text
stringlengths 198
630k
| id
stringlengths 47
47
| metadata
dict |
|---|---|---|
Faculty Conversation: Carol Tomlinson on Differentiation
In education circles, Carol Ann Tomlinson is known as the guru of differentiation. Her research-based work is in such high demand that she has made more than 700 presentations and keynote addresses to school districts and professional associations across the country and abroad since joining the Curry School in 1991. She has authored 17 books on the topics of differentiated instruction and curriculum, some of which have been translated into twelve languages.
In this Curry conversation, Tomlinson offers her take on what makes differentiation so important for students.
What is the essence of differentiation?
Tomlinson: Differentiation is an instructional approach to help teachers teach with individuals as well as content in mind. Differentiation really means trying to make sure that teaching and learning work for the full range of students, which really should be our goal as teachers. We’ve often taught as though all the kids in the classroom are wired exactly alike to learn, as though they should come in programmed to learn on the teacher’s schedule. Really, to me, differentiation is the common sense of saying, if we take on the responsibility of teaching, we accept the responsibility of making sure that every kid learns as well as he or she possibly can.
What empirical evidence exists for the effectiveness of differentiation?
Tomlinson: The model of differentiation that I’ve been working with is sort of a Robin Hood model – it steals from lots of discipline areas and tries to synthesize what we know from many specialties into one specialty. Some of what we talk about in differentiation really comes from the work of special education and has been there for a long time. Some of it comes from gifted education. Some of it comes from the field of reading and how you work with students in developing literacy when they don’t master the skills right on schedule. There’s work that comes from the emerging and new science of the brain. And things that people have done in multicultural education.
What we’ve tried to do with this model is to synthesize a lot of those things so that it fits together as a whole and so the teachers don’t have to go to 14 places to find guidelines and strategies they need. The research that supports the principles and practices of differentiation comes from many specialties.
There is also newer research that suggests academic benefits to the model’s key principles and practices. There’s always the caveat that it’s easy to say you use a model and much harder to maintain fidelity to that model. What we find, not surprisingly, is when somebody differentiates effectively, the gains are really strong. The trick is always to help people understand that you can’t pick and choose pieces of a model, implement five percent of it and dismiss the other 95 percent.
What is the strongest argument for differentiation?
Tomlinson: The strongest argument for differentiation to me is looking at the kids sitting in the classroom. It’s rare to go into a classroom where kids are all from the same language group, the same culture, the same socioeconomic status, the same background experience, the same wiring in terms of abilities, areas of weakness, that sort of thing. Realizing how seldom you go into a classroom and find virtually everyone fully engaged and participating in an optimistic way signals a need for instruction that addresses individual variance as well as common content requirements. We have way too many students who bring to school with them needs and differences that we just don’t take into account in our thinking and planning. And we fail many learners when we do that.
What are some of the misconceptions educators hold about differentiation?
Tomlinson: The model of differentiation is very multifaceted, but it can be boiled down to three student needs which call for differentiating instruction: student readiness, student interest, and student learning profile. Learning profile refers to preferred modes of learning and has four facets—gender, culture, learning styles, and intelligence preferences.
We find a good number of classrooms where teachers do some work with students’ learning styles, and they assume that they have therefore differentiated instruction. In essence, they have picked one fourth of one third of the information that we have about significant differences in learners for which they plan a response. In other words, they have neglected readiness differentiation, interest differentiation, how culture influences us, how gender influences us, and how intelligence preferences influence us and assume that if they’ve done something with learning styles they’ve done what needs to be done.
“Not to address readiness and to assume that a focus on learning styles is going to take care of everything, is generally way off base.”
We have such a huge range of readiness in classes that not to address readiness and to assume that a focus on learning styles is going to take care of everything, is generally way off base. In terms of both needs of learners and in terms of what research tells us, readiness is where we need to begin and focus, and then we can open things up by looking at those other categories.
Another misconception is that our current massive emphasis on testing speaks to a need for standardization—everybody needs to pass the same test under the same circumstances on the same day, with the same parameters. I think that whatever your learning outcome needs to be, even if you think it needs to be highly standardized, students will still learn at different rates. They need to be taught in different ways, and they need different materials or approaches to learning. So as paradoxical as it may sound, the need for differentiation is even more critical if you’re supposed to get everybody to the same point at exactly the same time—not less so. Differentiation doesn’t suggest changing the outcome for students, but rather finding different avenues to success with those outcomes.
Why are some school leaders reluctant to integrate differentiation in the classroom?
Tomlinson: What I more commonly find is leaders who ask for or demand differentiation but don’t know how to support it fully or wisely enough. They are typically people who believe they are doing the right thing, but function in counterproductive ways. I hear really often, “We’re going to do differentiation in our school this year.” Differentiation is one of those things that people who are experts in the field of change call second order change. First order change is the kind of thing most teachers can implement with modest effort. Differentiation requires second order change. It really requires many teachers to change their approach to teaching as a whole—how we think about students and their capabilities, how we use assessment, how curriculum is crafted, flexible instruction to ensure that students go where they need to go. Perhaps most challenging, it asks teachers to learn to handle a classroom where two or three or four things are sometimes happening at the same time.
Second order change is demanding. It’s also much more promising.
People whom we find providing teachers with sustained and intelligent support understand that they are there for the long haul, that everyone needs to be immersed in the ideas, that they don’t ever go away, that they’re in the foreground all the time, that you can hear the drum beating constantly. I don’t find a whole lot of leaders saying, “No I don’t want to support this. This doesn’t make any sense.” What I find is people who support the transition to differentiation as though it were a first order change and don’t understand the depth of leadership required to facilitate second order change.
This sounds really hard to do. How do you make it happen?
Tomlinson: It is hard to do. When you look at the literature on expertise, one of the differences between an expert and a novice is that experts see many different aspects of what’s going on around them, they know what those elements mean, and they know how to respond to them in targeted ways. They know what to dismiss and what to act on. Differentiation asks for that expert level of discrimination when observing and responding to students in a learning context. So the question becomes, “How do we help teachers develop expertise?”
Where we see differentiation really thrive, we see principals who understand the power of knowing and responding to students and who are willing to lead consistently and persistently in order to help teachers do so.
In any school you’ll find some teachers who realize that differentiation makes the classroom work much better for many more students. Those teachers will develop the skills of responsive or differentiated instruction on their own. To change a whole school takes a principal who has vision, understands where teachers are on a continuum toward achieving that vision, knows what to do to help or get help to support each teacher’s growth, and in effect, differentiates for the faculty.
Where leadership for differentiation is effective, you have leaders say, “Sure, it’s hard, but there’s a way to get there and we’ll work together to learn how to make all of our classrooms responsive to all of our students.” The leaders literally help teachers enact change in their own classrooms. They bring teachers together in teams to share insight and to support one another. It’s that sense of intelligent, persistent leadership that signals the difference between a school where a few teachers get better at attending to the learning needs of students and one where everyone is invested in that goal.
We see differentiation catching hold either in individuals or in little clusters of individuals where there is a really strong department chair or a really strong grade-level leader. When the school as a whole is focused on addressing the full range of learner needs, it’s inevitably the principal’s leadership that makes the difference.
What the secret to managing differentiation in the classroom
Tomlinson: One of the major obstacles for teachers in learning to differentiate instruction is figuring out how to handle a classroom where the teacher is not in front of the kinds all the time pulling the strings like a master puppeteer. We’re used to frontal control in classrooms. The differentiation philosophy indicates that students become stronger learners when they can accept more responsibility for their own learning and when they become more proficient in understanding their goals, their status relative to those goals, and how to adjust their approach to learning in order to achieve the goals.
The case that we’ve tried to make in our new book [Leading and Managing a Differentiated Classroom, co-authored with Marcia B. Imbeau] is that there are two elements that teachers need to think through: leading people and managing details. Leading people involves asking students to consider what it feels like when the classroom doesn’t work for them or for their friends, to envision what a classroom would be like if it functioned in a way that helped each student grow as far and fast as possible—and to participate in developing that kind of classroom.
When you go into classrooms where teachers lead kids in that way, management is not the problem we tend to think it is, because kids feel empowered and interested and invigorated.
Still, however, there is the need to make sure the room doesn’t get too noisy or that the materials aren’t all over the place when students leave. There are plenty of details that need managing, but when teachers do that in the context of leading their students to help create a more effective place to learn, handling the details works much more smoothly and naturally.
by Lynn Bell
This article appeared in the Spring 2011 edition of Curry magazine.
Attend one of Tomlinson’s Summer Institutes on Academic Diversity at the Curry School
Week 1: July 11-15, 2011
Week 2: July 18-22, 2011 | <urn:uuid:ac538e58-8337-4b6f-b2c9-4c4cbd2803ba> | {
"date": "2016-09-27T14:00:10",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-40",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738661087.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173741-00282-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9685485363006592,
"score": 3.046875,
"token_count": 2420,
"url": "http://curry.virginia.edu/articles/carole-tomlinson-on-differentiation"
} |
When the man (or woman!) in the street says "it works by an electric motor", that usually suffices.
If you want to use "an electric motor" in a project controlled by an Arduino, or Pi, or similar, you are going to have to learn a bit more about the group of things all called "electric motors"!
There are the big electric motors, such as the one in my table saw. They run on AC, at 110v or 240v, depending on where you live, and should be run from a microprocessor by the same means as you would run other devices powered by dangerous voltages. In some cases, you should also ask yourself if you really want something that powerful being turned on and off by a computer.
The rest of this is about the various small DC motors
Servo motor/ Stepper motors: I must admit, I was a bit hazy as to the difference between these devices.
You can buy inexpensive things called steppers and things called servos, both in one wire control and in multiple wire control forms.
According to Wikipedia, a servo motor, by definition, has a built in shaft encoder, and some electronics to use it. So I think that we should call the one wire controlled non-simple motors servo motors, and the multi-wire motors steppers. But the precise use of these two terms may be lost forever. Don't be surprised to see a stepper called a servo, or vice versa!
These have been with us for a long time... at least the early 1950s, and well before that, I would guess.
They have two wires. Hook them up to a battery, and the motor goes round and round. Hook them up the other way, and it goes around the other way.
There's a clever thing called an "H-bridge" for controlling this sort of motor, at least as far as "start/stop", and "go clockwise/ go the other way"
You can buy them for 50¢; you can pay $300. The expensive ones have internal gears to let a little motor spinning rapidly, but weakly, turn a shaft slowly but with great torque.
They all suffer (as do the others, but more so these) from not reacting well to being asked to deliver more torque than they were designed to. They spin more slowly, the current rises, and they burn out. There are clever circuits you can use to monitor the current, and shut them down if it becomes excessive.
They all share the disadvantage that, by themselves, they have no way to control how far they've turned. You may need to add a shaft encoder to keep track of how far (or how many times) they have turned, depending on your application.
You can see a project based on a geared instance of one of these simple motors in my curtain closer. It also discusses an H-bridge created with relays. (Today, I would just buy a pre-made one, done in an IC). It does not get into current sensing. It doesn't use a shaft encoder, as such... but it does have a feedback mechanism which tells the controller that the motor has done enough turns.
Stepper motors are good, in that they will go round and round, which a servo motor won't.
But they are bad, in that they need multiple wires to control them. Even simple ones need four.
I've written a separate page with the details of controlling a simple stepper motor with an Arduino.
Servo motors sort of complement stepper motors (see above). They are good in that they only need one wire to control them, and bad in that they do not go "round and round". Some don't even have a range of 360 degrees.
A servo motor is controlled by a stream of pulses. It turns it's shaft to "face" a particular way depending on the ratio of the time the input signal is "on" to the time the input signal is "off" in the stream of pulses being sent to it, as I have tried to illustrate below....
The cyan rectangles are just the body of the servo motor. The yellow circle represents something attached to the shaft of the motor. (The shaft being perpendicular to the plane of the drawing.) The arrow is "painted" on the "something" attached to the shaft of the motor.
We see the motor as it would arrange itself in response to three different streams of pulses. (The green up/ down/ up/ down lines depict the input signals, the "steams of pulses".
In "A", we see an input signal in which the "on" times of the input are long and the "off" times are short. This causes the motor to rotate far in the counter-clockwise direction.
In "C", we see an input signal in which the "off" times of the input are long and the "on" times are short. This causes the motor to rotate far in the clockwise direction.
In "D", we see an input signal in which the "off" times of the input are about as long as the "on" times. This causes the motor to rotate to about half way between the extremes of which it is capable.
A shaft encoder is less likely to be used in connection with a stepper motor, because we know where it will be from the ratio of ons and offs in the stream of pulses we are sending it.
I half remember... or is it half MIS-remember something about some stepper motors being a bit fussy about how they are started up. Do some Googling, if you think a stepper motor may be what your project needs. Check that the "start up" fussing is possible (if necessary) in your case.
Page tested for compliance with INDUSTRY (not MS-only) standards, using the free, publicly accessible validator at validator.w3.org
....... P a g e . . . E n d s ..... | <urn:uuid:5c8fa3a0-e102-4da4-a2df-d0b9225c461f> | {
"date": "2018-10-16T05:16:10",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-43",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583510019.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20181016051435-20181016072935-00456.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9660639762878418,
"score": 3.125,
"token_count": 1253,
"url": "http://www.arunet.co.uk/tkboyd/ec/ec1motors1.htm"
} |
A copyright is a form of intellectual property consisting of a set of exclusive rights granted by a sovereign state to an author of a creative work. such as a novel, musical composition or recording, graphic art work or computer program.
Copyrights are of interest to more than just authors and artists, however. A typical business likely has many works that qualify for at least some level of copyright protection. Such works could include:
- Manuals, such as user manuals.
- Internal documents, such as policy manuals.
- Software.Databases (to a limited degree).
Any creative work is automatically protected internationally under copyright law as soon as it is created and fixed in a medium of expression (e.g. paper, CD, DVD or computer storage). A copyright on a work can be registered with the U.S. Copyright Offic for a low fee of $35. Registration is not required to obtain copyrights in a work, per se, but registration is a prerequisite to bringi.ng a suitfor copyright infringement.
Typically, businesses register copyrights for particular works where such works are core business assets, such as software, or where such works are sold for profit, such as books and highly recommended. The registration puts the public on notice you will defend your copyrights, and it serves as good evidence of the date of the creation of the work.
An important graphic artwork. Businesses sometimes also register copyrights in advertisements to preclude competition from copying highly original advertising copy. Copyright registration is point to note is that copyright law protects expresst'on, not ideas. Where a given idea, such as, for example; an advertisement, a basic story concept for a book, or a business process to be implemented in software, can be written or developed in detail in multiple ways, each such way can be termed to be an expression of the idea, and thus copyrightable.
In practice, the line between ideas and expression can be hazy. As a general rule, facts are typically not copyrightable, nor are procedures, forms and checklists. | <urn:uuid:6683fdc6-c789-4bd6-884a-af8e28902ec4> | {
"date": "2018-10-16T18:56:48",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-43",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583510866.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20181016180631-20181016202131-00096.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9424462914466858,
"score": 2.921875,
"token_count": 420,
"url": "https://www.harperiplaw.com/intellectual-property-guide/legal-regimes-for-protecting-intellectual-property/copyrights-3"
} |
The black-capped kingfisher is a tree kingfisher which is widely distributed in tropical Asia from India east to China, Korea and Southeast Asia. It is distinctive in having a black cap that contrasts with the whitish throat, purple blue wings and the coral red bill. The species is mainly found in coastal and mangrove habitats but can sometimes be found far inland.
The adult has a purple-blue wings and back, black head and shoulders, white neck collar and throat, and rufous underparts. The large bill and legs are bright red. In flight, large white patches or 'mirrors' at the base of the primaries are visible on the blue and black wings. Sexes are similar, but juveniles are a duller version of the adult and show streaks on the throat.
Usually seen on coastal waters and especially in mangroves, it is easily disturbed, but perches conspicuously and dives to catch fish but also feeds on large insects. The flight of the black-capped kingfisher is rapid and direct, the short rounded wings whirring. | <urn:uuid:a7acd5bc-04c9-4479-a374-334f90b4772c> | {
"date": "2019-08-26T07:55:34",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-35",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027331228.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20190826064622-20190826090622-00176.warc.gz",
"int_score": 4,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9537453651428223,
"score": 3.5,
"token_count": 223,
"url": "http://www.india-birds.com/blackcappedkingfisher.aspx"
} |
We all know that water intake is important, but perhaps it helps to know how necessary it is for proper function. Keeping properly hydrated actually works to fight against illness and disease by keeping your immune system, blood, organs, and body cells fueled. Without adequate hydration, your skin, heart, brain, digestive system, bladder, kidneys and energy are all taxed. To give a more specific example, when you are dehydrated, your blood thickens, which can lead to higher blood pressure or higher blood cholesterol, two conditions that contribute to heart attacks and heart disease.
Whatever your health goals and health conditions are, the basics always apply. Improving your hydration is obviously a good idea, and yet it is a hard habit to improve for many people. When there is so much to learn about what to eat and what not to eat, you can at least start on a straight-forward goal like drinking 2 litres of water every day. Here are some practical tips below to make this a healthier and more hydrated year.
5 Tips to Drink More Water
1. Have More Than One Water Bottle
In order to get your 8 glasses of water a day, break it down and schedule it in. If you get a bedside glass carafe, you can drink one glass right when you wake up and one more before you go to bed. That already takes care of 2, and you ensure that you begin and end your day with hydration. If you spend a lot of time commuting, carry a water bottle in your bag or car and sip it on public transport or your vehicle. Leave one beautiful water bottle or glass on your desk or wherever you spend the majority of your day, so you can have a visual reminder to drink throughout the day.
2. Pair Water with Everyday Activities
It can be helpful to associate drinking water with activities you already do. Drinking a full glass of water before every meal not only helps you get closer to your water quota, but can help with portion control if you aren't going into a meal with a completely empty stomach. Ask yourself what other daily routines are good reminders to drink water. You can
3. Make it Clockwork
If you work well with schedules and deadlines, then set an alarm on your phone to go off every 2 hours to drink a glass of water. If you enjoy using your phone, or are often referring to it throughout the day anyway, make it your personal assistant with your hydration and health goals. There are a variety of free apps for both iOs and Android users that will send you reminder notifications and help you track your hydration level throughout the day.
4. Add Flavour
A common reason that people don't reach for water is because they prefer the taste of other beverages. In comparison, water "tastes like nothing." Make your water more appealing by infusing it with flavour. This can also help break up the monotony as well: add green tea ice cubes or cucumber slices to your morning water, refreshing mint leaves to your afternoon water, and a cinnamon stick or lavender to your evening water. Other options include picking 7 flavours you like and designate one for each day of the week, or switch to a new infusion mix every week. Freeze berries in ice cubes, layer different flavours, or mix with a bit of sparkling water to keep your taste buds from getting bored.
5. Partner Up & Reward Yourself
Accountability makes a huge difference when you're trying to build a new habit. It's a pretty good bet that you will be able to find someone in your life who also needs to drink more water and hasn't found a system that works for them yet. Ask someone who you trust to be committed to the goal with you, and create a partner system. Maybe you don't think twice about ignoring a water app, and having to text picture evidence of empty water glasses to a friend or family member will have a higher success rate for you.
Finally, don't forget about the power of a good treat as a reward for good behavior. Drinking water is a big step in taking care of your health, so you and your partner can encourage each other towards the treat you're hydrating towards!
Now that you've got some good ideas on how to build better hydration habits, go fill up a glass of water and get started! | <urn:uuid:e790b9fe-da59-4d67-b252-2be6dc134317> | {
"date": "2017-02-25T02:07:59",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-09",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501171646.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104611-00588-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.95567387342453,
"score": 2.75,
"token_count": 884,
"url": "http://www.canadadrugpharmacy.com/drinking-more-water-improves-health.asp"
} |
Individual differences |
Methods | Statistics | Clinical | Educational | Industrial | Professional items | World psychology |
Geoffrey Miller is a widely recognised evolutionary psychologist whose work is in the tradition of scientists such as Richard Dawkins, Daniel Dennett, and Steven Pinker. In Miller's view, evolution is driven not just by natural selection for survival, but by an equally important process that Darwin called sexual selection. In support of his views on sexual selection, he has written The mating mind: how sexual choice shaped the evolution of human nature. This revives and extends Darwin's suggestion that sexual selection through mate choice has been critical in human mental evolution—especially the more 'self-expressive' aspects of human behaviour, such as art, morality, language, and creativity. Identifying the 'survival value' of these traits has proved elusive, but their adaptive design features do suggest that they evolved through mutual mate choice by both sexes, to advertise intelligence, creativity, moral character, and heritable fitness. The supporting evidence includes human mate preferences, courtship behaviour, behaviour genetics, psychometrics, and life history patterns. The theory makes many testable predictions, and sheds new light on human cognition, motivation, communication, sexuality, and culture.
Miller believes that our minds evolved not as survival machines, but as courtship machines, and proposes that the human mind's most impressive abilities are courtship tools, which evolved to attract and entertain sexual partners. By switching from a survival-centred to a courtship-centred view of evolution, he attempts to show how we can understand the mysteries of mind. The main competing theories of human mental evolution are (1) selection for generalist foraging ability (i.e., hunting and gathering), as embodied in the work of researchers such as Hillard Kaplan and Kim Hill at the University of New Mexico, and (2) selection for social intelligence, as argued by Andrew Whiten, Robin Dunbar, and Simon Baron-Cohen.
He has published on visual perception, cognition, learning, robotics, neural networks, genetic algorithms, human mate choice, evolutionary game theory, and the origins of language, music, culture, intelligence, ideology, and consciousness. In particular, he studies human mental adaptations for judgment, decision-making, strategic behaviour, and communication in social and sexual domains. Apart from mutual mate-choice and sexual selection theory, this includes work on:
- human mental traits as fitness indicators (reliable cues of underlying phenotypic traits and genetic quality);
- social attribution heuristics, as adapted to the statistical structure of individual differences (including genetic and phenotypic covariances);
- animate motion perception mechanisms, as adapted to typical patterns of intentional movement; and
- consumer behavior (applications of evolutionary psychology in product design and aesthetics, marketing, advertising, branding, and the use of genetic algorithims for interactive online product design).
His clinical interests are the application of fitness indicator theory to understand the symptoms, demographics, and behaviour genetics of schizophrenia and mood disorders. His other interests include the origins of human preferences, aesthetics, utility functions, human strategic behaviour, game theory, experiment-based economics, the ovulatory effects on female mate preferences, and the intellectual legacies of Darwin, Nietzsche, and Veblen.
His research has provoked extensive media coverage. Currently, he is Assistant Professor of Psychology at the University of New Mexico.
He is currently writing his second book, Faking fitness: The evolutionary origins of consumer behavior.
- Miller, G The mating mind: how sexual choice shaped the evolution of human nature, London, Heineman, 2000 ISBN 0434007412 (also Doubleday. ISBN 0385495161)
- Online precis of The mating mind:
- Geoffrey Miller's homepage:
- Human Evolutionary Behavioral Sciences at the University of New Mexico webpage: fr:Geoffrey Miller (psychologue) | <urn:uuid:46dbb505-a3c7-42ad-8116-ca74d4fdd7e8> | {
"date": "2017-06-27T22:54:19",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-26",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128321938.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20170627221726-20170628001726-00217.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9124753475189209,
"score": 3.296875,
"token_count": 801,
"url": "http://psychology.wikia.com/wiki/Geoffrey_Miller_(evolutionary_psychologist)"
} |
Health researchers discovered the correlation by analyzing health data from some 2741 pregnancies -- data collected as for two surveys conducted by the Missouri Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS) in 2007 and 2008.
When women -- who were previously undiagnosed with any form of diabetes -- exhibit high blood glucose levels during pregnancy, its known as GDM. Though it usually resolves itself after the child is born, if can cause problems for mother and child (like growth abnormalities) if left untreated during the duration of pregnancy.
The surveys found that 8.3 percent of respondents had beed diagnosed with GDM. The most popular form of birth control among the diagnosed was hormonal contraception, which manipulates the endocrine system to prevent conception.
The analysis -- carried out by lead researcher Brittney A. Kramer, a project specialist at Missouri Department of Health and Senior Services -- showed those who used hormonal contraception had a 1.4 time higher chance of developing GDM.
Researchers said their study, published by the CDC, accounted for factors like age, race, education and income level, marital status, and quality and level of prenatal care.
But Dr. Sharon Sutherland, from the Cleveland Clinic's Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, told CBS News that the study has limitations. The study is missing information about how the contraception questions were worded, and about the exact timing and duration of their contraception use. She says further research is needed before any new medical advice can be gleaned.
CDC: Get your flu vaccine | <urn:uuid:5ec2084d-5875-4352-bcad-e61cce2023d4> | {
"date": "2014-09-21T02:34:24",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-41",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657134511.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011214-00037-ip-10-234-18-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9644854068756104,
"score": 3.078125,
"token_count": 309,
"url": "http://www.upi.com/Health_News/2014/07/17/Hormonal-contraceptives-increases-risk-of-gestational-diabetes/4611405632592/?spt=mps&or=4"
} |
It’s hard to imagine that the world hasn’t stopped. It’s hard to believe that everything keeps on going. When the horror of losing a child becomes a reality for you or someone that you love, you want to do something – anything – to help someone who has lost a baby, infant, or child.
The path after someone has lost a child seems so fraught with peril, normal comfort measures seem too stupid, too trite for someone who has experienced such a monumental loss. But you can’t simply ignore the reality: your friend has experienced one of the worst horrors a person can go through – they have lost a child. It is up to you to be there for them.
Here are some tips coping with after losing a child.
Processing The Grief After Losing A Child:
Grief is a process. Although parents would wish otherwise, grief cannot be bypassed or hurried; it must be allowed to happen. Parents do not go through grief and come out the
other side as before the loss. Grief changes parents. One approach to understanding bereavement, developed by Dr. J.W. Worden (2002), identifies grief not as a succession of phases through which a person passes with little or no control, but as four tasks for the bereaved person:
Accepting the reality of the loss:
When someone dies, there is always a sense that it hasn’t happened. The first task of grieving is to come full face with the reality that the child is dead, that the child is gone and will not return. The opposite of accepting the loss is not believing through some type of denial. Denial usually involves either the facts of the loss, the significance of the loss to the survivor, or the irreversibility of the loss. To accomplish this task, the parent must talk about the dead child and funeral, as well as the circumstances around the death.
Working through the pain of grief:
It is necessary to acknowledge and work through the pain of grief or it will manifest itself through some symptoms or atypical behavior. Not everyone experiences the same intensity of pain or feels it in the same way, but it is impossible to lose someone with whom you have been deeply attached without experiencing some level of pain. The negation of this second task is not to feel.
People may avoid feeling pain by using thought stopping procedures or by avoiding reminders of the child. Many emotions such as shock, anger, guilt and depression may be expressed. The bereaved need to allow themselves to indulge in the pain: to feel it and know that one day it will pass. Some say it is easier to express emotions with someone who knew the child or who can relate to the experience directly.
Adjusting To Life In Which Your Child Is Gone
Caring for a child takes an amazing amount of time and energy. Parents and other caregivers once consumed with the constant task of meeting the needs of a child are suddenly forced into inactivity. Where responsibility was, is now emptiness. During this adaptation to loss, people can work to avoid promoting their own helplessness by gradually re forming schedules and responsibilities. Creating meaningful rituals like a special memorial or keeping a journal or writing poetry are helpful components of completing this task.
Emotionally relocating the deceased and moving on with life:
Survivors sometimes think that if they withdraw their emotional attachment, they are somehow dishonoring the memory of the child. In some cases, parents are frightened by the prospect of having another baby because he or she might also die. For many people, this task is the most difficult one to accomplish. They may get stuck at this point and later realize that their life in some way stopped at the point the loss occurred.
Some bereavement experts note the grieving process includes not only the parent adapting to the loss and returning to functioning in their life, but also includes changing and maintaining their
relationship with the infant or child. It is normal for parents to report that they having an ongoing relationship with their child through their memories and mental life.
How To Cope With The Loss Of A Child:
No matter how deep your grief and pain, no matter how alone you feel, you are not alone.
Factors that may interfere with the grief process:
- Avoiding emotions
- Overactivity leading to exhaustion
- Use of alcohol or other drugs
- Unrealistic promises made to the deceased
- Unresolved grief from a previous loss
- Judgmental relationships
- Resentment of those who try to help
Complicated grief is delayed or incomplete adaptation to loss. In complicated grief, there is a failure to return, over time, to pre-loss levels of functioning, or to the previous state of emotional well-being. Grief may be more difficult in younger parents, women, and persons with limited social support, thus increasing their risk for complicated grief. The grief surrounding a child’s death is unique in its challenges and may necessitate professional counseling from the clergy, grief counselor, family physician, or mental health professional.
You are not to blame for the loss of your child.
The emotions experienced after the loss of a child can range from shock, to anger, to depression and back again. You may feel like you will never be whole again.
Many parents grieving the loss of a child have trouble sleeping. If that’s the case, ask a family doctor for a mild sedative. It’s very important to be rested as best as you can.
Grieving mothers and fathers may express their grief differently. A grieving mother may want to talk it out, while a grieving father may suffer in silence. This may cause both parents to feel like they cannot relate to each other
Grieving fathers may seek diversions – extra work or a new project – to cope with the loss of their child, hoping these diversions help them to stop thinking about their grief. They may have a hard time asking for help It may be especially difficult if one parent works at home, surrounded by the reminders of their lost child.
In the first weeks after a baby has died, the day of the week and hour of their death will be the most difficult time. After awhile, it may be the day of the month the child died. After awhile, it will stretch out to other anniversary dates, like the child’s birthday and holidays. What’s important is to focus upon what you need to happen during those days – if you need to get away from it all, do that. If you want to celebrate with family, do that. But make sure you do what is most important to you during those hard days.
Name your baby – if you’ve experienced a stillbirth or a miscarriage and haven’t named your child, yet, do so. This will help to give your baby an identity, and it will be comforting to you when friends and family call your baby by name.
Collect some mementos of your baby – you may feel too grief-stricken to think about keeping your baby’s things, but it is important. Later, you will realize how meaningful these hats, pictures, or stuffed animals can be.
if possible, be with your baby – even when he or she is dying. It may seem an insurmountable thing – to watch your baby die, but parents who have lost children say it is very important to do so if you can.
You’ll probably be asked about an autopsy. An autopsy may provide some answers as to why your child died and help provide some closure. It’s something you can elect to do or not do.
Invite friends and family to your baby’s funeral. While many people may not have met your child, having your loved ones with you can be very comforting. This is a chance for public recognition of your baby, a celebration of life.
Get into your grief, not out of it – many people want to rush around, keep busy, work harder, to have another baby – all to escape the grief. It doesn’t work that way. Your baby will live on forever in your heart and not acknowledging your loss may hinder the grieving process.
Take good care of yourself – grieving and loss depresses the mind and body. You may not want to eat, brush your teeth, take a shower, but you need to. Sometimes, the smallest step can make you feel very accomplished.
Write it out – write it here, for The Band, or in a private journal, but the act of putting words together in sentences can mean all the difference in the world.
Get help – talk to family and friends, and don’t be afraid to seek professional help from a grief counselor. There are many support groups available for grieving parents, which you may get from the NICU staff at your local hospital.
While you want to believe that you will recover quickly and entirely from the death of your child, that’s rarely the case. The journey through grief takes time and much work. The days will become less painful,
Admitting to themselves and others that their grief is overwhelming, unpredictable, painful, draining, and exhausting—that their grief should not be diminished or ignored.
Allowing themselves to be angry and acknowledging that they are vulnerable, helpless, and feeling disoriented.
Trying to understand that to grieve is to heal and that integrating grief into their lives is a necessity.
Acknowledging the need and desire to talk about the child who died as well as the moments and events that will be missed and never experienced with the child.
Maintaining a belief in the significance of their child’s life, no matter how short.
Creating memorial services and other rituals as ways to commemorate the child’s life.
Deriving support from religious beliefs, a sense of spirituality, or a personal faith.
Expressing feelings in journals, poetry, prayers, or other reflective writings or in art, music, or other creative activities.
Trying to be patient and forgiving with themselves and others and refraining from making hasty decisions.
Counting on, confiding in, and trusting those who care, listen, and hear, those who will walk with them, and not be critical of them, those who will try to understand their emotional and physical limitations, while also trying to understand and respect the limitations of their caretakers.
Increasing their physical activity and maintaining a healthful diet.Volunteering their services to organizations concerned with support for bereaved parents.
Obtaining help from traditional support systems, such as family, friends, professionals or religious groups, undergoing professional counseling, joining a parent support group, or acquiring information on the type of death that occurred as well as about their own grief.
Reassuring themselves and others that they were and still are loving parents.
Letting go of fear and guilt when the time seems right and the grief seems less.
Accepting that they are allowed to feel pleasure and continue their lives, knowing their love for the child transcends death.
How To Help A Friend Who Has Lost A Child:
When faced with the loss of a child, many people are afraid to say the wrong thing, so they say nothing. This is a mistake. Many people are afraid to bring up the deceased child, fearing it will open wounds and raw feelings. You may think that bringing it up will not help, but your friend has not forgotten for one second that her child has passed away – not saying the child’s name will only hurt the family because it will make the grieving family feel their child is forgotten
Comforting a Grieving Parent:
Send a photo or keepsake with the child’s name on it. It will be cherished by the grieving parents.
Send a card when you learn that your loved one has lost a child. They will hold onto these keepsakes for a long time.
If you don’t know what to say, tell your friend. Chances are, they don’t either. Simply knowing that they have someone patiently there with them can make all the difference.
If your friend begins to cry, don’t feel badly like it’s your fault. Grieving parents may cry a lot, and it’s not your fault. Just hold their hand or (if you’re in public together) take them some quiet place to allow them to calm down.
Not all grief looks the same. While some people will grieve the loss of their child by crying, not all will cry in front of you. That does not mean that they are “better” or “over it.” They will never be over it.
Grief is hellishly uncomfortable. If you begin to feel uncomfortable around your grieving loved one, stay anyway.
Ask, “can I help you with anything?” If your friend says no, ask again. Then ask again.
Figure out, through other friends or family members, what sort of help the grieving parents need and do it without being asked. Grief may make it very difficult to manage even the simplest tasks – they might not even know what they need.
Let your loved one talk about their lost child.
Share stories about the baby or child.
There is no time-line for grief.
When you visit, bring a bag of groceries, throw in a load of laundry, clean up the kitchen. Daily responsibilities are extremely difficult while in the throes of grief.
It’s okay if you only have fifteen minutes to stop by and visit. Do it anyway.
If you’ve agreed to help your friend, DO IT. Find someone else to do it, if you can’t manage it. Asking for help is REALLY hard, so if you’re asked, HONOR it.
Follow the lead of the parents. Discuss what they want. If they go to those places, you can discuss those things, but don’t try to steer it there. Sometimes, the grieving parents may want to talk about their child and the unfairness of it all, and other times they may want to hear funny stories or talk about reality TV.
Address the unfairness. People often worry about addressing how awful the situation is, but the parents want to hear that people get the hell they are in. The parents feel alone when they don’t think people understand how awful this is. Saying things like, “This is the worst thing. I am so sorry and sad that it had to happen to you and your child,” helps.
Food is very helpful. The last thing you want to do when mourning is worry about eating. There are always people around after a death, and the last thing you want to think about is feeding them. A gift of food also tells the parents they are loved.
If you’re financially able to, send some money to the grieving parents. The cost of a funeral for a child is high, and is often (especially if the loss of the child is not expected) not planned for.
Say or express something you never have before. If you have never told the person that you love them, come right out and tell them that you love them. If you’ve never held their hand, hold their hand. Give hugs. These expressions mean a lot.
Do not be afraid to take initiative.
Be there for your friends. Call, email, text. Tell them they don’t have to respond. Let them know you are thinking of them, and their child, all the time. Don’t drop away after the funeral – that’s when they’ll need you the most.
Be the kind of friend that you would want to have.
Remember the living children. When visiting, bring a toy or something you think the child would like.
Try to remember the dates that are associated with the loss. They may include:
- The anniversary of the child’s death.
- The date of the miscarriage.
- The due-date of the miscarriage.
- The birthday of the lost child.
- Your friend’s birthday
- Holidays like Mother’s Day and Father’s Day.
Make a donation to a specific cause or charity in honor of your friend’s lost child.
Be patient with your friend.
How NOT To Help A Friend Grieving The Death of a Child:
Don’t be afraid of intruding. You’re not.
Don’t be afraid of offering practical help. Your friend probably has no idea what he or she needs, so take some initiative.
Don’t avoid or ignore the grieving parents. They are already grieving a loss, and losing a friend or loved one only compounds it.
Don’t leave when you become uncomfortable. It will only make your friend feel worse – guilty about their grief.
Don’t avoid talking to your friend because you don’t know what to say.
Do not say, “It is for the best,” even if you believe it. It is trite, unfair bullshit.
Don’t shirk on promises – if you’ve agreed to do something for the grieving family, failing at your responsibilities will feel like a bigger slap in the face.
Don’t be hurt if the grieving parents say something mean or hurtful. They’re not quite themselves, which means they lash out. Be patient.
Religion is a potentially explosive way to comfort. Unless you absolutely know 100% the person will be comforted by mentions of faith, don’t go there. Religion is a very complicated thing in the wake of a child’s death, and they may be angry at God or confused as to how to incorporate the death of a child into the religion that they have known to have their best interests in mind.
Even if the grieving parents are intensely religious, they may be having a crisis of faith in the wake of a child’s death, and they could be angered/saddened by mention of religion.
Especially stay away from, “God wanted her more than you,” or “God needed her more.” I don’t care if it is the all powerful creator of the universe, you don’t tell any Mama that anyone wants her baby more than she does.
So many people hate seeing their loved one in such pain and want to fix it. Consequently, they start talking about how you have to move on, that you will see them again, the child is with God, it will get better in time, etc. – all things they think will “fix it.” Don’t try to do this.
Don’t be afraid to bring up the lost child – the grieving parents will already be thinking of their child.
If your friend doesn’t want to discuss their lost child or their feelings, accept that and move on to another topic.
Don’t say, “I know how you feel,” because you do not. It minimizes the grief and grieving they’re going through.
Don’t say, “I don’t know how you do it.” Your friend does it because he or she has to.
Don’t mention silver linings. That feels condescending and rude.
Don’t put a time-table on grief. No one knows how long it will take to grieve the loss of a child, so don’t expect that your friend will simply “get over it” in a specific period of time. They won’t.
Don’t refer to the child in impersonal ways – instead, use the child’s name. It may feel uncomfortable to you, but it will remind your friend that the world has not, in fact, forgotten their lost child.
Don’t forget about the siblings of the lost child. Not only have they lost a brother or sister, they’ve lost their parents during the grieving process.
Never discount your gut. If your friend seems to be suicidal or is beginning to isolate, seek professional help.
Don’t forget the anniversary dates – almost no one remembers the second anniversary of a child’s death. This makes parents feel as though the world has forgotten their child.
Don’t be afraid to show emotion. Many people feel they have to be strong for their friends, that they can’t cry or show emotion. You can be strong AND be emotional. If tears come, don’t fight them. This shows your friends that you, too, are crushed and sad and lost.
Page last audited 8/2018 | <urn:uuid:1381b383-6521-4c00-a4dc-35ab2fad740d> | {
"date": "2019-04-22T14:15:59",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-18",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578555187.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20190422135420-20190422161420-00056.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9583528637886047,
"score": 2.75,
"token_count": 4320,
"url": "https://bandbacktogether.com/master-resource-links-2/loss-resources/coping-with-the-loss-of-a-child/"
} |
2013 ISBN 9780495913252Edition
Published: 2012 by
Cengage Learning US
Available for purchase on CengageBrain.com
Available formats and resources for instructors
A Brief History of Japanese Civilization (Print)
This compelling text explores the development of Japan through its art, religion, literature, and thought as well as through its economic, political, and social history. The author team combines strong research with extensive classroom teaching experience to offer a clear, consistent, and highly readable text that is accessible to students with no previous knowledge of the history of Japan.
eBook: A Brief History of Japanese Civilization
This eBook is provided in VitalSource format. It is accessible on and offline on Mac, PC, Android & iOS.
Interested in instructor materials?
Cengage Learning verify all requests before sharing instructor materials
Sampling is only provided to Australia, NZ & Pacific Island locations | <urn:uuid:5a4b767a-d9a9-47b2-b6a7-deb5857f30da> | {
"date": "2017-03-27T10:49:27",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-13",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218189471.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212949-00481-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8470057249069214,
"score": 2.890625,
"token_count": 185,
"url": "https://cengage.com.au/product/title/a-brief-history-of-japanese-civilization/isbn/9780495913252"
} |
Watercolor for Beginners
No medium can match the delicate luminosity of transparent watercolor. It has a freshness and immediacy that can’t easily be duplicated with oil or acrylic. No wonder the medium is so popular! However, painting with watercolors can be difficult. It is a hard medium to master, largely because it can be unforgiving and unpredictable. Mistakes are difficult to correct, and its fluid nature makes it hard to control. Yet it’s these very qualities that give the medium its undeniable charm. Learning to work with—and even exploit—the behavior of pigment-laden water on paper is a rewarding challenge.
Artists have used water-based paints for centuries, but not until the late 1700s, as paint- and paper-making technology improved, did a form of watercolor that we would recognize today appear. Watercolor is a simple medium, made with pigment and gum arabic, and is applied with a brush and water to white paper, resulting in a purity and clarity unmatched by other painting media. Despite, or perhaps because of, its simplicity, watercolor paints can be subtle or glowingly expressive. Enjoy reading through this all-in-one guide for how to paint with watercolor for beginners.
Enter your email address for a free eBook on how to paint with watercolor:
Learn to Watercolor Paint with These Brush Tips
Good brushes are indispensable watercolor supplies. For the neophyte, high-quality brushes are a great investment and will last a long time with proper care. Working with inadequate brushes is frustrating, while using good brushes makes learning new watercolor painting techniques much easier.
Good watercolor brushes are made with natural hair or synthetic fiber. The very best (and most expensive) natural-hair brushes are made with kolinsky sable. Red sable brushes aren’t as expensive as kolinsky but are of excellent quality. Sable brushes have a spring that makes them very responsive to the artist’s hand. Synthetic brushes today rival the quality of sable and are more durable, so they are a good value for the artist.
- Round: Its hairs form a round tip; these brushes are the most common and most useful because they can make lines as well as broad strokes. They’re graded by size, Nos. 00000 to 24; a good basic selection of rounds would include Nos. 3, 5 and 12.
- Flat: The tip has a straight edge that produces an angular stroke. These are ideal for laying down large areas of even color and defining precise edges. Sizes are measured in inches along the flat edge; a good selection includes ½-inch, ¾-inch and 1-inch brushes.
- Wash: These large, flat brushes can hold a lot of paint, allowing the artist to lay large washes. A 1½-inch and a 3-inch are the most useful.
- Liner: A small round brush with a pointed tip is good for making fine, thin lines and for signing a finished painting; keep a No. 1 on hand.
- Mop: A large, round brush made with soft hairs can hold a lot of water when wet or soak up a lot of water when thirsty. A mop is useful for wetting large areas of paper or blotting or blending paint that is already applied. A No. 12 is handy.
- Rigger: This brush has very long, thin hairs that come to a precise point; it renders very fine, long lines.
- Hake: This wide, flat brush has a flat handle and is useful for laying down large washes.
- Don’t let brushes rest bristle-down in water for any length of time.
- Rinse in cold water after use.
- Shake out excess water and shape with fingers; dry lying flat.
- Store brushes bristles-up in a jar.
Learn to Watercolor Paint on Different Papers
Watercolor paper comes in a variety of thicknesses and textures; good paper is made from 100-percent cotton rag, though some artists are fond of synthetic paper. Thickness is indicated by weight, given in grams per square meter (gsm) or pounds per ream (lb). Standard weights are 150 gsm/72 lb, 190 gsm/90 lb, 300 gsm/140 lb, 356 gsm/260 lb and 638 gsm/300 lb.
The characteristics of watercolor paper, such as whiteness and texture, differ by manufacturer; sampling the various watercolor papers and sketchbooks is recommended.
- Cold-pressed paper is pressed flat between felt sheets and has a distinct texture or tooth; it’s the most versatile and popular paper.
- Hot-pressed paper is run through hot rollers that flatten the surface and create a smooth, finely grained texture with almost no tooth. It’s less absorbent, so pigments look brighter on the surface.
- Rough paper is not pressed during manufacturing and has a prominent tooth that lets pigment particles settle in the indentations, creating a grainy texture.
- Synthetic paper is water-resistant, so it won’t buckle. Made of polypropylene, it has an extremely smooth surface.
Watercolor is made with finely ground pigments suspended in gum arabic, a water-soluble sap from the acacia tree, and may also contain small amounts of glycerine, glucose or formaldehyde. When the water evaporates, the gum arabic binds the pigment to the paper. Gouache, also called body color, has a composition similar to watercolor but with white pigment added to make it opaque.
Watercolors are very stable and unlikely to decay, but the pigments vary in permanence. The American Society for Testing and Materials (now ASTM International) rates the permanence of watercolors in three grades: I is permanent, with excellent lightfastness; II is very good lightfastness; III is impermanent and not lightfast; IV is poor lightfastness. Since each manufacturer’s paint formulations differ, check the ASTM rating on the label.
Watercolor paints come highly concentrated in tubes or in small, dry blocks called pans. Since the ratio of paint to binder is much lower than in oils and acrylics, the different qualities of the ground pigments are much more evident in the finished painting. Some watercolor paints are transparent, some opaque; some stain the paper, some don’t; and some are granular; that is, the small particles settle in the depressions of paper, creating a distinct texture.
Safety and Cleanup
There are no dangerous solvents used with watercolor. Gum arabic is nontoxic; in fact, it’s used in food and the lickable glue on envelopes. Watercolors clean up easily with mild soap and water.
As with the pigments used in oils and acrylics, those used in watercolors vary in toxicity. Any paint made with lead, cadmium, barium, chrome or zinc should be handled carefully to avoid accidental ingestion. Don’t eat or drink when using the paints, and keep your hands and brushes out of your mouth.
- Palette: There are many different styles of palettes for watercolors, which at the minimum must be flat, white and impervious to water. The most popular are rectangular in shape with wells along the sides and a flat area for mixing in the center. (The palette shown below is a traveling palette.)
- Water containers: These must be unbreakable with wide mouths. Have at least two on hand—one for water to dilute the paint and one for washing the brushes while working.
- Sponges: Use a sponge to soak up excess water from brushes or to moisten the paper and create textures in wet paint.
- Scrapers: Manipulate paint on the paper with palette knives, a credit card or even the tips of brush handles.
- Pencil: This is for preliminary drawing.
- Masking fluid and tape: These let you preserve the white of the paper.
- Towels and tissues: Dry brushes and blot the paper with these.
- Spray bottle: Use a spritzer to keep paint from drying out on the palette and to create special effects when painting. (The spritzer pictured here is adequate for painting en plein air. A larger one is better for your studio.)
- Washes: The basic watercolor technique is the wash, an application of paint to produce a unified field of color. A wash is applied with a loaded brush in a series of even, horizontal strokes, each stroke barely overlapping the stroke above, pulling the paint downward. The wash can be graded by adding more or less water with each stroke.
- Glazes: A glaze is the application of paint over a dried layer so the underlying color shows through. Layers of diluted color can be applied to build up a controlled color transition.
- Wet-on-dry: In wet-on-dry, a wet brush is used on dry paper. Wet-on-dry offers more control because the colors don’t run together and the individual strokes are retained.
- Wet-into-wet: In wet-into-wet, paint is applied to moist or damp paper, allowing the colors to run together in an unpredictable manner, creating soft edges and diffuse distributions of color.
- Dry-brush: Dragging an almost dry brush with a small amount of paint over the surface of dry paper leaves deposits of paint on the bumps and ridges of the paper. It works best on rough paper.
- Mix more paint than you think you need.
- Don’t over mix the paint.
- Clean the threads of a paint tube before screwing the cap back on.
- Use the largest brush suitable for the purpose; small brushes encourage timidity and fussiness.
- Remember that watercolors lighten as they dry.
How do I avoid dull, muddy colors?
One of the great attractions of watercolor is its clean, luminous color. To preserve this freshness, use clean water and brushes so you don’t contaminate the colors on your palette. When mixing colors, try to use only two colors—three at the most. Don’t over-mix the colors on the palette, and don’t over-brush once it’s on the paper. “Get in and get out” is my motto.
How do I get whites and highlights?
If you plan right, the white of the paper can be preserved for light areas. Apply paint around the white areas or use a mask that can be removed when the paint dries. (Be aware that removing masking from damp paper may be difficult.) Once you apply color to the paper, it can be blotted with a dry brush, sponge or tissue while wet, or scrubbed with a brush when dry. You can also use white gouache to create highlights and white areas.
How can I avoid blooms?
Blooms or backruns occur when one wash floods into another that hasn’t dried completely. The movement displaces the previous deposit of pigments, creating an irregular “blossom.” Some artists welcome these accidental qualities, but to prevent blooms, you must avoid touching a loaded brush to moist color.
Do I need to stretch watercolor paper before painting?
Lightweight paper will buckle when wet unless it’s stretched. Soak the paper in clean water for 10 to 15 minutes; then attach it to a flat board with tape, staples, tacks or glue and allow it to dry. The paper shrinks as it dries, creating tension across the surface. Cut the finished painting from the board. Many artists prefer to paint on heavier paper to avoid the effort of stretching it and to preserve the natural deckled edges.
Want more great watercolor painting techniques & tips geared toward beginners? With these instructional & fun watercolor painting books & videos you’ll take your watercolor painting to the next level: | <urn:uuid:716922b0-e68e-485a-8133-02fb258bd6b4> | {
"date": "2018-08-22T08:05:10",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-34",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221219692.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20180822065454-20180822085454-00256.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.928631603717804,
"score": 2.59375,
"token_count": 2522,
"url": "https://www.artistsnetwork.com/art-mediums/watercolor/all-in-one-guide-to-watercolor-for-beginners/"
} |
Voyager Reading and Writing for Today’s Adults is one of several comprehensive workbook sets that provide a systematic approach to basic reading and writing skills, and is available through the literacy office (the others are Challenger, Reading for Today, and Laubach Way to Reading). Voyager has always been the largest workbook set, with nine levels and several workbook pieces such as puzzle books, vocabulary books, and writing additions.
Based on new research, Voyager has undergone a complete redesign. The series now starts at level .5 and goes through 3rd grade, providing a solid foundation of instruction that includes phonics and word recognition strategies as well as the writing process. In addition, each lesson includes reading, writing and critical thinking skills development. Another big shift in the series comes upon completion of level 3, where an adult learner will now move into the Endeavor series.
Endeavor 3 begins where Voyager 3 leaves off—at the 3rd grade reading level. The series is built for fluency, vocabulary and reading comprehension skills. Endeavor passages are longer and more complex and the books will take a dedicated learner up to the 8th grade level. An interesting difference with Endeavor is that the units can be approached in any order within the book and aren’t sequential. Each level has a consistent ten categories that focus on one topic important to adult students: work, health, family, community, school and education, civics and government, sports and recreation, housing and transportation, food, and consumerism and money. There is a Teacher’s Resource Guide that matches each student copy and includes instructional notes and photocopy masters.
A quick way to think of the new structure:
Voyager=learning to read
Endeavor =reading to learn
To find out more, or to speak with a literacy specialist about using this series with your adult learner, call the literacy office at 918-549-7400. | <urn:uuid:a689353d-3d06-4526-976c-93e46a59aa90> | {
"date": "2015-03-02T12:56:00",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-11",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936462762.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074102-00287-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9514455795288086,
"score": 2.796875,
"token_count": 402,
"url": "http://tulsalibrary.org/blog/adult-literacy-curriculum-focus-voyager-and-endeavor-series"
} |
It is the smallest instrument of strings bowed class, and its sound is treble. It is considered as the most important instrument of an orchestra.
The strings of modern violins are made with metal and the bow's shape is concave. To play it, the instrumentist lays the chin on the instrument in a piece called chin rest.
