text
stringlengths 198
630k
| id
stringlengths 47
47
| metadata
dict |
|---|---|---|
Brown's gas is the name given to a stoichiometric mixture of oxygen and hydrogen gas (oxyhydrogen), produced by the common-ducted electrolysis of water, as used in machines designed by Bulgarian-born Yull Brown. These machines supply the gas to a type of water torch, used for welding, brazing, and cutting.
It is sometimes claimed by others to have special properties that defy the laws of physics.
In standard oxy-hydrogen welding (using separate tanks for each gas), the ratio of each gas in the mixture must be very carefully controlled before burning, as excess oxygen will result in oxidation of the metal, and excess hydrogen will result in hydrogen embrittlement.
Since Brown's gas is generated directly from water in a closed container, it is already in the perfect mixture required for this type of welding. Brown's welding devices use water electrolysis in a common chamber to generate a stoichiometric mixture of hydrogen and oxygen, which is then passed through a flash-back arrestor and into a burner, where it is ignited to create a flame.
This oxyhydrogen flame is also more convenient than fuels like acetylene due to the generation of gas on demand, instead of buying and transporting containers of fuel. Brown's gas generators only require a source of water and electrical energy. While acetylene burns at 2670 °C, which is hotter than a hydrogen-air flame (2400 °C), the oxyhydrogen flame theoretically burns at a hotter 3100 °C (according to Brown's patents).
Atomic welding Edit
Brown also describes "atomic welding" in his patents, in which an electric arc is passed through the mixture of gas before burning, so that the gas molecules break into atomic oxygen and hydrogen, using the electrical energy to produce a hotter flame when the atoms recombine ("218,000 cal. per gram mole").
Usual oxy-hydrogen welding apparatus keeps the gases in separate tanks, due to the danger of explosion if the mixture is ignited inside a container. Brown includes a number of safety devices, however, such as porous plugs that allow gas through but not the heat of a flame, and claims that his welding device is safe. The current is varied so that gas is only generated as it is needed.
Waste disposal Edit
According to a lecture by former New York State assemblyman Dan Haley, a demonstration showed that vitrification of nuclear waste actually reduces the overall radioactivity, even when the resulting glass is smashed into powder. Haley mentions nuclear transmutation and encapsulation as possible causes of this effect. The U.S. Department of Energy also viewed the demonstration, but three months later rejected the technique.
Anomalous effects Edit
Many other dubious claims about the gas are made by proponents, such as a "self-adjusting" temperature, in which the flame becomes hotter when directed at tougher materials, but becomes cool when touched briefly by a finger. This has been attributed to misinterpretations of infrared thermometer readings and the flame not emitting enough energy to burn the finger in such a short duration of time.
Brown's gas is claimed to be fundamentally different from oxyhydrogen because it implodes when ignited, rather than exploding. South Korean Hung-Kuk Oh of Ajou University, for instance, claims that the implosion effect cannot be explained by modern physics, and proposes that the effect is caused by a "strong gravitational cavity" from "crystallizing π-bonding of hydrogen". Don Lancaster points out that the effect can be explained simply by the rapid condensation of the resulting steam on the container's walls.
See also Edit
- HHO gas
- Oxyhydrogen flame
- Water torch, which also uses a mixture of oxygen and hydrogen made by electrolysis, kept in separate chambers.
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Template:US patent reference
- ↑ Template:US patent reference
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Don Lancaster (1998-02). "Investigating Brown's gas, a tiny TV generator, and more". Electronics Now 69 (2): pp. 22. Archived from the original on 2013-03-06. https://archive.is/lQsXh.
- ↑ Vitrification of Municipal Solid Waste Incinerator Fly Ash Using Brown's Gas. http://pubs.acs.org/cgi-bin/article.cgi/enfuem/2005/19/i01/html/ef049953z.html. Retrieved 2007-04-05.
- ↑ Dan Haley (speaker). (c. 1992) (Google Video). Information on Nuclear Waste Storage and Disposal. [Videotape]. Colorado Springs. http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=411405755714495752. Retrieved 2007-06-09.
- ↑ Michrowski, A. (1996-09-13). "Advanced transmutation processes and their application for the decontamination of radioactive nuclear wastes". Proceedings of the Second International Low Energy Nuclear Reactions Conference. College Station, Texas: Texas A&M University. http://pacenet.homestead.com/Transmutation.html. Retrieved 2007-06-09.
- ↑ Rodgers, Will, Clearwater man puts technology to work., Tampa Tribune. Retrieved 6 June 2007. (highlight)
- ↑ Oh, Hung-Kuk (1999-10-15). "Some comments on implosion and Brown gas". Journal of Materials Processing Technology 95 (1-3): 8-9. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6TGJ-3XMGSNN-2&_user=10&_coverDate=10%2F15%2F1999&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=cbe4c4bc53b7c4e3b8ccbd763513913e. | <urn:uuid:43244ffe-5602-4ad4-a6da-c3e11c4f2ba9> | {
"date": "2017-08-23T02:33:25",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-34",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886117519.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20170823020201-20170823040201-00016.warc.gz",
"int_score": 4,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8803380131721497,
"score": 3.734375,
"token_count": 1278,
"url": "http://annex.wikia.com/wiki/Brown%27s_gas"
} |
Meet Peter Wohllenben, the German forest ranger and scientist who wants us to know what’s happening all around us, beneath our feet and over miles of unseen connections between trees.
The Hidden Life of Trees: What They Feel, How They Communicate – Discoveries From a Secret World by Peter Wohlleben is creating quite a stir around the world as readers explore and learn about the interactivity and relationships between trees. Wohllenben, a German forester, talks about the remarkable ways trees talk and care for each other using an electrically-alive fungal root network sometimes called the “Wood Wide Web.”
Chapters like: Forest Etiquette, Tree School and United We Stand, Divided We Fall, provide a whole new perspective on the interconnectedness of living things. With a flurry of news stories and great “word of mouth,” The Hidden Life of Trees is leaping up bestseller lists across Europe and the US. Generally, we, as people, have been more inclined to recognize kinship with animals than with plants. We can view behaviors and interpret reactions as similar to our feelings of love, playfulness and mourning. Wohllenben seeks to persuade us that trees, too, are social beings, in constant communications with one another, caring for their sick and raising their young. Tress speak through scents and through electrical signals and chemical compounds shared through their vast network of roots that twine, unseen, with fungal networks below ground.
Intrigued? Hear about some of the research demonstrating communication and active support of each other by trees at this link. | <urn:uuid:fa52eac8-d101-445e-b594-9b600a09e139> | {
"date": "2017-10-23T22:46:24",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-43",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187826840.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20171023221059-20171024001059-00156.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9423648118972778,
"score": 2.65625,
"token_count": 335,
"url": "https://www.madison-library.info/magic-around-us-the-hidden-life-of-trees/"
} |
Haiti has been plagued with the highest prevalence of HIV infection in the Western Hemisphere. While it has declined significantly – from nearly 10 percent of those screened a decade ago to 3.7 percent as of 2012 – AIDS-related deaths have taken a toll on the Caribbean nation’s children. Roughly 100,000 of those age 17 and younger are orphans of the disease, according to the most recent count provided to UNICEF.
Some 12,000 of Haiti’s youngsters are infected, with many contracting the disease from their mothers, the United Nations' program UNAIDS reports. Two children are born with HIV every day through mother-to-child transmission.
Fear and misunderstanding worsens the disease’s impact, as Venise Louis knows.
A slender, pretty 21-year-old, Venise was 11 when her mother died of what she later learned was an AIDS-related illness. The girl was left orphaned and living with an aunt in Port-au-Prince.
Venise remembers that, as a child, she was weak and often sick. Her aunt usually treated her ailments at home. But when she became gravely ill, Venise was taken to Gheskio Centers, an HIV/AIDS-focused health institution, where she tested positive for HIV infection.
Venise, then 14, found no comfort at home.
“My aunt’s boyfriend told her to separate everything I used: silverware, glasses, soap,” Venise recalls. “I slept in a separate part of the house, and I couldn’t play with the other kids.”
Her aunt would not allow her to attend school, fearing she could infect another child if she had a cut or scrape.
“They told me that if I did not do what they say, they will kick me out of the house and I will be in the streets, like a prostitute, sleeping with men,” Venise says of her aunt and the boyfriend. “And they will not accept me back.”
Needed medical care
She begged her aunt to take her for medical treatment.
“I used to cry a lot every day,” Venise says. “My aunt told me the only way I am going to get treatment is under the earth when I am dead.”
She moved in with another aunt, who sporadically took her for treatment at a hospital. There, a nurse referred her to a psychologist, and Venise disclosed the mistreatment at home. The psychologist suggested placing her at a home run by Caring for Haitian Orphans With AIDS Inc., a nonprofit charity.
Venise arrived at the orphanage in 2009 physically underdeveloped, bone-thin and weak. She was shy, withdrawn and cried a lot.
“I did not feel good at all. I did not feel like a normal person,” she recalls. “And by the way my aunt treated me, I thought life wasn't meant to be good for me.”
‘Focus on living’
That changed at CHOAIDS, whose “entire existence is working against stigma,” Marie Denis-Luque, the organization’s founder, says in an email to VOA. “We deal with stigma by ... making life as normal for the kids as possible.
“For instance, we do not have a sign to identify the type of work we do at the house. We do not focus so much on disease. Rather, we focus on living.”
All 19 children at the orphanage attend regular schools, Denis-Luque says. Venise, who’s finishing the fourth grade, “has learned to read and is very dedicated to her education.”
When she’s not studying, Venise helps with household chores, including preparing meals for the entire household when the cook is off duty. She’s learning to crochet and bake.
Denis-Luque says CHOAIDS also educates the young residents about HIV, the importance of taking their antiretroviral medications, “and what happens if they do not take them, and we prepare them for the future.”
The children receive their antiretroviral pills twice a day.
“When she started getting regular treatment, she started to gain weight,” the orphanage’s director, Frantz Herold, says of Venise. “She started to get better physically and mentally.”
She also got treatment for tuberculosis, Denis-Luque says. HIV is the strongest risk factor for developing TB, according to UNAIDS. TB, an opportunistic disease, can impair lung function and waste the body.
An uncomfortable reunion
At VOA’s request, Venise’s aunts agreed to visit her at the orphanage. One of them, Genese, denies any mistreatment of the girl: “If somebody told you that, it is not true. Especially when she was sick, we never abused her.”
Venise remembers things differently: “If they say they did not do that, then they are lying, because they did.”
Her aunts want to put the past behind them, but Venise still harbors too much pain and anguish to forget.
“When I become older, I will let them know what they did to me was wrong,” she says. “For now, I want to finish school, learn a trade and never go back to live with my family again.”
Someday, Venise says, she hopes to work at the orphanage to help other young people living with HIV.
VOA's Carol Guensburg contributed to this report.
Venise Louis, at far right, joins in watching cartoons at a Haitian orphanage for HIV-positive children. | <urn:uuid:3d82fbba-3bf1-45b3-9a28-21146f05f6a3> | {
"date": "2015-07-31T13:29:24",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-32",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042988305.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002308-00336-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9751484990119934,
"score": 2.59375,
"token_count": 1231,
"url": "http://www.voanews.com/content/shunned-by-family-haitian-orphan-finds-supportive-home/1960674.html"
} |
Zenger’s fight for a free press, one that can be critical of the government without fear of retribution, is an important event in American history. The results of the Zenger trial have implications that are as applicable in modern society as they were in 1735. Freedom of the press is one of the United States’ founding principles, and it allowed the American Revolution to take place. Galt firmly believes in the cause of Zenger and stresses that this is a freedom that should not and cannot be taken for granted. The book argues that the fight for a free press was a hard one, won only through the hard work and labor of people such as Zenger. One of the book’s main values is that it easily explains this important issue.
Galt’s sympathies are with Zenger and those people who believed that the press should be free and that the people should have the right to know what their leaders and government are doing. Characters can be placed into one of two categories—heroes or villains. Zenger and his lawyers and backers are the heroes of the book and the fight for a free press, while Cosby, Bradford, and others are clearly the villains. The side of the hero is adequately explored, but the motivations of Cosby, Bradford, and the others remain a mystery, although Bradford is shown in a slightly more sympathetic light than some of the other figures. Galt obviously respects and applauds the stand taken by Zenger and his colleagues and despises the actions of Cosby and his conspirators.
The book gives much coverage to the trial and to the...
(The entire section is 636 words.) | <urn:uuid:24d3165e-b67d-4f09-961c-d39f2b644f1e> | {
"date": "2015-07-28T20:02:01",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-32",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042982502.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002302-00312-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9696343541145325,
"score": 3.28125,
"token_count": 336,
"url": "http://www.enotes.com/topics/peter-zenger"
} |
Introduction to the Business Spotlight series
Karen Richardson introduces a series of lesson plans based on articles from Business Spotlight, a bi-monthly magazine for teachers and learners of English for business. This article provides an overview of the series, as well as hints and tips on how best to exploit it.
This series of lesson plans based on articles from Business Spotlight can be used in a business English class with pre-service / in-service students, in one-to-one teaching situations or to focus on a particular topic, business skill or area of business-related language. Each lesson plan provides you with material for approximately 90 minutes’ teaching. The extension tasks will enable you to extend the lesson for up to a further 90 minutes.
At the centre of each lesson plan is an original article which is simultaneously published in the current issue of Business Spotlight. There are two lesson plans per issue of the magazine. As the original articles are already graded by language level (easy, medium, difficult), it has not been necessary to adapt or simplify them further for the classroom. The lesson plans and the accompanying articles will alternate between the different levels.
There will be one lesson plan per month on onestopenglish; two per current issue of Business Spotlight magazine, covering a range of language areas. Each lesson plan consists of complete, downloadable, step-by-step teacher's notes and downloadable, photocopiable worksheets for students.
How can I use the lesson plans?
The Business Spotlight lesson plans are designed to be as flexible as possible, so they can be adapted for different kinds of classes and teaching styles. For simplicity of use, and to provide structure for both the teacher and the students, each lesson plan follows the following basic framework:
- The teacher's notes begin with an overview and introduction to the article and the topic it covers.
- The students' worksheets begin with a warmer task which acts as lead-in to the concept covered in the worksheet. The task will allow the teacher to judge how much pre-knowledge the students have of the topic and language area covered in the lesson plan and the article.
- A pre-reading task to encourage the students to find certain information from the article and to whet their appetite for reading the article in detail.
- The article from Business Spotlight plus any additional information boxes or tables.
- Language and comprehension tasks to deepen the students' understanding of the lexical fields, grammar and language structures found in the articles and to deliver a summary of the contents or message of the article.
- Writing tasks and/or business simulations which give the students a chance to personalize the language, drawing on what they have learnt to make sentences about themselves, people they know, their place of work, etc, and to simulate tasks they may well need to carry out in their life outside the classroom. The classroom situation provides a 'safe', and therefore valuable environment where students can prepare and practice tasks they may have to perform in English at their place of work or during their working day.
- Extension tasks and ideas can be found at the end of the teacher's notes. If you notice that the topic of the article is a necessary requirement for the students to be able to function in their working life, or simply if the topic is particularly interesting and has motivated the students, you may want to go into slightly more depth. The extension tasks and ideas are designed to help you to do so.
- Each lesson plan will contain a specialized vocabulary record sheet. Here students should be encouraged to record all the new and useful vocabulary they have learnt from the lesson plan, not only in the form presented in the article but also in related forms.
Support for teachers
In addition to the step-by-step teaching notes, overview and introduction, each set of teacher's notes will provide hints and tips on one or more different teaching and learning strategies, for example, ‘What is 'skim-reading' and how can you teach and encourage your students to perform this task in class?’
A key to each exercise can also be found in the teaching notes. | <urn:uuid:b0045ef1-2462-46aa-8ff3-30fa95ed429d> | {
"date": "2015-07-04T03:18:17",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-27",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375096301.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031816-00176-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9427315592765808,
"score": 2.859375,
"token_count": 838,
"url": "http://www.onestopenglish.com/business/business-spotlight/introduction-to-business-spotlight/"
} |
Day old chicks used in memory experiments
Humane Research Australia has condemned a recent experiment using day-old chicks as yet another tragic example of the unethical, cruel and pointless research carried out at Australian universities.
The experiment conducted by researchers at LaTrobe University and published in 2012 used 1,160 one-day-old chicks to study the effects of Memantine – a medication for Alzheimer’s Disease – on their memories.
Chicks will innately peck at beads as food, researchers coat a certain different coloured bead in a bitter tasting substance, and after showing disgust when it pecks this bead, the chick will avoid pecking further beads of the same colour. This is called a one-trial passive-avoidance learning task.
In this experiment, the chicks were then injected with differing doses of Memantine to see what effect it would have on their ability at the one-trial passive-avoidance learning task mentioned above.
Humane Research Australia
Humane Research Australia condemns these tests as “Human clinical trials have already shown Memantine to improve cognition in Alzheimers Disease (AD) as well as vascular dementia, and it has already been approved for the treatment of AD in Europe and the United States. In some studies, various doses of memantine have been shown to have either no effect or to impair memory of rats and chicks. Other studies have shown it to improve memory functioning. Considering these factors, Humane Research Australia is asking if the researchers believe that data obtained from the brains of day old chicks can be extrapolated to the more advanced human brain? Why could this testing not have been observed in human patients using non-invasive imaging techniques?
Supporting Humane Research Australia
Phoenix Rising For Children (PRFC) is an accredited out-of-home or foster care provider based in Sydney, N.S.W, Australia. PRFC was founded in 2001 to provide quality foster care to children and young people across Sydney, including contemporary, quality, family-based foster care and effective and specialist support services to children and young people and their families. PRFC operates ethically, effectively and empathically with a view to achieving quality outcomes and a satisfying working environment, and as such we support such organisations as Humane Research Australia as they encompass similar ideals.
Have you considered fostering a young one? PRFC undertakes regular planning and evaluation and has a focus on personal development and training. If you would like to become a foster carer and join our team providing effective and meaningful care to children and young people, please contact us!
We also provide family contact services, and these specialize in contact supervision for children in out of home care with their parents and other significant family members.
We can be reached at [email protected]
Learn more about our foster care agency in NSW at www.phoenixrising.org.au
How you can help
You can help HRA make their case by writing in support of HRA’s views, and asking that they no longer fund unscientific animal-based experiments:
Australian Research Council
GPO Box 2702 | <urn:uuid:018669e2-4f22-483f-8c18-6dd258ece74e> | {
"date": "2018-01-18T20:05:04",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-05",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084887600.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20180118190921-20180118210921-00056.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9503182768821716,
"score": 2.828125,
"token_count": 634,
"url": "https://phoenixrisingforchildren.wordpress.com/2014/01/07/day-old-chicks-used-in-memory-experiments/"
} |
The Vishnu Purana, translated by Horace Hayman Wilson, , at sacred-texts.com
8. The Agni Puráńa
8. Agni Puráńa. "That Puráńa which describes the occurrences of the Íśána Kalpa, and was related by Agni to Vaśisht́ha, is called the Ágneya: it consists of sixteen thousand stanzas 58." The Agni or Agneya Puráńa derives its name from its having being communicated originally by Agni, the deity of fire, to the Muni Vaśisht́ha, for the purpose of instructing him in the twofold knowledge of Brahma 59. By him it was taught to Vyása, who imparted it to Súta; and the latter is represented as repeating it to the Rising at Naimishárańya. Its contents are variously specified as sixteen thousand, fifteen thousand, or fourteen thousand
stanzas. The two copies which were employed by me contain about fifteen thousand ślokas. There are two in the Company's library, which do not extend beyond twelve thousand verses; but they are in many other respects different from mine: one of them was written at Agra, in the reign of Akbar, in A. D. 1589.
The Agni Puráńa, in the form in which it has been obtained in Bengal and at Benares, presents a striking contrast to the Márkańd́eya. It may be doubted if a single line of it is original. A very great proportion of it may be traced to other sources; and a more careful collation --if the task was worth the time it would require--would probably discover the remainder.
The early chapters of this Puráńa 60 describe the Avatáras; and in those of Ráma and Krishńa avowedly follow the Rámáyańa and Mahábhárata. A considerable portion is then appropriated to instructions for the performance of religious ceremonies; many of winch belong to the Tántrika ritual, and are apparently transcribed from the principal authorities of that system. Some belong to mystical forms of Śaiva worship, little known in Hindustan, though perhaps still practised in the south. One of these is the Díkshá, or initiation of a novice; by which, with numerous ceremonies and invocations, in which the mysterious monosyllables of the Tantras are constantly repeated, the disciple is transformed into a living personation of Śiva, and receives in that capacity the homage of his Guru. Interspersed with these, are chapters descriptive of the earth and of the universe, which are the same as those of the Vishńu Puráńa; and Máhátmyas or legends of holy places, particularly of Gaya. Chapters on the duties of kings, and on the art of war, then occur, which have the appearance of being extracted from some older work, as is undoubtedly the chapter on judicature, which follows them, and which is the same as the text of the Mitákshara. Subsequent to these, we have an account of the distribution and arrangement of the Vedas and Puráńas, which is little else than an abridgment of the
[paragraph continues] Vishńu: and in a chapter on gifts we have a description of the Puráńas, which is precisely the same, and in the same situation, as the similar subject in the Matsya Puráńa. The genealogical chapters are meagre lists, differing in a few respects from those commonly received, as hereafter noticed, but unaccompanied by any particulars, such as those recorded or invented in the Márkańd́eya. The next subject is medicine, compiled avowedly, but injudiciously, from the Sauśruta. A series of chapters on the mystic worship of Śiva and Deví follows; and the work winds up with treatises on rhetoric, prosody, and grammar, according to the Sutras of Pingala and Pánini.
The cyclopædical character of the Agni Puráńa, as it is now described, excludes it from any legitimate claims to be regarded as a Puráńa, and proves that its origin cannot be very remote. It is subsequent to the Itihásas; to the chief works on grammar, rhetoric, and medicine; and to the introduction of the Tántrika worship of Deví. When this latter took place is yet far from determined, but there is every probability that it dates long after the beginning of our era. The materials of the Agni, Puráńa are, however, no doubt of some antiquity. The medicine of Suśruta is considerably older than the ninth century; and the grammar of Pánini probably precedes Christianity. The chapters on archery and arms, and on regal administration, are also distinguished by an entirely Hindu character, and must have been written long anterior to the Mohammedan invasion. So far the Agni Puráńa is valuable, as embodying and preserving relics of antiquity, although compiled at a more' recent date.
Col. Wilford 61 has made great use of a list of kings derived from an appendix to the Agni Puráńa, which professes to be the sixty-third or last section. As he observes, it is seldom found annexed to the Puráńa. I have never met with it, and doubt its ever having formed any part of the original compilation. It would appear from Col. Wilford's remarks, that this list notices Mohammed as the institutor of an era; but his account of this is not very distinct. He mentions explicitly, however, that the list speaks of Sáliváhana and Vikramáditya; and this is quite
sufficient to establish its character. The compilers of the Puráńas were not such bunglers as to bring within their chronology so well known a personage as Vikramáditya. There are in all parts of India various compilations ascribed to the Puráńas, which never formed any portion of their contents, and which, although offering sometimes useful local information, and valuable as preserving popular traditions, are not in justice to be confounded with the Puráńas, so as to cause them to be charged with even more serious errors and anachronisms than those of which they are guilty.
The two copies of this work in the library of the East India Company appropriate the first half to a description of the ordinary and occasional observances of the Hindus, interspersed with a few legends: the latter half treats exclusively of the history of Mina.
Click to view
xxxvi:59 See .
xxxvii:60 Analysis of the Agni Puráńa: Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, March 1832. I have there stated incorrectly that the Agni is a Vaishńava Puráńa: it is one of the Támasa or Śaiva class, as mentioned above.
xxxviii:61 Essay on Vikramáditya and Sáliváhana: As. Res. vol. IX. p. 131. | <urn:uuid:9796f57a-44e4-4e4a-be9a-bef07d39a4a3> | {
"date": "2014-10-24T15:36:46",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-42",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1414119646209.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20141024030046-00271-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9558882713317871,
"score": 2.515625,
"token_count": 1580,
"url": "http://sacred-texts.com/hin/vp/vp012.htm"
} |
People get squeamish and just jump out of fright if you mention the word snake or point out a snake to them.Most of us are not aware that snakes are usually more terrified of humans! and snakes get aggressive thinking we humans are going to hurt them. So much miscommunication going on here.
Here at Tropical Spice Garden, we have a unique friendship with our Wagler’s Pit vipers. We adore them for being such elegant creatures. Whenever we spot them, we go ooh and ahhh and some of our colleagues even name them! We treasure their presence as they are such beautiful creatures and they are quite rare to spot ! Pit Vipers are pretty clever when it comes to camouflaging. At times we may walk past the viper many times not knowing it is all curled up and snug on a tree branch.
The Wagler’s pit viper, Tropidolaemus Wagleri belongs to the family Crotalidae. It is named after 19th century German Naturalist Wagler. Pit vipers are an arboreal species that live in trees in the region of South East Asia.They prefer a climate that is humid and has high rainfall. These beautiful creatures can grow as long as 4 feet, thats pretty much the height of a 9 year old boy! They are called pit vipers because it has pits just behind its nostrils which are special organs that can sense heat and locate warm blooded animals. This is an important adaption as vipers are nocturnal and only hunts at night. They are lethargic animals during the day and are able to withstand weeks of scarcity by lying still for weeks. Survival of pit vipers also depend on adequate hydration. Pit vipers usually feed on rodents,lizards and birds and pit vipers are usually prey to King Cobras.
Pit viper babies are viviparous where the babies are born live. The eggs hatch inside the mother’s body which also serves as an increased chance of survival instead of the eggs hatching on the ground. The number of eggs born range from 6-50 eggs per time. Pit vipers are able to look out for themselves the moment they are born. Like newborn babies, they look cute but beware! Their fangs are already loaded with venom. They have a pair of hollow fangs that lie up against their roof mouth that shoot out when it strikes. The venom of a pit viper attacks red blood cells and their ability to carry oxygen as opposed to attacking the nervous system. They are highly territorial, so please do stay out of their striking range!
There is something very special about female vipers. They evolve through 4 phases in their lifespan each time evolving into such beautiful skin colours. The 4 phases are the Malaysian phase, Sulawesi phase, Kalimantan phase and lastly the Philippine phase. The male viper however has a consistent skin colour of a green and black border.
The Malaysian Phase sees the young female having a black background with yellow bars.She then moves on to the Sulawesi Phase where she has a lime -green background with blue bars, a white strip across her back and a cream and blue belly and a blue stripe from nostril to the eye. After much transformation, the female viper enters the Kalimantan phase where she has a yellow background and bright blue bars. Finally, the Philippine phase the female viper resorts to her original colour when she was young, she has a green background with yellow bars.
Vipers are also seen as holy representatives of the deity Chor Soo Kong. Temple Vipers got their name as they reside in the Temple of Azure Cloud also known as the 150 year old Snake temple in Penang, Malaysia. Large numbers are kept on plants, statues and around the temple. It is thought that snakes bring good luck where some people welcome and keep vipers in their home.
Pit vipers.. beautiful creatures yet dangerous, we somehow coexist in harmony at Tropical Spice Garden with a unique friendship. Come visit the gardens and have fun spotting our slithering friend! | <urn:uuid:6f47c1fa-79a5-4591-ac04-aecbc89a30de> | {
"date": "2015-04-18T15:08:09",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-18",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246635547.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045715-00172-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9653608798980713,
"score": 2.546875,
"token_count": 840,
"url": "http://tropicalspicegarden.com/2012/10/our-slithering-friend-the-waglers-pit-viper/"
} |
George Washington Carver
Shampoo from peanuts? Ink from sweet potatoes? With imagination and scientific skill, George Washington Carver developed hundreds of unexpected products from everyday plants.
Although he is best known for his work on a common legume (the peanut), this exhibition reveals he was an exceptionally uncommon man: outstanding scholar, innovative scientist, pioneering conservationist, and impassioned educator.
The exhibition is organized by The Field Museum in collaboration with Tuskegee University and the National Park Service. It is sponsored in Chicago by Motorola Foundation and Sara Lee Foundation.
Approximately 4,500 ft2 (418 m2)
One-way, inbound, paid by host venue
- George Washington Carver Fact Sheet
- George Washington Carver Tour Schedule
- George Washington Carver Exhibition Brief
- George Washington Carver Exhibition Website | <urn:uuid:de042fb6-5f94-4195-8788-e3314f545841> | {
"date": "2014-08-01T14:26:15",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-23",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510274987.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011754-00432-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9024249911308289,
"score": 2.796875,
"token_count": 170,
"url": "http://www.fieldmuseum.org/about/traveling-exhibitions/george-washington-carver"
} |
Organic or not organic?
[youtube id="ALQODgU40Y4"] Information is being thrown around in conversations about organic food. One friend says conventional is toxic, another says come on the government looks out for us, while there are some that say who even cares. Here is what we do know. What the FDA says is true. If a food bears a USDA Organic label, it means it's produced and processed according to the USDA standards and that at least 95 percent of the food's ingredients are organically produced. The seal is voluntary, but many organic producers use it. Products that are completely organic — such as fruits, vegetables, eggs or other single-ingredient foods — are labeled 100 percent organic and can carry a small USDA seal. Foods that have more than one ingredient, such as breakfast cereal, can use the USDA organic seal or the following wording on their package labels, depending on the number of organic ingredients: • 100 percent organic. Products that are completely organic or made of all organic ingredients.Click Here! • Organic. Products that are at least 95 percent organic. • Made with organic ingredients. These are products that contain at least 70 percent organic ingredients. The organic seal can't be used on these packages. • Foods containing less than 70 percent organic ingredients can't use the organic seal or the word "organic" on their product label. They can include the organic items in their ingredient list, however. • You may see other terms on food labels, such as "all-natural," "free-range" or "hormone-free." These descriptions may be important to you, but don't confuse them with the term "organic." Only those foods that are grown and processed according to USDA organic standards can be labeled organic. Only you can choose for yourself what type's of food to eat. | <urn:uuid:56c0d18f-db31-47b4-9861-7daa86708e70> | {
"date": "2017-12-13T14:46:16",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-51",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948527279.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20171213143307-20171213163307-00656.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9622930884361267,
"score": 3.078125,
"token_count": 374,
"url": "http://greenguidetips.com/food/organics/"
} |
Here’s a really fascinating circuit that implements a combination lock using relays and logic gates. Even with the schematic and written explanation of how it works we’re still left somewhat in the dark. We’ll either pull out some paper and do it by hand this weekend, or build it chunk by chunk in a simulator like Atanua. Either way, the project sparked our interest enough that we want to get elbow deep into its inner workings.
From the description we know that it uses a combination of CD4017, CD4030, CD4072, and CD4081 chips. You’re probably familiar with the 4017 which is a decade counter popular in a lot of project. The other chips provide XOR, OR, and AND gates respectively. The relays were chosen for two purposes. One of them activates when a correct combination has been entered, effectively serving as the output for the combo lock. The other two are for activating the clock and affecting a reset if the wrong combination is entered.
It makes us wonder if this would be incredibly simple to brute force the combination by listening for sound of the reset relay activating? It’s hard to tell from the video after the break if you can discern a wrong digit from a right once just based on sound. | <urn:uuid:0626edc1-f655-4590-9fa8-1ac2d645344d> | {
"date": "2017-10-19T14:57:26",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-43",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187823309.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20171019141046-20171019161046-00456.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9380115866661072,
"score": 2.984375,
"token_count": 265,
"url": "https://hackaday.com/tag/cd4081/"
} |
Editor’s Note: On Nov. 27, the first Sunday of Advent, the new English translation of the Roman Missal will be implemented in all Catholic parishes in the United States. Here we present part 4 of a five-part series about the new translation–and the reasons behind it. You can read part 3 here. Part 5 will appear next Thursday.
Catechesis, Catechesis, Catechesis
Widespread failure to correctly understand and implement the liturgical reforms of the Second Vatican Council has produced a decades-long liturgical crisis in the Catholic Church, leaving the true aims of the Council fathers largely unrealized to date. However, during this dark and turbulent period for the Church, scattered glimmers of light have reflected the Council’s true vision for liturgical renewal. Two of these have been the Adoremus Society and Ignatius Press, both founded by Father Joseph Fessio, a Jesuit priest who studied for the priesthood under Cardinal Ratzinger in the 1970s. A close friend of our current pontiff, Father Fessio is deeply familiar with his traditional Catholic vision of the liturgy, and has conveyed that vision for many years in publications such as the Adoremus Bulletin, the Adoremus Hymnal and numerous books by Ratzinger, especially The Spirit of the Liturgy. These materials have helped familiarize American Catholics with the true spirit of Vatican II regarding the liturgy.
Another bright glimmer of light in the darkness of the post-Vatican II era has been the daily celebration of Mass in the tiny chapel of Our Lady of the Angels Monastery founded by Mother Angelica in Irondale, Alabama. Here, as in few other places in America, the celebration of the Novus Ordo liturgy has consistently followed the terms of Sacrosanctum concilium: certain parts of the Mass are always said or sung in Latin; Gregorian chant is a mainstay of the liturgical music; and missals are available to help people follow along with the Latin parts of the Ordinary. Different priests vary in their use of Latin and English in the liturgy, offering a good example of the flexibility that Cardinal Arinze referred to. Like the Benedictine monasteries of the European Dark Ages, Our Lady of the Angels has helped preserve the rich liturgical tradition of the Latin Rite and the true spirit of Vatican II through difficult times for the Church in the United States. Not only has it done that, but through daily broadcast of the Mass on the Eternal Word Television Network (EWTN), it has communicated that tradition and that spirit to millions of Catholics across the United States, providing invaluable catechesis and promoting liturgical renewal in fidelity to the Second Vatican Council.
The implementation of the Missale Romanum, Third Edition, presents an excellent opportunity to correct the widespread misperceptions regarding the liturgical reforms of Vatican II. However, this educational opportunity must be seized and taken proper advantage of, not allowed to slide by. Pope Benedict underlined the importance of this in his April 2010 address to members of Vox Clara when he stated that “the opportunity for catechesis that it [the new Roman Missal] presents will need to be firmly grasped.”
Education is the key to understanding. Without proper catechesis, English-speaking Catholics of the Latin Rite will not correctly understand the reasons for the changes or appreciate the new translation. This catechesis should currently be going on in parishes across the United States to prepare parish staff and musicians for the new Roman Missal. However, the author is concerned that not enough is being done at the parish level to prepare the average Catholic in the pew for the changes in the Mass text. The extent of catechesis he has seen in his parish so far has been a brief mention in the bulletin of an invitation to a meeting being held at a neighboring parish to discuss the upcoming changes in the Roman Missal. This approach is simply not going to cut it for the millions of American Catholic laypeople who make up the lion’s share of the Church in the United States. These people shouldn’t have to go out of their way to learn about the new Roman Missal that will soon be taking effect. The catechesis should be brought to them on a platter when they come to church on Sunday. It should be served by the priest from the pulpit, on color inserts in the bulletin, in flyers in the pews, in the parish newsletter, and in pamphlets in the back of the church that people can take home with them. Catechesis about the new Mass translation must take the form of an all-out informational campaign based on the premise that all Catholics must be informed and prepared; otherwise, it will be ineffective, and the vast majority of Catholics in the United States will be unprepared for November 27, 2011.
All the same, there are many things that lay Catholics can and should do to educate themselves about the liturgical changes. The United States Conference of Catholic Bishops has a special section of its website devoted to the new Roman Missal that gives basic information and includes, under “Sample Texts,” the full new text of the Order of Mass as well as side-by-side comparisons of the old and new Mass text for the people and the priests. Every Catholic with access to the Internet should take advantage of these resources and print them out for closer study and review in preparation for implementation. In addition, Catholics who lack knowledge of Latin should start getting familiar with it. Two excellent resources for this purpose are the Adoremus Hymnal, which includes the Order of Mass in Latin and English side by side, and Jubilate Deo, both available from Ignatius Press and through the EWTN Religious Catalogue. Every Catholic of the Latin Rite should at least know the Gloria, the Credo, the Sanctus, the Pater Noster, and the Agnus Dei in Latin. For a better understanding of what the Mass is, Pope Benedict XVI’s little book The Spirit of the Liturgy offers a brilliant presentation of the theology of Catholic worship and the 2,000-year history of the Church’s liturgy. And finally, Catholics who have not yet done so should pore over Sacrosanctum concilium to soak up the true spirit of Vatican II and clarify their understanding of the Council’s liturgical reforms.
Yet even with proper catechesis, some Catholics will still object that changing the words of the liturgy now after forty years is a recipe for pastoral disaster, as it will cause people to leave the Church. This objection stems from all the misperceptions of the Second Vatican Council recounted in this article. Ironically, it is being made by those who are themselves predisposed to leave the Church because they disapprove of the changes. If some Catholics can’t live with the changes, that is their problem. For its own good, the Church must remain faithful to the true spirit of Vatican II, even if that means alienating some people. When the Vatican approved the new Roman Missal translation in July 2010, Cardinal Francis George, then president of the USCCB, admitted that some people will not like it but that in the end, “it will be the text the Church uses for prayer.” The implementation of the new Roman Missal will be a litmus test of fidelity to the Church. It will separate the wheat from the chaff—true, faithful members of Christ’s Mystical Body from parasites who hitch onto it for their own comfort and convenience. This pruning process will render the Church slightly leaner but stronger and healthier, in line with Pope Benedict XVI’s vision for the “new springtime” of the Church originally predicted by John Paul II. | <urn:uuid:a1f0241a-230f-423d-b585-0d30456ef999> | {
"date": "2017-02-27T18:13:58",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-09",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501173405.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104613-00332-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9462321400642395,
"score": 2.515625,
"token_count": 1619,
"url": "http://catholicexchange.com/missal-3-0-part-4"
} |
East India is located by the east coast of India, near the Bay of Bengal, including the states of West Bengal, Bihar, Jharkhand and Orrisa. Eastern India also comprise of the easternmost states of India; Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim and Tripura. One of the most important rivers that flow through this region is the mighty Brahmaputra, which originates in Tibet and eventually empties itself into the Bay of Bengal. East India has been the ruling ground for many ancient empires such as the Maurya, Sunga, Kalinga and Pala Empires. On the other hand the states to the extreme east of India have a strong ethnic culture that escaped Sanskritization, and have a predominance of Tibeto- Burman language.
Orissa is known for its cities of Bhubaneshwar (also the capital of Orissa); known for its intricately carved sacred temples. This city was also the capital of the Kalinga Empire during the rule of King Asoka. The city of Konark in Orissa is known for its renowned Sun Temple that is more than 700 years old. This magnificent temple has been recognised as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO and hosts an annual Konark Festival, which features Indian classical dancers from across the country, performing in front of this elaborate temple. Puri, on the other hand is known for its beaches, temples and caves.
The state of Bihar, often underrated as a tourist destination, surprisingly has a lot to offer. Cities like Patna (the state capital) has a lot to offer tourists, like the Kumraha Excavations, Qila House, Khuda Baksh Oriental Library, Har Mandir, Golghar, Sanjay Gandhi Botanical Park and Patna House. Back in the 5th century, Nalanda was a very famous university. It is believed that Lord Buddha and Lord Mahavir (the founder of Jainism) visited this centre of learning. Bodhgaya in Bihar is the birthplace of Buddhism, it is believed that here seated under a tree, Prince Siddhartha Gautama, attained awakening and came to be known as Buddha. This place is frequented by many Buddhist and non-Buddhist to get to know more about Buddha and Buddhism. Many monks from Dharamsala also make their way down to Bodhgaya and it is believed that the Dalai Lama spends a few months of the year in here. Rajgir is another popular tourist destination in Bihar and is known to be a place of pilgrimage; it is believed that Lord Mahavir lived in this town for 14 years. Rajgir is known for its hot water springs and the Rajgir dance festival. Vaishali is famous for being home to two important religions, Buddhism and Jainism. Ranchi the state capital of the newly formed state of Jharkhand is famous for its many beautiful waterfalls.
Arunchal Pradesh with its capital of Itanagar is the easternmost state of India and is also known as "The Land of the Rising Sun". Some popular tourist attractions here are the Jawaharlal Nehru Memorial Museum, the Ganga Lake, the Indira Gandhi Park and the Ita Fort and Buddhist Monasteries. The state of Assam is known for its cities of Dispur (the state capital) and Guwahati, known for their tea gardens, the Kaziranga National Park (famous for the one horned Rhino) and many beautiful Hindu temples. Sikkim is known for its capital and largest city on the state, Gangtok, famous for its beautiful hills and mouth watering cuisine. The other north-eastern states like Manipur, Mizoram, Meghalaya and Tripura are known for their beautiful hilly terrain, their tribal population and tribal arts and crafts.
Cuisine of East India
Rice is the staple food grain in East India. States like West Bengal and Orissa consume a lot of fish whereas the Eastern most states prefer beef and pork.
West Bengal Cuisine
Bengali cuisine is known for its emphasis on fish and lentils served with rice, the staple food grain. Some popular Bengali dishes are Bhapa Illish, Roshogulla and Misti Doi.
Food in Orissa relies heavily on local ingredients, and popular local dishes are Fish Orly, Khirmohan and Rasabali.
Food from Bihar is primarily vegetarian and some mouth watering dishes from Bihar are Sattu Parantha, Tilkut, Khaja and Khubi ka Lai.
Food from this region is known to have a tribal influence due to the many tribes that inhabit this area, some popular dishes are, Thekua, Pua, Pittha and Marua ka Roti.
Aruanchal Pradesh Cuisine
The staple food of Arunachal Pradesh is rice, fish, meat and lots of green vegetables. Some popular foods from here are, boiled rice cakes and Apong (a local brewed beer).
This food is characterized by the use of lots of spices like ginger and garlic and not much oil. Common dishes from this area are Masor Tenga and Pitha.
Manipuri cuisine consists of rice, fish and green leafy vegetables, like Iromba, Kabok and Chakkoubba.
Rice, maize and fish are the staple foods of people from this region. Some popular dishes from Meghalaya are Jadoh, Kyat (local beer) and Bitchi.
Rice and pork are the staple foods of Mizoram and some popular dishes are Sawchair and Zu (a special tea).
Nagaland is known for its exotic meats but its simple and flavourful ingredients. Some popular Naga foods are Momos, rice beer and cherry wine.
Rice and vegetables form the staple of Sikkim food and some popular dishes are Momos, Thukpa, Gungruk and Seal Roti.
Rice and meat are the staple foods of this region and some popular delicacies of Tripura are Chakwi, Mwkhwi and Muitru.
Last Updated on : 07/10/2013
|India Zonal Map| | <urn:uuid:96451571-805b-4aff-a511-c2a65286a9e0> | {
"date": "2014-07-31T21:40:30",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-23",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510273676.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011753-00408-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9603411555290222,
"score": 2.90625,
"token_count": 1305,
"url": "http://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/east/east.htm"
} |
By: Barbara Printer Friendly Format
One of the most powerful features of JSP is that a JSP page can access, create, and modify data objects on the server. You can then make these objects visible to JSP pages. When an object is created, it defines or defaults to a given scope. The container creates some of these objects, and the JSP designer creates others.
The scope of an object describes how widely it's available and who has access to it. For example, if an object is defined to have page scope, then it's available only for the duration of the current request on that page before being destroyed by the container. In this case, only the current page has access to this data, and no one else can read it. At the other end of the scale, if an object has application scope, then any page may use the data because it lasts for the duration of the application, which means until the container is switched off.
Objects with page scope are accessible only within the page in which they're created. The data is valid only during the processing of the current response; once the response is sent back to the browser, the data is no longer valid. If the request is forwarded to another page or the browser makes another request as a result of a redirect, the data is also lost.
//Example of JSP Page Scope
<jsp:useBean id="employee" class="EmployeeBean" scope="page" />
Objects with request scope are accessible from pages processing the same request in which they were created. Once the container has processed the request, the data is released. Even if the request is forwarded to another page, the data is still available though not if a redirect is required.
//Example of JSP Request Scope
<jsp:useBean id="employee" class="EmployeeBean" scope="request" />
Objects with session scope are accessible from pages processing requests that are in the same session as the one in which they were created. A session is the time users spend using the application, which ends when they close their browser, when they go to another Web site, or when the application designer wants (after a logout, for instance). So, for example, when users log in, their username could be stored in the session and displayed on every page they access. This data lasts until they leave the Web site or log out.
//Example of JSP Session Scope
<jsp:useBean id="employee" class="EmployeeBean" scope="session" />
Objects with application scope are accessible from JSP pages that reside in the same application. This creates a global object that's available to all pages.
Application scope uses a single namespace, which means all your pages should be careful not to duplicate the names of application scope objects or change the values when they're likely to be read by another page (this is called thread safety). Application scope variables are typically created and populated when an application starts and then used as read-only for the rest of the application.
