uuid:d78e05e0-c49b-4e23-b5fb-4241d17667e1> | {
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Experimental games are used as intervention tools to stimulate collective action on nature resource management. The origin of this use of experiments is the observation by Juan Camilo Cardenas in the early 2000s that when he returned to villages where experiments on common pool resources were done, communities sometimes had changes their governance as a response to lessons learned from the participation in experiments. Since 2012 we start testing the use of experimental games as intervention tools in India and Colombia (see also here). The experiments have their roots in theory and can be applied to many situations. As such it provides an intervention tool that can be applied to many communities (in contrast to games that are created with the communities).
Here we provide manuals of games that could be used as intervention tools. We also provide videos on how the experiments are used. The experimental games do not provide solutions, but they provide a safe tacit experience by various people of the community that stimulate a discussion on governance issues of their shared natural resources. Below you find a video on experiences how the games are used in India. | <urn:uuid:9339ebde-ab65-489d-b71c-ca8f234105fb> | {
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Roger Williams founded the church congregation in 1638 shortly after he founded Providence in 1636. Arminian in tone, it soon became what is now called a Free Will Baptist church. William Wickenden, a colonial dissident, served as one of the first ministers of the church, and nearby Wickenden Street took his name. For the first sixty years the church met in congregants' homes. In 1700 Reverend Pardon Tillinghast built the first church building, a 400-square-foot (37 m2) structure, on Smith and North Main Streets, and the congregation built the second meetinghouse nearby in 1726.
The congregation built the current meeting house in 1775 under the leadership of James Manning on the site of a disused apple orchard. Following The Reverend Manning's tenure, founding president of the University of South Carolina, Reverend Jonathan Maxcy served as pastor until 1792. The meeting house has served as the site of Brown University's commencement site for all but two Brown Commencements since 1776. Brown was founded by Baptist colonists from Rhode Island. The building was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1966. The steeple of the current meeting house has a unique history. Due to the closure of the Boston ports following the Boston Tea Party of 1775, out-of-work ship-builders were invited from Boston to Providence to raise the steeple. It took a mere three days.
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250 years ago William Cookworthy was awarded a patent for producing an English true hard-paste porcelain similar to that being produced in China and Germany. Curator of Chemistry Sophie Waring explores more.
Sophie Waring is Curator of Chemistry at the Science Museum, working in collaboration with the Royal Society of Chemistry.
To celebrate 180 years since the birth of William Perkin, we explore the items in the collections linked to his most famous invention: mauveine.
80 years after it was first introduced, Chemistry Curator Sophie Waring, looks at how nylon has become a ubiquitous material in our lives today
Curator of Chemistry, Sophie Waring, explores Bakelite’s lasting legacy.
To mark the 150th birthday of possibly the most celebrated female scientist in history, Curator of Chemistry, Sophie Waring, looks at the life of Marie Curie, and the surprising products that were made from her discovery of Radium.
Can you help us identify some of the objects in our chemistry collection?
As the British Library’s Harry Potter: A History of Magic exhibition opens, we explore the history and science of magic.
Discover the story behind 18th century scientist Joseph Priestley’s microscope, purchased on this day in 1767.
On the anniversary of scientist Michael Faraday’s birth, our Curator of Contemporary Science Sophie Waring looks at objects in the collection that explore his work and the lasting impact he had on modern science.
Discover the story behind the famous painkiller, aspirin.
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cigarette smoking is bad habit. Smoking causes damage to nearly every organ in the body and is directly responsible for a number of diseases. Smoking is definitely injurious to health but not just for cancer but also for many other associated lifestyle disorders.
Two poisons in tobacco that affect peoples health are:
- Carbon monoxide is found in car exhaust fumes and is fatal in large doses.it replaces oxygen in the blood and straves organ of oxygen and stops them being able to function properly.\
- Tar is sticky brown substance that coats the lungs and effect breathing.
smoking can make bones weak brittle,which is particularly dangerous for women who are more prone to osteoporosis and broken bones.
The immune system protects the body against infection and disease. Smoking compromises this and can lead to autoimmune diseases,such as crohn’s disease and rheumatoid arthritis.
smoking reduce the amount of oxygen that can reacg the skin , which speeds up the aging process of the skin and make it dull and gray. Smoking prematurely ages skin by 10-20 years make faces wrinkling,particulary around the eyes and mouth ,three times more likely.B
Smoking is very bad for lungs. smoking is increase the risk of lung cancer.
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Toxicity of CNS Prophylaxis for Childhood Leukemia
Toxicity of CNS Prophylaxis for Childhood Leukemia
Central nervous system (CNS) prophylaxis has been an essential component
of the treatment of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) for several
decades. Early prophylactic treatment of CNS minimal residual disease is
intended to guard against the possibility that CNS blasts not eradicated
by systemic therapy will reseed the bone marrow, leading to relapse of
the disease. For many years, the preferred approach to CNS prophylaxis
has been cranial radiation therapy (CRT), currently given at an 18-Gy dose,
combined with intra-thecal methotrexate. This strategy is highly effective
in preventing CNS relapse.[2,3]
The potential for long-term neurotoxicity associated with such intensive
treatment in developing children, however, is an ongoing concern; cognitive
impairment and short stature are commonly observed. Children diagnosed
with ALL and treated with modern protocols experience excellent survival
rates. As the number of survivors grows, the prevalence of these developmental
toxicities becomes more clinically relevant. Although efforts have been
undertaken to develop alternative methods of CNS prophylaxis that do not
involve irradiation (such as intrathecal methotrexate, often given in combination
with other drugs), treatment that includes CRT remains the preferred approach
for children with high-risk disease.
Although it is generally assumed that late neurotoxic effects result
from CNS prophylactic therapy, the experimental designs of leukemia protocols
may or may not allow this hypothesis to be tested. Central nervous system
prophylaxis occurs in the context of complex treatment protocols that include
a variety of neurotoxic agents. Therefore, it is important to document
the risk for various toxicities and to determine to what extent they can
be reliably associated with specific treatment components.
In the context of a randomized trial, outcomes can be clearly evaluated,
and alternative approaches to CNS prophylaxis can be examined. Such opportunities
are rare, however. More often, different approaches to CNS therapy are
evaluated by comparing children assigned to different risk groups or protocols[5-7]
or even children with different diseases.[8,9] In these situations, variations
in CNS treatment may be confounded by other aspects of the protocol or
the disease, rendering evaluation less reliable.
Furthermore, components of CNS prophylaxis may interact synergistically
with systemic therapy[5-10]; CNS prophylactic treatment is associated with
different outcomes depending on the systemic therapy. Therefore, in the
discussion that follows, the late effects of CNS prophylactic therapy will
be discussed and, when possible, related to specific components of such
therapy. It should be understood, however, that in most instances, the
more conservative approach is to relate late effects to the therapeutic
picture with the assumption that CNS prophylaxis plays a major role.
Although the major focus of this discussion is long-term toxic effects,
significant acute toxic effects can be associated with CNS prophylaxis
(Table 1). Cranial irradiation has
been associated with vomiting, anorexia, headache, and somnolence. Intrathecal
methotrexate may be associated with acute arachnoiditis, pain at the site
of the lumbar puncture, nausea and vomiting, fever, and an increase in
intracranial pressure. Most of these acute toxic effects are short-lived,
and few result in long-term consequences. Myelopathy and encephalopathy
may also occur but are rare.
The late toxic effects with the highest prevalence affect physical and
mental development (Table 1). These effects
are permanent, rather than acute, with the potential for causing lifelong
problems. The risk for a second malignancy is also increased in children
treated with CRT, but the frequency is low.
There are no good epidemiologic estimates on the prevalence of problems
with cognitive development and physical growth, for several reasons: First,
as will be discussed in detail below, the incidence and severity of these
problems are highly dependent on a variety of factors, such as the specific
characteristics of the leukemia treatment protocol and the age and gender
of the child at the time of diagnosis. Prevalence, therefore, varies from
institution to institution, depending on the treatment protocol used and
the demographic characterisitics of the children treated.
Second, as will also be discussed below, with respect to cognitive issues,
there is no standard way of defining outcome. Indeed, the definition of
a learning disability, as a diagnosis, remains the subject of some controversy.
Consequently, it is difficult to specify the prevalence of a "disorder."
Risk for a particular child, therefore, is best estimated by consideration
of the various factors discussed below.