The called old or baroque violin had gut strings and its bow had a convex shape, such as the hunting bows, and this shape allowed three strings being played simultaneously. In this case, the musician did not put the chin on the instrument.
During colonial period, in Brazil and Portugal, the violin was known as rabeca.
Watch this video to find out more about violin. | <urn:uuid:6f61e43e-31fe-4abd-9a8b-7d2b2c6acb6a> | {
"date": "2018-07-22T06:32:13",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-30",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676593051.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20180722061341-20180722081341-00216.warc.gz",
"int_score": 4,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9849919676780701,
"score": 3.890625,
"token_count": 150,
"url": "http://musicabrasilis.com/instruments/violin"
} |
The article below “Prehistoric Iranian Toys or Votive Carts?” was originally posted in Tavoos on December 21, 2016. The version posted below has been edited along with an additional photo (and accompanying captions) also inserted into the text.
Readers further interested in the pre Mede-Achaemenid era of ancient Iran may wish to click the below item:
These animal figurines shown in this article mounted on little carriages are part of a valuable deposit that was on display at the Louvre Museum in Paris. The relics were unearthed in Susa, southwestern Iran, in the early 20th century.
They are part of a valuable deposit unearthed by French mining engineer and archaeologist Jean-Jacques de Morgan (1857 – 1924) at Susa, southwest Iran, near the temple of Inshushinak. The collection of objects consists in a wide range of items assembled under the brilliant Shutrukid dynasty in the late second millennium BC. A number of animals on casters, tablets and wheels found in isolation indicate the widespread existence of these mobile objects, toys or votive carts, at Susa.
Close up of one the wheeled toys (?) carts with lion on top (Elamite era, c. 1150 BCE), discovered near the temple of Inshushinak (Source: Tavoos).
Morgan’s aim was twofold: first, to reveal the evidences of Elamite civilization, the importance of which was indirectly known by allusions from the Assyrians who destroyed Susa in 648 B.C.E. Second, to discover the very “origins” of eastern civilization, which Morgan assumed to have stemmed from Susiana. Consequently, Darius’s palace was considered as “low period” and the work was centered on the thirty-eight-meter-high Acropolis. To start with, however, there was the surprise discovery of a series of impressive examples of Babylonian civilization brought as war booty in the twelfth century B. C. by an Elamite conqueror. No immediate decision was taken about these findings but in 1900 Mozafaraldin Shah Qajar signed a special treaty was signed in 1900 by granting to France, all the antiquities found or would be discovered in Susa. In this way Louvre was to function as the depository of a complete set of archaeological material, which was unprecedented among archaeological expeditions. The initial shipment in 1901 was of unique importance, containing the Code of Hammurabi, the victory stele of Naram-Sin and Elamite antiquities such as a large bronze table displaying the unique skill of the Elamite metalworkers of the time.
Twelfth century BCE Elamite brick panel decoration from Susa’s outer wall of the temple of Inshushinak, Susa depicting a Man-Bull deity guarding a (sacred?) palm tree (Source: Jastrow (2005) in Public Domain). This is currently housed at the Department of Oriental Antiquities at the Louvre Museum.
Susa bears exceptional testimony to the Elamite, Persian and Parthian civilizations and cultural traditions. The modern Iranian town of Shush is located at the site of ancient Susa.
The function of these animals on casters remains unclear, however. Terra-cotta specimens have also been found at Susa (Louvre Museum, sb19324), raising the question as to whether they should be considered as toys or as votive carts carrying figurines. Susian children in the Middle-Elamite court may have played with them, pulling the little carts along with a piece of string. Scholars have also pointed to the religious connotation of human or animal figurines on wheels, suggesting they were purely votive offerings. Of course a toy could become an offering, dedicated to a divinity or buried alongside a deceased person.
Three of the Elamite children’s toys (?) (c. 1150 BCE) from the cache find at the temple of Inshushinak: a lion and hedgehog (sitting atop carts) as well as a standing dove (Source: Tavoos).
These works are part of a group of objects known as the “temple of Inshushinak cache,” found on the Susa acropolis near the temple of the god Inshushinak, whose name means “Lord of Susa.” These precious objects from various periods were gathered together in a sort of hiding-place in the late second millennium BC. They included animals on casters, bronze statuettes of praying figures, circuit games (Louvre Museum, sb2911, sb2912), jewelry and gold ingots. The interpretation of this treasure-trove, like that of the neighboring “golden statuette find” (Louvre Museum, sb2758), remains unclear, but both reflect the far-reaching influence of the Shutrukid dynasty, whose sovereigns sought to pay tribute to the god Inshushinak, particularly on the Susa acropolis, the religious center of Elam. | <urn:uuid:86945e30-bad8-402f-a7a4-9c48f906efd7> | {
"date": "2019-06-20T08:42:38",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-26",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627999163.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20190620065141-20190620091141-00376.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9534085988998413,
"score": 3.09375,
"token_count": 1064,
"url": "http://kavehfarrokh.com/category/elam/"
} |
You have decided to reduce your carbon footprint. You are making changes to the way you live, like buying hybrid cars and opening the window instead of using the air conditioner. You walk more and you drive less. However, what many do not realize is that if your goal is to reduce carbon emissions as efficiently as possible, Carbon offsets make perfect sense.
Carbon offsets are a popular way to go green and can be used in addition to lifestyle changes. But, they are often misunderstood. The first thing you need to know is that offsets can’t actually reduce emissions created by you at home. Often people cannot change the way they live. Consumers who purchase Carbon offsets realize that simple things such as using their hot water heater or travelling by airplane all contribute to Global Warming. So, they volunteer to compensate for their part in the growing problem through Carbon offsets.
The approach is simple. To start, you need to understand your own carbon footprint. Retail businesses who sell carbon offsets often calculate this for you based on how much carbon you give off using their product. For example, how much electricity you use in your home. They can then provide you carbon offsets that match your output.
Buying carbon offsets is a relatively straightforward process and can be compared to buying and selling shares in a stock market. No physical asset changes hands. It starts when a socially responsible business is authorized to sell certificates for the amount of carbon emissions they can reduce. Each certificate represents a small portion or share of that reduction. The businesses might be achieving emission-reduction through altered practices such as thermal energy retrofits; or through emission-friendly projects like reforestation or methane landfill recovery. Whatever it is, it must be proven to have eliminated emissions that would have normally existed otherwise without the funding. The certificates are then branded Carbon offsets and sold widely to consumers who want to “offset” their own carbon footprint. At last, when you buy a Carbon offset through your local reseller you are sending support to companies who are investing in carbon emission reduction.
Big or small, everyone has a carbon footprint. Your first step is to reduce emissions wherever you can. What can’t be eliminated, can be offset. A combination of reducing and offsetting will help lead you towards a Carbon Neutral lifestyle and provide for a cleaner tomorrow. | <urn:uuid:3fbc09f9-c402-4bab-bad9-3f5be8a876b4> | {
"date": "2018-02-20T04:01:29",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-09",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891812873.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20180220030745-20180220050745-00256.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9532138705253601,
"score": 3.15625,
"token_count": 469,
"url": "http://www.summitt.ca/what-are-carbon-offsets"
} |
A FORMER North Wales mustard gas and munitions factory is set to become a haven for historians and environmentalists after a massive £2.5m clean up.
The transformation at the old Valley Factory at Rhydymwyn, near Mold, involved demolishing buildings, landscaping and capping polluted tips.
Yesterday UK Rural Affairs Minister Alun Michael unveiled a commemorative plaque to the people who worked there during World War II.
Shut by the Ministry of Defence soon after the war, the 140-acre site was later used as a depot by the former Ministry of Agriculture, before being closed altogether 15 years ago.
Now managed by Defra, it is going to be opened up to conservation and local history groups.
A Defra spokesman said: "There is public interest in making the site accessible and we will provide information and set up arranged visits.
"An exhibition with old pictures of people working at the site and information on the history of the site, will also be on display for the first time."
The site, which has been largely undisturbed for many years, has become a haven for wildlife.
Bats use the disused buildings as feeding areas and an extensive variety of plants and animals have become extablished there.
At yesterday's ceremony Mr Michael said efforts to make the site safe were a good example of how communities, local authorities and environmental organisations can work together.
"The Valley Factory's history as a former munitions site has made it a source of understandable curiosity, not to say mystery," he said.
"The new exhibition and our plans to open the site to history and environmental groups will hopefully go some way to explain what really went on and is a tribute to all those who worked there." | <urn:uuid:afacc271-6d5c-4f70-92b0-553a7fb8906b> | {
"date": "2017-11-22T04:32:46",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-47",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806455.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20171122031440-20171122051440-00256.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9747313261032104,
"score": 2.53125,
"token_count": 351,
"url": "http://www.dailypost.co.uk/news/north-wales-news/xa325m-clean-up-for-gas-factory-2939129"
} |
Drugs May Restore Blood-Brain Barrier
Research led by Queen Mary, Univ. of London, has opened up the possibility that drug therapies may one day be able to restore the integrity of the blood-brain barrier, potentially slowing or even reversing the progression of diseases like multiple sclerosis (MS). The study, funded by the Wellcome Trust, is published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a layer of cells, including endothelial cells, which line the blood vessels in the brain and spinal cord. These cells act as a barrier, stopping certain molecules, including immune cells and viruses, passing from the blood stream into the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord).
In a number of neurodegenerative brain diseases, including MS, the BBB is compromised, allowing inappropriate cells to pass into the brain with devastating consequences.
In this study the researchers identified a specific protein – known as Annexin A1 (ANXA1) – as being integral in maintaining the BBB in the brain. The authors initially found that mice bred to lack this protein showed a decrease in integrity of the BBB compared to controls.
Taking this finding, they then investigated the potential role of ANXA1 in conditions which involve progressive breakdown of the BBB, including MS and Parkinson’s disease, by examining post-mortem human brain tissue samples. ANXA1 was present in the cells of samples from individuals who did not have a neurological disease and also in samples from patients who had died with Parkinson’s disease. However, it was not detectable in the endothelial cells in samples from patients who had died with MS.
Crucially, the researchers found that treating in vitro brain endothelial cells with human recombinant ANXA1 restored the key cellular features needed to reinstate the integrity of the BBB. The same was seen with the ANXA1 knockout mice, where administering the protein reversed the permeability of the BBB within 24 hours.
Egle Solito, from Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, part of Queen Mary, who coordinated the study says, “Our findings suggest this protein plays a key role in maintaining a functioning BBB and, more importantly, has the potential to rescue defects in the BBB. We now need to carry on our research to see how much this molecule may be exploited for therapeutic uses in conditions such as MS, or as a biomarker to help in early diagnosis.” | <urn:uuid:aadf4c77-11ba-4cc2-b38e-409ca2698162> | {
"date": "2014-10-01T22:23:31",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-41",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1412037663611.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20140930004103-00264-ip-10-234-18-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9620233178138733,
"score": 2.953125,
"token_count": 513,
"url": "http://www.laboratoryequipment.com/news/2013/01/drugs-may-restore-blood-brain-barrier"
} |
How We Work
Our dog-handler teams are capable of providing a service unlike any other field research practice.
Instead of approaching an issue one factor (or species) at a time, we locate and provide data on multiple facets of any given ecosystem, at rates unmatched by other techniques. This broad-scale information points researchers toward the best actions to take to successfully rehabilitate ecosystems and increase the long-term resilience of species against future impacts.
We are on the leading-edge in the selection, training and fielding of our dogs.
Training and maintenance of the skills of our dogs has long been our primary focus for success in this field and we are incredibly proud of our work thus far, meeting and exceeding the highest standards for success.
Our teams provide valuable information to natural resource managers, researchers and conservation organizations leading to important conservation outcomes, including:
Identification of the stressors most responsible for the decline of Southern Resident killer whales between Washington and British Columbia, determining necessary actions to reduce toxin exposure, disturbance from whale watching vessels and the effect of the decreased population of Chinook salmon, the whale’s primary prey;
Location of endangered caribou herds in Alberta, Canada, preventing construction of roads that would otherwise have destroyed the critical lichen habitats upon which this species depends;
Expansion of the known range of the endangered pacific pocket mouse, a small but very critical species for maintaining the function of threatened sage-scrub ecosystems, digging burrows that increase nutrient cycling in the soil, dispersing seeds and encouraging plant growth.
Identification of the encroachment of the invasive barred owl as the primary stressor responsible for the decline in spotted owl populations in the pacific northwest.
Our services include:
- Customized study protocol creation
- Sample collection and storage
- Laboratory analysis
Our handlers are trained and equipped to collect track logs of surveys on Garmin handhelds, Dataloggers, and HP Ipaqs. In addition, for each sample we complete a customized electronic form that is spatially linked to a GPS location that can easily be imported into ESRI files as well as Google Earth. Customized forms can include characteristics of the scat, confidence in the scat identification, habitat characteristics, as well as link the sample to the team, time, and location of the sample.
A program of the University of Washington's Center For Conservation Biology
Content © 2018 by Conservation Canines
Photos © Jaymi Heimbuch Photography, LLC. Contact directly for image licensing and permissions. | <urn:uuid:45d0a91f-c936-4374-b8ae-6140e45788ac> | {
"date": "2018-08-16T00:04:09",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-34",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221210387.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20180815235729-20180816015729-00416.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9185421466827393,
"score": 2.578125,
"token_count": 511,
"url": "https://conservationcanines.org/how-we-work"
} |
Architects chosen to design Cologne Jewish Museum on site of ancient synagogue
by Samuel D. Gruber
Another Jewish Museum is planned for Europe, this time in the ancient city of Cologne, the site of the oldest physical remains of a Jewish community in Germany. The new museum project, which has been discussed for some time, received an official launch on June 13th when the prominent and critically acclaimed German architectural firm of Wandel Hoefer Lorch + Hirsch was chosen winner of an international competition for the museum design. Among the firm's many projects are the recently completed (2007) Jewish Museum and synagogue in Munich. The decision is not yet final, the town senate will decide in August. There remain many concerns about the financing of the project.
The impetus for the museum comes from new excavations of the Jewish quarter of Cologne, right around and underneath the town hall, as well as a dramatic increase in the city's Jewish population which has tripled in the past 15 years. Inter-city rivalry certainly plays a factor. There are now major Jewish museums in many German cities (Munich, Frankfort, Berlin) and smaller Jewish monuments and galleries in scores of other German localities.
The museum is expected to open in 2010 or soon thereafter. The planning, design and construction will take place contemporaneously with the extensive and important archaeological excavations now in progress on the site of Cologne's ancient and medieval synagogue, and its extensive medieval Jewish quarter. The museum, a private-public partnership, will be erected over the site of the old synagogue, the remains of which will be visible from the museum, but will be administered separately as part of the extensive archeology preserve in the area, already one of the largest accessible underground archaeological museums in Europe. Next door is the medieval mikveh, which has been partially visible to tourists for decades beneath a glass pyramid. Archaeologists and historians are concerned that the construction of the new museum should not disrupt the excavation or destroy the ancient remains.
In recent years city archaeologist Sven Scheutte has been investigating the synagogue and adjacent areas, which were first excavated in the 1950s in the wake of the destruction of the area as the result of World War II allied bombing. Those excavations, by Otto Doppelfield, were hurried due to the demands of reconstruction, but still they revealed four distinct phases of synagogue building, the earliest of which Doppelfield dated to the 11th century. Scheutte has determined that the synagogue originated in antiquity, and the mikveh dates at least from the early Carolingian period, since its masonry shows distinctive cracks from an earthquake, probably of 789. It is hoped that extensive new excavations begun in the fall of 2007 will determine the early phases of the synagogue, and whether it was continuously used from the 4th century C.E. following, or whether there was a break. In either case, it is clear that the museum project will link Germany's oldest Jewish building with its newest.
Wandel Hoefer Lorch + Hirsch designed several important Jewish buildings and monuments in Germany in recent years, often as the result of competitions. Among the best known projects are the synagogues in Dresden and Munich, and the Holocaust monument at the Grünwald Train station in Berlin, which commemorates the deportation
of thousands of Jews to concentration and death camps; and the monument at the former prison and concentration camp at Hinzert (near Saarbrücken). All of the firms are site specific. Some, like Grünwald, are modest and intimate, others like Munich are monumental. The Cologne project would be one of the most complex – since it must integrate many layers of history, and also serve as an important urban link in the heart of city. | <urn:uuid:6b91342a-2beb-47ae-a9ff-d52bcb8feffb> | {
"date": "2017-01-19T14:52:12",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-04",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280718.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00248-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9598817229270935,
"score": 2.703125,
"token_count": 766,
"url": "http://www.isjm.org/SitesMonuments/Europe/Germany/Cologne/tabid/168/Default.aspx"
} |
They came for her late one evening last March, as Berta Cáceres prepared for bed. A heavy boot broke the back door of the safe house she had just moved into. Her colleague and family friend, Gustavo Castro, heard her shout, “Who’s there?” Then came a series of shots. He survived. But the most famous and fearless social and environmental activist in Honduras died instantly. She was 44 years old. It was a cold-blooded political assassination.
Berta Cáceres knew she was likely to be killed. Everybody knew. She had told her daughter Laura to prepare for life without her. The citation for her prestigious Goldman Environmental Prize, awarded in the United States less than a year before, noted the continued death threats, before adding: “Her murder would not surprise her colleagues, who keep a eulogy – but hope to never have to use it.”
“I knew she was afraid,” said Maria Santos Dominguez, who lives in the remote indigenous village of Rio Blanco in the country’s mountainous west, where Cáceres was the national face of a campaign against a dam on a river sacred to the Lenca people. “It was too much for her. I could tell.”
Most believe it was that campaign, against the Agua Zarca dam on the Gualcarque River, that provided the motive for her murder, one of a rash of recent killings of environmental and social activists in Honduras.
Honduras, says the international human rights group Global Witness, is “the deadliest country in the world to defend the natural world.” At least 109 people have been killed for taking a stand against dams, mines, logging, and agricultural projects in Honduras since a military coup there in 2009 installed a government that was quickly supported by the U.S. State Department. Global Witness catalogues the killings of environmental and human rights campaigners around the world, and its latest report revealed that 2015 was the most dangerous year on record to be an environmental activist.
Cáceres was only the most high-profile victim of a worldwide epidemic that saw nearly 200 deaths during the past year. “The environment is emerging as a new battleground for human rights,” Global Witness found. With demand for products like timber, minerals, and palm oil on the rise, companies are exploiting land with little regard for the people who live on it, according to the report, which noted that increasingly, “communities that take a stand are finding themselves in the firing line of companies’ private security, state forces and a thriving market for contract killers.”
And 2017 has already seen more. Another former Goldman Prize winner, Mexican indigenous leader and opponent of illegal logging Isidro Baldenegro was shot dead in January.
Yale Environment 360 has investigated the circumstances surrounding the killings of environmental activists on three continents — probing cases in Honduras, Malaysia, and South Africa. Two things emerge strongly: First, the frequent characterization of the activists as environmentalists only tells part of the story. Their campaigns run much deeper and are often rooted in the social identity of minority groups — in Cáceres’s case, the indigenous Lenca people of Honduras.
And second, while lone thugs and gangsters often end up in court, there is frequently a conspiracy of actors engaged in silencing the activists. As Global Witness’s chief campaigner on the issue, Billy Kyte, puts it: “These are not isolated incidents — they are symptomatic of a systematic assault on remote and indigenous communities by state and corporate actors.”
According to Honduran prosecutors, of the eight people so far arrested in connection with the death of Cáceres, six have links to government security services, including an elite military squad trained by U.S. Special Forces. And two of those charged have alleged links to the Honduran company behind the dam project, Desarrollos Energeticas SA, including a security chief and the man in charge of its environmental policies. Yale Environment 360 has learned that the cases against those charged are being built based on records of mobile phone calls made around the time of the crime.
In a statement, the company said it “has not given any declaration, nor does it plan to do so, until the authorities in charge of the investigation determine the causes and perpetrators of this regrettable incident.”
Cáceres had been born into one of the most prominent families of the Lenca people, who live in the mountains of western Honduras. In the 23 years since she helped form the National Council of Popular and Indigenous Organizations of Honduras (COPINH), she had helped revive the Lenca’s cultural and political identity. Her organization, based around its stronghold in the market town of La Esperanza, had become entrenched and vocal. It had established a training center, nicknamed Utopia, and a network of radio stations, La Voz Lenca.
It was unapologetically Marxist in its approach, but rooted Lenca identity in the mountains and rivers, the forests, and the plant life of the region.
“Berta was COPINH and COPINH was Berta,” says Karen Spring, a Canadian social activist based in the national capital Tegucigalpa. “Especially after the 2009 coup, she had become one of the leading people in the country. And feared. That’s why they wanted to kill her.” She had opposed a rash of development projects and “concessions” handed out, often illegally, to private companies for dams, mines, and other projects.
Cáceres had also become an important figure in the growing Latin American movement of indigenous peoples. More than 3,000 people thronged the streets of La Esperanza for her funeral. A year later, the town is still full of graffiti declaring “Berta Vive,” and shrines are visible on street corners. Strangers from across the world make their way to her grave in the town cemetery. The martyrdom of Berta is well underway.
Cáceres’s political tenacity came from generations of family politics, particularly among the women. To understand her, I visited her 85-year-old mother, Austraberta Flores, with whom she lived until the final months. Friends say she left to spare her mother from witnessing the inevitable end. Besides having nine children, Flores was a midwife. Almost everyone I met in La Esperanza claimed to have been brought into the world by her.
But she was also a politician — thrice mayor of the city and a congresswoman in the capital Tegucigalpa. She promoted into national law an international code requiring free, prior, and informed consent from communities like the Lenca before development projects such as dams and mines can go ahead on their lands. “It’s still the strongest law we have,” Flores told me proudly.
She had also been a frontline activist, making regular forays to the border with El Salvador during the civil war there in the 1980s to help female Salvadoran fighters deliver their babies while on the run. “We were helping Salvadorans to liberate themselves so they could help liberate us,” she said.
Flores blames the state for her daughter’s death. “She had filed 40 reports of threats against her. They knew she was under threat, but they failed to protect her.” Now Cáceres’s daughters, Bertita, 26, and Laura, 24, “have the responsibility to carry on,” Flores told me.
Much of COPINH’s power lies in combining political radicalism — anti-military, anti-patriarchal, anti-capitalist, and anti-American — with a deep conservative attachment to the Lenca peoples’ heritage and land. In COPINH’s Women’s Wellness Center, a new and heavily guarded building in La Esperanza where abused and intimidated women can take refuge, I met 75-year-old Pascualita Vasquez. She was the longtime chair of the council of elders, established by Cáceres to revive cultural traditions and links to the land. They bless rivers, bless soil before harvests, and bless new houses.
“Before Berta, our ceremonies were being forgotten. I remembered them as a child, but we no longer did them,” she told me. “But Berta emphasized for us how important it was to rescue our traditions, and to hold ceremonies before discussions of current issues like dams. We revere our ancestors, and now that Berta is dead, we see her as an ancestor, too.”
Now, reviving local herbal remedies and seeds — of corn, for instance — is central to reclaiming their land, she said. We spoke beside a shrine to Cáceres set up in the middle of the room, with candles, corn cobs, pine cones, and a flask of water from the river that Cáceres was protecting before she was killed.
The next day I traveled to Rio Blanco, the distant village that became the focus of Cáceres’s last campaign, against the Agua Zarca dam. It had been a violent and bitter struggle. In 2013, local activist Tomas Garcia had been shot dead by soldiers during protests at a camp established by Chinese construction workers set to begin work on the dam.
“Berta grew up with struggle. She saw it every day,” Flores told me. “It was her schooling. I knew she would be important. I was always pushing her to become what she became.” Berta and her mother made a formidable team. While Flores drafted legislation on “free, prior, and informed consent” on development projects, her daughter organized street demonstrations supporting its introduction.
My host was villager Maria Santos Dominguez, local leader of opposition to the dam. She had a nasty scar on her face. She explained how the villagers had become divided between those for and against the dam. One family in particular had complained that she “spoke too much.” It was her fault, they said, that they couldn’t get economic development in the village.
“They saw me go past on the way to my children’s school one day, and they hid for my return. Then they attacked me with a machete. I had taken my phone out to talk to my husband. He heard it all and came running. He had my son with him and told him: ‘They are killing your mom.’”
Dominguez spent six months recuperating at the Wellness Center in La Esperanza. “She was on the brink of suicide,” aides there told me. But now she was back home, as determined as ever. She broadcasts every week on the Lenca radio station, from a location that is kept secret to prevent attacks.
“We were born here. It is our land and our river,” she said. “If we lost the river, we’d die. We need its water to bathe, for fish, for water, for our crops and animals.”
She took me to the river, to a gorge where a quiet pool formed between two rapids. It was a beautiful spot and, in engineering terms, an ideal place for the dam they had so far been able to prevent. Dominguez often bathes her children in the clear, cool mountain waters. “The river is sacred to us. We believe in the spirits in the river – they are three little girls, and they give us strength to fight the dam builders,” she said. For Dominguez and others, it has become an existential fight.
A few days before her murder, Cáceres had come to Rio Blanco. “There were dam people on the river, working with machinery. It looked like they might be about to begin work on construction. So we went to see them,” said Dominguez. “But they accused her of stirring us up, and they threatened to kill her. A few days later she was dead. The dam people haven’t come back to the river since.”
Will the Agua Zarca dam ever be built? Some now doubt it. It would only have delivered a modest 22 megawatts of electricity. After the outcry over Cáceres’s death, international funders, including Dutch financier FMO and the Finnish Finnfund, announced that they were pulling out of the project. The Chinese are gone, too. But elsewhere on Lenca territory, dams are going ahead.
In La Paz province, the Lenca have been fighting a rash of hydroelectric schemes on mountain streams, being promoted by a local politician and vice president of the Honduran Congress for the ruling right-wing Nationalist Party, Gladys Aurora Lopez, and her husband Arnold Castro. These projects are proposed for mountains that locals say have been illegally taken from them. Local leader Ana Mirian Romero had her home burned down. “They call us stupid Indians,” said La Paz activist Margarita Pineda Rodriguez. “But these projects offer us no benefits, only loss of our natural resources.”
“We are seeing the recolonization of our country,” says Tomas Gomez Membreño, Cáceres’s successor as interim COPINH’s coordinator, as we talked at length in the training center in La Esperanza one evening. “More and more of our natural resources are being handed out to foreign corporations. There is more and more repression of people who fight back.”
This is a wounded community. Cáceres’s brother Gustavo, hovering in the background as I interviewed her mother, seemed a broken man. Another of her former lieutenants, Sotero Chavarria, told me that he could not bear to go to the cemetery to see her grave.
But their tenacity in the face of continuing violence remains remarkable. In March 2016, less than two weeks after the assassination of Cáreras, another COPINH activist Nelson Garcia was shot dead outside his home south of La Esperanza, after spending the day defending local Lenca people against efforts to evict them from their land.
In July, activist and mother-of-three Lesbia Yaneth Urquia was found dead near a garbage dump in the town of Marcala, with deep cuts to her head. One day in October, COPINH’s Membreño was shot at in the street, and someone opened fire on the home of another local leader, Alexander Garcia, while he and his family were asleep inside.
The day I arrived in Honduras a La Paz activist, Victor Vásquez, was shot in the leg by a policeman while taking video footage of an eviction in the village of San Pedro de Tutule. “They tell us this is not our land, but we have been here for 500 years,” Vásquez told me a couple of days later at his home, where he was recovering. “The president wants to sell our land and our rivers, and the clean air in our mountains. He would sell the birds in the trees.”
In a quavering voice, his young son sat on his bed and sang me a song of defiance. Flying high on a tall tree above his village was a Honduran flag, its placement there a sign of indigenous resistance, he told me.
Cáceres’s modest bungalow stands empty today. The only sign of her violent end is a dent in the wire fence where the assassins had climbed over. A “Berta Vive” poster hangs in the window. Some want her home to become a museum of her life, to seal her martyrdom. The river she died to protect may or may not get dammed. But the battle for her legacy — and for the future of the Lenca and their lands – goes on.
This story was also featured on The Guardian. | <urn:uuid:3d64b188-4b14-42cb-a0a8-cc80b690edf9> | {
"date": "2020-01-20T22:00:55",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-05",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250599789.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120195035-20200120224035-00376.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9806742668151855,
"score": 2.71875,
"token_count": 3380,
"url": "https://pulitzercenter.org/reporting/honduras-defending-nature-deadly-business"
} |
Eunoia is the shortest word in English which contains all five vowels. The word was coined by Aristotle to describe a blissful and benevolent state of mind. Eunoia is also the title of a book by Canadian poet Christian Bök (his definition is 'beautiful thinking'), which consists of five univocalic chapters; in other words each chapter is made up of words containing just one vowel. Here's the beginning of the A chapter:
Awkward grammar appals a craftsman. A Dada bard as daft as Tzara damns stagnant art and scrawls an alpha (a slapdash arc and a backward zag) that mars all stanzas and jams all ballads (what a scandal). A madcap vandal crafts a small black ankh -- a handstamp that can stamp a wax pad and at last plant a mark that sparks an ars magna (an abstract art that charts a phrasal anagram). A pagan skald chants a dark saga (a Mahabharata), as a papal cabal blackballs all annals and tracts, all dramas and psalms: Kant and Kafka, Marx and Marat. A law as harsh as a fatwa bans all paragraphs that lack an A as a standard hallmark.
Brilliant! Bök was on Radio 4's Today programme this morning. Eunoia took him seven years to write, and in that time he read the three-volume Websters New International Dictionary five times, making a note of all univocalic words. He embarked on the task because he was fascinated by the Oulipo group of French poets and mathematicians of the 1960s, who imposed new structures and constraints on their writing. One of this group was Georges Perec, whose work La Disparition doesn't include a single 'e' (he also wrote Les Revenentes,in which 'e' is the only vowel used throughout).
Bök set himself even more rigid rules: he managed to include 98% of all univocalic words in the dictionary (he only left out about twenty words, which include gingivitis and belvedere, which he couldn't fit in to the 'storyline'). He also set himself the extra task of 'suppressing' the letter 'y' and that letter appears rarely.
Bök found that each vowel had its own personality due to the words it's found in: A is courtly, E elegiac, I lyrical, O jocular and U is obscene.
To hear the radio interview with Bök, go to the 30 October page of the Today website; the interview took place at 8.20. Extracts from each of the five chapters are here. Bök said his favourite bit of the book was the beginning of the I chapter, so here it is:
Writing is inhibiting. Sighing, I sit, scribbling in ink this pidgin script. I sing with nihilistic witticism, disciplining signs with trifling gimmicks -- impish hijinks which highlight stick sigils. Isn't it glib? Isn't it chic? I fit childish insights within rigid limits, writing shtick, which might instil priggish misgivings in critics blind with hindsight. I dismiss nitpicking criticism which flirts with philistinism. I bitch; I kibitz -- griping, whilst criticizing dimwits, sniping whilst indicting nitwits, dismissing simplistic thinking, in which philippic wit is still illicit. | <urn:uuid:605d89b5-a193-403b-999b-aa26bf06fec9> | {
"date": "2017-03-28T19:39:20",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-13",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218189884.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212949-00176-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.957698404788971,
"score": 2.625,
"token_count": 736,
"url": "http://virtuallinguist.typepad.com/the_virtual_linguist/2008/10/eunoia.html"
} |
What is feminism? It is said that English is one of the few languages that lack words association with gender. I am forced to disagree. A Room of One’s Own by Virginia Woolf has shown me that feminism is demonstrated in the English language. Men and women interpret it differently. Woolf explains that this division in thought in not necessarily beneficial. In her essay, Woolf calls women to action. To invent, discover, write. The beauty in this calling however; is that she does it without a hint of prejudice or premonition. Instead it is her impartiality that shows her quest for equality.
This is why I recommend this book not only to women, not only to adults, not only to scholars. “A Room of One’s Own” is an essay that will move anyone’s thoughts, regardless of gender. Virginia Woolf’s essay is centered in a rather subtle thesis. She says that women must have money and private space to develop their writing. The author narrates her investigation of this thesis and through it creates a memoir not only of herself but of female writers. Her ability to call women into action with glorification but expectation amazes me. “But I maintain that she would come if we worked for her, and that so to work, even in poverty and obscurity, is worthwhile.” All women need is a room to themselves; it is time for them to get to work.
I recommend this book as a favorite to any writer. It is an essay to have on a shelf and look back to when in doubt. I realized one could scan through any page and find encouraging advice. It is different than any feminist approach. I had also categorized it as gender based, rebellious, and defensive. In the end it proved to be far better. | <urn:uuid:bd0b27c7-9b3d-4a01-bad5-ede5b0bf57e5> | {
"date": "2017-07-20T22:43:46",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-30",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549423512.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20170720222017-20170721002017-00456.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9781894087791443,
"score": 2.984375,
"token_count": 371,
"url": "https://colegiomenorelbarrio.com/2014/03/23/a-room-of-ones-own/"
} |
This lesson explores architecture by making a paper sculpture. Studying world famous artist Santiago Calatrava opens the door to a new world of contemporary futuristic design. You will study his use of modules as a foundation for structural harmony.
Create a variety of potential modules before even beginning your sketches. Do at least three different modules and then make four of each of them so you can play with how they fit together. Select the one that lends itself to a more interesting three dimensional structure. Think of your modules like legos!
This student did a drawing of their finished sculpture. This practice helps your observational drawing skills.
Sketches vs. a Demo build
Intricate modules can be difficult to imagine in a multi-module design. That is why architects like Calatrava use digital programs to test out their ideas. For brain storming purposes, create more modules and do practice builds instead of sketching.
Module sculptures look excellent on painted pedestals. Take a box you can paint and glue your finished sculpture on it. You will have a nice display.
Final module sculptures typically require a minimum of fifteen modules secured together with either a hot glue gun or glue stick. Play with the different principles of design before determining your favorite sculpture design. | <urn:uuid:82acac67-88f5-4293-98e9-fc4b6e5ee37b> | {
"date": "2019-08-22T08:52:55",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-35",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027317037.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20190822084513-20190822110513-00256.warc.gz",
"int_score": 4,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9078295230865479,
"score": 3.921875,
"token_count": 254,
"url": "https://arthomeschool.com/presentation-sculptural-architecture"
} |
You are here
1980 Hague Convention on International Child Abduction: A Resource for Judges: Sources of Law and Interpretation
Text of the 1980 Hague Convention
The 1980 Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction is a treaty that governs proceedings for the prompt return of children who have been wrongfully taken or kept away from their “habitual residence.” The Convention entered into force in the United States in 1988.
Explanatory Report, by Elisa Perez-Vera
The Pérez-Vera Report is the product of the official reporter for the 1980 sessions of the Hague Conference that led to the approval of the Convention. The report is recognized as the official history and commentary to the Hague Convention and is a “source of the background on the meaning of the provisions of the Convention.” U.S. courts routinely cite to this report for guidance on interpreting the treaty.
International Child Abduction Remedies Act (ICARA)
ICARA is the federal law that implements the Hague Convention. Pursuant to ICARA (22 U.S.C. §§ 9001–9011), both state and federal courts have original concurrent jurisdiction to hear cases arising under the Convention. ICARA also sets forth the structure for hearing return cases, the burdens of proof applicable to the case for return and defenses, and the relaxed rules for admissibility of documents, and it establishes guidelines for the award of fees and costs.
Department of State Text and Legal Analysis (1986)
The Text & Legal Analysis is a document that was prepared by the U.S. State Department for the U.S. Senate as part of the ratification process for the Convention. It is valuable as an interpretative tool and is frequently cited.
Goldman International Child Abduction Prevention and Return Act of 2014
The Act was signed by President Obama on August 8, 2014. Public Law No. 113-150. The Goldman Act principally seeks to facilitate the return of children from both Hague Convention and non-Convention countries.
Conclusions and Recommendations of the Fourth Meeting of the Special Commission (2001)
This 2001 report presents the findings and recommendations from the Fourth Special Commission, which studied the implementation, operation, and efficacy of the Convention.
Report and Conclusions of the Special Commission (2002)
This report, published in March 2003, presents the findings of the Special Commission, which studied the implementation, operation, and efficacy of the Convention.
Conclusions and Recommendations of the Fifth Meeting of the Special Commission (2006)
This 2006 report presents the findings and recommendations of the Special Commission, which studied the implementation, operation, and efficacy of the Convention.
Conclusions and Recommendations of the Sixth Meeting of the Special Commission (2012)
This 2012 report presents the findings and recommendations of the Special Commission, which studied the implementation, operation, and efficacy of the Convention.
The Brussels II Regulation Adopted by the European Union
The Brussels II bis Regulation binds courts in countries of the European Union to a separate and additional set of laws governing Hague return cases. Brussels II bis does not replace the 1980 Convention in EU countries, but it provides for additional rules applicable to Hague cases. With the exception of Denmark, the Regulation is effective between all EU member states. The Regulation entered into force on August 1, 2004, and became applicable March 1, 2005. For a commentary concerning the impact of the Regulation on expeditious handling, objections of the child, and “grave risk” defenses, see The Impact of the Brussels II Regulation on Hague Convention Proceedings in the European Union, under Articles and Commentary. | <urn:uuid:2beacf01-a6c7-4515-982f-41908c5719e2> | {
"date": "2018-10-23T04:14:33",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-43",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583516003.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20181023023542-20181023045042-00336.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9272369146347046,
"score": 2.65625,
"token_count": 739,
"url": "https://www.fjc.gov/content/311333/sources-law-and-interpretation"
} |
To prevent injuries from forklifts while working:
- Before you operate a forklift, make sure that you are trained and certified.
- Remember if you are on a sit-down type forklift, and it starts to over-turn, lean in the opposite direction, stay with the forklift; don’t jump.
- When operating a forklift on site, slow the truck and sound the horn at cross aisles, exits, and other employee traverse points.
- Before dismounting, set the parking brake, lower the forks or lifting carriage, and neutralize controls.
Kentucky Injury Prevention and Research Center, "Amputation Injuries Due to Forklifts" (2006). Kentucky Haz Alerts--Other. 7. | <urn:uuid:4561bb78-b9fe-4bfc-8dcb-28140e4c932e> | {
"date": "2018-08-16T08:22:09",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-34",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221210559.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20180816074040-20180816094040-00536.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8156981468200684,
"score": 2.765625,
"token_count": 157,
"url": "https://uknowledge.uky.edu/face_other_alerts/7/"
} |
Introduction: In Part 1 of this feature, three interchanges were shown depicting various reasons for the upgrading of rural intersections into grade-separated interchanges. This week's examples share a common element, in that they all divide streams of traffic into two major paths. In other words, they are essentially high-powered forks in the road.
Orientation: NY 14 runs top to bottom, while NY 14A branches off toward the left. At top, the two are connected by reference route 962C.
The interchange: At this point, northbound traffic out of
Watkins Glen may choose between two routes to Geneva. NY 14 remains
close by the shore of Seneca Lake, while NY 14A is a more local option,
serving Penn Yan and other communities in eastern Yates and Ontario
Counties. A simple two-way grade-separated split provides the
connection. Note that this is a semi-directional split: the left-hand
fork is reached via a right-hand exit. For those few vehicles requiring
the south-to-north U-turn movement, a short state highway (reference
route 962C) serves the purpose. There is even a single property having
access from the connector.
Orientation: NY 5S runs from left to right, and NY 162 splits off toward bottom right. The New York State Thruway (I-90) is at top. The hamlet of Sprakers is to the right of this photo.
The interchange: Here, NY 162 descends the side of the Mohawk River valley to merge into NY 5S. NY 162 was moved off of local streets in Sprakers and provided with a higher-powered interchange connection. The split is grade-separated more because of topography than traffic volume. In this case, the interchange replaces a T-style junction rather than a fork, and so the U-turn movement through the split is more widely used. Both possible U-turns make use of a single ramp within the spread median of NY 5S at the west end of the interchange. Moreover, this example is fully directional, in that the left hand fork merges from the left into NY 5S, and the right-hand fork diverges to the right.
Orientation: NY 374 is the straight diagonal highway from bottom left to top right. NY 3 is the more local road to the south.
The interchange: At this interchange west of Plattsburgh,
traffic patterns are more complex. NY 374 is a two-lane express highway
west from Plattsburgh, and serves northwestern points such as Dannemora
and Malone. NY 3 brings in traffic from Saranac Lake and the northern
Adirondacks. Motorists approaching Plattsburgh on NY 3 are instructed
to move onto NY 374 for faster access. A two-way split similar to that
at Reading Center handles this traffic. Also
similar to that junction, a short connector (reference route 970F)
serves the lower-volume U-turn movements. However, NY 3 also continues
eastward to serve local communities and, as is discernible above,
carries no small share of the traffic load. A crossroads intersection
therefore carries NY 3 through a right angle, with reference route 970F
opposite one leg of NY 3 and the ramps to and from NY 374 opposite the
other. A peculiarity here is that the ramps have each their own
reference route numbers: the eastbound ramp is route 970G and the
westbound is route 970F. | <urn:uuid:9ee8a217-632a-42d4-8d7c-1af148a3337a> | {
"date": "2016-09-28T23:50:54",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-40",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738661768.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173741-00282-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9427720308303833,
"score": 2.578125,
"token_count": 743,
"url": "http://www.empirestateroads.com/week/week35.html"
} |
Take the Challenge & Take Charge is a preschool through high school media education program designed to reduce excessive entertainment media use and exposure to media violence. The program emphasizes positive uses of technology and includes activities aligned to reading, writing, math, science, and technology standards.
Take the Challenge & Take Charge is available to purchase and download the pdf lesson files, which includes the teacher manual, student materials, parent letters, newsletters, and other support materials.
Early Elementary (Kindergarten – 2nd grade)
These lessons are designed to help students see the connection between their life goals and their screen time. Students begin the process of being scientists and learn how to collect data and create a graph. They revisit their goals and prepare for a screen free week. Students brainstorm ideas for activities to do instead of watching screens. Students learn about creating a Healthy Habit Plan where they bring back entertainment media at levels recommended by the American Academy of Pediatrics (1 to 2 hours a day). Their final activities include creating products where they share what they have learned.
Upper Elementary (3rd – 5th Grade)
Upper elementary students are able to understand the impact of excessive and violent media on their social and academic lives. They need to develop skills to help them regulate screen time and engage in a healthy lifestyle. The research-based “Take the Challenge & Take Charge” curriculum does just that. It teaches students time management skills. It provides powerful facts and statistics that will cause them to evaluate their feelings about various types of media and challenge them to unplug and engage in enjoyable, healthy alternative activities.
The middle school program integrates media education into math, English, science & social studies. Lessons are divided into content areas so they reinforceeach other and no one teacher does entire unit. The middle school program educates students about the effects of excessive media viewing. Students also conduct their own research and become committed to making changes and educating other students, parents, and community members about media. Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School Research Center for Media and Child Health (CMCH), evaluated the Take the Challenge middle school curriculum.
“The study showed that the intervention was successful at reducing students’ TV viewing and TV viewing during meals significantly decreased. Results also showed that the amount of time spent playing outside, sleeping and exercising significantly increased in the invention group and media time overall was reduced. According to teacher reports, students in the intervention group stayed on task and completed their homework more while there was little to no change in the comparison group.” (Bickham, David, Efficacy of a School Based Intervention to Reduce Screen Media Time for 6th-8th Graders, Evaluation Report).
High School/Middle School
The High School/Middle School Take the Challenge program includes a research unit with 15 lessons that can be integrated into any subject, e.g., health, science, English Language Arts, Social Studies, etc. Lessons can also be divided and taught in different subjects. This curriculum can also be used at the Middle School level with minimal adaptations to the lessons. | <urn:uuid:17281748-3b0b-4384-af45-8bf7e8178949> | {
"date": "2019-11-21T01:26:45",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-47",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496670643.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20191121000300-20191121024300-00256.warc.gz",
"int_score": 4,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9609383344650269,
"score": 3.5,
"token_count": 625,
"url": "https://www.takethechallengenow.net/lesson-plans/"
} |
Helping Your Child with Back to School Nerves
Written by Rachel Ealy, M.Ed., LPC-Intern
Starting the new school year is exciting, but it can also be nerve-racking for some children. Anxiety is a complicated for kids so I often use the terms nervousness, worry, fear, or school jitters. The term anxiety also comes with a stigma and many parents do not feel comfortable saying or recognizing that their child has anxiety. This can result in delaying treatment and not getting treatment at all.
Growing up, I remember being nervous to start school. I worried about who my teachers were going to be, if I would know anyone at lunch, if I would make any new friends, if others would think that I am weird, and if my parents would be okay while I was at school all day. Anxiety may present as excessive worrying, but it can also present itself as an upset stomach, nausea, headaches, or even muscle tension and fatigue. The beginning of the school year may elicit some of these symptoms that can be misconstrued as catching a cold or other physical illness. It is important to be able to differentiate the symptoms so the correct condition can be treated. The first step is to have your child seen by their pediatrician or family doctor to rule out any medical concerns.
How to Tell if Your Child May Struggle with Anxiety
Once you have ruled out any medical concerns, pay close attention to the questions your child asks. Is your child asking for constant reassurance about school, if you can stay with them at school, or complaining of physical symptoms such as daily headaches and/or stomachaches? Pay attention to your child’s sleep schedule and eating habits. Is your child having trouble falling asleep and/or staying asleep? Have their eating habits drastically changed, such as an increase or decrease in food intake? Pay attention to signs of irritability, difficulty concentrating, and fatigue. According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (2013), “children with generalized anxiety disorder tend to worry excessively about their competence or the quality of their performance [which] may switch from one concern to another” (p. 222).
How to Help
Here are a few ideas for how to help your child that is nervous about the upcoming school year. Just as I recommended having your child see their pediatrician, I highly recommend having your child see a counselor. This will provide them with the opportunity to have a safe place to process their experience and develop healthy coping skills.
1. Routine: Children thrive on structure and routine. Set up a routine around going to bed on time in order to get enough sleep. A bedtime routine should start at least 30 minutes to 1 hours before lights-out. Have your child complete personal care such as showering and brushing their teeth, as well as picking their clothing out the night before. Allow some time to wind-down by reading on their own, reading to your child, or just catching up at the end of the day. Children in elementary and middle school should be getting 9-11 hours of sleep each night. Your child’s routine should also include a morning schedule. Make sure that your child has ample time to get ready and eat a nutritious breakfast in the morning without rushing. The more stress you can take out of the morning routine, the better. If your child experiences nervousness regarding school in the mornings, add some extra time for practicing deep breathing. I recommend having a visual for the routine by having a chart that lists times for starting bed time routine, bedtime, waking up in the morning, leaving the house etc.
2. Attend Meet the Teacher Night or schedule another time to meet the teacher if you are unable to attend. This will help your child become familiar with who their teacher will be, what their classroom will looks like, where their classroom is, and give them a general idea of what to expect. You can even rehearse drop off and pick up, if your child will ride the bus you can show them where they will be picked up and dropped off in each location. Familiarize your child with as much as possible so that they can ask any questions that they have beforehand and ease as much worry as possible.
3. Schedule a playdate with a friend or future classmate. Experts from the Johns Hopkins Children’s Center state that, “research shows that the presence of a familiar peer during school transitions can improve children’s academic and emotional adjustment” (n.d.).
4. Validate: Validate your child’s feelings and experience by telling them that you know what it is like to try something new. You can tell them about your first day of school in whatever grade your child is going in to and what the school year ended up being like. Try not to simply tell them that it will be okay. Acknowledge that starting the new school year is hard and that it is okay to feel scared, worried, and/or nervous.
5 tips to ease back-to-school anxiety (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/wellness-and-prevention/5-tips-to-ease-backtoschool-anxiety
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: Author. | <urn:uuid:6cff8c02-c9cc-406f-80fb-bb9913635c05> | {
"date": "2019-09-21T05:38:43",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-39",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514574265.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20190921043014-20190921065014-00416.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.968281626701355,
"score": 2.578125,
"token_count": 1103,
"url": "https://heightsfamilycounseling.com/blog/2019/8/21/helping-your-child-with-back-to-school-nerves"
} |
Here's our Internet Explorer Tip for.. July 18, 2002
Click Here to see a complete list of all of our previously released Tips!
Opening Files In Microsoft Internet Explorer
Suppose you're working in Microsoft Internet Explorer and you'd like to take a look at a Notepad file. You don't have to run Notepad and then find the file. All you have to do is choose File|Open. When the Open dialog box appears, type in the path and name of the file you want to open. If you don't know exactly where the file is located, click Browse. When the dialog opens, click the arrow at the right side of the "Files of type" list box and choose (for this example) Text Files. Now locate your file and double-click its icon. Back in Open, click OK to open the file.
While you're in the "Files of type" list box, you'll see that you can open any number of file types including JPG, GIF, AU, etc. | <urn:uuid:d4531a18-eaab-4ad1-95c9-25ef1f710983> | {
"date": "2017-10-17T20:38:16",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-43",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187822488.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20171017200905-20171017220905-00156.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9280847311019897,
"score": 2.984375,
"token_count": 209,
"url": "http://www.wugnet.com/tips/display.asp?ID=1546"
} |
Loss of manual snow course readings has water managers looking for replacement data
The history of water in western Colorado can be found in the well-kept records of manual snow surveys dating back to the 1930s.
At one time, well before satellites and computers, two-person teams of surveyors from the National Resource Conservation Service each month made multi-day trips into the snow-covered backcountry to record snow depth and water content.
Today, those wintry treks are more and more being abandoned, as satellite and computer technology make it possible for similar information to be collected at a remote Sno-tel (for SNOwpack TELemetry) site rarely visited by man.
In use since the late 1970s, that automated network, now numbering 838 stations in 13 states, sends information about snowpack and water density to the National Water and Climate Center in Portland, Ore., for the center’s West-wide water supply forecasts.
Due to a series of budget cuts and increasing reliance on technology and outside agencies, the NRCS currently has only one manually surveyed site (called a “snow course”) on Grand Mesa, located near Mesa Lakes.
Records from that site, said local NRCS conservationist and snow surveyor Lenny Lang, go back as far as the early 1940s.
Now, the state NRCS office is considering abandoning the Mesa Lakes site despite its 70-year history of providing water insights.
“Our program is looking at ways to meet tighter and tighter budgets and snow courses are always on the table,” NRCS acting state conservationist Mage Hultstrand said in Golden. “The manual readings won’t be totally cut out, we still have a lot of folks who measure snow courses for us that we don’t pay for.”
“The main thing is our snow courses aren’t used in our (water supply) forecast equations,” Hultstrand said. “Forecasters get enough information from the Sno-Tel sites.”
But there’s a caveat: these outside agencies, including the City of Grand Junction and the Ute Water Conservancy District as well as other local and federal agencies, often don’t always take their measurements in the same places as the NRCS.
This means the information collected lacks some direct validity with historical records.
“Those (manual) snow surveys provide more of an historical view of the variations in the snowpack than you get with the Snow-Tel sites, which only go back to the 1979,” said Bureau of Reclamation hydrologist Erik Knight. The snow courses are “not just another spot on the map.”
The eye into historical water data plays a role when water managers are trying to decide if today’s weather is a trend or merely an anomaly.
“Some of these sites go back 60 or 70 years, and to do away with that data stream is really sad to see,” said Frank Kugel, general manager of the Upper Gunnison Water Conservation District. “Especially if we are facing climate change, we want to have as much data as we can use.”
Kugel said that data also will be part of the input used by the state river basins as they develop their basin-wide water plans in response to Gov. John Hickenlooper’s recent directive.
Steve Ryken, assistant general manger for Ute Water, said his agency mainly uses the automated sites for water data but still finds the manual snow courses valuable as a planning tool.
“I have NRCS flow records on the Colorado River and Plateau Creek that go back to 1937,” Ryken said. “We are such a junior water user (since Dec., 1964) I need something with history I can compare (today’s water data) to.”
Two meetings previously scheduled for later this month to discuss the future of the snow courses were canceled Tuesday after the partial government shutdown.
“It’s hard to think of a worse time to get rid of this long-term stream of information when you are trying to address something like this,” said Kugel, referring to long-term West-wide drought. He had planned on attending the Durango meeting to speak on behalf of retaining the manual courses.
