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Scientists have discovered a new species of dinosaur that called the Arctic home 70 million years ago.
Nanuqsaurus hoglundi was a — relatively — tiny cousin of the Tyrannosaurus rex.
The unidentified fossilized fragments of the skull and jaw were found in northern Alaska almost eight years ago, in an area known as the Kikak-Tegoseak quarry, on the North Slope close to the Yukon border.
“The big difference between Tyrannosaurus rex and Nanuqsaurus, and Tarbosaurus for example, which is the Asian tyrannosaur, is that Nanuqsaurus is about half the size,” said Tony Fiorillo of the Perot Museum of Nature and Science in Texas.
“We feel that’s an adaptation to life in the North.”
Nanuqsaurus — named for the native Inupiat word for polar bear — had a skull about 64 centimetres long and stood about two metres high at the hip.
He inhabited a drastically different Arctic than the one we know today. During the Cretaceous period, the area was a coastal plain that, like now, had the Arctic Ocean to the north and snow-capped mountains to the south. But the Arctic was much warmer, and the area was covered in tall, conifer forests and flowering plants. The temperature would have been similar to western Canada today.
Although Alberta is world-famous for its dinosaur bone beds, Fiorillo said the Arctic remains largely uncharted territory. The 2006 dig produced not one, but two new dinosaur species. Fiorillo and his colleagues have also identified a new species of horned dinosaur from the Kikak-Tegoseak quarry, east of the massive Colville River.
“I can tell you that it’s absolutely mind blowing that out of the very same hole in the ground we got not one, but two brand new dinosaurs,” he said.
The team also discovered the Pachyrhinosaurus, a cousin of the triceratops.
Did these dinos calls Canada home?
At the time, the Brooks range was likely even bigger than it is today and would have blocked the creatures from going south. But there was a coastal plain that would have connected to Canada, Fiorillo said.
“So it’s entirely possible to expect to see some of these North Slope dinosaurs into that part of Canada,” he said.
Grant Zazula, paleontologist for the Yukon government, said northern Alaska appears to be “littered” with dinosaur fossils.
The neighbouring territory has a number of sites that are also 65 to 70 million years old but few have been explored.
The territory is known for fossils of ice-age mammals, such as the woolly mammoth, but dinosaurs have been more elusive. Until a few years ago only five fossil bones of dinosaurs had been found along with some dinosaur footprints preserved in the bedrock near the Ross River.
Then a team of paleontologists from Carlton University found the fossil of a plesiosaur, an ancient marine reptile, in the bedrock near the Peel River in northern Yukon.
“But nothing like what they have in Alaska,” Zazula said. “We’re thoroughly jealous.”
Zazula said he hopes the finding shines a light on the paleo potential of the Arctic.
“Alaska is huge, the Arctic of Canada is huge, and there’s been so few boots on the ground looking for stuff like this. I think finding a new species like this will just pave the way for future research in the North,” he said.
The study is published in the latest edition of the scientific journal PLoS One. | <urn:uuid:e6bdfd35-f950-4fed-9d4d-a7826193bcba> | {
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|Scientific Name:||Notropis anogenus|
|Species Authority:||Forbes, 1885|
|Red List Category & Criteria:||Near Threatened ver 3.1|
|Assessor(s):||NatureServe (G. Hammerson)|
|Reviewer(s):||Gilbert, C., Carlson, D.M. (Freshwater Fish Red List Authority), Collen, B., Dewhurst, N. & Ram, M. (Sampled Red List Index Coordinating Team)|
Notropis anogenus has been assessed as Near Threatened due to an inferred 25% population decline as a result of habitat degradation. Further research and monitoring of the habitat status, population numbers, and potential threat processes of this species is needed to ensure a threat category is not triggered in the future.
Notropis anogenus has a disjunct distribution almost entirely confined to the Great Lakes region, primarily Wisconsin, Michigan (Becker 1983), Minnesota, and northeastern Illinois. There are still reports of a few other extant populations within other states; 1 in Iowa, 5 in New York, and a few in Ontario. It is thought that this species has been extirpated from North Dakota.
Native:Canada; United States
|Range Map:||Click here to open the map viewer and explore range.|
Notropis anogenus is represented by records from 50+ locations over a wide range, in the last 25 years. About 40 such occurrences were documented in states and provinces other than Minnesota. Minnesota is thought to have more occurrences than any other state (Phillips et al. 1982). Becker (1983) mapped about 35 collection sites in Wisconsin.
Total population size is unknown. This fish is generally rare (Lee et al. 1980; Smith 1979). Phillips et al. (1982) noted that even with intense sampling effort, only a few specimens will be collected. However, Wisconsin records indicate several sites with collections of 30-80 individuals in some years, and Becker (1983) stated that the species may be locally abundant in Wisconsin. This species is rare in Minnesota (Moyle 1975), a core part of the range. The habitat is difficult to sample effectively, so available information may underestimate abundance.
Bailey (1959:121) indicated that the species was "becoming rare in areas where it was formerly common" and that it remained most common in Michigan, Minnesota, and Wisconsin. Page and Burr (1991:158) reiterated Bailey's evaluation: "rare and becoming even less common over most of its range," but it was not clear whether or not this statement was based on new data.
The range in Michigan appears to have become more restricted. In recent decades, the species has been found in only seven of the 18 watersheds from which it was historically recorded (Derosier 2004). Latta (2005) in 1995-98 collected the species at only one of 31 sites where it had occurred in the past. However, in 1994 and 1997, he found the species at two new sites. The Michigan Department of Natural Resources (2005) recommended the species be classified as endangered.
Howell (pers. comm. 1993) reported declines in
This species has not been monitored sufficiently to clarify recent range-wide population trends, but ongoing declines seem likely.
N. anogenus is a naturally rare for reasons which have never been fully understood (C.R. Gilbert 2007 pers. comm.).
|Habitat and Ecology:||
Notropis anogenus can exclusively be found in clear, heavily vegetated glacial lakes and vegetated pools and runs of low gradient creeks and rivers. Typical substrate types include sand, mud, marl, and gravel. During the summer months, this species can be found in shallow waters, and during the winter months they move to deeper waters (Smith 1979, Lee et al. 1980, Trautman 1981, Becker 1983, Smith 1985, Page and Burr 1991).
This species is associated with two, smaller cyprinid species, the Blackchin Shiner (Notropis heterodon), and the Blacknose shiner (Notropis heterolepis). The Blackchin Shiner is said to have nearly the same distribution as that of N. anogenus, while the Blacknose Shiner has a far greater range than the other two species.
|Major Threat(s):||Declines in the population of Notropis anogenus have been attributed to increased turbidity and loss of aquatic vegetation (Herkert 1992). This loss of habitat quality is in part due to siltation, pollution, boating associated with tourism, and land use change. In North Dakota, agricultural activities have resulted in moderate to high stream turbidity (Peterka 1992). Increased turbidity has been suggested as the primary cause of the decline (Smith 1979, Trautman 1981, Parker et al. 1987). Introduction of whole-lake treatment with herbicides has also been suggested as another cause of population decline.|
|Conservation Actions:||There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for Notropis anogenus. Future conservation and management efforts would best be directed towards determining a minimum viable population, protecting spawning habitats, and water turbidity management schemes. Further research should also be directed into the impact of aquatic vegetation management, and the interaction between competitors and predators.|
|Citation:||NatureServe (G. Hammerson) 2010. Notropis anogenus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 25 October 2014.|
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Copyright Symbol © (capital letter “C” under a circle) is the symbol used in copyright notices to the authors of “original work of authorship” including literary, dramatic, musical, artistic and certain other intellectual works. The symbol © internationally represents the proprietary status of an intellectual property (where, the C stands for copyright).
Typing and inserting copyright symbol in Windows, Mac and all other platforms might be the extremely difficult task for you if you don’t know the exact methods. Since, different gadgets have completely different methods to type and insert copyright symbol. So, people feel puzzled during typing the copyright symbol on new devices and they start asking basic questions like:
How do I create a copyright sign using the keyboard? How to type a copyright symbol in Windows Computers? How to insert copyright symbol in an MS Word Document? What is the keyboard shortcut for copyright symbol? How to make the copyright symbol on your keyboard? Where can I find the copyright symbol on my computer? etc.
One thing I have noticed that all those people who don’t know the keyboard shortcut for copyright symbol or appropriate process to insert copyright symbol on PC, they generally copy and paste © copyright sign from the Internet whenever they need it. If you are also doing the same then this guide will teach you to type and insert copyright symbol on Windows PC, Apple Mac and all other important places.
How to Type © Copyright Symbol
I have personally tested all these methods to type Copyright Symbol on PC and all works absolutely fine. Read below mentioned instructions carefully and type copyright symbol through the keyboard shortcut. Here’s how:
How to Type Copyright Symbol on Windows
Typing copyright symbol in Windows PC is truly simple and most of the Windows operating system users are well familiar with it. Few most simplistic methods to type and insert copyright symbol in Windows are:
(i) Type Copyright Symbol using Keyboard Shortcut
Typing copyright symbol © using keyboard shortcuts is the simplest and most preferred method. These keyboard shortcuts for copyright symbol nicely work on all Windows applications. Here are best three ways to type copyright sign in Windows through keyboard shortcuts:
To insert the copyright symbol, simply press Ctrl+Alt+C. Just after the press copyright sign © will appear.
Firstly, press Alt key and then type 0169 from NumPad of your PC. Shortcut for copyright symbol is Alt + 0169. (Must remember: you need to use NumPad keys for typing 0169.)
To enter Unicode of the copyright symbol, firstly type 00A9 and then press Alt+x keys. You will see that © sign is present on the place of code 00A9.
(ii) Insert Copyright Symbol using Character Map
Inserting copyright symbol on Windows applications using Character Map is also a helpful way. To insert copyright symbol using character map:
- First of all, press Windows+R shortcut keys together to open Run dialog box.
- In the Run box, just type charmap and then press Enter.
- From the Character Map box, select the © copyright symbol.
- Now, copy the symbol and paste it wherever you want to use.
(iii) Insert Copyright Symbol in MS Word
Since, Microsoft Word is of the most usable application on Windows PC. So, all Windows users want to learn the ways to type copyright symbol in MS Word. Although, MS Word supports maximum methods to insert copyright symbol, but here I have listed only some important methods:
First of all, open MS Word Document and go to Insert tab. On the Insert tab, click on Symbol button and select Copyright Symbol © from the list of symbols.
Press Ctrl+Alt+C shortcut keys to insert the copyright symbol.
For typing copyright symbol in Word, press Alt key and then type 0169 from NumPad of the computer.
You can also insert copyright symbol by typing 00A9 and then pressing Alt and x keys.
How to Type Copyright Symbol on Mac
If you are using Apple computer then you must be well familiar with its different and stylish keyboard. There are two faster ways to enter copyright symbols in Mac:
(i) Type Copyright Symbol using Keyboard Shortcut
To type the copyright symbol on Mac using Keyboard Shortcut, press Option and g keys together. In simple words, the keyboard shortcut for copyright symbol is Option+g.
(ii) Insert Copyright Symbol using Character Viewer
Inserting symbol or special characters in Mac through Character Viewer is also a very simple task. Only you have to go to Edit → Special Characters and then Character Viewer will appear. Now from the Character Viewer box, select © sign and use it on your document.
How to Type Copyright Symbol in Linux
The use of Compose Key sequence to add Copyright Symbol in Linux is one of the simplest methods. To type copyright symbol in Linux, firstly press Compose Key and then press OC. Thus, you can easily insert Copyright symbol © in Linux.
Note: Please, remember it’s not “zero and C”, it’s letter O and letter C).
Unicode for Copyright Symbol
To make the digital representation of © copyright symbol simpler, the character set is mapped in Unicode. The Unicode for Copyright Symbol are:
- U+00A9 is Unicode for standard copyright symbol ©
- U+24B8 is Unicode for a circled capital letter C Ⓒ
- U+24D2 is Unicode for a circled small letter c ⓒ
Add Copyright Symbol in HTML
You may notice that almost each and every blog, website, or web page contains the copyright notice. In most of the case, you can easily find the copyright symbol in the footer area. To typing copyright symbol in HTML, you need to use following HTML codes:
- © and © both display the standard copyright symbol ©
- Ⓒ display a circled capital letter C Ⓒ
- ⓒ display a circled small letter c ⓒ
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SELECT DBTIMEZONE FROM DUAL;
Please note the return type of function is Time Zone Offset. The format ( [+|-] TZH: TZM) contains the lead (+) and lag (-) with hour and minutes specifications.
1. Database Time zones can be queried from V$TIMEZONE_NAMES dictionary view.
2. A Time zone can be converted into Time Zone offset format using TZ_OFFSET function.
SELECT TZ_OFFSET('America/Menominee') FROM DUAL;
3. Time zone is set during database creation or using CREATE DATABASE. It can be altered using ALTER DATABASE command. Database time zone cannot be altered if a column of type TIMESTAMP WITH [LOCAL] TIMEZONE exists in the database. Time zone can be set in Location zone format or [+|-]HH:MM format.
ALTER DATABASE SET TIME_ZONE='America/Menominee';
ALTER DATABASE SET TIME_ZONE='-06:00';
Once the time zone is set, database must be bounced back to reflect the changes.
4. Difference between SYSDATE and DBTIMEZONE- SYSDATE shows the date-time details provided by the OS on the server. It has nothing to do with TIMEZONE of the database.
5. DBTIMEZONE and SESSIONTIMEZONE are different in their operational scope. DBTIMEZONE shows the database time zone, while SESSIONTIMEZONE shows it for the session. This implies that if the time zone is altered at session level, only SESSIONTIMEZONE will change and not the DBTIMEZONE.
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You are reading 1 of 2 free-access articles allowed for 30 days
“The flogging will continue until morale improves.”
Healthcare services have come under increasing fire in recent years for their lack of compassionate care. Criticism has been particularly noticeable since 2013, when the Mid-Staffordshire NHS Foundation Trust was found to have serious failings in provision of care that resulted in patient distress and deaths. The subsequent Francis report identified a lack of compassion as being among the major causes of negligence. Since then, ‘compassionate care’ has become a new healthcare buzz-phrase, with drives to improve it. Somewhat ironically, lack of compassion has also become the new stick to beat the already much-beaten healthcare sector with. Threat and fear basically inhibit and negatively impact on compassion. While it is very simplistic to believe that you can shame or browbeat people into becoming compassionate, like the old joke signals, all the evidence is that you cannot and that you will make things worse.
Compassion is not the same as empathy or altruism, though the concepts are related. While empathy refers more generally to our ability to take the perspective of and feel the emotions of another person, compassion is when those feelings and thoughts include the desire to help. Altruism, in turn, is the kind, selfless behaviour often prompted by feelings of compassion, though one can feel compassion without acting on it, and altruism isn’t always motivated by compassion.
Not all doctors handle feelings or express compassion the same way. Those who are more sensitive, who have difficulties regulating their negative emotions or those with overly suppressed emotional control all struggle in different ways with the requirement to be clinically compassionate. Specialty choices often reflect and reinforce these dispositions and postgraduate bodies could do more to target and develop better coping and response repertoires. Doctors who treat chronic, debilitating or incurable disease, such as psychiatrists or neurologists, usually understand but sometimes forget that compassionate care is especially central to their practice. We can feel our treatments are totally ineffective and forget that for such a patient, our simple commitment to care is the brightest light in their darkness. It is often remarkably beneficial too.
The biological basis of compassion is ever better understood confirming its deep evolutionary purpose. Research has shown that when we feel compassion, our heart rate slows down, we secrete the ‘bonding hormone’ oxytocin, and regions of the brain linked to empathy, caregiving, and feelings of pleasure light up, which often results in our wanting to approach and care for other people. Compassion, both given and received, has major impacts on a range of physiological and psychological processes, including immune, cardiovascular stress and recovery processes that can significantly affect clinical outcomes. There is a further important relationship between the symptoms of compassion fatigue and the risk of committing medical errors, poorer outcomes and patient dissatisfaction with care.
Compassion fatigue happens when the price is too high for dispensing compassion. Compassion fatigue, a stress disorder, is defined as deep physical, emotional, and spiritual exhaustion that can result from working day-to-day in a caregiving environment. The term was first coined in 1992 by a nurse researching burnout in the emergency department and has since been generalised to every helping profession, with recent research suggesting that doctors are among the most heavily affected. It is particularly prevalent in workers who are exposed to high levels of emotional trauma.
Research suggests that doctors are more likely to burn out than any other category of workers in the US. According to a survey of over 24,000 US doctors, many respondents regarded compassion fatigue as an important component of burnout. This type of ‘burnout’ involves caring professionals finding it hard to care as much, and, therefore, distancing themselves from their patients. To some extent, distancing is helpful as a strategy to contain painful or intrusive emotions. But cutting off too much becomes unhelpful and can feel dehumanising, for both the patient and the healthcare worker. Emotional exhaustion, detachment and rationalisation contribute and often lead to depression, guilt, and a low sense of accomplishment, extending the negative cycle.
Lack of time reduces our ability for compassion. As we address the issues of healthcare quality, safety, retention, access and funding, we also introduce complexity, time constraints, volume, and demands for new knowledge and skills for people in healthcare. Hospitals and clinics being short-staffed with existing staff trying to do more tasks in the same amount of time is the new normal. Heightened emphasis on controlling costs will decrease the time we can spend with patients, building additional barriers and diminishing the relationships further.
A doctor’s over-exposure to trauma/suffering, fear of being emotionally overwhelmed, of becoming too upset and not being able to recover, of being too soft, or too gullible with a loss of objectivity also all contribute to compassion fatigue. Fatigue, work overload, constant system change, bureaucracy and dysfunctional systems all add to frustration and breed a sense of being helpless. Fear of scrutiny, unfair processes including arbitrary pay differentials, limited right of reply or experience of procedural injustices are very corrosive to compassion as is personal injury, being bullied, and being discriminated against. Compassion grows best in compassionate, supportive environments. In a recent HSE staff survey, 47 per cent of respondents say care is not prioritised, 30 per cent were unhappy with the care they provide, and only 18 per cent believe the HSE is genuinely interested in them. Important remediation steps are underway, but the tipping point into serious cultural collapse of positive healthcare values and behaviours is uncomfortably close here and elsewhere.
Cynicism and abusiveness are red flags
Doctors with compassion fatigue report that they have lost their ability to feel empathetic. They report being inured to patients’ pain, watching the clock during sessions and counting the minutes until they ended. Cynicism or sarcastic remarks about a patient, even in his or her absence, are prime symptoms of compassion fatigue. These types of comments are commonly dismissed as ‘healthy venting’ and aren’t recognised as warning signs. If you find yourself slagging off patients, it is a sure sign of compassion fatigue.
Disruptive or abusive behaviour toward fellow health professionals, such as colleagues or nurses, is another indicator. Feeling that your patients, staff, and institution are deliberately trying to wear you out and drive you crazy is common. Being fixated about these is, however, unhealthy and worse when responding through intimidation, harassment, disrespect, berating, and condescension.
Like most conditions, compassion fatigue doesn’t spring up overnight. The demands of caring for sick people can be exhausting; doctors often have a hard time identifying the unique exhaustion associated with compassion fatigue. It can start with over internalising the pain and traumas of patients and carers. Those who are affected typically describe themselves as becoming emotionally drained, depleted, and worn out in ways that differ from ordinary work-related exhaustion. In compassion fatigue, the doctor is unable to recover during non-working hours. Being away or coming back from a holiday typically makes one even worse. Excessive blaming and complaining, leaking bottled-up emotions, isolation from others, mental and physical fatigue, and poor self-care including substance abuse are important indicators.
Complicating things is the fact that many doctors are in a state of denial about the extent of the problem. Many feel they can self-correct. Some doctors are afraid they may be castigated for not being tough enough. A major barrier to addressing compassion fatigue is the feeling so many doctors have that they ‘should’ be able to grit their teeth, toughen up and get on with it. Most subsequently wish they had understood what was really going on, as being unaware that their own feelings signified compassion fatigue can result in a hasty decision to get out of medicine or chronic resentment at remaining on, but not recovering one’s compassion.
The antidote for compassion fatigue isn’t trying to generate more empathy. Ironically, the demand to be empathetic often becomes just another pressure, when pressure is one of the factors that contributed to the downward spiral to begin with. Extra effort often increases risk. The effort to become more empathetic may only increase your resentment and sense of burnout. Some people recommend taking workshops and courses in empathy. But empathy isn’t just a skill – it is an organic part of one’s being. These courses are very helpful, but addressing the problem at the root will allow empathy to flourish once more.
The core wound is a loss of connection to ourselves and ourselves as the doctors we know we should be despite the demands of our work. Therefore the key intervention is to reconnect with yourself, and the connection to and fun of working with patients will return of itself. Eliminating professional and personal distractions and resolving professional conflicts of priority really helps. You can’t do it all, so only do what your true self demands.
Topping up our emotional bank account
Reversing the negative cycle isn’t easy. Suggestions for self-care include: Reducing your work hours; engaging in relaxing, fun, and rejuvenating activities; exercising and eating well; spending time with family and friends; developing spirituality and philosophical inquiry. Practicing mindfulness, yoga, meditation, or other techniques that promote relaxation, reconnection and personal growth repay in multiples of time invested. Self-care requires creativity and determination, but the effort will lead to greater job satisfaction and will ameliorate tiredness, anxiety and depression.
Don’t try to handle things alone. Oftentimes reaching out to others for support and help is essential. Talking informally to friends and other doctors; consulting your organisation’s employee assistance programme, attending workshops or seminars that deal specifically with issues of burnout or compassion fatigue; joining in a ‘virtual’ support group or seminar; and seeking professional coaching or counselling are good approaches.
Practical steps in the workplace
The Dalai Lama called compassion “the radicalism of our time”. Taking the radical step of retaining compassion in the face of patient suffering and an increasingly inhospitable healthcare system will allow compassion to remain at the centre of optimal patient care.
Kenneth B Schwartz was a healthcare lawyer in Boston who was diagnosed with lung cancer in the mid-1990s when he had just turned 40. He published a very influential article in the Boston Globe about his experiences. He wrote “the ordeal has been punctuated by moments of exquisite compassion. I have been the recipient of an extraordinary array of human and humane responses to my plight. These acts of kindness – the simple human touch from my caregivers – have made the unbearable bearable”.
After his death, the family established the Schwartz Centre. From this comes the Schwartz Rounds dedicated to strengthening the relationships between patients and caregivers. Introducing these into your work setting could be a valuable step to take. But a cup of tea with colleagues is where magic happens too. Think of it as a ‘care pause’ like the safety pause, but more fun.
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Sorsogon City was created by virtue of Republic Act 8806, which was signed into law on August 16, 2000 and ratified during a plebiscite on December 16, 2000. RA 8806, also known as the Cityhood Law, called for the merger of the municipalities of Sorsogon and Bacon into a component city of the province of Sorsogon.
The merged municipalities of Bacon and Sorsogon more or less shared the same establishment pattern with Bacon leading the way. The present-day settlements grew out of the Spanish missionary efforts in the 1600s. They both started as missions that were later made into parishes and eventually declared as civilian political units. Both places were already settled when the Spanish missionaries came in the 1600s. Pre-historic artifacts found pointing to human habitation ranged from the 3,000-year old remains in a cave in Bacon and ancient burial sites dug upstream of rivers in Sorsogon.
Population/ Language/ Area
The city of Sorsogon is located at the northeastern part of Sorsogon Province in the southern tip of Luzon Island, around 600 kilometers away from Manila. The city center is situated on the coast along Sorsogon Bay where its port is located. The northern part of the city is bounded by Albay Province and Albay Gulf. Neighboring towns include Prieto Diaz in the east, Gubat in the southeast, Castilla in the west, and Manito town of Albay Province in the north. Most of the city’s land area of 338 square kilometer are considered rural which are either forested or devoted to agriculture. The northern part of the city’s terrain is mostly mountainous and hilly while the southern part is flat.
Products and Services
Main agricultural products include rice, coconut, abaca, pili nuts, rootcrops and vegetables. Its marine industry produces fish, prawn, and seaweed.
Sorsogon City serves as the main economic industry of the province. It also has sizable number of residents. Due to that fact, the city has enough potential to attract investment. It also has raw materials needed by the different industries. Some of the possible businesses that can be put up into the city are coconut oil and by-products, choco-pili candy, dairy products, furniture and fixture, ceramic products such as housewares and sanitary wares, and seaweed processing.
- PNOC-Ecopark – covering a total of 25,100 hectares of forest reservation, straddling the Sorsogon-Albay boundary areas. This eco-park offers a lot of eco-tour delights and adventures.
- Pagurian Island – the island itself is very picturesque with a kind of lagoon at its center with the earth and craggy rock wall enclosing it, jutting upwards, much like a volcano crater. | <urn:uuid:d6a9e044-d1c0-4a5c-9d27-1c5465bea1a8> | {
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Which running style is the most efficient and injury-free for you?
In recent years, running technique has been hotly debated. Does technique make a difference? Can our bodies learn how to run in a more efficient and safer way? And, if we can learn to run better, which technique is best?
About 60 percent of runners suffer an injury every year. Our bodies are biomechanically designed to run, so why are injuries so common? The problem isn't running itself, but how we move.
Since 1999, Chi Running's mission has been to help runners feel better. By making slight adjustments to posture, footstrike, and redistributing the workload to other muscles besides our legs, it's possible to reduce impact, prevent injuries, and run with less effort. A recent study proves what hundreds of thousands of Chi Runners have experienced firsthand—that you can improve your running technique in two significant ways.
A new year-long study at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill shows that Chi Running produced less impact and higher efficiency when compared with three other common styles of running: those running with a heel strike in minimalist and traditional running shoes, and those running with a forefoot strike wearing minimalist shoes. Chi Runners—regardless of shoe type—experienced a smoother landing, less stress to their knees and quads, and less braking force (from over-striding). Impact is a primary cause of running injuries, so reducing impact greatly lowers your risk of injury. Not only does the study show that changing the way you run makes a difference, but it also shows it can be learned.
Dr. William Mullins at the Center for Rheumatic Diseases and Osteoporosis in Bethesda, Maryland, says, "Chi Running is a unique running style that causes less stress for lower-extremity joints and supporting structures than any other running technique. Chi Running reduces the risk of running injuries, and increases the chance that we can continue running into our 80s."
Read an analysis of the study's findings. | <urn:uuid:3319f73d-1b33-4824-97f5-8385541bdfc7> | {
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Researchers from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and the Environmental Protection Agency have said that digging into sand may be an invitation to gut bugs.
The researchers say that people playing in the sand are at a greater risk of developing gastrointestinal diseases and diarrhoea than those who only walk on the shore or swim in the surf.
And those who playfully bury their bodies in the sand are at even greater risk, according to the study.
The study also showed that children, who are more likely than adults to play with and possibly get sand in their mouths, stand the greatest chance of becoming ill after a day at the beach.
"Beach sand can contain indicators of faecal contamination, but we haven't understood what that means for people playing in the sand. This is one of the first studies to show an association between specific sand contact activities and illnesses," said Dr. Chris Heaney, lead author of the study.
The findings have come after interviews with more than 27,000 people who visited seven freshwater and marine beaches in the agency's National Epidemiological and Environmental Assessment of Recreational Water Study (NEEAR) between 2003 and 2005 as well as in 2007.
Heaney said that all beaches in the study had sewage treatment plant discharges within seven miles, although the source of sand pollution was unknown and could have included urban runoff as well as wild and domestic animal contamination.
Water quality at the beaches was within acceptable limits.
People were asked about their contact with sand on the day they visited the beach and health symptoms were confirmed on phone after 10 to 12 days.
Researchers found evidence of gastrointestinal illnesses, upper respiratory illnesses, rash, eye ailments, earache and infected cuts.
Diarrhea and other gastrointestinal illnesses were more common in about 13 percent of people who reported digging in sand, and in about 23 percent of those who reported being buried in sand.
"A lot of people spend time at the beach, especially in the summer. And while we found that only a small percentage of people who played at the beach became ill later - less than 10 percent in any age group, for any amount of exposure - it's important to look at the situation more closely. If we find evidence that shows exposure to sand really does lead to illness, then we can look for the sources of contamination and minimize it. That will make a day at the beach a little less risky," said Heaney.
The study has been published recently in the American Journal of Epidemiology. | <urn:uuid:6e08f21b-2d02-4c0f-9582-a0de1438490e> | {
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Regional Foodsheds: Are Our Local Zoning and Land Use Regulations Healthy?
Touro College - Jacob D. Fuchsberg Law Center
Albany Law School
September 1, 2011
Fordham Environmental Law Journal, Vol. 22, 2011
Touro Law Center Legal Studies Research Paper Series
Albany Law School Research Paper No. 21 of 2011-2012
Governments at all levels have become increasingly interested in fostering healthy eating habits and sustainable agricultural production. Promoting access to locally grown produce is an important part of many policy goals seeking to address these concerns, and the concept of regional foodsheds has risen in popularity as one method to achieve these goals. Research indicates that community based food systems have the potential to address food security, public health, social justice, and ecological health. Food production and consumption patterns are influenced by a range of federal, state, and municipal policies, but meaningful change in regional food system policies is likely to start with state and local governments, which can take proactive measures to strengthen their regional foodsheds through a variety of land use planning and regulatory actions. This Article focuses on how existing land use plans and regulations can promote healthier and more sustainable communities through the foodshed movement. In particular, this Article discusses specific land use strategies that can be implemented in urban and suburban settings to facilitate local and regional food production and distribution that go beyond farmland preservation strategies and examine, among other things, smaller-scale community gardens, residential agricultural uses and farmers markets.
Number of Pages in PDF File: 34
Keywords: urban agriculture, food, zoning, foodshed, locally grown food, community gardens, intergovernmental, food policy councils,comprehensive planning, farm stands, farmers markets, mobile markets, backyard chickens, beekeeping, chickens, agritourism, green roofs, edible landscaping, sustainability
JEL Classification: K11Accepted Paper Series
Date posted: September 13, 2011 ; Last revised: January 28, 2014
© 2014 Social Science Electronic Publishing, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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Katherine von Bora Luther stands in the background behind her husband, the great reformer Martin Luther. Her strength and courage were for the most part in the private realm, but this should not detract from her worth. Katherine's father was a nobleman, Hans von Bora. Her mother died soon after Katherine was born; at the age of five when her father remarried, Katherine was placed in a nunnery, where her aunt was abbess, so that she could gain an education. At the age of ten she was moved to another nunnery, Nimschen, where another aunt was also a nun; and in about 1515, at the age of sixteen, Katherine took her vows as a nun. For centuries this was how many women became nuns. It was frequently not a deliberate choice out of religious devotion; rather, the nunneries were too often places for superfluous females who were no longer wanted or needed at home and this was the case for Katherine. Katherine von Bora was a young nun during the time when Germany was rocked by the monk Martin Luther's attack on the Catholic Church.
Luther's father had intended him to be a lawyer, but a crisis of faith had propelled Martin instead to take his vows. He entered a monastery in 1505 and was ordained a priest two years later. Luther was deeply concerned about the ways one comes to salvation, and he was upset by any practices that he felt stood in the way. In October 1517, in Wittenberg where he was professor of theology, he nailed to the church door ninety-five theses attacking the Church's stand on indulgences, prayers churchmen were paid to recite so that the souls of individuals' loved ones would spend less time in purgatory. Two years later, when Luther had refused to recant his beliefs, the Catholic Church excommunicated him and declared him to be an outlaw. But fortunately Prince Frederick of Saxony, where Wittenberg was located, protected Luther and for a year kept him safe at his castle at Wartburg. A number of the German principalities wished to assert | <urn:uuid:dbab3131-34cb-4bd5-a138-000ffa87ef8b> | {
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[Image from the New York Times]
Planning is a highly politicized field, probably because people's identities are so closely tied to the land they live on. Because so much is at stake, sometimes it can be difficult to remember why regional planning is so important. Why, after all, should the Met Council have power over cities and towns? Why can planners tell us what to do with our land? What gives them the right?
Well, I loved this article in the NY Times this weekend, about how the town of Maricopa, Arizona was built in Phoenix exurbs five years ago and sits today, its large homes largely abandoned in the middle of a dry desert. Here's just a taste of the wonderfully-written story:
Ideally, a growing city will negotiate with developers to reduce the impact that new residents will have on the area; it might offer the builder smaller setbacks from the road in exchange for providing space for a school or widening roads. But at the beginning of Maricopa’s growth, the city was unincorporated, and all these negotiations were made by a three-person county board of supervisors that was working from rural zoning codes dating back to 1962. As a result, in those early years, decisions about Maricopa were driven by the concerns of developers, who left little space in their plans for business or commerce — just lots and lots of houses. They created blocks of identical homes, because it was more efficient to build with as little variation as possible. They built sidewalks on only one side of the street to save money. They happily left space in subdivisions for playgrounds and five new elementary schools, which they thought would help bring in the young families they were targeting, but they did not leave space for parks for older kids or for a high school. Each builder worked independently, so there were no paths connecting any of the subdivisions.
Planning is important precisely because of situations like this.
Sometimes, the real estate market ends up creating terrible situations. It's kind of a paradox. Everyone acts in their own self-interest: realtors sell houses, owners buy their ideal homes, developers build where profits are highest, and lenders try to make the most money that they can. Everyone is following the rules of the game, acting accoridng to the market. And in the end, everything goes to hell in a handbasket.
Homes lie empty in the city and in the 'burbs, people are homeless and bankrupt, banks go belly up, the economy tanks, and there's no work for developers or construction firms. Plus, now there are a bunch of houses sitting in the middle of what should be a desert or farm field, water has been wasted, construction waste fills the town dump, schools lie empty, and the wetland has been filled in. There are a lot of unintended consequences to unregulated land speculation. And once you build a city, it's going to stay built for decades. You can't 'undo' a development.
We're lucky enough to have a relatively strong regional planning body in the Twin Cities called the Metropolitan Council. We're one of the only regions in the entire nation that has a venue for relatively strong control over where and how development occurs in the region, so we should count ourselves lucky in that regard. Thanks to the Met Council, the Twin Cities metro has the possibility of averting situations like Phoenix, where everyone comes out worse in the end save for a few businessmen making bagfuls of dough.
Still, though, we end up fighting tremendous battles over development. Just check out this cover story in the Pioneer Press yesterday, that reveals the different sorts of battles we wage in a region with stronger regional planning. It tells the tale of a woman who owns a farm near Woodbury, who may have to sell out to developers because of property and sewer assemements:
But they may be forced off their farm by — believe it or not — a sewer line.These are precisely the sorts of assessments that the unregulated town of Maricopa did not levy onto homeowners. In the first case they wreaked havoc on the landscape, landing thousands of people in unresolvable debt, and posing tremendous environmental and infrastructural public costs. In the second case, they mark a relatively bittersweet story for a family that, no doubt, is going to make millions off of their land.
The Zignegos were horrified to learn that a planned sewer line and new street along their 11-acre farm would cost them $1.5 million in assessments.
"We asked (officials) how we are going to pay for this," Rusty Zignego said.
"They said, 'Well, the normal way is to sell to developers,' " he said.
Along the I-94 corridor, the Metropolitan Council is the choreographer of growth.
It sets growth targets for cities — and gets utterly different reactions from officials.
The council's target for Woodbury by 2030, for example, is 84,000 people, a population about as big as Duluth's. The city embraces growth and has become a development dynamo packed with malls, restaurants, offices and a system of parks connected by trails.
I ask you, which is worse?
Many people who write about land use policy and urban planning seem to believe that the market is always the answer. Look at, for example Wendell Cox, Robert Brueggmann, or even Witold Rybczynski. But I feel strongly that, in many cases, what we need is more regional planning, not less. The costs screwing up development are too high to let people's lives and the landscape fall prey to market speculation and unsavory profit.
The market is funny. Even though everyone is doing what's best for themselves as individuals, the end result can often ends up making everyone worse off. Planning, too, can have that effect. Just ask anyone who lived in Saint Louis's Pruitt-Igoe homes. Erring too far on one side or the other can end in disasters
My worry, though, is that in the USA we always favor the unregulated market, leaving the consequences of unplanned growth -- like auto-dependence, environmental damage, and social isolation -- to be paid by future generations and those least able. The market moves in unpredictable cycles, and can easily end up in totally FUBAR situations, like the mortgage crisis and the housing boom. At least, in Minnesota, we have the potential to avert these kinds of disasters.
[Foreclosures in North Minneapolis, h/t Behind the Mortgage] | <urn:uuid:be60bdda-9d2e-4149-8294-2bc740a8dc0b> | {
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The Office of the City Clerk is one of the oldest offices in New York City government with beginnings traceable to the inception of the Town of New Amsterdam. The original role of the Clerk was to record the proceedings of the Town's legislative body and attest to and affix the Town Seal on official documents of the municipality. The office remained during the time that New Amsterdam became New York under British rule and after the War of Independence and the establishment of the United States of America.
Historically the City Clerk has played a dual role as the Clerk of the City Council and the Clerk of the Municipal Corporation known as the City of New York organized under the Laws of the State of New York.
As the Clerk of the City Council, the main function of the Clerk is to attest to all laws enacted by the City Council. The Clerk also attests to all legislation desired by and affecting the City requiring concurrent action by the State Legislature. The Clerk of the Council is also responsible for keeping the transcripts of the proceedings of the City Council.