//Example of JSP Application Scope
<jsp:useBean id="employee" class="EmployeeBean" scope="application" />
Most Viewed Articles (in JSP )
Latest Articles (in JSP)
Comment on this tutorial
- Data Science
- Cloud Computing
- Java Beans
- Mac OS X
- Office 365
- Tech Reviews
Subscribe to Tutorials
1. Precise information in the article, however it wou
View Tutorial By: Ketan at 2009-06-23 05:07:39
2. please give Example program so that i can have cle
View Tutorial By: mairaj at 2009-08-10 00:43:31
3. very useful article. every jsp resource will get g
View Tutorial By: pechirani at 2011-06-29 04:00:49
4. Excellent information in simple language. Its wort
View Tutorial By: Rishi at 2011-11-04 05:03:24
5. Excellent information reg the scopes of jsp , plea
View Tutorial By: venkateshwarreddy suravaram at 2012-01-09 08:34:23
6. This is very much useful to me to complete my assi
View Tutorial By: Eva Jhonson at 2012-09-30 16:44:08
16. the session was good.could have been more better t
View Tutorial By: minny at 2017-09-09 09:21:25 | <urn:uuid:f3e121ca-06f6-4d75-b92a-f1be0063c329> | {
"date": "2019-12-12T18:28:43",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-51",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540545146.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20191212181310-20191212205310-00096.warc.gz",
"int_score": 4,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8912103772163391,
"score": 3.59375,
"token_count": 958,
"url": "https://java-samples.com/showtutorial.php?tutorialid=1009"
} |
Botanical Name: Citrus aurantium
Edible Part: Flesh and juice of fruit. Peel used in small quantities as flavoring.
Health Benefits of Oranges:
- One orange supplies nearly 100 percent of the recommended daily dietary intake of vitamin C.
- Drinking orange juice regularly can help cure addiction to alcoholic drinks.
- Oranges when consumed in large quantities (about 3 medium-size a day) can help decrease the outpouring of mucus secretions from the nose.
- Oranges may help prevent or retard tumor growth.
- Oranges is not only rich in vitamin C, but is also a good source of calcium. A medium size orange gives you as much calcium as an ounce of Brie cheese and with fewer calories.
- Oranges can help protect sperm from genetic damage that may cause birth defect. Oranges when consumed regularly can help retard the development of hardening of the arteries.
- Oranges can help stimulate the digestive juices, relieving constipation.
- Orange juice can help prevent kidney stone. Drinking orange juice daily can significantly drop the risk of formation of calcium oxalate stones in the kidney.
Nutrient Content of Oranges: Per 100 gm.
- Vitamin A: 190 I.U.
- Vitamin B: thiamine .08 mg.; Riboflavin .3 mg.; Niacin . 2 mg.
- Vitamin C: 49 mg.
- Calcium: 33 mg.
- Iron: .4 mg.
- Phosphorus: 23 mg.
- Potassium: 300 mg.
- Fat: .2 gm.
- Carbohydrates: 11.2 gm.
- Protein: .9 gm
- Calories: .45 gm.
Health Benefits of Orange Peel:
- Orange peel is an appetite-stimulant.
- Orange-peel tea is good for digestive disorders and gastric juice deficiency.
- Orange peel is good for skin tone, it can help lighten and tighten your skin. Just put boiling water on the orange peels and let it remain there for the whole day. Place the liquid in a spray bottle and spray it to your face and body after bath.
- Rubbing fresh orange peel on your skin can repel mosquitoes.
Varieties of Oranges: There are different varieties of oranges; sweet, bitter and sour. You need to know the variety you’re buying. The sweet variety is usually more fragrant and ideal for making fruit juices.
- Valencia orange is the most common variety in the USA, it is used for eating and juicing.
- Hamlin orange is seedless and pulpy; they are used mainly for juicing.
- Jaffa orange is slightly sweeter than Valencia. They are imported from Israel.
- Maltese, or blood oranges are sweet, deep red orange in color, they originate from Italy.
- Navel orange is sweet and seedless and is the second most common type in the USA.
- Seville orange is sour, they are used mostly for marmalades.
- Temple oranges are very sweet, juicy, and full of seeds, and are a cross between tangerines and oranges.
Note: When eating orange, don’t remove the albedo (the white matter under the peel), because it contains the highest amount of valuable bioflavonoids and other anti-cancer agents.
Caution: Sweet oranges and their juice are considered safe for consumption. However, bitter orange contains synephrine (or oxedrine), a stimulant drug, similar to ephedrine, that is extracted from the peel and used to encourage fat loss. Consumption should not be abused as synephrine may also increase blood pressure.
“This post was originally published on January 8, 2012 @22:57” | <urn:uuid:25df32a8-0dc9-4da6-bfd4-0667f877d5c6> | {
"date": "2017-04-23T05:26:14",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-17",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917118477.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031158-00409-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8751444220542908,
"score": 2.59375,
"token_count": 799,
"url": "http://healthandbeautypages.com/health-benefits-of-orange/"
} |
Making candy at home reads like a simple job: boil water and sugar, basically. But in practice, it's a lot of time standing over a stove. Food science maestro Harold McGee suggests your microwave makes homemade gifts and sweet snacks much easier.
McGee explains why boiling sugar and water together requires constant attention and stirring, so as not to scorch or bubble over. Use a microwave instead, and you only need to jump in every few minutes to scrape down sides and stir:
The microwave oven is much better suited to the task. Nearly all the microwave energy goes directly into the water molecules, and evenly, from all directions at the same time. It heats the syrup very quickly, and there's no chance that one part will be hotter than its boiling point and scorch.
Included with the article are recipes for microwave nut brittle, pralines, and that C.S. Lewis favorite, Turkish delight. While you're in the mood to make gifts or supplement your personal stash, try our recent findings of icicle candy, cotton candy, and gummi candy. | <urn:uuid:dc6e111e-a16b-4bc3-b15c-bcb603b25a11> | {
"date": "2015-06-03T04:26:04",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-22",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1433195036618.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20150601214356-00098-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9356831312179565,
"score": 2.578125,
"token_count": 221,
"url": "http://lifehacker.com/5715957/make-candy-in-your-microwave?tag=gift-ideas"
} |
Click any word in a definition or example to find the entry for that word
an event which is extremely rare and unexpected but has very significant consequences
'September 11, 2001 is a classic example of a Black Swan. It was only a failure of imagination by most Americans (including myself) to never have contemplated beforehand the possibility of such a dreadful day.'Christian Science Monitor 22nd November 2012
'His story is now one that many people want to hear; how he and his crew averted disaster when one of the A380 Airbus engines blew up in flight, something he describes as a Black Swan Event.'ABC, Australia 30th November 2012
Question: what do the rise of the Internet and the 2008 global financial crisis have in common? Answer: they are both considered to be black swans. Before anyone starts scratching their head and wondering why on earth either of these two things has anything to do with ornithology, then it might help if I explain that black swan is an expression now used to refer to any kind of unexpected but highly significant event.
one of the chief contexts in which the term black swan currently occurs is financial, especially in reference to the global economic turmoil of recent years
The phrase black swan is a metaphor describing an event which is unanticipated (perhaps because it seemed impossible or because no-one had considered it before), but which has very far-reaching consequences. The term occurs as a countable noun and is also often used as a modifying adjective which usually appears in the expression black-swan event.
Black-swan events are characterized by three main criteria: first, they are surprising, falling outside the realm of usual expectation; second, they have a major effect (sometimes even of historical significance); and third, with the benefit of hindsight they are often rationalized as something that could have been foreseen had the facts been examined carefully enough.
The terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon on September 11th 2001 are often pinpointed as a classic example of a black swan. The attacks seemed unthinkable at that time, had far-reaching consequences which continue to be witnessed today (e.g. 'preventative' military offensives from Western governments) and in hindsight could have perhaps been predicted in the context of changes in terrorist tactics.
One of the chief contexts in which the term black swan currently occurs is financial, especially in reference to the global economic turmoil of recent years. Financial analysts have also extended the metaphor to talk about grey swans, events which are possible or known-about, and are potentially extremely significant, but which are considered by some to be unlikely. Among a group of recently identified grey swans in the financial domain is the so-called fiscal cliff, a cocktail of tax increases and spending cuts which could be disastrous for the US economy.
Contemporary use of the expression black swan in reference to an unexpected but influential event is attributed to former market trader Nassim Nicholas Taleb, who first introduced it in his 2001 book Fooled by Randomness – The Hidden Role of Chance in Life and in the Markets. Taleb argued that the stock market was unpredictable and could be influenced by rare events or black swans, a controversial view which turned out to have some substance in the light of the economic crisis that followed. The expression later gained further popularity after Taleb went on to use it in the title of his 2008 book The Black Swan: The Impact of the Highly Improbable.
So, why black swan? The analogy is drawn from the discovery of black swans in Western Australia by Dutch explorer Willem de Vlamingh in the 17th century. At the time, Europeans had believed that all swans were white, so finding a black variety was a completely unexpected event which had never been experienced before. By extension then, a black swan is used to describe any phenomenon which occurs even though people think it impossible.
The current use of black swan seems likely to have been inspired by an archaic use dating back several hundred years, which was simply to refer to 'a person or thing which is extremely rare'.
Read last week's BuzzWord. E-read.
This article was first published on 12th March 2013. | <urn:uuid:adfbc8ea-686f-497e-8d37-fc8e1fd327f8> | {
"date": "2014-09-01T07:39:07",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-35",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1409535917463.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20140901014517-00412-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9780905246734619,
"score": 2.875,
"token_count": 861,
"url": "http://www.macmillandictionary.com/us/buzzword/entries/black-swan.html"
} |
Learn something new every day More Info... by email
A microwave motion detector is a device that uses Doppler radar to detect and measure the movement of an object. For most people, the two most familiar forms of this mechanism are used in a home security system and in traffic law enforcement. Another familiar application is the use of a microwave motion detector to operate lighting devices upon a person entering or leaving an area.
The microwave motion detector typically is a single unit device that emits a pulse of microwave energy and then detects its reflection. Calculating the time required for the reflection and the change in frequency, it determines the distance, direction, and speed of the object being observed. Direction and speed are computed based on the Doppler effect. Most experience the Doppler effect when hearing a train or other vehicle approaching them; the sound seems to move higher in pitch as the object approaches and lower as it moves away.
In security applications, the microwave motion detector is usually paired with an infrared motion detector. This is to reduce the possibility of false alarms. The microwave motion detector may detect movement of an inanimate object behind a wall or door, such as a windblown tree limb, for example. If the infrared sensor also detects body heat, the likelihood that the object being detected is an intruder is increased, and the security system can execute the required function.
In traffic control and law enforcement, the radar gun is the most familiar type of microwave motion detector. Permanently fixed detectors have the capacity to monitor speed and direction of vehicles and can be used to trigger cameras; traffic signals; or other control devices, such as gates. Some vehicles employ a car motion detector for collision avoidance in addition to providing anti-theft features.
Manufacturing or industrial applications make use of motion sensors as a type of control in production and packaging operations. Sensors can alert operators of a change in assembly speed or the staging of the finished product. Automated material handling devices also employ sensors in computer-controlled warehousing.
A microwave motion detector also is often employed in larger commercial buildings as a tool in energy management. Turning on lights when a person enters a room and then turning them off after a period of time if the person leaves or stops moving has proven to be quite effective in reducing operation costs. Sensors can also serve in a security fashion — not as theft prevention devices, but as protection from slips and falls due to poor lighting conditions.
Used alone, microwave motion detectors have some drawbacks. They are capable of detecting movement behind non-metallic objects, raising the incidence of false alarms. They may also be fooled by slow lateral movement relative to the sensor. Another shortfall is power consumption; they are typically programmed to signal at intervals to reduce power use, and this could allow an intruder to avoid detection.
One of our editors will review your suggestion and make changes if warranted. Note that depending on the number of suggestions we receive, this can take anywhere from a few hours to a few days. Thank you for helping to improve wiseGEEK! | <urn:uuid:95f8bf8c-0fac-4df9-ad85-640f8740d115> | {
"date": "2013-12-07T10:55:31",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2013-48",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386163054000/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204131734-00002-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9395772814750671,
"score": 3.40625,
"token_count": 615,
"url": "http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-microwave-motion-detector.htm"
} |
Photo: Galapagos tortoise
A pre-historic tortoise that lived in the Brazilian Amazon is the most likely ancestor of the tortoises that live in Ecuador’s Galapagos archipelago today, paleontologists said.
The pre-historic chelonoidis, the largest member of its genus discovered in the world, was reconstructed by paleontologists at Brazil’s Universidad Federal de Acre, or UFAC, using fossils found in the Amazon in 1995 and not analyzed until now.
“We invested nearly two years of work to reconstruct the animal like it was originally, despite the fact that we had the complete lower part of the carapace and nearly 60 percent of the upper part of the carapace,” zoologist Edson Guilherme, the UFAC researcher who coordinated the project, told Efe.
The researchers constructed a tortoise made of stone, plaster and foam.
The pre-historic tortoises lived in the Amazon about 8 million years ago and were similar to those inhabiting the Pacific islands off Ecuador today.
Giant chelonoidis fossils were found in other countries in South America, but none were as large as the ones discovered in Acre, a state in Brazil’s extreme west that borders Bolivia, Guilherme said.
A preliminary analysis indicates that the animal was a member of the genus chelonoidis that lived in the Miocene period, the scientist said.
“A very similar species exists that has already been described in Argentina, but we do not know if ours is of the same species or of another. Anatomical studies are still needed to identify its species,” Guilherme said.
The tortoise found in Acre was twice the size of today’s Galapagos tortoises, the zoologist said.
The Galapagos Islands are located about 1,000 kilometers (600 miles) west of the coast of continental Ecuador and were declared a World Natural Heritage Site in 1978.
Some 95 percent of the territory’s 8,000 sq. kilometers (a little over 3,000 sq. miles) constitutes a protected area that is home to more than 50 species of animals and birds found nowhere else on the planet.
The islands were made famous by 19th-century British naturalist Charles Darwin, whose observations of life on the islands contributed greatly to his theory of the evolution of species. | <urn:uuid:dd012718-d33b-4c45-89e9-55f3a6d6e5fb> | {
"date": "2014-08-02T07:33:10",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-23",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510276584.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011756-00450-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 4,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9660152792930603,
"score": 3.53125,
"token_count": 506,
"url": "http://www.hispanicallyspeakingnews.com/latino-daily-news/details/pre-historic-tortoises-called-amazon-home-before-migrating-to-galapagos/24741/"
} |
Mass Collaboration and Virtual Crowds
Could a virtual team have a million members? Recent developments in mass collaboration, distributed computing and the wisdom of crowds suggest the answer might be yes.
Mass Collaboration and Virtual Crowds
One of the differences between human teams and some biological teams is sheer scale in terms of number of members.
Human teams rarely exceed fifty and a typical large single human organisation might contain ten thousand members.
Human organisations much bigger than this obviously exist but they tend to organise themselves into smaller independently managed sub-units.
However biological teams, such as Ant or Bee societies, can contain up to a million members in a single mature colony or hive - all of whom can act as a unit.
Up until recently this has meant that some dimensions of biological teamwork and group behavior were not able to be reproduced in human teams and organisations due to this lack of scale.
The Internet might change all this
(You need to subscribe to read the article but its free and painless to sign-up)
The article identifies three types of internet-based “mass collaboration” which I would characterise as:
- Give and Take - for example creating shared distributed computing capacity
- Needles in Haystacks - connecting to other like-minds through shared interest rather than personal relationship
- Participation through Passion - co-inventing with others based on passion rather than money as the motivator
What can nature's large-scale teams teach us about Internet-based Mass Collaboration?
- Are these initiatives significant?
- Are they the 'leading edge' of very important new group social practices?
- Are they merely a number of novel ventures conveniently grouped together under the topical buzz-phrase “internet mass collaboration”
- Do they represent "collaboration" or something else altogether ?
The effect of “scale” on collaboration?
"Scale” enables some particularly useful characteristics in nature’s teams, such as:
Reduced vulnerability to individual member failure
Individual member actions are unlikely to alter the overall group outcome due to the sheer numbers involved.
Simple individual behaviours can produce amazingly sophisticated collective results. Examples of this include bird flocking, schools of fish and ants amazing scheduling and routing capabilities.
Swarming and school formation is a known as Emergent Behavior. An emergent behaviour can appear when a number of simple entities (agents) operate in an environment, forming more complex behaviours as a collective. The property itself is often unpredictable and unprecedented, and represents a new level of the system's evolution. The complex behaviour or properties are not a property of any single entity, nor can they easily be predicted or deduced from behaviour in the lower-level entities.
Give and Take
Newsweek featured Skype, the Voice over IP player which at that stage had attracted over 40 million users and has changed the face of global telecoms industry.
‘When users fire up Skype, they automatically allow their spare computing power and connections to be borrowed by the Skype network, which uses that collective resource to route others' calls. This creates a self-sustaining phone system requiring no capital investment based on users spare capacity.’
However Skype is just one example of the power of distributed or grid computing which has already been exploited by a number of other non-commercial initiatives such as:
SETI@home is a scientific experiment that uses Internet-connected computers in the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI) by running a free program that downloads and analyzes radio telescope data.
Folding@Home is a distributed computing project which studies protein folding, mis-folding, aggregation, and related diseases. By using novel computational methods and large scale distributed computing they have been able to simulate timescales thousands to millions of times longer than previously achieved.
World Community Grid's mission is to create the largest public computing grid benefiting humanity. IBM has donated the hardware, software, technical services and expertise to build the infrastructure for World Community Grid and provides free hosting, maintenance and support.
Needles in Haystacks
The Newsweek article reports on the success of Innocentive Inc - a network of 80,000 independent self-selected problem solvers in 173 countries established by Eli Lilly & Co but open to anyone to use
For example, Proctor & Gamble have achieved their objective of increasing external development of new products from 20% to 35% by using networks such as Innocentive as “ways of reaching independent talent”
InnoCentive works like this:
- Major Pharma companies contract with InnoCentive in order to become "Seekers"
- They post 'Challenges' to InnoCentive.com
- Each Challenge includes a detailed description and requirements, a deadline, and an award amount for the best solution
- Awards range from $10,000 to $100,000
InnoCentive is an example of how you can use the reach of the internet to connect to other like-minds on the basis of shared interest rather than personal relationship.
Once the necessary critical scale is achieved then the network can become self-sustaining. With increasing scale challenges are more likely to be solved. This creates good publicity which attracts more seekers and more independent scientists into the network.
Participation through Passion
The whole Open Source Software movement (OSS) is probably the best known example of the innovative power of individuals once they are provided with the opportunity to be creative in an area which stimulates them
The article reports on SugarCRM,a 10-person company developing an OSS Customer Relationship Management tool Inc which has now been downloaded 250,000 times.
Equally interesting is the success of OhmyNews a South Korean Online Newspaper involving 36,000 ‘citizen journalists’ writing up to 200 stories per day
The Demos Thinktank produced a pamphlet suggesting the wider community benefits possible in using OSS principles in areas of community and government well beyond the software development domain.
So what does “mass collaboration” really mean?
Firstly “mass collaboration” clearly has all the traits of an important new emerging group social practice only made possible by the internet. It would be foolish to try to ignore it.
Secondly it is collaboration "but not as we know it"
In a previous article I described the four different degrees of collaboration which have been observed in natures teams (Virtual teamwork - nature's four collaboration methods)
Based on original research by Carl Anderson I have labelled these:
- Solowork - members doing same things at different times
- Crowdwork - members doing the same thing at the same time
- Groupwork - members doing different things at different times (sequential)
- Teamwork - members doing different things at same time (concurrent)
It seems to me that the examples of mass collaboration we have seen so far are either Crowdwork (e.g. Skype and InnoCentive) or Groupwork (e.g. OSS and Citizen Journalism) but not Teamwork.
We have yet to see whether mass virtual teamwork is possible or not?
Thirdly we won’t be able to fully predict what happens next!
One of the most interesting aspects of these phenomena is the fact that they all demonstrate emergent behaviour which means we cannot predict exactly how they will evolve.
For example these internet mass collaborations may evolve into even more valuable forms of mass collaboration by starting to operate as networks (with connections between individual members). Today they operate more as star formations (with connections mostly between individual members and the centre).
Alternatively it may turn out that some of the most advanced forms of collaboration are only available to small teams and not accessible to teams of the size we are starting to see in internet mass collaborations.
About the author
Ken Thompson was formerly the European IT Manager with Reuters in London and Managing Director with VISION Consulting in Belfast. At VISION, Ken spent over 10 years successfully delivering services to clients in the Financial Services, Government and the Small Business Sectors. Recognized as a leading expert in the growing area of Virtual Enterprise Networks, Ken also helps distributed business teams in medium and large-sized organizations become successful through a unique approach to team design and working practices. Ken is the founder of www.bioteams.com – a research blog dedicated to how organizational teams can learn from nature’s best teams.
Bioteams Books Reviews
The term cyborg is used to designate an organism which is a mixture of organic and synthetic parts so designed to enhance its abilities via technology. William Mitchell a professor at MIT Media Lab believes that through our mobile devices we are all becoming mobile cyborgs and its for the better. In his book Me++: The Cyborg Self and the Networked City which he discusses in an interview with James Harkin Mitchell describes how the new communications technologies have overlaid our city spaces with central nervous systems connecting us into the wireless ether via our mobile devices which act as umbilical cords to anchor us into the information society's digital infrastructure. | <urn:uuid:2aa68a39-347a-4de8-a518-b7bc3a4ef2bf> | {
"date": "2015-09-03T21:24:31",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-35",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440645328641.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827031528-00169-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9412420988082886,
"score": 2.640625,
"token_count": 1848,
"url": "http://www.bioteams.com/2006/08/07/mass_collaboration_and.html"
} |
On July 25th, Slideshare.net launched their new infographics-friendly viewer. I was stoked to see an influx of new visualizations begin appearing right away. I’ve recently turned my focus from slide design to infographics as a teaching and learning tool. The process of learning what makes a good infographic has been inspiring for me as a designer, and I’ve enjoyed presenting and communicating ideas in a different way. So, what makes a good infographic, and why are infographics such a useful tool for educators to consider?
The many resources available on the web and in print have much to say on the subject. According to the infographic, “What Makes Great Infographics,” infographics are so powerful because we are drawn to formats that are engaging, efficient, and entertaining; because they help us digest information more efficiently, and because they help us retain information. According to edudemic’s 70 Tools and 4 Reasons to Make Your own Infographics, there are three reasons teachers might consider using an infographic as a teaching tool:
1) to grab an audience’s attention (students as we know have short attention spans).
2) to pare down ideas, theories, and content so students can not only understand the information more easily but retain information longer.
3) to challenge students to think critically about course concepts and create a non-traditional mode of composition/communication.
What makes a good infographic?
Okay, so infographics can help our students learn and retain information, but what makes for a great infographic? A good starting point is David McCandless’ What makes Good Information Design visualization. For McCandless, great information design requires four qualities. Notice that all four of these qualities must be present for information design to be successful:
Daniel Zeevi of Dashburst adapted this visualization specifically for infographics. According to Zeevi, “the key to a good infographic design is to find interesting and reliable data, then come up with an awesome blueprint and visual story to deliver the underlying message.” (Source). Zeevi’s four qualities expand on McCandless’ general comments about design:
During our recent summer continuing education series, I participated in a poster session on the subject of infographics and how teachers can use them to present information to their students in a way that taps into both text-based and image-based modes of communication. Teachers can use infographics to communicate course concepts, record class notes, and enrich the online classroom experience. I shared this advice with attendees when designing their own visualizations: 1. Consider dimensions; 2. Choose a clear, strong color palette; 3. Display data for impact; and 4. Keep visuals simple.
While the sky pretty much is the limit when it comes to sizing an infographic, experts provide a set of standard guidelines that can help you create an infographic that is easy to scroll through for the audience.
Choose a clear, strong color palette
One aspect of infographic design that surprised me was choosing a strong background color. Most infographics use lighter backgrounds with subtle textures. This makes the infographic easier to process quickly.
Display Data for Impact
Charts, graphs, and data display are integral to a strong infographic. After all, one primary purpose of an infographic is the communication and explanation of complex, dense information.
Keep Visuals Simple
While some infographic designers are experts at programs like Photoshop and Illustrator, the average educator (me, for instance) has less knowledge of these programs. So, how do you create something that is still dynamic and well designed? Check out the resources below!
My Current Infographic Projects
In Professional Communication and Presentation, I use the “Choosing an Ignite” infographic to help students brainstorm and choose a strong Ignite topic.
One of the most difficult tasks for my students is the development of a strong persuasive presentation topic. I combined an article from Six Minutes, Nancy Duarte’s discussion of convergent and divergent thinking, and my 4-year experience with the Ignite-style presentation to develop this “how to” for students.
Currently, I’m also working on a “great speeches” series of infographic that provides students with historical background on a speech, the context in which the speech was delivered, and lessons they can draw from an analysis of the speech. I am beginning with Martin Luther King’s “I Have a Dream.” Finally, I’ve been working on a Welcome to Professional Communication and Presentation infographic that provides students with an at-a-glance overview of the course. As Alex Rister and I used her “look” for the course introduction, I used her colors and typefaces for the infographic. Below is a “preview”.
Professional Persona Infographic
As part of the re-branding/rebooting of my visual resume and teaching portfolio, I created this infographic of my teaching philosophy, approach to course development and instruction, and leadership style. I am using the same color scheme and type for the slide version of my new Superteacher Visual Resume.
Want to learn more? Check out this list of resources! | <urn:uuid:eb5b49d6-e3cf-4f55-8015-1c172a046bf5> | {
"date": "2018-01-19T15:14:31",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-05",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084888041.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20180119144931-20180119164931-00056.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9206103086471558,
"score": 3.171875,
"token_count": 1075,
"url": "https://tweakyourslides.wordpress.com/2013/07/30/all-things-infographic/"
} |
[Source: Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, full page: (LINK). Abstract, edited.]
The use of aminoglycosides in animals within the EU: development of resistance in animals and possible impact on human and animal health: a review
Engeline van Duijkeren, Christine Schwarz, Damien Bouchard, Boudewijn Catry, Constança Pomba, Keith Edward Baptiste, Miguel A Moreno, Merja Rantala, Modestas Ružauskas, Pascal Sanders, Christopher Teale, Astrid L Wester, Kristine Ignate, Zoltan Kunsagi, Helen Jukes
Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, dkz161, https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkz161
Published: 19 April 2019
Aminoglycosides (AGs) are important antibacterial agents for the treatment of various infections in humans and animals. Following extensive use of AGs in humans, food-producing animals and companion animals, acquired resistance among human and animal pathogens and commensal bacteria has emerged. Acquired resistance occurs through several mechanisms, but enzymatic inactivation of AGs is the most common one. Resistance genes are often located on mobile genetic elements, facilitating their spread between different bacterial species and between animals and humans. AG resistance has been found in many different bacterial species, including those with zoonotic potential such as Salmonella spp., Campylobacter spp. and livestock-associated MRSA. The highest risk is anticipated from transfer of resistant enterococci or coliforms (Escherichia coli) since infections with these pathogens in humans would potentially be treated with AGs. There is evidence that the use of AGs in human and veterinary medicine is associated with the increased prevalence of resistance. The same resistance genes have been found in isolates from humans and animals. Evaluation of risk factors indicates that the probability of transmission of AG resistance from animals to humans through transfer of zoonotic or commensal foodborne bacteria and/or their mobile genetic elements can be regarded as high, although there are no quantitative data on the actual contribution of animals to AG resistance in human pathogens. Responsible use of AGs is of great importance in order to safeguard their clinical efficacy for human and veterinary medicine.
Issue Section: Review
© The Author(s) 2019. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email: [email protected].
This article is published and distributed under the terms of the Oxford University Press, Standard Journals Publication Model (https://academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open_access/funder_policies/chorus/standard_publication_model)
Keywords: Antibiotics; Drugs Resistance; Aminoglycosides; Food safety. | <urn:uuid:025886a3-b8cd-4808-9588-daf85fb93bc4> | {
"date": "2020-01-19T04:35:48",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-05",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250594209.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119035851-20200119063851-00216.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9006381630897522,
"score": 2.71875,
"token_count": 603,
"url": "https://etidioh.wordpress.com/2019/04/19/the-use-of-aminoglycosides-in-animals-within-the-eu-development-of-resistance-in-animals-and-possible-impact-on-human-and-animal-health-a-review-j-antimicrob-chemother-abstract/?shared=email&msg=fail"
} |
How can HIV be transmitted?
Blood, semen, vaginal secretions, vomitus, breast milk or pus from a person who is infected with HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) may contain HIV and may cause infection. The risk of acquiring HIV from a needle-stick injury is less than 1%, and the risk of infection from exposure not involving a puncture or a cut (such as a splash of body fluid onto the skin or the mucous membrane) is less than 0.1%. The risk of HIV infection from a human bite is between 0.1% and 1%.
"Clear" body fluids such as tears, saliva, sweat and urine contain little or no virus and do not transmit HIV unless they are contaminated with blood.
What should I do if I think I have been exposed?
If a skin puncture has occurred, induce bleeding at the puncture site by applying gentle pressure as you wash the area with soap and water. If skin or mucous membranes have been splashed by body fluid, immediately rinse the area thoroughly with water.
Get the name, address and phone number of the source person (patient) and the name, address and phone number of the source person's attending physician. If you do not know the patient's HIV status, ask the attending physician to help. If you are at work, notify your supervisor. Do not spend time now on details of how or why the exposure happened. There will be time for this later.
When do I first need to get medical care?
Seek immediate assessment and treatment from your employee health unit, your private physician or the emergency department. If anti-HIV medication is indicated, it should be taken as soon as possible. If you have a skin puncture or cut, you might need a tetanus toxoid booster, depending on the nature of the injury. Your physician will need to ask questions about the incident and other details in order to determine what treatment, if any, is necessary.
What details will I need to give my physician?
For a puncture injury--Is it a deep or surface puncture? If the puncture was caused by a needle, what gauge was the needle? Was the needle solid (suturing) or hollow? Could you see blood or bloody material on the surface of the needle or scalpel? Was the device previously in contact with patient's body fluids? If blood was injected into you, how much? Were you wearing protective gloves?
For a skin or mucous membrane splash--Were you exposed to blood or other body fluid? How much? On what part of the body were you exposed? What size was the area of contact? What was the length of contact time? Was there a break in the skin? A rash? A bite? Were you wearing protection (e.g., gloves, eyeglasses)?
What will my physician need to know about the source person?
The HIV status of the source person--If the source person is HIV negative, he or she could be infected but may not yet have positive HIV tests (he or she may be in the "window" period). Will he or she agree to be tested or retested for HIV infection?
If the source person is HIV positive, does he or she have AIDS? Has the source person taken anti-HIV therapy? If so, what medications is he or she taking? Is he or she at the end stage of the disease (with a high quantity of virus in his or her blood and body fluids)?
If the source person will not agree to HIV testing, whether he or she is in a high-risk HIV group--Is the person an intravenous drug user or the sexual partner of an intravenous drug user, a bisexual or homosexual male, and/or a person with multiple partners? Did he or she receive a blood transfusion between 1980 and 1985? Has he or she received a blood transfusion recently?
What will I need to tell my physician about myself?
Information about any medical conditions, medications and allergies--Have you been exposed to HIV before? If so, when? How? Are you pregnant? Are you breastfeeding? Are you sexually active?
Whether you will agree to testing--Will you agree to confidential testing in order to document seroconversion (in the rare event of HIV transmission by occupational exposure)?
Should I receive post-exposure HIV prophylaxis?
Based on answers to the questions above, your physician may advise you to take medication to reduce your risk of developing HIV. Your doctor may also give medicine to protect you against hepatitis and syphilis. You will need baseline blood work, especially for evaluation of bone marrow, liver and kidney function. These tests will be repeated during the course of therapy.
Does prophylactic treatment work?
Early postexposure prophylaxis can reduce the risk of HIV infection tenfold. Even if infection occurs despite prophylaxis, early suppression of the virus can lower the "set point" for viral load and slow the course of HIV disease substantially.
Does the treatment have side effects?
Some of the medicines used can cause side effects. For example, zidovudine may cause headache, fatigue, insomnia and gastrointestinal symptoms (nausea, diarrhea, abdominal discomfort). In rare instances, lamivudine may cause pancreatitis and gastrointestinal symptoms. Indinavir and saquinavir may cause gastrointestinal upset and diarrhea. Indinavir has also been associated with kidney stones. Two quarts of fluid should be taken daily to reduce this risk.
How can I protect others from possible exposure to HIV?
Until HIV infection is ruled out, you should avoid the exchange of body fluids during sex, postpone pregnancy, and refrain from blood or organ donation. If you are breastfeeding, your baby's doctor may ask you to switch to formula feeding.
When should I be retested for HIV?
HIV testing may be repeated at 6 weeks, 3 months and 6 months. Nearly all people found to be negative at 3 months are confirmed to be uninfected. However, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommend retesting up to 6 months following the last possible exposure. If you have not formed antibodies to HIV by 6 months, then infection did not occur. Until then, you should report and seek medical evaluation if you have any acute illness. An acute illness, especially if accompanied by fever, rash or swollen lymph nodes, may be a sign of HIV infection or another medical condition.
How can I cope with my feelings?
It is natural to feel anger, self-recrimination, fear and depression after occupational exposure to HIV. During the difficult time of prevention therapy and waiting, you may want to seek support from employee-assistance programs or local mental health professionals.
Written by familydoctor.org editorial staff | <urn:uuid:a6c73806-45b7-4533-b7c7-aea80310f90a> | {
"date": "2014-04-16T21:56:04",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-15",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609525991.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005205-00027-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.932057797908783,
"score": 2.90625,
"token_count": 1393,
"url": "http://familydoctor.org/familydoctor/en/prevention-wellness/staying-healthy/occupational-health/occupational-exposure-to-hiv-advice-for-health-care-workers.html"
} |
Like soldering, brazing is a process of joining metals without melting the base metal. Filler material used for brazing has liquidus temperature above 450°C and below the solidus temperature of the base metal. The filler metal is drawn into the joint by means of capillary action (entering of fluid into tightly fitted surfaces). Brazing is a much widely used joining process in various industries because of its many advantages. Due to the higher melting point of the filler material, the joint strength is more than in soldering. Almost all metals can be joined by brazing except aluminum and magnesium which cannot easily be joined by brazing.
Dissimilar metals, such as stainless steel to cast iron can be joined by brazing. Because of the lower temperatures used there is less distortion in brazed joints. Also, in many cases the original heat treatment of the plates being joined is not affected by the brazing heat. The joint can be quickly finished without much skill. Because of the simplicity of the process it is often an economical joining method with reasonable joint strength. The brazed joints are reasonably stronger, depending on the strength of the filler metal used. But the brazed joint is generally not useful for high temperature service because of the low melting temperature of the filler metal. The color of the filler metal in the brazed joint also, may not match with that of the base metal. Because the filler metal reaches the joint by capillary action, it is essential that the joint is designed properly. The clearance between the two parts to be joined should be critically controlled. Another important factor to be considered is the temperature at which the filler metal is entering the joint.
During brazing, the base metal of the two pieces to be joined is not melted. An important requirement is that the filler metal must wet the base metal surfaces to which it is applied. The diffusion or alloying of the filler metal with the base metal place even though the base metal does not reach its solidus temperature. The surfaces to be joined must be chemically clean before brazing. However, fluxes are applied to remove oxides from the surfaces. Borax is the most widely used flux during the process of brazing. It will dissolve the oxides of most of the common metals.
Source A Textbook of Basic Manufacturing Processes and Workshop Technology by Rajender Singh. | <urn:uuid:2dad0af6-0659-4dbf-b3ae-6e6913788155> | {
"date": "2017-05-26T12:58:11",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-22",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463608665.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20170526124958-20170526144958-00380.warc.gz",
"int_score": 4,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9497235417366028,
"score": 3.734375,
"token_count": 488,
"url": "http://www.engineersgallery.com/brazing/"
} |
sail-world.com -- Know these seven danger nautical chart symbols!
Know these seven danger nautical chart symbols!
Wed, 6 Mar 2013
Could you glance at your chart or plotter and identify--in just seconds--the seven vital danger symbols that could rip a hole in your hull, damage your keel, bend a propeller shaft, mangle a propeller, or cause you to go aground?
There are dozens of danger symbols used on nautical charts today, but here are some of the more common ones. Know these 'ship killers' to stay safer on the waters of the world wherever you choose to sail or cruise.
1. Rocks Note how the basic rock symbol looks like a plus sign. This means a rock that's beneath the water surface all the time. A symbol that looks like an asterisk means the rock will uncover (become visible) at low tide. A plus sign with dots in the corners means the rock lies just beneath the surface, even at low tide.
2. Islets (small islands) Small islands--called 'islets'--are common in the Bahamas, Caribbean, and Pacific. Islets surrounded by a solid line are visible at all tidal stages. A number indicates the maximum height at high tide (or charted datum). Islets surrounded by a wavy, squiggly line cover and uncover with the tide. At higher tides, the islet will be covered. A number indicates its height above water when uncovered at lower tidal stages.
3. Breakers Breakers form when ocean swell meets a sea bottom that's only one to two times their height. For example, if a two foot swell travels over a bottom two to four feet deep, it will break.
Breakers are dangerous to any small craft because they can cause loss of rudder or propeller control.
Stay clear of any symbol like that shown in the illustration above. You may also see the abbreviation 'Br' used alone without the symbol.
4. Coral Reefs The world's most popular cruising grounds--Bahamas, Caribbean islands, and Pacific atolls--also contain some of the most dangerous waters. Study your navigational chart with care and look for the 'Co' abbreviation close to any rock or islet symbol.
5. Obstructions Easy to miss on a nautical or electronic chart display, obstructions can cause damage to propellers, shafts, and keels. Many charts use only an abbreviation 'Obstn' to warn mariners. Dots around a circle mean an unknown hazard lurks beneath the surface. Tiny enclosed circles could be broken stumps, old piling remnants, or submerged poles and posts.
6. Wrecks Fish-bones and sunken-hull illustrations make up the most common wreck symbols. Fish-bones without dots are safe to sail across. Cartographers put these on charts to warn commercial fishing trawlers not to drag nets and to caution ships not to anchor. Give fish-bones surrounded by dots or sunken-hull symbols a wide berth to avoid hull damage.
7. Spoil Area Deadlier than the plague, identify, highlight, and stay clear of dashed outlines with descriptions like 'Spoil Area', 'Fish Haven', 'Fish Traps', or 'Dumping Ground'. Ever wonder where all those old cars and trucks, building material, or garbage goes? Now you know! Spoil areas never show soundings because depths change all the time.
Danger Abbreviations You Need to Know Familiarize yourself with the danger abbreviations used with or without the symbols described above. Study these until you know them at-a-glance:
Rk, R or Rks - Rock or Rocks Hk or Wk - Hulk or Wreck Obstn - Submerged Obstruction Co - Coral
Foul - Foul Ground These additional abbreviations may be found alongside any danger symbol, or they may stand alone. For instance 'Shoal Rep' means that shallow water was reported ('Rep') at that position by a mariner, but it has not been surveyed. Stay clear of any area on your navigation chart marked by these abbreviations.
PA - Position Approximate PD - Position Doubtful ED - Existence Doubtful Rep - Reported SD - Sounding Doubtful
Now you know how to identify any of the seven danger group symbols on any sailing chart in the world. Use these chart navigation secrets to give you the edge and keep your crew safe and sound wherever you choose to cruise.
Learn more about nautical chart symbols and abbreviations. Download the free publication 'Chart No. 1: Nautical Chart Symbols, Abbreviations and Terms', here.
John Jamieson (Captain John) with 25+ years of experience shows you the no-nonsense cruising skills you need for safer sailing worldwide. Visit his website at www.skippertips.com. Sign up for the Free, highly popular weekly 'Captain John's Sailing Tip-of-the-Week'. Discover how you can gain instant access to hundreds of sailing articles, videos, and e-Books!
Onesails.com - Workforce
OneSails is the culmination of over 35 years of experience accumulated by our team in design and technology applied to sail-making. [More info]
GME Standard Communications Pty Ltd
Leaders in communications and navigation. Their goal has always been to make products whose innovation, convenience and peace of mind can help improve the lives of their customers. [More info]
Navionics is proud of its superb cartographic database comprising more than 25,000 charts and port plans; the largest privately owned database of its kind, the only one using full seamless technology [More info]
Ullman Sails Australia
The Ullman Sails Australia team provides service to customers all over Australia with four main locations in Brisbane, Perth, Sydney and the Whitsundays. [More info]
Vicsail Sydney Pty Ltd, launched into the Australian sailing fraternity in 1983 and has been sailing strong ever since. At Vicsail, “We Sail the Boats We Sell”. [More info] | <urn:uuid:bd3557e5-2309-4527-8483-e7a6a386ff62> | {
"date": "2014-04-25T01:46:57",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-15",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1398223207046.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20140423032007-00187-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8643190860748291,
"score": 2.8125,
"token_count": 1279,
"url": "http://www.sail-world.com/CruisingAus/pda.cfm?Nid=107197&RequestTimeOut=180"
} |
Camp Tawonga’s four-part mission has remained fundamentally unchanged since our inception in 1925.
This mission is our guiding philosophy at Tawonga and shapes everything we do—from the programs we facilitate to the way that we lead campers in daily activities.
While we do not overtly teach the mission to the campers, it is central to our staff training and is infused in every moment at camp. In fact, many of our past campers reflect upon Tawonga’s mission in their staff interviews without realizing their experience so vividly mirrored our guiding principles.
At Camp Tawonga, we foster positive self-image and self-esteem, create a cooperative community, build a partnership with nature, and explore spirituality and positive Jewish identity in children.
Tawonga encourages positive growth in a nurturing environment. For our staff, this means the children always come first. It also means that counselors and all other staff are trained to focus on the needs of the individual child—to know and value all children for their unique talents and qualities.
Sleep-away camp is full of challenges—from being away from home to backpacking for the first time—and we believe that by supporting campers to succeed in these new challenges, we promote independence, growth, and self-esteem. Parents often tell us that their children return home at the end of a Tawonga program buoyed with greater self-esteem than when they arrived.
2) Creating a cooperative community
Living and playing together while sharing responsibilities in a community environment gives campers skills and insights that they bring home to future life experiences.
At camp, this means we work together, collectively taking responsibility for our shared space, participating in consensus-based decision making, and learning to live with others. It also means that Tawonga counselors are kid specialists, with no secondary responsibilities outside their bunks, and are empowered to prioritize the quality of the group dynamic over any activity.
3) Tikkun Olam – A partnership with nature
In Hebrew, Tikkun Olam means to “repair the world.” At Tawonga, this means that children have an opportunity to connect with and appreciate the natural world, learning to become stewards of nature and extending that stewardship into care for the entire world around them.
Camp is a chance to “unplug,” literally and figuratively, and connect with the nature. We have discussions on the grass, under the trees, and sometimes under the visible Milky Way and thousands of stars. While in the backcountry with experienced Wilderness Leaders, campers get real exposure to the outdoors. Our spectacular setting on the Tuolumne River, at the doorstep of Yosemite National Park, inspire a lifelong love and respect for the natural world. Campers learn to become advocates and stewards of the environment and return to their communities with a deeper appreciation for our natural resources.
Tawonga infuses the camp experience of fun, friendship and nature with a deep sense of spirituality. Judaism is incorporated into daily life at camp and campers are immersed in the richness of Jewish culture through Hebrew words of the day, a thought-provoking Jewish theme for programming, musical Shabbat and Havdalah celebrations, storytelling, songs and blessings. Campers and staff alike are encouraged to find their own spiritual paths, and they return home feeling excited about Judaism and continuing the rituals and celebrations they experienced at camp. Every Tawongan brings home the Jewish message that when we work together to make the world a better place, we enrich our relationships with our families, friends and communities.
Tawonga is a community where diversity is not merely tolerated but celebrated, so every camper feels welcomed regardless of where they are in the spectrum of Jewish identity, affiliation or knowledge, even if they are not Jewish. | <urn:uuid:0cbef873-922c-4b51-8766-920d0e1b1d44> | {
"date": "2016-09-25T12:11:22",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-40",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738660208.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173740-00257-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9425539970397949,
"score": 2.609375,
"token_count": 776,
"url": "https://tawonga.org/about/mission-and-philosophy/"
} |
RICHMOND, Va. (WTVR) – As a Coronal Mass Ejection from sunspot number 158 impacted the Earth overnight Monday, April 23 into the pre-dawn hours of Tuesday, April 24, the magnetic interaction created auroras visible with clear skies in the northern Plains and upper Midwest. The aurora, or “Northern Lights,” were visible as far south as Ohio, as seen in this photo by Allan Detrick.
A meteorology friend of mine from my University of Oklahoma days also captured a photo of the aurora in North Dakota. Here’s Dr. Aaron Kennedy’s image from the Grand Forks area of North Dakota.
You can click here to check for more photos from around the world of the overnight aurora as they are shared.