“We’re facing a ‘new normal’ in water management and need all the data we can find,” he said. | <urn:uuid:d57437e2-2f52-489b-88d9-cbaa35bbf5c6> | {
"date": "2017-04-29T13:41:20",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-17",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917123491.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031203-00590-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.950232207775116,
"score": 3.203125,
"token_count": 950,
"url": "http://www.gjsentinel.com/outdoors/articles/loss-of-manual-snow-course-readings-has-water-mana"
} |
Robert G. Moeller is the first historian of modern German women to use social policy as a lens to focus on society's conceptions of gender difference and "woman's place." He investigates the social, economic, and political status of women in West Germany after World War II to reveal how the West Germans, emerging from the rubble of the Third Reich, viewed a reconsideration of gender relations as an essential part of social reconstruction.The debate over "woman's place" in the fifties was part of West Germany's confrontation with the ideological legacy of National Socialism. At the same time, the presence of the Cold War influenced all debates about women and the family. In response to the "woman question," West Germans defined the boundaries not only between women and men, but also between East and West.Moeller's study shows that public policy is a crucial arena where women's needs, capacities, and possibilities are discussed, identified, defined, and reinforced. Nowhere more explicitly than in the first decade of West Germany's history did, in Joan Scott's words, "politics construct gender and gender construct politics." | <urn:uuid:b8fefba1-974b-4042-925a-5a6d0b33ca99> | {
"date": "2014-10-31T07:23:36",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-42",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1414637899041.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20141030025819-00185-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9424477815628052,
"score": 2.921875,
"token_count": 222,
"url": "http://www.campusbooks.com/books/health-mind-body/relationships/interpersonal-relations/9780520205161_Robert-G-Moeller-Moeller-Robert-G_Protecting-Motherh.html"
} |
A publication of the Archaeological Institute of America
4,000-Year-Old Seal & Weight Unearthed in India
Wednesday, February 05, 2014
(Courtesy The Archaeological Survey of India)RAJASTHAN, INDIA—A seal and a weight were unearthed at a Harappan-period site in northwestern India. “The seal consists of two Harappan characters, with a typical unicorn as the motif and a pipal leaf depicted in front of an animal. There is a knob behind the seal,” Archaeological Survey of India archaeologist VN Prabhaka told the Hindustan Times. Prabhaka added that the presence of the seal and the weight, which date to the peak of the Harappan civilization (2600 B.C. to 1900 B.C.), indicate that commercial transactions were taking place at the site.
Civil War booze, world’s oldest pretzels, Austria’s war camels, coral tombs of the Pacific, and a 2.8-million-year-old human
Styling hair in Bronze Age Wales | <urn:uuid:7015868f-c666-4ccc-8f35-50243821e15d> | {
"date": "2015-07-28T19:44:41",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-32",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042982502.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002302-00312-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9348700046539307,
"score": 3.0625,
"token_count": 230,
"url": "http://www.archaeology.org/news/1791-140205-india-harappan-seal"
} |
Woodcut of a werewolf attack, by Lucas Cranach the Elder, 1512
|Similar creatures||Revenant, vampire|
|Region||The Americas, Europe, Asia, Africa|
A werewolf, also known as a lycanthrope (from the Greek λυκάνθρωπος: λύκος, lykos, "wolf", and ἄνθρωπος, anthrōpos, "man"), is a mythological or folkloric human with the ability to shapeshift into a wolf or a therianthropic hybrid wolf-like creature, either purposely or after being placed under a curse or affliction (e.g. via a bite or scratch from another werewolf). Early sources for belief in lycanthropy are Petronius and Gervase of Tilbury.
The werewolf is a widespread concept in European folklore, existing in many variants which are related by a common development of a Christian interpretation of underlying Indo-European mythology which developed during the medieval period. From the early modern period, werewolf beliefs also spread to the New World with colonialism. Belief in werewolf develops parallel to the belief in witches, in the course of the Late Middle Ages and the Early Modern period. Like the witchcraft trials as a whole, the trial of supposed werewolves emerges in what is now Switzerland (especially the Valais and Vaud) in the early 15th century and spreads throughout Europe in the 16th, peaking in the 17th and subsiding by the 18th century. The persecution of werewolves and the associated folklore is an integral part of the "witch-hunt" phenomenon, albeit a marginal one, accusations of werewolfery being involved in only a small fraction of witchcraft trials. During the early period, accusations of lycanthropy (transformation into a wolf) were mixed with accusations of wolf-riding or wolf-charming. The case of Peter Stumpp (1589) led to a significant peak in both interest in and persecution of supposed werewolves, primarily in French-speaking and German-speaking Europe. The phenomenon persisted longest in Bavaria and Austria, with persecution of wolf-charmers recorded until well after 1650, the final cases taking place in the early 18th century in Carinthia and Styria.
After the end of the witch-trials, the werewolf became of interest in folklore studies and in the emerging Gothic horror genre; werewolf fiction as a genre has pre-modern precedents in medieval romances (e.g. Bisclavret and Guillaume de Palerme) and develops in the 18th century out of the "semi-fictional" chap book tradition. The trappings of horror literature in the 20th century became part of the horror and fantasy genre of modern pop culture.
- 1 Names
- 2 History
- 3 Lycanthropy as a medical condition
- 4 Folk beliefs
- 5 Modern reception
- 6 See also
- 7 Footnotes
- 8 References
The word werewolf continues a late Old English wer(e)wulf, a compound of were "adult male human" and wulf "wolf". The only Old High German testimony is in the form of a given name, Weriuuolf, although an early Middle High German werwolf is found in Burchard of Worms and Berthold of Regensburg. The word or concept does not occur in medieval German poetry or fiction, gaining popularity only from the 15th century. Middle Latin gerulphus Anglo-Norman garwalf, Old Frankish *wariwulf. Old Norse had the cognate varúlfur, but because of the high importance of werewulves in Norse mythology, there were alternative terms such as ulfhéðinn ("one in wolf-skin", referring still to the totemistic/cultic adoption of wolf-nature rather than the superstitious belief in actual shape-shifting). In modern Scandinavian also kveldulf "evening-wolf", presumably after the name of Kveldulf Bjalfason, a historical berserker of the 9th century who figures in the Icelandic sagas.
The term lycanthropy, referring both to the ability to transform oneself into a wolf and to the act of so doing, comes from Ancient Greek λυκάνθρωπος lukánthropos (from λύκος lúkos "wolf" and ἄνθρωπος, ánthrōpos "human". The word does occur in ancient Greek sources, but only in Late Antiquity, only rarely, and only in the context of clinical lycanthropy described by Galen, where the patient had the ravenous appetite and other qualities of a wolf; the Greek word attains some currency only in Byzantine Greek, featuring in the 10th-century encyclopedia Suda. Use of the Greek-derived lycanthropy in English occurs in learned writing beginning in the later 16th century (first recorded 1584 in Discoverie of Witchcraft by Reginald Scot, who argued against the reality of werewolves; "Lycanthropia is a disease, and not a transformation." v. i. 92), at first explicitly for clinical lycanthropy, i.e. the type of insanity where the patient imagines to have transformed into a wolf, and not in reference to supposedly real shape-shifting. Use of lycanthropy for supposed shape-shifting is much later, introduced ca. 1830.
Slavic uses the term vlko-dlak, literally "wolf-skin", paralleling the Old Norse ulfhéðinn. However, the word is not attested in the medieval period (Polish wilkołak, Czech vlkodlak, Slovak vlkolak, Serbo-Croatian вукодлак - vukodlak, Slovenian volkodlak, Bulgarian/Macedonian върколак vrkolak, Belarusian ваўкалак vaukalak, Ukrainian вовкулака vovkulaka), loaned into modern Greek as Vrykolakas. Baltic has related terms, Lithuanian vilkolakis and vilkatas, Latvianvilkatis and vilkacis. The name vurdalak (вурдалак) for the Slavic vampire ("ghoul, revenant") is a corruption due to Alexander Pushkin, which was later widely spread by A.K. Tolstoy in his novella The Family of the Vourdalak (composed in French, but first published in Russian translation in 1884).
Greek λυκάνθρωπος and Germanic werewulf are parallel inasmuch as the concept of a shapeshifter becoming a wolf is expressed by means of a compound "wolf-man" or "man-wolf". Latin and the Romance languages do not appear to have a native term for the concept but loaned terms from Greek, Germanic or Slavic; In French loup-garou, the garou is in origin a loan of Frankish *wariwulf, recharacterized with the French word for "wolf". Spanish and Portuguese have the modern loan-translations hombre lobo and lobisomem, respectively (also Galician lobishome). Italian has the Greek licantropo in learned or literary context (as English uses lycanthrope besides the native werewolf), while Italian folklore uses the term lupo mannaro. This latter Italian term however does not necessarily denote a werewolf, but more often concerns stories of enormous and man-eating, but not supernatural, wolves. Romanian loaned the Slavic term as vârcolac.
Indo-European comparative mythology
The werewolf folkore found in Europe harks back to a common development during the Middle Ages, arising in the context of Christianisation, and the associated interpretation of pre-Christian mythology in Christian terms. Their underlying common origin can be traced back to Proto-Indo-European mythology, where lycanthropy is reconstructed as an aspect of the initiation of the warrior class. This is reflected in Iron Age Europe in the Tierkrieger depictions from the Germanic sphere, among others. The standard comparative overview of this aspect of Indo-European mythology is McCone (1987) Such transformations of "men into wolves" in pagan cult was associated with the devil from the early medieval perspective.
The concept of the werewolf in Western and Northern Europe is strongly influenced by the role of the wolf in Germanic paganism (e.g. the French loup-garou is ultimately a loan from the Germanic term), but there are related traditions in other parts of Europe which were not necessarily influenced by Germanic tradition, especially in Slavic Europe and the Balkans, and possibly in areas bordering the Indo-European sphere (the Caucasus) or where Indo-European cultures have been replaced by military conquest in the medieval era (Hungary, Anatolia).[clarification needed]
In his Man into Wolf (1948), Robert Eisler tried to cast the Indo-European tribal namesmeaning "wolf" or "wolf-men" in terms of "the European transition from fruit gathering to predatory hunting."[clarification needed]
A few references to men changing into wolves are found in Ancient Greek literature and mythology. Herodotus, in his Histories, wrote that the Neuri, a tribe he places to the north-east of Scythia, were all transformed into wolves once every year for several days, and then changed back to their human shape. In the second century BC, the Greek geographer Pausanias relates the story of Lycaon, who was transformed into a wolf because he had ritually murdered a child. In accounts by the Bibliotheca (3.8.1) and Ovid (Metamorphoses I.219-239), Lycaon serves human flesh to Zeus, wanting to know if he is really a god. Lycaon's transformation, therefore, is punishment for a crime, considered variously as murder, cannibalism, and impiety. Ovid also relates stories of men who roamed the woods of Arcadia in the form of wolves.
In addition to Ovid, other Roman writers also mentioned lycanthropy. Virgil wrote of human beings transforming into wolves. Pliny the Elder relates two tales of lycanthropy. Quoting Euanthes, he mentions a man who hung his clothes on an ash tree and swam across an Arcadian lake, transforming him into a wolf. On the condition that he attack no human being for nine years, he would be free to swim back across the lake to resume human form. Pliny also quotes Agriopas regarding a tale of a man who was turned into a wolf after tasting the entrails of a human child, but was restored to human form 10 years later.
In the Latin work of prose, the Satyricon, written about 60 C.E. by Gaius Petronius Arbiter, one of the characters, Niceros, tells a story at a banquet about a friend who turned into a wolf (chs. 61-62). He describes the incident as follows, "When I look for my buddy I see he'd stripped and piled his clothes by the roadside... He pees in a circle round his clothes and then, just like that, turns into a wolf!... after he turned into a wolf he started howling and then ran off into the woods."
There was no widespread belief in werewolves in medieval Europe before the 14th century. There were some examples of man-wolf transformations in the court literature of the time, notably Marie de France's poem Bisclavret (c. 1200), in which the nobleman Bizuneh, for reasons not described, had to transform into a wolf every week. When his treacherous wife stole his clothing needed to restore his human form, he escaped the king's wolf hunt by imploring the king for mercy and accompanied the king thereafter. His behaviour at court was so much gentler than when his wife and her new husband appeared at court, that his hateful attack on the couple was deemed justly motivated, and the truth was revealed.
The German word werwolf is recorded by Burchard von Worms in the 11th century, and by Bertold of Regensburg in the 13th, but is not recorded in all of medieval German poetry or fiction. References to werewolves are also rare in England, presumably because whatever significance the "wolf-men" of Germanic paganism had carried, the associated beliefs and practices had been successfully repressed after Christianization (or if they persisted, they did so outside of the sphere of literacy available to us).
The Germanic pagan traditions associated with wolf-men persisted longest in the Scandinavian Viking Age. Harald I of Norway is known to have had a body of Úlfhednar (wolf coated [men]), which are mentioned in the Vatnsdœla saga, Haraldskvæði, and the Völsunga saga, and resemble some werewolf legends. The Úlfhednar were fighters similar to the berserkers, though they dressed in wolf hides rather than those of bears and were reputed to channel the spirits of these animals to enhance effectiveness in battle. These warriors were resistant to pain and killed viciously in battle, much like wild animals. Úlfhednar and berserkers are closely associated with the Norse god Odin.
The Scandinavian traditions of this period may have spread to Rus, giving rise to the Slavic "werewolf" tales. The 11th century Belarusian Prince Usiaslau of Polatsk was considered to have been a Werewolf, capable of moving at superhuman speeds, as recounted in The Tale of Igor's Campaign: "Vseslav the prince judged men; as prince, he ruled towns; but at night he prowled in the guise of a wolf. From Kiev, prowling, he reached, before the cocks crew, Tmutorokan. The path of Great Sun, as a wolf, prowling, he crossed. For him in Polotsk they rang for matins early at St. Sophia the bells; but he heard the ringing in Kiev."
The situation as described during the medieval period gives rise to the dual form of werewolf folklore in Early Modern Europe. On one hand the "Germanic" werewolf, which becomes associated with the witchcraft panic from around 1400, and on the other hand the "Slavic" werewolf or vlkodlak, which becomes associated with the concept of the revenant or "vampire". The "eastern" werewolf-vampire is found in the folklore of Cebral/Eastern Europe, including Hungary, Romania and the Balkans, while the "western" werewolf-sorcerer is found in France, German-speaking Europe and in the Baltic.
Early Modern history
There were numerous reports of werewolf attacks – and consequent court trials – in 16th century France. In some of the cases there was clear evidence against the accused of murder and cannibalism, but none of association with wolves; in other cases people have been terrified by such creatures, such as that of Gilles Garnier in Dole in 1573, there was clear evidence against some wolf but none against the accused. The loup-garou eventually ceased to be regarded as a dangerous heretic and reverted to the pre-Christian notion of a "man-wolf-fiend". The lubins or lupins were usually female and shy in contrast to the aggressive loups-garous.
Werewolvery was a common accusation in witch trials throughout their history, and it featured even in the Valais witch trials, one of the earliest such trials altogether, in the first half of the 15th century. Likewise, in the Vaud, child-eating werewolves were reported as early as 1448. A peak of attention to lycanthropy came in the late 16th to early 17th century, as part of the European witch-hunts. A number of treatises on werewolves were written in France during 1595 and 1615. Werewolves were sighted in 1598 in Anjou, and a teenage werewolf was sentenced to life imprisonment in Bordeaux in 1603. Henry Boguet wrote a lengthy chapter about werewolves in 1602. In the Vaud, werewolves were convicted in 1602 and in 1624. A treatise by a Vaud pastor in 1653, however, argued that lycanthropy was purely an illusion. After this, the only further record from the Vaud dates to 1670: it is that of a boy who claimed he and his mother could change themselves into wolves, which was, however, not taken seriously. At the beginning of the 17th century witchcraft was prosecuted by James I of England, who regarded "warwoolfes" as victims of delusion induced by "a natural superabundance of melancholic". After 1650, belief in Lycanthropy had mostly disappeared from French-speaking Europe, although there were continuing reports of extraordinary wolf-like beasts (but not werewolves), such as the Beast of Gévaudan which terrorized the general area of the former province of Gévaudan, now called Lozère, in south-central France. From the years 1764 to 1767, an unknown entity killed upwards of 80 men, women, and children. The only part of Europe which showed vigorous interest in werewolves after 1650 was the Holy Roman Empire. At least nine works on lycanthropy were printed in Germany between 1649 and 1679. In the Austrian and Bavarian Alps, belief in werewolves persisted well into the 18th century.
Until the 20th century, wolf attacks on humans were an occasional, but still widespread feature of life in Europe. Some scholars have suggested that it was inevitable that wolves, being the most feared predators in Europe, were projected into the folklore of evil shapeshifters. This is said to be corroborated by the fact that areas devoid of wolves typically use different kinds of predator to fill the niche; werehyenas in Africa, weretigers in India, as well as werepumas ("runa uturuncu") and werejaguars ("yaguaraté-abá" or "tigre-capiango") in southern South America.
An idea is explored in Sabine Baring-Gould's work The Book of Werewolves is that werewolf legends may have been used to explain serial killings. Perhaps the most famous example is the case of Peter Stumpp (executed in 1589), the German farmer, and alleged serial killer and cannibal, also known as the Werewolf of Bedburg.
In Asian Cultures[which?], the "were" equivalent is a weretiger or wereleopard. These beliefs stemmed from fears that these werecats were supernatural.
Common Turkic folklore holds a different, reverential light to the werewolf legends in that Turkic Central Asian shamans after performing long and arduous rites would voluntarily be able to transform into the humanoid "Kurtadam" (literally meaning Wolfman). Since the wolf was the totemic ancestor animal of the Turkic peoples, they would be respectful of any shaman who was in such a form.
Lycanthropy as a medical condition
Some modern researchers have tried to explain the reports of werewolf behaviour with recognised medical conditions. Dr Lee Illis of Guy's Hospital in London wrote a paper in 1963 entitled On Porphyria and the Aetiology of Werewolves, in which he argues that historical accounts on werewolves could have in fact been referring to victims of congenital porphyria, stating how the symptoms of photosensitivity, reddish teeth and psychosis could have been grounds for accusing a sufferer of being a werewolf. This is however argued against by Woodward, who points out how mythological werewolves were almost invariably portrayed as resembling true wolves, and that their human forms were rarely physically conspicuous as porphyria victims. Others have pointed out the possibility of historical werewolves having been sufferers of hypertrichosis, a hereditary condition manifesting itself in excessive hair growth. However, Woodward dismissed the possibility, as the rarity of the disease ruled it out from happening on a large scale, as werewolf cases were in medieval Europe. People suffering from Down syndrome have been suggested by some scholars to have been possible originators of werewolf myths. Woodward suggested rabies as the origin of werewolf beliefs, claiming remarkable similarities between the symptoms of that disease and some of the legends. Woodward focused on the idea that being bitten by a werewolf could result in the victim turning into one, which suggested the idea of a transmittable disease like rabies. However, the idea that lycanthropy could be transmitted in this way is not part of the original myths and legends and only appears in relatively recent beliefs.
The beliefs classed together under lycanthropy are far from uniform, and the term is somewhat capriciously applied. The transformation may be temporary or permanent; the were-animal may be the man himself metamorphosed; may be his double whose activity leaves the real man to all appearance unchanged; may be his soul, which goes forth seeking whom it may devour, leaving its body in a state of trance; or it may be no more than the messenger of the human being, a real animal or a familiar spirit, whose intimate connection with its owner is shown by the fact that any injury to it is believed, by a phenomenon known as repercussion, to cause a corresponding injury to the human being.
Werewolves were said in European folklore to bear tell-tale physical traits even in their human form. These included the meeting of both eyebrows at the bridge of the nose, curved fingernails, low-set ears and a swinging stride. One method of identifying a werewolf in its human form was to cut the flesh of the accused, under the pretense that fur would be seen within the wound. A Russian superstition recalls a werewolf can be recognised by bristles under the tongue. The appearance of a werewolf in its animal form varies from culture to culture, though it is most commonly portrayed as being indistinguishable from ordinary wolves save for the fact that it has no tail (a trait thought characteristic of witches in animal form), is often larger, and retains human eyes and voice. According to some Swedish accounts, the werewolf could be distinguished from a regular wolf by the fact that it would run on three legs, stretching the fourth one backwards to look like a tail. After returning to their human forms, werewolves are usually documented as becoming weak, debilitated and undergoing painful nervous depression. One universally reviled trait in medieval Europe was the werewolf's habit of devouring recently buried corpses, a trait that is documented extensively, particularly in the Annales Medico-psychologiques in the 19th century. Fennoscandian werewolves were usually old women who possessed poison-coated claws and had the ability to paralyse cattle and children with their gaze.
Becoming a werewolf
Various methods for becoming a werewolf have been reported, one of the simplest being the removal of clothing and putting on a belt made of wolfskin, probably as a substitute for the assumption of an entire animal skin (which also is frequently described). In other cases, the body is rubbed with a magic salve. Drinking rainwater out of the footprint of the animal in question or from certain enchanted streams were also considered effectual modes of accomplishing metamorphosis. The 16th century Swedish writer Olaus Magnus says that the Livonian werewolves were initiated by draining a cup of specially prepared beer and repeating a set formula. Ralston in his Songs of the Russian People gives the form of incantation still familiar in Russia. In Italy, France and Germany, it was said that a man or woman could turn into a werewolf if he or she, on a certain Wednesday or Friday, slept outside on a summer night with the full moon shining directly on his or her face.
In other cases, the transformation was supposedly accomplished by Satanic allegiance for the most loathsome ends, often for the sake of sating a craving for human flesh. "The werewolves", writes Richard Verstegan (Restitution of Decayed Intelligence, 1628),
are certayne sorcerers, who having annoynted their bodies with an ointment which they make by the instinct of the devil, and putting on a certayne inchaunted girdle, does not only unto the view of others seem as wolves, but to their own thinking have both the shape and nature of wolves, so long as they wear the said girdle. And they do dispose themselves as very wolves, in worrying and killing, and most of humane creatures.
The phenomenon of repercussion, the power of animal metamorphosis, or of sending out a familiar, real or spiritual, as a messenger, and the supernormal powers conferred by association with such a familiar, are also attributed to the magician, male and female, all the world over; and witch superstitions are closely parallel to, if not identical with, lycanthropic beliefs, the occasional involuntary character of lycanthropy being almost the sole distinguishing feature. In another direction the phenomenon of repercussion is asserted to manifest itself in connection with the bush-soul of the West African and the nagual of Central America; but though there is no line of demarcation to be drawn on logical grounds, the assumed power of the magician and the intimate association of the bush-soul or the nagual with a human being are not termed lycanthropy. Nevertheless it will be well to touch on both these beliefs here.
The curse of lycanthropy was also considered by some scholars as being a divine punishment. Werewolf literature shows many examples of God or saints allegedly cursing those who invoked their wrath with werewolfism. Such is the case of Lycaon, who was turned into a wolf by Zeus as punishment for slaughtering one of his own sons and serving his remains to the gods as a dinner. Those who were excommunicated by the Roman Catholic Church were also said to become werewolves.
The power of transforming others into wild beasts was attributed not only to malignant sorcerers, but to Christian saints as well. Omnes angeli, boni et Mali, ex virtute naturali habent potestatem transmutandi corpora nostra ("All angels, good and bad have the power of transmutating our bodies") was the dictum of St. Thomas Aquinas. St. Patrick was said to have transformed the Welsh king Vereticus into a wolf; Natalis supposedly cursed an illustrious Irish family whose members were each doomed to be a wolf for seven years. In other tales the divine agency is even more direct, while in Russia, again, men supposedly became werewolves when incurring the wrath of the Devil.
A notable exception to the association of Lycanthropy and the Devil, comes from a rare and lesser known account of an 80-year-old man named Thiess. In 1692, in Jürgensburg, Livonia, Thiess testified under oath that he and other werewolves were the Hounds of God. He claimed they were warriors who went down into hell to do battle with witches and demons. Their efforts ensured that the Devil and his minions did not carry off the grain from local failed crops down to hell. Thiess was steadfast in his assertions, claiming that werewolves in Germany and Russia also did battle with the devil's minions in their own versions of hell, and insisted that when werewolves died, their souls were welcomed into heaven as reward for their service. Thiess was ultimately sentenced to ten lashes for Idolatry and superstitious belief.
Various methods have existed for removing the werewolf form. In antiquity, the Ancient Greeks and Romans believed in the power of exhaustion in curing people of lycanthropy. The victim would be subjected to long periods of physical activity in the hope of being purged of the malady. This practice stemmed from the fact that many alleged werewolves would be left feeling weak and debilitated after committing depredations.
In medieval Europe, traditionally, there are three methods one can use to cure a victim of werewolfism; medicinally (usually via the use of wolfsbane), surgically or by exorcism. However, many of the cures advocated by medieval medical practitioners proved fatal to the patients. A Sicilian belief of Arabic origin holds that a werewolf can be cured of its ailment by striking it on the forehead or scalp with a knife. Another belief from the same culture involves the piercing of the werewolf's hands with nails. Sometimes, less extreme methods were used. In the German lowland of Schleswig-Holstein, a werewolf could be cured if one were to simply address it three times by its Christian name, while one Danish belief holds that simply scolding a werewolf will cure it. Conversion to Christianity is also a common method of removing werewolfism in the medieval period. A devotion to St. Hubert has also been cited as both cure for and protection from lycanthropes.
Connection to revenants
Before the end of the 19th century, the Greeks believed that the corpses of werewolves, if not destroyed, would return to life in the form of wolves or hyenas which prowled battlefields, drinking the blood of dying soldiers. In the same vein, in some rural areas of Germany, Poland and Northern France, it was once believed that people who died in mortal sin came back to life as blood-drinking wolves. These "undead" werewolves would return to their human corpse form at daylight. They were dealt with by decapitation with a spade and exorcism by the parish priest. The head would then be thrown into a stream, where the weight of its sins was thought to weigh it down. Sometimes, the same methods used to dispose of ordinary vampires would be used. The vampire was also linked to the werewolf in East European countries, particularly Bulgaria, Serbia and Slovenia. In Serbia, the werewolf and vampire are known collectively as vulkodlak.
Hungary and Balkans
In Hungarian folklore, The werewolves used to live specially in the region of Transdanubia, and it was thought that the ability to change into a wolf was obtained in the infant age, after the suffering of abuse by the parents or by a curse. At the age of seven the boy or the girl leaves the house and goes hunting by night and can change to person or wolf whenever he wants. The curse can also be obtained when in the adulthood the person passed three times through an arch made of a Birch with the help of a wild rose's spine.
The werewolves were known to exterminate all kind of farm animals, especially sheep. The transformation usually occurred in the Winter solstice, Easter and full moon. Later in the 17th and 18th century, the trials in Hungary not only were conducted against witches, but against werewolves too, and many records exist creating connections between both kinds. Also the vampires and werewolves are closely related in Hungary, being both feared in the antiquity.
Among the South Slavs, and also among the Kashubs of what is now northern Poland,[clarification needed] there was the belief that if a child was born with hair, a birthmark or a caul on their head, they were supposed to possess shape-shifting abilities. Though capable of turning into any animal they wished, it was commonly believed that such people preferred to turn into a wolf.
Serbian vulkodlaks traditionally had the habit of congregating annually in the winter months, when they would strip off their wolf skins and hang them from trees. They would then get a hold of another vulkodlaks skin and burn it, releasing from its curse the vulkodlak from whom the skin came.
According to Armenian lore, there are women who, in consequence of deadly sins, are condemned to spend seven years in wolf form. In a typical account, a condemned woman is visited by a wolfskin-toting spirit, who orders her to wear the skin, which causes her to acquire frightful cravings for human flesh soon after. With her better nature overcome, the she-wolf devours each of her own children, then her relatives' children in order of relationship, and finally the children of strangers. She wanders only at night, with doors and locks springing open at her approach. When morning arrives, she reverts to human form and removes her wolfskin. The transformation is generally said to be involuntary, but there are alternate versions involving voluntary metamorphosis, where the women can transform at will.
Americas and Caribbean
Woodward thought that these beliefs were due to the Norse colonization of the Americas. When the European colonization of the Americas occurred, the pioneers brought their own werewolf folklore with them and were later influenced by the lore of their neighbouring colonies and those of the Natives. Belief in the loup-garou present in Canada, the Upper and Lower Peninsulas of Michigan and upstate New York, originates from French folklore influenced by Native American stories on the Wendigo. In Mexico, there is a belief in a creature called the nahual, which traditionally limits itself to stealing cheese and raping women rather than murder. In Haiti, there is a superstition that werewolf spirits known locally as Jé-rouge (red eyes) can possess the bodies of unwitting persons and nightly transform them into cannibalistic lupine creatures. The Haitian jé-rouges typically try to trick mothers into giving away their children voluntarily by waking them at night and asking their permission to take their child, to which the disoriented mother may either reply yes or no. The Haitian jé-rouges differ from traditional European werewolves by their habit of actively trying to spread their lycanthropic condition to others, much like vampires.
Most modern fiction describes werewolves as vulnerable to silver weapons and highly resistant to other injuries. This feature does not appear in stories about werewolves before the 20th century (the claim that the Beast of Gévaudan, an 18th-century wolf or wolf-like creature, was shot by a silver bullet appears to have been introduced by novelists retelling the story from 1935 onwards and not in earlier versions).
The 1897 novel Dracula drew on earlier mythologies of werewolves and similar legendary demons and "was to voice the anxieties of an age", and the "fears of late Victorian patriarchy". The first feature film to use an anthropomorphic werewolf was Werewolf of London in 1935. The main werewolf of this film is a dapper London scientist who retains some of his style and most of his human features after his transformation, as lead actor Henry Hull was unwilling to spend long hours being made up by makeup artist Jack Pierce. Universal Studios drew on a Balkan tale of a plant associated with lycanthropy as there was no literary work to draw upon, unlike the case with vampires. There is no reference to silver nor other aspects of werewolf lore such as cannibalism.
A more tragic character is Lawrence Talbot, played by Lon Chaney, Jr. in 1941's The Wolf Man. With Pierce's makeup more elaborate this time, the movie catapulted the werewolf into public consciousness. Sympathetic portrayals are few but notable, such as the comedic but tortured protagonist David Naughton in An American Werewolf in London, and a less anguished and more confident and charismatic Jack Nicholson in the 1994 film Wolf. Over time, the depiction of werewolves has gone from fully malevolent to even heroic creatures, such as in the Underworld and Twilight series, as well as Dance in the Vampire Bund, Rosario+Vampire, and various other movies, anime, manga, and comic books.
Other werewolves are decidedly more willful and malevolent, such as those in the novel The Howling and its subsequent sequels and film adaptations. The form a werewolf assumes was generally anthropomorphic in early films such as The Wolf Man and Werewolf of London, but larger and powerful wolf in many later films.
Werewolves are often depicted as immune to damage caused by ordinary weapons, being vulnerable only to [silver objects, such as a silver-tipped cane, bullet or blade; this attribute was first adopted cinematically in The Wolf Man. This negative reaction to silver is sometimes so strong that the mere touch of the metal on a werewolf's skin will cause burns. Current-day werewolf fiction almost exclusively involves lycanthropy being either a hereditary condition or being transmitted like an infectious disease by the bite of another werewolf. In some fiction, the power of the werewolf extends to human form, such as invulnerability to conventional injury due to their healing factor, super-human speed and strength and falling on their feet from high falls. Also aggressiveness and animalistic urges may be intensified and harder to control (hunger, sexual arousal). Usually in these cases the abilities are diminished in human form. In other fiction it can be cured by medicine men or antidotes.
Nazi Germany twice used Werwolf (as the mythical creature's name is spelled in German). In 1942-43 it was the codename for one of Hitler's headquarters (Werwolf (Wehrmacht HQ)). In the war's final days it was the name of "Operation Werwolf" aimed at creating a commando force which would operate behind enemy lines as the Allies advanced through Germany itself.
Two fictional depictions of "Operation Werwolf"—the US television series True Blood and the 2012 novel Wolf Hunter, by J.L. Benét—mix the two meanings of "Werwolf" by depicting the 1945 diehard Nazi commandos as being actual werewolves.
- Lorey (2000) records 280 known cases; this contrasts with a total number of 12,000 recorded cases of executions for witchcraft, or an estimated grand total of about 60,000, corresponding to 2% or 0.5% respectively. The recorded cases span the period of 1407 to 1725, peaking during the period of 1575–1657.
- Lorey (2000) records six trials in the period 1701&1725, all in either Styria or Carinthia; 1701 Paul Perwolf of Wolfsburg, Obdach, Styria (executed); 1705 "Vlastl" of Murau, Styria (verdict unknown); 1705/6 six beggars in Wolfsberg, Carinthia (executed); 1707/8 three shepherds in Leoben and Freyenstein, Styria (one lynching, two probable executions); 1718 Jakob Kranawitter, a mentally retarded beggar, in Rotenfel, Oberwolz, Styria (corporeal punishment); 1725: Paul Schäffer, beggar of St. Leonhard im Lavanttal, Carinthia (executed).
- "Werwolf" in Grimm, Deutsches Wörterbuch. "online version". uni-trier.de. Retrieved 2012-12-21.
- "loup-garou". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (4 ed.). 2000. "Appendix I: Indo-European Roots: w-ro-". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (4 ed.). 2000.
- Rose, C. (2000). Giants, Monsters & Dragons: An Encyclopedia of Folklore, Legend and Myth. New York: Norton. p. 230. ISBN 0-393-32211-4.
- in the entry on Marcellus of Side, stating that this 2nd-century author wrote about the topic of lycanthropy. (Μ 205) Μάρκελλος Σιδήτης, ἰατρός, ἐπὶ Μάρκου Ἀντωνίνου. οὗτος ἔγραψε δι’ ἐπῶν ἡρωϊκῶν βιβλία ἰατρικὰ δύο καὶ μʹ, ἐν οἷς καὶ περὶ λυκανθρώπου. (cited after A. Adler, Suidae lexicon, Leipzig: Teubner, 1928-1935); see Suda Online
- Karadžić in 1818) records вукодлак (werewolf) вампир (vampire) are synonyms, a man who returns from his grave for purposes of fornicating with his widow.
- For lupo mannaro, Pianigiani (1907) considers a derivation from Germanic man, but prefers a corruption of lup'umanario, translating Greek lyk-anthropos or alternatively from a *maniarus "mad, ferocious", from mania
- Kim R. McCone, "Hund, Wolf, und Krieger bei den Indogermanen" in W. Meid (ed.), Studien zum indogermanischen Wortschatz, Innsbruck, 1987, 101-154
- Eisler, Robert (1948). Man Into Wolf - An Anthropological Interpretation of Sadism, Masochism, and Lycanthropy. ASIN B000V6D4PG.
- Herodotus. "IV.105". Histories.
- Ovid. "i". Metamorphoses.
- Ménard, Philippe (1984). "Les histoires de loup-garou au moyen-âge". Symposium in honorem prof. M. de Riquer (in French). Barcelona UP. pp. 209â38.
- Virgil. "viii". Bucolica. p. 98.
- Pliny the Elder. "VIII". Historia Naturalis. p. 81. 22/34.
- Pliny the Elder. "VIII". The Natural History. p. 81. 34/22.
- Petronius (1996). Satyrica. R. Bracht Branham and Daniel Kinney. Berkeley: University of California. p. 56. ISBN 0-520-20599-5.
- Baring-Gould, p. 100.
- Woodward, Ian (1979). The Werewolf Delusion. Paddington Press. ISBN 0-448-23170-0.[unreliable source?][page needed]
- "iii". Demonologie.
- E. William Monter, "Witchcraft in France and Switzerland" in Otten (ed.) A Lycanthropy reader (1986), 161-167.
- "Is the fear of wolves justified? A Fennoscandian perspective" (PDF). Acta Zoologica Lituanica, 2003, Volumen 13, Numerus 1. Retrieved 2008-05-09.
- Facundo Quiroga, "The Tiger of the Argentine Prairies" and the Legend of the "runa uturuncu". (Spanish)
- The Legend of the runa uturuncu in the Mythology of the Latin-American Guerilla. (Spanish)
- The Guaraní Myth about the Origin of Human Language and the Tiger-men. (Spanish)
- J.B. Ambrosetti (1976). Fantasmas de la selva misionera ("Ghosts of the Misiones Jungle"). Editorial Convergencia: Buenos Aires.
- Illis, L (Jan 1964). "On Porphyria and the Ætiology of Werwolves". Proc R Soc Med 57 (1): 23–6. PMC 1897308. PMID 14114172.
- Lopez, Barry (1978). Of Wolves and Men. New York: Scribner Classics. ISBN 0-7432-4936-4. OCLC 54857556.
- Ebbe Schön (2011-05-16). "Varulv" (in Swedish). Väsen. SVT. http://svt.se/2.150216/vasen. Retrieved 2011-05-16.
- Bennett, Aaron. “So, You Want to be a Werewolf?” Fate. Vol. 55, no. 6, Issue 627. July 2002.
- O'Donnell, Elliot. Werwolves. Methuen. London. 1912. pp. 65-67.
- Gershenson, Daniel. Apollo the Wolf-God. (Journal of Indo- European Studies, Monograph, 8.) McLean, Virginia: Institute for the Study of Man, 1991, ISBN 0-941694-38-0 pp. 136-7.
- Szabó, György. Mitológiai kislexikon, I-II., Budapest: Merényi Könyvkiadó (év nélkül) Mitólogiai kislexikon.
- Willis, Roy; Davidson, Hilda Ellis (1997). World Mythology: The Illustrated Guide. Piaktus. ISBN 0-7499-1739-3. OCLC 37594992.
- The Fables of Mkhitar Gosh (New York, 1987), translated with an introduction by R. Bedrosian, edited by Elise Antreassian and illustrated by Anahid Janjigian
- Legends of Grosse Pointe.
- Robert Jackson (1995) Witchcraft and the Occult. Devizes, Quintet Publishing: 25.
- Sellers, Susan. Myth and Fairy Tale in Contemporary Women's Fiction, Palgrave Macmillan (2001) p. 85.
- Searles B (1988). Films of Science Fiction and Fantasy. Harry N. Abrams. pp. 165–67. ISBN 0-8109-0922-7.
- Clemens, pp. 119-20.
- Clemens, pp. 117-18.
- Clemens, p. 120.
- Steiger, Brad (1999). The Werewolf Book: The Encyclopedia of Shapeshifting Beings. Farmington Hills, MI: Visible Ink. p. 12. ISBN 1-57859-078-7. OCLC 41565057.
- Steiger, Brad (1999). The Werewolf Book: The Encyclopedia of Shapeshifting Beings. Visible Ink. p. 330. ISBN 1-57859-078-7. OCLC 41565057.
- Steiger, Brad (1999). The Werewolf Book: The Encyclopedia of Shapeshifting Beings. Visible Ink. ISBN 1-57859-078-7. OCLC 41565057. p. 17.
- Secondary sources
- Baring-Gould, Sabine (1865). The Book of Werewolves: Being an Account of a Terrible Superstition. London: Smith, Elder & Co. google books
- Douglas, Adam (1992). The Beast Within: A History of the Werewolf. London: Chapmans. ISBN 0-380-72264-X.
- Goens, Jean (1993). Loups-garous, vampires et autres monstres : enquêtes médicales et littéraires. Paris: CNRS Editions.
- Grimm, Deutsche Mythologie, 4, ii. and iii.
- Hertz, Der Werwolf (Stuttgart, 1862)
- Lecouteux, Claude, Fées, Sorcières et Loups-garous, Éditions Imago, Paris (1992), trans. Clare Frock, Witches, Werewolves, and Fairies: Shapeshifters and Astral Doubles in the Middle Ages, Inner Traditions International, Rochester, Vermont (2003), ISBN 0-89281-096-3
- Leubuscher, Über die Wehrwölfe (1850)
- O'Donnell, Elliot (1912). Werewolves.
- Otten, Charlotte (ed.), A Lycanthropy reader: werewolves in Western culture, Syracuse University Press, 1986.
- Sconduto, Leslie A. Metamorphoses of the werewolf: a literary study from antiquity through the Renaissance.
- Stewart, Caroline Taylor (1909). The origin of the werewolf superstition. University of Missouri Studies.
- Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Werwolf". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
- Primary sources
- Wolfeshusius, Johannes Fridericus. De Lycanthropia: An vere illi, ut fama est, luporum & aliarum bestiarum formis induantur. Problema philosophicum pro sententia Joan. Bodini ... adversus dissentaneas aliquorum opiniones noviter assertum... Leipzig: Typis Abrahami Lambergi, 1591. (In Latin; microfilm held by the United States National Library of Medicine)
- Prieur, Claude. Dialogue de la Lycanthropie: Ou transformation d'hommes en loups, vulgairement dits loups-garous, et si telle se peut faire. Louvain: J. Maes & P. Zangre, 1596.
- Bourquelot and Jean de Nynauld, De la Lycanthropie, Transformation et Extase des Sorciers (Paris, 1615).
- Summers, Montague, The Werewolf London: K. Paul, Trench, Trubner, 1933. (1st edition, reissued 1934 New York: E.P. Dutton, 1966 New Hyde Park, N.Y: University Books, 1973 Secaucus, N.J.: Citadel Press, 2003 Mineola, N.Y.: Dover, with new title The Werewolf in Lore and Legend). ISBN 0-7661-3210-2 | <urn:uuid:3c6864a5-a0cd-44f2-a417-d8aecac0d7a5> | {
"date": "2014-11-24T17:36:40",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-49",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416400380948.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20141119123300-00064-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9417588710784912,
"score": 3.015625,
"token_count": 10608,
"url": "http://enc.tfode.com/Vukodlak"
} |
In the current era of massive deficits, federal, state and local government agencies are seeking ways to lower expenditures and still maintain essential services. Child welfare programs represent an area where significant savings could be achieved while actually improving the life circumstances of the young people affected. The way this could be accomplished is by increasing the number of children and youth who are adopted out of foster care. Findings from a recent national survey of child health provide new evidence that adoption can save the public money while improving the life prospects of youngsters who have been maltreated in their early years.
Public Costs of Foster Care
Children in foster care are children who were born to substance-abusing or mentally ill women, or youngsters who have been neglected or abused in the homes of their birth parents. They have been legally removed from their birth families and placed under the care and control of state-run child welfare agencies. There are close to a half-million children in the United States who are in foster care at any one time. Some are in foster care for only a brief period of days or weeks before being returned to their families. But almost a quarter of a million will remain in foster care for a year or more. Nearly 50,000 will stay in foster care five years or more, while 30,000 will remain there until they reach adulthood.
The public costs of removing all these maltreated children from their birth families and caring for them in foster families, group homes, or institutions are substantial. Annual state and federal expenditures for foster care total more than $9 billion under Title IV-E of the Social Security Act alone. Although exact amounts are difficult to disentangle, even more money is spent for publicly-subsidized medical care for foster children and food stamps, cash welfare, and child care payments to the families that care for them. On top of that, there are longer-term costs that society incurs because of the developmental risks associated with child maltreatment and family disruption.
Although children in long-term foster care represent only a small fraction of the total child population of the United States, they represent a much bigger portion of the young people who go on to create serious disciplinary problems in schools, drop out of high school, become unemployed and homeless, bear children as unmarried teenagers, abuse drugs and alcohol, and commit crimes. A recent study of a Midwest sample of young adults aged twenty-three or twenty-four who had aged out of foster care found that they had extremely high rates of arrest and incarceration. 81 percent of the long-term foster care males had been arrested at some point, and 59 percent had been convicted of at least one crime. This compares with 17 percent of all young men in the U.S. who had been arrested, and 10 percent who had been convicted of a crime. Likewise, 57 percent of the long-term foster care females had been arrested and 28 percent had been convicted of a crime. The comparative figures for all female young adults in the U.S. are 4 percent and 2 percent, respectively.
Former foster youth are over-represented among inmates of state and federal prisons. In 2004 there were almost 190,000 inmates of state and federal prisons in the U.S. who had a history of foster care during their childhood or adolescence. These foster care alumni represented nearly 15 percent of the inmates of state prisons and almost 8 percent of the inmates of federal prisons. The cost of incarcerating former foster youth was approximately $5.1 billion per year.
Adopting from Foster Care
Increased adoption from foster care is a way of decreasing the number of young people who must spend much of their youth in unstable and less than ideal living arrangements. It may also be a way of preventing the long-term detrimental consequences of such an upbringing. As things stand now, less than 15 percent of all children in foster care will be adopted. There were 57,000 children adopted from foster care during Fiscal Year 2009, but there were twice as many-115,000-waiting to be adopted on September 30, 2009. (That is, adoption was the agency's case goal for the child and the parental rights of the biological parents had been legally terminated.)
Adopting children from foster care is a risky proposition for prospective adoptive parents because of possible long-term effects on the child of both the traumatic early experiences they have endured and the detrimental genes they may carry in their DNA. Despite the risks involved, sizable numbers of middle-class couples are prepared to adopt these maltreated children. However, their efforts to adopt are often frustrated by federal laws and child welfare agency practices that require time-consuming efforts to preserve and reunify biological families and give preference to the placement of foster children with relatives. As a consequence, qualified couples who are eager to adopt an unrelated foster child may find themselves turned down by social workers in favor of a grandmother, aunt, or cousin of the child. This can occur even though the relative is reluctant to adopt and has only meager financial resources. An American couple can often complete an international adoption in less time and with fewer complications than adopting a child from foster care in the U.S. In addition, they have a better chance of obtaining an adoptive daughter or son near the time of the child's birth or within the first year or two of the child's life.
Congress has passed a series of laws with provisions aimed at facilitating and encouraging adoption of foster children, such as by providing financial incentives including an income tax credit, subsidized medical care, and regular support payments for less affluent adoptive parents. There was an initial upward jump in the annual number of children adopted from foster care following the passage of the federal Adoption and Safe Families Act in 1997, from a base-period level of around 28,000 children per year to a level of around 51,000 children per year in 2000. Since then, however, the number of children adopted from foster care has fluctuated around 55,000, with no clear sustained upward trend. Likewise, the proportion of foster children waiting to be adopted to those who actually are adopted has hovered around 50 percent.
There would be benefits for both the children who await adoption and for U.S. society as a whole if adoption of children in foster care by qualified non-relatives were made easier, faster, and more frequent. Yet advocates of family preservation have resisted efforts to make it so. Much of the controversy over adoption of children from foster care has gone on without the benefit of statistically reliable comparisons of how children fare if they are adopted from foster care as opposed to remaining in foster care or being reunited with their birth parents. Although definitive answers to this question can only be obtained through longitudinal studies and random-assignment experiments, there is useful information to be gleaned from a recent federal survey called the National Survey of Adoptive Parents (NSAP). A major purpose of this brief is to summarize the results of a special analysis of data from this survey that the author carried out in collaboration with Matthew Bramlett, a survey statistician at the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS). The analysis was aimed at shedding as much light as possible on the life situations and wellbeing of children who had been adopted from foster care as well as those who were currently in foster care. | <urn:uuid:2f85ed5c-1895-4be3-b3af-0c9c8e6174db> | {
"date": "2013-05-18T17:40:20",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2013-20",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696382584/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092622-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9717534184455872,
"score": 3.109375,
"token_count": 1467,
"url": "http://www.brookings.edu/research/reports/2011/05/adoption-foster-care-zill"
} |
|Paris1 (ˈpærɪs, French pari)|
|1.||Ancient name: Lutetia the capital of France, in the north on the River Seine: constitutes a department; dates from the 3rd century |
|2.||Treaty of Paris|
|a. a treaty of 1783 between the US, Britain, France, and Spain, ending the War of American Independence|
|b. a treaty of 1763 signed by Britain, France, and Spain that ended their involvement in the Seven Years' War|
|c. a treaty of 1898 between Spain and the US bringing to an end the Spanish-American War|
|[via French and Old French, from Late Latin (Lūtētia) Parisiōrum (marshes) of the Parisii, a tribe of Celtic Gaul]|
Capital of France and the largest city in the country, located in north-central France on the Seine River; an international cultural and intellectual center, as well as the commercial and industrial focus of France.
Note: In the Treaty of Paris (1783), Britain formally acknowledged the independence of the thirteen colonies as the United States.
Note: In the 1920s, Paris was home to many artists and writers from the United States and other countries.
Note: During World War II, German troops occupied the city from 1940 to 1944.
Note: The city's tourist attractions include the Eiffel Tower, the Louvre Museum, and the Cathedral of Notre Dame de Paris. The Champs Élysées is the most famous of its many celebrated streets, avenues, and boulevards.
Note: Paris is a center for fashion and design.
Note: It is called the “City of Light.” | <urn:uuid:6c36065a-ca30-4708-a70d-fabeda4a3378> | {
"date": "2013-12-05T06:01:42",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2013-48",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386163040130/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204131720-00002-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9517548680305481,
"score": 3.203125,
"token_count": 373,
"url": "http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/parisii"
} |
In 1854 J. F. Wright of Kelvedon Hall wrote to Dr.
Tavarez, the Roman Catholic
priest at Brentwood, in reply to
a request to furnish information concerning the history of
Roman Catholic worship in the Kelvedon Hatch area.
'At Kelvedon Hall, where my family have resided for
upwards of 300 years I have little doubt (though I have
no positive proof of the fact) that a priest was maintained
during the greater part of that time, though possibly
only at intervals during times of persecution. The
inscription on the ciborium belonging to Kelvedon
Hall chapel (Ora pro Eugenia Wright 1710) is pretty
good proof of there having been a priest and chapel
then.' (fn. 88) The family tradition here stated was probably
well founded. In 1605, when William Byrd of Stondon
Massey (q.v.) was presented to the archdeacon as a
Popish recusant, it was also urged against him that he
had led astray John Wright of Kelvedon, the son of the
then lord of the manor and later to become lord himself, and his sister Anne, into the same heresy. (fn. 89) This
may be evidence that the Wrights were not Roman
Catholics between the time when they acquired the
manor and the end of the 16th century. It has not
been definitely established that they were Roman
Catholics throughout the 17th century; Bishop
Compton's census (1676) lists no Roman Catholics in
Kelvedon Hatch. (fn. 90) But for the 18th century there is
confirmation of J. F. Wright's statements. John Wright
of Kelvedon Hall was registered at quarter sessions in
1717 as a papist, and so also was his son John Wright
the younger. (fn. 91) Eugenia, widow of John Wright of
Kelvedon Hall, was similarly registered in 1731 and
another John Wright in 1761. (fn. 92) In the 17th and 18th
centuries the Wrights, although they held the advowson
of Kelvedon Hatch, do not appear to have presented
to the rectory themselves except in 1607. (fn. 93) Priests
from the Jesuit College of the Holy Apostles also appear
to have visited Kelvedon Hall regularly in the middle
of the 18th century. (fn. 94) Continuing his letter to Dr.
Tavarez, J. F. Wright stated that his family left
Kelvedon Hall in 1788 for a few years. 'In consequence
a small chapel was fitted up in a room in a farm-house
on Kelvedon Common and the Revd. Richard Antrobus,
then the priest at Wealdside (in South Weald), used to
attend there at Indulgences, for the accommodation of
the Catholics about here.' (fn. 95) J. F. Wright went on to
describe the return of his family to Kelvedon Hall in
1799 and gave the names of three Roman Catholic
priests who lived there as chaplains between 1799 and
1813, when his grandfather again left the hall. (fn. 96) There
was no resident priest there after 1813. The few
Roman Catholics in Kelvedon Hatch were served by
the priest at Ingatestone Hall and later by the priest
in charge of the church at Brentwood, opened in 1837.
In J. F. Wright's own time the private chapel at
Kelvedon Hall was again in use for Catholic worship.
