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Stained Glass Overlay, or SGO, is a contemporary approach to the ancient art form of Traditional Leadlight or Stained Glass. The same artistic skills of the traditional craftsman are used to create either dramatic, colourful effects for a bold statement, or the subtle, elegant grace of bevelled and textured glass, but in a more modern and practical way.
To best explain how SGO works, I will briefly explain how Traditional Leadlight is made. Individual pieces of coloured or textured glass are cut to shape to form a pattern and then locked together with lead came very much like a jigsaw puzzle. The diagram below showing the leading process of both Traditional Leadlight and Stained Glass Overlay will help explain this. The lead came is then soldered together at the junctions on both sides, the panel cemented and finally polished. For a more detailed explanation, please see our section “Traditional Leadlight”.
Young and old have long admired the beauty and elegance of Leadlight windows, but often found them to be expensive, because of the labour intensive method of construction, and relatively fragile should they suffer from impact or heavy weathering. In the early 1970’s in the U.S.A., research and testing was undertaken to find a more modern way of producing the same eye catching, breath taking results, in a stronger and more cost effective way. Stained Glass Overlay was born.
Quite simply, rather that cut multiple pieces of coloured/textured glass to size, one full panel of glass to the finished size is used. A lead profile strip is then bonded to one side of the glass to form the outline of the design. On the other side, a Mylar film providing a wide range of coloured and textured effects is then permanently bonded to the glass to give the appearance of separately cut glass sections. Once cured on, a second lead profile strip is bonded to cover all of the “seams” created by the colouring/texturing process. This means that we have not weakened the structure of the entire panel by cutting the glass, we have in fact strengthened it with the application of the Mylar. This finishes the panel and it is ready to install in to your new or existing joinery. Bevelled glass pieces can also be included in the design for that touch of class.
Stained Glass Overlay can be used in single and double glazed situations in both timber and aluminium joinery.
There are a number of benefits to fabricating a panel in this way. Firstly, as we are working with one complete panel of glass, we can use toughened and/or laminated glass to give the ultimate in strength and security. Toughened and/or laminated glass is designed for potential impact areas or larger panels where safety is paramount and required by law . Specifically where modern building codes of practice call for safety glass such as wet areas of the home, stairwells, or high wind zone locations. Stained Glass Overlay is completely air and water tight. Secondly, the fabrication process has fewer steps and this results in time savings which converts to cost savings. Thirdly, we are not restricted as to the shape of individual pieces of glass to be cut. We can include very delicate or intricate design elements without compromising structural strength. We can adhere to traditional style designs or be much more modern with our design style if preferred. This can take away some of the heaviness that some Traditional Leadlight designs require.
All adhesives and colours utilised in the lead and Mylar film are protected from the harmful effects of U.V.
By far, the most often heard statement when clients visit our studio or see our panels in situ is “you really wouldn’t know the difference, would you?”
Stained Glass Overlay is rapidly becoming the primary choice of customers looking for a modern, practical, strong and cost effective way to enhance their environment with decorative glass.
Click on the albums below for photos of various design styles. | <urn:uuid:70a1d9f9-06e1-479c-b436-4fa16963aac5> | {
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What is divergent biology? Is it a outgrowth of sciences?
This was just one of the scientific conversations within just this past pair of several several years. www.domyhomeworkfor.me Boffins are hoping to have each the chromosomes and established them with each other to provide the rectal human fetus or embryo that was . To your wonderful extent, it has long been finished utilizing the way. Nonetheless the observations were not considerably significantly better than the demonstrations.
On the preceding two a long time, molecular biology has been shown to be a tool which was much a lot more invaluable the moment it has got to do with assessing assistance in contrast to implications of cross mobile gene transfers. Atomic transfer yet may well be beneficial in particular occasions, on the other hand presently we also deliver comparisons that could be executed as well as the DNA sequencing.
What the heck is the impact of the chromosome designs? Just one analyze managed to pin issue the placement of your Y chromosome, and thereby lead to find the chromosomal abnormalities.
We then return to mobile lineup work. Mobile traces are utilised to make animals which are useful for scientific and health-related reasons and are a portion of their plants , animal, and human lifetime forms.
Some consider that mobile strains have absent a tad way too a lot better although Personal cell lines are advantageous in lookup. It might be expected to preserve in your head that the prospect of abuse of cell lines.
You have got to not underestimate the relevance of the genetic and biological neighborhood will you do my homework for me team. It doesn’t matter if you’ll find it each the non proficient and proficient arena or even the academy, the experts have already been sure to uncover cures for all the diseases and conditions that afflict people.
It happens to be very a large area for folks today. We may want to honor the fact there are quite a few investigators who would like to know more about aiding men and women uncover more material about that field. As the people warrants also to hear what the execs have got to say about these trouble and to know, That certainly is imperative.
In the event you choose these matters beneath account, you can comfortably finish up spending the least number of interest on your Biology components. Afterall, it is a snap to only reduce the lessons that you will ben’t fascinated at or which you do not ever think as engaging at, but chopping Biology classes thanks to lingering biology is not the perfect conclusion.
Dyslexia and persona distinctions are a substantial problem for many individuals. There is a way for people to go about tracking down out more about divergent mathematics and the way these a variety of abilities impact the mind growth. You could make an effort heading to an anatomy class that is certainly geared toward the research of chromosome Companion and chromosomal relationships and get out a great deal more in regard to divergent and chromosomal associations result in the locations of this trouble.
Even the reality with the make any difference is the truth that for numerous males and females, self-efficacy is limited. If it comes to dealing accompanied by a dilemma this sort of as dyslexia, there is the hope by way of investigate and research, a solution is going to have been completely used to cure or strengthen dyslexia. The effortless truth for the issue is this is a difficulty which require to be solved, and also we all really should do every thing we will be able to so as to really make it happen. | <urn:uuid:86b40ba5-2657-43ff-87ac-f9a754373fd5> | {
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Medya mesajı, medya masajıdır: McLuhan’ın izinde medyayı anlama kılavuzu.
The book was published as a guide for understanding the media. This book, published in 1967, has sold more than a million worldwide. McLuhan, understood the power
of media very early and explained his thoughts in his work. According to McLuhan electricity is quite effective on human life. Electronic information tools like radio, TV (social media)
have created new areas for people. Developing
communication tools affects societies and people. This transformation is the nature of the media. Social media, connected people to each other. Everyone can communicate with each other by social media. And so everyone’s
knowledge has increased. So “the medium is the message”. Social media, provides people to be responsible for each other. Social media channels have changed people’s perception of the world. And it is natural that
people have changed. New media, is the premise of creating mass. Information contact with other information. And the results are amazing. Today, social networks are more popular than they have ever been. We use social networks to take a step, to interact with others. According to McLuhan today’s real power is information power. And everyone always has to take place in this environment. In short, this book argues that lives of people return to the global village with communication-media. The allegory of the book: Is social media a dilemma between the need for privacy and need for freedom? | <urn:uuid:f9e57ec3-0eff-41da-87eb-382f4623fad0> | {
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The Angel Raphael. 1Then Tobiah replied to his father Tobit: “Everything that you have commanded me, father, I shall do. 2But how will I be able to get that money from him, since he does not know me, and I do not know him? What sign can I give him so that he will recognize and trust me, and give me the money? I do not even know the roads to Media, in order to go there.” 3Tobit answered his son Tobiah: “He gave me his bond,* and I gave him mine; I divided his into two parts, and each of us took one part; I put one part with the money. It is twenty years since I deposited that money! So, son, find yourself a trustworthy person who will make the journey with you, and we will give him wages when you return; but bring back that money from Gabael while I am still alive.”
4Tobiah went out to look for someone who would travel with him to Media, someone who knew the way. He went out and found the angel Raphael standing before him (though he did not know* that this was an angel of God).a 5Tobiah said to him, “Where do you come from, young man?” He replied, “I am an Israelite, one of your kindred. I have come here to work.” Tobiah said to him, “Do you know the way to Media?” 6“Yes,” he replied, “I have been there many times. I know the place well and am acquainted with all the routes. I have often traveled to Media; I used to stay with our kinsman Gabael, who lives at Rages in Media. It is a good two days’ journey from Ecbatana to Rages,* for Rages is situated in the mountains, but Ecbatana is in the middle of the plain.” 7Tobiah said to him, “Wait for me, young man, till I go in and tell my father; for I need you to make the journey with me. I will pay you your wages.”b 8He replied, “Very well, I will wait; but do not be long.”
9Tobiah went in and informed his father Tobit: “I have found someone of our own Israelite kindred who will go with me!” Tobit said, “Call the man in, so that I may find out from what family and tribe he comes, and whether he is trustworthy enough to travel with you, son.”
10Tobiah went out to summon him, saying, “Young man, my father is calling for you.” When Raphael entered the house, Tobit greeted him first. He replied, “Joyful greetings to you!” Tobit answered, “What joy is left for me? Here I am, a blind man who cannot see the light of heaven, but must remain in darkness, like the dead who no longer see the light! Though alive, I am among the dead. I can hear people’s voices, but I do not see them.” The young man said, “Take courage! God’s healing is near; so take courage!” Tobit then said: “My son Tobiah wants to go to Media. Can you go with him to show him the way? I will pay you your wages, brother.” He answered: “Yes, I will go with him, and I know all the routes. I have often traveled to Media and crossed all its plains so I know well the mountains and all its roads.” 11Tobit asked him, “Brother, tell me, please, from what family and tribe are you?” 12He replied, “Why? What need do you have for a tribe? Aren’t you looking for a hired man?” Tobit replied, “I only want to know, brother, whose son you truly are and what your name is.”c
13He answered, “I am Azariah,* son of the great Hananiah, one of your own kindred.” 14Tobit exclaimed: “Welcome! God save you, brother! Do not be provoked with me, brother, for wanting to learn the truth about your family. It turns out that you are a kinsman, from a noble and good line! I knew Hananiah and Nathan, the two sons of the great Shemeliah. They used to go to Jerusalem with me, where we would worship together. They were not led astray; your kindred are good people. You are certainly of good lineage. So welcome!”
15Then he added: “For each day I will give you a drachma as wages,* as well as expenses for you and for my son. So go with my son, and 16I will even add a bonus to your wages!” The young man replied: “I will go with him. Do not fear. In good health we will leave you, and in good health we will return to you, for the way is safe.” 17Tobit said, “Blessing be upon you, brother.” Then he called his son and said to him: “Son, prepare whatever you need for the journey, and set out with your kinsman. May God in heaven protect you on the way and bring you back to me safe and sound; may his angel accompany you for your safety, son.”
Tobiah left to set out on his journey, and he kissed his father and mother. Tobit said to him, “Have a safe journey.” 18But his mother began to weep and she said to Tobit: “Why have you sent my child away? Is he not the staff of our hands, as he goes in and out before us? 19Do not heap money upon money! Rather relinquish it in exchange for our child! 20What the Lord has given us to live on is certainly enough for us.” 21Tobit reassured her: “Do not worry! Our son will leave in good health and come back to us in good health. Your own eyes will see the day when he returns to you safe and sound. So, do not worry; do not fear for them, my sister.* 22For a good angel* will go with him, his journey will be successful, and he will return in good health.” 1Then she stopped weeping.
* [5:3] Bond: a document called in Greek cheirographon. In the Middle Ages, notably in England, a deed and its duplicate were written on one piece of parchment, with the Latin word chirographum inscribed across the top of the sheet or between the two copies of the text. The document was then cut in two in either a straight or a wavy line, the parts being given to the persons concerned. Perhaps this procedure was derived from the present verse of Tobit. Duplicate documents, usually one part open and the other sealed, are well known from the ancient Near East.
* [5:13–14] Azariah, “Yhwh has helped”; Hananiah, “Yhwh has shown mercy”; Nathan is a shortened form of Nathaniah, “Yhwh has given”; Shemeliah may be a Greek corruption of the Hebrew name, Shemaiah, “Yhwh has heard.”
* [5:15] A drachma as wages: the normal wages, about seventeen cents, a day’s wage for a laborer.
* [5:22] A good angel: a reference to a guardian angel, though Tobit does not know, of course, that Raphael himself, disguised as Azariah, is the good angel in this case.
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nor does it necessarily endorse, the website, its content, or | <urn:uuid:3dac0b18-f6a6-4785-9dc5-da148e26829f> | {
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Most of our mental representations are constructed from our sensory experiences. For exemple we have self talk (auditory representations), internal images (visual representations) or imagined physical movement (kinesthetic representations).
As a "Reductio ad absurdum", try to solve this problem without pronouncing a single word in your head:
Continue the series without visualy reproducing any internal images:
Find the hidden face of the die without imagining any movement:
As you can see, it is impossible; each kind of problem requires a specific type of representation.
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There is no doubt that medical imaging software program is a essential a part of current medication. Today doctors rely heavily on imaging software program to offer diagnoses of a whole sort of ailments. In nearly all fields of medicine, scans and imaging software program are utilized by doctors to look the body’s interior for correct analysis. This article discusses the position of clinical imaging software in remedy and why improvements in technology are vital and studies ought to retain into the technology used.
Medical imaging software specifically is vital to MRI scans. MRI stands for magnetic resonance imaging and it includes a magnetic area being directed to the part of the frame that wishes investigating for troubles and abnormalities. Through the magnetic area radio waves are despatched. When the waves hit the frame, the nuclei of the atoms within the cells provide off energy. The software program used detects this strength and converts the facts into photos for a doctor or radiologist to view. These photographs show any abnormalities with the cells and may discover a number of issues inclusive of tumours. It is the experiment itself that creates the statistics, however it is the scientific imaging software program that presents the statistics in a manner that it is able to be used.
Imaging software program is also used in other test types (or modalities). A CT experiment is another valuable and commonly used test to help docs gain an excellent information of what is wrong with someone’s fitness. It is most often used to discover the brain further and could be prescribed after a person has suffered a serious head trauma. During a CT scan a totally massive wide variety of pictures or pix are taken on the equal time. Imaging software program is then used to interpret this internet of photographs into one 3 dimensional picture of the body or the mind. Just like with MRI scans, with out imaging software neither of these scans could exist. It is one issue collecting the records, however until it’s miles displayed in a helpful way the records is completely useless.
Another kind of test that uses medical imaging software is an x-ray. Most human beings have heard of an x-ray and may picture the snap shots constituted of it. It is used generally to stumble on broken bones because it isn’t generally capable of offer a completely clean photograph of greater tricky parts of the frame like cells and tissue. It does show up broken or fractured bones however thoroughly. During the method, the body receives a dose of radiation. The radiation travels thru the body being absorbed in small quantities because it does so. The waves tour at different speeds and it is this information this is interpreted by way of software to be projected onto movie. The movie holds a clean photograph of the bones inside the body. An x-ray can discover different abnormalities inside the body, however will now not show them as absolutely as a CT or MRI experiment would. If a shadow or dense location is spotted at the x ray then in addition scans may be required. | <urn:uuid:d7d1e9b5-9709-4def-bbce-6c411c6e2855> | {
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【今年今期金马堂救世网_今年今期金马堂救世网官网】Across China: Centuries
CHANGSHA, Feb. 3 (Xinhua) -- With Spring Festival just around the corner, women from a remote village in central China are busy sending their best wishes in Nvshu, the most gender specific language in the world.
Hanging new red couplets and the Chinese character for "fu" -- literally meaning happiness -- on their doors is an important tradition to usher in a prosperous and happy new year.
But now old customs have come alive in digital forms.
As tens of millions of Alipay users across the world play the "fu"-scanning game to grab a digital red packet, Hu Xin, a museum employee in Jiangyong County in Hunan Province, writes by hand.
"In every 12th lunar month of the past four years, I present 'fu' characters I write as a new year gift to those who like my handwriting," Hu said.
Over the past month, she has already handed out 60 0 of them in Nvshu characters after posting a notice on her WeChat moments.
Hu has learnt the art of Nvshu (women's writing), a rare Chinese syllabic script used exclusively amongst women in Shangjiangxu town of Jiangyong. The museum she works for collects Nvshu calligraphy and artifacts.
Normally painted on paper or embroidered into cloth, the intricate Nvshu characters, with a unique writing style, were supposed to illustrate female postures. Women used this ancient method to communicate their deeper feelings with each other. They also used it to record their lives and write songs.
It is the only script used exclusively amongst women ever found and reveals the feminine characteristics of delicacy, according to Hu. Original copies of Nvshu are rare since they are usually burnt or buried with the dead.
The creation and small-scale dissemination of Nvshu remains a mystery. "The writing skills are only passed onto females," Hu said.
Utterly unique, Nvshu made a worldwide stir on its first discovery in the 1960 s and in 60 5 set a Guinness world record as the most gender specific language.
In 60 6, the age-old art earned a place on the list of national intangible cultural heritage.
Hu Meiyue, a practioner of Nvshu in her mid-60 s, shares her experiences related to the art and provides on-the-spot teaching of Nvshu calligraphy and singing. "Reading Nvshu writing is all about exploring the stories of women," she said.
The women writing received national and local attention and promotion in recent years, with academic and civilian studies increasing.
In recent years, Nvshu exhibitions have been held at the U.N. Headquarters in New York and its office at Geneva. Practitioners have been invited to present and promote the art in Japan.
四个多人全部都是走陌生的路，看陌生的风景，听陌生的歌。最后我我想要发现，完后 费尽心机我我想要忘记的事情真的就那么 忘记了。 所谓练习微笑，全部都是机械地挪动你的面部表情， | <urn:uuid:30ac22ef-c945-404c-8391-84269c5eb54c> | {
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Give each activity child a crayon or pencil. The Work Sheet is your guide to properly studying a passage of Scripture. Includes 2 free activity books and an iPad/ Tablet story flipbook. His letters provided instruction to the saul budding churches of the time still give guidance leadership today. Saul to Paul Conversion. Acts of the Apostles.
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This page will help you prepare your Sunday school lesson on Acts 9: 1- 22 on the Bible story of Saul' s conversion. Sep 02, · Humanity has come a long way in a few thousand years, but is there a limit to our technological progress on a cosmic scale? The Bible story of Saul' s conversion on the road to Damascus is a dramatic account that can engage the imaginations of church school students. Zaccheus the Tax Collector Bible Story Sequencing - These handy story sequencing cards are great for increasing and assessing familiarity with the main events in this story as well as for starting discussions about the different key points and story structure.
saul s conversion activity sheet
Primary Resources - free worksheets, lesson plans and teaching ideas for primary and elementary teachers. Acts 9 – Saul’ s Conversion ( Coloring Sheet) Resources, Hands- on Activities: arts and crafts, puzzles, and more. Acts 9 – Saul’ s Conversion ( Coloring Sheet). | <urn:uuid:6a3c8ccd-ed70-47dc-99f0-f869802b91b3> | {
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Generally, a fishery is an entity engaged in raising or harvesting fish which is determined by some authority to be a fishery. According to the FAO, "...a fishery is an activity leading to harvesting of fish. It may involve capture of wild fish or raising of fish through aquaculture." It is typically defined in terms of the "people involved, species or type of fish, area of water or seabed, method of fishing, class of boats, purpose of the activities or a combination of the foregoing features". The definition often includes a combination of fish and fishers in a region, the latter fishing for similar species with similar gear types.
Directly or indirectly, the livelihood of over 500 million people in developing countries depends on fisheries and aquaculture. Overfishing, including the taking of fish beyond sustainable levels, is reducing fish stocks and employment in many world regions. A report by Prince Charles' International Sustainability Unit, the New York-based Environmental Defence Fund and 50in10 published in July 2014 estimated global fisheries were adding US$270 billion a year to global GDP, but by full implementation of sustainable fishing, that figure could rise by as much as US$50 billion.
The term fish
- In biology – the term fish is most strictly used to describe any animal with a backbone that has gills throughout life and has limbs, if any, in the shape of fins. Many types of aquatic animals commonly referred to as fish are not fish in this strict sense; examples include shellfish, cuttlefish, starfish, crayfish and jellyfish. In earlier times, even biologists did not make a distinction—sixteenth century natural historians classified also seals, whales, amphibians, crocodiles, even hippopotamuses, as well as a host of marine invertebrates, as fish.
- In fisheries – the term fish is used as a collective term, and includes mollusks, crustaceans and any aquatic animal which is harvested.
- True fish – The strict biological definition of a fish, above, is sometimes called a true fish. True fish are also referred to as finfish or fin fish to distinguish them from other aquatic life harvested in fisheries or aquaculture.
Fisheries are harvested for their value (commercial, recreational or subsistence). They can be saltwater or freshwater, wild or farmed. Examples are the salmon fishery of Alaska, the cod fishery off the Lofoten islands, the tuna fishery of the Eastern Pacific, or the shrimp farm fisheries in China. Capture fisheries can be broadly classified as industrial scale, small-scale or artisanal, and recreational.
Close to 90% of the world's fishery catches come from oceans and seas, as opposed to inland waters. These marine catches have remained relatively stable since the mid-nineties (between 80 and 86 million tonnes). Most marine fisheries are based near the coast. This is not only because harvesting from relatively shallow waters is easier than in the open ocean, but also because fish are much more abundant near the coastal shelf, due to the abundance of nutrients available there from coastal upwelling and land runoff. However, productive wild fisheries also exist in open oceans, particularly by seamounts, and inland in lakes and rivers.
Most fisheries are wild fisheries, but farmed fisheries are increasing. Farming can occur in coastal areas, such as with oyster farms, but more typically occur inland, in lakes, ponds, tanks and other enclosures.
There are species fisheries worldwide for finfish, mollusks, crustaceans and echinoderms, and by extension, aquatic plants such as kelp. However, a very small number of species support the majority of the world's fisheries. Some of these species are herring, cod, anchovy, tuna, flounder, mullet, squid, shrimp, salmon, crab, lobster, oyster and scallops. All except these last four provided a worldwide catch of well over a million tonnes in 1999, with herring and sardines together providing a harvest of over 22 million metric tons in 1999. Many other species are harvested in smaller numbers.
Total fish production in 2016 reached an all-time high of 171 million tonnes, of which 88 percent was utilized for direct human consumption, thanks to relatively stable capture fisheries production, reduced wastage and continued aquaculture growth. This production resulted in a record-high per capita consumption of 20.3 kg in 2016. Since 1961 the annual global growth in fish consumption has been twice as high as population growth. While annual growth of aquaculture has declined in recent years, significant double-digit growth is still recorded in some countries, particularly in Africa and Asia.
FAO predicts the following major trends for the period up to 2030:
- World fish production, consumption and trade are expected to increase, but with a growth rate that will slow over time.
- Despite reduced capture fisheries production in China, world capture fisheries production is projected to increase slightly through increased production in other areas if resources are properly managed. Expanding world aquaculture production, although growing more slowly than in the past, is anticipated to fill the supply–demand gap.
- Prices will all increase in nominal terms while declining in real terms, although remaining high.
- Food fish supply will increase in all regions, while per capita fish consumption is expected to decline in Africa, which raises concerns in terms of food security.
- Trade in fish and fish products is expected to increase more slowly than in the past decade, but the share of fish production that is exported is projected to remain stable.
Sustainability issues include the need to reduce the percentage of fish stocks fished beyond biological sustainability, in 2018 at 33.1 percent; to ensure that biosecurity and animal disease challenges are tackled successfully; and to maintain complete and accurate national statistics in support of policy development and implementation.
- Fletcher, WJ; Chesson, J; Fisher, M; Sainsbury KJ; Hundloe, T; Smith, ADM and Whitworth, B (2002) The "How To" guide for wild capture fisheries. National ESD reporting framework for Australian fisheries: FRDC Project 2000/145. Page 119–120.
- FAO Fishery Glossary; "Fishery" (Entry: 98327). Rome: FAO. 2009. p. 24. Retrieved 21 January 2020.
- Madden, CJ and Grossman, DH (2004) A Framework for a Coastal/Marine Ecological Classification Standard Archived October 29, 2008, at the Wayback Machine. NatureServe, page 86. Prepared for NOAA under Contract EA-133C-03-SE-0275
- Blackhart, K; et al. (2006). NOAA Fisheries Glossary: "Fishery" (PDF) (Revised ed.). Silver Spring MD: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. p. 16. Retrieved 21 January 2020.
- C. Michael Hogan (2010) Overfishing, Encyclopedia of earth, topic ed. Sidney Draggan, ed. in chief C. Cleveland, National Council on Science and the Environment (NCSE), Washington DC
- Fisheries and Aquaculture in our Changing Climate[permanent dead link] Policy brief of the FAO for the UNFCCC COP-15 in Copenhagen, December 2009.
- "Prince Charles calls for greater sustainability in fisheries". London Mercury. Archived from the original on 2014-07-14. Retrieved 13 July 2014.
- Nelson, Joseph S. (2006). Fishes of the World. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p. 2. ISBN 0-471-25031-7.
- Jr.Cleveland P Hickman, Larry S. Roberts, Allan L. Larson: Integrated Principles of Zoology, McGraw-Hill Publishing Co, 2001, ISBN 0-07-290961-7
- "Scientific Facts on Fisheries". GreenFacts Website. 2009-03-02. Retrieved 2009-03-25.
- New Zealand Seafood Industry Council. Mussel Farming.
- In brief, The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture, 2018 (PDF). FAO. 2018.
- Cullis-Suzuki S and Pauly D (2010) "Failing the high seas: A global evaluation of regional fisheries management organizations" Marine Policy, 34(5) pp 1036–1042.
- FAO: Types of fisheries
- Hart PJB and Reynolds JD (2002) Handbook of fish biology and fisheries Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-632-05412-1
- Fisheries at Curlie
- FAO Fisheries Department and its SOFIA report
- The Fishery Resources Monitoring System (FIRMS)
- The International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade (IIFET)
- Dynamic Changes in Marine Ecosystems: Fishing, Food Webs, and Future Options (2006), U.S. National Academy of Sciences
- UNEP/GEF South China Sea Project and its Fisheries Refugia Portal and National Reports on Fish Stocks and Habitats in the South China Sea
- World Fisheries Day: Seafood for Thought and World Fisheries from Sea to Table slideshow on the Smithsonian Ocean Portal
- Hawes, J. W. (1879). The American Cyclopædia. .
- New International Encyclopedia. 1905. .
- Fisheries Wiki A detailed online encyclopaedia providing current and quantitative information on marine fisheries worldwide. | <urn:uuid:1a7b51dc-7dc3-4ce1-89ab-c3c3bd755fd2> | {
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For most toddlers nowadays, parental pressure to start getting ‘educated’ begins much before the child can take the first step…
A few years ago, I was approached by a friend. She asked, “How old is your son now? 20 months? Does he know his colours, animals and modes of transport yet?”
I thought she was kidding, but unfortunately she was absolutely serious.
The race to win the educational grand prix is real and toddlers are the chariots of choice. Parents nowadays have become obsessed with making, or rather forcing, children learn as early as possible. As a mother, I have been a front row spectator to this insatiable sport for the past seven years and I can assure you, with all my zeal, that I am NOT a fan.
So what is it about a toddler being able to tell pink from white and round from rectangle that becomes so reassuring to parents? Why are children as young as 16 months of age made woeful subjects of rigorous training for reading, writing and various picture recognition exercises? In some cases, the ‘education’ begins as early as when the child turns eight months old.
It’s all an effort to give the child the “right start”, most parents will say.
Months of practice, flash cards, shape-recognition exercises and memory-building routines is what it takes to make past the panel adjudging a child for admission into their “prestigious” Montessori programme. And yet there is no guarantee that a child can reproduce all that he has learnt on the big day. A simple case of stranger anxiety can put the kid off, and end his or her chances of making it past the panel. And that brings parents the first academic setback and disappointment.
Why in the world does that matter? Does your child’s fate and future depend on the observations of some pretentious school interview panel? Can the rejection take away all that your child has the potential to be? Is the school’s validation of your child’s being ‘gifted’ the only reason to be proud of the kid? The answer is obvious; It should not be in any way. Most of these tests are non-standardized and have no scientific backing to test the true potential of hundreds of children of varying capabilities. Still, a toddler’s valour in the face of an unimpressed panel of strangers and his composure to reproduce the needed answers are made to be his or her life’s make or break moment.
But the urgency arrives much before the Montessori does. It’s usually the family where the pressure is usually received from first. Comparisons begin early.
“He’s four months, right? Has he grown his first pair of teeth? No? Oh my God, get him checked. My daughter had three when she was this age.” Everything a child does is comparable; every move, every giggle, every sound and every movement is held in comparison to others, even though it has nothing to do with intelligence or any other skills that the baby might or might not possess; nor has it to do anything with time and dedication put forth by parents.
“Does he not stand yet? I’m surprised. My child used to run at this age.” The gloating never ceases. But, such conversations are often enough to put a majority of parents into overdrive, and a training ‘beast mode’ that puts undue pressure on toddlers. The same is true when it comes to academics.
Deep down, most parents realise they are being harsh, but still come up with reasons to make sense of this madness.
‘Our parents did the same for us.’
‘This is the only way to get ahead in the academic world.’
‘What will become of my child if she doesn’t get into that school?’
‘She deserves a better education, that’s necessary to get into the best school.’
‘The competition is too strong, so we have to try harder and sooner.’
Time For Corrections
This mad race is wrongfully defining our schools; our teachers and our curriculum. The single-minded approach of good grades equal good life is creating undue stress and anxiety. If education were a book, academics would simply be a chapter.
If education were a book, academics would simply be a chapter.
Is it not more important to head into the direction that suits the journey of knowledge, led by the child’s interests, rather than in that which is dictated by the mad race for grades? These are two different paths. One takes your child on the wondrous journey of learning by discovery and experience, while the other teaches your child about a ruthless world where you get one shot at winning.
To get children educated, parents must educate themselves first. They must understand that nothing natural grows in haste. Nature takes its time. So does organic education. Parents must stop forcing children to learn and just let them learn. Borrowing from Sir Ken Robinson, ‘College does not start at Kindergarten. Kindergarten starts at Kindergarten.’
So does your toddler know his colours, animals and modes of transport yet……
For if he does not, you have a wonder-filled road ahead of you, where you and your child can learn discover new worlds each day led by the child’s interests and innate sense of wonder and curiosity.