As the City Clerk, the Clerk attests to leases and deeds of the City property, grants, agreements, bonds, tax notes, and other forms of obligations of the City. The City Clerk has charge of all papers and documents of the City that include executive and administrative orders of the Mayor, certificates of judicial appointments by the Mayor, Oaths of Office of City employees, City Marshall bonds, and referendum petitions. Other duties of the City Clerk include the qualification of Commissioners of Deeds and the certification to the Board of Elections of all judicial vacancies. Aside from these functions, the City Clerk maintains two separate and important bureaus under its jurisdiction: the Lobbying Bureau and the Marriage Bureau.
The Lobbying Bureau is responsible for the enforcement of the City's Lobbying Law, including the registration of lobbyists, the receipt of periodic reports from lobbyists on their lobbying activities, as well as the audit of those reports. The Lobbying Bureau provides information to the public regarding the content of lobbyist filings, as well as training for lobbyists and their organizations on the law, and works closely with the Department of Investigation (DOI) when investigation into possible Lobbying Law violations is required.
The Marriage Bureau provides Marriage Licenses, Domestic Partnership registration, civil Marriage Ceremonies, registration of Marriage Officiants, copies and amendments of Marriage Records issued by the City Clerk since 1930, and Certificates of Non-Impediment.
The City Clerk is also the custodian of the Seal of the City of New York. The City Seal is centered on the City flag. Each of the five boroughs has its own flag which is represented in the front banner on the main page of our Web site. Learn about the City Seal and access a link to the highlights of the City's Green Book via the Department of Citywide Administrative Services' Web site. View a photograph of a document containing the first seal of the City of New York from 1658, via Jewels in Her Crown: Treasures of Columbia University Libraries Special Collections Web site. | <urn:uuid:637f7716-6a71-4d2d-8b43-e7c3a8230c68> | {
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Internationally know as glamorous movie star who had even been dubbed “the most beautiful woman in the world”, very few realize that Hedy Lamarr, was a lonely immigrant channeling an inner Thomas Edison.
The famour star set aside one room in her home, had a drafting table installed with the proper lighting and tools – and had a whole wall in the room of engineering reference books. That was where she “invented.” All this without any apparent training or education in engineering and technology.
With an incredibly creative and inventive mind, Hedy constantly saw solutions where other saw problems. Some of her unpatented inventions included improved traffic stoplights, a better kleenex box, and a tablet that would dissolve in water to create a carbonated drink.
But as the genius behind “frequency hopping”, the idea of having both the transmitter and the receiver simultaneously jump from frequency to frequency, Hedy was in essence, the inventor of WiFi! Today, frequency hopping is very widely used in a variety of applications – from wireless phones in our homes, to GPS, to most military communication systems.
“You are a creative soul who maintains the beauty of lightness, by seeing solutions rather than problems, and opportunities rather than challenges.” | <urn:uuid:793c4411-5ee6-4b2a-b65e-ce8989bc31cc> | {
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“it costs $28 per ton to landfill waste compared with $147 a ton to recycle” (Black 1006). In Atlantic County, New Jersey, selling recyclable goods brings in $2.45 million. However, the cost of collecting and sorting these recycled materials plus interest payments on the recycling facility costs the county over $3 million (Black 1006).
These figures don't even support his argument.
If recycling costs 3 million and you get 2.45 million back, then the net cost per ton is 147 - (2.45/3 * 147) = 26.95 or $27 a ton, one dollar cheaper than landfill. This is assuming that the net cost of landfill is pretty much the same as the gross cost, and that it doesn't cost the council significantly more than 3 million to do their recycling - if it does then the figures are pretty ****. It also assumes that the price of sorting etc is counted in the gross cost, as it should be.
Honestly, it would have been much better to quote the Black article he's ripping chunks out of. | <urn:uuid:490dc08f-14f3-49d9-b1ed-fb6f2ee6c22f> | {
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One common skin test is a scratch test. For this test, a doctor or nurse will scratch the skin with a tiny bit of liquid extract of an allergen (such as pollen or food). Allergists usually do skin tests on a person's forearm or back. The allergist then waits 15 minutes or so to see if reddish, raised spots (called wheals) form, indicating an allergy.
If the doctor thinks someone might be allergic to more than one thing — or if it's not clear what's triggering a person's allergy — the allergist will probably skin test for several different allergens at the same time.
When a skin test shows up as positive with a certain food, that only means a person mightbe allergic to that food. In these cases, doctors may want to do additional testing.
To diagnose a food allergy for certain, an allergist might do a blood test in addition to skin testing. This involves taking a small blood sample to send to a laboratory for analysis. The lab checks the blood for IgE antibodies to specific foods. If enough IgE antibodies to a particular food are in the blood, it's very likely that the person is allergic to it.
If the results of the skin and blood tests are still unclear, though, an allergist might do something called a food challenge. During this test, the person is given gradually increasing amounts of the potential food allergen to eat while the doctor watches for symptoms.
Skin tests may itch for a while. If your child undergoes one, the allergist might give you an antihistamine or steroid cream for your child to use after the test to lessen the itching. | <urn:uuid:80bf8647-2b9e-4598-bfe9-a0fa27bbd64e> | {
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In early times Ireland was woodland. The inhabitants relied on the native mammals, birds, fishes and vegetation for subsistence. Eventually the land was cleared and cultivation began. Domestic animals were also introduced and the animals that were raised provided a new source of food. Today Ireland has a vibrant agricultural economy. This is reflected in the fine fare that Ireland has to offer today.
By the 17th Century there was a diversity of culinary traditions along with social status. The peasantry relied mostly on diary products and oats for their nourishment, while the well to do, relied more on meats and alcoholic beverages. By the 18th Century the cuisine of the wealthy became more varied with a greater French influence. As the 19th Century approached, the potato was the main staple of one third of the population.
After the Great Hunger, potatoes and oats were still the main staples of the Irish diet. Toward the end of the century, the first processed foods where introduced. Although the food in Ireland at this time was nourishing, it was mediocre in taste and presentation. Restaurants and eating-houses were on the increase in the cities. However, their menus often shied away from traditional dishes because they were thought as 'famine foods'.
In the latter part of the 20th Century, the food in Ireland became markedly better. A new generation, of chefs emerged in Ireland making rapid advancement in the Culinary Arts. They brought back and air of confidence, a realm of creativity and established themselves in the world their marvelous preparation and presentation of food. Today, the cuisine in Ireland is often fresh, creative, and tastefully presented. Gone are the days of the unimaginative, bland, overcooked meat and potatoes. Fresh seafood, such as, salmon, trout and shellfish, and many others are locally caught and prepared fresh to the table. In addition there is a bountiful supply of fresh locally produced vegetables and meats.
A Full Irish Breakfast is very hearty and delicious. It can often sustain you throughout the day. This meal generally consists of eggs, rashers (bacon), bangers (sausage), baked fresh tomatoes, fresh mushrooms, white pudding, black pudding, fresh fruit, brown bread, or toast, or scones, with a bit of butter and marmalade. Add some juice, a pot of tea or freshly brewed coffee with cream and a bit of brown sugar and you truly have a meal. In Northern Ireland, the fully cooked breakfast is called an 'Ulster Fry' and includes the addition of a fried potato farl. Did you know bacon and eggs are of Irish origin?
Soups and sandwiches are a favorite for lunch. Many of the soups are a puree of sorts or a broth, served piping hot, and delicious. Broths were used in early times in Ireland, some included oatmeal and vegetables. Along the coastal areas seaweeds were included. Many hotels and restaurants offer a Carvery Lunch. This is a hot meal, served cafeteria style, usually including hot potatoes, vegetables, a couple of choices of meats with gravy, a selection of breads, and deserts.
The mid day meal in rural Ireland is generally the largest meal of the day. People living and working in the cities, follow a 9 to 5 routine, making dinner the more substantive meal.
Dining in Ireland can be an Epicurean delight. Often the food is fresh in all respects. The seafood can especially wonderful. Naturally raised lamb is used in many recipes from Irish Stew to Roast Leg of Lamb. Beef is the traditional Sunday roast, and is still prepared in many homes to this day. Potatoes are still an important part of the Irish diet. Potato in Irish is 'pratai', translated as praties.
The hospitality of the Irish is unsurpassed. This custom goes back to ancient times the Brehon Laws declared you must share hospitality with the bard or stranger who knocks on your door. If you did not, you were shamed and could be punished. The custom is still prevalent in Irish society today. Often times when visiting with family or soon to be friends, you are treated to 'a taste of Ireland' with a slice of homemade Brown Bread or Soda Bread. There are a multitude of recipes for both breads, which are relatively easy to make. There is nothing quite like enjoying a slice of hot baked bread with creamy butter and a dollop of marmalade, washed down with a delicious cup of piping hot tea.
In the earliest of times, the Irish enjoyed home brewed beverages. The favorite was Mead, a honey wine that was both potent and delicious. Ales were also brewed. The Brehon Laws established rules for the sales and operation of the Ale Houses.
In the late 17th Century, tea was introduced in Ireland and became very popular, but expensive. In rural Ireland in the mid 1800s, there was a major increase of tea drinking. Small shops of grocers were established in the towns and villages. The grocers exchanged butter and eggs for tea and sugar. Today, the Irish drink more tea per capita than any other nation.
Whiskey in Ireland dates back to the 12th Century. When the Normans invaded, they could not pronounce the Gaelic 'Uisce Beatha' 'Water of Life'. Instead, they used the word 'fuisce' which became whiskey. Whiskey has been an Irish drink for centuries. It is thought that the Monks brought the distilling techniques from Europe.
The first commercial whiskey distilleries were established in Ireland during the 18th Century. Kilbeggan Distillery was founded in 1757. Jameson was founded in 1780, Bushmills in 1784 and Powers in 1791. During this time a formal distillery licensing was introduced and taxes were levied. Irish distilleries declined over the years through acquisition or failure. By the early 1960s only four distilleries were still in operation and distilling in Dublin had ceased altogether. In 1988 Pernod Ricard of France acquired Irish Distillers, the largest producer in Ireland. Eight centuries of tradition were gone. The only Irish-owned, independent, Irish whiskey distillery established in the 20th century is Cooley Distillery.
Although some whiskeys are stilled made in Ireland, many of the companies are no longer Irish owned. However, the whiskey in Ireland still flows. Stop at any Pub along your journey and there will be a whiskey bottle on the top shelf just waiting for you to take a dram.
Beer is still a favorite beverage for the mass population. There are ales, stout and microbrews. Irish Breweries are located throughout the Republic of Ireland with most being in Dublin. Northern Ireland also has a few. The most popular beer in Ireland is Guinness, brewed at St. James Gate, Dublin. It is often said 'the closer you get to Dublin the better the Guinness' and there is probably some truth this. Other noteworthy malt beverages include Smithwicks, Kilkenny, Murphy's and Beamish. Ciders are also popular.
So, no matter what your preference may be, there is something for almost everyone from a nice cup of tea to a wonderful pint! | <urn:uuid:f316cecd-e40e-4c6b-ac9d-b802a0cf16a3> | {
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The Meaning of Religious Liberty
Publication Date: December 2007
Publisher(s): Heritage Foundation (Washington, D.C.)
Author(s): Matthew Spalding
Keywords: Thought; founders; First Amendment; george washington
Coverage: United States
America's Founders believed that religion and morality play an indispensible role in the civic and public life of a self-governing people. | <urn:uuid:36c671d7-4794-461b-84aa-e4fb319839aa> | {
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Photography by Mike Farrar, Greater Long Beach and Rio Hondo Chapters, International Service and SAF Caseworker; and Tiffany Cambridge-Williams, National Headquarters, Program Assistant
This year marked the 25th anniversary of the fall of the Berlin Wall, a barrier separating East and West Berlin and in many ways, a barrier that symbolized the separation of the world during the Cold War. The Wall not only divided nations and political ideologies, but also communities and families for decades. Throughout the Cold War, the International Red Cross helped maintain communication between loved ones separated by the Iron Curtain, and since the fall of the Berlin Wall, the American Red Cross continues to work with its international partners to help reconnect families.
The following photo essay is an homage to what the fall of the Berlin Wall represents for thousands of families: reconnection. In a time when conflicts and other barriers continue to cause human suffering by separating families and loved ones, it is important to remember that these constructs can be torn down, wars can be ended, and families can be restored.
While the Berlin Wall was standing, the Brandenburg Gate was completely cut off from West Berlin. It's place just behind the Wall led to it being prominently featured in media coverage of the Wall's fall. Today, the Gate represents both Europe's tumultuous past as well as European unity and peace.
Checkpoint Charlie was the name the Allied Forces gave to one of many checkpoints along the Berlin Wall. The checkpoint was named after "C" in the NATO phonetic alphabet. The checkpoint served as the single point entry into East Berlin for members of the Allied Forces and other foreigners.
Picture of real American soldier, Sergeant Jeff Harper, standing guard at Checkpoint Charlie. On the other side is a Russian soldier, name and whereabouts unknown.
Another picture of Checkpoint Charlie, present-day. The following photograph was taken at the same location on the day the Berlin Wall fell. The photo is a part of a gallery in Berlin that shows how the checkpoint was expanded and its significance during the Cold War, in particular the confrontation of Soviet and American tanks in 1961.
In the months that followed November 9, 1989, much of the Berlin Wall was demolished. The cobblestone path in the picture above marks where part of the Wall used to stand.
Some portions of the wall were given to museums around the world to commemorate its fall. Restoring Family Links Program Assistant, Tiffany Cambridge-Williams stands next to a section of the Berlin Wall outside the European Parliament building in Brussels, Belgium.
The chaos and confusion of war, disaster, and migration can separate families when they need each other most. When this happens, the Red Cross joins the search across international borders, offering a unique service that reconnects families. To learn more about this service or to initiate your search for a loved one, visit their website www.redcross.org/reconnectingfamilies. | <urn:uuid:84f5ee29-0f5e-4e51-bf42-56148ac21fb6> | {
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We are familiar with the motif of the trial court attorney spinning a compelling story about the facts of a case, and often the best story wins. To say that legal reasoning at the appellate level about questions of law often involves story-telling by judges, however, might strike one as odd–and yet it’s something they tend to do in controversial cases, and in a way that should concern us.
For example, in Brown v. Board of Education, the Supreme Court appealed to a historical narrative of education in order to reach its unanimous decision: “[w]e must consider public education in the light of its full development and its present place in American life throughout the Nation. Only in this way can it be determined if segregation in public schools deprives these plaintiffs of the equal protection of the laws.” The story of education was key. In fact, the Court’s mention of the detrimental psychological effects of segregated schools on children only made sense in reference to the purpose of education as understood historically.
But why does it matter? The foremost philosopher of narrative, J. David Velleman of NYU’s philosophy department, argues that narrative closure is not always logically connected to events preceding it, but serves the story by providing emotional satisfaction. He argues that the understanding conveyed by the narrative form of historical discourse “is not an objective understanding of how historical events came about but a subjective understanding of how to feel about them.”
Velleman writes that “[h]aving made subjective sense of . . . events, by arriving at a stable attitude toward them, the audience is liable to feel that it has made objective sense of them, by understanding how they came about.”
The most obvious genre used by judges is the law as achievement narrative, or a narrative in which the characters are on a quest to attain a certain state of things different from where we started. Familiar examples of quest narratives are the Arthurian grail legends and Jason and the Golden Fleece. Most Hollywood blockbusters fall in this category.
In one of the most recent, famous Supreme Court opinions–Seattle Schools, in which the Court held it was unconstitutional to categorize students based on their race, even for purposes of adding diversity to schools in which housing patterns would more or less have meant default segregation–Justice Kennedy began by appealing to the purpose of public education, much in the vein of Brown: “[t]he Nation’s schools strive to teach that our strength comes from people of different races, creeds, and cultures uniting in commitment to the freedom of all.” Then he moved to appealing to the goals of the founding fathers: “Our Nation from the inception has sought to preserve and expand the promise of liberty and equality on which it was founded. . . . our tradition is to go beyond present achievements, however significant, and to recognize and confront the flaws and injustices that remain.” Justice Kennedy concluded with an appeal to personal identity, claiming that under the Constitution, “the individual, child or adult, can find his own identity, can define her own persona, without state intervention that classifies on the basis of his race or the color of her skin.”
He had an achievement narrative of the individual and of the common law in mind, such that common law should allow for the best opportunity for the citizen. The tradition he describes is one whose main concern is therefore one of achieving the best society possible, which is one in which individuals can flourish, and this requires a prohibition of racial pigeonholing even for the most noble causes. There is an ideal world that the founders and drafters of the Constitution had in mind, and it is the purpose and function of the common law to continue on this quest for a more perfect union–this quest is what gives common law, and the courts, their legitimacy.
Another genre in play is the return narrative. More famous return narratives include The Odyssey and The Wizard of Oz. Justice Scalia frequently employs this genre. He and other originalists argue that the legitimacy of the common law derives from its fidelity to the original meaning of the statute or amendment. Originalism insists that at a given point in time “We the People of the United States” can “ordain and establish” a fundamental and lasting framework of government, and that the crucial task in any system of constitutional adjudication is to maintain that fundamental law. A necessary bond exists between legitimate judicial decision-making and maintaining the original understanding, such that the closer we are to Ithaca, the better and more legitimate the common law becomes.
One of the most famous examples of originalist interpretation is Scalia’s reading of the Eight Amendment’s prohibition on “cruel and unusual punishment.” In his now famous dissent to the majority opinion in Roper v. Simmons, which held it was unusual and therefore unconstitutional for Missouri to extend capital punishment to minors, Scalia argued that the majority’s argument of evolving standards of decency marking the progress of a maturing society (in regard to the Eight Amendment), would be to “crown arbitrariness with chaos.”
Scalia went on to argue in his Roper dissent that allowing courts to reinterpret the Eighth Amendment “whenever they decide enough time has passed for a new snapshot” leaves this Court’s decisions without any legitimacy, because the “evolution” of our Eighth Amendment is no longer determined by objective criteria. To allow courts to update the Eighth Amendment as needed “destroys stability and makes our case law an unreliable basis for the designing of laws by citizens and their representatives, and for action by public officials.” Scalia concluded that only reasonable interpretation was whatever was considered “cruel and unusual” at the time the Eight Amendment was written.
What makes these cases remarkable is that the Court could have gone about its reasoning in a different way, but it chose to craft a story. The characters are the people of the United States and the judges are the story-tellers, if not from start to finish, certainly of a significant portion in a chain novel. Velleman’s observation about the emotional closure that narrative provides seems correct but troubling when applied to law. One might argue that the fact that one narrative provides more emotional satisfaction than another does not give us any objective reason for believing it, but it might give us a subjective reason for accepting it, all other things being equal.
My hunch is that what the court is doing by employing the use of narrative is reconciling incommensurable values. In each of these instances, and the countless others like them, the Court was presented with genuinely hard cases, pointing in two, incommensurable directions, and the reasoning takes a narrative turn, such that the best completion of the narrative is the decisive factor for the Court’s decision. In Brown it was showing the long-existing importance of education in our nation’s heritage, in Seattle Schools it was the importance of dignity, and in Roper it was about the importance of the past. So instead of balancing the conflicting values in such cases overtly, the Court resorts to telling a story, whether it knows it or not, for the sake of imposing a feeling of closure and legitimacy on a controversial topic. But is telling a tale about the law really what judges should be doing? How acceptable is this practice? That’s another story.
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Celebrating Science Champions
Over the last 100 years, 568 Nobel Prizes have been handed out in the areas of physics, chemistry and medicine. Ten Canadian-born scientists are counted in that number. Dr Frederick Banting was awarded the prize for his research that led to the discovery of insulin that treats diabetes. Forget about Leonardo Da Vinci, Banting was not only great in the lab, he was also a painter.
You can thank another Canadian Nobel Prize winner, Willard S. Boyle, for the digital camera in your phone. Boyle invented a circuit, the CCD sensor, which allows light to be captured electronically. If that wasn’t amazing enough, Boyle’s work also supported the Apollo space program when he worked with Bell Labs.
Until you win your Nobel Prize, the Nobel Prize organization has something for you, including videos featuring Nobel laureates, a fancy way of saying Nobel winner, to games that allow you to explore the science behind the prize. You never know what’s possible if you get started now! | <urn:uuid:115cbeb2-94ef-43bf-954b-f2ae503ebe9b> | {
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Just in case you're wondering how wind chill works...
(This is a repost from January 2008.)
If you live somewhere in Canada, the northern US, or anywhere there are frigid temperatures you're probably aware of something called wind chill. This is the colder temperature the weatherman will give when he tells you how cold it feels versus the actual thermometer reading.
The idea of wind chill has interested me ever since I heard about it as a kid. And so in keeping with the blogland focus on weather this January (thanks to Rebecca Writes, who lives in the Yukon, where wind chill is a big deal), I thought I'd check it out for myself. Here are some things I discovered.
A layer of warm air up to several millimeters thick surrounds human skin. In exposed skin wind thins that layer. The stronger the wind, the thinner the insulating layer of warmth guarding the skin.
We humans don't sense the temperature of the air, but the temperature of our skin. When the wind robs our skin of its layer of insulation it feels closer to the temperature of the air. That's why exposed skin feels colder on a windy day than a calm one and we experience the phenomenon called wind chill.
Wind chill is calculated by a complicated formula. It takes into consideration engineering correlations of wind speed and heat transfer rate, and used to be expressed in 1000 - 3000+ watts per square meter. But how cold is 1500 watts per square meter? In order to make the wind chill number meaningful, scientists found a way to convert it into an equivalent temperature.
Thus you'll hear your weatherman say something like, "Bundle up. It's -10 but the wind chill factor will make it feel more like -21" This simply means that your face when exposed to the 40 km/hr wind that is predicted along with the -10C temperature will feel like it would on a day when the temperature is -21C with no wind.
Well, not exactly no wind. The lowest measure on an anemometer is a wind of 5 km/hr and also factored into the calculation is the assumption that you are walking (into the wind) at 3 km. per hour.
Some wind chill facts:
*Wind chill doesn't affect objects to make them freeze. If, for example, the wind chill factor is -4C (25F), water will not freeze if the air temperature is 2C (35F).
*Wind chill controversies: Should the method for calculating wind chill be based on:
- whole body cooling while naked
- or whole body cooling while wearing appropriate clothing
- or on cooling of the most exposed skin, such as the face?
*The coldest wind chill in Canada was at Pelly Bay Nunavut, January 13, 1975 when 56 km/hr winds made the temperature of -51C feel like -92C (3,357 watts per square meter).
*Wind chill impacts life in many ways, as in deciding what to wear when going outdoors and whether kids get to play outside at recess.
*Frostbite comes as a result of skin freezing. Symptoms: swelling, redness, tingling, burning --> white and waxy skin --> infection and loss of extremities.
*Hypothermia happens when body temperature falls below 35C (normal is 37C). Symptoms: drowsiness, bad coordination, weakness.
*This wind calculation chart also gives frostbite risk. (The chart is from Environment Canada.)
*If you know the temperature and wind speed, you can calculate the wind chill where you live. (This is an English system calculator. For those using metric - here are links to conversion tables: Km. to miles & celsius to fahrenheit).
Breath of new life
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Africa’s smallholder farmers not only have the potential to produce enough food for export – and thereby contribute to food security worldwide – but to help lead the way to robust growth and development across the continent. That is, if the right kinds of investments and policy approaches are taken to vastly improve their productivity through better access to technology, credit, transportation and markets.
The importance of farming as an income source in Africa was highlighted at this week’s meeting of regional agricultural ministers and experts in Cape Town, which was organised by the International Fund for Agricultural Development (Ifad) and takes place just before the World Economic Forum on Africa, which begins on Wednesday .
Agricultural markets are changing. We no longer need to think exclusively in terms of export crops because new market opportunities are emerging on Africa’s doorstep. As cities expand and incomes increase, people in urban areas are changing their eating habits and becoming consumers who want more meat, dairy products and vegetables, and they expect higher quality standards – we are seeing this across the continent.
In response to this demand, agricultural value chains are expanding and becoming better organised. These modern markets bring their own challenges for some smallholder farmers in terms of higher entry costs, but the potential opportunities cannot be overlooked. So, what needs to happen to make the most of these opportunities, and for smallholder agriculture to lead the way to economic growth and food security?
National governments and the international community need to reverse the longstanding neglect of rural development. There needs to be improved governance in rural areas, and policies that create a better economic environment for smallholder farmers to succeed and grow not only food but their businesses as well.
Rural infrastructure in Africa needs to be expanded and improved. Nearly a third of the rural population live more than five hours away from a market town, with fewer than 20% living within an hour of a market town. Only one in five Africans has access to a national electricity grid. Targeted investments in road-building and utility construction can go a long way towards improving farmers’ capabilities and access to markets.
The rural environment must be made less risky – and people must be helped to better manage risk, in their agricultural production systems and their lives more broadly through access to information and innovative insurance, savings and credit services that help them grasp new economic opportunities.
Governments and their partners need to make investments in the education and skills of rural people so they can make the most of new opportunities to engage in agricultural markets or work in non-farm industries. This should include strengthening their collective capabilities – and particularly farmers’ organisations – so that they can support each other in managing the risks they face, learn new techniques for improving their productivity and market their products.
Importantly, our investments need to recognise and address the major challenges and risks faced by rural people in Africa – such as the deterioration of the natural resource base, competition for land and water, and the effects of climate change on the rural landscape. Ifad’s rural poverty report outlines how small farmers can be helped not only to become more productive, but to farm in a way that is more sustainable in terms of natural resources, and more resilient to climate change.
If we can create the conditions for poor rural people in Africa to move out of subsistence and into the marketplace – then we will have our best chance to transform Africa into a continent that not only feeds itself, but also plays a key role in feeding the world. | <urn:uuid:3c100a7d-b684-4e05-ac7f-49d77aeb8ece> | {
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Right Triangle Congruence Theorem:
A plane figure bounded by three finite line segments to form a closed figure is known as triangle. A right angled triangle is a special case of triangles. In a right angled triangle, one of the interior angles measure 90°.Two right triangles are said to be congruent if they are of same shape and size. In other words, two right triangles are said to be congruent if the measure of the length of their corresponding sides and their corresponding angles is equal.
In the fig. 1 given below, ∆ABC ≅ ∆RPQ since ∠A= ∠R, ∠C= ∠Q and ∠B= ∠P.
Also, AB = RP, BC = PQ and AC = QR.
Now, we will discuss about the different methods by which we can draw a triangle congruent to ∆ABC which is right angled at B. This leads to a very important criterion known as the RHS congruence or right triangle congruence theorem.
According to the RHS Criterion:
Two right angled triangles are said to be congruent to each other if the hypotenuse and one side of the right triangle are equal to the hypotenuse and the corresponding side of the other right angled triangle.
Let us understand right triangle congruence theorem with help of following example:
Question: Consider two triangles, ΔABC and ΔXYZ such that: ∠B = ∠Y = 90°, AC = XZ and AB = XY. Prove that ΔABC ≅ ΔXYZ.
In ΔABC and ΔXYZ it is given that: AC = XZ, BC = YZ and ∠B = ∠Y. Thus by right triangle congruence theorem, since the hypotenuse and the corresponding bases of the given right triangles are equal therefore both these triangles are congruent to each other. Thus, ΔABC ≅ ΔXYZ.
Therefore by using right triangle congruence theorem we can easily deduce of two right triangles are congruent or not.
To learn more congruence of triangles and right triangle congruence theorem please download BYJU’s-The Learning App and keep learning.
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A compassionate approach leads to more help and less punishment
Seeing a child steal a toy from a fellow playmate. Watching a stranger cut in line at the grocery store. When we witness something unjust, our emotions often shape our behavior both toward the person wronged and the wrongdoer.
But why we help the victim in some cases or punish the transgressor in others isn’t that simple, according to researchers at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. Published in the journal PLoS ONE, a new set of studies suggests that compassion — and intentionally cultivating it through training — may lead us to do more to help the wronged than to punish the wrongdoer. Researchers found compassion may also impact the extent to which people punish the transgressor.
Understanding what motivates people to be altruistic can not only inform our own behaviors, it may also play a role in creating more just societal institutions, including the legal and penal systems. It can also help researchers develop better interventions to cultivate compassion.
“Any action — helping or punishing — can arise from compassion, which involves at least two components: a ‘feeling’ component of empathic concern and caring for the suffering of another; and a cognitive, motivational component of wanting to alleviate that suffering,” says lead researcher Helen Weng, a former graduate student at the UW–Madison Center for Investigating Healthy Minds at the Waisman Center, and current postdoctoral scholar at the University of California, San Francisco. “It may seem counterintuitive that punishment behavior can arise from compassion, but if the goal is to alleviate suffering of others, this may include providing negative feedback to the wrongdoer so that they change their behavior in the future.”
These findings build upon previous work by Weng and others, which demonstrates that as little as two weeks of compassion training can result in measurable changes in the brain. These previous studies gathered fMRI imaging and measured altruistic behavior in research subjects to reach these conclusions, but did not fully separate helping and punishing behavior to learn which is most related to compassion.
To answer this question, the investigators tested whether compassion was related to helping or punishment in two studies where participants played the “Helping Game” or “Punishment Game,” using real money they could keep at the end of the game.
In both games, participants watched through online interactions as one player with more funds chose to split an unfair amount of money with another player with no funds. In the Helping Game, the third-party observers could choose to do nothing or give some of their own funds to “help” the victim. In the Punishment Game, the third-party observers could choose to do nothing or “punish” the transgressor by spending their own funds to take money away from the wrongdoer.
Understanding what motivates people to be altruistic can not only inform our own behaviors, it may also play a role in creating more just societal institutions, including the legal and penal systems.
In one study examining 260 people who had no training in compassion, the team explored whether high self-reported empathic concern — the feeling component of compassion where one reports caring for those who are suffering — was associated with helping victims, punishing transgressors, or both.
“People with higher empathic concern were more likely to help the victim than punish the transgressor,” Weng says. “But, interestingly, within the group of people who decided to punish the transgressor, those with more empathic concern decided to punish less.”
In the second study, with 41 participants, one group received compassion training with meditation practices focused on cultivating compassionate feelings and pro-social behavior toward others. Another group instead received cognitive reappraisal training, focused on reinterpreting one’s view to decrease negative emotions. Each group practiced its training for 30 minutes a day for two weeks using guided audio instructions over the Internet.
In compassion meditation, participants practiced compassion with different kinds of people — a loved one, themselves, a stranger and a “difficult person” with whom there was conflict. In this way, they strengthened their “compassion muscle.”
After just two weeks of training, participants in the games who learned compassion meditation gave more money to help the victim compared to those who learned reappraisal training, demonstrating that even short amounts of compassion meditation practice can result in an increase in helping behavior. There were no differences in punishment behavior between the groups, suggesting that in this short amount of training time, both trainings did not influence punishment.
Weng says she and her collaborators hope this work can be used to help develop compassion training for specific populations that care for those who are suffering, like health care professionals.
“Expressing compassion and behaving altruistically seems to be within the repertoire of every human being,” adds Richard J. Davidson, senior author on the study, founder of the Center for Investigating Healthy Minds and the William James and Vilas Professor of Psychology and Psychiatry. “We can use simple practices to help us activate and nurture these propensities and apply them in settings in which they can dramatically impact the climate and interactions that ensue in everyday life, including in education, health care and the workplace.” | <urn:uuid:bd2aa66f-0f6e-4583-b774-402655754302> | {
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The information in ghost006
's writeup is false, one of many attempts to romanticize
the story behind what is one of the military's most famous bugle calls
Union General Danial Adams Butterfield wrote "Taps" while camped at Harrison Landing, Virginia, near Richmond in 1862. Butterfield hummed "Taps" to an aide, who wrote down the notes, and had his brigade buguler Oliver W. Norton play them back. After some modification, Butterfield was finally happy with the melody, which was then used for "lights out" instead of the traditional music, the French "L'Extinction des feux". It was given the name "Taps" after the 3 drum taps which signalled that "lights out" was in effect. The other brigades (even Confederates) loved the melody so much they that too adopted it.
"Taps" was first played at a military funeral soon aftwerward. The following is its first reported use: Union Captain John Tidball ordered it played for the burial of a cannoneer killed in action. Fearing that the Confederates would hear the usual rifle volley (thus giving away their location), "Taps" was substituted as a proper send-off for the soldier.
I recommend Michael Shaara's The Killer Angels as a beautiful fictionalization of the Battle of Gettysburg, complete with scads of factual information, including some about Butterfield. The war had so many amazing stories that I feel false legends such as the "Taps" story add nothing to the historical understanding of the emotions and heavy-handedness of the time.
The name "Taps" was not given to the melody until 1874. It is still used to mark the end of the soldier's day, and, appropriately, the end of his earthly journey.
"Taps" has no official lyric, although the following is in relatively common use:
Fading light dims the sight,
And a star gems the sky, gleaming bright.
From afar drawing nigh -- Falls the night.
Day is done, gone the sun,
From the lake, from the hills, from the sky;
All is well, safely rest, God is nigh.
Then good night, peaceful night,
Till the light of the dawn shineth bright;
God is near, do not fear -- Friend, good night. | <urn:uuid:cf05ee8b-9409-42fc-bc68-78fbc7c82643> | {
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In an auditory interpretation study, Frazier and Clifton (1998; F&C) tested sluices with two indefinite possible antecedents:
With the embedded object (someone) accented, object responses (who was hiding) reached 69%, while accenting the matrix subject (tourist) produced 46% object responses. Accent position significantly affected interpretation, presumably by helping focus the accented element, but object responses remained even with subject accent. This object bias was traced to focus more indirectly, through perceivers' general tendency (in English) to assign focus clause-finally. However, these results could also result from a preference specifically for object antecedents, or for antecedents not separated from the sluice by additional clause boundaries. Additionally, this work explored focus only in indefinite sluices, though other types exist (Romero 1997, Merchant 2001).
An auditory questionnaire addressed alternative explanations using sluices with two VP-internal indefinites:
Two further experiments extended this work to the processing of contrast sluices (with 'else' indicating contrast with a definite antecedent, instead of an indefinite) as in (3):
In a written questionnaire, sentences like (3) received 86% object responses, showing that the preference for a clause-final antecedent holds for contrast sluices. In an auditory questionnaire, object responses fell to 42% with the subject (Alice) accented, vs. 88% with the object (Bill) accented (p's.001). With the verb or both arguments accented, object responses were at 76% (each differed from the subject/object accent conditions, p's.05). These results show that exclusive accent on only one argument is needed to raise focus assignments to that argument, not just the presence of an accent. Finally, despite strong accent effects, an overall bias towards the lower antecedent remains, showing that the position of default focus is important in all sluices tested. The implications of these results for ellipsis processing and the relation between accent and focus will be discussed. | <urn:uuid:fe1572f1-7575-4173-9c14-84719ca50421> | {
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When it comes to computers, the folder is the backbone of organization. Folders help you separate, label, and move files with ease. Before you can utilize this basic function of a computer, though, you have to know how to create one.
Method 1 of 2: Using Windows Explorer
1Find the location where you want to create your folder. If you are going to be accessing the files often, then you might want to consider creating the folder on your desktop. Otherwise, your My Documents folder should do.Ad
2Create the folder. To create the folder, right-click on a blank spot and select New → Folder.
3Name the folder. Type in a preferred name for the folder.
4Fill the folder. After this you can drag any type of file that you want to organize into your brand new folder. You can then double click the folder at any time to access those files.
Method 2 of 2: Using the Command Prompt
1Open the Command Prompt. You can start the Command Prompt by pressing ⊞ Win+R and typing cmd into the Run box. If you are using Windows 8, you can also press ⊞ Win+X and select Command Prompt from the menu.
2Navigate to where you want the folder to be. Use the Command Prompt navigation commands to open the location that you want your folder to reside in.
3Create a single folder. To create a folder in your current location, type mkdir foldername and press ↵ Enter. You can open your new folder by typing cd foldername.
4Create nested directories. You can create a set of directories inside each other with one command. This is useful if you are building a directory tree that you're going to populate later. Add the -p flag to your mkdir command to add multiple directories nested in each other. For example mkdir -p Vacation\Images\Favorites would create the Vacation directory in your current location, with the Images directory inside, and the Favorites directory located inside the Images directory.
5Copy files into your new folder. Once you have your folder created, you can start populating it with files. See this guide for details on copying files.Ad
We could really use your help! | <urn:uuid:aaab344c-6c27-492d-8170-f58ba6c35199> | {
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Chapter 10: a New nation
The changes that have come over the inner spirit and the outward expression of American life since Lincoln
's day are enough to startle the curiosity of the dullest observer.
Yet they have been accomplished within the lifetime of a single man of letters.
The author of one of the many campaign biographies of Lincoln
in 1860 was William Dean Howells
, then an Ohio journalist of twenty-three.
In 1917, at the age of eighty, Mr. Howells
is still adding to his long row of charming and memorable books.
Every phase of American writing since the middle of the last century has fallen under the keen and kindly scrutiny of this loyal follower of the art of literature.
As producer, editor, critic, and friend of the foremost writers of his epoch, Mr. Howells
has known the books of our new national era as no one else could have known them.
Some future historian of the period may | <urn:uuid:cc7b4bd3-a8be-4c91-afc4-f5a0e7c3508f> | {
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Greater adherence to the diet was associated with a 9% lower overall mortality, a 9% lower cardiovascular mortality, a 6% lower incidence of or mortality from cancer, and a 13% lower incidence of Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease, Francesco Sofi, M.D., of the University of Florence, and colleagues reported online in the British Medical Journal.
The Mediterranean diet, widely reported to be a model of healthy eating, is rich in vegetables, fruits, legumes, cereals, fish, nuts, olive oil, and a moderate intake of red wine during meals, but is low in red meat, dairy products, and alcohol.