Ocular morbidity, attributed largely to corticosteroids, consists of
posterior subcapsular cataracts. They tend to be asymptomatic and do not
usually progress or cause loss of vision. Dental complications are
minimal with the low CRT dose (18 Gy), but preventive dental programs are
The cognitive sequelae of therapy have been of greatest concern, and
this issue remains a controversial topic. On the one hand, it is undesirable
to employ a therapy that is known to cause lifelong impairment when such
therapy is not necessary to achieve the desired medical outcome. On the
other hand, effective therapy should not be withheld if it does not, in
fact, cause such sequelae or if the medical outcome will be compromised.
Moreover, the same therapy may be toxic in one group of patients but not
in another. In such a situation, it would be unwise to deny the benefit
of such therapy to the group who would not have experienced adverse effects
to spare the group who would have been affected. Because of the confusion
surrounding cognitive outcomes, the bulk of the discussion here focuses
on these effects.
Children treated for ALL are at risk for a decrement in final adult
height, often on the order of one standard deviation from expectation.
Acute changes in growth rate are common during treatment, but recovery
often occurs after cessation of treatment. Of greater concern is the
decreased amplitude of peak height velocity, a long-term effect that may
occur during the adolescent growth spurt and is associated with a decrement
in final height.
Some studies have indicated that girls are more vulnerable to growth
delay than boys. Menarche, as well as peak height velocity, may occur earlier
in girls who have undergone treatment than in girls who have not. Young
age at treatment (before the age of 7) is a particular risk factor for
girls,[16,17] with boys appearing to be far less vulnerable
In general, treatment protocols that include CRT are associated with
a permanent decrease in height, whereas those that do not include CRT are
not [14,16,18]. The specificity of the impact of cranial irradiation on
growth is substantiated by preclinical studies. Rats exposed to CRT,
either alone or in combination with antileukemic drugs (eg, prednisolone,
methotrexate), show disturbances in bone growth, whereas those exposed
to drugs without CRT show no such disturbances. Clinically, children treated
with a high dose of cranial irradiation (24 Gy) show more significant decrements
in height than do those treated with a low dose (18 Gy), but growth
can be adversely affected by both doses. Children receiving lengthy, intensive
maintenance drug therapy, however, may be at greater risk for diminished
Whereas the relationship between treatment and outcome is reasonably
straightforward in the case of physical growth, it is more controversial
with respect to mental development. A fundamental question centers on the
end point to be measured. For height, the end point is clear, easily agreed
upon, and reliably defined; however, this is not the case for mental development.
There is no widely accepted technique for measuring cognitive outcomes,
with the possible exception of the IQ test. The IQ test is a good indicator
of a child's general level of cognitive functioning, and most investigators
use it, which permits good comparability among studies. However, the IQ
test is not sensitive to the subtler aspects of information processing
that can manifest themselves in problems related to learning and social
skills. Indeed, the hallmark of the definition of a child with a learning
disability is that the child functions in the normal range of intelligence
but experiences unexplained difficulties at school.
The IQ test is sensitive to neurotoxicity in severely affected children
but can be insensitive to more subtle deficits, even though they may have
a substantive functional impact. Consequently, investigators, particularly
neuropsychologists, typically supplement the IQ test with other measures
of information processing, although there is no standard way of doing so.
Thus, outcome measures vary widely from study to study, depending on the
theoretical bent or clinical practices of the investigator. This makes
comparison of study results quite difficult.
Role of CRT
Probably the central questions throughout the literature on late cognitive
sequelae are whether CRT affects outcome and, if so, to what extent. Of
all the agents used in the treatment of leukemia, CRT has stimulated the
most concern; the assumption is that observed cognitive deficits are primarily
referable to CRT. A number of studies have indicated that children treated
with cranial irradiation fare worse than a comparison group not given such
treatment.[21-25] The majority of these studies evaluated cognitive outcomes
in children treated with 24 Gy of CRT, a dose that is no longer commonly
Because contemporary treatment protocols employ an 18-Gy dose of CRT,
data that evaluate the impact of that dose are more relevant. In general,
the trend is toward less severe toxic effects for protocols that involve
the lower dose. Several studies comparing groups treated with and without
CRT at the 18-Gy dose document no differences in IQ or other measures.[5,27]
Another multicenter study, however, did observe lower IQ scores in children
treated with the 18-Gy dose than in those not treated with CRT. The
adverse impact of CRT, however, emerged only in the youngest children (les
than 3 years of age at treatment), suggesting that for older children,
CRT at the lower dose poses less risk.
Concurrent methotrexate therapy may affect the degree of toxicity associated
with CRT. Whereas an 18-Gy dose of cranial irradiation resulted in no
discernible decrease in IQ scores, the same dose preceded by a single high
dose (4 g/m²) of methotrexate resulted in a reliable decrement. Significantly,
the same high dose of methotrexate did not result in adverse cognitive
sequelae when treatment did not include CRT. Again, comparable findings
have emerged from an animal model. Whereas CRT or methotrexate alone did
not induce behavioral changes in animals, the combination of the two agents
was associated with significant behavioral changes.
Furthermore, adverse cognitive sequelae have been observed in children
who did not receive CRT. In general, these sequelae do not entail IQ deficits,
but rather, problems involving more specific skills. For example, comparable
deficits in rote memory have been found in children treated with or without
CRT. Giralt and colleagues compared children treated with CRT (24-Gy
dose) and intrathecal methotrexate or intrathecal cytarabine and intrathecal
methotrexate in the context of a randomized trial design. Both groups showed
deficits relative to those of controls, but the magnitude of the deficits
was similar in the two groups. Kaufmann and associates describe declines
in attentional, visual-motor, and academic skills in children for whom
triple intrathecal therapy (methotrexate, cytarabine, and hydrocortisone)
was used for CNS prophylaxis. In none of these studies, however, was it
possible to determine to what extent any adverse outcomes were attributable
to CNS prophylaxis per se and to what extent they reflected the impact
of other components of treatment.
Glucocorticoid therapy may play a role in inducing cognitive problems.
Prednisone is associated with acute memory problems in children and
adults. These agents cross the blood-brain barrier and are active in
areas of the brain essential for learning. Moreover, steroids may be
associated with disordered behavior in animals when administered alone
and especially when administered in combination with CRT and methotrexate.
Although this question has yet to be examined systematically in the clinical
setting, it should be a consideration in evaluating the potential toxicity
associated with protocols.
Effects Related to Gender and Age
As previously indicated, girls are more vulnerable than boys to growth
changes associated with CRT. Heightened cognitive vulnerability in girls
has also been observed; this vulnerability has emerged clearly in treatment
protocols that included a high dose of cranial irradiation (24 Gy).[34-36]
The basis for this phenomenon is unclear. Heightened vulnerability to toxicity
in girls is not confined to the CNS; girls are also more vulnerable to
anthracycline-induced cardiac toxicity. Moreover, gender differences
in treatment efficacy have been observed in some circumstances, with the
rate of CNS relapse higher for boys than for girls.
Gender-related differences are less evident, however, with a low dose
of CRT (18 Gy). At this lower dose, boys and girls appear to have essentially
comparable cognitive outcomes. As previously indicated, the impact of cranial
irradiation can be exacerbated (for girls) by a high dose of methotrexate,
a synergistic interaction that has not been observed in boys.
Age-related effects have also been observed, with younger children more
severely affected than older chil-dren.[7,34,36,39] Again, this effect
is more prominent in girls.[34,36,39]
Clinical Presentation of Neurobehavioral Problems
As previously indicated, contemporary leukemia protocols are likely
to result in subtle problems, rather than in global depression of IQ, as
was seen following earlier, more intensive pro-tocols. This is not to say
that such problems will not have important consequences for a child's daily
functioning, but rather, that they are probably less severe than those
seen a decade ago, when a 24-Gy dose of CRT was the normative dose. It
is important to appreciate the qualitative nature of these problems, the
way in which they manifest themselves in children's lives, and their developmental
In the general population, the most commonly diagnosed learning disability
syndromes are reading disability (dyslexia) and disordered attention (attention
deficit hyperactivity disorder [ADHD]). These problems are relatively specific,
tend to be idiopathic, and often seem to run in families. The problems
seen in children who have undergone treatment of ALL, however, tend to
be of a different nature. Learning problems seen in these children often
involve so-called nonverbal learning disabilities. Most of these children
acquire elementary reading skills without too much difficulty, although
some may require support, and few exhibit the impulsivity, overactivity,
and distractibility characteristic of ADHD. Although many children exhibit
apparent attentional problems, they are best understood as being secondary
to cognitive issues, as described in greater detail below, rather than
as being a primary attentional syndrome or ADHD.