This moderate (Kp = 6) aurora event occurred because of a Coronal Mass Ejection that was hurled resulting from sunspot number 158 activity toward the Earth. The interaction of those charged particles from the Sun with our magnetosphere generate the aurora.
BONUS: Click here to watch a stunning recap of some aurora images from the Fall of 2011 through the Spring of 2012. | <urn:uuid:d13fa1b2-338d-4c9b-bf3e-13eeafb5fb8a> | {
"date": "2014-11-28T16:02:51",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-49",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416931010590.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20141125155650-00148-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9397631883621216,
"score": 2.921875,
"token_count": 246,
"url": "http://wtvr.com/2012/04/24/space-aurora-spotted-overnight-in-northern-u-s/"
} |
Definitions for stopstɒp
This page provides all possible meanings and translations of the word stop
the event of something ending
"it came to a stop at the bottom of the hill"
the act of stopping something
"the third baseman made some remarkable stops"; "his stoppage of the flow resulted in a flood"
stop, stopover, layover(noun)
a brief stay in the course of a journey
"they made a stopover to visit their friends"
arrest, check, halt, hitch, stay, stop, stoppage(noun)
the state of inactivity following an interruption
"the negotiations were in arrest"; "held them in check"; "during the halt he got some lunch"; "the momentary stay enabled him to escape the blow"; "he spent the entire stop in his seat"
a spot where something halts or pauses
"his next stop is Atlanta"
stop consonant, stop, occlusive, plosive consonant, plosive speech sound, plosive(noun)
a consonant produced by stopping the flow of air at some point and suddenly releasing it
"his stop consonants are too aspirated"
period, point, full stop, stop, full point(noun)
a punctuation mark (.) placed at the end of a declarative sentence to indicate a full stop or after abbreviations
"in England they call a period a stop"
(music) a knob on an organ that is pulled to change the sound quality from the organ pipes
"the organist pulled out all the stops"
a mechanical device in a camera that controls size of aperture of the lens
"the new cameras adjust the diaphragm automatically"
a restraint that checks the motion of something
"he used a book as a stop to hold the door open"
blockage, block, closure, occlusion, stop, stoppage(verb)
an obstruction in a pipe or tube
"we had to call a plumber to clear out the blockage in the drainpipe"
come to a halt, stop moving
"the car stopped"; "She stopped in front of a store window"
discontinue, stop, cease, give up, quit, lay off(verb)
put an end to a state or an activity
"Quit teasing your little brother"
stop, halt, block, kibosh(verb)
stop from happening or developing
"Block his election"; "Halt the process"
stop, stop over(verb)
interrupt a trip
"we stopped at Aunt Mary's house"; "they stopped for three days in Florence"
cause to stop
"stop a car"; "stop the thief"
break, break off, discontinue, stop(verb)
"stop the project"; "break off the negotiations"
check, turn back, arrest, stop, contain, hold back(verb)
hold back, as of a danger or an enemy; check the expansion or influence of
"Arrest the downward trend"; "Check the growth of communism in South East Asia"; "Contain the rebel movement"; "Turn back the tide of communism"
seize on its way
"The fighter plane was ordered to intercept an aircraft that had entered the country's airspace"
end, stop, finish, terminate, cease(verb)
have an end, in a temporal, spatial, or quantitative sense; either spatial or metaphorical
"the bronchioles terminate in a capillary bed"; "Your rights stop where you infringe upon the rights of other"; "My property ends by the bushes"; "The symphony ends in a pianissimo"
barricade, block, blockade, stop, block off, block up, bar(verb)
render unsuitable for passage
"block the way"; "barricade the streets"; "stop the busy road"
hold on, stop(verb)
stop and wait, as if awaiting further instructions or developments
"Hold on a moment!"
to close, as an aperture, by filling or by obstructing; as, to stop the ears; hence, to stanch, as a wound
to obstruct; to render impassable; as, to stop a way, road, or passage
to arrest the progress of; to hinder; to impede; to shut in; as, to stop a traveler; to stop the course of a stream, or a flow of blood
to hinder from acting or moving; to prevent the effect or efficiency of; to cause to cease; to repress; to restrain; to suppress; to interrupt; to suspend; as, to stop the execution of a decree, the progress of vice, the approaches of old age or infirmity
to regulate the sounds of, as musical strings, by pressing them against the finger board with the finger, or by shortening in any way the vibrating part
to point, as a composition; to punctuate
to make fast; to stopper
to cease to go on; to halt, or stand still; to come to a stop
to cease from any motion, or course of action
to spend a short time; to reside temporarily; to stay; to tarry; as, to stop with a friend
the act of stopping, or the state of being stopped; hindrance of progress or of action; cessation; repression; interruption; check; obstruction
that which stops, impedes, or obstructs; as obstacle; an impediment; an obstruction
a device, or piece, as a pin, block, pawl, etc., for arresting or limiting motion, or for determining the position to which another part shall be brought
the closing of an aperture in the air passage, or pressure of the finger upon the string, of an instrument of music, so as to modify the tone; hence, any contrivance by which the sounds of a musical instrument are regulated
in the organ, one of the knobs or handles at each side of the organist, by which he can draw on or shut off any register or row of pipes; the register itself; as, the vox humana stop
a member, plain or molded, formed of a separate piece and fixed to a jamb, against which a door or window shuts. This takes the place, or answers the purpose, of a rebate. Also, a pin or block to prevent a drawer from sliding too far
a point or mark in writing or printing intended to distinguish the sentences, parts of a sentence, or clauses; a mark of punctuation. See Punctuation
the diaphragm used in optical instruments to cut off the marginal portions of a beam of light passing through lenses
the depression in the face of a dog between the skull and the nasal bones. It is conspicuous in the bulldog, pug, and some other breeds
some part of the articulating organs, as the lips, or the tongue and palate, closed (a) so as to cut off the passage of breath or voice through the mouth and the nose (distinguished as a lip-stop, or a front-stop, etc., as in p, t, d, etc.), or (b) so as to obstruct, but not entirely cut off, the passage, as in l, n, etc.; also, any of the consonants so formed
"Stop" is a song by the British pop group Spice Girls. It was written by the group members with Paul Wilson and Andy Watkins—the songwriters and production duo known as Absolute—at the same time as the group was filming scenes for their movie Spice World. "Stop" was produced by Wilson and Watkins for the group's second album Spiceworld, which was released in November 1997. "Stop" is an dance-pop song with influences of Motown's blue-eyed soul, and features instrumentation from a guitar and a brass. The music video, directed by James Brown and filmed in Ireland, features the group in a traditional British 1950s working class street and showed them playing with young girls in various children's games. The song received mostly positive reviews from music critics, with many of them complimenting the Motown influences and production. "Stop" was performed by the group in a number of live appearances in Europe and North America including their three tours. Released as the album's third single in March 1998, it peaked at number two on the UK Singles Chart, ending the Spice Girls' streak of consecutive number-one singles in the United Kingdom at six. It was moderately successful internationally, peaking inside the top twenty on the majority of the charts that it entered. In the United States, "Stop" peaked at number sixteen on the Billboard Hot 100 becoming the group's sixth consecutive top twenty on the chart. It was the group's last single that was released before Geri Halliwell's departure in May 1998 though it was not the last single to include her vocals.
Chambers 20th Century Dictionary
stop, v.t. to stuff or close up: to obstruct: to render impassable: to hinder from further motion, progress, effect, or change: to restrain, repress, suppress, suspend: to intercept: to apply musical stops to: to regulate the sounds of a stringed instrument by shortening the strings with the fingers: (naut.) to make fast.—v.i. to cease going forward: to cease from any motion or action, to stay, tarry: to leave off: to be at an end: to ward off a blow:—pr.p. stop′ping; pa.t. and pa.p. stopped.—n. act of stopping: state of being stopped: hinderance: obstacle: interruption: (mus.) one of the vent-holes in a wind instrument, or the place on the wire of a stringed instrument, by the stopping or pressing of which certain notes are produced: a mark used in punctuation: an alphabetic sound involving a complete closure of the mouth-organs: a wooden batten on a door or window-frame against which it closes: a stop-thrust in fencing.—ns. Stop′-cock, a short pipe in a cask, &c., opened and stopped by turning a cock or key; Stop′-gap, that which fills a gap or supplies a deficiency, esp. an expedient of emergency; Stop′-mō′tion, a mechanical arrangement for producing an automatic stop in machinery, as for shutting off steam, &c.; Stop′page, act of stopping: state of being stopped: an obstruction; Stop′per, one who stops: that which closes a vent or hole, as the cork or glass mouthpiece for a bottle: (naut.) a short rope for making something fast.—v.t. to close or secure with a stopper.—ns. Stop′ping, that which fills up, material for filling up cracks, &c., filling material for teeth: Stop′ping-out, the practice in etching of covering certain parts with a composition impervious to acid, to keep the acid off them while allowing it to remain on the other parts to mark them more; Stop′-watch, a watch whose hands can be stopped to allow of time that has elapsed being calculated more exactly, used in timing a race, &c. [M. E. stoppen—O. Fr. estouper (Ice. stoppa, Ger. stopfen, to stuff); all from L. stupa, the coarse part of flax, tow.]
British National Corpus
Spoken Corpus Frequency
Rank popularity for the word 'stop' in Spoken Corpus Frequency: #863
Written Corpus Frequency
Rank popularity for the word 'stop' in Written Corpus Frequency: #411
Rank popularity for the word 'stop' in Nouns Frequency: #1615
Rank popularity for the word 'stop' in Verbs Frequency: #86
The numerical value of stop in Chaldean Numerology is: 4
The numerical value of stop in Pythagorean Numerology is: 7
Sample Sentences & Example Usage
Images & Illustrations of stop
Translations for stop
From our Multilingual Translation Dictionary
- stop, halte, punt, stilhouAfrikaans
- مَوْقِف, وَقْفَة, أَوْقَفَ, تَوَقَّفَ, وَقَفَ, قفArabic
- прыпы́нак, спыня́цца, спыні́ццаBelarusian
- спи́рка, спи́рам, спра, прекратя́вамBulgarian
- punt, parada, oclusiva, aturar, deixar, pararCatalan, Valencian
- zastávka, ukončit, zůstat, zastavit, pobývat, skončitCzech
- stoppested, stoppe, standseDanish
- Stopper, Busstopp, Stoppball, Haltestelle, Punkt, Stopp, stoppen, aufhören, stehen bleiben, beenden, stopfen, anhalten, haltGerman
- στάση, στοπ, παύω, σταματώ, τελειώνωGreek
- parada, paradero, parar, dejar, deténgaseSpanish
- ایستگاه, ماندن, نگه داشتن, ایستادن, درنگ كردن, بستن, بازداشتن, بازایستادنPersian
- pysäytyslyönti, piste, seisake, pysäkki, stoppari, keskeytys, lopettaa, loppua, pysähtyä, pysäyttääFinnish
- arrêt, occlusive, ammorti, arrêter, s'arrêter, cesser, arrêtezFrench
- stûkjeWestern Frisian
- stad, stopIrish
- casg, crìochnaich, fan, leig seachad, cuir crìoch air, stadScottish Gaelic
- עָצַר, גמר, נגמר, סתםHebrew
- ठहरना, रुकना, रोकनाHindi
- megálló, megállít, abbamarad, megszűnik, megáll, abbahagyHungarian
- դադար, կանգառ, վերջանալ, դադարել, կանգնել, կանգ առնելArmenian
- punto, pulsante di arresto, fermata, registro, occlusiva, fermare, smettere, fermarsi, far smettere, stopItalian
- 停留所, バス停, 止める, 止まる, 留まる, 停止Japanese
- გაჩერება, დადგომაGeorgian
- 정류장, 구치다, 정지하다, 멈추다, 서다, 그치다, 그만Korean
- sekinîn, sekinandin, rawestandin, rawestînKurdish
- inhibeo, absisto, consistere, detineo, quiesco, desinere, sistere, desistere, cesso, cohibeo, subsistoLatin
- punkts, pietura, apstātiesLatvian
- taunga, komutu, tiriwā, purupuru, tūMāori
- постојка, застанува, застанеMacedonian
- perhentian, hentiMalay
- komma, occlusief, pauze, halte, puntkomma, register, stopper, stop, dubbele punt, punt, langsgaan, stoppen, blijven, deppen, stilstaan, aanhouden, verblijven, beëindigen, afbreken, ophouden, halthoudenDutch
- przystanek, zatrzymać się, zatrzymaćPolish
- oclusiva, parada, interrupção, ponto final, ponto, plosiva, obstáculo, tapar, parar, deixar, passar, tamparPortuguese
- minge stopată, punct, stop, oclusivă, opri, terminaRomanian
- остано́в, остано́вка, кла́пан, взрывно́й согла́сный, знак препина́ния, сто́пор, ограничи́тель, останови́ться, заткну́ть, переста́ть, прекрати́ть, останови́ть, прекрати́ться, остана́вливаться, прекраща́ть, остана́вливать, прекраща́ться, затыка́ть, перестава́ть, остановиться, стоять, стопRussian
- станица, stanica, stajalište, стајалиште, zaustavljati, заустављати, зауставити, zaustavitiSerbo-Croatian
- zastávka, zastaviť, prerušiť, prestaťSlovak
- postaja, ustaviti, ustavljatiSlovene
- stopp, hållplats, punkt, stoppboll, klusil, avbryta, stanna, sluta, upphöra, stoppa, haltSwedish
- ఉండు, ఆగు, ఆపుTelugu
- หยุด, ป้ายรถเมล์Thai
- durak, mola, durmak, durdurmak, kesmek, durTurkish
- зупи́нка, зупини́тися, зупиня́тисяUkrainian
- bến xe, dừng lạiVietnamese
Get even more translations for stop »
Find a translation for the stop definition in other languages:
Select another language: | <urn:uuid:707f4e94-6758-4374-9fd7-fa404da09341> | {
"date": "2016-07-24T08:49:55",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-30",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257823989.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071023-00132-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 4,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.7715244889259338,
"score": 3.546875,
"token_count": 4565,
"url": "http://www.definitions.net/definition/stop"
} |
Arctic fossil shows how seals evolved
Scientists in Canada's Arctic have discovered the fossil of a previously unknown web-footed carnivore that helps explain how seals developed from land-based mammals.
The primitive animal, which is described in today's edition ofNature, measured around 110 centimetres from nose to tail, had a body similar to that of an otter, and a skull more closely related to a seal.
It lived in and around fresh water lakes about 20 million to 24 million years ago.
The mammal, named Puijila darwini, could move easily on both land and water and is a member of the pinniped family, which groups seals, sea lions and walruses.
The science team has dubbed it 'a walking seal', although it is not the direct ancestor of any modern seal.
The most primitive pinniped previously discovered was Enaliarctos, an animal that lived around the same time but was already fully flippered and had a streamlined marine body.
"It (Enaliarctos) doesn't tell us anything about how that lineage came to be. We know they came from land mammals," says Natalia Rybczynski of the Canadian Museum of Nature.
"Our animal fills that transitional gap between the land form and the marine flippered form we're familiar with today."
The team found the fossil in 2007 during an expedition on Devon Island in the Canadian Arctic territory of Nunavut. Unusually, it is about 65% complete.
Puijila was a carnivorous mammal with large canine teeth, a short snout and a powerful jaw. It had an elongated streamlined body, webbed feet and a tail that enabled it to move through the water at speed.
The team - which hopes to return to the Arctic this year to continue the investigation - is particularly interested in why and how the Puijila came to lose its long tail.
"Other mammals that went from land to sea, like whales and manatees, retained and made good use of their tails, (which) became propulsive structures. For some reason the pinniped lineage didn't do that, and now we know they had had the option ... they had the tail but didn't use it," says Rybczynski.
Scientists had previously thought pinnipeds evolved from animals such as Enaliarctos, which lived along the western coast of North America and had gradually moved into the ocean.
"The idea hasn't been that there was this phase where they were living on the continent in streams and lakes. So that changes our idea about how these animals came to be," says Rybczynski. At the time, the Arctic was forested and much warmer than it is today.
One explanation could be that Puijila gradually moved further south, or that the animal found in the Arctic had come originally from the west coast.
Parallel evolution - the same process taking place in another part of the world at the same time - is also a theory, says Rybczynski.
"We do have this most primitive form that we're finding in the Arctic so we also must consider the hypothesis that the Arctic was a place where these things could have been deriving from as well," she says. | <urn:uuid:2c57a2b4-b57f-4715-a488-f4c1dd207dd3> | {
"date": "2016-07-30T11:55:03",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-30",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257836397.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071036-00307-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 4,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9851861596107483,
"score": 4.0625,
"token_count": 670,
"url": "http://www.abc.net.au/science/articles/2009/04/23/2550437.htm?site=science&topic=latest"
} |
Posted by maikeru76 on January 14, 2009
A new study, published in the American Journal of Preventive Medicine on, has revealed the effectiveness of having a food journal as tool in losing extra weight. The study proponents, the Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Research, looked at the record and experiences of more than1,500 obese patients in their quest to lose their unhealthy extra poundage.
The strategies employed for the obese patients were lifestyle interventions like healthy eating, regular exercise, group sessions and keeping tab of what they eat through food journals. The patients who had food journals lost almost double than their counterparts who had none.
The average weight loss by participants as seen in the study was 13 pounds after five months. The food journaling group had lost almost double the average and the most significant thing was that they kept their weight off.
To have a journal might be an ‘inconvenient’ move for anyone wanting to lose weight. But as the study has shown, the ‘little things’ really do count. People don’t gain weight overnight. It is a process of bad habits snowballing until it gets really out of hand or out of our waistbands.
We have to stop our ‘excuses’ of us being overweight or obese like blaming our genes, lack of time, or simply it is really ‘inconvenient’ or ‘it takes time’ to eat right and exercise.
Which is more inconvenient, keeping the habit of being mindful of our activity levels and what we eat or having to dread the bad news from our doctor of our health deteriorating because of our bad habits?
Let us act now before the damage we have done to our bodies are irreversible.
Posted in Health Research, Weight loss tips | Tagged: Obesity, weight loss, Weight loss tips, weight management | Leave a Comment »
Posted by maikeru76 on July 7, 2008
A study done in Australia has nailed down what most of us has suspected all along with regard to the ‘epidemic’ of obese children in the Western Hemisphere (or wherever the ‘fast-food culture’ has started to become popular): Mom and Dad, you’d better clean up your act if you want to keep your kids from getting fat and have them live longer, productive lives.
Mothers everywhere have bearing the brunt of blame for anything that goes around the house for ages. A recent study released by the Royal Children’s Hospital in Melbourne, Australia have found out that not only do kids get their cues from their mothers regarding their eating habits and level of physical activity but they do too from their fathers.
The study was done across a broad section of Australian preschool children and for the first time, documented that fathers can do more to prevent and manage obesity in their children. At first, this might not apply for the United States of America. But bear in mind, that it has long been established in medical journals and pop culture that children really model their lives around what their parents (be it mom and dad or surrogate parents) do and not necessarily on what they say.
To prevent or manage obesity anywhere, it takes the whole family to do so. Healthier living may start with one, be it mom or dad, but slowly and surely it will rub off on everyone in the household. Everybody in the family should get involved in leading healthy lifestyles and by doing so, we may assure future generations to be healthier as well.
Posted in Uncategorized | Tagged: Childhood Obesity, Family Health, healthy lifestyle, Obesity, raising healthy kids | Leave a Comment » | <urn:uuid:1a1b00ac-5d93-4442-aba6-baa1aa6e67fb> | {
"date": "2017-04-26T07:58:25",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-17",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917121216.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031201-00470-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9656625390052795,
"score": 2.5625,
"token_count": 743,
"url": "https://maikeru76.wordpress.com/tag/obesity/"
} |
Z56 appears to be the most Italic or Roman subclade, and particularly its Z72 clade. The lands on the right of the Tiber, formerly inhabited by the Etruscans and afterwards conquered by the Romans, constitute the territory of Viterbo and the Campagna of Civitavecchia.
It is still unclear where I2a1 P developed. The region was part of so-called 'Unredeemed Italy' prior to the Great War. Bronze, on original ribbon. Lakes The Italian region has more lakes than rivers, especially on the plain of the Po, at the foot of the Alps.
Light cracking to right side red but not chipped. It contains a military school, Vignola is the birth-place of Ludovico Antonio Muratori, and contains the famous Abbey of San Silvestro. It is known that the province of Judah continued to be administered by high priests who struck their own coins and that the provinces of Samaria and Ammon remained under governors of the houses of Sanballat and Tobiah.
Liguria comprises the provinces of Genoa and Porto Maurizio and is bounded by the Apennines and the Ligurian Alps, and by the Roia and the Magra rivers.
It was here that the treaty was signed between Napoleon I and Pius VI inand here, also, Murat was defeated in The Cornish hedge contributes to the distinctive field-pattern of the Cornish landscape and its semi-natural wildlife habitat.
Ligurian Sea The Gulf of Genoa is the most inland and also the most northerly part of this open sea, which extends to the south as far as the Channels of Corsica and of Piombino, through which it communicates with the Tyrrhenian Sea. Another distinctive community was that of AstiFossano and Moncalvowhich was descended from Jews expelled from France in Thinner planchet than the official issue - also various differences in details, ribbon appears original watermarked and old.
During its circa 8-year production time, all stock should be irrigated, clipped and treated with controlled-release nutrients to optimise health. The prophet Jeremiahwho had foreseen the tragic denouement and had repeatedly warned his people against their suicidal policy, died in Egypt.
Bronze gilt partially worn. Cimino, rich in historical memories of the popesand in the neighbourhood of which are the famous hot springs called Bulicame: The rivers of the Adriatic watershed flow perpendicularly to the coasts, with the exception of the Candellaro, which flows in a south-easterly direction; those on the Tyrrhenian in their upper courses form longitudinal valleys.Buona Serra The Italian Bridge, Yes, I'm going back years ago to my Grandfather, Father, Ex-Father in law, Ex husband,and Uncle.
Also Many close friends of the Family, ALL of whom are Sicilian or Southern Italians. ;-O So of course it then rubbed off on their First generation Italian son or sons. Dear Twitpic Community - thank you for all the wonderful photos you have taken over the years.
We have now placed Twitpic in an archived state. The 20 Regions of Italy. Pre-History Evidence of civilization has been found on the Italian peninsula dating far into pre-history.
Thousands of rock drawings discovered in the Alpine regions of Lombardy date from around 8, BC. There were sizable settlements throughout the Copper Age (37th to 15th century BC), the Bronze Age (15th to 8th century BC) and the Iron Age.
Genetic history of Italy and the various ethnic groups that have contributed to the modern Italian gene pool. Italian Citizenship and Genealogy Services offers a step-by-step guide for people of Italian origin looking to obtain dual Italian citizenship jure sanguinis (through ancestry).
From the website alone, you can determine your eligibility for citizenship, learn about the benefits of an EU passport and find answers to many common questions about the.
Italian Eritrean Corps (Corpo D'Armata Eritreo) commemorative cytopix.com attractive bronze medal lists several dates of engagements that unit took active part in. Very well designed by Morbiducci and manufactured by the firm of cytopix.comi in Milano.Download | <urn:uuid:9bc9debc-fbbb-465a-90cb-71b7f65a6a11> | {
"date": "2019-01-24T07:12:59",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-04",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547584519382.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20190124055924-20190124081924-00616.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9647298455238342,
"score": 2.578125,
"token_count": 905,
"url": "http://kisyjecilufyleryxyna.cytopix.com/the-italian-rule-dating-age-6097060970.php"
} |
Australia's human-environment interaction includes the burning of vegetation, the introduction of weeds and plants to the continent and the modification of the Murray River. Human-environment interaction describes how people use the environment, adapt to it and change it to suit their needs.Continue Reading
Australia has many examples of human-environment interaction throughout its history, from the Aborigines to the spread of weeds. The Aborigines both used and modified the land to suit their needs. They regularly burned the vegetation from the land in different patterns to help control or prevent wild fires. They completely cleared an area known as the Old Sports Ground as a gathering place for clans. Once the Europeans arrived, this interaction altered in ways that ranged from a modest modification of the environment to complete eradication due to overgrazing.
Another example of human-environment interaction is the introduction of new plants to Australia from immigrants. While Salvation Jane was introduced to the country as a honey plant, it can kill grazing animals. The Murray River is an important resource for Australians. They used it as a water supply in the past, although the river's flow has since been modified and flows into a series of weirs and locks for local consumption.Learn more about Human Impact | <urn:uuid:6b8cb298-48b9-46f1-a312-929662456ddf> | {
"date": "2016-09-26T16:32:56",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-40",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738660864.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173740-00281-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9526140093803406,
"score": 3.453125,
"token_count": 247,
"url": "https://www.reference.com/science/australia-s-human-environment-interaction-71019f53d73c76fd"
} |
The description and comparison of feature retention patterns for children with phonological impairment, developmental apraxia of speech, and typically developing children [electronic resource] /
The purpose of the present study was to compare feature retention patterns between children developing speech typically (TD) and children with phonological impairment (PI) and to discuss these findings in terms of characteristics, severity, and implication for the identification of developmental apraxia of speech (DAS). A second purpose was to determine if a relationship exists between phonological knowledge and feature retention. This study consisted of a PI group and a TD group of children, ages four to six. A 245-item speech sample was collected from each subject. Feature retention percentages as well as percent correct underlying representation (PCUR) were calculated for each child. Both PI and TD groups retained place the least, voice the most, with manner falling in between. These patterns corresponded with what past researchers found in studies of children with phonological impairment and children diagnosed with DAS. No significant correlation was found between PCUR and feature retention.
School:East Tennessee State University
School Location:USA - Tennessee
Source Type:Master's Thesis
Keywords:phonological impairment das developmental apraxia of speech feature retention
Date of Publication: | <urn:uuid:8f9343f6-8fba-4fee-8a54-c55c71622a13> | {
"date": "2014-03-07T15:16:27",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-10",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1393999645330/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305060725-00006-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9403024911880493,
"score": 2.671875,
"token_count": 260,
"url": "http://www.openthesis.org/documents/description-comparison-feature-retention-patterns-404370.html"
} |
National Tell a Story Day is observed in the United States each year on April 27th. People of all ages are encouraged to share all kinds of stories on National Tell a Story Day. Whether it’s read from a book, one from your imagination or an actual story from a childhood memory, April 27th is the day to gather friends and family and share those stories.
Libraries around the country participate in National Tell A Story Day with special story telling times for children.
Storytelling is an ancient practice used to hand down knowledge from one generation to the next. It’s a wonderful way to pass on family traditions, histories, and long told tales and can be entertaining as well as educational. Some of the very best stories come from real life experience.
Many people enjoy listening to their grandparents share their stories about when they were growing up (back in the day). Spending time telling stories with family, friends and loved ones is a time for all to learn from each other, to remember and to grow closer together. — (HT: This site)
Today is a great day to talk about your upcoming home purchase or home sale. Everything you do helps to tell the story about who you and your family are, where you have been, and maybe even where you are going.
I remember when my wife and I made two different military moves first from England to Key West, Florida, and then a PCS (Permanent Change of Station) move from Key West, Florida to San Antonio, Texas. There were times of fear or trepidation as we did not know what those locations would have in store for us. Today, we are able to tell our children stories from all three of those locations because we took the time to write down our memories.
No matter where you are coming from, what your background or culture may be, take the time to tell your stories to those who are interested. Remind your children that your stories also make up a very important of their lives and who they have become.
So, go tell them a story about the day you read this post and then called me to help you buy or sell a home. You will be glad you did and I will be honored to be a part of the story that makes up your life.
307-286-0396 — Mobile phone | <urn:uuid:f836f662-a1c2-46eb-acef-8138759a3264> | {
"date": "2019-03-27T00:39:49",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-13",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912207146.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20190327000624-20190327022624-00176.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9721804261207581,
"score": 2.75,
"token_count": 473,
"url": "https://www.cheyennehomestore.com/blog/tell-a-story-day/"
} |
The Maryland Zoo in Baltimore welcomed a male baby Coquerel’s sifaka on November 12 and named him Nero. At birth, the baby lemur weighed 94 grams, about the weight of a deck of cards. According to Meredith Wagoner, mammal collection and conservation manager, “Sifaka are born with sparse hair and resemble tiny gremlins, however their white hair soon grows in, and they begin to resemble their parents.”
In the wild, Coquerel’s sifaka inhabit the island of Madagascar. They are endangered as a result of habitat loss from deforestation. Sifaka are different from other lemurs in the way they hop through treetops in an upright posture using only their hind legs. They propel themselves on the ground by side-hopping on their hind legs.
To learn more, see the Maryland Zoo website. | <urn:uuid:d6d9fe7b-1144-4e94-93f5-f62de433262e> | {
"date": "2014-11-27T04:13:12",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-49",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416931007797.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20141125155647-00204-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9542340040206909,
"score": 3.3125,
"token_count": 184,
"url": "http://www.animalfactguide.com/2011/12/baby-lemur-born-at-maryland-zoo/"
} |
The Faust legend is a morality tale warning ambitious young men to reject the devil and all earthly temptations of power and desires of the flesh.
In German classic literature, a jaded scholar called Doctor Faust makes a pact with the devil, Mephistopheles, signed and sealed with his own blood. He agrees to exchange his soul for worldly pleasure, riches, and knowledge – but when the terms of the agreement expire he is doomed to spend the rest of eternity in hell.
Who is Faust based on? The most likely prototype seems to be Dr. Johann Georg Faust (c. 1480-1540), a famous German alchemist and magician.
Why does Faust make this pact? He is a dissatisfied academic who yearns for something more.
How long is his rule on earth? Faust is granted 24 years – one for each hour of the day.
What does the magician do with his new powers? First, he seduces a beautiful maiden called Gretchen. Yet although he destroys her earthly life, she is granted a place in Heaven because of her innocence. Then he plays pranks on people, settles old scores, and meddles in the politics of his day. At one point he demands to see the most beautiful woman ever, and is granted a visit from Helen of Troy. And finally – having sated his lusts and tamed the natural world – he has a moment of utter contentment before the devil appears and rips his body to pieces.
In choosing instant gratification and pleasure, Doctor Faust rejects Christianity and turns away from God. He is a personification of Matthew’s warning: “What good will it be for a man if he gains the whole world, yet forfeits his soul?” (16:26-27)
Would you be likewise tempted? | <urn:uuid:29f36a54-7583-4ce4-b855-b66c58fcd860> | {
"date": "2019-08-23T15:30:36",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-35",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027318894.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20190823150804-20190823172804-00416.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9680143594741821,
"score": 2.984375,
"token_count": 369,
"url": "https://kitperrimanthehill.com/2019/06/04/faust-and-the-devil/"
} |
What Is It?
Anxiety is a psychological and physiological condition that causes feelings of fear and worry. For the most part, anxiety is a normal response to stressful or tense situations. Anxiety motivates us to plan ahead and push through tough times.
Anxiety and fear are different emotional responses. Fear produces an overwhelming need to escape while anxiety creates feelings of stress and nervousness in response to uncontrollable and unavoidable perceived threats.
Excessive and constant anxiety can transform moments of worry into full-fledged disorders. Some amount of anxiety is normal, but excessive amounts are irrational and unjustified. Many people with anxiety disorders perceive threats that are not grounded in reality.
Philosophers and psychiatrists have classified anxiety into several categories:
- Existential anxiety is a philosophical term used to describe the anxiety associated with the freedom and responsibility of choice. People with this type of anxiety might experience excessive difficulty and apprehension when making decisions.
- Test and performance anxiety cause people to feel apprehension when expected to perform in a competitive situation. Many people with test or performance anxiety feel physical symptoms of dizziness and nausea in competitive situations in school or at work. Generally, this type of anxiety causes people to underperform.
- Social anxiety creates a feeling of nervousness as a response to social interactions. Many people experience social anxiety as young children. Most people outgrow this condition by the time they reach adulthood. Social anxiety is abnormal when it affects adults.
- Trait anxiety refers to a situation when anxiety becomes a part of a person's character. For people with trait anxiety, moments of irrational or excessive worry are the norm as opposed to the exception.
Other types of anxiety include panic disorder, agoraphobia, general phobias, social anxiety disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, and obsessive compulsive disorder.
Generalized anxiety disorder is a condition that results from unnecessary worry about everyday life. People with generalized anxiety disorder never seem to stop worrying about health, money, family, employment, school, or something else.
In the majority of situations, the worrying is unwarranted and excessive. Eventually, the condition escalates out of control, and unrealistic feelings of worry dominate every aspect of daily life.
Symptoms & Warning Signs
In many situations, anxiety is normal and justifiable. In fact, some experts say that a certain level of anxiety is necessary to facilitate performance in competitive situations. If you anticipate a stressful situation, anxiety can keep you motivated to persevere through.
Anxiety is a problem when your worrying is abnormal, out of place, and excessive. If you are always stressed and unnecessarily afraid of everyday situations, you may suffer from an anxiety disorder. In no situation should anxiety become a dominant feeling. When your anxiety becomes out of control, treatment and counseling are available to help relieve symptoms.
Physical symptoms of anxiety include heart palpitations, fatigue, nausea, chest pain, stomach aches, and headaches. Other symptoms include trembling, sweating, and papillary dilation. You may not notice your physical symptoms, especially if your emotional symptoms are overwhelming.
Causes & Risk Factors
Feelings of anxiety are normal responses to stressful situations and unfamiliar circumstances. Situations test us on a daily basis, and people will respond with a variety of reactions ranging from excitement to fear. If you start to feel nonstop fear or stress, you may be suffering from an anxiety disorder that is triggered by a specific event or no event at all.
Certain medications and drugs can cause sensations of worry, uncertainty, and nervousness. Both legal and illegal drugs can make you feel anxious, high-strung, and jittery.
Excessive anxiety is common among people who have recently stopped drinking or smoking.
Prevention & Treatment
Preventative measures and treatment will vary based on your age, lifestyle, environmental situations, and whether you suffer from an anxiety disorder. People with anxiety may need a combination of medication or counseling. Sometimes, counseling in an informal setting with family and friends can be helpful. If you feel that your anxiety is out of control, you should reach out to someone close to you.
Professional treatments may span weeks, months, or years depending on the patient's condition and needs.
Tests & Diagnosis
No laboratory tests are available to diagnose anxiety. Instead, a doctor can diagnose anxiety disorders through questionnaires and psychological assessments. Lab tests are available to diagnose symptoms including high blood pressure, problems breathing, and heart palpitations. | <urn:uuid:a7ded96e-4c49-42b6-8918-e266e12f5b82> | {
"date": "2017-04-26T00:17:22",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-17",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917121000.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031201-00058-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 4,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9292734265327454,
"score": 3.6875,
"token_count": 907,
"url": "https://www.symptomfind.com/diseases-conditions/anxiety/"
} |
Much is explained by looking at the polar equation of the spiral:
Here, $\alpha$ is the constant angle any tangent to the curve makes with the radius vector (a line segment joining the origin and the point of tangency). This explains the adjective equiangular (the verification of this property from the defining equation is left as an exercise). As an aside, insects flying towards a point light source like a candle or a light bulb follow the path of an equiangular spiral, since the usual strategy of an insect flying at the daytime to get their bearing is to fly at a constant angle from the sun's rays, and this strategy works against them when encountering man-made light.
Now, suppose we have an arithmetic progression of angles $\theta,\theta+\Delta\theta,\theta+2\Delta\theta,\dots$; if we get the corresponding values of the radius vector using the defining equation for the logarithmic spiral (geometrically speaking, this corresponds to a clockwise rotation by $0,\Delta\theta,2\Delta\theta,\dots$ radians), we get
which can be re-expressed as
which as you can see is a geometric progression; that is to say, the logarithms of the members of this sequence form an arithmetic progression. This is where the logarithmic adjective arises from. | <urn:uuid:d5cf1cef-318d-493f-b9dd-eef0ec7e4935> | {
"date": "2014-09-20T08:14:20",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-41",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657133033.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011213-00178-ip-10-196-40-205.us-west-1.compute.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8374634385108948,
"score": 3.28125,
"token_count": 295,
"url": "http://math.stackexchange.com/questions/7792/why-does-an-equiangular-spiral-become-logarithmic-intuitively"
} |
ÄNÄN MUNÄN YLHÄ / ÄNÄN YLHÄTUOLI / ÄNÄN TÄNTAIMON COINS
Denomination Year Metal Silver Content Mintage Notes
1 Suota 2004 Silver .36 gram First Minting 200 Second Minting 500
3 Suota 2006 Silver 1 gram .999 200
7 Suota 2007 Silver .900 2.4 grams 108
10 Suota 2009 Silver 1/10 Ounce .999 108
ÄNÄN MUNÄN YLHÄ / ÄNÄN YLHÄTUOLI / ÄNÄN TÄNTAIMON BANKNOTES
Denomination Year Details Mintage
1/8 Suota 1992 Small size note >450
1/4 Suota 1992 Small size note >450
1/2 Suota 1992 Small size note >450
These notes are sold out, sorry.
(click image for larger view)
ÄNÄN MUNÄN YLHÄ
Isle of the Morning Sun
Isle of the Morning Breeze
Änän Munän Ylhä, Änän Ylhätuoli and Änän Täntaimon were once one island that was much larger than it is today. Records indicate Änän Munän Ylhä was about four times the size it now is. It was one single island until the winter of 1685.
Änän Munän Ylhä was a large single island with numerous low-lying areas that were flooded by severe winter storms, effectively cutting off sections of the island from the other. One specific lengthy and especially severe storm in 1684 or 1685, according to records, effectively cut the island in two. The amount of sandy marsh that was carried away by the sea was so extreme, the islanders were unable to repair the damage. A sand spit remained as a natural bridge between the now divided island but this went during a storm in 1735. The single island then became two. It was some years later, sometime in the 1800s, possibly the 1870s, another storm created another gash in the landscape, effectively cutting the two islands in to three. The landscape created during the 1600s survives to this day.
Änän Munän Ylhä is low-lying with a base of sand, for the most part. Over the years some soil has created good opportunities for farming but there still remain many salt meadows where cattle are grazed. For the most part, the islands have been protected by rock and stone barriers that tend to minimize the effect of the waves during storms. The northwestern side of the north island reaches an elevation of some 105 feet, offering a great deal of safety from the wave action that separated the island originally.
Änän Munän Ylhä could be described as a "hallig" island group. A "hallig" island is generally known as a coastal island that is low-lying and is primarily has a sand based core. Änän Munän Ylhä does have a sand based core, but it is not a coastal island. It is more like Sable Island in the Atlantic. Änän Munän Ylhä and Sable Island are neither coastal islands but technically, very much "hallig" islands. Generally speaking, a "hallig" island is at the mercy of the sea.
Änän Munän Ylhä has plenty of fresh water. There are numerous ponds and small lakes on all three islands. Since salt water is heavier than fresh water, the islands sit on a rim of fresh water.
Änän Ylhätuoli is the nearest island covers 1,885 acres of dry land and is a long narrow island ranging from about 1,600 to just over 3,000 feet wide at the widest point. The island is not known for its beautiful beaches primarily because the waters around the island are so shallow. Over the centuries, sand and mud has built up for up to 4 kilometers in virtually all directions around Änän Ylhätuoli. The sandy composition and low-lying characteristics make Änän Ylhätuoli technically a halligen island. Because of the very shallow waters around Änän Ylhätuoli, the island is not affected much by strong winter storms. In fact, the island could be considered as growing.
Fresh water is plentiful with a lake in the center of the island nearly as large in size as the total land area. The lake is shallow, ranging from inches to about 15 feet at its center and is fed by a number of springs. A small fish inhabits the lake and while it is not for certain, it is safe to say it is one of the few habitats for the fish. The fish are considered worth preserving by the local population although there is no ecological organization dedicated to its preservation. We do not know the species of the small fish.
Änän Täntaimon is a small low lying island of 1,280 acres. Growth is limited to grasses and shrubs. Surrounding the dry land are shallow pools of saltwater that appear more of a marsh than the sea. The northern and western side of the island is located in shallow water but lacks the marshes. The island would likely not exist if not for the shallow waters to minimize wave damage during strong storms.
The islanders came from Änän Munän Ylhä to initially harvest eggs from the population of birds that were nesting there. They hold the same Christian faith and language of Änän Munän Ylhä, called Ylhäällä, is spoken on the neighboring islands.
All needed services are provided as needed by Änän Munän Ylhä. There is no regular transportation off the island, nor is there medical facilities on the island.
The islanders frequently visit neighboring islands. They trade with the neighboring islands.
Thus, Änän Munän Ylhä, Änän Ylhätuoli and Änän Täntaimon consists of 3 islands with a total land area of 6, 618 acres. The islands are separated only by a few kilometers of shallow sea. Over the years, a rock barrier offers a low tide path to the next island. The water ranges from a few centimeters to about a meter at low tide on the rock and sand pathway.
The north island or Änän Munän Ylhä is by all means the primary island. It is not only the largest, but most populated. The primary feature of the north island is the quickly rising hill on the northwest edge of the island, rising to 105 feet.
On the southeastern edge of the island is the hub of commercial activity. There is a well stocked general store open Noon to 5 on weekdays and 9:30 to 1 on Saturdays. There is a clinic with doctor and nurse, including a pharmacy and regular visits by a dentist and optometrist. The clinic is open 9 to 11 in the morning and 1 to 3 in the afternoon on weekdays. Änän Munän Ylhä has a bank here, open 9:30 to 2 weekdays. A Post Office is open on Tuesday and Friday, when mail arrives and departs. Hours are Noon to 3. The Government office has several free computers, a fax machine and telephone for making off island calls, open 7 days a week to citizens. Hours are 11 to Noon except Sunday and 7 to 9 every evening. There is a small library open 3 to 5 on Wednesdays and Noon to 2 on Saturday. Here you will find a Church and a School.
Generally, the Änän Munän Ylhä is comprised of lichen heath and sand. Since this is not suitable for cattle grazing and farming, this became the island of commerce.
Transportation is primarily by horse drawn cart. This is the usual mode of transport between islands although there is a small boat acting as a ferry. The only motorized vehicles are two trucks used mainly for transporting goods from place to place. Roads are poorly maintained. Cattle, for example, cannot ride the ferry and must either swim along or be herded over the watery paths from island to island during low tide. Roads are little more than tire tracks.
Common to all the islands are Community Centers. Each island has one big enough for the whole island to gather. This tightly-knit community is known for frequent gatherings for meals, dances and conversations. This is the major form of entertainment on the islands. During the day, some gather at the benches at the store to chat.
Daily life is pretty much defined by sex. Men tend to the animals and government affairs while women tend the gardens, greenhouses and home. Every household has a garden, greenhouse and some animals including pigs, chickens, cows and sheep. There is always time to socialize and work is always mixed with some socializing at some point.
Änän Munän Ylhä, Änän Ylhätuoli and Änän Täntaimon are very self-sufficient with the islanders living simple pastoral lives. It is said they have only wants but have need of nothing. This statement is quite true as virtually every need can be met among the people and bounty of the islands. There is considerable pride in this self-sufficient lifestyle.
The pure isolation of Änän Munän Ylhä, Änän Ylhätuoli and Änän Täntaimon has led to a very distinctive culture over the centuries. Researchers think the islands were first settled around 1036 but not permanently settled until around 1365. There is some evidence the first settlers were marooned on the island. Indeed, some of the culture would trace back to this era.
The people are of hardy stock, known to be tall, slender, having light colored hair, blue or green eyes and a build that demonstrates strength. They are fair skinned. A visitor in the 1800s was impressed by the ladies, saying they smiled easily and seemed unhindered by the presence of outsiders, speaking casually as if meeting an old friend. This visitor wrote "The men and women possess skin so fair, I ponder if they wash their faces with the morning dew."
Over the centuries a distinctive language has developed. Exclusive to this region, the language, Ylhäällä, is spoken throughout Änän Munän Ylhä, Änän Ylhätuoli and Änän Täntaimon. Ylhäällä's main grammar and formation is derived mainly from Finnish and various other European languages while its phonetic structure and sound change and stress rules are very much influenced by Welsh, according to Daniel Worthing, consider the top international authority on the language. He describes the language as quite beautiful in sound. The uniqueness of the language makes it unintelligible outside the area.
Änän Munän Ylhä, Änän Ylhätuoli and Änän Täntaimon's culture is pure and untouched by the outside world. In modern times the rituals and customs are more of a social identity than a dominating factor in life as they were in the past. Superstitions from more ancient times are still seen but, again, they do not dictate life as in less modern times.
It is believed that the morning dew will keep a person looking youthful and young in mind. Spring flowers in a girl's hair is believed to have a hypnotizing effect on males.
Prank Day is April 1 and primarily a way for the youth to show interest in one another. The average person plays or has played on them, two or three harmless pranks on this day. The whole population revels in this day of fun where reality ceases to prevail for the day.