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The highest elected office of Parliament is the speaker of the House of Representatives. This is the country’s third-ranked official position, after the governor-general and the prime minister. The speaker is elected by MPs at the start of each new Parliament, to chair meetings of the House, rule on matters of procedure and administer Parliament. Although usually a member of the governing party, the speaker must act fairly to all parties in the House, allow them time to speak in debates, and make decisions impartially.
Seating in the House
In the debating chamber of the House, the speaker’s chair is at one end, with MPs’ seats in a horseshoe pattern around a central table. The clerk of the House is the principal permanent officer of the House. A non-political appointee, the clerk advises on parliamentary law and procedure, and sits in front of the speaker.
Parties’ seats are allocated in blocks, with government parties on the speaker’s right and opposition parties on the left. Within each party block, the most highly ranked MPs sit in the front seats (the front benches) and others behind (the back benches).
Standing orders set out the rules and procedures of the House and its select committees. Precedents for the speaker’s decisions on how standing orders are to be applied are published as speakers’ rulings. An MP who thinks that the standing orders have been breached may raise a point of order, on which the speaker must rule.
Crossing the floor
Occasionally an MP may vote against the view of their party. This is called ‘crossing the floor’, and can cause shock waves. The 1984 snap election was called after National MP Marilyn Waring told Prime Minister Robert Muldoon that she would no longer vote with the government against opposition-sponsored anti-nuclear legislation.
Parliamentary business, including the sitting programme – the days that the House will meet for each year – is tightly organised.
An agenda called an order paper is produced for each day that the House sits, usually Tuesday to Thursday. This starts with general business, such as announcements of petitions, select-committee reports and the introduction of bills, and is followed by question time. It then lists orders of the day, which include debates on bills. Government orders of the day have precedence on Tuesdays and Thursdays.
Whips are chosen by each party to organise their MPs. They marshal speakers for debates, keep track of MPs and organise their attendance, and communicate and liaise with other parties.
MPs vote on motions before the House. Voting is often verbal – MPs simply say ‘Aye’ (yes) or ‘No’. If an MP asks for a formal vote, each party will announce the number of its votes for or against. Occasionally, if the speaker decides that the vote is a ‘personal’ one (where each MP is allowed to decide on the basis of personal belief), then MPs proceed to the Ayes and Noes lobbies outside the debating chamber to record their votes individually.
Parliamentary privilege allows Parliament to operate without interference from outside. It involves both immunities (exemptions from general law) and powers. It includes:
- absolute freedom of speech in Parliament
- the right not to be detained by civil court processes such as arrest or summonses while the House is sitting
- the power to call people to appear or produce documents before select committees
- the power to punish MPs and others for contempt of the House and to discipline MPs
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If you encounter a swarm in the Black Hills Area, contact
- Jerry Owens (605-381-9986).
If you encounter a honey bee swarm, DON’T KILL THE BEES !!
Honey bees are valuable and provide tremendous benefits, specifically pollination, honey and wax and their population is rapidly declining around the world. Honey bees are quite gentle but there are times when honey bees can be an annoyance or nuisance and for sting-sensitive people, a health threat. Swarming is one of these times although swarms are not dangerous under most circumstances. Swarms occur for a variety of reasons including congestion in the hive and overheating; but it is also a natural part of reproduction of the colony. A colony divides and part of it leaves for a new home site, usually with the old queen, while the remaining members continue at the original site with a newly emerged – and later mated – queen. In this manner, a single unit becomes two.
A honey bee swarm may contain hundreds or thousands of worker bees, a few dozen drones and a single queen. Swarming honey bees fly temporarily, and then cluster on shrubs and tree branches. The clusters rest there for several hours to a few days, depending on weather conditions and the amount of time needed to search for a new nesting site.
A swarm typically occurs in late spring and early summer and begins in the warmer hours of the day. A swarm of thousands of bees congregated in one area can be intimidating, even frightening, to people but in general, honey bee swarms do not harm anyone. Bees that swarm typically engorge themselves with honey before leaving the hive and they are usually quite gentle.
While swarming is natural and may is considered a healthy life cycle for honey bee colonies, beekeepers attempt to reduce the incidence of swarming by managing their domesticated bees. If you see a swarm, please do the following:
- Keep pets and children away from the swarm
- Do not disturb the swarm
- Do not spray pesticide or harm the swarm in any manner
- Call one of the beekeepers in your area to see if they want to relocate the swarm
- Or — In many cases, you may not want to do anything but admire the swarm from a safe distance. Swarms are temporary and the bees will move on if you patiently ignore them.
More information on Honeybee Swarms: | <urn:uuid:a16fa3a8-4b88-426f-946b-8256e755a9a2> | {
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ALPHABETICAL BRAIN™ VOCABULARY
YOUR SYNAPSES #7
October 29, 2019
WHAT ARE YOUR SYNAPSES?
AND WHY ARE THEY SO IMPORTANT?
The function of your synapses is to make possible the transmission of the biochemical currents (electrochemical signals/impulses) all around your brain and also up and down your body.
Your synapses are the hundreds of trillions of biochemical junctions (switches) that allow the 100-200 billion neurons in your brain and nervous system to send signals or electrochemical impulses to and from your neurons, muscles, senses, and bodily organs, which ultimately makes possible your consciousness.
Your brain's signaling process is caused by the way your neurons and your synapses are connected at the microscopic quantum level of human existence by a complicated potentiation process. Your memories are also formed by the same potentiation process because of the phenomenal process as known as synaptic plasticity.
"Postsynaptic potentials are changes in the membrane potential of the postsynaptic terminal of a chemical synapse. Postsynaptic potentials are graded potentials, and should not be confused with action potentials although their function is to initiate or inhibit action potentials. They are caused by the presynaptic neuron releasing neurotransmitters from the terminal bouton at the end of an axon into the synaptic cleft." (Source = Wikipedia)
"The neurotransmitters bind to receptors on the postsynaptic terminal, which may be a neuron or a muscle cell in the case of a neuromuscular junction. These are collectively referred to as postsynaptic receptors, since they are on the membrane of the postsynaptic cell." (Source = Wikipedia)
"One way receptors can react to being bound by a neurotransmitter is to open or close an ion channel, allowing ions to enter or leave the cell. It is these ions that alter the membrane potential. Ions are subject to two main forces, diffusion and electrostatic repulsion. Ions will tend towards their equilibrium potential, which is the state where the diffusion force cancels out the force of electrostatic repulsion. When a membrane is at its equilibrium potential, there is no longer a net movement of ions. Two important equations that can determine membrane potential differences based on ion concentrations are the Nernst Equation and the Goldman Equation." (Source = Wikipedia and other online resources mashed together)
During the signaling process, sodium and potassium molecules exchange charged ions through many vesicles at synaptic clefts (gaps) in the membranes of the thousands of synapses that attach to thousands of neurons or the attachment centers of bodily organs.
RECOMMENDATION: You can re-read this summary according to a reinforcement schedule, such as a few hours later and a few days later and then several times in the next week or two. This strategy can help you take advantage of the power of the spaced-repetition method of memorization. Such deep introspection can change your adaptive self-identity and increase your self-esteem (positive emotions about yourself).
You are your adaptable memory!
BRAIN IDEA #7
TAP or CLICK on BOX
MEMORY CONSOLIDATION EXERCISE
instantly return to:
TAKE 15 STEPS ON THE HUMANIST
STAIRWAY TO ENLIGHTENMENT
Infinite Interactive Ideas™ | <urn:uuid:e15d4d1a-d1df-4bec-9326-fd3a2135aaff> | {
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abrasion is a partial thickness wound that is caused by the damage to the skin and can be superficial involving only the epidermis to deep, involving the deep dermis. Abrasions usually involve minimal bleeding. Light friction, also known as grazing or scrap, does not cause stains or bleeding because the dermis is intact, but deep friction marks which inhibit normal dermal structures can cause tissue formation. More painful friction that removes all the skin layers is called aviation.
Safety is provided by mechanical injury, chemical threats and bacterial invasion by the skin because the epidermis is relatively thick and is covered with keratin. Secretaries Cebcius glands and sweat glands also benefit this protective barrier. In the case of an injury that damages the protective obstruction of the skin, the body is called a healing reaction. After hemostasis, swelling in white blood cells, Phagocytic reach the injury site including macrophages. Once the invading microorganisms are in control, the skin moves forward to cure itself. Despite significant damage, the ability to heal the skin is due to the presence of stem cells in the dermis and the presence of cells in the stratum basal of the epidermis, which can produce all new tissues.
When an injury spreads into the dermis through the epidermis, bleeding occurs and inflammatory reaction begins. The system of clotting in the blood is activated soon, and the crust becomes within several hours. The scab temporarily restores the integrity of the epidermis and restricts the entry of microorganisms. After the scab is formed, the cells of the stratum baseline begin to divide through the mitosis and move to the edges of the scalp. After one week of injury, the edges of the wound are pulled together by contraction. Contraction is an important part of the healing process when the damage has become widespread, and the inherent contraction involves shrinking in the connective tissue, which brings the wound margin in each other. In a major injury, if epithelial cell migration and tissue contraction cannot cover the wound, connecting the injured skin edges together, or even for the replacement of lost skin with skin grafts, skin May be necessary to restore.
Since epithelial cells revolve around the scalp, repair of dermis occurs from the activity of stem cells. These active cells produce collagenous fiber and ground substances. Blood vessels soon develop in the dermis, restore circulation. If the injury is very minor, epithelial cells eventually restore epidermis, once the dermis is reproduced.
In major injuries, repair mechanisms are unable to restore the skin to its original state. In the repaired area there are unusually large number of collagenous fibers and relatively few blood vessels. Damaged sweat and sore glands, hair follicles, muscle cells and nerves are rarely repaired. They are usually replaced by fibrous tissue. The result is a rigid, fibrous scar tissue formed. | <urn:uuid:1106110d-5c65-4c34-9873-fa567417720f> | {
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According to the dictionary, resolution is defined as the act or process of separating into parts. So, for example, if you take a standard office ruler, the divisions are in millimetres and centimetres, and the best “resolution” is 1 millimetre.
This leads us to the old question: “How long is a piece of string?”.
The length of a piece of a string depends on what is used to measure it – in this case, a ruler. And the resolution of this measurement depends on the accuracy of the ruler used. The resolution on the string itself is theoretically infinite or limitless.
However, it is important to get the right relationship between what you are measuring and the measuring device. For example, if you want to measure the length of a bridge, you don’t arrive with a vernier gauge that can measure down to a hundredth of a millimetre. And, similarly, if you want to measure something very small in size, you don’t use a ten-metre measuring tape.
Lastly, it is very important to differentiate between resolution and accuracy. Your ruler may have a very high resolution but if, for example, the string changes length due to temperature variation this will show up on the measuring device (ruler) as an error.
It is therefore very important to determine the accuracy of the string and the accuracy of your measuring device in order to establish the total accuracy and to choose a resolution that makes sense.
What is Sensor resolution?
So what does this mean in relation to a sensor? Most sensors give an analogue signal output, which in theory has an infinite or limitless resolution. The resolution itself is derived from the electronic equipment that measures the signal from the sensor, ie a voltmeter.
It is important to determine accuracy, especially with pressure sensors. There are many factors that influence the output signal (linearity, hysteresis, repeatability, temperature effects etc), all of which depend on how the sensor is used.
So when choosing a resolution you can have as many divisions as you want. But if you require stable readings or a specific level of accuracy, you need to consult the accuracy specifications for that sensor.
Want to discuss your sensor’s resolution? Let us call you…
- Suppliers of top quality strain gauge sensors and transducers to every corner of industry – UK and worldwide
- Over 100 years of expert transducer knowledge
- Our high quality products all come with a 3 year warranty | <urn:uuid:4c1c4b33-b58d-4219-b70f-6bcc90d57361> | {
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Before becoming a teacher, I didn’t understand why the 100th day of school was a big deal. At first, I thought it had to do with finding something exciting about the dreariness of post-Christmas January but when I counted school days from Labor Day to the hundred-day mark (skipping weekends, two weeks at Christmas and a week at Thanksgiving), that put me in the second week of February. Some colleagues say the 100th Day is a rich teachable moment that revolves around math. One efriend told me it occurs about the time when most kindergarten curricula cover how to count to 100. Others tell me it’s simply a milestone, important to young children and passe to olders.
How to celebrate
Turns out, the reason doesn’t really matter because celebrating isn’t a problem with kids. They love parties. So I decided to accommodate the 100th Day fever by wrapping it in learning. Here are thirteen activities I like that blend learning into a celebration of the 100th Day of School:
As a class, come up with two locations in each state, to total 100. One will be oriented around geography and one around history (such as “Kansas became a state January 29, 1861”). Include a brief description and a picture and then share the collection with parents and schoolmates in the class newsletter or another vehicle.
Research what happened the hundredth year of your home country’s existence. What was the country like a hundred years ago? What caused it to change? Who was president? What has been invented since then? Divide the class into groups so the project can be completed in one class period. Then, have everyone copy their information to a digital magazine (like you can create in Canva or Adobe) and share it with everyone. | <urn:uuid:563e6d11-454f-4a0b-a211-42ad1abdc008> | {
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National Science Week kicks off from 11 August - 19 August. The following are 5 simple science activities for children that can be done for each day during the week. Each experiment uses items that you should already have within your service or are easy to find.
Fizzy Soda Blobs - A fizzling science experience that creates art during a chemical reaction. A super simple science activity for children to do by themselves.
Shaving Cream Rain Clouds - Here is an easy and colourful science experiment that demonstrates to children how rain is produced.
Coke and Mentos Geysers - Using just 2 ingredients make an awesome geyser, a great experiment which all children will enjoy.
Glow In The Dark Lava Lamp - Another easy science experiment, using household ingredients to create this cool lava lamp that glows in the dark.
Salt Crystal Rocks - Here is a simple science activity using PVA glue and salt to form salt crystal rocks. They look great and last a long time!
For more Science Activities, click the following: Games and Activities | <urn:uuid:75bae6ba-3141-4d18-b6c9-b7ff0f36c1ee> | {
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The Amazon rainforest is one of the most important things on this planet when it comes to life itself thriving and continuing forth. It is as many refer to it ‘the lungs of our planet’ and without it, devastation would become reality.
The Amazon is home to tons of trees that are needed for each and every one of us as they produce oxygen and filter out the harmful carbon dioxide of the world itself. For those who do not know, the Amazon itself contains nearly a third of all tropical rainforests left on this planet and home to far more wildlife than you or anyone else could ever imagine. There are new species discovered in the Amazon almost every few days and sadly, huge parts of these forests are being demolished for our own selfish gains.
Not only are large scale farming, ranching, urban development, climate change, and mining threats to this beautiful and magical place the fact that it’s on fire is something we should all be aware of. While the media itself is not covering much on this topic, we will share all that we know. Since the beginning of 2019, INPE reported over 72,000 fires in the country at least half being in the Amazon.
From the other side of Earth, here’s the latest on the Amazonia fires 🌳
Produced by @CopernicusEU’s atmosphere monitoring service, it shows the smoke reaching the Atlantic coast and São Paulo 🇧🇷
— WMO | OMM (@WMO) August 20, 2019
What forests take from the air, they can also give back. When forests burn, tree carbon matter is released in the form of CO2, which pollutes the atmosphere, and of which there are already excessive quantities.
Where rainforest and savanna once stood, pastures for cattle-ranching are now appearing. Pastures teem with termites and cattle, whose metabolic activities also release CO2, although their contribution to atmospheric pollution is under much debate.
With the forests gone, CO2 is no longer transformed through photosynthesis, and the crops that replace forests only absorb a fraction of CO2 compared to rainforests. Along with industrial pollution, rampant deforestation in South America and elsewhere has significantly increased the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere.
With so many fires present in this area, at least 80 percent increase in deforestation has been noted this year thus far. It seems currently farmers and cattle ranchers are behind the unusual and enormous number of fires burning currently as when the land is cleared, it is ready for use. These farmers wait for the dry season, set things ablaze, and wait for the areas to clear. This all the while not taking into consideration all of the wildlife being slaughtered and injured as a result.
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#Regram #RG @rainforestalliance: The lungs of the Earth are in flames. 🔥 The Brazilian Amazon—home to 1 million Indigenous people and 3 million species—has been burning for more than two weeks straight. There have been 74,000 fires in the Brazilian Amazon since the beginning of this year—a staggering 84% increase over the same period last year (National Institute for Space Research, Brazil). Scientists and conservationists attribute the accelerating deforestation to President Jair Bolsonaro, who issued an open invitation to loggers and farmers to clear the land after taking office in January. The largest rainforest in the world is a critical piece of the global climate solution. Without the Amazon, we cannot keep the Earth’s warming in check. The Amazon needs more than our prayers. So what can YOU do? ✔ As an emergency response, donate to frontline Amazon groups working to defend the forest. ✔ Consider becoming a regular supporter of the Rainforest Alliance’s community forestry initiatives across the world’s most vulnerable tropical forests, including the Amazon; this approach is by far the most effective defense against deforestation and natural forest fires, but it requires deep, long-term collaboration between the communities and the public and private sectors. ✔ Stay on top of this story and keep sharing posts, tagging news agencies and influencers. ✔ Be a conscious consumer, taking care to support companies committed to responsible supply chains. Eliminate or reduce consumption of beef; cattle ranching is one of the primary drivers of Amazon deforestation. ✔ When election time comes, VOTE for leaders who understand the urgency of our climate crisis and are willing to take bold action—including strong governance and forward-thinking policy. #RainforestAlliance #SaveTheAmazon #PrayForAmazonia #AmazonRainforest #ActOnClimate #ForestsResist #ClimateCrisis 📸: @mohsinkazmitakespictures / Windy.com
Fires are one of the worst issues for our rainforests, and they are only getting worse as mentioned above. Loss of habitat and so much more is creating devastating situations. We rely on the Amazon for at least 20 percent of our oxygen and with it having been on fire for weeks now, that oxygen isn’t playing in our favor. While efforts are being made to put these fires out, will those efforts be enough?
Newsweek reported that Doug Morton a NASA scientist said as follows in regards to these terrible fires:
“Fires are directly burning into the Amazon rainforest and that releases the carbon stored in those trees.”
“The carbon then enters the atmosphere as carbon dioxide or methane, where it contributes to the greenhouse gases that are causing climate change, bringing us a warmer and drier planet.”
The untamed wilderness that the Amazon holds is something we even now do not completely understand and should not be working to harm in any way. The Amazon has more species of primate than anywhere else on Earth and the range of species of just about all wildlife there is mind-blowing. These fires could speed up global warming and do more harm than you could ever imagine. To learn more on the topic please feel free to check out the video below. | <urn:uuid:eefe114c-53ab-4ab4-a3e3-f7b4bee17b86> | {
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The internet is a fun and exciting place for adults and children to use for both learning and developing their social networks. However, the challenge for parents and carers is to make sure children are aware and understand how to be safe when using the internet and related technologies.
The Childnet know it all guide will help you to understand online safety issues and give you practical advice as you talk to your children so they can get the most out of the internet and use it positively and safely.
UKCCIS have produced a guide for Child Online Safety – a practical guide for parents and carers whose children are using social media. The NSPCC Share Aware will help you talk to your children (aged 8 to 12 years) about being safe on social networks. They have also published advice for parents on how to talk to children about the risks of online pornography and sexually explicit material.
What’s the problem?- A guide for parents of children and young people who have got in trouble online is also a helpful guide produced by the Lucy Faithfull Foundation. This leaflet is designed to answer some of the immediate questions you may have after learning about something that is happening, or has happened, in your child’s online life. This could be that they have been viewing adult pornography, or have an unhealthy interest in accessing adult material.
If you need advice, help or wish to report abuse please refer to the CEOP website. They have information for parents or carers on a wide range of online topics with further advice for children in different age groups (5 to 7 years, 8 to 10 years and 11 to 16 years). Their ‘Thinkukknow‘ website for parents and carers also includes a resource called Nude Selfies – What parents and carers need to know.
Helping parents to keep kids safe online
The internet offers a huge range of information and resources to help parents keep their children safe online. There’s so much information though, it can be difficult to find what you want.
We’ve matched up the key concerns parents face with links to straight forward tips, information and support.
Sharing selfies and nudies
Exchanging selfies is part of growing up but did you know that 1 in 5 indecent images of children shared online are taken by the child in the photo?
Help your child know the risks and understand what’s OK to share with this short film about selfies and sexting.
This video – Parents advice for sexting – puts sexting under the spotlight, offering advice for how parents can talk to their children about dealing with this potential threat.
Who are they really talking to?
Lots of young people have ‘friends’ on social media they’ve never met and don’t know who, or how old they really are. This online grooming article is designed for young people and gives some good pointers for parents too.
Talking to your child
Starting a conversation with your child about staying safe online, the risks of nude selfies and sexual exploitation isn’t always easy. These short clips give tips on how to get started.
Chatting safely online
Online chat – on a webcam, an app such as FaceTime or on social media can be secretly recorded and then shared on the internet without your child’s permission or knowledge. This gives some good tips on staying safe if live streaming.
Who’s accessing porn and what it means
Seventy per cent of school children say accessing porn online is normal but children exposed to porn are more likely to engage in risky behaviours like drinking, sexual activity and experimenting with drugs. Learn about the 9 signs of child sexual exploitation.
Limiting what your child can view online
Innocent searches sometimes reveal not so innocent results. Parental controls can be used to block upsetting or harmful content, control in-app purchases or manage how long your child spends online. So if you’re worried about what your child is searching for online, who they’re talking to or what they’re seeing, the NSPCC and O2 can help.
What if it’s already happening?
If you know or are worried your child is already being sexually exploited, see this expert advice on what to do next and advice on talking to your child.
Info for children of all ages
Information geared to children of different ages is available from the ThinkuKnow campaign. There’s a section for parents too. | <urn:uuid:e7e076b5-ba8e-412f-8417-75bad010f870> | {
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What Size Footprint Are You Leaving on the Earth?
A typical Canadian’s resource consumption is far above what the Earth can sustain. Our ever-growing demands are only met through increasing overfishing and overharvesting, intensifying deforestation, and emitting more greenhouses gases than the Earth’s natural systems can sequester. One way of examining our individual impact on the environment is by measuring our ecological footprint and calculating the amount of biologically productive area on Earth required to support our demands. This lesson plan contains activities for Grade 9 Geography (academic and applied) students. After calculating their ecological footprints, students will explore their data and compare it to the class average, examine the importance of metaphors (such as the idea of an ecological “footprint”), and hold a class debate on issues of responsibility and sustainability.
- Lectures 0
- Quizzes 0
- Duration 1-3 class periods
- Skill level Grade 9
- Language English
- Students 0
- Assessments Yes
Issues in Canadian Geography, Grade 9 Academic CGC1D
C1.4 analyse the roles and responsibilities of individuals in promoting the sustainable use of resources
Issues in Canadian Geography, Grade 9 Applied CGC1P
A1.4 interpret and analyse data and information relevant to their investigations, using various tools, strategies, and approaches appropriate for geographic inquiry • C1.3 analyse their personal use of natural resources • E1.1 use a variety of measurements to compare the impact on the natural environment of people in Canada and people in other countries | <urn:uuid:8bbfbc41-683e-4275-8193-d188fa0b253c> | {
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The risks of the use of AI have long remained limited, as until recently, AI was confined to academics or research and development. But over the last few years, the rise of this technology and its practical applications in business as well as in the daily lives of citizens means a much more real - and much bigger - impact. It’s no wonder, then, that questions of AI ethics have come up.
Interestingly, AI sometimes poses ethical issues because it is so efficient and precise (for example, identifying individuals using facial recognition in public and judging their behavior based on associated personal information). Other times, it’s because it’s not precise enough (e.g., recidivism risk predictions).
So is ethical AI a myth? It’s true that ethics themselves are subjective (after all, they cannot be quantitatively measured, as illustrated by a recent study published in Nature on how cultures differ in their perception of an ethical AI decision).
On top of that, ethics is also a controversial subject often up for debate, and it’s one that mixes all disciplines - philosophy, science, social science, technology, legal, etc. - clearly, it’s not possible to come up with a simple formula. So if universal AI ethics doesn’t exist, how can companies address the subject?
Step 1: Define the Ethics of the Organization
The first step for an organization determined to deploy AI is defining a precise framework of their own company’s ethical rules that should - or should not be - followed. For example, the risk of gender bias might not be a problem for a retail clothing recommendation engine, but it’s another story for financial institutions.
Defining these criteria in line with the work and values of the company brings two important benefits:
- It ensures that the company takes a clear position on all of its principles.
- It facilitates communication of these principals among and across all teams.
Step 2: Accountability & Empowerment
If there is one thing that increases the risk of AI, it is the perception that AI is intrinsically objective; that is, that its recommendations, forecasts, or whatever the output isn’t subject to individuals’ biases. If this were the case, then the question of ethics would be irrelevant to AI - an algorithm would simply be an indisputable representation of reality.
This misconception is extremely dangerous not only because it is false, but also because it tends to create a false sense of comfort, diluting team and individual responsibility when it comes to AI projects. Indeed, algorithms present many risks for bias, including:
- The choice of data. AI is built using pre-existing data, and choosing this data has a fundamental impact on the system’s behavior. For example, Amazon’s facial recognition algorithm had trouble recognizing women and non-white people because white men were over-represented in the data used for its creation. Seeing as the system only learned to distinguish between white men, it couldn’t possibly properly address other faces.
- Pre-existing biases in data. Datasets frequently contain bias themselves; for example, the system that automatically eliminated women during the recruitment process is largely linked to past biases in the recruiting process. Indeed, if the data being used is recruiters’ past choices, and those choices were biased, the AI will have the same faults.
- The choice of modeling techniques and validation. Each step of creating an AI can induce bias and drift.
The answer to addressing all of these risks is both human and technical. Human because it is essential to educate and empower teams developing AI systems. In practice, people who develop and deploy a model must be aware of its potential shortcomings and bear the responsibility for its possible faults. At Dataiku, for example, we offer training for people on this subject.
There are also, of course, technological ways to limit these risks by explicitly analyzing if there are biases on various subpopulations. But it’s critical to recognize that successfully empowering teams (both with training and tools) depend heavily on step one, defining the ethics of the organization.
Step 3: AI Governance, Aligned with Organizational Ethics
The third step is the establishment of a real AI governance within companies. Today, a large percentage of organizations that have gotten started with data science have AI governance systems that have developed semi-organically. It is not uncommon to see several, even dozens, of teams within a large group develop different AI systems, each using different technologies and data.
Once deployed, models are monitored individually by their owners.
Yet governance at scale means monitoring all projects centrally, being able to see what data is used where at a glance, and how these models are performing. Establishing this level of governance based on the ethical principles defined in step one and supported by empowered and accountable teams in step two is the best way to guarantee responsible AI.
Ultimately, the question of ethics must be addressed by those undertaking AI efforts. Though it can’t be quantitatively measured, we at Dataiku still believe that it is critical to ensure actions taken by AI systems respect ethical rules consistent with their environments. As a supplier of an AI solution, we leave it to our customers to define and develop their own AI frameworks, but at the same time, we provide the technology and tools to ensure governance and foundations for a more ethical AI future. | <urn:uuid:ff0cf4da-0a18-45cf-81da-a2ed49d8425f> | {
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There’s that famous yarn about how if someone time traveled from 100 years ago everything would look different except classrooms. That’s not really true. At least, not now. In fact, if this time traveler walked along the hallway of a math department, they’d see all sorts of disparate things. Sure, some classrooms might have desks in rows with the teacher lecturing at the board. But in other rooms students would be working in groups. In other rooms still students would be plugged into a piece of instructional software. This would-be time traveler would have no idea what’s going on!
When I walk down the hallways of a school, I notice these differences. In a 9th-grade Algebra class, students are using physical textbooks, while right across the hall in a 10th-grade Geometry class (or even a different 9th-grade Algebra class), I see hands-on activities. We’ve never had more varying math classroom experiences: project-based learning and instructional software, tracking and de-tracking, group work and packets.
We have so many pedagogies, we don’t have any pedagogy.
So I sought to find a pedagogy. What are the universal elements for a quality math experience? What are the things we as teachers can get better at? What are the things students bring to the table that help or hinder their mathematical identity?
In my work as a traveling instructional coach, I saw three consistent elements in successful math classrooms. The three elements are listed here, with much-too-brief definitions:
- Academic Safety – the social and self-regard of a student’s mathematical status
- Quality Tasks – the items that students are working on and toward
- Effective Facilitation – the short- and long-term moves that allow for learning to occur
We’ll dig into these three elements in my forthcoming book, Necessary Conditions. Each of these elements receive a deep dive individually, with analysis of where these elements interact with one another. These aspects exist in everything students experience: from problem-solving to assessment, from lesson planning to room design. We can create a system that carves the path for our three necessary conditions, or we can create a system that works against them.
Combining research, classroom observations, and student voices, the book contains practical examples of how to assess and improve each of these conditions in your classroom and how you can imbue them in every lesson.
You can check out a preview of the book here. You can read stories of students who have been lifted up by incredible math teachers. You can see concrete examples of lessons and routines that yield deep mathematical learning. You can gawk at the ridiculous number of appendices.
So give it a look and see if we can really make that time traveler have something to marvel at.
This blog post was written by Geoff Krall, educator and author of the new title, Necessary Conditions: Teaching Secondary Math with Academic Safety, Quality Tasks, and Effective Facilitation. | <urn:uuid:efa59e9f-0887-49f7-92e0-a2e54f69e0e0> | {
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Lyme disease is on PEI, and action needs to be taken to prevent it’s spread, enable diagnosis, and allow effective treatment. A 2017 scientific study conducted by biologist Dr. Vett Lloyd of Mt. Allison University confirms that P.E.I. is home to blacklegged ticks. For her study, over 350 blacklegged ticks were collected from across P.E.I. Ten per cent of these ticks were found to be infected with Lyme.