Metacognitive problems have been described in survivors of leukemia
in a variety of contexts than can involve working with complex material
that is either verbal or nonverbal.[41-43] The term "metacognition"
means "knowing about knowing," that is, developing strategies
for solving problems and understanding the nature and organization of knowledge.
Metacognition implies knowledge and insight into one's own thought and
problem-solving processes. Children with metacognitive problems can approach
new material in a relatively concrete fashion, becoming overly involved
with superficial aspects without moving on to the more conceptual level.
Exhibiting inferential reasoning and making connections from prior knowledge
to new material can be difficult.
Another common problem involves rote memory and retrieval of factual
information. Children with this problem may experience greater-than-
expected difficulty in remembering names and facts in social studies and
science classes. In mathematics, retrieval of number facts may lack fluency,
thus compromising speed, efficiency, and accuracy of numeric computation.
Spelling is a related area of vulnerability.
The metacognitive nature of these problems has clinical implications.
First, these children's difficulties will not necessarily manifest as a
deficit in a discrete skill area, and therefore, their formal scores on
psychometric testing may not deviate substantially from those expected
for children their age. Nevertheless, parents may report that their children
are struggling academically because they work inefficiently, reverting
to a deliberate, step-by-step approach to compensate. School personnel
may not be sure that there is a problem because test scores can be relatively
normal. This can be a source of friction as families struggle to support
children who are experiencing unexplained school-related stress.
Second, problems may appear inconsistently. Because the primary issue
involves how children approach a task, or their level of efficiency, there
is no specific reference symptom; rather, there is a general sense of struggle.
Children with these problems may be able to learn a mathematics topic well
enough to pass a test or complete a homework assignment, and yet when the
same material is presented in another context or several months later,
they may appear bewildered. This can be puzzling to parents and teachers,
often raising questions of motivation. The inconsistency may be interpreted
as attentional, and ADHD may be suspected. The apparent inattention or
inconsistency, however, may be secondary to cognitive overload or confusion.
Third, children with these problems often exhibit a characteristic developmental
course. In essence, they may be successful in the early grades but may
begin to falter in the upper elementary grades and middle-school grades.
This does not usually represent a progressive deterioration of function
as a consequence of therapy, although neuropathologic changes may occur
for some years after the completion of therapy. Instead, the demands
and expectations of the upper grades demand greater efficiency, an ability
to digest larger volumes of material and infer concepts, and an ability
to work independently. It is with regard to such expectations that children
treated for ALL can be most vulnerable. Thus, they may appear to develop
problems when, in fact, the problems were always present but the challenges
were not yet sufficient to elicit them.
Finally, the same cognitive issues that affect academic performance
may also manifest in the development of social skills, particularly as
children approach adolescence.[45,46] With development, social interaction
involves processing information from multiple sources, making inferences
about intention that may not be supported by the literal meaning of language,
and grasping subtle cues embedded in the social context. All of these tasks
can be difficult for some children, and problems may be manifested by occasional
withdrawal or isolation, initially more as a function of bewilderment than
of depression. This may occur at the same age at which differences in linear
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A message from Government on World AIDS Day 2014
We call on all South Africans to join our campaign for World Aids Day 2014: Zero Stigma, Zero Discrimination.
World AIDS Day is commemorated on the 1st of December annually and is an opportunity for every community to unite in the fight against HIV, show support for people living with HIV and the remember those who have died.
HIV AND AIDS IN SOUTH AFRICA
South Africa has been relentless in its mission to turn the HIV, AIDS, and TB epidemics around. There are notable achievements to celebrate. A review of our efforts in addressing the HIV and AIDS epidemic over the past 20 years, paints a mixed picture:
-Many scientific advances have been made in HIV treatment;
-We have a much better understanding of the virus;
-More people are receiving antiretroviral treatment, which means HIV infection rates are decreasing;
-There is a scientific optimism around the benefit of treatment as prevention and progress towards a cure and vaccine
However, despite these advances stigma and discrimination remains a reality for many people living with, or affected by HIV. World AIDS Day 2014 provides an opportunity for all South Africans to remind themselves that HIV is still a reality and that it is incumbent on all of us to continue fighting prejudice, stigma and discrimination.
What are you doing?
Sab distributes more than 19-million condoms to sa taverns
Johannesburg. 1 December 2014. The South African Breweries (SAB) has distributed a total of 19.3-million condoms to more than 11 800 local taverns across South Africa since the launch of the programme three years.
Project Promote, the condom distribution programme uses SAB’s infrastructure, delivery trucks and extensive distribution network to deliver condoms to taverns each month.
The 19.3-million condoms already distributed by SAB means that more than 38 500 new HIV/Aids infections have been averted. This is according to a calculation by a John Stover (founder and president of Futures Institute, USA) study, which claims that for every 500 condoms distributed, at least one infection is averted.
Project Promote is a public private partnership between the National Department of Health, the South African Business Coalition on HIV/Aids (SABCOHA) and the Society of Family Health. The company was approached to become a core strategic partner by SABCOHA after government increased its condom distribution targets as a method to decrease HIV/Aids infections.
SAB is able to extend distribution reach to non-traditional outlets, namely taverns.
“SAB’s commitment to helping bring social change in South African communities is aligned to government’s aim to reduce the impact that HIV/Aids is having on the country. It therefore makes perfect sense that we contribute to the work being done to achieve this aim,” says Mpho Sadiki, SAB Head Sustainability and Transformation.
Taverns each receive 400 condoms per month which are made available to customers. Positive feedback has been received by tavern owners with many requesting additional stock from SAB during scheduled deliveries.
In order to test the feasibility of SAB distributing condoms to customers, a three-month pilot was undertaken at three of its depots in Gauteng from August to October 2010. More than 6-million condoms were distributed to taverns in parts of the province.
Following the success of the pilot, 39 of SAB’s 40 depots across South Africa were registered at Primary Distribution Sites (PDS).
Mec scott and a fight against the deadly virus at umgungundlovu district
(2014 World Aids Day)
KwaZulu-Natal MEC for Finance, Ms Belinda Scott who is also a champion MEC for uMgungundlovu District in partnership with Mkhambathini Municipality Mayor Cllr T. Maphumulo is today hosting the district World Aids Day.
MEC Scott will lead the district in this important day in the district calendar under Operation Sukuma Sakhe in a bid of uniting people in the fight against HIV and AIDS. Speaking before the big day, one of the millions of people who are living with HIV and AIDS in the country, Ms Promise Makhanya from France in Pietermaritzburg said that she was diagnosed 13 years ago and has been living positively ever since.
“I would like to remind my fellow South Africans that HIV and AIDS is still here. It is very important to know your status so that you can start your treatment as early as possible where necessary. I have been positive for 13 years but I am not taking treatment because I am living positively. I also have a three year old child which tested negatively and is healthy and strong as ever. Having HIV is no longer a curse there is life after discovering it. But it is important for us to work together in a bid of turning a tide against new infections” said Makhanya. | <urn:uuid:0604d2e9-f4c4-4158-ba13-ae6586dbe530> | {
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If you are close to a young person with Attention Deficit Disorder, you don’t need me to tell you that this kid is energetic, curious, and creative. These kids are constantly exploring the world around them, looking for explanations, experiences and adventure. The internet is a magnet for children with ADD/ADHD. Don’t let it pull them into dangerous situations.
Since you are reading this, I am going to believe that you are computer literate. After all, this is an online magazine. Your young person has some access to computers. Many parents are uncomfortable about limiting their child’s freedoms. Hopefully, you already have computer rules in place. Here are a group of policies that I feel are important to help keep your child internet-safe.
First, be explicit. Your child has no expectation of privacy in this area of his life. Anything that your child does on the computer should be subject to your examination. This needs to be a prerequisite to using a computer in your household. Computer use needs to be physically monitored. A computer should only be used in a high-traffic public area of your home. This means your child should not have a computer in his room or access to one in a low-traffic area of the home. There are programs that allow you to monitor and block usage. Find a program that fits your family’s lifestyle and install it.
Don’t allow your child to use a computer with a web cam. A few years ago, a national science magazine showed a really cool web camera. It was touted as a way for a kid to engage in face-to-face internet interaction with his friends. The web cam was aimed at the 8-12 year-old set. I don’t think the manufacturer appreciated my point of view. This webcam was practically screaming, “Stranger, come into my child’s room!” Children with ADD are impulsive, and they don’t understand that people who they have “chatted” with over several weeks are still strangers. Also, kid’s rooms and clothing give clues to where they live. You do not want a stranger knowing where your child goes to school. It does not hurt to remind your child to give no information about himself to anybody over the internet. Do this often.