Until now the majority of studies of the Mediterranean diet have assessed single nutrients or food groups, a limited approach, the researchers said, because food components of diets offer synergistic and antagonistic interactions and because people eat a complex variety of nutrients.
Therefore, over the past few years an increasing number of studies have shifted to analyses of dietary patterns as a whole and it has proven effective against cardiovascular disease and cancer, the researchers wrote.
But to the best of their knowledge, the investigators said, theirs is the first report to systematically assess the possible association between adherence to the Mediterranean diet, mortality, and chronic diseases in the general population.
Their meta-analysis comprised 12 international prospective cohort studies that included 1,574,299 individuals followed for intervals of three to 18 years.
Data came from English and non-English publications in PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane register, and other registries from 1966 to June 30, 2008.
Only six of the 12 studies were done in Mediterranean populations. The remaining cohorts included U.S. populations, Northern Europeans, and a group of Europeans living in Australia.
All of the studies used an "adherence score," which varied from a minimum of zero points indicating low adherence to the Mediterranean diet to a maximum of seven to nine points reflecting high adherence.
The cumulative analysis among eight cohorts (514,816 individuals and 33,576 deaths) evaluating overall mortality showed that a two-point increase in the adherence score was significantly associated with a reduced risk of mortality (pooled relative risk 0.91, 95% confidence interval 0.89 to 0.94).
Likewise, the analyses showed a beneficial role for greater adherence to a Mediterranean diet on cardiovascular mortality (pooled relative risk 0.91, 95% CI 0.87 to 0.95), incidence of or mortality from cancer (0.94, 95% CI 0.92 to 0.96), and incidence of Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease (0.87, 95% CI 0.80 to 0.96).
Study limitations included the fact that the Mediterranean diet is not a homogeneous pattern of eating. It is not clear how to group some food categories such as legumes, milk, and dairy products, the real importance of different types of meat, and definition of moderate amounts of alcohol intake.
In addition, the researchers said, the use of a score for estimating a dietary pattern is limited by subjectivity and the available data, while a further limitation exists in the different adjustments for potential confounders in the studies.
An overall analysis of these cohort studies found a significant drop in the risk of all the main clinical outcomes with increasing adherence to a Mediterranean diet. This seems to show that an adherence score based on a theoretically defined Mediterranean diet would be an effective preventive tool for reducing the risk of mortality and morbidity in the general population, the researchers said.
Unfortunately, they said, despite the worldwide promotion of the diet, there has been a progressive shift to a non-Mediterranean dietary pattern, even in countries bordering the Mediterranean sea.
The findings "confirm current guidelines and recommendations from all the major scientific associations that strongly encourage a Mediterranean-like dietary pattern for primary and secondary prevention of major chronic diseases," Dr. Sofi and colleagues concluded.
|No funding or competing individual interests were reported for this study.|
Zalman S. Agus, MD Emeritus Professor
University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine
British Medical JournalSource Reference: Sofi F, et al "Adherence to Mediterranean diet and health status: meta-analysis" BMJ 2008; 337: DOI: 10.1136/bmj.a1344. | <urn:uuid:f856e8c2-270b-43c5-aa4c-2b94a3309978> | {
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Alphabetical Listing of Reference Documents by Title
NOTE: [PDF] links require Acrobat Reader from Adobe.
As World Warms, Vegetation Changes May Influence Extreme Weather
Abstract: This is believed to be the first study to indicate that as vegetation responds to climate change, those changes in ground cover may affect where and how often extreme weather events occur.
Source: Purdue University
Aviation and the Global Atmosphere
Abstract: Discusses atmospheric science relating to aviation, and socio-economic issues associated with mitigation options for both subsonic and supersonic fleets. Covers potential effects of past and future aviation on both stratospheric ozone depletion and global climate change.
Source: International Panel on Climate Change
Can Ocean Carbon Uptake Keep Pace with Industrial Emissions?
Abstract: The first observations based on the estimate of the history of anthropogenic carbon uptake by the ocean suggests that the oceans are struggling to keep up with rising emissions.
Source: Goddard Institute for Space Studies
Climate Calculators for Local Governments
Abstract: A listing of climate calculators are tools that can help cities and counties conduct greenhouse gas (GHG) emission inventories for a specified report year
Source: Cool California
Abstract: Economic models are an important tool for evaluating the potential impact of proposed legislation on our economy.
Source: Pew Center for Global Climate Change
Feedback Loops In Global Climate Change Point To A Very Hot 21st Century
Abstract: Studies have shown that global climate change can set-off positive feedback loops in nature which amplify warming and cooling trends.
Source: Science Daily
Future Temperature Changes
Abstract: Learn how quickly the Earth's temperature will increase remains unknown given the uncertainty of future greenhouse gas, aerosol emissions and the Earth's response to changing conditions.
Source: Environmental Protection Agency
Global Warming Potential
Abstract: Global Warming Potential (GWP) is a measure of the potency of different greenhouse gases with that of CO2.
Source: Carbon Offset Research and Education CORE
Human Health (Climate Institute Core Issues)
Abstract: Researchers have found a close link between local climate and the occurrence or severity of some diseases and other threats to human health.
Source: Climate Institute
IPCC - Climate Change 2007 (The Fourth IPCC Assessment Report)
Abstract: The IPCC provides assessment reports in regular intervals, on the global state and knowledge of climate change. This is the fourth report.
Source: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
The Impact of Climate Change on Human Health
Abstract: The core concern is succinctly stated: climate change endangers health in fundamental ways.
Source: World Health Organization
U.S. Climate Policy and Actions
Abstract: Describes current U.S. policy regarding climate change.
Source: Environmental Protection Agency
United States Global Research Program - Agriculture [PDF]
Abstract: Climate change clearly affects agriculture, climate is also affected by agriculture, which contributes 13.5 percent of all human-induced greenhouse gas emissions.
Source: United States Global Research Program
The Topic Hub™ is a product of the Pollution Prevention Resource Exchange (P2Rx)
The Climate Change Topic Hub™ was developed by:
Hub Last Updated: 5/7/2013 | <urn:uuid:b2fc6f73-4c0f-4929-abf0-68d22be15d32> | {
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The Stamp Act of 1765 refers to the tax enforced by the Parliament of Great Britain on the colonies of then British America. The act called for printed materials within the colonies to be standardized using London-made stamp paper with embossed revenue stamps. Such printed materials comprise mostly of legal documents, newspapers, magazines and other types of paper used throughout the colonies.
The new stamp tax system was paid using valid British currency, just like previous taxes. The primary objective was to assist in the burden of paying for the troops stationed in North America, just right after British success in the famous global military conflict, the Seven Year’s War. Because the British government strongly believed that the colonies were those who benefitted the most from the war, they should play their part by paying a portion of the expenses.
The Seven Years War
What led to the creation of the Stamp Act of 1765 was the British “Pyrrhic Victory” in the Seven Years War, or as British America called it the “French and Indian War.” It was a very costly war, that the British National debt nearly doubled. The prospect of keeping about ten thousand regular British soldiers positioned in the American colonies after the war assured that post-war costs and expenses would remain high. The primary objective for retaining such a huge force was simply to prevent from demobilizing it. Most of the officers had good connections everywhere in the Parliament, and they probably did all they could so they will not be out of work. This scenario may have supported the need to retain a peacetime force, but because the British were very reluctant with the idea of standing armies at home, they felt that it would be much better garrisoning them elsewhere.
A good number of the army stationed in North America would prove to be a good strategic move as Great Britain just acquired the vast territory that was New France during the 1763 treaty. Troops would naturally be needed to maintain total control of a new empire. Pontiac’s Rebellion of May 1763, was an uprising staged by Native American Indians directed towards the continuing Anglo expansion, only reinforced the need for the strategic move. There were accounts that Pontiac’s Rebellion forced the hand of Britain, which led to the decision of garrisoning troops in greater North America. This proved to be false as the decision was already made even before the uprising.
George Greenville, the newly proclaimed prime minister in April 1763 spearheaded the task of looking for ways to pay for large armies during peacetime. To raise the taxes in Britain herself was totally out of the question, as virulent protests of another tax called the 1763 cider tax whipped throughout the landscape, which had the previous Bute ministry hanging in the balance. The new Grenville ministry had to look elsewhere on distant shores for a solution; they saw that American colonists would be a good prospect, and so they went on with their plan.
Also, politicians in London had always argued that American colonists should do their part and contribute to the defense effort, since it was the colonist’s defenses that were at stake. As long as the French continues to exist in America, the threat would always be there. This part especially, had given Parliament little trouble, as the colonial legislatures were quick to respond and provide assistance. However, the help or assistance given was in the form of raising colonial militias. This proved contradictory to the plan that British parliamentary had in mind. Things got worse as the colonial militias during the peace of 1763 were quickly abandoned. It created a stalemate that eventually led to other options, like the Stamp Act of 1765.
This idea was met with great resistance throughout the colonies. Colonists justified their resentment mainly due to the absence of representation in the parliament and the effect that they did not have influence over the various taxes that were being raised and how they would be systematically levied and spent. Most colonists viewed this as a violation of their rights; Englishmen taxed without their consent. And if there indeed was, it was one that only colonial legislatures could ever grant.
Various assemblies setup by the colonies sent their petitions, which was followed by protests. Led by common colonial landowners and merchants, they found a great opportunity to establish connections primarily though correspondence. This created a loose coalition by colonies from New England to those from Georgia. New York City back then also held the Stamp Act Congress to voice their opposition, petition the parliament and the king. It became the first joint colonial response against British rule. Things heated up as demonstrations from the Sons of Liberty, a political group composed of American patriots, would get out of hand and become violent. This greatly intimidated stamp tax distributors; they resigned from their posts, which meant that this specific tax never materialized.
The opposition was never limited to the colonies. Both British manufacturers and merchants pressured Parliament, citing that the valuable exports to the colonies were under constant pressure due to the various economic problems suffered by the colonies. Finally, on March 18, 1766 the act was repealed; but Parliament countered by affirming and strengthening its hold on the job to legislate for the colonies in every way by introducing the “Declaratory Act.” This only made matters worse as colonists became increasingly concerned with the whole agenda of the British Parliament and the direction that things were going. This is among the factors that paved the way for the American Revolution.
Paving the Way
Some phases of the resistance against the act became the staging ground for another important resistance, this time against the Townshend Acts of 1767. And in the American Revolution that followed a decade later, committees that were formed from both sides to voice opposition were meeting on more formal grounds. The colonies also took part with a non-importation agreement known as the Continental Association in 1774. All in all, the ability of these colonies to get their act together for a common purpose, in this case the opposition to the Stamp Act 1765, paved the way for breaking free from British control. | <urn:uuid:d2673947-22de-4e3c-977b-63c983751dc3> | {
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Pipil is an Uto-Aztecan language spoken by about 3,000 people in parts of El Salvador, particularly in the departments of Sonsonate and Ahuachapán. Since the 1990s there have been various efforts to revive and revitalise the language, including the Nawat Language Recovery Initiative. Thanks to these grassroots movements, which receive no government support, the number of speakers of Pipil rose from about 200 in the 1980s to 3,000 in 2009.
Pipil is a descendent of the Nahuatl spoken by Aztecs who fled from Mexico in 900 AD to escape persecution by Olmecs. Over time their language changed and is no longer mutually intelligible with Nahuatl. They settled in what would become El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras and Panama, though today their language is only spoken in El Salvador having become extinct elsewhere.
Muchi ne tay gen tu weyga nestiwit tamagixti genga tik ekneliat wan ipal wan gichiwtiwit ipal ma munegigan ne se pal ne se.
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They
are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another
in a spirit of brotherhood.
(Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights)
Information about the Pipil/Nawat language
Online Nawat lessons
Ne Bibliaj Tik Nawat (The Bible in Nawat) | <urn:uuid:75731953-6158-4b82-bea4-5a07a5988937> | {
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Stomach Ulcers & Related Conditions FAQs
Indigestion is a common symptom for city dwellers, and is usually caused by either gastritis or ulcers. Gastritis refers to inflammation of the lining of the stomach and could lead to ulcers if left untreated. There are many causes for gastritis or ulcers: a bacterium called Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori); certain aspirin or aspirin containing drugs; smoking; alcohol; excessive stomach acid; irregular eating habits; stress, etc. The best way to diagnose these conditions is by gastroscopy, which uses a thin flexible tube with a micro-camera attached to its tip, which displays images on a monitor in real time.
Full article will be available in 2017. | <urn:uuid:1068b36d-7ef2-4b61-803b-7e62166ff20b> | {
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Complex post traumatic stress disorder (complex ptsd, pdsd, shell shock, nervous shock, combat fatigue), symptoms and the difference between mental illness and psychiatric injury explained
In the previous version of DSM (DSM-III) a criterion of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder was for the sufferer to have faced a single major life-threatening event; this criterion was present because a) it was thought that PTSD could not be a result of "normal" events such as bereavement, business failure, interpersonal conflict, bullying, harassment, stalking, marital disharmony, working for the emergency services, etc, and b) most of the research on PTSD had been undertaken with people who had suffered a threat to life (eg combat veterans, especially from Vietnam, victims of accident, disaster, and acts of violence).
A. The person experiences a traumatic event in which both of the following were present:
1. the person experienced or witnessed or was confronted with an event or events that involved actual or threatened death or serious injury, or a threat to the physical integrity of self or others;
2. the person's response involved intense fear, helplessness, or horror.
B. The traumatic event is persistently re-experienced in any of the following ways:
1. recurrent and intrusive distressing recollections of the event, including images, thoughts or perceptions;
2. recurrent distressing dreams of the event;
3. acting or feeling as if the traumatic event were recurring (eg reliving the experience, illusions, hallucinations, and dissociative flashback episodes, including those on wakening or when intoxicated);
4. intense psychological distress at exposure to internal or external cues that symbolise or resemble an aspect of the traumatic event;
5. physiological reactivity on exposure to internal or external cues that symbolise or resemble an aspect of the traumatic event.
C. Persistent avoidance of stimuli associated with the trauma and numbing of general responsiveness (not present before the trauma) as indicated by at least three of:
1. efforts to avoid thoughts, feelings or conversations associated with the trauma;
2. efforts to avoid activities, places or people that arouse recollections of this trauma;
3. inability to recall an important aspect of the trauma;
4. markedly diminished interest or participation in significant activities;
5. feeling of detachment or estrangement from others;
6. restricted range of affect (eg unable to have loving feelings);
7. sense of a foreshortened future (eg does not expect to have a career, marriage, children or a normal life span).
D. Persistent symptoms of increased arousal (not present before the trauma) as indicated by at least two of the following:
1. difficulty falling or staying asleep;
2. irritability or outbursts of anger;
3. difficulty concentrating;
5. exaggerated startle response.
E. The symptoms on Criteria B, C and D last for more than one month.
F. The disturbance causes clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational or other important areas of functioning.
Elyssa D. Durant © DailyDDoSe™ © 2013 | <urn:uuid:5c400eb7-b088-4bf4-bf5e-7eaa3b64c5eb> | {
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The temperature of tiny structures, thousands of times smaller than a grain of sand, can now be measured accurately, thanks to a technique developed by Keio University researchers1. The method could help to design more efficient electronic components, or monitor the behavior of individual cells.
The technique is a form of nanoscale thermometry, able to measure the temperature at a point just billionths of a meter wide, and it avoids some key problems of previous approaches. Scanning thermal microscopy techniques, which come in direct contact with a sample, have a spatial precision of less than 100 nanometers. But the microscope’s probe tip can damage the sample, and heat exchange between the sample and the equipment can affect the temperature measurement. Meanwhile, non-contact methods using lasers have a spatial resolution that is usually limited to half the wavelength of the incoming light, which is typically several hundred nanometers.
Yoshihiro Taguchi of Keio University, and colleagues, have invented a non-contact technique called fluorescence near-field optics thermal nanoscopy (Fluor-NOTN), with a spatial resolution of just 70 nanometers. It relies on nanoscale-sized ‘quantum dots’ made of cadmium selenide, which fluoresce when light shines on them. Crucially, the time it takes for this fluorescence to fade away depends on the quantum dots’ temperature.
The team coated a silicon surface with the quantum dots, and used a conventional electrical thermometer to monitor its temperature. They shot incredibly brief pulses of blue laser light at the surface through a specially modified optical fiber, its core tapered to a 70-nanometer-wide opening.
The pulses made the quantum dots fluoresce red light, which travelled back up the optical fiber to a detector. This showed that the fluorescence lifetime was just over 13 nanoseconds at room temperature. But as the temperature increased to 40 degrees Celsius, the lifetime decreased to about 12 nanoseconds.
By measuring the fluorescence lifetime of quantum dots in this way, the researchers hope to study the temperature distribution in minuscule straw-like structures called carbon nanotubes (CNTs). An electrical current causes some CNTs to heat up and emit light, which could be used to generate pulses that carry information in novel forms of computer chips. “Understanding the local temperature distribution is important for controlling the response speed of light emission, and the light spectrum,” says Taguchi.
The researchers also aim to study living cells with Fluor-NOTN. “The temperature distribution of a cell is still unknown,” says Taguchi. “We aim to map the local temperature of a single cell, such as a neuron.” | <urn:uuid:6dc4591f-321f-4f46-9379-92a769a0b33e> | {
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A giant rat species last seen 37 years ago and feared extinct has been seen again on the Philippines island of Dinagat.
Crateromys australis, or the Dinagat bushy-tailed cloud rat, belongs to a family of tree-dwelling, leaf-eating rats found only in the Philippines and growing up to 2.5 feet long.
Each of the six cloud rat species is threatened or endangered, but the Dinagat is especially rare: The last time it was sighted was also the first time it was sighted, and several expeditions launched during the past decade to find another Dinagat came home empty-handed. It is officially considered critically endangered and possibly extinct.
“One evening we sat in the forest and waited to find the tarsiers. Suddenly the cloud rat came to my husband. We weren’t sitting together, we were 1,000 feet apart, and he sent me a text message: ‘There’s a rat with a black-and-white tail. It could be the cloud rat!'” said zoologist Milada Řeháková, the Tarsius Project’s team leader.
However, Řeháková’s husband — not a zoologist, but a computer programmer helping out on the trip — didn’t have a camera, and the rat vanished by the time Milada reached him.
“It would be just a story that the programmer saw something that he couldn’t prove,” Řeháková said. “We spent the next week trying to find it again.”
Their patience paid off: They encountered a Dinagat cloud rat twice more. Their video is the first ever taken of the species, which was known from a single specimen collected near a logging road in 1975.
The rats’ identity was later verified, and Řeháková reported the rediscovery at a meeting of the Wildlife Conservation Society of the Philippines on Apr. 17.
According to Řeháková, the rats walked to within a few feet of the couple, displaying a lack of wariness that’s made other cloud rat species a tragically easy target for hunters.
“There are not many hunters on that island, which is in contrast to other islands, where poaching and hunting are very frequent,” she said. “But I’m not sure this is enough to secure the species’ survival. There are not many forests left on Dinagat island. Everything is either clear-cut or covered by mining claims. The forest will be cut down as mining continues. If someone doesn’t protect the area, the cloud rats will disappear.”
Via the EDGE Blog.
Image and Video: Milada Řeháková and Vaclav Rehak/The Tarsius ProjectGo Back to Top. Skip To: Start of Article. | <urn:uuid:a31974d9-02d3-4b7c-91db-70328e3f3423> | {
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Hallvard of Norway
Saint Hallvard Vebjørnsson of Norway , also Hallvard of Husaby or Halward of Oslo (Hallvard Den Hellige) (c. 1020–1043), is the patron saint of Oslo, Norway. He is considered a martyr because of his defence of an innocent woman. His feast day is May 14.
Little is known of his life, and all traditional stories relate to his death near Drammen. The exact year of birth and place of his birth is unknown. According to tradition, his father was the farmer Vebjørn. His parents were wealthy farmers and owned the farm Husaby in Lier. His mother was Torny Gudbrandsdatter. His mother was reportedly related to St. Olav, the patron saint of Norway. It is said that his mother was the daughter of Gudbrand Kula from Oppland, who was also the father of Åsta Gudbrandsdatter, St. Olav's mother.
Hallvard defended a pregnant woman, most likely a slave, who had been given sanctuary on his ship from three men accusing her of theft. Hallvard, together with the woman, were killed by arrows from the men. The woman was buried on the beach. Hallvard, however, was bound with a millstone around his neck, and the men attempted to drown his body in Drammensfjord but it refused to sink and as a result their crimes were discovered.
St. Hallvard was celebrated as a local saint in Norway - and especially in the eastern region - throughout the Middle Ages. His feast day was formerly on May 14, but was later changed to May 15. Hallvard has been revered as a martyr for his defense of an innocent person since medieval times.
The connection of St. Hallvard to the city of Oslo was fortified by the fact that his image was recorded in the city's seal already on the 14th century. The municipality's highest honor, the St. Hallvard Medal (St. Hallvard-medaljen), was named after him in 1950.
In art, Saint Halward is a young prince holding a millstone. | <urn:uuid:e543a019-30d1-496f-8156-f5ca5a88d79e> | {
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We all agree that Nature is beautiful. But it can also be quite weird. Just when you think you have seen it all, Nature amazes you with another strange creature that lives on this Planet.
Here is a list of weird animals from around the world that will surprise you. Take a look!
Talking about strange animals we cannot miss the oarfish. It is hard to see because it lives at the bottom of the ocean. It was found dead off the coast of Australia and this is how people saw it for the first time. For sure it is not the type of animal you would like to encounter on the beach during your summer vacation.
This is one of the most unusual animals in the world. It is a prehistoric shark with sharp teeth. It lives in the deepest parts of the ocean, so it is not easy to see one.
Japanese spider crab
The Japanese spider crab is huge and some people even call it Crabzilla. One of the biggest crabs of this kind measured 10 feet from claw to claw.
Naked mole rat
Naked mole rats are weird creatures that live in colonies underground. They are usually found in sub-Saharan Africa and some people even find them cute.
The Gharial is a type of crocodile found in India. It is about the size of a man, but a lot more terrifying. It has a huge jaw and needle-like teeth. And this is the type of animal you don’t want to meet.
If you look at this animal you will immediately know why it is called the weirdest turtle ever. It has a very asymmetrical face and it doesn’t look like any other turtle you have seen in your life.
Some people think this is one of the funny looking animals, but it is actually quite strange. It lives in the ocean and appeared near Portland, Oregon.
As you have seen by now, Nature can surprise us in various ways. These are only some of the weird animals we share our planet with. What are the strangest animals you know? | <urn:uuid:658a26de-3975-4166-9b53-ce0ebcd6acc7> | {
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1890 – Birth of Ernst Freiherr von Althaus, German World War I flying ace.
1910 – Orville Wright begins training students in Montgomery, Ala., at a site that later becomes Maxwell Air Force Base.
1954 – First flight of the Auster AOP.9 (shown), a light British military observation aircraft.
1976 – Death of Aldo Bocchese, Italian World War I flying ace.
1998 – At the age of 82, Wing Cmdr. Ken Wallis sets a world record time for reaching an altitude of 9,842 feet in an autogyro; he sets a time of 7 minutes, 20 seconds in his WA12.
2011 – Aircraft of the French Air Force make the first attacks of the military intervention in Libya, striking Libyan government armored vehicles south of Benghazi during the Second Battle of Benghazi. U.S. Air Force B-2 Spirits, American fighters, and Royal Air Force aircraft go into action later in the day, striking Libyan government ground forces and air defense sites. | <urn:uuid:d2491256-6ed1-401a-8de3-6478448355c9> | {
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1.C.4 The Aerolysin Channel-forming Toxin (Aerolysin) Family
The aerolysins are a closely related group of channel-forming toxins secreted by members of the family Aeromonas, important human and animal pathogens. They are activated by host and bacterial proteases which remove a C-terminal fragment of about 40 amino acyl residues. The activated monomeric toxin then binds to a receptor glycosyl phosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored protein on the surface of the target cell. Because GPI anchored proteins are incorporated into the envelope membrane of human immunodeficiency virus type I (HIV-1), aerolysin can neutralize the virus in a process that depends on channel formation. The dual chaperone role of the C-terminal propeptide of aerolysin participates in folding and oligomerization of the pore-forming toxin (Iacovache et al., 2011).
Membrane binding of the monomeric toxin promotes oligomerization to a stable heptamer (as is known for the homologous α-hemolysin (αHL) family (TC #1.C.3)). Heptamerization converts the protein from a soluble form to a membrane insertion-competent form, and the oligomer penetrates the membrane producing channels that destroy the permeability barrier of the membrane, thereby killing the cell. The membrane-associated channel-forming protein may comprise a β-barrel. The three-dimensional structure of the soluble form of aerolysin from the Gram-negative bacterium, Aeromonas hydrophila, has been determined by x-ray crystallography (2.8 Å resolution) (Parker et al., 1994, 1996). The closely related aerolysins are distantly related to many other toxins including the α-toxin of the Gram-positive bacterium, Clostridium septicum, enterolobin, a cytolysin of the plant, Enterolobium contortisiliquum, the ε-toxin of Clostridium perfringens (1.C.5.1.1), and the α-hemolysin of Staphylococcus aureus (1.C.3.1.1). Members of the aerolysin family are therefore found in both bacteria and eukaryotes.
Hydralysins (1.C.4.2.1) are β pore-forming toxins in cnidaria, venomous animals such as Hydra vulgaris, and Chlorohydra viridissima (Sher et al., 2005). These toxins induce immediate fast muscle contraction followed by flaccid paralysis when injected into blowfly larvae (Zhang et al., 2003). They have strong hemolytic activity against certain insect cells. Other toxins, including the pore-forming actinoporins, but not hydralysins, are stored in sting cells called nematocytes.
Hydralysins are similar in structure and activity to many bacterial and fungal toxins (Sher et al., 2005) but show little sequence similarity with them. The soluble monomers are rich in β-structure and bind to erythrocyte membranes to form pores with an inner diameter of about 1.2 nm (Sher et al., 2005). Cytolysis is cell type-specific suggesting the involvement of a specific receptor. These toxins share some motif similarity around the pore-forming domains of the toxins and are homologous to ε-toxin (1.C.5.1.1) and α-toxin (1.C.4.2.1).
The generalized transport reaction catalyzed by members of the aerolysin family is:
small molecules (in) small molecules (out) | <urn:uuid:17be7ab2-d6ca-412a-8f73-0a3cd9a8f0dc> | {
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Tristan Hughes ’19, Business & Ad Manager
Since the end of the second World War, relations between the United States and Russia (formerly the Soviet Union) have not been the greatest. For roughly 45 years, the two superpowers engaged in an arms race and ideological battle known as the Cold War. During this time, the two nations backed different sides in small wars, such as the Vietnam War, competed in a race to space, and built vast numbers of nuclear weapons. This conflict reached its peak during the Cuban Missile Crisis when both sides were close to pulling the trigger on potential world obliteration.
Since 1971, both sides have been working to improve their diplomatic relations, but recently, tensions have been rising again. With the issues in Venezuela escalating, other nations are picking sides. The United States has decided to back Juan Guaido the interim president. Guaido claims that current president Nicolas Maduro had the election rigged in order to win. Secretary of State, Mike Pompeo encouraged all nations to “support the Venezuelan people by recognizing interim president, Guido.” Russia, on the other hand backs current president Nicolas Maduro against claims of dictatorship. This is strikingly similar to previous wars that have pitted the two superpowers against each other.
In recent news, a cold war era treaty, which limited the ownership and construction of intermediate range missiles, is facing a possible expiration in 2021. As of the current date, the United States is refusing to resign the treaty. Upon recognition of this, a Russian State TV. program released a list of places that they would target in case of nuclear conflict with the United States. Although many experts see this as an empty threat, Russian President, Vladimir Putin, said that he would not back down from a second Cold War-esque arms race. U.S. Under Secretary of State Andrea Thompson said, “We have until 2021… It’s a relatively simple treaty to extend, so we have time with that.” As the United States continues to avoid resigning the treaty, only time can tell as to how it will affect relations between Russia, and the U.S..
Photo courtesy of The Duren | <urn:uuid:5de32f5a-26e9-44a8-af5f-0efd7a0fdc0a> | {
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Radiation Oncology (sometimes called radiation therapy or radiotherapy) is the medical use of radiation in the treatment of various diseases, primarily cancer. At Cebu Doctors' University Hospital - Radiation Therapy Center (CDUH-RTC) the treatments are given by a machine called a Medical Linear Accelerator (LINAC). The radiation produced by the linac is computer controlled to destroy abnormal cells while preserving the normal, surrounding tissue. In many cases, radiation therapy is the single best method for the treatment of diseases such as cancer, but it also may be combined with surgery and/or chemotherapy.
Our objective is to deliver the prescribed dose of radiation to the accurately localized cancer-bearing tissues in order to produce tumor control and restrict the dose to surrounding normal tissues so that the probability of clinically significant damage to normal tissues is kept to an acceptable level. Providing radiation therapy is a team effort composed of the radiation oncologist, assisted by a medical physicist, radiation therapists, and a radiation oncology nurse. Each team member is trained, certified, or licensed as a specialist.
External Beam Radiation Therapy uses high-energy radiation which is delivered by a machine outside the body to shrink tumors and kill cancer cells.
Radiation therapy kills cancer cells by damaging their DNA (the molecules inside cells that carry genetic information and pass it from one generation to the next).
Radiation therapy can either damage DNA directly or create charged particles (free radicals) within the cells that can in turn damage the DNA. Cancer cells whose DNA is damaged beyond repair stop dividing or die.
When the damaged cells die, they are broken down and eliminated by the body's natural processes.
NO! radiation therapy can also damage normal cells, leading to side effects. Doctors take potential damage to normal cells into account when planning a course of radiation therapy. The amount of radiation that normal tissue can safely receive is known for all parts of the body. Doctors use this information to help them decide where to aim radiation during treatment.
Radiation therapy is sometimes given with curative intent (that is, with the hope that the treatment will cure a cancer, either by eliminating a tumor, preventing cancer recurrence, or both). In such cases, radiation therapy may be used alone or in combination with surgery, chemotherapy, or both. Radiation therapy may also be given with palliative intent. Palliative treatments are not intended to cure. Instead, they relieve symptoms and reduce the suffering caused by cancer. Some examples of palliative radiation therapy are:
A radiation oncologist develops a patient's treatment plan through a process called treatment planning, which begins with simulation. During simulation, detailed imaging scans show the location of a patient's tumor and the normal areas around it. These scans are usually computed tomography (CT) scans, but they can also include magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positron emission tomography (PET), and ultrasound scans.
Monday to Friday
7:30 AM to 12:00 NN
1:00 PM to 4:30 PM
Closed on Weekends and Holidays
G/F Cebu Doctors' University Hospital
Telephone No.: (+63) 32 255 - 5555 Local 115
Send Us Message | <urn:uuid:9327290d-a39a-4d51-a3c7-ecff736fb792> | {
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Of the several sorting methods we have studied, no one method is best. Some methods are good for small n, others for large n. Insertion sort is good when the list is already partially ordered. Because of the low overhead of the method. it is also the best sorting method for “small” n. Merge sort has the: best worst-case behavior but requires more storage than heap sort. Quick sort has the best average behavior, but its worst-case behavior is O(n2). The behavior of radix sort depends on the size of the keys and the choice of r.
Figure gives the average running times for InsertionSort, QuickSort , MergeSort, and HeapSort. These were obtained on an IBM-PC. Figure is a plot of these times. As can be seen for n up to about 20, lnsertionSort is the fastest. QuickSort is the fastest for larger values of n. In practice, therefore, it would be worthwhile to combine InsertionSort and QuickSort. QuickSort uses InsertionSort when the sublist size is below about 20.
1. [Count Sort] The simplest known sorting method arises from the observation that the position of a record in a sorted list depends on the number of records with smaller keys. Associated with each record there is a count field used to determine the number of records that must precede this one in the sorted list. Write a function
to determine the count of each record in an un-ordered list. Show that if the list has n records, then all the counts can be determined by making at most n (n – 1) / 2 key comparisons.
2. Write a function similar to table to percentage the records of a list if, with each record, we have a count of the number of records preceding it in the sorted list.
3. Obtain figures for the worst-case run time.
4. [Programming Project]: The objective of’ this assignment is to come up with a composite sorting function that is good on the worst-time criterion. The candidate sort methods are (a) insertion sort, (b) quick sort, (c) merge sort, (d) heap sort.
To begin with, program these sort methods in C++. In each case, assume that n, integers are to be sorted. In the case of quick sort, use the median-of-three method. In the case of merge sort, use the iterative method (as a separate exercise, you might wish to compare the run times of the iterative and recursive versions of merge sort and determine what the recursion penalty is in your favorite language using your favorite compiler). Check out the correctness of the programs using some test data. Since quite detailed and working functions are given in the book, this part of the assignment should take-little effort. In. any case, no points are earned until after this step.
To obtain reasonably accurate run times. you need to know the accuracy of the clock or timer you are using. Determine this by reading the appropriate manual. Let the clock accuracy be O. Now, run a pilot test to determine ballpark times for your four sorting functions for n = 5, 10,20,30,40,50. and 100. You will notice times of 0 for many of these values of n. The other times may not be much larger than the clock accuracy.
To time an event that is smaller than or near the clock accuracy, repeat it many times and divide the overall time by the number of repetitions. You should obtain times that are accurate to within 1%.
We need worst-case data for each of the four sort methods. The worst-case data for insertion sort are easy to generate. Just use the sequence n, n-I, n-2, .. ” 1. Worst-case data for merge sort can be obtained by working backward. Begin with the last merge your function will perform and make this work hardest. Then look at the second-to-last merge; and so on. Use this logic to obtain a program that will generate worst-case data for merge sort for each of the above values of n.
Generating worst-case data for heap sort is the hardest, so, here we shall use a random permutation generator. We shall generate random permutations of the desired size, clock heap sort on each of these, and use the max of these times to approximate to the worst-case time. You will be able to use more random permutations for smaller values of n than for larger. For no value of n should you use fewer than 10 permutations. Use the same technique to obtain worst-case times for quick sort.
Having settled on the test data, we are ready to perform our experiment. Obtain the worst-case times. From these times you will get a rough idea when one function performs better than the other. Now, narrow the scope of your experiments and determine the exact value of n Will one sort method outperforms another. For some methods, this value may be O. For instance, each of the other
three methods may be faster than quick sort for all values of n. Plot your findings on a single sheet of graph paper. Do you see the n2 behavior of insertion sort and quick sort and the nlogn behavior of the other two methods for suitably large n (about n > 20)? If not, there is something wrong with your test or your clock or with both. For each value of n determine the sort function that is fastest (simply look at your graph). Write a composite function with the best possible performance for all n. Clock this function and plot the times on the same graph sheet you used earlier.
A word of CAUTION: If you are using a multiprocess computer, make all your final runs at’ about the same time. On these computers, the clocked time will vary significantly with the amount of computer work load, Comparing the run times of an insertion sort run made at 2:00 p.m. with the run times of a merge sort run made at 2:00 a.m. will not be very meaningful.
WHAT TO TURN IN
You are required to submit a report that states the clock accuracy, the number of random permutations tried for heap sort, the worst-case data for merge sort and how you generated it, a table of times for the above values of n, the times for the narrowed ranges, the graph, and a table of times for the composite function. In addition, your report must be accompanied by a complete listing of the program used by you (this includes the sorting functions and the main program for timing and test-data generation).
5. Repeat the previous exercise for the case of average runtimes, Average-case data are usually very difficult to create, so use random permutations. This time, however, do not repeat a permutation many times to overcome clock inaccuracies. Instead, use each permutation once and clock the overall time (for a fixed n).
6. Assume you are given a list of five-letter English words and are faced with the problem of listing these words in sequences such that the words in each sequence are anagrams (i.e., if x and y are in the same sequence, then word x is a permutation of word y). You’ are required to list out the fewest such sequences. With this restriction, show that no word can appear in more than, one sequence. How would you go about solving this problem?
7. Assume you are working in the census department of a small town where the number of records, about 3000, is small enough to fit into the internal memory of a computer. All the people currently living in this town were born in the United States. There is one record for each person in this town. Each record contains (a) the state in which the person was born, (b) county of birth, and (c) name of person. How would you produce a list of all persons living in this town? The list is to be ordered by state. Within each state the persons are to be listed by their counties, the counties being arranged in alphabetical order. Within each county, the names are also listed in alphabetical order. Justify any assumptions you make.
8. [Bubble Sort] In a bubble sort several left-to-right passes are made over the array of records to be sorted. In each pass, pairs of adjacent records are compared and exchanged if necessary. The sort terminates following a ‘pass in which no records are exchanged.
(a) Write a C++ function for bubble sort.
(b) What is the worst-case complexity of your function?
(c) How much time does your function take on a sorted array of records?
(d) How much time does your function take on an array of records that are in the reverse of sorted order?
9. Redo the preceding exercise beginning with an unsorted chain of records and ending with a sorted chain.
10. [Programming Project]: The objective of this exercise is to study the effect of the size of an array element on the computational time of various sorting algorithms.
(a) Use templates to implement insertion sort, quick sort, iterative merge sort, and heap sort functions.
(b) Use these functions to sort arrays of (j) characters (char), (ii) integers (int), (iii) floating point numbers (float); and (iv) rectangles (Assume that a rectangle is represented by the coordinates of its bottom left point and its height and width. all of which are of type float. Assume-also, that rectangles are to be sorted in non-decreasing order of their areas.)