Several Islanders have been travelling to see Dr. Richard Dubocq in Maine for diagnosis and treatment of Lyme disease. He has uses different tests (e.g. IGeneX blood test) to diagnose Lyme disease than are used on PEI (e.g. ELISA blood test). It is believed by advocates that the more sensitive tests available in US labs like iGenex can detect many more true Lyme cases, compared to the lower number of cases currently detected with the insensitive ELISA blood test currently used in PEI. (iGenex offers a tick panel which tests not only for Lyme but also for other serious tickborne diseases.)
In addition, Dr. Dubocq can prescribe long-term use of antibiotics to effectively treat the disease. On PEI Doctors are allowed prescribe antibiotics for a maximum of 21 days because of risk of C. difficile infection and drug resistance – even if they feel this is the necessary treatment for Lyme disease.
“There is a lack of adequate diagnosis and treatment due to flawed Canadian clinical guidelines…which means that many Islanders (and other Maritimers) are forced to spend $1000s out-of-pocket in order to seek more effective blood testing and medical treatment in the US.”
The following actions are being lobbied for by concerned Islanders, many of who have been directly impacted by Lyme disease:
a) Education & Warnings
Health PEI needs to admit there is a problem and quantify it. There are a number of practical steps people can take to protect themselves from being bitten by ticks – and therefore getting Lyme disease (e.g. move playground equipment into sunlight). People need to be warned about the risks associated with getting bitten by ticks. In areas of PEI where Dr. Lloyd’s research has confirmed the presence of ticks with Lyme disease, signs should be posted.
b) Use IGeneX Blood Test on PEI
The IGeneX blood test should be available/used by doctors on PEI to help diagnose Lyme disease. iGenex is a CLIA-accredited lab that is widely recognized as credible/reliable by many US states and health organizations. It has a wide range of available tests for Lyme as well as other tickborne diseases (babesia, anaplasmosis, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, etc). iGenex offers a tick panel which tests not only for Lyme but also for other serious tickborne diseases.
c) Legislation for Long-Term Antibiotic Use
Long-term antibiotic use is required to eradicate Lyme disease in a patient (not unlike tuberculosis and rabies). Legislation is need to allow doctors on PEI to prescribe antibiotics long-term for treatment of Lyme disease. For example, in Maine legislators passed “An Act to Improve Access to Treatments for Lyme Disease” (HP0289, LD422 Item 1). Now physicians in Maine are free to appropriately treat for Lyme Disease without fearing that they might have their licenses to practice medicine revoked by health authorities.
- Canadian Lyme Disease Foundation – CanLyme: Articles – https://canlyme.com/category/lyme-in-p-e-i/
- March 12, 2019:
- WHAT: “The Ticking Lyme Bomb” information session hosted by Chris Robinson, the P.E.I. director of CanLyme
- WHEN: Tuesday, March 12 at 7 p.m.
- WHERE: Montague Regional High School cafeteria
- WHY: To learn about Lyme disease and other tick-borne illnesses in P.E.I.
- Marcy 11, 2019: The Journal-Pioneer – Information session about Lyme disease March 12 in Montague
- March 11, 2019: CBC – P.E.I. woman finds Lyme disease diagnosis south of the border
- February 6, 2019: The Eastern Graphic – Lyme cases on the rise across eastern PEI
- January 28, 2019: The Guardian – OPINION: Bitten by a tick and sick (Margôt Maddison-MacFadyen, PhD)
- August 14, 2018: The Journal-Pioneer – Ticks that spread Lyme disease are in P.E.I.
- June 27, 2018: The Eastern Graphic – Study shows Lyme disease tick prevalent in eastern PEI
Lyme Disease Fact Sheet (Feb 12, 2019)
CanLyme.org Fact Sheet
Lyme & Tick-borne Disease on PEI
Are Islanders really at risk? (There are no deer here, right?).
- A scientific study by Dr V. Lloyd et al in 2017 collected over 460 ticks from 11 different vet clinics across PEI. Results: over 95% of the ticks were the dangerous “black-legged” type (aka deer tick) capable of carrying Lyme; over 10% of these dangerous ticks were actually infected with Lyme, and these infected ticks were found in every county across the Island (both urban & rural areas).
- Disease surveillance data from CDC in US suggests that children ages 5-10 are the most likely to be bitten by ticks; over 1/3 are young adults under age 18. In 2013, CDC also admitted that over 90% of Lyme cases remain undetected due to the insensitive blood tests in current use. The true number of Lyme cases was therefore increased 10-fold – from about 30,000 to over 300,000 persons. A similar undetected burden exists in Canada.
- ACTION REQUIRED: PEI Public Health needs to stop downplaying the actual risk of Lyme, and instead start posting public warning signs in high risk humid/grassy areas where ticks live. They should also implement targeted health promotion messages about Lyme in all schools asap, educating both children and parents.
PEI’s Chief Medical Health Officer should report in the legislature to all MLAs, not to the Minister of Health.
Local physicians know all about Lyme, and how to diagnose & treat it, right?
- Many Island physicians are being told by Public Health that Lyme is virtually non-existent on PEI, with only 3 or 4 “officially reported” cases. In fact, there are many more people who are diagnosed and treated off-Island (eg Maine) so their data are not captured by official counts. CanLyme is aware of at least 10 Islanders who have been diagnosed with Lyme and related co-infections. This number is just the tip of a much larger Lyme iceberg.
- The main blood test being used for detecting Lyme is called ELISA: it is very insensitive and systematically misses up to 50% of truly diseased cases. Many physicians are unaware of this, and as a result many patients affected with Lyme are given a misleading “false negative” diagnosis. Since Lyme will never resolve without a sufficient dose of antibiotic, the underlying untreated Lyme infection will only continue to spread and become more deeply entrenched in various organs & tissues. This leads to more serious debilitating or even fatal outcomes.
- Current clinical guidelines (by IDSA) restrict the number of weeks that antibiotics may be prescribed, to a maximum of 30 days. However, these IDSA guidelines are not evidence-based, which is why they are not included in the inventory of credible guidelines maintained the US’s National Institute of Health. This current IDSA guideline is wishful thinking: it assumes that 100% of Lyme is acute, and that it can all be completely cured with 30 days of antibiotic. Most local physicians are unaware that this IDSA guideline is flawed.
- Another set of clinical guidelines that is more evidence-based has been developed by the International Lyme and Associated Diseases Society (ILADS.org). It recognizes the reality – that over 1/3 of Lyme cases will continue to have persistent symptoms after an initial 30 day course of antibiotic. Longer-term treatment is needed.
- In 2015, Maine passed an Act to improve access to effective long-term antibiotic treatment for Lyme. This Act served to recognize ILADS guidelines, and provided protection to physicians from possible sanctions or loss of medical privileges for those physicians who choose to treat persistent Lyme cases. (http://www.mainelegislature.org/legis/bills/bills_127th/billtexts/HP028901.asp)
- ACTION REQUIRED: the PEI legislature needs to enact umbrella legislation to promote improved access to effective Lyme treatment, similar to Maine. Otherwise, those Islanders who are suffering from persistent Lyme will be forced to continue seeking appropriate diagnosis and treatment in Maine, paying $1000s out-of-pocket for physician consultations, prescription drugs and travel. The only guidelines in North America that meet US Institute of Medicine GRADE level requirements are those by ILADS; PEI should accept nothing less. These should be recognized by all health professionals and public health authorities (website & publications). | <urn:uuid:a2e31423-54f3-4111-afae-a18818d6980f> | {
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If you are looking into getting a new puppy or an older dog you should highly consider dog adoption from animal shelters. Shelters have a variety of dog breeds, numerous dogs of different ages, and can share the dogs' story with you. They can recommend dogs that will be good for you and your family and can tell you a lot about their temperament. While shelters tend to have more information about the animals that are up for adoption many people still go to pet stores to purchase a dog rather than using a shelter for dog adoption. When people refuse to get dogs from a shelter these animals are left without homes and are forced to spend another night in the kennel.
To help increase dogs’ chances of adoption, a police department in Nebraska created an initiative to help dogs get adopted. They implemented a program called K9 For a Day where they took dogs from local animal shelters on a ride along for a day. They put the dogs in their car, drove around the town, introduced the dogs to residents of the city, and helped the dogs build relationships with people. They took a variety of dog breeds on the ride along to increase their chances of being adopted.
The K9 For a Day program had a lot of success and many dogs were adopted. These dogs were able to charm the residents of the city and form relationships with people that they may never have met. The dogs were able to leave the kennels for a day and put on a show for the people of the city. This allowed the residents to see the dogs in a new light. They were able to fully understand the dogs’ personality and see them as more than just a sheltered dog.
The officers of the Nebraska police department had the dogs ride around in the car, stick their heads out of the window, take them on a leash while walking around high traffic areas, and let them connect with kids and adults of the community. The dogs were sporting a police bandana and a police badge that looked like dog shirts. These dogs were able to freely interact with children on the streets and this helped potential owners understand the personality of the dog and the charisma that the dog had. It is difficult for dogs in a kennel to show their true personality, but when they were able to walk around with an officer they were able to feel more like themselves.
The first dog that was part of this program was Mickey, who was a 6 year old Bull Terrier. After participating in the K9 For a Day program he was adopted a couple of days later by a citizen that he met. It is incredibly difficult for older dogs to find homes when they are in a shelter so this program is a great way to show people that older dogs make for a great adoption. They are house trained, know how to walk on a leash, know a few tricks, and have a milder temperament.
While this ingenious initiative was great for the dogs and the local shelter it was also a great opportunity for the police department. The officers were able to use this opportunity to get out of their cars and connect with the citizens that they protect each day. It helped people see cops as more than just an officer and more of a neighbor or a friend. Having the dogs on the ride along with allowed officers to more easily start conversations with community members, get people asking questions about the dog, and build more trust between the police department and the community.
After adopting a dog from a shelter you must make it feel welcome in your home. You should get your home ready for your new family member to make it feel as comfortable as possible. You should always have toys, food, bowls, a collar, leash, and a bed for your dog to sleep in. These things can help your dog feel more comfortable and part of the family. When a dog walks into your home for the first time it may feel a little bit afraid but after a day or so it will likely warm up to you and your home and let its true personality come out.
If you or someone you know is considering adopting a dog from a shelter and giving it a chance at a new home where it can be loved and cared for you should encourage them to do so. You can even give them gifts for dog lovers to help reduce the expenses they may have. Gifts for dog lovers could be a new food and water bowl set, a new leash, or an engraved tag for the dog's collar. Purchasing a new dog can be expensive if you go to a pet store, but adopting one from an animal shelter can significantly reduce the costs.
Animal shelters are frequently overcrowded with dogs and cats and to help these new pets find homes more businesses and public services should find ways to help these animals. If you are not able to adopt a new pet for you and your family, you should talk to your local police officers and other business owners to look for ways that they can help local adoptions centers. Starting the conversation and sharing this story can get people talking and thinking about new ways to help our four-legged friends find a forever home. Whether your local police force wants to implement the K9 For a Day program or another innovative idea you should help support their efforts and look for ways to get involved. The sooner these programs are started the less time these animals will have to spend in a kennel.
Show your support of pet adoption by wearing a Catty Collins dog shirt. With every purchase, Catty Collins will donate a portion to shelters, adoption programs and other charitable causes that help abandoned and homeless cats and dogs. | <urn:uuid:5746eeac-c812-4d81-95a2-f4061aa02772> | {
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FORTRAN 77 (the caps were correct for this and earlier versions) was effectively the original scientific programming language. The direct descendant of the original FORTRAN languages and variants such as FORTRAN 66 and FORTRAN IV, it put men on the moon and made finite element analysis viable in a day when the computing power of a tablet was unavailable. (And they made better use of it, too…think about those cat pictures.)
In any case, until the early 1990’s it was the language of choice for scientific analysis. It had its drawbacks (the fixed array size was the largest of those) but, for many applications, it’s still a viable choice. And there’s still all that legacy code…
This page is dedicated to presenting some of those resources. Because the language has largely been superseded in use (if not function) there is a great deal of code out there that can be acquired very cheaply, as I found out working on my PhD dissertation.
Open WATCOM Compiler
Open WATCOM is the direct descendant of WATFOR and WATFIV, the “teaching” codes developed by the University of Waterloo in Ontario. It has been open source for a long time. It runs in just about every Microsoft OS from DOS to Windows 10, depending upon how you install it, in either 16- or 32-bit modes. It will also run in Linux under Wine very nicely. There is an installation video here.
Because it is a true 77 compiler, it doesn’t waste time figuring out how large your arrays are, which means it, depending upon how it is optimised, can run code faster than the much vaunted gcc compiler.
- The Compiler
- Binary Installer for all of the Microsoft OS’s, and Linux under Wine. (I zipped this thing because some browsers/firewalls/ISP’s freak out at a raw .exe file.)
- Binary Installer for Linux (I never got this thing to work, for some reason, but never had to.)
- Documentation (some of the best documentation for an open source project I have seen)
All computer code becomes messy after a while. Tidy is a program to solve this problem for FORTRAN 77 code by properly indenting the code, sequencing the statement numbers, making the capitalisation consistent, etc. It’s a program which needs to be used with wisdom and backups, but tidying up the code every now and then is a big productivity boost to any coding project.
UNCMIN stands for Unconstrained Minimisation, an optimisation program based (broadly) on Newton’s Methods. It was developed in the 1980’s at the University of Colorado by Robert Schnabel, John Koontz and Barry Weiss. For the problems its solves, it is very efficient, and can be easily integrated into existing code without having to install a program above it (like DAKOTA) to do the optimisation. The version here is the pure FORTRAN 77 version; there are also Fortran 90 mutants out there.
- John Burkardt’s FORTRAN 77 page. I would be hard pressed to identify a more complete catalogue of FORTRAN 77 code that this one, from a Florida State professor.
- LINPACK. A collection of least squares and linear equation solvers. Part of the NETLIB collection, which has a great deal of code, including FORTRAN 77 code.
- Paraview. One of the biggest drawbacks to code in general and FORTRAN 77 in particular is the lack of easy graphical output. Open WATCOM has a graphics package, but it’s a DOS era business. The simplest way to get really professional looking graphical output is either to a) put is out in a .csv file and open it in a spreadsheet or b) output an ASCII file and use a graphics program to output the results. For me the best looking results for (b) came from outputing in VTK format and using Paraview to plot the results. And those results can be stunning. It’s free too. | <urn:uuid:5b05485c-0b45-4b46-a005-328bd92628d1> | {
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One year after the BP oil spill, experts describe the the impact of the disaster on wildlife, the environment, and human health as “catastrophic”
by Dahr Jamail
Aj Jazeeera, April 16, 1011
April 20, 2011 marks the one-year anniversary of BP’s catastrophic oil disaster in the Gulf of Mexico. On this day in 2010 the Deepwater Horizon oil rig exploded, causing oil to gush from 5,000 feet below the surface into the ninth largest body of water on the planet.
At least 4.9 million barrels of BP’s oil would eventually be released into the Gulf of Mexico before the well was capped 87 days later.
It is, to date, the largest accidental marine oil spill in the history of the petroleum industry. BP has used at least 1.9 million gallons of toxic dispersants to sink the oil, in an effort the oil giant claimed was aimed at keeping the oil from reaching shore.
Critics believe the chemical dispersants were used simply to hide the oil and minimise BP’s responsibility for environmental fines.
Earlier this month Transocean Ltd, the owner of the Deepwater Horizon, gave its top executives bonuses for achieving what it described as the “best year in safety performance in our company’s history”. Transocean CEO Steve Newman’s bonus was $374,062.
BP has plans to restart deepwater drilling on 10 wells in the Gulf of Mexico this summer after being granted permission by US regulators.
Meanwhile, marine and wildlife biologists, toxicologists, and medical doctors have described the impact of the disaster upon the environment and human health as “catastrophic,” and have told Al Jazeera that this is only the beginning of that what they expect to be an environmental and human health crisis that will likely span decades.
The demise of gulf vertebrates
Less than four months after the disaster began, very large fish-kills began to appear along the coasts of Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, and Florida.
On August 18, a team from Georgia Sea Grant and the University of Georgia released a report that estimated 70-79 per cent of the oil that gushed from the well “has not been recovered and remains a threat to the ecosystem”. More recent studies estimate that figure could be closer to 90 per cent.
Dr Ed Cake, a biological oceanographer, as well as a marine and oyster biologist, has “great concern” about the fish kills over the last year, which he feels are likely directly related to the BP oil disaster.
In recent months, more than 290 corpses of dolphins and their newborn have washed ashore in the areas of the Gulf most heavily affected by the disaster, along with scores of dead endangered sea turtles.
“If we use several models to see what is going on, the sea turtles and neo-natal dolphin deaths, the impacts of the dispersed oil are lingering”, Cake told Al Jazeera. “The oil is out there and still coming onto our shores”.
On May 20 of last year, the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) told BP it had 24 hours to find a less toxic alternative to its dispersants, but the EPA’s request was ignored.
Then on May 25, BP was given a directive by the EPA to scale back their spraying of the Gulf of Mexico with dispersants. The US Coast Guard overlooked the EPA’s directive and provided BP with 74 exemptions in 48 days to use the dispersants.
A March 1987 report titled Organic Solvent Neurotoxicity, by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), states:
“The acute neurotoxic effects of organic solvent exposure in workers and laboratory animals are narcosisanaesthesiaia, central nervous system (CNS) depression, respiratory arrest, unconsciousness, and death.”
The dispersants are banned in at least 19 countries, including the UK.
Cake’s assessment for sea turtle and dolphin populations in the Gulf is bleak.
“The two models of the turtles and dolphins indicate that something is drastically wrong in the marine environment, that I believe point towards the demise of these vertebrates in the Gulf.”
Underscoring his concern, a new study published in Conservation Letters this March reveals that the true impact of BP’s oil disaster on wildlife may be gravely underestimated.
The study argues that fatality figures based on the number of recovered animal carcasses will not give a true death toll, which may be 50 times higher than believed since most carcasses sink before they are spotted.
Cake believes the National Marine Fisheries Service and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) have been remiss in determining the cause of the deaths.
“In the year since the spill began, NOAA admits to doing no tissue sampling, which to me is scientifically incredible, for if you have forensic samples, you are bound by protocols to have them analysed right away so they do not degrade, unless your purpose is not to know what is killing these dolphins”, he said.
In February the Obama administration, via the National Marine Fisheries Service, issued a gag order to force marine scientists who were contracted to document the spikes in dolphin mortality and to collect specimens and tissue samples to keep their findings confidential.
Dolpins and sea turtles can be considered the canaries in the coalmine in the Gulf since they are at the top of the food chain and directly reflect what is happening to the marine environment in which they live.
Ed Cake, a biological oceanographer, as well as a marine and oyster biologist, has “great concern” about the fish kills over the last year, which he feels are likely directly related to the BP oil disaster.
“Adult dolphins systems are picking up whatever is in the system out there, and we know the oil is out there and working it’s way up the food chain through the food web and dolphins are at the top of that food chain.”
Cake explained: “The chemicals then move into their lipids, fat, and then when they are pregnant, their young rely on this fat, and so it’s no wonder dolphins are having developmental issues and still births”.
Since last fall, Dr Wilma Subra, a chemist and Macarthur Fellow, has been conducting tests on seafood and sediment samples along the Gulf for chemicals present in BP’s crude oil and toxic dispersants.
“Tests have shown significant levels of oil pollution in oysters and crabs along the Louisiana coastline”, Subra told Al Jazeera, “We have also found high levels of hydrocarbons in the soil and vegetation.”
Cake, who lives in Mississippi, said:
“In the past months we’ve lost the young of the year population of dolphins in this area. We are not seeing any young of the year dolphins in the Mississippi and Alabama coastal area. The question is, for us as humans, could we withstand a similar impact if all our children were born dead because of environmental pollutants? I would say we could not.”
It has been more than 31 years since the 1979 Ixtoc-1 oil disaster in Mexico’s Bay of Campeche, and the oysters, clams, and mangrove forests have still not recovered in their oiled habitats in seaside estuaries of the Yucatan Peninsula.
It has been over 21 years since the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil disaster in Alaska, and the herring fishery that failed in the wake of that disaster has still not returned.
From a biological oceanographer’s perspective, we are still in the short-term impact stage of BP’s oil disaster. Cake, who is 70-years-old, said:
“I will not be alive to see the Gulf of Mexico recover. Without funding and serious commitment, these things will not come back to pre-April 2010 levels for decades.”
Toxic chemicals ‘in the air’
Two-year-old Gaven Tillman of Pass Christian, Mississippi, has been diagnosed with severe upper respiratory, sinus, and viral infections. His temperature has reached more than 39 degrees and he has been sick since last September.
“He has been seen by nine different doctors and had twenty-four doctor & ER visits,” Shirley Tillman, his grandmother and former BP oil cleanup worker told Al Jazeera, “Some of his diagnoses include severe inflammation of his upper sinuses, upper respiratory infections, ear infections, sore throats, headaches, fever, vomiting & diarrhea.”
Both Shirley and her husband Don’s blood tested positive for chemicals from BP’s crude oil, but now Gaven’s blood has tested positive as well.
“We expected to find BP’s toxins in our bodies after working in the VOO [Vessels of Opportunity] program,” she added, “But we did not expect our two-year-old grandson to test positive for having them too, with levels higher than ours. He has not been to the beach and has not eaten any seafood. Therefore, it is in the air.”
Shirley Tillman, along with her son and husband, all tested positive for having BP’s toxins in their blood [Erika Blumenfeld/Al Jazeera] Dr Riki Ott, a toxicologist, marine biologist, and Exxon Valdez survivor, told Al Jazeera that: “The dispersants used in BP’s draconian experiment contain solvents such as petroleum distillates and 2-butoxyethanol.
Solvents dissolve oil, grease, and rubber”, she continued, “It should be no surprise that solvents are also notoriously toxic to people, something the medical community has long known”.
“They evaporate in air and are easily inhaled, they penetrate skin easily, and they cross the placenta into fetuses.”
“For example, 2- butoxyethanol [in BP’s Corexit dispersants] is a human health hazard substance; it is a fetal toxin and it breaks down blood cells, causing blood and kidney disorders”, Ott said.
Pathways of exposure to the dispersants are inhalation, ingestion, skin, and eye contact. Health impacts include headaches, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pains, chest pains, respiratory system damage, skin sensitization, hypertension, central nervous system depression, neurotoxic effects, cardiac arrhythmia, and cardiovascular damage. They are teratogenic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic.
Since last July, Al Jazeera has spoken with scores of Gulf residents, fishermen, and clean-up workers who have blamed the aforementioned symptoms they are experiencing on the chemicals from BP’s oil and dispersants.
“I have critically high levels of chemicals in my body,” 33-year-old Steven Aguinaga of Hazlehurst, Mississippi told Al Jazeera.
Aguinaga and his close friend Merrick Vallian went swimming at Fort Walton Beach, Florida, in July 2010.
“At that time I had no knowledge of what dispersants were, but within a few hours, we were drained of energy and not feeling good,” he said, “I’ve been extremely sick ever since.”
According to chemist Bob Naman, these chemicals create an even more toxic substance when mixed with crude oil.
“I’m scared of what I’m finding,” Naman, who works at the Analytical Chemical Testing Lab in Mobile, Alabama, added, “This is an unprecedented environmental catastrophe.”
Aguinaga’s health has been in dramatic decline.
“I have terrible chest pain, at times I can’t seem to get enough oxygen, and I’m constantly tired with pains all over my body,” Aguinaga explained, “At times I’m pissing blood, vomiting dark brown stuff, and every pore of my body is dispensing water.”
And Aguinaga’s friend Vallian is now dead.
“After we got back from our vacation in Florida, Merrick went to work for a company contracted by BP to clean up oil in Grand Isle, Louisiana,” Aguinaga said of his 33-year-old physically fit friend. Two weeks after that he dropped dead.”
Problems will continue
Most of the human blood Dr Subra has tested has toxic chemicals present at levels several times higher than the national average.
“Ethylbenzene, m,p-Xylene and Hexane are volatile organic chemicals that are present in the BP crude oil”, she said.
“We are finding these in excess of the 95th percentile, which is the average for the entire nation. Sometimes we’re finding amounts five to 10 times in excess of the 95th percentile.”
Ethylbenzene is a form of benzene present in the body when it begins to be broken down. m,p-Xylene is a clear, colorless, sweet-smelling, flammable liquid that is refined from crude oil and is primarily used as a solvent.
Al Jazeera asked Subra what she thought the local, state and federal governments should be doing about the ongoing chemical exposures.
“There is a lack of concern by the government agencies and the [oil] industry,” She said, “There is a leaning towards wanting to say it is all fixed and let us move on, when it is not. The crude oil is continuing to come onshore in tar mats, balls, and strings.”
“So the exposure continues. There is still a large amount of crude in the marshes and buried on the beaches. As long as that pathway is there for exposure, these problems will continue quite a long time into the future.”
Dr Mike Robicheux is a doctor in Louisiana who has been treating scores of people he says are being made sick from BP’s toxic chemicals.
Robicheux says new patients from the exposure are coming into his office daily, and believes that the broader medical community across the Gulf Coast are either unwilling or unable to deal with the crisis.
Robicheux, who has appealed to the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for help, said:
“The medical community has shut this down…They either don’t understand or are afraid to deal with it properly because they are afraid of the oil and gas industry.”
“This is the biggest public health crisis from a chemical poisoning in the history of this country,” Robicheux told Al Jazeera, “We are going to have thousands of people who are extremely sick, and if they aren’t treated, a large number of them are going to die.” | <urn:uuid:d30bfc0a-39a3-4dc8-af9e-58ef4f7ce7d5> | {
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The stained glass image of the Nativity to the right can be found over the entrance of Princeton University Chapel. The glimmering work by Charles Connick is just one piece of a mainly translucent yet always transcendent visual art legacy that Princeton and the region are blessed to have inherited.
And during this time of year when seasonal spiritual celebrations emphasize light and color, it is time to celebrate the glass that surrounds us.
Let’s start with Louis Comfort Tiffany. It is the name most people connect to stained glass in America. His company, established in New York in 1878, is represented in Princeton at one church, a Princeton University building, and at the Princeton University Art Museum.
Princeton United Methodist Church on the corner of Nassau Street and Vandeventer Avenue is proud of its windows and holds weekly stained glass tours. And why shouldn’t they? The Tiffany Studio image in the choir loft window is stunning. It depicts St. George slaying a dragon and came to the church in 1910. And while the glass shows a victorious saint, the reason for its being is poignant: It is a memorial for a Princeton-educated young man who unexpectedly died young and whose minister father raised the funds. Some of the other glass windows on the tour are Tiffany-connected and created by a former Tiffany artist, Louis Lederle.
Tiffany windows can also be found in Alexander Hall on the Princeton University campus. The large circular windows (aka rose windows) go against the usual Tiffany practice of using the company name and credit artist Jacob Adolphus Holzer (1858-1938). He worked with American stained glass innovator John Lafarge (who is credited with creating the Tiffany milky or opaque glass approach) and prominent American sculptor Augustus Saint-Gaudens. He also designed the hall’s interior mosaics.
The Tiffany glass in the Princeton University Art Museum represents the artistic remains of Marquand Chapel, the predecessor of Princeton University Chapel. Built in 1882 and destroyed by fire in the 1920s, Marquand had two sets of Tiffany windows, both of which served as memorials to notable alumni. The first, given in honor of the late Frederick Alexander Marquand, Class of 1876, by his mother was first exhibited in Philadelphia, where it won first prize in an exhibition at the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts before being installed at the chapel circa 1890. That’s the same Marquand family for whom the chapel is named.
A second Tiffany window, in memory of Horatio Garrett, Class of 1895, was installed in 1898. While Garrett and his two brothers were students in the 1890s their mother lived at 1 Bayard Lane, a home that was later bequeathed to Edward Palmer and now is known as Palmer House, the university’s guest house.
Yet, as well-known as it is, Tiffany isn’t the final name in glass. In fact, it was the style that a generation of architects and glass makers rejected before making their own mark.
One of their leaders was Ralph Cram (1863-1942). He was the Boston-based architect who served as Princeton University supervising architect from 1907 to 1929. He was also a proponent of neo-Gothic architecture and designed the Cathedral of St. John the Divine in New York City, Lady Chapel of Trinity Church in Princeton, and numerous other campuses and churches.
You can stop in to view one of his masterworks almost any time: the Princeton University Chapel. But as you gaze at the colored light spilling through the nave, it is difficult to realize that in 1924 this was something revolutionary — or reactionary.
Cram wanted the drama of flowing colored light piercing the interior in such a way to “lighten the hearts so that, through true lights they can reach the one true light.”
To get that effect Cram created a movement against the era’s most fashionable glass style, Tiffany’s opalescent glass. Cram felt the style hindered light from flowing into the chamber, called attention to itself, and was distinctly too modern.
When the Tiffany Company would not accommodate Cram’s request to adjust its approach, Cram hired and groomed other designers. And Princeton Chapel is a showcase for a generation of artists who had lucrative careers, with Tiffany closing soon after.
To get an idea of the crafters’ high aim, step up to the chapel’s chancel and gaze at the work of frequent Cram collaborator Charles J. Connick (1875-1945), mentioned earlier. Here the artist — and author of the influential book “Adventures in Light and Color” — dazzles viewers with four wall-sized units using color, lead, glass, and light to retell four key works of Christian and English literature: “The Divine Comedy,” “La Morte d’Arthur,” “Paradise Lost,” and “The Pilgrim’s Progress.” They give the phrase “illuminated manuscript” new life.
Also included in the chapel are works by two Philadelphia-based stained glass artists, Henry Willet (1899-1983) and Nicola D’Ascenzo (1971-1954). Both made their marks as secular and sacred glass designers and left a legacy.
With the chapel’s 10,000 square feet of stained and painted glass and the university listing it as “one of the finest ensembles (of stained glass) to be found in the Western Hemisphere,” it certainly puts the region on the stained glass map.
It also has plenty of surprises, including Princeton alumnus James Madison and a section by artists Irene and Rowan LeCompte featuring poets William Shakespeare, John Donne, John Milton, William Blake (with a Princeton tiger next to him), Emily Dickinson, and T.S. Eliot (a former Institute for Advanced Study visiting member).