Show your child how predators find information. Google yourself. Use the free feature of Intelius or another online information gathering system. Demonstrate how a person who has your address can get turn-by-turn instructions to your home using any number of free internet map services.
Use your local news to find stories about predators who have tricked children into believing that they are “friends.” Many times these adults create a profile that is the same age as the child. Local news stories are full of examples of this. Make sure that your child has some real-life examples. If kids read about these predators in their home town, they are more likely to believe that they really exist. Stranger danger is real!
I don’t believe that children should do social networking. Social networking has too many opportunities for abuse. There can be chances for inappropriate “friending.” The national news is full of stories about cyber bullying. Many children, especially children with ADD who have problems with decision making, should not be involved in social networking.
Be vigilant. Monitor your child’s usage on a daily basis. You need to search for pictures. Check the computer’s history. At least several times per week, find out what your child is saving to the computer. Make sure that your child knows that nothing he does on the computer is private. You have the right to inspect everything. Your child’s safety depends on it.
For a young child, a video might be worth a hundred lectures. This DVD uses humor to teach the serious safety issues of the internet.
The Safe Side - Internet Safety
A short article on internet safety can only go so far in alerting you to the many dangerous possibilities that children may face on the internet. This book is an excellent resource to help protect your child.
Cyber-Safe Kids, Cyber-Savvy Teens: Helping Young People Learn To Use the Internet Safely and Responsibly | <urn:uuid:166970fb-cd0b-453d-943d-72ad0b34eb1d> | {
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Identification and classification of UXO using advanced electromagnetics
During unexploded ordnance (UXO) or munition clean-up projects, most items excavated are not UXO, but are harmless scrap metal. Historically, target selection has been based on magnetic or electromagnetic (EM) anomaly amplitudes, footprints, and shapes - features of the data rather than of the source object itself.
New sensors have been developed to facilitate reliable classification of UXO. These time-domain electromagnetic (TEM) systems have three key improvements from previous EM sensors used for UXO work:
- Multiple transmitter and receiver coils
- Finer sampling of the time decay
- Longer sampling periods
Classification depends on calculating model parameters that relate to intrinsic physical features of targets rather than to external features such as location and orientation.
Forward modelling and inversion yield polarizabilities and decay parameters, as well as accurate location and depth of the buried object. Polarizabilities relate to the object’s intrinsic size and shape, whereas decays relate to the material properties and wall thickness. UXO are typically cylindrical, therefore they have one strong (primary) polarizability, and two weaker but equal polarizabilities (secondary & tertiary). This distinguishing characteristic of cylindrical objects immediately identifies a target as being a potential UXO.
The classification process then determines the likelihood that an item is a UXO. Polarizability curves are mathematically compared to a signature library of known UXO to find matches. To find munitions that are not in the library, all the target polarizability data from a survey area are also analyzed to find "clusters" of similar objects. Such objects are then evaluated to establish their nature.
With these new advanced EM sensors and processes, reliable classification of suspected UXO targets using geophysical survey data is now possible, enabling millions of dollars in savings on cleanup projects.
Originally presented by Nick Valleau, Geosoft Inc. and Tom Furuya, Acorn SI as part of the Canadian Exploration Geological Society (KEGS) Geophysics and the Environment Symposium. | <urn:uuid:27af61a1-59df-4f37-8a2f-44456d7c3798> | {
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expert advice MORE
Urinary Tract Infections in Infants
Q: What might be the cause of a urinary tract infection in a four-month-old girl? She was very sick with a fever of 105. They first thought it might be spinal meningitis and did a spinal tap. That came out OK. Ultrasound picked up the urinary infection.
A: In very young babies, the bacteria germs generally reach the urinary tract by the bloodstream. Older infants and children tend to get infections from bacteria reaching the bladder through the opening where urine comes out (urethra). Once the bacteria reach the bladder, they can cause varying degrees of inflammation and severity of disease. Although an infection begins in the bladder, the germs can then reach the kidneys by moving up (refluxing) toward them. Factors, such as the shape, form, and function of the urinary tract, also play a role in who is more likely to get an infection.
Making the diagnosis of a urinary tract infection (UTI) in young infants is not always easy. Infants do not express themselves in the same ways older children and adults do. They usually have non-specific symptoms, including unexplained fever (just like your four-month-old did), vomiting, irritability, and lethargy.
Collecting specimens of urine to study in the lab (urine culture) is at best difficult, since bag-collected specimens in girls do not give very reliable results. It is often necessary to use some invasive method like putting a small tube into the bladder through the urethra or directing a needle into the bladder from the outside and aspirating urine in this way.
Infections of the bladder and sometimes the kidneys are common in children. The prevalence of UTI in infants between two months and two years is as high as five percent and more common in girls. Having a high index of suspicion for a UTI in infants is important since this young age group is at highest risk for kidney damage from such an infection. Once the diagnosis is accurately made, the correct antibiotic can be used to treat the germ causing the infection and your infant can be properly evaluated and followed closely for recurrences.
More on: Expert Advice
Henry Bernstein, M.D., is currently the associate chief of the Division of General Pediatrics and director of Primary Care at Children's Hospital, Boston. He also has an academic appointment at Harvard Medical School. | <urn:uuid:2474ab73-fb44-4d49-8c3d-adcc48e834ec> | {
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Early printed books, manuscripts and archives are valuable records of the foundations of human knowledge. These need to be preserved and the knowledge contained therein disseminated among as wide an audience as possible. Digital imaging technology is therefore being increasingly adopted by museums, libraries, archives, art galleries and private collectors to electronically preserve valuable data. Digitization opens up a new perspective in the preservation and documentation of ancient documents. Digital preservation allows easy access to old documents, records, photographs and books, just by a single mouse click.
Handling and Preparing Digital Manuscripts and Sculptures
- Standard conservation techniques should be used for handling and cleansing fragile manuscripts or documents to increase the legibility of manuscripts.
- While scanning manuscripts, the filming platform should be made as per the instructions of a custodian scholar or under the guidance of an expert.
- Binding is not allowed to be taken out as it may damage the manuscripts. However, in some cases rebinding may be necessary, and the old binding should be removed by using sophisticated methods.
- Scanner operators should wear surgical gloves while handling manuscripts, as it can protect the delicate documents from damage.
- Soft bristled brushes should be used to wipe away the dust and dirt accumulated in the surface of manuscripts over the years.
Digitization Projects Happening Globally
Digitization projects are happening all around the world, and an example is one such initiative happening in India with a view to preserve ancient Konkani scriptures and manuscripts. Konkani is an Indo-Aryan language belonging to the Indo-European family of languages. A minority language, Konkani is the official language of the state of Goa in India, and is spoken along the western coast of India. With the aim to make available Konkani Scriptures and manuscripts for public access, the World Konkani Centre (WKC) in Mangalore and the Xavier Centre of Historical Research in Goa has signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU).
As per a recent report regarding this, the MoU is expected to speed up the process of digitizing over 80,000 documents housed at XCHR (Xavier Centre of Historical Research). The attempt will be immensely helpful for researchers and scholars, as they don’t have to travel all the way to Goa to capture data/information for their studies and can also save time and money.
The priceless collections available at the Xavier Centre of Historical Research include documents, records, manuscripts, newspapers, periodicals, paintings and artifacts. These documents encode a long history of Asia during the Portuguese presence in the East, Churches in Goa/India, Jesuits in Goa/India, and History of Indo-Portuguese Christian Art. There are around 400 water colour paintings of Indo-Portuguese Christian art created by the Goan painter Angelo da Fonesca.
The importance of the digitization of Konkani manuscripts lies in that the valuable 15th and 16th century documents that are fragile and brittle have to be preserved for future generations. In order to start the formal digitization process, WKC has now set up an exclusive digitization centre at XCHR.
The Xavier Centre of Historical Research can serve as a platform for scholarly research in Indian history and its rich cultural heritage with special emphasis on contemporary social and cultural issues. Earlier, the institute was meant for scholarly purposes only. Now with scanned and indexed documents, the authorities want to transform it to a social science library, which can be accessed freely by students of universities and colleges.