May Day is still common practice. During the day, the girls wash their faces in morning dew and keep fresh flowers in their hair. The day is spent making baskets and talking about what the night holds for them. Youth stay away from home all night and are left to their own without parental intervention. Obviously this leads to some additions to the population about 9 months later. The morning following May Day, baskets of fresh picked flowers are gathered in homemade baskets and rushed door to door around sunrise. One may receive flowers for a nice deed, love interest or other reason the recipient feels worthy. It is a major insult to the family of a female, if the young man she was with over May Day night fails to leave her a basket of flowers at her front door. I might add, every effort to provide the most beautiful flowers or the largest basket of flowers is the rule for the male who is interested in the particular female.
Midsummer is much like May Day except the whole family is involved. Feasts are held, many times involving several families, and a bonfire is always kept through the night. Youth pair up and adults spend the night socializing. Many weddings are planned about this time.
After the harvest is complete, Änän Munän Ylhä, Änän Ylhätuoli and Änän Täntaimon comes to a grinding halt. A week of giving thanks, along with numerous special church services highlighting a time of socializing and feasts. After this time, weddings are attended and more celebration dinners are held. It is traditional to give gifts designed to bond the families of the involved couples. The gift should honor the qualities of the in-laws and have a distinctive quality known to the family of the other party. These are seen as tokens of a bond through the children as two families becoming one family.
Änän Munän Ylhä, Änän Ylhätuoli and Änän Täntaimon is Christian. Religion is a guiding force in everyday life. Mixed in are the telling of historical events and the people involved. These events and actions of the people involved are considered pretty much equal to the doings of several people mentioned in the Bible. They are, more or less, local examples of stellar Christian living. Easter is celebrated by all with two weeks of worship, socializing and feasts. One week serves as the quiet week as the last week prior to the resurrection is told, through Easter Sunday. A week of celebration follows, closing with communion the following Sunday.
Homes now are made of wood with metal roofs featuring piped water and wind energy providing electricity. A few homes are partly made of stone or brick. In the past earthen roofs or thatch or seaweed were used for roofing.
In recent years, Änän Munän Ylhä, Änän Ylhätuoli and Änän Täntaimon have worked on developing a brisk trade of surplus goods. The islands are very self-reliant and need little. Even so, Änän Munän Ylhä, Änän Ylhätuoli and Änän Täntaimon are reliant on the outside world for things like wood and metal for their homes, manufactured items and even dentists and specialty doctors. Higher education is another need.
Fortunately, Änän Munän Ylhä produces more than it needs internally, so a trade surplus helps to finance the additional needs of the people. This does not mean Änän Munän Ylhä is without problems. The problems come in prolonged bad weather when supplies are needed or if a seriously ill islander must wait for the weather to clear enough to be transported to a hospital. Even so, this is not terribly common.
Änän Munän Ylhä, Änän Ylhätuoli and Änän Täntaimon have a government that is fairly loose-knit. Two representatives from each of the three islands serve on the council without pay and make all decisions for the welfare and protection of the people. On a local level, any dispute between neighbors is taken to one of the two council members on the local island. If both parties or one of the parties disagree with the decision, a decision is asked of the other council member. If the parties still dislike the decision, the full council will hear the case and make an absolute ruling. The Council has excessive rights in some people’s eyes. They can order all able bodied men to work and set and collect taxes as needed. As you might suspect, such action is only set in place when required by some emergency, such as a causeway between the islands requiring immediate repair. The Council directs the banking and transportation. You should note the bank is owned by a handful of wealthier islanders as is the ferry service. These more extreme powers, by law, can only be enacted when required to preserve the welfare and protection of the people.
A secretary and maintenance man are the only paid government employees. Islanders are all self-employed and usually take care of several very small businesses. Actual per capita income is unknown as there is no such thing as a tax return. It can be easily said the people are not poor and all the families have some reserve for larger purchases. High ticket items such as refrigerators, stoves and ovens and washers and dryers are found in virtually every home. Many homes have the latest electronic gadgets.
Education is very important to the people. There are two teachers, one for lower grades and one for upper grades. Many classes in upper grades are taught by video. After 10 years of intense education, a student can easily qualify for college and will have good farming, animal husbandry and life-related skills. The education quality is considered exceptional. Any student who chooses, is encouraged to seek a college education abroad. This is both a blessing and a curse as over the years about half of the youth have opted not to come back to Änän Munän Ylhä, leading to a smaller population now than in the past.
Änän Munän Ylhä, Änän Ylhätuoli and Änän Täntaimon are unique in the lack of television sets in homes. You will find them in community centers and a movie or TV show might be the center of a night’s entertainment. There is a local radio station and there is a weekly newspaper. The newspaper carries any government notices, some local news from all the islands, a tide schedule, sunrise and sunset times, moonrise and moonset times, ferry schedule and a listing of products that have arrived and shipped off the islands. Every March, a telephone listing is included as a part of the paper. The paper is weekly and usually not much bigger than a brochure.
Änän Munän Ylhä, Änän Ylhätuoli and Änän Täntaimon has issued its own coins almost since the islands were first settled. The name of the currency is the Suota.
Today coins are used for small purchases. A few low value paper notes have been known to circulate but have never been preferred by the islanders. Buying a beverage, snack or a newspaper will be paid by coin but almost all other purchases, including a meal in a restaurant, would be paid by check.
Over most of the coin history, the only coin issued was a very small silver coin that ranged 1/4th to 1/3rd gram of silver although through the years the purity has ranged from .925 to .999 silver. The value of the Suota has varied from 3.7 grain to 5.04 grains of pure silver. This coin, the 1 Suota, was the only coin ever issued until the past few decades.
The question arose as to why the content of silver varied over the centuries and the best answer we have found is the perceived value of the coin regarding merchandise brought to the islands. For example, when silver values fell when silver from the New World flooded the international market, the Suota carried a 5.04 grain weight in .999 silver. Most recently, the rise in silver prices in the past year or two has dictated a lowering of silver content back to ¼ gram per Suota.
As the years went by, winter storms separated the original island into three separate islands a friendly rivalry developed with each island trying to become the load island. The fact is all three islands have their own distinct contributions they make to the quality of life of the islands. However, it became a point of pride to issue their own coin.
Not long after the islands were separated by the fury of winter storms, each island tried to be the top or most important island. It was much like a sports rivalry in that each team wants to be the best but in reality everyone realizes all of the islands need one another. It is pretty much undisputed that Änän Munän Ylhä is the most important island, followed by Änän Ylhätuoli and Änän Täntaimon. Änän Munän Ylhä earns the title as most important island as it is the island of commerce and education.
The fact is Suota coins were issued at will by each island without rhyme or reason. Mintages ranged from just a few to thousands. These coins, until a few decades ago, were hammer-struck silver pieces.
As the world became a smaller place, the islands decided to release coins that could be utilized off the islands. By this point, the only bank on the islands had managed to engage the local population in traditional banking services. This meant blank checks were found at business counters in all the businesses. Purchases that were beyond the point of ‘small change’ were made by check. This has been the case for the last 45 years or so.
When coins were made with the idea the international market would be involved, a designer was hired to develop the image on the coins and an off-island mint was hired to produce some coins. The first release for the international market as well as local use was a difficult process.
The first coin for the local and international market was the 1 Suota at .36 gram of .999 silver. This was designed off the island but minted on Änän Munän Ylhä on a small screw press. The coin was dated 2004.
It was 2006 before the next coin would appear, commissioned by Änän Ylhätuoli who utilized the same engraver to design the coin image and the minting was arranged off the island. The 3 Suota coin, the first in that denomination, weighed 1.05 grams of .999 silver.
The story is that once the leading island, Änän Munän Ylhä released the 1 Suota, Änän Ylhätuoli was already talking about a 3 Suota because the reasoning was one on the islands would likely produce a 2 Suota coin and if Änän Ylhätuoli was ‘one-upped’ they could still win the rivalry with a 3 Suota.
Not to be outdone, Änän Täntaimon ordered a coin with a visual description of its terrain with the very same designer in 2007. The denomination was to be 7 Suota, a denominations never previously released. Again, the rivalry prevailed. The thinking was one of the islands would try to ‘one-up’ with a 6 Suota, so Änän Täntaimon opted for a 7 Suota coin. This was a substantial investment was made by the smallest island in population and wealth.
The 2007 coin did not arrive. Nobody knew why, but Änän Munän Ylhä had already received word that Änän Täntaimon was to release a 7 Suota coin, so they quickly planned a 10 Suota coin with a classic design of an image depicting the scared seafaring people who were marooned on Änän Munän Ylhä during a freak storm. The needed funds were allocated and sent to the very same designer.
Both Änän Täntaimon and Änän Munän Ylhä Islanders were rather worried as the months passed with no word. The thought that the designer had stolen the funds certainly crossed the minds of more than a few, but finally, word was received. It seems as soon as the designer had created the image for the 7 Suota coin, he became seriously ill and nearly died. In fact, it would take some 18 months to recover. Once back to his old self, the designer started work on the 10 Suota.
After learning of the designer’s illness, folks on Änän Täntaimon and Änän Munän Ylhä decided to invest in a screw press to mint the country’s coins. This was purchased by a local merchant through a loan offered by residents on Änän Täntaimon and Änän Munän Ylhä and brought to Änän Munän Ylhä during the summer of 2009 to await the dies for the 7 and 10 Suota.
After almost two years, the dies were done and sent to the islands by the designer. In fact, the coin dies were aboard the vessel bringing the last supplies of autumn to the islands. Änän Munän Ylhä, Änän Ylhätuoli and Änän Täntaimon do not enjoy shipping service during winter months.
Some say the boat was overloaded when it set sail on a bright autumn morning with a forecast of sunny conditions and light breezes. Shortly after noon a sudden and unexpected autumn storm, much stronger than most, threatened the vessel.
There were passengers from all three of the islands on the boat. Everyone knew of the coins dies and it is thought they knew which boxes contained the coins. Although rumors abounded of islanders tossing the boxes containing the coin dies overboard during the storm, there is simply no evidence.
It was clear some of the supplies did not make the journey. With waves crashing, some of the supplies were lost to the sea. While no lives were lost and injuries were limited to bumps and bruises, a couple of cattle were swept to the sea in the violent storm.
It would be the Spring of 2009 that a group of islanders went looking for lost goods, including the goods. After some time, a recovery of salvageable goods was made. This included the dies for the 7 and 10 Suota.
Once the coin designs were found, it was noticed the steel dies had been damaged from sitting in saltwater over several months. The image was pitted. Even so, the decision was made to mint the coins anyhow. The fact was, the islands did not have the extra cash to spend on new designs. These original dies were placed in the screw press, did not crumble and were successfully utilized to mint the 7 Suota for Änän Täntaimon and the 10 Suota for Änän Munän Ylhä.
The 7 Suota, dated when the design was created, 2007, was not released until the summer of 2009, on 2.5 gram blanks that were 90% silver. The 10 Suota, designed and completed in early October 2008, was not minted until summer 2009 and was created on 1/10 Troy Ounce .999 Silver blank rounds.
From what we know, the 1 Suota, the most common coin, had a first minting of 200. The second minting was 300. The 3 Suota had a first minting of 200. The 7 and 10 Suota mintings were in the 108-110 range, likely because of the expense and the fact fewer of these coins would be used.
The 7 and 10 Suota release (which happened within days of one another) was important for the islands. It was symbolic in that it destroyed any ill will between the islands. The rumor mill had clearly been proven wrong and any bad feelings could mend. The symbolism of the 7 and 10 Suota was unity.
It might easily be said the 7 and 10 Suota are a symbol of unity among the islands, a healing of sorts for wandering thoughts and ’what if’ scenarios. The history of the islands will likely prove this release of coins to be their most important. In a late-breaking bit of news, a clay pot of old Suota coins has been found. The coins, at a quarter gram to about .42 gram each, are very thin, small pure silver brakteat coins showing only the Änän Munän Ylhä heraldic seal. The islanders believe the coins may date from the late 1300s or early 1400s as they are in the style of coins produced in the late 14th and early 15th centuries. The coins were uncovered in November of 2010 when a foundation of an old home was seen extending from the sand along the shore. An excavation uncovered a clay pot, sealed with wax, found under a floor board along with several other relics. Nobody knew of the old home near the shore that had long since been covered by shifting sands from winter storms over the centuries. Some suspect this may have been the ‘so called’ government treasury or at least a family’s savings. Historical notes seem to indicate the home was abandoned ‘around 1500’. The local museum on Änän Munän Ylhä has the coins and reports it appears they are all the same. Other artifacts have been found as well and are displayed in the tiny museum next to the government office. All the artifacts have been reviewed by scholars and determined to be representative of the era of 1350 to 1450 A.D. As the islands were first inhabited in 1365, it is presumed the items, including the coins, date from 1375 to 1450. According to local writings, the first coins were minted around 1380 and the coin image is that of the first coin, although local historians say the image on the coins were used during the first century of habitation.
The island's money supply has been estimated at 17,230 Suota in coin and an unknown number of paper banknotes although that number is believed to be less in number than the coinage.
All information is believed to be correct but it’s reliability is not guaranteed. All information compiled by Bill Turner, 2008 | <urn:uuid:b79731f5-1234-42ad-a6ed-773f6d8e7765> | {
"date": "2017-06-29T07:21:49",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-26",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128323889.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20170629070237-20170629090237-00537.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9600374102592468,
"score": 2.625,
"token_count": 6525,
"url": "http://www.bluewatersmint.com/nntntaimon.htm"
} |
Characterized by converging currents and constantly shifting offshore shoals, the waters off the coast of the Outer Banks of North Carolina are commonly referred to as the Graveyard of the Atlantic. Despite the construction of navigational aids such as the Cape Hatteras Lighthouse in Buxton and the Bodie Island Lighthouse further north in South Nags Head, thousands of vessels have found themselves wrecked off the coastline of these barrier islands for centuries, resulting in a significant loss of lives and the destruction of both boats and the seafaring cargo they carried. While many of these ships have sunk to the bottom of the sea and can only been seen experienced divers—or, in some cases, from the sky above during an air tour of the shoreline—the remains of handful of Outer Banks shipwrecks can be spotted from the beach when the sand shifts just enough—or out in the surf when the tide is low enough to expose them.
Laura A. Barnes
The Laura A. Barnes was a four-masted wooden schooner that wrecked off the coast of Nags Head on a foggy night during a nor’easter on June 1, 1921. At 120 feet in length, the Laura A. Barnes was built in Camden, Maine, and was traveling from New York to South Carolina when she foundered in the dense fog. The Bodie Island Coast Guard successfully rescued the entire crew, but the ship wasn’t salvageable, so its wreckage was left sitting on the beach for several years. In 1973, as the Outer Banks became an increasingly popular vacation destination, the National Park Service moved the remains of the ship approximately one mile south, where it currently can be found near the Bodie Island Lighthouse at Coquina Beach. Unprotected from the elements, the wreckage has continued to deteriorate and break apart during hurricanes and other coastal weather systems; however, many large pieces of the ship can still be spotted in the sand dunes at this popular beach access along the Cape Hatteras National Seashore.
Farther south, off the coast of the Pea Island National Wildlife Refuge on Hatteras Island, the wreckage of the Oriental can be spotted in the surf by those walking along the beach. A steamship that served as a transport for Federal forces during the Civil War, the Oriental ran aground approximately three miles south of Oregon Inlet on Hatteras Island in 1862. The remains of the Oriental are often referred to as “The Boiler Wreck” because the ship’s smokestack can frequently be seen jutting out of the water just 100 yards offshore and resembles a boiler. Because the wreckage of the Oriental sits in shallow water that is only 15-20 feet in depth, this shipwreck is popular among snorkelers and divers alike. A wide array of large local fish now call this wreck their home, making it a prime spot for viewing underwater wildlife. To view the shipwrecked Oriental, park at the Pea Island Wildlife Refuge visitor center and head to the beach, as it’s easily visible from shore during good conditions, particularly at low tide. Or, grab a kayak or standup paddleboard and paddle out to sea to witness the wreck up close and personal.
Also located off the coast of Hatteras Island is the wreckage of the Pocahontas, a Civil War-era wooden paddle wheel steamer that sank on the shoals 75 feet offshore of Salvo more than 150 years ago. The wreck sits in about 15 feet of water half a mile north of Ramp 23 in Salvo, near the end of Sand Street. According to VisitOuterBanks.com, the steamer was lost during a storm on January 28, 1862, when gale-force winds rendered its boilers useless and caused the ship to wash ashore just before the battle of Roanoke Island. Although no lives were lost in the disaster, 90 of the 114 horses being transported onboard the vessel perished. The Pocahontas wreck is one of the most popular shipwrecks on the Outer Banks, as it’s easily visible from shore and serves as an excellent spot for diving. Surfers and paddleboarders have also been known to paddle out to the wreck—which, thanks to the presence of a large iron rod and portion of the paddle wheel that stick out of the ocean—makes it a one-of-a-kind location for a unique photo op.
*Stay tuned for Shipwrecks of the Outer Banks: Part 2, coming soon! | <urn:uuid:ab8dac49-179b-4b59-8c07-eaf9ee6cc2dd> | {
"date": "2019-01-23T09:35:27",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-04",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547584328678.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20190123085337-20190123111337-00016.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9591602087020874,
"score": 3.0625,
"token_count": 930,
"url": "http://coastalcottageobx.com/tag/oriental/"
} |
Resolution 1509 (2006)1
Human rights of irregular migrants
1. The Parliamentary Assembly is deeply concerned by the ever-growing number of irregular migrants in Europe.
2. It is the right of each Council of Europe member state to regulate the entry of foreign nationals and to return irregular migrants to their country of origin in accordance with international human rights law.
3. A large number of irregular migrants perish when seeking to enter Europe. For those that make it, many live in dangerous and inhumane conditions. A great number are exploited and many live in fear of being arrested and sent back to their country of origin.
4. It must be recognised that there will always be a number of irregular migrants present in Europe, regardless of the policies adopted by governments to prevent their entry or to return them speedily.
5. The Assembly considers that, as a starting point, international human rights instruments are applicable to all persons regardless of their nationality or status. Irregular migrants, as they are often in a vulnerable situation, have a particular need for the protection of their human rights, including basic civil, political, economic and social rights.
6. The Assembly considers that there is an urgent need to provide clarity on the issue of the rights of irregular migrants, notwithstanding that it is both a difficult and sensitive issue for member states of the Council of Europe.
7. The Assembly prefers to use the term “irregular migrant” to other terms such as “illegal migrant” or “migrant without papers”. This term is more neutral and does not carry, for example, the stigmatisation of the term “illegal”. It is also the term increasingly favoured by international organisations working on migration issues.
8. There is no single instrument which deals with the rights of irregular migrants. The most relevant international instrument is the United Nations International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families (1990). This has, however, only been ratified by three member states of the Council of Europe, namely Azerbaijan, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Turkey.
9. The Assembly notes that there are many other international and European instruments that have provisions which can be used to guarantee the minimum rights of irregular migrants. Some of these include the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948), the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1966), the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (1966), the Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989), the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (1965), ILO Convention No. 143 on Migrations in Abusive Conditions and the Promotion of Equality of Opportunity and Treatment of Migrant Workers (1975), the European Convention on Human Rights (1950) (ETS No. 5), the European Social Charter (1961) (ETS No. 35), the revised European Social Charter (1996) (ETS No. 163) and the Council of Europe Convention on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings (2005) (CETS No. 197).
10. The Assembly notes, however, that the large number of disparate instruments and the varying number of signatures and ratifications leave a web of uncertainty as to the minimum rights to be applied to irregular migrants.
11. It should be possible to extract a number of minimum civil and political rights, on the one hand, and economic and social rights, on the other, to be applied by Council of Europe member states in favour of irregular migrants.
12. In terms of civil and political rights, the Assembly considers that the European Convention on Human Rights provides a minimum safeguard and notes that the Convention requires that its contracting parties take measures for the effective prevention of human rights violations against vulnerable persons such as irregular migrants. The following minimum rights merit highlighting:
12.1. the right to life should be enjoyed and respected. Unreasonable force should not be used to prevent the entry of non-nationals into a country. A duty exists on the authorities to endeavour to save those whose life may be in danger in seeking to enter a country;
12.2. irregular migrants should be protected from torture and inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. The return process of irregular migrants should be carried out respecting fully the right to dignity of returnees, taking into account, inter alia, their age, sex, state of health and eventual disabilities. Coercive measures during expulsion should be kept to an absolute minimum;
12.3. irregular migrants should be protected from slavery and forced labour, and victims of trafficking should be granted specific rights in line with the Council of Europe Convention on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings;
12.4. detention of irregular migrants should be used only as a last resort and not for an excessive period of time. Where necessary, irregular migrants should be held in special detention facilities and separately from convicted prisoners. Children should only be detained as a measure of last resort and then for the shortest possible period of time. Detention or holding of other vulnerable persons (pregnant women, mothers with young children, the elderly, people with disabilities) should be avoided whenever possible. Suitable accommodation should be available to lodge families, but otherwise men and women should be housed separately. Detainees should have the right to contact anyone of their choice (lawyers, family members, NGOs, UNHCR, etc.), have access to adequate medical care and access to an interpreter and free legal aid where appropriate;
12.5. detention of irregular migrants must be judicially authorised. Independent judicial scrutiny of the legality and need for continued detention should be available. Those detained should be expressly informed, without delay and in a language they understand, of their rights and the procedures applicable to them. They should be entitled to take proceedings before a court to challenge speedily the lawfulness of their detention;
12.6. irregular migrants in detention also have the right to communicate with the consular posts of their country of origin and to be informed, by the authorities of the state where they are detained, of their rights under the 1963 Vienna Convention on Consular Relations;
12.7. those whose right to enter a country is disputed should have the right to a hearing, with the assistance of an interpreter if necessary, in order to explain the reasons for entering the country and should be able to lodge an application for asylum if appropriate;
12.8. the right to asylum and non-refoulement should be respected;
12.9. an irregular migrant being removed from a country should be entitled to an effective remedy before a competent, independent and impartial authority. The remedy should have a suspensive effect when the returnee has an arguable claim that, if returned, he or she would be subjected to treatment contrary to his or her human rights. Interpretation and legal aid should be available;
12.10. an irregular migrant being removed from the country has the right to effective access to the European Court of Human Rights by lodging an individual application with the Court under Article 34 of the European Convention on Human Rights;
12.11. collective expulsion of aliens, including irregular migrants, is prohibited;
12.12. the right to respect for private and family life should be observed. Removal should not take place when the irregular person concerned has particularly strong family or social ties with the country seeking to remove him or her and when the removal is likely to lead to the conclusion that expulsion would violate the right to private and/or family life of the person concerned;
12.13. the right to confidential treatment of information concerning irregular migrants should be respected. For example, information relating to an asylum application should not be made available by the host country to the authorities of the country of origin;
12.14. while certain restrictions can be placed on the political activities of aliens, the restriction on the rights to freedom of assembly, association and expression should not extend beyond what is reasonably necessary;
12.15. irregular migrants have the right to marry and total barriers should not be put in place preventing them from doing so;
12.16. irregular migrants should be entitled to the protection of their property. They should be able to manage or dispose of it, including through banking facilities allowing for the transfer of earnings and savings;
12.17. irregular migrants should not be discriminated against, in accordance with Article 14 of the European Convention on Human Rights and under Protocol No. 12 to the Convention (ETS No. 177);
12.18. there should be no discrimination on grounds of race or ethnicity in granting or refusing admission, in authorising a stay or an expulsion of an irregular migrant.
13. In terms of economic and social rights, the Assembly considers that the following minimum rights, inter alia, should apply:
13.1. adequate housing and shelter guaranteeing human dignity should be afforded to irregular migrants;
13.2. emergency health care should be available to irregular migrants and states should seek to provide more holistic health care, taking into account, in particular, the specific needs of vulnerable groups such as children, disabled persons, pregnant women and the elderly;
13.3. social protection through social security should not be denied to irregular migrants where it is necessary to alleviate poverty and preserve human dignity. Children are in a particularly vulnerable situation and they should be entitled to social protection, which they should enjoy on the same footing as national children;
13.4. irregular migrants who have made social security contributions should be able to benefit from these contributions or be reimbursed if expelled from the country, for example;
13.5. in relation to irregular migrants in work, they should be entitled to fair wages, reasonable working conditions, compensation for accidents, access to a court to defend their rights and also freedom to form and to join a trade union. Any employer failing to comply with these terms should be rigorously pursued by the relevant authorities of the member state;
13.6. all children have a right to education, extending to primary school and secondary school levels, in those countries where such schooling is compulsory. Education should reflect their culture and language and they should be entitled to recognition, including through certification, of the standards achieved;
13.7. all children, but also other vulnerable groups such as the elderly, single mothers and more generally single girls and women, should be given particular protection and attention.
14. Consequently, the Parliamentary Assembly invites the governments of member states of the Council of Europe to sign and ratify, where not already done, and implement the relevant human rights instruments contributing to the protection of the rights of irregular migrants, including, inter alia, the UN International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families (1990), the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1966), the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (1966), the Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989), the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (1965), ILO Convention No. 143 on Migrations in Abusive Conditions and the Promotion of Equality of Opportunity and Treatment of Migrant Workers (1975), the European Convention on Human Rights (1950), the European Social Charter (1961), including its Additional Protocol Providing for a System of Collective Complaints (1995) (ETS No. 158), the revised European Social Charter (1996) and the Council of Europe Convention on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings (2005).
15. On the basis of the principles contained in the international human rights instruments relevant to irregular migrants, the Assembly invites the governments of member states of the Council of Europe to guarantee the minimum civil, political, economic and social rights outlined in this resolution.
16. The Parliamentary Assembly also invites the governments of member states of the Council of Europe to assure that irregular migrants are able to enjoy their minimum rights in practice, including by:
16.1. raising awareness of the rights of irregular migrants;
16.2. raising awareness of the situation in which irregular migrants live and the difficulties and exploitation they face;
16.3. refraining from criminalising humanitarian assistance for irregular migrants by civil society actors;
16.4. dispensing with the duty of certain authorities (for example school authorities, doctors and medical authorities) to inform on the illegal status of migrants so as to avoid the situation where irregular migrants do not claim their rights through fear of identification as irregular migrants and fear of expulsion;
16.5. considering all relevant means for regularising the situation of irregular migrants where there are reasons why irregular migrants can not or should not be returned to their country of origin;
16.6. supporting voluntary return programmes for irregular
migrants and carrying out forcible returns only as a last resort and in accordance
with the “Twenty Guidelines on Forced Return” adopted by the
Committee of Ministers in May 2005;
16.7. ensuring the availability of non-judicial human rights protection, including by national or local ombudsmen, or other such authorities, alongside judicial protection.
17. The Assembly also invites member states of the Council of Europe to support the United Nations Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants in his work.
18. The Assembly furthermore invites the Council of Europe Commissioner for Human Rights to take up the issue of rights of irregular migrants in his contacts with states and with national ombudsmen, and invites him to give priority to the rights of irregular migrants in both his individual country reports and thematic reports.
1. Assembly debate on 27 June 2006 (18th Sitting) (see Doc. 10924, report of the Committee on Migration, Refugees and Population, rapporteur: Mr van Thijn).
Text adopted by the Assembly on 27 June 2006 (18th Sitting). | <urn:uuid:6c40d217-b87c-4c94-9d0e-3c34df371f63> | {
"date": "2014-12-18T11:29:22",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-52",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802766267.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075246-00099-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9265567064285278,
"score": 2.703125,
"token_count": 2801,
"url": "http://assembly.coe.int/Mainf.asp?link=/Documents/AdoptedText/ta06/ERES1509.htm"
} |
Cancer Types - Diagnostic Procedures For Breast Cancer
It is important to remember that a lump or other changes in the breast, or an abnormal area seen on a mammogram, may be caused by cancer or, more often, by other, less serious problems.
To determine the cause of any signs or symptoms you may have, your doctor will perform a careful physical exam that includes a personal and family medical history, as well as questions about your current overall health status. An examination that includes the following will also be done:
- Palpation. Carefully feeling the lump and the tissue around it--its size, its texture, and whether it moves easily. Benign lumps often feel different from cancerous ones.
- Nipple discharge examination. Fluid may be collected from spontaneous nipple discharge and then sent to the lab to look for cancer cells. Most nipple secretions are not cancer, as an injury, infection, or benign tumor may cause discharge.
For women who are at high risk for breast cancer, a procedure called ductal lavage may be used. Ductal lavage is a procedure that collects cells from inside the milk ductal system--the location where most breast cancers begin.
In addition to a physical examination by your doctor, imaging tests will be performed. Imaging tests may include one or more of the following:
- Diagnostic mammography. A diagnostic mammogram is an X-ray of the breast used to diagnose unusual breast changes, such as a lump, pain, nipple thickening or discharge, or a change in breast size or shape.
A diagnostic mammogram is also used to look closely at changes detected on a screening mammogram. More pictures are taken for a diagnostic mammogram than for a screening mammogram. It is a basic medical tool and is part of the workup of breast changes, regardless of a woman's age.
- Digital mammography (also called full-field digital mammography, or FFDM). A type of mammogram in which the images are electronically captured and stored on a computer rather than X-ray film. The images are viewed on a computer screen.
Images can be changed, such as the degree of magnification, brightness, or contrast, to help visualization. They can also be shared and stored electronically. Studies are being done to see which type of mammography will be of more benefit to women for the long term. Some studies have found FFDM to be more accurate in finding cancers in women younger than 50. Also, it has been found that women undergoing digital mammography do not have to return for additional studies as often as with standard mammography because the digital images have fewer questionable spots needing more investigation. However, not all hospitals and mammography facilities have digital equipment available. Still, women should not miss their regular mammogram if a digital mammogram is not available.
- Ultrasound. This test uses high-frequency sound waves, not heard by humans, to get images of body tissues. The sound waves enter the breast and bounce back. The pattern of their echoes produces a picture called a sonogram, which is displayed on a screen. This exam is often used along with mammography.
- Scintimammography. A specialized radiology procedure sometimes used to assess the breasts when other examinations have not been clear. Scintimammography, or a molecular breast scan, is a type of nuclear radiology procedure. This means that a tiny amount of a radioactive substance is used during the procedure to assist in the examination of the breasts. The radioactive substance, called a radionuclide (radiopharmaceutical or radioactive tracer), is absorbed by certain types of body tissues. the exact role of scintimammography is unclear at this time.
- Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). A diagnostic procedure that uses a combination of large magnets, radiofrequencies, and a computer to produce detailed images of organs and structures within the body.
According to the ACS, contrast-enhanced MRI of the breasts has been shown to have a high sensitivity for detecting breast cancer in women both with or without symptoms. MRI scans along with annual mammograms should be considered for the following:
It is recommended that high-risk women begin screening mammography and screening MRI at the age of 30, unless they and their doctors agree that a different age is more appropriate.
- Women with BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation
- Women with a first-degree relative (mother, sister, and/or daughter) with a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation, if they have not yet been tested for the mutation
- Women with a 20 percent to 25 percent or greater lifetime risk of breast cancer, based on one of several accepted risk assessment tools that look at family history and other factors
- Women who were treated with radiation therapy to the chest area between the ages of 10 and 30 years
- Women with Li-Fraumeni syndrome, Cowden syndrome, or Bannayan-Riley syndrome, or who may have the syndrome based on a history of the syndrome in a first-degree relative
Based on these exams, your doctor may decide that no further tests are needed and no treatment is necessary. In such cases, your doctor may want to check you regularly to watch for any changes.
Often, however, the doctor must remove fluid or tissue from the breast to be sent to the lab to look for cancer cells. The procedure is called a biopsy. It can be done using a needle to get a piece of the area of concern, or it can be done with surgery.
A biopsy removes tissue or cells from the body for examination under a microscope. It is the only way to know for sure if cancer or other abnormal cells are present.
Biopsies may be done under local or general anesthesia. Local anesthesia means drugs are used to numb the area of the breast that the needle will be put into. General anesthesia means you will be given drugs to put you into a deep sleep while the biopsy is being done. There are several types of breast biopsy procedures. The type of biopsy done will depend on the location and size of the breast lump or abnormality.
Types of breast biopsy procedures include, but are not limited to, the following:
- Fine needle aspiration biopsy. A very thin needle is placed into the lump or suspicious area to remove a small sample of fluid and/or tissue. No incision (cut) is necessary. A fine needle aspiration biopsy may be used to help find out if a breast change is a cyst (a fluid-filled sac that's usually not cancer) or a lump.
- Core needle biopsy. A large needle is guided into a lump or suspicious area to remove a small cylinder of tissue (also called a core). No incision is necessary.
- Surgical biopsy (also called an open biopsy). A surgeon removes part or all of a lump or suspicious area through an incision into the breast. There are two types of surgical biopsies. During an incisional biopsy, a small part of the lump is removed; whereas during an excisional biopsy, the entire lump is removed.
In some cases, if the breast lump is very small and deep and is difficult to locate, the wire localization technique may be used during surgery. With this technique, a special wire is placed into the lump under X-ray guidance. The surgeon then follows this wire to help locate the breast lump.
There are special instruments and techniques that may be used to guide the needles and to assist with biopsy procedures. These include, but are not limited to, the following:
- Stereotactic biopsy. Stereotactic biopsy finds the exact location of a breast lump or suspicious area by using a computer and mammogram results to create a three-dimensional (3D) picture of the breast. A sample of tissue is removed with a needle.
- Mammotome breast biopsy system or ATEC (Automated Tissue Excision and Collection) (also called vacuum-assisted biopsy). A type of hollow tube is inserted into the breast lump or mass. The breast tissue is gently suctioned into the tube, and a rotating knife inside the tube removes the tissue.
- Ultrasound-guided biopsy. A technique that uses a computer and a transducer that sends out ultrasonic sounds waves to create images of the breast lump or mass. This technique helps to guide the needle biopsy.
A procedure, called sentinel node biopsy, is used to see if cancer cells have spread to the lymph nodes. This surgical procedure may be done sometime after the biopsy during the initial diagnostic period to aid in staging of the breast cancer. This procedure involves injecting a dye and/or radioactive substance into the tumor. This injection helps to locate the lymph node that the tumor drains into first (the sentinel node)--the one that is most likely to have cancer cells present if the cancer has spread. The surgeon removes the lymph node that absorbs the dye and radioactive substance and sends it to the pathologist to examine it closely for the presence of cancer cells.
Click here to view the
Online Resources of Cancer Center | <urn:uuid:9f1b82d8-19e6-4336-b61e-b42c3e2c3867> | {
"date": "2014-03-10T06:28:25",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-10",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394010672371/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305091112-00006-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 4,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9467024803161621,
"score": 3.5625,
"token_count": 1889,
"url": "http://www.nyhq.org/diw/Content.asp?PageID=DIW007179&language=English"
} |
|Washington and his troops at Valley Forge.|
Even before Second Year, you most likely knew who George Washington is. Today, Barack Obama is the 44th President of the United States. George Washington was the very first.
Washington's face can be found on the $1 bill, on Mount Rushmore in the US, and in statues and paintings across America. Washington DC is named after him. However, none of that is any good to you in a People in History answer because it has nothing to do with his time as the leader of the American Revolution.
Washington is usually the most popular choice for the "revolutionary leader" People in History question. How would you go about answering it?
- Name and introduce your leader. This is a third-person answer, so you start with "George Washington was born in..."
- What did he do before the Revolution? Where did he live? What was his job?
- The Revolution begins: what was Washington's role in it? He was commander-in-chief, so this is a good place to talk about the battles he was involved in - New York, Philadelphia, Saratoga, Princeton, Trenton and Delaware.
- What happened during the Winter of 1777-8? Talk about the conditions at Valley Forge and how Washington stayed with his men.
- Something happened to change the Americans' luck. What was it? How was Washington able to defeat the British?
- What happened to Washington after the war?
- Finish up with a line on his later life and death.
So, in short...
- Name and introduce Washington.
- What he did before the Revolution.
- What he did during the Revolution: the main battles.
- His time at Valley Forge.
- The arrival of the French.
- Washington's new role after the war.
- Later life and death.
- write in the first person, you're talking about a named person so it's in third person. (He was... etc.)
- write anything irrelevant (unimportant). | <urn:uuid:057b6d17-8013-4123-b962-0b116adb8f3d> | {
"date": "2017-03-26T20:53:09",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-13",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218189252.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212949-00136-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9807973504066467,
"score": 3.046875,
"token_count": 425,
"url": "http://historyjk.blogspot.com/2012/09/people-in-history-named-leader-in.html"
} |
The military may be the most visible presence in the region, but Hampton Roads - and the Peninsula in particular - is also home to an impressive array of research facilities whose specialties range from subatomic particles to aircraft designed to explore mars.
The Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility is a national nuclear physics laboratory in Newport News operated by the U.S. Department of Energy. Known as Jefferson Lab, its equipment allows scientists from around the world to peer inside subatomic particles and study the nucleus of the atom, where quarks and gluons act as the building blocks of protons and neutrons. The nearly mile-long accelerator, built 25 feet underground, is a racetrack for atomic particles. It focuses millions of electrons into a beam the width of a human hair. The beam crashes into targets in three different experimental halls - domed chambers with detectors weighing hundreds of tons that can sense invisible particles that fly off from the target. Federal officials are planning to double the power of the lab's accelerator to allow researchers to more fully describe the internal structure of neutrons and protons. The project could be operating by 2013.
NASA Langley Research Center in Hampton was founded in 1917 as the nation's first civilian aeronautics laboratory. It is now carving out a new role for itself based on President Bush's proposal to restart manned flights to the moon and beyond.
Langley researchers investigated the space shuttle Columbia disaster and had a primary role in the shuttle's return to flight in 2005. Engineers are part of several missions to Mars, including one that might involve the first airplane to fly in outer space.
Home to several wind tunnel test facilities, the center contributes to safer, quieter, more efficient and more environmentally friendly aircraft and spacecraft. The facility's 3,600 civil service and contract employees also study Earth's atmosphere and support space missions through structure and materials analysis. It has a civil service payroll of about $232 million.
Eastern Virginia Medical School in Norfolk opened in 1973 and has 825 medical and health profession students, as well as 295 medical residents. About 2,500 physicians nationwide have degrees from EVMS and nearly 500 of them practice in Hampton Roads.
Boasting 1,500 full-time jobs, EVMS is a nationally known education and research center. Faculty members see patients and research a wide range of specialties including cancer, diabetes, geriatrics and women's health. Research in reproductive medicine led to the birth of the nation's first child through in vitro fertilization.
The Virginia Institute of Marine Science is a graduate school with the College of William and Mary that provides research, education and advisory services to industry, government and the community. Its scientists are noted worldwide for their expertise. Local projects include studying how pollution harms the Chesapeake Bay, investigating fish kills and algae blooms and seeking to restore the bay's depleted oyster population. The institute was chartered in 1940 and is located on the York River at Gloucester Point.Copyright © 2015, Daily Press | <urn:uuid:85fef3e2-fd49-4f1d-b1fd-7d549331bf24> | {
"date": "2015-04-19T14:09:15",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-18",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246639121.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045719-00103-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9527773857116699,
"score": 3.3125,
"token_count": 604,
"url": "http://www.dailypress.com/dp-lhresearchmay08-story.html"
} |
Common Name: Sapodilla
Vernacular Names: Naseberry, Ciku, Chiku, Chikoo, Chico, Sapoti, Sapota, Lamoot, Hồng xiêm, Chicosapote
Botanical Name: Manilkara zapota
Specimens from: Vietnam
Specimens Weight: 164 gm (average wgt per fruit)
Sapodilla is a common tropical fruit. It goes by many different vernacular names, depending on the language of your country. This fruit originated from Mexico and a few surrounding countries.
The fruit is either round, oval or conical, due to the various cultivars. Greenish-brown(fruit on the left in the first photo above) is still unripe and hard but will turn brown and soft when it is ready to eat. Flesh is yellowish-orange to earthy-brown, with a grainy texture. The taste is extremely sweet and juicy. The kind of sweetness is similar to the taste of caramel or brown sugar syrup and that is why I call it "Mr. Brown Sugar"
The easiest way to eat it, is to cut it into half and scoop it with a spoon but be careful of the seeds as the flattened dark brownish-black seed is toxic. Make sure you get rid of the seeds before putting it into your mouth, as to avoid swallowing it accidentally. Due to the curved shape at one end of the seed, similar to a small hook, it can easily lodge inside your throat. Seeds count are usually between two to four but if you are lucky, some are seedless
Fruit: Sapodilla; Manilkara zapota; Sapotaceae.
Other fruit in the same family: Canistel
Click here to view other fruits in thumbnail images
Click here to have a say in your favourite fruits | <urn:uuid:5afb4290-59de-4786-a80b-37cda5975d6f> | {
"date": "2017-04-24T11:19:09",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-17",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917119356.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031159-00351-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9431702494621277,
"score": 2.671875,
"token_count": 387,
"url": "http://fruitspecies.blogspot.com/2007/08/sapodilla.html"
} |
Take the Christmas Stocking Articulation Challenge! One of MANY articulation challenges in my TPT shop!
I developed this activity for use in my speech room with my articulation groups. You can easily adapt this activity to focus on math facts, sight words, or pretty much anything!
*black and white - no color ink required!*
1 - Instruction sheet
2 - Reindeer Challenge sheet
Here is how it works:
(1) I challenge my students to say their target speech sound 100 TIMES in one session.
(2) I give each student a copy of the Stocking Challenge sheet
(3) Each time a student says an accurate production of their speech sound, they get to color one stocking on their sheet
(5) Their goal is to have 100 accurate productions
(6) At the end of the session, I hang up the challenges in the classroom as a decoration - and a reminder to my students of their hard work!
I hope you enjoy this freebie! Please pretty please leave feedback if you like it!
I have MANY other challenges in my TPT shop! If you like this, go check them out!
Want more freebies and ideas for the classroom? Follow me on instagram: @thepeachiespeechie or check out my blog: www.PeachieSpeechie.com | <urn:uuid:a93e2db2-2bc7-469b-af68-248deb8dfa4f> | {
"date": "2017-08-20T09:23:12",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-34",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886106358.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20170820073631-20170820093631-00216.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.902904748916626,
"score": 3.09375,
"token_count": 283,
"url": "https://www.teacherspayteachers.com/Product/Stocking-Challenge-2253985"
} |
Signs vs Symptoms
Difference between signs and symptoms:- What is the Difference between signs and symptoms? When a person is sick and they ask what happens to him or how he feels, he immediately begins to describe signs and symptoms, but what are the symptoms and what are the signs? What is the difference between them? Are they the same? Certainly, signs and symptoms are different things that manifest when we are sick. It is by no means the same; although many times we consider that they are equal.
Difference between signs and symptoms
If you also have doubts about it or just want a little more information, continue reading, because then we explain to you the difference between symptoms and signs of illness.
The first thing you need to know is that the signs are objective, that is, they do not depend on the patient’s perception; But are fully observable or can be measured.
Signs are the physical manifestations of illness and injury. Generally doctors and nurses can observe the problem or measure it in some way, since the signs include: temperature, pulse, blood pressure, burns, and wounds.
On the other hand, the symptoms are those that can only be felt by the patient. There are several things that a patient can experience because of a wound or disease and although they cannot be seen or measured must be accurately described to the doctor, so that the problem can be better understood and thus a solution the same.
By the way, the diagnoses that are usually made are generally based on approximately 80% or 90% on the symptoms and not on the signs; since the latter are often only observable in laboratories.
Finally, the symptoms may include pain, nausea, chills, fatigue, vertigo, itching, among others. Likewise, the same signs and symptoms could correspond to different types of illnesses or injuries; for these reason only doctors and qualified personnel can give an accurate diagnosis about a particular problem. | <urn:uuid:2c8e97ff-8d2e-46f7-91f2-98b7350cd092> | {
"date": "2017-12-14T06:09:32",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-51",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948541253.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20171214055056-20171214075056-00256.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9748557209968567,
"score": 3.21875,
"token_count": 391,
"url": "https://differencebetweenz.com/difference-between-signs-and-symptoms/"
} |
Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine has received a $4.7 million grant from the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) to fund the development of a new class of drugs to enhance soldiers’ performance at high altitude by dilating the blood vessels.
“Our blood carries less oxygen at high altitudes,” said Dr. Jonathan Stamler, who will direct the research. “And there is not much we can do about it. But if we could improve blood flow in tissues we could deliver more oxygen regardless of how much oxygen the blood carries.”
The body produces nitric oxide and releases it into the bloodstream to dilate the blood vessels when increased blood flow is needed. Dr. Stamler plans to research ways to deliver nitric oxide to the blood through inhalers.
The Case Western Reserve School of Medicine notes potential non-military applications to enhance blood delivery such as with “heart failure, ischemic heart disease, stroke, sickle cell disease and diabetes,” though I can think of a certain other class of users *cough*enduranceathletes* who might see a use for an inhaler that can increase blood flow and improve their athletic performance.
Researchers already know that inhaled NO improves blood oxygen for high altitude athletics, and bodybuilders take supplements that claim to increase NO production in the body for improved endurance and muscle building, although these claims seem to be dubious.