(c) Obtain a set of run times for each algorithm-data type pair specified above. (There should be sixteen such pairs.) To obtain a set of run times of an algorithm-data type pair, you should run the algorithm on at least four arrays of different sizes containing elements of the appropriate data type. The elements in an array should be generated using a random number generator.
(d) Draw tables and graphs displaying your experimental results. What do you conclude from the experiments? | <urn:uuid:60e09b73-adad-48ff-b953-59c475be4941> | {
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Braking and brake pads are vitally important when it comes to road safety. We’re frequently so consumed with how fast cars can go or the economy they return that we forget how important stopping is. And anyone who’s had any kind of brake failure will testify to what a terrifying experience it can be.
But some recent research revealed that the confusing way garages measure brake pads isn’t helping. It could mean drivers are leaving it too long to have their pads changed. Or they might even be changing them too soon, without getting the full amount of wear out of them. | <urn:uuid:99b6fa60-1eac-4824-b1fd-7c6003ba7251> | {
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Iraq unveiled its new banknotes on Saturday with pictures of an ancient Babylonian ruler and a 10th century Iraqi mathematician in place of the smiling face of Saddam Hussein.
The Babylonian ruler Hammurabi, credited with creating the first written code of laws in human history, graces the new pink 25,000 dinar note, worth about $12. The other side shows a smiling Kurdish farm worker holding a sheaf of wheat.
Astronomer and mathematician Abu Ali al-Hasan ibn al-Haytham, born in Basra in 965 and known as Alhazen to medieval scholars in the West, is on one side of the 10,000 note, the only other human figure on the new notes.
Other bills show a waterfall in northern Iraq, date palms and Islamic monuments. One has a picture of a wheat silo...
Iraqis have three months from October 15 to exchange their old bills at 250 bank branches across the country, at a rate of one new dinar to one Saddam dinar and 150 new dinars for each Swiss dinar.
The U.S-led administration in Iraq has ordered all images of Saddam to be removed from monuments, murals and school textbooks. But in the months following the war it was forced to print billions of dinars of banknotes bearing the face of Saddam, to ease a shortage of low-denomination banknotes.
Sunday, October 05, 2003
Posted by Mallard Lake HOA at Sunday, October 05, 2003 | <urn:uuid:12506601-7360-4344-84f5-78a9c608e4f8> | {
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Museums have been disposing of objects since they began acquiring them. The first documented “deaccessioning” may have involved some of the decayed remains of a Dodo bird, destroyed at the order of a keeper of the Oxford University Museum of Natural History in 1775. Fortunately, the individual assigned to the task chose to retain the Dodo’s head and a foot, which were in presentable condition. Without his disobedience, we would lack DNA evidence of the extinct creature that continues to be of use in contemporary research.
Art museums are places of particular interest for those who follow deaccessioning, because the affected works tend to be, like the last surviving Dodo, unique in at least some respects. Even multiples like etchings and engravings have subtle distinctions in quality and condition.
Disobedience in the act of deaccessioning today is as rampant as it was with regard to the 18th-century example of the Dodo—except that the untoward behavior of our time is not in service of preserving and protecting collections, but in service of monetizing them.
In 2007, the Indianapolis Museum of Art embarked on a considered campaign to undertake deaccessioning of those works among its 54,000 object collection that were considered insufficiently connected to the IMA’s mission. There were six possible rationales for deaccessioning articulated in the February 2008 revision of the Museum’s Collections Management policy (emphasis mine):
- Objects that are not appropriate for the permanent, study or Lilly House collections or are not consistent with the goals of the Museum.
- Objects that are determined to be below the level of quality necessary to advance the Museum’s mission or possess little potential for research, scholarship or educational purposes.
- Objects that have been forged or misrepresented by the seller. A forgery is defined as a work that was intentionally made or sold for the purpose of defrauding buyers, or that has been altered in any way toward the same end. For ethnographic art, this definition also includes objects not made or used in their traditional contexts. Forgeries do not include studio work, copies, imitations, and similar works made without deceitful intent and sold in good faith by a reputable dealer. Objects misrepresented by the seller include forgeries and objects with falsified provenance.
- Duplicate and redundant objects. An example would be two prints of the same state. The Museum shall retain the superior example. Condition and source shall also be considered. Redundant works include objects that are either duplicates, or similar variants, such as slightly different states of the same print. They also include works closely related in subject and style by the same artist or school but varying in quality, condition and interest. In such instances, the Museum shall retain the superior example.
- Objects damaged or deteriorated beyond reasonable repair.
- Items for which the Museum is not able to provide proper storage or care.
Notably absent from the Museum’s rationales for deaccessioning are two motives that other museums have invoked, but which are not believed to be advisable at the IMA.
The first criterion that has led to raging controversies at other institutions is the sale of works for a purpose other than acquiring new works—up to and including patching holes in the roof or holes in the operating budget. This criterion is unacceptable to members of the Association of Art Museum Directors, who believe that the use of accessioned objects in this way is a bad idea for a host of reasons, which are specified by AAMD on its website.
The second of these inadvisable motives would be selling one or more fine objects to acquire a work that is considered to be a yet finer work by another artist—or trading up, not from a lesser work, but from one avowedly fine work or works to acquire another. It is the opinion of the current IMA administration that such judgments are potentially very problematic, resting as they do not on a third-party adjudication that a work is of lesser value, which we undertake in the case of our second deaccessioning criterion (“below the level of quality necessary to advance the museum’s mission”), but on the conviction that today’s taste and preference trumps yesterday’s.
While this second motive is very difficult to distinguish from a judgment about the quality of a work of art, it is IMA’s opinion that “trading up” runs the very real risk of being proven wrong by our successors and, if carried to an extreme, would lead to an indefensible use of the permanent collection as an impermanent resource to satisfy the shifting tastes of curators and directors from one generation to the next.
I remain surprised by the suggestion that our museum’s determination to be completely transparent about our motives for and gains from deaccessioning is anything other than an obvious obligation. My colleagues in other leading art museums conceded the point in AAMD’s 2007 position paper, “Art Museums and the Practice of Deaccessioning,” but to date, I know of no other art museum planning to present a complete, illustrated, and searchable database of the works out their way out the door. I would hope that as a field we could agree that this is a collective obligation before lawmakers decide that it is and arrive at approaches that are at odds with our non-profit, educational mandate.Maxwell L. Anderson is the Melvin & Bren Simon Director and CEO of the Indianapolis Museum of Art. | <urn:uuid:7017452c-568b-4a80-9a70-f4418d89b1c9> | {
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Visual Search Presents a Challenge for People and Computers
June 24, 2013
We found a recent Science Daily article, “Visual Search Function: Where Scene Context Happens in Our Brain,“ to be pretty fascinating. We might write a lot about how search works as far as computers process search but another interesting perspective lies in the investigation of how search happens through our eyes and with the power of our brain behind it.
The brain, since the beginnings of human evolution, has developed a framework for search based mostly on context such as the surrounding environment and scene context.
According to the article, scene context creates a strong bias in search. In one study discussed, many people that were shown images of something that looked like a computer mouse on a desk automatically interpreted the object as a mouse.
Computers are only recently being taught such a skill set found in the area of our brains known as the lateral occipital complex:
‘So, if you’re looking for a computer mouse on a cluttered desk, a machine would be looking for things shaped like a mouse. It might find it, but it might see other objects of similar shape, and classify that as a mouse,’ [Miguel Eckstein, professor in UC Santa Barbara’s Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences] said. Computer vision systems might also not associate their target with specific locations or other objects. So, to a machine, the floor is just as likely a place for a mouse as a desk.
Sure, text search remains a work in progress. But why not go ahead and take on a challenge with visual search?
Megan Feil, June 24, 2013 | <urn:uuid:154b23f5-52bd-4da9-b3e3-a223c36ab07f> | {
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The Bluebonnet Norfolk Terrier Club does not recommend, guarantee, endorse, nor rate these recommendations or contributors, their kennel or their stock. The purpose of this section is to share the knowledge and experience of breeders who have vast experience in whelping and raising puppies. The tips and tricks below are intended to augment qualified veterinarian care, not as a substitute for qualified veterinarian care of the dam and puppies.
SEX-LINKED RECESSIVE (Hemophilia A, for instance, is a sex-linked recessive defect.) 1. On the average half the male offspring of a carrier dam are affected. 2. On the average half the female offspring of a carrier dam are carriers. 3. The trait may skip generations. 4. The pattern of transmission is often called oblique, because the gene goes from phenotypically normal dams, to affected sons, and then to phenotypically normal carrier daughters. 5. Affected males transmit the gene to all of their daughters and to none of their sons, because the sons receive the Y- and not the X-chromosome. 6. If both parents are affected with the trait, all offspring are affected. 7. For an affected female offspring to emerge, the dam must be at least a carrier, and the sire must be affected with the trait. 8. Most affected offspring in a typical pedigree are male. 9. There may be related affected males on the maternal side of the pedigree, but only rarely (if ever) on the paternal side. 10. All male offspring of an affected female are affected with the trait when the sire is normal, and all daughters are phenotypically normal carriers.
AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT Some forms of epilepsy and deafness are autosomal dominant. 1. At least one parent of an affected offspring must show the trait. 2. The trait occurs in successive generations (no skipping). 3. Males and females are affected equally. 4. About 50% of the offspring of an affected parent will be affected. Autosomal Recessive PRA and brindle, for instance, are autosomal recessive traits. 1. Both parents are proven carriers, but generally show no phenotypic manifestation of the trait. 2. The trait tends to occur in one generation and then skips one or two generations until carrier descendants are again mated, allowing the genes to be expressed. 3. Males and females are affected equally. 4. Matings between carriers (heterozygotes) on the average produce 25% affected (homozygous recessive), 50% carriers (heterozygous) and 25% that do not have the mutant gene (homozygous dominant). | <urn:uuid:1488ab08-94a4-4a37-b148-b0932a97fb33> | {
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‘To be naked is to be deprived of our clothes, and the word implies some of the embarrassment most of us feel in that condition. The word nude, on the other hand, carries, in educated usage, no uncomfortable overtone.’ So wrote Kenneth Clark in A Study in Ideal Form. David Rimanelli argues that some artists have blurred this distinction. From Félix Vallotton to John Currin.
Kenneth Clark begins his classic treatise The Nude: A Study in Ideal Form by making a distinction between the naked and the nude: “The English language, with its elaborate generosity, distinguishes between the naked and the nude. To be naked is to be deprived of our clothes, and the word implies some of the embarrassment most of us feel in that condition. The word ‘nude’, on the other hand, carries, in educated usage, no uncomfortable overtone. The vague image it projects into the mind is not of a huddled and defenseless body, but of a balanced, prosperous and confident body: the body re-formed.” It has often been asserted that Modernism begins with Manet, in particular with those paintings wherein the vexations of the unclothed female body burst forth with a power of disquietude that appalled the public: Le Déjeuner sur l’herbe 1863 and Olympia 1863. The former picture had been exhibited at the Salon des Refusés, “to that extent, officially beyond the pale of art”, as another Clark – T.J. Clark – remarks in his essay Olympia’s Choice, whereas Olympia was the shocker of the official Salon of 1865. Both paintings display an uncertainty about the status of the nude female figure, an uncertainty that points perhaps towards Kenneth Clark’s distinction between the naked and the nude. These women fail to sustain the idealisation of the nude, slipping decisively into the embarrassing (for some) terrain of the naked. In other words, Manet deprives his models of the acceptable academic veneer of classical nudity, forcing them into the modern age, a naked age, disturbingly and yet ambiguously contemporary.
T.J. Clark continues his analysis by examining the silence of the contemporary Parisian critics concerning the obvious source of Olympia (Titian’s great nude, The Venus of Urbino, 1538), compared with their open acknowledgement of the source for Le Dèjeuner sur l’herbe (a work of Titian that was commonly attributed to Giorgione in the nineteenth century and known as the Fête champêtre, c.1510–11): “Critics certainly came to laugh at its mistakes and incoherences, and yet the best way to do so was to point out what Manet’s picture derived from - and how incompetently… But in 1865 none of this took place. If the revisions of the Venus could be seen at all, they could not be said.” He goes on to say:”The past was travestied in Olympia: it was subject to a kind of degenerate simian imitation, in which the nude was stripped of its last feminine qualities, its fleshiness, its very humanity, and left as ‘une forme quelconque’ – a rubber-covered gorilla flexing its hand above its crotch.”
The complexity of Clark’s analysis of the reception of Olympia does not bear treatment in a short essay. Suffice to note that a crisis in the depiction of the nude was already, in his view, well underway in the academic nudes of the Salons - the vacuous, silly, trashy Venuses and nymphs of Cabanel, Bouguereau and Gèrôme, to cite only three relatively more distinguished examples – and that the scandal of Olympia was indeed her modernity, a prostitute plainly and unapologetically, rather than a fille de la rue gussied up as Phrynè or Danaë.
Kenneth Clark’s remarks on Olympia are much more modest, but still adumbrate the radical break that Manet’s painting constitutes:”The Olympia is a portrait of an individual, whose interesting but sharply characteristic body is placed exactly where one would expect to find it. Amateurs were thus suddenly reminded of the circumstances under which actual nudity was familiar to them, and their embarrassment is understandable.” Those amateurs would be understandably embarrassed to see nakedness in such familiar circumstances: in a brothel, where they are paying clients.
If the naked and the nude as archetypes stand at the outset of Modernism, then both became thoroughly discredited and disposed of by Modernism’s end. And yet the unclothed figure persisted in certain forms. Félix Vallotton had been a member of the avant-garde Nabis group in the last decade of the nineteenth century, and in such paintings as Femme nue assise dans un fauteuil 1897 and Femmes nues aux chat c.1898 he subjected the nude to the flattening and the unnaturalistic colourations that were also typical of his compeers Bonnard, Denis Sèrusier and Vuillard. But by the first decade of the twentieth century, his nudes begin to change. From the vantage of Modernist criticism and art history, they degenerate, becoming, on the whole, more academic. Yet with hindsight we can discern in Vallotton’s later nudes – and there are many of them – characteristics that render them very contemporary. Nu assis 1910 is stunningly prescient with respect to John Currin’s nudes of the 1990s. This woman looks very much like a stout bourgeoise, and her no-nonsense hairdo attests to her conventional background: no glowing, flowing tresses here, no savage, Baudelairean chevelure . Her face is ordinary, her expression smiling and bland; at best she’s jolie laide. But Vallotton does play oddly with the colouration of her flesh, a hint perhaps of his Nabis past. The flesh tones of the body are those of the morgue, grey and purple; the face, however, looks flushed, reddened, desirous, horny. The Nu assis is a sexed-up corpse, a banal succubus. Were the trappings of the exotic or supernatural more in evidence – as they are, for instance, in the nudes of Gustave Moreau or Fernand Khnopff – Vallotton’s odalisque would appear more acceptable and less disconcerting, because she would belong to a readily identifiable fin-de-siècle feminine typology.
Vallotton’s Nu assis wreaks havoc on the idealised nude, but she doesn’t quite adhere to Clark’s description of the naked. Instead, wavering between academicism and almost gross realism, she comes off as a sly parody. She appears comfortable and confident in the amplitude of her dead flesh.The Nu allongè au tapis rouge 1909 likewise plays fast and loose with the conventions of the nude. Writing of Boucher, Kenneth Clark notes: “The Venus of the dix-huitième extends the range of the nude in one memorable way: far more frequently than any of her sisters, she shows us her back. Looked at simply as form, as relationship of plane and protuberance, it might be argued that the back view of the female body is more satisfactory than the front. That the beauty of this aspect was appreciated in antiquity we know from such a figure as the Venus of Syracuse. But the Hermaphrodite and the Callipygian Venus suggest that it was also symbolic of lust.” In the Nu allongè, Vallotton explicitly alludes to the hermaphroditic figure and the many nudes that borrow its pose; for example,Velásquez’s Rokeby Venus and Boucher’s Miss O’Murphy.”Freshness of desire has seldom been more delicately expressed than by Miss O’Murphy’s round young limbs,” comments Clark with the barest hint of prurience, “as they sprawl with undisguised satisfaction on the cushions of her sofa.” Vallotton’s nude is less fresh, more prurient. As with the Nu assis of the following year, his Nu allongè displays a visual incoherence in the handling of the flesh tones. In this instance, the torso and swelling buttocks are of a mostly chalky white hue, while the face and the hands are curiously flushed. The face and hairstyle again do not suggest the comfortable distance of antique references, but are very much of a contemporary moment.
This is the Venus of a weekday afternoon tryst, a Céleste or Marie of the Parisian banlieues, having just refreshed her maquillage and awaiting her paramour. The face itself is weird, deliquescent; one eye looks like it’s about to slip with slatternly languor from its very socket. Her feet are very heavily shadowed, but the effect is simply that they are dirty.
Vallotton’s loyalty to the nude as subject remains constant until his death in 1925. It comes as no surprise that these paintings have been largely ignored, compared with the works of his Nabis period. Sometimes they are just bad, as with the Vènus marine 1913, a clumsy, ludicrous blond on the half shell, her expression wavering between vacancy and, perhaps, bitchiness. She’s a spoiled mondaine who travesties the goddess she purportedly embodies. But paintings such as this presage the later works of the Modernist agent provocateur Francis Picabia. Indeed, while Vallotton’s later nudes have remained obscure, recently it seems that Picabia’s “bad” figurative paintings of the 1930s and 1940s have achieved a prominence virtually eclipsing his acceptable Dadaist travesties of the teens and 1920s.’Dear Painter, paint me…’, an exhibition mounted at the Centre Pompidou in 2002, bore the subtitle ‘Painting the Figure since late Picabia’. Alison Gingeras, one of the curators, wrote:”Beginning with Francis Picabia’s late nudes from the early 1940s, the question of painting as a filter of mass media’s impact on both individual and collective sense of identity has emerged as a key preoccupation of the artists in the exhibition.” Among them were Sigmar Polke, Martin Kippenberger, Neo Rauch, John Currin, Luc Tuymans and Elizabeth Peyton.”These notorious paintings - shunned for their ‘regression’ into realism and their embrace of kitsch - drew their pictorial source from tawdry black and white photographs culled from soft-core pornography magazines.”Picabia’s Portrait de Suzy Solidor (1933) is an early example of this kitsch revanchism. Anatomically bizarre, his Suzy Solidor, with her heavy blue mascara and smiling, parted red lips, also suspires an unmistakable prurience; the crude, dirty shadows outlining her legs and arms betoken a dirtiness of another sort. Suzy Solidor may yet be recuperated as a Dadaist travesty. The somewhat more competent albeit trashy technique of Femmes au Bulldog, Deux amies and La brune et la blonde (all 1941–2) if anything renders these pictures more scandalous: rude, crude and dangerous to know. Picabia’s lewd nudes may lend a certain contrarian Modernist lineage to the work of John Currin, but one wonders if Currin, so conversant in the art of the Old Masters, is at all familiar with Félix Vallotton? I’ve already mentioned the Nu assis as an extraordinary precursor for Currin’s own “bad” nudes, and I could easily add Le Printemps 1908, an especially ugly and stupid-looking evocation of Primavera. But the most astonishing comparison is between Vallotton’s Etude de fesses c.1884 and Currin’s Bottom 1991. The corporeality of the Vallotton buttocks is almost repulsive as he expends all his resources of painterly technique on the depiction of stretch marks and cellulite. Currin’s painting, on the other hand, seems relatively restrained, evincing an almost Cycladic elegance and symmetry. Scarcely the sort of conclusion one would expect? Even in the case of one of Currin’s most deservedly famous, or notorious, early paintings, Bea Arthur Naked 1991, the sitcom star preserves a certain restraint, dignity even, that militates against the overtly camp/kitsch (or possibly anti-feminist) readings of the picture that so readily come to mind. Perhaps the Arthur portrait is going rather against the grain of the Currin mode, even as it was only coalescing in the early 1990s – the exception that, maybe, proves the rule of perversion. This cannot be said for Vallotton’s nudes – distorted, freakish, moribund and whorish in multifarious variations. | <urn:uuid:80888c00-92f4-4945-9491-1aad7879bf1d> | {
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(A la Pandora) Join these 13 words into a chain. Pick one word to start. The word that
follows will do at least one of the following: (a) rhyme with it, (b) be an anagram of it,
(c) have the same meaning, or (d) have one letter different. Work forward and backward
to complete the chain. The first and last words will not connect. For example: state, great,
large, lager, later
This is a one person solve.
-crate, grate, hinge, neigh, paste, smash, spate, strap, stray, tinge, trace, trash, wasteHint: Start with smash or strap. | <urn:uuid:e03c8041-c46e-4d45-a4a9-9c0bf75287fb> | {
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The current Ebola outbreak is the largest outbreak of the hemorrhagic disease in history, according to the CDC. Experimental treatments and vaccine testing offer hope of relief. However, the crisis has dramatically strained healthcare systems and humanitarian efforts, while sparking deep concern in the public. How did we get here and what’s to be done to help the affected countries and to prevent further spread?
Part of: Policy Controversies.
Presented in Collaboration with NPR
- Ebola: The Teaching and Learning Moment
Harvard International Review
- Ebola Death Toll Is More Than 2,900, W.H.O. Says
New York Times
- Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever
- Stories About Ebola
- Ebola Virus Disease
World Health Organization
Image Credit: CDC | <urn:uuid:a9151f28-fc1a-4ede-9e67-b04bb6864a70> | {
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|Focused on special education services.
||Focuses on strategies to maintain students in general education programs.
|Avoided focusing on the integration of special education services in the general education environment.
||Encourages a general education environment that includes an array of services designed to meet the needs of students with disabilities.
|Relied on a system of labeling, categorizing, and placing students according to disability.
||Emphasizes the unique attributes of each student by requiring non-categorical special education services.
|Supported self-contained and segregated educational programs.
||Supports developing and implementing innovative instructional models that increase the opportunities for students with disabilities to participate in the general education classroom.
|Determined service placement according to category of disability; students often placed outside their home school district.
||Determines service placement according to the unique needs of each student, emphasizing delivery in the home school district. | <urn:uuid:de5850bc-933a-4856-9d15-9eae7aa30e8e> | {
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Did you know that scientific journal articles follow a particular structure? Whether or not the basic parts are labeled with section headings, scientific articles include an Introduction, Materials and Methods, Results, and Discussion. This reading guide will help you identify the parts of the article and focus on the authors’ main points as you learn about the “The Case of the Ivory-billed Woodpecker.”
This reading guide provides access to a published, peer-reviewed scientific research article from the journal Science. Lists of questions and instructions that focus on the article’s format and content help readers see how research papers are organized and how scientists support their hypotheses with evidence.
At approximately 1:30 in the afternoon on February 11, 2004, Gene Sparling spotted a large black and white woodpecker while kayaking on a rural bayou in Monroe County, Arkansas. The notes he posted to his website about the sighting caught the attention of Tim Gallagher and Bobby Harrison, two university researchers, and triggered a year-long research effort that resulted in the publication of a peer-reviewed paper in the journal Science. The link below gives free access to this research article.
Fitzpatrick et al. (2005) "Ivory-billed Woodpecker (Campephilus principalis) Persists in Continental North America," Science 308:1460-1462.
If you are a registered teacher with the Visionlearning web site, you may access a teacher discussion guide by clicking here.
To learn more about scientific writing, including how research papers are organized, how they are reviewed, and how they contribute to our understanding of the scientific world, read the article and then try the exercise below.
- Indicate where in the article the Introduction section ends and the Materials and Methods section begins. Explain why you choose this point in the article.
- Indicate where in the article the Materials and Methods section ends and the Results section begins. Explain why you choose this point in the article.
- Indicate where in the article the Results section ends and the Discussion section begins. Explain why you choose this point in the article.
- What is the hypothesis proposed by the authors of the article?
- Quality scientific research commonly includes a discussion of a "null" hypothesis, an alternative hypothesis that may be true if the main hypothesis proves incorrect. What is the null hypothesis in this article with respect to the data discussed?
- What evidence do the researchers present to support their hypothesis?
- How is the data presented graphically? How do these visual representations help the interpretation of the article?
- Is the hypothesis presented in the research article now a proven fact?
To learn more about the ivory-billed woodpecker, visit the Rediscovering the Ivory-Billed Woodpecker page at the Cornell Lab of Ornithology. | <urn:uuid:0a9d588f-0c98-4cd5-ac20-08047321a595> | {
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During December, in the midst of the holiday season, it can be very difficult to keep students' minds on learning. However, we frequently receive reminders from our active planet of the power of the Earth system - whether from strong winter storms, avalanches, earthquakes, tsunamis, or volcanoes. This month's newsletter provides a number of links for you to use in bringing the Earth and space sciences to life for your students, including weather, climate, the carbon cycle, penguin research, meteor showers, tsunamis, and a growing list of upcoming events and opportunities for you to take advantage of. Our store has a new item - our beautiful Climate Change poster series - which reproduces in poster format the Climate Discovery Exhibit housed in the National Center for Atmospheric Research's Mesa Laboratory in Boulder, Colorado. Be sure to check them out, as well as our Windows to the Universe logo merchandise.In coming months, we plan to be offering more "Postcards from the Field" prepared by scientists engaged in geoscience research around the world, who are interested in sharing their work with students and educators. Keep an eye on the newsletter for information about these new resources, as they come available. Windows to the Universe staff was delighted to meet so many of you at our professional development events at the Omaha and Baltimore NSTAs and in Puebla, Mexico at the 7th National Convention for Professors of Natural Science. We hope you enjoy our newsletters, and find them valuable. As always, we really do appreciate your feedback about our website, our activities, and our newsletter. Please do use our comments form to let us know your thoughts!
Carbon Cycle Game
Let your students imagine themselves little carbon atoms! Our new Carbon Cycle Game allows them to travel all around the carbon cycle, and find out about carbon reservoirs, greenhouse gases, climate change, and more. They will also answer quiz question on their way.
The teacher activity Using the Carbon Cycle Interactive Game in the Classroom has more hints about playing this game with your students. Other related activities are Carbon Dioxide - Sources and Sinks and Traveling Nitrogen Game. We have additional information on the website about cycles in the Earth system, including the water cycle, the rock cycle, and the nitrogen cycle.
Weather Versus Climate
What is the difference between weather and climate? This might be an interesting discussion question for your class. Weather refers to the current atmospheric conditions (including temperature, precipitation, wind, humidity, barometric pressure) at a particular time and place. Climate refers to the general weather patterns expected in a given area (sometimes based on the 30-year average weather). Climate may also be applied more generally to large-scale weather patterns in time or space (e.g., an Ice Age climate or a tropical climate).
Or as a middle school student put it so well, "climate tells you what clothes to buy, but weather tells you what clothes to wear."
Bring these concepts home in your classroom by using an activity called Differences between Climate and Weather. The activity has students collect and plot local weather data and compare it to climate data for your area. The goal is for students to understand that daily weather data are highly variable compared to long-term climate data.
Of course, when mentioning weather or climate, it is always a good idea to reinforce what causes the seasons! The upcoming winter solstice on December 22 will provide an opportunity to bring this up in your classroom.
What's it like in Antarctica?
The Penguin Science research program, including educator Jean Pennycook and the research team lead by scientist David Ainley, will be in Antarctica during December and January researching Adelie Penguins and how they are coping with climate change, as well as making a documentary film about the research. Jean will be sending virtual postcards to Windows to the Universe for the new section Postcards from the Field: Antarctica during the research trip. By perusing these postcards, your students will gain insight into what it takes to research and film a documentary about Adelie Penguins in Antarctica by reading the first-hand accounts. Check back often to read the latest postcards from Antarctica!
If you like science postcards, also take a look at Postcards from the Field: MILAGRO. These postcards are from scientists and educators who were part of a field campaign to study air pollution in Mexico City last March.
Geminid Meteor Shower Peaks on December 14th
December brings another fine meteor shower for your viewing pleasure. Each year, the Geminid meteor shower lights up the skies around December 14th. This year should bring good viewing, since the Moon is a waxing crescent around that time and the skies should therefore be dark (which makes it easier to spot faint meteors). The source of the Geminids is a strange object called 3200 Phaeton, which may be an unusual asteroid or an "extinct" comet (astronomers aren't quite sure). Meteors may be visible for a few nights before and after the 14th, though the best viewing is expected on the 14th when more than 100 meteors per hour could appear (the intensities of meteor showers are notoriously difficult to predict!).
Gifts at the Windows to the Universe Online Store
Looking for the perfect gift for your last minute holiday shopping? Our online Science Store offers Windows to the Universe merchandise, as well as posters on climate change, which reproduce the Climate and Global Change exhibit we offer in the National Center for Atmospheric Research's Mesa Laboratory Exhibits. We are adding new items over the next several months for kids, teachers and the general public, so come back often!
Second Anniversary of South-East Asian Tsunami
December 26th brings the second anniversary of the massive tsunami in 2004 which brought destruction and death to many countries bordering the Indian Ocean in response to the massive earthquake which struck that morning west of Sumatra. Hundreds of thousands of people died in this disaster, which brought home the destructive power of Earth processes, and reminded us all how important it is to teach people how to respond to imminent natural disasters. The story of Tilly Smith, who put her knowledge into action on the beach in Phuket that morning because of a lesson she had at school, saving many lives, reminds me of how important your role as educators is!The Kuril Islands earthquake (8.3 on the Richter scale) on November 15, 2006, reminded us of the link between earthquakes and tsunamis. A tsunami warning was issued for a vast region of coastline bordering the Pacific Ocean for a wave up to 6 feet, and many locations did observe a measurable wave. Surprisingly, just the day before on November 14, 2006, the New York Times ran an interesting article in their
Thinking of YOU!
Holidays are fast approaching! These are days of family fun a connecting with others, a time to share a time to play. Perhaps a couple of cool online games can be a delightful family activity!And for those who can’t be present but you definitely think about, send Greetings through a cool Virtual Post Card say from the north pole as a polar bear?.
Teacher SubmissionsClick here to submit your ideas to the newsletter
Don't forget to share your ideas with your colleagues around the world!
Would you like to share information with other teachers around the world that subscribe to the Windows to the Universe newsletter? At this point, our newsletter reaches over 5800 teachers around the world in 129 countries. The Teacher's Corner is the appropriate place to share ideas for classroom activities, tips on how to use Windows to the Universe and its activities and interactives in the classroom, pedagogical approaches, and geoscience educational challenges you're facing in your school, district, state, or country. For information about how to post to the newsletter, as well as relevant procedural issues, click here.
Announcements from PartnersClick here to submit information about your program to the newsletter
San Antonio, TX, AMS Meeting and WeatherFest, January 13 - 18
The American Meteorological Society will convene its 87th Annual Meeting, January 14 – 18, at the H.B. Gonzalez Convention Center, in San Antonio, Texas. The conference kick-off event is the Sunday afternoon, January 13, public WeatherFest for students, families, and teachers in the surrounding community. Flyers and posters for distribution in your school are available in PDF format on the conference web site. The WeatherFest includes exhibitors from public weather/climate research agencies, corporations, and educational institutions. They will provide hands-on science education lesson plans, activities, and demonstrations for all ages; a weather show; and displays of science books, weather instruments, and gifts. On Monday and Tuesday, the Annual Meeting will include the 16th Symposium on Education. Oral and poster sessions will offer a wealth of information about K-12, popular, and university education initiatives, outreach and broadcast media programs, distance learning, and cyberinfrastructure for education in the atmospheric and related sciences. Come by to see us in the UCAR booth at the Weatherfest and in the conference exhibit hall!
Join NESTA, and Final NESTA Events this Year in Salt Lake City
The National Earth Science Teachers Association (NESTA) is a nonprofit educational organization, founded in 1983, whose purpose is the advancement, stimulation, extension, improvement, and coordination of Earth Science education at all educational levels. NESTA membership (for only $20 per year, and less for a multi-year membership) brings access to a high quality quarterly journal, The Earth Scientist, an electronic newsletter, NESTA ENews, connections with the only nationwide professional association dedicated to the improvement of Earth and space science education at the K-12 levels, and many other benefits, including our events across the country. To join, simply fill out the membership form and send it, with your check, to the address shown on the membership form.
The National Earth Science Teachers Association will hold its final Share-a-thon and Rock and Mineral Raffle this year at the NSTA Regional conference in December, as follows:
Salt Lake City, Utah
Roberta Johnson, Director of Windows to the Universe, will be there to coordinate the events and also represent our website. Stop by for a visit!
Get Ready for International Migratory Bird Day!
International Migratory Bird Day (IMBD) is an annual celebration of birds, their amazing journeys, and their conservation. Created in 1993 by Smithsonian Migratory Bird Center and Cornell Lab of Ornithology, the program is now a project of Environment for the Americas, which provides education about the natural world in Canada, the United States, Mexico, and the Caribbean. Educators looking for new resources, hands-on activities, and a framework for creating a bird education program will find a wealth of information through International Migratory Bird Day. IMBD offers educator workshops, ideas for creating a bird festival, hands-on activities, and plenty of fun items for any education program. Though the Day is scheduled for the second Saturday in May each year, participants are encouraged to celebrate and host a bird education program at the best time and particularly when opportunities to observe birds are best at their location. In 2007, the theme is Birds in a Changing Climate, and all materials will address the impacts of climate change on birds and ways that everyone can become involved in reducing their carbon contribution and help migratory birds. For more information, please visit the IMBD website or contact:International Migratory Bird Day
2840 Iliff Street
Boulder, CO 80305
Call Toll-free: 1-866-334-3330
Summer Opportunity - A Safari and Natural History Tour of South Africa
This natural history tour will provide educators with a firsthand exposure to the geological history, flora, fauna, Savanna ecosystems, settlement patterns, Zulu culture, rain forests, game management, mining, and natural history of South Africa. Participants will be involved in field studies, tours, game viewing, archaeology, spotlighting and general observations of this beautiful country.
Round trip airfare via South African Airways, luxury accommodations with private bathrooms, all breakfasts and many dinners are included. A guide/naturalist will be with our group the entire time. Make game drives, both day and night, in open safari vehicles which allow excellent opportunities for photography!
For the past twenty-three summers, Richard Duncan has taken educators to the South Pacific, South America, and Southeast Asia. Richard has taught science and biology for the past 30 years and is the recipient of state and national awards.
The cost is $5290 - (based on double occupancy) and includes all round-trip transportation from JFK (add-ons available), luxury accommodations with private bathrooms. Extension to Zimbabwe and Victoria Falls available.
For more information and a complete itinerary, please contact Richard Duncan at: 503.744.0794 or: [email protected].
Toyota International Teacher Program - Application Deadline January 8, 2007!
Open to US teachers of all disciplines in grades 9-12 nationwide, the Toyota International Teacher Program offers a fully-funded, 11-day professional development experience in Japan. Sponsored by Toyota Motor Sales, USA, the program will take place June 22 - July 7, 2007 and provide 40 educators with an opportunity to bring ancient and modern Japan back to their classrooms. Participants will travel through Tokyo, Nagoya, Kyoto and surrounding rural areas examining the history, education system, environment and industry of Japan. Since 1999, groups of American educators have journeyed annually to Japan to explore the country’s history, educational system, environment and technology. They have returned with renewed commitment as teachers and with fresh ideas for sharing first hand experiences and international perspectives with their students, colleagues and communities. In sponsoring the program, Toyota Motor Sales, U.S.A., Inc. supports the involvement of today’s educators in the critical arena of international study.
To apply online, visit www.iie.org/toyota The application deadline is January 8, 2007.
If you have any questions or would like more information, please do not hesitate to contact Joshua Beatty at [email protected] or by phone at (toll-free) 877-832-2457.
Check out Energy Hog!
The Energy Hog website is where teachers can find information about classroom materials to download free energy education activities and lessons - http://www.energyhog.org/adult/educators.htm.For questions, please contact:
Alliance to Save Energy
Program Manager / Campaign Director
Join the American Geophysical Union!
The American Geophysical Union (AGU) is the world's largest association of Earth and space scientists, with over 45,000 members worldwide. AGU offers numerous meetings annually, and leading publications in the geosciences. For teachers, AGU offers GIFT (Geophysical Information for Teachers) workshops at AGU Fall and Spring meetings with information and activities designed to be directly useful in the classroom, and a discounted rate for meeting registration. Becoming a member of AGU helps you to stay well informed and up to date in geoscience research. To join go to: https://www.aip.org/ecomm/agu/login.jsp. For $20/year you receive the weekly news magazine, EOS, and the monthly journal, Physics Today, from the American Institute of Physics. | <urn:uuid:1c9a64fc-6a5c-4920-a447-f1652466edf0> | {
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From: Planetary Exploration Newsletter
Posted: Tuesday, May 29, 2012
John Guest (1938-2012) was a pioneer in planetary geologic mapping, contributing to the first geologic map of Mercury and the first comprehensive map of the eastern equatorial region of Mars with Ron Greeley. He participated in the Mariner 10, Viking and Magellan missions. Along with Ron, he helped to select the Viking 2 landing site. Primarily John was a volcanologist, happiest when he was in the field, especially at Mt. Etna. He founded the NASA Regional Planetary Image Facility at University College London, and taught many students there. His work on Mars, Mercury, the Moon and Venus, as well as his very extensive work on terrestrial volcanology, leave a rich legacy. He had a particular talent for being able to interpret geology from surface morphology - whether in the field, from aerial photographs or planetary images. He was much loved by his collaborators and students for his kind and generous spirit, and his sense of humor. In 1991, he was awarded the GSA G.K. Gilbert award and the asteroid 1982 HL was named Guest by the IAU. He is survived by his wife Mary and sons James and Ben.