United States Support for Such Initiatives
The U.S. Ambassadors Fund for Cultural Preservation (AFCP) is supporting digital preservation projects happening across 100 developing countries of the world. These include evaluation and conservation of rare manuscripts and museum collections, documentation of indigenous languages and vanishing traditional craft techniques, restoration of ancient and historic buildings, and preservation and protection of important archeological sites. | <urn:uuid:5ccaefd5-6688-42c9-bca4-6de1f9f6e47c> | {
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BOSTON (CBS) – It looks like a pretty nice day for everything that goes along with Patriots Day, fine for the runners and spectators at the big race, for the red-hot Red Sox game at Fenway, and for the re-enactment of the Battle of Lexington. They always get a good crowd to watch the re-enactment, quite the spectacle for folks who only see war on TV and in video games.
But by the time this day is over, how many of us will give any thought at all to what the Battle of Lexington really means to us, and the timeless lessons it taught?
Listen to Jon’s commentary:
The bloodshed at Lexington and Concord on this day in 1775 was the political trigger that militarized the mounting friction between the colonists and the British, but its importance as a spark outstripped the magnitude of what actually happened. This was not a major military battle in any way, and there were few casualties. The whole thing was really an unfunny comedy of errors, with neither side setting out to bring on war.
Colonial leadership’s reaction to the violence seems a bit overheated and opportunistic – George Washington framed the choice as strictly between bloody warfare or enslavement, much as Glenn Beck frames the debate today.
It’s worth noting that the story of the Battle of Lexington was immediately distorted for propaganda purposes by both sides. Even though it’s unclear who actually started the shooting at both Lexington and Concord, a stark picture of British aggression was promoted; depositions from participants reporting aggression by the colonists – including one from Paul Revere – were kept from the public. And the basic questions about what happened – were the colonial militias eager or reluctant for war, and were the colonists ready for escalation and revolution or prodded into reactionary mode – have been debated ever since.
It was one of our earliest lessons in the Fog of War, and how even the most participatory democracy can be led to momentous decisions by the actions of a few. Food for thought today between the last pitch and the last runner. | <urn:uuid:529f1d1c-049b-4ec2-836c-4506ee86bc18> | {
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Rules of Mini-Chess
Here are brief rules for Mini-Chess, the chess game we will build an adversary for. Mini-Chess is a simpler[!] version of Speed Chess.
The game is played on a 5x6 board
..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....
As expected, the columns will be labeled a, b, c, d, e and the rows (from bottom) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. Thus, each square has a coordinate.
The pieces are the King (K), Queen (Q), Bishop (B), Knight (N), Rook (R) and Pawn (P).
The two players are White and Black. We will show white pieces as capital letters (KQBNRP) and black pieces as small letters (kqbnrp). White moves first.
The pieces start on the board like this:
kqbnr ppppp ..... ..... PPPPP RNBQK
The pieces move like this:
The King can move one space N, S, E, W, NE, NW, SE or SW.
..... xx... Kx... xx... ..... .....
The Queen can move as far as she wants N, S, E, W, NE, NW, SE or SW, as long as no piece is in the way.
x.x.. xx... QxxB. xx... x.x.. x..x.
The Rook can move as far as it wants N, S, E or W, as long as no piece is in the way.
x.... x.... Rxxxx x.... B.... .....
The Bishop can move as far as he wants NE,SE,NW or SW, as long as no piece is in the way. The Bishop can instead move N, S, E, or W to an adjacent space, as long as there is no piece of either color in that space (thus, a bishop cannot capture N, S, E, or W).
..x.. xx... Bx... rx... ..R.. .....
The Knight moves two spaces N,S,E or W, then one space perpendicular to its previous move. It can jump over pieces in the way.
.x... ..x.. NB... PPx.. .x... .....
The White Pawn moves one space N. The Black Pawn moves one space S. Pawns are blocked by pieces in their way. A Pawn reaching the far end of the board becomes a Queen.
..... ..... p.... x.... ..... .....
Except for Pawns, a piece captures by moving onto an opposing piece. White pawns capture only by moving onto a piece NW or NE; Black pawns SW or SE.
..... ..... p.... .x... ..... .....
The first player to capture the opponent's King wins.
A game lasting more than 40 moves (by each side) is a draw.
If a player has no legal move, the game is a draw. Note that in mini-chess there is no rule against "moving into check": allowing your King to be captured is a legal move. This can occur in the following position.
KBk.. PRP.. .P... ..... ..... .....
If you have played chess before, this game is easy to understand. The changes from normal chess are:
Fewer pieces, smaller board (obviously)
It is legal to move "into check"
No draw by repetition
No draw by moves after capture
Draw by total moves
Bishops can change color by moving into an adjacent empty space
Pawns always move forward one space, never two
Pawn promotion is always to a Queen | <urn:uuid:1ece2496-efa0-4d4d-9f51-120918879e60> | {
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Language and Communication Theme
Language and writing are a big deal in Titus Andronicus, especially where women's voices are concerned. When Lavinia's tongue and hands are cut off after a brutal sexual assault, she is completely powerless and unable to name her attackers. Once she finds a way to use a classic literary text (Ovid's Metamorphoses) to communicate, literature rescues her from a life of silence and enables a kind of rebirth. (For more on this topic, check out "Character Clues: Speech and Dialogue.")
Questions About Language and Communication
- Why do Demetrius and Chiron cut out Lavinia's tongue?
- Why does Marcus make a big speech when he finds Lavinia wandering around in the woods?
- What is the significance of the way in which Lavinia reveals her attackers?
- What is the significance of Young Lucius's storybooks in Titus Andronicus? What role do they play?
Chew on This
Reading and writing are the key to recovery in Titus Andronicus.
Lavinia was silenced long before Demetrius and Chiron cut out her tongue. | <urn:uuid:3cd60c9b-3277-473d-8346-3472e6abbf6d> | {
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Modeling and simulation are critical to understanding and overcoming issues with multi-antenna configurations on today’s automotives and military vehicles.
Many factors can impact the effectiveness of the multi-antenna configurations implemented in today’s vehicles. Examples include blocking, reflecting or re-radiating energy, and co-site interference. In actual operating conditions, the motion of the vehicle platform and environmental factors like terrain and buildings also can reduce system effectiveness. In addition, radiation hazards may pose risks to nearby personnel. As explained in an eight-page white paper from Remcom, modeling and simulation are critical to understanding these issues and developing solutions that overcome them.
Titled “Using Simulation to Optimize Safety, Performance, and Cost Savings When Integrating an Antenna Onto a Platform,” the document explains that modeling and simulation can be used to assess options and tradeoffs. A small number of planned approaches can then be selected before any physical testing occurs. Modeling and simulation also eliminate the limitations of physical tests, such as the failure of a facility to handle the full range of frequencies for the system under test. With a comprehensive modeling and simulation toolset, any number of conditions can be simulated. Physical measurements can be used simply to confirm pre-test, simulation-based assessments.
To evaluate potential configurations until a successful option is identified, for instance, high-fidelity electromagnetic (EM) solvers can be used. Using the XFdtd software and an in-house ray-tracing tool, a radiation pattern has been simulated in free space without any vehicle or other obstruction to perturb the pattern. Once the antenna was mounted on a vehicle, that radiation pattern also was simulated. In this case, the antenna exhibited similar forward radiation and gain to the original design.
At higher frequencies, an electrically large scenario may require more computer memory or longer simulation times when performing an EM simulation. Here, a two-step hybrid approach may be used. The note cites an example in which the full-wave method from XFdtd determined the radiation pattern of the array on a metal groundplane. A solution based on the Uniform Theory of Diffraction (UFD) then calculated the radiation pattern resulting from mounting the array to the underside of the electrically large Global Hawk unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV).
Because military vehicles commonly incorporate several antenna systems in close proximity, interference between these systems can cause problems with simultaneous operation. Using simulation and power measurements, the power coupling between each transmit and receive antenna can be assessed to provide an idea of how much transmitted power propagates into the neighboring system. The paper ends by examining impact of the environment on antenna performance and potential radiation hazards. Overall, it builds a strong case for the use of EM modeling solutions to predict the performance of an antenna onto a vehicle platform—especially when intended for military operations.
Remcom, Inc., 315 S. Allen St., Ste. 416, State College, PA 16801; (814) 861-1299, www.remcom.com. | <urn:uuid:185e8660-8991-461c-ba76-1319bf9036c5> | {
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|Birth: ||Sep. 1, 1792|
|Death: ||Apr. 1, 1866|
Husband of Caroline Matilda Woodruff Harding. Son of Abell and ---(Smith) Harding.