Viagra works, incidentally, by stimulating nitric oxide production in the penis, and athletes were known to take Viagra to boost their performance during the 2008 Olympics. The World Anti Doping Agency is researching the effects of Viagra on athletic performance but, so far, Viagra and similar performance enhancing drugs are not on the WADA prohibited substances list.
Nitroglycerin also stimulates the release of nitric oxide, which causes vasodilation which in turn eases chest pain from angina. Cyclists doped with nitroglycerin (mixed in a cocktail of other substances, including cocaine and amphetamines) for six day races around the turn of the 20th Century. During that era, horse racers stopped doping their steeds with nitroglycerin because they discovered it permanently damaged their animals. They switched to a “safer” formula that included strychnine.
Nitrous oxide is not the same thing as nitric oxide. Nitrous (or NOS) enhances a race car’s performance and is also used in rocket fuel. For human use, Nitrous oxide is known as “laughing gas” and will only improve athletic performance in your own mind. It’s also the propellant in whipped creampropellant in whipped cream cans.
H/T to Cycle Dog. | <urn:uuid:88f5c235-480c-4fab-b16e-a9d2ece495a1> | {
"date": "2015-03-01T00:36:35",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-11",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936462141.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074102-00191-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.944716215133667,
"score": 2.75,
"token_count": 572,
"url": "http://www.cyclelicio.us/2010/military-funds-blood-doping-research/"
} |
By Beth Skwareck
What makes your body different from everyone else's?
Maybe you're thinking fingerprints or the DNA that you leave on everything you touch. Now, add your breath to that list.
Researchers have found that individuals have unique "breathprints" that change throughout the day and that reflect chemical reactions in the body.
In a study reported last week in the journal PLoS One, volunteers blew air into a mass spectrometer, an instrument that can measure the masses and relative concentrations of atoms and molecules. The device split the exhalation into its chemical components.
Unlike older methods, which required samples to be prepared and then injected into the machine, the device used in this study can directly accept breath and show the results in seconds.
The researchers found that individuals' breathprints changed slightly from sample to sample, but they always kept a core signature that was unique enough to identify that person.
That means that a breathprint reflects what's going on in a person's body and isn't just a random sampling of room air, researchers concluded. In the future, the authors say, such analysis might reveal the drugs you've been taking or biomarkers of diseases such as cancer.
Smaller versions of the machine may someday make their way into doctors' offices and could be used to detect doping at races without sending samples to a lab. | <urn:uuid:3d9a436b-f29b-4590-b30e-fdf6b62ad7a7> | {
"date": "2014-03-08T07:29:24",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-10",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1393999653836/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305060733-00006-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 4,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9497055411338806,
"score": 3.53125,
"token_count": 276,
"url": "http://www.washtimesherald.com/community-news-network/x2055662138/Breathprints-offer-clues-about-what-makes-you-who-you-are/print"
} |
Climate change changes landscape, threatens flood of climate refugees
Shishmaref, Alaska, is a village with a population of approximately 600, an Inupiat community on the small barrier island of Sarichef, north of the Bering Strait. The village is rather unassuming, with a single school, three main roads, a church, a post office, a few stores, and a collection of small houses. Yet this small, unassuming village is running out of space on their island, not because of human expansion, but instead because of the erosion of Sarichef island, erosion that is being attributed to climate change.
This is a problem that has plagued Shishmaref for decades — since 1969, more than 200 feet of shore has been eaten away from Sarichef island, according to a study published in February. Storm surges and flooding have caused loss of buildings and infrastructure, and officials have spent large amounts of time and money trying to save the island, totaling over $27 million dollars on coastal protection measures from 2005-2009.
Last week, in the unofficial results of an election, the people of Shishmaref voted 89 to 78 to relocate their town, electing to move to one of two sites on the mainland. They join the list of aptly named “climate refugees,” people who are being forced to relocate their homes and lives due to rising sea levels and storm surges caused by global warming.
Rising sea levels and extreme weather patterns are two of the most visible examples of the effects that global warming has had on the environment. As global temperatures rise, polar ice caps begin to melt, adding water to the Earth’s oceans. Sea water also expands as it warms, further contributing to the rising sea levels. Furthermore, as the air warms, it is able to hold more moisture, leading to heavier rainfall events that lead to further flooding and more extreme storms. The effects of these changes can be seen worldwide, and it is predicted that by the year 2050, as many as 200 million people could be displaced due to climate change.
It is easy to look at environmental issues such as air pollution, water pollution, and deforestation and see the extent of the negative impact that humans have had on our environment.
It is much harder to imagine our effect on something as massive as the oceans, or on something as seemingly permanent as the land. After all, we can watch slash and burn farming, we can see sewage be dumped into a water source, and we can understand a direct cause behind a very visible problem.
However, it is difficult to instill fear with a few extra inches of seawater. The rising sea levels are problems that are hard to witness before it is too late.
It is often not until a major storm breaks, or until the flooding gets bad enough to make an area uninhabitable, that we realize a problem existed. However, there is evidence all around us. There is Isle de Jean Charles, a Louisiana island that was granted $48 million dollars in January to relocate its residents to safer ground after the island experienced flooding, saltwater intrusion, and shoreline erosion that has made the island uninhabitable. There is Shishmaresh, whose island home has been whittled down to an island a quarter of a mile wide and two miles long.
These problems are not some distant threat, they are staring us down in the face. They are problems that are making themselves visible more and more each year, accumulating years of chipping away at shorelines until it is seen in the disappearance of land, property, and community. Yes, today it might be an island in Alaska or an island in Louisiana with a population smaller than a suburban high school, but tomorrow it is the coast of Florida, it is New Orleans, it is the
more than 1,000 American towns that are threatened by rising sea levels.
Luckily, for Shishmaref and for Isle de Jean Charles, relocation is an option especially suited for small populations. But what happens when the displacement doesn’t affect a few hundred people, but instead affects 200 million? Will we be able to handle it? It is time to take action now, to plan now, to look for solutions now, because if we wait for the problem to show itself, it will be much too late. | <urn:uuid:e1a6f292-3b08-41c8-b018-cc54b05b2f0e> | {
"date": "2018-11-21T14:43:48",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-47",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039748901.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20181121133036-20181121155036-00296.warc.gz",
"int_score": 4,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9719710946083069,
"score": 3.53125,
"token_count": 881,
"url": "http://thetartan.org/2016/8/29/forum/climate_refugees"
} |
tuition is held below equilibrium price, then there is a possibility of certain
situations being born because of such decision will have great effect on both the
state university as well as the students themselves. The reduction of tuition means that state
universities in the short run or
instantly will generate a higher influx of applicants who would be attracted by
the low rate of education. Secondly, the
normal space used to educate students effectively will no longer prove to be
productive. This means that the
proportion of the classes at the universities would be extremely bigger, disturbing
the balance of the enrolled scholars relations, security and their ability to
learn. Thirdly, the university would
have decisions regarding staffing, expansion and resources, for example, to
meet the additional needs created if tuition is held below equilibrium
price. Additionally, procedure would
have to be put in place to prevent scholars to specific classes. On the other hand, students will have
difficulty taking the classes they prefer.
2. Using the above-mentioned situation,
education would not really be “equally accessible” as the rapid spike in
applicants then forces state universities to then must change the methods by
which applicants are filtered and admitted.
As an example, by increasing the grade point average which applicants
are judged, there will be some certain grades that would have been considered
suitable would now not be allowed to enroll.
Therefore, creating diversity amongst the applicants there would be some
who felt they were unjustly judged and not given a fair opportunity should
their enrollment be rejected. Also,
students who would have desired to attend a university within the state they are
originally from due to their desire of being close to home, would now have to
apply to a university which is in another state or a community institute thus causing
unexpected financial expenses to their families as well as themselves. Another example would be that the university’s
dorm rooms, their food services programs and even the parking lot area which
are designated for both members of staff and student body will now be strained
beyond its normal threshold due to the high invasion that is not a part of its norm. | <urn:uuid:3df10294-aadc-4e80-ae41-5970ca0a1fb0> | {
"date": "2019-11-19T14:59:58",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-47",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496670156.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20191119144618-20191119172618-00536.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9733635187149048,
"score": 2.984375,
"token_count": 454,
"url": "https://tillageontario.com/if-the-above-mentioned-situation-education-would-not-really/"
} |
Judges occupy an esteemed position in the legal profession and society at large. For most, serving on the bench is the capstone of their legal career. The position, however, can take a toll on judges’ health and well-being. Judges regularly confront contentious, personal, and vitriolic proceedings. Judges presiding over domestic relations dockets make life-changing decisions for children and families daily. Some report lying awake at night worrying about making the right decision or the consequences of that decision. Other judges face the stress of presiding over criminal cases with horrific underlying facts.
Also stressful is the increasing rate of violence against judges inside and outside the courthouse. Further, many judges contend with isolation in their professional lives and sometimes in their personal lives. When a judge is appointed to the bench, former colleagues who were once a source of professional and personal support can become more guarded and distant. Often, judges do not have feedback on their performance. A number take the bench with little preparation, compounding the sense of going it alone. Judges also cannot “take off the robe” in every day interactions outside the courthouse because of their elevated status in society, which can contribute to social isolation. Additional stressors include re-election in certain jurisdictions. Limited judicial resources coupled with time-intensive, congested dockets are a pronounced problem. More recently, judges have reported a sense of diminishment in their estimation among the public at large. Even the most astute, conscientious, and collected judicial officer can struggle to keep these issues in perspective.
We further recognize that many judges have the same reticence in seeking help out of the same fear of embarrassment and occupational repercussions that lawyers have. The public nature of the bench often heightens the sense of peril in coming forward. Many judges, like lawyers, have a strong sense of perfectionism and believe they must display this perfectionism at all times. Judges’ staff can act as protectors or enablers of problematic behavior. These are all impediments to seeking help. In addition, lawyers, and even a judge’s colleagues, can be hesitant to report or refer a judge whose behavior is problematic for fear of retribution.
In light of these barriers and the stressors inherent in the unique role judges occupy in the legal system, we make the following recommendations to enhance well-being among members of the judiciary. | <urn:uuid:271ad867-b4b9-4451-9486-fb390ca3871c> | {
"date": "2019-07-16T14:07:21",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-30",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195524568.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20190716135748-20190716161748-00456.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9671249985694885,
"score": 2.640625,
"token_count": 477,
"url": "http://lawyerwellbeing.net/recommendations-for-judges/"
} |
The Unheard Struggle in Egypt
These involved factory workers, gold miners, ceramic workers, doctors, postal workers, university staff.Mass strikes spread across the Nile Delta region and in other locations such as Cairo, Alexandria, Daqaliya, Suez and Port Said. Major labor actions took place in the town of Mahalla Al-Kubra, known as the heart of the largest worker movement in Egypt’s recent history. Tens of thousands of textile workers at state-owned Misr Spinning and Weaving, the biggest textile company in the country, went on strike for more than a week over inadequate pay and work conditions, overdue profit-sharing payments, and corrupt management.
Another flashpoint for workers’ struggles was Ceramica Cleopatra, one of Egypt’s biggest ceramics firms, which was hit by strikes revolving around low wages, work hazard compensation, unpaid profit shares. In addition, around 1,500 workers at Sukari Gold Mine, the largest gold mine in Egypt, went on a nine-day strike to demand pay rises and disbursement of bonuses.
The July strikes are only the most recent in Egypt’s history of labor unrest. They have become an early test for newly-elected President Morsi, adding yet another battle in Egypt to compete for attention with the power struggle between the Muslim Brotherhood and the military junta for control of the state apparatus.
Morsi’s latest attempts to replace the army-backed administration maintain the same interim ruling system—for the time being. Similarly, leaders loyal to the former regime have been kept at the lead of factory management. With that in mind, Egyptian workers seem to be left in the background, particularly at a time where the public debate is focused on Morsi’s takeover of legislative and executive powers until a new Parliament is elected.
A large number of workers are still waiting for a living wage, although officials have repeatedly promised to implement a national minimum wage since last year’s uprising. In a video published by Al-Masry Al-Youm, a disillusioned female worker from Mahalla said about Morsi: “He’s only thinking about those earning 200,000 or half a million. He doesn’t think about the workers who are sweating blood. Where are our rights? We can’t even afford a crust of bread.”
According to the World Bank, almost 44 percent of Egyptians live on less than US$320 a year, the gap between the richest and poorest keeps growing, and the budget deficit stands at more than $3 billion. Facing up to a faltering economy, and with a ruling elite pushing for further privatization and foreign investment, the Egyptian government has found mounting pressure and hostility from the workers’ movement amid fears about the continuation of Mubarak’s policies.
On 24 July, Egyptian state textile workers at Misr Spinning and Weaving suspended their strikes. Although they received partial concessions, the workers said they would resume labor action in September if their demands were not fully met. “We have suspended the strikes until a government is formed and the country becomes more stable,” textile worker Faisal Laqousha told Reuters.
Establishing an effective government remains the big priority in a country that desperately needs stability, and these are still uncertain times for Egypt. While the workers’ struggle appears to be ignored, Egyptians insist on the implementation of promised reforms, pressuring the new government to revise—even partially—the neoliberal policies adopted by the Mubarak regime.
In an article on Ahram Online, Egyptian journalist Mostafa Ali identifies structural weaknesses in union organization and the failure of workers to form a labor party that could help to press their demands as two key shortcomings in the labor movement. While the Muslim Brotherhood and Freedom and Justice Party have made social justice a theme of their political program, many of the Brotherhood’s leading figures are businessmen, like many linked to the old regime, holding interests that are expectedly different from those of Egyptian workers.
So far, little change can be seen in the status quo of post-Mubarak Egypt, with the government ignoring workers’ longstanding grievances and factory administration continuing to deny their rights. Without adequate pay, safety and insurance, thousands of workers and families are at risk in Egypt. With September approaching, if Morsi fails to act on the immediate demands of workers we may expect Egyptians entering more intense strikes, or we may even see a workers’ revolution in the months to come. | <urn:uuid:baa6dbfe-7a34-4958-beb7-57103a20a0c7> | {
"date": "2013-12-05T15:32:36",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2013-48",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386163046759/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204131726-00002-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9590340852737427,
"score": 2.75,
"token_count": 922,
"url": "http://www.majalla.com/eng/2012/08/article55233789"
} |
How can you help to protect and improve water quality?
Managing Water on Your Property
Even if you don’t live on or near a lake, wetland, or creek (and especially if you do), there are many ways that you can protect and improve water quality without leaving home!
In most urban and suburban areas, your street connects to downstream lakes, wetlands, and streams through the storm sewer system. Water runs off your street and your yard rapidly through storm sewers carrying pollutants collected along the way, directly into our lakes and rivers. So think about it: Because our streets connect directly to the water, we all live on the waterfront!
In older neighborhoods (pre mid-1980s), the storm drain leads directly from the street to the downstream water body without any kind of cleaning or other treatment. In newer neighborhoods, stormwater typically goes into a treatment pond, which is generally designed to remove about half the pollution that enters.
In the News:
Neighbors Get Help to Clean Up Diamond Lake — May 14, 2010
StarTribune Metro section features the Diamond Lake Go Blue! makeover in an article by Laurie Blake.
Stormwater Ponds Become Chemical Soup — April 27, 2010
StarTribune article about polluted stormwater runoff, its consequences, and how it can be avoided “upstream.”
Minnesota Public Radio Program — April 15, 2010
Hedrick Smith, Pulitzer Prize and Emmy Award-winning reporter and the producer of the acclaimed PBS Frontline documentary “Poisoned Waters” joined MIDDAY and spoke about water pollution issues generated by stormwater runoff and what can be done. You can listen at http://minnesota.publicradio.org/display/web/2010/04/15/midday1/
Guide to Lake Protection — Great publication From the Freshwater Society & the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency (PDF)
Stormwater Calculator — Learn how much stormwater your property produces. From the National Resources Defense Council.
Success Stories — The National Resources Defense Council success stories complete with descriptions
Classroom Resources for Water Quality Education — Compiled by the City of Minneapolis
10 Ways to Keep Lakes Clean — From the Freshwater Society
Healthy Shoreland Fact Sheet: Stormwater Runoff — from Minnesota Waters
Guiding Principles for Responsible Lawn Care (PDF)
Urban Gardener’s Guide — from Metro Blooms
Friends of Diamond Lake — Local lake ecology resources and organization information
KARE 11 – Water is Life — a wealth of water-related resources & links
Planting for Water Quality — from Blue Thumb
Publications from Minnesota Waters — Multiple publications and fact sheets covering a broad range of healthy water topics
Minneapolis Storm and Surface Water Management — Includes links to many additional resources
Minnesota Water Connection
Iowa Stormwater Education Program
Huron River Watershed CouncilSoutheast MI Council of Governments
Florida Yards — Interactive site with lawn suggestions. Plant database allows users find vegetation for your location, soil, climate, and aesthetic. Interactive Yard feature allows anyone to be the landscape designer for their own yard. (Email us if you know of something like this for Minnesota or the Midwest!)
State of Kentucky
City of Oxford North Carolina
North Carolina Department of Environmental and Natural Resources
North Carolina Cooperative Extension
Clemson University/Carolina Clear
Waccamaw Stormwater Educations Consortium — Tips and fact sheets (PDFs) for what you can do about stormwater runoff
Philadelphia Water Department Guide
Rhode Island Stormwater Solutions — Tips and fact sheets for what you can do about stormwater runoff
National Center for Watershed Protection
— Very well organized by area (e.g. kitchen, bathroom, landscaping, watering) and contains suggestions for both inside and outside of the house. The suggestions are geared towards water conservation and not stormwater per se, but many are applicable.
National Resources Defense Council
From the Environmental Protection Agency:
Stormwater Best Management Practices
After the Storm: The Effects of Stormwater Runoff
Publications and Reference Documents — Printable brochures, stickers, etc., with practical tips for reducing stormwater pollution. Some available in both English and Spanish.
What You Can Do — preventing stormwater runoff pollution
Managing Urban Runoff — Facts and resources
More Examples of What You Can Do (from the Chesapeake Bay Alliance—equally appropriate for Minnesota)
Information and links on this page were provided by Minnesota Waters and Minnehaha Creek Watershed District. Their websites offer additional information and resources for protecting and preserving Minnesota water resources. Thank you, partners! | <urn:uuid:3f31de36-895d-47a5-b250-6956bc1c83bc> | {
"date": "2014-10-21T15:04:37",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-42",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1413507444493.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20141017005724-00170-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8677250742912292,
"score": 3.3125,
"token_count": 945,
"url": "http://www.goblue.friendsofdiamondlake.org/?page_id=6"
} |
The American Red Cross and its partners have saved at least 102 lives as part of its nationwide Home Fire Campaign to reduce the number of home fire deaths and injuries.
The most recent saves are from Columbus, Ohio, where a family of seven recently credited the smoke alarms installed by Columbus firefighters and Red Cross volunteers with saving their lives. The fire, reportedly started by a candle, destroyed the family's home.
Since October of 2014, the Red Cross has worked with fire departments and community groups across the country as part of a multi-year campaign to reduce the number of home fire deaths and injuries by 25 percent; home fires remain the biggest disaster threat to individuals and families in the United States.
Since the Home Fire campaign began, nearly 450,000 smoke alarms have been installed in all 50 states and four territories, and it has reached nearly 570,000 children through campaign youth preparedness education programs, such as The Pillowcase Project.
HOME FIRE SAFETY Most home fires can be prevented. Homeowners should avoid using items that can be hazardous, such as candles and space heaters – common items that can turn dangerous very quickly. To help avoid a fire in the home, here are steps to take now:
- Install smoke alarms on every level of the home and outside each sleeping area, placing them on the ceiling or high on the wall.
- Put a smoke alarm inside every bedroom.
- Test the smoke alarms regularly. Install new batteries every year, or according to the alarm manufacturer's instructions.
- Conduct a smoke alarm check for your loved ones. Make sure that older relatives, other family members and neighbors – particularly those with children – also have smoke alarms installed.
- Get new smoke alarms every ten years.
- Keep items that can catch on fire at least three feet away from anything that gets hot, such as sources of heat or stoves.
- Never smoke in bed.
- Turn portable heaters off when leaving the room or going to sleep.
PRACTICE YOUR DRILL You may only have two minutes to escape when a fire occurs, but most people mistakenly believe they have more than twice as long to get out. The Red Cross recommends that households develop a fire escape plan and practice it at least twice a year with everyone who lives in the home. People should know two ways to escape from every room and designate a safe place to meet outside the home in case of a fire. Discuss the plan with everyone in the household and practice until every member of your household – including children – can escape in less than two minutes.
RED CROSS APPS People can download the all-inclusive Red Cross Emergency app which combines more than 35 emergency alerts to help keep the user safe. And there is a special mobile app - Monster Guard - designed for kids, teaching them to prepare for emergencies at home by playing an engaging game. Users can find the apps in smartphone app stores by searching for the American Red Cross or going to redcross.org/apps. | <urn:uuid:51dbc8a2-12e9-4788-911a-dbaaa9ed1801> | {
"date": "2018-02-20T07:56:35",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-09",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891812913.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20180220070423-20180220090423-00656.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9628463983535767,
"score": 3.265625,
"token_count": 609,
"url": "http://latfusa.com/article/2016/8/american-red-cross-decrease-the-number-of-home/"
} |
Among the largest caves in the world, Orgnac is now an exceptional space for discovery and conservation of the underground environment.
This is an amazing journey into the depths of the Earth and the time in the heart of magnificent rooms which is available to the visitor, crystallization remarkably fine pillars of several tens of meters high, tapers, columns, organ cases , draperies, battery plates, palm trees adorn the course.
The tour finished on 500 meters with many lookouts will take you to a depth of 121 meters underground.
The museum, opened in 1988, presents the succession of different cultures of the Ardèche and the northern Gard, from 350,000 to 750 BC, that is from the Early Palaeolithic period to the beginning of the Iron Age. It shows both prehistoric man in his natural environment, as well as the archaeologist’s work.
After works, it will open again in 2014. | <urn:uuid:610e90f1-0148-4ef1-923a-0bccb7a5edc1> | {
"date": "2020-01-21T03:40:09",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-05",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250601241.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20200121014531-20200121043531-00256.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9364437460899353,
"score": 2.609375,
"token_count": 190,
"url": "https://esperluette-en-provence.com/en/les-loisirs-et-detente/laven-dorgnac-grotte-et-prehistoire"
} |
Vaults are among the structures having the strongest doors. They are designed to protect valuables such as money, documents, jewelries and records. Vaults may differ in size according to the amount of valuables to be stored. The strongest vault doors are designed for bank vaults where huge amounts of valuables are safely kept.
Designing a door for a bank vault is difficult. It should have a maximum strength that can resist strong heat during fire and cannot easily be damaged during attempted theft or robbery. Its durability and strength is dependent mostly on its thickness and not on the type of material used. However, since bank vaults have doors made of either concrete cased with alloyed metals or purely metal, the hardest substances are chosen.
In making a vault door, most manufacturers use a regular mold to form the steel before screwing the metal clad on it. This allows the concrete to reach its ultimate strength before the actual metal cladding. However, some manufacturers pour the concrete directly on a special metal clad that altogether forms the vault door. In this way, the time of assembling will be minimized.
In other words, the most common vault doors are not pure steel or iron doors but concrete reinforced doors. Concrete is used to resist compression forces that might be applied on the door. Unlike normal concrete structures wherein the steel bars are the ones covered with concrete, vault doors are made with concrete clad with the steel. The reinforcement results in a strong and massive closing.
The most important part of a vault door is the lock system. It consists of different small sized metals held in different significant arrangements to form a strong hold along the side of the impenetrable door. Lock system can be of various types such as combination lock, high security key lock, dual control combination lock, time lock and safe-cracking lock. As long as vaults are made with iron doors, any of these lock systems can be applied.
The same principle used in making vault doors are applied in making special prison doors, submarine doors and doors of vehicles used in space. The iron doors used are strong enough to resist extreme pressure at a certain depth underwater or extreme lack of pressure within a vacuum and are perfectly tightened that even air cannot penetrate along the side. | <urn:uuid:38cab4af-6359-4f24-b605-a2bf7de4771b> | {
"date": "2017-11-24T15:06:00",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-47",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934808254.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20171124142303-20171124162303-00656.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.950391948223114,
"score": 2.546875,
"token_count": 455,
"url": "http://yoneteam.us/?p=35"
} |
Volume 16, Number 10—October 2010
Klassevirus Infection in Children, South Korea
To investigate prevalence and clinical characteristics of klassevirus in South Korea, we performed molecular screening in fecal and nasopharyngeal samples from hospitalized children with gastroenteritis. A total of 26 (8.8%) of 294 fecal samples were positive for klassevirus. Klassevirus may be a possible cause of gastroenteritis.
Identification of new picornaviruses (family Picornaviridae) in fecal samples has increased because of new molecular methods (1,2), but clinical significance is not clear. The genus Kobuvirus belongs to the family Picornaviridae and contains 3 species: Aichi virus, Bovine kobuvirus, and Porcine kobuvirus. Aichi virus was first identified as an etiologic agent of gastroenteritis, but the connection has not yet been proven (3).
In 2009, Holtz et al. (4) identified a new picornavirus, kobu-like virus (klassevirus), associated with feces and sewage, in a fecal sample from a child from Australia; the complete genome of this virus has been reported (5). However, because the prevalence of klassevirus-1 and its clinical role in gastroenteritis remain unclear, we investigated its prevalence and clinical characteristics in South Korea.
We analyzed 3 groups of samples. The first group (retrospective fecal group) comprised archived virus-negative fecal samples from 342 children <6 years of age hospitalized with gastroenteritis at Sanggyepaik Hospital during September 2007–April 2009 (6,7). The second group (prospective group) comprised 294 fecal samples prospectively collected during May 2009–February 2010 from hospitalized children <17 years of age at Sanggyepaik Hospital who had gastroenteritis. The third group (nasopharyngeal aspirate group) comprised 142 archived virus-negative nasopharyngeal aspirates from hospitalized children <6 years of age who had acute lower respiratory tract infections during September 2006–June 2007 (8). The ethics committee of Sanggyepaik Hospital, Inje University, approved the study protocol.
All fecal samples were tested for common bacterial diarrheal pathogens by routine microbiologic methods, as described (9). Rotavirus and adenoviruses 40 and 41 were identified by using the ELISA kits Rotaclone and Adenoclone 40/41 (Meridian Bioscience, Cincinnati, OH, USA). The seminested reverse transcription–PCR (RT-PCR) for norovirus, which used primers based on the capsid region and for human astrovirus based on open reading frame 1a were performed as described (10,11). PCR for human bocavirus 2, which used primers based on the nonstructured gene, and nested RT-PCR for Saffold virus (SAFV), which used primers based on the 5′ noncoding region, were performed as described (1,6). To detect Aichi virus, we conducted a nested PCR with primer sets based on the 3CD junction region, as described (12,13).
To detect klassevirus, we performed the first reactions of 2 nested RT-PCRs by using the following primers: LG0118 and LG0117 for 3D region and LG0119 and LG0136 for viral protein (VP) 0/VP1 gene, as described (4) (Table). The second reactions of each RT-PCR were conducted by using newly designed primers based on the Klasse mel1 sequence (GQ253936): KL3DF and KL3DR for the 3D region and KLVPF and KLVPR for the VP0/VP1 region at 40 cycles of 94°C for 30 s, 55°C for 30 s, and 72°C for 60 s. A third RT-PCR for the 2C region of klassevirus amplifying a 345-bp fragment was performed by modified primers KL2C-F1 and KL2C-R1 for the first reaction and KL2C-F2 and KL2C-R2 for the second reaction under the following conditions: 40 cycles of 94°C for 30 s, 57°C for 30 s, and 72°C for 60 s. Amplicon was purified by using QIAquick (QIAGEN, Valencia, CA, USA) and sequenced in both directions with the BigDye Terminator version 3.1 Cycle Sequencing kit (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA). Nucleotide sequences were aligned by using BioEdit version 7.0 and presented in a phylogenic tree prepared in MEGA 4.1 (www.megasoftware.net). The tree was constructed by using the neighbor-joining method with Kimura 2-parameter estimation.
Among 342 children in the retrospective fecal group, 15 (4%) samples were positive for klassevirus by RT-PCR. All samples were positive by 3 kinds of RT-PCR for the 3D, VP0/VP1, and 2C regions. Klassevirus-positive samples in this group were frequently found in February 2009 (33%) and March 2009 (20%)
We tested 294 fecal samples collected prospectively for klassevirus RNA. Ages of children in the study were 109 (37%) <12 months of age; 159 (54%) 12–60 months of age; and 26 (9%) >60 months of age (median 18 months, range 1–174 months). The male:female ratio was 1.1:1 (155:139). Enteropathogenic bacteria were found in 6 (2.0%) children, Salmonella spp. in 4 (1.0%), and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in 2 (0.6%). Rotavirus (13.7%) and norovirus (10.6%) were the most prevalent viral agents. Adenovirus, human bocavirus 2, sapovirus, and human bocavirus 1 were detected in 6 (2%), 3 (1%), 2 (0.6%), and 2 (0.6%) children, respectively. SAFV was detected in 1 child, and the virus belonged to SAFV-1 sublineage. Astrovirus and Aichi virus were not found.
Klassevirus was detected in 11 (4%) children in the prospective group, most frequently in June and August 2009 (27% and 36% of detections, respectively). All samples were positive by RT-PCR for the 3D and 2C regions, but the VP0/VP1 region could be amplified in only 8 samples, possibly because of the variance of the strains and sensitivity of the primer sets. Other viral agents were co-detected in 3 (12%). In 142 virus-negative nasopharyngeal aspirates, klassevirus was not detected.
The 26 klassevirus-positive patients ranged in age from 2 months to 175 months (median 31 months, mean 51 months). All klassevirus-positive patients had diarrhea; other symptoms manifested were fever, vomiting, cough, rhinorrhea, and skin rash. No patients had underlying medical problems, and all recovered completely.
Phylogenetic analysis showed that Korean isolates in this study clustered into reference strains, KV US/2002 (NC 012986) and KV AU/1984 (GQ 253930) (Figure A1), but the sequence variation was limited. The ranges of nucleotide differences and amino acid differences between Korean strains and reference strains were 5%–11% (Figure A1) and 0%–14% (data not shown), respectively.
We found a higher prevalence of klassevirus in feces from children with gastroenteritis than has been found in previous studies (4,5), possibly because of the study population and different primers. Most (76.9%) klassevirus-positive children were <3 years of age, although the virus was detected in children >6 years of age. Co-infection of klassevirus with other viral agents was lower than co-infection with recently identified viruses, such as SAFV and cosavirus (1,2). These results suggest that klassevirus could be a possible cause of gastroenteritis in children; however, further studies that include asymptomatic control groups are needed to exclude the possibility of klassevirus being an innocent bystander. Recently, Li et al. (14) reported that salivirus, which has 90% nt similarity with klassevirus, might have a role in gastroenteritis. However, this virus could not be differentiated from klassevirus in the phylogenetic analyses based on 3 different regions (data not shown).
We did not detect klassevirus in nasopharyngeal aspirates despite respiratory symptoms in 26.9% of klassevirus-positive children. These results indicate that klassevirus might not be an etiologic agent of acute lower respiratory tract infections; additional studies are required to be conclusive. We detected SAFV in 1 patient; a recent study shows high prevalence of this virus in healthy children and in children with gastroenteritis (15), perhaps because of different assay sensitivities. In this study, the results of phylogenetic assay of the 3 different regions showed low genetic diversity of klassevirus, which suggest an outbreak by a single circulating klassevirus strain. A definite seasonality of klassevirus infection was not observed. In conclusion, we have detected klassevirus in children with gastroenteritis, which suggests a possible association between this virus and gastroenteritis.
Dr Han is a researcher at the Inje University College of Medicine in South Korea. His primary research interest is emerging infectious agents.
This study was partly supported by a research grant from Inje University, 2009.
- Drexler JF, Luna LK, Stocker A, Almeida PS, Ribiero TC, Peterson N, Circulation of 3 lineages of a novel Saffold cardiovirus in humans. Emerg Infect Dis. 2008;14:1398–405.
- Kapoor A, Victoria J, Simmonds P, Slikas E, Chieochansin T, Naeem A, A highly prevalent and genetically diversified Picornaviridae genus in South Asian children. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008;105:20482–7.
- Ambert-Balay K, Lorrot M, Bon F, Giraudon H, Kaplon J, Wolfer M, Prevalence and genetic distribution of Aichi virus strains in stool samples from community and hospitalized patients. J Clin Microbiol. 2008;46:1252–8.
- Holtz LR, Finkbeiner SR, Zhao G, Kirkwood CD, Girones R, Pipas JM, Klassevirus I, a previously undescribed member of the family Picornaviridae, is globally widespread. Virol J. 2009;6:86.
- Greninger AL, Runckel C, Chiu CY, Haggerty T, Parsonnet J, Ganem D, The complete genome of klassevirus–a novel picornavirus in pediatric stool. Virol J. 2009;6:82.
- Han TH, Kim CH, Park SH, Kim EJ, Chung JY, Hwang ES. Detection of human bocavirus-2 in children with acute gastroenteritis in South Korea. Arch Virol. 2009;154:1923–7.
- Chung JY, Han TH, Park SH, Kim SW, Hwang ES. Detection of GII-4/2006b variant and recombinant noroviruses in children with acute gastroenteritis, South Korea. J Med Virol. 2010;82:146–52.
- Han TH, Chung JY, Koo JW, Kim SW, Hwang ES. WU polyomavirus in children with acute lower respiratory tract infections, South Korea. Emerg Infect Dis. 2007;13:1766–8.
- Lee JI, Chung JY, Han TH, Song MO, Hwang ES. Detection of human bocavirus in children hospitalized because of acute gastroenteritis. J Infect Dis. 2007;196:994–7.
- Yan H, Yagyu F, Okitsu S, Nishio O, Ushijima H. Detection of norovirus (GI, GII), sapovirus and astrovirus in fecal samples using reverse transcription single round multiplex PCR. J Virol Methods. 2003;114:37–44.
- Belliot G, Laveran H, Monroe SS. Detection and genetic differentiation of human astroviruses: phylogenetic grouping varies by coding region. Arch Virol. 1997;142:1323–34.
- Yamashita T, Sugiyama M, Tsuzuki H, Sakae K, Suzuki Y, Miyazaki Y, Application of a reverse transcription–PCR for identification and differentiation of Aichi virus, a new member of the picornavirus family associated with gastroenteritis in humans. J Clin Microbiol. 2000;38:2955–61.
- Pham NT, Khamrin P, Nguyen TA, Kanti DS, Phan TG, Okitsu S, Isolation and molecular characterization of Aichi viruses from fecal specimens collected in Japan, Bangladesh, Thailand, and Vietnam. J Clin Microbiol. 2007;45:2287–8.
- Li L, Victoria J, Kapoor A, Blinkova O, Wang C, Babrzadeh F, A novel picornavirus associated with gastroenteritis. J Virol. 2009;83:12002–6.
- Blinkova O, Kapoor A, Victoria J, Jones M, Wolfe N, Naeem A, Cardioviruses are genetically diverse and cause common enteric infections in South Asian children. J Virol. 2009;83:4631–41.
Suggested citation for this article: Chung J-Y, Han T-H, Kim C-H, Park S-H, Hwang E-S. Klassevirus infection in children, South Korea. Emerg Infect Dis [serial on the Internet]. 2010 Oct [date cited]. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1610.100539
- Page created: September 07, 2011
- Page last updated: September 07, 2011
- Page last reviewed: September 07, 2011
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,
National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases (NCEZID)
Office of the Director (OD) | <urn:uuid:4934a9f1-1d95-4e21-bf4a-7c66497884fd> | {
"date": "2015-04-01T02:04:14",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-14",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131302428.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172142-00270-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9005562663078308,
"score": 2.953125,
"token_count": 3163,
"url": "http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/16/10/10-0539_article"
} |
Tony Young, director of electrical and automation maintenance company, CP Automation, explains the benefits of worm gearboxes
Worm gearboxes are low cost solutions for producing high torque from relatively small electric motors. Their output shaft is at a 90 degree angle to the motor input shaft and higher reduction ratios are obtained compared to conventional gearbox designs.
It would be hard to imagine how violin or guitar strings could be tuned without the use of worm gears, where each thumb screw is effectively a worm that turns a gear, the shaft from which in turn tightens a string.
A complete turn of the thumb screw results in a much smaller turn of only a few degrees at the string shaft, and therefore much higher torque. More importantly, it provides precise tuning of the guitar string.
If another gear were to be used on the same plane instead of a worm screw, it would be almost miniscule by comparison.
Another advantage, in the context of guitar strings, is that the thumb screws can be spaced out at right angles to the strings themselves, where their close spacing would make it impossible to have gears placed side by side.
This simple example serves by way of introduction to the application of worm gearboxes in an industrial context.
Higher reduction ratios up to 300:1 are a key feature of worm gearboxes, whereas planetary gearboxes for example will typically have ratios up to 50:1.
The 90 degree shaft angle is an advantage in the fact that an engineer can fit a gearbox into a smaller space than that required for a planetary gearbox.
Smaller dimensions mean better portability for mobile applications, for example a Hiab crane on the back of a lorry. The worm gear slewing mechanism is extremely reliable and thus keeps maintenance cost at a minimum.
Worm gears are also suitable for winches and hoists on heavy haul tractors, digger derricks and aerial work trucks to provide durability, reliability and safe operation.
CP Automation is now distributing Chiaravalli’s failsafe spring-applied motor gearboxes. The devices are ideal for heavy duty applications such as rolling mills, lifts, conveyors, printing presses and paper converting, as well as portable lifting equipment when coupled to a battery-operated DC motor.
Worm gear boxes are applicable to various industries and they are used in anything from dairies to car wash equipment.
The high torque has safety advantages as well, in applications such as lifts and hoists for instance. The worm drives the gear but it is almost impossible for the gear to drive the worm, like where the load is excessive. In other words, there is no backward drive, which could be dangerous in conventional gearing arrangements.
Available from stock within a week, with optional 24-hour despatch service, the Chiaravalli CH and CHM worm gearboxes could represent a rapid solution for industries where downtime can prove expensive. Engineers can fit both AC and DC motors to a CH or CHM gearbox whereas most gearboxes are only suited to AC motors.
This allows OEMs and machine builders to expand into new markets where portable equipment may be required. By fitting a 12V, 24V, 48V or 90V DC motor, they are ideal for portable battery-operated lifting devices up to five tonnes.
Because worm gearing has such a high ratio, it will not back-drive. However, because the motor’s brake is applied by a spring, it is failsafe. Once the equipment you are lifting is in position, the brake safely holds the motor.
The CH gearbox has a motor mounting flange that can separate from the housing which incorporates the oil seal. This avoids the risk of damaging the oil seal in case of replacement of the input flange and allows the O-Ring to be eliminated.
The worm screw has a ZI involute profile providing a gear ratio up to 1:300 as well as better performance at reduced temperature. The gearboxes and motors are painted with RAL 9022 aluminium colour epoxy powder to protect the parts from oxidation and the micro-blowholes that can come about from die casting pressure.
The CHM gearbox has a square shape, making it considerably more versatile for mounting. The machining of the components, carried out using numeric control machines, guarantees maximum precision for restricted tolerances, resulting in a product that will remain reliable over time.
The groups are constructed with aluminium casings from sizes 025 to 090, while the sizes 110 and 130 are made from cast iron.
The gears are supplied with at least one filling plug that is also used during testing to check for possible leaks. A connection flange allows two gearboxes to be combined in order to obtain high gearing ratios. | <urn:uuid:ab24b453-f5ed-44a8-821c-d753539abf64> | {
"date": "2019-12-05T21:42:59",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-51",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540482284.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20191205213531-20191206001531-00376.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9398871660232544,
"score": 2.640625,
"token_count": 966,
"url": "https://roboticsandautomationnews.com/2016/05/10/worm-gearboxes-produce-high-torque-at-low-cost/4431/"
} |
Even digital natives need support when it comes to using educational technologies effectively.
One of the paradoxes of higher education is the gap between students’ fluency in technology and their ability to use digital tools to further their own learning. College students may spend most of their waking hours “connected,” but they spend most of their online hours socializing and consuming entertainment. They don’t necessarily know the best way to use mobile devices for educational purposes.
They lack, in the parlance of our day, “digital literacy.”
Enhancing Digital Literacy on Mobile Devices
The New Media Consortium’s 2016 report, “Digital Literacy: An NMC Horizon Project Strategic Brief,” based on a survey of more than 450 instructors, staff members and leaders in higher education, calls for a more deliberate, cohesive approach to digital literacy.
One major tenet is teaching students how to go from media consumers to media creators, while teaching faculty how to develop technology-enhanced content that pushes learning forward. This approach reflects what employers say they need: individuals who can think critically about problems and take an active role in solving them.
Yet other research suggests that institutions may need to do more to ensure that students, even digital natives, have the support they need to leverage educational technology effectively. A group of University of Central Florida instructional designers surveyed students about their use of mobile devices and found that of the 15 most frequently used apps, most had nothing to do with education — social networking apps, not surprisingly, were the most popular, followed by music and social media apps. But students do use their mobile devices, especially their smartphones, for learning. They research topics discussed in class; access course materials; communicate with instructors and fellow students; and use institutional, educational and productivity apps.
In the UCF research, few instructors required students to use mobile devices for assignments. But when they did, it wasn’t always smooth sailing. Students often encountered logistical and technical issues with course-related apps, and they didn’t have ready access to support. This echoes the discrepancy about students’ fluency in digital media. Requiring students to use mobile devices doesn’t mean they’ll instinctively leverage them effectively, nor can they always troubleshoot when problems arise. That’s an important finding for faculty and IT departments.
As mobile devices become more integrated into course work, staff will need to provide adequate training and tech support for both students and instructors.
Best Practices for Improving Digital Literacy
Initiatives like these are always a work in progress. As NMC notes in its report, members of the higher education community have different visions of what digital literacy looks like. It may mean one thing to a literature professor and something else to an engineering expert. Yet, as one respondent noted, what we think of as “digital literacy” is, in the modern world, simply “literacy,” and it encompasses a wide range of skills and applications.
So, how do we get there?
NMC recommends four best practices:
- Engage in strategic implementations
- Focus on students as makers
- Build industry-education partnerships
- Develop smart collaborations
Together, these practices can lead to learning spaces and experiences that are rich, diverse and deeply rooted in real-world applications. Such spaces may be inside or outside a classroom, and such experiences may differ significantly from traditional approaches to pedagogy.
In this new realm are compelling ways to engage students in the skills they need to become effective citizens, employees and community members.
This article is part of EdTech: Focus on Higher Education’s UniversITy blog series.
From EdTechMagazine.com | June 6, 2017 | Written by: David Hutchins | <urn:uuid:13c2d51a-823a-4a70-a8ea-74c5f1b08b87> | {
"date": "2017-10-19T08:45:54",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-43",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187823260.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20171019084246-20171019104246-00156.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9447157382965088,
"score": 3.09375,
"token_count": 778,
"url": "https://bew.acbsp.org/2017/08/03/digital-literacy-training-improves-mobile-learning-outcomes/"
} |
UML Professors Say Many Claims Not Backed by Research
By Jennifer Myers
LOWELL -- It can prevent cancer! It can prevent diabetes! It will wipe away your depression!
In the last year, vitamin D has been touted as some kind of miracle pill, preventing or curing what ails you. Consumers may be compelled to head to local pharmacies to snatch its bottles off shelves.
Not so fast, warn nutritional-science professors at UMass Lowell. The "good news" needs to be taken with a grain of salt and a heavy dose of caution, they said.
"There is just not enough evidence that the general population should be supplementing with vitamin D," said Eugene Rogers, chairman of the Department of Clinical Laboratory and Nutritional Sciences at UMass Lowell. "Vitamin D is more complex than any other vitamin."
Vitamin D has been proven to be essential, along with calcium, for bone health. It is produced by the human body by the skin and can also be found in cold-water fish such as salmon, in mushrooms, egg yolks and in foods that have been fortified with the vitamin like milk, cereals and bread.
"They are quietly adding it to the food supply the same way niacin and folate were added," said UML nutritional-sciences professor Garry Handelman.
He said most people can obtain their required daily intake of the vitamin by spending about 20 minutes in the sun with their arms and face exposed, as long as they are not slathered in sunscreen.
Rogers said the sudden interest in vitamin D and vitamin D deficiency can be attributed to advances in technology that now allow for an easy blood test to determine a patient's vitamin D levels. Many doctors are ordering the test as part of routine blood work.
He added there are many questions regarding what level should be considered adequate and at what level there is considered a deficiency.
The National Center for Health Statistics says more than one-third of Americans are vitamin D deficient, and other research suggests that figure could be as high as 50 percent.
"What we are seeing is nothing new, it is just that doctors are now testing for it," Rogers said. "I don't believe humans have been deficient in vitamin D for 5,000 years."