In 1857 he was again corresponding with Dr. Tavarez,
this time about the proposal to install a confessional in
the chapel. He told Tavarez that he considered that
the chapel was too small for the secrecy of the confessional to be maintained-'and where the confessor
is at all hard of hearing the danger is still greater'. And
he was further unwilling to obey an order by Archbishop Errington to destroy some old altar stones in
the chapel. (fn. 97) 'I beg to say that they will never be used
and that they take up very little room. As for saying
"cui bono" do they remain, that, I submit concerns me
alone and I do not hesitate to say that ... they have
acquired an interest from the fact of their having been
here for several generations.... It is I think no improbable supposition that over some of them mass has been
celebrated in times of persecution by priests who subsequently became martyrs.' Wright concluded his
letter with a dignified reproach: 'Into these feelings,
however, I cannot expect you to enter, as you cannot
feel as we English Catholics do on these subjects, who
know with how much trouble and difficulty our religion
was kept alive in England in former days.' (fn. 98)
Roman Catholic worship no doubt continued to be
held at Kelvedon Hall during J. F. Wright's life-time
and while his nephew and successor, E. C. Wright,
lived at the hall. The chapel at the hall, which was
dedicated to St. Joseph, became disused during the
occupation of Mr. and Mrs. J. A. Jones, but was again
taken into use and was restored during the years when
the hall was occupied by St. Michael's School. (fn. 99)
||R.C. Parish of Brentwood, MSS.
Book. Inf. supplied by Revd. B. C. Foley.
||E.R.O., D/AEA 23, quoted in A. C.
Edwards, English History from Essex
Sources, 1550-1750, 13.
||See Table on p. 311.
||E.R.O., Q/RRp 1/12, 21.
||Ibid. 3/4, 4/6.
||Newcourt, Repert. ii, 352. And see
E.R. xxvii, 73-76.
||R.C. Parish of Brentwood, MSS.Book.
||As to the first chaplain, John Clarkson,
J. F. Wright's statement is confirmed by the Register of Papists' Meeting Places: E.R.O., Q/RRw 3.
||George Errington (1804-86), Archbishop of Trebizond in partibus (1855),
was co-adjutor to Cardinal Wiseman,1855-62: D.N.B.
||R.C. Parish of Brentwood, MSS. Book.
Kelly's Dir. Essex (1914 f. and 1933).
And see Manors. | <urn:uuid:989a6371-3e22-40ea-a15b-b3a0ad260a9f> | {
"date": "2013-12-13T11:36:20",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2013-48",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386164936474/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204134856-00002-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9635003805160522,
"score": 2.546875,
"token_count": 1450,
"url": "http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=15562"
} |
"India has been witnessing an increase in the incidence of head-and-neck cancers, said a study by the Indian Council of Medical Research in 2008. In fact, head and neck cancers are the most common cancers in men and third-most common among women," said Dr P C Gupta, director of the Sekhsaria Institute of Public Health in Navi Mumbai. "Oral cancer affects 1,00,000 Indians every year," said Dr Pankaj Chaturvedi of Tata Memorial Hospital, adding that most patients come so late for treatment that nearly 50% die within a year of detection.
Head and neck cancers are termed as preventable because 90% of them are related to the use of tobacco, alcohol and areca nuts. It is to create an awareness about the causes that various head-and-neck cancer societies have come together to observe July 27 as the 'Head Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma Day'. "The decision was taken after looking at the success of consecutive breast cancer days in raising awareness about the disease as well in bringing together various stakeholders such as civil society groups, doctors and governmental agencies," said Dr Chaturvedi. Around 52 head-and-neck cancer societies as well as 55 countries support the decision of the International Federation of Head and Neck Oncologic Societies to observe the day.
Experts added that bans on tobacco products have worked. In 2014, a survey done by the John Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health and the World Health Organization, India, showed that 90% respondents desired that the government should ban the manufacturing, sale and distribution of other forms of smokeless tobacco. "Around 92% supported the ban and 80% believed a ban will motivate them to quit, nearly half of them actually tried quitting,'' said the survey. Strong government action such as bans would help, said doctors. | <urn:uuid:d90aa1b6-8744-4650-89ad-3c566e84b160> | {
"date": "2018-01-23T21:43:40",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-05",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084892699.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20180123211127-20180123231127-00456.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9687648415565491,
"score": 2.6875,
"token_count": 373,
"url": "https://health.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/industry/oral-cancer-easily-preventable-but-affects-1-lakh-indians-every-year/48246115"
} |
Around 1760, English mapmaker John Spilsbury pasted one of his maps to a board, cut around the borders, and created the first jigsaw puzzle. The idea caught on, and various British manufacturers created educational puzzles to teach geography, history, and Holy Scripture. Puzzles crossed the Atlantic slowly, however. The first American puzzles appeared around 1850, and, like their predecessors, they featured maps cut from wood. Following the Civil War (1861–1865), well-known game producers such as Milton Bradley and Parker Brothers offered puzzles that combined educational value with entertainment. In 1908, Parker Brothers introduced its Pastime Puzzles, featuring pieces cut as animals, letters, and geometric shapes. Other manufacturers introduced interlocking pieces about the same time. These easier puzzles created a small craze, but the real heyday of puzzles emerged in the 1930s. Manufacturers mass-produced die-cut cardboard puzzles and sold them cheaply enough for most Americans to afford, even in the midst of the Great Depression. Newsstands offered weekly jigsaw puzzles and magazines devoted to the pastime. The puzzle craze faded in the 1950s, as television increasingly dominated home entertainment. But even today, families still enjoy the challenge of a good puzzle. | <urn:uuid:09167848-4a40-4e7e-b6ec-fdc460f96eb8> | {
"date": "2018-04-23T17:35:57",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-17",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125946120.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20180423164921-20180423184921-00176.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9550685286521912,
"score": 3.34375,
"token_count": 250,
"url": "http://www.toyhalloffame.org/toys/jigsaw-puzzle"
} |
Diphtheria is a bacterial infection that spreads easily and occurs quickly. It mainly affects the nose and throat. Children under 5 and adults over 60 years old are particularly at risk for contracting the infection.
In its early stages, diphtheria can be mistaken for a bad sore throat. A low-grade fever and swollen neck glands are the other early symptoms.
The toxin, or poison, caused by the bacteria can lead to a thick coating (or membrane) in the nose, throat, or airway, which makes a diphtheria infection different from other more common infections that cause sore throat (such as strep throat). This coating is usually fuzzy gray or black and can cause breathing problems and difficulty in swallowing.
As the infection progresses, someone may:
have difficulty breathing or swallowing
complain of double vision
have slurred speech
even show signs of going into shock (skin that's pale and cold, rapid heartbeat, sweating, and an anxious appearance)
Since a vaccine has been created, Diphtheria is very rare in the United States and Europe, where health officials have been immunizing children against it for decades. | <urn:uuid:21fe66fd-52e1-4c95-8d18-fb5858df1a2b> | {
"date": "2017-06-28T07:15:59",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-26",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128322873.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20170628065139-20170628085139-00617.warc.gz",
"int_score": 4,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9415963888168335,
"score": 3.9375,
"token_count": 236,
"url": "http://simplebooklet.com/publish.php?wpKey=XRPyY8rBRKpdDU6sGL4QcS"
} |
[This re-post of an article showing countries moving to renewable energy to create jobs and reduce dependence on expensive, polluting and climate destroying fossil fuels. — Stephen]
By Stephen Leahy
BONN, Jun 20, 2011 (IPS)
If we’re lucky, by the time a tough but fair international treaty to meet the climate change challenge is finalised, it will be largely unnecessary. The snail’s pace of negotiations certainly gives countries plenty of time to understand the financial, social and environmental advantages of kicking their dangerous addiction to fossil fuels.
That may be a cynical optimist’s hope, but the European Union is already moving in that direction.
Climate change is now seen as an opportunity to deal with the economic downturn in Europe,” said Jürgen Lefevere, a European Commission negotiator at the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) negotiating session that ended late Friday in Bonn.
“It is no longer just an environmental issue for us,” Lefevere said at a final press conference.
China also understands the opportunity.
Renewable energy sources like wind and solar now account for 11.4 percent of China’s electricity, and that figure will be 20 percent by 2020, says Liu Qiang, a researcher at the Energy Research Institute of the National Development Reform Commission, China.
“China takes this very seriously,” Qiang said, noting that there are significant investments and research in smarter electrical grids and energy storage in China.
Looking to 2050, the era of fossil fuels will be over in a world of vibrant economies and societies powered entirely by clean, cheap and renewable energy, says Niklas Hoehne, director of Energy and Climate Policy at Ecofys, an energy consulting company based in the Netherlands.
“The cost is about two to three percent of global GDP (gross domestic product) from now until 2035, and then the costs decline,” said Hoehne, a co-author of the Ecofys technical study called “The Energy Report“, which demonstrates how the world could reach 100 percent renewable energy by 2050.
That investment is far less than the costs of climate change will be without major reductions in emissions, he told IPS. Continue reading | <urn:uuid:2979cb40-92fd-4f2f-b252-96f1ba8698fd> | {
"date": "2019-12-07T02:01:35",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-51",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540491871.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20191207005439-20191207033439-00216.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9294764399528503,
"score": 2.78125,
"token_count": 475,
"url": "https://stephenleahy.net/tag/jobs/"
} |
Feeding the world requires more than a spoonful of safety
EAST LANSING, Mich. – While the United States battles an obesity epidemic, millions around the world are starving or malnourished – a population already at increased risk of foodborne disease. Fighting hunger goes hand in hand with the fight against foodborne disease, urges a Michigan State University researcher.
When production of food goes up on a mass scale, something in the food system – even the smallest problem – can exacerbate on a large scale and a large amount of people can be affected by foodborne disease, says Ewen C.D. Todd, director of the National Food Safety & Toxicology Center at MSU. Increased demand for food – and the whirlwind of trade to meet the demand for the export markets – carries an invisible price tag – in some cases, the loss of land to produce the food, and in other cases higher risk for food contamination for both local and exported foods.
"When we look at the question of feeding the world, we also have to take into account providing safe food," Todd says. Among the concerns that affect food safety: storage, transportation, production, worker hygiene, trade and food laws, new pathogens, antibiotic resistance, natural disasters, vendor/retail sanitation among others.
Todd spoke today at the American Association for the Advancement of Science annual meeting in Washington, D.C., in a symposium entitled "Can We Feed the World Without Poisoning the Earth?"
Todd spoke alongside Nobel Peace Prize winner Norman Borlaug and Charles Benbrook, who was an invited speaker at the First World Congress on Organic Food, organized by the National Food Safety & Toxicology Center at MSU this past March.
During his talk, Todd focused on microbial contamination of food in and from countries that face problems of hunger. Microbial hazards are not diminishing and food contamination is a problem in both developing and developed countries that needs more attention, he says.
"We need new approaches to food control, particularly centralized food safety policies that each country understands and increased surveillance to track the source of the problems," Todd says. "The goal of fighting hunger and foodborne disease is achievable, but it will take planning and vision."
Worldwide, approximately 1.5 billion episodes of diarrhea occur annually in children under the age of five, resulting in some 1.8 million deaths. Estimates are that up to 70 percent of diarrheal episodes may be caused by foodborne contaminants, Todd says.
There are examples of positive change, says Todd, pointing to the food safety strategy of Ghana to control pathogens in fresh fruits and vegetables through the use of pre-cooling trucks to ship and store the food. He also points to the Codex Alimentarius Commission as a way of standardizing food safety standards through its international emphasis on encouraging fair international trade in food while promoting the health and economic interest of consumers. Todd is leading the only dedicated Food Safety Policy Center, which is examining U.S. and international food safety policies and standards.
"One of the dilemmas facing food production is the increasing demand for stricter standards, which make it more difficult for developing countries to produce food for export. Food safety has become critical in international trade discussions following the establishment of the SPS (sanitary and phytosanitary) agreement in 1995. Since then, regulations in developed countries have become increasingly comprehensive and stringent, in some cases restricting trade or significantly increasing the costs of food exports from many developing countries," Todd says.
Education is a major tool in the fight against foodborne disease, Todd urges, and he supports the annual MSU International Short Course in Food Safety, a two-week course designed for working professionals in developing countries to learn how to apply food safety policies and technologies to their own countries from U.S. experts and from fellow students.
In addition, five conferences organized by the National Food Safety & Toxicology Center have yielded valuable education and policy tools in the form of conference proceedings. All information is available online at www.foodsafe.msu.edu
Source: Eurekalert & othersLast reviewed: By John M. Grohol, Psy.D. on 21 Feb 2009
Published on PsychCentral.com. All rights reserved. | <urn:uuid:2886d3b1-2623-4d9c-b59f-129ec8accf73> | {
"date": "2015-10-05T01:30:15",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-40",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443736676547.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001215756-00070-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9423699975013733,
"score": 3.203125,
"token_count": 864,
"url": "http://psychcentral.com/news/archives/2005-02/msu-ftw021405.html"
} |
If hatred were affected by logic, I dolatry would put an end to holy wars. (But then, if hatred were amenable to logic, perhaps there never would have been any holy wars.) The concept of idolatry has been used as a weapon in these wars by the Western monotheistic religions discussed in this book, primarily Judaism, but also Christianity and Islam. It has been used in two ways: first, to refer to the worship of gods other than the true God, violating the first of Ten Commandments: “You shall have no other gods beside Me”; and, second, to refer to the representation of a god (it might even be the true God) in unacceptable ways, violating the second Commandment: “You shall not make for yourself a sculptured image of any likeness.”
To understand idolatry, type A, we must examine arguments that monotheistic Western religions have used to support their claim that they worship the true God and that other religions worship false, lower case gods. Moshe Halbertal, a member of the Shalom Hartman Institute of Jewish Studies in Jerusalem, knows a great deal about the history of the relationships between Judaism and Christianity and the religions that they encountered in their long history; that is, he knows about religious hatred. To understand idolatry, type B, we must examine arguments, made by the same Western traditions, that some people represent the right God in the wrong way, in the form of false idols. Avishai Margalit, professor of Philosophy at Hebrew University, Jerusalem, knows a great deal about the ways in which philosophers in the Western traditions from Plato to today have formulated questions of truth and error, similarity and difference, perception and reality.
Together Halbertal and Margalit have created a remarkable book, which tells us, more thoroughly and persuasively than anyone has done so far, why and in what ways religions hate one another. They ask, “What is idolatry and why is it viewed as an unspeakable sin?” By applying philosophical arguments to religious texts they gain new insight into the problems of pluralism and intolerance. In view of the mass slaughter taking place in the name of religion, far too much of it glibly and falsely explained by arguments about “fundamentalism,” this is a very important book. Moreover, despite the topic’s complexity, the book is elegantly written and translated, and mercifully free of jargon. Epistemological questions are unraveled and formulated in lucid prose, as if Will Rogers were trying to explain each problem step by step to an extremely precocious child, perhaps the young Bertrand Russell. The often complex arguments are illuminated on every page by anecdotes and examples, many of them funny or sad, naive or cunning, beautiful or repellent. Some of the examples come from most unexpected sources, such as the story (used to illustrate a particular sort of intellectual error) of the man who voted for George Bush because Bush was a Democrat, a fine governor, and of Greek origin (i.e., Dukakis).
The accusation of…
This article is available to online subscribers only.
Please choose from one of the options below to access this article:
Purchase a print premium subscription (20 issues per year) and also receive online access to all content on nybooks.com.
Purchase an Online Edition subscription and receive full access to all articles published by the Review since 1963.
Purchase a trial Online Edition subscription and receive unlimited access for one week to all the content on nybooks.com. | <urn:uuid:441952b1-13c1-4a2a-9378-b5bcc21cede8> | {
"date": "2016-08-24T13:43:20",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-36",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982292330.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823195812-00076-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9580430388450623,
"score": 2.609375,
"token_count": 742,
"url": "http://www.nybooks.com/articles/1994/04/21/unspeakable-sins/"
} |
§ 171.5 Definitions.
Budget means the funds appropriated by Congress for the NRC for each fiscal year, and if that appropriation is not passed on or before September 1 for that fiscal year, the funds most recently appropriated by Congress for the most recent fiscal year.
Budget Authority means the authority, in the form of appropriations, provided by law and becoming available during the year, to enter into obligations that will result in immediate or future outlays involving Federal government funds. The appropriation is an authorization by an Act of Congress that permits the NRC to incur obligations and to make payments out of the Treasury for specified purposes. Fees assessed pursuant to Public Law 101-508 are based on NRC budget authority.
Byproduct Material means–
(1) Any radioactive material (except
special nuclear material) yielded in, or
made radioactive by, exposure to the
radiation incident to the process of producing or using special nuclear material;
(2)(i) Any discrete source of radium–226 that is produced, extracted, or converted after extraction, before, on, or after August 8, 2005, for use for a commercial, medical, or research activity; or
(ii) Any material that—
(A) Has been made radioactive by use of a particle accelerator; and
(B) Is produced, extracted, or converted after extraction, before, on, or after August 8, 2005, for use for a commercial, medical, or research activity; and
(3) Any discrete source of naturally occurring radioactive material, other than source material, that—
(i) The Commission, in consultation with the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency, the Secretary of Energy, the Secretary of Homeland Security, and the head of any other appropriate Federal agency, determines would pose a threat similar to the threat posed by a discrete source of radium–226 to the public health and safety or the common defense and security; and
(ii) Before, on, or after August 8, 2005,
is extracted or converted after extraction
for use in a commercial, medical, or
Certificate Holder means a person who holds a certificate of compliance, or other package approval issued by the Commission.
Commission means the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission or its duly authorized representatives.
Federal fiscal year means a year that begins on October 1 of each calendar year and ends on September 30 of the following calendar year. Federal fiscal years are identified by the year in which they end (e.g., fiscal year 1987 begins in 1986 and ends in 1987).
Government Agency means any executive department, commission, independent establishment, corporation, wholly or partly owned by the United States of America which is an instrumentality of the United States, or any board, bureau, division, service, office, officer, authority, administration, or other establishment in the executive branch of the government.
Greater than Class C Waste or GTCC Waste means low-level radioactive waste that exceeds the concentration limits of radionuclides established for Class C waste in 10 CFR 61.55.
High Enriched Uranium Fuel means uranium enriched to 20 percent or greater in the isotope uranium-235.
Low Enriched Uranium Fuel means uranium enriched below 20 percent in the isotope uranium-235.
Materials License means a license, certificate, approval, registration or other form of permission issued or granted by the NRC under the regulations in 10 CFR parts 30, 31 through 36, 39, 40, 61, 70, 71, 72, and 76.
Nonprofit educational institution means a public or nonprofit educational institution whose primary function is education, whose programs are accredited by a nationally recognized accrediting agency or association, who is legally authorized to provide a program of organized instruction or study, who provides an educational program for which it awards academic degrees, and whose educational programs are available to the public.
Nuclear reactor means an apparatus, other than an atomic weapon, used to sustain fission in a self-supporting chain reaction.
Operating license means having a license issued pursuant to § 50.57 of this chapter. It does not include licenses that only authorize possession of special nuclear material after the Commission has received a request from the licensee to amend its licensee to permanently withdraw its authority to operate or the Commission has permanently revoked such authority.
Overhead and General and Administrative costs means:
(1) The Government benefits for each employee such as leave and holidays, retirement and disability benefits, health and life insurance costs, and social security costs;
(2) Travel costs;
(3) Direct overhead [e.g., supervision and support staff that directly support the NRC safety mission areas; administrative support costs (e.g., rental of space, equipment, telecommunications and supplies)]; and
(4) Indirect costs that would include, but not be limited to, NRC central policy direction, legal and executive management services for the Commission and special and independent reviews, investigations, and enforcement and appraisal of NRC programs and operations. Some of the organizations included, in whole or in part, are the Commissioners, Secretary, Executive Director for Operations, General Counsel, Congressional and Public Affairs (except for international safety and safeguards programs), Inspector General, Investigations, Enforcement, Small and Disadvantaged Business Utilization and Civil Rights, the Technical Training Center, Advisory Committees on Nuclear Waste and Reactor Safeguards, and the Atomic Safety and Licensing Board Panel. The Commission views these budgeted costs as support for all its regulatory services provided to applicants, licensees, and certificate holders, and these costs must be recovered under Public Law 101– 508.
Person means: (1) Any individual, corporation, partnership, firm, association, trust, estate, public or private institution, group, Government agency other than the Commission; any state or any political subdivision of, or any political entity within, a state; any foreign Government or nation or any political subdivision of any such government or nation; or other entity; and (2) any legal successor, representative, agent, or agency of the foregoing.
Power reactor means a nuclear reactor designed to produce electrical or heat energy and licensed by the Commission under the authority of section 103 or subsection 104b of the Atomic Energy Act of 1954, as amended, and pursuant to the provisions of § 50.21(b) or § 50.22 of this chapter.
Quality Assurance Program Approval is the document issued by the NRC to approve the quality assurance program submitted to the NRC as meeting the requirements of § 71.101 of this chapter. Activities covered by the quality assurance program may be divided into two major groups: those activities including design, fabrication and use of packaging and those activities for use only of packaging.
Registration Holder as used in this part means any manufacturer or initial distributor of a sealed source or device containing a sealed source that holds a certificate of registration issued by the NRC or a holder of a registration for a sealed source or device manufactured in accordance with the unique specifications of, and for use by, a single applicant.
Research Reactor means a nuclear reactor licensed by the Commission under the authority of subsection 104c of the Act and pursuant to the provisions of § 50.21(c) of this chapter for operation at a thermal power level of 10 megawatts or less, and which is not a testing facility as defined in this section.
Source Material means:
(1) Uranium or thorium, or any combination thereof, in any physical or chemical form; or
(2) Ores which contain by weight one-twentieth of one percent (0.05%) or more of
(ii) Thorium, or
(iii) Any combination thereof.
Source material does not include special nuclear material.
Special Nuclear Material means:
(1) Plutonium, uranium-233, uranium enriched in the isotope 233 or in the isotope 235, and any other material which the Commission, pursuant to the provisions of section 51 of the Atomic Energy Act of 1954, as amended, determines to be special nuclear material, but does not include source material; or
(2) Any material artificially enriched by any of the foregoing, but does not include source material.
Testing Facility means a nuclear reactor licensed by the Commission under the authority of subsection 104c of the Act and pursuant to the provisions of § 50.21(c) of this chapter for operation at:
(1) A thermal power level in excess of 10 megawatts; or
(2) A thermal power level in excess of 1 megawatt, if the reactor is to contain:
(i) A circulating loop through the core in which the applicant proposes to conduct fuel experiments; or
(ii) A liquid fuel loading; or
(iii) An experimental facility in the core in excess of 16 square inches in cross-section.
[51 FR 33230, Sept. 18, 1986, as amended at 53 FR 52652, Dec. 29, 1988; 56 FR 31505, July 10, 1991; 57 FR 32714, July 23, 1992; 58 FR 38695, July 20, 1993; 65 FR 36964, June 12, 2000; 66 FR 32474, June 14, 2001; 67 FR 42634, June 24, 2002; 71 FR 30752, May 30, 2006; 72 FR 55936 Oct. 1, 2007] | <urn:uuid:3e1e615e-a0ee-483f-b008-bd5a74f008e4> | {
"date": "2013-12-07T20:45:44",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2013-48",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386163055810/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204131735-00002-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9268098473548889,
"score": 2.921875,
"token_count": 1918,
"url": "http://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/cfr/part171/part171-0005.html"
} |
Prepared by Gil Hollamby
Why Breed? South Australia was set up as a free colony to be supported by agricultural development as its prime driver to success. Initially the only plant varieties were those brought from England or picked up along the way (South Africa). However the soils and climate and seasons were significantly different to England particularly the Adelaide Plains and later the Adelaide Hills were tried as more similar to England. It was immediately apparent that the varieties could be improved upon and within three years the “Agronomy Society” was established which soon became the Show Society and a prize was offered for the best bushel (approximately 30 Kg bag) of wheat. This was a means of identifying superior strains that were occurring on the developing farms. One of the earliest people to identify improved strains was Mr J Frame of Mt Barker (see Wrigley and Rathjen) who selected Purple Straw variety. The work of these early farmers such as Mr R Marshall of Wasleys is reported in Chapter three (The Staff of Life) in “A Century of Service”. The successful varieties were named after the farmers who developed them were better suited to South Australia’s drier conditions as the cropping areas spread away from the Adelaide Hills to the northern plains.
Self sufficiency was the first goal of the Colony and then as the wheat farmers became more successful with better varieties and learning how to handle the hot summers and different soils the colony moved rapidly to having surplus production and exporting grain initially to other colonies and the gold fields and then, with the availability of local ports, to overseas.
In the 1860’s a Legislative Council Enquiry resulted in a report into rust in wheat and consequent action to solve the problem.
Roseworthy was established in 1882 and Professor Custance immediately commenced trials of 27 wheat plants as reported in “A Century of Service”. While farmers continued identifying potential plants progressive changes in breeding technology by the 1900’s saw most of the work carried out in agricultural institutions. Farrer was a mathematician by training and applied his knowledge to wheat breeding using hybridisation and the crossing of many plants to identify superior strains. This is detailed in Wrigley and Rathjen’s chapter in the 1968 book “Plants in Australia” by Carr and Carr.
In the early 1900’s rust became an increasing problem for wheat farmers and in 1910 and 1920 breeding spread across Australia to counter the threat of rust.
In 1933 when Sir Allan Callaghan was appointed as principal of Roseworthy he set about addressing the issue of wheat quality. The years of selection of for yield had led to a down grading of quality the so called “FAQ” grade. His goal was “high yield, disease resistance good quality as well as strong straw and non-shattering characteristics. Another improvement at that time was the adoption of procedures for “Pure Seed Production” to ensure varieties remained true to type.
In 1942 backcrossing of varieties was first adopted. Biometrics and experimental design became increasingly important and in South Australia the Waite Institute breeding program was founded. This is detailed in “ Wheat Breeding at the Waite Institute 1925-1978”.
In the 1960’s international breeding conferences and staff interchanges led to the introduction of dwarf breeding material.
In the early 1990’s enquiries including a Senate enquiry were held into the funding of plant breeding in Australia with reports such as the Lazanby Report resulting in today the emphasis being plant variety rights and commercialisation.
Reference: Australian Research Council 1992, Report of the Panel Appointed to Review the Special Research Centres Program and the Key Centres of Teaching and Research Program, (Lazenby Report), Canberra.
Further information is available in the following references: | <urn:uuid:68d88c96-0864-4c80-be6f-e872bd4bd115> | {
"date": "2017-08-18T23:55:13",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-34",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886105195.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20170818233221-20170819013221-00456.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9769955277442932,
"score": 3.375,
"token_count": 777,
"url": "http://www.pir.sa.gov.au/aghistory/cereals__and__grains/wheat/wheat_breeding"
} |
In the regular use, we usually just apply the toothbrush and the toothpaste, but specialists say that we also have to use the mouthwash to have a cleaner mouth.
Most people do not use it, because they seem the mouthwash just like an extra and not so necessary complement. There is no toothbrush that can reach every corner in the mouth, that is why a mouthwash is needed to have a better hygiene and breath.
The mouthwash can eliminate 97 percent of harmful bacterias. Also the tongue is one of the areas in a human and animal body that conserves more of this bacterias due to accumulted food.
Dentists recommend using mouthwash at least once a day. This helps to prevent the increase of dental plaque, because if you do not take care of your hygiene, you may get a gum disease. Also the mouthwash can improve your teeth enamel.
Another product you need is the dental floss, because it can reach delicated areas between the teeth.
This days, we can find many types of mouthwashes for special uses, for example to eliminate halitosis or bad breath, and other exists to prevent cavities.
It is important to use only 20ml every day, and rinse your mouth just for 30 seconds. It is not recommended to dilute the rinse with water. Also avoid eating food for 15 minutes after cleaning your mouth.
You may also be interested in this post: What can causes halitosis or bad breath. | <urn:uuid:0a6c4254-1f67-4f4b-87d1-5e3f5c53a5ad> | {
"date": "2020-01-25T16:25:17",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-05",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251678287.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125161753-20200125190753-00536.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9446526765823364,
"score": 2.75,
"token_count": 307,
"url": "http://dentistincozumel.com/importance-of-the-mouthwash/"
} |
updated: Jan 28, 2013, 3:24 PM
Source: Office of Emergency Management
The weather in the Santa Barbara County area this week is beautiful. For emergency managers that can be a problem.
With the month of February just beginning, the historical high-volume rain months are quickly approaching. Like with
many other risks and threats, residents can get lulled into a sense of complacency.
According to Michael Harris, Chief of Emergency Management, "This is the last moment in which people should be prepared
for any flood risks. Those people who are not mandated by their mortgage to have flood insurance, should make sure they
are not in any potential flood areas." Almost 25% of all flood losses occur outside "high-risk areas". Harris went on
to state, "Those persons who live in a flood-prone area should be prepared and they should ensure that all of their
appropriate insurance policies are up to date." It is critical that residents recognize that traditional homeowners'
insurance does not cover flooding.
According to the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) from 2001-2010 floods in the United States caused nearly
$2.7 billion in flood losses. Almost 40% of businesses that were flooded never reopened their doors again.
14 comments on this article. Read/Add
# # # # | <urn:uuid:0df76c4a-44a2-426e-8aad-087516c3ec91> | {
"date": "2015-11-27T19:05:39",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-48",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398450559.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205410-00133-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9600701332092285,
"score": 2.5625,
"token_count": 272,
"url": "http://www.edhat.com/site/tidbit.cfm?nid=107856"
} |
The Roman Catholic Church in its Latin Rite traditionally distinguished between the major orders (holy orders) of bishop, priest, deacon and subdeacon, and four minor orders, that of acolyte, exorcist, lector and porter (in descending sequence).13
In 1972, the minor orders were renamed "ministries", with those of lector and acolyte being kept throughout the Latin Church.4 The rites by which all four minor orders were conferred are still employed for members of some Roman Catholic religious institutes and societies of apostolic life authorized to observe the 1962 form of the Roman Rite. In view of the 1972 renaming, what they are inducted into are now canonically called ministries, with those of lector and acolyte being kept throughout the Latin Church in general.
From the beginning of the 3rd century there is evidence in Western Christianity of the existence of what became the four minor orders (acolytes, exorcists, doorkeepers and readers), as well as of cantors and fossores (tomb diggers). The evidence for readers is probably the earliest. In the West, unlike the East, where imposition of hands was used, the rite of ordination was by the handing over to them of objects seen as instruments of the office.5
The Council of Sardica (343) mentions the lectorate alone as obligatory before ordination to the diaconate. The obligation to receive all four minor orders appears to date only from a time when they ceased to indicate exercise of an actual function. Even in the early years of the 20th century, no minimum age, other than that of the "age of reason", was laid down for receiving minor orders.2 However, the 1917 Code of Canon Law laid down that nobody was to be given clerical tonsure, which had to be received before minor orders, before beginning the regular course of theological studies.6 Before the entry into force of that Code, it was an almost universal custom to confer all four minor orders at one time, since the bishop was authorized to dispense from the rule that each order had to be exercised for some time before reception of the next highest order.2 Today, as indicated in the 1983 Code of Canon Law, anyone who is to be ordained to the diaconate must already have received the ministries of lector and acolyte and exercised them for a suitable period, with an interval of at least six months between becoming an acolyte and becoming a deacon.7
The 1917 Code of Canon Law also restricted conferral of tonsure and any order below that of the presbyterate to those who intended to become priests and who were judged likely to be worthy priests.8 Previously, there were lay cardinals and others, including the famous Franz Liszt, who received minor orders alone. They could even marry and remain clerics, the status of belonging to the clergy being at that time conferred through clerical tonsure, provided that they married only once and that to a virgin; but by the early 20th century a cleric who married was considered to have forfeited his clerical status.2 Today, a man who receives what were previously called minor orders is not yet a cleric, since today one becomes a cleric only upon ordination to the diaconate,9 a rule that applies even to members of institutes authorized to observe the 1962 form of the Roman Rite,10 such as the Priestly Fraternity of St. Peter and others under the care of the Pontifical Commission Ecclesia Dei.
In the early 20th century, Auguste Boudinhon said that, on the grounds that minor orders did not originate with Jesus or the apostles, the view that minor orders and the subdiaconate were sacramental, a view held by several medieval theologians, was no longer held.2 The slightly earlier G. van Noort said that the view of their sacramentality, which was held by most scholastic theologians, including Thomas Aquinas, was then held only by a few, among whom he mentioned Louis Billot (1846-1931) and Adolphe Tanquerey (1854-1932).11 In the 1950s, Antonio Piolanti recognized as orders only episcopacy, priesthood (presbyterate) and diaconate,12 the three whose transmission is reserved to bishops.13 In speaking of the hierarchical structure of the Church, the Second Vatican Council mentioned only these three orders, not minor orders or subdiaconate.14
By Pope Paul VI's motu proprio Ministeria quaedam of 15 August 1972, the term "minor orders" has been replaced by that of "ministries".15 Two of what were called minor orders, those of reader and acolyte, are kept throughout the Latin Church, and national episcopal conferences are free to use the term "subdeacon" in place of that of "acolyte".16 The motu proprio specified the functions of each of these two ministries,17 A prescribed interval, as decided by the Holy See and the national episcopal conference, is to be observed between receiving them.18 Candidates for diaconate and for priesthood must receive both ministries and exercise them for some time before receiving holy orders.19
Conferral of the minor orders or ministries is by the ordinary: either a diocesan bishop or someone who is equivalent in law to a diocesan bishop or, in the case of clerical religious institutes and societies of apostolic life, a major superior.20 The two ministries that are in use throughout the Latin Church could be conferred even on men21 who are not candidates for holy orders.22
Eastern Christianity traditionally views the subdeacon as a minor order,23 unlike the practice of the West which considered it a major order. The other common minor order is lector (reader). The minor order of porter is mentioned historically in some service-books, but no longer is given; all of the rights and responsibilities of each minor order are viewed as contained in the subdiaconate.2
The 22 sui iuris Eastern Churches that are in union with Rome have their traditional minor orders, governed by their own particular law.24 In all Eastern Catholic Churches, subdeacons are minor clerics, since admission to major orders is by ordination as deacon.25 The Byzantine tradition allows for several orders of minor clerics. The sui iuris Byzantine Catholic Metropolitan Church of Pittsburgh, also called the Byzantine-Ruthenian Church, has the minor orders of candle bearer, cantor, lector and subdeacon, and in English uses the term "ordination" for their cheirothesis.26 The minor orders of candle bearer and cantor are given before tonsure during ordination to the lectorate.27
Eastern Orthodox Churches routinely confer the minor orders of lector and subdeacon, and some jurisdictions also ordain cantors. Ordination to minor orders is done by a bishop at any public worship service, but always outside the context of the Divine Liturgy.28 The order of taper-bearer is now used as part of ordination as a lector. The orders of doorkeepers, exorcists, and acolytes are no longer in common use.29
- The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church
- Auguste Boudinhon, "Minor Orders" in Catholic Encyclopedia 1911
- Catechism of the Council of Trent (Dublin 1829), p. 310
- Ministeria quaedam, II: "The orders hitherto called minor are henceforth to be spoken of as 'ministries'."
- A. Villien, H. W. Edwards, History and Liturgy of the Sacraments, pp. 237ff.
- Canon 976 of the 1917 Code of Canon Law
- Code of Canon Law, canon 1035
- Canon 973 of the 1917 Code of Canon Law
- Code of Canon Law, canon 266
- Instruction on the Application of the Apostolic Letter Summorum Pontificum, 30
- G. van Noort (revised by J. P. Verhaar), Tractatus de sacramentis (Paul Brand, Bussum, Netherlands 1930), vol. II, pp. 145-146
- Antonius Piolanti, De Sacramentis (fifth edition, Marietti 1955), pp. 461-463
- Piolanti 1955, pp. 463-468
- Dogmatic Constitution on the Church Lumen gentium
- Ministeria quaedam, II
- Ministeria quaedam, IV
- Ministeria quaedam, IV-VI
- Ministeria quaedam, X
- Ministeria quaedam, XI
- Ministeria quaedam, IX
- Ministeria quaedam, VII
- Ministeria quaedam, III
- Faulk, Edward. 101 Questions & Answers on Eastern Catholic Churches. New York: Paulist Press, 2007, p. 51
- CCEO, Title X, Canon 327, 1992. Retrieved 2008-11-11.
- CCEO, Title 12, Canon 560 and Canon 565, 1992. Retrieved 2008-11-11.
- Particular Law for the Byzantine-Ruthenian Church in the USA (29 June 1999). Retrieved 2008-11-11.
- Eparchial Newsletter (October–November 1998) eparchy-of-van-nuys.org Accessed 2007-11-28
- The Sacramental Life of the Orthodox Church, Calivas (2005) Minor orders
- Orthodox Wiki, Minor Orders, N.D. Retrieved 2008-11-11.
Content from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia
What Is This Site? The Ultimate Study Guide is a mirror of English Wikipedia. It exists in order to provide Wikipedia content to those who are unable to access the main Wikipedia site due to draconian government, employer, or school restrictions. The site displays all the text content from Wikipedia. Our sponsors generously cover part of the cost of hosting this site, and their ads are shown as part of this agreement. We regret that we are unable to display certain controversial images on some pages the site at the request of the sponsors. If you need to see images which we are unable to show, we encourage you to view Wikipedia directly if possible, and apologize for this inconvenience.
A product of XPR Content Systems. 47 Union St #9K, Grand Falls-Windsor NL A2A 2C9 CANADA | <urn:uuid:ef5f47d2-8ede-496f-a141-f19ed783ffcf> | {
"date": "2013-05-24T15:55:59",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2013-20",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704713110/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516114513-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9517481327056885,
"score": 2.890625,
"token_count": 2167,
"url": "http://wikipedia.sfstate.us/Minor_orders"
} |
Stigma and discrimination, unsafe schools and discriminatory policing drive lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and queer youth into the justice system where they are overrepresented and subject to unfair treatment and abuse, says a new report.
Studies show that while LGBT youth make up about 7 to 9 percent of the population, they account for larger percentages of youth in juvenile justice facilities, according to the report by the Movement Advancement Project and the Center for American Progress.
In a survey by the federal Bureau of Justice Statistics, 12 percent of youth in juvenile justice facilities self-identified as nonheterosexual.
Another survey by the National Council on Crime and Delinquency of seven facilities found that 20 percent of youth identified as LGBT or gender nonconforming. In the same survey, 40 percent of girls in juvenile justice facilities identified as LGBT, while 85 percent of nongender-conforming youth were youth of color.
“This report confirms once and for all what many of us have known for some time: LGBTQ young people are grossly overrepresented in the juvenile justice system, and it’s no coincidence. We live in a society where discrimination and stigma too often lead to criminalization and mistreatment at the hands of law enforcement,” said Ineke Mushovic, executive director of the Movement Advancement Project (MAP), in a news release.
The report highlights research on the experiences of LGBT youth to create a portrait of what factors help push them into the justice system, what happens once they are there and recommendations for change.
The hope is that a comprehensive round of the research can encourage a conversation about solutions that can make a difference for LGBT youth. The report’s recommendations include reducing homelessness for LGBT youth, reforming policing strategies and improving support for LGBT youth when they are released from facilities.
Naomi Goldberg, MAP policy and research director, said the field has taken an interest in LGBT youth once they are in custody, as part of a broader conversation about conditions of confinement. But conversations about how LGBT youth end up in the system also are beginning, especially at the local level.
“I think there are places where city officials and advocates are recognizing that LGBTQ youth are overrepresented and are particularly vulnerable, but it doesn’t feel like a conversation that is happening systemwide the way conditions of confinement conversations are,” she said.
One opening for a broader conversation could come as cities consider how to improve policing policies, Goldberg said.
“My hope is that LGBT people will be a part of those conversations,” she said.
The new report is a companion to one the co-authors released earlier this year that looks at the experiences of all LGBT people in the justice system, including youth.
The report traces some of the reasons LGBT youth are disproportionately likely to end up in the justice system.
For example, family stigma or mistreatment in the child welfare system can mean youth run away and stay on the streets, making it more likely they will encounter law enforcement. Similarly, students who are bullied in school because of their sexual orientation or gender identity may be more likely to miss class or drop out. They then could face charges such as truancy or otherwise come in contact with the justice system.
Once in the system, studies show LGBT youth are more likely to be held while awaiting adjudication, are vulnerable to sexual assault and abuse, and do not receive the services they need for a smooth re-entry into the community.
“Their experiences in these systems are a huge threat to their lives and life chances, and we are doing far too little to prepare them for a healthy and productive life after release,” said Shannon Wilber, youth project director of the National Center for Lesbian Rights. | <urn:uuid:72146d2b-7e01-490c-95c2-d8643ed20fff> | {
"date": "2017-06-25T15:33:26",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-26",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320539.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20170625152316-20170625172316-00257.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9551915526390076,
"score": 2.96875,
"token_count": 760,
"url": "http://jjie.org/2016/08/25/discrimination-lands-many-lgbt-youth-in-the-justice-system-new-report-says/"
} |
pre-world War I
The United States used Isolationism throughout much of the 19th century and continued to exercise this policy in the years leading up to World War I. The policy was adopted to prevent United States involvement in conflict on European soil, as described in President James Monroe's "Monroe Doctrine." The goal of the doctrine was to prevent European nations from colonizing American land, thus leading to the development of U.S. isolationism. Any attempt by foreign nations to colonize land would be viewed as an act of aggression, and the U.S. would react with violence. The threats created by the doctrine would have proved ineffective without the help of the naval power of Great Britain enforcing the rules. The doctrine was established in order to prevent European countries from seizing territory that could prove beneficial both economically and geographically to the United States. It was used in full effect with the outbreak of the Spanish-American war in 1898, in which Cuba attempted to gain independence from Spain. Because the Monroe Doctrine established a goal of eliminating and preventing European influence in the Americas, the U.S. supported Cuban independence. When President Theodore Roosevelt was inaugurated in 1901, one of his major declarations was to update the Monroe Doctrine; he did this by adding the Roosevelt Corollary. This further ensured that European nations would not get involved in America's sphere of influence by declaring that the U.S. would help stabilize the economies of Central and South American countries. This would allow those countries to pay off international debts, not instigating European countries to use force if those countries could not pay off creditors. Cuba's success, backed by American firepower, and the Roosevelt Corollary led to the emergence of the U.S's involvement in foreign affairs. As tensions in Europe began to rise, it became more and more difficult for the United States to remain an isolationist country.
In the wars of the European powers, in matters relating to themselves, we have never taken part, nor does it comport with our policy, so to do."
World War I
As the war began, the United States' immediate reaction was to remain neutral by trading with both sides. This was the first step in the abandonment of the isolationist policy because remaining neutral in such a tense conflict was difficult. The U.S. began to give more to the Allied powers, prompting a growth towards them. Isolationism was officially renounced when the U.S. entered the war against Germany following the sinking of the commercial ship Lusitania, which killed 128 American civilians. Because this was a restricted submarine attack, the United States threatened Germany militarily, and Germany promised to stop performing restricted U-Boat attacks. Before declaring war, President Woodrow Wilson passed the National Defense Act in 1916, authorizing a large expansion of the military. This proved that the U.S. was ready to be involved in the war and attack Germany. After Germany broke its promise by performing submarine attacks on British and American merchant ships, the U.S. was forced into the war, completing its abandonment of isolationism. As the U.S. became more involved in World War II, President Wilson changed his motives for the war. A new policy was adopted to preserve democracy in the United States and to prevent Germany from expanding its territory. Through support from the United States and military success, Germany was defeated and the Allied Powers prevailed. Although the U.S. was in the war for a short amount of time, over 300,000 lives were lost, leading to many American citizens shifting from support to hostility towards war.
Prior to the official end of World War I on June 18, 1919, President Woodrow Wilson spoke before Congress regarding his vision of the world after World War I. This is known as Wilson's Fourteen Points, and one of the major components of this speech was the establishment of a League of Nations to prevent another major war from occurring. This was formed, but the U.S. did not join due to the majority of American citizens wanting to revert back to an isolationist policy. Due to heavy casualties and economic losses during World War I, the view of Americans changed from wanting to be involved in the war to cutting off ties with foreign countries. This led to the United States retracting back into the confines of its borders and re-enacting isolationism. Isolationism was taken to an extensive level, as shown by the tariffs imposed on imported foreign goods. Following the failure of the Prohibition and the Great Depression, the United States struggled to find an identity, especially due to differing public opinion on foreign policy. Isolationism continued into the 1930's, and its popularity was bolstered by the U.S.'s need to solve domestic problems, particularly a struggling economy. As tensions began to rise in Europe due to Germany's aggressive imperialist motives, Congress passed several acts to ensure that the U.S. would remain isolated. For example, one act prohibited the sale of munitions to foreign countries involved in conflict, while another declared that American citizens could not extend loans to countries entangled in conflict. Although Congress and the majority of American citizens supported firm isolationism, the growing threat of Japan and Germany swayed some to interventionism. The outbreak of war in 1939 showed that many Americans supported offering the sale of munitions to the Allied Powers. However, when American pride and safety was assaulted with the bombing of Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, Americans quickly favored abandoning isolationism to fight the Japanese.
World war II
Following the United States' entrance into World War II, the shift to containment and the abandonment of isolationism had begun. The passing of the Lend-Lease Act declared that the U.S. supply munitions to Allied Powers in an effort to help defeat the Axis Powers. As the U.S. continued to battle Japan in the Pacific and offer economic and military aid to Allies on the European front, many Americans began to support global involvement. While the U.S.'s major motive in joining the war was to seek revenge on Japan, it was evident that the territorial expansion of Germany was dangerous to the whole world; U.S. involvement in the war was inevitable. Along with a shift to a more globally involved foreign policy, the U.S. also began to use its military more extensively. Prior to the war, several jobs were created and the economy was boosted through manufacturing buildings which built only military weapons. Following the nuclear attacks on Japan, the United States had emerged as one of the world's top superpowers, eventually leading to containment and the current policy of interventionism. The Allied victory in WWII led to the emergence of the Soviet Union and the United States as global forces and began a conflict that would lead to the emergence of America's most famous foreign policy. | <urn:uuid:6a6f3f27-d82f-4db8-b830-0f9ec33c3d10> | {
"date": "2014-10-30T15:08:13",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-42",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1414637898226.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20141030025818-00137-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 4,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9775885939598083,
"score": 4.3125,
"token_count": 1369,
"url": "http://evolutionofusforeignpolicy.weebly.com/isolationism.html"
} |
Wellness Wednesday- Eating local and organic
We should be able to get all the essential minerals needed to maintain optimum health from the food we eat. This is no longer the case.
Did you know that you would need to eat 4 carrots to get the same amount of Magnesium from 1 carrot in 1940?
The minerals we obtain from food are derived from the soil. There is research that suggests soil in the UK and abroad has become less nutritious since the introduction of intensive farming techniques that encourage the heavy use of fertilisers, herbicides and pesticides.
When plants contain fewer nutrients, the animals that eat these plants are also malnourished. A study published in the Journal of Nutrition and Health found copper levels in the UK have dropped 90% in dairy, 55% in meat, and 76% in vegetables (1). Copper is an essential nutrient that helps to regulate several pathways in the body, including energy production and brain function.
In addition, most fruit and vegetables that we consume are not fresh. They sit on trucks, ships, shelves, and counters for weeks before being eaten. Over time, the nutrient content of these plants decreases.
What are steps you can take to ensure you are getting enough nutrients?
1) Choose organic produce where possible
Organic produce The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) – the World Health Organisation’s cancer agency – classified glyphosate, the active ingredient in Roundup, and the world’s most widely used herbicide, as ‘probably carcinogenic to humans’ (2)
2) Shop at local farmers markets
The produce at these markets tend to be much more fresh than produce transported from the other side of the world. Meeting food producers from your area is also a great opportunity to learn more about how your food was grown and ask any questions you might have.
3) Grow your own produce
The soil in your garden or allotment is likely to be richer than over-farmed agriculture land. You may not be able to grow enough produce to cover all your needs, but the foods you do grow will likely be incredibly nutritious and superior to supermarket food.
4) Supplement with a multi-mineral containing the essential macro and micronutrients
Nurse Fiona advises that a multi mineral is as important as a multi vitamin. A great brand that is non GMO and gluten free is Pure Encapsulations Mineral 650 | <urn:uuid:cf815ba6-ae6a-437a-91cb-118b5c3abf9e> | {
"date": "2018-06-23T11:56:53",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-26",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267864958.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20180623113131-20180623133131-00256.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.932487964630127,
"score": 3.15625,
"token_count": 489,
"url": "https://www.nuriss.co.uk/wellness-wednesday-eating-local-and-organic/"
} |
Not just a great song by the Tornados, Telstar 1 was the first relay transmission satellite, launched on 10 July 1962. The first live TV pictures, the first telephone call, the first fax, and the first live transatlantic TV feed were all carried by this 77kg round satellite, roughly 876mm in diameter.
It's just a shame that the first ever live TV transmission was so unexciting -- a static shot of a flag outside the Andover Earth Station, a satellite relay station in the US state of Maine.
It was funded as a joint project between AT&T, the British General Post Office, Bell Labs and the French Post, Telegraph & Telegram Office. So while it was carried up on the top of one of Nasa's Delta rockets, it was technically the first privately-sponsored satellite in orbit, too.
Credit: Robert B Goodman / National Geographic | <urn:uuid:ff89f261-ab51-4374-9618-e7c0a6d85791> | {
"date": "2015-03-05T20:17:30",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-11",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936464840.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074104-00112-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9515740275382996,
"score": 2.8125,
"token_count": 180,
"url": "http://www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2012-07/10/satellites-gallery/viewgallery/285686"
} |
In the mid-2000s, several members of the Computer Laboratory at the University of Cambridge noticed two disturbing trends: Fewer students were seeking enrollment in the computer science (CS) program, and the ones who did apply had scant programming knowledge compared to prospective students of the previous decade. At best, these new applicants might have done some Web development, but programming experience was becoming rare.
What was the difference between the aspiring CS majors of the 2000s versus those of the 1990s? The Cambridge academics recognized several possible causes, including societal issues involving education and the economy that would take massive efforts to correct. One of the culprits, however, was something they thought a handful of people could tackle. Children and adolescents in earlier generations had access to easily programmable home computers that the newer applicants they were seeing did not.
This programming deficiency is beginning to affect both the scholarly and the working worlds. Students are coming in with little or no exposure to programming, requiring remedial teaching efforts [sources: Stross, Tucker]. The U.K., the U.S. and other countries have reported declining numbers of CS graduates over the 2000s, and shortages of qualified IT workers are occurring globally [sources: Africa News, Devaney, Devlin]. The U.K., once a major contender in the gaming industry, is already falling behind in this sector, and the fear is that a continuing shortage will hurt the country's competitiveness and future innovation. This trend will doubtless hold true for other countries, too.
Despite a struggling world economy, demand for IT workers remains strong, and even greater demand is likely as our appetite for technology increases. Imagine a future with fewer of the digital services and ever-improving, computer-driven conveniences that we've come to expect. Who will make the cutting-edge video games, self-driving cars and housecleaning robots of the coming years?
In an effort to reverse the situation, Eben Upton (then a member of the Cambridge Computer Science department); Rob Mullins, Jack Lang and Alan Mycroft of Cambridge; Pete Lomas of Norcott Technologies; and David Braben, co-author of the famous BBC Micro game Elite, teamed up in 2006 to found the Raspberry Pi Foundation. This charitable organization's primary goal is to create low-cost, programmable computers and to get them into as many hands as possible, particularly those of children. Their price goal was $25 per device (around the cost of a textbook), with the choice of a slightly more expensive and enhanced model.
In 2012, the foundation's work came to fruition with the creation of the Raspberry Pi, a credit card-sized, low-cost but fully functional and programmable computer with modern high-definition multimedia capabilities. It may be the device that gets us back to computing basics. | <urn:uuid:ac1085c7-1386-48b9-b62b-e8f199976b90> | {
"date": "2017-12-11T05:45:29",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-51",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948512208.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20171211052406-20171211072406-00656.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9582418203353882,
"score": 2.890625,
"token_count": 572,
"url": "https://computer.howstuffworks.com/raspberry-pi.htm"
} |
Games: Good for your Brain?
A new study by Learning and Teaching Scotland (LTS) working with Her Majesty’s Inspector of Education and the University of Dundee tested 600 pupils and 32 schools to determine whether Nintendo’s Brain Training games really do improve learning. The answer? Yes! After nine weeks, all students improved their test scores, but students playing the game improved by a further 50 percent than the control group.