Sequence of children unknown:
Per "Woodruff Genealogy" Page 673 by Susan Woodruff Abbott.
Portrait painter. Chester Harding was born in Conway, Massachusetts, but spent his early years in the state of New York, and later, moved with his wife and child to Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, where he open a sign-painter's shop.
A portrait painter came through town and Harding, fascinated with the idea of portraiture, used his work paints to create a picture of his wife. The portrait turned out surprisingly well. Portrait orders rolled in, and Harding saved enough money to afford classes at the Pennsylvania Academy of Design. He then moved to St. Louis, and traveled and painted portraits the remainder of his life.
In 1820, Harding was working in St. Louis, Missouri. After he heard that the famed pioneer Daniel Boone lived in the area, Harding set out to find him. Harding made the trip to St. Charles County and found Boone living several miles off the beaten path in an old block house. Boone agreed to sit for Chester Harding. Harding's portrait was the only one painted during Boone's lifetime. After Harding created this famous portrait of Daniel Boone from life, he completed two more portraits based on the first one. Many images of Daniel Boone are based on these three paintings by Harding.
While working on the original Boone portrait, George Caleb Bingham met Harding in Franklin, Missouri.
In August 1823, Harding went to England and set up a studio in London, and spent three years studying and painting. He met with great success, painting royalty and the nobility.
He returned to the US in 1826, and settled in Boston, residing in what became known as the Chester Harding House, which now houses the Boston Bar Association. He spent the remainder of his life dividing his time between Massachusetts, England, St. Louis and other southern cities.
He painted portraits of many of the prominent men and women of his time, including James Madison, James Monroe, Daniel Webster and John Quincy Adams. Other famous pictures include portraits of Chief Justice John Marshall and Civil War Major General William T. Sherman.
Mary Ophelia Harding Krum (1818 - 1892)*
Margaret Eliot Harding White (1823 - 1908)*
Chester Harding (1827 - 1875)*
Created by: Jeanne Robertson Coronad...
Record added: Aug 19, 2006
Find A Grave Memorial# 15415515
Added: Jul. 27, 2014
Cousin Chester, your paintings endure! Rest in peace.|
Added: Jan. 17, 2013
An excellent American Portrait Painter! Rest in peace,Sir...|
Keeper of the Stars
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Atonal PE segment
Atonal PE segment (hypotonic voice)
The PE segment (pharyngo-esophageal segment) is an area of the esophagus and pharynx above the voice prosthesis that starts to vibrate as air flows in, and which produces the actual sound when talking with a voice prosthesis. This PE segment consists of several layers of the involved organs. Following a simple pharyngeal reconstruction, there is a mucous layer on the inside that is encased in a muscle layer on the outside. This muscle layer must not be able to develop a circular tension, as otherwise it would block the airflow upwards towards the mouth. That is why the myotomy of the M. constrictor pharyngis is carried out in this area.
Despite the unilateral myotomy, the muscles of the PE segment can build up a certain level of tension, and the PE segment is usually closed and collapsed. The air coming up from below “bubbles” through, as shown in film A, creating a sound. The oscillation of the PE segment can be felt against the skin of the neck to cranial (above) the tracheostoma.
If the muscles in the PE segment lack any tone or if the pharynx has been reconstructed by transplant (jejunum, radialis flaps etc.), then often a non-collapsed PE segment, similar to rigid pipe, is evident. Air flows through this pipe without causing significant oscillations (a radial forearm flap does not have the oscillating mucous membrane), as shown in film B. The resulting voice is described as hypotonic. It is quiet and breathy despite the high air flow.
No good surgical solution has yet been found to this problem. However, the voice can be improved by pressing against the PE segment from the outside. Apply pressure to the skin of the neck approx. 2-5 cm above the tracheostoma, on the midline. Skilled patients combine digitally closing the tracheostoma with applying pressure to the PE segment. A rubber collar can also bring improvement.
Just how effective digital pressure against the PE segment is, is confirmed by the fact that, time and again, patients present for injections with Botulinum toxin because of a supposed pharyngeal spasm, whereas in fact these patients are applying too much pressure to the tracheostoma in the digital occlusion, completely closing the PE segment below it – which is what stops them from being able to talk! | <urn:uuid:573146f6-50b0-4912-9110-c7ae31218909> | {
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Sing And See is an advanced singing software program that visualizes the voice on-screen as you sing, allowing you to discover breaks in the voice, unevenness in vibrato and pitch and work to correct them with a strong visual aid.
Here’s a video of Sing and See in action:
Sing & See was developed in Australia by a team of scientists and engineers who partnered with singing teachers to put together a practical vocal feedback tool. Singing in tune is perhaps one of the most challenging tasks for a singer. Psychological research has shown that the more senses and emotions you involve in learning, the more effective and long-term the learning is. For singers learning how to sing in tune via conventional methods, there is almost no visual component to the process. Sing and See involves the visual area of the brain in the processing of pitch, vibrato and tone. This may seem counterintuitive but in fact musical prodigies often experience a crossover and comingling of the senses, or synaesthesia, which allows them to “see” music in their minds eye.
The Sing And See interface is shown below:
In this interface, you can tell if you’re singing in tune or not by the change in color on the piano keyboard, the stave and also by the graph, which indicates the “history” of your sung note. As you can see, the graph shows when your pitch fluctuates up or down and gives you an immediate visual cue if you are singing out of tune.
As a voice teacher and performer, I firmly believe that every voice teacher should have one of these in their vocal studio. The truth is that many individuals are visual learners and “linking” their ear to their eyes can be extremely effective in speeding up learning and allaying frustration at not being able to hear minute details right away.
Sing and See is also extremely useful at helping you negotiate your passaggio, or vocal break. I personally have experience with this type of software (I don’t know if it was Sing And See in particular). I visited the Florida State University voice department where they have this kind of technology and discovered that I wasn’t making a proper transition to my head voice which resulted in a wide, uneven vibrato and poor overtone profile. This sparked a journey to unify my vocal registers which I’m still not at the end of!
Although they don’t really advertise this fact, it seems to me that Sing and See would be extremely helpful for any musician, singer or not, in improving their musicianship. When you sing an interval on Sing & See, it will show you accurately you make the jump between notes. Do you tend to overreach and sing sharp or come short and sing flat? An example is below:
In addition, you can also play the virtual keyboard on this singing software.
From the perspective of a singing student, my teacher creds aside, I believe that this kind of singing software is a force multiplier in terms of learning singing quickly. Why do I say that? I’ve done a lot of “modeling” of super successful individuals in various fields be it singing, marketing, sports, etc., and one common characteristic that they all share is that they find ways to monitor themselves objectively. In the world of learning how to sing this translates to recording your lessons and practice sessions, getting honest feedback from a competent vocal coach and leveraging powerful singing software such as Sing & See. The person who knows they are making a mistake can fix it while the one who doesn’t may never realize it and wil continue making the error. Honest feedback is golden.
Sing & See costs $49 for the student version and $99 for the professional version and is available for both Mac and PC. Thanks for reading this Sing and See Review! | <urn:uuid:ae2aa274-b0a5-4f1c-81db-cfd683990b30> | {
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The Creation of the World – Genesis 1
“In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth.” Those are the opening words in the Bible. We are told that God created the universe and everything in it in six days. Then on the seventh day He rested.
On the first day God gave form and structure to the creation, though the details would come later. He also created light and darkness.
God separated the water two main parts. One part of the water was on earth and the other was separated from the earth into something called a firmament. This is a fancy word which means that water was held up away from the earth. The space between the two bodies of water is the sky.
The next day God moved the water on the earth to form dry parts that is now the land. On the land God created the flowers, grass and trees. The water then made up the seas that we have today.
God created the sun, moon and stars. These were to help us understand time and seasons.
On day 5 God created the birds to fly in the sky and the fish to swim in the sea.
The final day of activity was when God created all the animals that lived on the land. This included the first man and the first woman. Their names were Adam and Eve.
God rested. Why did God rest? It was an example to us that we should work when it is time to work, but we should also take time to relax and let our bodies rest. This is the best way to continue to work and play in the future.