He added if that were the case, there would have been some evolutionary changes to make up for the natural deficiency.
Rogers' conclusion was upheld by a report released by the Institute of Medicine in late 2010 challenging the notion that the majority of Americans are vitamin D deficient.
In the lab in UML's Weed Hall, Rogers, along with colleagues and students, are researching more accurate ways of determining the vitamin D level in blood through the use of a liquid-chromatography mass spectrometer. The machine has the ability to analyze and fragment specimens at the molecular level.
"We will find the truth," Rogers said.
"Or it will find is," Handelman added.
Recent studies have tied low blood levels of the vitamin to nearly every chronic disease: heart disease, high blood pressure, diabetes, depression, arthritis and cancer.
Rogers said questions abound on those findings because they were based solely on observational, not clinical, data.
"There needs to be clinical trials done to determine the effectiveness of vitamin D, but I am not sure who would fund that," he said. "Right now, we just don't have enough information to make any definitive statements other than to say it is good for bone health."
Handelman cautioned against putting too much stock in observational studies, pointing to a clinical trial he was involved with that studied the effect of beta carotene in cancer prevention. Observational studies concluded it could be a factor in preventing cancer, but when scientists administered doses to smokers, the result was those who were given the beta carotene ended up with a higher instance of cancer than those who did not.
A clinical trial appears to be on the horizon. Researchers at Brigham and Women's Hospital are recruiting 20,000 men and women nationwide to participate in a study investigating whether taking daily dietary supplements of vitamin D3 (2000 IU) reduces the risk for developing cancer, heart disease, and stroke in people who do not have a prior history of these illnesses.
In its 2010 report, the Institute of Medicine released recommendations regarding the amount of vitamin D most Americans should consume: 600 international units per day for people aged 1 to 70 and 800 IU for those 71 and older.
The IOM study concluded evidence of vitamin D's ability to cut the risk of chronic disease is inconclusive, therefore recommending supplementation for bone health only.
"There is still a lot of research that should be done," said Dr. Eric Huang, of Merrimack Family Medicine in Chelmsford. "But it is important for bone and joint health, especially in elderly patients. If someone over the age of 70 breaks their hip, their mortality rate in the following two years is 80 percent."
Huang added if a patient's blood test shows a vitamin D deficiency "we fill up their tank up with 50,000 IU weekly for two months."
Because vitamin D is fat-soluble, meaning it is stored in the body's tissues and liver, rather than excreted in the urine, there is a threat of toxicity.
"But, you would have to take a whole bottle to reach toxic levels," said Huang.
Handelman and Rogers, however, said they fear some people may self-dose or not follow their physician's instructions and could inadvertently poison themselves.
"The bottom line is people should consult their doctors if they are considering taking a vitamin D supplement and follow their instructions," Rogers said. | <urn:uuid:7d5bbdc2-869c-41bf-9efb-216bafbb0288> | {
"date": "2014-08-29T18:05:46",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-35",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500832738.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021352-00366-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9648082256317139,
"score": 3.0625,
"token_count": 1161,
"url": "http://uml.edu/News/news-articles/2011/Popping-Vitamin-D.aspx"
} |
Oil supply optimists don't have to think very long to find plenty of examples of government-owned oil companies that have failed to keep pace with technology, engaged in lethargic exploration and development of their oil resources, and/or purposely restricted production. The aim of OPEC, after all, is explicitly to limit production to maintain prices in the international oil market. Saudi Arabia, the largest producer in the cartel, keeps hundreds of thousands, if not millions of barrels of oil that it could produce off the market.
Pemex, the Mexican national oil company, has done such a poor job in developing new capacity that its production has declined from more than 3.8 million barrels per day in 2004 to just under 3 million per day in October 2009, the latest month for which figures are available. Venezuela has deposits of heavy oil thought to rival the huge conventional deposits of Saudi Arabia. Yet the country's overall production is down from 2.9 million barrels per day in 2004 to just under 2.5 million barrels in October 2009. The sorry state of the Russian oil infrastructure, the renationalization of part of the Russian oil industry, and heavy taxation of oil have all served to keep a lid on Russian oil production at around 10 million barrels a day.
Given this record it would seem that private development of these resources would provide incentives for improving the infrastructure, lead to increased exploration and production, and apply the best available technology. But would such a move actually overcome the recent worldwide plateau in production and create the glut of oil that the optimists predict?
Texas oilman Jeffrey Brown doubts it. Brown is also known in oil circles for his Export Land Model which suggests that declines in oil available for export over the next decade or so will create enormous problems for importing nations. The first thing one has to know about current conventional oil supplies is that about 60 percent of them come from 500 so-called giant fields, that is, fields containing more than 500 million barrels of oil. The top 20 fields produce 25 percent of the world's total. The problem is that production from giant fields is declining overall. Many of these fields are more than 50 years old, and very few giants have been discovered in recent decades. (For a good discussion of giant oil fields and production, see "Giant oil field decline rates and their influence on world oil production.")
Experience shows that once giant fields turn down in any oil producing area, subsequent and usually smaller discoveries do not make up for the decline, contends Brown, a Dallas-based independent petroleum geologist who manages a joint-venture exploration program. Brown says that private development, new technology and unlimited access to drilling--the desiderata of the oil optimists--can realistically only soften any decline in oil production. And, he cites as his evidence the experience of Texas and the North Sea, two areas where private development was combined with the best available technology and virtually unlimited access to drilling.
"You tend to find the big oil fields first," Brown says. And, that's precisely what happened in Texas and the North Sea. Texas peaked in 1973 and the North Sea in 1999. And, despite the application of the best available technology for both exploration and production, despite virtually unlimited access to prospective areas, and despite entirely private development under free market conditions, production sank year after year. And, lest readers think that these two areas don't represent a very big sample, Brown explains that these two oil provinces alone represent 9 percent of cumulative world production to date.
"If all our bag of tricks did was slow the rate of decline, why would it be different in any other post-peak place in the world?" Brown asks. And, when he says "post-peak," he is talking about all those giant and supergiant oil fields that have already seen their rate of production turn down.
Brown's not saying that better technology, private development and better access won't allow the world to pump more oil than it otherwise would have. He's just skeptical that these things by themselves can ultimately overcome the enormous losses currently being experienced in the giant fields that are past peak or those that soon will be. And, that means that even if the optimists could wave a wand and make conditions ideal worldwide for oil development from this day forward, it might not save us from a nearby peak in world oil production followed by a relentless decline. We have only to look at Texas and the North Sea to understand why. | <urn:uuid:4c156cdc-1181-4eb9-bd69-852e62bfe455> | {
"date": "2015-05-25T15:44:01",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-22",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207928520.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113208-00254-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9653550386428833,
"score": 2.6875,
"token_count": 897,
"url": "http://www.energybulletin.net/print/51715"
} |
Book Review: Beginning Visual Basic 6 Databases
As you already know, the Open method of the Connection object is used to establish a connection. With the OLE DB - ODBC Provider, an ADO application can use the ODBC connection mechanism to connect to a database server. ODBC allows applications to establish a connection through various ODBC data sources, or by explicitly specifying the data source information. This is commonly referred to as DSN (Data Source Name)-less connection. DSN stands for Data Source Name. To see the difference, take a look at these examples. First, the standard, DSN connection:
Dim myADOConnection As New ADODB.Connection 'A DSN Connection looks like this myADOConnection.Open "myDSN", "sa"
Next, here's the DSN (Data Source Name)-less example:
'A DSN (Data Source Name)-less connection looks like this myADOConnection.Open "Provider=Microsoft.Jet.OLEDB.3.51;" _ & "Data Source=C:BegdbBiblio.mdb" myADOConnection.Close Set myADOConnection = Nothing
The DSN example opens a connection using the myDSN ODBC data source that points to a .mdb database. In other words, the DSN connection has all of the required information stored in it. With a DSN (Data Source Name)-less connection, we provide all of the information required to open the connection.
We can now find a wide variety of ODBC drivers that can be used with ADO to establish a connection to data. Soon, there will be OLE DB providers available to connect to most data sources. You can use a different provider by setting the Provider property of the Connection. But if you want to connect with an ODBC-compliant data source, you could use the following Try It Out as an example and create your own DSN. Let's take a look at how this works.
First, we will build the New Data Link by creating a new ODBC Data Source. Then we will use the SQL OLE DB data provider to talk to it. We will go through these steps so you can see how to connect to virtually any data source.
First then, we want to build a Data Source Name (DSN). This can be referenced, and it will contain all of the information required to access a data source.
Try It Out - Creating a New Data Source
1 From your Windows 95/98 Settings | Control panel, select the 32bit ODBC icon:
This will bring up the ODBC Data source Administrator dialog box. Any data sources already defined will be listed:
2 Click on Add to create a new user data source. When you click Add, the Create New Data Source dialog box appears with a list of drivers:
Choose the driver for which you are adding a user data source. Since we are using .mdb files, select the Microsoft Access Driver. Any drivers that are installed on your machine will show up. Notice that the Access driver is version 3.51 - new with Visual Basic 6.0.
3 Double click on the Microsoft Access Driver (*.mdb) to display the Setup dialog box:
Provide the name of the data source as Our ADO Example DSN and the description as Beginning Database Programming in VB6.0. Now we need to set up the database. Within the Database frame, click the Select button. Here you can navigate to our old friend, the BegDbBiblio.mdb database.
When you click OK, you will now see the database name and location defined on the Setup dialog box.
3 Next, click on the Advanced button to display the Default Authorization.
5 Remember when we were discussing Access security (long ago, in Chapter 2)? Be sure to add Admin as the Login name. Then click OK. Now choose the User DSN tab and notice that our new DSN description is listed as a valid choice:
6 Make sure that Our ADO Example DSN has the Access driver file selected. Again, when you install new drivers on your machine, they will be listed as options here.
Now we'll test new ODBC Data Source
Page 11 of 23 | <urn:uuid:adee658e-9d79-4a52-b8bd-7889c083e13a> | {
"date": "2017-02-21T23:31:50",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-09",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501170864.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104610-00104-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8412944078445435,
"score": 3.296875,
"token_count": 881,
"url": "http://www.developer.com/net/vb/article.php/10926_1537101_11/Book-Review-Beginning-Visual-Basic-6-Databases.htm"
} |
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency announced Thursday for the first time that fracking - a controversial method of improving the productivity of oil and gas wells - may be to blame for causing groundwater pollution.
The draft finding could have a chilling effect in states trying to determine how to regulate the process.
The practice is called hydraulic fracturing and involves pumping pressurized water, sand and chemicals underground to open fissures and improve the flow of oil or gas to the surface.
The EPA's found that compounds likely associated with fracking chemicals had been detected in the groundwater beneath a Wyoming community where residents say their well water reeks of chemicals.
Health officials advised them not to drink their water after the EPA found hydrocarbons in their wells.
The EPA announcement has major implications for the vast increase in gas drilling in the U.S. in recent years. Fracking has played a large role in opening up many reserves.
The industry has long contended that fracking is safe, but environmentalists and some residents who live near drilling sites say it has poisoned groundwater.
The EPA said its announcement is the first step in a process of opening up its findings for review by the public and other scientists.
"EPA's highest priority remains ensuring that Pavillion residents have access to safe drinking water," said Jim Martin, EPA regional administrator in Denver. "We look forward to having these findings in the draft report informed by a transparent and public review process."
The EPA also emphasized that the findings are specific to the Pavillion area. The agency said the fracking that occurred in Pavillion differed from fracking methods used elsewhere in regions with different geological characteristics.
The fracking occurred below the level of the drinking water aquifer and close to water wells, the EPA said. Elsewhere, drilling is more remote and fracking occurs much deeper than the level of groundwater that anybody would use.
In Colorado, regulators are considering requiring oil and gas companies to publicly disclose the chemicals used in fracking
The public and industry representatives packed an 11-hour hearing on the issue on Monday. They all generally supported the proposal but the sticking point is whether trade secrets would have to be disclosed and how quickly the information would have be turned over.
Industry representatives say Colorado and Texas are the only states to have moved to consider disclosing all fracking chemicals, not just those considered hazardous by workplace regulators.
Associated Press writer Colleen Slevin contributed to this report from Denver. | <urn:uuid:7e8a2905-c28c-472e-8e6b-e31b945824a9> | {
"date": "2015-04-26T10:52:08",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-18",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246654264.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045734-00270-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9633397459983826,
"score": 3.09375,
"token_count": 488,
"url": "http://www.utsandiego.com/news/2011/dec/08/apnewsbreak-epa-implicates-fracking-in-pollution/"
} |
What is Depressive Disorder and How Does it Affect the Quality of Life?
Some types of depression run in families, indicating that a biological vulnerability to depression can be inherited. .This seems to be the case especially with bipolar disorder. Studies have been done of families in which members of each generation develop bipolar disorder. The investigators found that those with the illness have a somewhat different genetic makeup than those who do not become ill. However, the reverse is not true. That is, not everybody with the genetic makeup that causes vulnerability to bipolar disorder has the illness. Apparently, additional factors, possibly a stressful environment, are involved in its onset.
Major depression also seems to occur in generation after generation in some families, although not as strongly as in Bipolar I or II. Indeed, major depression can also occur in people who have no family history of depression.
An external event often seems to initiate an episode of depression. Thus, a serious loss, chronic illness, difficult relationship, financial problem, or any unwelcome change in life patterns can trigger a depressive episode. Very often, a combination of genetic, psychological, and environmental factors is involved in the onset of a depressive disorder.
Nothing in the universe is as complex and fascinating as the human brain. The over 100 chemicals that circulate in the brain are known as neurochemicals or neurotransmitters. Much of our research and knowledge, however, has focused on four of these neurochemical systems: norepinephrine, serotonin, dopamine, and acetycholine. In the new millennium, after new discoveries are made, it is possible that these four neurochemicals will be viewed as the “black bile, yellow bile, phlegm, and blood” of the twentieth century.
Different neuropsychiatric illnesses seem to be associated with an over-abundance or a lack of some of these neurochemicals in certain parts of the brain. For example, a lack of dopamine at the base of the brain causes Parkinson disease. Alzheimer dementia seems to be related to lower acetylcholine levels in the brain. The addictive disorders are under the influence of the neurochemical dopamine. That is to say, drugs and alcohol work by releasing dopamine in the brain. The dopamine causes euphoria, which is a pleasant sensation. Repeated use of drugs or alcohol, however, desensitizes the dopamine system, which means that the system gets used to the drugs and alcohol. Therefore, a person needs more drugs or alcohol to achieve the same high feeling. Thus, the addicted person takes more and more to feel less and less high.
The different types of schizophrenia are associated with an imbalance of dopamine (too much) and serotonin (poorly regulated) in certain areas of the brain. Finally, the depressive disorders appear to be associated with altered brain serotonin and norepinephrine systems. Both of these neurochemicals are lower in depressed people. Please note that I specified, “associated with” instead of, “caused by.” I made this distinction because we really don’t know whether low levels of neurochemicals in the brain cause depression or whether depression causes low levels of neurochemicals in the brain.
What we do know is certain medications that alter the levels of norepinephrine or serotonin can alleviate the symptoms of depression. Some medicines that affect both of these neurochemical systems appear to perform even better or faster. Other medications that treat depression primarily affect the other neurochemical systems. The most powerful treatment for depression, electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), is certainly not specific to any particular neurotransmitter system. Rather, ECT, by causing a seizure, produces a generalized brain activity that probably releases massive amounts of all of the neurochemicals.
Women are twice as likely to become depressed as men. However, scientists do not know the reason for this difference. Psychological factors also contribute to a person’s vulnerability to depression. Thus, persistent deprivation in infancy, physical or sexual abuse, clusters of certain personality traits, and inadequate ways of coping (maladaptive coping mechanisms) all can increase the frequency and severity of depressive disorders, with or without inherited vulnerability.
Charles Donovan was a patient in the FDA investigational trial of vagus nerve stimulation as a treatment for chronic or recurrent treatment-resistant depression. He was implanted with the vagus nerve stimulator in April of 2001. He chronicles his journey from the grips of depression thanks to vagus nerve stimulation therapy in his book:
Out of the Black Hole: The Patient’s Guide to Vagus Nerve Stimulation and Depression
His all inclusive book prepares depression sufferers to make an informed decision about this ninety-minute out-patient procedure. It is a “must read” before you discuss this treatment with your psychiatrist. A prescription for the procedure is required from an M.D. and it is covered by most insurance plans.
He is the founder of the http://www.VagusNerveStimulation.com Web Site and Bulletin. | <urn:uuid:485e6b00-11f9-46a4-976c-6c169f1cc2e7> | {
"date": "2015-08-05T02:30:12",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-32",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438043058631.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002418-00157-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9414133429527283,
"score": 3.21875,
"token_count": 1020,
"url": "http://articles.org/250586_what_is_depressive_disorder_and_how_does_it_affect_the_quality_of_life/"
} |
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)
News & AnnouncementsOctober 2012 IHS/OCR HIPAA Presentation - OCR HIPAA Training Video and the IHS HIPAA Presentation PowerPoint [PPT - 738KB] was presented at the Aberdeen Area staff in July 2012.
IntroductionAs passed by the United States Congress, the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA) will institute administrative reforms that will be phased in over the period 2000-2003. Of major importance in the HIPAA legislation is the issue of data and transaction standardization-a mandate very few healthcare providers can sidestep if they bill third parties for services provided to patients. The law also changes the way health care providers have to protect the privacy of a patient's health information and contains security procedures that must be followed to protect the integrity of a patient's health information.
HIPAA BackgroundThe Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) is also known as the Kennedy-Kassebaum bill. It was first proposed with the simple objective to assure health insurance coverage after leaving a job. Congress added an Administrative Simplification section to the bill (see the Department of Health and Human Services Administrative Simplification Web site for more information).
The goal of the Administrative Simplification section of the bill was to save money. It was requested and supported by the health care industry because it standardized electronic transactions and required standard record formats, code sets, and identifiers.
The impact of Electronic Standardization, however, was that it increased risk to security and privacy of individually identifiable health information. After Congress did not provide legislation defining the privacy and security requirements of HIPAA, the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) was required to provide them.
There are currently four proposed or final rules from DHHS for HIPAA: | <urn:uuid:b9c05d79-34e7-4301-83d7-eda6865a0074> | {
"date": "2014-04-16T14:33:24",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-15",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609523429.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005203-00019-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9445702433586121,
"score": 2.75,
"token_count": 376,
"url": "http://www.ihs.gov/HIPAA/index.cfm"
} |
Making inferences means to draw conclusions or to make judgments based on facts. Write the important details and facts in the boxes on the left. Then write inferences about those important details in the boxes on the right. This chart could be used to infer about story characters or plot. It could also be used to infer from observations in nature or historical events. | <urn:uuid:2d41b813-cec1-4862-9299-6b87ac756d62> | {
"date": "2014-10-21T10:19:11",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-42",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1413507444339.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20141017005724-00313-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9408975839614868,
"score": 3.390625,
"token_count": 71,
"url": "http://freeology.com/graphicorgs/making-inferences-chart/"
} |
ARDMORE, OK--Most parents watch their kids closely when they get into the pool but turns out they could also be in danger when they get out of the water.
There are plenty of rules for kids to follow at public pools.
"No horse playing, you don't want to dunk people underwater or push them in they could hit their head" said lifeguard Hillary Rowe.
But the danger does not end when kids get out of the water, drowning is still a possibility, even on land. It is called dry drowning. Shannon Holland is a mother of three and said she has heard a similar term before.
"Little house on the prairie, and there was an incident where a girl fell in the pond and she inhaled a bunch of water but she didn't go unconscious or anything and the doc told her when you go home watch her, they called it second drowning" said Holland.
Doctors said dry drowning is a delayed drowning that likely happens when a child has a near drowning experience or inhales too much water while swimming. It could happen anywhere from one to twenty-four hours after getting out of the water. Holland said she knows what to look for after her kids have gone swimming at the pool.
"Watch for headaches, for vomiting, nausea, not feeling good, and those were some of the signs" said Holland.
Health officials said if your child has inhaled a significant amount of water watch for persistent coughing, shortness of breath and pain in the chest.
"The water gets stuck in their lungs and they go to sleep then you definitely want to make sure you watch that" said Rowe.
Doctors said kids with breathing problems like asthma, or who have previously had pneumonia are most at risk. They said the most important way to prevent dry drowning is watch your kids closely anytime they are in the water. And if you think they may be showing symptoms take them to the doctor immediately.
Posted: 12/04/2013 - DALLAS (AP) - A blast of arctic air is headed for Texas, promising at least days of subfreezing temperatures and wintry precipitation in much of northern and western Texas.
Posted: 11/04/2013 - (MURRAY COUNTY, OKLAHOMA ) -- OHP says two teen boys were injured in a head-on collision near Sulphur this afternoon.
Posted: 10/10/2013 - GRAYSON CO, TX-When the government shut down 10 days ago, so did the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Area farmers said if the shutdown continues, it will affect their benefits and a farm bill they depend on for their livelihood.
KXII has a brand new app! We have added loads of great new features including Live Video, Improved Weather & Radar, Easier Navigation and more. | <urn:uuid:28ef2bdb-47b1-4cc9-9553-274fca3fe1a3> | {
"date": "2013-12-13T07:24:30",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2013-48",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386164911644/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204134831-00002-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9753966331481934,
"score": 2.78125,
"token_count": 577,
"url": "http://www.kxii.com/weather/headlines/Dry_Drowning_Warning_Signs_158969785.html?storySection=comments"
} |
One in every three bites of food we eat depends on pollination services from bees and other animals, and about 90% of all flowering plants require pollinators to reproduce. Bees are an indicator species, meaning that their vibrancy on earth reflects environmental conditions and aids in gauging the health of ecosystems. If bees populations are declining, it’s signaling larger issues with the broader environment.
Maintaining healthy populations of pollinators is essential for the future of the world’s agricultural markets and for ensuring diversity in our global food supply. Yet, in recent years, honey bee colonies have been collapsing at record high numbers, and other pollinator populations are also experiencing alarming losses.
Are you an Educator?
HCFS customized a “Pollinators and the School Garden Toolkit” to help raise awareness about the importance of pollinators and increase student interest in protecting Hawaiʻi’s unique pollinator species and their habitats. The toolkit has tons of fun, educational activities and lesson plans for students between 1st to 5th grade. Developed with the help of teachers and garden coordinators, the materials perfectly supplement elementary science curriculum focused on pollination, biodiversity, and food lifecycles. The toolkit provides students opportunities to be citizen scientists and to build connections between the classroom, the garden, and the lunchroom. With an expanding number of worksheets, games, and hands-on activities, it is the perfect addition to your curriculum!
Join the Hawai‘i Pollinators Network!
As we develop and launch a local campaign to help Hawai‘i pollinators we need passionate farmers, gardeners, beekeepers, educators, and advocates to join the conversation. Together we can educate, inspire, and help pollinators thrive.
We are a network of beekeepers, teachers, scientists, students and pollinator enthusiasts concerned about pollinator health across the Hawaiian Islands. Join us to stay up to date on research, policy, and community efforts to protect pollinators. It's free to join and your personal information will not be disclosed. | <urn:uuid:69a56f0d-4658-4c2f-b100-c9295741846a> | {
"date": "2018-04-24T01:09:48",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-17",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125946314.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20180424002843-20180424022843-00616.warc.gz",
"int_score": 4,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9227537512779236,
"score": 3.734375,
"token_count": 425,
"url": "http://centerforfoodsafety.com/issues/3859/hawaii-center-for-food-safety/pollinators-and-pesticides-437"
} |
The Abbasid Caliphate By Andrew Follmann And Matthew Albrecht
Map of Abbasid Caliphate This here is a map of the ancient empire of the Abbasid Caliphate along with other empires in Asia at 750 CE The Abbasid Caliphate is quite big (left) and covers all of Iraq, Iran, The Arabian peninsula, most of Egypt and the northern coast of Africa.
Current map This is basically a map of the Abbasid caliphate like it currently would look like. We couldn’t find an actual picture of the caliphate but this is as good as we could get. The white part shows what the Abbasid Caliphate would look like.
Religion The major religion in the Abbasid caliphate used to be and still is Islam. Even though the major religion is Islam they accepted and respected other religions. Mecca was part of the Abbasid empire.
The Economic System The period from 786 to 861 is said to be the peak of Abbasid rule. The empire reached great cultural heights during this time. In 813833 while alMa’mun was in power, he put down many rebellions and fought wars with the Byzantine Empire.
The Current Economic System Iraq’s money is not very valuable and could not buy much. Iraq’s economy is in need of help. The US is there and used to be trying to help it out. One US dollar is equivalent to about 1388.4 Iraqi dinars.
The Political System The Abbasid’s came to power by having Al Saffah kill all the Umayyads. Only one known Umayyad survived. His name was ’Abd alRahman. The Abbasid Caliphate was a monarchy controlled by the Abbasids. An unseen quality was that they accepted non Arabs as governors.
The Current Political System Iraq which was part of the Abbasid Caliphate is now a democracy instead of a Monarchy. Iraq is a representative democracy.The reason Iraq is now a democracy is that the US came and forced them to become a democracy.
Artifact Ceramics are among the earliest examples of Islamic art in Iran, and hold a place of special importance. This 9th c entury plate is from Nishapur, and is decorated with two birds on a white background. This artifact is very old and delicate and valuable.
Social System The Dominant religion in the Abbasid Caliphate was Islam but they accepted and respected other religions. Landlords, tribal sheikhs, urban merchants, and government officials are many of the social classes. Government officials are second in power only to the caliph.
The Current Social System There are no longer social classes with a certain amount of power. Because there is a democracy in Iraq most people have equivalent roles in society and power. One person who has more power is the representative. Other places in the Abbasid Caliphate still have social classes.
Timeline “Founding of Baghdad c. 800, Harun alRashid c. 900, Samanids consolidate power in Bukhara (loyal to Abbasids) 909, Fatimids proclaim Caliphate in Tunisia 929, Umayyad Abd alRahman I I alNasr in Spain proclaims himself Caliph 969, Founding of Cairo by Fatimids 1013, Fall of Cordoba, beginning of "Party Kings" period 1050, Traditional conversion of Mandingo king in Mali 1071, Battle of Manzikert: Seljuk Turks begin to enter Anatolia 1085, Fall of Toledo to Reconquista; beginning of expansion of Moroccan centered Almoravides and Almohades 1099, Crusader Capture of Jerusalem 11751203, Muhammad Ghori expands Islamic rule in India; Dihli dynasty established in 1206, by one of his appointees 1171, Saladin ends Fatimid Dynasty 1187.” (Seth W ard)
Fun Facts To end the Abbasid Caliphate Mongols raided Baghdad and killed the caliph and citizens. By allowing the nonArabs to have power the nonArabs took over.
Fun Facts (continued) The one known Umayyad who survived went to Spain and ruled there. The caliph alMutawakkil (ruled 84761), was killed by a Turkish guard. | <urn:uuid:2f910dff-a56f-450d-becc-9a20d57298ea> | {
"date": "2016-07-27T09:40:13",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-30",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257826759.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071026-00033-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 4,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.954002320766449,
"score": 3.5,
"token_count": 887,
"url": "http://www.docslide.com/the-abbasid-caliphate/"
} |
A few months ago, I got a friend in facebook from Pakistan, who is probably doing her graduation in physics. She told me that she had got an assignment where she had to write an essay on the applications of the Maxwell’s equations, and she asked me to suggest some applications. If I am not losing my memory, the first thing that came in mind is that Maxwell’s equations correctly predict the speed of light.
On another day I was discussing with one of my colleagues about the elegance of Maxwell’s equations and I told her the same, i.e. the best part of the equations is the accurate theoretical prediction of the speed of light. Then through our discussion, it turned out that the speed of light is known to people long before Maxwell proposed, during 1861-62, his equations and I wondered that how people did measurement of such a large speed (3 x 108 m/s)!
I just realised that I didn’t have known the answer to such a simple question.
My dear reader, do you know how speed of light was measured first (at least up to a realistic order)?
If you feel yourself as poor as I was at that time, then I’m here to ease your pain (You don’t need to google since I have already done it.).
Here it goes.
The measurement was first done by Ole Christensen Rømer in 1676 (Newton’s gravitational law came a few years later).
Rømer spotted the full shadow of the moon of Jupiter: Io (see the Hubble shot above). The full shadow is easy to figure out on a bright astronomical object. This happens when Io comes in between Jupiter and the Sun, causing the solar eclipse of Jupiter. Rømer found Io follows a periodic orbital motion and hence he expected the eclipse to repeat same time after it happens once. However, marking the first observation, about 6.5 months later, he found a delay of 22 minutes from the predicted time! So once we figure out the extra path
light might have travelled while the second eclipse was observed, we can determine its speed by dividing the path distance by the measured time delay.
From the schematic picture below, we can see that we don’t need to measure the Jupiter’s at distances (J1 and J2) from earth at all. Only we need to measure the distance between earth’s position during two consecutive observations (E1 and E2). Since the second observation happens about half of the earth’s period of revolution, E2 position is almost opposite to E1 position with respect to Sun (S). So the extra path will be just twice the earth-to-Sun distance, i.e. approximately 2 astronomical units (a standard unit of length in astrophysics and cosmology).
Let’s mathematically do the calculation. Simple algebra, never mind!
So the speed of light:
Well, this is quite below the value we know today (~3 x 108 m/s). This happened because Rømer measured the value of the delay incorrectly (it should be 16.7 min, not 22).
Later more sophisticated measurements (of course after Maxwell’s discovery) have been done, e.g. the famous rotating mirror experiment by Albert Michelson and Edward Morley in 1887. I found a site dedicated on c: http://www.speed-light.info/. Specifically one can look about its mention in the holy Quran (12000 lunar orbits/earth day).
Anyway, did you notice one important thing? How did people in Rømer’s time come to know about the astronomical unit, or in other words, how did they measure the distance between earth and the Sun?
To get an answer from me, wait for my next post. | <urn:uuid:1b9732db-d7a2-47e0-8caf-cd834e435018> | {
"date": "2017-06-28T15:43:34",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-26",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128323711.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20170628153051-20170628173051-00017.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9567332863807678,
"score": 3.359375,
"token_count": 787,
"url": "https://reducedplanckconstant.wordpress.com/2011/10/01/measuring-the-relativistic-limit-c/"
} |
Spraying fruit trees is often a very easy thing to do, as long as you know when to do it and what schedule to keep. As with many types of trees, fruit trees can suffer from a variety of ailments, some relating to fungus and others relating to insects. In most cases, finding a fruit tree spray that will take care of both problems is the most advantageous, but this can also be an inconvenience during certain times of the year. Doing this requires adhering to strict guidelines regarding when to spray and when not to spray.
Spraying Fruit Trees
Wait until trees begin budding in the springtime. Most fungus and many insects will not become active to this time of the year, simply because the temperature prevents such infections or infestations prior to this time.
Use a fungicide, and possibly an insecticide, when green vegetation is first seen on the tree. The springtime is often a very cool and wet period, which can lead to the growth of fungus. It is always more effective to treat the trees before fungus becomes entrenched and begins to spread to other portions of the trees.
Spray insecticides and fungicides enough to coat as much of the vegetation as possible. Many people use pump sprayers to accomplish this. This should be done both on infected leaves, if any, and those that are apparently healthy.
Do not spray insecticides while flowers are blooming on the fruit tree. This could kill bees and other insects that are used to pollinate the trees. Therefore, spraying with an insecticide could be counterproductive when it comes time to actually harvest the fruits of your labor.
Begin spraying insecticide, along with fungicide, after flower petals have dropped. Continue this spraying every two weeks until harvest time, or as needed. Generally, try to wait at least two weeks between applications.
Stop spraying insecticide after harvest or the first hard freeze. At this point, the leaves will begin to fall off the tree and any insects and fungus should be killed or going dormant, making spraying minimally effective.
Things You Will Need
- A combination spray, consisting of both fungicide and pesticide, can be used in most cases.
- Some pesticides can be applied before vegetation appears in the spring, especially if you know there is already a problem.
- Never use a combination during flower blooms.
- Be careful to keep fungicide and pesticide chemicals out of the reach of young children.
- Dormant Spray Schedule for Fruit Trees
- Fig Tree Rust Fungus
- Insect Spray for Peach Trees
- Stop Trees From Bearing Fruit
- When to Spray for Worms in Peach Trees?
- Homemade Fungus Spray
- Spray Cherry Trees in Spring
- Insecticide for Peach Trees
- Spray Fruit Trees in the Winter
- Brush Vs. Spray Asphalt Sealer
- Spray Trees for the Pine Beetle
- Spray for Worms in a Pear Tree | <urn:uuid:458b763d-62f7-4806-aa41-2dbd13a96686> | {
"date": "2019-06-26T16:55:25",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-26",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560628000367.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20190626154459-20190626180459-00216.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9425840377807617,
"score": 2.984375,
"token_count": 597,
"url": "https://www.gardenguides.com/78969-spray-fruit-trees.html"
} |
Basic Lines on Writing a Perfect Research Summary
Summary is an important structural part of every research. The author summarizes the contents of their work and includes the most important results and/or conclusions of their research. Summaries provide other researchers with the opportunity to form an overview of the work in order to decide whether to include it in their study of literature or not. The value of the summary is demonstrated by the fact that summaries (along with titles and authors’ names) are included in the index database of scientific journals.
Thus a poor summary can give the wrong impression for a good job and vice versa.
Summary is usually found after the title of the work and may be accompanied by keywords. Keywords identify the scientific framework of the paper and help other researchers to understand immediately if they are interested in the subject or not…. | <urn:uuid:d533e0a9-ab75-4841-9a5d-5fcc174073c5> | {
"date": "2018-07-22T16:38:51",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-30",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676593378.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20180722155052-20180722175052-00016.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9539551138877869,
"score": 3.453125,
"token_count": 168,
"url": "http://bookofacts.info/blog/tag/research-paper-summary"
} |
This field course allows a student preparing for graduate exams to further read into the field of modern Latin American history. Emphasis is on northern Latin America (mostly Mexico) although some works will also include Central and South America.
Student learning goals
General method of instruction
Recommended Preparation This is for graduate students only. Students must have taken undergraduate courses in Latin American history including HSTAA 382 and/or 383 or their equivalents. No exceptions.
Class assignments and grading
Students will read a book a week and prepare a written report (book review) and an oral delivery of the same in class. A written synthesis of readings will be assigned in week 8. Each paper will be give a weight of approx. 10%. | <urn:uuid:8dccd139-2c4f-4605-91c6-d19ef0c2da76> | {
"date": "2016-10-01T03:25:34",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-40",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738662507.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173742-00282-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9298276305198669,
"score": 2.546875,
"token_count": 147,
"url": "http://www.washington.edu/students/icd/S/histam/582gil.html"
} |
Dr. Ben Wedro practices emergency medicine at Gundersen Clinic, a regional trauma center in La Crosse, Wisconsin. His background includes undergraduate and medical studies at the University of Alberta, a Family Practice internship at Queen's University in Kingston, Ontario and residency training in Emergency Medicine at the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center.
Dr. Charles "Pat" Davis, MD, PhD, is a board certified Emergency Medicine doctor who currently practices as a consultant and staff member for hospitals. He has a PhD in Microbiology (UT at Austin), and the MD (Univ. Texas Medical Branch, Galveston). He is a Clinical Professor (retired) in the Division of Emergency Medicine, UT Health Science Center at San Antonio, and has been the Chief of Emergency Medicine at UT Medical Branch and at UTHSCSA with over 250 publications.
Palpations are sensations by a person that they are having hard, rapid, or irregular heartbeats or a combination of these sensations. The following is a brief description of the heart's function that should help readers to better understand palpitations.
The heart is a two-stage electrical pump whose function is to circulate blood to the organs and tissues of the body. The heart's electrical system allows the heart muscle to beat in a coordinated fashion to maximize the pumping strength of the ventricles, the lower chambers of the heart, and make certain that there is an adequate amount of blood to be pumped.
The upper chambers of the heart, called the atria (single=atrium) collect blood from the body and lungs and pump it into the ventricles. There needs to be a short delay to allow the ventricles to fill and then pump the blood back to the body and lungs to complete the cycle. The heart's electrical system allows this to happen, so that each chamber of the heart beats (contracts or squeezes) when it's supposed to.
The sinoatrial node (SA node) is a collection of special cells embedded in the heart muscle of the right atrium. They act as the pacemaker for the heart by generating an electrical impulse 60 to 80 times per minute. This signal is transmitted to all the atrial muscle cells so that they can fire at the same time and pump blood from the atrium to the ventricle, the first half of a heartbeat. At the same time, an electrical impulse is sent to the atrioventricular node (AV node), located in the junction between the atrium and ventricle. The AV node acts as an electrical junction box and delays the electrical signal for a fraction of a second so that the ventricle can fill with blood from the atrium. It then sends the signal to all the muscle cells of the ventricle so that they can fire together in a coordinated fashion and generate the second half of the heartbeat that pumps blood to the body.
Every heart muscle cell has the potential to generate an electrical signal that can spread outside the normal conduction pathways that may or may not generate a heartbeat. If the SA node fails to function, other cells in the atrium attempt to generate a heartbeat. If they too should fail, the AV node can act as a pacemaker but usually generates a signal at only 40 beats per minute. If the AV node should also fail, the ventricle itself can generate its own electrical signal as a final backup, but only at about 20 beats per minute.
A palpitation describes the sensation that occurs when a patient feels an abnormality in the normal beat of the heart. Abnormalities in the electrical conducting system may cause the heart to beat too quickly, too slowly, or irregularly. Sometimes a palpitation may be a normal variant but it may also be caused by a significant problem that could be life threatening. A palpitation may be an isolated extra heartbeat or it may describe a run of many extra beats that run together for a prolonged period of time. Sometimes a missed beat or a pause can be felt.
Medical Author: Ruchi
William C. Shiel, Jr, MD, FACP, FACR
I see a number of patients with
hyperthyroidism. Very frequently, their
symptoms involve the heart. The most
common symptoms are a feeling of palpitations and
a sensation of a racing heart beat. These symptoms are due to a physiologic
effect of thyroid hormone on the heart. I thought I'd take a moment to explain
more about what impact thyroid
hormone can have on the heart and why these symptoms result.
Many of the signs and symptoms
patients experience when they are diagnosed with hyperthyroidism result from the
direct effect of thyroid hormoneson the heart.
While heart effects are also
seen in hypothyroidism, they are usually much more
obvious in hyperthyroidism.
thyroid hormone causes palpitations and some degree of exercise intolerance that
is due to an increased heart rate and fatigue. | <urn:uuid:b65d4ab0-8cc5-4be5-8e92-33ebf8d602de> | {
"date": "2015-08-29T14:38:40",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-35",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440644064503.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827025424-00349-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9161958694458008,
"score": 2.875,
"token_count": 1016,
"url": "http://www.medicinenet.com/palpitations_overview/article.htm"
} |
Inuit and Whalers on Baffin Island through German Eyes
Wilhelm Weike's Arctic Journal and Letters (1883-84)
Every challenging travel expedition necessitates a host of mundane housekeeping tasks. While most first-person accounts include episodes of pain and suffering, fatigue, and even boredom, the more ordinary aspects may be given short shrift if such chores are the responsibility of someone other than the explorer of record. Inuit and Whalers on Baffin Island through German Eyes corrects the usual picture. It widens the view by looking through the eyes of a servant, young Wilhelm Weike, who accompanied equally young anthropologist-to-be Franz Boas to the Arctic in the late nineteenth century.
Weike was young, healthy, and a trusted employee of the father of Franz Boas, financial backer of his son’s expedition. Literate in German and blessed with a cheerful, curious, observant nature, Weike was also a willing worker and clever handyman. His journal, kept at the request of Franz Boas and never originally intended by either man for publication, is extraordinary not because (despite its English title) it depicts the Arctic “through German eyes” but because it was written by a gardener and domestic servant. Even the educated Boas could not be fully prepared for everything he would find in the world of the Inuit, so how much more astonishing the Arctic world must have seemed to Wilhelm Weike, we might think. Yet Weike’s journal entries show a young man who took each day as it came, performing his tasks and deriving pleasure and diversion where he found it.
He prepared meals, made bullets, packed, unpacked, and repacked shipping boxes, built and traded and did the laundry and made endless pots of coffee. He also liked going for walks (unfazed by subzero temperatures), enjoyed musical evenings, and wrote letters home, in addition to keeping his journal. All in all, he seems to have taken his adventure in stride, even when recording new experiences.
Weike’s journal and letters do not stand alone. Introductory material and extensive background on both Boas and Weike and on the Arctic during the period add to and amplify the first-person account. Inuit and Whalers on Baffin Island through German Eyes greatly enriches our picture of the intermingling of indigenous and European cultures in the late nineteenth-century Arctic.
Disclosure: This article is not an endorsement, but a review. The author of this book provided free copies of the book and paid a small fee to have his/her book reviewed by a professional reviewer. Foreword and Foreword Clarion Review only recommend books that we love and make no guarantee that the author will receive a positive review. Foreword Magazine, Inc. is disclosing this in accordance with the Federal Trade Commission’s 16 CFR, Part 255. | <urn:uuid:27a09656-13bb-4718-8317-fe0e492bef5b> | {
"date": "2015-04-19T09:31:46",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-18",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246638571.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045718-00042-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9570074677467346,
"score": 2.75,
"token_count": 601,
"url": "https://www.forewordreviews.com/reviews/inuit-and-whalers-on-baffin-island-through-german-eyes/?page=2"
} |
Robert Todd Carroll
The theory of biorhythms is a pseudoscientific theory that claims our daily lives are significantly affected by rhythmic cycles overlooked by scientists who study biological rhythms. Biochronometry is the scientific study of rhythmicity and biological cycles or "clocks," such as the circadian (from the Latin circa and dia; literally, "about a day"). Circadian rhythms are based upon such things as our sensitivity to light and darkness, which is related to our sleep/wakefulness patterns. Biorhythms is not based upon the scientific study of biological organisms. The cycles of biorhythm theory did not originate in scientific study, nor have they been supported by anything resembling a scientific study. The theory has been around for over one hundred years and there has yet to be a scientific journal that has published a single article supporting the theory. There have been some three dozen studies supporting biorhythm theory but all of them have suffered from methodological and statistical errors (Hines, 1998). An examination of some 134 biorhythm studies found that the theory is not valid (Hines, 1998). It is empirically testable and has been shown to be false. Terence Hines believes that this fact implies that biorhythm theory "can not properly be termed a pseudoscientific theory." However, when the advocates of an empirically testable theory refuse to give up the theory in the face of overwhelming evidence against it, it seems reasonable to call the theory pseudoscientific. For, in fact, the adherents to such a theory have declared by their behavior that there is nothing that could falsify it, yet they continue to claim the theory is scientific.
Biorhythm theory is based more on numerology, testimonials and the Forer effect, mass media hype, and intuition than on scientific study. The theory originated in the nineteenth century with Wilhelm Fliess, a Berlin physician, numerologist and good friend and patient of Sigmund Freud.1 Fleiss was fascinated by the fact that no matter what number he picked he could figure out a way to express it in a formula with relation to either 23, 28 or both.2 The latter number he associated with menstruation and thus when he was convinced that all the world is governed by 23 and 28, he called the 28-day period "female" and the 23-day period "male." In 1904, several years after Fliess's discovery, Dr. Hermann Swoboda of the University of Vienna, claimed he discovered these same periods on his own. In the 1920s, Alfred Teltscher, an Austrian engineering teacher, added the 'mind' period of 33 days, based upon his observation that his students' work followed a 33-day pattern. The theory was popularized in the 1970s by George Thommen (Is This Your Day? How Biorhythm Helps You Determine Your Life Cycles) and Bernard Gittleson (Biorhythm--A Personal Science). Neither book provides scientific evidence for biorhythms. They consist of little more than speculation and anecdotes. However, by now the static idea of periods was replaced with the dynamic notion of cycles, which are now known as the physical, emotional and intellectual cycles. Interestingly, not only did the "female" period become the emotional cycle, but both men and women are said to share the same physical and emotional cycles of 23 and 28 days respectively. One might have expected that, given the different hormonal natures of males and females, the sexes might have at least some unique and distinct rhythmic cycles.
New cycles have been added in recent years. There is the 38-day intuitional cycle, the 43-day aesthetic cycle, and the 53-day spiritual cycle. Others claim there are cycles that are combinations of the three primary cycles. The passion cycle is the physical joined with the emotional cycle. The wisdom cycle is the emotional joined with the intellectual cycle. And the mastery cycle is the intellectual joined with the physical cycle.
However many cycles there are, the function is the same: to predict what kind of day one is likely to have.