Also in the news, companies too are researching whether games can improve your cognitive abilities. From CNN:
Could playing computer games enhance mental agility enough to turn people over 50 into better drivers? Allstate Corp. wants to find out, and if the answer is yes, it might offer insurance discounts to people who play the games
The article goes on to state that the games aren’t specifically driving-related, but rather designed to raise visual awareness and reverse age-related cognitive decline. | <urn:uuid:bf659044-2d82-4a16-9173-915b65a32ae3> | {
"date": "2015-01-25T22:14:54",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-06",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422115891802.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124161131-00080-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9458802938461304,
"score": 3.046875,
"token_count": 189,
"url": "http://www.independentdeveloper.com/archive/2008/10/02/games-good-for-your-brain"
} |
An oral infection, resulting from yeasts of the genus Candida , mostly C albicans .
Superficial local mucosal infection, capable of focal invasion and dissemination.
Seen most frequently in association with local and systemic immunological suppression.
Clinical appearance is important for diagnosis.
Oral candidiasis involves a local infection of oral tissues by yeasts of the genus Candida , mostly C albicans . It is the most common oral fungal infection and is commonly seen in infants and older adults, and also with states of local and systemic immunological suppression. Although Candida are considered normal flora in GI and GU tracts in humans, they are capable of local infection of mucous membranes (oropharyngeal candidiasis, oesophagitis, vulvovaginitis), focal invasion (endophthalmitis, meningitis, endocarditis), and dissemination (candidaemia).
Professor of Clinical Dentistry
Oral Medicine and Orofacial Pain
Division of Oral Biology and Medicine
UCLA School of Dentistry
FSY has contributed to lectures and other educational events relevant to this topic in the community and in continuing education courses. FSY has also developed educational material on this topic for the American Academy of HIV Medicine, which is used to issue HIV Specialist Certification.
Chair of Department of Oral Pathology
New York University College Of Dentistry
JAP declares that she has no competing interests.
Professor of Oral Medicine
Department of Oral Sciences
University of Palermo
GC declares that she has no competing interests.
Use of this content is subject to our disclaimer | <urn:uuid:31e6816b-7b09-4d06-af5e-c0a6b75ebcaf> | {
"date": "2018-11-16T03:08:46",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-47",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039742970.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20181116025123-20181116051123-00456.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8925378918647766,
"score": 3,
"token_count": 332,
"url": "https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/106"
} |
sciencehabit writes "A do-it-yourself neuroscience experiment that allows students to create their own 'cyborg' insects is sparking controversy amongst scienitsts and ethicists. RoboRoach #12 is a real cockroach that a company called BackyardBrains ships to school students. The students fit the insect with a tiny backpack, which contains electrodes that feed into its antennae and receive signals by remote control — via the Bluetooth signals emitted by smartphones. A simple swipe of an iPhone can turn the insect left or right. Though some scientists say the small cyborg is a good educational tool, others say it's turning kids into psychopaths."
Fitting the backpack requires poking a hole in the roach's thorax and clipping its antennae to insert electrodes. | <urn:uuid:6be13f48-fa37-4d51-8748-afe66f960a11> | {
"date": "2015-03-04T03:00:56",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-11",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936463444.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074103-00066-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.932577908039093,
"score": 2.828125,
"token_count": 158,
"url": "http://hardware.slashdot.org/story/13/10/07/2240200/cyborg-cockroach-sparks-ethics-debate"
} |
Definition: Clean technology (“cleantech”) law concerns the production, distribution and development of clean technologies.
Cleantech law became recognized as a specialty around the beginning of the 21st century. Energy law first becoming recognized as a specialty following the energy crises in the 1970s. Similarly, cleantech law developed following a consensus among top scientists around the world that a crisis was occurring due to human-made greenhouse gas emissions. Unless a drastic shift from the world’s conventional energy technology use occurs, the world was destined for an irreversible, catastrophic climate change with foreseeable consequences. Impacts from climate change included loss of polar ice caps, animal species and human lives. The scientific consensus that a crisis is occurring due to human-made greenhouse gas emissions that will have irreversible, catastrophic climate change impacts unless a drastic shift from the world’s conventional technology use occurs.
“Clean technology” means any product, service, or process that harnesses renewable materials/energy sources, dramatically reduces the use of natural resources, and cuts or eliminates emissions and wastes, such as recycling, renewable energy (wind, solar, biomass, hydropower, tidal, geothermal, biofuels, etc), information technology, green transportation, electric motors, green chemistry, greywater, and energy efficiency appliances. Its counterparts are referred to as conventional technologies. We are closing in on tipping points to greenhouse gas emission levels and global surface temperatures that could be irreversible.
“If it all burns, it all melts”. A recent study on climate change found that at the current rate, all fossil fuels will be burned by the middle of the 21st Century . As a result, the average temperature of the planet would rise to a level that could render vast stretches of the earth too hot and humid for human habitation, cause food production to collapse, and drive much of the plant and animal life of the planet to extinction. (3) Some researchers have argued that the most serious consequences of global warming might be avoided if global average temperatures rose by no more than 2 °C (35.6 °F) above pre-industrial levels (1.4 °C above present levels). (4) Opinions vary on the exact value to limit the rise in global surface temperatures and reduce the rate of greenhouse emissions. Despite this ongoing discussion around temperature, it is undisputed by the majority of the world’s scientific community that we are closing in on tipping points for both temperature and emission levels.
The question is: Can clean technologies replace their conventional counterparts fast enough to limit the average global surface temperature increase and avoid dangerous climate change?
The United States of America first began adopting global warming related legislation in the last decade or so. In California, the “Global Warming Solutions Act” (Assembly Bill 32) was adopted in 2006. This Act requires California to return to 1990 levels of greenhouse gas emissions by 2020. On September 11, 2015, the California Legislature built on these targets passing Senate Bill 350, which requires utilities to procure at least 50 percent of their electricity from eligible renewable resources, such as wind and solar, by 2030. California’s landmark Cap-and-Trade Program begun in 2012 created the nation’s first economy-wide cap and trade market. These measures and others are part of California’s leadership effort to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 80 percent by 2050. As the seventh largest economy in the world when compared to other countries, California is a leader not only by choice but also by legislation.
At the federal level, the Energy Policy Act of 2005 provided various incentives and subsidies for CleanTech such as the 30 percent investment tax credit (ITC) for commercial and residential solar energy systems. In 2007, global investment in clean energy topped $100 billion, with solar energy as the leading clean energy technology for venture capital and private equity investment. The solar tax credits helped to create unprecedented growth in the U.S. solar industry from 2006-2007. Still, the industry struggles with continual expirations and changes to the tax incentives provided by this Act. In August of 2015, the Obama Administration announced the EPA’s Clean Power Plan that sets standards for power plants and customized goals for states to cut the carbon pollution that is driving climate change.
On the world stage, global warming is now top on leaders’ agendas. The 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference in Paris will be held from November 30 to December 11, 2015. The objective of the conference is to achieve for the first time in over 20 years of UN negotiations, a binding and universal agreement on climate, from all the nations of the world. On June 18, 2015, Pope Francis’ published his encyclical Laudato si’ “On care for our common home” calling for action against human-caused climate change.
The answer to the climate change problem is simple: astronomical growth of the Cleantech Industry is needed fast, and it’s all hands on deck.
(1) “Combustion of available fossil fuel resources sufficient to eliminate the Antarctic Ice Sheet,” Winkelmann, Levermann, Ridgwell,& Caldeira (11 Sept 2015) Science Advances, Vol. 1,no.8, el500589.
(4) Rogelj, J.; Hare, B.; Nabel, J.; Macey, K.; Schaeffer, M.; Markmann, K.; Meinshausen, M. (2009). “Halfway to Copenhagen, no way to 2°C.” Nature Reports Climate Change. | <urn:uuid:5ec8a7de-f978-40e8-bd48-65d6244f93cf> | {
"date": "2019-05-21T09:46:09",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-22",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232256314.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20190521082340-20190521104340-00056.warc.gz",
"int_score": 4,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9128168225288391,
"score": 3.71875,
"token_count": 1147,
"url": "http://estriatuslaw.com/what-is-the-history-behind-cleantech-law/"
} |
An applet is a component of an application that candy bar phone runs in the LG context of another program, eg a web browser. The applet must run within a container, which provides a program hosted by a plugin, or in plans applications such as mobile phones that support the applet programming model.
Unlike a program, an applet can not run independently, provides graphic and sometimes you get a free cell phone when you join any of the plans interacts with the user typically has no session and security privileges restricted. An applet usually performs a free phones very specific function that has no HTC independent use. The term was introduced in AppleScript in 1993.
Common examples of applets are Java applets and Flash animations. Another example is the Windows Media Player used to display video files embedded in web browsers like Internet Explorer. Other plugins can display 3D models that work with an applet.
A Java applet is a Java code without a main cellular phones method, cellular providers so it is mainly used for web work, as it is a small program that is used in mobile phones an HTML page and represented by a small graphic display within it.
Moreover, the difference between a Java applet cell phones and is running as. To load a Java application using the Java interpreter (pcGRASP Auburn University, cellular coverage Microsoft Visual J, Sun Forte Visual Cafe). Instead, with every plan an applet can be loaded and run from any browser that supports Java (Netscape, Internet Explorer on Windows, Mozilla Firefox … etc).
The Java Community Process, the development of not only the technical specifications, but also Reference all the plans include Implementations (which prove that specs can be performed) and conformance test suites (Technology Compatibility Kits or TCKs), used to verify that implementations conform to the specifications. read more
Ive complained in the past that I Motorola want a wireless phones social network to cellular phone plans deal with, not several. Though eBuddy wont solve my problem completely, it cellular phones is certainly a long way to alleviate the pain. A log-on environment and save a lot of time and effort, which is especially useful on a small slider phone handheld device. Learn more on the subject from Danny Meyer. | <urn:uuid:2cad4c69-5042-4f05-90a3-7a8f91aaf7e0> | {
"date": "2018-10-19T22:47:52",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-43",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583512460.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20181019212313-20181019233813-00496.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8961793780326843,
"score": 2.765625,
"token_count": 455,
"url": "http://www.upstateproperty.net/page/2/"
} |
10 Surprising Health Benefits Of Drinking Coconut Water
Kidney Stones – Its Natural Remedies and Ayurvedic Treatment
Kidney stones or renal calculi are solid concretion or crystal aggregations formed in the kidneys from dissolved urinary minerals. Kidney stones are a common cause of blood in the urine and often severe pain in the abdomen, flank, or groin. Renal colic can be associated with nausea and vomiting. Kidney stones may contain various chemicals. There are several types of kidney stone based on the type of crystals of which they consists. The majority are calcium oxalate stones, followed by calcium phosphate stones. More rarely, struvite stones are produce by urea-splitting bacteria in people with urinary tract infections, and people with certain metabolic abnormalities may produce uric acid stones or cystine stones.
Urolithiasis is the medical term used to describe stones occurring in the urinary tract. Men are three times more likely than women to have kidney stones form within the urinary tract.
Causes and Risk factor:
There is no consensus as to why kidney stones form.
Heredity: Some people are more susceptible to forming kidney stones, and heredity may play a role. The majority of kidney stones are made of calcium and high levels of calcium in the urine is a risk factor. The predisposition to high levels of calcium in the urine may be passed on from generation to generation. Some rare hereditary diseases also predispose some people to form kidney stones.
Geographical location: Increasing global temperatures will lead to greater future prevalence of kidney stones. The hot climate and poor fluid intake may cause people to be relatively dehydrated, with their urine becoming more concentrated and allowing chemicals to come in closer contact to form the nidus, or becoming, of a stones.
Medications: People taking diuretics and those who consume excess calcium-containing antacids can increase the amount of calcium in their urine and potentially increase the risk of forming stones. Taking excess amounts of vitamins A and D are also associated with higher levels of calcium in the urine. Other commonly prescribed medications associated with stone formation include dilantin and antibiotics.
Several factors increase the risk for developing kidney stones, including inadequate fluid intake and dehydration, reduced urinary volume, certain chemical levels in the urine that are too high or too low, and several medical conditions such as reflux, medullary sponge kidney, renal tubular acidosis and urinary tract infections. Anything that blocks or reduces the flow of urine also increases the risk.
Chemical risk factors include high levels of the following in the urine: calcium, cystine, oxalate, uric acid and sodium. A low level of citrate is also a risk factor for stones.
The following medical conditions are also risk factors for kidney stone disease: Arthritis, Colitis, Gout, High blood pressure, Hyperparathyroidism, Medullary sponge kidney, Renal tubular acidosis, Urinary tract infections, Intestinal disorder that causes chronic diarrhea, dehydration, and low citrate, and urinary tract infections.
Many kidney stones do not move and are too small to cause any symptoms. However, if a kidney stone causes a blockage, or moves into the ureter, one may have severe pain or ache on one or both sides of the back, get sudden spasms of excruciating pain – usually starts in the back below ribs, before radiating around abdomen, and sometimes to the groin or genital, have bloody or cloudy urine, feel sick or vomit, feel a frequent urge to urinate, or burning sensation during urination, and get fever and chills.
The pain of kidney stones – referred to as 'renal colic' – can be very severe. It begins as soon as the stones becomes stuck in the ureter and tends to come in waves. It is not usually associated with the size of the kidney stone – sometimes small stones can cause more pain than very large ones.
Sometimes, symptoms such as difficulty urinating, urinary urgency, penile pain, or testicular pain may occur due to kidney stones.
Small stones can be dissolved and passed out through urine by administration of certain home remedies coupled with some Ayurvedic remedies. The followings are the home remedies for kidney stones,
सेक्स के 10 फायदे – 10 Surprising Health Benefits of $ex | <urn:uuid:bcd34d66-12e9-481f-93a1-0a9036d5949e> | {
"date": "2018-02-25T09:18:32",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-09",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891816351.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20180225090753-20180225110753-00056.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9383836984634399,
"score": 3.25,
"token_count": 913,
"url": "https://www.dpsw.org/10-surprising-health-benefits-of-drinking-coconut-water/"
} |
For your chemistry experiments, you'll eventually need to know how to use a stopcock. Well, this science tutorial, interactive animation will show you how to use a three-way stopcock in the chemistry lab.
1. Vacuum, aspirator, filtration chamber, air, vacuum filtration
2. Releasing the vacuum of the filtration, for soaking the precipitate
3. Fully open, for turning off the aspirator
4. Releasing the vacuum of the aspirator, for turning off the aspirator
5. Fully closed, never continue this state | <urn:uuid:2b232f8f-c853-4bad-b177-993decd09144> | {
"date": "2020-01-26T05:08:33",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-05",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251687725.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126043644-20200126073644-00296.warc.gz",
"int_score": 4,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8489570617675781,
"score": 3.515625,
"token_count": 121,
"url": "https://science.wonderhowto.com/how-to/use-three-way-stopcock-chemistry-lab-269709/"
} |
Individual differences |
Methods | Statistics | Clinical | Educational | Industrial | Professional items | World psychology |
Biological: Behavioural genetics · Evolutionary psychology · Neuroanatomy · Neurochemistry · Neuroendocrinology · Neuroscience · Psychoneuroimmunology · Physiological Psychology · Psychopharmacology (Index, Outline)
Genetic variability is a measure of the tendency of individual genotypes in a population to vary from one another. Variability is different from genetic diversity, which is the amount of variation seen in a particular population. The variability of a trait describes how much that trait tends to vary in response to environmental and genetic influences. Genetic variability in a population is important for biodiversity, because without variability, it becomes difficult for a population to adapt to environmental changes and therefore makes it more prone to extinction.
Variability is an important factor in evolution as it affects an individual's response to environmental stress and thus can lead to differential survival of organisms within a population due to natural selection of the most fit variants. Genetic variability also underlies the differential susceptibility of organisms to diseases and sensitivity to toxins or drugs — a fact that has driven increased interest in personalized medicine given the rise of the human genome project and efforts to map the extent of human genetic variation such as the HapMap project.
There are many sources of genetic variability in a population:
- Homologous recombination is a significant source of variability. During meiosis in sexual organisms, two homologous chromosomes from the male and female parents cross over one another and exchange genetic material. The chromosomes then split apart and are ready to form an offspring. Chromosomal crossover is random and is governed by its own set of genes that code for where crossovers can occur (in cis) and for the mechanism behind the exchange of DNA chunks (in trans). Being controlled by genes means that recombination is also variable in frequency, location, thus it can be selected to increase fitness by nature, because the more recombination the more variability and the more variability the easier it is for the population to handle changes.
- Immigration, emigration, and translocation – each of these is the movement of an individual into or out of a population. When an individual comes from a previously genetically isolated population into a new one it will increase the genetic variability of the next generation if it reproduces.
- Polyploidy – having more than two homologous chromosomes allows for even more recombination during meiosis allowing for even more genetic variability in one's offspring.
- Diffuse centromeres – in asexual organisms where the offspring is an exact genetic copy of the parent, there are limited sources of genetic variability. One thing that increased variability, however, is having diffused instead of localized centromeres. Being diffused allows the chromatids to split apart in many different ways allowing for chromosome fragmentation and polyploidy creating more variability.
- Genetic mutations – contribute to the genetic variability within a population and can have positive, negative, or neutral effects on a fitness. This variability can be easily propagated throughout a population by natural selection if the mutation increases the affected individual's fitness and its effects will be minimized/hidden if the mutation is deleterious. However, the smaller a population and its genetic variability are, the more likely the recessive/hidden deleterious mutations will show up causing genetic drift.
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 (1995) Variation and Variability, Yale University. URL accessed 2007-05-24.
- ↑ Sousa, P., Froufe, E., Harris, D.J., Alves, P.C. & Meijden, A., van der. 2011. Genetic diversity of Maghrebian Hottentotta (Scorpiones: Buthidae) scorpions based on CO1: new insights on the genus phylogeny and distribution. African Invertebrates 52 (1).
- ↑ Burt, Austin (2000). Perspective: Sex, Recombination, and the Efficacy of Selection—Was Weismann Right?. Evolution: International Journal of Organic Evolution (54.2): 337–351.
- ↑ Ehrich, Dorothy and Per Erik Jorde (2005). High Genetic Variability Despite High-Amplitude Population Cycles in Lemmings. Journal of Mammalogy 86 (86.2): 380–385.
- ↑ Linhart, Yan and Janet Gehring (2003). Genetic Variability and its Ecological Implications in the Clonal Plant Carex scopulurum Holm. In Colorado Tundra. Arctic, Antarctic and Alpine Research 35 (35.4): 429–433.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Wills, Christopher (1980). Genetic Variability, NewYork: Oxford University Press.
|This page uses Creative Commons Licensed content from Wikipedia (view authors).| | <urn:uuid:625c239b-1197-4d83-b6e3-58b54fe6a296> | {
"date": "2015-04-02T05:10:53",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-14",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131317541.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172157-00014-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 4,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8612970113754272,
"score": 3.6875,
"token_count": 1003,
"url": "http://psychology.wikia.com/wiki/Genetic_variability"
} |
Usage and Grammar
Q. Hi. My question has to do with whether a new entry in the 17th edition was accidental or deliberate. Paragraph 8.185 includes this sentence: “ ‘Aladdin’ is arguably the most well-known tale in A Thousand and One Nights.” I’m curious to know if this sentence simply slipped through or if Chicago defends the use of “most well-known”? I ask because Philip Corbett, standards editor for the New York Times, ran a blog called After Deadline as a teaching tool to point out grammatical and stylistic missteps that made it to print. He often called out writers for using “most well-known” in place of “best-known”: “The superlative form of the adverb ‘well’ is ‘best.’ So there’s no reason to describe something as ‘the most well-known’—make it ‘the best-known’ ” (After Deadline, August 4, 2008).
A. For newspapers, especially those that are published in print, concision is crucial, so changing “most well-known” to “best-known” as a matter of policy makes good sense. (Nothing compares to After Deadline for its combination of practical, field-tested advice and journalistic wisdom.) But where space is not at such a premium, is “best-known” necessarily an improvement over “most well-known”?
“Well-known” is an established compound; it’s listed in Merriam-Webster (where it’s defined as “fully or widely known”). The meaning of “well-known” is therefore well known (Chicago drops the hyphen for most compound adjectives after the noun). So “the most well-known author” arguably loses just a little by being changed to “the best-known author.” “Best-known” is OK, but it isn’t in Merriam-Webster.
“Well-known” isn’t the only well-known “well-” compound. Consider “well-rounded”: “best-rounded” isn’t a great alternative for “most well-rounded.” And what about “best-heeled”? Some work better than others, so it’s probably best to consider these on a case-by-case basis. And in the case of “most well-known,” our editors apparently chose to leave well enough alone. | <urn:uuid:49b3ae9d-01ef-42b8-931e-9cda795da1fc> | {
"date": "2019-11-17T05:27:33",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-47",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496668787.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20191117041351-20191117065351-00416.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9446126222610474,
"score": 2.640625,
"token_count": 565,
"url": "https://www.cmos-qa.uchicago.edu/qanda/data/faq/topics/Usage/faq0361.html"
} |
A eukaryote cell (seen through a microscope)
full of chloroplasts
Around two billion years ago, when all cells still lived in the ocean, a few of the earliest cells, or prokaryotes, evolved into more complicated cells called eukaryotes. They seem to have done this by enclosing several different kinds of prokaryotes inside another prokaryote. At first this happened by chance, probably because one cell was trying to eat another cell. But it turned out that this whole group of prokaryotes could then all work together, cooperating to increase everyone's chance of survival and reproduction. Because more of these cooperating prokaryotes survived, they reproduced and kept on cooperating. The cells that are part of your body, and that are part of trees and other plants and animals, all still work this way.
One kind of prokaryote that evolved to live inside another cell was a chloroplast. A chloroplast is basically a prokaryote that can photosynthesize - and now, instead of just producing energy for itself, it produces energy for a larger cell, and in exchange the bigger cell keeps the smaller one safe inside it. All plant cells have lots of chloroplasts inside them. Chloroplasts still have their own DNA molecule, separate from the cell they live in.
Another kind of prokaryote that evolved about this time to live inside another cell was a mitochondrion. Mitochondria use oxygen to break down the sugars that the cell eats in order to make energy for the cell. Mitochondria could not evolve until about two billion years ago, because that was the first time that there was enough oxygen in the atmosphere for them to use.
Diagram of an animal cell
Most eukaryote cells also have other specialized pieces inside them that help them. These other pieces seem to have evolved gradually inside the cells, probably when enzymes mutated into new enzymes that built lipid membranes inside the cell instead of only around it. Some of these pieces are the nucleus, vacuoles, the endoplasmic reticulum, golgi bodies, and lysosomes. Some eukaryotes have eyespots. Eukaryote cells are about ten times as big as prokaryote cells, so they can hold all these pieces.
Most eukaryote cells still live independently, as one-celled creatures like yeast. But starting about 600 billion years ago, a few eukaryotes evolved into multi-celled creatures, beginning with small simple animals like the hydra, and ending up with complicated creatures like people. Other eukaryotes live on or in animals. Some of these are helpful - you need bacteria in your intestines to help you digest your food. Others are harmful, like the germs that cause cholera or typhus. Usually the harmful bacteria are just newcomers, and they gradually evolve into a more helpful role.
To find out more about cells, check out these books from Amazon or from your library: | <urn:uuid:75dcd4ac-1362-45e6-8329-fa7030ae727f> | {
"date": "2014-07-31T17:34:16",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-23",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510273513.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011753-00402-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 4,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9470284581184387,
"score": 4.09375,
"token_count": 625,
"url": "http://scienceforkids.kidipede.com/biology/cells/eukaryote.htm"
} |
By PETER PESIC
Common objects often have uncommon stories. The zipper, the pencil and the paper clip were devised by inventors who long struggled to produce things we now take for granted. Unearthing the histories of these humble objects may reveal much about the hidden underpinnings of our everyday world. That is the case with "Ballpoint," Hungarian author György Moldova's chronicle of the vicissitudes of the ballpoint pen's invention and commercial development.
Mr. Moldova, the author of more than 50 books of nonfiction and fiction, is much honored in his native land, where he is renowned for his vivid portraits of subjects that would seem to resist enlivening, such as coal mining and the railway and textile industries. He presents "Ballpoint" (translated by David Robert Evans) as "both a historical manuscript and a novel." He also quotes the words of the great Russian mathematician Nicolai Lobachevsky: "The real problem with books about geniuses is that they are not written by geniuses."
Mr. Moldova begins by contemplating the astonishing creativity of Hungarians: Eleven of his countrymen won the Nobel Prize during the 20th century, far more per capita than many other nations. There were other geniuses as well, including the mathematician John von Neumann and the physicists Leo Szilard and Edward Teller. Mr. Moldova credits the high instructional standard in Budapest schools, especially its Lutheran Lyceum. Talented students flourished in this essentially nondenominational environment until the 1920s, when the government began limiting university admission to those "who are completely reputable in respect of their national allegiance," effectively excluding Jews, who thereafter emigrated when they could.
One of the Jewish beneficiaries of those Budapest schools was László Bíró (1899-1985), a journalist and artist in the 1930s who noted that the ink used for newspapers dried relatively quickly compared with the ink for fountain pens—handwritten papers had to be carefully blotted or set aside until the ink dried. As Mr. Moldova recounts, Bíró tried using quick-drying ink in a fountain pen, but the fluid was too thick to flow down to the nib and simply clogged the reservoir. Contemplating the problem of how to deliver thick, quick-drying ink to a paper surface without requiring the ink to flow, Bíró saw a possible answer: closing the end of the pen instead of using a nib, leaving an opening with just enough room for a tiny metal ball that would spin against the ink in the reservoir, distributing it to the paper.
Through much trial and error, and with the help of his early backer and business partner, Andor Goy (1896-1991), Bíró developed a working ballpoint pen. The two men signed a contract to produce and market the pen in 1938. Thus a simple but remarkable invention came into a world about to be convulsed by death and destruction. We see Bíró refining the pen and experimenting with recipes for the ink paste essential to his concept while fleeing dangers that seemed to chase him across Europe as war brewed and then broke out.
By György Moldova
New Europe, 198 pages, $14.95
Bíró comes across as amazingly tolerant of, even oblivious to, the uncertainties and dangers that threatened his life and the fate of his invention. He was not totally naïve; he tried to safeguard his commercial interests. Nor were his successive entrepreneurial collaborators totally unscrupulous. At each stage, Bíró tried to strike the best deal he could, though his own shares dwindled steadily—and at one point he had to choose between keeping his remaining shares or selling them to help his family flee to Argentina. Understandably, he had no regrets about bartering to save lives. Yet Mr. Moldova rightly emphasizes the ultimate irony that "the inventor who conducted the thousands of experiments needed to perfect the ballpoint pen ended up without a penny of stock in the factory where they had taken place." Inventors, beware!
Though Bíró faced the hardships of wartime emigration, he soon started up a pen-manufacturing operation in Argentina. Goy faced far greater trials by remaining in Hungary through war and Soviet domination. He didn't learn about the successful production and marketing of the ballpoint pen in Argentina until 1947. A legal mess ensued. Even though Bíró was steadily losing his claims on the ballpoint, Goy tried to exercise his rights based on the 1938 contract. When those efforts failed, Goy worked with companies outside Argentina to break the monopoly on the ballpoint. Courtroom battles unfolded in Germany and in Hungary as Goy alternately worked to manufacture his own ballpoints and to stop others from making the pens. Goy did manage to begin producing ballpoints in Hungary, but the government nationalized his shop and displaced him in a lawsuit against competitors in Germany.
The lawsuit ended in debacle as the court ruled against the Hungarian claim, suggesting that another outcome might have resulted if Goy, the original signatory on the 1938 agreement, hadn't been bumped from the suit. Mr. Moldova describes Goy refusing to accept a reasonably generous offer to settle the suit, before he was dislodged from it by the Hungarian government. Goy later sued his usurpers for restitution, but accepted instead a paltry payment "in recognition for his services to the field of ballpoint pen production," as the citation read. "By this time, Andor Goy had reached the age of seventy—he did not have the strength to fight on," Mr. Moldova writes. Though Bíró made out better financially in Argentina, both he and Goy eventually found themselves dispossessed strangers in the workshops they had built. Entrepreneurs, beware!
Mr. Moldova tells this tale of ingenuity and disappointed hopes with considerable verve; his book is a page-turner but much slighter than one would have hoped for from such a noted writer. Bíró's story is relatively well-known—in much of the English-speaking world, "biro" is synonymous with ballpoint pen. In Argentina, the pen is known a "birome," and Bíró's birthday, Sept. 29, is celebrated as Inventors Day. By comparison, Andor Goy's story is far less familiar. Bíró wrote an autobiography that came out in 1975; Goy wrote one too, but it went unpublished. Mr. Moldova has made good use of the manuscript, though, in fleshing out Goy's side of the story.
Unfortunately, Mr. Moldova has done less well in deciding to present the facts of both men's lives in novelistic form. He often supplies dialogue that sounds like a pastiche of banalities and improbable lines. (During a tense negotiation, a worried Bíró says to a friend: "We have about as much chance as a rocking horse at the Kentucky Derby.") Readers may well wonder what to credit as true. Mr. Moldova may have taken Nicolai Lobachevsky's words on the problem with books about geniuses as a challenge to show his own genius. But describing remarkable displays of inspiration and invention does not require the ministrations of genius so much as the more humble tool of straightforward historical narration.—Mr. Pesic, tutor and musician-in-residence, St. John's College, Santa Fe, N.M., is the author of "Sky in a Bottle" (MIT Press, 2005). | <urn:uuid:518e0ef4-1598-4ef0-852c-c0319496e1ff> | {
"date": "2013-05-20T11:30:09",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2013-20",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368698924319/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516100844-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9776209592819214,
"score": 2.921875,
"token_count": 1562,
"url": "http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10000872396390443570904577545403050717634.html"
} |
cathedral(redirected from Archcathedral)
Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus.
cathedral,church in which a bishop presides. The designation is not dependent on the size or magnificence of a church edifice, but is entirely a matter of its assignment as the church in which the bishop shall officiate.
Romanesque cathedrals (see Romanesque architecture and artRomanesque architecture and art,
the artistic style that prevailed throughout Europe from the 10th to the mid-12th cent., although it persisted until considerably later in certain areas.
..... Click the link for more information. ) were massive, blocklike, domed and heavily vaulted structures based on the traditional basilicabasilica
, large building erected by the Romans for transacting business and disposing of legal matters. Rectangular in form with a roofed hall, the building usually contained an interior colonnade, with an apse at one end or at each end.
..... Click the link for more information. form, reflecting the style dominant in Europe from c.1050 to c.1200. The tall, wide nave arcade or colonnade, flanked by shallower, shorter aisles, ran from decorative exterior portals to a large ambulatory and an apse with radiating chapels. The nave was crossed by a transepttransept
, term applied to the transverse portion of a building cutting its main axis at right angles or to each arm of such a portion. Transepts are found chiefly in churches, where, extending north and south from the main body, they create a cruciform plan.
..... Click the link for more information. and illuminated by a clerestoryclerestory
, a part of a building whose walls rise higher than the roofs of adjoining parts of the structure. Pierced by windows, it is chiefly a device for obtaining extra light.
..... Click the link for more information. pierced by small windows so as not to diminish the strength of the supporting walls. The Romanesque cathedral is a strong visual whole with interrelated parts that emphasize its basic structural clarity.
The great cathedrals of the 13th and 14th cent. are the culminating expression of Gothic architectureGothic architecture and art,
structures (largely cathedrals and churches) and works of art first created in France in the 12th cent. that spread throughout Western Europe through the 15th cent., and in some locations into the 16th cent.
..... Click the link for more information. . These buildings are distinctive in their consistent use of ribbed vaultsvault,
ceiling over a room, formed in any one of a variety of curved shapes. Nature of Vaults
A vault is generally composed of separate units of material, such as bricks, tiles, or blocks of stone, so shaped or cut that when assembled they form a tightly wedged and
..... Click the link for more information. , pointed archesarch,
the spanning of a wall opening by means of separate units (such as bricks or stone blocks) assembled into an upward curve that maintains its shape and stability through the mutual pressure of a load and the separate pieces.
..... Click the link for more information. , rose windowsrose window,
large, stone-traceried, circular window of medieval churches. Romanesque churches of both England and the Continent had made use of the wheel window—a circular window ornamented by shafts radiating from a small center circle; and from this prototype developed
..... Click the link for more information. , buttressesbuttress,
mass of masonry built against a wall to strengthen it. It is especially necessary when a vault or an arch places a heavy load or thrust on one part of a wall. In the case of a wall carrying the uniform load of a floor or roof, it is more economical to buttress it at
..... Click the link for more information. , geometric tracerytracery,
bands or bars of stone, wood, or other material, either subdividing an opening or standing in relief against a wall and forming an ornamental pattern of solid members and open spaces.
..... Click the link for more information. , and variegated stained glassstained glass,
in general, windows made of colored glass. To a large extent, the name is a misnomer, for staining is only one of the methods of coloring employed, and the best medieval glass made little use of it.
..... Click the link for more information. . All of these elements were combined into a design of infinite complexity and richness. Gothic interior structure, also based on basilica form, included a long central arcaded or colonnaded nave with flanking aisles, a transept, a choir, ambulatory, and apse with radiating chapels. Stained glass was used to create a light, lacy effect of spiderweb airyness, made possible by buttressing the comparatively thin walls. The exterior facade was ornamented with great portals covered with sculpture and surmounted by double towers. Further towers often rose above transepts and crossing, and the rear portion of the entire edifice was engulfed in a profusion of buttresses and pinnacles. The building's structure is entirely subordinated visually to the intricacy of its details.
Among the most important medieval cathedrals are the following: France—Amiens, Beauvais, Bourges, Chartres, Le Mans, Notre-Dame de Paris, Rouen, Reims, Strasbourg; England—Canterbury, Durham, Ely, Lincoln, Peterborough, Salisbury, Wells, Westminster Abbey, Winchester, York; Germany—Bonn, Cologne, Mainz, Speyer, Ulm, Worms; Belgium—Antwerp, Brussels, Louvain, Ypres; Italy—Como, Florence, Milan, Monreale, Orvieto, Pisa, Siena, Spain—Ávila, Burgos, Barcelona, Salamanca, Seville, Toledo; Sweden—Lund, Uppsala. Among major cathedrals built in modern times and adhering to medieval styles of architecture are St. Patrick's Cathedral and the Cathedral of St. John the Divine (Episcopal) in New York City and the cathedrals of Washington, D.C., and Liverpool, England.
See O. von Simson, The Gothic Cathedral (1956); A. Rodin, Cathedrals of France (1960); G. H. Cook, The English Cathedral through the Centuries (1965); L. Baxter, The Cathedral Builders (1978); J. Gimpel, The Cathedral Builders (tr. 1983); C. Wilson, The Gothic Cathedral (1990).
(Russian, sobor), in Christian terminology, the principal church of a city or monastery, in which divine services are performed by a high ecclesiastical figure, such as a patriarch or archbishop. The best-known cathedrals include the cathedral of Notre Dame in Paris, the “imperial” cathedral of St. Peter in Worms, St. Peter’s Church in Rome, St. Paul’s Cathedral in London, the Cathedral of St. Sophia in Kiev, and the Cathedral of St. Sophia in Novgorod. In some cities, several cathedrals were built. | <urn:uuid:7b80ff10-cc7f-4c40-8c32-4b0a05da0118> | {
"date": "2017-07-27T12:40:16",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-30",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549428257.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20170727122407-20170727142407-00576.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9265653491020203,
"score": 3.109375,
"token_count": 1532,
"url": "http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Archcathedral"
} |
When you look out of the window, you think that you see an image with your eyes, as this is the way that you have been taught to think. However, in reality this is not how it works, because you do not see the world with your eyes. You see the image created in your brains. This is not a prediction, nor a philosophical speculation, but the scientific truth.
This concept can be better understood when we realize how the visual system operates. The eye is responsible for transforming light into an electric signal by means of the cells in the retina. This electrical signal reaches the sight center in the brain. The signals create the vision you see when you look out of the window. In other words, the sights you see are created in your brain. You see the image in your brain, not the view outside the window. For example, in the picture shown on the right hand side, the light reaches the eyes of the person from outside. This light passes to the small sight center located at the back of the brain after the cells in the eyes transform it into electrical signals. It is these electrical signals which form the picture in the brain. In reality when we open the brain, we wouldn't be able to see any image. However, some kind of consciousness in the mind receives electrical signals in the form of an image. The brain perceives electrical signals in the form of an image, yet it has no eye, eye cells, or retina. So, to whom does the consciousness in the brain belong?
The same question can be asked about the book you are reading now. The light coming to your eyes is converted into electrical signals and reaches your brain, where the view of the book is created. In other words, the book you are reading right now is not outside you, it is actually inside you, in the sight center in the back of your brain. Since you feel the hardness of the book with your hands, you might think that the book is outside you. However, this feeling of hardness also originates in the brain. The nerves on your fingertips transmit electrical information to the touch center in your brain. And when you touch the book, you feel the hardness and intensity of it, the slipperiness of the pages, the texture of the cover and the sharpness of the edge of the pages, all within your brain.
In reality however, you can never touch the real nature of the book. Even though you think that you're touching the book, it is your brain that perceives the tactile sensations. This book exists as a material thing outside of your brain, but you merely confront the image of the book within your brain. However, you should not be tricked by the fact that a writer wrote this book, the pages were designed by a computer and printed by a publisher.
The things that will be explained in due course will show you that you will never know the originals of the people, computers and the publishers in every stages of the production of this book.
We can therefore conclude that everything we see, touch and hear merely exists in our brains. This is a scientific truth, proven with scientific evidence. The significant point is the answer to the question asked above, which this scientific truth has led us to ask; who is it that has no eye, but watches sights through a window in our brains and enjoys or becomes anxious from these sights? This will be explained in the following pages. | <urn:uuid:096b0c91-11be-40dc-958b-7278032ffab0> | {
"date": "2015-03-30T02:50:56",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-14",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131298889.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172138-00030-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9661595225334167,
"score": 3.453125,
"token_count": 695,
"url": "http://www.harunyahya.com/en/books/993/Matter-The-Other-Name-For-Illusion/chapter/2211/Introduction-"
} |
A new study shows that not sleeping enough might increase the waist measurements. Experts found that sleeping an average of six hours a night adds up to three centimeters to the waistline.
Researchers from the University of Leeds in West Yorkshire, England concluded that adults who have bad sleeping patterns are prone to be obese and to have other metabolic issues. They recommend people to sleep at least 7 hours to reduce the chances of getting fatter.
“How much sleep we need differs between people, but the current consensus is that seven to nine hours is best for most adults,” said Dr. Laura Haride, lead researcher, via the University of Leeds. “Because we found that adults who reported sleeping less than their peers were more likely to be overweight or obese, our findings highlight the importance of getting enough sleep,” added Dr, Hardie
Why people should sleep more than 6 hours
Sleeping is essential for people to function properly during the day. However, work, stress, and other situations might lead to the development of bad sleeping patterns that affect our health and our organism in different ways. According to a recently published study conducted by the University of Leeds in England, consistently missing out on a full night’s sleep leads to obesity. Researchers say that sleeping an average of six hours adds 3 centimeters to our waist measurements.
To get to these results, researchers studied more than 1,600 adults’ sleeping and eating patterns. Their ages ranged between 19 and 65 years, none of the participants were pregnant. 448 were between 19 and 34 years, 655 were aged 35 to 50, and 512 were aged 51 to 65. They all lived in private households in England, Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales. They distributed diet diaries for four consecutive days of diet recording. The participants were interviewed to get other data.
To analyze the data and relate it to the sleep patterns, they took into consideration energy and macronutrient intake, quality of their diets, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, blood measures – such as cholesterol, triglycerides, free T3 – and the metabolic syndrome score. Researchers adjusted the models depending on the age, sex, smoking habits and socioeconomic status. Researchers took into consideration that not all participants were willing to give their blood data, of which only 51 percent of participants did.
Participants were asked the following two questions about their sleep patterns: “How long (do you) usually sleep on week nights?” and “How long (do you) usually sleep on weekend nights?”. There were no questions regarding naps.
Researchers recommend people to sleep 7 to 9 hours on average every night to avoid obesity and other health problems.
“The number of people with obesity worldwide has more than doubled since 1980,” said Greg Potter, a researcher on the study. “Obesity contributes to the development of many diseases, most notably type 2 diabetes. Understanding why people gain weight has crucial implications for public health.”.
The results were published in the journal PLoS ONE
Source: PLoS ONE | <urn:uuid:b2d647e9-6d71-44a4-97f8-920d18038537> | {
"date": "2017-08-24T08:38:41",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-34",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886133447.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20170824082227-20170824102227-00496.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9698140621185303,
"score": 3.4375,
"token_count": 628,
"url": "http://www.pulseheadlines.com/research-shows-that-not-having-enough-sleep-adds-some-centimeters-to-the-waistline/65579/"
} |
MANDALAY is the cultural capital of Myanmar, its second largest city and home of its last kings. Founded in 1857 by King Mindon, one of Myanmar's greatest rulers, it is considered the spiritual center of Myanmar, and has so many religious shrines it has been described as a "forest of temples" (only Pagan has more). For more than two centuries, until World War II, when city was devastated by Allied bombing, Mandalay and the area around it were the home of Myanmar's kings.
Named after Mandalay Hill, the site of an important religious shrine, and modeled after the nearby city of Amarapura, which was the home of the Burmese royal family before 1857, Mandalay has many beautiful spots even though it was ravaged by fires in 1945, 1981 and 1984, when many of it's beautiful wooden buildings were destroyed. The city was founded when it was to fulfill a prophecy that it would be founded on the 2,400th anniversary of Buddha’s birth.
Mandalay lies on flat, dusty and treeless plain on the east side of the Irrawaddy River in an area dotted with other old Burmese capitals. Home to 1.1 million people, it has its share of busy spots, with streets choked with cars, bicycles, scooters and trishaws. Over the past two decades it has experienced a modest amount of construction fueled by trade with China and government efforts to attract tourists.
Mandalay is only about a fifth of the size of Yangon but arguably has much more to see and do. Even though the city was first brought to the attention of Westerners by Rudyard Kipling's poem The Road to Mandalay , Kipling never visited the city although George Orwell did. A new $150 million airport in Mandalay opened in 2000 and is an example of the Myanmar regime’s ridiculous infrastructure projects. The airport has a relatively small number of flights.
Steven Martin wrote in Time magazine, “Despite its Kipling-haunted name, Mandalay is no dusty bell jar of British colonial memory. If anything, the bustling town evokes New China, Burma's most enthusiastic trading partner, whose border is barely 320 kilometers away. If New York is the city that never sleeps, Mandalay is a town that can sleep through anything. The sound of unmuffled engines hurls past with roaring Doppler effects, and motorbikes tear through the town like chainsaws run amuck. To amplify matters, the Burmese drive by the horn, and the sound of their honking — more a stutter of warning than a bellow of outrage — fills the air. At busy intersections, a screeching whistle accompanies the Hitleresque waves and salutes of white-jacketed traffic cops. [Source: Steven Martin, Time magazine, 2002]
“In the evenings, just as the sound of traffic begins to die down, Mandalay settles in for its traditional entertainment. Bamboo poles lashed together and draped with painted canvas backdrops form impromptu stages that seem to appear out of nowhere, temporarily blocking off side streets. The stages are venues for anyeint pwe, a vaudevillian variety show of singing, dancing and comedy skits. Orwell described one such performance in Burmese Days:
HISTORY OF MANDALAY
Mandalay was known as Ya-da-na-bon (Cluster of Gems) Nay-pyay-daw (Capital City) in olden days. Also called the golden capital, it officially came into existence on May 3, 1859. Around that the same time, the cities walls, royal moat, Mahalawka Marazain Pagoda, Tripitaka (Sacred Buddhist Teachings) Royal library, ThuDhamma Zayat (Religious resting place for pilgrims or travelers), Maha Athu Lawayan monastery and the Dhamma Myitzu Pathan Zayat or Ordination Hall were also built.
Mandalay was also the last seat of the Myanmar King. The King who built this city from empty land was Mindon. who reigned from 1853 to 1878. In 1856 he was residing in the capital of Amarapura which he deemed no longer fortuitous. The full official name of this old capital was Amarapura Mandalar, and the King decided to take the last word and named the new capital Mandalay. Starting from scratch, the King was able to design the city to his liking, with wide streets set in a grid pattern. His palace was enclosed within walls which stretched one mile long on each of its four sides, surrounded by a moat. Inside these walls, the center area was enclosed again for the king's own palaces. Due to air strikes during 1945 in World War II, the golden palace built by King Mindon has burnt to the grounds. Mya Nan San Kyaw golden palace has now been rebuilt in original form according to the record of the history.
Mandalay in the 1970s: Paul Theroux wrote in “The Great Railway Bazaar”: “We were standing at the foot of Mandalay Hill, before two towering stone lions and a sign FOOT WEARING IS FORBIDDEN. I took off my shoes—"Stockings too," said the Burman apologetically—and socks, and began climbing the holy stairs. He kicked off his rubber sandals and followed me, muttering, "Omega, Omega." [Source: Paul Theroux, The Atlantic, November 1, 1971]
“And spitting. "Foot wearing" is forbidden, but bicycles are not—provided they are pushed and not ridden—and neither is spitting. Dodging great gouts of betel juice, I climbed, and soon others joined us. A troop of boys quickly took up the Omega chant. On every landing there is a temple, a soft-drink stall ("Dagon Pure Orange—Bottled in Yangon With Distilled Water"), and a sugar-water machine which squeezes split canes in a contraption that resembles an old laundry wringer. Halfway up the hill I stopped, had a Super Soda, and examined some statuary in wire cages, life-sized plaster figures, brightly painted and horrific as a Tiger Balm ointment tableau: a supine figure sticking his tongue out at a crow perched on his chest and tearing bright blue intestinal coils, yards of shiny hose, from a gaping hole in the man's belly; another satisfied man with a cutlass, squatting next to a disemboweled deer. I slipped a coin into a cast-iron machine, and three figures in a window were set into motion: a clockwork man swept a path with a wire broom, a clockwork saffron-robed monk shuffled on the path, and a clockwork devotee raised and lowered his clasped hands to the monk.
“We set off again, stopping once for a boy to piss on the sacred hill (according to legend, Buddha climbed the hill and pointed down at what was to become the Center of the Universe, later Fort Dufferin, and now Burmese Army Headquarters for the Northwest Command). In the temple at the top of the hill, where there is a massive gold Buddha pointing toward the army barracks, I collapsed onto a bench in the 106-degree heat. I was surrounded by Burmese quoting ridiculously high prices for my watch. Very clearly I said, "My mother gave me this watch," and in a moment they were gone. “
TOURISM IN MANDALAY
Mandalay Tourism Office: Myanmar Tourism Services Mandalay Office: Ka-411, Myin Sai Street, Yankintharyar Quarter, Paheingyi Township, Mandalay, Myanmar., Tel: (+952) 572 65, 576 50, Fax: (+952) 576 50
Orientation: Mandalay consists of five main townships: 1) Aung Myay Thar Zan, 2) Chan Aye Thar Zan, 3) Mahar Aung Myay, 4) Chan Mya Tharzi and 5) Pyigyi Tagun. Mandalay Hill is a popular destination. A beautiful view of the whole city can be had from the top of the hill. At the top of it and around it are many of Mandalay’s most famous pagodas and monasteries. Central Mandalay is reasonably compact but some of the main tourist destination are located in different parts of the city. The Royal Palace and Mandalay Hill areas have enough to keep one busy for a couple hours. Otherwise take a taxi or rent a motorbike or bicycle to visit more out of the way places.
Accommodation and Restaurants: Luxury hotels, moderate hotels and economy hotels are available in Mandalay. Restaurants offering, Myanmar, Chinese, Indian, and European food are available. Coffee shops and snacks bar are mostly in Mandalay. Beer pubs and bars are also available.
ENTERTAINMENT AND SHOPPING IN MANDALAY
Mandalay is the main city of cultural heritage. Marionette shows and traditional theatre are performed. Zegyo Bazaar is a good place to buy silk and enjoy Mandalay's nightlife. For who like oriental kiche the Lonely Planet guides describe several pagodas that contain amusing clockwork coin-in-the-slot displays. Many tour operators can arrange customized show programs with tourists. Handicrafts, lacquerware and other souvenirs shops are widely available. Art Galleries and Gems shops also offer reasonable prices for different items.
Mandalay Pwe: Anyeint pwe is a vaudevillian variety show of singing, dancing and comedy skits. George Orwell described one such performance in Burmese Days: “The music struck up and the pwe-girl began dancing again. Her face was powdered so thickly that it gleamed in the lamplight like a chalk mask with live eyes behind it ... The music changed its tempo, and the girl began to sing in a brassy voice ... [she] turned round and danced with her buttocks protruding towards the audience. Her silk longyi [sarong] gleamed like metal. With hands and elbows still rotating she wagged her posterior from side to side. Then — astonishing feat, quite visible through the longyi — she began to wriggle her buttocks independently in time with the music.” [B. D. Chapter 8, par. 32]
Steven Martin wrote in Time magazine, “The pwe lasts all night, with the final curtain descending at dawn, but in Orwell's day there was no mountain of speakers on either side of the stage blasting music and voices over a wide radius of neighborhood. From my hotel in Mandalay, I could hear the cacophony of no less than three of these shows reverberating through the walls. At first I found the amplified strains and alien tongues pleasing to my sense of the exotic, but after two nights of fitful sleep, I began to loathe Mandalay's taste in entertainment. Actually, a third category of noise can be added to this list, though it falls far behind the other two in terms of pervasiveness: noise associated with religion. Steeples and minarets compete with stupas for the skyline of Mandalay, the result of Indian immigration and Christian missionizing, and from these houses of worship pour the noises of faith: gongs, hymns, bells and the call of the muezzin. [Source: Steven Martin, Time magazine, 2002]
The Mustache Brothers are arguably Myanmar’s most famous practioners of a-nyeint pwe, Myanmar’s traditional vaudeville, featuring puppets, music and slapstick comedy tinged, often colored by direct but dangerous political satire. Par Par Lay is the 60-year-old leader (2007) of the Mustache Brothers. He is a third-generation practitioner of a-nyeint pwe. He learned comedy from his father, who picked it up from his own father. Par Par Lay started out professionally in the mid-1960s and soon headed a traveling road show of three comedians, 10 female dancers, eight musicians and five roadies.