Ellen Stofan, Angus Duncan, Rosaly Lopes and Chris Kilburn. http://www.ucl.ac.uk/es/news/esnews/2012-05-21
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Young people who have early ambitions for study and their career are more likely to succeed than those who haven't thought about life after high school.
New research shows having a career or strategic plan early in life is important to determining success in terms of completing Year 12, going on to further study and having a successful career.
Those who have no plans for what they might do after school are less likely to have a successful career, the report by the National Centre for Vocational Education Research showed.
High aspirations have a similar impact on Year 12 completion and university participation for all students. This includes low socio-economic groups and Indigenous students, although those in disadvantaged groups were less likely to have high aspirations.
"The factors affecting the educational and occupational aspirations of young Australians" examined young people from the 2009 cohort of the Longitudinal Surveys of Australian Youth. The research examined what drove young people to complete Year 12, to begin university study in the first year after leaving high school, and occupational aspirations at age 15 about the job they expected to have at 25.
Parents' aspirations for the child and their own educational levels were significantly associated with whether the students would complete Year 12 and go on to further study.
Students whose parents want them to attend university are four times more likely to complete Year 12. They are 12 times more likely to go on to higher education compared with those whose parents expect them to choose a non-university pathway.
The link between aspirations and parents' education levels was also strong. More highly educated parents were more likely to have children with an interest in academic achievement.
Friends' plans to attend university were also found to be associated with youths' decisions to attend university and even their academic performance.
Having a positive attitude to school, including supportive relationships with teachers, an interest in learning and participation in extracurricular activities strongly correlated with intentions to continue to study.
Where there is a discrepancy, however, is between job aspirations of the 15 year olds and where they found themselves to be at age 25. Around half of the young people who aspired to highly skilled jobs had not achieved this goal by 25.
It was noted, however, that transitions from education to career were taking longer than in the past, so these youths still had the opportunity to reach their aspired career path in the future.
It was found that females are more likely to succeed in professional careers, with 52% achieving their aim of a high-status job, compared to only 39% of males.
Two-thirds of the group expressed interest in a professional career, but these jobs only represent one-third of jobs currently available. Unless there is a dramatic expansion in professional opportunities, not all students will succeed in their expected career.
Education and public policy expert Dr Nicholas Biddle says the fact that the majority of 15 year olds examined didn't make it to where they thought they would at 25 has more to do with the uncertainty of being a teenager.
"But the really important point," he says, "is if a 15 year old expects to be a vet but ends up as a health researcher, then that is a much better outcome than having no expectations at all and disengaging from any form of formal learning."
Dr Biddle says the report shows there is a strong argument for targeting disadvantaged groups with aspiration-related interventions.
He said disadvantaged groups, such as low socio-economic or Indigenous students, may have lower aspirations because their probability of success is lower. If this is the case, then we need to look at the barriers to achievement themselves.
"Kids can sometimes overcome these barriers with high enough aspirations but there is a real danger in raising expectations if we don't also do what we can to lower barriers," he said.
Education scholar Dr Sue Roffey says it's nothing new that students for whom further education is embedded in their family will see it as the next step.
However, this goes beyond just parental aspirations, she says. Those who haven't grown up with this culture at home "need other things to happen at school" to get inspiration for further study.
"They need people who believe in them, who help them identify their strengths, and who enable them to feel connected to school," Dr Roffey said.
"This then gives them a different idea of what might be possible."
Explore further: Public boarding school—the way to solve educational ills? | <urn:uuid:6d2ff3d7-2788-474f-af46-225c7b1bd5b8> | {
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(also half sister)
Definition of half-sister in English:
A sister with whom one has only one parent in common.
- The film is about two half-sisters, one of whom has a psychological problem.
- I have half-brothers and half-sisters from my parents' previous marriages, and they're all much older than me.
- Flora, who has three half-sisters whom she has also never met, added that she would one day like to meet them too.
Definition of half-sister in:
- British & World English dictionary
What do you find interesting about this word or phrase?
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New research from the Cornerhouse highlighting the links between ecological and financial crisis:
New markets in environmental services are springing up all over the world – biodiversity markets, wetlands markets and species markets, in addition to the climate markets that got their start more than 15 years ago. Britain is no exception. Its Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs is enthusing over the economic potential of a “market in conservation projects” populated by a “network of biodiversity offset providers”.
What lies behind this trend? Some historical perspective is necessary to answer this question. Environmental services markets are not aimed merely at “solving environmental problems at the lowest cost”. More importantly, they redefine those problems in a way that creates new assets, economic sectors and property rights. As part of the neoliberal response to the economic crisis that set in during the 1970s, they function to loosen regulatory constraints on business, relax Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) requirements, and open up new profit opportunities for an increasingly dominant financial sector. | <urn:uuid:9f28db6f-d733-4da3-b64e-493bcbc77cb4> | {
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In glycolysis, the conversion of glucose to pyruvate results in a net gain of 2 ATP molecules. In gluconeogenesis however, the conversion of pyruvate back to glucose requires 6 ATP molecules. Why does there seem to be an apparent loss of energy?
This energy is not lost, it is dissipated as heat.
And this must happen because of thermodynamics -- the direction of the reaction is simply determined by the difference of energy between substrates and products, and it must be positive for the reaction to happen spontaneously. | <urn:uuid:caf22a31-dd2e-4144-b4f3-4dcc04b91c19> | {
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Endangered birds produce sixth egg of season at zoo's off-site facility
California condors at the Oregon Zoo’s Jonsson Center for Wildlife Conservation are laying the groundwork for species recovery one egg at a time.
Six eggs have been laid so far during this year’s condor-breeding season, with perhaps a couple more still to come. The two most recent eggs arrived on Feb. 16 (laid by Ojai) and Feb. 18 (laid by Squapuni). The condors and their mates will sit on them for up to two weeks before keepers remove the eggs to determine whether they are fertile.
“We’re proud to be making a contribution to the California condor’s comeback,” said keeper Kelli Walker. “Each new egg is critical to the survival of this species.”
The fourth egg of the season arrived on Feb. 8 with a bit of drama. The parents, Mali (male) and No. 174, squabbled over the new egg as soon as it had been laid. Keepers quickly pulled the egg from the nest room to prevent any damage, replacing it with a dummy egg. According to condor keeper Kelli Walker, Mali had been harassing No. 174 before she laid the egg and continues to be somewhat aggressive toward her in the nest room. She said the birds will probably not be given a chick to rear this season, and they will likely be split as a breeding pair due to ongoing problems dating back to 2006.
Earlier the same day, Walker had pulled the season’s second egg to test its fertility and noticed what appeared to be a small hole in the egg’s shell. After treating the area with sterile water and a diluted antiseptic, Walker used a thin layer of white glue to cover it. Despite the defect, the egg did prove to be fertile and Walker is hopeful her repair will ensure a normal hatching. The parents, Timocho and Willie, are doing extremely well with incubation and egg-sitting duties, Walker noted.
Through a process called candling – which uses a bright light source behind the egg to show details through the shell – Walker has already determined the first four eggs of the season are fertile. These eggs are now in an incubator, and the condor parents are sitting on dummy eggs. When hatching begins, usually in 54 to 58 days, Walker switches the real eggs back, so that the chicks can hatch under their parents. The conservation center should see its first chick of the season toward the end of March.
The California condor is classified as a critically endangered species. In 1982, only 22 individuals remained in the wild. With the help of breeding programs like the Oregon Zoo’s, condor numbers now total around 390, counting those in programs and in the wild.
Thirty healthy chicks have hatched at the Jonsson Center since the program began in 2003. Around 20 Oregon Zoo-reared birds have gone out to field pens, with most released to the wild. Last year, three eggs laid by Oregon Zoo condors were placed in wild nests to hatch.
Condors are the largest land birds in North America with wingspans of up to 10 feet and an average weight of 18 to 25 pounds. They are highly intelligent and inquisitive, and they require a tremendous amount of parental investment in the wild.
Accumulated lead poisoning – a problem that plagues all raptors and scavengers – is the most severe obstacle to the California condor’s recovery. As the birds feed on carrion and other animal carcasses shot by hunters, they can unintentionally ingest lead from bullet fragments. Lead consumption causes paralysis of the digestive track and results in a slow death by starvation. Lead also causes severe neurologic problems, so the birds not only starve but suffer from impaired motor functions. For hunters who wish to reduce their impact on raptors, including the federally protected golden eagle, zoo officials recommend choosing non-lead ammunition.
The California condor had a long history in Oregon. Lewis and Clark saw the large birds as they traveled along the Columbia River. Local archaeologists have unearthed 9,000-year-old condor bones from Native American middens, and condors were a common motif for the designs of Oregon’s Wasco people, who lived along the Columbia River between The Dalles and Cascade Locks. The “Thunderbird” was considered a spiritual guide to the native peoples and is a key character in many myths.
The last condor seen in Oregon was near the town of Drain in 1904. The birds held out a little longer in California, but by 1987, the last condors were taken into captivity in an attempt to save the species. Biologists decided to place the remaining condors in a captive-breeding program. The California condor was one of the original animals included on the 1973 Endangered Species Act.
The Oregon Zoo’s condor recovery efforts take place at the Jonsson Center for Wildlife Conservation, located in rural Clackamas County on Metro-owned open land. The remoteness of the facility minimizes the exposure of young condors to people, increasing the chances for captive-hatched birds to survive and breed in the wild.
California condor captive-breeding programs are also operated at San Diego Zoo’s Wild Animal Park, the Los Angeles Zoo and the Peregrine Fund’s World Center for Birds of Prey in Idaho. The Oregon Zoo received the Wildlife Society’s conservation award in 2005 for “creating the nation’s fourth California condor breeding facility.”
The zoo is a service of Metro and is dedicated to its mission of inspiring the community to create a better future for wildlife. Committed to conservation, the zoo is currently working to save endangered California condors, Washington’s pygmy rabbits, Oregon silverspot and Taylor’s checkerspot butterflies, Western pond turtles, Oregon spotted frogs and Kincaid’s lupine. Other projects include studies on black rhinos, Asian elephants, polar bears and bats. | <urn:uuid:8b7f9417-d8e3-4ce1-a56f-ab8e6aaa0ae4> | {
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Bees have had a tough time for decades. The number of bee species has seen a long-term decline across Europe and North America, and many species of wild bees have seen their total numbers decline. And although the global population of commercially managed honeybees has long been increasing as honey farming expands, the last ten years have seen individual honeybee colonies collapsing in significant numbers in the US, and to a lesser degree in other parts of the world.
Many countries have banned or restricted the use of pesticides such as neonicotinoids in farming because of their links to bee decline. But this may not be enough to stem the decline, as habitat loss, disease and parasites are also major threats to bees.
My colleagues and I have discovered evidence that suggests bee viruses are being spread much more widely than previously thought thanks to another pollinating insect, the hoverfly. Urgent research is now needed to work out to what degree hoverflies are exposing bees to disease, and if the hoverfly population is also threatened.
Bee viruses are not uncommon. For example, they can be found in about 20% to 25% of wild bumblebee foragers. From studies of honey bees, we know that bee viruses can have substantial effects on the insects’ health. Some cause symptoms such as paralysis, deformities such as crippled wings, and many result in an early death. Wild bees are also affected by these viruses. For example, deformed wing virus shortens the life of a bumblebee by an average of six days (down from around six weeks in the lab).
It is easy to see how humans have changed the environment for bees over the past few decades, using more pesticides and removing wildflowers from the landscape as farming has becoming more intense. But bee diseases are invisible to the casual observer, and it’s much less obvious how we could combat them.
Viruses are particularly important because they can evolve very quickly. This allows them to infect new species relatively easily while still affecting previously infected species. We see this every winter with new flu strains that can infect people who’ve had the disease before.
Recent research has shown that bee viruses can spread between commercially managed honey bees and other wild species such as bumble bees. The most likely way this happens is that infected bees contaminate flowers with their viruses, which then infect other bees that come to feed. We already know that other bee parasites can be spread in this way.
Our new research shows that bees face another disease risk from hoverflies that feed at and pollinate the same flowers. Hoverflies are often mistaken for bees because of their black and yellow stripes, although they have no stings. The one previous study that looked at this topic found no evidence for bee viruses in hoverflies. But new data collected by Kaitlin Deutsch, formerly of Oxford University, and analysed by myself and colleagues at Royal Holloway, suggests hoverflies do indeed harbour bee viruses and that they move freely between the species.
Many hoverflies, including one of the species that we found bee viruses in (both drone flies), undertake large annual migrations across Europe. This means hoverflies could easily spread new strains of viruses that local bees haven’t adapted to, putting them at particular risk.
Given that many wild bee species are already in long-term decline, it’s important that we now try to learn how much of a threat viruses pose to them, and exactly what role the hoverfly plays in spreading bee diseases. But because hoverflies are important pollinators in their own right, with some species facing their own decline, we also need to find out how they are being affected by the viruses.
It may be possible to reduce the spread of these viruses by stopping them being so readily transferred between bees and hoverflies, perhaps by planting more flowers that attract only one or the other.
But for now, this discovery reminds us that bee decline is much more complex than the idea that pesticides are driving all pollinators to extinction. | <urn:uuid:88e7a92e-f874-4e2c-abfc-03c9c7a3b3e2> | {
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In the fictional universe of George Lucas' Star Wars films, robots called droids (short for andro
Grade Range: K-12
Resource Type(s): Artifacts
Date Posted: 5/4/2018
In the fictional universe of George Lucas' Star Wars films, robots called droids (short for android) come in many shapes and serve many purposes. Two droids-R2-D2 and C-3PO-have won enormous popularity for their supporting roles in all six of the series. In the collections of the museum are costumes of R2-D2 and C-3PO from "Return of the Jedi," released in 1983 and the third film in the Star Wars series.
Designed from artwork by Ralph McQuarrie in 1975, R2-D2 looks more like a small blue-and-white garbage can than a human being. In the films, R2-D2 is the type of droid built to interface with computers and service starships-a kind of super technician suited for tasks well beyond human capability. By turns comic and courageous, this helpmate communicates with expressive squeals and head spins, lumbers on stubby legs, and repeatedly saves the lives of human masters .
Several R2-D2 units, specialized according to function and edited into a final composite, were used for making a single movie scene. Some units were controlled remotely. Others, like this one, were costume shells, in which actor Kenny Baker sat and manipulated the droid movements.
R2-D2's sidekick and character foil, also based on art by Ralph McQuarrie, is C-3PO. Termed a protocol droid in the films, C-3PO can speak six million languages and serves the diverse cultures of Lucas' imaginary galaxy as a robotic diplomat and translator. Where R2 is terse, 3PO is talkative. Where R2 is brave, 3PO is often tentative and sometimes downright cowardly. Where R2 looks like a machine, 3PO-in spite of the distinctive gold "skin" -more closely resembles a human in movements, vision, and intelligence
In each of the Star Wars films, actor Anthony Daniels wore the C-3PO costumes. Like the R2-D2 units, more than one C-3PO costume was used for each movie.
The Star Wars films are much more than pop entertainment. Since the first of the series was released in 1977, they have been so immensely popular that they have become cultural reference points for successive American generations. And like other popular works of science fiction, they play a powerful role in shaping our vision of the future.
Likewise, the droids are more than movie stars in these influential films. They are also indicators of the place of robots in the American experience. Conceived at a time when more robots inhabited the imaginative worlds of science fiction than the real world, R2-D2 and C-3PO represent the enduring dream of having robots as personal servants, to do things we will not or cannot do for ourselves. Today, real robots are more numerous. They mostly work on industrial production lines, but researchers are working to extend the use of robots for tasks not humanly possible. It is likely we will see more of them in the future--as aids for medicine and surgery, for military and security, and even for exploring, if not a galaxy far away, at least the far reaches of our own solar system. | <urn:uuid:b6533de5-8f05-4d59-a6c9-218a06f7244c> | {
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Academic flash video games are actions made for youngsters from three to 12 years outdated. These are quite simple video games with easy mechanics that entertain and educate your youngster concurrently. These actions options interactive and colourful characters, animals, shapes and objects that assist to get the eye of studying youngsters. In contrast to the widespread flash leisure discovered on-line which has mature content material, academic flash leisure has attention-grabbing and academic themes that youngsters would love cubefield 2.
Necessities to Play
Any respectable laptop or pocket book with no less than 1.zero GHz of processing energy and 512mb of ram may play these video games hassle-free. These video games use the web browser as their platform and run utilizing the Adobe Flash engine for his or her graphics and audio.
The place to search out Academic Flash Video games
Prongo is a very talked-about web site that gives high quality and academic flash video games for youngsters. They’ve particular flash video games for various age brackets. These video games might begin from primary coloration recognition and mouse coaching, as much as tougher video games like reminiscence and math video games. Prongo offers academic video games for youngsters of various ages.
Listed here are two of the very best academic video games for Ages three to six years outdated:
Colourful Form Making Sport – Actions let your youngsters stamp their very own shapes. Youngsters study primary shapes whereas creating their very own piece of artwork. This sport is ideal for youngsters studying to make use of the mouse, studying primary shapes, and for individuals who simply need to be artistic.
Eight-Planets, The Photo voltaic System Sport – Actions let your youngster create their very own photo voltaic system. It is appropriate for youngsters studying the names of the photo voltaic system. The sport options colourful interactive planets that make studying in regards to the photo voltaic system enjoyable for hours.
Listed here are two of the very best academic video games for Ages 6 to 9 years outdated:
Copycat Jack Sport – It is a reminiscence kind sport that may present many hours of enjoyable on your infant. The kid should recall the colours within the order that it was proven within the sport. Actions embrace colourful animation and animal sounds to strengthen the kid’s reminiscence.
Batter’s Up Baseball – It is a arithmetic kind sport to assist enhance your kid’s math expertise. The sport will present a simple arithmetic drawback that your infant should resolve. Your youngster should click on the proper reply inside the time restrict. This flash sport is appropriate for youngsters studying primary multiplication and division.
Listed here are two of the very best academic video games for Ages 9 to 12 years outdated:
Inventory Market Sport – This web site was created to assist your children perceive how inventory buying and selling works. They are going to have the ability to start buying and selling for the primary time or just have a greater understanding of what occurs behind the scenes. The sport is an effective way to study in regards to the inventory market utilizing real-time inventory market costs.
Farm Stand – This web site is nice for working towards multiplication and addition expertise. The location has primary but difficult math issues for pre-teens.
Letting your youngsters play academic flash video games is a really environment friendly and pleasing means of studying. With full participant interplay, colourful objects, and attention-grabbing audio results, the kid wouldn’t be bored and could be very a lot keen on taking part in the video games. Letting them study whereas nonetheless having fun with is the important thing to their success. | <urn:uuid:e8a2c4f0-3595-49f4-aae1-e6bc61423f93> | {
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Could limiting sugar intake improve your dental health?
A little bit sugar makes more than just the medicine go down, and for many people across the U.S., a daily dose of this sweet confection is all it takes to turn a frown upside down!
Yet it’s no secret that sugar – and lots of it – can be harmful for overall oral hygiene. The question is, just how negative is the impact of sugar and other mouthwatering treats rich in this substance?
Recent measures by the Food and Drug Administration suggest that the long-term consequences of sugar consumption may be tougher to swallow than previously believed. This, coupled with recent studies on the link between poor health and bad oral hygiene suggests that more needs to be done in order to improve dental wellness!
FDA and sugar
According to Dentistry Today, recent recommendations from the Center for Science and Public Interest have inspired the FDA to explore the impact of sugar on daily diets.
The agency is considering establishing a baseline for sugar in products because of the rampant consumption of sugar daily.
The news source notes that the average American ingests between 18 to 23 teaspoons of sugar each day, and that a 20-oz bottle of soda – the average size for the beverage – contains 16 teaspoons of sugar.
Conversely, the American Heart Association recommends that people consume no more than nine teaspoons of sugar daily. This can contribute to poor cardiovascular health as well as increased risk for tooth decay.
If the FDA ultimately restricts the level of sugar allowed in beverages and other consumable goods, it could result in substantial changes to the eating habits of many Americans.
Can diabetes pose dental health problems?
Nearly 26 million individuals are affected by diabetes in the U.S., and according to the American Diabetes Association, issues with oral health are common for those affected by diabetes.
Specifically, periodontitis – a severe form of gum disease that results in gums receding from teeth – can impact men and women with diabetes and lead to teeth becoming weak and potentially falling out of the mouth as the bone structure keeping teeth in place becomes more vulnerable.
According to the ADA, those who have a difficult time controlling their blood glucose levels may be more susceptible to dental disorders, as well as thrush – a condition that can be likened to having a yeast infection in one’s mouth.
Getting the right care
The best way to prevent dental health problems is to be proactive about dental care and schedule regular appointments. We offer affordable dental care and provide several options for oral care and maintenance.
“Oral health actually links to a whole variety of things,” Edward Ehlinger, commissioner of health, told a news source. “It’s linked in many ways to healthy babies, preterm births. It’s linked to heart disease. It’s linked to cancer. It’s linked to obesity. It’s linked to a lot of things causing problems in our health care.”
Contact us today to schedule an appointment. | <urn:uuid:4b789a9f-4224-4134-964f-22ba9efec869> | {
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Vitamin C functions physiologically as a water-soluble antioxidant by virtue of its very strong reducing power (high redox potential) and facile regeneration via ubiquitous reductants such as glutathione, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate. The primary method used to estimate the requirement relates to the vitamin C intake needed to maintain near-maximal neutrophil ascorbate concentration with minimal urinary excretion. Because smokers suffer increased oxidative stress and metabolic turnover of vitamin C, their requirement is increased. Although there is ample evidence that vitamin C administration can result in decreases in markers of oxidative stress, a Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) derived from a direct antioxidant function of vitamin C could not be calculated because of the lack of a quantitative relationship between this antioxidant function and a health-related endpoint. Since vitamin C reduces markers of oxidative stress, it meets the definition of a dietary antioxidant.
Vitamin E functions as a chain-breaking antioxidant that prevents the propagation of lipid peroxidation. To estimate the requirement, data were examined on the intake of vitamin E that would prevent hydrogen peroxide-induced lysis of erythrocytes. Under these circumstances, vitamin E is acting as an ex vivo antioxidant, maintaining a normal physiological function in humans. Although it is not yet possible to relate vitamin E intake to a lowering of chronic disease risk, it still meets the definition of a dietary antioxidant.
Selenium functions through selenoproteins, several of which are oxidant defense enzymes. The criterion used to estimate the requirement for selenium relates to the intake needed to maximize the activity of the plasma selenoprotein glutathione peroxidase, an oxidant defense enzyme. It is not clear if the diseases associated with selenium deficiencies, Keshan disease or Kashin-Beck disease, are due to oxidative stress. The selenium in several selenoproteins has a biochemical role in oxidant defense, thus maintaining normal physiological function, and as such plays a role as a dietary antioxidant.
β-Carotene and other carotenoids function as sources of vitamin A and, due to this provitamin A activity, can prevent vitamin A deficiency. Because no other specific nutrient functions have been identified at this time, no requirements have been established for any of the carotenoids. β-Carotene and the other carotenoids display in vitro antioxidant activity, but the evidence that they act as in vivo | <urn:uuid:17a45f25-33f0-4a12-ba26-6ef6eb7d0307> | {
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Depends on the human, amirite?
Once the realm of futurists, driverless cars are now on par with humans and often doing better according to recent data presented at robotics conference in Santa Clara, California by Chris Urmson, leader of Google’s autonomous-car project. The claims emanate from two studies of data from the hundreds of thousands of miles Google’s vehicles have logged on public roads in California and Nevada.
“We’re spending less time in near-collision states,” claimed Urmson. “Our car is driving more smoothly and more safely than our trained professional drivers.”
There’s a lot more at MIT Technology Review on the data and its implications.
The inevitable uptake of driverless cars by consumers will be interesting to watch with other vehicle visionaries like Tesla CEO Elon Musk advocating for a stepped “Auto-Pilot” type of rollout where 90% of driving is autonomous with the last 10% done by the driver.
The two views aren’t mutually exclusive because of Google’s override capability which is similar to how Airplane pilots operate auto-pilot. Read more | <urn:uuid:7a6f0a7e-1331-4154-86cd-fc5c9c305ece> | {
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WHEN Sally Ride was set to fly on the space shuttle Challenger in 1983 and thus become the first woman in space, Gloria Steinem said, “Millions of little girls are going to sit by their television sets and see they can be astronauts, heroes, explorers and scientists.”
This was of course a ridiculous statement. How many little girls had ever wanted to be astronauts? About as many who longed to be soldiers or fighter pilots. In other words, very few. Steinem’s real point, in keeping with her intense dislike of women, was that women should want to be astronauts and there was something wrong with them if they didn’t.
Ride, who had a warm, radiant smile and is said to have served ably in her two missions in space, died Monday at the age of 61. For all the fanfare that once surrounded it, Ride’s story will likely fade into history and her life ultimately inspire very few girls. This will be so not only because women do not excel at space science or the physical demands of space travel as men do but also because, as Ride’s obituary proved, she did not lead a full life. Ride was in a lesbian relationship with a childhood friend for 27 years.
To her credit, Ride did not make her lesbianism public and was private about her personal life in general. Her sister and the woman with whom she had a relationship, Tam O’Shaughnessy, have released the information to the world and now Ride has the double distinction of being both the first woman and the first lesbian in space. O’Shaughnessy was Ride’s friend since the age of 12. Ride was briefly married to another astronaut, but they were divorced. So while Ride accomplished much in her career, thanks in part to the spirit of affirmative action, she seems to have never fully emerged from childhood.
The only good reason for a normal woman to go through the grueling rigors of becoming an astronaut is that NASA is a great place to meet men. Ride’s life, however, does not even offer that slim hope to little girls, that wonderful compensation for dreary days in a control cabin. Ride flew into space but never experienced other thrills that are as great or far greater. She never gave a man such necessary and life-sustaining love that he was able to do great things, such as fly into space. She never looked up at the stars with her own children and encouraged their wonder. She did not pass on her love of space to a son or daughter or grandchild.
Though she performed capably in her public position as a Role Model of the Century, Sally Ride’s example will likely be the exact opposite of what NASA and Gloria Steinem predicted. She will serve as a reminder of at least some of the very good reasons why women don’t want to be astronauts. The vast majority of women would sooner love an astronaut than be one. And given that most men are destined to perform inglorious jobs for most of their lives, women will come to see that the dream of conquering space rightly belongs to men.
Laura Wood, Thinking Housewife 99 Comments
[7/31/2012 3:31:06 AM]
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Is it possible for children to come down with shingles? I recently saw a 2 year old with a most interesting history who then developed a weird rash. Funny thing, I read an article shortly after seeing this child that described his case perfectly, only wish I had seen this the week before.
So, this 2 year old complained that his leg hurt. Enough pain that he limped and woke up at night crying that his thigh hurt. He had no history of trauma and also was otherwise well, in other words no fever, vomiting, cold symptoms etc.
After several days of watching him without resolution of his pain the mother noticed 3 little spots on his thigh, which she thought might be a bite. The little boy was seen and the diagnosis of herpes zoster (shingles) was considered. In children the differential diagnosis of localized leg pain in the absence of a rash would not normally include shingles.
According to the pedi dermatologist (that I consulted) shingles in children occurs more frequently on their lower extremities (not for adults) and may involve the back on the same side. Unlike adults, most cases of zoster in children are only mildly painful and resolve fairly quickly.
Well, this little boy didn't read the book and his rash continued to get worse and spread, and was quite painful for days. Prior to this, he was a perfectly healthy little boy and had received his first varicella vaccine when he was 1.
Since the widespread use of the varicella vaccine (chickenpox vaccine, see old post), the incidence of chickenpox has decreased dramatically, and vaccination should also reduce the risk of developing shingles later in life. In otherwise healthy children shingles (zoster) tends to develop at a younger age among vaccinated children than in those who have had a natural chickenpox infection. When shingles occurs after vaccination it represents either a new infection with wild-type virus (an exposure to chickenpox or shingles) or reactivation of the vaccine virus.
Once a child has received 2 doses of varicella vaccine as recommended, the immunity is boosted and should further reduce the risk of developing shingles. Varicella zoster virus can be transmitted via contact with skin lesions of those who have either chickenpox or shingles. Infection is less likely after exposure to shingles. Transmission of the virus occurs until all lesions have crusted over. In this case, the little boy was ultimately started on an oral anti-viral therapy with slow resolution of his rash and pain and a return to normal around his house.
Note to self, weird pain may precede the rash in herpes zoster by several days. Even though unusual, herpes zoster may occur in a healthy child who no history of varicella exposure and who has received all or part of their chickenpox vaccine.
That's your daily dose for today. We'll chat again tomorrow. | <urn:uuid:c2ef2ea7-7123-42d9-89c0-31bc91c901a2> | {
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Discrimination and Prejudice To Kill a Mockingbird
The most important theme of the novel To Kill a Mockingbird is the author Harper Lee’s tenacious exploration of the moral nature of people. Lee tenaciously explores the moral nature of human beings, especially the struggle in every human soul between discrimination and tolerance. The novel is very effective in not only revealing prejudice, but in examining the nature of prejudice, how it works, and its consequences. Harper Lee accomplishes this by dramatising the main characters’, Scout and Jem’s, maturing transition from a perspective of childhood innocence. Initially, because they have never seen or experienced evil themselves, they assume that all people are good by nature and tolerant of others. It is not until they see things from more realistic adult perspectives that they are able to confront evil, as well as prejudice, and incorporate it into their understanding of the world.
Lee has invited the reader to interpret the dominant ideology of racial prejudice through the effective use of innocent characters, Jem and Scout. It is obvious to the reader that racial prejudice is incorrect and the treatment of African-Americans’ is cruel and unjust. Innocent Scout highlights the racial problems when she asked Atticus, “Do you defend niggers, Atticus?” Lee succeeds in portraying to hher readers the innocence of Scout and how she was victimised for this innocence. Scout is made to realise that prejudice, ignorance and hatred will always find a victim. In the end, Scout is able to maintain her basic faith in human nature despite the shock and unfairness of Tom Robinson’s courtroom conviction. However, on the other hand, Jem’s faith in truth, justice and humanity is very badly damaged. He does not understand why all of this is happening. Prejudice and racism do not make any sense to Jem as they are so foreign to his nature and had assumed they did not exist.
In contrast, Atticus Finch has experienced and understood evil throughout his life. He has been confronted with prejudice and racism, but has not lost his faith in human capacity for goodness. Atticus understands this from his own experiences and reflects that most people have both good and bad qualities. Jem and Scout only learn this after their troubling experiences with racism and prejudice during the trial. When they do, it is a revelation which eases some of the burden of their discovery of prejudice.
Lee criticises prejudice of any kind by introducing race, racism, cultural, religious moral and family discourses. However, the dominant discourse of the text is race discourse when Lee goes on to say through Atticus that the important thing in life is to appreciate the good qualities and understand the bad qualities by treating others with sympathy and trying to see life from their perspective. Harper lee exemplifies her main view of the novel through Atticus when he said to Scout, “You never really understand a person until you consider things from his point of view – until you climb into his skin and walk around in it.” He tries to teach this ultimate moral lesson to Scout to show her it is possible to live with conscience without losing hope or becoming cynical. For example, Atticus is able to admire Mrs. Dubose’s courage even while deploring her prejudice. In much the same way, Scout’s progress as a character in the novel is defined by her gradual development toward understanding the lessons Atticus Finch tries to teach her, and in the end, realising who Boo Radley is as a human being. Scout’s newfound ability to view the world from Radley’s perspective ensures that she will not become jaded as she loses her innocence.
Furthermore, Harper Lee strongly criticises prejudice of any kind, positioning readers to view prejudice through her invited reading, as well as a number of characters and discourses presented in the novel. She positions readers to understand To Kill a Mockingbird, as a story which highlights the serious issues of prejudice, discrimination and injustice which occurred during 1930s, in Alabama and the South of North America. The narrator of the text, Scout Finch, demonstrates her maturation which she develops throughout the novel, an example of this is when Scout states, “Well, it’d be sort of like shootin’ a mockingbird, wouldn’t it?”
In conclusion, in To Kill a Mockingbird, author Harper Lee tenaciously explores the moral nature of human beings, especially the struggle in every human soul between discrimination and tolerance. The invited reading, discourses of the text as well as how the author positions us have influenced readers to believe that racial prejudice is incorrect and the treatment of African-Americans’ is cruel and unjust. “Remember it’s a sin to kill a mockingbird” said Atticus to Scout. In other words, according to Atticus it’s a sin to help innocent people who are the victims of evil, just like Boo Radley who does not harm anyone, instead, he leaves Jem and Scout gifts and covers Scout with a blanket during the fire. Harper Lee connects justice with innocence to a certain extent and portrays justice as being easily detected. The problem is society can instil beliefs that can act as a veil and blind people from justice. The only way to remove this veil is through people like Atticus who can pass his morality and nobility to the young.
School is sometimes can be fun or stressful. School is where students obtain education from teachers in different subjects, such as Maths, English, Bio, Chem, Accounting and Drama. I believe going to school is part of your life. From observing my parents, they talk about their school life most of their time. At school, being part in clubs is one of the most important thing, as we socialise and improve our health. For example, I played Tennis for school and while i was part of the team, I enjoyed it and was able to make more friends. In my school, only the smart kids get Academic lines, only if you get over GPA of 13.76 which is quite impossible to receive. In other words, you must acheive at least A or A+ for all of your subjects. At Lunch time, I play with my friends at the tennis court, but we don't play tennis, but play handball which is kind of childish game, but it's quite fun sometimes.
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Next time you catch a stranger's eye and feel a surge of attraction, here's something to ponder: is your ardour based partly on shared genetic ancestry? That's the intriguing question raised by a new study of Latino populations.
A team led by Neil Risch and Esteban González Burchard of the University of California, San Francisco, took DNA samples from married couples in Mexican and Puerto Rican populations, examining around 100 genetic markers from across the genome. From these markers, the researchers were able to discern the proportions of Native American, European and African ancestry for each person.
They found that within Mexican populations, people tended to pick partners with similar proportions of Native American and European ancestry, while in Puerto Rican populations couples had paired up based on their shared balance of European and African ancestry.
The team also noted each person's socioeconomic profile to see if this explained their choice of partner as convincingly as ancestry did. But these factors couldn't explain the pairings.
What's more, the same patterns emerged for Mexicans living in the San Francisco Bay Area as for Mexicans in Mexico, and for Puerto Ricans in both Puerto Rico and New York. So presumably people had cued into subtle variations in appearance, behaviour and even odour.
"I think it's fascinating," says Burchard. "People are sizing up their partners, maybe in subconscious ways."
The tendency to seek genetically similar mates could confuse researchers searching for genes that affect our health in populations with mixed ancestry, warns Risch. This is because genetic markers that seem to be inherited along with a particular disease may simply be more common in a sub-group of the population in which that disease is more prevalent.
It's not clear whether similar trends would be seen in less genetically varied populations, such as northern Europeans. But mate choice on the basis of ancestry may be a powerful factor for African Americans, who have a rich genetic heritage including variable amounts of European ancestry.
Companies are already offering DNA tests to help people choose their partners, based on the idea that we prefer people with immune system genes that differ from our own.
So can we expect DNA dating services to start trying to match people based on shared ancestry? Tamara Brown, who runs GenePartner, based in Zurich, Switzerland, says that her company has no immediate plans to introduce ancestry-based matching – although it is a possibility for the future.
The researchers behind the new study are sceptical of DNA-based dating, however. "I prefer the classic method of just running into people while having a drink," says Marc Via, another member of the team.
Journal reference: Genome Biology, DOI: 10.1186/gb-2009-10-11-r132
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Hoedspruit Endangered Species Center
Orphaned animals are brought to Hoedspruit in an attempt to save their lives and to preserve a decreasing species. Protected from poachers and allowed to roam on about 13000 hectares, big cats, elephant, rhino and buffalo are among the mammals that are becoming endangered in South Africa. In addition, over 350 bird species have sought refuge within the confines of this area.
King Cheetahs The King Cheetah is a prime example of a mammal that is quickly fading from sight. Discovered in 1926 as a distinct variation of the spotted cheetah, it is quite rare to spot one of these magnificent animals in the wild. King Cheetahs have large splotchy spots and a noticeable double line running down their spine. Mainly passive animals, they rarely fight predators and will give up a meal rather than fight for it. Scientists feel that this is why the decrease in population.
Under the supervision of Hoedspruit Endangered Species Center, this amazing cat is given the opportunity to breed and populate. A Park within a Park Located within Kruger National Park that borders the east edge of Mozambique,
Hoedspruit is a volunteer organization that was started in 1990. Lente Roode began the centre out of her passion of cheetahs. Before long, sick and abandoned animals were showing up and the population began to grow. Since then, the HESC has evolved into one of the most leading private research and breeding facilities for endangered species in the country.
Volunteer Learning Facility
Student programs are offered for a hands-on experience in dealing with the animals, plus modern research into breeds of extinction. A basic conservation course, followed by exercises of feeding and care prepare students for the 1 to 3 week program of interacting with the wildlife. Recently, volunteers were able to witness the birth of 4 baby cheetahs, showing how a speciesis able to thrive once again.
Public is Always Welcome Since day one, the public has been invited to visit the facilities and expand their knowledge on the importance of keeping certain breeds from extinction. A Standard Tour starts with a movie presentation of the project, followed by a close-up look at the contained animals.