Here is one way you can remember what was made on each day of creation. God made one thing on the first three days that was made more complete in the next three days. On day 1 He made light, on day 4 He made the sun, moon and stars. Day 2 came the water and sky, then He put the fish and the birds in them on day 5. He created the dry land, flowers and trees on day 3 with the animals and people on day 6. If you drew a chart it would look like this:
|Day||Thing Created||Day||Thing Created|
|1||Light||4||Sun, Moon and Stars|
|2||Water and Sky||5||Fish and Birds|
|3||Dry Land, Flowers and Trees||6||Animals and Man|
Noah’s Flood – Genesis 6-9
Many years after creation people forgot about God. They no longer wanted to hear stories about Him. People became wicked. God decided that He would destroy the world and the people and start over. Instead of creating everything from nothing like He did before, He was going to use just a few people to rebuild the world. All the people who trusted in Him would live. The others would die.
God asked Noah to build a large boat called an ark. God brought animals to Noah to put into the ark. Noah preached to the people that they too could be saved if they would believe in God. Sadly the only people on the ark when it started to rain were the people in Noah’s family. Eight people were saved from the flood.
The Bible says that it rained for 40 days and 40 nights. All the people and animals outside the ark died. When the water finally dried up, Noah and his family let the animals go to begin having baby animals. Instead of creating all the animals again, this is the way God filled the earth with people and animals the second time.
David and Goliath – 1 Samuel 17
The people of Israel were fighting the Philistines. The two armies faced each other for battle. One man from the Philistine army stepped forward to challenge anyone from the Israelite army to fight him. This man was a giant named Goliath. He was over 9 feet tall!
A young boy named David heard Goliath mocking God and the Israelites (the people of God). David stood up for God and His people. David took five stones from the river and attacked Goliath with only a slingshot and his faith in God. One rock is all it took for David to kill Goliath. After Goliath fell David cut his head off with Goliath’s own sword.
Shadrach, Meshach and Abednego – Daniel 3
The Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar built a statue and commanded all the people to worship it. But three young men named Shadrach, Meshach and Abednego refused to bow before the idol. They would only worship God.
These men knew that the punishment for not obeying the king was to be thrown into a fiery furnace. They told the king that they did not care if they died or not, they would not worship the king’s statue. Shadrach, Meshach and Abednego knew that God said to never worship an idol.
When they refused to worship the king’s statue they were thrown into the furnace. But an amazing thing happened. Once they were thrown in, the ropes with which they were tied burned off. They were free inside the fire to walk around. The Bible says that they were not burned. Not even their clothes.
The king was amazed. He looked into the fire and saw them walking around. There was a fourth person in the fire with them. The king knew it was God present with the three young men. He asked them to come out of the furnace. The three came out and the king vowed to only worship the Lord.
Daniel in the Lion’s Den – Daniel 6
There were wicked men who hated Daniel. They went to the king and tricked the king into signing a law that said no one could worship any other person or any god for 30 days. They should only worship the king. If anyone was caught worshiping anyone or anything other than the king, then they would be thrown into a pit full of lions. King Darius knew that his friend Daniel worshiped God, but he signed the law anyway.
Daniel was praying to God, like he always did, and the bad men saw him. They brought him before the king who had to obey the law he wrote. He let the men put Daniel in the lion’s den. The king could not sleep all night because he was worried about Daniel. But God protected Daniel.
Daniel showed to the king, and to us today, that God is faithful and He will help those who love and trust in Him. God does not always keep people alive when they face problems like Daniel, but God always gives grace to accept whatever happens in our life.
The Holy Bible, King James Version | <urn:uuid:90b74e12-b86b-4c42-907d-4a4c547f2bfb> | {
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For the first time in decades, researchers have conducted an extensive exploration for deep-sea corals and sponges in submarine canyons off the northeastern coast of the US. The survey revealed coral “hotspots,” and found that a new coral habitat suitability model could help predict where corals are likely to occur. The model is being developed by the Northeast Fisheries Science Center (NEFSC) and the National Ocean Service’s Biogeography Branch.
Among the canyons surveyed during the July 6-18 cruise aboard the NOAA Ship Henry B. Bigelow were Toms, Middle Toms, and Hendrickson canyons off New Jersey, and Veatch and Gilbert canyons off Georges Bank. All of these were known or suspected habitats of deep-sea corals. More than 70 deepwater canyons, ranging in depth from 100 meters (about 330 feet) to more than 3,500 meters (about 11,500 feet), exist along the Northeast US continental shelf and slope. Few are well studied.
“The deep-sea coral and sponge habitats observed in the canyons are not like those found in shallow-water tropical reefs or deep-sea coral habitats in other regions,” said Martha Nizinski of NEFSC’s National Systematics Laboratory in Washington, DC, a zoologist and deep-sea coral specialist who served as the chief scientist on the recent research cruise aboard the NOAA ship Bigelow. “We know very little about the distribution and ecology of corals in the canyons off the Northeast coast,” she said. “Although our explorations have just begun, we’ve already increased our knowledge about these deepwater coral habitats a hundred times over.”
Findings from this cruise will not only improve knowledge about deep-sea life off the Northeastern US, but will also aid the New England and Mid-Atlantic fishery management councils in their efforts to manage these habitats, which support a variety of fish species and other marine life.
The July survey on the Bigelow was the culmination of a larger mission to explore deepwater canyons, and gain increased knowledge of deep-sea corals. The Bigelow was one of three NOAA ships involved in the Atlantic Canyons Undersea Mapping Expeditions (or ACUMEN), which has been used to document the deepwater canyons on the continental shelf and slope from Norfolk, Virginia, to New England. During February-June 2012, the NOAA ships Okeanos Explorer and Ferdinand R. Hassler extensively mapped offshore areas designated as priorities by the NEFSC deepwater coral research team and external partners.
Using high-quality multibeam sonar maps, NEFSC scientists and collaborators explored the deepwater canyons in the Northeast. Cruise objectives included gaining a better understanding of deep-sea coral diversity and distribution in the region, and testing the accuracy of a habitat suitability model to predict where deepwater corals exist in the Northeast.
Bottom topography, as well as various other environmental factors, historical coral records, and model predictions helped guide the search and sampling of coral habitats. The science team aboard the Bigelow, using TowCam, a towed deep-sea digital imaging system operated by researchers from the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI), was then able to photograph what was on the bottom at the sites they chose, which is important for groundtruthing the modeling data.
Many corals observed during the Bigelow cruise live at depths between 200 and 2,000 meters (roughly between 650 and 6,500 feet deep). Although no specimens were collected during this expedition, more than 38,000TowCam images will be analyzed in the coming months. Data derived from these images will be used to evaluate the presence or absence of corals in areas having historical records; to quantitatively verify the habitat suitability model; and to enhance knowledge of the diversity and distributions of deep-sea corals in the region. These data will also provide the baseline information for a three-year research effort in the Northeast funded by NOAA’s Deep-Sea Coral Research and Technology program.
“These are the first surveys in several decades for deep-sea corals and sponges in the mid-Atlantic,” said David Packer, a marine ecologist at the NEFSC’s James J. Howard Marine Sciences Laboratory at Sandy Hook, NJ. Packer participated in the Bigelow cruise, and was excited about the amount and variety of corals, sponges, and related marine life encountered during the survey and the importance of these findings for the future of deep-sea coral research in the region. “We previously had little or no data about some of the canyons or the available data were decades old, so what we learned in just a few weeks provided a ‘quantum leap‘ in our knowledge about the canyons and their habitats.”
The modeling effort to develop the predictive habitat suitability maps was conducted by Amy Drohan at the NEFSC’s Sandy Hook lab and Brian Kinlan and Matt Poti, both at NOS. Kinlan participated in the Bigelow cruise and was able to use his expertise to interpret the model findings in the field as well as help guide the search for coral hotspots.
Although the July cruise focused on only a few of the canyons mapped using multibeam sonar, the researchers will also use the bathymetry data collected by the Okeanos Explorer and the Hassler at other deepwater canyons to refine and revise their coral model. In fact, work has already started on a revised model incorporating the new findings.
“Like the hub of a wheel with many spokes, the July Bigelow cruise was central to a project that seemed to grow over time as opportunities arose to leverage resources and use these to their fullest potential,” said Nizinski, who has studied deep-sea coral habitats off Florida, off the North Carolina coast, and in the Gulf of Mexico.
“What originally started with 16 days of ship time, provided and funded by the Northeast Fisheries Science Center to explore deepwater canyons off the Northeast coast, rapidly developed into a much larger project,” Nizinski said. “What started with informal discussions between NOAA and colleagues led to a major field program that first surveyed and mapped deepwater canyons along the northeast continental shelf and slope, followed by underwater observations to verify coral occurrence. We are excited about the possibilities given the results from this first cruise.”