Both Connick and Willet also created art for Trinity Church in Princeton.
Open during services and during the week, Trinity Church has several highlights. That includes the glass depicting St. Francis of Assisi’s “Canticle of the Sun,” colorful Old Testament scenes that mix the figurative with abstract design, and a window with scenes of other area churches and synagogues — a thank you for their support for helping the church rebuild after a mid-20th century fire.
While one small side chamber houses 20th-century glass from Scotland, the glass over two doors is from the 19th-century Kempe Glass Company in London, England. A student of influential Pre-Raphaelite and medieval-influenced artist William Morris, Charles Kempe was one of the prominent glass designers in his day — creating more than 4,000 medieval-inspired glass images.
St. Paul’s Catholic Church’s glass connects with both Europe and New Jersey’s tradition of making stained glass. The creator was the Hiemer Company in Clifton, New Jersey. Founder Georg Hiemer had developed his craft in the late 1800s working with stained glass artists and companies in Munich, Germany, a center for European glass.
Hiemer and his family, including his stained glass-making son, Edward, arrived in the United States and eventually settled in New Jersey, where the company still exists and has supplied the glass for more than 1,110 churches.
As mentioned Munich, Germany, was a center for glass, and one of the major companies is Franz Mayer & Company, where one of Hiemer’s main collaborators had trained and worked. Although the Vatican-approved company provided glass for several area churches, Mayer & Company is represented in Princeton by something different but just as visible: the project in front of the Princeton University Art Museum. Called “(Any) Body Oddly Propped,” the commissioned work comprising six 18-foot-tall glass panels using new glass coloring techniques was created by contemporary artists, brothers Doug and Mike Starn. And while the museum says the 2015 installation “continues the artists’ long fascination with energy systems found in nature,” it is also the most recent contribution to the region’s rich heritage of stained glass.
Something to celebrate during a season where we yearn for color and light. | <urn:uuid:5d1ce6a3-04e8-4757-a030-681678d53ab0> | {
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When you brush and floss your teeth and visit your dentist regularly, you’re not just maintaining your oral health. You’re also safeguarding your overall health. In recent years, scientists have discovered that severe, chronic gum inflammation resulting from inadequate oral hygiene boosts the odds of developing serious—even life-threatening—health problems.
Dr. Sean Bradley, an oral and maxillofacial surgeon at Robert Wood Johnson University Hospital Hamilton, explains how oral health affects the body:
What are the health risks associated with not brushing or flossing thoroughly? Plaque, a film that contains bacteria, builds up between the gums and teeth. This can cause the gums to become inflamed. If early inflammation, called gingivitis, is untreated, it can progress to periodontitis, in which gum tissue and the bones that support the teeth break down.
What’s more, inflammation may contribute to the following: heart disease, stroke, endocarditis (a heart-valve infection), low birth weight in babies born to pregnant women, diabetes (gum inflammation weakens the body’s ability to control blood sugar, leaving you more vulnerable to infection), Alzheimer’s disease, cancer (research shows that people with gum disease are at higher risk for kidney, pancreatic and blood cancers) and respiratory infections (bacteria in the mouth can be inhaled, which can lead to pneumonia).
What’s the link between gum disease and heart disease? Research now points to gum disease as an important risk factor for heart disease, atherosclerosis (hardening of the arteries) and heart attacks. Up to 91 percent of people with heart disease have periodontitis, compared to 66 percent of those who don’t have the condition. Bacteria from teeth and gums enter the bloodstream, producing toxins that injure the lining of blood vessels and cause inflammation.
This contributes to atherosclerosis, or a build-up of plaque (fatty deposits composed of cholesterol and other substances) on the walls of coronary arteries.
How can you tell if your gums aren’t healthy? One sign of trouble is bleeding when you brush or floss, but your dentist can more thoroughly evaluate the health of your gums. Be sure to see your dentist for a check-up every six months.
What’s the best way to avoid inflamed gums? Brush your teeth at least twice each day after meals for two minutes, and floss daily.
Sean Bradley, DMD, is a specialist on the RWJUH Hamilton Medical Advisory Panel (MAP). Learn more at rwjbh.org/hamiltonmap. | <urn:uuid:df7669d1-0e7d-4878-b09e-5e59c0dc3082> | {
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I often see this technique suggested as a way to speed ripening. Why does it?
Also, is there any data available on how fast it ripens comparatively?
The ripening itself is caused by ethylene gas released by the food, which is trapped by any kind of bag.
As far as I know, there's nothing inherently special about a brown paper bag, other than the fact that it's porous and thus still allows some air to get in and out. Plastic ziplock bags have no ventilation, so they don't work nearly as well.
Placing fruit in a bag will help hasten the ripening for only a few fruits. Most fruits will not ripen (ever) once they have been picked. The only fruits that ripen once they're picked are bananas, avocados, pears, mango, and kiwifruit. Ripeness in fruits is based on sugar content, not color, thus most tomatoes in grocery stores have no flavor because they were picked green and exposed to ethylene gas to induce color change. Tomatoes are what are known as a "climacteric fruit" which means they'll change appearance based on climactic conditions but they don't ripen. Yes, they continue to soften but that's simply the process of cell deterioration know as decomposition.
Some fruits such as peaches, plums, etc. will seem to develop more sweetness as they sit on the counter but that's because they're also losing moisture and the residual sugars are concentrating in the cell walls.
Placing fruit in a paper bag helps to concentrate the levels of ethylene gas which is what helps induce the ripening of the above mentioned fruits (bananas/avocados, etc.). In fact, avocados and pears must be picked in order to ripen. Pears that are left on the tree will simply rot. As mentioned previously... brown paper bags used to be something everyone had around their house so it was a commmon item before the switch to plastic bags.
Have you ever noticed some people like red bell peppers and not green ones? The reason is due to ripeness.
The secret is that the fruit produces ethylene (a hormone found in plants), and ethylene promotes ripening. By placing fruit in a paper bag the ethylene collects (rather than dispersing in the room), increasing the concentration around the fruit and speeding ripening. About.com has an interesting article on ethylene and fruit ripening called Fruit Ripening and Ethylene Experiment.
Some types of fruit ripen with increased ethylene production and a rise in cellular respiration (the ripening fruit draws in oxygen and gives off ethylene). This happens in "climacteric fruit": Apples, bananas, melons, apricots, and tomatoes, among others (citrus, grapes, and strawberries are non-climacteric--you can do a search for "climacteric fruit" to see which are and which aren't).
The ethylene produced during respiration enhances the ripening process so when we put climacteric fruit in a paper (or plastic) bag, "none" of the ethylene can escape, thereby exposing the fruit to more and more ethylene as it continues to ripen. Paper bags only restrict oxygen flowing in/out of the bag while plastic prevents essentially all oxygen flow. Since climacteric fruit need oxygen for respiration, closed plastic bags will limit the amount of respiration to that allowed by the oxygen trapped in the closed plastic bag. Opening a plastic bag will allow some oxygen in (while letting some ethylene out)...in that case fruit will ripen faster with an open plastic bag than fruit just sitting on the counter but will ripen slower than in a paper bag because the paper keeps more ethylene in while still allowing oxygen in.
The short answer is that paper bags keep the ethylene trapped in the bag which enhances the ripening process while at the same time permitting some oxygen to enter the bag, allowing the fruit cells to respirate and produce more ethylene. Assuming brown paper bags are the same as other paper bags, then this should be true for brown paper bags as well.
I've never heard this, but ripening is usually sped up by various airborne chemicals functioning as plant hormones. This is why one bad apple will cause others to go bad - it is signalling them. So I suspect it is either a matter of enclosing the airborne chemicals, or that paper bags release some such chemical. | <urn:uuid:e0447bb4-e62d-41b0-abdc-88a1b775bf48> | {
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A new set of eyes heads for space
Germany’s bold universe observer mission is set for take-off.
This is a major section of a massive piece of kit called the “extended ROentgen Survey with an Imaging Telescope Array’ (eROSITA) X-ray telescope”, currently being attached to a spacecraft called the Spektrum-Röntgen-Gamma (SRG), set to be launched from the Kazakh steppe any day now.
The mission is a project of the German space agency DLR.
SRG is expected to travel about 1.5 million kilometres from Earth, until it reaches a stable position of equilibrium between the planet and the sun, known as a Lagrange Point.
Once there, it will deploy eROSITA and other onboard instruments to observe the entire sky and search for and map galaxy clusters, active black holes, supernova remnants, X-ray binaries and neutron stars. | <urn:uuid:0953bcb5-9e9b-4ffc-a385-010f3a75a36a> | {
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Neanderthal Mocking Had No Basis
More evidence rises to indicate that Neanderthals—icons of brutishness—were every bit our equals, if not superior.
The trend to rehabilitate Neanderthal Man after 150 years of disdain continues apace. Previous articles showed that these fully-human brethren made cave art, buried their dead, migrated long distances, made exceptional tools, cooked with fire, and left their imprint in our own genomes (proving they were members of our own species). They certainly exceeded most of us in hunting prowess. Now, a study of their arm and hand bones shows they had manual dexterity, too. Michael Marshall explains at New Scientist:
Neanderthals could hold objects between finger and thumb, just like we would hold a pen, because their hands were more nimble than anyone thought.
The finding helps explain the many skilful [sic] tasks Neanderthals have been shown to have performed, like making tools, painting on cave walls, carving patterns into bird bones and threading sea shells onto string to make jewellery. These activities were hard to explain if they were clumsy.
Like most Darwinians, Marshall commits the Tontology fallacy here, suggesting that all of us thought like Darwinists. “More nimble than anyone thought”— hey: creationists are part of the class “anyone.” They have always believed Neanderthals were fully human. Marshall should have said, “more nimble than Darwinian racist bigots thought,” because it’s only the Darwinists who used to put down their brethren who are no longer here to defend themselves.
The actual scientific work, published in Scientific Advances, was fair overall, except for the Darwinese in the opening:
Reconstructing the habitual behaviors of fossil hominins is vital for understanding the biocultural factors driving human evolution. Manual activities specifically hold particular interest, as they provide insights into the evolution of tool making and use, an essential human adaptation. A fundamental objective of human evolutionary research therefore addresses the manipulative capacities and behaviors of fossil hominins compared with modern humans…
From there, the authors have little to say about evolution. They effectively dismantle the false belief that modern humans were better at grasping than Neanderthals were. Detailed analyses of bones shows very little if any difference. Nevertheless, the four European authors continue to contrast Neanderthals with “modern” humans, instead of welcoming the long-disparaged tribe into the modern circle where they belong.
At The Conversation, Francis Wenban-Smith joins the rehabilitation party, but only partly. His article, titled “Neanderthals were no brutes – research reveals they may have been precision workers,” is overshadowed with a model of Neanderthal Man barely improved over the old racist artwork: a dirty, hairy, unkempt male. How does he know they were not well-dressed men and women who took care of their looks the best they could? Like Marshall, this Darwinian archaeologist speaks in Tontological terms. Before reading the quote, ask who was guilty of thinking wrongly about these people. Was it Bible-believers or Darwin-believers? We’ll indicate the Tontology terms with [T] symbols.
Neanderthals were until quite recently often seen [T] as simple-minded savages – powerful hunters with a short attention span. But in the last few years, scientists [that is, Darwinian ‘scientists’] have realised that they were a lot more refined than previously thought [T] – capable of caring for the vulnerable, burying their dead and even adorning themselves with feathers and beads.
Now new evidence, published in Science Advances, reveals that the Neanderthals were also more similar to modern humans in their physical expression than previously thought [T]. The study, which analysed Neanderthal hand and arm bones, reveals that these individuals didn’t actually rely primarily on force in their daily activities – they used precision grips just like we do.
Strike three. In this [T]-ball game, Wenban-Smith can’t escape the fact that he thought wrongly about Neanderthals himself. Why, they most likely could been big-league champs at hardball. Where was this upstart before it became cool to praise Neanderthals? [27 June 2018]. Using past-tense, passive-voice verbs doesn’t fool the umpire. Will anybody believe his excuse?
The surprise here is not that Neanderthals have been shown to have an adaptation involving manual dexterity and a precision grip, but rather that this should ever have been a matter of doubt….
…this is a valuable and robust piece of research that reinforces what should now be the wide acceptance of Neanderthals as complex and sentient beings equivalent to ourselves.
He’s saying, I was never a bigoted racist. I always knew Neanderthals were as good as white people.
Yeah, right. Preach it, brother. You come from a long line of Darwinian ideologues who looked down on non-Europeans as savages. If you were sincere, you would give your fellow Darwinians a severe tongue-lashing for their century-long bigotry. Maybe you should read Dr Bergman’s book The Darwin Effect to learn just how bad Darwinian racism got. Start with what Charlie himself said in The Descent of Man about white races eventually exterminating the “lower” races. Proceed through the writings of Karl Pearson and others like him, and learn how Planned Parenthood founder Margaret Sanger advocated abortion as a way to get rid of non-white undesirables. Read with horror the genocides committed in Africa and Tasmania by Darwinists.
As part of their penance, Darwinist anthropologists should be forced to watch the new documentary Human Zoos from the Discovery Institute, which documents how Darwinian racists actually put black people on display in zoos next to the apes to demonstrate the progress of Darwinian evolution. Maybe that punishment is not strong enough. Maybe Darwinians should enter the zoos themselves to experience what their predecessors did to black people.
Now that we all should know that Neanderthals were “complex and sentient beings equivalent to ourselves,” let us recall to mind our favorite Neanderthal Man, Joachim Neander, for whom the tribe is named (he was the Christian landowner on whose land the first Neanderthal bones were dug up). Let’s cleanse our souls of Darwinian racism by singing together the magnificent words Joachim Neander wrote in his well-known hymn, Praise to the Lord, the Almighty, the King of Creation. Give your Neanderthal brethren the front row, along with all tribes, nations, tongues, and peoples (Darwinians, step to the rear, please, and hang your heads in shame and reverence as we sing).
Praise to the Lord, the Almighty,
the King of creation!
O my soul, praise Him, for He is thy
health and salvation!
All ye who hear,
Now to His temple draw near;
Sing now in glad adoration!
Praise to the Lord, who o’er all
things so wondrously reigneth,
Who, as on wings of an eagle,
Hast thou not seen
How thy desires all have been
Granted in what He ordaineth?
Praise to the Lord, who hath fearfully,
wondrously, made thee!
Health hath vouchsafed and, when
heedlessly falling, hath stayed thee.
What need or grief
Ever hath failed of relief?
Wings of His mercy did shade thee.
Praise to the Lord, who doth prosper
thy work and defend thee,
Who from the heavens the streams of
His mercy doth send thee.
What the Almighty can do,
Who with His love doth befriend thee.
Praise to the Lord! Oh, let all that
is in me adore Him!
All that hath life and breath, come
now with praises before Him!
Let the Amen
Sound from His people again;
Gladly for aye* we adore Him.
*Scottish term for “always,” pronounced as long A. | <urn:uuid:712e444f-ffdc-4e48-9642-15f3bc473829> | {
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Paddington has witnessed many historic events over the centuries
An iconic part of the city, Paddington has witnessed many historic events over the centuries. Queen Victoria arrived at the station on her first rail journey in 1842, and the royal connections continue up to the present day, with Prince George being born in St Mary’s more than 170 years later!
Prior to becoming a metropolitan borough and integrating with Westminster and Greater London in 1965, Paddington has been an area of steady growth since its inception as a medieval parish. The name Paddington can be traced back as far as the 10th Century, with some believing it to be a Saxon settlement.
St Mary’s Hospital and Paddington Green Police station are some of the more important landmarks in Paddington, but probably the most iconic is Paddington Station, designed by Isambard Kingdom Brunel, which sees in excess of 35 million passengers per year, and has been a Central London railway terminus since the mid 1850s.
Paddington is obviously also home to one of the world’s most famous bears; Paddington Bear was named after the station in Michael Bond’s book “A Bear called Paddington”. The story goes that Paddington is found at the station by the Brown family; he is lost having just arrived in London from “darkest Peru”.
Paddington is full of beautiful townhouses, traditional pubs and street cafes within close reach of Regent’s Park and Hyde Park and also in walking distance are many places of historical significance, such as The Alexander Fleming Laboratory Museum, The Sherlock Holmes Museum, Madame Tussauds and many more! | <urn:uuid:3b486ea7-dbc0-4e00-b6ed-c95b60df4b9a> | {
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Last March the Healthy Kids Panel made a series of recommendations around tackling child obesity including investing $80 million per year in new funding.
That’s only $5.87 per person to tackle a problem that is said to cost Ontarians $4.5 billion in downstream health care costs. We’ll see if it shows up in the spring budget.
There hardly seems to be fire lit underneath the Ministry of Health to implement what was essentially a very modest set of initiatives. Some might say too modest.
The report by the Healthy Kids Panel has few tangible recommendations around active living, for example, nor does it make any recommendations around regulation of processed food despite well-documented links to diabetes and heart disease.
The panel does recommend banning marketing of high-calorie, low nutrient foods to children. While that would be a no-cost item to government, more than a year after the report was issued Ontario has not yet acted.
There have been a few smaller initiatives started – the government maintains that it is working on breastfeeding supports, a student nutrition program, and an expansion of the Northern Fruit and Vegetable program which provides healthy snacks to 18,000 students. Up to 30 Ontario communities will get training and funding to run local initiatives under a program called the Healthy Kids Community Challenge. | <urn:uuid:ee66bff1-6db1-4bce-9ab3-24846e6dc7b8> | {
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How to: Create an Empty SQL Server Unit Test
Include unit tests in your database project to verify changes you make to database objects do not break existing functionality. The following procedures explain how to create SQL Server unit tests for any database object. SQL Server Data Tools includes some additional support for database functions, triggers, and stored procedures. For more information, see How to: Create SQL Server Unit Tests for Functions, Triggers, and Stored Procedures.
When you create a SQL Server unit test using the first procedure, a test project is automatically created for you if no test project exists. If test projects already exist, you have the option of adding the new test to one of those projects or you can create a new test project. For more information about test projects, see How to: Create a Test Project for SQL Server Database Unit Testing.
You have two options for creating a SQL Server unit test:
Create a new SQL Server unit test inside a new test class.
All SQL Server unit tests within a given test class will use the same TestInitialize and TestCleanup scripts. Create a new test class if you want your unit test to use different TestInitialize and TestCleanup scripts than other unit tests. For more information, see Scripts in SQL Server Unit Tests.
Create a new SQL Server unit test inside an existing test class.
Choose this option if your unit test will use the same TestInitialize and TestCleanup scripts as other unit tests within the class.
To create a SQL Server unit test inside a new test class
On the Test menu, click New Test.
The Add New Test dialog box appears.
Under Templates, click SQL Server Unit Test.
Under Test Name, enter a name for the test.
Under Add to Test Project, select an existing test project, into which to add this test. If no test project exists or if you want to create a new test project, select Create a new <language> test project.
If your test project is new, the New Test Project dialog box appears. Name the project and click OK.
If your test project is new or has not been configured, the SQL Server Test Configuration <ProjectName> dialog box appears. This dialog box allows you to configure the following information for your test project:
The database connection used to execute tests.
The database connection used to validate test results, deploy a database, and generate data.
The automatic deployment of the database project and any associated schema changes to a given project configuration before you run unit tests.
For more information, see How to: Configure SQL Server Unit Test Execution.
Provide project configuration information and click OK.
- or -
Click Cancel to create the unit test without configuring the test project.
Your blank test appears in the SQL Server Unit TestDesigner. Depending on the language you specified for creating the test project, a Visual Basic or Visual C# source code file is added to the test project. This file contains the SQL Server unit test class that SQL Server Data Tools generates for the unit test you just created. This test class can contain one or more unit tests that you can add through the SQL Server Unit Test Designer or through code as new test methods in the test class.
You can also add additional tests by:.
Right clicking on a test project in Solution Explorer, selecting Add, New Test, and then SQL Server Unit Test.
In SQL Server Object Explorer, select Create Unit Tests.
When you select this file in Solution Explorer, it is displayed in the SQL Server Unit Test Designer, by default. To view the code or to customize it to add more functionality to your unit tests, select the file, right-click, and choose View Code.
To create a SQL Server unit test inside an existing test class
Open an existing SQL Server unit test class in the SQL Server Unit Test Designer. You can access the SQL Server Unit Test Designer by double clicking the unit test source code file in Solution Explorer.
Click the plus (+) sign in the navigation bar to display the Specify a unit test name dialog box.
Type a name and click OK.
Your new SQL Server unit test is available in the drop-down list in the navigation bar. It is also added as a new test method in the test class. To view the test method in code, select the class file, right-click, and choose View Code. The name of the current test class file is displayed on the tab at the top of the SQL Server Unit Test Designer.
After you have configured the test project and created the unit test, the next steps are:
Add a Transact-SQL test script.
Define pre-test and post-test actions.
Add test conditions or other assert statement to verify the script results.
The Inconclusive test condition is the default condition added to every test. This test condition is included to indicate that test verification has not been implemented. Delete this test condition from your test after you have added other test conditions. For more information, see How to: Add Test Conditions to Database Unit Tests. | <urn:uuid:3eaa2ab8-3b9f-4657-8394-6447346b6aaa> | {
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The autism spectrum disorders can often be reliably detected by the age of 3 years, and in some cases as early as 18 months. Studies suggest that many children eventually may be accurately identified by the age of 1 year or even younger. The appearance of any of the warning signs of ASD is reason to have a child evaluated by a professional specializing in these disorders. The autism spectrum disorders, or pervasive developmental disorders, range from a severe form, called autistic disorder, to a milder form, Asperger’s syndrome.
What is autism?
Most infants and young children are very social creatures who need and want contact with others to thrive and grow. They smile, cuddle, laugh, and respond eagerly to games like “peek-a-boo” or hide-and-seek. Occasionally, however, a child does not interact in this expected manner. Instead, the child seems to exist in his or her own world, a place characterized by repetitive routines, odd and peculiar behaviors, problems in communication, and a total lack of social awareness or interest in others. These are characteristics of a developmental disorder called autism.
The severity of autism varies widely, from mild to severe. Some children are very bright and do well in school, although they have problems with school adjustment. They may be able to live independently when they grow up. Other children with autism function at a much lower level. Mental retardation is commonly associated with autism. Occasionally, a child with autism may display an extraordinary talent in art, music, or another specific area.
What are the symptoms of autism?
Some of the early signs and symptoms, which suggest a young child may need further evaluation for autism, include:
- No smiling by six months of age
- No back and forth sharing of sounds, smiles or facial expressions by nine months
- No babbling, pointing, reaching or waving by 12 months
- No single words by 16 months
- No two word phrases by 24 months
- Regression in development
- Any loss of speech, babbling or social skills
Symptoms almost always start before a child is 3 years old. Usually, parents first notice that their toddler has not started talking yet and is not acting like other children the same age. But it is not unusual for a child to start to talk at the same time as other children the same age, then lose his or her language skills. Symptoms of autism include:
- A delay in learning to talk, or not talking at all. A child may seem to be deaf, even though hearing tests are normal.
- Repeated and overused types of behavior, interests, and play. Examples include repeated body rocking, unusual attachments to objects, and getting very upset when routines change.
How is autism diagnosed?
There are guidelines your doctor will use to see if your child has symptoms of autism. The guidelines put symptoms into three categories:
- Social interactions and relationships. For example, a child may have trouble making eye contact. People with autism may have a hard time understanding someone else’s feelings, such as pain or sadness.
- Verbal and nonverbal communication. For example, a child may never speak. Or he or she may often repeat a certain phrase over and over.
- Limited interests in activities or play. For example, younger children often focus on parts of toys rather than playing with the whole toy. Older children and adults may be fascinated by certain topics, like trading cards or license plates.
How is autism treated?
Treatment for autism involves special behavioral training. Behavioral training rewards good behavior (positive reinforcement) to teach children social skills and to teach them how to communicate and how to help themselves, as they grow older. With early treatment, most children with autism learn to relate better to others. They learn to communicate and to help themselves, as they grow older. Depending on the child, treatment may also include such things as speech therapy or physical therapy. Medicine is sometimes used to treat problems such as depression or obsessive-compulsive behaviors.
Take advantage of every kind of help you can find. Talk to your doctor about what help is available where you live. Family, friends, public agencies, and autism organizations are all possible resources.
Remember these tips:
- Plan breaks. Daily demands of caring for a child with autism can take their toll. Planned breaks will help the whole family.
- Get extra help when your child gets older. The teen years can be a very hard time for children with autism.
- Get in touch with other families who have children with autism. You can talk about your problems and share advice with people who will understand.
Raising a child with autism is hard work. But with support and training, your family can learn how to cope. | <urn:uuid:40dba2aa-fd74-4b41-9ae3-d72f521fac13> | {
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Come out and learn about activities that can help your student with reading, writing, math, and science. These activities you can do at home to help with their learning in class.
Houston Natural Museum of Science will be here with some amazing things and students are participating in our Cardboard Challenge with great things they have created out of cardboard.
We can not wait to see you there.
Thursday, October 24th from 5:30-7:00 | <urn:uuid:eaf15320-bc57-49b7-8408-fc91f8b6725e> | {
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North-hemisphere ice-shelf melts on summer and grows on winter. I would expect appreciable changes on sea-level between seasons, but sea-level looks equal on winter than on summer.
Why doesn't sea level show seasonality?
Sea level has a strong seasonal signal. The annual variability is less than the daily changes associated with tidal forcing in most locations, but still can be on the order of 5-10 cm (maximum values about 15 cm).
The causes of the seasonal fluctuations are mostly associated with seasonal changes in wind intensity and patterns, changes in temperature that relate to thermal expansion, and in salinity (haline contraction) and river discharge fluctuations. The annual sea level cycle is only partially related to ice melt and this effect tends to be quite local.
The largest sea level seasonal cycles are associated with areas in the vicinity of large rivers with strong seasonal cycles (e.g., Bay of Bengal). Also, there is a lot of spatial variability in the seasonal cycle with the northern hemisphere having a larger signal (likely caused by the stronger seasonality in wind patterns).
An example of the seasonal cycle can be seen in the monthly data from the Permanent Service for Mean Sea Level (PSMSL) for Woods Hole, MA (USA) (in m offset to avoid negative values in the PSMSL database). The monthly data shows strong seasonal variability and also a clear trend. As the data is monthly averaged, the tidal oscillations are filtered out. Most sea level rise graphs tend to use annual data and thus the seasonal information is not included.
In the Arctic there is mostly floating sea ice and the mass of this does not change the sea level.
When snow falls on the floating sea ice the weight of the snow is the same as the weight of the sea water it displaces so there will not be any change in sea level from this.
But the snow falling on land during winter is water temporary removed from the sea, so the sea level will drop a little during winter. See seasonal changes in sea level.
In the Antactic winter, the sea level drop will be less as most of the snow will fall on the floating ice and on a narrow band of land ice around Antarctica. This is mainly due to the circumpolar wind around Antarcica where less moist air will blow into the interior of Antarctica.
The tiny bit of snow falling in the central part of Antarctica is called diamond dust, this is tiny flat ice crystalls; they will sublimate before or soon after they reach the ground due to the dry air and low temperature. | <urn:uuid:43014c90-a322-4302-a4a6-1cb757640d31> | {
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Female Education and Child Mortality in Indonesia
Nicole Mellington and
Lisa Cameron ()
Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies, 1999, vol. 35, issue 3, 115-144
This paper uses a sample of 6,620 women from the 1994 Indonesian Demographic and Health Survey to examine the relationship between female education and child mortality in Indonesia. Female education is measured in terms of both years of education and literacy. Both primary education and secondary schooling significantly decrease the probability of child death, while literacy plays an insignificant role. When the sample is divided into urban and rural locations, primary and secondary education are significant in both areas in reducing the likelihood of a mother experiencing child mortality. The benefits of public and private infrastructure appear to differ in rural and urban areas. The results confirm that investment in female human capital lowers the probability of child mortality.
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Working Paper: Female Education and Child Mortality in Indonesia (1999)
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Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies is currently edited by Blane Lewis, Arianto Patunru and Robert Sparrow
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Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Medical, Financial, Idioms, Wikipedia.
oar-shaped extremities that function as organs of locomotion and as depth and steering rudders in vertebrate animals that have secondarily transferred to aquatic living. Among reptiles, flippers are found in sea turtles, in whom they originated from the anterior and posterior extremities. Many fossil aquatic reptiles also had two pairs of flippers. Among birds, the fore-limbs of penguins were converted to flippers. Among mammals, the pinnipeds have two pairs of flippers; the cetaceans and sireni-ans, whose ancestors had two pairs of flippers, have one pair. The reduction of the posterior flippers in them was caused by the transfer of the locomotive function to the caudal section of the body.
All the skeletal elements of flippers are flattened and located in one plane. The segments of the forearm and lower limb and also of the arm and femur are as a rule greatly foreshortened. The hand and foot are elongated (usually owing to an increase in the number of phalanges). The digits in almost all animals that have flippers lack claws (except pinnipeds). An externally similar form of flippers originated independently in various animals and serves as a classic example of convergence. | <urn:uuid:fafd81fd-78ac-4f87-b232-98f067f4f9d8> | {
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At least 15 people have died of cholera in the last two weeks in the crowded border town of Poipet, although health officials believe the outbreak has been contained.
A report filed last week by three disease control experts showed 15 people dead from diarrhea-induced dehydration, said Dr Mean Chhivun, deputy director-general for the Ministry of Health. Another 64 cases are suspected out of 130 total diarrhea victims documented by the Poipet Health Clinic, he said Monday.
Maurits van Pelt, chief of mission for the international NGO Medecins Sans Frontieres, said a recent report by his organization listed 21 people dead and another 98 as suspected cases of the disease.
MSF workers in Poipet first suspected the outbreak in the middle of last month. Cholera was confirmed after stool samples from diarrhea patients were sent to Phnom Penh for examination.