Choe Sang-Hun wrote in the New York Times: “The Mustache Brothers are a family troupe of 13 comedians, dancers and musicians. Mr. Par Par Lay and his brother U Lu Maw, 58, favor handlebar mustaches, the source of their group’s name. They used to travel from village to village, performing at weddings, funerals and festivals. In former days, Burmese kings would watch a-nyeint pwe (pronounced ah-NYAY pway) to gauge public sentiment couched in the comedy. [Source: Choe Sang-Hun, New York Times, October 29, 2007]
Nick Meo wrote in the Times: “Brothers Par Par Lay and Lu Maw and their rubber-faced cousin Lu Zaw are officially banned and blacklisted. They cannot perform at the weddings and village festivals where they once made a living. Two of them have already done nearly five years' hard labour, breaking rocks on the Chinese border. Their crime? Holding the regime up to ridicule at a performance before democracy leader Aung San Suu Kyi. The years of punishment took their toll but failed to silence Burma's only dissident comedians...Their show is a bizarre but entertaining mix of slapstick comedy, graceful dance, and traditional music. The three started off in the tradition of bawdy peasant humour and temple dancing.[Source: Nick Meo, the Times, August 27, 2005]
Felipe Villamor of AFP wrote: “With nothing more than their sharp wit, the sexagenarian members of one of the long-isolated country's most famous comedy troupes are perhaps among the bravest dissidents to have stood up to the generals. Officially banned and blacklisted, the act counts pro-democracy icon Aung San Suu Kyi among its fans. The trio used to lead one of Myanmar's most popular traditional comedy acts.[Source: Felipe Villamor, AFP, February 29, 2012]
Moustache Brothers Comedy Show on Mandalay's 39th Street: Felipe Villamor of AFP wrote: “These days they perform in English to growing numbers of foreign tourists at their nightly show in their home city Mandalay. Lu Maw, a wiry 62-year-old whose broken English is peppered with mismatched idioms, elicited nervous laughter by admonishing the crowd at a recent show to be quiet because government agents were nearby. "We are blacklisted, jail birds, and illegals you know, so you are also here illegally," he told a young American woman in the front row before breaking into a grin. "But don't worry, the government loves tourists because they want your dollars." [Source: Felipe Villamor, AFP, February 29, 2012 ^]
“At another point in the show Par Par Lay asked the crowd if they wanted to see an authentic Burmese act. Within seconds, he was wearing a balaclava helmet over his moustachioed face and sporting a hand gun as he gingerly mimicked a thief breaking into a home. "That's how they are, like Jesse James, Ali Baba, like bandits," Lu Maw said on the microphone, alluding to the military to scattered laughter from the crowd. The regime is not the only butt of their humour -- their jokes also target the West, and in particular the United States. ^
“Feigning seriousness, Lu Maw wondered aloud why US-led coalition forces had not sent unmanned drones to Myanmar, whose military he said had been involved in some of the world's most atrocious rights abuses. "Burma is the same as Libya, Egypt, Somalia or Syria. But they all have oil," Lu Maw said with a naughty wink. "Ah, but they (the West) don't know what we have -- we have opium and heroin too." After the one-hour show, the brothers personally thanked every visitor and sold them souvenirs. They said the money would go to helping those political prisoners still languishing in jail. ^
At another show four years earlier, Paul Watson wrote in the Los Angeles Times, “Lu Maw is the middle brother, and since his fractured English is the closest to fluent, he warms up the small groups of tourists who fill the plastic lawn chairs in the brothers' living room each night. He cracks jokes rapid-fire, like a comic machine gun, under the harsh white light of six bare fluorescent tubes. Often he riffs on expressions he's picked up from the folks who buy tickets or while listening to foreign broadcasts on shortwave radio, like "Bite the dust," "New bottle, same wine," and "My brothers and I, we're skating on thin ice!" [Source: Paul Watson. Los Angeles Times, March 4, 2008 **]
“The living room theater is on Mandalay's 39th Street, the Broadway of a-nyient. The stage, covered in red all-weather carpet, is half a step up from a brick floor. The wall behind it is strung with marionettes, and two rattling fans hang from the low ceiling. Audience members come by rickshaw, cab or tour bus, and pay by donation. On a recent night, about a dozen people, mostly young backpackers and a few journalists who had posed as tourists to get into the country, helped out when Lu Maw's English failed him. A few gladly got into the act when the comedians needed more hands to hold up painted wooden signs naming the world's biggest spy agencies, and declaring, "Moustache Brothers are under surveillance." **
“After warming up with safe jokes about wives and backdoor men, Par Par Lay changed out of his fan dance costume, white robe and glittering gold pillbox hat, and leaped on stage in a black robber's mask, wielding a toy pistol, while his brother declared that civil servants behaved like Jesse James. "So much corruption," Lu Maw explained through an old-fashioned microphone to the audience. "That's why this guy has been three times in the clink, up the river -- in the big house!" **
GOLD POUNDERS AND MANDALAY CRAFTS
Gold-Leaf Pounders (southeast Mandalay on 36th Street between 77th and 78th) make gold-leaf the same way their predecessors did centuries ago with few modifications. Lumps of gold are placed in leather poaches and beaten hundreds of times into thin sheaths by sweating, shirtless, loin-cloth-clad men with huge hammers. When the foil-like gold-leaf is thin enough, it is cut and placed on pieces of paper by women in rooms next to the pounding areas. The gold leaf is used for gilding pagodas and Buddha statues and for inlays on lacquerware. Individual squares cost the equivalent only a few U.S. cents a piece. Visitors to the pounding area are often given free samples.
The process of gold-bearing which takes place in Mandalay is very interesting. A goldsmith starts with a lump of gold, the size of a silver dollar. The lump is then pounded into a foot long rod which is passed through a hand cranked roller. Repeating this process several times creates a ribbon of gold 55 feet long. The ribbon is then cut into square pieces, and each piece is placed between layers of bamboo paper or parchment. Several dozen of these paper-wrapped pieces are then bound and placed inside a deerskin cover, which is pounded with a sledge hammer or wooden mallet. The gold is then removed and cut into pieces again. This process is repeated until gold sheaths created. Each gold sheath is about five inches square and 1/200,000 of an inch (0,000127 centimeters) thick—which is thinner than the ink on a printed page. The sheaths are bought in packet by Buddhists who place the them on Buddhist statues and temples.
In Myanmar such gold-leaves are widely sold at the famous pagodas to gild Buddha images or stupa with gold-leaf. This is a Myanmar tradition to earn Buddhist merit, Mandalay's gold-leaf makers are concentrated in the south-east of the city, near the intersection of 36th and 78th Streets. Gilding a Buddha image or a stupa with gold leaf brings great merit to the gilder. As a result Buddhist images grow thicker and more amorphous as gold leaf layers are applied, with Buddhist statues being transformed into oadly-shaped gild blobs. Silver, aluminum, copper and sometimes palladium sheaths are available in Myanmar. [Source: Myanmar Travel Information ~]
Metal leaf is often used for decoration. Before the discovery of electroplating it was the only cost effective way to gild statues, rooftops and objects. In Asian countries edible gold is sometimes used in fruit jelly snacks, cakes, sweets and many other food products. Because gold is highly malleable it can be pounded into sheets just micrometers thick without breaking or tearing. As the metal thins out. it forms large sheets. The final sheets of metal are trimmed. cut to various sizes. and sandwiched between sheets of paper to protect them. A small amount of metal will result in a sheet with a large surface area but only a few atoms thick. ~
Mandalay Crafts: Woodcarving (Tampawadi quarter in southern Mandalay) is done by craftsmen who engrave and emboss traditional Burmese designs onto bas-reliefs. Silk Weaving (Inwa Road and 19th St. in eastern Mandalay) is where Lunyargyaw (woven with a hundred shuttles) and intricate hand-woven Burmese silks are made.
Marble Work (southern Mandalay) is done in workshops by stone carvers who make and polish Buddhas and other images of varying size. Embroidery Work (Yangyiang Road, 35th street, between 78th and 80th streets, and 72nd Street between 26th and 27th streets) is where sequined embroidery and applique is made by cutting figures out of cloth of various colors and attaching them to black velvet cloth hangings.
SIGHTS IN MANDALAY
Shwenandaw Kyaung (14th Street, close to Atumashi monastery and Kuthodaw Pagoda) is the best surviving example of Mandalay's beautiful wooden architecture. Originally a wing of King Mindon's Royal Palace it was removed and taken to its present site in 1880 by King Thibaw who turned it into a monastery. The teak carvings and panels around the monks cells are outstanding. The entire monastery is a veritable museum of mid-19th century Burmese architecture and wood carving. Its name means Golden Palace Monastery. It is the sole major survivor of the former wooden Royal Palace built by King Mindon in the mid-nineteenth century. The Shwenandaw is a wonderfully fragile yet grand example of 19th century Myanmar teak architecture and also a significant masterpiece of the wood-carver’s art. Entrance Fee: US$5 per person.
Mahamuni Pagoda (southern Mandalay near the airport) contains two much-venerated images: a Buddha which points to the Royal Palace, and the Mahamuni Image (a sitting Buddha brought from the Rakthine State in 1784). The original Buddhas were detailed bronze statues but so many sheaths of gold have been placed on them that they have lost their shape and now are golden blobs. The pagoda also contains six Khmer-style figures which have helped scholars unravel some mysteries of Southeast Asia's history.
There are many thing to see at this pagoda. In one room there is gong that weighs five tons. In a courtyard there are dozens of marble tablets. The six Khmer-style figures—two human figures, three stylized lions and one representation of a giant three-headed elephant—are located near the western gate. Many people come to rub their bodies against the human statues. If a person rubs part of his or her body against the corresponding part of the body on the statue it said that part of his body will become healed if there is something wrong with it.
The Maha Myat Muni Buddha Image is the most revered and ancient Buddha image in Mandalay. Also known as the Phaya Gyi, it was cast, it is said, in the lifetime of Lord Buddha while the Buddha looked on. The statue’s seated posture of relaxed deportment, namely the Bumi Phasa Mudras, symbolizes of His Conquest of of devil Mara. The 4-meter-high seated image is cast in bronze and weighs 6.5 tons. Its crown is decorated with diamonds, rubies, and sapphires.
Every morning at 4:30am, a team of monks washes the face and brushes the teeth. Since Myanmar Buddhists are so devout hundreds of thousands of devotees have applied gold leaf to gain merit. It is estimated the image has been completely covered with more than 15 centimeters of gold.
According to legend in 123 B.C, during the reign of King Sanda Thuriya, Monarch of Rakhine-Dharyawaddy, the image was carried to its present site. It took four months to carry the image reverently across the Rakhine Yoma Ranges, by rough route and by waterway. The Height of the Maha Muni Buddha Image is 8 Cubits and 1 Maik (3.83 meters). The altar is 2.13 meters high. There, two bronze Siamese images, three bronze lion images and one bronze three-headed Ayeyawun elephants are housed and displayed in the precinct on the left side of the northern exit passage. The early morning ritual of washing the face of the Buddha's image, draws a daily crowd of devotees. To be able to catch up the early morning ritual, one has to be at the pagoda by about 5:00am. Opening Hours 5:00am-8:00pm everyday. Entrance Fee US$ 4.
Water Buffalos at Work (western end of Pinya Road) is where specially-trained water buffalos haul timbers and load them onto trucks. The concept was inspired by the elephants-at-work shows in northern Thailand. There are also tracks in Mandalay that sponsor water buffalo and bullock races. carvings.
Yankin Hill (east of Mandalay) is known for its many carved figures of fishes was placed by Min Shin Saw, son of King Alaung Sithu during the Pagan Era. It is believed that first figures of the fishes were kept in the Royal Palace during the Yadanarbon period. But later on for the sake of the people and on their beliefs, Min Shin Saw placed the figures on Yankin Hill. Whenever there was a drought, the people of Mandalay carried the figures around the city and then went to Yankin Hill. It was believed that by doing this, it could bring rainfall to the city. There is a bus route winding up the hill from both the South and North side. The hill is about 215 meters high and ranging from North to South about 2013 meters wide. Yankin means "away from danger.” The Mya Kyauk tube well is situated near the Yankin Hill and visitors can also pay homage to the Atula Maha Mya Kyauk Pagoda.
Other Sights in Mandalay include Eindawya Pagoda, where King Pagan resided before he ascended to the throne; and the Mandalay Museum (corner of 24th and 80th streets), which house of collection of royal costumes, palm-leaf manuscripts, ornamental receptacles, and wooden items.
MANDALAY PALACE (between 12th street and 26th street, in the heart of Mandalay) was destroyed by allied bombs, and the fires they ignited, at the end of World War II. The lovely wooden golden palace is gone and all that remains of the fort is a massive moat, some wooden-pavilion-topped city gates, a few buildings scattered in a park, and a huge 20-foot-high wall that is laid out in a square. Mandalay Palace is also called the Royal Palace and Fort Mandalay.
Each side of the wall is about a mile long and it takes about 20 minute to bicycle around the entire thing. The 12-foot deep, 250-foot-wide moat around the wall was drained, dredged and mucked out by hand in the 1990s with the help of tens of thousands of forced laborers. A wide, somewhat busy road surrounds the moat.
The last kings of Burma were reportedly so disliked by the population they were afraid to venture outside the walls of the palace. King Mindon is said to have buried 52 local people (13 at each corner) alive under the wall’s foundation in 1858, hoping they would become protector nats for the compound. He had 60 wives and his successor claimed the throne after having 80 relatives sewn into velvet bags and beaten to death.
It costs $5.00 to enter the "palace," which today is essentially a scruffy park surrounded by walls. Inside the walls is an Independence Monument, the wooden Nanmyintsaung (watchtower), with a spiraling exterior stairway, and a cultural museum that contains some items salvaged from the smoldering palace and a model of what it used to look like. The highlight is the colonnaded, red and gold Throne Hall. The large gilded throne was used by the king
Some of the dresses of the ancient kings, queens, princes, princesses and other ministers are displayed. You can wear copies of them and take some pictures.
History and Structure of Mandalay Palace: Mandalay Palace was the first palace to be built in Mandalay, by King Mindon when he shifted his capital from Amarapura in 1861, to fulfill an old prophecy. The site was chosen with the auspicious omen and astronomical calculations.
The magnificent palace was built of teak wood on raised brick base gilded with gold and vermilion. The queens' chambers in order of priority is 1 Southern, 2 Northern and 3 Lesser queens in the West. All ancillary buildings for the court, the fortified high walls with ramparts, the moat, water systems, roads, gardens with shady tamarind trees, recreational playgrounds, swimming pools, mint, security ports with infantry, cavalry, archers, artillery, sheds for royal elephants, stables, audience halls, throne halls, religious edifices and monastery and devotional halls were superbly planned and executed to minute details. The implementation and completion of construction took five years (from 1857 to 61). The artistic workmanship and handicrafts depicting the glory of the golden age of the days gone by is still amazing, awe inspiring and the beholder will be spell bound with wonder.
The entity of the palace cannot be separated from the Mandalay Hill, from where the prophecy and name is deemed. The palace located right in the center of the palace grounds, which is meticulously a true square, enclosed within fortified high walls with ramparts and the beautiful deep moat all the layout in perfect squares. So much so the city surrounding the place too had been laid-out in blocks of squares enclosed by sheets.A muddy canal feeds the supply of water to the moat. It is surprisingly strange that the red muddy water turns crystal clear. This moat water is potable and the source of home consumption and is free from lime content. It also serves a double purpose as a good protection from enemy assault of those days.
The reflection of the Mandalay on the eastern moat is a beautiful scene to behold from the southeastern corner. The panoramic view of the Palace and the surrounding areas as far as the Sagaing Bridge, the Irrawaddy River and the hill ranges seen from the Mandalay Hill during sunset will be an enchanting experience. The beautiful palace with many other buildings were destroyed by fire due to the ravages of been reconstructed in brick masonry from photographic records, plans and drawings.
By looking at the massive city walls and the huge royal moat, you can imagine the greatness and might of Myanmar's monarchy in the 19th century. Each side of the royal city wall is a mile two furlongs long, and all four walls has a total length of 5 miles 1 furlong and rectangular in shape. The wall is 27 feet high and 10 feet wide. All along the city walls there are 3800 merlons for musket shooting. Each of the musket shooting holes is two feet nine inches wide.
The four city walls have 12 large main gates, four huge tiered roof outlook towers, 32 smaller tiered roof outlook towers for a total of 48 tiered roof outlook towers. On each city wall there are three gates. Altogether on the four sides of the wall there are 12 gates and all main gates are connected by bridges crossing the royal moat. The royal moat is 225 feet wide and 11 feet deep. The middle gates leading to the palace are named " Dat Ta-Gaa " which means doors mandated with special powers.” There are small gates on the left and right side of the "Dat" gates—12 gates in all. The gate facing the south, the Mingalar (or) Kyaw Moe gate, means auspicious, good fortune and glory.
Outside of this Royal Compound and within the city walls are houses of ministers and nobles, several homes for the aged dowager, minor queen's apartments and barracks. The main great Audience Hall housed the Thiha Thana Lion Throne and was considered the center of the Earth. The "Zay Da Won Hall" was called the " Hall of Victory". At the east side of the hall, you will find the "Hintha Throne". "Hintha" is a mythical bird. This throne is octagon-shaped. The Privy Council Hall is where most of the king met with his council, weddings took place and musket balls were stored.
The royal crown hall or Baung Daw Sanw hall is where the king kept his crown, which was embedded with precious gems. In this hall the king also changed his royal dress before giving audience. "The Breezy Hall”, also called "Lay Thar Hall", is at the south of the "Hall of Victory". This is the place where the kings relaxed and received monks and listened to religious sermons. The Hall is now called the "Brick Meeting Hall".
In this hall the king and his ministers meet to discuss matters relating to royal declarations. Beside. the above-mentioned Halls. you can also witness the "East Entrance Hall", "South Entrance Hall", "Left Reception Hall", "Right Reception Hall", "The Southern Dedicating Pavilion Hall", "Treasury" and "Palace Power". The palace tower is the most prominent structure you will see in the royal palace grounds. There were a total of 360 teak pillars in the whole palace, signifying the 360 days of the lunar calendar. All these halls were decorated in the traditional Myanmar manner with architectural designs, woodcarvings and paintings. One of the most beautiful palace pavilions was the Glass Palace, which had interior walls and pillars completely covered with glass mosaic.
MANDALAY HILL(the northeast part of Mandalay) is good place to get a view of the "forest of temples" that makes Mandalay famous. There are temples on the hill itself, and in the area around it, plus there are lovely views of other temples from the hill's summit. It cost $5.00 to enter the main gate, which is guarded by two huge white marble lions. It then takes about a half an hour to ascend the 1,700 steps to the top of the hill, which has to be climbed barefoot.
Mandalay Hill rises 230 meters (776 feet) above the surrounding plain is the natural watch-tower for the visitors to watch sunrise or sunset over the city and neighboring plains. At the bottom in front of the southwest entrance are the two immense statue of Lions guard the holy hill. If you drive by car from the archway of Mandalay hill, you will reach the entrance of escalator of the hill. From there, you can proceed to the top of the Mandalay hill by escalator and pay homage to Su Taung Pyi Pagoda, means wish-granting Pagoda, built by King Anawrahta and patronized and renovated by successive Konbaung Kings. You can study documentary photos of Mandalay hill on the platform of Pagoda.
There is a saying that if you want to live long, you take refuge in the environs of Mandalay hill. It means that as climbing to the Mandalay hill on foot is good for health. And to pay homage to the pagoda along the way makes one live long. You can pay homage to prominent pagodas along the stairway of Mandalay Hill. You can also visit the shops that sell traditional Burmese handmade toys, gifts and prayer beads. If you reach the top of the hill, you can pay homage to Su Taung Pyi Pagoda and see the elegant craftsmanship with two Snakes raising the hoods up.
According to legend, during the time when Buddha was alive while he was on one of his visits to Myanmar, the Buddha with his disciple Ananda climbed Mandalay Hill and prophesied that a great city would be founded below the hill and also pointed the place of that future city. Then a huge standing Buddha image was built at the place where Buddha stood, with his hand pointing to the Royal Palace.
Virtually all visitors and pilgrims who climb Mandalay Hill do so on the 1,729 steps of the covered southern stairway with its magnificent guardian chinthe (half-lion, half-dragon) at the entry, use stairways on the other sides or use easier means and take the escalator, cars or buses to the top. From its top, and from several way stations along the ascent, one has a magnificent panorama of the city, the old Royal Palace and Fortress river and the distant Shan Hills. You can see Sagaing Hill, the Irrawaddy River and Mingun in the west and Yankin hill and YaeTa Khun Hill in the east. In the evening, the platform of Mandalay Hill’s Su Taung Pyi Pagoda is crowded with tourists and devotees who record the beauty of sunset.
Sutaungpyi Pagoda (top of Mandalay Hill) is known as the "wish-granting" pagoda. It is suggested that the pagoda was originally built by the great builder of Pagan, King Anawrahta, in 1052. This pagoda and its ancillary pavilion are were often renovated by their patrons, the Konbaung kings, in later years. Perhaps the most famous of the renovators of the religious structures on Mandalay Hill was U Khan Dee. the famous and legendary "Hermit on the Hill", who spent 41 years of his life on the hill raising funds for many structures, including Sutaungpyai, where he spent many years. Entrance Fee US$5 per person
King Anawrahta of Pagan went to China in 1052 to bring the Tooth Relic of Buddha. On the way back, it is said, he built the Mandalay Hill Wish-granting Pagoda to enshrining the Buddha relics. The standing statue of Buddha giving a prophesy was built by King Mindon. It is 18 cubits high. On the first waxing moon day of Waso in the Burmese year 1255 the statue was partly gutted by fire and rebuilt by Sayadaw U Nandi Thuriya Thihathu. Even as donations were collected to do that, it is said, two serpents mysteriously came to the city of Myaukpyin. The two were brought atop the hill by the Sayadaw. They were displayed for a year there and they received a great deal of charity. In dedication to this. Hermit U Hkanti had figures of two serpents built atop there.
BUDDHAS AND PAGODAS AROUND MANDALAY HILL
Kyauktawgyi (southern approach to Mandalay Hill) was built in 1878. It contains a huge seated Buddha carved from a single chunk of whitish, pale green marble from the Sagyin quarry twelve miles north of Mandalay. It is said that it took 10,000 men 13 days to transport the piece of stone from the quarry to the pagoda. Kyauktawgyi meaning “Great Marble Buddha Image” in Burmese.
Kyauktawgyi Pagoda was built under King Mindon and modeled on Ananda Temple at Pagan. It closely resembles the Ananda in exterior form but it falls short of the latter in construction and interior decoration. Although its construction was started in 1853 by King Mindon, it was not completed until 1878, in part due to a palace rebellion and domestic disturbances in the mid-1860s. The Buddha Image is seated in the "Bhumisparsha mudra", the gesture of "calling the Earth to witness." The focus of this statue is the hand, the eyes are severely downcast if not actually closed. A covered corridor leads through the garden of the arhats to the structure housing the Buddha. On each of the four sides there are twenty shrines with figures representing the arhats, the eighty Great Disciples of the Buddha. Entrance Fee: US$5 per person.
Kuthodaw Pagoda (base of the southeast stairways to Mandalay Hill) is huge temple and walled complex. Built in 1857 by King Mindon, it encompasses 729 little white temples that surround a big golden one. Each temple houses a five-foot-high black marble tablet inscribed with Buddhist scriptures. Sometimes referred to as "The World's Largest Book," the stone slab contains the entire Buddhist canon (to recite them would take more than six months if you read them around the clock). The slabs were inscribed by 2,400 monks after they received orders from King Mindon in 1872. The nearby Sandamuni Pagoda also has many inscribed tablets.
Kuthodaw Pagoda was built by King Mindon at the same time he was constructing the Royal Palace. Its central stupa is modeled on the Shwezigon at Nyaung U near Pagan. An on-site carved tablet indicates that the pagoda’s height is 187 feet 9 in, high, while some guide books list its height at 100 feet (30 meters). The former includes the platform in the measurement.
The stupa itself, connected to the outside entry by means of a long corridor, is set in the middle of a thirteen acre field of 729 pitaka pagodas or shrines (Dama Cetis). Each shrine contains a marble slab, inscribed on both sides with the Pali script text of a portion the Tipitaka (Pali spelling, or Tripitaka, in Sanskrit), Theravada Buddhism’s sacred texts. Taken together, they contain the entire text of the Tipitaka and thus form “the world’s largest book.” The slabs were carved from white Sagyin Hill marble found just a few miles north of Mandalay. The work of carving began in October 1860 and was carried out in a special hall within King Mindon’s Royal Palace. Each slab is 5 feet ((1.5 meters) by 3.5 feet (1.1 meters) wide and 5-6 inches. (12.7 – 15 centimeters) thick. The Buddhist scholar/carvers completed their task in May 1869. If spread out horizontally, the slabs would cover a third of an acre (.1 ha); stacked vertically, the ‘pages’ would rise 340 feet (103 meters). Originally the lettering also had a gold leaf veneer. The statistics given here are those given by U Tun Aung Chain, retired Professor of History, Yangon University.
Several sources suggest the important role of the Fifth Buddhist Synod, which King Mindon called in 1872, in the development of the Kuthodaw. It perhaps was at this meeting of 2,400 monks from throughout the country that both authenticated the texts and began the construction of the encasing shrines. Entrance Fee US$5 per person.
Sanda Muni Pagoda (southeast of Mandalay Hill) contains an iron image of Buddha cast in 1802 during the reign of King Bodawpaya. The pagoda bears a resemblance to the nearby Kuthodaw pagoda because of the large number of slender whitewashed ancillary stupas on the grounds. The Sandamuni Pagoda, or Paya, is also famous for the Iron Buddha Sandamani cast by King Bodawpaya (1782-1819) of the Konbaung dynasty in 1802, and which King Mindon and brought from Amarapura to his new pagoda and shrine in 1874. The pagoda complex was erected on the location of King Mindon's provisional palace, the "Nan Myey Bon Tha." which he used until his permanent Royal Palace was completed in the center of the Royal City. It was built as a memorial to King Mindon's younger half-brother, statesman, reformer, stimulating personality and confidante, the Crown Prince Kanaung, who had helped him seize power from Pagan Min in 1853. Two of Mindon's sons, Princes Myingun, and Myin Kon Taing disappointed in being excluded from the succession, launched a palace revolution against their father on June 8, 1866, and assassinated Crown Prince Kanaung and three other princes: Malun, Saku and Pyinsi. The princes were buried on the grounds where they died. The royal residence was demolished the next year as the court was moved to the new Royal Palace. In 1874, King Mindon had the pagoda built near the graves of the Crown Prince and the other members of the royal family who lost their lives in the 1866 coup.
MONASTERIES IN MANDALAY
Atumashi Monastery (near the base of the Mandalay hill, about 10 minutes drive from the royal palace) was originally built in 1857 by King Mindon (1853-1879), who had founded his new capital of Upper Burma at Mandalay just a few years earlier in 1855. It was one of the King’s last great religious construction project. The original Atumashi was a magnificent wooden structure with considerable exterior stucco and set on a high platform reached by a formal ceremonial staircase. Instead of the traditional “pyatthat” (graduated wooden spires of decreasing size) and multi-roof design of traditional monastic buildings, the Atumashi was a huge grandiose structure surrounded by five graduated rectangular terraces. It was considered one of Southeast Asia’s most magnificent buildings. The monastery’s full name is “Maha Atulawaiyan Kyaungdawgyi.” Atumashi Kyaung” means “Incomparable Monastery.”
Atumashi monastery originally contained a very large, almost 30 feet (9 meters), image of the Buddha made from the king’s lacquered silk clothing. There were numerous treasures within the structure, including a large diamond set in the forehead of the Buddha, four complete sets of the Tripikata (the ‘three baskets’ of the Buddhist sacred texts), and much more. When the British annexed the city and Upper Burma in 1885, the large diamond vanished, perhaps taken by the British or other marauders. The building and its entire contents burned down in 1890 but it still contains some elaborate original stucco carvings.
For many years the ruins of the building lay open to the elements. Stumps of the charred teak pillars, a grand staircase and some colonnaded walls remained. The area was cleared in the 1990s and was rebuilt according to the original plans in 1996 by the Burmese archaeological department with the use of convict labor. While somewhat impressive, it does not come close to recreating the magnificence of the original building. The Atumashi Kyaung is near the Kuthodaw Pagoda, built at the same time, and next door to the Shwenandaw and not far from Sanda Muni Pagoda and Shwe Nan Daw monastery.
Shwe Kyi Myin Monastery according to Myanmar chronicles was built by Min Shin Saw, the eldest son of King Alaung Sithu of Pagan(A.D 1112-1167). Having fallen into disfavor of his royal father Min Shin Saw was exiled to Htun Ton Pu Tet, east of Mandalay. There he resided in state, doing many works of social and religious merits such as repairing old religious monuments and monasteries, building new ones including Shwe Kyi Myin Pagoda, constructing the Aung Pin Le and Ta Mok So lakes to supply water for cultivation by a system of irrigation channels.
Shweinbin Monastery (the 89th Street, between 38th and 39th Street, in Mahar Aung Myay Township. southwest corner of Mandalay) is an attractive monastery built in traditional Burmese fashion. One of the few buildings in Mandalay that has survived the test of time and one of the best examples of classic Burmese architecture in Myanmar today, it was constructed in 1895 by Chinese merchants and contains many impressive woodcarvings and also contains a number of admirable works of art.
Shweinbin Monastery was donated by a Chinese merchant U Set Shwin. He was born in China, Yunan Province and then moved to Mandalay. He became an orphan at the age of 14 and he struggled through life to become a merchant. He married a niece of King Pagan and finally was able to donate this great monastery. At present there are 35 monks that live in the monastery complex which is held up by the classical teak foundation that is often seen throughout the country but rarely in as good condition as at this illuminating site.
Text Sources: Myanmar Travel Information, New York Times, Washington Post, Los Angeles Times, Times of London, Lonely Planet Guides, The Irrawaddy, Compton’s Encyclopedia, The Guardian, National Geographic, Smithsonian magazine, The New Yorker, Time, Newsweek, Reuters, AP, AFP, burmalibrary.org, burmanet.org, Wikipedia, BBC, CNN, and various books and other publications.
© 2008 Jeffrey Hays
Last updated May 2014 | <urn:uuid:06d16028-6181-4ef1-a79d-3848c603a1ea> | {
"date": "2017-11-17T17:33:06",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-47",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934803848.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20171117170336-20171117190336-00056.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9644063115119934,
"score": 2.921875,
"token_count": 10634,
"url": "http://factsanddetails.com/southeast-asia/Myanmar/sub5_5j/entry-3536.html"
} |
Although there were always a few dissenters, for the first thousand years of the Church there was a broad consensus among the Fathers on all the basic tenets of the faith, from Baptism to the Eucharist to the role of Tradition.
As the most respected pastors and theologians of their day, the opinion of the Fathers set the standard for what is considered biblical Christian teaching.
While many people debate theology, few take the time to see what the early Church has said on different theological topics. While the Church Fathers were not infallible, their widespread consensus on issues should give weight to the theological positions they advanced.
Despite the fact that their writings are all available for free online, many people have not taken the time to educate themselves on what the Church Fathers have taught. This website is meant to serve as a tool to help people do just that. The quotes on this site were adopted from "The Fathers Know Best."
The early Church Fathers fall into three basic categories: Apostolic Fathers, ante-Nicene Church Fathers, and post-Nicene Church Fathers.
The Apostolic Church Fathers were contemporaries of the apostles and were probably taught by them, carrying on the tradition and teaching of the apostles themselves as their direct successors. Examples of Apostolic Fathers include Clement and Polycarp.
The Ante-Nicene Fathers were those who came after the Apostolic Fathers and before the Council of Nicaea in A.D. 325. Irenaeus and Justin Martyr are Ante-Nicene Fathers.
The Post-Nicene Church Fathers include Father after the Council of Nicaea, such as Augustine, John Chrysostom, Jerome, and Eusebius. | <urn:uuid:ac9f653f-cd86-4cc0-a31f-f9d4a48f5ca6> | {
"date": "2018-10-17T00:38:34",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-43",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583510932.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20181017002502-20181017024002-00416.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9790141582489014,
"score": 2.921875,
"token_count": 342,
"url": "https://www.churchfathers.org/"
} |
26 1Like snow in summer or rain in harvest, so honor is not fitting for a fool. 2Like a sparrow in its flitting, like a swallow in its flying, a curse that is causeless does not alight. 3A whip for the horse, a bridle for the donkey, and a rod for the back of fools. 4Answer not a fool according to his folly, lest you be like him yourself. 5Answer a fool according to his folly, lest he be wise in his own eyes. 6Whoever sends a message by the hand of a fool cuts off his own feet and drinks violence. 7Like a lame man’s legs, which hang useless, is a proverb in the mouth of fools. 8Like one who binds the stone in the sling is one who gives honor to a fool. 9Like a thorn that goes up into the hand of a drunkard is a proverb in the mouth of fools. 10Like an archer who wounds everyone is one who hires a passing fool or drunkard.[V] 11Like a dog that returns to his vomit is a fool who repeats his folly. 12Do you see a man who is wise in his own eyes? There is more hope for a fool than for him. 13The sluggard says, “There is a lion in the road! There is a lion in the streets!” 14As a door turns on its hinges, so does a sluggard on his bed. 15The sluggard buries his hand in the dish; it wears him out to bring it back to his mouth. 16The sluggard is wiser in his own eyes than seven men who can answer sensibly. 17Whoever meddles in a quarrel not his own is like one who takes a passing dog by the ears. 18Like a madman who throws firebrands, arrows, and death 19is the man who deceives his neighbor and says, “I am only joking!” 20For lack of wood the fire goes out, and where there is no whisperer, quarreling ceases. 21As charcoal to hot embers and wood to fire, so is a quarrelsome man for kindling strife. 22The words of a whisperer are like delicious morsels; they go down into the inner parts of the body. 23Like the glaze[W] covering an earthen vessel are fervent lips with an evil heart. 24Whoever hates disguises himself with his lips and harbors deceit in his heart; 25when he speaks graciously, believe him not, for there are seven abominations in his heart; 26though his hatred be covered with deception, his wickedness will be exposed in the assembly. 27Whoever digs a pit will fall into it, and a stone will come back on him who starts it rolling. 28A lying tongue hates its victims, and a flattering mouth works ruin.
English Standard Version® / © 2001 Crossway Bibles About | <urn:uuid:2e811dec-7f17-438e-9c0a-9655f838d674> | {
"date": "2018-04-25T06:54:29",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-17",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125947705.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20180425061347-20180425081347-00016.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9746431112289429,
"score": 2.53125,
"token_count": 607,
"url": "http://www.just1word.com/esv/proverbs/26"
} |
Constipation occurs when waste material moves through the bowel too slowly. It is characterized as infrequent bowel movements and the passage of hard and painful stools. Usually constipation is caused by a diet low in fiber, ingesting too much dairy products such as milk and cheese, not drinking enough water or waiting too long to go to the bathroom. Waiting too long to go to the bathroom is very common among young children. It is amazing how kids will ignore the urge to use the bathroom until they are two seconds from wetting their pants. Talk about procrastination!
If a child has hard and painful stools, he will typically hold in his bowel movements to prevent it from hurting again. This makes the constipation continue and worsen. Remind your child to go when they have the urge and not wait until the last minute.
Constipation is best treated by making dietary changes. Until the constipation has improved stool softeners and natural remedies may be used. Some measures that can be used to treat and prevent constipation in your child include:
Increasing fluids: Increase the amount of water and fruit juice that your child drinks each day.
Increasing fiber: Increase the amounts of fruits and vegetables. Raw, unpeeled fruits and vegetables such as beans, sweet potatoes, peas, turnip greens, raw tomatoes and corn contain an excellent amount of fiber. Vegetable soups are especially high in fiber and also add more liquids to your child’s diet.
Increasing bran: Increase bran in your child’s diet with bran cereals, bran muffins, shredded wheat, graham crackers, or whole wheat bread.
Reducing constipating foods: Foods that cause constipation include cow’s milk, yogurt, cheese, cooked carrots, and bananas. Drinking too much milk (your child may only be drinking 2-3 cups a day, but it may be too much for his system to handle) is heavily associated with having constipation. Soy milk has been shown to soften stools.
Many medicines used to prevent constipation can be purchased over the counter at your local pharmacy. They include Colace Syrup, Maltsupex, Metamucil, Milk of magnesia, Citrucel, mineral oil.
Unlike laxatives, stool softeners are usually not considered to be habit forming. You should use them once or twice a day and work up on the dose until your child is having a soft stool each day. If you child starts to have diarrhea, then you are giving too much and should cut back on the dosage.
If your child has been constipated for a long time he may need to be “cleaned out” before the stool softeners will work by using an enema, a glycerine suppository or high doses of mineral oil. A stimulate laxative such as Senokot can also be used. Miralax is an effective medicine used to treat constipation but is available only by prescription. Avoid the frequent use of enemas, suppositories and laxatives because they can become habit forming. Contact your physician before treating a child with acute constipation.
Natural remedies and dietary supplements that aid in the preventing constipation are:
*Garlic – destroys harmful bacteria in the colon.
*Vitamin C with Bioflavonoids – has a cleansing and healing effect.
*Chlorophyll Liquid – eliminates toxins and bad breath.
*Vitamin E – helps heal the colon.
*Aloe Vera – heals and cleans the digestive tract and softens stools when taken internally.
*Ginger – stimulates the digestive system and helps food pass through the intestines.
* Flax seed – You can buy flaxseeds and crush them yourself and add it in your food. Make sure to drink plenty of water. | <urn:uuid:b055c962-21fc-4cae-baf9-e06e709de91d> | {
"date": "2018-01-22T05:47:54",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-05",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084891105.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20180122054202-20180122074202-00456.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9408831596374512,
"score": 3.328125,
"token_count": 789,
"url": "http://rhabdoidkids.com/toddler-constipation-effective-remedies-prevention/"
} |
Extremophiles: Photography by UWF Professor Wade Jeffrey
This exhibit is no longer on display.
Gallery 88 will hosted the exhibit Extremophiles: photography by UWF Professor Wade Jeffrey. Jeffrey explains that an extremophile is an organism that thrives in physically or geochemically unusual conditions, inhospitable to most life on earth.
In his field research travel to some of the coldest and driest places on earth - Antarctica, the Arctic Ocean and the Atacama Desert of Chile - he was attracted to record in photographs "some of the beauty, serenity, harshness and fragility of these environments."
Information about Dr. Jeffrey's research and additional photos can be found at his official website. | <urn:uuid:9f63e44b-b34f-4cf1-beae-9da71445421f> | {
"date": "2014-08-21T12:07:33",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-35",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500815991.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021335-00436-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9390681982040405,
"score": 3.046875,
"token_count": 148,
"url": "http://wuwf.org/gallery-88"
} |
Body parts from more than 1,000 wild tigers have been seized over the past decade, crimes that are adding to the extinction crisis faced by the species whose numbers are estimated at around just 3,200 worldwide, a wildlife monitoring network reported Tuesday.
"Parts of between 1,069 and 1,220 tigers were seized in 11 of the 13 tiger range countries — or an average of 104 to 119 animals per year," TRAFFIC said in a report ahead of an international meeting later this month to protect the species.
"Given half the world’s tigers live in India, it’s no real surprise the country has the highest number of seizures," report author Pauline Verheij said in a statement.
"With parts of potentially more than 100 wild Tigers actually seized each year," she added, "one can only speculate what the true numbers of animals are being plundered."
Tiger smuggling ranges from from complete skins, skeletons and even whole animals — live and dead — to bones, meat, claws, teeth, skulls, penises and other body parts, TRAFFIC said. The parts are used by various cultures for decoration, in traditional medicines and even as good luck charms.
"Clearly enforcement efforts to date are either ineffective or an insufficient deterrent," stated Mike Baltzer, leader of WWF’s Tigers Alive initiative.
"Not only must the risk of getting caught increase significantly, but seizures and arrests must also be followed up by swift prosecution and adequate sentencing," he said.
Besides poaching, the other main pressure on tigers is habitat loss.
Some 100,000 tigers are thought to have been around a century ago, TRAFFIC said.
TRAFFIC is a joint program of WWF and the IUCN, the International Union for Conservation of Nature. | <urn:uuid:6dd3917f-da34-4608-a0ac-4c36249aeb2d> | {
"date": "2017-02-25T18:55:13",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-09",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501171807.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104611-00024-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9485633373260498,
"score": 2.90625,
"token_count": 368,
"url": "http://www.nbcnewyork.com/news/green/1_000_tigers_killed_in_decade__extinction_near-107000828.html"
} |
Exercise 1: The Finger Upper-Downer
This exercise trains each finger to become physically accustomed to the keys it is responsible for, as they are aligned vertically. Remember, "vertical" on a typing keyboard means up and down, with a slant up to the left. Occasionally, it might be useful to say the letter or number names of the keys out loud as you type them, to reinforce the connection through a different learning modality.
Always keep in mind this course's Principles of Effective Learning:
- No mistakes. Always be sure and in control. Follow the principle of 100% correct practice: to make a mistake is to learn incorrect things, and to confuse that which you already know.
- Slower is faster. Speed comes from certainty. The more you type things correctly, no matter how slow it has to be, the more certain you will be, and the faster you will become a proficient typist. Increase speed only when you feel sure enough to do so.
- Don't look at the keyboard! If you don't know where a key is, look at the keyboard to find it, then look away and type the key. Do not guess; always be sure.
- Relax. No unnecessary or dysfunctional tension!
- Hit the keys squarely in the center. If you find you aren't consistently doing so, SLOW DOWN!!! It should feel good to type!
If you do not see the interactive exercise above, you may require the free Adobe Flash Player.
It is available for all major browser and platforms, and is a piece of cake to install. Click here to download it. | <urn:uuid:089aa116-66d0-4f75-95a4-1d2ba40a6a6a> | {
"date": "2015-05-28T09:45:58",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-22",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207929272.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113209-00249-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 4,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9316197633743286,
"score": 4.1875,
"token_count": 333,
"url": "http://www.typing-lessons.org/Exercise_1.html"
} |
When I was younger, a percentage of time from our weekends was spent at my grandparents' farm helping out with chores.
When it was warm, we were picking one of the many fruits on the farm or mowing the lawn. When it was cold, we helped push the snow out of the yard with Grandpa's tractor.
Some of that time was always spent milking the cows.
At that time, Grandpa put a huge belt around the cow, then hooked the container and milking machine underneath the cow until the cow was finished and the container was full.
He then took the container and dumped the milk into a tall can standing in the aisle. Once the milk can was full, it would be carried into an adjacent room where it would be placed in a tub of cold water to preserve the milk until the milk truck would come pick it up later that day or the next morning.
The process of milking 20 to 30 cows seemed to take a long time.
Today, milk is generally collected from cows in similar steps, but the process is so much faster through automation and education. Because of technological advances with pipelines or parlors, some of the old manual steps are skipped and farmers are more efficient.
Those who got educated and have adopted new advancements are able to produce more milk.
Our beloved sports have changed over the years, too.
When I was at Marquette University, I saw pictures in the Old Gym from early in the 20th century recounting basketball games in which a center jump would take place after every basket. That lasted until 1938 when more flow during games was desired.
With the invention of the cork-centered baseball in 1909, and the emergence of a player named Babe Ruth, baseball would undergo its own transformation.
Football is going through a necessary pruning process where something needs to be done to protect players from unnecessary injury - especially head trauma.
Is better equipment needed? Better coaching? Perhaps both.
The game is immensely popular, yet the political pressure for change is enormous.
One phrase that's been around youth football for a long time is this: Keep the head out of football.
The rule book clearly states a penalty should be called if players - offense or defense - lead with their heads. The violation is called spearing and it's amazing to me how many times we see players do this.
If this was thoroughly enforced by officials and coaches would consistently teach correct blocking and tackling techniques, maybe massive rules changes wouldn't be necessary.
Nelson Mandela once said, "Education is the most powerful weapon which you can use to change the world."
If we can educate people to change the world, we can educate people to change our sports.
However, before anything is ruined and change is simply made for the sake of change, let's get educated and do what makes sense. | <urn:uuid:a3aaa18e-72cf-40a4-9e5d-ba60fd97c1f2> | {
"date": "2015-05-05T21:21:40",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-18",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1430456976384.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20150501050936-00041-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9840460419654846,
"score": 2.8125,
"token_count": 582,
"url": "http://www.packersnews.com/article/20130203/GPG0210/302030441/Bill-Gosse-column-Education-brings-change-sports"
} |
Bio-Medical Waste means any waste, which is generated during the diagnosis, treatment or immunisation of human beings or animals or research activities pertaining thereto or in the production or testing of biological or in health camps etc.,
The Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India notified the Bio-Medical Waste (Management & Handling) Rules, 1998 on 20.07.1998 under Environment (Protection) Act,1986. To implement these rules more effectively and to improve the collection, segregation, processing, treatment and disposal of these bio-medical wastes in an environment sound management thereby, reducing the bio-medical waste generation and its impact on the environment MOEF & CC notified “Bio-Medical Waste Management Rules,2016” in G.S.R NO 343(E), dated 28th March,2016 suppressing the earlier Rules and MOEF & CC notified “Bio-Medical Waste Management Amendment Rules, 2018” in G.S.R NO. 234(E), dated 16th March,2018 amending the earlier Rules, 2016.
As per the Bio-medical Waste rules, it shall be the duty of every occupier of HCF (Health Care Facility) & operator of CBMWTF (Common Bio-Medical Waste Treatment Facility) to take all the steps to ensure that the Bio-Medical waste is properly handled and disposed without any adverse effect to human health and the environment.As per Rule 10, every occupier or operator handling Bio-Medical waste, irrespective of the quantity shall make an application in Form II to the prescribed authority (i.e. APPCB).
Presently there are 11 Common Bio Medical Waste Treatment Facilities(CBMWTF) in operation in the state. Every occupier of HCF is required to become member of respective CBMWTF for disposal of Bio-Medical Waste.Occupiers of non-complying institutions are liable for prosecution under the provisions of Environmental Protection Act and Rules.
As per Rule 10, every occupier or operator handling Bio-Medical waste, irrespective of the quantity shall make an application in Form II to the prescribed authority (i.e. APPCB).
The application shall be submitted along with prescribed fee and other enclosures such as DMHO registration certificate, membership of common facility, quantities of waste generated and disposed.
The application for authorization shall be submitted at the concerned Regional Office prior to commencement of activity in case of fresh applications and 90 days before the expiry of authorization in case of renewals.
All the HCFs having bed strength ≥25 beds, Medical colleges, CBMWTFs are also required to obtain Consent for Establishment (before starting construction activity) and obtain Consent for Operation (before commissioning the activity) from the Board.
The HCFs generating total Waste-Water more than 100 KLD are categorized as Red category and the HCFs generating less than 100 KLD are categorized as Orange category.
The Board issuing Authorizations under the Bio-Medical Waste Management Rules for HCFs upto 25 beds and issuing Combined Consent cum Bio-Medical Waste Authorization for HCFs having bed strength ≥ 25 beds. The validity period of consent / BMW Authorization is 5 years for Red category HCFs & 10 years for Orange category HCFs.
As per G.O.Ms.No.41, dated 20.04.2005 a fee of Rs.100/- (Rupees one hundred only) per bed per annum for fresh authorizations and Rs.50/- (Rupees Fifty only) per bed per annum for renewal authorizations for the hospitals and Health Care Facilities (HCFs) and in case of Clinics, Pathological Laboratories and Blood Banks a flat charge of Rs.1000/- (Rupees one thousand only) per annum is to be paid towards processing fee along with Bio-Medical Waste Authorization application. Who makes an application in the prescribed form to the prescribed authority i.e., Member Secretary, Andhra Pradesh Pollution Control Board for grant of authorization. The processing fee is likely to be revised from time to time.
The occupiers are required to segregate the waste properly and store securely for disposal by the designated Common Bio Medical Waste Treatment Facility (CBMWTF). The occupier of HCFs are required to be members of CBMWTFs.
The details of CBMWTFs operating in the state are furnished below:
|SNo.||Name & Address of the CBMWTF||Districts covered|
|1.||M/s. Rainbow Industries, Sy.No. 21/1, Pathakunkam(V), Laveru(M), Srikakulam District. Ph.No: 93913-87742 & 88977-97742, Email: [email protected]||Srikakulam, Vizianagaram|
M/s. Maridi Eco Industries (Andhra) Pvt, Ltd., Sy.No.314, Kapulupada, Bheemunipatnam (M),
Visakhaptnam District. Ph. No. 0891 – 2723904, Cell: 9848191847, E-mail: [email protected]
|3.||M/s. Vasishta Environ Care, Plot No 27A25, Denotified Area AP SEZ, Atchutapuram Rambilli (M), Visakhapatnam||Visakhapatnam|
|4.||M/s. EVB Technologies (P) Ltd., Sy.No.560, Kanavaram(V), Rajanagaram(M), East. Godavari District. Ph. No. 9177055999, E-mail: [email protected]||East Godavari|
|5.||M/s Safenviron & Associates, R.S.No.181/1, Nallamadu (V), Ungutur (M), West Godavari District. Ph. No. 0866-243355, Cell: 9848123355, E-mail:[email protected]||West Godavari|
M/s. Safenviron (Unit-II), Sy.No.164/1A, Dharmavarapupadu Thanda (V),
Jaggaiahpet (M), Krishna District. Ph.No. 0866-243355 Cell: 9848123355 E-mail:[email protected]
|7.||M/s. Safenviron, Chinakakani (V), Mangalagiri (M), Guntur Distrsict. Ph.No: 9848123355, E-mail: [email protected]||Guntur|
|8.||M/s. Ongole Medical Waste Treatment Facility, Sy.No.316/1, Kanduluru (Village), Tanguturu (Mandal), Prakasam District. Ph.No: 8099999469, E-mail: [email protected]||Prakasam|
|9.||M/s. S S Bio Care, S.No 61, Plot No-2, APIIC,Attivaram village, Ozili (m), SPSR Nellore District. Ph.No: 9966666686,0861-2341213. Email:[email protected]||SPSR Nellore|
|10.||M/s AWM Consulting Ltd, Pachikapalem post, Vedurukuppam Mandal, Chittoor District. Ph.No: 9440259439, 9949905189, Email: [email protected]||Chittoor|
|11||M/s Sriven Environ technologies, Sy.No.277-1A, Dumpetla (V),Dharmavaram (M), Anantapur District. Ph.No: 9701631234, E-mail: [email protected]||YSR Kadapa and Anantapur|
|12.||M/s Medical Waste Solutions, S.No.200, Chetlamallapuram(V), kalluru(M), Kurnool District. Ph.No: 9848105982, Email: [email protected]||Kurnool|
|S.No.||Category of HCE||Inspected by||Issued by|
|1.||All the Non bedded HCEs covered under BMWM Rules, 2016 and bedded hospitals less than 25 beds.||Regional Officer||Regional Officer|
|2.||All hospitals with 25 to less than 200 beds||Regional Officer||Zonal Officer|
|3.||All hospitals with 200 beds and above||Regional Officer||Member Secretary|
|S.No.||Meeting Name||Meeting Date||Meeting Venue||Download Meeting Minutes|
|1.||17th BMW TC Meeting||16.08.2018||Andhra Pradesh Pollution Control Board|
|2.||16th BMW TC Meeting||10.07.2018||Andhra Pradesh Pollution Control Board|
|3.||15th BMW TC Meeting||22.05.2018||Andhra Pradesh Pollution Control Board|
|4.||14th BMW TC Meeting||16.02.2018||Andhra Pradesh Pollution Control Board|
|5.||13th BMW TC Meeting||03.01.2018||Andhra Pradesh Pollution Control Board|
|6.||12th BMW TC Meeting||29.08.2017||Andhra Pradesh Pollution Control Board|
|7.||11th BMW TC Meeting||10.08.2017||Andhra Pradesh Pollution Control Board|
|8.||10th BMW TC Meeting||27.08.2016||Andhra Pradesh Pollution Control Board|
|9.||9th BMW TC Meeting||05.08.2016||Andhra Pradesh Pollution Control Board|
|10.||8th BMW TC Meeting||05.07.2016||Andhra Pradesh Pollution Control Board|
|11.||6th BMW TC Meeting||29.01.2016||Andhra Pradesh Pollution Control Board|
|12.||5th BMW TC Meeting||11.12.2015||Andhra Pradesh Pollution Control Board|
|13.||4th BMW TC Meeting||24.08.2015||Andhra Pradesh Pollution Control Board|
|14.||3rd BMW TC Meeting||27.05.2015||Andhra Pradesh Pollution Control Board|
|15.||2nd BMW TC Meeting||25.02.2015||Andhra Pradesh Pollution Control Board|
|16.||1st BMW TC Meeting||09.01.2015||Andhra Pradesh Pollution Control Board|
Joint Chief Environmental Engineer
Mobile no: 9177301450
Senior Environmental Engineer
Vijayawada & Kurnool Zone
Mobile no: 9177303396 | <urn:uuid:3eb54100-da9f-43ab-8d28-c9aeb103cc1a> | {
"date": "2019-07-22T05:40:57",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-30",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195527531.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20190722051628-20190722073628-00056.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.7604172229766846,
"score": 2.703125,
"token_count": 2324,
"url": "https://pcb.ap.gov.in/bio-medical-waste-management.html"
} |
Nasal Oxytocin for Social Deficits in Childhood Autism: A Randomized Controlled Trial
- First Online:
- Cite this article as:
- Dadds, M.R., MacDonald, E., Cauchi, A. et al. J Autism Dev Disord (2014) 44: 521. doi:10.1007/s10803-013-1899-3
The last two decades have witnessed a surge in research investigating the application of oxytocin as a method of enhancing social behaviour in humans. Preliminary evidence suggests oxytocin may have potential as an intervention for autism. We evaluated a 5-day ‘live-in’ intervention using a double-blind randomized control trial. 38 male youths (7–16 years old) with autism spectrum disorders were administered 24 or 12 international units (depending on weight) intranasal placebo or oxytocin once daily over four consecutive days. The oxytocin or placebo was administered during parent–child interaction training sessions. Parent and child behaviours were assessed using parent reports, clinician ratings, and independent observations, at multiple time points to measure side-effects; social interaction skills; repetitive behaviours; emotion recognition and diagnostic status. Compared to placebo, intranasal oxytocin did not significantly improve emotion recognition, social interaction skills, or general behavioral adjustment in male youths with autism spectrum disorders. The results show that the benefits of nasal oxytocin for young individuals with autism spectrum disorders may be more circumscribed than suggested by previous studies, and suggest caution in recommending it as an intervention that is broadly effective. | <urn:uuid:334b6358-21c2-4d7e-a082-3706c353f844> | {
"date": "2016-12-10T08:56:02",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-50",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698543030.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170903-00048-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8992787599563599,
"score": 2.71875,
"token_count": 328,
"url": "http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10803-013-1899-3"
} |
Last modified on 11 July 2012, at 18:04
- What are the philosophies of education?