The Private Tour adds wild dog feeding and vulture feeding as an experience. A Game Drive is the ultimate in traveling throughout the area and watching as all of the species are presented in their natural habitat. The Endangered Species Center is an excellent way to see breeds that would otherwise not be witnessed.
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Maryam Bibi - Pakistan
For almost two decades Maryam Bibi has battled against prejudice and intolerance to improve the lives of women and children in some of the world’s poorest areas.
Maryam established Khwendo Kor in 1993 with four female friends. The organization, a Member of IUCN since 1997, is a non-profit, non-political, non-governmental organisation, which works to improve the well being of women and children in two of the poorest and most conservative areas of the world: Pakistan's Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa Province and the Federally Administered Tribal Areas.
Here, infant mortality and maternal mortality rates are high and female literacy is low, so, under Maryam’s leadership, Khwendo Kor focuses on improving the education, health and training opportunities available to women and children in the region. Khwendo Kor is Pushto for “Sister’s home”, but the organization works with both women and men to create strong and progressive societies.
Maryam has ensured that conservation activities and projects are an integral part of Khwendo Kor’s work:
She has helped village women to set up of forest nurseries and to run reforestation campaigns, in which school children are encouraged to buy and plant trees. This has provided the women with a modest income and has also improved the areas’ fragile forests. Fuel efficient stoves which have been distributed in the villages, are also helping to reduce pressure on these forests.
Maryam works tirelessly to empower women through the provision of education and training. Hundreds of community-based primary schools have been established as well as adult literacy centres for women and training centres for traditional birth attendants who can now provide hygienic and skilled services in their local villages. In addition, micro-credit loans and training have been provided to women to enable them to gain a measure of financial independence through activities such as bee farming, animal husbandry and vegetable production.
Khendo Kor has also been active in building ‘check and delay’ dams to improve the water supply to villages, supporting community agricultural activity which includes demonstration plots set up by the organization in collaboration with the Agriculture Department.
It’s hard work and Maryam and her team face many challenges. They have received death threats, and have also been threatened with kidnapping and physical violence. The increase in extremism and intolerance has made it difficult to sustain and expand the positive attitudinal changes taking place as a result of their work, for example the inclusion of women in some of the most conservative areas of Pakistan.
Nonetheless, Maryam stays strong and lives by the mantra: "Never lose heart and be ever positive no matter how difficult the circumstances may be”.
As a result of participatory approaches, Maryam Bibi has been able to gain the trust and confidence of men and women at the grassroots levels in very remote and poverty stricken areas. Khwendo Kor has grown from an operation in one village supported by four staff members, to having a presence in over 300 cities and towns, and is recognized as a credible and reputable organization both in Pakistan and abroad.
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Diabetes mellitus is a group of diseases that alter the way your body uses blood sugar (glucose). Glucose is a fundamental natural supplement to your health because it's one of the main sources of energy for the cells that make up your muscles and tissues. It's also your brain's main source of fuel.
The cause of diabetes varies by type. But, all the different levels of diabetes will lead to excess sugar in the blood. This excess of sugar in the blood can lead to serious health problems.
Chronic diabetes conditions include type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes. There is times when is caught in an early stage than it can be reversible in cases like prediabetes — this is when the blood sugar levels are a slightly higher than normal, but not high enough to be classified as diabetes — and gestational diabetes, this occurs during pregnancy but may be resolve after the baby is delivered.
Symptoms type 1 and 2
• Frequent urination
• Unexplained weight loss
• Increased thirst
• Extreme hunger
• Blurred vision
• Slow-healing sores
• Frequent infections, such as gums or skin infections and vaginal infections
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This text is part of:
Table of Contents:
Nor would there be still lying scattered throughout the Northern States twenty-eight thousand Confederate dead, difficult to locate, many never to be found, most of which are unmarked, a portion inadequately so, lost to their kindred and friends—lost to history—a fruitful source of sectional bitterness for nearly forty years—not yet removed. As early as May 21, 1861, the Confederate Congress passed an Act as follows: ‘All prisoners of war whether taken on land or sea, during the pending hostilities with the United States, shall be transferred by the captors from time to time, and as often as convenient, to the Department of war; and it shall be the duty of the Secretary of War, with the approval of the President, to issue such instructions to the Quartermaster-General and his subordinates as shall provide for the safe custody and sustenance of prisoners of war, and the rations furnished prisoners of war shall be the same in quantity and quality as those furnished to enlisted men in the army of the Confederacy.’ President Davis states in his Rise and Fall of the Confederate Government that this law of Congress was embodied in the orders issued from the War Department and from the headquarters in the field and no order was ever issued in conflict with its humane provisions. Other than the occasional exchanges in the field before noted, there was no effort in that direction till February 14, 1862, when an arrangement was made by the representatives of both governments, General Howell Cobb and General Wool, under which some exchanges were made, but the agreement was soon abandoned, and matters proceeded as before. Our surgeons were distinguished not only for knowledge and skill but also for humanity to the sick and wounded of the enemy; and they extended the greatest courtesy and aid to the Federal Medical Corps, as, for instance, after the second Manassas battle by Medical Director L. Guild of General Lee's army to Medical Director Thomas A. McParlin of General Pope's army; and by Medical Director Hunter McGuire of General Jackson's army to Brigade Surgeon J. Burd Peale and others of General Banks' army. Prior to the capture of Winchester in May, 1862, the medical officers were held as prisoners in like manner as other officers; but were often permitted to give their services to their suffering fellow-prisoners. Especial mention is made of the circumstance that when General Jackson defeated General Banks and entered Winchester on the morning of May 25th, 1862, besides the quarter of a million dollars'
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.
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© Paul P. Reuben
Chapter 7: William Faulkner (1897-1962)
Outside Links: | Film Adaptions of Faulkner's Fiction | Nobel Prize Acceptance Speech |
Page Links: | Primary Works | Selected Bibliography 1980-1999 | Selected Bibliography 2000-Present | Study Questions | MLA Style Citation of this Web Page |
| A Brief Biography |
Site Links: | Chap. 7: Index | Alphabetical List | Table Of Contents | Home Page | October 31, 2011
Source: William Faulkner on the Web
"The past is never dead; it's not even
- Gavin Stevens to Temple Drake Stevens, Requiem for a Nun, Act I Scene iii
"[I] discovered that my own little postage stamp of native soil was worth writing about and that I would never live long enough to exhaust it, and that by sublimating the actual into the apocryphal I would have complete liberty to use whatever talent I might have to its absolute top. It opened up a gold mine of other people, so I created a cosmos of my own." - WF
Winner of the 1949 Nobel Prize for Literature, Faulkner's recognition as a writer came years after he had written his best work. Today he is regarded as an important interpreter of the universal theme of "the problems of the human heart in conflict with itself." He grew up in Oxford, Mississippi, which became the prototype of Jefferson, in the mythical county of Yoknapatawpha, the setting of many of his works. Sometimes difficult to read, Faulkner experimented in the use of stream-of-consciousness technique and in the dislocation of narrative time. His fiction discusses issues of sex, class, race relations, and relations with nature.
The Marble Faun, 1924; Soldier's Pay, 1926; Mosquitoes, 1927; Sartoris, 1929; The Sound and the Fury, 1929; As I Lay Dying, 1930; Sanctuary, 1931; These 13, 1931; Light in August, 1932; Doctor Martino and Other Stories, 1934; Pylon, 1935; Absalom, Absalom!, 1936; The Unvanquished, 1938; The Wild Palms, 1939; The Hamlet, 1940; Go Down, Moses, 1942; Intruder in the Dust, 1948; Knight's Gambit, 1949; Collected Stories of William Faulkner, 1950; Requiem for a Nun, 1951; A Fable, 1954; Big Woods, 1955; The Town, 1957; The Mansion, 1959; The Reivers, 1962.
William Faulkner: New Orleans Sketches. Collins, Carvel (ed. and preface). Jackson: UP of Mississippi, 2002.
| Top | Selected Bibliography 1980-1999
Abadie, Ann, and Doreen Fowler. eds. Faulkner and the Short Story: Faulkner and Yoknapatawpha, 1990. Jackson: UP OF Mississippi, 1992.
Cox, Leland H. William Faulkner: Biographical and Reference Guide. Detroit: Gale Research Co., 1982. PS3511 .A86 Z773
Brodhead, Richard H. Faulkner, New Perspectives. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1983. PS3511 .A86 Z7832124
Ferguson, James. Faulkner's Short Fiction. Knoxville: U of Tennessee P, 1991.
Friedman, Alan W. William Faulkner. New York: F. Ungar Pub. Co., 1984. PS3511 .A86 Z783265
Goldberg, Wendy Fay. Faulkner's Haunted House: The Figure of the Recluse in 'Light in August' and 'Absolom, Absolom!' Ann Arbor: MI 1996.
Kinney, Arthur F., ed. Critical Essays on William Faulkner--the Sartoris Family. Boston: G.K. Hall, 1985. PS3511 .A86 Z778
Matthews, John T. The Play of Faulkner's Language. Ithaca: Cornell UP, 1982. PS3511 .A86 Z8916
McKee, Patricia. Producing American Races: Henry James, William Faulkner, Toni Morrison. Durham: Duke UP, 1999.
Minter, David L. William Faulkner: His Life and Work. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP, 1980. PS3511 .A86 Z913.
Mortimer, Gail L. Faulkner's Rhetoric of Loss: A Study in Perception and Meaning. Austin: U of Texas P, 1983. PS3511 .A86 Z914
Phillips, Gene. Fiction, Film AND Faulkner: The Art Of Adaptation. Knoxville: U of Tennessee P, 1988.
Pikoulis, John, 1941-The Art of William Faulkner. London: Macmillan, 1982. PS3511 .A86 Z9462
Pilkington, John. The Heart of Yoknapatawpha. Jackson: UP of Mississippi, 1981. PS3511.A86 Z9463
Railey, Kevin. Natural Aristocracy: History, Ideology, and the Production of William Faulkner. Tuscaloosa: U of Alabama P, 1999.
Singal, Daniel J. William Faulkner: The Making of a Modernist. Chapel Hill: U of North Carolina P, 1997.
Sundquist, Eric J. Faulkner: The House Divided. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP, 1983. PS3511 .A86 Z9735
Vanderwerken, David L. Faulkner's Literary Children: Patterns of Development. NY: Peter Lang, 1997.
Wagner-Martin, Linda. ed. New Essays on Go Down, Moses. NY: Cambridge UP, 1996.
Yarup, Robert L. Faulkner's The Sound and the Fury. Washington. 1996
| Top |Selected Bibliography 2000 to Present
Abernathy, Jeff. To Hell and Back: Race and Betrayal in the Southern Novel. Athens: U of Georgia P, 2003.
Aiken, Charles S. William Faulkner and the Southern Landscape. Athens: U of Georgia P, 2009.
Atkinson, Ted. Faulkner and the Great Depression: Aesthetics, Ideology, and Cultural Politics. Athens: U of Georgia P, 2006.
Baker, Charles. William Faulkner's Postcolonial South. NY: Peter Lang, 2000.
Bassett, John E. William Faulkner: An Annotated Bibliography of Criticism since 1988. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow, 2009.
Bauer, Margaret D. William Faulkner's Legacy: "What Shadow, What Stain, What Mark." Gainesville: UP of Florida, 2005.
Brivic, Sheldon. Tears of Rage: The Racial Interface of Modern American Fiction: Faulkner, Wright, Pynchon, Morrison. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State UP, 2008.
Davis, Thadious M. Games of Property: Law, Race, Gender and Faulkner's Go Down, Moses. Durham: Duke UP, 2003.
Doyle, Don H. Faulkner's County: The Historical Roots of Yoknapatawpha. Chapel Hill: U of North Carolina P, 2001.
Duvall, John N. Race and White Identity in Southern Fiction: From Faulkner to Morrison. NY: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008.
Evans, David H. William Faulkner, William James, and the American Pragmatic Tradition. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State UP, 2008.
Fant, Joseph L., III. and others. eds. Faulkner at West Point. Jackson: UP of Mississippi, 2002.
Fulton, Lorie W. William Faulkner, Gavin Stevens, and the Cavalier Tradition. NY: Peter Lang, 2011.
Godden, Richard. William Faulkner: An Economy of Complex Words. Princeton, NJ: Princeton UP, 2007.
Koloze, Jeff, and Anne B. Gardiner. An Ethical Analysis of the Portrayal of Abortion in American Fiction: Dreiser, Hemingway, Faulkner, Dos Passos, Brautigan, and Irving. Lewiston: Mellen, 2005.
Labatt, Blair. Faulkner the Storyteller. Tuscaloosa: U of Alabama P, 2005.
Lurie, Peter. Vision's Immanence: Faulkner, Film, and the Popular Imagination. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP, 2004.
Minter, David. Faulkner's Questioning Narratives: Fictions of His Major Phase, 1929-42. Urbana: U of Illinois P, 2001.
Parini, Jay. One Matchless Time: A Life of William Faulkner. NY: HarperCollins, 2004.
Polk, Noel. Faulkner and Welty and the Southern Literary Tradition. Jackson: UP of Mississippi, 2008.
Rio-Jelliffe, R. Obscurity's Myriad Components: The Theory and Practice of William Faulkner. Lewisburg: Bucknell UP, 2001.
Rovit, Earl, and Arthur Waldhorn. eds. Hemingway and Faulkner in Their Time. NY: Continuum, 2005.
Rueckert, William H. Faulkner from Within: Destructive and Generative Being in the Novels of William Faulkner. West Lafayette: Parlor, 2004.
Sensibar, Judith L. Faulkner and Love: The Women Who Shaped His Art. New Haven, CT: Yale UP, 2009.
Skaggs, Merrill M. Axes: Willa Cather and William Faulkner. Lincoln: U of Nebraska P, 2007.
Stewart, George C. Yoknapatawpha, Images and Voices: A Photographic Study of Faulkner's County. Columbia: U of South Carolina P, 2009.
Stringer, Dorothy. 'Not Even Past': Race, Historical Trauma, and Subjectivity in Faulkner, Larsen, and Van Vechten. NY: Fordham UP, 2010.
Towner, Theresa M. Faulkner on the Color Line: The Later Novels. Jackson: UP of Mississippi, 2000.
Volpe, Edmond L. A Reader's Guide to William Faulkner: The Novels. Syracuse: Syracuse UP, 2003.
- - -. A Reader's Guide to William Faulkner: The Short Stories. Syracuse: Syracuse UP, 2004.
Wainswright, Michael. Darwin and Faulkner's Novels: Evolution and Southern Fiction. NY: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008.
Watson, James G. William Faulkner: Self-Presentation and Performance. Austin: U of Texas P, 2000.
Weinstein, Arnold. Recovering Your Story: Proust, Joyce, Woolf, Faulkner, Morrison. NY: Random House, 2006.
Wells, Dean F. Every Day by the Sun: A Memoir of the Faulkners of Mississippi. NY: Crown, 2011.
Wells, Jeremy. Romances of the White Man's Burden: Race, Empire, and the Plantation in American Literature, 1880-1936. Nashville, TN: Vanderbilt UP, 2011.
Welty, Eudora, Hunter Cole, and Noel Polk. On William Faulkner. Jackson: UP of Mississippi, 2003.
Wolff, Sally. Ledgers of History: William Faulkner, and Almost Forgotten Friendship, and an Antebellum Plantation Diary: Memories of Dr. Edgar Wiggin Francisco III. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State UP, 2010.
Zender, Karl F. Faulkner and the Politics of Reading. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State UP, 2002.
A Student Project by Christa Pollex
William Faulkner was born September 25, 1897, in New Albany, Mississippi to Murry and Maud Falkner. His baptized name is William Cuthbert Falkner. Murry and Maud had four boys; William, Murry Jr., John, and Dean. William was the oldest of all the children. Shortly after Faulkner's fourth birthday William and Murry Jr., were nearly lost to scarlet fever. On September 22, 1902, the Falkner family moved to Oxford, Mississippi. Just two months after their arrival in Oxford twelve people were killed due to the yellow fever. All white residents had been evacuated.
Faulkner started to show his technique through drawing and writing poetry at an early age. During this time, Faulkner met his childhood sweetheart, Estelle Oldham, and his lifetime friend Phil Stone; Estelle lived in the neighborhood. To Faulkner's surprise Estelle's parents sent her away to school the following year. Upon her last return home from school Estelle accepted a proposal of marriage from Cornell Franklin. In 1914, Faulkner met Phil Stone. One day Stone became curious about Faulkner's writing and read his poems with excitement. His reply to these works was "Anybody could have seen that he had a real talent. It was perfectly obvious." (Blotner 162) Phil Stone encouraged Faulkner to write and thus started their long friendship.
Faulkner was denied acceptance into the U.S. Air Force so he turned to the Canadian Royal Air Force. On his application he had to change a few details like the spelling of his last name and for his place of birth he wrote Finchley, in the county of Middlesex, England. He also changed his birth date to May 25, 1898, and stated that his civil occupation was a student. July 9,1918, he reported to the Recruit's Depot, in Toronto, for active service. In December, Faulkner was discharged from the RAF (Royal Air Force) and returned to Oxford.
Faulkner's return brought him back to school where he entered the University of Mississippi as a special student in September, 1919. This is where he began to publish poems in "The Mississippian" and the "Oxford Eagle." During his time at the University, Faulkner founded the "Marionettes," a drama club, in the fall of 1920. He tried his hand at play writing. He wrote a one act play called The Marionettes, but it never made it to the stage. Only after three semesters he dropped out of school, but he accepted a job as a postmaster at the University of Mississippi post office. Also, in November of 1920, Faulkner received a commission as honorable 2nd Lieutenant.
Phil Stone sends The Marble Faun to the Four Seas Co. and it agrees to publish the book for $400 and publishes it on December 15, 1924. In the same year, Faulkner resigns as postmaster at the University because of charges brought up by the postal inspector. February 25, 1926, Soldiers Pay was published. This was the start when many of Faulkner's works began to be published. Between the years of 1927 and 1934, he had a book published every year. In 1931, Sanctuary and These 13 , two of his works were published. "Sanctuary is a brilliant novel, one of his best." (Kawin 31)
In 1929, Faulkner's childhood sweetheart, Estelle divorced Franklin and William and Estelle marry on June 20. In 1931, a daughter was born but dies nine days later and two years later, Jill, their second daughter was born.
In 1932, Faulkner goes to Culver City, California on a MGM contract writer. He also worked for 20th Century Fox and Universal Studios. He co-wrote for many screenplays. A couple of the screenplays he worked on were "To Have and Have Not" written by Hemingway in 1944 for Warner Brothers, and "Barn Burning" that he wrote and A.I. Bezzerides helped with the screenplay.
In 1948, Faulkner was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Letters. In November of 1950, the announcement that Faulkner had received the Nobel Prize was made. He also received the National Book Award for A Fable in March and the Pulitzer in May of 1955. One month before his death The Reivers was published and the following year he received another Pulitzer for this book. Faulkner died on July 6,1962, of a heart attack, in Oxford.
Blotner, Joseph Faulkner: A Biography. New York: Random House, 1974.
Kawin, Bruce F. Faulkner and Film. New York: Frederick Ungar Publishing Co, 1977.
Warren, Robert Penn Faulkner: A Collection of Critical Essays. New Jersey:Prentice-Hall, Inc, 1966.
1. How does the setting in a faraway age contribute to the mood of the story "A Courtship"? How do we know that we are dealing with an Indian narrator? Why is this an important aspect of the story and its total effect?
2. How does the location in a hunting camp function as an appropriate setting for the themes manifest in the story "Delta Autumn"? In what ways is Roth Edmonds meant to function as a representative of contemporary man? How is Uncle Ike different from his kinsman?
3. Examine As I Lay Dying from the point of view of family dynamics or social process. Is "Bundren" an identity these family members all share? What is the ontology, the way of being a Bundren? To what extent is Faulkner commenting on the American, especially the southern, family? Evaluate the perspectives with which the outsiders in the novel view the Bundrens. Which is reality? How does Faulkner demonstrate his characters constructing it?
1. How does one establish individual independence as a teenager? Do you remember any crucial moment in your own life when you realized that you had to make a choice between what your parent(s) and/or family believed and your own values?
2. Is the destruction of another person's property ever something we can justify? Explain.
3. Does it matter that this story is rendered through Sarty's consciousness? What were Faulkner's options, and how would the story be different if he had exercised them?
4. What are the key symbols in the story, and how do they serve the thematic purposes Faulkner had in mind?
5. Do the class issues the story raises have any parallels today?
6. What is the tone of the story and how is it established?
7. Critics often associate Faulkner's portrait of the Snopeses with his perception that the "New South" following Reconstruction had lost its agrarian values. Analyze the particular "Snopesism" in "Barn Burning. "
"A Rose for Emily"
1. Discuss the ways in which Faulkner uses Miss Emily's house as an appropriate setting and as a metaphor for both her and the themes established by the narrative.
2. What are the different uses of the themes of "love," "honor," and "respectability" in the story?
3. Why does Faulkner use this particular narrator? What do you know about him? Can you list his "values," and if so, are they shared by the town? Is this narrator reliable? Does the fact he is male matter?
4. Many critics have read Miss Emily as a symbol of the post-Civil-War South. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of adopting this stance.
5. Those of you who have read Charles Dickens's Great Expectations will see a resemblance. How does Faulkner's tale echo but also differ significantly from Dickens's?
6. How does this story handle the linked themes of female oppression and empowerment? What does it say about the various kinds of male-female relationships in American society of this period?
MLA Style Citation of this Web Page
Reuben, Paul P. "Chapter 7: William Faulkner." PAL: Perspectives in American Literature- A Research and Reference Guide. URL:http://www.csustan.edu/english/reuben/pal/chap7/faulkner.html (provide page date or date of your login).
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China, located in East Asia, is the world's third largest country. The terrain of China is generally rugged with mountains covering 33 percent of the land.
Beijing, China's capitol was founded over 3,000 years ago and is now the country's second largest city after Shanghai. Just beyond Tiananmen Square lies the Forbidden City where emperors once lived and ruled.
China is the world's oldest continuing major civilization. Ancient China was quite developed in economy and culture. China became a socialist country in 1949 and is run by the Chinese Communist Party.
Chinese art is the oldest in the world and includes sculptures, calligraphy, and opera. China's main form of Religion, Buddhism, was originally exported from India in the first century BC.
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Discover everything from China's geography and religion to its rich history and culture. China's magic shows through with classical Chinese architecture and customs that date back hundreds of years.
Length: 24 minutes
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Looking for facts and information? See About the Cryosphere.
Icelights: Answers to your burning questions about ice and climate
What's hot in the news around climate and sea ice and what are scientists talking about now? Read more...
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When scientists talk about the cryosphere, they mean the places on Earth where water is in its solid form, frozen into ice or snow. Read more ...
The LDAS data set contains 43 model and observation-based fields produced by the LDAS uncoupled modeling system at the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center using the Mosaic Land Surface Model (LSM).
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N: 42, S: 38.5, E: -104, W: -108.5 | <urn:uuid:8f168153-ac25-43ec-813c-ea4edf5cc6f9> | {
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Fault Insertion Switch Architectures
Fault Insertion (FI) techniques are commonly used in applications where a controller is required to act responsibly when a fault on one of its inputs or outputs is present. The fault could be caused by faulty sensors, sensors which correctly report a fault or cable wiring problems. Cable wiring problems typically include open circuits, short circuits to other wires and in some cases leakage paths caused by contamination such as oil spillage or water ingress.
Various architectures for switching systems have been deployed to simulate the most common types of fault that a controller
can encounter, having a programmable way of introducing these faults allows users to run standardized tests on controllers
that can be performed during acceptance testing of a new design or when the design is upgraded to include new features
(software or hardware).
The principal of fault insertion is simple, the system intercepts wires between the sensors (or actuators) and the controllers and either passes the signal through unchanged or adds a fault condition. As always, the more capable the fault insertion system is the more expensive and larger the system becomes. Higher current or voltage ratings ratings make the relays larger and the modules less dense.
On this page we show some of the common fault insertion architectures used based on examples from Pickering Interfaces fault insertion modules.
This architecture is used on our 40-195 and the 40-196 fault insertion modules, in these two cases the input connections are grouped in pairs and then multiple pairs have a connection allowed to a single fault bus. Using this architecture a variety of faults can be simulated:
- Either input connection disconnected from its output
- Input connection pair shorted together
- Either input connected to the fault bus
The fault bus could be a powers supply, system ground or some other connect in the system. If more than one fault bus condition is required to be simulated then additional (external) switching has to be used to expand the possibilities, or a different architecture used.
Dual Fault Bus Architecture
This architecture is used in a variety of fault insertion modules and provides more flexibility, examples include 40-190, 40-191, 40-192, 40-193, 40-194.
Using this architecture a variety of faults can be simulated:
- Any input disconnected from its output
- Any output connected to one of two fault buses
- Any output shorted to any other output if the fault bus is disconnected.
Fault Insertion Matrix
The 40-592A and 40-595A fault insertion switch modules provide a more complex architecture that can be used in a variety of ways for complex tests.
The common way of using the fault matrix is for the connection between the controller and the sensor to be on the X axis. A connection from an input (for example) is made to Breakout X1.1 and its output is from Breakout X1.2. In this example the default condition is for a connection to be made by the normally closed relay.
Much more complex faults can be introduced:
- Open circuit between input and output
- Fault on the output to X1.2, which could be component inserted by a patch panel arrangement.
- Connection of any input to one of four fault buses (Y1 to Y4)
- Connection of any output to one of of four fault buses (Y5 to Y8)
- Short circuits between wires by using an unused X column to provide the short on an unused Y row
- Addition of other shunt components between wires using Y axis.
The variety of fault types that be simulated is large, and the third connection on each X axis adds a great deal more flexibility. There is of course a cost to this, this approach is more complex and costly and is more likely to be used in aviation applications than automotive for that reason.
Examples of how to use the 40-592A and 40-95A can be found here Fault Insertion with 40-592A and 40-595A.
The solution can also be used as a conventional matrix or as a dual matrix, though in the latter case some care needs to be taken about the start up condition since the initialized state is a single matrix.
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Islam spread to the Republic of the Congo from North Africa in the mid-19th century. The Muslim community in the country is estimated at 1.3 percent of the population. In 2005 a large new mosque was constructed in Brazzaville. Most workers in the urban centers were immigrants from West Africa and Lebanon, with some also from North Africa. The West African immigrants arrived mostly from Mali, Benin, Togo, Mauritania, and Senegal. The Lebanese were primarily Sunni Muslims. There was also a large Chadian Muslim population.
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This is a really interesting example. In a case like this, an instructor might not ask students to put together something concrete like an imager right away. Instead, he or she could choose a complex calculus problem related to it, and have students work on it together during class time. This could, in turn, lead to discussions of how it might be applied, long before students would be expected to assemble something physical. Problem and inquiry-based learning can still be firmly embedded in theory. In the case of a flipped classroom, the difference would be that students would be expected to reason through it themselves (with the guidance of an instructor), and would be evaluated based on their ability to problem solve on their own.
But I don't buy this notion that the theory can be applied immediately. Sometimes it simply isn't so, but the theory must be learned anyway. Honestly, this topic seems to devolve into simplistic notions too often.
Here's today's example for me. I was watching this interesting piece on Russia Today, about how a research institute in Moscow is developing a cool holographic approach for heads-up displays. The holographic image is focused at infinity. They explained that this requires a film on part of the windshield, then a split laser beam that is used to project the image, and separately the reference beam, to the film. The driver would see the 3D image way further ahead, so the road doesn't go out of focus when the driver is reading the HUD.
This should be familiar territory for EEs, right? It's much like demodulating single sideband signals. But if you haven't learned complex calculus, the system appears to be black magic.
Now, how exactly would someone learn complex calculus at home one day, then go to the classroom the next day and expect solder together this holographic imager? (I know, a little overstated.) Some theory just takes a long time to master, and the soldering iron isn't part of the process.
That's why it's called "hard work." Sometimes, you just can't pretend that a daily dose of a fun lab is all it takes. The time spent on the theory has to outweigh the practical lab time many times over, if one expects to graduate in 4-5 years with that BS.
One of the basic flaws of teaching theory in classrooms is that , instead of concentrating on the the theories in vogue, many times the focus is put on the how a theory evolved - that long history makes learning theory a boring and fruitless exercise for the students.
For example when I was learning computers , the teacher would start from the time when ENIAC was designed . That kind of history of computers is worthless for an engineering student.
If the classroom theory is limited only to the currently in-practice theories, and if the history part ( the theories that were postulated and got rejected over time) is kept for the students to explore from the web content then a lot of useful theoretical learning can be achieved even in the classrooms and these theories can be immediately applied to solve the current real world problems by the students.
I love and strongly believe in aura and halo of university campus. Classroom is a small part of it. But interacting with friends and living together for four to five year is like knowledge exploration. You make life long pal and may be life partner. You discuss problem not only from your branch but from almost all other branches too. You mutually help each other and learn. You paly music and play games. Make fun and remember for life.
Online study is good sometime. But too much is hazardeous to once development.
Four years of engineering classroom in university are the most wonderful years of life.
I don't see this as a "flip" as such - it's too strong a term. It's maybe just altering the balance between theory and practical, although for students it's taking some of the theory part and doing it in their own time (I can see students groaning about that) so that there is more time for practical and one-on-one questions. It's probably a better use of the instructor's time - no standing at the front of a class and droning on when half the students aren't taking it in and the rest probably have "got it" already.
I've done a bit of correspondence learning recently and that's in much the same vein - I have to study the learning materials in my own time and submit assignments - but I have an 1-on-1 instructor available via phone or email if I have any queries. I get a supervised exam and maybe a practical session at the end which carries a fair bit of weight, so if I have not learned the stuff I will come short.
As above, I'd be happy with this model, and I think for good instructors and keen students it will work well. Lazy and disinterested students will find it a lot more work.
When you are in grade school, you have field trips, in which you learn about the real world and perhaps get some hands-on experience about what you have been reading in your textbook. Field trips were always flippin' awesome, except the part about getting back to the classroom and having to write a report on what you learned. Darn that.
It seems like having something analogous for higher level schooling is a good thing. Solder some components. Learn how to blow up a capacitor by exceeding its voltage rating. Go to a compliance testing lab and see how EMI or ESD tests are conducted. Help assemble a product. Learn about injection molding. Visit a power substation. All of these things contribute to a well rounded engineer. It could be a 1 credit class. It wouldn't overshadow the theory, but rather complement it. It would be separate from a senior project. Once you get a job, a good company might introduce the new employee to the different aspects of their operation. But some companies do not do this, and trying to learn more than the little bailywick you have landed in can be a difficult process as each segment of a company can sometimes be it's own castle with moat and drawbridge included.
Please, not another article about flipping the classroom. This idea is not a new one. Educators have been flipping the classroom for years; and educators have been mentors and facilitators for years. Oh, I forgot; now that we have digital videos over the Internet, we must come up with another term, but the substance of the package is the same. Well, I am so glad engineers did not flipped the classroom years ago. If they did, we would not have accomplished nor achieve all of the milestones that we have in the area of engineering and computer science. Good engineers, and the best one that I have met to date, are those that have received real-world, problem-based instruction. There's nothing wrong with the implementation of technology into the curriculum, but we need to make sure that future engineers develop those primary skills like problem solving, critical thinking and collaboration skills. Flipping the classroom is good for middle and high school students; but it falls short when it reaches the college level. I don't hear any MIT Professor talk about flipping the classroom or writing a textbook on this topic. Flipping the classroom is a model that doesn't work for every environment. But it is an option just to change the teaching environment once in a while. But please...
@Dave "these days training is "competency based" - as long as you demonstrate you're competent, you pass"
WPI had a required "Competency exam" that you had to pass to graduate. It was instituted around 1973 when the cirriculum changes to more of a project -based path.The requirements varied by department. In EE (no ECE at that time) you were given a design problem and sent home. The next day, you had a meeting with the chair of your review committee (3 professors). You handed in your design two days later. then a day or two after that, you met with the full board and had to defend your design. They were really looking to see how well you understood the basics and how well you could apply them.
I went through "The Comp" and passed on the first try (some needed 2-3 tries). Six years later, the exam was dropped and I agreed with that decision. The reason cited was that if you proved to could do the classroom work and your projects, you were good enough to graduate. In reality, all it did was give you a false sence of security when you screamed "I'm competent" upon passing. When you reached the real world, you realized that were not so competent after all.
As you've noted, dealing with those who "just show up" takes up valuable teaching time, and is annoying to other students. I'm not sure what to say about policies against asking disruptive students to leave, but I can say that many (not all) institutions have done away with attendance marks for this reason, so that no one gets marks for filling a chair. The old adage "You can lead a horse to water..." comes to mind. The best instructors out there will still have a handful of pupils who just aren't keen to participate.
The pass/fail system you mention is definitely related to motivating students. Although I'm not keen on making learning exclusively about numbers and grades, I do think it's necessary to have some sort of range in assessment. If an instructor makes criteria for grading clear before an assignment or project is given, and is consistent in their use of the criteria, then a student gets a better idea of how they can improve. There's never any guarantee that using a grading system will make all students want to do better, but at least those who put in the effort are recognized, and those who don't know where they've fallen short. As someone who's hired interns and recent grads, I don't insist on straight A's (if we get to see grades at all), but a consistenly good academic record does seem to speak to a person's work ethic. At the very least, it gives me a little more information than just pass/fail.
What are the engineering and design challenges in creating successful IoT devices? These devices are usually small, resource-constrained electronics designed to sense, collect, send, and/or interpret data. Some of the devices need to be smart enough to act upon data in real time, 24/7. Specifically the guests will discuss sensors, security, and lessons from IoT deployments. | <urn:uuid:af2771ec-715a-4c26-812f-04519f22e67d> | {
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Best Liabilities Homework help
Liability is a term of financial accounting which means future sacrifices of business or economic benefits that the entity is obliged to make to other entities as a result of past transaction and past event. And this entity had a settlement which results in transfer and use of assets or other yielding of economic benefits. As liability is classification of finance there are many websites proving liabilities numerical help.
Other characteristics of liability:
- Borrowing money as loan from a person or bank for development of business of personal income and it is payable during short term or long term.
- Liability is a duty or responsibility which entails settlement by upcoming transfer or utilization of assets or other transaction yielding economic benefits.
- Liability is something, that someone responsible for.
There are mainly two types of obligations:
Equitable Obligation: It is a duty based on moral and ethical obligations.
Constructive Obligation: It is a set of Obligation that is implied by a set of circumstances in a particular situation.
Liabilities in financial accounting are not legally enforceable.A liability mainly refers to specific field they are legal liabilities and public liabilities. Liabilities is classified into two types they are current and non- current liabilities. Current liability is one which the entity expects to pay within one year from the reporting date and Non-current liability is one which entity expects to settle after one year from the reporting date.
Liabilities assignment help clients to understand it in different way as it is shown:
Current Liability + Non- current Liability = Total Liability
Types and Examples of Liability
|Long term bank loan|
|Non- current liability|
|Short term bank loan|
There is also an accounting equation which relates assets, liabilities and Owner’s equity:
Assets = Liabilities+ Owner’s Equity
This accounting equation is the mathematical structure of balance sheet. This definition is accepted and recommended by the International Accounting Standards Board.
Need liabilities numerical help:
Liability is the subject of finance and accounting and plays very important role in business world. Hence it is very important for students to understand the topic. As liabilities assignment help student get a clear view regarding its utilizes in business sector. Our company ranks number one in providing liabilities homework help and its related topics. We had hired best experts to provide liability numerical help. As today students seems asking for liabilities assignment help and search for it. Hence if students need liabilities homework help, please click over here.
Looking to read more about finance assignment, please visit here. Also you can submit your assignment here | <urn:uuid:2b8f11df-a713-480b-9626-659948ed0705> | {
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Fractions - examples - page 9
Master shoemaker has three apprentices. First do one pair of boots for two days, second for 1 day, third on 1.5 day. If they worked together, for how long it would take made a couple of boots?
Write as fraction in basic form which part of the week is 980 minutes.
Mom bake cookies. Rolo took 2/9 of all cookies, Michal 3/9. How many cookies ate Rolo if Michal had 9.
The country has 5.11 million citizens which 2.12 million are voters. Turnout was 34.4%. President R. F. was elected from 20 candidates for president and won with 38% of votes. Calculate what percentage of the country's citizens voted R.F. as president o
Peter and Franta threw to the basket. Each had 20 attempts. Peter scored thirteen and twelve Franta. Give them success in percentage.
- Playing Cards
Kara has 2 times more cards than Dana, Dana has 4× less than Mary. Together they have 728 cards. How many cards has each of them?
- Master and apprentice
Master painted the roof in 3 hours and apprentice for 4 hours. How many of roof they painted in hour and how many in three quarters of an hour?
- The rod
The rod is painted in four colors. 55% of the bar is painted in blue, green 0.2 of rod, 1/8 is brown and the remaining 45 cm of white. How long is rod?
- MO Z9–I–2 - 2017
In the VODY trapezoid, VO is a longer base and the diagonal intersection K divides the VD line in a 3:2 ratio. The area of the KOV triangle is 13.5 cm2. Find the area of the entire trapezoid.
In a completely crowded resort was 30% from the Czech Republic quarter visitors were from Slovakia and the rest 135 came from Germany. What capacity have resort?
Solve equation and check the result: 1.4x - 3/2 + x - 9,8 = x + 0,4/3 - 7 + 1,6/6
The tank bottom has dimensions of 1.5 m and 3 2/6 m. The tank is 459.1 hl of water. How high is the water surface?