The highly infectious bacteria has surfaced for the first time since 1992, according to MSF. Cholera is a bacteria in contaminated water or food and is carried by internal body fluids, including feces and vomit. Cholera tends to spread quickly in crowded places with poor sanitation, making Poipet a prime target, health experts say.
The Health Ministry’s disease control team believes the virus has been contained, Mean Chhivun said, because suspected cholera victims and their families have been treated and people in affected areas trained for proper hygiene.
“According to the investigation team…the cholera will be finished soon,” he said. “There will be no more cholera…in the next few weeks.”
Two workers from the National Program of Diarrhea and Cholera Control will travel this week to Poipet to monitor the situation. The outbreak prompted health officials to dispatch a team of disease control experts, who tracked the outbreak to the village of Kbal Spien, a few kilometers outside Poipet.
The outbreak is being blamed on untreated water from a local stream because the cases moved downstream to Poipet, Mean Chhivun said.
© 1998 – 2013, All rights reserved. | <urn:uuid:ec258960-bf7e-4100-90a4-03ed408fcb82> | {
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Every year, the American Cancer Society dubs the third Thursday of November the Great American Smokeout, a day of encouragement for smokers to kick the habit -- even just for one day.
Currently, about 18 percent of Americans say they smoke cigarettes -- a dramatic drop from smoking rates of years passed. On the other hand, use of electronic cigarettes is on the rise: The American Heart Association cites predictions that e-cigarette sales will amount to a $10 billion industry by the year 2017, and "vape", the term given to consuming that nicotine vapor, was even named Oxford Dictionary's 2014 word of the year.
But tobacco use remains the leading preventable cause of death. By 2030, around8 million people will die annually from the habit, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
So while we've made undeniable progress, we clearly have a long way to go. If you or a smoker in your life is not yet convinced, here are a few numbers to remind us all why it's important we get there.
The number of deaths in the United States caused by cigarette smoking and secondhand smoke every year.
The number of those tobacco-related deaths from lung cancer alone.
The percentage of lung cancer deaths in the U.S. that are caused by smoking.
1 in 3
The number of total cancer deaths caused by smoking
The number of Americans who smoke cigarettes.
The number of Americans who smoke cigars.
The number of Americans who smoke tobacco in pipes
The number of years longer a nonsmoker is expected to live than a smoker. However, quit before you turn 40 and you'll reduce your risk of dying from a smoking-related illness by about 90 percent.
The number of cigarettes consumed per person per year in the United States. Worldwide, the country with the highest cigarette consumption rate is Serbia, at 2,861 cigarettes per person per year , the Washington Post reported.
The total tobacco-related health care costs from 2000 to 2004 in the U.S., according to the American Cancer Society .
The length of time it takes for a former smoker's risk of coronary heart disease to drop back down to that of a non-smoker's.
The percentage of their entire income that low-income New York smokers spend on cigarettes, according to a 2012 study.
Dollars spent by the tobacco industry on advertising and promotions in 2011.
At least this many of the more than 7,000 chemicals and compounds in tobacco smoke have been found to cause cancer .
The total number of cigarettes purchased in the United States in 2011.
The number of teens and children under 18 who smoke their first cigarette every day in the U.S. | <urn:uuid:97c65d42-9869-421d-b489-b4c1f91144f1> | {
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A Happy Child Is a Responsible Child
We have to begin eradicating sayings like “spare the rod and spoil the child.” These sayings and ways of teaching are not only outdated,they are also misguided, especially because we know that corporal punishment does not create happy children, and that happy children are more responsible.
It’s of vital importance to start internalizing the importance of happiness in the education of children. It’s the best way of making them enjoy knowledge and helping them evolve into their full potential.
Don’t confuse concepts in the education of a happy child
When we talk about a happy child, we shouldn’t confuse this with a spoiled child. A happy child is not one to whom we have to give everything.
Obviously, frustration is a part of life, no matter how little we like this fact. And your children will suffer from it, at least during certain moments of their lives. However, happy children will have the necessary tools to overcome any phase or trauma.
In other words, a happy child is not a spoiled one. The little one should know where his limits are, and what he can and can’t do. However, that knowledge need not be dramatic or traumatic.
A child that knows that it is loved, that is happy in his surroundings, that can recognize life’s limitations and accepts them, this is a person who will grow up to be responsible and aware of himself and what’s happening in his surroundings.
“We shouldn’t allow someone to move away from us without feeling better and happier.”
Why is a happy child more responsible?
We’re going to list a number of characteristics that describe a happy child and describe how these make him more responsible about the happenings in his life and surroundings:
- A happy child has a better character: Any little one that’s happy in his surroundings develops a good character. This is very healthy, since it makes the little one better internalize the concepts of justice and honesty.
- A happy child’s good character gives him various virtues: A little one who grows up in a happy world learns virtues such as honesty, temperance, love, sacrifice for others, empathy, generosity, humility, and the ability to strive to overcome certain adverse stages in life.
- A happy child is more positive: Happy children have a much more positive outlook on life. They are proactive and tenacious when faced with challenges. They work very hard to overcome adversity, and they are very grateful.
- A happy child is more receptive: Furthermore, happy children have healthier relationships with their parents. They will be much more receptive to love, emotional attachment, and communication with others.
- A happy child learns more: As we said, happy children are more receptive. Therefore, they are more open to lessons and knowledge. In this sense, they understand examples better, pay more attention when spoken to and listen to the different opinions of their parents. They are capable of discerning right from wrong and drawing their own conclusions.
- A happy child distinguishes priorities: Children that live in a happy environment learn to distinguish their priorities. For example, they know that their access to toys, technology and rewards are a privilege, never a right. They understand the value of things and respect it.
- The child has a conscience: Happy children understand messages well and know how to distinguish right from wrong. Therefore, they develop a powerful conscience. And this is thanks to emotional education, which makes them more receptive and self-aware.
- A happy child knows how to develop his life: A happy child learns to give importance to life’s priorities, such as family, friendship, love, altruism and solidarity or values and ethics. This way, he will be less disoriented, will develop judgement early on and will avoid falling into risky behaviors.
“Happiness is the certainty of not feeling lost.”
Clearly, a happy child will have a more full and whole existence. But remember, never confuse it with spoiling, unlimited freedom or attachment to material things. Because this is a mistake that creates tyrannical and dependent behaviors. Simply let children be themselves within an emotional environment full of love and understanding. | <urn:uuid:6fcc3c2c-5429-4376-8d5f-853de1e39fbb> | {
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Delicately and exotically trimmed, and made of luxurious fabrics, ball gowns are the most formal female attire for social occasions.
Trimmed with lace, pearls, sequins, embroidery, ruffles and ruching, the most common fabrics are satin, silk, taffeta and velvet.
Cut off the shoulder with decollete necklines, the ball gown shape hasn’t changed much since the mid-19th century.
The Regency Era
During the Regency era, ball gowns had the Empire silhouette, with a high waistline, short sleeves, and a fairly narrow skirt.
Widely adopted after the French Revolution, the neoclassic style originated from “chitons”—tubular garments of Ancient Greece that were draped over the shoulder and held in place with a brooch.
Drawing inspiration from the artistic notions of the Renaissance, the puffed sleeves resembled 16th-century “slashing”—a decorative technique of making small cuts on the outer fabric to reveal a brightly colored lining.
Embellished with gold thread or sparkling beads, these lavish gowns glittered in the candlelight of the dance hall.
Creating a soft dreamy look, the thin, gauzy materials were cooler to wear on the crowded dance floor.
The Victorian Era
In the Victorian era, skirts began to widen.
Layer upon layer of petticoats would provide the desired fullness but were hot and heavy to wear.
Undergarment frameworks called crinolines were developed to provide the flared look without the weight.
Inspired by the court of Charles II, this next ball gown was the most glamorous of all of Queen Victoria’s surviving clothes.
The rich brocade of the underskirt was woven in Benares, India.
A copy of seventeenth-century Venetian raised-point needle lace, the berthe (fichu) was likely made in Ireland and perhaps acquired at the Great Exhibition of 1851.
Crinolines remained popular throughout the 1850s and 1860s, reaching a circumference of up to six yards.
Beginning in the 1870s, a narrower silhouette came into vogue, and more attention was focused on the back of the skirt.
Trains would be drawn up behind the dress and fastened into a “bustle”.
By the end of the 19th century, bustles had fallen out of favour and skirts took on a simple bell-like appearance.
The Edwardian Era
In the Edwardian era, women’s ball gowns followed the distinctive “S-curve” silhouette.
Standing out from the crowd at a ball was a challenge even for the most well-heeled.
Densely sequined and beaded, this next gown worn by a member of the Astor family would have shimmered beautifully on the dance floor.
The Roaring Twenties and Beyond
During the 1920s, hemlines rose and decorations became more showy.
After the horrors of World War One, people wanted to let their hair down.
Women found a new sense of liberation from the traditional expectations of their role in society.
Donning daring knee-length dresses, they flouted social and sexual norms—some becoming known by the pejorative term “flappers”.
Formalities would take a back seat for a decade, but the dresses still glittered with glamour.
Every party eventually comes to an end.
As the Roaring Twenties gave way to the 1930’s Great Depression, gowns became more conservative.
After the end of World War II, Christian Dior spurred a new era of decadence with his “new look” of nipped-in waistlines and full skirts.
The 1950s was a golden age for ball gown design in Britain. | <urn:uuid:a7b06b6a-5b51-4862-a3fd-bac1e018ef46> | {
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One of my 23andMe reports says that people with my genetics most likely have brown or hazel eyes. However my eyes are blue, green, and grey. I know you should take their estimates with a grain of salt, but how is it possible I have a completely different color from the report?
- A curious adult from Alberta
December 13, 2019
Genetic factors can have a large effect on a trait like eye color. But they usually only explain a part of the trait. Most human traits are what we call “complex”. This means the traits are not determined by one single factor or gene.
Genetic testing companies like 23andMe can determine how likely you are to have a certain trait. But that leaves the chance to not have it. This can explain why your eye color is different from your report!
23andMe looks at the OCA2 gene
Your genetic code or DNA is a string of letters that include A, T, C, and G. They spell out genes, which are like instruction manuals for your body.
When companies like 23andMe look at your DNA, they are looking at specific spots in the DNA that tend to be different among people. These locations are called single nucleotide polymorphism, or SNP (pronounced snip) for short.
SNPs are DNA differences at a specific location
The letter differences in the DNA can lead to a subtle (or sometimes not subtle) change in a person’s traits!
One of the most important genetic contributors to eye color is a SNP near a gene called OCA2.
It turns out that a “A” at this spot is associated with darker eyes, while a “G” is associated with lighter eyes:
This SNP affects how much brown pigment cells produce. Someone who has blue eyes will have less pigment. And someone with brown eyes will have more.
These DNA letter differences are also called “variants.” The specific variant you have is also called your genotype.
Let’s take a closer look at this chunk of DNA near the OCA2 gene.
Remember, you have two copies of each piece of DNA, one from mom and one from dad. You can see at the SNP circled below the person has two A’s, or and AA genotype.
As of December 2019, a 23andMe report on this genotype says: “likely to have brown or hazel eyes”. They say that 95% of their customers who are AA have brown or hazel eyes.
But this leaves 5% with light-colored eyes with the same report. Their report says they are likely to have dark eyes, even though they don’t.
Someone else might have GG:
In this case, 23andMe says “likely to have blue or green eyes”. They report that 90% of people with this genotype have blue or green eyes. But that still means that the report will be wrong for ~10% of people with this genotype!
Someone else could have one of each version of the OCA2 gene, AG:
In this case, 23andMe says “likely to have brown or hazel eyes”. They report that 85% of people with this genotype have brown/hazel eyes. But that still means that the report will be wrong for ~15% of people with this genotype.
Altogether, this highlights the fact that traits listed on 23andMe’s reports are just predictions based on data from other customers.
Eye color is complicated
Sometimes it takes more than one SNP change for a trait difference to be visible. For example, the OCA2 gene has a few different SNPs that can affect eye color. 23andMe only looks at the SNP shown above.
We also know there are other genes involved with eye color. But 23andMe doesn’t look at those genes, so they may miss things. Additionally, there may be genes we don’t yet know about that’s also not included in their analysis. 23andMe’s predictions may get better as scientists learn more.
It’s also possible that you have a more unique ancestry. Some SNPs are more common among certain ancestries.
If 23andMe does not have enough customers with certain ancestries, it can be more difficult to predict traits for people in those groups. Over time, if they get more customers with diverse backgrounds, their predictions might improve.
Many human traits are influenced by a variety of factors, both genetic and non-genetic. Prediction about your traits may not always match your actual physical traits. Any that’s why it’s good to remember – they’re just estimates!
By Tiffany Nguyen, Stanford University
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“When implored by both the angel and the demon, he had a hard time siding against either. Therefore, he equivocated for many hours.”
What is the best definition of equivocate?
Equivocate (verb) – to use ambiguous language in order to conceal the truth or to avoid committing to a specific position
Equivocation (noun) – the use ambiguous language to conceal the truth or avoid committing to a position; or, a deliberately ambiguous or evasive statement itself
GRE pro tips:
Like the more common words vocal and vocalize, equivocate is derived from the Latin root voc meaning “call,” “speak,” or “say,” so you know it has to do with talking. Given that its other root, equi, means “equal” or “both sides the same,” it makes sense that to equivocate means to talk on both sides of an issue, while not giving a clear and honest perspective. Political candidates commonly employ equivocation during political debates: in an effort to cater to their entire political constituency, they may avoid taking clear stances. But, equivocation may be used in many different scenarios: for instance, by a child who is caught making a mess, or by an interviewee who is asked about his (poor) performance in a former role.
It is important to note that equivocate is similar to another GRE word: equivocal. To be equivocal means to be ambiguous or uncertain in nature; similarly, to equivocate about something means to speak in a way that is ambiguous (or equivocal).
“I would rather he be honest with me than equivocate, even if he’s trying to spare my feelings.”
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By Richard Lundgren
Header photo by Ortwin Khan
Numerous incidents over the years have resulted in tragic and fatal outcomes due to inefficient and insufficient bailout procedures and systems. At the present time, there are no community standards that detail:
- How much bailout gas volume should be reserved
- How to store and access the bailout gas
- How to chose bailout gas properties
Accordingly, Global Underwater Explorers (GUE) created a standardized bailout system consistent with GUE’s holistic gear configuration, Standard Operating Procedures(SOP), and diver training system. The system was designed holistically; consequently, the value and usefulness of the system are jeopardized if any of its components are removed.
Bailout Gas Reserve Volumes
The volume of gas needed to sustain a diver while bailing from a rebreather is difficult to assess, as many different factors impacts the result— including respiratory rate, depth and time, CO2 levels, and stress levels. These are but a few of the variables. All reserve gas calculations may be appropriate under ideal conditions and circumstances, but they should be regarded as estimates, or predictions at best.
The gas volume needed for two divers to safely ascend to the first gas switch is referred to as Minimum Gas (MG) for scuba divers. The gas volume needed for one rebreather diver to ascend on open-circuit during duress is referred to as Bailout Minimum Gas (BMG). The BMG is calculated using the following variables:
Consumption (C): GUE recommends using a surface consumption rate (SCR) of 20 liters per minute, or 0.75 f3 if imperial is used.
Average Pressure (AvP or average ATA): The average pressure between the target depth (max depth) to the first available gas source or the surface (min depth)
Time (T): The ascent rate should be according to the decompression profile (variable ascent rate). However, in order to simplify and increase conservatism, the ascent rate used in the BMG formula is set to 3 meters/10 ft per minute. Any decompression time required before the gas switch (first available gas source) must be added to the total time. One minute should be added for the adverse event (the bailout) and one minute additionally for performing the gas switch.
BMG = C x AvP x T
Note that Bailout Minimum Gas reserves are estimations and may not be sufficient! Even though catastrophic failures are unlikely, other factors like hypercapnia (CO2 poisoning) and stress warrants a cautious approach.
Decompression bailout gas volumes are calculated based on the diver’s actual need (based on their decompression table/algorithm), and no additional reserve is added.
It should be noted that GUE does not endorse the use of “team bailout,” i.e. when one diver carries bottom gas bailout and another diver carries decompression gas based on only one diver’s need. A separation or an equipment failure would quickly render a system like this useless.
Common Tech Community Rebreather Configuration
- Backmount rebreather (note side mount rebreathers are gaining in popularity)
- Typically, three-liter oxygen and a three-liter diluent cylinder on board (each hold 712 l/25 f3)
- Bailout gas in one or more stage bottles which could be connected to an integrated Bailout Valve (BOV).
Containment and Access
Rather than carry bailout minimum gas (BMG) in a stage bottle, which is typical in the rebreather diving community, GUE has designed its bailout system as a redundant open-circuit system consisting of two 7-liter, 232 bar cylinders (57 f3 each) that are integrated into the rebreather frame, and called the “D7” system, i.e. D for doubles, 7 for seven liter. Note that GUE has standardized the JJ-CCR closed-circuit rebreather for training and operations.
These cylinders, each with individual valves, are linked together using a flexible manifold. This system holds up to 3250 liters of gas (114 f3), of which only about 10% is used by the rebreather as diluent. Hence, close to 3000 liters (106 f3) is reserved for a bailout situation. This gives a tremendous capacity and flexibility in a relatively small form factor for dives requiring additional gas reserves (when direct ascent is not possible or desirable).
The following advantages were considered when designing the bailout system:
- The D7 system is consistent with existing open-circuit systems utilized by GUE divers. A bailout system that is familiar to the user will not increase stress levels, which is important. A GUE diver will rely on previous experience and procedures when most needed.
- The system contains the gas volumes needed according to the GUE BMG calculations as well as the diluent needed for a wide range of dive missions.
- The system is fully redundant and has the capacity to isolate failing components, like a set of open-circuit doubles and still allowing full access to the gas.
- The overall weight of the system is less, compared to a standard system with an AL11 liter (aluminum 80 f3) bailout cylinder. In addition, it contains 800-900 liters/20-32 f3 more gas available for a bailout situation compared to the AL11 liter system. Weight has been traded for gas.
- The system does not occupy the position of a stage bottle which allows for additional stages or decompression bottles to be added.
- If the ISO valves on each side were closed, the flex manifold can be removed and the cylinders transported individually while still full.
Bailout gas can be accessed quickly by a bailout valve (BOV), which is typically configured as a separate open-circuit regulator worn on a necklace, consistent with GUE’s open-circuit configuration. However, some GUE divers use an integrated BOV. After evaluation of the situation, while breathing open-circuit from the BOV, the user can transition to a high-performance regulator worn on a long hose if the situation calls for it.
The long hose is carried under the loop when diving the rebreather. The chances of having to donate to another GUE rebreather diver is low, as both carry redundant bailout. Still, GUE maintains that the capacity to donate gas must be present. The process is more likely to involve a handover of the long hose rather than a donation.
Still, if needed, such a donation is made possible by either removing the loop temporarily or by simply donating the long hose from under the loop.
Bailout decompression gasses are carried in decompression stage bottles. If more than three bottles are needed, the bottles that are to be used at the shallowest depths are carried on a stage leash (i.e. a short lease that clips to your side D-ring to carry multiple stage bottles). Maintaining bottle-rotation techniques and capacity through regular practice is important and challenging, as this skill is rarely used with the rebreather.
Bailout Gas Properties
The choice of bailout gas is extremely important, as survival may well depend on it. It is not only the volume that is important, the individual gas properties will decide if the bailout gas will be optimal or not. As the D7 system contains both the diluent and bailout gas, both gasses share the same characteristic. The following gas characteristics must be considered when choosing gas:
The equivalent (air) gas density depth should not exceed 30 meters/100 ft or 5.1 grams/liter. This is consistent with the latest research by Gavin Anthony and Simon Mitchell that recommends that divers maintain maximum gas density ideally below 5.2 g/l, equivalent to air at 31 m/102 ft, and a hard maximum of 6.2 g/l, the equivalent to air at 39 m/128 ft. You can find a simple gas density calculator here.
Ventilation is impaired when diving, due to several factors which increase the work of breathing (WOB); when diving rebreathers, the impairment is even more so. High gas density, for example, when diving gas containing no or low fractions of helium, significantly decreases a diver’s ventilation capacity and increases the risk of dynamic airway compression. CO2 washout from blood depends on ventilation capacity and can be hindered if a high-density gas is used. The impact of density is very important, and the risk of using dense gases is not to be neglected. Note that this effect is not limited to deep diving. Using a dense gas as shallow as 30 meters/100 ft reduces a diver’s ventilation capacity by a staggering 50%.
The (air) equivalent narcotic depth should also not exceed 30 m/100 ft, or PN2=3.16. Rebreathers and emergency situations are complex enough without further being aided by narcosis.
The PO2 should be limited to allow for long exposures. GUE operating standards call for a maximum PO2 for bottom gases of 1.2 atm, a PO2 of 1.4 for deep decompression gases, and a PO2 of 1.6 for shallow decompression gases. GUE recommends using the next deeper GUE standard bottom gas for diluent/bailout when diving a rebreather in combination with GUE standard decompression gases.
Bailout gasses are not chosen in order to give the shortest possible decompression obligation. They are chosen in order to give the best odds of surviving a potentially life-threatening situation.
GUE’s D7 bailout system is flexible and contains the rebreather’s diluent as well as bailout gas reserves needed for a range of different missions. The familiarity the system, along with the knowledge that they are carrying ample gas reserves, gives GUE divers peace of mind. Choosing gases with properties that will aid a diver in duress while dealing with an emergency completes the system.
GUE did not prioritize the ease of climbing boat ladders or reducing decompression by a few minutes. These are more appropriately addressed with sessions at the gym, combined with finding aquatic comfort. Nothing prevents a complete removal of the entire system at the surface if an easy exit is needed.
Founder of Scandinavia’s Baltic Sea Divers and Ocean Discovery diving groups, and a member of GUE’s Board of Directors and GUE’s Technical Administrator, Richard Lundgren has participated in numerous underwater expeditions worldwide and is one of Europe’s most experienced trimix divers. With more than 4000 dives to his credit, Richard Lundgren was a member of the GUE expeditions to dive the Britannic (sister ship of the ill-fated Titanic) in 1997 and 1999, and has been involved in numerous projects to explore mines and caves in Sweden, Norway, and Finland. In 1997, in arctic conditions, he performed the longest cave dive ever carried out in Scandinavia. Richard’s other exploration work has included the 1999 filming of the famous submarine, M1, for the BBC; the side scan sonar surveys of the Spanish gold galleons outside Florida’s Key West in 2000; and the search for the Admiral’s Fleet, an ongoing project that has already led to the discovery of more than 40 virgin wrecks perfectly preserved in the cold waters of the Swedish Baltic Sea.
The Joys and Challenges of Teaching Kids To Dive
We all lament the fact that we don’t see more young people getting into diving. British instructor and content creator Victoria Brown
is doing something about it, and finding joy in the process.
by Victoria Brown
Header Photo by Leo Grower, Ocean Leisure
The sound of escaping air whooshing through purge valves tears through me. I consider the impending hours I will be standing in front of the compressor, filling the cylinders as my group of divers is using their air supply as ammunition stocks for their new air guns. Sorry, I mean regulators.
I am dressed in my wetsuit, with my diving instructor hat on, loudly addressing the rowdy crowd of teenage boys, attempting to gain silence and get their attention. Futile, as you can imagine. In a bid to appear in control, I try again in a firmer voice, this time individually name checking each member of the group, none of whom are paying attention to me over the buzz of activity. I walk around the buddy pairs conducting final checks, repeating the pre-dive safety mnemonic to the group (that seems to slip their minds from week to week), ensuring the strict sequences are executed, sorting tangled hoses, and tightening the cam bands of BCDs worn by the next generation of divers.
The crowd of excited boys yells gas pressures to the instructor on surface support duty, and they waddle carefully in their fins toward the edge of the pool to get ready to make their giant stride entrances. This is Kid’s Club, and it is more than fun. Once I’m happy, I step into the water and all eyes are on me. I mutter the weekly joke about how cold it is in the 28°C/82°F pool and go on to instruct the divers to enter the water one by one.
In the next moment we are sinking into the magnificent azure of a hidden world in search of adventure, treasure, and marine life that we discussed just an hour ago during the dive briefing. In reality, the azure comes from the colored tiles that are creating the turquoise hue, outlined by darker navy blue bordering the lanes along the 25 m/82 ft length of the pool. The only marine life are the clumps of hair, rouge plasters and lost sparkly earrings missing their pair, glinting in the bright glow of the strip lights in the roof.
Ages 13-18, and amongst their school peers, the kids are concerned with looking cool and in control during their brave pursuit of the underwater world. The group is competitive and this helps them to up their game and achieve mastery in their skills. Any slight feelings of apprehension are put aside as they try to out hover each other in sweet trim and give the OK sign every few moments to their buddy.
Colour Me Child Diver
My first experience diving with children was when I began diving. As the youngest, keenest, and last member of the Brown family divers to experience diving, my family members were my trusted companions. In hindsight, I learnt the importance of looking after other divers from them. Of course, as a new diver I erred on the wild side with little regard for or understanding of safe diving practices. I would laugh until my regulator fell out and use my air up trying to gain some sort of semblance of neutral buoyancy as I darted around discovering new species of fish and corals. I was never left alone to my own devices. They kept me safe and away from danger, they always had my back (and my SPG in view), and they never constrained my exploration through underwater play.
As I edged out of my teens and into my 20s, I was teaching recreational courses every week. My first diving job was at a dive centre in London that ran a whole variety of kid friendly diving experiences, from “bubblemaker” parties to junior open water courses, via the PADI Seal Team. I immediately began instructing the kid’s courses, and I adored it. As a young female instructor working in a busy London dive center, I was relieved to have an audience that never questioned the level of experience I had in comparison to my age.
Teaching groups of kids brought a whole world of imagination and joy to diving that reminded me of my early days learning to dive. I felt a great sense of achievement every time I had the opportunity to lead a diver underwater for the first time and reveal the secrets of the deep. This feeling was heightened by the great enthusiasm of youth.
Hogwarts On Helium?
Nowadays, I run a scuba club at a south London boys’ school. It is magical. The school is mega, it feels like Hogwarts, and is set in stunning grounds. The facilities are excellent too, a large heated pool, hot showers and free cups of tea in the staffroom.
Each child has a unique personality, and it is this powerful individualism of each of my students that defines our communication in lessons. There are the loudest characters who want to catch me out and interrogate me about non-diving related issues in front of their buddies. Then there are the divers who ask a thousand questions, the quiet ones who listen, and the ones that do not! From the less sporty ones who persist in mastery of the skills we conduct in training to the ones who appear to already be born to dive, they all come together to share this extreme experience.
Despite the liveliness of some groups, as the time nears for open water qualifying dives the groups tend to knuckle down as their thoughts turn toward cold water, and they consider the severity of possible situations if things go wrong. Concentration and attention are increased tenfold during the final confined water training sessions. The divers are all there to learn now, their natural competitiveness subsides, and the team begins to work together.
Occasionally diving instructors are not keen on teaching children, for they are uninterested in what is perceived as ‘babysitting’. I find I have endless patience for the wee diving ones and find their spirit enchanting. Kids are not for the faint hearted. It is not the same as teaching adults, although I can recall a few occasions that maturity might be confused with age.
It is important to consider that they are not just smaller adults. They have shorter attention spans, and more quizzical questions arise; tactical explanations are a necessity if I want to successfully guide kids into diving. I learn so much from interacting and diving with the kids and appreciate their vivid originality. I also enjoy the challenges posed by some wonderful questions in class that spark awesome discussions.
Inspiring the NextGen
Sometimes teaching theory can be interrupted by the excitement of getting in the water, but it can also be more rewarding than the diving itself. Delivering a lesson in a firm, precise, and comprehensive manner can help. So can shorter, fun bursts that include a clear explanation of value, repetition where possible, and a lot of patience. I have a cool story to drop into at every moment, so when daydreams replace concentration, and students drift out of the classroom, sharing a gripping tale of an underwater adventure that I have had certainly grabs their attention
And another thing: when I hit waterside, ensuring that the kids have well-fitted equipment is essential. Smaller cylinders, kid-sized BCDs, well-fitted masks and smaller mouth pieces on regulator second stages and snorkels are critical.
One thing you learn when you spend time with children outside the water is anything that can happen, will happen. Introduce water, depth and equipment to the mix and it really gets exciting. There is not a moment you can safely take your eyes off the young students. You need eyes everywhere. Topside rules are check, check, and check again.
To me this is not a chore, it is part of the fun. The intense excitement is infectious, and when a group goes underwater to take their first breaths, it feels great watching the wonderment behind their eyes. I love asking the kids about how they feel and what it was like, and what they thought about.
Being a role model for my groups is incredibly important. I want to demonstrate how to be safe, have fun, and share experiences and adventures with their friends. Enabling the children of today to take the reins of tomorrow is going to change the future.
Imagine the possibilities as future underwater explorers and ocean advocates that learnt under your instruction go on to discover places where no one has ever dived before, or reverse the effects of climate change, or make more divers to protect our water sources.
Victoria Brown is a PADI Diving Instructor, Commercial Diver-Surface Supplied, and Technical Diver. Based in London, UK, she works as a freelance Content Creator for Suunto, Deeperblue.com, and Midlands Diving Chamber.
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Understanding Oxygen Toxicity: Part 1 – Looking Back
In this first of a two-part series, Diver Alert Network’s Reilly Fogarty examines the research that has led to our... | <urn:uuid:41d0234a-eacc-4666-853a-8675cf6f7a37> | {
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Though Bangladesh has a very new history of independence, it has an enriched historical background. It includes many historical monuments and archaeological areas that display the evidence of hundreds or thousand years old history in this area. This article shows you some of these remarkable historical places in Bangladesh.
Central Shaheed Minar
The Central Shaheed Minar is a national monument in Bangladesh. It is established to commemorate those golden children of Bangladesh who sacrificed their lives during the Bengali Language Movement demonstrations in 1952.