Three NOAA line offices contributed to this deepwater canyon /coral project: NOAA Fisheries Service through the Northeast Fisheries Science Center (NEFSC) and the Office of Habitat Conservation; Ocean and Atmospheric Research‘s (OAR) Office of Ocean Exploration and Research; and the National Ocean Service’s (NOS) Office of Coast Survey and the National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Center for Coastal Monitoring and Assessment’s Biogeography Branch. OAR and NOS were primarily involved through the ACUMEN Project in gathering current multibeam maps of the deepwater canyons. Vessel support (NOAA ships Okeanos Explorer, Ferdinand R. Hassler, and Henry B. Bigelow) was provided by NOAA’s Office of Marine and Aviation Operations (OMAO).
In addition to scientists from NEFSC and WHOI, cruise participants represented the NOS’s National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Biogeography Branch; the NOAA Office of Ocean Exploration; the Delaware Museum of Natural History; and the NOAA Teacher at Sea program. Kathleen DeLussey, a reading specialist at the James R. Lowell Elementary School in Philadelphia, Pa., chronicled her adventures at sea on her NOAA Teacher at Sea web site and blogs. | <urn:uuid:918e17b4-b946-477b-9ca6-7f6b8a4b8dca> | {
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Logging bans have mixed success in conserving forests
Forestry specialists from more than 20 countries attending the FAO Asia-Pacific Forestry Commission, 15-19 May in Noosaville, Australia will be discussing whether logging bans have been successful in conserving forests. Though a partial or total logging ban is a common first-step solution to halting the rapid decline in forest reserves, an analysis of such measures in the region has shown that the results are mixed.
Forest cover in the Asia-Pacific region declined by almost 3 million hectares per year from 1990 to 1995. As deforestation grows, biodiversity decreases, water quality deteriorates, soils erode and forests' ability to contribute to reducing the build-up of greenhouse gases diminishes. Unfortunately, bans are often established in response to natural disasters, not as the result of a detailed analysis of the best way to conserve forests. As a consequence, negative impacts ranging from loss of employment to increased illegal timber harvesting can occur. A FAO study of six countries in the region highlights many of the major issues influencing the success of logging bans in conserving forests.
Timber production restrictions are most successful when accompanied by strong supportive policies. In New Zealand for example, natural forests have been placed under a separate administration that institutes policies and provides operational support and staffing. This has allowed natural forests to shift from production to conservation status. As plantations mature, reduced harvesting is allowed on private natural forests. Sri Lanka has been successful in restricting timber harvests by shifting to alternative supplies from non-forest home gardens, plantations and imports. The country has been aided in its efforts by the availability of suitable land and incentives to grow timber on non-State plantations.
China is in the early stages of introducing logging bans, and their progress is being closely watched. In the past China's reliance on natural forests for timber production led to widespread over-harvesting and environmental degradation. The current strategy is to pursue a technique of forest-zoning. In the first step of this approach, forests are temporarily closed to harvesting so an evaluation can be made on the current health and future needs of a forest. The ban remains in place in the worst affected areas so that forests can recover, while limited harvesting is allowed in other zones using reduced impact logging (RIL) techniques. At the same time, plantations are increased to ensure future timber supplies.
Viet Nam is also starting on the road to forest conservation as part of a national programme to reforest five million hectares of forest. If successfully implemented, the initiative will shift timber harvesting from natural forests to newly established plantations. Until plantations are able to meet the country's industrial and fuelwood needs, however, funding and other transitional incentives will be critical.
Unfortunately, a lack of appropriate regulatory measures in Thailand and the Philippines has made it difficult for officials to enforce long-existing logging bans. And since policies to counteract reduced timber supplies have not been instituted, the two countries have become major net importers of timber, causing concern that problems relating to over-harvesting of forest reserves have been transferred to neighbouring countries, not resolved.
Natural forest protection and conservation requirements are extremely complex and unique to each country and setting. However, some general principles emerge from FAO's study that can be helpful in guiding future policy in the Asia-Pacific region.
Conference participants will also be examining the progress made on Forestry and the Kyoto Protocol, a legally binding commitment to observe a set of regulations aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions and mitigating climate change. Another important issue, certification and forest product labelling, will be considered in a special seminar during the five-day meeting.
15 May 2000 | <urn:uuid:3a2f8729-da1d-453a-822e-5b9a277bc596> | {
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This page is under construction; more will be added shortly.
The Esselen were one of the least numerous groups in California, and are often cited, incorrectly, as the first California Indian group to become culturally extinct. This picture of Esselen extinction, although pervasive in the literature, is wrong. Not only did the group not become extinct, there is even recent evidence that some Esselen escaped the missions entirely by retreating to the rugged interior mountains. It now appears that a small group survived into the 1840s before filtering to the ranchos and the outskirts of the growing towns.
Most of the extant data on the Esselen has been gathered into one place, in a new book from Coyote Press. In addition to subjects directly related to the Esselen people, it contains a great deal of information on the natural history of the region.
Breschini, G. S. and T. Haversat (2004). The Esselen Indians of the Big Sur Country: The Land and the People. Available from Coyote Press, Salinas.
Prayer Ceremony on Carmel River State Beach, June 1996. Although the ancient Esselen did not use tepees, they are occasionally used today.
Photograph copyright © 1996 by T. Haversat and G.S. Breschini. | <urn:uuid:b114f339-1e7a-43a3-a88f-c2ed5bb72edf> | {
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Burlington has adopted the EnVision Math program. The lessons involve problem-based instruction and small-group interaction. Each lesson also includes a visual learning bridge that focuses on reasoning and modeling. Children are also exposed to algebraic thinking and reasoning in this program.
You can click here to check out the EnVision Math website!
In addition to the EnVision lessons, our class uses a program called ST (Spatial-Temporal) Math. This game-based instructional software is meant to enhance the children’s math skills through visual learning. ST Math is interactive and helps increase conceptualizing and problem-solving skills. The children utilize the iPads during ST Math.
To see more information about ST Math, click here. | <urn:uuid:daf5f288-5ea3-4151-a572-7ca83f2d7cb5> | {
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David Alan Walker
(by d.a.walker At sheffield.ac.uk)
Fri Jan 5 16:00:03 EST 2007
Agricultural food production in the UK is reckoned to be about the most
efficient (yields per acre) in the 'Western World'. Yet, if all of the sums
are done, it turns out that there is no net energy gain. It is, in fact, "a
very inefficient way of turning oil in to potatoes". Where does this leave
bioethanol production from conventional and unconventional crops?
Clearly many of the inputs are about the same but then there is the
additional, inescapable energy cost of distillation. O.K., distillation
processes are more energy efficient than they were a few decades ago but,
in the end, there is no way round the laws of physics. Does any one have
itemised details of the energy inputs involved ?
More information about the Plant-ed | <urn:uuid:1d766d5d-4217-4c29-94f3-8281b18cf7f9> | {
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"An original and provocative reinterpretation of the emergence of public art and art institutions in eighteenth-century Britain."—caa.reviewsBetween the Jacobite Rebellion of 1745 and the American Declaration of Independence, London artists transformed themselves from loosely organized professionals into one of the most progressive schools of art in Europe. In British Art and the Seven Years' War Douglas Fordham argues that war and political dissent provided potent catalysts for the creation of a national school of art. Over the course of three tumultuous decades marked by foreign wars and domestic political dissent, metropolitan artists—especially the founding members of the Royal Academy, including Joshua Reynolds, Paul Sandby, Joseph Wilton, Francis Hayman, and Benjamin West—creatively and assiduously placed fine art on a solid footing within an expansive British state.
"Essential reading. . . . A rich book with many insights for historians and art historians alike."—American Historical Review
London artists entered into a golden age of art as they established strategic alliances with the state, even while insisting on the autonomy of fine art. The active marginalization of William Hogarth's mercantile aesthetic reflects this sea change as a newer generation sought to represent the British state in a series of guises and genres, including monumental sculpture, history painting, graphic satire, and state portraiture. In these allegories of state formation, artists struggled to give form to shifting notions of national, religious, and political allegiance in the British Empire. These allegiances found provocative expression in the contemporary history paintings of the American-born artists Benjamin West and John Singleton Copley, who managed to carve a patriotic niche out of the apolitical mandate of the Royal Academy of Arts.
Douglas Fordham teaches art history at the University of Virginia. | <urn:uuid:0733c805-0883-4761-9c37-6d55a21e9b62> | {
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