At the moment of birth, according to the theory, the biorhythmic cycles are set to zero. Knowing your birthday, the number of days you have lived and where in each cycle you are can be determined for any given day. A biorhythmic chart for July 24, 1998, for someone born four days earlier would look like this:
Biorhythm chart for a 4-day-old born on 7/20/98
The line going through the middle is the zero line. A cycle is said to be in a positive phase when above the zero line and in a negative phase when below the zero line. A cycle begins in an ascent for the first fourth of a cycle, then half of the cycle is in descent, then the last quarter of the cycle ascends back to the zero line. The cycles repeat until you die. Should you live to be something like 58 years and 66 days old, you will reach the point at which the physical, emotional and intellectual cycles return to the same point on the zero line. For some, this is a moment of "rebirth."
According to the theory, when certain points on the cycles are reached a person may enjoy special strength or suffer special weakness. "Switch point days," when cycles cross the zero line on the ascent or descent, are "critical" days. Performance on critical days is supposedly very poor. It has even been predicted that people are especially accident prone on critical days. This empirical claim is easily testable. It has been tested and shown to be false. However, any cycle with an odd number of days does not have an exact day in the middle, a fact which has led some "experts" to do some slippery math. For example, one "scientific study" said to support biorhythm theory claims that something like 60% of all accidents occur on critical days but critical days make up only 22% of all days. If true, this statistic would not likely be due to chance and biorhythm advocates could justifiably claim their theory had been confirmed by this data. However, biorhythmists include both the day before and the day after a switch point day as "critical" days. Thus, an accurate statistic would be something like about 60% of all accidents occur on about 60% of all days, which is to be expected by chance (Hines).
In any case, according to the theory, critical days are days you want to know about in advance so you can prepare for them. For example, if you are scheduled to take a test that will measure your thinking ability, make sure you do not take the test on a day when your intellectual cycle is at a critical or a low point. Of course, to do well one must also get a good night's sleep, be generally healthy, eat properly, and study, but those preparations will do you no good if your intellectual cycle is not in the right spot. On the other hand, if you are a long distance runner, try to pick your next race date so that you are at a peak on your physical cycle. Of course, you must train properly, eat well, get sufficient rest, be healthy, etc., but these will not suffice if your physical cycle is at the wrong point.
The worst day of all, according to the classical (3-cycle) theory, is the "triple critical," the day when all three cycles are at a switch point. Next worst is the "double critical", when two cycles meet at the switch point. As you can imagine, it gets very complicated tracing all these cycles on their ascents, descents, switch points, etc. But it does not take a mathematician to figure out that it is going to be easy to find cases that fit the theory. For example, the physical cycle is 23 days long. That means that every 11.5 days is a physical cycle switch over day. So, the odds of, say, having a heart attack on a given physical switch over day are about 1 in 11. Most people would agree that having a heart attack is having a bad physical day. One valid empirical test of the theory would be to collect data on heart attack victims and see if significantly more than 9% (1 out of 11) had their heart attacks on physical switch over days. Instead, the usual evidence given by believers is an anecdote about Clark Gable or someone else who had a heart attack on a switch over day. There are thousands of heart attack victims each year and 1 out of 11 of them would be predicted by chance to have the attack on a switch over day. So, finding several individual cases of people who have serious physical problems on a critical physical day is to be expected, not wowed at.
The ho-hum response that anecdotes such as the Clark Gable story should evoke from a reasonable person should put one to sleep when you consider that biorhythmists generally count the day before and after a critical day as being just as bad as critical days. This means that 6 out of every 23 days (26% of our days) are danger days for the body. Thus, the odds are about one in four that any given person who has a bad physical day is at a "critical" point. Anecdotes of people having bad physical days are particularly inconsequential given such odds. A meaningful test of the theory might be to study heart attack victims. If significantly greater than 25% of the sample have attacks on a critical days, then you have a scoop.
Another typical but useless test of the theory is to keep track of how accurate the theory is by charting each day and keeping a diary of your days. Actress Susan St. James, a fervid believer in biorhythms, once described on a television talk show how she had done this. If her chart predicted a low emotional day, she was upset that day. If her chart predicted a physical high, she felt great that day. On a day when her intellectual cycle was at a low, she couldn't think straight about anything. In some circles this is known as the self-fulfilling prophecy, the power of suggestion or subjective validation. Whatever you call it, it isn't science.
To demonstrate the folly of using subjective validation to count as support for biorhythm theory, James Randi had George Thommen, president of Biorhythm Computers, Inc., do a biorhythm chart for Randi and his secretary. One of the listeners to Randi's radio program was selected for an experiment. She was to be given her own personal chart and she was to keep a day-by-day diary for two months and to rate her chart for accuracy. She reported that the chart had been "at least ninety percent accurate." The devious Randi had actually sent her his own chart. He told the subject that he had done this by mistake. She agreed to check her diary with her real chart, which Randi gave her. She reported that the new chart was even more accurate than the other one. Actually, she'd been given Randi's secretary's chart. This kind of data retrofitting is common among believers in such pseudosciences as astrology, graphology and biorhythms. In fact, similar tests of subjective validation, with identical results, have been done on astrological charts and graphological readings. Randi's deception, of course, was not intended to disprove biorhythms, but to call attention to the problem of subjective validation, something consistently overlooked by devotees of astrology, graphology and biorhythms.
Biorhythms is a pseudoscience because there have been several meaningful tests of the theory, all failing to support it (Hines, 1991), yet its advocates refuse to give up the theory. Advocates of this theory have more ad hoc hypotheses to explain away disconfirming evidence than Galapagos has islands. My favorite is the hypothesis that some people are arrhythmic some or all of the time. Any contrary case can be explained away by reference to the case being arrhythmic. Another favorite ad hoc hypothesis concerns Thommen's claim that he could predict with 95% accuracy the sex of a child by the biorhythms of the mother. If, during conception, the mother's physical (masculine) cycle was at a high point, a boy was likely. If, during conception, the mother's emotional (female) cycle was at a high point, a girl was likely. A study done by W.S. Bainbridge, a professor of sociology at the University of Washington, concluded that using the biorhythm theory your chances of predicting the sex of the child were 50/50, the same as flipping a coin. A defender of the theory suggested to Bainbridge that the cases where the theory was wrong probably included many homosexuals, who have indeterminate sex identities!
When the anecdotes don't fit the theory, biorhythmists are likely to change the theory. For example, one of the more common ways to defend the theory has been to point out that great feats occur when high in a cycle. Defenders of the theory commonly cite the example of Mark Spitz (born 2/10/50) being in a high physical and emotional phase when he won seven gold medals in the 1972 Olympics.
Biorhythm chart for Mark Spitz (9/5/72)
Note how Spitz's emotional and physical cycles converged on September 5, the day of the Munich massacre. Coincidence? Not to inquiring minds. No doubt this is evidence of synchronicity. Note, too, that his intellectual cycle was very low during this period. Why not conclude that he did so well physically because his mind was inactive. Thus, he was not distracted by doing any serious thinking, a known hindrance to athletic performance. Of course, the simplest theory is that he did so well because he was a damn good swimmer! Those of a logical bent might use Occam's razor to reject biorhythms in favor of this simpler explanation.
However, Reggie Jackson, who was inaugurated into Baseball's Hall of Fame and was born on May 18, 1946, had the greatest day in his brilliant career on October 18, 1977. On that day he hit three consecutive home runs on three consecutive pitches off three different pitchers to help the New York Yankees win the game and the World Series against the Los Angeles Dodgers. Jackson's cycles were all in the low end of their negative phases on that day.
Biorhythm chart for Reggie Jackson (10/18/77)
Russ Streiffert has an explanation: "Studies have shown that location in the graphic data may be less important than trend or which way your [sic] going. This is a dynamic interpretation as opposed to earlier views. Briefly starting at the bottom of the graph we have increasing resource discharge (available)...then maximum discharge across the center line...then decreasing discharge approaching the top. Starting back down we have increasing recharge (unavailable)...maximum recharge across the center line...then decreasing recharge approaching the bottom. In the graph above, notice how Mr. Jackson's resources appear charged (available) and synchronized on October 18, 1977. While this does not constitute proof that these cycles contributed to his achievements, it appears to be an excellent correlation and is certainly not disproof. " The studies that have shown this are not cited by Mr. Streiffert.
So, when the data seems to conflict with what would be predicted by the theory, we are to engage in a new kind of interpretation. Reggie Jackson was not in a negative phase of all cycles; he was "charged and synchronized." We are to think in terms of recharging our energy as we ascend in a cycle, and discharging energy as we descend (or is it the other way around?). In this dynamic and energetic view, even days in the negative phase of a cycle can be good and days in the positive cycle can be bad and vice-versa, depending upon whether they are ascending or descending, charging or discharging, available or unavailable. Such constructions may make it impossible to refute the theory, but they render it untestable and so slippery as to be of little use for predicting the future. What was a pseudoscientific theory because its advocates continued to support it even though it failed all scientific empirical tests, is now a pseudoscience because it claims to be a scientific theory but it is not empirically testable. Everything can be made to fit the theory, even contrary readings such as those of Mark Spitz and Reggie Jackson, who deserve more credit for their accomplishments than biorhythm theory can provide.
1 Freud's letters to Fliess were preserved, much to Freud's dismay. They were first published in English as Origins of Psychoanalysis: Letters to Wilhelm Fliess Drafts and Notes, 1887-1902. Edited by Marie Bonaparte, Anna Freud and Ernst Kris, translation by Eric Mosbacher and James Strachey (London: Imago Pub. Co., 1954). A more recent translation by Jeffrey Moussaieff Masson is available: The Complete Letters of Sigmund Freud to Wilhelm Fliess, 1887-1904 (Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1985). Fliess's masterpiece is entitled The Rhythm of Life: Foundations of an Exact Biology (Leipzig: 1906). There is a discussion of Freud, Fleiss and biorhythms in Frank Sulloway's Freud: Biologist of Mind (Cambridge, Mass:; Harvard University Press, 1993).
2 How did Fliess come up with his theory about the magic of the numbers 23 and 28? Martin Gardner writes:
Gardner, Martin. Science: Good, Bad and Bogus (Buffalo, N.Y.: Prometheus Books, 1981), ch. 11, "Fliess, Freud, and Biorhythm." $15.16
Hines, Terence M. "Comprehensive Review of Biorhythm Theory," Psychological Reports, 1998, 83, 19-64.
Hines, Terence. "Biorhythm Theory: A Critical Review," in Paranormal Borderlands of Science, ed. Kendrick Frazier (Amherst, N.Y.: Prometheus Books, 1991). $19.96
Hines, Terence. Pseudoscience and the Paranormal: A Critical Examination of the Evidence (Buffalo, NY: Prometheus Books, 1990). $19.16
Randi, James. Flim-Flam! (Buffalo, New York: Prometheus Books,1988), ch. 8, "The Great Fliess Fleece." $15.16
Robert Todd Carroll | <urn:uuid:ee1f424b-ba68-4a65-9fe7-5b3fb4208742> | {
"date": "2018-02-21T03:10:48",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-09",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891813322.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20180221024420-20180221044420-00656.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9644535183906555,
"score": 3.15625,
"token_count": 3897,
"url": "http://www.genpaku.org/skepticj/biorhyth.html"
} |
25 September 2012, Geneva, Switzerland - Following recent heavy monsoon rains in Baluchistan, Punjab and Sindh provinces in Pakistan, the UN Development Programme (UNDP) activated the UNOSAT rapid mapping service to obtain satellite derived maps of the affected regions. To carry out the work UNOSAT triggered the Space Charter to bring to the UN the advantage of fresh satellite data provided free of charge by the space agencies participating in this international mechanism. Brazil’s National Institute for Space Research (INPE) is supporting the work of UNOSAT analysts in Geneva by coordinating the tasking and acquisition of satellite imagery.
The National Disaster Management Authority of Pakistan has estimated that up to 4.5 million people have been affected by the flooding. The World Food Programme (WFP) announced that it has begun distributing food rations to thousands of families in spite of road access made difficult by flood waters reaching 2.5 meters in some areas. UNOSAT mapping helps determine the flood extent and the access options to areas in which families are in need of emergency relief. The first maps can be viewed here.
"The initial feedback on the maps from the field is very positive", says Luca Dell'Oro, image analyst with UNOSAT. "Both UN and government entities make direct use of our work and it is great for us to see maps and GIS(Geographic Information System)-ready flood data being put to use to better manage the assistance to the affected population”.
Most of the districts affected were just recovering from the floods that hit them in 2010 and again in 2011. The experience and data accumulated by UNOSAT during the mapping of the catastrophic floods in both 2010 and 2011 is being used to enhance the analysis of the current events. UNOSAT experts emphasise the importance of this “centre of excellence approach” to gain efficiency and scale up useful results over time while generating economies of scale.
Earlier this month, UNOSAT had been tasked by the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) over the floods in Senegal. Also in this case, the Space Charter was used and data released by this useful mechanism allowed UNOSAT experts to produce several maps to support decision making and response on the ground.
Images: above: one of the UNOSAT maps realised with Space Charter data; below: families displaced by the catastrophic floods. According to public sources the death toll has surpassed 350 (photo courtesy of OCHA). | <urn:uuid:38926321-4dd8-4253-b13b-b3297feb8c4f> | {
"date": "2016-12-03T17:46:21",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-50",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698541066.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170901-00424-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.936037003993988,
"score": 2.703125,
"token_count": 504,
"url": "http://www.unitar.org/undp-calls-unosat-map-flooding-pakistan?page=3"
} |
Nowadays the mobile phone forms an important part of our everyday lives. In fact it has virtually become a necessity for people everywhere. Indeed, if we go back twenty years or so, it is used to be very difficult to reach somebody by means of the traditional phone when you needed to. This was because it was not portable so you could only contact friends or colleagues when they were at home or in the office. Since the arrival of mobile phones, this problem has disappeared altogether.
The main benefit of mobile phones is that they enable us to make contact much faster and more efficiently. Mobile phones have made it very simple to get in touch with people even when they are in very remote parts of the world. For example, in the past when I called my friend in Afghanistan most of the time he was not in the city or he was in places where he had no access to a telephone. By using my mobile phone, I now can reach him at any time in any location. However, there are some drawbacks connected with mobile phones. They have been linked to health problem such as tiredness, head-aches and loss of concentration. A further disadvantage is the lack of privacy. When we use a mobile phone in a public place someone may be listening to us. Finally, mobile phones can be costly both to buy and maintain.
On balance, however, I feel that the advantages of owing a mobile phone outweigh the disadvantages. It is necessity for a modern day living because it makes our lives easier and more confident. | <urn:uuid:9ffd041e-958c-4cca-9887-089a0c2084b0> | {
"date": "2015-12-02T05:04:17",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-48",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448399326483.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124210846-00070-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.979550302028656,
"score": 2.671875,
"token_count": 305,
"url": "http://ielts.host-race.net/writing/essays/222-the-advantages-and-disadvantages-of-mobile-phones"
} |
Definition of vital in English:
- ‘The role of the priest is absolutely vital to the Church and the welfare of priests would be one of my primary concerns,’ he said.
- Therefore the hygienic handling and production of feed is absolutely vital to ensure safe food.
- They say a new school is absolutely vital to the town and that if it is not delivered that well over 100 pupils may be turned away from primary schools in as little as three years time.
- This procedure uses artificial extracorporeal circulation to provide oxygenated blood to vital organs while the heart is stopped.
- Thus they became, in effect, extensions of the host itself - as indispensable as a vital organ.
- Blood pressure and blood flow to vital organs drop suddenly.
- This is said to balance the flow of vital energy (Qi, pronounced ‘chee’) in the body and regulate the function of the inner organs.
- In this two-day course you will learn to harness and channel this vital energy to help yourself, family, friends, community and world situations.
- He said there was an ancient ritual where a beautiful young girl would be asked to go down a mine that was running low in ore so she could ‘transmit her vital energy to Mother Earth’.
noun(vitals) Back to top
- This is the energy that keeps your heart beating and your lungs breathing, the vitals.
- The white plates are composed of a very tough but light titanium alloy that provides a good deal of extra protection to the body's vitals.
- The patient's vitals remained stable and blood loss was monitored closely during the procedure.
- [as submodifier]: eating sensibly is vitally important for healthMore example sentences
- Such freedoms, and space for democratic organisation, are vitally important.
- That tactic has harmed the honest debate of an issue vitally important to this country.
- Remember, too, that while setting goals is vitally important, your goals need to be realistic.
Late Middle English (describing the animating principle of living beings, also in sense 2 of the adjective): via Old French from Latin vitalis, from vita 'life'. The sense 'essential' dates from the early 17th century.
Latin vita ‘life’ is the source of vital and also of vitamin. Medieval senses relate to the force or energy that is in all living things. A later meaning ‘essential to life’ evolved for anything regarded as essential, such as the vital organs, also known as the vitals from the early 17th century. Vital statistics are usually understood now as the measurements of a woman's bust, waist, and hips. This meaning has only been around since the 1950s, and for more than a hundred years before that vital statistics were just the numbers of births, marriages, and deaths in a population. See also artery
Words that rhyme with vitalentitle, mistitle, recital, requital, title
What do you find interesting about this word or phrase?
Comments that don't adhere to our Community Guidelines may be moderated or removed. | <urn:uuid:25d9e7f5-499b-4954-b35f-a7a5370ab4fd> | {
"date": "2015-07-02T23:14:32",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-27",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375095677.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031815-00206-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9580603241920471,
"score": 3.28125,
"token_count": 656,
"url": "http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/english/vital"
} |
The world’s remaining tigers are clustered in just a few dozen small areas that could serve as source populations for a recovery, but only if resources are in place to keep poachers out.
Tigers have been driven to the brink of extinction, primarily by poaching for pelts, body parts and live trade, as well as by habitat loss. It is estimated that fewer than 3,500 tigers remain in the wild, of which about 1,000 are breeding females. They occupy only 6 percent of their historical range.
"A lot of effort has been focused on distributing efforts across a broad range, but we need to make sure that these source sites are absolutely protected from poaching, rather than spreading resources too thin," said Wildlife Conservation Society Asia director Joe Walston, lead author of the study in PLoS Biology September 14.
The researchers identified 42 key tiger habitats through interviews with about 300 people working on tiger conservation on the ground, as well as by analyzing the published material on tiger populations, Walston said.
"If we don't do what's in this paper than we have nothing. But we have to do much more than that," said World Wildlife Fund scientist Eric Dinerstein, who has done work on tigers but was not involved in this study.
"There is no reserve today that is big enough to maintain a genetically viable population of tigers," he said. "We either need whopping big preserves, which is nearly impossible, or we need to manage tigers as a metapopulation – one big population that is linked by dispersal and habitat corridors."
Maintaining continuous habitat corridors of forest is critical for keeping tiger populations interacting, since tigers rarely cross even a one or two mile forest gap, Dinerstein said. He added that the World Bank estimates 500 billion dollars per year will be spent building new infrastructure and roads in the tiger range over the next ten years. If governments wait to protect connecting forest corridors, they'll soon be gone.
Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin has organized a Tiger Summit for November where leaders of all countries with tiger habitat are expected to gather. Both Walston and Dinerstein hope this study will serve as a road map for guiding tiger conservation efforts set forward at the meeting.
The study estimates it it will require an additional $35 million a year to increase monitoring and enforcement efforts at the key habitat areas to enable tiger numbers to double over the next several years.
"Although the scale of the problem is huge, the complexity is not," Walston said. "We're really providing a demonstrably effective way of reversing the decline of the tiger. We're taking lessons from where conservation has been going well and where it has not been going well."
Tiger populations can rebuild quickly since they have litters of up to four or five cubs every year. As long as they are given space, food and continued protection from poaching over the long term, they will have a fast recovery, Dinerstein said.
*Images: 1) Julie Larsen Maher/Wildlife Conservation Society. 2) Kent Redford. 3) Julie Larsen Maher/Wildlife Conservation Society. * | <urn:uuid:e7e58d64-e381-4f26-b872-920bf025fa93> | {
"date": "2019-11-22T07:09:38",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-47",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496671245.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20191122065327-20191122093327-00536.warc.gz",
"int_score": 4,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9677987098693848,
"score": 3.921875,
"token_count": 636,
"url": "https://www.wired.com/2010/09/tiger-strongholds/"
} |
The Use of Anesthesia in Dental Treatments
Updated on Sunday 17th September 2017
Rate this article 2 reviewsbased on
Anesthesia is used in medical practice to relieve the patient from the pain he/she already has or the pain produced by a certain type of medical intervention. Without the use of anesthesia, many of the dental treatments would not be possible, as the pain would be very hard to endure, but modern procedures used by our dentists in Dubai involve less and less pain for the patient. It is good to know that anesthesia is also used for dental implants in Dubai, after a complete investigation of your general health and denture.
Anesthesia in dental treatments in Dubai
Anesthesia is applied to a patient when the dental intervention may induce pain. It is generally used when the dentist performs invasive procedures, such as root canal operations or dental implants. It is also necessary for less invasive interventions, such as treating cavities, but this is decided in accordance with the gravity of the medical problem. It is good to know that the dental treatments in Dubai are performed using the latest types of anesthetics, in accordance with the patient’s tolerance to pain and to different types of allergies he/she might have to certain compounds of the anesthetics.
Types of local anesthesia
The local anesthesia is used in dental medicine for over a century and it is still the main type of procedure when applying anesthetics. Several types of local anesthesia are applied in a variety of areas in the mouth, according to the dental problem and its gravity:
• nerve block – it anesthetize the nerves inside the mouth and it is used for invasive dental problems;
• infiltration – the anesthetic is applied at the root of the tooth;
• intraosseous – it is applied only using an injection into the bone; the method it used for complicated medical interventions, such as dental surgery;
• intrapulpal – it is administered into the pulp of the tooth.
The duration of the anesthetic depends on the medical problem of the patient and the area where it was applied. This can be can be short, intermediate or long (it can last from 5/10 minutes to more than 300 minutes) and, for each of these stages, our Dubai dentists use different types of anesthetics.
Methods of applying local anesthesia
At this moment, there are two ways of applying local anesthetics:
• injectable anesthetics – applied using a dental syringe;
• topical anesthetics – this method is used for reducing stress or discomfort which is usually associated with injections. It is used as an alternative method for certain types of interventions, as it anesthetizes only the mucous membrane and tissue. It can’t be used for dental interventions done on teeth or jawbone.
Oral sedation with local anesthesia for dental procedures
The oral sedation is a type of medication used for many years in dentistry and a proper method utilized before the dentists start a dental treatment. This is a conscious sedation, where the patient is awake and responsive, but he/she will not feel any pain during the dental procedures. Medications like benzodiazepine (Xanax or Valium) are used in an oral sedation which works like a sedative in charge of relaxing the central nervous system. The oral sedation helps a patient to get rid of anxiety, but please consider that this method will come with an oral anesthesia before any dental procedure.
For a better understanding of the use of anesthesia in dental treatments, we invite you to watch the video below:
When is general anesthesia used?
There are cases where phobic patients need general anesthesia. Even though it is not that often used, due to its risks which need attentively considered, the general anesthesia can be a good option for anxious patients when other treatments cannot be proposed and used. The general anesthesia means that a patient is totally unconscious, and the dentist can suitably perform the dental treatments. It is good to know that before such important type of anesthesia, a specialist will analyze the health of the patient and the medical records. The general anesthesia can be used in cases where several wisdom teeth are entirely covered in bone and can only be removed surgically. Many persons are afraid of not waking up after a general anesthesia, but the things are quite encouraging because the risk of death is very small. And remember, such anesthesia will only be used in very complex dental problems.
If you are interested in finding out more about a certain type of anesthetics which are suitable for your dental problem, please contact our dental clinic in Dubai. | <urn:uuid:cfa4aaca-84b7-47b3-85e4-3093c657e787> | {
"date": "2017-10-24T11:27:12",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-43",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187828411.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20171024105736-20171024125736-00856.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9419867992401123,
"score": 2.578125,
"token_count": 945,
"url": "https://www.mydubaidentists.com/the-use-of-anesthesia-in-dental-treatments"
} |
Little asymmetric whatsits from Australia may be the oldest fossils of full-fledged animal bodies yet discovered, beating the previous contenders by tens of millions of years and pushing the evidence for animal life into an earlier geologic time.
The newly unveiled fossils, which resemble sponges, come from rocks between 635 million and 659 million years old, Adam Maloof of Princeton University and his colleagues report online in Nature Geoscience August 17. That timing sandwiches the fossils between two cold spells that iced over most of the planet during a Hollywood-disaster-style geologic period called the Cryogenian.
The proposed animal fossils do “have all the hallmarks” of being something more than just fragments of microbial mats, says biogeochemist Roger Summons of MIT, who was not involved in the study. These layers of single-celled organisms dominated the fossil record for billions of years before the appearance of true multicelled animals.
Simple forms of life, such as bacteria and even algae with cell nuclei, lived during the Cryogenian. Just before the first of the big snowball ice ages, “we start to get some very cool-looking amoebae,” Maloof says. There are indirect signs that fully multicelluar animals probably evolved then too, he says, including chemical traces from rocks and molecular-clock analyses based on how fast DNA changes. Actual fossils of those animals have been elusive, though.
Work to uncover and analyze the proposed sponges “actually started as something completely different,” Maloof says. He and his colleagues were exploring the Trezona rock formation in southern Australia to learn more about extreme ice ages.
In rock sandwiched between fossilized microbial mats called stromatolites, researchers noticed repeating shapes several millimeters across: anvils, wishbones, rings and belt buckle-like forms that Maloof calls perforated slabs.
Such calcified shapes weren’t distinct enough from the surrounding rocks for X-rays to resolve them. So the researchers developed a new version of software that constructs a 3-D image based on hundreds of scans of a rock surface as it is slowly ground down about 50 micrometers at a time.
What emerged from the Trezona samples were irregular lumps shot through with a network of fine channels that opened to the outside.
“The absence of symmetry and the internal canal system strongly suggests that they are fragments of sponges,” Summons says.
Before settling on sponges, Maloof and his colleagues rejected various notions of what else the fossils could be. Options included the goblet-shaped animal Namacalathus (shaped nothing like it), burrows (too tangled, among other things) and some giant one-celled creature (the fossil had too much internal network and no symmetry).
“The one hypothesis we could not reject was the sponges,” Maloof says.
Molecular-clock evidence certainly does predict that sponges lived during this period, says molecular paleobiologist Kevin Peterson of Dartmouth College in Hanover, N.H. He’s “not convinced” these lumps really are sponges, Patterson says, but “these are intriguing fossils.”
Images: 1) Autotraced computer visualization of the purported sponge./Nature Geoscience. 2) Three-dimensional reconstructions./Nature Geoscience.
- Oldest Animal Fossils Discovered
- Animal Kingdom Gets a New Root
- Bizarre Sea Sponge Compound Finally Synthesized by Humans
- 2-Billion-Year-Old Fossils May Be Earliest Known Multicellular … | <urn:uuid:6fb50949-057e-42ba-b17e-2733fbc89fc8> | {
"date": "2016-10-22T23:36:28",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-44",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719079.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00015-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 4,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9493485689163208,
"score": 3.53125,
"token_count": 767,
"url": "https://www.wired.com/2010/08/first-animal/"
} |
Ballina, Co. Mayo
Ballina Poor Law Union was formed 13th July 1840 and occupied an area of 792 square miles. Its operation was overseen by an elected Board of Guardians, 33 in number, representing its 17 electoral divisions as listed below (figures in brackets indicate numbers of Guardians if more than one):
Attymas, Backs (2), Ballina (4), Ballycastle, Ballysokeery (2), Belmullet (3), Binghamstown (3), Crossmolina (3), Kilfian (2), Kilgarven, Killala (2), Lackan (2).
Co. Sligo: Ardnaree (2), Castleconnor, Dromore West, Easky (2), Kilglass.
The Board also included 11 ex officio Guardians, making a total of 44. The Guardians met each week on Monday at noon.
The population falling within the Union at the 1831 census had been 115,030 with divisions ranging in size from Attymass (population 3,276) to Crossmolina (11,479).
The new workhouse, built in 1840-42, was designed by George Wilkinson. It occupied a 9-acre site between the Crossmolina Road and the Old Crossmolina Road at the west of Ballina. In both area and population, Ballina was one of the largest Unions in Ireland. Its workhouse was intended to accommodate up to 1,200 inmates making it one of the largest in the country. Construction of the workhouse cost £9,400 plus £1,980 for fixtures and fittings etc. Its location and layout can be seen on the early 1900s OS map below:
The buildings followed Wilkinson's typical layout. An entrance and administrative block at the south contained a porter's room and waiting room at the centre with the Guardians' board room on the first floor above. The main accommodation block housed the Master's quarters at the centre, and male and female wings to each side. At the rear, a range of single-storey utility rooms such as bakehouse and washhouse connected through to the infirmary and idiots' wards via a central spine containing the chapel and dining-hall.
It was declared fit for the admission of paupers on 15th November 1842 but did not admit its first inmates until almost a year later later on 3rd November 1843. Ballina suffered from ongoing financial difficulties because of local resistance to the paying of the poor rate needed to operate the workhouse. By 1847, the Union's debts amounted to some £2,000.
In common with other Unions in Ireland, Ballina suffered greatly during the famine years 1845-50, with the Union's financial problems also contributing to its distress. The overcrowding and conditions in the workhouse at the end of 1847 were described in letters to the Poor Law Commissioners which appeared in the British Parliamentary Papers of 1848:
LIEUT. HAMILTON to the COMMISSIONERS:
With reference to my letter of yesterday's date, in which I stated that 300 paupers were to be removed yesterday from the workhouse to the store, which a Committee of the Guardians had taken in the morning, I beg to acquaint you that notwithstanding the greatest exertions on the part of the officers of the workhouse, it was found impracticable to move them earlier than this day; consequently 1698 person had to be provided for last night in the workhouse.
I was at the workhouse early today, and had every possible precaution taken against infection.
The applicants for admission are in the most miserable and filthy state; there is neither bedding nor clothing for 600.
I am now going to see the Chairman of the Board, with the view of summoning a special meeting of the Guardians.
I must say, I think that the Guardians ought to have been earlier prepared. On the 8th November, I requested them to make arrangements for giving outdoor relief to persons legally entitled to it, but this step was deferred until it was too late to be of any use. Unless the Board meet more frequently, and give more time to business, it is impossible that they can carry on the business of this large Union properly.
MR. DEVLIN to LIEUT. HAMILTON:
December 10, 1847.
I am just now returned from visiting the patients in the infirmary. They are suffering much, in consequence of the numbers that are crowded into it.
I have no hesitation in saying that, unless additional accommodation be procured for the sick, many lives will be sacrificed; indeed, in order to keep the house in a healthy state, several hundreds of the present inmates ought to be removed; and may I beg that you will call the attention of the Guardians to this subject.
A small fever hospital was erected the north of the site and a dispensary was located near to the road at the south-west.
On 6th March, 1850, the Ballina Chroncle repoted that:
Men's Trousers............................ 27
Besides these many more articles of clothing are in course of being made, and a large quantity of material is in course of delivery which has been a long time ordered. Two hundred pairs of blankets, two hundred rugs, and one hundred and fifty bed-ticks have also been purchased since the first of January. One hundred stones of wool are contracted for, and in a day or two four or five hundred wheels will be at work spinning this and flax. Two hundred wheels and six looms are ready to commence work; so that in a short time it is expected, the greater portion of clothing required can be manufactured in the house from the raw material.
At the 1901 census, the population of the reduced Ballina Union was 24,653.
Most of the original workhouse buildings were demolished in the early 1930s to make way for the Ballina District Hospital, now a County Care Centre. Only the dispensary now remains — it bears a commemorative plaque for the workhouse and two nearby mass burial graves.
Note: many repositories impose a closure period of up to 100 years for records identifying individuals.
- National Archives of Ireland, Bishop Street, Dublin 8. Holds Board of Guardians' minute books and other papers.
- Local History Department, Castlebar Central Library, Castlebar, Co Mayo.
- The Workhouses of Ireland by John O'Connor (Anvil Books, 1995)
- The Famine in Mayo 1845-1850 compiled and edited by Ivor Hamrock. Mayo County Council, 1998.
Unless otherwise indicated, this page () is copyright Peter Higginbotham. Contents may not be reproduced without permission. | <urn:uuid:8b2d3ad6-7ffa-4455-a435-181a371939a3> | {
"date": "2017-08-23T19:28:05",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-34",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886123359.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20170823190745-20170823210745-00536.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9519670009613037,
"score": 2.859375,
"token_count": 1384,
"url": "http://workhouses.org.uk/Ballina/"
} |
NEW YORK (Reuters Health) - People who have gallstones are more likely to die within 20 years of diagnosis than people without the disease, a new study says.
Gallstones sufferers are also more likely to die from heart disease or cancer, said the study published in the journal Gastroenterology.
The findings don't mean that one condition causes the other. Instead, gallstone disease and heart disease may have the same root cause, Dr. Philip Barie, professor of surgery and public health at Weill Cornell Medical College in New York, told Reuters Health.
"People with gallstones may have an abnormal balance of fats in their body, including cholesterol, although there's no clear relationship between gallstone disease per se and high cholesterol," said Barie, who was not involved in the study.
More than 25 million people in the US have gallstone disease, and almost one million new cases are diagnosed every year, according to the American Gastroenterological Association.
Gallstones happen when material in the bile hardens and sticks in the ducts leading from the gall bladder, where bile is stored, to the small intestine. Because bile can still get from the liver, where it is made, to where it needs to go, the gallbladder isn't necessary and can be removed.
The researchers looked at the medical records of more than 14,000 people between 20 and 74 years old. About one in 14 had gallstones, and one in 20 had their gallbladders removed between 1988 and 1994.
About one in three people who had gallstones or their gallbladders removed died from any cause during the follow-up time, compared to about one in seven similarly aged people without the disease.
Heart disease claimed the lives of slightly less than one in five gallstone sufferers, compared to one in 20 people without. Death from cancer was also more likely, with one in ten people with gallstones falling victim, compared to one in 25 people without the disease.
The researchers followed all patients until 2006, and recorded all causes of death from the patients' death certificates.
One of the authors on the paper, from Social and Scientific Systems Inc., did not respond by deadline, and the other, at the National Institutes of Health, declined to comment.
Severe gallstones are usually treated by cutting out the gallbladder, said Barie, who does such operations. The risk of dying from an emergency gallbladder surgery is about one in fifty, depending on the age of the patient. But if the gallbladder is removed before it becomes an emergency, the risk of dying is only about one in 500, he said.
Barie suggests that people with gallstones keep on a low fat diet to reduce the risks of heart disease or stroke.
"Just a good healthy diet," he said.
SOURCE: http://bit.ly/i4rkdw Gastroenterology, online November 15, 2010.
The #1 daily resource for health and lifestyle news!
Your daily resource for losing weight and staying fit.
We could all use some encouragement now and then - we're human!
Explore your destiny as you discover what's written in your stars.
The latest news, tips and recipes for people with diabetes.
Healthy food that tastes delicious too? No kidding.
Cycle Your WayTo Fitness
Health Benefitsof Chocolate
COPD AdviceFor You
Caretaking andOlder Women
Test YourDiabetes IQ | <urn:uuid:d28b2e06-2eab-477a-95f7-28189406667b> | {
"date": "2014-04-21T00:01:43",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-15",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609539337.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005219-00459-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9576332569122314,
"score": 2.921875,
"token_count": 718,
"url": "http://www.lifescript.com/health/centers/ulcerative_colitis/news/2011/03/01/gallstones_earlier_death_linked.aspx"
} |
This tree diagram shows the relationships between several groups of organisms.
The root of the current tree connects the organisms featured in this tree to their containing group and the rest of the Tree of Life. The basal branching point in the tree represents the ancestor of the other groups in the tree. This ancestor diversified over time into several descendent subgroups, which are represented as internal nodes and terminal taxa to the right.
You can click on the root to travel down the Tree of Life all the way to the root of all Life, and you can click on the names of descendent subgroups to travel up the Tree of Life all the way to individual species.close box
Coddington, J. A. and H. W. Levi. 1991. Systematics and evolution of spiders (Araneae). Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 22:565-592.
Griswold, C. E., J. A. Coddington, G. Hormiga, and N. Scharff. 1998. Phylogeny of the orb-web building spiders (Araneae, Orbiculariae : Deinopoidea, Araneoidea). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 123:1-99.
Griswold, C. E., J. A. Coddington, N. I. Platnick, and R. R. Forster. 1999. Towards a phylogeny of entelegyne spiders (Araneae, Araneomorphae, Entelegynae). Journal of Arachnology 27:53-63.
Griswold, C. E., M. J. Ramírez, J. Coddington, and N. Platnick. 2005. Atlas of Phylogenetic Data for Entelegyne spiders (Araneae: Araneomorphae: Entelegynae) with comments on their Phylogeny. Proceedings of the California. Academy of Sciences, 4th Series, vol. 56, Supplement II, pp. 1-324.
Jocqué, R. & A.S. Dippenaar-Schoeman. 2006. Spider Families of the World. Musée Royal de l'Afrique Centrale, Tevuren. 336pp.
Platnick, N.I., J.A. Coddington, R.R. Forster & C.E. Griswold. 1991. Spinneret morphology and the phylogeny of haplogyne spiders (Araneae, Araneomorphae). American Museum Novitates 3016:1-73.
Schutt, K. 2000. The limits of the Araneoidea (Arachnida: Araneae). Australian Journal of Zoology 48:135-153.
Page copyright © 2006 Jonathan Coddington
Page: Tree of Life Entelegynae. The TEXT of this page is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License - Version 3.0. Note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own license, and they may or may not be available for reuse. Click on an image or a media link to access the media data window, which provides the relevant licensing information. For the general terms and conditions of ToL material reuse and redistribution, please see the Tree of Life Copyright Policies.
- Content changed 08 December 2006
Citing this page:
Tree of Life Web Project. 2006. Entelegynae. Version 08 December 2006 (temporary). http://tolweb.org/Entelegynae/2651/2006.12.08 in The Tree of Life Web Project, http://tolweb.org/ | <urn:uuid:ac4fb946-d779-49c8-bee0-f88d7811835d> | {
"date": "2018-01-21T12:57:25",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-05",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084890582.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20180121120038-20180121140038-00656.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.72541743516922,
"score": 2.84375,
"token_count": 775,
"url": "http://www.tolweb.org/Entelegynae/2651"
} |
We hosted our first Raspberry Pi Maker Academy last month! About 25 educators from different Orange County school districts that have previous participated or are currently participating in our STEM Ecosystem Institute came down to UC Irvine to learn about using a Raspberry Pi through lights, sound, and motion modules.
They learned how to build simple circuits and control them with basic coding using Scratch (block-based) and Python (text-based). Each educator had the opportunity to partner up to participate in a design challenge where they create their own raspberry pi project to integrate in to their own instructional practices!
We look forward to hosting more workshops in the future. These workshops are open to all members of our STEM Ecosystem Institute. | <urn:uuid:0b5fa36e-c11c-4ded-aff4-2dcaf43b4d0a> | {
"date": "2019-10-19T23:48:38",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-43",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986700435.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20191019214624-20191020002124-00016.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9389140009880066,
"score": 2.796875,
"token_count": 141,
"url": "https://www.ocstem.org/oc-stem-hosts-raspberry-pi-maker-academy-for-orange-county-educators/"
} |
Learning Opportunities! Today in History: February 13
February 13, 2013 at 12:29 PM
are a list of events that took place today in history.
Have you studied or will you be studying any of these events?
Share with us!
- 1322 – The central tower of Ely Cathedral falls on the night of 12th-13th.
- 1462 – The Treaty of Westminster is finalised between Edward IV of England and the Scottish Lord of the Isles.
- 1503 – Disfida di Barletta – tournament between 13 Italian and 13 French knights near Barletta.
- 1542 – Catherine Howard, the fifth wife of Henry VIII of England, is executed for adultery.
- 1572 – Elizabeth I of England issues a proclamation which revokes all commissions on account of the frauds which they had fostered.
- 1575 – Henry III of France is crowned at Rheims and marries Louise de Lorraine-Vaudémont on the same day.
- 1633 – Galileo Galilei arrives in Rome for his trial before the Inquisition.
- 1660 – With the death of Swedish King Charles X Gustav, the Swedish government begins to seek peace with Sweden's enemies in the Second Northern War – something that Charles had refused. As his son and successor on the throne, Charles XI, is only four years old, a regency rules Sweden until 1672.
- 1668 – Spain recognizes Portugal as an independent nation.
- 1689 – William and Mary are proclaimed co-rulers of England.
- 1692 – Massacre of Glencoe: About 78 Macdonalds at Glen Coe, Scotland are killed early in the morning for not promptly pledging allegiance to the new king, William of Orange.
- 1739 – Battle of Karnal: The army of Iranian ruler Nadir Shah defeats the forces of the Mughal emperor of India, Muhammad Shah.
- 1849 – The delegation headed by Metropolitan bishop Andrei Şaguna hands out to the Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria the General Petition of Romanian leaders in Transylvania, Banat and Bukovina, which demands that the Romanian nation be recognized.
- 1861 – In Gaeta the capitulation of the fortress decreeing the end of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies is signed.
- 1867 – Work begins on the covering of the Zenne, burying Brussels's primary river and creating the modern central boulevards.
- 1880 – Thomas Edison observes the Edison effect.
- 1881 – The feminist newspaper La Citoyenne is first published in Paris by the activist Hubertine Auclert.
- 1914 – Copyright: In New York City the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers is established to protect the copyrighted musical compositions of its members.
- 1920 – The Negro National League is formed.
- 1931 – New Delhi becomes the capital of India.
- 1934 – The Soviet steamship Cheliuskin sinks in the Arctic Ocean.
- 1935 – A jury in Flemington, New Jersey finds Bruno Hauptmann guilty of the 1932 kidnapping and murder of the Lindbergh baby, the son of Charles Lindbergh.
- 1945 – World War II: The siege of Budapest concludes with the unconditional surrender of German and Hungarian forces to the Red Army.
- 1945 – World War II: Royal Air Force bombers are dispatched to Dresden, Germany to attack the city with a massive aerial bombardment.
- 1951 – Korean War: Battle of Chipyong-ni, which represented the "high-water mark" of the Chinese incursion into South Korea, commences.
- 1954 – Frank Selvy becomes the only NCAA Division I basketball player ever to score 100 points in a single game.
- 1955 – Israel obtains 4 of the 7 Dead Sea scrolls.
- 1960 – With the success of a nuclear test codenamed "Gerboise Bleue", France becomes the fourth country to possess nuclear weapons.
- 1960 – Black college students stage the first of the Nashville sit-ins at three lunch counters in Nashville, Tennessee.
- 1961 – A 500,000-year-old rock is discovered near Olancha, California, US, that appears to anachronistically encase a spark plug.
- 1967 – American researchers discover the Madrid Codices by Leonardo da Vinci in the National Library of Spain.
- 1971 – Vietnam War: Backed by American air and artillery support, South Vietnamese troops invade Laos.
- 1978 – Hilton bombing: a bomb explodes in a refuse truck outside the Hilton Hotel in Sydney, Australia, killing two refuse collectors and a policeman.
- 1979 – An intense windstorm strikes western Washington and sinks a 1/2-mile-long section of the Hood Canal Bridge.
- 1981 – A series of sewer explosions destroys more than two miles of streets in Louisville, Kentucky.
- 1982 – The Río Negro massacre takes place in Guatemala.
- 1984 – Konstantin Chernenko succeeds the late Yuri Andropov as general secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.
- 1990 – German reunification: An agreement is reached on a two-stage plan to reunite Germany.
- 1991 – Gulf War: Two laser-guided "smart bombs" destroy the Amiriyah shelter in Baghdad. Allied forces said the bunker was being used as a military communications outpost, but over 400 Iraqi civilians inside were killed.
- 2000 – The last original "Peanuts" comic strip appears in newspapers one day after Charles M. Schulz dies.
- 2001 – An earthquake measuring 6.6 on the Richter Scale hits El Salvador, killing at least 400.
- 2004 – The Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics announces the discovery of the universe's largest known diamond, white dwarf star BPM 37093. Astronomers named this star "Lucy" after The Beatles' song "Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds".
- 2007 – Taiwan opposition leader Ma Ying-jeou resigns as the chairman of the Kuomintang party after being indicted on charges of embezzlement during his tenure as the mayor of Taipei; Ma also announces his candidacy for the 2008 presidential election.
- 2008 – Australian Prime Minister Kevin Rudd makes a historic apology to the Indigenous Australians and the Stolen Generations.
- 2010 – A bomb explodes in the city of Pune, Maharashtra, India, killing 17 and injuring 60 more.
- 2011 – For the first time in more than 100 years the Umatilla, an American Indian tribe, are able to hunt and harvest a bison just outside Yellowstone National Park, restoring a centuries-old tradition guaranteed by a treaty signed in 1855.
- 2012 – The European Space Agency (ESA) conducted the first launch of the European Vega rocket from Europe’s spaceport in Kourou, French Guiana.