On 21st February 1952, students of Dhaka University and Dhaka Medical College along with other political activists protest the declaration of Urdu as the national language of the then East Pakistan. They demand official status for their native tongue, Bengali and start a movement breaking section 144. Police force opened fire on Bengali protesters and killed Salam, Rafique, Jabbar, Shafiq, Barakat, and many more protesters.
To commemorate the martyrs of Language Movements, the Shaheed Minar was designed and built the renown Bangladeshi sculptors Hamidur Rahman in collaboration with Novera Ahmed in 1963.
21st February is observed as National Mourning Day in Bangladesh. And since 2000, 21st February is recognized as International Mother Language Day by UNESCO in 1999.
You can have a short visit to this historical monument while visiting Dhaka.
Liberation War Museum
Liberation War Museum displays the original artifacts from the liberation war of Bangladesh. It includes the personal belonging of our martyrs, weapons used in the war, and the archive of documents and personal histories related to the war. There are a large number of collections, more than 21,000 artifacts in this museum. Having a visit to the Liberation War Museum reminds you of the heroic sacrifice of our great martyrs.
National Parliament House
The house of the parliament of Bangladesh is located in the Sher-e-Bangla Nagar in the capital city Dhaka. This finest architectural building is designed by world-renowned American architect Louis Kahn. It is one of the largest parliamentary complexes in the world. Crescent Lake, an artificial lake, surrounds three sides of the main building as the building looks like a Star in the middle of a Crescent from bird view. This place is one of the must-visit places in Dhaka.
Lalbagh Fort is one of the key tourist attractions in Dhaka. It is the 17th-Century Mughal Fort that stands before the river Buriganga. The then Mughal prince Muhammad Azam, the son of Aurangazeb, started the construction of the fort in 1678. The fort remains incomplete after he left the Bengal. Inside the Lalbagh Fort, there is the tomb of Pori Bibi, the daughter of Shaista Khan, the governor of Dhaka at that time. There is also a small museum inside the fort displaying Mughal painting and calligraphy with firearms and swords of Mughal.
Ahsan Manzil is situated at Kumartuli in the Old Dhaka along the bank of the Buriganga river. It was the residential palace of the Nawab of Dhaka. This significant architectural monument was built by Nawab Abdul Gani and named it after his son Khawaza Ahsanullah. The construction work of this building was started in 1859 and was completed in 1872. Now, Ahsan manzil is designated as a national museum. It is one of the key attractions of tourists who want to visit Dhaka.
Sixty Dome Mosque
The Sixty Dome Mosque or Shait Gambuj Mosque is located in the Bagerhat district in Khulna Division. It is 200 miles far from the capital city of Bangladesh. The mosque is a part of the Mosque City of Bagerhat and also a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Ulugh Khan Jahan, the governor of the Sundarbans, built Shait Gambuj Mosque. The mosque has been described as ‘One of the Impressive Muslim Monuments in the whole Indian subcontinent.
Sonargaon, a historic city in central Bangladesh, is located near the old Brahmaputra River. It is used to consider as Capital City of the historic Bengal and was an Administrative Center of eastern Bengal.
The Wari-Bateshwar Ruins, to the north of Sonargaon, was considered to be the emporium of Sounagoura as Greco-Roman writers say. Sonargaon was the center of trade of Muslims in Bengal and was ruled by Vanga and Samanta kingdom during antiquity. [wikipedia]
Somapura Mahavihara is located in Paharpur, Naogaon District in Bangladesh. It was the second-largest Buddhist monastery in the Indian Subcontinent and important archaeological sites in Bangladesh. The UNESCO declared it as a World Heritage Site in 1985.
The vihara includes 177 cells and traditional Buddist stupa in the center of the vihara and the outside walls are designed with ornamental terracotta plaques. The Somapura Vihara was an important center for Buddhists, Jains, and Hindus alike.
Mahasthangarh is one of the oldest archaeological sites in Bangladesh, dates to the 3rd century B.C. Mahasthan word means the place that has excellent spirituality and Garh means fort. It was the capital city of ancient Pundra Vardhan Bhukti about two thousand and five hundred years ago in the 8th century. Mahasthangarh is situated in the Bogra town in the bank of Korotoa River.
Archaeological evidence says that the Mahasthangarh was the capital of Mauryans, the Guptas, the Palas, the Feudal Hindu Kings of a later period. The whole area is rich in Hindu, Buddhist, and Muslim sites which attracts visitors who love archaeological and historical sites.
History says that in the 17th and 18th century there was the presence of Americans in Dhaka. They established their own community there in the era of Mughal. And the American Church is a significant testimony of the presence of Americans in Dhaka city. Now, the authority of the American Church closes the Church. Micheal Joseph Martin was the last American who took care of the church. It is recognized as an archaeological site under the jurisdiction of the department of architecture of the Bangladesh Government. You can have a visit to be a witness to this historical place. | <urn:uuid:d95e5720-8d95-4738-8a29-05513f996048> | {
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~~August 22, 2014~~
Today’s “class” is about FEET
Literally, “ungulate” refers to any animal with hooves – a hoof being an enlarged toenail. However, in practice, the use of the name “ungulate” has been inconsistent. While it was originally used to refer to the orders Artiodactyla (even-toed) and Perissodactyla (odd-toed) – the “true” ungulates – over time the term expanded to seven different extant Mammalian orders . . . some of which have no hooves whatsoever!
This broadening of the definition was based on presumed family relationships – relationships that recent advances have shown to be artificial. As a result, ungulate is now understood to have no taxonomic significance, and its definition has returned to its original descriptive roots: a mammal with hooves.
GET TO KNOW YOUR UNGULATES!
Pic 1 – Rhino feet – Odd-toed ungulate
Ungulates are a diverse group of large mammals that includes horses, cattle, giraffes, camels, deer, hippopotamuses, whales and dolphins – Yes Dolphins too.
Most of them use the tips of their toes, usually hoofed, to sustain their whole body weight while moving. The term means, roughly, “being hoofed” or “hoofed animal”. As a descriptive term, “ungulate” normally excludes cetaceans (whales, dolphins, porpoises), as they do not possess most of the typical morphological (body) characteristics of ungulates, but recent discoveries indicate that they are descended from early artiodactyls.
Ungulates are typically herbivorous (though some species are omnivorous, such as pigs), and many employ specialized gut bacteria to allow them to digest cellulose, as in the ruminants. They inhabit a wide range of habitats, from jungles to plains to rivers.
Pic 2 – Giraffe feet – Ungulate
A Rhinoceros must never be referred to as “just an ungulate” as they are not. If one looks closely you’ll actually see “odd looking toes” hence the anatomy terminology (odd toe ungulate).
An odd-toed ungulate is a mammal with hooves that feature an odd number of toes on the rear feet. Odd-toed ungulates comprise the order Perissodactyla – perissós, “uneven”, and, dáktylos, “finger/toe”). The middle toe on each hind hoof is usually larger than its neighbors.
Odd-toed ungulates are relatively large grazers and, unlike the ruminant even-toed ungulates (artiodactyls), they have relatively simple stomachs because they are hindgut fermenters, digesting plant cellulose in their intestines rather than in one or more stomach chambers. Odd-toed ungulates include the horse, tapirs, and rhinoceroses.
Pic 3 – Proghorn feet – Even toed ungulate
Re-cap on Even toed-Ungulates
The even-toed ungulates (Artiodactyla) are ungulates (hoofed animals) whose weight is borne about equally by the third and fourth toes, rather than mostly or entirely by the third as in odd-toed ungulates (perissodactyls), such as horses.
Artiodactyla comes from (Greek: ἄρτιος (ártios), “even”, and δάκτυλος (dáktylos), “finger/toe”), so the name “even-toed” is a translation of the description. This group includes pigs, peccaries, hippopotamuses, camels, llamas, chevrotains (mouse deer), deer, giraffes, pronghorn, antelopes, sheep, goats, and cattle.
The group excludes whales (Cetacea) even though DNA sequence data indicate that they share a common ancestor, making the group paraphyletic. The phylogenetically accurate group is Cetartiodactyla (from Cetacea + Artiodactyla).
So what are Elephants?
Elephants together with hyraxes, dugongs, and manatees are classified as ‘paenungulates’ (‘almost ungulates’). Although formerly known as ‘sub-ungulates’, they are now recognised as representing the evolutionary intermediate between hooves and claw-like nails. With new discoveries suggesting the fact that the paenungulates were even more specialized than the ‘true’ ungulate group, they are now firmly established within the constantly expanding taxonomy of the ungulate infraorder. Therefore elephants ARE ungulates.
So there you have it!
Pic 4 – Elephant foot – Although classified as “almost ungulates” (they are actually no different really to that of a Rhinoceros) however have some different representations which can be classed as “almost ungulate”.
Almost ungulate is not really a term used in Zoology.
Dr Josa Depre
Environmentalist and Botanist.
~~Dallas Zoo celebrates its ungulates!~~
~~Published on Jun 6, 2014~~
It’s International Ungulate Day, and we’re celebrating ours! We have more ungulates than any other zoological park in Texas.
(What do you mean, you don’t know what an “ungulate” is? But they’re so darn popular! Everyone loves ungulates!)
We ALL are connected through NATURE!!
We ALL are ONE!! | <urn:uuid:2c0c1a64-28fc-4ace-be46-09a57fe15eb6> | {
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Write an essay about your experiences in which you contrast a situation in which you were a prisoner in “the cave” with a situation where you were released from that “cave.” Use specific details and images to show your readers both situations clearly.
Write a well-organized essay in which you contrast Canada and the United States in terms of your own experiences of these two countries, choosing either a subject-by-subject or a part-by-part approach.
Using a subject-by-subject approach, write a contrast essay in which you discuss the differences between life in a small town and life in a large city based on your experiences. Be sure to use specific details and examples in order to create vivid images in your readers’ minds.
In an illustrative essay, discuss an opinion or belief that you hold as a result of your own experiences, presenting three or four different examples to illustrate your view.
Write a narration about your experience with a person or an animal whose actions you have observed carefully, using a first-person point of view to present not only your own observations of your subject but also the details of that subject’s experiences as you have sympathetically understood and interpreted them.
Write a description of yourself in which you deal with pleasurable as well as painful aspects of your experiences.
Imagine that you are living in the first settlement on Mars. Write diary entries for one week describing your activities, experiences, and feelings. Have your outlook, values, and priorities changed since you arrived on Mars.
Think of places you know where large-scale civil disobedience and social violence have occurred. Some examples from history are the French Revolution, the American Revolution, the expulsion of the British from countries such as India and South Africa. In what other places have people fought for political change? How was order restored?
Did the restoration of order end the problems that had created the disobedience and violence?
What experiences have people you know or know about had when they fought a government system? | <urn:uuid:9edaa69b-5401-4c4c-b795-d5b698dbc596> | {
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Panic attacks happen suddenly and involve an overwhelming feeling of fear. (Source: Getty/Thinkstock)
Even though the terms are sometimes used interchangeably, panic attack and anxiety attack are not the same. While on the surface, too, they may appear to be similar, with almost the same symptoms, there is a scientific difference between the two. Wondering what the difference is and if you have it all wrong? Read on.
Panic attacks happen suddenly and involve an overwhelming feeling of fear, along with other physical symptoms like abdominal contraction, nausea, breathlessness and a racing heart. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) recognises panic attacks, categorising them as expected and unexpected. While expected attacks are caused by external factors like a certain phobia, unexpected attacks happen without any obvious cause.
Anxiety attacks, on the other hand, are not recognised by the DSM-5, even though it defines it as a feature of a number of psychiatric disorders. Anxiety is mostly accompanied by stress, a nagging worry, fear and anticipation. It is the lack of recognition that leaves anxiety open to interpretation.
The shared symptoms
If you have been feeling anxious about a work-related presentation, for instance, the anxiety can take the form of a panic attack. (Source: Getty/Thinkstock)
Let us discuss the common symptoms first. Anxiety and panic attack both share a few emotional and physical symptoms, as has been established before. In fact, experts say that anxiety and a panic attack can be experienced at the same time. To put simply, if you have been feeling anxious about something, a work-related presentation, for instance, then the anxiety can take the form of a panic attack when the situation arrives.
* As mentioned earlier, while anxiety is typically related to a stressful situation, panic attacks can occur out of the blue.
* Anxiety can take many forms and can be mild, moderate or severe. It can happen to you while you go about with your day. Panic attack, on the other hand, are crippling.
* The physical symptoms of panic attacks are more severe and intense in nature. And they usually come about abruptly.
* Also, a panic attack can have a cascading effect, which can affect a person's behaviour, causing them to be more reclusive. They may avoid people and places, worried about another episode.
ALSO READ | What is high-functioning anxiety?
Always reach out and let people know you are not doing okay. Additionally, you must also meet with a medical professional and get a proper diagnosis. They will be able to help you feel better and lead a healthier life. | <urn:uuid:18268671-22ba-4923-896b-86256924eb81> | {
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Automated water leak detection in domestic property has evolved over recent years, unlike with gas leaks, water can in many scenarios go un noticed for hours and cause significant damage. Water leak detectors usually work by placing a water detector wherever leaks may occur, more recently technology has been emerging that works by monitoring consumption, if there is a draw of water when the property is vacant the system can respond accordingly.
This response can be in the form of an audible alarm, a message sent to a mobile device or to cut the water and electricity supplies. This cut-off unusually by way of an automatic ball vale on the main water line.
Water leak detection systems can prevent damage totalling significant amounts of money, with some sources estimating over £6,000 in the first 12 seconds of an averagely sized water leak in the home. | <urn:uuid:7587f54d-3ed0-4bf9-affa-b717c9859052> | {
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In Fall 2016, I taught “Europe & The French Revolution, 1700-1815” at Utah State University. A small (22 person) upper-division course make it ideal for experimenting with the Reacting to the Past game on the French Revolution. My experiences with Reacting to the Past in this course convinced me of the pedagogical power of game-play in the college classroom. In addition to getting students to practice their oral presentation and listening skills, the game forced students to think critically and analytically. Once “in character” students had to revisit seminal primary sources, like Rousseau’s “Social Contract” or Abbé de Sièyes “What is the Third Etstate” and create debates their character would have. Sometimes this created a crisis of consciousness for the student when their personal opinions did not align with that of their characters. But when that happened, students were presented with a learning opportunity. They truly got to see how another side to an argument. In their anonymous reviews at the end of the semester, students expressed how the game and role playing “tricked” them into worker harder, reading the texts more thoroughly, and appreciating how individual decisions helped to make history. For an educational study touting the advancements of role play and game simulation in college classrooms, see: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00933104.2016.1220877?platform=hootsuite&journalCode=utrs20
COURSE DESCRIPTION: When the eighteenth century opened in France, Louis XIV – the Sun King – sat on the throne, exerting what has often been described as “absolutist” power. No one at Louis XIV’s opulent Versailles court could have envisioned that at the end of the century Louis XVI and France’s monarchy would be overthrown. This upper division class analyzes how and why this happened. The first quarter of the course will be devoted to exploring the tensions and fissures in Old Regime France before we turn our attention to “the” Revolution and years of the Terror. The course will end at the turn of the nineteenth century, when Napoleon Bonaparte seized power in a coup d’état, returning France to an empire. We will also consider the French Revolution in a wider global context. How did French Revolutionaries gain inspiration from the American Revolution? How did the French Revolution inspire revolution in the Atlantic and South America? Students should have a basic familiarity with early modern European history (gained from something like Western Civ). As an upper-division course, this class is challenging, with daily reading assignments and frequent written and oral exercises.
This course is different from traditional history courses on the French Revolution because students will engage in a role-playing exercise called Reacting to the Past for five weeks. Adopting a particular Revolutionary character, students will conduct research, present debates, write articles, and investigate the motivations and limitations of Revolutionary actors. Because of this unique format, you should be aware that this course is roughly 80% discussion and 20% lecture. Students are put in charge of their own learning, with the professor acting as a guide to discovering primary sources and main revolutionary themes. In other words, this is not a traditional lecture course.
Topics covered include: Old Regime France; The Enlightenment; Constitutional Monarchy; Revolutionary Politics; The National Assembly; The Terror; The Haitian Revolution; Women’s Rights; and Napoleon
COURSE AND LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
- Identify key events and historical players in Revolutionary French history
- Discern the multiple causes of revolution
- Acknowledge ideas of the Enlightenment, American Revolution, French Revolution, and Haitian Revolution
- Understand the French Revolution’s influence on the wider eighteenth- and nineteenth-century world
- Analyze competing, complex interpretations of historical events
- Articulate well-written responses to historical prompts using appropriate evidence
- Assess the credibility and usefulness of primary and secondary sources
- Formulate advanced historical questions and debates using primary and secondary sources
- Complete independent research
- Respond to other students’ arguments respectfully and with sage historical arguments and evidence | <urn:uuid:56302c17-4699-4a18-b9fd-3acb2da5f9c4> | {
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Benaras is older than history, older than tradition, older even than legend and looks twice as old as all of them put together. – Mark Twain
The holy banks of Ganges, the sanctions temples, and the mesmerizing sacredness does justify the position of Banaras as the cultural capital of India. It is called Kashi by the Pilgrims, Banaras by travelers, Varanasi by scholars, and ‘home’ by many.
The ‘city of temples’, the ‘holy city of India’, ‘the city of lights’, or ‘the cultural capital of India’—it has been bestowed numerous names. But, apart from it being the undeniable apex of the Indian religious cosmos, its lineage, and grandeur, the city of Banaras also is a remarkable source of premium sarees.Banaras is not merely a city that beholds multiple things at once, it is the emotion that brings people together.
History of Banaras
Most scholars date Banaras to be approximately three thousand years old, while others have dated important structures in Banaras to the eighth century BC (Justice 15). It has heaps of mismatched temples and strains under its own myths, which are contradictory, amusing, obscure and impossible to—at times deny and at times prove! The Ghats have a significant story attached to themselves. Each ghat was constructed by a different medieval king, and though they are young compared to the ancient ruins on Rajghat, the ghats have inspired their own mythology.
Apart from the extensive mythological history, the city has also garnered ample popularity for Art and Literature. Great Indian writers such as Kabir Das, Tulsidas Khullka Bhatt, Munshi Premchand, Bharatendu HarishChandra, and many more have lived here. Their poems, stories, have kept the artistic nerves alive in this city. Furthermore, people celebrate their numerous festivals in traditional styles of classical and folk culture of Varanasi.
Culture of Varanasi
The culture of Varanasi is spell bounding. It is intimately associated with the traditions that go back to ancient times. The living culture religious traditions are shown by the three foremost religions i.e., Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism. It is a significant religious pilgrimage destination. During the change in power, when the old culture and traditions were being destroyed by the Muslims ruler, Akbar was the change amongst them. The great king, Akbar played an important role in maintaining the Varanasi culture and heritage.
Origin of Banarasi Silk
Moving ahead to the popular facts of Banaras, there’s no debating the fact that Banaras has been an important center for weaving since time immemorial. The vibrancy and admiration of Banarasi sari need no introduction. It has always found its unique admiration in the trousseau of a lady and has been as much as a fashion statement as an obeisance to tradition. Its glory has rung the bells of all the couture of fashion aficionados—from big-ticket to celebrities in India to fashionistas in Europe.
The finesse of the Banarasi silk was initially used only for furnishing fabrics, light turban cloths, yardages, etc. It reached its peak during Shah Jahan’s time (1628-1657 CE). However, the quintessential Banarasi silk sari gained prominence only during the 19th century CE. A single look at the motifs will give you an idea about how complex and varied the influences have been. In fact, weaves have developed a hierarchy within them that makes this specialization possible. Multiple weaver Gharanas specialize in different kinds of weaves which is massively spread out across the city.
It was Mughal Emperor Akbar who gave the weaving industry, here and across India, a shot in the arm. His eloquent taste towards fabric was matchless. His love of silk grew fonder after he draped his consorts in specialized rick silk sari with zari work done. And he didn’t limit it to mere clothing. He extended the work and had his palace draped in it – carpets and wall hangings made from Banarasi silk. And centuries later, when the British came, they too were baffled by this intricate handicraft. But it was post-independence that several small scale industries grew in the region and Banarasi silk became much sought after.
The Legacy - Banarasi Silk
The vibrancy and admiration of Banarasi sari have always found its unique admiration in the trousseau of a lady and has been as much as a fashion statement as an obeisance to tradition. Its glory has rung the bells of all the couture of fashion aficionados—from big-ticket to celebrities in India to fashionistas in Europe.
The quintessential Banarasi silk sari has its own class of weaving. Weavers have developed a hierarchy within them in the city that makes this specialization possible. Multiple weaver Gharanas specialize in different kinds of weaves which is massively spread out across the city. Each section of the city is where you’ll find one Gharana working on a special kind of design or motif. Maybe that is the reason why it dominates the wardrobe of many across the nation.
The culture of Banaras has remained relatively similar since its very existence. Be it the religious traditions, the taste of lip-smacking delicacies, the artistic swings of brush, or the beautiful Banarasi sari itself. This is an accomplishment for the holy city, considering that many cities today have become quite secularized. It is and will be deemed as one of the holiest cities and continue to attract people towards its glory.
Types of Banarasis
The Banarasi sari is categorized into four distinctive varieties. Pure silk (Katan), Organza (Kora), Zari and Silk, Georgette and Shattir. Amongst these, the pure silk version is the most preferred one by the Indian brides. On the basis of design, Banarasi sarees can also be classified into Jangla, Tanchoi, Vaskat, Cutwork, Tissue, and Butidar
Women’s special place for Banarasis
The zari or the gold or silver brocade that makes these customary sarees/ lehengas/dupattas exceptionally unique amongst the rest. The dazzling finish and luster of Banarasi silk always manage to catch the fancy of modern Indian women, brides as well as global citizens imbibing the Indian Culture. Distinguished designers like Anita Dongre, Sabyasachi, Sharbari Dutta, Ritu Berry, and many more have experimented with Banarasi weaves making it trendy yet authentically traditional to match the changing fashion trends.
Whether it’s Hot Pink, Parrot green, The Stunning red or the Subtle peach, you can buy Banarasi Silk products online from your Khinkhwab, as per your preferred color and pattern. Khinkhwab, time and again, consciously tries to bring the essence of Banaras to its online customers.
Explore the handmade and handwoven Banarasi Silk attires, and thereby support the work of weavers of Banaras. Buy Handloom Banarasi silk attires online, as you can find them all in this one-stop-shop Khinkhwab - The Essence of BanarasLike and follow us on Social media: Facebook | Instagram | Twitter | Pinterest | <urn:uuid:4bfd879d-28ab-4f46-b97c-99731bf2def4> | {
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Umami is one the primary tastes, but unfortunately the way many people have learned about it is through the negative perception of monosodium glutamate (MSG), the prototypical stimulus of umami taste. The questions ‘what does MSG do to your body?’ and ‘why is MSG bad for your health’ top the list of MSG-related internet searches, and ‘MSG-free’ claims are becoming more common. Despite the negative perception of MSG, which is likely undeserved, we are beginning to see a rise in popularity of umami as a flavor.
What many people don’t know is that MSG isn’t the only source of umami flavor. In fact, foods we eat every day contain this flavor, like mushrooms, tomatoes, or aged cheese. Our bodies have developed complex machinery to sense umami flavor in food, but why?
In this white paper, we break down the complexities of questions like:
- What is MSG and umami flavor? How do our bodies sense it?
- Where is umami found naturally?
- Why does umami flavor exist in food?
About the author
Nancy Rawson, PhD
Dr. Rawson is an Associate Director and Member of the Monell
Chemical Senses Center in Philadelphia, where she directs
Monell’s corporate sponsorship program and leads research
in taste cell biology. She holds a master’s degree in nutrition
from the University of Massachusetts, and worked at
Campbell’s Soup Co. prior to obtaining a doctorate in
biology from the University of Pennsylvania.
Dr. Rawson holds multiple patents, has authored over 65
publications, and is an invited speaker and contributor on
taste, olfaction and nutrition for conferences, organizations
and media outlets around the world. | <urn:uuid:7e855e0d-3eb2-41f4-b92a-637fbcc35f2c> | {
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Lafayette is a large city located inside of the Vermilion River inside of the southwest part of Louisiana. It is the fourth biggest city in the state and enjoys a population of 120,623 residents. The town was founded in 1821 as Vermilionville by an Acadian man named Jean Mouton. It was renamed in honor of General Lafayette in 1884 to honor his efforts in the American Revolutionary War. The economy of the city was based on agriculture until natural gas and petroleum became dominant in the 1940's. This area is highly influenced by the Louisiana Creole. | <urn:uuid:11fa9b25-6622-4181-9393-c60386ab1ece> | {
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Bees Lack of Work Could be a Sign of Something Bigger
When enjoying the outdoors, it is not uncommon to see a bee or two buzz past. Unless they are distracted by something around you, chances are they are on their way to nearby flowers to collect pollen for their hives. In the process of this collection, bees move from one flower to the next, often bringing male flower pollen to female flowers and acting as a natural fertilizer for the plants. This process is responsible for a large amount of crop pollination across the United States.
When pollen is not distributed by bees, it could mean huge problems for the country’s agricultural industry and food production. No bees means no cherries, no apples, no pumpkins, no squash – the list goes on and on. The issue beekeepers and scientists are seeing is a lack in interest of bees doing their job. Since late 2006, beekeepers have been reporting startling losses in bee colonies and complete hives to a condition called Colony Collapse Disorder or CCD. One of the indicators of CCD is the worker bees of a colony disappearing by the masses and leaving behind a queen bee and plenty of food for survival.
While CCD itself has been on the decline, bees living in the hives continue to die. Losses of hives and worker bees over the winter have been increasing to levels higher than what beekeepers consider “economically acceptable.” What is more puzzling is how these losses are continuing into the summer months when sources of food for bees are abundantly available. In the last year alone, more bees were reported to have died during the summer months than during the winter months for the first time.
These losses may be the way that bees are telling us something isn’t right, especially since there is no evidence of a widespread plague. Instead, scientists are focusing on a group of stresses that may be effecting bees’ health. Some of the suspected causes include climate change, pesticide use, declining habitats, and attacks from virus-carrying mites. Neonicotinoids, a class of pesticide, has been getting a lot of attention – this pesticide absorbs into crops and infects the pollen and nectar bees need to survive.
A group of environmentalists and scientists are certain that neonicotinoids are the main reason for the decline in bee populations, but the science behind this claim is not definitive. While this is true, Europe has taken steps to ban the use of neonicotinoids, although this decision has recently come under further review, and a study out of the University of Maryland concluded that the pesticide is the most contributing factor. Whatever the leading cause is, honeybees are signaling us something is wrong. | <urn:uuid:a54c3859-7e0f-4b59-9aa4-55391a70d195> | {
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2020 U.S. Census
The United States Constitution requires that every 10 years a count, or census, is taken of America’s population by the U.S.Census Bureau, a nonpartisan government agency. The 2020 Census will count every person living in the City of Margate, the 50 states, the District of Columbia, and the five U.S. territories. Census day is April 1, 2020, and for the first time, responses will be made online, by phone as well as by mail.
How does Census results impact communities?
The results of the Census determine how many representatives each state gets in Congress and federal funding for states and communities, including the City of Margate. Every year, more than $675 billion goes toward hospitals, fire departments, schools, roads, housing programs, emergencies and natural disasters from information collected by the census.
Results from the Census are also used to redraw district boundaries, plan for a variety of essential residential needs, and determine where to open and build new homes.
How does everyone get counted?
Margate households will receive an invitation to participate in the 2020 Census by April 1, 2020, and residents will have three options to respond – online, phone or by mail. If you are completing the census, you should count everyone who lives in your home as of April 1, 2020.
Residents are required by law to complete the 2020 Census, and all responses to the U.S. Census Bureau are kept confidential. Answers can only be used to produce statistics – they cannot be used for law enforcement purposes or to determine personal eligibility for government benefits.
To sign up for a reminder to take the 2020 Census, click here.
Now Hiring! Census Jobs Available
The United States Census Bureau is recruiting thousands of people to assist with the 2020 Census count. 2020 Census jobs provide great pay, flexible hours, weekly pay, and paid training.
Various positions are available and provide the perfect opportunity to make some extra cash while helping your community. Applicants should be at least 18 years old, have a valid Social Security number, be a U.S. citizen, and have a valid email address. If offered a job, you must pass a criminal background check. Apply at 2020census.gov/jobs or call 1-855-JOB-2020.
View this video to learn how you can help shape Margate's future by being counted! | <urn:uuid:c555d550-7005-4e9e-ba0f-43d8a1d26642> | {
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A number of possible answers flood my brain, but one that I come back to over and over again is, “Know thyself.” If we are asleep to ourselves, we cannot offer our best selves to the world. Education must offer us the opportunity to learn our deepest strengths, fears, short-comings, talents and passions.
Being well-educated used to mean that you had read a lot of books and you knew a lot of facts. Today those activities remain important to education, but they are not sufficient to be considered truly well educated. Today a well-educated person knows how to manage information, how to know what is true and what is false, how to work with people who don’t look, talk or act like you, how to solve novel problems and how to balance work with health and family. A well-educated person knows enough history to be a thoughtful citizen and enough science to be a wise consumer. A well-educated person knows that manners are what keep us civilized.
Education depends on teachers. How do we know them?
Teachers are those who can build connections with others as they travel this path of learning.
Teachers are those who support others when they falter at a challenge and need someone to hold their elbow to steady them.
Teachers are those who celebrate others’ greatest accomplishments – the winning shot, the hard-earned mastery of an equation, the first shoelace tied, a challenging book read and understood, a paper revised until it shines, the ability to tackle a problem with confidence, or the moment of standing on stage and delivering a memorized line.
Teachers are those who know that learning is for all of us, forever and ever.
Teachers may be parents, friends, books, ourselves, events witnessed, grandparents, and, especially, those adults who commit to going to school every day to create a safe community for children where they can learn how to use their minds, their hands and their hearts to build, to invent, to imagine, to reflect, to solve, to read, to care, to remember and to practice empathy and respect. | <urn:uuid:bd9ac50f-ff21-4caa-a6b3-43b5563abfb7> | {
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You are not currently logged in. Please sign in to your account to view the full course.