- What is the purpose of schooling?
- What is the philosophy of Wikipedia and Wikibooks?
- What does it mean to be an ethical teacher?
- What does equality mean in American education?
- How should teachers teach ethics? | <urn:uuid:4f90b1c8-8d8e-49b7-943f-1c7ca8f4a08d> | {
"date": "2014-04-18T00:50:20",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-15",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609532374.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005212-00051-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9459062218666077,
"score": 2.9375,
"token_count": 72,
"url": "http://en.m.wikibooks.org/wiki/Social_and_Cultural_Foundations_of_American_Education/Philosophy_and_Ethics"
} |
The "stand in the schoolhouse door" incident was Alabama Governor George Wallace's symbolic opposition to school integration imposed by the federal government. The June 11, 1963, action occurred in the doorway of Foster Auditorium at the University of Alabama and was intended to prevent the enrollment of two black students, James Hood and Vivian Malone. The day marks the beginning of school desegregation in the state. Moreover, it was an event that would continue to haunt both Wallace and the state for years to come.
Wallace, who served as Alabama's governor for four terms that spanned from the 1960s to the 1980s, was originally elected as a segregationist. He gained notoriety for his 1963 inauguration speech, in which he declared his support for "segregation now, segregation tomorrow, segregation forever." Wallace had also mentioned during that campaign that he would block, even physically, any attempt to integrate schools. He gained national attention when he challenged the enrollment of two black students to the University of Alabama. The governor argued that the constitution gave the states, not the federal government, authority over public schools and universities.
James Alexander Hood, of Gadsden, and Vivian Juanita Malone, of Mobile, applied to the school in November 1964. They were not the first black students to apply or even attend the school. Autherine Juanita Lucy, a graduate student from Shiloh, had applied, been accepted to, and then attended the university for three days in 1956. However, after she was threatened with mob violence, university officials said the school could no longer protect her. She filed an unsuccessful lawsuit against the university, which was used as an excuse to expel her permanently.
Hood and Malone were scheduled to enroll on June 11. That morning, Wallace, flanked by state troopers, positioned himself at the entrance to Foster Auditorium. On the authority of President John F. Kennedy, U.S. Deputy Attorney General Nicholas Katzenbach, accompanied by federal marshals and the Alabama National Guard, confronted Wallace and asked him to allow the students entrance. Wallace refused and delivered a speech denouncing the federal government. In his speech, which sounded much like an official proclamation that politicians often read at government meetings, Wallace complained that the "central government" was encroaching on the rights and sovereignty of Alabama. He cited the 10th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, which established the states' authority in the absence of federal authority. After speaking, he placed himself in the doorway of Foster Auditorium and refused to move.
Katzenbach sent Hood and Malone to the dormitories. Attorney General Robert Kennedy asked Katzenbach what Wallace's response was, and Katzenbach said Wallace's answer was "no," signaling it was time to authorize the National Guard to remove Wallace. Under President Kennedy's authorization, Brigadier General Henry V. Graham traveled to Tuscaloosa to remove Wallace. Upon his arrival on the afternoon of June 11, Graham told Wallace that it was his "sad duty" to tell the governor to step aside. Wallace made a quick final statement and complied. Both President Kennedy and the attorney general knew Wallace would step aside but were not sure how he would do it. Guardsmen even practiced how they would physically remove the governor. The event received national news coverage, providing Wallace a stage for launching four unsuccessful presidential campaigns on his stance in favor of states' rights.
Malone graduated from Alabama in 1965 with a degree in personnel management. She died Oct. 13, 2005, in Atlanta, following
complications from a stroke. Hood withdrew a few months after enrollment but returned to earn a doctorate degree in 1997.
Wallace's stand on segregation would plague him politically for the rest of his life, although he had a change of heart on
race and segregation. He ran a final successful campaign for Alabama governor in the 1980s, an election he won in part because
of the black vote. Wallace even befriended Hood later in life. The legacy of Wallace's stand in the schoolhouse door is two-fold.
It is an enduring stain on Alabama's education record and a sad testament to the treatment of its own people. It also served
as a turning point for the state and its first steps toward racial equality.
Associated Press. "Civil Rights Pioneer Vivian Jones Dies." USA Today, October 13, 2005.
Clark, E. Culpepper. The Schoolhouse Door: Segregation's Last Stand at the University of Alabama. New York: Oxford University Press, 1993.
Elliot, Debbie. "Wallace in the Schoolhouse Door: Marking the 40th Anniversary of Alabama's Civil Rights Standoff." Morning Edition, National Public Radio, June 11, 2003.
Mayfield, Mark, and Jill Lawrence. "Wallace: Name Will Always Be Linked to Segregation." USA Today, September 14, 1998.
Robert Andrew Dunn
Published November 25, 2008
Last updated November 5, 2013 | <urn:uuid:ee558c76-3b92-4c92-ac59-3b2b4247716e> | {
"date": "2014-03-07T19:14:02",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-10",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1393999650424/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305060730-00006-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9761334657669067,
"score": 3.15625,
"token_count": 1010,
"url": "http://www.encyclopediaofalabama.org/face/Article.jsp?id=h-1872"
} |
Google has paid tribute to physicist Heinrich Rudolf Hertz with a Doodle on what would have been the German’s 155th birthday.
The famous search engine has replaced its iconic logo with a moving wave image across their homepage.
Google’s Doodle is in honour of the physicist’s groundbreaking work with electromagnetic waves, which eventually led to the development of the TV and radio.
At 22, Hertz obtained a PhD in electromagnetism from the University of Berlin and in 1886 proved the existence of waves moving at the speed light.
Hertz clarified and expanded James Maxwell’s unproven electromagnetic theory of light, ruling out all other wireless theories.
He was the first to conclusively prove the existence of electromagnetic waves by engineering instruments to send and receive radio pulses.
The unit of frequency hertz (Hz) was named in his honour in 1930 and the term replaced the previous unit, cycles per second, in 1960.
Hertz died in 1892 at the age of 36 from Wegener’s granulomatosis, an incurable form of vasculitis.
The first Google Doodle was created in 1998 and has previously celebrated the lives of famous artists and scientists including Andy Warhol, Albert Einstein and Leonardo da Vinci. | <urn:uuid:b39e9308-4c86-46a9-a099-e0e5abb829f4> | {
"date": "2016-02-08T00:05:53",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-07",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701151880.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193911-00076-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.957822322845459,
"score": 3.375,
"token_count": 263,
"url": "http://metro.co.uk/2012/02/22/heinrich-rudolf-hertzs-birthday-marked-with-google-doodle-328856/"
} |
What is Yoga?Yoga is an ancient Indian body of knowledge that dates back more than 5000 years ago as a way to work the mind, body and spirit together as one. The word Yoga comes from the Sanskrit word "Yuj" meaning to yoke, join or union. This implies joining or integrating all aspects of the individual - body with brain and mind with essence - to achieve a happy, balanced and useful life, and spiritually, uniting the individual with the extreme. What is commonly referred to as "yoga" can be more accurately described by the Sanskrit word asana, which refers to the practice of physical postures or poses. Asana is only one of the eight "limbs" of yoga, the majority of which are more concerned with mental and spiritual well being than physical activity. In the West, however, the words asana and yoga are often used interchangeably.
Good Reasons to Practice Yoga
Yoga is not just for athletes, popstars and supermodels! Yoga is for everyone: young or old, male or female, healthy or sick. Yoga can always be adapted to your individual needs, whatever your circumstances.
Even if you are facing many challenges in life, it is easy to start doing yoga and you will experience instant benefits, such as stress-relief. Furthermore, once you begin to practice regularly, yoga will help you to live your life with renewed positivity and enthusiasm.
Yoga is safe. Where other forms of exercise might put a strain on your heart, muscles and joints, yoga, practiced properly (with awareness to your physical limitations), is a completely harmless form of exercise.
Yoga needs no special equipment. While there are a few props that might make your practice more comfortable, the only thing you need in order to do yoga is you.
Yoga both tones the respiratory system and helps you to breathe more fully, deeply and easily (thus increasing your oxygen intake), which in turn, will improve your physical and mental well-being | <urn:uuid:03a0bccb-82a1-41ec-9ed2-c229be07fc11> | {
"date": "2016-12-03T13:35:22",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-50",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698540932.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170900-00448-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9617394804954529,
"score": 2.625,
"token_count": 406,
"url": "http://www.fountainofyoga.com/index.html"
} |
The Siena Palio is famous worldwide as an ancient horse race. But to Senese people it is way more than that. It is a way of life, something pervading their daily life during the whole year, and their entire life. I have already published a post regarding my visit to the Tartuca contrada. There you will find out what’s behind the scenes of a Siena district.
Here I will simply list some curious or quirk facts regarding this amazing and unique event.
Siena Palio facts
- Siena has 17 contrade: Aquila (eagle), Bruco (caterpillar), Chiocciola (snail), Civetta (owl), Drago (dragon), Giraffa (giraffe), Istrice (porcupine), Leocorno. (unicorn), Lupa (female wolf), Nicchio (shell), Oca (goose), Onda (wave), Pantera (panther), Selva (wood), Tartuca (turtle), Torre (tower), Valdimontone (ram).
- The contradaioli cannot describe what they feel for their contrada. It’s a sense of belonging, pride and love.
- You are a member of a contrada by birth right. Or by bloodline. Or by choice, when you have social relationship with the members of a contrada.
- Each year, during the feast of a contrada, the contradaiolo baptism take place. Each contrada has its ritual.
- There are allies and rivals contrade. Citizens of rival contrade have frequently come to blows. Once it was more frequent and tolerated. Now law enforcements are less forgiving.
- Only 10 out of 17 contrade participate to a Palio.
- Every year contrade dispute the Siena Palio on two dates: July 2 and August 16.
- Palio means drape, and it’s the prize for the winners. A drape painted by a famous artist. People of Siena call the palio cencio (rag).
- Even a horse without its jockey can win. It is called cavallo scosso, shaken horse.
- Rivalries are so intense that people of a contrada not only try to win, but also to prevent the victory of the enemies. If a contrada does not participate to a palio, nevertheless its members will possibly excogitate something to hinder the rivals or help the allies. For example bribing the jockeys.
- The rivalries are: Aquila – Pantera, Chiocciola – Tartuca, Civetta – Leocorno, Istrice – Lupa, Nicchio – Valdimontone, Oca – Torre. Plus the odd one Onda vs Torre (explained below in the Onda fact).
- There are of course weddings among people of different contrade. During the days of the Palio, one member of the couple goes back to his/her parents’ house, in order to live the Palio in his/her contrada of origin and avoid problems.
- When two members of a different contrada have a child, they negotiate the child’s membership, evaluating ascendancies on both sides and the relevance of the two contrade on the life of both parents.
- Each contrada has its symbols, its anthem and its motto. For example: Owl I see in the night, Dragon My burning hearts becomes flame in my mouth, Wave The colour of the sky, the strength of the sea, Turtle Strength and perseverance harbour.
- Years ago Matteo and I infiltrated in the Nicchio contrada feast. They were very kind. No one asked us nothing, even if it was obvious we were strangers to them. There I found out the existence of a fascinating game, which is a representation of the Siena Palio: the Palio dei Barberi. 17 balls are unlatched at the same moment and roll down a track. There was one contradaiolo serving as a frenzied commentator: O’a, Tartu’a! Vai Vai! (Goose! Turtle! Go! Go!). Wonderful!
- Before 1600s there was another kind of horse race, not in Piazza del Campo, but across the city.
- The contrade borders were established in 1729.
- Once there were six more contrade: Gallo (rooster), Leone (lion), Orso (bear), Quercia (oak), Spadaforte (strongsword) and Vipera (viper).
- Each contrada refers to a different guild once in Siena (for example Onda = wood workers, Bruco = silk corporation)
- Nonna (grandmother) is the nickname of the contrada that has been the longest without victories. The current nonna is the Aquila.
- Barbaresco is horse’s assistant (I would say guardian). He lives with the horse during the Palio days and never leaves it alone, not even for a minute. In fact, he sleeps in the stable together with the horse.
- The starting zone of the race is the mossa, movement.
- To arrive second is an ignominy, called purga, purgative. Under the same name is also the victory of the rival contrada.
- Masgalano, from the Spanish words mas galàn, more elegant, is the prize awarded to the contrada which stands out for its elegance during the parade.
- Quattrogiornista, fourdayer, is the tourist who comes to Siena just to see the Palio.
Siena Palio facts: One fact for each contrada
- Aquila, it’s the only contrada that had a woman as a jockey. It was 1957. Her actual name was Rosanna, but she had two nicknames: Diavola (She devil) and also Rompicollo (neck-breaker).
- Bruco, caterpillar, contrada was the first to use a foreign jockey.
- The nickname of the Chiocciola contrada is affogasanti, saints-drowner. At the end of 1800 this contrada was very unlucky at the Palio. One contradaiolo, tired of the situation, took an image of Saint Anthony Abbot from the stable and threw it into the well. A series of resounding defeats began. Until 1910, when the women of the contrada decided to retrieve the image from the well and restore it. The following year the Chiocciola finally won again.
- The Civetta contrada is well represented in the documentary The Last Victory. I warmly suggest you to watch it if you understand Italian or Dutch (there are Dutch subs).
- The Drago is the only contrada with no official rivals. Bravo!
- The Giraffa won the Palio in 1967. They received no palio but just the skecth. The palio was missing. At some point the thieves, some goliardi from Bologna, called to confess their prank and to return the loot. The contradaioli suggested them to place the Palio at an established place and to disappear immediately after for their own safety.
- Istrice’s motto is Only as a defence I sting
- The church of the Leocorno stands on the ruins of an ancient temple in honour of Zeus.
- Lupa is the last contrada that made a cappotto (double victory, in July and in August of the same year, 2016 in this case).
- Nicchio was the first contrada to publish its magazine, with photos, description of the race and mockeries about the other contrade.
- Oca is the contrada with the greatest number of wins in the history of the Palio.
- Onda considers Torre a rival, but the Tower does not acknowledge this rivalry.
- The name of Pantera‘s periodical is Grattapassere – better not translate it 😉 – in honour of a beloved (even if unsuccessful) jockey.
- Selva has no rivals at the moment
- Tartuca‘s Saint patron is Saint Anthony of Padua, that’s why I decided to visit this particular contrada.
- Torre‘s crest is an elephant with a tower on its back
- Valdimontone was the first contrada to be disqualified during a Palio (in 1966)
I leave you with the words by sweet Egidio from the Civetta contrada (as recorder in The last Victory documentary)
The contrada is the second family of every Senese. If there are troubles, we cry as we would cry if it were a family tragedy.
In conclusion, if you want to learn more and see gorgeous photos, I strongly recommend you to read this fantastic post and www.theguardian.com/palio-photo-essay. Moreover, it includes a lot of wonderful photos.
Another useful website is www.ilpalio.org/palioenglish.htm | <urn:uuid:206c09dc-de86-4dd4-bc86-17330e190b87> | {
"date": "2019-01-19T09:20:25",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-04",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583662863.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20190119074836-20190119100836-00096.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9424680471420288,
"score": 2.6875,
"token_count": 1931,
"url": "https://mycornerofitaly.com/siena-palio-facts/"
} |
As more environmentally conscious drivers search for ways to reduce their carbon dioxide emissions and therefore reduce their negative impact on the environment, many are considering biofuel.
What is biofuel?
Broadly speaking, biofuel refers to any solid, liquid or gas fuel that has been derived from biomass. It can be produced from any carbon source that is easy to replenish - such as plants.
One of the main challenges when producing biofuel is to develop energy that can be used specifically in liquid fuels for transportation. The most common strategies used to achieve this are:
- Grow plants – Plants that naturally produce oils include oil palm, jatropha, soybean and algae. When heated resistance (viscosity) is reduced they can be burned within a diesel engine or they can be processed to form biodiesel.
- Grow sugar crops or starch – These include sugar cane, sugar beet, corn and maize which are then turned into ethanol through the process of yeast fermentation.
- By-products – By-products such as wood chippings can be converted into biofuels including methanol, ethanol and woodgas.
What are the different types of biofuel?
There are many different biofuels available in the UK. One of the most common worldwide is E10 fuel, which is actually a mixture of 10% ethanol and 90% petroleum. This formula has been improved in recent years with the introduction of E15 fuel (15% ethanol, 85% petroleum); E20 fuel (20% ethanol, 80% petroleum); E85 fuel (85% ethanol, 15% petroleum); E95 fuel (95% ethanol, 5% petroleum) and E100 fuel which is ethanol with up to 4% water.
In Europe, biodiesel is the most popular form of biofuel - it can be used in any diesel engine when mixed with mineral diesel. This is produced from oils and fats and is now readily available at many petrol stations. Like ethanol, biodiesel is available in a number of mixes including B5 (5% biofuel, 95% diesel), B10 (10% biofuel, 90% diesel), B20 (20% biofuel, 80% diesel), B80 (80% biofuel, 20 diesel) and B100 (100% biofuel).
In the UK, the Renewable Transport Fuels Obligation (RTFO) obliges that all road transport fuels-petrol and diesel-sold in the UK, must contain a percentage of biofuel. This amount, currently around 3 per cent, increases annually until April 2013 when it will reach 5 per cent. Thereafter, it will remain at that level for subsequent years.
There are many sources of biofuel including vegetable oil, which is used in many older diesel engines; butanol, which is seen as a replacement for petroleum; and biogas which is produced from biodegradable waste materials.
This technology has been expanded with the introduction of 'second generation' biofuels - which use biomass to liquid technology. Examples include biohydrogen, biomethanol and mixed alcohols.
Third generation biofuels are also known as algae fuels. They have many advantages including have a low input and a high yield level – they produce 30 times more energy per acre than land – and are also biodegradable. As a result, they are relatively harmless to the environment if spilled.
Where are biofuels used?
Biodiesel can, in theory, be used in all diesel engines. However, due to the parts attached to the diesel engine, some manufacturers do not approve engines running on higher biofuel blends of biodiesel.
Volkswagen, SEAT, Audi and Skoda all approved their cars built from 1996-2004 running on 100% RME biodiesel - that is biodiesel made from rapeseed - on the condition that it meets specification EN14214.
Generally speaking, it is recommended that you use a combination of biodiesel blended with regular diesel. Indeed at the majority of petrol stations, a mix up to 5 per cent biofuel is already included in diesel, thanks to the RTFO. It is also worth bearing in mind that biodiesel made from waste cooking oil can freeze in the winter - and so no more than a 50 per cent blend is recommended.
Between 2000 and 2005 ethanol production doubled, and biodiesel production quadrupled, so biofuels are clearly on the rise.
What are the advantages of biofuels?
The aim of all biofuels is to be carbon neutral. They have the potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions when compared to conventional transport fuels but whether they live up to this depends on the way they are produced and managed.
In reality, biofuels are not carbon neutral simply because it requires energy to grow the crops and convert them into fuel. The amount of fuel used during this production (to power machinery, to transport crops, etc) does have a large impact on the overall savings achieved by biofuels. However, biofuels could potentially still prove to be substantially more environmentally friendly than their fossil alternatives.
In fact, according to a technique called Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) first generation biofuels can save up to 60% of carbon emissions compared to fossil fuels. Second generation biofuels offer carbon emission savings up to 80%. This was backed by a recent UK Government publication which stated biofuels can reduce emissions by 50-60%.
Another advantage of biofuels is that they save drivers money. The UK Government in particular has introduced many incentives to drivers of 'green cars' based on emissions - with reduced taxation dependent on how environmentally friendly your vehicle is. With petrol prices on the rise, replacing petroleum with a renewable energy source should also offer significant savings at the pump in the long term, particularly when biofuels are more readily available.
However, there are arguments though that biofuel production has contributed to the destruction of natural habitats to make room for it. Also in some cases they are reported to have displaced valuable food production and contributed to rising food prices. Developing countries seem particularly vulnerable to the potential negative impacts of the production of first-generation biofuel crops . More on these problems is below. But on a positive note, it is hoped that tightening environmental requirements in Europe, the US and other developed countries coupled with the development of more advanced, non-food source biofuels will help stamp out these problems experienced while importing first-generation biofuels.
What are the disadvantages of biofuels?
Updated: August 2012.
Share this article
Paul is a freelance writer with a background in everything from motoring to finance; and holidays to women's undergarments he just writes about them, honestly! He has now sadly crept into his early 30s and seems to have forgotten everything learned at school Still, he's a green car fanatic and isn't that what counts?
February 12, 2010
Filed under: Biofuels
No comments yet. | <urn:uuid:6045f60d-b05d-48f4-b77c-eb487fea7a26> | {
"date": "2015-03-04T08:33:13",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-11",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936463460.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074103-00088-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 4,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9562175273895264,
"score": 3.640625,
"token_count": 1425,
"url": "http://www.thegreencarwebsite.co.uk/blog/index.php/biofuel-the-pros-and-cons/"
} |
The precursor to the Great War series, How Few Remain is the alternative historical account of the 2nd war between the United States and the Confederate States following their defeat during the Civil War. In 1881, the two Americas again go to war following the CSA annexation of Mexican territory, unleashing new weapons, tactics, and refuelling the rivalry that will haunt them for years to come. And issues forth a new American politic power - Socialism.
In typical fashion, the story is told through the eyes of multiple characters on both sides of the war, and from all walks of life.
Original title: How Few Remain
Genre: Fiction→ Science Fiction→ World Versions→ Alternate Histories | <urn:uuid:5d335422-2b70-4e44-9d69-30555c48db85> | {
"date": "2016-05-03T10:51:03",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-18",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461860121423.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428161521-00178-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9278964996337891,
"score": 2.6875,
"token_count": 142,
"url": "http://www.iblist.com/book4894.htm"
} |
Google is backing an open source cloud technology called Docker. Docker is a tool that lets online software makers neatly package their creations so they can rapidly move them from machine to machine to machine. Google thinks Docker as something that can change software construction and make it easier for anyone to use huge amounts of computing power.
Google’s Eric Brewer is today set to unveil new ways that Google will combine Docker with its cloud computing services, Google App Engine and Google Compute Engine. This is a way of fuelling interest in these services as it strives to challenge Amazon’s dominance in the burgeoning cloud market.
Brewer will say that Docker mirrors the sort of thing that Google has done for years inside its own data centres and provide a better way of treating hundreds of machines like a single computer, and he believes it represents the future of software development on the net.According to Docker, over 14,000 applications are now using its containers, and Brewer says a developer technology hasn’t taken off so quickly and so enormously since the rise of the Ruby on Rails programming framework eight or nine years ago.
Linux has long offered “containers” that isolate various tasks on a computer server, preventing them from interfering with one another. Google runs its vast empire atop containers like these, having spent years honing the way they work. But Docker has made it easier to move such containers from one machine to another. “
It means that developers can build a software application on a laptop, they can immediately move it onto a cloud service and run it without making changes. It has always been the promise of cloud computing–that we could treat the internet like one giant computer but we’re nowhere near that reality. Due to the vagaries of different operating system and different cloud services, it can be quite hard to move software from place to place.
Docker still is not all there yet. Each machine must be equipped with a small sliver of additional software. And though this software is designed to operate in the same way on any version of Linux. It is not there yet, but with Google backing it, it is only a matter of time. | <urn:uuid:c4f078dc-8eef-4c7d-a407-491af54ce45a> | {
"date": "2017-01-18T21:04:32",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-04",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280319.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00450-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9474484920501709,
"score": 2.890625,
"token_count": 437,
"url": "http://www.fudzilla.com/home/item/34949-google-pushers-the-docker"
} |
Today in America, Evangelicals are estimated to make up a quarter of the population, or, at least, according to other estimates, 50 million people. The term ‘evangelical’ has a lot of connotations and stereotypes associated with it. For example, some consider an Evangelical to be “anyone who likes Billy Graham.” Like most stereotypes, some of the characterizations of Evangelicals are at least partly rooted in truth. But who are American Evangelicals really? In this essay, I will examine what it means to be an evangelical, the origins and history of evangelicalism, and modern evangelicalism before concluding.
Of course, there’s no absolute definition of evangelicalism. However, there are sets of general beliefs that can be strong indicators of evangelicalism. Evangelicalism is usually less formal and more emotional than other religions, such as Catholicism, for example. Historian Mark Noll refers to evangelicalism as the “true religion of the heart.” Furthermore, Noll writes that, according to historian David Bebbington, the four pillars of evangelicalism are conversionism, Biblicism, activism, and crucicentrism. Historian George Marsden offers a slightly different set of standards. Similar to Bebbington’s priority of conversionism, which is an emphasis on ‘new birth’ or a life changing experience of God, Marsden notes that evangelicals put an importance on having a spiritually transformed life. Like Bebbington’s explanation of Biblicism, which is an reliance on the Bible as the ultimate religious authority, Marsden claims that Evangelicals uphold the Reformation doctrine of final authority of the Bible as well as the real historical character of God’s saving work as recorded in Scripture. Bebbington and Marsden also agree about the importance of activism, sharing the faith or doing mission work, for Evangelicals. More related to theology, Evangelicals emphasize crucicentrism, which is a focus on Christ’s redeeming work on the cross as the only way of salvation. Obviously these standards aren’t always perfectly applicable, but they do provide a strong starting point to understanding what exactly evangelicalism is.
Like all movements, Evangelicalism, as we know it today, didn’t appear out of nowhere; it has a strong history. For all its diversity, Evangelicalism is necessarily Protestant Christian, and, in its broadest definition, it’s a subset of Protestantism. Rooted in the Protestant Reformation, Evangelicalism, in a sense, began in 1517, when Martin Luther posted his Ninety-Five Theses on the door of a local church. Luther protested indulgences and put an emphasis on internal experience, or spirituality, as true religious authority. Like Evangelicals today, Luther emphasized the five solae, often viewed as the Protestants’ basic theological doctrines: sola scriptura or “scripture alone,” sola fida or “faith alone,” sola gratia or “grace alone,” and solus Christus or “Christ alone.” It can be said that the Reformation made priests out of all believers, encouraging each individual to embrace his own personal spirituality. Early on, evangelicalism, which comes from the Greek word for ‘gospel’ or ‘good news,’ was simply a synonym for Protestant.
It could be argued that the Great Awakening, which occurred in the American colonies in the first half of the eighteenth century, was essentially an Evangelical movement. Led by preachers like Jonathan Edwards, George Whitefield, and John Wesley (who inspired the Protestant and Evangelical denomination of Methodism), the Great Awakening put a great deal of emphasis on personal spiritual commitment, with less focus on traditional rituals and doctrines. Although George Whitefield and John Wesley were born in England, they, like Jonathan Edwards who was born in Connecticut, widely toured around America preaching. Like these preachers – or, perhaps more accurately, as an heir to these preachers’ revivals – American Evangelicalism is (and always has been) a largely (if not exclusively, as some have argued) Anglo-American movement.
Evangelicalism has always been diverse, flexible, adaptable and multiform. However, some have argued that evangelical has become just as much of a political term as it is a religious term. In fact, evangelicalism has played a role in politics for much of American history. For example, evangelicals were very involved in the abolition movement and the temperance movement. Especially since the 1980s, evangelicalism, led by people like Pat Robertson and Jim Dobson, has been closely related, if not synonymous, with the religious right, especially with regards to political issues like abortion and gay marriage. Although the religious right currently seems to be losing its political dominance, particularly among younger generations, as recently as 2004 George W. Bush won 78 percent of the white evangelical vote.
Since the end of World War II, most evangelicals can be classified into one of three categories: Fundamentalists, Moderates, and Progressives. Fundamentalist Evangelicals consider the Bible to be inerrant on all matters, both spiritual and historical. Because of this belief, they often disagree with or actively oppose some modern science, such as the theory of evolution. Politically, they usually consider it the government’s role to enforce morality, especially concerning homosexuality and abortion issues. Jerry Falwell, who lived from 1933 until 2007, was a well-known fundamentalist who was a huge figure of the religious right in the 1980s. Falwell seemed to fit Marsden definition: “A fundamentalist is an evangelical who is angry about something.” Moderate Evangelicals, however, take the Bible less literally. While they do consider the Bible to be inerrant considering spiritual matters, they don’t necessarily consider it to be scientifically or historically accurate. Billy Graham, arguably the most famous Evangelical, was considered a moderate. Today, Rick Warren, the leader of Saddleback Church, is another well-known example of a moderate evangelical. Progressive Evangelicals are very similar to Moderates in a lot of ways, but they tend to focus more on social justice, such as helping the poor and oppressed, than on personal experiences of faith. A well-known example is Jim Wallis, who is the founder and editor of Sojourner magazine. Some scholars, like Noll, argue that Black Protestants shouldn’t fit under the umbrella of evangelicalism, since their history and background – which includes slavery, segregation and racism – as well as their typical political beliefs are so significantly different than the typical white evangelical. However, given how similar their religious beliefs and practices are, I would argue that Black Protestants should be included as a standard group of Evangelicals. For example, Rev. Martin Luther King Jr., who is named after the original Protestant, was not only very involved with actively supporting social justice, he often did so using religious terms and allusions as well as Biblical justification.
In conclusion, while there are general indications of American Evangelicals, there’s no precise way to definitively conclude who is or isn’t an evangelical other than how they personally describe themselves. | <urn:uuid:9dcdb074-1934-441f-9b63-c47e3fd801f1> | {
"date": "2019-06-27T11:09:25",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-26",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560628001089.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20190627095649-20190627121649-00176.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9652493000030518,
"score": 2.9375,
"token_count": 1497,
"url": "https://macmccanntx.com/2013/09/10/who-are-american-evangelicals/"
} |
It is somewhat interesting how people sometimes re-analyze the music business and the current social scene only after the death of an important political figure or musician. Tragedy, it seems, can sometimes trigger new ways of seeing life. It may be bold to state that even in an event as big as an artist’s death, people tend to start appreciating what was supposed to be appreciated in the first place. Not the fame, not the money or popularity, but the message that this artist wanted to give to the world: the message behind the music.
The recent death of Mercedes Sosa, an Argentine singer and icon who was popular throughout Latin America and internationally, has mainly affected many followers of La Nueva Canción, a social movement that Mercedes Sosa and many other Latin American artists are involved in. So what is La Nueva Canción? What does this mean?
In 1970, when Salvador Allende won the presidency of Chile by a narrow victory, he became the first socialist to be democratically elected as the leader of a Latin American nation. As he greeted the cheering crowd, the banner above him read, “You can’t have a revolution without songs.” It was a testament to the powerful role music plays in creating social change. This role is the essence of Nueva Canción (new song), also known as Canto Nuevo or Trova.
The new song movement of Latin America saw its beginnings in Cuba’s revolutionary nueva trova movement in the early 1960s as artists began to reflect the ideology of anti-imperialism. As life in Cuba changed, events in South America lead to the birth of nueva canción in Chile and Argentina, where musicians sang about the injustice and oppression in their homeland as well as the plight of the exploited indigenous populations. By the 1970s, many saw this music as a platform for protest, and the musicians would suffer the consequences of rising up against the imposed dictatorial regimes.
In Chile, the movement began in the 1960s with artists such as Victor Jara and Violeta Parra, who drew attention to the plight of the indigenous populations of their country. The same occurred in Argentina, with pioneers such as Atahualpa Yupanqui and Mercedes Sosa blending ancient Andean musical traditions with socially conscious lyrics. Nueva Canción in many ways reflected the solidarity between Latin Americans from various countries, and offered cries for peace and social justice on a worldwide humanitarian level. Also, Nueva Canción echoed the anti-American sentiment resulting from the Vietnam War, and the genre became a suitable platform for expressing anti-imperialist views.
This type of music brings a positive social message- lyrics that reflect the struggles of the people, and their desires for a better world. It is a music genre that combined Latin American folk music played on traditional instruments with politicized lyrics, which had deep respect for the working and peasant classes. It spread across Latin America and the Caribbean in the 1960s and ’70s when musicians joined the mass uprisings that were calling for democracy, justice and an end to U.S. intervention. Most songs feature the guitar, and often the quena, zampoña, charango or cajón. The lyrics are typically in Spanish, with some indigenous or local words mixed in.
The ’73 Chilean coup impacted the genre’s growth in Chile, the country where it was most popular, because the whole musical movement was forced to go underground. During the days of the coup, Victor Jara, a well-known singer, songwriter and maybe the most popular figure of Nueva Canción, was tortured and killed by the new rightist military regime under General Augusto Pinochet. Other groups, such as Inti-Illimani and Quilapayún found safety outside the country. The military government under General Pinochet ruled until 1989 and went as far as to ban many traditional Andean instruments, in order to suppress the Nueva Canción movement. While Chile has produced the largest number of Nueva Canción artists, its popularity pervades in almost all Spanish speaking Latin American countries, and it enjoyed some popularity in Spain and the USA during the 1970s. Nueva Canción songs became political weapons used to attack unjust governmental systems and support revolutionary ideals while giving hope to the progressive movement. Its main exponents are Silvio Rodríguez, Pablo Milanes, Violeta Parra, Carlos Varela, Mercedes Sosa and Victor Heredia. In Argentina these songs were born during the regime of Juan Perón, and continued throughout the military dictatorship. In Brazil it is called Tropicalismo, and the main exponents are Chico Buarque, Caetano Veloso and Gilberto Gil.
There has always been a strong relationship between music and politics, particularly political expression in music. This expression has used anti-establishment or protest themes, including anti-war songs. In addition, pro-establishment ideas are also used, for example in national anthems, patriotic songs, and political campaigns. Many of these types of songs could be described as topical songs. Unlike many other types of music, political music is not usually ambiguous, it is simple yet effective and is used to portray a specific political message. We must consider the fact that in order to remember a certain melody or lyric, it has to be simple and recognizable enough in order to be memorized by followers. While the political message in music is apparent, it is important to analyze the political context of the time it was made. In other words, understanding the historical events and time that inspired the music is essential to fully understanding the message that was intended. Therefore, since political messages are meant to be heard by the people, this music is often meant to be popular. Mercedes Sosa and her first husband, Manuel Óscar Matus, with whom she had one son, were key players in the mid-60s Nueva Canción movement (which was called nuevo cancionero in Argentina). Her first record was “Canciones con Fundamento”, a collection of Argentine folk songs. In the early 1970s, Sosa released two concept albums. She also recorded a tribute to Chilean poet Violeta Parra in 1971, including what was to become one of Sosa’s signature songs, “Gracias a la Vida”. After the military junta of Jorge Videla came to power in 1976, the atmosphere in Argentina grew increasingly oppressive. At a concert in La Plata in 1979, Sosa was searched and arrested on stage, along with the attending crowd. Their release came about through international intervention. Banned in her own country, she moved to Paris and then to Madrid. She eventually returned to Argentina in the 1980’s.
In the present, there are many artists who want to give a message to people, to raise social awareness and to go against unfair governments and war. Manu Chao (a French/Spanish artist who is internationally recognized) is a perfect example of this. Many of Chao’s lyrics talk about immigration, love, living in ghettos and drugs, and often carry a left-wing message. This reflects Chao’s own political leanings. He is also known to be very close to the Zapatistas (from Mexico). His band Mano Negra is possibly a reference to an anarchist group. He has many followers among the European left and the anti-globalization movement.
One of the best American examples of this is Joan Baez, a folk singer and songwriter known for her highly individual vocal style, and for her topical songs dealing with social issues and therefore her strong commitment to generating awareness for social change. In 1956, Baez first heard a young Martin Luther King, Jr. speak about nonviolence, civil rights, and social change. Several years later the two became friends, marching and demonstrating together on numerous occasions. Her experiences regarding Vietnam’s human-rights violations ultimately led Baez to found her own human-rights group, “Humanitas International”, whose focus was to target oppression wherever it occurred. She toured Chile, Brazil and Argentina in 1981, but was prevented from performing in any of the three countries, for fear her criticism of their human-rights practices would reach mass audiences if she were given a podium.
La Nueva Canción gives these oppressed musicians a voice. This type of music never gets old since it is from the heart, and it has a more lasting message in comparison to types of mainstream music that can be forgotten in a short period of time. This is the type of music that can move crowds, generate a positive effect on our societies, and change a community significantly. Through music, these artists have been able to express their opinions to the world and fight for justice. The power invested in music is underestimated when people classify genres and catalog music as just another form of entertainment.
In these times more than ever poetry and songs are the best weapons for peace. The inspiring lyrics of these musicians express a respect for Latino culture, a demand for better social and economic conditions for Latin America, and a quest for a better world for all people. Therefore, music can be used for deeper goals besides entertainment. It can contribute to bigger causes, generating awareness, promoting social change and reaching the people’s hearts through art, instead of violence.
By Silvina Moreno | <urn:uuid:809ea550-a494-4f77-bcfd-81567bb10aaa> | {
"date": "2019-08-22T18:43:44",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-35",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027317339.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20190822172901-20190822194901-00016.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9660990834236145,
"score": 3.28125,
"token_count": 1963,
"url": "http://www.thembj.org/2009/11/face-the-music-latin-america-and-the-protest-song-movement/"
} |
Cocktails! ICC 2013, C14 dates conflict with Carboniferous era dates (300 million years ago)
|August 10, 2013||Posted by scordova under Geology, News|
C14 should not be found in the Carboniferous era supposedly 300 million years old. If the presence of C14 is not due to contamination or other processes, the carboniferous layer is then much younger — on the order of 40,000 years or less.
[the “Cocktail” designation in the title refers to ideas that are possibly true, but are speculative in nature and which are not offered with the same level of conviction as other arguments at UD.]
Here is an embarrassing admission from the pro-Darwin TalkOrigins website:
the physicists want to find fossil fuels that have very little 14C. In the course of this work, they’ve discovered that fossil fuels vary widely in 14C content. Some have no detectable 14C; some have quite a lot of 14C.
And the pro-Darwin Wikipedia
Most man-made chemicals are made of fossil fuels, such as petroleum or coal, in which the carbon-14 should have long since decayed. However, such deposits often contain trace amounts of carbon-14 (varying significantly, but ranging up to 1% the ratio found in living organisms, a concentration comparable to an apparent age of 40,000).
The Darwinist explanation is that nearby Uranium is causing the coal to become contaminated with C14 or that bacteria caused it. But why the prejudice against the one explanation that should be considered, namely, the carboniferous era of 300 million years ago, like Darwinism, is a figment of imagination, not empirical science.
A respectable scientist, John Baumgardner argues against Kirk Bertsche who claims that the young dates indicated by the presence of C14 were due to uranium or bacteria or refrigerators. I met Baumgardner at ICC 2013 to thank him personally for this article he published on the web a few years back:
If Bertsche had fully understood the very papers to which he refers, he would immediately realize that his first claim that laboratory contamination is responsible for the high 14C levels routinely measured in “old” biological samples is unsustainable. To highlight the issues he is failing to grasp, I point to the paper by Brown and Southon who state
Several “14C-free” background materials were used in obtaining these data: 1) Coal (supplied by Beta Analytic), 2) Calcite (TIRI sample F: Icelandic doublespar), 3) QL4766 wood (> 56.6 ka BP), 4) QL1428 wood (>55 ka BP), and 5) Yale Anthracite (YA-13; no measurable 14C activity). The latter three samples, and their 14C contents, were supplied by the Quaternary Isotope Laboratory, University of Washington (Stuiver, pers. comm., 1996). In our measurements there were no significant differences between the results obtained for these background materials, and the data from all these materials were used.
In Figure 2 these authors plot their own measurements for the 14C levels in what they describe as “14C-free” background materials for varying sample sizes. What a novice reader of the paper can easily miss is that the plot shows that these materials converge to a value of 0.25 pMC for larger sample sizes! The value should be zero for truly 14C-free material. The measured value is 14C some 450 times higher than the threshold for the AMS hardware. That is why the authors use quotation marks with the term “14C-free.” The AMS insiders understand the lingo. Bertsche apparently does not. (It is noteworthy that their value of 0.25 pMC, based on two coal samples, two wood samples, and a calcite, is almost identical to the mean value that the RATE team obtained for its suite of ten coal samples.)
Bertsche then tosses out several possible ways the coal might have acquired its inventory of 14C in its natural setting. He first mentions the presence of uranium and alludes to northern Australian coals. Northern Australian coals? Just where, pray tell, might they be found? There are none of any significance in northern Australia. In regard to 14C production due to the presence of uranium in crustal environments, I treat that topic in detail in section 7 of my chapter and show the maximum plausible 14C production rate, given measured neutron fluxes in deep mines and measured reaction cross sections, is more than four orders of magnitude too small to account even for the small measured 14C levels in diamonds. This same analysis also applies to coal. Uranium concentrations in coal are typically less than those measured for granite, which is the setting for most of the diamonds we studied. (See the USGS fact sheet on uranium concentrations in coal and granite in the References.)
Next, incredibly, Bertsche proposes microbial growth as a source of 14C! Just what does Bertsche imagine such microbes to be eating if it is not the coal itself? It they are eating the coal, then how can the 14C levels within them be any different from that of the coal itself? It seems he’s grasping for straws here.
Next Bertsche resorts to speculating that our coal samples were contaminated while in storage “in a DOE geology lab refrigerator.” To me that smacks of a deliberate distortion of what I described in my chapter on pages 605–606 regarding the pedigree of the samples we acquired from the U. S. Department of Energy Coal Sample Bank at Pennsylvania State University. I emphasized the careful procedures applied in the collection and preservation of these samples. They were sealed under argon to preclude contamination from just moments after they were collected. For most of their lives these samples were sealed in argon in multi-laminate foil bags and refrigerated at 3 °C. Just why does Bertsche choose to engage in this sort of distortion? To me it suggests a significant level of desperation in the face of such obvious evidence for the presence of genuine intrinsic 14C in these samples.
And I just talked radiochemist Hugh Miller who those close to the infamous meeting of the 2012 Western Pacific Geophysics Meeting in Singapore. Miller’s group sends dino bones to get tested for C14. I asked, has ANY sample tested free of C14? They answered, “no”. All the dino fossils they sent off for testing have detectable C14 levels. Here are the results: http://www.dinosaurc14ages.com/carbondating.htm.
So are these geological timescales anything but the product of circular reasoning and institutional imperatives? The Earth could be billions of years old, but it does not mean the geological timescales for life are necessarily billions or hundreds of millions of years old. The reason Darwinists need hundreds of millions of years is that it is apparent biological organisms change too slowly over time, so millions of years for evolution are a necessary, but not sufficient condition for life to evolve.
But what reasons are given for the old age of the fossil record? Old rocks? Well that explanation won’t work because your dog could be buried in billion year old rocks and if discovered a few years later, does that mean the dog lived billions of years ago? No!
Biological materials shouldn’t have lasted tens of millions of years, but rather than admit a potential mistake, some have claimed discovery of a new mysterious principle chemical kinetics or physics. Erosion should have wiped out fossil layers in a matter of a few million years, so why are the layers still around? Lastly we find C14 indicating the fossils are young. And now not only do we have dino tissues but entire layers of the geological column at 300 million years old permeated with C14.
Is there any reason that skepticism about old geological ages is unwelcome except that it gives ammunition to the creationists?
regarding the relevance of these discussions to ID, see:
Relevance of YEC to ID | <urn:uuid:7f426a38-62e6-4a2b-b67e-9b60d9f90b2f> | {
"date": "2016-07-27T03:43:19",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-30",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257825365.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071025-00014-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.943778395652771,
"score": 2.671875,
"token_count": 1684,
"url": "http://www.uncommondescent.com/news/cocktail-icc-2013-c14-dates-conflict-with-carboniferous-era-dates-300-million-years-ago/"
} |
“There are many adaptation options available and some have already been implemented in response to recent climate change and other stresses, such as plans to protect biodiversity, manage coastal areas and protect the Great Barrier Reef,” Mr Hennessy said.
“Australia has responded with the Federal Government establishing a CSIRO National Research Flagship in Climate Adaptation and the Australian Centre for Climate Change Adaptation through the Australian Greenhouse Office.
“There are many adaptation options available and some have already been implemented in response to recent climate change and other stresses, such as plans to protect biodiversity, manage coastal areas and protect the Great Barrier Reef,”
Mr Hennessy said.
“However there remain significant environmental, economic and social barriers to implementing adaptation plans,” he said. “Reducing greenhouse gas emissions will also be necessary to slow global warming and delay or avoid more serious impacts.”
Key findings for Australia include:
As a result of reduced precipitation and increased evaporation, water security problems are projected to intensify by 2030 in southern and eastern Australia.
Loss of biodiversity is projected to occur by 2020 in ecologically-rich sites including the Great Barrier Reef and Queensland Wet Tropics. Other sites at risk include Kakadu wetlands, southwest Australia, sub-Antarctic islands and Alpine national parks.
Ongoing coastal development and population growth in areas such as Cairns and south-east Queensland are projected to exacerbate risks from sea-level rise and increases in the severity and frequency of storms and coastal flooding by 2050.
Risks to major infrastructure are likely to increase. By 2030, design criteria for extreme events are very likely to be exceeded more frequently. Risks include failure of floodplain protection and urban drainage/sewerage, increased storm and fire damage, and more heatwaves, causing more deaths and more blackouts.
Production from agriculture and forestry is projected to decline by 2030 over much of southern and eastern Australia due to increased drought and fire.
CSIRO contributed to the IPCC report on Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability with two coordinating lead authors – Kevin Hennessy and Roger Jones – and three lead authors; Mark Howden, Bryson Bates and Barrie Pittock. Four scientists were contributing authors – Kathy McInnes, Pep Canadell, Alistair Hobday and Donna Green (now with the University of NSW).
More images can be downloaded at: Adaptation – reducing Australia’s climate impacts | <urn:uuid:89cadab6-60c2-4194-92c1-fd4869f454aa> | {
"date": "2019-06-18T09:22:02",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-26",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627998708.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20190618083336-20190618105336-00256.warc.gz",
"int_score": 4,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9458267688751221,
"score": 3.53125,
"token_count": 507,
"url": "https://thegenerator.news/csiro-calls-for-immediate-adaptation-plans/"
} |
In December 1897, a Russian fleet appeared off Port Arthur. After three months, in 1898, a convention was agreed between China and Russia by which Russia was leased Port Arthur, Talienwan and the surrounding waters. It was further agreed that the convention could be extended by mutual agreement. The Russians clearly believed that would be the case for they lost no time in occupation and in fortifying Port Arthur, their sole warm-water port on the Pacific coast, and of great strategic value. A year later, in order to consolidate their position, the Russians began a new railway from Harbin through Mukden to Port Arthur. The Russians also began to make inroads into Korea, by 1898 they acquired mining and forestry concessions near Yalu and Tumen rivers, causing the Japanese much anxiety. Japan decided to strike before the Trans-Siberian Railway was complete.
CHAPTER 20 Section 1: The British Empire in the Postwar Era Section 2: Turkey, Persia, and Africa Section 3: Unrest in China Section 4: Imperialism in Japan Section 5: Latin America Between the Wars Nationalist Movements Around the World
SECTION 4 Imperialism in Japan Japanese Expansion How Why alliance with Great Britain war with Russia Treaty of Portsmouth Bell Ringer 20.4: What were some of the methods and reasons for Japanese expansion?
Dancing the foxtrot. Listening to jazz. Playing baseball. This was Japan in the 1920s …. SECTION 4 Imperialism in Japan
Two reasons for expansion <ul><li>New territory would provide raw materials for its factories and markets for its products. </li></ul><ul><li>It would show the West just how much Japan had progressed. </li></ul>SECTION 4 Imperialism in Japan The Meiji Restoration had changed Japan into a modern industrial and military power. Now Japan would expand beyond its islands ….
Korea and Manchuria SECTION 4 Imperialism in Japan Japan wanted Korea … The Japanese also wanted Manchuria but Russia stood in the way …
SECTION 4 Imperialism in Japan 1902 ~ Anglo-Japanese Alliance … what would bring GB into an alliance with Japan? The threat of Russian expansion. Japan is now playing with the BIG DOGS! Russia is pressured to withdraw …. And refuses to answer Japan’s demands.
Political Cartoon Imperialism in Japan Japan to the Great Bear, Chicago Tribune , January 6, 1904
Russo-Japanese War 1904 <ul><li>Feb 1904 – Japan attacks Port Arthur & badly damages the Russian fleet </li></ul><ul><li>Japan overruns Korea and pushes Russia back through Manchuria </li></ul><ul><li>Battle of Muken – heavy losses for both sides; Russia withdraws </li></ul>SECTION 4 Imperialism in Japan
Battle of Tsushima <ul><li>All the Russian battleships had been destroyed, 4 of the 8 cruisers, and 7 of the 9 destroyers were sunk, 4,830 Officers and Sailors died, many others wounded or captured. The Japanese lost 3 destroyers and some 699 men. </li></ul><ul><li>All but 3 of the Russian ships that had sailed into Tsushuma Straits were sunk, captured or interned. The 3 limped into Vladisvostok. </li></ul>SECTION 4 Imperialism in Japan
Visual Source Imperialism in Japan President Teddy Roosevelt was asked to broker the peace between Russia and Japan. The Portsmouth Treaty ended the Russo-Japanese War – 5 Sept 1905.
SECTION 4 Imperialism in Japan The treaty eliminated Japan’s competition in Manchuria. It forced the other powers to respect Japan’s strength. When Japan annexed Korea in 1910, none of the other Imperialist powers protested.
Problems of Modernization SECTION 4 Imperialism in Japan In less than fifty years, Japan went from a feudal agricultural society to one of the world’s leading industrial and military powers. This leap created problems for the island nation.
Increasing Population <ul><li>People were living longer. </li></ul><ul><li>cities grew rapidly and land was scarce </li></ul><ul><li>food production could not match growth </li></ul><ul><li>US prohibited immigration </li></ul>SECTION 4 Imperialism in Japan
Economic Trouble <ul><li>Did not have many raw materials needed for industries </li></ul><ul><li>Had to import materials </li></ul><ul><li>Had to sell goods abroad – but many countries had passed tariffs to protect their own economies </li></ul><ul><li>The Japanese economy had to expand or collapse! </li></ul>SECTION 4 Imperialism in Japan
Social Tensions ~ Westernization <ul><li>All this great development had changed traditional Japanese attitudes. </li></ul><ul><li>Industrial workers organized and called for strikes for better conditions & pay. </li></ul><ul><li>Tenant farms demanded lower rents. </li></ul><ul><li>Intellectuals argued for democratic reforms. </li></ul><ul><li>Young Japanese began to question traditional values ~ new ideas ~ work roles changed ~ women took jobs! </li></ul>SECTION 4 Imperialism in Japan
Growing Influence of the Military <ul><li>Political leaders could not cope. </li></ul><ul><li>Military began to increase its influence. </li></ul><ul><li>Japanese military were virtually independent of the civilian government. </li></ul><ul><li>Militarism grew in Japan and this began to influence social, economic & political policies. </li></ul>SECTION 4 Imperialism in Japan
SECTION 4 Imperialism in Japan The Japanese military believed that Western nations could never treat Japan as an equal. The military insisted on a return to traditional Japanese values. They called for a larger army and navy to support a Japanese “Monroe Doctrine” = Asia for Asians with JAPAN as the controlling power.