- Journey to grandma
Daniel traveled to grandma. He travel 100 km along. Halfway travel by train, one quarter by bus, one tenth by the bicycle and the rest travel by car. How many km travel km by car?
- Photo egative
Negative dimensions are 36mm and 28mm. What will be the photo size in the 21:4 ratio?
On the large rosary was a third white, half red, yellow quarter and six pink. How many roses was in the rosary?
- Two rooms
Woman cleans the room in 30 minutes a man in 90 minutes. How long will take they clean two rooms?
- Average speed
When the bus stops at bus stops driving average speed is 45 km/h. If it did not stop it drive at speed 54 km/h. How many minutes of every hour it spend at stops?
On the trip drank 3/10 of pupils tea, 2/5 cola, 1/4 mineral water and remaining 3 juice. How many students were on the trip?
- Coal storage
The coal storage distribute received coal shipment within three days. The first day distribute third of the shipments, the second day of two-fifths of the rest and the third day 300 tons of coal. How many tons of coal distributed first and second day?
- Division of money
Calculate how many euros have Matthew, Miriam, Lucy, Michael, Janka when together have 2,700 euros and the amounts are at a ratio of 1:5:6:7:8.
Need help calculate sum, simplify or multiply fractions? Try our fraction calculator. | <urn:uuid:b9d71b62-c896-45fa-9294-81b71c178a2a> | {
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What's the Best Time for Ortho Treatment
Dr. Fox provides orthodontic treatment for adolescents and children depending on the severity of the malocclusion. In some cases our office will refer you to an orthodontist who will work with us in caring for your child.
1. WHAT IS THE BEST TIME FOR ORTHODONTIC TREATMENT?
Developing malocclusions, or bad bites, can be recognized as early as 2-3 years of age. Often, early steps can be taken to reduce the need for major orthodontic treatment at a later age.
By age 7, enough permanent teeth have come in and enough jaw growth has occurred that the dentist or orthodontist can identify current problems, anticipate future problems and alleviate parents concerns if all seems normal. The first permanent molars and incisors have usually come in by age 7, and crossbites, crowding and developing injury-prone dental protrusions can be evaluated. Any ongoing finger sucking or other oral habits can be assessed at this time also.
The timing of your treatment is VERY important; a consultation will allow us to better understand your needs. Please contact our office if you have any questions.
Some signs or habits that may indicate the need for early orthodontic examination are:
- early or late loss of baby teeth,
- difficulty in chewing or biting,
- mouth breathing,
- thumb sucking,
- finger sucking,
- crowding, misplaced or blocked out teeth,
- jaws that shift or make sounds,
- biting the cheek or roof of the mouth,
- teeth that meet abnormally or not at all, and
- jaws and teeth that are out proportion to the rest of the face.
2. WHAT ARE THE BENEFITS OF EARLY TREATMENT?
For those patients who have clear indications for early orthodontic intervention, early treatment presents an opportunity to:
- guide the growth of the jaw,
- regulate the width of the upper and lower dental arches (the arch-shaped jaw bone that supports the teeth),
- guide incoming permanent teeth into desirable positions,
- lower risk of trauma (accidents) to protruded upper incisors ( front teeth),
- correct harmful oral habits such as thumb- or finger-sucking,
- reduce or eliminate abnormal swallowing or speech problems,
- improve personal appearance and self-esteem,
- potentially simplify and/or shorten treatment time for later corrective orthodontics,
- reduce likelihood of impacted permanent teeth (teeth that should have come in, but have not), and
- preserve or gain space for permanent teeth that are coming in.
3. WHAT IS A SPACE MAINTAINER?
Baby molar teeth, also known as primary molar teeth, hold needed space for permanent teeth that will come in later. When a baby molar tooth is lost, an orthodontic device with a fixed wire is usually put between teeth to hold the space for the permanent tooth, which will come in later.
4. WHY DO BABY TEETH SOMETIMES NEED TO BE EXTRACTED?
Removing baby teeth may be necessary to allow severely crowded permanent teeth to come in at a normal time in a reasonably normal location. If the teeth are severely crowded, it may be clear that some unerupted permanent teeth ( usually the canine teeth) will either remain impacted ( teeth that should have come in, but have not), or come in to a highly undesirable location. To allow severely crowded teeth to move on their own into much more desirable positions, sequential removal of baby teeth and permanent teeth ( usually first premolars) can dramatically improve a severe crowding problem. This sequential extraction of teeth, called serial extraction, is typically followed by comprehensive orthodontic treatment after tooth eruption has improved as much as it can on its own.
After all the permanent teeth have come in, removing of permanent teeth may be necessary to correct crowding or to make space for necessary tooth movement to correct a bite problem. Proper extraction of teeth during orthodontic treatment should leave the patient with both excellent function and a pleasing look.
5. HOW CAN A CHILDS GROWTH AFFECT ORTHODONTIC TREATMENT?
Orthodontic treatment and a childs growth can complement each other. A common orthodontic problem to treat is protrusion of the upper front teeth ahead of the lower front teeth. Quite often this problem is due to the lower jaw being shorter than the upper jaw. While the upper and lower jaws are still growing, orthodontic appliances can be used to help the growth of the lower jaw catch up to the growth of the upper jaw. Abnormal swallowing may be eliminated. A severe jaw length discrepancy, which can be treated quite well in a growing child, might very well need corrective surgery if left untreated until a period of slow or no jaw growth. Children who may have problems with the width or length of their jaws should be evaluated for treatment no later than age 10 for girls and age 12 for boys.
6. CAN MY CHILD PLAY SPORTS WHILE WEARING BRACES?
Yes. Wearing a protective mouthguard is advised while playing any sports. Your Pediatric Dentist/Orthodontist can recommend a specific mouthguard.
7. WILL MY BRACES INTERFERE WITH PLAYING MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS?
Playing wind or brass instruments, such as the trumpet, will clearly require some adaptation to braces. With practice and a period of adjustment, braces typically do not interfere with the playing of musical instruments.
8. WHY DOES ORTHODONTIC TREATMENT TIME SOMETIMES LAST LONGER THAN ANTICIPATED?
Estimates of treatment time can only be that- estimates. Patients grow at different rates and will respond in their own ways to orthodontic treatment. Dr. Fox has specific treatment goals in mind, and will usually continue treatment until these goals are achieved. Patient cooperation, however, is the single best predictor of staying on time with treatment. Patients who cooperate by wearing rubber bands, headgear or other needed appliances as directed, while taking care not to damage appliances, will most often lead to on-time and excellent treatment results.
9. WHY ARE RETAINERS NEEDED AFTER ORTHODONTIC TREATMENT?
After braces are removed, the teeth can shift out of position if they are not stabilized. Retainers provide that stabilization. They are designed to hold teeth in their corrected, ideal positions until the bones and gums adapt to the treatment changes. Wearing retainers exactly as instructed is the best insurance that the treatment improvements last for a lifetime.
10. WILL MY CHILDS TOOTH ALIGNMENT CHANGE LATER?
Studies have shown that as people age, their teeth may shift. This variable pattern of gradual shifting, called maturational change, probably slows down after the early 20s, but still continues to a degree throughout life for most people. Even children whose teeth developed into ideal alignment and bite without treatment may develop orthodontic problems as adults. The most common maturational change is crowding of the lower incisor (front) teeth. Wearing retainers as instructed after orthodontic treatment will stabilize the correction. Beyond the period of full-time retainer wear, nighttime retainer wear can prevent maturational shifting of the teeth.
11. WHAT ABOUT THE WISDOM TEETH ( THIRD MOLARS) SHOULD THEY BE REMOVED?
In about three of four cases where teeth have not been removed during orthodontic treatment, there are good reasons to have the wisdom teeth removed, usually when a person reaches his or her mid-to-late teen years. Careful studies have shown, however that wisdom teeth do not cause or contribute to the progressive crowding of lower incisor teeth that can develop in late teen years and beyond. Dr. Fox can determine what is right for you. | <urn:uuid:72ec22df-3b22-442e-9089-7183d3d0a968> | {
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Insulation of the attic – why is it important?
The attic (or unusable garret) is a space under an inclined roof that is not used for residential purposes and is not heated. The surface of the roof, under which is an unusable garret, often is deprived a thermal insulation layer. In this situation, insulation is placed either on the roof or on roof slopes. Both solutions are compatible with the art of construction.
Why is insulation on the roof so important? Naturally, economic considerations are involved here. When the attic is unusable, thermal insulation is done so that heat from the heated rooms does not escape.
Before attending to insulating the attic, pay attention to its height. If the room is low and access is difficult or not at all, it is most convenient to make insulation before laying the roofing. In this situation, all necessary materials must be prepared in advance and protected against rain during the renovation. In attics of sufficient height, works can be carried out when the roof is ready.
Insulation of the attic with polyurethane foam - employ professionals!
Thermal insulation of the attic should be left to the professionals. Why? A lot depends on the quality of the workmanship - tightness, comfort of use of this space, and reliability guarantee in the coming years. Thermal insulation of the attic should be done professionally enough so that no repairs will not be needed after a year or two. And this can happen when you yourself, without adequate experience, start a renovation.
In addition to professional work, the material you want to insulate the attic is very important. Polyurethane foam is great for this purpose. Assuming that it is placed correctly, the thermal conduction coefficient for closed-cell foams is estimated at 0.02-0.039 W/mK, and for open-cell - 0.033-0.039 W/mK. It is worth remembering that foam with a higher density and the structure of closed cells has a greater ability to isolate and thus you can apply a thinner layer. In order to preserve all material properties, it is necessary to skilfully distribute it, which is why specialists should take care of it.
Insulation of the attic with foam – 5 main advantages
Polyurethane foam is sprayed with a special gun. As a result, it penetrates directly into each gap and, in addition, a layer of almost any, of course, controlled thickness can be created from it - depending on individual needs. Immediately after the gush, foam begins to slowly dilate, expanding its volume and getting everywhere where traditional insulation materials have no chance to penetrate. At the peak moment, it is able to enlarge its volume even 120 times.
- High tightness and resistance
Foam is characterized by excellent thermal and acoustic insulation. It is resistant to adverse weather conditions, such as high or low temperature, humidity. Additionally, it is not vulnerable to adverse effects of various chemical substances.
In contrast to alternative insulation methods, there is no need to worry that foam will age, deform, and lose its properties over the years. It retains its properties for many years.
- It works great in attics with a complicated timber roof truss shape
Polyurethane foam is applied to the timber roof truss with the spray method and is able to reach even the most difficult nooks and crannies. Thermal insulation made in this way does not have thermal bridges.
- It provides excellent acoustic insulation
Foam works not only when insulating the attic, but also provides excellent acoustic insulation. This is very important for roofs with a roofing membrane and metal roofing tile. Very good foam parameters to dampen significantly reduce the noise coming from the sheet, for example in the case of heavy rain.
- Easy to apply
Polyurethane foam forms a uniform coating, adhering to all recesses and unevenness. In contrast to alternative attic insulation methods, no additional mounting accessories need to be used to make foam insulation.
Insulation of the attic with foam – ceiling
A properly insulated floor on the ground floor and the attic ceiling is half the battle in insulating your house. It is worth knowing that heat losses through an uninsulated ceiling can also lead to condensation of water vapor on the roof covering. The use of polyurethane foam, which forms a seamless seal, is the ideal solution in this case.
Insulation of the attic with foam – price
Prices of attic insulation with foam may seem relatively high. But something for something. Insulation of the attic with a modern material, such as polyurethane foam, guarantees 100% insulation and many years of peaceful sleep in a well-insulated house. | <urn:uuid:f7dcfd43-eaf4-4385-820f-2240d6c9cb2c> | {
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Born on October 18, 1679 in Salem, Ann Putnam, Jr., was the oldest of 10 children born to Ann Carr Putnam and Thomas Putnam, a sergeant in the local militia who had served in King Phillip’s War. The Putnams were a wealthy family who had lived in Salem for four generations.
Ann Putnam, Jr.’s, role in the Salem Witch Trials began in the winter of 1691/92, when some of the afflicted girls reportedly dabbled in fortune-telling techniques, specifically a technique known as the “venus-glass” during which the girls dropped egg whites into a glass of water and interpreted whatever shapes or symbols appeared in an attempt to learn more about their future husbands.
According to the book A Modest Enquiry Into the Nature of Witchcraft by local minister, Reverend John Hale, on one of these occasions the girls became terrified when they saw the shape of a coffin in the glass:
“I knew one of the afflicted persons, who (as I was credibly informed) did try with an egg and a glass to find her future husbands calling; till there came up a coffin, that is, a spectre in likeness of a coffin. And she was afterward followed with diabolical molestation to her death; and so died a single person. A just warning to others, to take heed of handling the Devils weapons, lest they get a wound nearby. Another I was called to pray with, being under some fits and vexations of Satan. And upon examination I found she had tried the same charm: and after her confession of it and manifestation of repentance for it, and our prayers to God for her, she was speedily released from those bonds of Satan.”
Shortly after the alleged incident, in January of 1692, Betty Parris and Abigail Williams began having fits and seizures and displayed strange behavior such as barking like dogs and complaining that invisible spirits were pinching them. Ann, Jr., and the other afflicted girls soon started experiencing the same symptoms.
At the end of February, a local doctor, who is believed to be Dr. Griggs, was called in to examine the girls. Unable to find anything physically wrong with the girls, he suggested they were bewitched.
When the women were arrested and examined on March 1, Tituba made a shocking confession that she was a witch and claimed there were other witches in Salem working with the Devil.
This confession confirmed the colonist’s greatest fears that the Devil had invaded the colony and sparked a mass hysteria and a massive witch hunt that quickly took over the town.
According to the book The Salem Witch Trials Guide, once the witch hunt began, Ann became one of the most aggressive accusers among the afflicted girls:
“Following the removal of Betty Parris from Salem Village [she was sent to Salem town by her father Samuel Parris to avoid any further involvement in the trials], Ann and Abigail became the most active and aggressive of the so-called afflicted children. Ann Jr. ‘cried out against’ sixty-two people during the course of the trials. Ann’s father, Thomas Putnam, was one of the primary instigators of complaints against alleged witches in Salem Village. For this reason he has been identified by several key historians (including Paul Boyer and Stephen Nisenbaum) as a chief agitator and manipulator of the testimonies of both his daughter and his wife, Ann Putnam, Sr. Evidence indicates that many of those who were afflicted or gave testimony against the accused were connected to the Putnam family either by ties of kinship or faction.”
Many historians suggest the Putnam family were using the witchcraft hysteria as an excuse to seek their revenge against residents of Salem that they disapproved of, according to the book The Salem Witch Trials: A Reference Guide:
“In 1991, Enders A. Robinson published The Devil Discovered: Salem Witchcraft, 1692, which introduces to the Salem episode a conspiracy theory on a far grander scale than previously suggested by an scholar. According to Robinson, Thomas Putnam and Samuel Parris formed a circle of local men who decided to take advantage of the testimony of the afflicted children and eliminate the opposing faction in the Salem Village Church. Among the leaders of this conspiracy who were responsible for instigating the witchcraft accusations he listed Reverend Samuel Parris, Sergeant Thomas Putnam, Dr. William Griggs, Deacon Edward Putnam, Captain Jonathan Walcott, Constable Jonathan Putnam, and Lieutenant Nathaniel Ingersoll. These ringleaders were assisted by an outer circle of co-conspirators including Thomas Putnam’s two uncles, John Putnam, Sr., and Nathaniel Putnam, his cousin Edward Putnam, Joseph Houlton, Thomas Preston, and Joseph Hutchinson. These men were less involved yet helpful when accusations and testimony were needed. Robinson alleged that what tied these conspirators together were bonds of kinship and friendship. Their goal was merely to reassert power over the families and forces that had gradually assumed control of Salem Village, seeking vengeance against those suspected of wrongdoing or what they deemed to be undesirable elements. In this task, they were ably assisted by their female children, servants, and relatives, including Mary Walcott, Sarah Churchill, Ann Putnam, Jr., Ann Putnam, Sr., Mary Warren, Susannah Sheldon, and Elizabeth Booth – in short, the majority of the ‘afflicted girls.’”
Thomas and Edward Putnam filed most of the complaints against the accused themselves, on behalf of the afflicted girls who were too young to legally do so.
Also, a recent handwriting analysis, conducted by Professor Peter Grund from the University of Kansas, determined that over 100 of the Salem Witch Trial court documents were written by Thomas Putnam himself. These documents include the depositions of the afflicted girls which, coincidentally, share very similar language and phrases.
For example, many of these depositions state the afflicted girls were “grievously afflicted” or “grievously tormented” and they describe how the girls “believe in my heart” that the accused is a witch. These same depositions also frequently refer to the accused as “dreadful witches” and “dreadful wizards.”
This suggests the afflicted girls recorded testimonies may have been altered and tampered with by Thomas Putnam, who often served as a court clerk during the trials, indicating that he may have had an even bigger influence on the trials then previously thought.
In addition, a book titled The Salem Story: Reading the Witch Trials of 1692 speculates that one of the reasons Ann Putnam, Jr., may have gotten involved with the witch trials in the first place is because the Putnam children were being abused by their parents and Ann was directing her anger over the abuse at others around her:
“We might note that on June 3, 1692, Ann Putnam, testifying against John Willard, who would hang as a convicted witch, asserted that the apparition of her deceased 6-week-old sister Sarah cried out for vengeance against John Willard for having whipped her to death…Sarah’s mother, Ann Putnam, Sr., was herself an accuser in some of the cases, a woman who claimed to see specters. Who could fault one for speculating that she could not come to terms with having killed her own child, that she found some relief in the fantasy world of blaming witches? Ann Jr. may unwittingly have revealed the family secret; she may have responded to the beating death of her sister by lashing out at the community.”
One such victim of Ann, Jr.’s, misplaced anger was her neighbor, Rebecca Nurse. Ann was particularly active in the case against Nurse. It is believed that Rebecca Nurse was targeted by the Putnam family due to a decades-long rivalry between her family and the Putnams, which first began with a battle for land with Rebecca’s father in Topsfield and continued with disputes about the boundary between Rebecca and Thomas Putnam’s adjoining property in Salem Village.
In addition, the Nurse family also disapproved of the newly appointed minister of Salem Village, Reverend Samuel Parris, whom was one of the Putnam family’s biggest supporter.
To make matters worse, Rebecca Nurse also reportedly lectured the afflicted girls for dabbling in fortune-telling techniques that previous winter, according to the book An Account of the Life, Character, & c. of Reverend Samuel Parris:
“It had been said that Rebecca Nurse was an object of special hatred to Parris, but this we have failed to discover. We cannot imagine the cause of the alleged complaint of witchcraft. She appears to have been an amiable and exemplary woman, and well educated for the times in which she lived. We suspect, from an examination of the charges brought against her at the courts, that she had several times severely rebuked the accusing girls for their folly and wickedness, when meeting in their circles. In this way, she probably incurred the displeasure of Ann Putnam and her mother – her principle accusers.”
As a result, it is no surprise that the Putnams were the ones to accuse Nurse of witchcraft when the witch hunt began. Ann Putnam, Jr., her mother Ann Putnam, Sr., and Abigail Williams were Nurse’s main accusers and it was their accusations that led to Nurse’s arrest on March 24.
In her testimony against Rebecca Nurse, Ann, Jr., accused Nurse of biting, pricking and pinching her and trying to force her to write in the Devil’s book, according to court records:
“The deposition of Ann Putnam, Jr, who testifieth and saith that on the 13th March, 1691/92, I saw the apparition of Goody Nurse, and she did immediately afflict me, but I did not know what her name was then, though I knew where she used to sit in our meetinghouse. But since that, she hath greviously afflicted by biting, pinching, and pricking me, [and] urging me to write in her book. And, also, on the 24th of March, being the day of her examination, I was greviously tortured by her during the time for her examination, and also several times since. And, also, during the time of her examination, I saw the apparition of Rebekah Nurs [sic] go and hurt the bodies of Mercy Lewis, Mary Walcott, Elizabeth Hubbard, and Abigail Williams. Ann Putnam, Jun, did own the oath which she hath taken: this her evidence to be truth, before us, the Jurors for Inquest, this 4 day of June, 1692.”
Ann, Jr., also testified that she witnessed Nurse attacking her mother at their home on March 18 of that year.
Ann, Jr., and her mother were not the only Putnams to testify against Rebecca Nurse. Most of the witnesses who testified against her, including Abigail Williams, Edward Putnam, Thomas Putnam, John Putnam, Jr., Hannah Putnam, Samuel Parris, Henry Kenney, Mary Walcott, and Elizabeth Hubbard were either Putnam family members or friends of the family.
Nurse denied all of their accusations and was actually found not guilty at the end of her trial in June of 1692. However, upon reading the verdict in the courtroom, the afflicted girls began to suffer fits and Chief Justice William Stoughton asked the jury to reconsider their decision.
The jury briefly deliberated and then came back with a guilty verdict. Nurse was sentenced to death and was hanged at Gallow’s Hill on July 19, 1692.
As the Salem Witch Trials continued, the witch hunt began to spread to neighboring towns. In July, Ann Putnam, Jr., and Mary Walcott were invited to Andover, according to the book The Salem Witch Trials: A Reference Guide:
“Meanwhile, Ann Putnam Jr and Mary Walcott were invited to Andover, a town northwest of Salem Village. Goodwife Ballard was dying, and the doctors could not find the cause. Joseph Ballard and the assistant pastor of his church, the Reverend Thomas Barnard, thought it might be witchcraft. The two girls confirmed the men’s suspicions. They saw a spector at the head of the bed and one sitting on the woman’s stomach. The Reverend Barnard decided to repeat the experiment. He took the girls to another sickbed in another home, and then to yet another, and another. The girls saw specters in every case, but could name no witches because they didn’t know the people in Andover. To solve the problem, the Reverend Barnard invited the women of Andover to submit to the touch test. Sure of their innocence, the women agreed. The results of the touch test were overwhelming. Sixty-seven women were arrested.”
In September, the afflicted girls visited Gloucester, at the invitation of Ebenezer Babson, whose mother was complaining of seeing spectral visions of Indians and French soldiers. The girls accused a handful of local women there of witchcraft during that visit and accused several more during a return visit in October or November. A total of nine women were arrested for witchcraft in Gloucester.
Of the 62 people Ann Putnam, Jr., accused and testified against during the Salem Witch Trials, 17 were executed: Bridget Bishop (June 10), George Burroughs (August 19), Martha Carrier (August 19), Martha Corey (September 22), Mary Eastey (September 22), Sarah Good (July 19), Elizabeth Howe (July 19), George Jacobs, Sr (August 19), Susannah Martin (July 19), Rebecca Nurse (July 19), Alice Parker (September 22), John Proctor (August 19), Anne Pudeator (September 22), Wilmot Reed (September 22), Margaret Scott (September 22, 1692), Sarah Wildes (July 19), John Willard (August 19). One victim was tortured to death: Giles Corey (September 19), one victim died in jail: Sarah Osborne, and the rest, including Elizabeth Proctor, Tituba and John Alden Jr, were either never charged, found not guilty, pardoned or escaped from jail.
Like the other afflicted girls, not much is known about Ann’s life after the Salem Witch Trials ended. What historians do know is that Ann’s parents died suddenly in 1699, leaving Ann to raise her seven remaining siblings by herself, whose ages ranged from seven months to 16 years.
Ann never married and remained in Salem Village the rest of her life. In 1706, when Ann wanted to join the Salem Village Church, she first had to confess any sins or wrongdoings in her past, according to the book A Storm of Witchcraft: The Salem Witch Trials and the American Experience:
“Seven years later Ann wanted to become a member of the Salem Village Church. Unlike other churches that had loosened membership requirements, the congregation still required a public statement describing the applicant’s conversion experience and confession of past sins. Reverend Green worked with Putnam to compose this. A draft was reviewed by Rebecca Nurse’s son Samuel, and he approved it. So on August 25, 1706, twenty-nine year old Ann Putnam stood before the congregation while Green read it aloud.”
Ann’s apology reads as follows:
“I desire to be humbled before God for that sad and humbling providence that befell my father’s family in the year about ’92; that I, then being in my childhood, should, by such a providence of God, be made an instrument for the accusing of several persons of a grievous crime, whereby their lives were taken away from them, whom now I have just grounds and good reason to believe they were innocent persons; and that it was a great delusion of Satan that deceived me in that sad time, whereby I justly fear I have been instrumental, with others, though ignorantly and unwittingly, to bring upon myself and this land the guilt of innocent blood; though what was said or done by me against any person I can truly and uprightly say, before God and man, I did it not out of any anger, malice, or ill-will to any person, for I had no such thing against one of them; but what I did was ignorantly, being deluded by Satan. And particularly, as I was a chief instrument of accusing of Goodwife Nurse and her two sisters, I desire to lie in the dust, and to be humbled for it, in that I was a cause, with others, of so sad a calamity to them and their families; for which cause I desire to lie in the dust, and earnestly beg forgiveness of God, and from all those unto whom I have given just cause of sorrow and offence, whose relations were taken away or accused.
This confession was read before the congregation, together with her relation, Aug. 25, 1706; and she acknowledged it.
J. Green, Pastor.”
Ann was the only one of the afflicted girls to apologize for her role in the Salem Witch Trials. She died 10 years later in 1716, at the age of 37, from unknown causes and was buried with her parents in one of the Putnam family cemeteries in Salem Village.
According to the book Salem Witchcraft by Charles Wentworth Upham, Ann had become chronically ill since the days of the Salem Witch Trials and this illness is what led to her early death:
“It seems she was frequently the subject of sickness, and her bodily powers much weakened. The probability is, that the long-continued strain kept upon her muscular and nervous organization, during the witchcraft scenes, had destroyed her constitution. Such interrupted and vehement exercises, to their utmost tension, of the imaginative, intellectual, and physical powers, in crowded and heated rooms, before the public gaze, and under the feverish and consuming influence of bewildering and all but delirious excitement, could hardly fail to sap the foundations of health in so young a child. The tradition is, that she had a slow and fluctuating decline. The language of her will intimates, that, at intervals, there were apparent checks to her disease, and rallies of strength, – ‘oftentimes sick and weak in body.’ She inherited from her mother a sensitive and fragile constitution; but her father, although brought to the grave, probably by the terrible responsibilities and trials in which he had been involved, at a comparatively early age, belonged to a long-lived race and neighborhood. The opposite elements of her composition struggled in a protracted contest – on the one side, a nature morbidly subject to nervous excitability sinking under the exhaustion of an overworked, overburdened, and shattered system; on the other, tenacity of life. The conflict continued with alternating success for years; but the latter gave way at last. Her story, in all its aspects, is worth of the study of the psychologist. Her confession, profession, and death point the moral.”
In her will, which was presented to probate on June 29, 1716, Ann divided the land she had inherited from her parents to her four brothers and her personal estate to her four sisters.
In 1953, Ann Putnam, Jr., made an appearance in Arthur Miller’s play, The Crucible, although her name was changed to Ruth to avoid confusion with her mother.
In the play, Ruth Putnam is forced to accuse people of witchcraft by her father, Thomas Putnam, so he can obtain the seized land of the convicted witches. Her mother, Ann Putnam, is depicted as being obsessed with the supernatural and sends Ruth to ask Tituba how to cast a spell to communicate with the dead.
Ann Putnam, Jr, Historical Sites:
Ann Putnam, Jr, Ann Putnam, Sr, and Thomas Putnam’s unmarked graves
Address: Putnam burial ground, 485 Maple Street, Danvers, Mass
University of Virginia: The Salem Witchcraft Papers: http://salem.lib.virginia.edu/texts/transcripts.html
A Storm of Witchcraft: The Salem Witch Trials and the American Experience; Emerson W. Baker; 2014
Salem Witchcraft: With an Account of Salem Village and a History of Opinions on Witchcraft and Kindred Spirits, Volume II; Charles Wentworth Upham; 1867
The Salem Witch Trials: A Reference Guide; K. David Goss; 2007
Six Women of Salem: The Untold Story of the Accused and their Accusers in the Salem Witch Trials: Marilynne K. Roach; 2013
The Witchcraft of Salem Village; Shirley Jackson; 1987
Salem-Village Witchcraft: A Documentary Record of Local Conflict in Colonial New England; Paul S. Boyer; 1972
A Modest Enquiry Into the Nature of Witchcraft; John Hale; 1702
The Salem Witch Trials: Lori Lee Wilson; 1997
An Account of the Life, Character, & c. of Reverend Samuel Parris; Samuel Page Fowler; 1857 | <urn:uuid:c1a44ff0-b093-4802-8f6c-b288f9715567> | {
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Bismillah Hirahaman Niraheem
Definition of Hadith
Among the hadeeth scholars the term hadeeth means ‘whatever is transmitted from the Prophet of his actions, sayings, tacit approvals, or physical characteristics. Scholars of Islaamic Law do not include the physical appearance of the Prophet in their definition.
Components of Hadith
Musaddad told us that Yahyaa informed him from Shu‘bah, from Qataadah, from Anas from the Prophet (SAW) that he said: “None of you truly believes until he loves for his brother what he loves for himself.”[Sahih Bukhari and Sahih Muslim]
A Hadeeth consists of two main parts: the Sanad and the Matn.
The list of the narrators of the saying or action of the Prophet (SAW) is called the Sanad. For example, in the above Hadeeth the Sanad is: “Musaddad told us that Yahyaa informed him from Shu‘bah from Qataadah from Anas from the Prophet(SAW) that he said:”
The text of the Hadeeth or what the Prophet (SAW) actually said or did is called the Matn. For example, in the above Hadeeth the Matn is: “None of you truly believes until he loves for his brother what he loves for himself.”
Importance of Hadeeth:
1. Revelation : The Prophet’s sayings and actions were primarily based on revelation from Allaah and, as such, must be considered a fundamental source of guidance second only to the Qur’aan.
2. Tafseer: The preservation of the Qur’aan was not restricted to protecting its wording from change. Were that the case, its meanings could be manipulated according to human desires, while maintaining its wording. However, Allaah also protected its essential meanings from change by entrusting the explanation of the meanings of Qur’aan to the Prophet (r) himself. Therefore, if one is to understand the meanings of Qur’aan, he or she must consider what the Prophet (r) said or did regarding it.
3. Laws : One of the primary duties of the Prophet (r) was to judge between people in their disputes. Since his judgements were all based on revelation, as stated earlier, theymust be considered a primary source of principles by which judgements are carried out in an Islaamic State. Thus, hadeeths are essential for the smooth running of the law courts in an Islaamic State.
4. Moral Ideal : Since the Prophet (r) was guided by revelation in his personal life, his character and social interactions became prime examples of moral conduct for Muslims until the Last Day. Consequently, the daily life of the Prophet (r) as recorded in hadeeth represents an ideal code of good conduct.
5. Preservation of Islaam : The science of narration, collection and criticism of hadeeth was unknown to the world prior to the era of the Prophet (r). In fact, it was due in part to the absence of such a reliable science that the messages of the former prophets became lost or distorted in the generations that followed them. Therefore, it may be said that it is largely due to the science of hadeeth that the final message of Islaam has been preserved in it is original purity for all times.
Classification of Hadith
Hadeeth are divided into two main categories: Hadeeth Saheeh and Hadeeth Da‘eef.
The Hadeeth Saheeh : If all of the narrators in the Sanad fulfill the following three conditions, the Hadeeth is classified as an accurate saying or action of the Prophet (SAW) and named Saheeh. This means that we can be certain that the Prophet (SAW) actually said or did what was reported in the Hadeeth.
(1) The narrators must all be known to be truthful.
(2) They must all have had good memories, or have written down what they heard.
(3) They must all have met each other.
The Hadeeth Da‘eef : If any of the narrators in the Sanad were known to have had any of the following faults, the Hadeeth is then classified as being inaccurate and referred to as Da‘eef.
If any were known to have been liars.
If any were known to have had bad memories.
If any were known to have not met the one he was supposed to be narrating from.
Source: Islamic Studies book 1 by Bilal Philipps | <urn:uuid:6a4d9695-609d-4bb5-ab45-6067b8791144> | {
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Our class has two phases:
Document-Based Lesson Pitch: Our class will open with a bit of “speed dating” of our ideas for the Document-Based Lesson Assignment. Students will have 3 mins to stand up and pitch their lesson idea using our shared Google slideshow. That will be followed by 6 mins of feedback from peers regarding the following:
- You have an interesting generative / essential question worth answering.
- Your initial appraisal indicates there are suitable documents available.
- You have an idea for how students will be asked interpret your documents
Intro to iBooks Author: Students will have a chance to see how easy it is to import content into iBA. Some time to mess around with app should give you insight into how you will need to manage your workflow. For more info on using iBA see our edMethods Toolkit
Due 10/31: Next week we will do our second lesson study – be prepared with a 4 minute pitch with a lesson idea (not the same lesson as your document-based lesson). You might use our content, process, product, assessment approach (or any other format you prefer) We will give you feedback. No need for any media presentation or handouts. All oral presentation. Matching Halloween costume optional.
Preview: If you want to plan ahead, here’s what’s coming on document-based lesson. Students will begin to layout their document-based lesson using a Google Site. With one webpage to correspond to each page of the lesson.
Image credit: A 19th-Century Vision of the Year 2000
A series of futuristic pictures by Jean-Marc Côté and other artists issued in France in 1899, 1900, 1901 and 1910. Originally in the form of paper cards enclosed in cigarette/cigar boxes and, later, as postcards, the images depicted the world as it was imagined to be like in the then distant year of 2000. There are at least 87 cards known that were authored by various French artists, the first series being produced for the 1900 World Exhibition in Paris. More information and cards here. | <urn:uuid:bcdb82aa-15bc-445b-aad5-d98c0de6b6f8> | {
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1 Elements of Art
I might have put the horse before the cart by writing about critique before the elements, principles, and rules of composition. The truth is I did that because I started the project 52 group. Where we are creating an image a week for the entire year. My intention was to help that group along in helping, assisting, and encouraging each other, in their weekly critique efforts.
There are elements that we as photo artists employ in our art. We use these elements whether we know it or not. These are things like lines that contain space to create a form, or texture, or help direct the viewer’s eye. In this next series of articles, we will direct our attention firstly to the elements of art then the principles of art and then finally to rules of composition. Each of these will probably be a series onto themselves.
I would like to cover some things that are generally considered in the vision, creating, executing and evaluation of art. These are components of art across the board. No matter the medium, drawing, painting, sculpture, and even photography. Whether intentional or incidental, the artist is using these elements.
I should point out that up till now we could apply these thoughts to writing, music, painting, anything that we might create. But here discussing elements of art, we are addressing visual arts.
I mentioned some of these earlier in the section titled critique. I’ll list them here and then discuss them briefly and individually, then devote an article to each one. We have lines, shapes or forms, color, tone, texture, and perspective or scale.
The elements of art are the foundations; the building blocks on which we create. A strong foundation will always support a sound vision. They are the ingredients of which we build our vision. As we work though these elements look to see how you have used them in the past and try to apply them to your future images. | <urn:uuid:28947035-ca24-4d41-a3d3-cefd0241fa54> | {
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Types of bushes for landscaping – The types of shrubs and bushes landscapers use have varying functions, sizes and serve different functions. Landscaping shrubs have practical applications. Such as preventing erosion, or they add color to a landscape with their flowers and leaves. Some of the uses of landscaping bushes and shrubs include incorporation in rock gardens and employment as foundation plants along the buildings, such as Spire.
Other shrubs attract butterflies and birds with their flowers and fruits, including butterfly bush. Types of bushes for landscaping suitable for hedges and barriers to protect property types such as Japanese barberry. Attractive and fragrant flowers and fruit allow shrubs such as leptodermis to function as specimen plants. Landscaping and shrubs are often smaller varieties of much larger trees. These type plants usually have many of the same features as the larger species. But in shrub form and available for various applications.
The shrub form of Japanese maple called Shish Improved only grows to 9 feet. A size allows its use as a container plant or a patio shrub. Some types of bushes for landscaping have cold hardiness. Which allows their use in severe climates where winters are frigid? Such as the Alpine blackcurrant. Other types grow only where winters are mild, including pomegranate bush.
12 Shrubs Types And Types Of Bushes For Landscaping Photos | <urn:uuid:2b01f116-00d8-4505-ba32-f1e5c1375491> | {
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In order to comprehend many concepts shown in the following passage, I recommend that one reads the article entitled "Beneficial Bacteria" first.
I will start by quoting from the book called "The Handbook of Probiotics", By Yuan-Kun Lee, Koji Nomoto, Seppo Salminen, and Sherwood L. Gorbach:
"Probiotics are viable bacterial cell preparation of foods containing viable bacterial cultures or components of bacterial cells that have beneficial effects on the health of the host. Many of these probiotics are lactic acid bacteria. Probiotic lactic acid bacteria are useful in the treatment of disturbed intestinal microflora and increased gut permeability, which are characteristic to many intestinal disorders. Examples include acute rotavirus diarrhea, other intestinal dysfunctions, subjects with food allergy, subjects with colonic disorders .."
"During the recent decade a major change has taken place in the way in which the biological activities of the human colon are viewed. It has been observed that the human colon is an intense area of metabolic activity that has an important role in digestion, with many of the functions attributed to the resident flora. The functions and dysfunctions of intestinal microflora offer the place for correcting or attempting to correct the balance of human intestinal microflora with systemic beneficial health effects for the host."