- About this Course
- About this Lecturer
About this Course
In this fifteen-part course, Professor John McRae (University of Nottingham) explores Shakespeare’s Hamlet, focusing in particular on Hamlet’s development from “a rogue and peasant slave” to the perfect (“most royal”) king. We begin in the first module with a brief introduction to Shakespeare’s life and career, his sources for Hamlet and the intellectual climate in which the play was written, and the idea that Shakespeare structured the play around the numbers three and seven. After that, in the second module, we introduce the concept of soliloquies and meditations. In the third module, we consider Fortinbras’ claim at the end of the play that Hamlet “was likely, had he been put on, / To have prov’d most royal”, before turning in the fourth module to consider the three components of the perfect king according to Renaissance thought.
In the fifth module, we trace events from the beginning of the play to Hamlet’s vow to avenge his father’s death, before turning in the sixth module to consider Renaissance ideas of the perfectly balanced mind.
In the seventh module, we think about the arrival of the players and Hamlet’s mediations of truth and representation, before turning in the eighth module to look in more detail at probably the most famous soliloquy in the history of theatre: “To be, or not to be?”
In the ninth module, we provide an in-depth reading of Ophelia’s soliloquy, which incorporates many of the ideas that we have already encountered, before moving on in the tenth module to consider three meditations and Hamlet’s growing status as an ‘actor’, i.e. someone who acts, rather than someone who is acted upon.
In the eleventh module, we think about revenge and the figure of the revenger, before turning in the twelfth module to two more soliloquies: that of Claudius (4.3.56-66) in which he outlines his plan to have Hamlet murdered in England, and Hamlet’s long final soliloquy (4.4.31-65) in which he castigates himself for taking so long to enact his revenge.
In the thirteenth module, we focus on Hamlet’s encounter with the pirates and his ‘sea-change’ before he return to Denmark, before turning in the fourteenth module to his three encounters with death – first Yorick’s, then Ophelia’s, and finally his own – and how this demonstrates his possession of the three fundamental attributes of the perfect king. Finally, in the fifteenth module, we trace events to the end of the play, focusing in particular on the brief moment in the play in which Hamlet confirms his status as the perfect king by demonstrating his balance of past, present and future.
Note: We use the Arden edition of the play. Students using a different version of the play may encounter slight differences in either the text and/or line numbers.
The Seven Soliloquies and Seven Meditations:
S1: “O that this too too solid flesh would melt” (1.2.129-58)
M1: “The King doth wake tonight and take his rouse” (1.4.8-38)
S2: “O all you host of heaven, O earth – what else?” (1.5.92-112)
M2: “I have of late, but wherefore I know not, lost all my mirth” (2.2.259-276)
S3: “O, what a rogue and peasant slave am I!” (2.2.485-540)
S4: “To be or not to be – that is the question” (3.1.55-89)
M3: “Speak the speech, I pray you, as I pronounced it to you…” (3.2.1-34)
M4: “Nay, do not think I flatter … In censure of his seeming” (3.2.52-83)
M5: “Why, look you now how unworthy a thing you make of me … you cannot play upon me” (3.2.355-63)
S5: “’Tis now the very witching time of night” (3.2.378-89)
S6: “Now might I do it pat” (3.3.73-96)
S7: “How all occasions do inform against me” (4.4.31-65)
M6: “Alas poor Yorick” (5.1.174-185)
M7: “Not a whit. We defy augury” (5.2.197-202)
About the Lecturer
John McRae is Special Professor of Language in Literature Studies and Teaching Associate in the School of English at Nottingham University, and holds Visiting Professorships in China, Malaysia, Spain and the USA. He is co-author of The Routledge History of Literature in English with Ron Carter, and also wrote The Language of Poetry, Literature with a Small 'l' and the first critical edition of Teleny by Oscar Wilde and others. | <urn:uuid:23bec018-6f0c-4fac-93c9-bcef86a5ee08> | {
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aspirin(redirected from Sloprin)
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- Pregnant women. Aspirin can cause bleeding problems in both the mother and the developing fetus. Aspirin can also cause the infant's weight to be too low at birth.
- Women who are breastfeeding. Aspirin can pass into breast milk and may affect the baby.
- People with a history of bleeding problems.
- People who are taking blood-thinning drugs, such as warfarin (Coumadin).
- People with a history of ulcers.
- People with a history of asthma, nasal polyps, or both. These people are more likely to be allergic to aspirin.
- People who are allergic to fenoprofen, ibuprofen, indomethacin, ketoprofen, meclofenamate sodium, naproxen, sulindac, tolmetin, or the orange foodcoloring tartrazine. They may also be allergic to aspirin.
- People with AIDS or AIDS-related complex who are taking AZT (zidovudine). Aspirin can increase the risk of bleeding in these patients.
- People taking certain other drugs (discussed in Interactions).
- People with liver damage or severe kidney failure.
- ringing or buzzing in the ears
- hearing loss
- stomach pain that does not go away
acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin)
Pharmacologic class: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)
Therapeutic class: Nonopioid analgesic, antipyretic, antiplatelet drug
Pregnancy risk category C (with full dose in third trimester: D)
Reduces pain and inflammation by inhibiting prostaglandin production. Fever reduction mechanism unknown; may be linked to decrease in endogenous pyrogens in hypothalamus resulting from prostaglandin inhibition. Exerts antiplatelet effect by inhibiting synthesis of prostacyclin and thromboxane A2.
Gum (chewable): 227 mg
Suppositories: 60 mg, 120 mg, 200 mg, 300 mg, 325 mg, 600 mg, 650 mg
Tablets: 81 mg, 325 mg, 500 mg
Tablets (chewable): 81 mg
Tablets (enteric-coated, delayed-release): 81 mg, 162 mg, 325 mg, 500 mg, 650 mg, 975 mg
Tablets (extended-release): 650 mg, 800 mg
Tablets (film-coated): 325 mg, 500 mg
Indications and dosages
➣ Mild pain or fever
Adults: 325 to 500 mg P.O. q 3 hours, or 325 to 650 mg P.O. q 4 hours, or 650 to 1,000 mg P.O. q 6 hours, to a maximum dosage of 4,000 mg/day.
Extended-release tablets-650 mg to 1,300 mg q 8 hours, not to exceed 3,900 mg/day; or 800 mg q 12 hours.
Children: 10 to 15 mg/kg P.O. or P.R. q 4 hours, not to exceed total daily dosage of 3.6 g, or up to 60 to 80 mg/kg/day. See chart below.
➣ Mild to moderate pain caused by inflammation (as in rheumatoid arthritis or osteoarthritis)
Adults: Initially, 2,400 to 3,600 mg P.O. daily in divided doses. Dosage may be increased by 325 to 1,200 mg daily at intervals of at least 1 week. Usual maintenance dosage is 3.6 to 5.4 g/day P.O. in divided doses, to a maximum dosage of 6 g/day.
➣ Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis
Children: 60 to 130 mg/kg/day P.O. in children weighing 25 kg (55 lb) or less, or 2,400 to 3,600 mg P.O. daily in children weighing more than 25 kg P.O.; give in divided doses q 6 to 8 hours.
➣ Acute rheumatic fever
Adults: 5 to 8 g/day P.O. in divided doses
Children: Initially, 100 mg/kg/day P.O. in individual doses for first 2 weeks; then maintenance dosage of 75 mg/kg/day P.O. in divided doses for next 4 to 6 weeks
➣ To reduce the risk of transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) or cerebrovascular accident in men with a history of TIAs caused by emboli
Adults: 650 mg P.O. b.i.d. or 325 mg P.O. q.i.d.
➣ To reduce the risk of myocardial infarction (MI) in patients with a history of MI or unstable angina
Adults: 75 to 325 mg/day P.O.
➣ Kawasaki disease
Children: Initially during acute febrile period, 80 to 180 mg/kg/day P.O. in four divided doses. Maintenance dosage is 3 to 10 mg/kg/day given as a single dose for up to 8 weeks or until platelet count and erythrocyte sedimentation rate return to normal.
➣ Thromboembolic disorders
Adults: 325 to 650 mg P.O. once or twice daily
• Hypersensitivity to salicylates, other NSAIDs, or tartrazine
• Renal impairment
• Severe hepatic impairment
• Hemorrhagic states or blood coagulation defects
• Vitamin K deficiency caused by dehydration
• Concurrent anticoagulant use
• Pregnancy (third trimester) or breastfeeding
Use with extreme caution, if at all, in:
• hepatic disorders, anemia, asthma, gastritis, Hodgkin's disease
• heart failure or other conditions in which high sodium content is harmful (buffered aspirin)
• patients receiving other salicylates or NSAIDs concurrently
• elderly patients
• children and adolescents.
☞ Never administer to child or adolescent who has signs or symptoms of chickenpox or flulike illness.
☞ Don't give within 6 weeks after administration of live varicella virus vaccine, because of risk of Reye's syndrome.
• Give with food or large amounts of water or milk to minimize GI irritation.
• Know that extended-release and enteric-coated forms are best for long-term therapy.
• Be aware that aspirin should be discontinued at least 1 week before surgery because it may inhibit platelet aggregation.
EENT: hearing loss, tinnitus, ototoxicity
GI: nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, dyspepsia, epigastric distress, heartburn, anorexia, GI bleeding
Hematologic: thrombocytopenia, hemolytic anemia, leukopenia, agranulocytosis, shortened red blood cell life span
Metabolic: hyponatremia, hypokalemia, hypoglycemia
Respiratory: wheezing, hyperpnea, pulmonary edema with toxicity
Skin: rash, urticaria, bruising, angioedema
Other: hypersensitivity reactions, salicylism or acute toxicity
Drug-drug. Acidifying drugs (such as ammonium chloride): increased salicylate blood level
Activated charcoal: decreased salicylate absorption
Alkalinizing drugs (such as antacids): decreased salicylate blood level Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors: decreased antihypertensive effect
Anticoagulants, NSAIDs, thrombolytics: increased bleeding risk
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (such as acetazolamide): salicylism
Corticosteroids: increased salicylate excretion and decreased blood level Furosemide: increased diuretic effect Live varicella virus vaccine: increased risk of Reye's syndrome
Methotrexate: decreased methotrexate excretion and increased blood level, causing greater risk of toxicity Nizatidine: increased salicylate blood level
Spironolactone: decreased spironolactone effect
Sulfonylureas (such as chlorpropamide, tolbutamide): enhanced sulfonylurea effects
Tetracycline (oral): decreased absorption of tetracycline (with buffered aspirin)
Drug-diagnostic tests. Alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, amylase, aspartate aminotransferase, coagulation studies, PaCO2, uric acid: increased values
Cholesterol, glucose, potassium, protein-bound iodine, sodium, thyroxine, tri-iodothyronine: decreased levels
Pregnancy test, protirelin-induced thyroid stimulating hormone, radionuclide thyroid imaging, serum theophylline (Schack and Waxler method), urine catecholamines, urine glucose, urine hydroxyindoleacetic acid, urine ketones (ferric chloride method), urine vanillylmandelic acid: test interference
Tests using phenosulfonphthalein as diagnostic agent: decreased urinary excretion of phenosulfonphthalein Urine protein: increased level
Drug-food. Urine-acidifying foods: increased salicylate blood level
Drug-herbs. Anise, arnica, cayenne, chamomile, clove, fenugreek, feverfew, garlic, ginger, ginkgo biloba, ginseng, horse chestnut, kelpware, licorice: increased bleeding risk
Drug-behaviors. Alcohol use: increased bleeding risk
☞ Watch for signs and symptoms of hypersensitivity and other adverse reactions, especially bleeding tendency.
• Stay alert for signs and symptoms of acute toxicity, such as diplopia, ECG abnormalities, generalized seizures, hallucinations, hyperthermia, oliguria, acute renal failure, incoherent speech, irritability, restlessness, tremor, vertigo, confusion, disorientation, mania, lethargy, laryngeal edema, anaphylaxis, and coma.
• Monitor elderly patients carefully because they're at greater risk for salicylate toxicity.
• With prolonged therapy, frequently assess hemoglobin, hematocrit, International Normalized Ratio, and kidney function test results.
• Check salicylate blood levels frequently.
• Evaluate patient for signs and symptoms of ototoxicity (hearing loss, tinnitus, ataxia, and vertigo).
• Tell patient to report ototoxicity symptoms, unusual bleeding, and bruising.
• Caution patient to avoid activities that may cause injury. Advise him to use soft toothbrush and electric razor to avoid gum and skin injury.
• Instruct patient to tell all prescribers he's taking the drug, because it may cause serious interactions with many common medications.
• Tell patient not to take other over-the-counter preparations containing aspirin.
• Inform patient that he may need to undergo regular blood testing during therapy.
• As appropriate, review all other significant and life-threatening adverse reactions and interactions, especially those related to the drugs, tests, foods, herbs, and behaviors mentioned above.
aspirinAcetylsalicylate, acetylsalicylic acid Therapeutics A widely used analgesic, antipyretic, antiinflammatory, and antiplatelet agent; it is one of the safest drugs currently prescribed Adverse effects GI upset, occult bleeding; high doses inhibit cyclooxygenase and can produce tinnitus, tachycardia, dizziness, deep rapid breathing, hallucinations, convulsions, coma Used for Pain, fever, rheumatic complaints; acute rheumatic fever; TIAs, acute MI. See Controlled-release aspirin, NSAID, Superaspirin.
aspirinAcetylsalicylic acid. A drug used as a painkiller, to reduce fever, as an antiplatelet agent to reduce the tendency of blood to clot within the circulation, and as a means of reducing the likelihood of heart attack, stroke, diabetic retinopathy, migraine and colon cancer. Aspirin is an inhibitor of the cyclo-oxygenase (COX) class of enzymes which form PROSTAGLANDINs. This accounts for the wide range of its actions. Daily aspirin is recommended for people at risk of coronary events, and complications commonly have been shown often to arise in those on long-term aspirin who stop the therapy for any reason. Aspirin also has a growing reputation as an anticancer drug possibly by its action in promoting apoptosis (cell suicide) in cancer cells. There is some evidence that aspirin may reduce the risk of developing ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE. There is no doubt that it reduces the risk of demential caused by repetitive small episodes of brain damage by thrombosis. See also CYCLO-OXYGENASE and COX-2 INHIBITORS.
acetylsalicylic acidan analgesic that relieves pain without loss of consciousness.
Synonym(s): acetylsalicylic acid.
Patient discussion about aspirin
Q. Is it safe to take aspirin during pregnancy? I have been having headaches and want to take an aspirin to relieve the pain however I am pregnant. Can I take aspirin whilst pregnant?
just one is safe and willl lessen headache pain. | <urn:uuid:3213019a-f06e-4af7-bfe0-a7f1b40c1d3c> | {
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Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Financial, Idioms, Wikipedia.
Related to absence: Absence makes the heart grow fonder
ab·sence(ahb-sahns'), This word, based on French absence 'fit of abstraction', is correctly pronounced as in French, ahb-sahns', as shown here.
Paroxysmal attacks of impaired consciousness, occasionally accompanied by spasm or twitching of cephalic muscles, which usually can be brought on by hyperventilation; depending on the type and severity of the absence, the EEG may show an abrupt onset of a 3-second spike-and-wave pattern as in simple absence, or in atypical cases a 4-second spike-and-wave or faster spike complexes. The clinical states accompanying these EEG abnormalities may be classified as: 1) absence with no overt manifestations, for example, simple absence; epileptic absence; subclinical absence; 2) absence with clonic movements, for example, myoclonic absence; 3) absence with atonic states, for example, atonic absence; 4) absence with tonic contractions, for example, hypertonic muscular contraction; 5) absence with automatisms, for example, various stereotypic movements, usually of the face or hands; 6) absence with atypical features, for example, bizarre motor activity.
absenceAbsence attack, absence seizure, petit mal epilepsy Neurology A common form of childhood epilepsy characterized by episodic arrest of sensation and voluntary activity Clinical Transient loss of contact with the environment-eg brief staring spell, minimal motor manifestations, ± decline in school performance Diagnosis 3-mins of hyperventilation test may elicit an 'absence' Management Trimethadione, ethosuximide. Cf Grand mal seizure.
absenceThe state of brief incommunicability and unresponsiveness which occurs repeatedly in the minor form of EPILEPSY known as PETIT MAL or which may occur in conjunction with other epileptic manifestations, or as a result of HYPERVENTILATION.
Paroxysmal attacks of impaired consciousness, occasionally accompanied by spasm or twitching of cephalic muscles, which usually can be brought on by hyperventilation.
Patient discussion about absence
Q. what exactly an insulin shots do for diabetic people? why do the absents of sugar cause the other side effects that diabetic people known to suffer from .. such as blindness and walking difficulty ...
A. if you want to know the details of diabetes, its types, causes, organ responsible for this, complication, diagnosis and treatments. Treatments both allopathic and alternative treatments. Please visitMore discussions about absence | <urn:uuid:57979198-7fd7-4575-a1d8-9370a0be5275> | {
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Practicing mindfulness benefits parents and children, study says
Parents, picture the situation: Your child is misbehaving. You've had a hard day, and one more outburst sends you over the edge.
You threaten. You yell. Maybe you announce a punishment so over the top you know you won't, and shouldn't, follow through.
"That's reacting based on emotions," explains University of Washington psychology professor Liliana Lengua. "Not in the way you know you'll be effective."
What is effective, Lengua and her team report in a new research study, is practicing mindfulness: staying calm, seeing a situation from other perspectives and responding in an intentional way. Through a parenting program that UW researchers created and offered at two early childhood centers, participants learned strategies and techniques that helped them manage their own emotions and behaviors while supporting their child's development.
"Our goal was to support parents engaging in practices that we know build up their children's social and emotional well-being, and in a pretty brief program, parents showed improvement in their own feelings of emotional control, and demonstrated more of those parenting behaviors that support children," said Lengua, who directs the Center for Child and Family Well-Being at the UW. "Our data show that when parents improve, kids improve."
For this study, published in the journal Mindfulness, 50 parents of preschoolers participated in programs at two sites—one a kindergarten socialization class at a suburban elementary school with a high population of children receiving free or reduced-price lunch, the other a Head Start program at a community college. Over six weeks, researchers guided parents through a series of lessons on mindfulness and parenting strategies:
- Being present: noticing, listening and engaging with what's happening right now
- Being warm: paying attention to the child's emotions and giving the child opportunities to initiate interactions
- Being consistent: setting limits and developmentally appropriate expectations, praising the good things they do
- Guiding without directing (otherwise known as "scaffolding"): offering help when needed but encouraging independence and commenting on child's accomplishments
In addition to lessons geared toward parents as a group, researchers observed parents interacting with their children and surveyed the parents—before the program started, at its end, and three months afterward—about both their own behavior and their child's. One of the biggest improvements, Lengua said, was in the parents' ability to manage their emotions, which helped them apply consistency, guide and encourage more often and reduce negativity.
Children, meanwhile, showed improvements in their social skills, and also displayed fewer negative behaviors when they were observed interacting with each other.
While the study was relatively small, Lengua said, the results are promising, not only because of the reported and demonstrated behavior changes among adults and children, but also due to the ability to provide such lessons in existing early learning settings. In other words, there is potential to reach people of a variety of backgrounds—not just those participants who might be familiar with mindfulness concepts—and arm them with positive parenting tools.
"Mindful parenting" has become something of a buzzword, Lengua added.
"People talk about 'mindful parenting' as a thing. It's really just recognizing your child, in that moment, as having their own experience, and being attentive and intentional in that moment," she said. "We view these strategies as skills that we can teach discreetly, and they provide regulation practices that we can use for any purpose."
Researchers now are implementing the program at additional sites, largely via community organizations that serve a diverse range of families, to see if the results will be replicated, Lengua said. | <urn:uuid:16c048bc-179e-4519-abe0-1cb4f1160bfa> | {
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Necrosis is one of the most important topic in the field of medical sciences since it is concerned with the death of tissues. In one of my previous posts, I had discussed a type of necrosis in which you learned everything about it in detail. Today, my Moto is a little different. We won’t be discussing just one type of necrosis today but all types of the topic. This will give you a complete study of the necrosis and its various types. After reading this, you will have a good general idea of this disease which is related to the tissue death in the human body. Reading about the basic definitions of the all types, their causes and pathology will definitely help you in obtaining good marks in the exams as well as in the medical practice. So, having done with telling today’s study objectives, let’s move on to the types of Necrosis.
- 1 Types of Necrosis:
- 2 1. Coagulative Necrosis:
- 3 2. Liquefactive Necrosis:
- 4 3. Gangrenous Necrosis:
- 5 4. Dry Gangrenous Necrosis
- 6 5. Wet OR Contaminated Gangrenous Necrosis:
- 7 6. Gas Gangrenous Necrosis:
- 8 7. Fat Necrosis:
- 9 8. Fibrinoid Necrosis:
- 10 Avascular Necrosis:
- 11 Apoptosis VS Necrosis:
Types of Necrosis:
Necrosis is a very vast topic and it has a lot of types. We have discussed all the major types of Necrosis in this topic along with their definitions, causes and pathology so that you can get a good idea of the all things related to them. So, let’s start with the first type of necrosis which is:
1. Coagulative Necrosis:
Definition of Coagulative necrosis:
This is first and most dangerous type of cell death. By dangerous, I mean that in this type of necrosis all the cell death happens accidently and there are very few indications before it happens. Ischemia and Infarction are known to be the main causes behind this kind of cell death. As I have already mentioned that this type of cell death happens accidently, that is why it is considered to be the one of the most dangerous types of cell death. That is because of the minor indications and then the consequences are severe. Talking about the architecture, then in this type of necrosis the architecture of the dead tissues is important to be kept reserved for at least a few days so that it can be used for further study and various other medical purposes.
The most common believe on this necrosis is that the when human body gets injured, the structural proteins are being denatured by it. Not only them, but also the lysosomal enzymes also gets infected during the injury. This causes some severe problems. One of them is that the proteolysis of the damaged cells gets blocked. Since this gets blocked it could result in the several worse consequences. All of this helps it to maintain a coagulative shape since the lysosomal enzymes are no longer present. This morphology would stay for some time and then might disappear due to the way it is treated. All of this was just a natural happening but you must also kept in the mind that in various cancerous treatments this type of necrosis is used. This is done by the induction of the cells on a high temperature in case of cancer treatments.
There are a lot of reasons known for this type of cell necrosis to happen but we are going to discuss only few of them. One of the major causes that cause this type of cell death is the lack of the oxygen in that particular area for quite some time. If the tissues don’t get enough oxygen then there are chances that this type of necrosis is going to happen. There are some other causes for this type of necrosis to happen. Many of them do not include the involvement of acute, toxins or trauma and that’s why they form a different classification with the name of coagulative necrosis. Ischemia is another of the major causes that cause this problem. Since ischemia also causes another type of cell death which we are going to study ahead, that’s why it is important to study it in detail to differentiate between the two. Of course due to the lack of time and words we are unable to do it but in the other type of cell necrosis ischemia attacks the central nervous systems and that could be used as a basic points while differentiating between the two types.
Study of the pathology is also very important if you want the detailed study of any disease especially necrosis. While studying the pathology of this type of necrosis, we will come to know that there are basically two types for i.e. Macroscopic and Microscopic.
Macroscopic are those which can be seen the naked eye and is more visible. So a tissue that has been dead would appear like a pale fragment of the tissue that is dead and it would feel quite dry where it got cut on the surface.
Microscopic, as the name suggests, can be observed with the help microscope. While you observe a microscopic cell, you will see that it has no nuclei and also it is a light tissue. This means that these was no structural damage that happened to the cell. Due to this reason and pathology, they are also named as ‘Ghost Cells’ due to the strange appearance of the dead cell.
There is a lot of difference between the two types of pathologies of coagulative necrosis. Cell appears completely different in both the macroscopic and microscopic types of pathology. Having understood both of these types, we can have a good idea of this type of necrosis.
Learn about caseous Necrosis in detail.
2. Liquefactive Necrosis:
Definition Of Liquefactive Necrosis:
The second type of cell death which needs to be studied is the liquefactive necrosis. This type of necrosis is completely different from the one we studies in the 1st type of necrosis. In this type the affected cells form a liquid shape which is a viscous mass. The appearance, the causes and even the pathology is completely separate and give another shape of cell death. We are going to read the definition, causes and different studies that appear during the examination of this type of necrosis. Liquefactive necrosis if not very common, doesn’t imply that it is something to be taken lightly. It has its dangerous consequences if not taken good measures so read carefully about it.
In this type of necrosis, the tissues which are victim of the cell death got into a complete different shape. Instead of disappearing and anything else, they get turned into a viscous mass which is complete liquid and has a strange shape. The most common believes are the two major causes which are bacterial infections and focal bacterial, are considered to be the main causes for this type of necrosis to happen and gain this shape. There many other reasons which we are definitely going to read ahead. The phenomenon in this type of necrosis is completely unique. Hydrolytic enzymes are the main factor in this type of cell necrosis. The cell gets completely digested by this enzyme and cell then gets this liquid shape. Cell debris is needed to be removed which is the job of white blood cells present in the human body. White blood cells then do their job and removes the cell debris after which the cell gets this viscous mass shape which I have already explained in the shape of liquefactive necrosis.
This type of cell death is very dangerous when it happens in the brain. As I have already told you in the first type of the necrosis then which ischemia attack the central nervous system then this type of necrosis happens. This is one of the benefactor. There still are a lot of unclear reasons that why this happens in the brain. Cell death which can be called hypoxic death in the central nervous system caused by the ischemia causes this type of cell necrosis. It is difficult to deal things in brain that’s why it is considered to be very dangerous. The complete architecture of the tissues gets lost and that’s why this causes a viscous mass as explained. This type of cell necrosis can also happen in lungs and that’s it should not be taken lightly.
3. Gangrenous Necrosis:
3rd type of the cell necrosis that should be discussed in this Gangrenous necrosis. This can’t be considered very dangerous but also can’t be taken lightly since it also has its dangerous consequences. There are less difficult measures that can be taken in order to treat this type of necrosis as compared to the above two type.
In this gangrenous necrosis, the cell demise is caused by the insufficient blood flow to the cells of the body. Since cells need blood for their pumping and for them to work correctly, blood is the major benefactor. So, the cells can’t afford any less quantity of blood. So, when the cells do not get enough amount of blood, they tend to die and that’s when this type of classification appears. There are lot of reasons for this type of necrosis to occur. One of the major ones in the different injuries of infection that human get and the cells get damaged. The flow to these cells stops and then the type of necrosis happens which is under discussion. This taken a lot of time and that’s why you can get enough time for treatment but never take it lightly since it can be prove to be life taking. Blood circulation gets affected while humans get injuries and that open the gate for this type of cell necrosis to happen. Further causes are discussed below.
Causes and Types:
One of the major causes when this type of cell necrosis happens is the when the humans get injuries. In these conditions the cell gets infected and the blood flow to them lessens. And that is when the gangrenous cell necrosis happens in the human body. But this is not all from the causes. Another of the major causes for this necrosis are diabetes and the chain smoking. Chain smokers are less likely to get some good blood in their cells and that’s why they are more likely to get this type of necrosis. Also, people who have diabetes can be also be a victim to gangrene. It is very important that you do not take it lightly and go for the treatment as soon as possible to avoid the hazardous effects of the disease.
There are some other types of necrosis that aren’t very dangerous but still needed to be studies and dealt with.
4. Dry Gangrenous Necrosis
This not as the name suggests. This is actually a type of coagulative necrosis but this happens due to the insufficient blood supply. The reason is similar to the gangrene but the affects it causes are those of the coagulative and that’s why it classified mainly as the type of the first type of necrosis. Fringe corridor infection is the main reason behind this type of necrosis to occur and since it is the type of 1st one, it should be taken seriously.
5. Wet OR Contaminated Gangrenous Necrosis:
In this type of necrosis, the major causes are those in coagulative necrosis. But it can be differentiated according to the appearance of the cell. Cells will be displayed as poorly flourished due to the insufficient blood flow and also, the sepsis are coming out of the cell.
6. Gas Gangrenous Necrosis:
This is another type of necrosis in which the gas get produced inside the tissue and that is due to the contamination of the bacteria present inside the tissues. Microscopic organism proceeds the further action of the spreading of this gas making it a dangerous thing to handle.
7. Fat Necrosis:
This happens due to the certain activities of fats inside the digestive system of the human especially women. That happens to them mainly during pregnancy and need to be dealt with since it can affect the health of the child.
8. Fibrinoid Necrosis:
Fiber is the main reason for this type of necrosis to happen. The shape of tissues gets irregular and then later causes the cell death. Dangerous hypertension and some other major benefactor play role in this type of necrosis to happen.
Some other important Definitions:
Blood supply causes many types of necrosis and this is one of them. When the blood supply is limited to the tissue the demise of the bone tissue happens and this is where Avascular Necrosis appears.
Apoptosis VS Necrosis:
Necrosis is the cell death in which due to many factor the death of the tissues present inside the cell happens which later causes the cell to die. While Apoptosis is a programmed cell death which means that the cell dies within the multi-cellular organism through a programmed procedure and there no sudden reactions involved.
So this was all from today’s topic of Types of Necrosis. You learned about different variations, their causes and even their pathology. Hope this would help you greatly in the study of your medical. There must have been many questions arose while studying this topic which you can feel free to ask in the section below. Also leave your feedback in the comments section and tell us what thing we thing to improve on our site. Keep visiting for more! | <urn:uuid:f7a4c270-d9b9-4c28-9fe4-34fd3f3c18da> | {
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Developing Peer Support
It is important that a group is diverse and represents the student population.
It is also important to think about students who have experienced bullying, their friends and those in the school that can bring about change. Here are some things you need to think about before building participation.
- Students who have been or are currently impacted by bullying, whether they are being bullied, witnessing bullying or bullying others.
- Students who should be included to make the experience a positive one.
- Students in your school who have the desire to bring positive change.
- Students in your school who might be able to make a difference.
- Students in your school in whom other students trust.
- Student leaders who will help build and sustain the movement.
- Student leader who has an existing platform and is an influencer on campus and in the community.