SECTION 4 Imperialism in Japan Keep It Up Russia , Brooklyn Eagle , February 2, 1904
SECTION 4 Imperialism in Japan Japanese Expansion How Why alliance with Great Britain support against Russia war with Russia take Russian control in Korea Treaty of Portsmouth end of war, gave Japan control in China and Korea
Chapter Wrap-Up CHAPTER 20 <ul><ul><ul><li>1. How did the military affect Japan’s government? </li></ul></ul></ul><ul><ul><ul><li>2. How did cultural issues affect nationalistic movements in Africa? </li></ul></ul></ul><ul><ul><ul><li>3. How did economic issues influence political events in Latin America? </li></ul></ul></ul>
Gostou de algum slide específico?
Recortar slides é uma maneira fácil de colecionar informações para acessar mais tarde. | <urn:uuid:60097e5e-819f-492b-ad74-7c00c8d9c046> | {
"date": "2015-11-25T03:08:17",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-48",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398444139.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205404-00342-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 4,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9125648140907288,
"score": 3.734375,
"token_count": 1464,
"url": "http://www.slideshare.net/whatshername/ch-204"
} |
Did you know Stuffies can help children learn to read?
Stuffies do not care about difficulty sounding out words or missing a word or getting frustrated. They are designed to listen quietly.
One way parents have discovered to help children learning to read is take a stuffie to the library and leave it for a sleepover. The stuffie job is exploring the library to look and read and listen to books specially picked for the child. Pictures are taken of the Stuffie reading favorite books so when
Children take their toys to a library for the night and drop them off before going home.
The animals then ‘search’ for books they want to read in the children’s absence – staff and volunteers take staged photos of the animals exploring the library and reading together.
The next day, the children collect their stuffed animals and the photos of what they did during the night.
They’re also given the books their animals ‘chose’ to read. | <urn:uuid:e702a989-6906-4a91-9bbf-f6e4405ff2b0> | {
"date": "2018-12-16T22:38:35",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-51",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376827998.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20181216213120-20181216235120-00216.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9640812277793884,
"score": 3.109375,
"token_count": 201,
"url": "https://furrythepenguin.com/2018/07/stuffed-animal-sleep-overs/"
} |
Mica Brake And Anti-friction Components In The Automotive Industry
It should go without saying that brakes are critical car parts. Our manufacture and supply of mica brake and anti-friction components are part of how we support the automotive industry.
Any mechanical process should start smoothly and to run effectively. It must also be able to stop or slow down safely, within accepted parameters and technical specifications.
To ensure processes can do this, manufacturers rely on the brake and anti-friction components. These components comprise friction materials.
In this blog, we will look at friction, what can be done to manipulate it, and how mica contributes to braking systems in vehicles.
How Friction Works
Friction is the resisting force when there is sliding motion between surfaces. It applies anywhere where surfaces come into contact with one another.
As a force, friction acts in the opposite direction to the way an object is sliding or moving.
There are two main physical aspects friction has controlling it:
- how sticky the sliding surfaces are; and
- how much of an impression is made on the surfaces by them rubbing together.
For example, early humans were able to make fire by rubbing surfaces together, typically hardwood against softwood. As we will see, the combustibility of friction materials is a key concern when it comes to the manufacture of vehicles.
Friction And Thermal Energy
One of the by-products of creating friction is heat, or thermal, energy.
Newton’s Second Law is concerned with unbalanced forces. They produce an acceleration, and the greater the unbalanced force, the greater the acceleration.
Unbalanced forces generally occur when a forward force, or thrust, and a frictional force work against each other. The kinetic energy you get when two surfaces move like this over each other can create thermal energy.
Consequently, manufacturers will typically use heat-resistant materials as friction materials.
In 1888, Bertha Benz, a German, invented brake pads, as one of the earliest long-distance drivers. These early brake pads were made from asbestos, as an effective heat-resistant material.
Nowadays, asbestos is widely recognised as posing a potentially deadly health risk. This means the automotive industry has had to find alternatives for friction material.
Ceramic has proved to be a popular alternative to asbestos, but modern frictional materials can also be a combination of raw materials with modifiers and reinforcements.
The base raw material will have a strengthening bonding material added, usually a resin, then there will be an additional stiffener material to make the friction material even more durable.
These stiffener materials can be various organic and inorganic fibres, including metals and synthetic polyamides such as aramid.
One organic raw material that is an effective friction material is mica.
Mica has natural mineral properties which make it ideal as a dielectric insulator while being both hardwearing but also highly adaptable. It provides thermal protection that is essential to friction materials in the automotive industry.
Brake And Anti-friction Components
Brake and anti-friction components are brake pads and brake linings. The quality of these components will vary, depending on the manufacturing process and on the materials they are made from.
In the European automotive industry, generally, these components are made from low-steel friction materials. This is because braking at high speeds is a relatively common occurrence.
Non-steel brake pads strike the right balance between strength, effectiveness and resistance to brake-squeal – the continuous, high-pitched sound you get when brake pads have worn down.
Other brake and anti-friction components in automotive braking systems are:
- friction discs – metal plates bonded with friction material
- clutch discs – linking a car engine to its transmission input shaft
- clutch facings – assisting the clutch in starting and stopping the flow of energy
- brake linings – lining brake shoes, the metallic part of braking systems.
Meeting Performance Requirements
Friction materials should demonstrate performance alongside quality, extending the service life of brake and anti-friction components in vehicles.
In manufacturing, a dynamometer measures torque and rotational engine speeds, and it is possible to fit friction material to a dynamometer for testing purposes, as well as testing brake capability on vehicles themselves.
Friction materials should be stable, with minimum fluctuations in their effectiveness. One of mica’s core qualities is its stability when exposed to temperature extremes and different environmental conditions.
There is also a need for general durability alongside low thermal conductivity, while not causing any damage to contact materials. Again, mica meets these criteria and performs reliably and consistently.
Other Environmental Considerations Of Brake And Anti-Friction Components
Along with the risks associated with asbestos as a friction material in the automotive industry, copper has an environmental impact too
Traditionally, due to its thermal stability, copper has been widely-used friction material. However, copper does not break down in the environment, which can then mean it accumulates in plants and animals.
Therefore, increasingly, the move is towards copper-free brake and anti-friction components.
Expert Solutions For The Automotive Industry
For more information about mica applications in the automotive industry, please phone us now on +44 20 8520 2248, email [email protected], or complete our online enquiry form. We will be in touch with you as soon as possible. | <urn:uuid:ee8b7c50-4a08-4363-b7d8-459a16889447> | {
"date": "2019-10-19T22:53:21",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-43",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986700435.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20191019214624-20191020002124-00016.warc.gz",
"int_score": 4,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9208015203475952,
"score": 3.5,
"token_count": 1123,
"url": "https://elmelin.com/mica-brake-and-anti-friction-components/"
} |
As I finish this semester and continue work on my thesis, I thought I would consider newspapers and their coverage of events surrounding soldiers. As you may know, I am researching camps of instruction in Illinois, where Union soldiers took their basic training while regiments organized before either reporting to larger camps for further training, or directly to the field. One area of examination within this topic is how the press covered the camps. In addition to the early stages of the war when camps were in operation, newspapers covered the war in larger ways as well.
During the Civil War, most newspapers in Illinois were shorter compared to today, often only being four pages long. Most items printed were only a few lines long, with longer pieces being present, as well as advertisements. Most of the newspapers that I have looked at for my research are like this. The newspapers provide longer articles for more nationally related news and shorter articles on war-related events of a more local orientation. In addition, papers sometimes published letters written by soldiers to give local residents an idea of what local men in the army were experiencing in the war.
There are two important considerations when thinking about newspapers during the war as well as the letters published in them. The first consideration is the viewpoint of the paper. Illinois, like other Midwestern states had concentrations of Copperheads and others with Southern sympathies of varying levels. This means that certain local newspapers possibly harbored anti-war/pro-Southern leanings in its pages. I cannot make a determination on the newspapers that I have thus far examined for my project, but, with a more thorough examination of the papers, I may determine if such leanings exist in certain papers.
The other consideration is also difficult to pin down, but is as important as the ideology of the newspaper. The concept of “canned” letters, letters written for the soldier to send home or to local papers was suggested to me by one of the professors in my department who attended the presentation session for my research seminar class, where my colleagues and I presented sections of our papers to department faculty and our fellow graduate students. Again, as with the ideology of a particular newspaper, I have not found and do not know of a source to determine whether the letters that I have found, or others that were published in local newspapers were written for the soldiers, but I will be on the lookout to find such information, as it will influence not only my research, but research into Civil War soldiers.
The newspapers at the time are interesting reading, as they serve as a gateway into the communities during the Civil War. With regard to the camps of instruction in Illinois, many newspapers in Illinois presented readers with pieces on the progress of the soldiers in the camps. In addition, soldier letters were published, which described many happenings in the camps. Outside the camps, the papers presented their readers with articles, both short and long about the progress of the war, particularly in the East. The papers also devoted space to covering the happenings across the state surrounding the war, especially the formation of regiments. All of these pieces in various newspapers combine to present a situation of communities in Illinois, and many other states, being well-informed about the war, if they had access to a local newspaper.
Overall, the newspapers in Illinois seem fair to the soldiers, as they generally presented the men in a positive way. The overall opinion of the paper with regard to the war as a whole is harder to determine, but since I have only examined newspapers from early in the war, it seems that most papers were pro-war, as the Union had been affronted at Ft. Sumter and had yet to suffer the rounds of defeat in the East, or the triumph in the West. It does seem that since most Illinois soldiers were serving in the Western Theater that most papers in Illinois held more of a positive view of the war given the success of the war in the West. The people of Illinois had many newspapers available to them and, depending on literacy rates, had the potential to be very well-informed about the war. Civil War era newspapers are a really great resource and are worth examining to understand the war and its influence on communities large and small. | <urn:uuid:3810871b-4ac5-4e07-a840-d83e7c6a6c80> | {
"date": "2014-09-16T23:29:37",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-41",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657120057.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011200-00138-ip-10-196-40-205.us-west-1.compute.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9850417375564575,
"score": 2.6875,
"token_count": 851,
"url": "http://civilwarhistory.wordpress.com/2007/12/10/newspapers-and-the-war/?like=1&source=post_flair&_wpnonce=9514d1f115"
} |
Timeless Renaissance: Italian Drawings from the Alessandro Maggiori Collection
August 13 – November 6, 2011
Melvin Henderson-Rubio Gallery
The Hallie Ford Museum of Art brings together, for the first time outside of Italy, 75 drawings from the 16th and early 19th centuries collected by Count Alessandro Maggiori (1764-1834) in his villa near Monte San Giusto during the Napoleonic occupation of Italy.
The drawings were only recently rediscovered by the Monte San Giusto townspeople, who did not initially know their significance. Willamette University art history Professor Ricardo De Mambro Santos, with the help of his students, researched the drawings and discovered they were collected by Maggiori, who was attempting to preserve Italian culture by saving some of its Renaissance-style artworks.
Their initial research suggests that the collection served three purposes:
- to display an aesthetically coherent set of Renaissance-oriented artworks
- to offer models for developing artists
- to illustrate exemplary Italian art, culturally and historically related to the Renaissance.
All of the works were clearly influenced by Raphael's 16th-century Renaissance ideals of beauty, which were further developed throughout the 17th century by Bolognese masters such as Annibale Carracci, Guido Reni and Domenichino. The Maggiori collection embraces this Neo-Renaissance, or "Timeless Renaissance.”
Renaissance work was often used to facilitate or reinforce the education of young artists during their initial training process, especially in artistic centers such as Rome and Bologna. By meticulously studying anatomical parts — such as heads, hands and legs — and carefully examining human expressions and bodily motions, young artists were expected to elaborate their own compositions. From this perspective, the Maggiori collection could be read as a portable museum filled with examples that stimulate the development of future generations of artists.
Mostly gathered in the years of the Napoleonic dominion over the Italian peninsula, the drawings selected by Maggiori subtly reveal the emergence of Italian collective identity and a new civic awareness before Italy became an autonomous state. Deeply indebted to the seats of Catholicism in Rome and Bologna, the works represent a tradition opposed to the ideals conveyed by post-revolutionary France. They are distinctly Italian. | <urn:uuid:135cba1d-3c88-407a-b3b8-3b65943d870f> | {
"date": "2017-03-29T13:16:23",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-13",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218190295.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212950-00191-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.965347409248352,
"score": 2.796875,
"token_count": 485,
"url": "http://www.willamette.edu/arts/hfma/exhibitions/library/2011-12/timeless_renaissance.html"
} |
Ulster Covenant: Women's signature role in the fight against Home Rule
As many females declared for the Covenant as it had male signatories. Diane Urquhart examines the largest non-male political force Ireland has ever seen
"No idle sightseers ... but a genuine political force [and] ... a most effective organisation with that of the men."
These were the words which unionist, Roland MacNeill used to describe the Ulster Women’s Unionist Council (UWUC) in 1922. Unionist women were involved in the anti-home rule campaigns from the time of the first Home Rule Bill in 1886. Although unable to express their opposition to home rule by the means of a parliamentary vote, women demonstrated, addressed meetings, disseminated propaganda, fundraised, canvassed and joined bodies like the Belfast branch of the London-based Women’s Liberal Unionist Association. Such involvement, although ancillary, introduced many women to political work for the first time. Unionist women were also petitioning en masse as a way to express a political voice: close to 20,000 signatures, for example, were collected for an anti-home rule petition, conveyed to parliament in a carriage belonging to Theresa, 6th Marchioness of Londonderry, a future UWUC president, in 1893.
Small local women’s unionist associations were active in various parts of Ulster in the early twentieth century, but the inauguration of the UWUC in January 1911 was an important turning point in the history of women’s political activism in Ireland. This body became hugely popular within a relatively short period of time; by the end of 1911 thirty two branches had been formed throughout Ulster with a collective estimated membership of 40,000-50,000. Two years later the press were quoting membership figures of between 115,000-200,000 members. Although a margin of exaggeration is to be expected, the sheer scale of the UWUC’s activities, attendances at their public demonstrations as well as signatories to their petitions reinforce the fact that this was a very sizeable organisation.
Much of the explanation for this popularity lies in the fact that the years of 1911-14 were crisis points in the history of unionism. The Parliament Act of 1911 removed the last constitutional bulwark against home rule by limiting the power of the House of Lords to a two-year veto and thus any future home rule bill could no longer be defeated outright by the Lords. For unionists this soon gained a grim reality when the Government of Ireland bill of 1912 was defeated by the Lords and hence delayed for two years. Furthermore, the fact that the UWUC was led by members of Ulster’s aristocratic elite, such as the organisation’s early presidents, which included Mary Anne, 2nd Duchess of Abercorn (1911-13) and the aforementioned Theresa, Marchioness of Londonderry (1913-19), added respectability to the organisation and likely attracted many members. As was common to many political women in the 19th and early 20th centuries, the leaders of women’s unionism were connected to the movement by familial and marital ties. The UWUC’s second and most influential president, Theresa, 6th Marchioness of Londonderry, was also politically astute and very well connected. The so-called ‘Queen of Toryism’, once likened to ‘a highwaywoman in a tiara’, was a leading political hostess, entertaining royalty and the socio-political élite. She was also an influential patron of the unionist leader, Edward Carson who regarded her as his best friend and of the Tory leader, Andrew Bonar Law. Such connections allowed a local organisation to act on a much wider stage.
Many of the most active members of the UWUC were upper/middle class in social origin and this can be explained by the practicalities of political work. Throughout Britain it was also women from these classes who possessed the time and economic freedom to participate in political life. This was reflected in the UWUC’s ruling body, its Executive Committee, meeting on weekdays and during normal working hours which precluded working women’s involvement. But these upper-class women should not overshadow the importance of unionist women working at a local level.
The role which the UWUC defined for itself was distinct from that of men: they sought to work by means of ‘gentleness, tact and quiet influence’. Like its forerunners, this was an auxiliary organisation, formed to complement, rather than rival, the work of male unionists. The UWUC identified the defeat of home rule as its sole concern and perhaps most strikingly this meant that the question of women’s suffrage would not be discussed. A range of anti-home rule arguments was, however, aired; unionist men and women alike objected to home rule on religious, economic, imperial and constitutional grounds, but the UWUC also developed a gendered argument which focussed on the sanctity of the home and portrayed women’s political activism as an extension of their maternal and protective instincts. This was also a way to make unionism appear relevant to women’s lives as the following from Lurgan Women’s Unionist Association in 1911 highlights: ‘the Union…meant everything to them – their civil and religious liberty, their homes and children…Home was a woman’s first consideration…in the event of Home Rule being granted, the sanctity and happiness of home life in Ulster would be permanently destroyed.’
The Ulster Solemn League and Covenant and Women’s Declaration, signed on ‘Ulster Day’, 28 September 1912, not only emphasise the determination to resist home rule, but also aver to women’s place within unionism. Women were not permitted to sign the covenant by the Ulster Unionist Council and had to negotiate to be allowed to draw up a separate women’s declaration. The wording on that declaration was drafted by Thomas Sinclair and approved by the UWUC’s Advisory Committee. The shorter text of the declaration, in comparison to that of the covenant, noted women’s desire to ‘associate’ themselves ‘with the men of Ulster in their uncompromising opposition to the Home Rule Bill…whereby it is proposed to drive Ulster out of her cherished in the Constitution of the United Kingdom, and to place her under the domination and control of a Parliament in Ireland. Praying that from this calamity God will save Ireland’. Although women were told to make separate arrangements to set up signing stations throughout Ulster, there was undoubtedly more co-operation than this might suggest; many of the agents responsible for collecting the signed declaration forms also collated the covenant. Signatures for the declaration were collected at Belfast City Hall, the Ulster Hall, and various town halls, court houses, unionist clubs, schools, church halls, court houses, temperance, mission and orange halls. Some signed in their own homes and in areas like Ballymena there were house to house collections. Some of the more unusual signing stations included a vacant shop in Carrickfergus and Portrush skating rink; outdoor venues like church grounds were also common. The illiterate made a mark of ‘X’ with their name and address being added by the collection agent.
The signatories to these documents provide one of the best examples not only of the popularity and determination of unionism, but also the comparative strength of women’s unionism: a total of 228,999 women signed the Declaration in Ulster compared to 218,206 male signatories to the Covenant. Belfast saw the highest number of female signatories: over 61,500 women signed the declaration in Belfast, with close to a quarter of those coming from the south of the city. In Down just under 35,000 women signed; in Derry the figure was over 20,000. The number of signatures in Cavan, Monaghan and Donegal was unsurprisingly smaller – 3722 women’s signatures were collected in Cavan, for example. Ulster women resident elsewhere in Ireland signed in even smaller numbers – 768 in Dublin; just 26 in Waterford; 21 in Wicklow and even smaller numbers in Kildare and Kilkenny. Nor did the women’s declaration attract signatures from across the whole country – there appear to be no female signatories in areas like Leitrim, Limerick, Meath, Mayo, Sligo or Westmeath. A British covenant and declaration was also signed by those of Ulster birth in England and Scotland and this attracted more male signatories than female – 19,162 men signed in comparison to 5,055 women. This was possibly a consequence of the lower number of women’s political associations to coordinate the campaign. With the British and Ulster signatories combined, 237,368 men signed, compared to 234, 046 women.
The UWUC is still in existence today; it is therefore a unique survivor from the proliferation of women’s political organisations that were established in early 20th-century Ireland. Although an intrinsically auxiliary and conservative organisation, it is not without significance. The sheer size of the association and the scale of its activities are an effective illustration of the degree of political enthusiasm which many women possessed years before they could vote: the UWUC of the early 20th century remains the largest female political force Ireland has ever seen.
The women’s council made a significant contribution to the strength of popular unionism and its espousal of unionist principles, although having much in common with male unionists, was not a mere imitation. The fact that many women remained members of the UWUC not just over years, but decades, alludes to a deep sense of political responsibility and sometimes fear. They were not seen as the political equals of men; nor did they want to be. Their work was important for unionism, for countering bias against politically active women and for their members, particularly for the many middle-class women who were taken out of the domestic containment of their lives and introduced to politics for the first time. | <urn:uuid:0ef5acc8-6bf4-4229-8ad2-373f8defd6dc> | {
"date": "2015-09-02T14:51:58",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-35",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440645265792.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827031425-00111-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9770727753639221,
"score": 3.09375,
"token_count": 2077,
"url": "http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/opinion/news-analysis/ulster-covenant-womens-signature-role-in-the-fight-against-home-rule-28866873.html"
} |
A technician recently documented the fault codes received when a chiller circuit tripped. A close look at the chiller revealed that the indicated faults did not match up to what was going on with the unit. Diagnostics indicated the chiller had undergone a "phase reversal" and, sometime later, a "compressor motor overload." Also, a "condenser pump variable speed drive fault" warning had been received.
It is highly unlikely that a phase reversal had occurred—this is generally an installation issue. Investigation revealed that both the compressor and the condenser pump drive appeared to be operating normally. While the problem causing these nuisance trips could be a component in the control panel itself, another candidate, often overlooked, was harmonics.
Harmonic currents and the electrical distribution system
Harmonic currents flow in a circuit at multiples of the fundamental 60 hertz (Hz) frequency. For example, current flowing in a circuit at 180 Hz is the third harmonic (60 Hz multiplied by 3). Such currents are not directly indicated on multimeters and are usually not found until unusual control and equipment problems begin to surface. Comparing the current readings from an average-responding meter to that of a good quality true-rms meter on the same circuit will help indicate harmonic issues. The average-responding meter will indicate only the 60 hertz current and the True RMS meter will indicate a combination of 60 hertz and harmonic currents. The production and reflection of these harmonic currents back into the electrical distribution system can cause problems.
Here are some examples of harmonic issues:
- Improper operation of control circuits
- Faulty shutdowns of electronically controlled chillers and air handler units (AHUs)
- Overheating of solenoid coils, requiring replacement
- Overheating of 480 volt transformers supplying 208Y/120 volt HVAC systems
- Overheating of fan and chilled water pump motors
With some basic understanding, today's professional technicians and engineers can isolate harmonic problems to their source and mitigate their effects by either replacing the offending item or installing harmonic filters.
Modern electronic circuits must convert the supplied 60 Hz alternating current (ac) into direct current (dc) since the electronics operate using dc voltage and current. The waveform of the current drawn by these electronic loads reveals that the current waveform does not correspond to the voltage waveform applied. Thus, such electronic loads are referred to as "nonlinear" loads. These nonlinear loads produce the harmonic currents reflected back into the system. Harmonic currents appear across a wide spectrum, but generally diminish as the frequencies get higher and higher. See Figure 1.
While different harmonic frequencies produce their own unique effect in a circuit, when combined they distort the original 60 Hz sine wave. Distorted power at the input to electronic equipment can cause the erroneous trips and alarms sometimes occurring in control circuits. Some harmonic currents produce excessive heat. Other harmonics actually produce a reverse torque in motors - reducing efficiency and overheating motors.
Troubleshooting in any circuit means properly identifying the root cause of the problem and isolating the source. If routine troubleshooting checks in an electrical circuit with nonlinear loads do not reveal the problem, consider looking for harmonics.
To make an initial test for the presence of harmonics, measure with a clamp meter that is capable of indicating total harmonic distortion (THD). THD provides one figure to indicate the total of the harmonics present. THD for voltage should not exceed 5 % and can be easily read on a clamp meter. THD for current will run considerably higher. Excessive THD for voltage means any of the previously mentioned problems can be occurring and corrective action should be taken. To get more detailed information, use a power quality analyzer to further investigate the magnitude and effects of the individual harmonics.
The power quality analyzer measures the level of each harmonic frequency as well as many other issues related to power quality. Power quality analyzers are available for both single-phase and three-phase circuits. They are generally placed on the circuit for a period of time to record disturbances in the line power. Data can later be downloaded to a PC for analysis.
In addition to measuring harmonics, power quality analyzers record other disturbances that can cause malfunction of control circuits. For example, "swells" are increases in voltage above the rated values and can damage equipment. "Dips" are decreases in the applied voltage and will causes spurious shutdowns and false alarms in variable frequency drive (VFD) and programmable logic controller (PLC) circuits.
THD and harmonic levels should be measured at the point of common coupling (PCC). When troubleshooting, the PCC is the point at which the nonlinear loads suspected of causing the problem connect to the remainder of the distribution system. For example, a quick check at the motor control center (MCC) cubicle supplying a VFD will indicate whether the VFD is creating a potential harmonic problem. Look for THD for voltage approaching 5 % and check for the presence and the levels of different harmonic frequencies. See Figure 2. Harmonic output from the VFD will vary as the VFD output varies. It may be necessary to set up the power quality analyzer to record values for a period of time, because ventilation system requirements vary.
What to do when you find excessive harmonics
If you find excessive harmonics, look at each case individually and then make decisions. You can purchase harmonic filters and place them as close as possible to the equipment producing the harmonic currents. It is best to consult the manufacturer of the equipment, or an outside engineering consultant, to find the best harmonic filter for the problem. There is no "one size fits all" when it comes to such filters. You must consider the size of the load and the particular harmonics being generated.
Another alternative is to isolate the problem equipment using an isolation transformer. Relocating either the nonlinear load causing the problem, or the affected circuit to another distribution panel, may help. For example, if the affected controls are supplied from the same panelboard as the nonlinear load causing the problem, moving the control circuit to another panelboard may help alleviate the problem. Harmonic problems tend to diminish moving farther away from the nonlinear load.
Today's HVAC electrical equipment is a combination of three-phase VFDs supplying fan motors, compressors, water pumps, and cooling tower fans. Control circuits contain PLCs and proprietary electronic circuits that maintain temperatures, flow rates, and pressures. See Figure 3. While VFDs are examples of nonlinear loads causing many harmonic problems, other sources of harmonics can range from copy machines in office areas to a neighboring plant on the same electric utility supply line.
The effects of harmonics on HVAC equipment may be nuisance trips on controls or major motor or transformer failures. Initial checks using two clamp meters may easily identify potential harmonic issues. However, the power quality analyzer is the key to measuring, isolating, and correcting harmonic problems. Modern HVAC equipment requires engineers and technicians to understand the cause and effect of harmonics, and how to measure and interpret harmonic values if related problems are to be solved. | <urn:uuid:8bd8c34f-8af3-4725-b596-b8d2d630b4e9> | {
"date": "2020-01-18T03:49:12",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-05",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250591763.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118023429-20200118051429-00256.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9078414440155029,
"score": 2.921875,
"token_count": 1468,
"url": "https://www.fluke.com/en-ie/learn/blog/hvac/harmonics"
} |
Presentation on theme: "Sustainable Development: Towards Healthy Environments, Economic Strength, and Social Justice Keith E. Edwards, Macalester College Kathleen G. Kerr, University."— Presentation transcript:
Sustainable Development: Towards Healthy Environments, Economic Strength, and Social Justice Keith E. Edwards, Macalester College Kathleen G. Kerr, University of Delaware Tools for Social Justice Conference November 13, 2006 Kansas City, MO
Presentation Outline: Overview of Sustainability Social Justice Aspects of Sustainability Individual Leadership Higher Education Leadership Social Justice Education Resources
Sustainable Development Defined: “Meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs” World Commission on Env. and Development. (1987). Our Common Future. England: Oxford University Press. World Commission on Env. and Development. (1987). Our Common Future. England: Oxford University Press.
Strong Economies Social Justice Healthy Environments Sustainable Society Sustainable Development Triple Bottom Line
The United Nations has declared 2005-2014 a Decade of Education for Sustainable Development
Education for a Sustainable Society: “Enables people to develop the knowledge, values and skills to participate in decisions … that will improve the quality of life now without damaging the planet for the future.”
Global Transition: From Fossil powered Take, make, waste Living off nature’s capital Market as master Loss of cultural & biological diversity Independence Materialism as goal To Solar powered Solar powered Cyclical production Cyclical production Living off nature’s income Living off nature’s income Market as servant Market as servant Increased cultural & biological diversity Increased cultural & biological diversity Interdependence Interdependence Human satisfaction goal Human satisfaction goal
Which of these myths do you believe? Sustainability is mostly about the environment. Sustainability is just another issue, like international studies or computer literacy. Sustainability is secondary to the university's core mission and function. Sustainability will almost always cost the university more money. Sustainability is primarily a scientific and technical problem.
Social Justice Aspects of Sustainable Development Environmental RacismEnvironmental Racism Fair TradeFair Trade Living WageLiving Wage Domestic PartnershipsDomestic Partnerships Corporate ResponsibilityCorporate Responsibility Rights of Indigenous PeoplesRights of Indigenous Peoples Gender EquityGender Equity Water RightsWater Rights Human RightsHuman Rights Child Labor IssuesChild Labor Issues Affirmative ActionAffirmative Action Multicultural CompetenceMulticultural Competence Pollution & Farming PracticesPollution & Farming Practices Worker’s RightsWorker’s Rights Sweatshop LaborSweatshop Labor SlaverySlavery
What can I do as an individual? Develop your own critical consciousness Understand your own identities and how it affects your experiences and interactions. Communicate across difference – develop your multicultural competence Recognize privilege and oppression as they exist and function in societies. Commit to actively working for social change towards more just and equitable societies.
What can I do as an individual? Be a responsible consumer Buy locally grown and produced foods Buy organic foods as much as possible Know and do business with entities whose business practice you can support.
Potential is Enormous: 4,096 U.S. Colleges and Universities (1) 14.8 million students (1) $277 billion annual expenditures; 2.8% of the GDP (1) HE expenditures > the GDP of all but 25 countries in the world (2) 1 From: 2001 Digest of Education Statistics, US Dept. of Education. 2 From: 2001 CIA World Fact Book and Dowling, Mike., "Interactive Table of World Nations," available from http://www.mrdowling.com/800nations.html; Internet; updated Friday, June 29, 2001
What if higher education were to take a leadership role, as it did in the space race and the war on cancer, in preparing students and providing the information and knowledge to achieve a just and sustainable society? What would higher education look like?
Embracing Education for Sustainable Development Can: Improve teaching and learning Improve teaching and learning Prepare students for citizenship and career Prepare students for citizenship and career Attract students, faculty and funding Attract students, faculty and funding Save $ and other resources for the institution and society Save $ and other resources for the institution and society Improve the institution’s reputation Improve the institution’s reputation Engender cooperation and satisfaction across the institution Engender cooperation and satisfaction across the institution Help improve town/gown relationships Help improve town/gown relationships Fulfill moral and social responsibility Fulfill moral and social responsibility Improve strategic positioning Improve strategic positioning
Possibilities for Next Steps: Explicitly recognize and include ESD in the next round of mission definition and strategic planning. Encourage your strategic planners, purchasing agent, facilities director, student life coordinators, faculty and students to join the national online learning communities dedicated to education for sustainable development. (go to www.aashe.org and click on Email lists) www.aashe.org Include sustainable development core competencies in the next revision of General Education outcome requirements, first year experience, orientation
Possibilities for Next Steps: Build and renovate facilities using socially and environmentally responsible practices (e.g. LEED and Energy Star) Build and renovate facilities using socially and environmentally responsible practices (e.g. LEED and Energy Star) Purchase socially and environmentally responsible products (e.g. no sweatshop products in the bookstore) (e.g. national initiative from NACS) Purchase socially and environmentally responsible products (e.g. no sweatshop products in the bookstore) (e.g. national initiative from NACS) Infuse sustainability throughout the disciplines via staff development offerings and faculty engagement strategies Infuse sustainability throughout the disciplines via staff development offerings and faculty engagement strategies Develop college-community partnerships for sustainable development and use those partnerships for service learning opportunities for students (e.g. Grand Rapids CC and Middlebury) Develop college-community partnerships for sustainable development and use those partnerships for service learning opportunities for students (e.g. Grand Rapids CC and Middlebury)
Possibilities for Next Steps: Engage in the Campus Climate Challenge to reduce greenhouse gas emissions http://www.campusclimatechallenge.org/ Engage in the Campus Climate Challenge to reduce greenhouse gas emissions http://www.campusclimatechallenge.org/ http://www.campusclimatechallenge.org/ Help to create economic policies that support stronger economies via the building of healthier ecosystems and social systems (e.g. http://www.paconsortium.state.pa.us/ Help to create economic policies that support stronger economies via the building of healthier ecosystems and social systems (e.g. http://www.paconsortium.state.pa.us/ http://www.paconsortium.state.pa.us/ Utilize the media to publicize the positive steps your institution takes to both teach and model sustainable development Utilize the media to publicize the positive steps your institution takes to both teach and model sustainable development Systemically incorporate social justice education on your campus Systemically incorporate social justice education on your campus
Apathy Responsibility Commitment to working towards a more just and equitable society. Students need to know that their daily decisions affect the quality of life of people around the globe Goal:
Social Justice Education –Identify specific learning outcomes for out of class learning opportunities. –Encourage students to explore their identities and communicate across difference. –Examine with students the oppressive systems that have existed and continue to function in society and the harm they do to us all. –Help students develop a libratory consciousness.
Integrating Education for Sustainable Development: Curricula Research Operations Community Outreach and Partnerships Student Life Professional Development Mission and Planning Purchasing
Key Places: Mission Mission Strategic Plan Strategic Plan Budget Budget Orientation Orientation Campus Map and Signage Campus Map and Signage Building Policies Building Policies Operations and Purchasing Policies Operations and Purchasing Policies Student Life Student Life Residential Living Residential Living Infused throughout curricula Infused throughout curricula First Year Experience First Year Experience Gen Ed Core Gen Ed Core Curricula Review Curricula Review Community Partnerships Community Partnerships Workforce Development Workforce Development
ACPA’s Presidential Task Force: Resources - FY Pledge; templates for road shows; ideas for orientation and FYE, etc. Professional development - Webpage, e- learning, publications, monograph, pre- conferences, teleconferences and webcasts Collaboration with other national higher education associations on: –Rating system –Socially and environmentally responsible procurement –President’s pledge on climate change –Higher Education Climate Action Project –Team building on campus at VP and other levels for sustainability Student Learning Outcomes – to guide practice
Student Learning Outcomes ACPA’s Sustainability Taskforce, 2006 1.Each student will be able to define sustainability. 2.Each student will be able to explain how sustainability relates to their lives and their values, and how their actions impact issues of sustainability. 3.Each student will be able to utilize their knowledge of sustainability to change their daily habits and consumer mentality. 4. Each student will be able to explain how systems are interrelated.
Student Learning Outcomes (cont.) ACPA’s Sustainability Taskforce, 2006 5.Each student will learn change agent skills. 6.Each student will learn how to apply concepts of sustainability to their campus and community by engaging in the challenges and solutions of sustainability on their campus. 7.Each student will learn how to apply concepts of sustainability globally by engaging in the challenges and the solutions of sustainability in a world context.
Strategies: Residence hall programs; FYE and orientation programs; campus speaker series; bulletin boards; service and service learning experiences; curricular and co-curricular collaborations (e.g. general education outcome and infusion throughout the disciplines - first year community reading book); town hall forums; study- and service-abroad experiences; film series; speaker series; media festivals; information in campus media outlets; office of multicultural affairs/diversity programming; curricular and capstone projects, one-on-one conversations with student affairs staff members; programs sponsored by campus faith-based organizations and offices; curricular projects; signage on existing energy efficient/renewable energies buildings/ operations; Residence hall, student organization, fraternity and sorority, and intramural/club sports competitions; personal contracts; community (floor) agreements; health & safety checks with resident feedback; campaign by campus transportation units; sweatshop free bookstores and purchasing policies catalyzed by students; development of educational modules on change agent skills to be distributed for use by educators; involvement in campus leadership positions; town hall forums; conference attendance; problem based learning in curricular and co-curricular settings; attendance at meetings where policy is discussed and decided upon: town and gown, city council, county council, Board of Trustees.
Strategies (cont.): Participation in political campaigns; service and service learning experiences; modify the institution’s and student organizations’ practices, mission statements, and constitutions; utilize student governance structures to request compliance with LEED and other sustainability standards; awareness raising campaigns; letter writing campaign and implementation project for sustainable practices in dining services unit on campus; work with campus facilities/grounds units to assess current practices; work with facilities and business office to create more sustainable operations and standards; organization of community recycling and reduced toxins program; environmental impact statements from Residence Hall Governments and campus student governance groups; “Walk Don’t Ride,” “Do It in the Dark” campaigns; collaboration with campus transportation units; Facebook groups; curricular “change” projects; utilize campus media to carry message; career services center programming and,counseling; graduation pledges or FYE pledges (currently Graduation Pledge) that are implemented throughout the undergraduate experience; alumni activities; speaker and film series; service and service learning experiences.
Where Do We Go From Here? Professional Development for campus staff Professional Development for campus staff Upper administration support – memo from all VPs empowering all staff and faculty to help implement sustainability Upper administration support – memo from all VPs empowering all staff and faculty to help implement sustainability Presidential support – Tailloire Declaration, AACC resolution, President’s Campus Climate Initiative Presidential support – Tailloire Declaration, AACC resolution, President’s Campus Climate Initiative Incentive building via budget – use the savings to fund the next projects Incentive building via budget – use the savings to fund the next projects Faculty and Staff - Identifying influencers and asking for help Faculty and Staff - Identifying influencers and asking for help Framing - Connect diversity, global learning, international ed, service learning, economic development, student life and environmental learning constituencies Framing - Connect diversity, global learning, international ed, service learning, economic development, student life and environmental learning constituencies
Professional Development Strategies Internally: focus on Education for Sustainable Development in higher education staff and facultyInternally: focus on Education for Sustainable Development in higher education staff and faculty Externally: reach out to professionals (get on the advisory committees and accreditation committees)Externally: reach out to professionals (get on the advisory committees and accreditation committees) Keep asking, “What are your next steps in making education for and practice of sustainability a major goal of your institution? “Keep asking, “What are your next steps in making education for and practice of sustainability a major goal of your institution? “
Conclusions The U.S. public is not educated enough about sustainability issues and solutions. The U.S. public is not educated enough about sustainability issues and solutions. We need sustainability literacy and engagement for ALL. This is no longer optional for a viable future. We need sustainability literacy and engagement for ALL. This is no longer optional for a viable future. Some exciting developments, too many to report, but much more needs to be done. Some exciting developments, too many to report, but much more needs to be done. We can assist you. Share what you do with ACPA and we will share with others via www.heasc.net We can assist you. Share what you do with ACPA and we will share with others via www.heasc.net www.heasc.net Let our enthusiasm show! Let our enthusiasm show!
Acknowledgement Dr. Debra Rowe [email protected] President U.S. Partnership for Education for Sustainable Development; Co-chair Higher Education Associations Sustainability Consortium; Senior Fellow University Leaders for a Sustainable Future; Professor, Alternate Energies and Behavioral Sciences Oakland Community College.
Keith E. Edwards [email protected] Kathleen Kerr [email protected] ACPA Task Force on Sustainability http://www.myacpa.org/task%2Dforce/sus tainability/ For More Information | <urn:uuid:9d93059f-252a-4fca-a49c-c596a2c6464d> | {
"date": "2018-01-19T02:30:22",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-05",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084887692.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20180119010338-20180119030338-00656.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.888976514339447,
"score": 2.75,
"token_count": 3055,
"url": "http://slideplayer.com/slide/4003304/"
} |
Origin of bombeFr: see bomb
- The definition of bombe is the bulging outwards of something, especially a piece of furniture.
The rounded front panel of a chest of drawers is an example of something bombe.
- Bombe is defined as an ice cream dessert made with layers of ice cream and frozen in a round shape.
An example of a bombe is a round dessert with an outer chocolate ice cream layer and a vanilla center.
Origin of bombéFrench from bombe, bomb (because of the shape)
Origin of bombeFrench ( from its shape ); see bomb .
Origin of bombeFrench from bombe bomb ; see bomb .
Louis XV-style commode
- A console table or bombe chest placed behind a sofa will create another platform for displaying decorative accessories. | <urn:uuid:8e91e5fa-a33f-4012-a7fd-acb0f4c40a11> | {
"date": "2018-09-18T14:03:42",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-39",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267155413.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20180918130631-20180918150631-00056.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.872844398021698,
"score": 2.921875,
"token_count": 170,
"url": "http://www.yourdictionary.com/bombe"
} |
Combating Social Exclusion and Poverty
Direct and indirect discrimination, financial disadvantages and social isolation are the main reasons that persons with intellectual disability and their families are more vulnerable than others to social exclusion. This is a reality in all Member States of the European Union as well as in accession countries. Therefore it is crucial to recognise that the fight against social exclusion and poverty in Europe, namely the EU2020 Strategy, must also focus on disabled people and on their families.
Inclusion Europe wants this fact to be considered and taken into account in all activities against poverty and social exclusion at European, national and local levels. Combating social exclusion is firstly the responsibility of States and their national, regional and local authorities. Civil society and especially NGOs also have an important role to play. The nature of the response to social exclusion and poverty depends particularly on the nature of national social protection systems and social policies.
To underpin these demands, Inclusion Europe has undertaken a study on Poverty and Intellectual Disability in Europe. The results, as well as those of the Global Study “Hear our Voices” undertaken by Inclusion International on the same subject, show clearly the economic disadvantages of people with intellectual disabilities and their families.
More and better inclusive employment opportunities for people with intellectual disabilities can obviously be part of a solution. The members of Inclusion Europe have adopted a Position Paper on this issue that outlines our core demands. Also the annual conference Europe in Action 2012 focuses on this question.
Inclusion and full participation in political and public life are other aspects of the work against social exclusion and poverty. A Position Paper as well as several projects are focusing on these issues. | <urn:uuid:a9539038-ef7a-4bef-b947-6b1c22b1399f> | {
"date": "2018-09-21T13:23:10",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-39",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267157203.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20180921131727-20180921152127-00016.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.952408492565155,
"score": 2.65625,
"token_count": 334,
"url": "http://inclusion-europe.eu/?page_id=172"
} |
Dual (or multiple) citizenship occurs when a person is a citizen of two or more countries.A citizen of Canada will retain Canadian citizenship upon acquiring a second citizenship in another country. In fact, Canadian citizens cannot lose their citizenship unless they voluntarily renounce it via a complicated legal procedure. However, for citizens of many other countries who obtain Canadian citizenship, dual citizenship does not always apply. Some countries will revoke citizenship when a citizen of that country acquires a Canadian passport; other nations may simply not recognize the new citizenship at all.
Some common ways to obtain citizenship are:
- Being born in territory considered to be of that country;
- Having one or more parents who are citizens of that country;
- Having married a person of that citizenship
- Having gone through the legal process of earning citizenship via examination in a previously foreign country;
- Having lived in that country for enough time to qualify for citizenship.
While there are many benefits to dual and multiple citizenship, some disadvantages may occur. In addition to possibly having a previous citizenship revoked, it is also possible to be caught between two countries’ legalities, taxation, compulsory military service, and other seemingly unexpected problems. The laws that apply to each individual depend on which country of citizenship the person resides in at that time. It is crucial to be aware of the rules and regulations regarding dual or multiple citizenship in each country of citizenship.
In many ways, dual citizenship is a proud value for Canada and its citizens. Dual citizenship speaks to Canada’s diversity and comfort with multiculturalism. Many new Canadians opt to keep their previous citizenship in addition to their Canadian citizenship. In most cases, having dual citizenship is positive and beneficial - typical of many families in Canada, whether they are recently arrived or long-established. | <urn:uuid:49a9a0dc-0332-4845-8477-d699b9035f36> | {
"date": "2014-10-01T10:31:26",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-41",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1412037663417.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20140930004103-00270-ip-10-234-18-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9649842977523804,
"score": 2.984375,
"token_count": 359,
"url": "http://www.canadavisa.com/dual-citizenship-canada.html"
} |
Kepler mission finds three new exoplanets that may be able to support life
We’ve all grown pretty attached to Earth over the past several millennia, but there’s no harm in looking around for other prospective planets in case ours is swallowed by the Sun or split in half by errant asteroids.
NASA’s Kepler mission has been doing exactly that. According to NASA, astronomers have found three planets within two separate systems that reside within the habitable zone, which NASA describes as "the range of distance from a star where the surface temperature of an orbiting planet might be suitable for liquid water.” NASA considers these three planets to be "super-Earths", and are between 40 percent and 70 percent larger than our planet.
The first system, Kepler-62, contains five planets, two of which could potentially sustain water; the other system, Kepler-69, contains just one. There is not much else NASA astronomers about the makeup of the planets—only their distance from the older, cooler star they orbit. If anything, it helps bolster the hypothesis that Earth-like planets are fairly common. This latest finding follows the discovery of a tiny exoplanet back earlier this year.
The Kepler mission has been decades in the making, and while active, scientists have found nearly 3000 exoplanet candidates that might be habitable, 122 of which have since been confirmed as planets.
As we search for more planets that may be capable of harboring life, each discovery is more significant than the last. Who knows? Maybe someday, finding another "Earth" might not be science fiction after all. | <urn:uuid:660ff506-0e7d-4b12-8663-2f22ba9c84c7> | {
"date": "2014-07-22T23:38:44",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-23",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1405997869778.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20140722025749-00192-ip-10-33-131-23.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9469394087791443,
"score": 3.46875,
"token_count": 328,
"url": "http://www.techhive.com/article/2035743/kepler-mission-finds-three-new-exoplanets-that-may-be-able-to-support-life.html"
} |
Trump administration repeals waterway protections
September 113, 2019
The rule granted federal pollution protections for streams and wetlands.
The EPA and the Army claim that the “2015 rule … impermissibly expanded the definition of ‘waters of the United States.’” They explained that the repeal would allow the agency to correct this by “recodify[ing] the longstanding and familiar regulatory text that previously existed.”
The agencies also claim that the Clean Water Rule inadequately recognized states’ rights “to manage their own land and water resources.” The two organizations see the reversion back to previous standards as necessary clarification to determine “where federal jurisdiction begins and ends in accordance with the Clean Water Act and Supreme Court precedent.”
By limiting the scope of waters covered by the Clean Water Act and reverting to pre-2015 regulations, the EPA and the Army are now able to implement a new definition that delineates “between federally regulated waterways and those waters that rightfully remain solely under state authority.”
Practically, this means that bodies of water including streams and wetlands, which are not traditional “navigable waters” or “seas,” will no longer be subject to federal protections.
In removing this rule, greater regulatory leeway will be granted to those with significant economic interest in land development, such as farmers and building developers. Critics argue that the consequence of this repeal is the potential contamination of drinking water sources for some 117 million Americans.
Federal appeals court upholds Clean Air Act ‘good neighbor’ standards
September 16, 2019
The US Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit ruled Friday that a stricter air quality rule imposed by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in 2016 is constitutional under its authority established by the Clean Air Act.
The Clean Air Act includes a Good Neighbor provision to address problems of upwind states’ pollution impairing downwind states’ air quality. This provision prohibits states from “emitting any air pollutant in amounts” that will “contribute significantly to non-attainment” or “interfere with maintenance” of air quality in other states, the ruling explains. This provision was upheld by the Supreme Court in 2014.
The EPA updated the rule in 2016 to tighten standards. Several coal companies and seven states sued the EPA over the changes, arguing the rules unlawfully overregulate upwind emissions sources.
The federal appeals court rejected what it called “a smörgåsbord of arguments” by the companies and states, addressed in its 60-page opinion, finding that the rule properly implements the EPA’s obligations as outlined in the Clean Air Act. In fact, the court, in addition, held that one portion of the Cross-State Air Pollution Rule, the deadlines component, is not strict enough to meet Clean Air Act standards.
Supreme Court allows enforcement of asylum policy
September 12, 2019
The US Supreme Court on Wednesday allowed enforcement of a policy that would deny asylum to Central American migrants who pass through another country en route to the US and fail to make a claim for protection there.
US District Court Judge Jon Tigar blocked the new rule in July by issuing a nationwide injunction. The Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals subsequently scaled back the order so that it only pertained to Ninth Circuit states which includes California and Arizona.
In response to Judge Tigar’s recent attempt to return his order to its original scope, the Trump Administration requested that the Ninth Circuit temporarily stay the injunctions.
The Supreme Court’s decision to grant the stay on the injunctions authorizes the Trump administration to proceed with nationwide implementation of the policy even though it is still being challenged in the lower courts.
The five justices who voted in favor of the stay were not announced, but Justice Sonia Sotomayor, joined by Justice Ginsburg, dissented, writing:
In sum, granting a stay pending appeal should be an “extraordinary” act. Unfortunately, it appears the Government has treated this exceptional mechanism as a new normal. Historically, the Government has made this kind of request rarely, now it does so reflexively. Not long ago, the Court resisted the shortcut the Government now invites. I regret that my colleague shave not exercised the same restraint here.
The Supreme Court’s order will terminate if the high court declines to hear the case.
EPA allowed to delay power plant waste regulations
August 29, 2019
The US Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit on Wednesday rejected environmental groups’ challenge against the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for delaying the implementation of new rules relating to power plant waste streams.
Through notice-and-comment rulemaking, the EPA revised compliance dates through a two-year delay from a 2015 promulgated rule. According to the court, the EPA changed only the earliest compliance dates, which had the potential to “impose needless compliance costs” and engaged in targeted rulemaking following a notice and comment period. The court affirmed that the EPA had the statutory authority to postpone and provided a sufficient basis for its decision.
The court “conclud[ed] that the EPA had statutory authority to pass this tailored rule, the agency explained its decisions adequately, its decision was reasonable, and it was thus neither arbitrary nor capricious.”
Guatemala high court blocks agreement to have migrants apply for asylum there rather than in US
July 16, 2019
The Guatemala Constitutional Court granted an injunction Sunday to stop the country’s President, Jimmy Morales, from entering into a proposal with the US that would require migrants from El Salvador and Honduras to apply for asylum in Guatemala instead of in the US.
Morales canceled a trip to Washington, DC, earlier Sunday to let the court rule on the injunction.
The agreement is not popular in Guatemala—the two candidates in the upcoming runoff presidential election and the Catholic Church have both opposed the plan. A lawyer arguing for the injunction stated that the plan is criticized because “Guatemala utterly lacks the institutions able to offer migrants the minimal conditions with respect to human rights.”
Additionally, proponents of the injunction argue that the president does not have the power to sign the agreement. The country’s Constitution, in Article 171, determined that any treaties or international agreements need to be approved by Congress.
Refugee rights groups file lawsuit against new asylum rule
July 17, 2019
The American Civil Liberties Union and Southern Poverty Law Center filed a lawsuit Tuesday on behalf of refugee resettlement organizations and civil rights centers in California against Attorney General William Barr and Acting Secretary of Homeland Security Kevin K. McAleenan arguing that a new rule barring non-citizens who transit through another country on their way to the US from seeking asylum violates the Administrative Procedure Act(APA) and the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA).
The new rule was immediately issued—both created and set to go into effect on Tuesday—which the suit argues is a violation of the required procedural steps of the APA.
The complaint also cites the INA as its basis for relief—specifically, where it declares that a non-citizen is ineligible for asylum in the US only if she “was firmly resettled in another country prior to arriving in the United States.”
“As part of our nation’s commitment to the protection of people fleeing persecution and consistent with our international obligations, it is longstanding federal law that merely transiting through a third country is not a basis to categorically deny asylum to refugees who arrive at our shores,” the complaint states.
Supreme Court holds tribe’s hunting rights per treaty still valid
May 20, 2019
The US Supreme Court held Monday in Herrera v. Wyoming that hunting rights provided to a western American Indian tribe, the Crow Tribe, via federal treaty did not expire when Wyoming became a state. It also determined that the term “unoccupied” in the same federal treaty that granted hunting access was still valid and that the Bighorn National Forest did not become categorically “occupied” when the forest was created.
Justice Sonia Sotomayor wrote for the majority in the 5-4 opinion that Congress did not intend to end the right when it established Wyoming as a state. In addition, simply creating a national forest did not meet the “occupation” requirement of the treaty, but rather reserved the lands from such.
“The Federal Government’s exercise of control and withdrawing of the forest lands from settlement would not categorically transform the territory into an area resided on or settled by non-Indians; quite the opposite.”
The court did not touch on a decision by the state trial court that Wyoming could regulate the exercise of the 1868 Treaty right “in the interest of conservation.” | <urn:uuid:8fdb153b-b665-42bf-912f-30b00f653c7a> | {
"date": "2019-09-20T00:06:57",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-39",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514573759.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20190919224954-20190920010954-00256.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9435215592384338,
"score": 2.8125,
"token_count": 1822,
"url": "https://derechoglobalizado.wordpress.com/tag/usa/"
} |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.