There aren't any replies to this post. Be the first to reply! | <urn:uuid:1f39109b-0277-45fb-9e3d-984313a3d029> | {
"date": "2014-04-23T20:55:56",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-15",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1398223203422.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20140423032003-00491-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8976319432258606,
"score": 3.15625,
"token_count": 1434,
"url": "http://mobile.cafemom.com/group/114079/forums/read/18069390/Learning_Opportunities_Today_in_History_February_13?use_mobile=1"
} |
Skara Brae Neolithic Village Maximum Card
Stamp: Skara Brae 1st class issued 17 January 2017
Card: N524, Hut 1, The Workshop Skara Brae, Charles Tait
Postmark: Ancient Britain Skara Brae, Stomness
LOCATION: Bay of Skaill, Orkney Islands, Scotland
An example of an extremely early settlement is Skara Brae on Orkney. Unlike in many other parts of the UK, by the third millennium BC there were few trees on Orkney and stone was therefore the building material of choice (which of course can survive for millennia). Today 8 recognisable houses remain, the earliest dating from around 3200BC. Fashioned in stone are beds, shelves and storage containers, around a central hearth. Prominent in each home is a dresser made of flagstones. The inhabitants used beautifully decorated Grooved Ware pottery and had a rich material culture of worked stone and bone. Their diet was based on domesticated crops, wild plants, fish, seabirds and the products from sheep, goats, pigs and cattle. Skara Brae is part of the 'Heart of Neolithic Orkney' UNESCO World Heritage Site. | <urn:uuid:4eb59641-b569-4fad-924e-4573e3b18f15> | {
"date": "2018-06-22T09:35:43",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-26",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267864387.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20180622084714-20180622104714-00216.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9380677342414856,
"score": 3.078125,
"token_count": 252,
"url": "https://shop.norphil.co.uk/3913x4_Skara_Brae_World_Heritage_Site_Maximum_Card_4/p1484705_16942370.aspx"
} |
LOGAN — Utah's mountainous valleys present ideal conditions to harness the power of water already flowing downhill and turn it into environmentally friendly energy.
But one city's experience of trying to install a simple energy enhancement may leave others avoiding it altogether, according to a George Mason University-based research center that on Tuesday published a working paper using Logan as an example.
"Although it is tempting to point to one specific regulation as the root cause of today's impediments to small hydropower development, a federal nexus of regulation is the real problem," the Mercatus Center paper, written by four Utah-based authors, states.
It points to complex and costly requirements as a deterrent to further development of hydroelectric power, which the authors believe "is one of the most promising new sources of clean power."
"We have a strong interest in alternative energy options," said Ryan Yonk, an assistant professor of political science at Southern Utah University and policy analyst at Strata, a northern Utah policy think tank.
Yonk said the Logan plan to develop green energy by installing its own micro-hydropower system "seemed to make good sense" but ended up overdue and over budget.
While regulations are "rooted in the do-gooder mentality," he said, "they end up stifling the very same area they're trying to fix. We like to say that green regulations get in the way of green aspirations."
Such is the case in Logan, where city officials for years have sought for greener energy options in terms of solar, wind and other hydropower generation.
"We just have to make sure it is reasonable and economical," said Lance Houser, Logan's assistant engineer. "This one seemed most reasonable."
But installing a small hydropower turbine within an existing culinary water system pipeline to generate clean, low-cost electricity was anything but that, Houser said. Getting through the federal regulatory process, he said, was "an absolute nightmare."
"For being 'streamlined,' it was extremely painful for this size of project," Houser said.
The environmental assessment process and clearance, required by the National Environmental Policy Act and Federal Energy Regulation Commission, he said, cost more — in money and manpower — than the actual engineering and design of the power system, putting the city well over budget.
Logan city officials originally budgeted about $1.5 million for the project, but ended up spending $370,000 in 2010, $1,025,000 in 2011, and $1.4 million in 2012, for a total of about $2,795,000, according to financial documents obtained from the city. A portion of the funding came from the federal stimulus.
"The cost went up so much that now people look at it and say they'll never do it again, that it doesn't make any sense," Yonk said.
He hopes for looser regulations or, better yet, regulations based on the size of various projects so cities big and small can consider greener options and make them available to consumers who want that sort of thing.
Diversified options, Yonk said, could also lead to lower energy costs, but that fact has yet to be proved.
"This ought to be something we think about when creating regulations," he said.
The one-size-fits-all approach of the federal government, Yonk said, makes it tougher for a big dam project to get approved, but little projects have to go through the same onerous process.
Regulations in place also required Logan to use a U.S. vendor for its turbine, of which there was only one available that could make the size and type of turbine needed to accommodate Dewitt Springs, a naturally flowing fountain of pure water in Logan Canyon that provides about 70 percent of the city's water.
Houser said having just one bid didn't give the city much leverage when work began.
The project was estimated to help generate enough energy to power 185 local homes, a financial benefit of $67,284.06 per year.
"From a green energy perspective, it's a great idea. It's probably the most reliable form of energy you can find," Houser said. "It doesn't care if it's cloudy or sunny, and it doesn't rely on wind to work."
But even if it were to run continuously and at full capacity, which it doesn't because of varying flow rates during drought seasons, it would take the city more than 35 years to recoup its costs, according to the paper. That span matches a turbine's life cycle, which is about 30 to 35 years, Yonk said.
The city, which is glad to have the alternative/green power option up and running after years of paper and legwork, learned a lot of lessons that would make the process easier the next time around, Houser said, adding that he's already offered his candid advice to other cities seeking similar options.
But having used up its most ideal location for power generation, he said, Logan is not likely to go after such an ambitious project anytime soon.
Email: [email protected], Twitter: wendyleonards
Copyright 2016, Deseret News Publishing Company | <urn:uuid:fffe7769-abe3-44d7-a6fe-b3e6dfab52bf> | {
"date": "2016-12-04T14:50:59",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-50",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698541322.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170901-00304-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9696316719055176,
"score": 2.90625,
"token_count": 1075,
"url": "http://www.deseretnews.com/article/print/865591772/Green-energy-option-in-Logan-points-to-a-need-for-regulation-reform.html"
} |
"Star-Studded Wise Men: Rethinking the Christmas Story"
Here are some of Witherington's provocative analysis regarding the traditional manger scene:
The story very clearly tells us that they do not arrive in Bethlehem until after Jesus was born, indeed possibly well after because we are told that Herod was concerned with infants up to two years of age, and we also have the story of the parents taking Jesus to the Temple on the eight day, the proper day for circumcision. In other words, they seem to have stayed in Bethlehem after the birth of the child for a while.For me, the more I have learned about the historical background of the first century, the more I have come to appreciate Jesus as a real historical person, not an over-sentimentalized myth.
So enough with the barn scenes with both shepherds and wise men present simultaneously, and this word also just in--- there is no mention of any animals being present or very near the Christ child when he was born or thereafter. This whole barn, manger, animals tableau we owe largely to St. Francis of Assisi who came up with the idea. You will remember he loved all creatures great and small.
And one more thing--- there is probably no 'inn' in Luke 2.7-- the correct translation of the Greek word there is 'guest room' not inn. Its the very word Luke uses elewhere to speak of the room where the last supper transpired. He uses a very different word for Inn, in the parable of the Good Samaritan. So enough with the sermons entitled "No Room in the Inn" all about the world making no room for Jesus. Jesus was likely born in a relative's home in the back of the house where they kept the prized beast of burden, hence the manger or corn crib. And it is likely they continued to stay with their relatives there when the Magi showed up. | <urn:uuid:3cd14a6b-728d-482b-a87f-114da4a40a58> | {
"date": "2014-09-02T23:39:11",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-35",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1409535923940.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20140909031808-00123-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9706188440322876,
"score": 2.609375,
"token_count": 395,
"url": "http://oldearthcreationism.blogspot.com/2009/12/why-we-shouldnt-get-our-theology-from.html"
} |
The home of the future, we are assured, will be swarming with tiny sensors: security cameras, carbon monoxide detectors, speakers and everything else. Few need to be running all the time — but how do you wake them up when they’re needed if they’re off in the first place? Ultrasound.
That’s the idea being pursued by Angad Rekhi and Amin Arbabian at Stanford, anyway. Their approach to the problem of devices that can’t stay on, yet can’t be all the way off, is to minimize the amount of energy necessary to send and receive a “wake” signal. That way the Internet of Things really only consumes power when they’re actively in use.
Radio, which of course all these tiny sensors use to transmit and receive information, is actually pretty expensive in terms of power and space. Keeping the antenna and signal processor ready and listening uses more energy than these devices have to spare if they’re to last for years on a charge.
Ultrasonic sensors, on the other hand, are incredibly power-efficient and require very little space. Ultrasound — soundwaves above the human range of hearing, 22KHz or so — is a much more physical phenomenon, and detecting it is easier in many ways than detecting radio frequency waves. It’s a bit like the difference between a sensor that’s sensitive to nearly intangible x-rays versus one that detects ordinary visible light.
Rekhi, a grad student in electrical engineering working under Arbabian, describes their approach in a paper just presented at the International Solid-State Circuits Conference in San Francisco. It’s a simple idea in a way — a small switch that hits a bigger switch — but the results are impressive.
The system’s ultrasound receiver is efficient even for an efficient class of sensors; the tiny, super-sensitive microphone was developed at Stanford, as well, by the Khuri-Yakub Group. The receiver is always on, but draws an amazingly small 4 nanowatts of power, and is sensitive enough to detect a signal with a single nanowatt’s strength. That puts it well ahead of most radio receivers in terms of power consumption and sensitivity.
There’s one from a study last year that has it beat on both… but it’s also more than 50 times bigger. The ultrasonic sensor only takes up 14.5 square millimeters to the radio chip’s 900. That’s valuable real estate on an embedded device.
You wouldn’t be able to activate it from across town, of course — ultrasonic signals don’t travel through walls. But they do bounce around them, and the wake-up system’s sensitivity means even the smallest fragment of an ultrasonic signal will be sufficient to activate it.
It’s just a prototype right now, but don’t be surprised if this sort of mega-efficient tech gets snatched up or duplicated by companies trying to squeeze every ounce of life out of a watt-hour.
Featured Image: mrtom-uk/Getty Images | <urn:uuid:0032a76e-4479-4c0c-9dbd-0a436635e587> | {
"date": "2018-12-15T15:00:50",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-51",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376826856.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20181215131038-20181215153038-00176.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9164807200431824,
"score": 3.3125,
"token_count": 660,
"url": "https://gadgetgreed.com/ultrasound-could-waken-a-sleeping-smart-home/"
} |
Light affects nutrients
Sound Consumer | March 2012
So you think you’re getting the most nutritious, best produce by reaching to the back of the produce shelves, or by digging to the bottom of a pile on the dry racks? Think again.
A study by U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) scientists suggests consumers may wish to look instead for fruits and vegetables receiving the greatest exposure to light — usually found closest to the front or top of a display.
Researchers found that spinach leaves, for instance, exposed to continuous light during storage were more nutritionally dense than leaves continually in the dark. The researchers say light affects the leaves’ photosynthetic system, resulting in a significant increase in levels of carotenoids and vitamins C, E, K and B9 (folate). | <urn:uuid:dec1b5d1-f03c-4730-a7ee-008b93581725> | {
"date": "2013-05-24T08:43:00",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2013-20",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704392896/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516113952-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9245988130569458,
"score": 3.140625,
"token_count": 166,
"url": "http://www.pccnaturalmarkets.com/sc/1203/light_nutrients.html"
} |
How to Help Orchids Flourish
Which flower has been used as an aphrodisiac, grows all over the world in all kinds of places and is on the endangered species list? The orchid. These amazing plants can live hundreds of years in the wild or thrive in greenhouses of orchid lovers worldwide.
In nature, orchids pop up in every country in the world, from the North Pole to the South Pole. There are nearly 30,000 different species growing in the wild, and more than 150,000 hybrids have been created by crossing different orchids. In most of the United States, you can grow many warm-growing orchids outside in the summer months, but in southern Florida, along the Gulf Coast, and in coastal southern California, you can grow orchids outside year-round.
Orchids are recognizable by their three outer petals (sepals) and three inner petals, one of which is typically a lip that serves as a landing platform for insects. Orchids grow on trees, in the ground or in the home. They can be small or large, sweet-smelling or unpleasantly scented. Orchids come in single blooms, clusters, and sprays and chains with bizarre shapes and patterns.
Orchids do have something other than shape in common: they prefer lower temperatures at night. Warm-growing orchids such as moth orchids like 65- to 70-degree temperatures at night, while intermediate orchids such as the cattleyas like chillier air: 60-degree evening temps. A cool-growing flower like Dracula prefers 50- to 55-degree temperatures at night.
As a first-time orchid grower, you'll want to keep these tips in mind: First, choose a mature orchid that's already in flower; some orchids can take years to go from seedling to flower. Then, start with hybrids; they're grown specifically for hobby growers and will be easier to deal with than rare varieties.
Before you take an orchid home, research its needs. Many orchids like to dry out between waterings, but other orchids prefer a climate that's consistently wet. Some are easy to grow; others are quite temperamental.
Orchids also vary as to how much light they need. Here's a trick for estimating the amount of natural light you can offer an orchid: Hold your hand about six inches above a sheet of white paper. If there's a sharp, clearly defined shadow, you have bright light. If the shadow is quite distinct but fuzzy around the edges, you have medium light. If there's only faint shadow or none at all, there isn't sufficient light for flowering.
Plus, supply orchids with plenty of fresh, humid air that's in perpetual motion. If you're growing the orchid indoors, open a window or keep a fan running. Give your orchid the environment it craves, and it will reward you for many years to come. | <urn:uuid:f23713b0-9383-4108-bbb6-34292d950b9e> | {
"date": "2016-12-09T02:02:12",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-50",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698542668.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170902-00240-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9505860209465027,
"score": 3.21875,
"token_count": 629,
"url": "http://www.hgtv.com/design/outdoor-design/landscaping-and-hardscaping/how-to-help-orchids-flourish"
} |
Scientific breakthrough means our medical histories can predict our future illnesses
A study of over 6 million Danes over the last 15 years has mapped the course of major diseases
Research at the Danish Technical University (DTU) and the Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research at the University of Copenhagen (KU) has succeeded in mapping the course and pattern of major diseases.
In other words, your lifestyle and medical history can be used to see if you are predisposed to getting one of the big ones: cancer, arthritis, pulmonary and cardiovascular disease and diabetes.
The research hopes to improve the diagnostics of individual patients by illuminating the complex system that links one disease to another.
“We can see clear correlations that have not previously been explained," Professor Søren Brunak, the head of the Center for Biological Sequence Analysis at the DTU, told KU Press
"A disease like gout, for example, is strongly linked to cardiovascular diseases when we look at the large data volumes and the disease networks that appear."
Data from 6.2 million Danes, collected over 14.9 years, has enabled the study to track the country’s entire disease development.
The study was made possible due to Denmark’s registration system – the yellow (soon to be blue) health-insurance card – which allowed patients to be tracked over a lifetime, according to KU Press.
“Our results make it possible to view diseases in a larger context,” Anders Boeck Jensen from KU explained to KU Press.
“By looking at the order in which different diseases appear, you can start to draw patterns and see complex correlations outlining the direction for each patient."
This, in addition to future mapping of the individual’s genetic profile, could be used to predict the risk of developing major diseases and therefore pinpoint treatment and prevention – not only improving people's quality of life, but also saving society money. | <urn:uuid:23eeb7ae-c859-44e2-816b-91e817a09d52> | {
"date": "2014-12-19T02:12:41",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-52",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802768169.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075248-00107-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9294096827507019,
"score": 3.203125,
"token_count": 401,
"url": "http://cphpost.dk/news/scientific-breakthrough-means-our-medical-histories-can-predict-our-future-illnesses.9980.html"
} |
Causes of Lymph Nodes Swelling
The most common causes of swelling in the glands are infections, where the swelling may appear suddenly and may also be painful. If the swelling occurs slowly, a cancer may be the reason. The most common causes of swollen glands include the following.
Cells in the lymph nodes are responsible for capturing bacteria and viruses and then breaking them down. During an infection, types of white blood cells called lymphocytes present in the glands tend to multiply rapidly in order to fight these pathogens. This makes the lymph nodes expand and leads to the condition often referred to as swollen glands.
A viral infection, such as the common cold is the most common reason of enlarged glands. However, there are bacterial and parasitic infections that can also cause this condition. These other infections include strep throat, tonsillitis, mumps, measles, ear infections, or wound infections.
Gum and tooth diseases such as gingivitis and impacted or abscessed tooth and mouth sores are also likely causes.
Other infections that can cause inflammation in the lymph nodes include tuberculosis and mononucleosis. Syphilis and other sexually transmitted diseases can also lead to this condition.
Your pets can also be responsible for causing this swelling. A bacterial infection from a cat scratch or bite and a parasitic infection due to contact with the feces of an infected cat are possible causes.
Immune System Disorders
Lymph nodes are an important organ of the immune system of the body. In autoimmune disorders, the immune system begins to attack its own cells mistaking it to be a pathogen and causes chronic inflammation in the various tissues of the body. These are one of the main immunologic causes of swollen and tender glands and include lupus and rheumatoid arthritis. Lupus affects the skin, kidneys, blood cells, heart, and lungs of the individual, whereas rheumatoid arthritis attacks the synovial tissue around the joints. Besides autoimmune disorders, the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), the virus that causes AIDS and makes the immune system fail can also lead to enlarged glands.
There are certain cancers that are also responsible for inflamed glands. When cancer occurs in the blood-forming tissues of the body, it is called leukemia. Lymph nodes are linked to each other through the lymphatic vessels and leukemia can affect the tissues of the lymphatic system leading to inflammation in the glands.
Lymphoma is a cancer that originates in the lymph tissues of the lymph nodes and like all tumors, the uncontrolled and abnormal cells division causes swelling in the affected gland.
Metastasized cancers spread from other parts of the body to the lymph nodes. Once it affects the tissues of a particular gland, it tends to form a tumor in the area and cause inflammation.
Another cause of swelling in the lymph nodes is medication. There are certain medications, such as phenytoin prescribed for preventing seizures that can be the reason for this condition. Vaccinations such as ones for typhoid or malarial immunization have also been found to lead to enlarged glands. Vaccinations make the glands swell for much the same reason that infection does. Even though in the case of vaccination there is no actual infection, the immune system is responding to the vaccine and immune cells will congregate in the glands. | <urn:uuid:2bbb5cb9-0d24-4a81-a427-a672143df0cd> | {
"date": "2015-04-25T23:17:44",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-18",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246651873.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045731-00148-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9439910054206848,
"score": 3.3125,
"token_count": 674,
"url": "http://www.healthguideinfo.com/autoimmune-immune-disorders/p83568/"
} |
Health SA Gesondheid (Online)
versão On-line ISSN 2071-9736
versão impressa ISSN 1025-9848
NAPIER, Carin; OLDEWAGE-THERON, Wilna e KEARNEY, Jeanette. Comparison of three school feeding strategies for primary school chidren in an informal settlement in Gauteng, South Africa. Health SA Gesondheid (Online) [online]. 2009, vol.14, n.1, pp.96-103. ISSN 2071-9736.
The aim of this study was to compare the impact of three school feeding strategies on the nutritional status of primary school children aged six to 13 in an informal settlement in Gauteng. The methods included dietary surveys and anthropometric and biochemical measurements of a sample of 160 primary school children allocated to three different school feeding intervention groups. One group (n=60) received a whole wheat pilchard and spinach vetkoek , a second received food according to the Government Primary School Nutrition Programme (PSNP) (n=60), and a third (n=40) received fruit. The children were given these items every day for seven months, except during school holidays and weekends. The baseline anthropometric measurements indicated that 13.6%, 20.9% and 10.8% of the children in the vetkoek, PSNP and fruit groups respectively were underweight (<5th percentile for weight-for-age) and 17.3%, 23.6% and 5.2% were stunted (<5th percentile for height-for-age). The post-intervention results indicated that the children in all three groups had improved significantly in weight and height, and in dietary intakes of zinc and iron. The results of this study indicated that all three feeding strategies contributed to an improved nutritional status. Providing fruit as a school feeding strategy may be the most affordable and easy to implement. More research is recommended to measure the impact of these strategies on a longterm basis.
Palavras-chave : primary school children; South Africa; school feeding; nutritional status; malnutrition. | <urn:uuid:dd070647-721d-4634-8577-225657e308c4> | {
"date": "2016-12-09T02:50:07",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-50",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698542668.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170902-00240-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9385181069374084,
"score": 2.921875,
"token_count": 437,
"url": "http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S2071-97362009000100015&lng=pt&nrm=iso&tlng=en"
} |
Matches: 28 Displayed: 16
- Science > Ecology > Saving Forests
- Science > Ecology > Ecology
- Science > Ecology > Endangered Species
- Social Studies > World Peace > Sustainable Development
- Science > Ecology > Sustainable Agriculture
- Science > Biology > Insects > Beetles
- Social Studies > Current Events Archives > Environment > 2007
- Science > Earth Sciences > Global Warming > Consequences of Global Warming
- Social Studies > Current Events > Environment
- Science > Ecology > Endangered Species > 2007
- Social Studies > Current Events > Politics > World
- Science > Ecology > Biodiesel
- Science > Catastrophic Climate Change > Carbon Sequestration > Switchgrass or Prairie Grass
- Science > Catastrophic Climate Change > Biomass and Biochar > Biochar Soil
- Science > Ecology > Oceans
- Science > Earth Sciences > Oceans
- Social Studies > Current Events > Science
- Science > Catastrophic Climate Change > Ocean Temperatures
- Science > Catastrophic Climate Change > Carbon Sequestration > Ocean Carbon Sequestration
- Science > Biology > Fish and Ocean Creatures > Jellyfish
- Science > Ecology > Global Warming > Consequences of Global Warming
- Science > Ecology > Global Warming > Tipping Point
- Social Studies > Current Events > Politics > USA
- Local Information > Africa > Africa
- -Editorial: How to Save Biodiversity in the Face of Global Warming (International Herald Tribune)
"So as we start thinking seriously about how to stop messing it up any further, let's also start thinking about how to help all life forms adapt."
"I would propose three strategies to minimize the impact of climate change on biodiversity." 02-07
- Saving Forests of the World (Forests.org)
Provides a search engine just for conservation topics, such as forests, rainforests, biodiversity, and climate change. Also provides discussions, papers, sources, and more. 3-00
- Environmental Problems and Resources (EnviroLiteracy.org)
Provides summaries of the problems in each of the major areas, such as water pollution, air pollution, waste, biodiversity, energy, forests, and climate. Also provides resources, lists of resources, and educational materials. 1-01
- African News for Sustainable Health and Peace (AllAfrica.com)
Provides news related to water, health, agriculture, and biodiversity.
- Beetles, Tiger (Wikipedia.org)
"The fast-moving adults run down their prey. Some tiger beetles can run at a speed of 5 mph. For its size it has been suggested that they are the fastest running land animals. Some tiger beetles in the tropics are arboreal, but most run on the surface of the ground. They live along sea and lake shores, on sand dunes, around playa lakebeds and on clay banks or woodland paths."
"Tiger beetles have been considered as good indicator species and have been used in ecological studies on biodiversity." 06-06
- Sustainable Development (Wikipedia.org)
"Sustainable Development is an umbrella that attempts to bridge the divide between economic growth and environmental protection, while taking into account other issues traditionally associated with development. It seeks to develop means of supporting economic growth while supporting biodiversity, relieving poverty and without using up natural capital in the short term at the expense of long term development. While many definitions of the term have been introduced over the years, the most commonly cited definition comes from the report Our Common Future, more commonly known as the Brundtland Report, which states that sustainable development is development that 'meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs'." 11-06
- Editorial: It's Too Late for "Later" (New York Times)
"There was a chilling essay in The Jakarta Post last week by Andrio Adiwibowo, a lecturer in environmental management at the University of Indonesia. It was about how a smart plan to protect the mangrove forests around coastal Jakarta was never carried out, leading to widespread tidal flooding last month."
"This line jumped out at me: 'The plan was not implemented. Instead of providing a buffer zone, development encroached into the core zone, which was covered over by concrete.' "
"You could read that story in a hundred different developing countries today. But the fact that you read it here is one of the most important reasons that later has become extinct. Indonesia is second only to Brazil in terrestrial biodiversity and is No. 1 in the world in marine biodiversity. Just one and a half acres in Borneo contains more different tree species than all of North America — not to mention animals that don’t exist anywhere else on earth. If we lose them, there will be no later for some of the rarest plants and animals on the planet."
"Indonesia is now losing tropical forests the size of Maryland every year, and the carbon released by the cutting and clearing — much of it from illegal logging — has made Indonesia the third largest source of greenhouse gas emissions in the world, after the United States and China. Deforestation actually accounts for more greenhouse gas emissions than all the cars and trucks in the world, an issue the Bali conference finally addressed." 12-07
- Bioenergy (Wiley.com)
"GCB Bioenergy exists to promote understanding of the interface between biological sciences and the production of fuels directly from plants, algae and waste. All aspects of current and potential biofuel production, from forestry, crop production, enzymatic deconstruction and microbial fuel synthesis to implications for biodiversity, ecosystem services, economics, policy and global change will be included." 01-09
- Perennial Grasses More Efficient Than Corn or Soybean (Mongabay.com)
"Biofuels derived from low-input high-diversity (LIHD) mixtures of native grassland perennials can provide more usable energy, greater greenhouse gas reductions, and less agrichemical pollution per hectare than can corn grain ethanol or soybean biodiesel. High-diversity grasslands had increasingly higher bioenergy yields that were 238% greater than monoculture yields after a decade. LIHD biofuels are carbon negative because net ecosystem carbon dioxide sequestration (4.4 megagram hectare–1 year–1 of carbon dioxide in soil and roots) exceeds fossil carbon dioxide release during biofuel production (0.32 megagram hectare–1 year–1). Moreover, LIHD biofuels can be produced on agriculturally degraded lands and thus need to neither displace food production nor cause loss of biodiversity via habitat destruction." 02-09
- Biochar for Soil Improvment and Long-Term Carbon Sequestration (Biochar.org)
"Biochar offers a strong link between the three Rio conventions as it simultaneously addresses climate change, soil degradation and biodiversity." 05-09
- Are We Destroying the Oceans? (Time.com)
"But human-related injury to the oceans is rife. We have fished out an estimated 90% of the major commercial fish species that swim the high seas, including the giant and endangered blue fin tuna. The trawlers carrying out that destruction are raking the ocean floor, turning parts of the once vibrant continental shelf into so much mud. Climate change is warming the oceans, disrupting the fundamental structure of the marine food pyramid and destroying coral reefs. Meanwhile, increased concentrations of CO2 in the atmosphere are making the seas acidic, which threatens to kill off species in large numbers. 'The ocean is becoming a desert,' says Jeremy Jackson, the director of the Center for Marine Biodiversity and Conservation at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography."
"Pollution that has washed off the land — from sewage that contains chemical toxins to nitrate fertilizer from farmland — has infected the oceans, destroying once vibrant coastal waters. But it's a problem we barely notice, since for many of us the oceans are distant and out of sight." 04-10
- Largest Survey of Ocean Life Is Completed (Wall Street Journal)
"The census is part of a wider push by scientists to create free, online digital libraries of biological data about life on earth. The marine data, for example, will feed into the Encyclopedia of Life project, an effort to document all 1.8 million named species on earth. There's also an International Barcode of Life project assembling DNA barcodes for all multi-cellular organisms."
"Scientists intend to use such digital libraries to study biodiversity on a planet-wide level, just as different types of meteorological data are pooled and used to predict weather. Spurring the efforts is a new field known as biodiversity informatics, which uses sophisticated computer techniques to sift and analyze data in novel ways."
"Since it began, data from the marine census has yielded some 2,700 scientific papers. One significant study published July, in the journal Nature, found a strong link between rising sea temperatures and the decline of marine algae, the basis of the oceans' food chain. Another census-based study in Nature found that warmer seas can hurt marine diversity, potentially rearranging the global distribution of ocean life." 10-10
- -11-25-11 Past Mass Extinctions of Life on Earth (Time.com)
"The end-Permian mass extinction, which their study calls the 'most severe biodiversity crisis in earth history,' wiped out 95% of marine life and 70% of life on land about 252.28 million years ago."
"The scientists are putting the blame on familiar culprits: carbon dioxide and methane." 11-11
- Cyanobacteria (Wikipedia.org)
"Cyanobacteria...also known as blue-green algae, blue-green bacteria, and Cyanophyta) is a phylum of bacteria that obtain their energy through photosynthesis."
"The ability of cyanobacteria to perform oxygenic photosynthesis is thought to have converted the early reducing atmosphere into an oxidizing one, which dramatically changed the composition of life forms on Earth by stimulating biodiversity and leading to the near-extinction of oxygen-intolerant organisms. According to endosymbiotic theory, chloroplasts in plants and eukaryotic algae have evolved from cyanobacterial ancestors via endosymbiosis." 03-12
- Jellyfish May Survive Better Than Other Ocean Creatures (Time.com)
"Overfishing, climate change and pollution are also setting the stage for the rise of the jellyfish. It could almost be a case of evolution running backwards—complex, vertebrate biodiversity replaced by a monoculture of squishy things, thanks chiefly to us."
- -01 Climate Change's Exponential Increase (New York Times)
"More than a 2-degree increase should be unimaginable. Yet to stop at 2 degrees, global emissions have to peak in 2016. The Carbon Tracker organization has examined fossil-fuel investments around the world (including 1,200 new coal plants) and determined that they would lead to a 6-degree world. A recent World Bank report indicates the bank cannot fulfill its development mission in a 4-degree world. Given what we know about planetary biology, 2 degrees seems nightmarish as it is."
"So what to do? The first thing is to recognize both the climate and biodiversity agenda as deadly important, of utmost urgency and fundamental to the future of humanity. The second is to find ways to keep temperature increase below 1.5 degrees." 03-14 | <urn:uuid:ec3c8926-9de5-479a-b71a-d2c8d96730db> | {
"date": "2014-10-23T08:41:25",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-42",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1413507454577.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20141017005734-00121-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9091922044754028,
"score": 2.8125,
"token_count": 2392,
"url": "http://www.awesomelibrary.org/cgi-bin/search-aw1-e.cgi?terms=biodiversity"
} |
Does Crimea have the right to join Russia? The answer isn't as clear as Moscow’s critics or its defenders think.
- By Brad Simpson<p> Brad Simpson is associate professor of history and Asian studies at the University of Connecticut. He is currently writing a global history of the idea of self-determination for Oxford University Press. </p>
The citizens of Crimea voted on March 16 in a hastily arranged and deeply flawed referendum to secede and join Russia. The purported results — 97 percent in favor of secession — were compromised by, among other things, the presence of thousands of armed Russian troops and militias. Yet after the vote, the speaker of Russia’s upper house of parliament, Valentina Matviyenko, defended the process using the language of international human rights: "Deciding to hold [a] referendum is a sovereign right of Crimea’s legitimately elected parliament … the right of people to self-determination." The Kremlin, meanwhile, characterized the referendum as "in line with international law and the U.N. Charter, and … the precedent set by Kosovo," which voted to secede from Yugoslavia in 1991 and whose declaration of independence was recognized by most Western nations (and not Russia) in 2008. Soon after the March 16 referendum, the Russian parliament voted to recognize the results, and President Vladimir Putin announced a treaty formally annexing Crimea.
The U.S. and other Western governments have been quick to denounce the referendum using much the same language — calling it a violation of Ukraine’s sovereignty and constitution, as well as international law. The world, President Barack Obama announced before the vote took place, is "well beyond the days when borders can be redrawn over the heads of democratic leaders."
So who is right? In short, the answer isn’t as clear as Russia’s critics or its defenders (few as they may be) like to think.
The events in Crimea have once again raised the specter of self-determination, one of the most important and contested political ideas of the 20th century. The United Nations defines self-determination as the right of all peoples to freely determine their political, economic, social, and cultural development. But figuring out what this means in practice often leads to more questions than it answers: Are the Crimeans a "people"? If so, do they have the right to self-determination? Does this right extend to secession from the Ukraine, and, if so, under what circumstances? What of groups within Crimea that do not desire secession or whose voices have been sidelined? How does the international community decide whether an act or process of self-determination is legitimate?
Ill-informed commentators in recent days have been quick to say that the principle of self-determination either guarantees Crimea’s right to secede from the Ukraine or gives it no such right at all, citing abundant examples that supposedly support their arguments. The truth, however, if history is any guide, lies somewhere in the middle: While a right to secede does exist, Crimea’s move departs from evolving international norms about secession. Yet that will hardly stop other groups from appropriating the Crimean example to suit their purposes.
Self-determination’s history and meaning remain poorly understood and the subjects of fierce debate. Though its roots lie in 19th-century philosophical conceptions of rule over the individual self, late 19th- and early 20th-century socialists appropriated the idea as a way to describe the collective aspirations of colonized peoples for freedom from European rule (external self-determination). At the end of World War I, Woodrow Wilson offered a more limited vision of self-determination within a country (internal self-determination) as popular self-government, at least for the peoples of the Hapsburg and Ottoman empires, much to the disappointment of anti-colonial activists seeking legitimacy for their struggles. Over the course of the 20th century, these two visions of self-determination — external and internal — would frame countless debates over the nature and meaning of sovereignty and international order.
Until the formation of the United Nations, self-determination had no standing in international law. The United States and other great powers considered it at best a principle, not a right, applicable to individuals and not collectively defined "peoples." The U.N. Charter mentioned self-determination only in passing, and the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights not at all.
Beginning in the early 1950s, however, many anti-colonial and non-Western political leaders sought to enshrine self-determination as a collective right under international law. Proponents advocated including self-determination in new human rights treaties and pushed dozens of General Assembly resolutions on the matter. This included the landmark 1960 Resolution on Colonialism, which defined self-determination as "the legal foundation for the establishment of the sovereign state from the colonial territory." And in 1966, the General Assembly adopted twin human rights covenants, Article I of which began with the famous line, "All peoples have the right of self-determination."
Although at the time, proponents mostly thought of self-determination as an act of colonial emancipation, later U.N. resolutions stated that it was both an external and an internal process. It could take forms other than national independence, such as federation, association, or integration with another state, widening the scope of possible outcomes beyond those envisioned by anti-colonial leaders. This more expansive definition appealed to many people: U.S. officials, who sought to legitimize their control over non-self-governing territories such as the Marianas Islands, critics of Soviet control of Eastern Europe, opponents of Apartheid in South Africa, and others fearful of the proliferation of small, unviable mini-states that might invite unwanted attention from their larger neighbors.
The new definition was tied to worries, as decolonization accelerated, that cascading self-determination claims might lead to increased pressure for the secession of regions and groups within existing states. The prospect didn’t sit well with the international community, which while disagreeing — often vehemently — about decolonization, had long opposed secessionist movements within states in all but the most extreme cases. And so it supported efforts by governments to quash such movements, sometimes with extraordinary violence, in the name of territorial integrity. During the Cold War, for instance, the United Nations intervened in the Congo to prevent secession by the breakaway province of Katanga and stood mute while Nigeria bloodily suppressed a rebellion in Biafra.
Soviet leaders, meanwhile, supported self-determination for colonized peoples but ruled out the same right for ethnic, racial, and religious minorities within Soviet borders, as well as for the subject nations of the Soviet bloc. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the Russian government killed tens of thousands of people in its attempt to stamp out a secessionist rebellion in Chechnya, with nary a peep from the West.
The secessionist movements in the late-20th and early-21st century that did lead to the establishment of independent states — Eritrea, South Sudan, Bangladesh, and Kosovo are on a very short list — did so either after decades of conflict and out of sheer exhaustion, or because one or another of the great world powers intervened on their behalf. Yet they also shared some similar characteristics: long histories of persecution of ethnic, religious, or cultural minorities by central governments, and recognition that the denial to such groups of meaningful internal self-determination had resulted in their permanent disfranchisement from normal political processes.
Where does this history leave us, in terms of what self-determination actually means? Not on entirely firm ground. Writing as the Cold War drew to a close, African legal scholar Michael Addo concluded that "international law is neutral on the issue of post-independence self-determination." The success of self-determination movements "seems more often than not to depend on the fortunes of war and the strategic demands of the great powers than on the intrinsic legitimacy of their claims."
Power, in other words, creates its own sort of legitimacy when it comes to secession as an act of self-determination. It’s a lesson the Kremlin seems to have learned very well.
That said, the concept of self-determination continues to evolve. Recent decades have produced an expanding set of principles and methods for adjudicating claims that once might have framed secession or its violent repression as the only possible options. Governments negotiating with restive internal minorities, indigenous groups, or separatist movements now have a range of approaches — resource-sharing, decentralization, and autonomy arrangements, among others — from which to choose. In 2004, Indonesia negotiated an end to the quarter-century-old secessionist struggle in the North Sumatran province of Aceh with a mix of these options, granting the province far-reaching autonomy, greater control over rents from oil and gas production, and novel arrangements for local political parties so that Acehnese interests could be better represented in national politics.
In short, there have been hundreds of peacefully resolved self-determination claims over the past decades, and the accumulating body of law and precedent they have created has set a fairly high, if uncodified, threshold for establishing the legitimacy of secessionist claims: A group of people in a defined territory must have distinctive identity and a history of persecution at the hands of an unresponsive state that has made it impossible for them to effectively exercise the right to internal self-determination.
On most of these counts, despite Putin’s claims to the contrary, Crimea falls far short. Still, it is a measure of the power of self-determination as a concept that the Kremlin feels compelled to invoke the norms that are emerging around it, in order to justify what looks to most of the world like a straightforward geopolitical power grab.
Crimea’s leaders can certainly lay claim to a distinct territory and identity, as well as a long history of association with Russia and the former Soviet Union, until Nikita Khrushchev handed the territory over to Ukraine in 1954. But Crimea also has what political scientist Gwendolyn Sasse calls "a history of fractious multi-ethnicity" between ethnic Russians and numerous minority groups, in particular Crimean Tatars, who began returning to the territory in the 1990s after being forcibly deported by Stalin a half-century earlier.
There is, moreover, little evidence of sustained persecution of ethnic Russians by the central government in Kiev, or of the sort of permanent minority disfranchisement that might lead Crimea’s residents to conclude that remaining within Ukraine would preclude the exercise of their basic democratic rights or meaningful representation of their interests. In fact, self-determination has been pretty well exercised in Crimea: Between 1991 and 1998, Crimea’s leaders laboriously negotiated the status of their relationship with Ukraine, resulting in the creation of an "Autonomous Republic of Crimea," whose rights were spelled out in both the Ukrainian and Crimean constitutions. It was a textbook example of the peaceful resolution of a claim to self-determination — which just a few decades earlier might have resulted in violent conflict, and a sobering counterpoint to the bloody disintegration of the former Yugoslavia.
Upcoming votes in Catalonia and Scotland, cited by Russia as justification for Crimea’s referendum, merely reinforce the illegitimacy of Sunday’s poll. Both of the other referendums were arrived at after years of negotiations (and years more of substantial local autonomy) involving not only the people of those regions but the citizens of the country from which they wished to separate. Both processes took heed of the example set by Quebec, which sought to secede without negotiating with the Canadian government or demonstrating that its people were denied meaningful representation in politics, only to be slapped down by a Canadian court, which flatly denied the legality of secession.
The majority of Crimea’s ethnic Russian population may well now desire reunification with Russia. But the mere desire for reunification with Russia does not signal the legitimacy of the region’s purported act of self-determination, which ignored budding international norms and the rights of both Crimea’s internal minorities and those of their fellow Ukrainian citizens. Moreover, the new government in Kiev, though struggling to consolidate control, had demonstrated its willingness to address Crimean concerns through the national political process — in other words, to seek satisfaction of self-determination claims internally — before Russia intervened militarily to foreclose on the possibility.
Then, there’s the matter of international recognition: The ham-handed way that Russia engineered this sham referendum virtually guarantees that few will recognize the people of Crimea as having genuinely exercised their right to self-determination, even if it does represent something approximating popular will. (A similar problem emerged after Russia invaded Georgia in 2008 and peeled off South Ossetia; virtually no one recognizes that region’s independence, and by most accounts, its population has not benefited from association with Moscow.)
In the end, Russia’s actions in Crimea realistically can be viewed as a mask for the assertion of Moscow’s self-interest. But Russia should be careful what it wishes for. The Central Asian republics, many of them with large Muslim, non-Russian populations, are certainly watching the events in Crimea closely, as are separatist movements in Russia’s Dagestan and Ingushetia seeking to legitimize their own claims. The engineered vote in Crimea only highlights the ambiguity and contested nature of the idea of self-determination, and the ability of states and movements to exploit this indeterminacy in an effort to achieve their aims. Putin’s invocation of Crimea’s right to self-determination may come back to haunt him. | <urn:uuid:7de23bec-19eb-4546-8acf-5105351fcb52> | {
"date": "2017-03-30T20:40:02",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-13",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218203515.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322213003-00551-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9530094861984253,
"score": 3.171875,
"token_count": 2796,
"url": "http://foreignpolicy.com/2014/03/21/self-determination-in-the-age-of-putin/"
} |
10 Things Kids Can Learn from Fred Flintstone
As the main protagonist of the classic cartoon The Flintstones, Fred Flintstone has become a cultural icon for children since his 1960 debut. This beloved Hanna-Barbera show enjoyed a six-year run in primetime, during which children of all ages have gleaned valuable wisdom from the characters. Here are ten of the lessons that kids have learned over the years from watching Fred Flintstone.
- A Short Temper Can Lead to Problems – Fred Flintstone is portrayed as a bit of a blowhard; his short temper is the plot device for several episodes. Kids watching these classic cartoons can learn that a short fuse often leads to complications.
- Gambling Addiction is a Very Real Issue – As an addiction, gambling problems are often overlooked in society. However, Fred Flintstone is a perfect example of a beloved character with a serious problem; the mere mention of the word “bet” is enough to send him into hysterics.
- Some People’s Bark Is Worse Than Their Bite – Despite being a short-tempered man, Fred is a basically good character. He’s often depicted as a character that will go out of his way to help those that he cares about.
- When You Make Mistakes, Make Amends – Fred Flintstone often finds himself on the wrong end of his classic schemes, creating the necessity to make apologies. However, he’s always genuinely sorry and makes an impressive effort to apologize profusely when he upsets someone.
- Television is Essentially a Marketing Tool – From cigarettes to grape juice, the product placement in the Flintstones was the stuff of legend. Modern kids have become accustomed to much more subtle marketing campaigns; seeing these blatant marketing ploys can help them see that commerce is the driving force of television.
- Family Comes First – Aside from everything else, Fred Flintstone is essentially a family man. His first priority is Wilma, and later their daughter Pebbles. Kids seeing this behavior from Fred can learn that family is one of the most important things in most people’s lives.
- Strong Characters Are Timeless – Despite being introduced more than fifty years ago, Fred Flintstone is still instantly recognizable. In addition to his cartoon roles, he’s also been portrayed in live-action films, teaching kids that a well-loved character never goes out of style.
- Good Nutrition is Key – In the minds of generations, “Flintstone” has been synonymous with “vitamin.” The marketing of Flintstones vitamins was so strong that even now, years after the original series has ended, there are still children who take one every day.
- Refusing Complacency is Okay – Most of Fred’s schemes revolve around financial gain, as he’s dedicated to making sure that his family is well taken care of. The success, happiness and health of Wilma and Pebbles are the driving force behind his refusal to be complacent; kids watching him strive to improve his quality of life can learn a very valuable lesson about goals and determination.
- Good Friends Are The Greatest Treasure – Though Fred is focused on providing the best possible life for his family, he also understands the value of the Rubble family’s friendship. The families spend much of their time together, with Barney often helping Fred during his schemes.
Fred is a fun and lovable character who always seems to be getting himself into a scrape of one kind or another. A true, blue-color working man, he has always been an icon of the average hard-working family man.
DIY & Sign up Online
We have partnered with eNannySource to help you search for the perfect nanny in your area in addition to our other services.
Enter your zipcode to get started:
- How to Calm Back to School Jitters
- What to Include in Your Nanny’s Annual Review
- 25 Blogs Featuring the Most Inspiring Parenting Stories
- Crazy Things Kids Say About Old People
- 21 Blogs with Insightful Tips for Helping Kids Through a Move
- Is Lying to Your Kids About the Tooth Fairy Wrong?
- 21 Blogs Making Fun Homemade Mixtures for the Kids to Get Their Hands Into
- 10 of the Most Hated Cartoon Characters by Moms of All Time
- How to Hide Electrical Wires from Computers, TVs and Small Appliances
- 30 Blogs with the Best Tips on Helping Your Child Prepare for Standardized Testing | <urn:uuid:458ec382-dbaf-4cb2-8847-d87a4f7ef830> | {
"date": "2017-04-29T17:39:23",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-17",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917123549.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031203-00296-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9591728448867798,
"score": 2.953125,
"token_count": 935,
"url": "http://www.nationalnannies.com/10-things-kids-can-learn-from-fred-flintstone/"
} |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.