With the quotes above I just want to show that we are realizing more and more the health benefits of a healthy diet. The food industry needs to feed the masses in a profitable, economic way, and doesn't have a conscience. The bigger the profit margin, the better it is for them. Most of the advertisements that our society is flooded with on a daily basis totally lack substance, and only prey on our visual senses. This fosters diseases like obesity, digestive diseases, and all kinds of other disorders. Obesity is the outcome of eating too many fatty foods, concentrated carbohydrates (sugar), not enough complex carbohydrates (whole grains), which promotes a dysfunctional digestive system, which is more so emphasized by eating foods that don't contain any probiotic elements any more.
The combination of taking away foods that traditionally contained beneficial bacterial cultures (probiotics) to make products like kefir, yogurt, miso, sourdough bread, etc. Adding to this dilemma/scenario are the highly processed foods and protein intakes that form the basis of so many people's diets, presenting one with a fairly deadly cocktail. Even with all of our modern day medicines, we prolong our lives, but this doesn't reflect the quality of life, but it could be mirrored thus, if we consumed foods on a healthier basis. The majority of advertisers, and product presenters make a lot of money from treating the symptoms, but not the disease. Returning to a proper diet which is based on traditionally cultured foods, and limiting the other pleasure foods (foods meant to appeal to the senses, rather than having any nutritional value).
One obvious example of modern day manipulation that does not truly represent a traditional cultured food any more, is yogurt. If you read the ingredient list on any yogurt it says --- milk ingredients plus active bacterial culture. Our first impression is, "Oh good! It contains bacterial culture", but it is just like so many things in our processed industrial foods. When one makes yogurt by the tons, one doesn't want to take chances, so one first pasteurizes or sterilizes the whole process, and then introduces only specific bacteria into the system to guarantee the results. We have lost again the full spectrum of what constitutes a natural bacterial culture. Even so yogurt in general is a good choice but because of limiting factors in the processing, we are getting a tailored food. Maybe it is time to make smaller batches and revert back to traditional methods. We have within our power the technology to produce foods the traditional way. In our bakery, we emphasize the practice of including a full spectrum of these beneficial bacteria in our bread products.
We have to realize that we are an active part of the ecosystem/biosphere, and are fully dependent also on the microorganisms that are the building blocks of life. The importance is that we don't forget the equally important microbiological environment of our intestinal flora. Keeping this flora well nourished with appropriate foods that enhance the growth of good bacteria, will assure us of a happier life, health-wise, at least.
Our foods have been altered and consequently tampered with greatly in the past one hundred years, which has spawned many of our modern ailments. It has been easy to seduce our senses with many of our modern foods, many of which contribute to our illnesses, rather than our health.
We have to choose more sensibly if we want to ensure our future longevity. I hope that when you shop for your foods the next time you keep in mind the probiotic aspect of foods. Watch out for highly processed foods that are more dead then alive, and for foods that have been exposed to unnatural production techniques. | <urn:uuid:d0aee72e-af09-478c-b9ed-9f09e6af6ac0> | {
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Ask the ISU Extension Garden Experts: Safety of planting currants and gooseberries
Note to media editors: Got gardening questions? Call the Hortline at (515) 294-3108, Monday-Friday from 10 a.m. to noon and 1 to 4:30 p.m., or send an e-mail to [email protected]. For more gardening information, visit us at Yard and Garden Online, http://www.yardandgarden.extension.iastate.edu.
Is it safe to plant currants and gooseberries in home gardens in Iowa?
Early in the 1900s, white pine blister rust (Cronartium ribicola) became a serious disease problem in the United States. White pine blister rust requires both a currant or gooseberry (Ribes species) and white pine to complete its life cycle. The disease causes little harm to currants and gooseberries, but is often deadly to white pines (black currants are very susceptible to white pine blister rust; gooseberries and red and white currants are somewhat resistant). In an attempt to prevent the spread of white pine blister rust, the federal government banned the planting and cultivation of currants and gooseberries early in the 20th century. The federal government lifted the ban in 1966. In recent years, several white pine blister rust resistant black currant varieties have been introduced. Rust-resistant black currant varieties include ‘Ben Sarek,’ ‘Consort,’ ‘Coronet,’ ‘Crusader’ and ‘Titiana.’
A site near a wooded area with large numbers of white pines would not be a good location for gooseberries and currants. However, there shouldn’t be serious problems planting currants and gooseberries in most home gardens. If planting black currants, be sure to select white pine blister rust resistant varieties.
When would be the best time to divide ‘Autumn Joy’ sedum?
Early spring is the best time to divide ‘Autumn Joy’ and other upright, clump-forming varieties. Dig up the perennials in early spring just as new growth begins to appear. Divide each clump into sections with a sharp knife. Each division should contain several shoots and a portion of the root system. Replant the divisions immediately. Sedums perform best in well-drained soils in full sun.
What are some important considerations when selecting a shrub for a hedge?
Home gardeners should carefully consider their landscape needs and the characteristics of the various shrubs. For example, deciduous shrubs drop their leaves in the fall and are effective screens mainly during the growing season. Evergreens provide good screening all year. Individuals considering a sheared, formal hedge should realize that they may need to be pruned (sheared) several times a year to remain attractive. In comparison, an informal, natural hedge is relatively low maintenance. Select shrubs that grow to the desired height. Planting a tall-maturing shrub where a short, informal hedge is desired creates unnecessary work. Another important consideration is ornamental characteristics. Some shrubs possess attractive flowers, fruit or foliage. Finally, make sure the shrub grows well in your area and has no serious insect and disease problems.
Richard Jauron , Horticulture, (515) 294-1871, [email protected]
Christopher Weishaar , Extension Communications and External Relations, (515) 294-1327, [email protected] | <urn:uuid:0824876c-8c56-4450-9047-a44d8c085208> | {
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The process of coffee production: from seed to cup
14 October 2016 • Author(s): Rudy Caretti, Company Director, Gimoka Coffee
Coffee is one of the most beloved beverages worldwide. Part of its appeal has been attributed to the fact that coffee has a higher caffeine content than most naturally produced beverages, such as tea and cocoa. In this article we will look at the process of coffee production from seed to your cup.
Coffee beans are actually seeds. It’s only after they have been dried, roasted and ground that they can be used to brew the humble zip. If unprocessed coffee seeds are planted, they can germinate and grow into coffee plants. The seeds are normally planted in large shaded beds. After sprouting, the young seedlings are left to grow for a few days before moving them to individual pots with carefully formulated soils for optimal growth. The potted seedlings are shaded from the scorching sun and watered frequently until they’re vigorous enough to be moved to their permanent growing place. Planting is best done during the rainy season to ensure the soil will remain moist as the roots get firmly established.
Depending on the specific variety, it takes approximately 3-4 years for newly planted coffee bushes to bear fruit. The fruit, commonly termed cherries, depending on the degree of ripeness, turn from green to bright or dark red – the unripe ones being green in colour. Cherries ripen faster under lower altitudes and higher temperatures. Coffee can be hand-harvested by people to ensure that only the ripe cherries are picked. Hand-picking is a hard and labour intensive process where people need to carefully check cherries for ripeness and, naturally, it involves paid labour. Cherries mature at different periods and up to three pickings are needed to clear a farm. In countries such as Brazil where land is flat and coffee is grown on large farms, cherries are machine harvested. Whether by machines or humans, coffee is always harvested by one of the following two methods:
- Strip picking – The cherries are stripped off of the branch, either by hand or by machine
- Selective picking – The red cherries are picked and the green ones are left to ripen. Picking is carried out at 10 day intervals. Since this method is labour intensive, it is mainly used to harvest the high quality Arabica coffee.
In most regions there is one major harvest season in a year. However in several countries, such as Kenya and Colombia, there are two harvesting seasons; a main and a secondary crop. The coffee harvested at the beginning and end of the season has a poorly developed flavour, while the pick from the middle of the season has the best flavour. Good roasters buy their coffee during mid-season. Gachatha Coffee Factory in Nyeri Country, Kenya was voted as the producer of the best quality coffee in 2015.
After harvesting, cherries are processed as soon as possible to avoid spoilage. Depending on available resources and location, one of the following two methods is used.
ABF Ingredients ANDEROL EUROPE BV Avantes Berndorf Band GmbH BIOTECON Diagnostics GmbH Cargo Oil AB Elea GmbH Engilico FUCHS LUBRITECH GmbH GLOBALG.A.P. Foodplus GmbH InS Services (UK) Ltd IONICON Analytik GmbH JAX INC. JBT Corporation LUBRIPLATE Lubricants Company NSF International Ocean Optics PCE Instruments UK Ltd R-Biopharm Rhone Ltd Randox Food Diagnostics Stancold SteriBeam The Tintometer® Group TOMRA Sorting Food Uhde High Pressure Technologies GmbH Verner Wheelock Vikan UK Ltd | <urn:uuid:d1d3638a-3559-4bfb-9bc4-bc891444ce12> | {
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Tag Archives: medical
Paper-Based 3D Printing Used by Medical Team to Create Detailed Bone Structure Models
There are two issues with long surgeries: cost and risk to the patient. Surgery cost approximately $100 per minute, which means there is a business opportunity for shortening surgeries without reducing efficacy. Also, the longer a surgery lasts, the greater the health risks to the patient, especially in sensitive operations on the brain or other major organs.
In Belgium, 3D printing is offering doctors a chance to shave hours off in the operating room by creating an exact replica of a patient’s bone structure as a surgical guide.
“With each procedure, we easily win an hour in the operating room, and that’s a major benefit for the patient.” – Professor Raphael Olszewski, a surgeon and head of the university’s oral and maxillofacial surgery research lab at the Cliniques universitaires saint Luc, Université catholique de Louvain (UCL) in Belgium.
These doctors are using paper 3D printing from Mcor Technologies, an approach that can 3D print in millions of colors and nearly any additive shape.
In a piece authored by Mcor’s Director of Marketing Julie Reece, this innovative medical technique is explained in more detail.
The surgeons employ paper 3D printing technology from Mcor Technologies to recoup hours from traditional surgical procedures. Working from the digitally scanned contours of patients’ bones, doctors push a button to create full-size 3D physical models they can use as surgical guides.
Since the model is a facsimile of the patient’s actual physiology, surgeons can use it to precisely shape metal inserts that fit along a patient’s residual bone. The insert might be a plate that supports a damaged mandible or a titanium mesh for reconstructing a damaged eye socket. Without 3D physical models to work from, surgeons would be forced to rely on time-consuming trial and error to shape the metal implants and risk potential tissue damage.
The Belgium-based medical team is not new to 3D printing, but did make a switch in 3D printers. They had previously employed a ZPrinter from ZCorp (acquired by 3D Systems) that uses resin and powder, and converted to the Mcor 3D printer that uses paper with water-based adhesive. One benefit to the doctors is that Mcor provides an eco-friendly and non-toxic solution. Moreover, the cost to 3D print a patient model is about half of what it costs on the ZPrinter.
Recent News about Mcor: Staples Launches 3D Printing Challenge for Mcor 3D Printers with €1000 Prize
3D printing has hype and controversy, but what about adoption?
This is a guest post by UK-based Laser Lines Ltd, whose bio is at the end of the article.
Earlier this year it was announced that Maplin Electronics would be the first UK retailer to stock a home 3D printer. With all the hype and controversy surrounding this technology, it’s left many wondering if 3D printers will be the next big gadget to make their way into every home.
3D printing is the process of printing layers of material, usually plastic, on-top of one another to build up a 3D object. The Velleman K8200, which retails at £700, allows customers to 3D print any object they want from the comfort of their home, from a chess piece to mobile phone case. The plastics come in red, black, white, orange, green, yellow and pink, costing £30 for 1kg of the resin. Certainly an interesting addition to any home office but isn’t this a rather expensive way of reproducing items that would ordinarily cost just a few pounds?
The idea of everyday consumers being able to access 3D printers has already caused controversy in the US following the announcement of printable handgun blueprints online. The handgun, which would have been made from plastic if successfully produced in this way, could have gone undetected by standard security scanner.
Another widespread concern about 3D printers in the home is the likelihood of copyright infringement through the reproduction of products. Users would potentially be able to produce a 3D scan of a product and then using this scan blueprint re-create the object precisely at home.
Outside of the home however, 3D printing technology has been having far greater success. Manufacturers are able to benefit from quick prototype production, enabling sketched concepts to be swiftly tried and tested. The aerospace industry has already started producing fully functional parts via 3D print technology too, with NASA known for their frequent use of the procedure to make lightweight engine and shuttle parts. 3D printing has the potential to completely transform production supply chains, particularly when it comes to producing small parts that would have usually been shipped from one manufacturer to another.
There are incredible medical implications of this printing process too. Professionals believe that, ultimately, 3D printers could be produced to print living materials in place of plastics. Layering cells alongside a medical scaffolding substance called hydrogel, it should be possible to print the basis of human organs such as a liver or kidney, before leaving them to grown into the fully formed structure. Soon it will also be possible to print sophisticated human tissue specifically for pharmaceutical testing – which means risk free clinical testing and trials (though again a hugely controversial idea).
In conclusion, perhaps 3D printers will see their way into the homes of those who can afford such a novelty, but for the time being the real advantages will be found in manufacturing on professional scale machines. Even then 3D printing has a long way to go before it’s embraced by everyone.
About the author: This article is written by UK-based Laser Lines Ltd, a bespoke 3D printing company that have been providing 3D printing solutions for over 20 years. Visit their website to browse through their collection.
3D Printing News
A roundup of the top 3D printing news from August 26 to September 1:
Tuesday, August 27
Wednesday, August 28
Friday, August 30
Sunday, September 1
How 3D Printing is Changing the Face of the Medical Industry
The list of medical applications for 3D printing was originally compiled by the team at 3D model marketplace CGTrader and has been edited for publication here.
Recently 3D printing has been a hot mainstream trend, but there are thousands of people who are still not aware of this mind-blowing technology. Obviously, 3D printing is being carefully watched by scientists, designers, futurists, and hobbyists. No doubt, it will change our lives; 3D printing is already reshaping them. In the long run, 3D printing may have the most impact in the medical field, where extrusion of living cells instead of plastic material in a 3D printer has led to bioprinting.
Here is a completely mind-blowing list of the top 9 ways 3D printing has already changed all the branches of the medicine and what to expect in the future. Moreover, this article touches upon a controversial topic of artificial organs. Keep reading!
1. 3D Printed Hearing Aids
Thousands of people do not realize that they have already become a part of 3D printing revolution by simply wearing hearing aids.
98% of hearing aids (more than 10 million) are 3D printed today. Hearing aid manufacturing began to adopt 3D printing technology in 1998 and it has been a significant improvement to manufacturing. The process has been shortened to 3 steps: scanning, modeling, and printing. One machine is able to produce 30 hearing aids in one hour and a half.
- 3D printed batteries could marry form and function for hearing aids
- TED talk by Klaus Stadlmann: The world’s smallest 3D printer
- 3D Printed Hearing Aids: A Revolution You May Have Not Heard About
2. Digital Dentistry Brings 3D Printing Into the Dental Office
3D printing’s contribution to the dental industry has been game-changing. Scientist Andrew Daewood, who works in London’s Wimpole Street, notices that before the 3D printing has become the mainstream, “dentists have been using it for 10 years, to make things that really can’t be made in any other way.”
3D printing helps to improve quality and speeds up the production. Technology enables the customer to get a transparent 3D printed teeth aligner for day-to-day use, on one’s way to the dentist 3D printer is already printing out a new dental implant as well as dental crowns, bridges, stone models and a variety of orthodontic appliances.
- 3D Printing Advances Dentistry in London at Daewood & Tanner Practice
- Dental Labs Redefine Personal Care with Onsite 3D Printing
- What The Hell Is Digital Dentistry?
3. 3D Printing Body Parts and Bone
Earlier this year, an American patient received a radical surgery in which 75% of his skull was replaced with a 3D printed implant. This material was not only biocompatible but also a bone-like. Scott DeFelice, President and CEO of Oxford Performance Materials, announced that his company has serious plans that between 300 to 500 patients in the U.S. alone could have skull replacement surgeries each month.
Last year an 83-year old woman has received the very first titanium jaw implant manufactured with 3D printer.
In another story, a 3D printed biopolymer of windpipe was surgically sewn as a splint to open a baby’s airways. After 2 to 3 years it will be fully absorbed in the body.
- Innovative and Strange 3D Printing: Chocolate, Stone, Candy, Organs
- 3D Printed Parts Inside A Human Body: A Fact or Fairy Tale?
4. The Miracles of Prosthetics: 3D Printed Face and Children Hands
Injuries and disease can cause debilitating health conditions for people, to the point where a prosthetic limb or other body part is necessary to maintain quality of life.Thanks to 3D printing, prosthetics have become easier to customize and produce. Here are three particularly inspiring cases.
Eric Moger was the first person to start a life once again with 3D printed face.
A famous Robohand project has proved that anything is possible. The idea was a goal to reach by Richard Van As from South Africa and he finally come up with the concept how to produce necessary hand prosthesis quickly, quite cheaply, and make it accessible to the wide society.
Meet Buttercup, the first and only bird that has 3D printed leg prosthesis.
Thanks to 3D printing and devoted designers, Buttercup has experienced the freedom of walking for the first time. Moreover, this duck is the worldwide superstar, that got an award for honours. Just creepy amazing.
Get Rid of Itchy and Stinky Plaster Casts!
Were you jealous of kids who broke an arm but then got all their friends to sign their cast? With 3D printing technology, the traditional plaster cast is being replaced by a light, breathable, washable and recyclable design. And, of course, stylish.
In the U.S., a bone fracture occurs every 5 seconds. Enter the Cortex Exoskeleton cast designed by Jake Evill, a graduate from the Architecture and Design School in New Zealand. With a 3D scan, the cast can be 3D printed onsite at the emergency room.
- 3D Printed Legs: Giving Amputees the Power of Personal Expression
- If Lizards Can Grow Tails, Humans Should Print Limbs
5. 3D Printing and Growing a Bionic Ear
When researchers from Princeton and John Hopkins get together, expect something big. In this case, a team of researchers developed a bionic, artificial ear. With the help of 3D printing, the team created a skeletal structure which is seeded with cartilage cells, and 10 weeks later, you have a fully formed ear!
- The World Turns Bionic: 3D Printed Bionic Ear
- Cornell Professor Develops Technique for 3D Printing a Human Ear
6. 3D Printing Stem Cells Paves the Way to Artificial Organs
3D printing enabled a group of Heriot Watt University scientists to produce clusters of embryonic stem cells. The scientists used the method of valve-based printing in order to keep these cells in high level of viability, to stay accurate to produce spheroids of uniform size and to maintain their pluripotency that addresses to differentiation into any other cell type.
In the picture above you can see aggregated embryonic stem cells after 24 hours (left) and after 48 hours (right). Artificial organs are still in the near future, but this achievement is extremely significant for drug testing purposes while using artificial human tissue or even printing cells directly inside the body.
- Invest in Bioprinting to Get a 3D Printed Ear or New Hip
- A 3-D Printer for Human Embryonic Stem Cells
7. 3D Printing Endless Blood Vessels Threads
Scientists from the Fraunhofer Institute in Germany developed a technique to 3D print artificial biological molecules to form the shape of blood vessels. This technology is still quite imprecise for the fine structures of capillary vessels, so the scientists use the laser to zap the molecules and to form the material.
In other findings, UPenn and MIT researchers found sugar as the best agent to 3D print blood vessels without any seams.
- Scientists Create Blood Vessels Using Sugar and 3D Printing
- Tissue Printer to Fabricate Artificial Blood Cells
8. New Skin, Courtesy of 3D Printing
Skin graft transplantation is nothing new in the medicine, but now 3D printing technology is enabling scientists to produce artificial skin. Researchers at the University of Toronto have developed a method of loading skin cells and various polymers into 3D printer to create thick layers of skin.
In other research, scientists from the Institute of Regenerative Medicine at Wake Forest University in Winston-Salem, North Carolina aim to print skin directly onto burn wounds. Professor James Yoo and his team were highly inspired to develop a portable bioprinting system to help address injuries in the battlefield, where around 30% of injuries involve skin damage.
9. 3D Printed Organs: A Fiction or The Great Achievement of The Next Decade?
18 people die everyday in the U.S. waiting for an organ transplant. Some researchers have embarked on a bold goal of 3D printing artificial organs.
In one example, surgeon Anthony Atala demonstrated an early-stage experiment at a 2011 TED Talk, where he printed a prototype human kidney.
In other research, Wake Forest Institute For Regeneration works on more than 30 different replacement tissues and organs, including bladder, cartilage, trachea and heart healing therapies. Using similar technology to Atala, a young patient received an engineered bladder transplant, the first lab-grown organ to be implanted into a human.
The world’s first artificial liver is already on its way. A team at Heriot Watt University led by Dr. Will Shu are running experiments with this goal in mind, again using 3D printing in the manufacturing process.
Finally, San Diego-based Organovo team has already managed to create micro-livers that are half a millimeter deep and and 4 millimeters wide. The researchers used a gel to build three types of liver cells and arranged them into the same kind of 3D cell architecture found in a human liver. The company’s ultimate goal is to create human-sized structures suitable for transplant, but they might need more capital.
- Biofabrication: Scientists 3D Print Stem Cells to Create Human Organs
- Video: Growing New Organs with 3D Printing (TED Talk)
- Video: The Best 7 TED Talks On 3D Printing
- Organovo 3D Printing: Bold Mission But Needs Cash, May Offer Secondary
- 3D printing human organs – but where’s the money for it?
That’s it! 9 amazing ways that 3D printing is revolutionizing modern medical research.
Please share, RT and add your comments!
Cover photo: The Body Shop Kevin Hand
Here are the top 10 most popular stories On 3D Printing brought you in April 2013.
Thanks for reading in April! | <urn:uuid:ea8b90fc-bf2e-49e3-ba46-8b6ab24e6ab0> | {
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The pain syndromes, also known as diffuse RSI, are some of the most common conditions, especially for RSI amongst computer users. The explanation below of how this condition arises and is sustained is based upon some of the latest medical opinions on the subject.
Muscles and tendons get blood through capillaries passing between the muscle fibres. A tense muscle squeezes on these vessels and they collapse, slowing the flow of blood. Blood flow restriction begins when the muscle exerts 5% of full power, and is stopped completely at 50% of full power.
When blood flow stops, the muscle has enough stored energy to cope with brief periods of tension. When this is used up, the muscle switches to an inefficient form of energy supply. However this is quickly exhausted and leads to a buildup of acid wastes in the muscle (lactic acid). These acid products cause pain and fatigue in the muscle. This pain and fatigue is similar to that felt when lifting weights at the gym.
The muscle pain can cause neighbouring muscles to tense up in sympathy by a reflex reaction (called the splinting reaction). This is a normal reaction to injury, and is good where bracing is needed for acute injuries like a broken bone, or an infection. In overuse syndrome, however, a self-sustaining pain cycle can develop. This pain fluctuates in intensity, from being mild to intolerable. The pain can also migrate from one part of the affected limb to another. Over time the muscles can become hyper-sensitive, with pain being caused by relatively low levels of activity, and the muscles developing specific tender points (myofascial trigger points).
An inadequate blood supply to nerves may also cause numbness and tingling. If larger nerves passing between muscles are squeezed, more definite tingling and numbness may result.
This description, illustrated by the diagram above, explains one of the main mechanisms behind the development of RSI symptoms, however it is by no means the only one. In the development of localised conditions (e.g. tendinitis) other factors such as repetition and vibration are also involved. That said, however, muscle tension is currently regarded as one of the primary causes of RSI. It is for this reason that the name Repetitive Strain Injury is no longer the preferred term (see list of other names for RSI)
This description of the mechanism behind RSI helps to explain why micropauses are so critical and so effective in its treatment and prevention. Micropauses, together with longer breaks, are intended to regularly refresh the muscles and thereby prevent the buildup of waste products and fatigue.
If you have any questions or comments on this information you are welcome to contact us with them. | <urn:uuid:91f7747b-85e6-499b-ae08-47cd81c0e52f> | {
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A study from USC researchers provides new understanding of the relationship between "sexting" and sexual behavior in early adolescence, contributing to an ongoing national conversation about whether sexually explicit text messaging is a risk behavior or just a technologically-enabled extension of normal teenage flirtation. The latest research, published in the July 2014 issue of the journal Pediatrics, found that among middle school students, those who reported receiving a sext were 6 times more likely to also report being sexually active.
While past research has examined sexting and sexual behavior among high school-age students and young adults, the researchers were particularly interested in young teens, as past data has shown clear links between early sexual debut and risky sexual behavior, including teenage pregnancy, sex under the influence of drugs or alcohol, experience of forced sex and higher risk of sexually transmitted disease.
"These findings call attention to the need to train health educators, pediatricians and parents on how best to communicate with young adolescents about sexting in relation to sexual behavior," said lead author Eric Rice, assistant professor at the USC School of Social Work. "The sexting conversation should occur as soon as the child acquires a cell phone."
The study anonymously sampled more than 1,300 middle school students in Los Angeles as part of the Center for Disease Control and Prevention's Youth Risk Behavior Survey. Respondents ranged in age from 10-15, with an average age of 12.3 years. The researchers found that even when controlling for sexting behaviors, young teens who sent more than 100 texts a day were more likely to report being sexually active. Other key findings:
The researchers acknowledge that despite anonymity, the data is self-reported and thus subject to social desirability bias, as well as limitations for geographic area and the diverse demographics of Los Angeles. However, the dramatic correlation between students who sent sexts and reported sexual activity indicates the need for further research and summons attention to the relationship between technology use and sexual behavior among early adolescents, the researchers say.
"Our results show that excessive, unlimited or unmonitored texting seems to enable sexting," Rice said. "Parents may wish to openly monitor their young teen's cell phone, check in with them about who they are communicating with, and perhaps restrict their number of texts allowed per month."
Overall, 20 percent of students with text-capable cell phones said they had ever received a sext, and 5 percent report sending a sext. The researchers defined "sext" in their survey as a sexually suggestive text or photo.
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By now, you probably know severe sleep apnea can be associated with significant health risks. It can even lead to early death. However, did you know that even mild-to-moderate sleep disorders can have serious negative ramifications on your health? At The Snoring Center’s Burnsville and Edina offices, we effectively diagnose and treat snoring problems. In many cases, treatment can take place on the day of the initial consultation.
We are serious about snoring problems because the health risks associated with snoring demand it. If you snore you could be at risk for the following:
- Stroke: Snoring intensity can be linked to the narrowing of arteries in the neck.
- Arrhythmia: Long-term snoring can lead to the development of an irregular heart rhythm.
- Injury: Often overlooked, fatigue from a lack of sleep leaves the sufferer at high-risk for injuries caused by drowsiness.
- Headaches: Snoring has been linked to frequent morning headaches. Sufferers often report a lower quality of life than those without headaches.
- Heart Disease: Sleep apnea has been linked to high blood pressure and coronary artery disease. These can lead to heart attacks.
- Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD): While sleeping, a snorer’s throat may close in an unhealthy fashion as air moves in and out of the mouth during sleep. The resulting pressure can suck the contents of the stomach back up into the esophagus.
- Mental Health: Research has shown that there is a connection between sleep apnea, snoring, and depression.
- Excess Weight: Overweight people frequently have sleep apnea due to the extra weight that collects in the neck, make breathing more difficult at night.
- Reduced Sexual Satisfaction: Some snorers suffer such severe exhaustion that they lose the desire for sexual relations with their sleeping partner.
- Nocturia: This condition involves getting up two or more times a night to use the restroom. It can even involve a loss of bladder control.
- Pregnancy/Fetus Complications: Snoring during the last trimester of pregnancy is usually due to weight gain and it can also lead to fetal complications.
At the Snoring Center, we consult with our patients to prescribe the best course of action to treat snoring, sleep apnea, and allergy problems. Our recommended solutions are always based on the unique elements of the patient’s situation. Our arsenal of treatments for snoring problems includes the most proven methods and procedures available. These include:
- Pillar Procedure
- Turbinate Coblation
- Palate Coblation
- RFA (Radiofrequency Ablation)
- Laser Tonsillectomy
- Oral Appliances
- Home Sleep Study
- CPAP (Continuous Positive Airway Pressure)
Schedule your consultation today. Our physicians and trained staff are eager to help you stop snoring soon!
Meet Your Doctor: Philip Rapport, MD, Medical Director, Burnsville and Edina, MN
Philip Rapport graduated from the University of Michigan and the Ohio State University College of Medicine. He completed his residency and fellowship in Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery at the University of Minnesota where he also earned a Master’s degree in Otolaryngology. Dr. Rapport joined Minneapolis Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery in 1980.
Dr. Rappot is board-certified by the American Board of Otolaryngology and is a Fellow of the American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery. Dr. Rapport is also a member of the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology and is an Associate in the Department of Otolaryngology at the University of Minnesota.
He has special interest in the treatment of sinus, ear and sleep problems and has extensive experience with special procedures such as Somnoplasty for nasal congestion, Balloon Sinuplasty for sinus infections and Pillar Palatal implants for snoring and sleep apnea. | <urn:uuid:6b6f8a42-a56c-467c-9cd5-00c9d84f30be> | {
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Sunday, October 3, 2010
Dictator of Mexico after they won their independence from Spain. Texas and Mexico were divided on the issues of slavery and colonization in Texas, so Stephen Austin came to negotiate with Anna. Santa Anna threw Austin into jail for eight months. He then wiped out local rights and began preparing an army to suppress the Texans. After Texas declared their independence, Santa Anna ferociously attacked. However, he was captured by the commander in chief of Texas, Sam Houston, and his army and forced to sign two treaties – to remove Mexican troops from Texas and to recognize the Rio Grande as the border between Texas and Mexico. When he was released he claimed that the treaties were illegal because they were signed under duress; this however did nothing to stop the annexation of Texas to the United States. | <urn:uuid:ed4eb3e3-7e74-4e8b-97cc-537a42052da2> | {
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Powering an LED with a MicroPython embedded board is extremely easy with only a few lines of code. This can be achieved using the REPL or by writing code to main.py. In this example we will use the REPL to turn on and off the LED, as well as change the brightness using pulse width modulation (PWM).
The anode of a the LED is connected to a 100Ω resistor and then connected to one of the Analog GPIO pins of the microcontroller. The cathode of the LED is connected to a ground pin of the microcontroller. In the example below, the LED is connected to the A5 pin of a STM32 Nucleo board.
Turning the LED on/off
The LED can be turned on and off by configuring the anode pin as a digital output pin. To do so, use the pyb.Pin() method. The first argument to the Pin() method is the GPIO pin name, and the second argument is the pin mode. The pin mode “OUTPUT” will configure the pin as a digital output, where Pin.high() outputs 3.3V and Pin.low() outputs 0V. Note: In future versions of MicroPython, the pyb module will be replaced by the machine module.
anodePin = pyb.Pin(pyb.Pin.board.A5, pyb.Pin.OUT)
anodePin.high() # Turns the LED on
anodePin.low() # Turns the LED off
Changing LED Brightness using PWM
The brightness of the LED can be controlled by changing the voltage to the anode. This can be accomplished using two methods: by using pulse width modulation (PWM)or by using an digital-analog converter (DAC). For this example, we will be using PWM to accomplish brightness control.
To use PWM in MicroPython, we will need both a Pin object and a Timer object. We must use a GPIO pin that has a timer function, this can be determined in the user manual specific for your board. For example, with the STM32 Nucleo L476RG, the user manual is located here, and on page 53 we can see that pin D3 has the TIM2_CH2 function. Change your circuit to reflect this: move the anode of the LED to Pin D3.
Now we can create the Pin and Timer object to control the LED. Reset your microcontroller, and enter the following into the REPL. You can determine the correct timer number and channel number from the data table. Recall, we are using Pin D3, which has function TIM2_CH2: Timer 2 Channel 2. With the channel.pulse_width_percent method, you can enter a PWM percent between 0-100.
from pyb import Pin, Timer
pin = Pin(pyb.pin.Board.D3)
timer = Timer(2, freq=1000) # Timer 2
channel = timer.channel(2, Timer.PWM, pin=pin) # Channel 2
#Turns the LED Off
#Turns the LED On dimly
#Turns the LED On a little brighter
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Having to cope with a financial crisis can devastate your family. At such times it is very essential to keep in mind that such conditions will not prevail for ever. Learn how to help your children come to terms with financial difficulties.
Kanta considered her family to be financially secure. Her husband was successfully running his own business. Money flowed freely and her children would get everything they asked for. But the storm of recession pulled each and every individual in to it. due to economic recession, her husband's business got affected too. He had to take a loan to repay his debts. The recession stated affecting his business so badly that even making basic ends meet was a challenge.
Kanta hid the family's financial situation from her two sons. One day her elder son came to her, asking for money to purchase a new video game. When Kanta refused, the boy flew into a rage. "You don't want me to be happy" he screamed. Kanta was in a dilemma. She did not have the money to give him. At the same time, she did not want to tell her son why his demand was being refused.
It is extremely difficult to deal with a bad financial situation especially talking to children about recession. When it affects your entire family, the situation becomes more delicate. Letting children know about it can be the hardest part.
Talk to them
A financial problem can cause a great deal of stress in your family life. The first concern is about making ends meet on a limited budget. The second concern is whether or not your children should know about the problems the family is facing. Choosing to tell your children will depend mostly on their age. If they are toddlers, it is highly unlikely that they will able to understand that there is no money.
Children are remarkably perceptive. Especially if you try to hide something from them. Children older than five can be told that money is a little tight right now. This does not guarantee understanding. Children may find it difficult to believe that there is a shortage of money, especially if they are used to always having their demands met. If there is a holiday or a birthday coming up, they might not truly fathom why there is going to be no party this year. However, in most cases, they will understand that they may not get that new toy or be able to go to the amusement park on the weekend.
Examine your attitude towards money. Your children learn their attitude and values by observing you. If you place a lot of emphasis on buying the latest gadgets, your children will feel the same way. Similarly, if you try to avoid discussing your money problems, your children will be under the impression that this is a topic that should be hidden.
Teach them to make Sacrifices
When money is tight, you and your family may have to forego certain things that you are used to. The most important thing to remember is to be honest with yourself and your family members. Have a meeting where you explain to everyone that finance is the issue. Do not moan or lament your predicament. Calmly inform them about the problem and put forth a plan of action to solve it.
Begin by preparing a family budget for the coming weeks. Have a family discussion where members can suggest what items they are willing to give up or cut back on. For example, the family may decide to minimise their consumption of aerated soft drinks. Also, set some ground rules; for example, purchases exceeding a certain amount need to be approved by all members of the family.
In a financial crisis and situations like economic recessions, everyone has to make some sacrifices. The severity of the sacrifice will depend on the age of the child. Even small children can be taught how to prioritise items according to their needs. For example, small children can be put on a budget that keeps a check on the amount of sweets they are allowed to purchase in a week. If they want more than their share, ask them to choose which sweets they want but warn them that they will have to stick to their decision and cannot reverse it.
Older children can help you plan what items to buy from the grocery store. They can also look in the newspaper for special offers as well as cut out coupons offering discounts. As in the case of younger children, older children also need to limit their spending. Children of all ages can also help out in the kitchen, while you prepare a meal.
Making sacrifices is difficult for all people, no matter how old they are. Your children may occasionally resent the fact that they may not get something that they long for. However, teaching them how to cope in such a situation is an important lesson that will remain with them even after they grow up. | <urn:uuid:dce49435-3672-405d-9f5d-a5f7749468cf> | {
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Parrots and Parakeets: Barnard's parakeet | Crimson Wing parakeet | Indian Ringneck parakeet | Moustache parakeet | Plumhead Parakeet | Rainbow Lorikeet | Rock Pebbler parrot | Rosella parrot | Rosy Bourke parakeet | Scarlet Chested Grass parakeet | Turquoisine parakeet | Back to Species Gallery
Rock Pebbler parrot (Polytelis anthopeplus)
Found in eucalyptus groves in southwestern Australia, Rock Pebbler parakeets have predominantly lime-coloured plumage with a green tail. This fifteen-inch bird can be sexed based on plumage coloration. Males are more yellow, with green backs and red beaks. Female Rock Pebblers display a greener tint on their head and back plumage. These beautiful birds munch on an assortment of seeds and leaves, but also peck at small insects. They also nibble on flower buds, larvae, and psyllids. Foraging in pairs or small flocks, they spend much of their feeding time on the ground. Unlike many birds, Rock Pebblers do not need digestive grit in their diets. They are relatively hardy but must be protected from excessive cold. With the expansion of farming in their native territories, these birds have begun to feed on cereal crops such as wheat. The Rock Pebbler population has declined substantially and is listed as Endangered in New South Wales.
Rock Pebblers are easy-going but nervous when nesting. Mature at two years old, the female broods a clutch of three to eight eggs for approximately twenty days. She seldom leaves the nest and is fed by the male. Both parents care for the young, who fledge at thirty-five days. Juveniles all look like hens for about three months, but males tend to show more yellow when they fledge. Young birds will have their adult plumage by eighteen months. Rock Pebblers live about eighteen years in the wild, but they have been known to live thirty years in captivity.
Their flight calls are prolonged rolling cries, but landed Rock Pebblers twitter to each other and lapse into silence when feeding. They are among the most adept Australian parakeets at picking up whistles and words. Abraham, one of the many Rock Pebblers in residence, surprised us one day when he went up to a new bird and said “It’s okay.” We now use his calming spirit to reassure new arrivals, because he seems to sense when someone needs a friendly welcome. | <urn:uuid:e59ad933-4cfe-4226-a3f1-8855b25017f3> | {
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