- Students who should be included that represent your student population.
- Students need to genuinely care about supporting their school’s bullying prevention efforts. | <urn:uuid:96fb2b58-1ac8-4518-89de-72784a394ab2> | {
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"So direct us to a paper which tells us how gravity works, and what is actually is."
Newton, I., 1687, "Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica " tells you how it works in most terrestrial situations.
Einstein, A., & Grossman, M., 1913, Zeitschrift für Mathematik und Physik, 62, 225–244, 245–261, tells you how it works in the limit of high accelerations.
There is some question about how it works in the limit of low accelerations, see for instance:
Milgrom, M., 1983, "A modification of the Newtonian dynamics as a possible alternative to the hidden mass hypothesis". Astrophysical Journal 270: 365–370.
As to "what it is" there are a few papers on that,one would be:
Higgs, P., 1964, "Broken Symmetries and the Masses of Gauge Bosons". Physical Review Letters 13 (16): 508–509. | <urn:uuid:0a526fca-0552-4e39-82a8-f5223b5d6014> | {
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What is a balance sheet?
A balance sheet is a summary of what a company owns and owes at one time. It is a snapshot of its financial situation.
Balance sheets are one of the major financial statements that are used by businesses, accountants, and entrepreneurs. They show a company’s:
- Owner’s equity
Assets = Liabilities + Owners’ Equity
What are assets?
Assets are the company’s belongings that have future economic value in dollars.
- Accounts Receivable
- Patents, Copyrights, Trademarks
- Goodwill (value of a company’s brand name, solid customer base and employee relations, etc.)
Main assets are usually listed first on the balance sheet, and they often appear in order of liquidity.
What are liabilities?
Liabilities are things that the company owes to other parties.
- Accounts Payable (money owed to suppliers)
- Salaries Payable
- Customer Deposits
- Bonds Payable
- Tax Payments
- Warranty Payments
What is owner’s equity?
Owner’s equity is the source of the company’s assets. It represents the assets left after deducting the liabilities. In other words, it is the money you would have left over if you sold your company and all of its assets after paying off everything you owe. There are two types of owner’s equity:
- Paid-in Capital – investments made in the corporation by owners and stockholders
- Retained Earnings – earnings not paid out to stockholders
Calculator: Who wants to be a millionaire?
Why is it important?
Balance sheets are helpful because bankers can use the information to figure out if the business is on the right track for loans or credit. Most balance sheets include data from the previous year(s) to see how the company is doing over time. Balance sheets also allow a creditor to see how much a business has earned, in addition to how much it owes to other parties.
Example of a balance sheet
Notice how in this balance sheet the left equals the right.
Total assets should always equal total liabilities plus owner’s (or stockholders’) equity.
- Petty Cash on a balance sheet consists of a small amount of cash in a fund that is used for minor purchases instead of writing a check or other types of payment.
- A balance sheet reveals a company or person’s net worth. In 2015, the person with the highest net worth was Bill Gate’s, with $79.2 billion (which is enough to buy every home in Boston).
- Even though it sounds bad, negative goodwill is actually good for a business owner! It’s when a company buys another business for a bargain price. | <urn:uuid:1606cf66-940b-453f-abb2-e1b989736a30> | {
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UPDATE: Travel to Belize with Audubon, this November 2018! Learn about this exciting 8-day expedition here.
Across the world, people have been inspired to take action for birds and find solutions to the conservation challenges they face. Audubon’s groundbreaking Birds and Climate Change Report revealed that more than half of North America’s birds are being impacted by climate change.
For the Wood Thrush, a bird that travels thousands of miles between its breeding grounds in eastern North America to its wintering grounds in Central America, the threats of climate change are compounded by dwindling habitat. Thanks to the efforts of Forsyth Audubon’s Wood Thrush Tracking Project in North Carolina, we now know that at least some North Carolina Wood Thrush winter in Belize, providing a critical piece to the broader Wood Thrush migratory puzzle. The effort to expand our knowledge of Wood Thrush migration is being led by the Smithsonian Migratory Bird Center and Audubon’s International Alliances Program.
This newly discovered Wood Thrush connection between North Carolina’s breeding grounds and Belize’s wintering grounds has further inspired action to help this beloved bird. According to Audubon’s Birds and Climate Change Report, the Wood Thrush is predicted to lose up to 82 percent of its summer range by 2080.
Connecting Conservation Heroes for the Wood Thrush
Audubon and the Climate Listening Project partnered to capture the story of the Wood Thrush as told through the people taking action for birds and climate change. Watch The Wood Thrush Connection below.
In an effort to mobilize conservation action across our state, the Wood Thrush was named Audubon North Carolina’s 2015 Bird of the Year to help educate and inspire citizens to take action for the benefit of birds and to increase the resilience of birds adapting to the effects of climate change.
Audubon scientists and researchers are working across borders toward a full life-cycle approach to conservation. Tracking projects mapping migration routes, encouraging proper forest management, planting Bird-Friendly Native Plants, educating on the importance of Lights Out in urban centers, and promoting citizen science activities can all help build resiliency for the Wood Thrush.
It will take all of us acting together to secure a better future for the birds we care about.
Subscribe to receive updates and learn how you can take simple steps that add up to big impacts to help protect NC birds impacted by climate change.
A special thank you to the partners that made this video possible: Forsyth Audubon, Audubon North Carolina, the National Audubon Society, Audubon’s International Alliances Program, the Climate Listening Project and the Smithsonian Migratory Bird Center.
The video project is funded by the National Audubon Society, Forsyth Audubon and Audubon North Carolina. The Climate Listening Project is a visual and social storytelling project connecting conversations about climate change and community. Click here for a full list of credits. | <urn:uuid:d8fe4492-09ea-46c6-85db-66bb675d6868> | {
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|Although it is heartening to see wealth inequality being taken seriously, key concepts are often muddled, including the distinction between income and wealth, what is included in “wealth”, and facts about wealth distributions. This chapter highlights issues that arise in making ideas and facts about wealth inequality precise, and employs newly-available data to take a fresh look at wealth and wealth inequality in a comparative perspective. The composition of wealth is similar across countries, with housing wealth being the key asset. Wealth is considerably more unequally distributed than income, and it is distinctively so in the United States. Extending definitions to include pension wealth however reduces inequality substantially. Analysis also sheds light on life-cycle patterns and the role of inheritance. Discussion of the joint distributions of income and wealth suggests that interactions between increasing top income shares and the concentration of wealth and income from wealth towards the top is critical. | <urn:uuid:fed28d3c-2015-4c02-81cc-08a215a8bf9e> | {
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Successful implementation of waste reduction, reuse, recycling and composting in schools brings many rewards, including potential cost savings for tight school budgets. NERC was awarded a United States Department of Agriculture Rural Utility Services Solid Waste Management Grant in 2009 to provide direct technical assistance and training in waste reduction, recycling, and composting to rural schools in Connecticut, New York, and Delaware. Eight schools participated in NERC’s Waste Reduction and Recycling (WR&R) project over the course of two years. Numerous resources were developed for the project, including:
Action Tip Sheets
Presentations that can be given in Schools and Classrooms
“Small Town/Rural School Waste Reduction & Recycling” Webinar
"School Composting Options” Webinar
Composting in the Classroom, an article by Athena Bradley in Resource Recycling magazine
Northeast Recycling Council, 139 Main Street, Suite 401, Brattleboro, VT 05301 • Phone: 802-254-3636 • Email: [email protected]
© 2020 Northeast Recycling Council, Inc. | <urn:uuid:b19cab68-d8a6-4959-80e9-337ac63fd13a> | {
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With smartphones in their pockets and tablets in their backpacks, students growing up in the digital era are the most connected generation yet. But, as UBC’s Ron Darvin notes, simply having access to digital tools doesn’t mean all students are on a level playing field. Darvin, a PhD student in the faculty of education and a UBC Public Scholar, examines how students of different socio-economic backgrounds develop digital skills—and why some children are at risk of being left behind.
What is digital literacy and why is it important?
Because the digital realm requires a number of skills—knowing how to gain and produce knowledge, maintain relationships, and represent yourself—I prefer the term “digital literacies.” Taking the perfect selfie, connecting with friends on Snapchat, researching a school assignment on Osmosis and setting it up using Prezi: all of these examples represent different digital literacies. In Canada, 99 per cent of students are able to connect to the Internet inside or outside school. By Grade 11, 85 per cent of them have a mobile phone. The question is: Are they learning digital literacies that will allow them to move forward?
Who is most at risk of being left behind when it comes to digital literacy?
It’s not only students with limited access to digital tools who can be left behind, but also kids who may be using technology in very limited ways. For example, I interviewed two 16-year-old Filipino immigrant boys living in Vancouver. One has a father who uses technology to manage businesses outside of Canada, and has a brother at university. When I asked him what technology is for, he recognized right away that it’s a powerful source of information. He reads the news from his BBC app on his phone, he joined an online currency trading course, and he wrote a fan-fiction novel that he shared online with people who share his interest.
The other boy and his two siblings live with a single mother who works two jobs and comes home late. His mother said she uses technology to do Facebook and watch her Filipino soap operas. When I asked him what technology is for, he said he uses it to play video games. When I asked him about using it for school, he said, “Well, I use it basically for printing my assignments or projects.” So it’s not just those without access to technology who are left behind, but also students who are not able to get mentorship and guidance.
How does this play a part in the new B.C. curriculum?
It is definitely a very important component of the new curriculum, which takes an inquiry-based approach. As we ask students to uncover information on their own, it becomes even more crucial that we teach them how to sift through all the information that’s out there, recognize credible sources and identify false information.
The Oxford dictionary declared the word of 2016 to be “post-truth”, where objective facts are less influential in shaping opinions than what appeals to our emotions and personal beliefs. That really highlights how important it is to ensure our students can engage with technology in a more critical way. They need to be more than just consumers of social media, but also active producers of knowledge. They need to understand how technology works and how Google and Facebook algorithms direct us to certain kinds of information and knowledge.
How can parents and teachers foster digital literacy in children?
Reading behavior in the home—how much parents read and whether bedtime stories are part of the daily routine—shapes children’s reading practices. It’s the same thing when it comes to digital literacy. Parents can cultivate a home environment where kids can see technology not only as a form of entertainment but a source of knowledge.
While I know that teachers do, in different levels, engage with technology in their classes, what we need is a larger, schools-wide strategy on digital literacies. By having a more systematic, coordinated integration of technology into our classrooms and training our teachers, we can make sure students are learning the digital literacies that matter.
Ron Darvin will be speaking at ‘Engaging Education for the Public Good,’ the first event of the 2017 PhDs Go Public Research Talk Series. Seven of UBC’s Public Scholars Initiative students will discuss how their research on education is making a positive difference.
The event takes place at 6:30 p.m., Jan. 26, 2017 at the UBC Learning Exchange, 612 Main St., Vancouver | <urn:uuid:c2b1618d-eec7-4842-9038-2161769320b6> | {
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A small church near the Moscow Kremlin features an icon depicting Soviet dictator Josef Stalin. A similar image was at the center of a major scandal back in 2008.
The icon displayed in the St. Nicholas church shows the notorious tyrant talking to the St. Matrona Nikonova, reports Moskovsky Komsomolets newspaper. She is a saint of the Russian Orthodox Church, who lived in the first half of the 20th Century.
A popular urban legend claims that in autumn 1941, when Nazi German troops laid siege to Moscow, Stalin secretly visited the woman asking her for guidance. The saint allegedly convinced him that the city would not fall.
The icon of the St. Matrona shows several events from her life placed along the border of the image, and one is based on this legend, even though both historians and Church officials believe there is no truth behind it.
The journalists failed to find the origins of the controversial icon, but father Vladimir, a priest supervising Orthodox churches in central Moscow, said that apparently it was a gift, and that the painter was deceived by the legend.
In November 2008, a similar icon was put on display in a small church in St. Petersburg on the order of its prior. The move was condemned by clergy leaders and many public activists. In the wake of the scandal, the controversial icon was removed and the criticized priest renounced his position as head of the church.
After the Bolshevik revolution in 1917, the new Soviet government persecuted all religions, including Orthodox Christianity. Church property was confiscated, while preaching was forbidden. Josef Stalin himself, despite receiving scholarship to a Georgian Orthodox seminary in his youth, was an atheist.
|A Stalin icon designed by an online campaign to canonize the dictator| | <urn:uuid:75b7f7a3-6cb7-4957-8faa-343b09329026> | {
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Isolators, Restricted Access Barrier Systems (RABS), and bio-decontamination chambers are typically used in demanding industrial, pharmaceutical, and bio-pharmaceutical applications. Any microbes present in the equipment can potentially cause severe problems in terms of compromising both product quality and patient safety.
According to Eudralex EU GMP Volume 4 Annex 1 (a new draft version that is currently in commenting phase), isolators are defined as decontaminated units supplied with grade A (ISO 5) or higher air quality that provide uncompromised, continuous isolation of their interior from the external environment (e.g. surrounding cleanroom air and personnel). Isolators are further subdivided into two categories, closed or open isolator systems, depending on their sealing and tightness. Closed systems remain closed during the processes, while open systems have openings to the surrounding environment. These openings are equipped with different technologies (such as using continuous overpressure) to prevent external contaminants from entering the isolator.
RABS are not that well separated from surrounding areas. The upcoming version of Eudralex EU GMP Volume 4 Annex 1 defines RABS as systems that provide an enclosed, but not a closed, environment that meets defined cleanroom conditions using a rigid-wall enclosure and air overspill to separate the interior from the surrounding environment. In terms of their ability to ensure sterility and containment, RABS do not offer the same level of performance as isolators, but are still far better than traditional laminar airflow hoods or “open process” designs that are progressively being phased out. RABS can also be further divided into three categories: active, passive, and open RABS. Active RABS have a built-in HEPA-filtered air supply, the air supply for passive RABS comes from ceiling-mounted HEPA-filters, while open RABS have vents in the barrier that allow air to flow from the grade A to the grade B area.
The easiest way to understand the differences between isolators and RABS is by looking at how enclosed the different systems are. Isolators are far more tightly enclosed, meaning they can even be located in areas with a minimum of grade D (ISO 8) background, whereas for RABS the background environment should be a minimum of grade B (ISO 7 at rest, ISO 5 in operation). From a hydrogen peroxide bio-decontamination point of view, this means that isolators are always decontaminated independently of the surrounding area. Active, closed RABS can be independently decontaminated, whereas passive and open RABS are always bio-decontaminated as part of the decontamination process for the surrounding cleanroom.
Bio-decontamination chambers are devices that actively generate vaporized or fumigated H2O2 to bio-decontaminate materials, supplies, and tools while moving them from one purity grade area to another – e.g. from non-level regions or low-level clean areas into A/B areas. These zone-to-zone (also known as cart-to-cart) transfer devices are typically referred to as airlock, transfer hatch, material transfer, or pass-through systems; sterilization chambers used in sterilization processes in hospitals or as part of pharmaceutical manufacturing processes can also be considered part of this group. Sterilization equipment differs from other types of decontamination devices in that it typically uses a vacuum as part of the process.
Bio-decontamination equipment for different applications
Decontamination equipment is used in many different processes across a wide range of industries, from sterile injectable drug filling and cytotoxic sterile drug compounding in pharmaceutical manufacturing to electronics manufacturing lines and filling lines in the beverages industry. In the life sciences industry these devices are typically used in applications that involve material loads entering or exiting controlled areas, aseptic filling, cytotoxic preparations, lyophilization processes, packaging, sterility testing, or compounding of pharmaceutical products. In order to understand the nature and cleanliness requirements of these processes, we need to look more closely at some of these applications.
The Eudralex EU GMP Volume 4 Annex 1 (which is now in the commenting phase) defines aseptic processing as the handling of sterile products, containers, and/or devices in a controlled environment in which the air supply, materials, and personnel are regulated in order to prevent microbial contamination. In aseptic filling, which takes place at the end of aseptic processing, a sterile (aseptic) product (typically a pharmaceutical product) is packaged in a sterile container in such a way that the package maintains sterility. Aseptic processing typically includes sterile filtration through a sterilizing grade filter (with a nominal pore size of 0.22 µm or less). In general, any finished product classified as sterile should be terminally sterilized using moist heat, dry heat, radiation, or ethylene dioxide. Terminal sterilization processes provide a greater assurance of sterility than a validated and controlled sterilizing filtration process and/or aseptic processing. Unfortunately, many heat and/or radiation-sensitive biologicals such as protein or DNA-based drugs, mixed substances, biologics, and other similar materials cannot withstand terminal sterilization. In these cases aseptic processing is the only option. A validated bio-decontamination process using hydrogen peroxide can guarantee sterility assurance level values (SAL) starting from 10-3 typically used in food manufacturing processes up to 10-12, meaning a reduction in the amount of microorganisms. Because of this, decontamination processes that use H2O2 are a popular way to disinfect surfaces of enclosures, materials, and supplies both before and after aseptic processing.
Sterility testing is normally performed by quality-control personnel on finished, sterile products. This testing acts as a final check before the product leaves the manufacturing facility that it does not contain any microorganisms that could potentially endanger the life of a patient. Sterility tests should be performed under aseptic conditions that are at least equivalent to the cleanroom standards required for the aseptic manufacture of pharmaceutical products (Eudralex EU GMP Volume 4 Annex 1 draft). Sterility testing is a labor-intensive process as it has to be performed on all product batches separately, as well as on the sterile raw materials used to manufacture them. From a cleanroom purity point of view it is also important that sterility tests are performed in separate enclosed areas. Different microorganisms are used as inoculates in sterility tests, so ensuring separation helps prevent other clean areas from contamination. This has led to the introduction of special sterility test isolators that use H2O2 bio-decontamination from several different equipment manufacturers.
Pharmaceutical compounding (typically carried out in compounding pharmacies or hospital pharmacies) refers to the process of preparing personalized medications for patients. Traditional compounding is the practice of modifying a drug for an individual patient whose needs cannot be properly met with a mass-produced product. Drug compounding is generally performed in order to personalize patient treatments. Drug manufacturers cannot afford to produce small batches of specialized drug combinations and preparations of compounds that are not marketable on a large scale. Compounding is often done for medical reasons, such as the removal of a chemical part of the drug that the patient is known to be allergic to. Aseptic compounding or mixing phases should be carried out in grade A areas. Isolators are widely used in Europe (and increasingly in the US) for pharmacy aseptic compounding applications, and H2O2 bio-decontamination is also used in these processes.
197 22 Bro
For more information, please contact:
Vaisala Industrial Measurement, Life Science
+46 76 768 60 60
Vaisala is a global leader in weather, environmental and industrial measurement. Building on over 80 years of experience, Vaisala provides observations for a better world. For over 50 of the world’s top life science companies, Vaisala provides measurement devices and monitoring systems for continuous records, reports and alarms. These solutions are used to monitor temperature and humidity conditions in research and development, production, and storage environments. With our solutions and services, life science companies ensure the quality and safety of their products, and maintain compliance with global regulations.
Author: Piritta Maunu, Life Science Industry Expert, Vaisala | <urn:uuid:f3f8e392-1a60-4491-9605-55e67126f2be> | {
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HAWAII’S WOODEN GODS GOOD POLYNESIAN ART
Huc M. Luquiens Appreciates Carved and Feathered Deities of Ferocious Mien and Lost Symbolism
By LORIN TARR GILL
“If we were forced to choose a single specimen to represent the characteristic art of Polynesia, it might well be one of the extraordinary wooden gods of Hawaii,” Huc Luquiens, assistant professor of art at the University of Hawaii, asserts in his paper on “Hawaiian Art,” soon to be published by the Bishop museum.
The carved wooden gods of these islands, primitive as they may be, are a kind of sculpture that fits easily into our traditional categories of art, the artist says.
The large temple images are fantastic, yet possessed of an unexpected and strenuous realism that is not usually found. Squat and powerful in form, but lively to a degree, with enormous heads of demoniacal expression, with elaborate crests or formalized hair masking the brows, with open mouths carved in the shape of horizontal “figure eights” and showing the teeth, they are idols well fitted to fill the enemies of the king and his followers as well, with fear and awe.
“The eyes stare characteristically over upturned nostrils, and, in some specimens, tongues protrude from the snarling mouths in a common Polynesian gesture of defiance. The arms and legs are heavily muscular, but flexed in the attitudes which give the figures their animation.
“These are the images,” Mr. Luquiens says, “that the early explorers found guarding the royal tomb of Keawe at Honaunau. They were to be found on the central platforms of all the larger temples, set up in semi-circular groups like high chiefs in grim ceremonial conclave, while other figures of similar menacing aspect stared hideously from the outer walls to give warning that the ground within was sacred.”
Identities Are Lost
For the most part, the author explains, it is no longer possible to give the Hawaiian idols names. There is considerable diversity in their form and appearance but their identities escape us because the smaller detail of religious practice is lost.
Since 1819 no man in Hawaii has seen the ancient rites of the temples in actual operation and early observers before that date hardly gave a clear picture of what they saw. For the present, these images are simply the relics of a cult long disused and works of art whose value would not be increased by giving them designations of doubtful authenticity.
To dismiss these gods as ugly is to miss their plastic quality. The artists were thinking in terms of magic and violence and they had skill in giving expression to their thought. They understood the use of wood. Even in long weatherworn examples, or those partly burned in the reformation of 1819, the rugged surface still retain their character.
“In this Hawaiian sculpture of the wooden idols there is practically no era of degeneration resultant from the adoption of European tools and ideas,” Mr. Luquiens says, “The manufacture of the images came toso early and so definite a close with King Liholiho’s breaking of the tapu that we may almost take it for granted that all the larger temple gods were made in the full flush of old Hawaiian tradition.”
The strangely distorted features of the temple images are unmistakably symbolic in some respects, the artists believes. The monstrous heads, the peculiar treatment of the mouths and eyes, and the detail of hair or headdress all show the marks of a symbolism we cannot now trace.
Beyond the probably symbolism, however, the distorted forms of the images doubtless have their literal significance. There is no doubt that the Hawaiian cultivated an ideal of ferocity for its own sake and that the exaggerated features of the idols were proper embodiments of the spirit of a people whose foremost god was the god of war.
However, not all Hawaiian images are greatly distorted. In the Hawaiian islands there is a large series of small household, or family gods which, in comparison with the large temple images, are naturalistic in conception. Many of them, no doubt, are aumakua, the ancestral patrons and protective dieties who constitute a large part of the Hawaiian pantheon.
Their naturalism takes on a variety of forms. While ferocity plays its part, a more common type is the solid warrior, crested and severe. There are also many representations of women, usually in a vigorous and aggressive guise that proclaims them leaders along with the men.
An oddity of Hawaiian manufacture for which there is no counterpart in the traditional categories of art is to be found in the portable featherwork representations of the Hawaiian war god, Kukailimoku, Mr. Luquiens asserts.
“Feather gods were peculiar to the Hawaiian islands,” he says, “and are a striking product of the specific Hawaiian imagination.”
The images which were actually carried into battle were made over a strong wickerwork of the aerial roots of the ieie, which in turn was covered with a tightly fitting net of olona fiber to which the feathers were attached. Staring eyes of pearl shell were added, and sometimes human hair. The brutal mouths were lined with dog teeth saved from ceremonial priestly repasts.
“At first glance,” the artist explains, “these heads seem hardly to possess the plastic quality of the thoroughly sculptural wooden idols. Still they are not to be too lightly dismissed. The ceremonial use of features was widespread throughout Polynesia.
“The war god, Ku, was all in all the dominating figure of the Hawaiian pantheon. Kaili, the true war god, in a more special sense, of the kings of Hawaii, was supposed to have existed in the form of two feathers from the forehead of the bird, Hinawaikolii, which came from Tahiti. These were bound with a cord and preserved in a coconut vessel.This god was taken into battle, but its power, by prayer, was vested in Kukailimoku, who carried out the instructions of Kaili and the kings.
“In using the brilliant red feathers of the native iiwi to cover the surface of the images of Kukailimoku, the Hawaiian priest-artist,” Mr. Luquiens says, “was employing not only the most vivid and costly pigment at his command, but also a material of the greatest symbolic potency. There was no lack of expression in the completed image, nor of the stark violence of barbaric emotionalism.”
KALAIPAHOA, POISON GOD
This small god is believed to be the poison god, Kalaipahoa. A peculiar malignity was attributed to his image which was carved from a poisonous wood.
(Star-Bulletin, 7/4/1941, p. 5) | <urn:uuid:5bfcc95b-443e-4124-a62c-6d1e52131ece> | {
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“I would just like for him to say he’s sorry for choking me,” Hunt said. He’d like clean drinking water, too, but neither seem likely for now. A Kentucky State Police spokesperson confirmed that Hunt faces charges; when asked if it was common for officers to place hands on the necks of individuals during arrest, he refused to discuss the matter and hung up.
When people think of water crises, they tend to think of big cities like Flint, Michigan, or Cape Town, South Africa. These places understandably attract the most attention, because one faulty system in an urban area can affect vast numbers of people at once. But, in reality, most health-based violations of drinking-water standards occur outside of big cities, in places like Martin County: small, poor, out of the way. Of the 5,000 drinking-water systems that racked up health-based violations in 2015, more than 50 percent were systems that serve 500 people or fewer. In those small areas, who is going to raise hell except for the people affected and maybe the local paper?
Often, the very industries that provide a community its economic backbone are what’s damaging or even poisoning its water supply. In Martin County and other communities across Appalachia, that industry is mining. “A lot of people in Kentucky actually get their water from wells that are sunk into flooded, abandoned mines,” explained Erik Olson, a policy analyst for the Natural Resource Defense Council. “That water quality is horrific because the mines are loaded with heavy metals.”
Other communities, from West Virginia to North Carolina, trace their water problems to the waste produced from burning coal, which is often stored in liquid ponds that have a tendency to spill and leak. In West Virginia, some say accidents affecting the water supply have become a fact of life. “Seems like whenever something happens, we just shrug our shoulders and go about our business,” wrote Dustin White, a self-described “11th generation Appalachian native” raised in Boone County who is now an organizer for the Ohio Valley Environmental Coalition. “Local media may talk about it for a day or two, then it just seems to disappear.”
Toxic water may disappear from the headlines, but not from the bodies of local residents. Some research links mountaintop-removal mining to carcinogens in local groundwater that can lead to cancer, heart disease, and birth defects, which means thousands of families, especially those who rely on well water, live with constant anxiety about long-term health problems. Unsafe water takes a kind of shorter-term psychic toll as well. Hannah Bowen, an 18-year-old student at the University of Kentucky in Lexington, has lived in Martin County her whole life and has suffered from severe acne. A common teenage problem, she thought—until she moved away for college and it cleared up. “Every time I visit home and use the water, I notice my face breaking out again,” she said. In towns with water issues, every illness seems mysterious, leaving most people with a kind of free-floating fear.
Large-scale agriculture is the contamination culprit in many other rural areas: Nitrogen-based fertilizer slides off of farmlands and into the nation’s freshwater systems. The tap water in Pretty Prairie, Kansas, for example, “has exceeded the Environmental Protection Agency’s legal limit” for nitrate for more than 20 years, the Environmental Working Group reported in 2017. As a result, the town’s 672 residents have imbibed carcinogens for decades. The Environmental Working Group reports, “Studies by the National Cancer Institute have found that drinking water with just 5 [parts per million] of nitrate increases the risk of colon, kidney, ovarian and bladder cancers.”
Agriculture’s unsavory side-effects also plague the Mississippi River Valley. Colin Wellenkamp, the executive director of the Mississippi River Cities & Towns Initiative, said that communities in Arkansas down to the mouth of the Gulf of Mexico face the most serious nitrate issues, due to bioaccumulation of the nutrients in their water source. (While most nutrient pollution is released farther north, contaminants tend to travel south, where they accumulate and sit near the mouth of the Gulf.) Often, water-treatment facilities are too old to adequately filter out the chemicals. “Some of my cities are facing serious infrastructure issues because that stuff’s been neglected for so long,” Wellenkamp said.
The West Coast isn’t spared, either. “In some parts of California, like the Central Valley, you see both a combination of water-scarcity and water-quality problems, because of over-pumping or because of drought,” Olson said. “They often, unfortunately, go hand in hand, so even if you have water, it’s not fit to drink.”
Farther south, colonias—which are unincorporated settlements near the Mexican border—in Texas, Arizona, and New Mexico also frequently lack running water or sewer access. According to the Rural Community Assistance Partnership, approximately 30 percent of residents in colonias didn’t have safe drinking water in 2015. Mary Gonzales, a Texas state representative, said the problem is compounded by inadequate wastewater infrastructure for the 253 colonias in her district. “If you can’t flush your toilet and the septic system isn’t an adequate one, the raw sewage comes out onto the street,” she explained. “That’s literally what happens.” She added that current immigration rhetoric has complicated efforts to develop colonias, even though most of these communities are decades old and most residents are citizens.
Fixing rural water problems can be a costly prospect, but finding the money is often more a matter of political will. In Texas, one colonia needs $32 million to build basic wastewater infrastructure, which Gonzalez says is not an insurmountable sum. Nevertheless, help has not been forthcoming. In 2017, Texas Governor Greg Abbott used the line-item veto to defund the state’s Colonia Initiatives Program. The state legislature also failed to renew the Economically Distressed Areas Program, which provided funding for infrastructure development. Gonzalez introduced a House Joint Resolution that would have created a constitutional amendment to fund the program through joint-obligation bonds. The bill failed.
“When I’m advocating funding for colonias, sometimes people don’t even know there are thousands of communities who don’t even have running water,” Gonzales added. “These communities have been invisible for a long time.” Colonias have long been subject to environmental injustice, but the rest of rural America’s water problems are largely invisible, too—not least to the government bodies responsible for solving them.
A few months after President Donald Trump’s inauguration, Kentuckians from Martin County were dealing with contamination—but, they told NPR, they were hopeful for new federal spending that could help rebuild their water systems and their trust in government. Their hopes are echoed in other suffering communities. Many of the contamination problems facing rural America can be traced to old, broken, unreliable infrastructure like leaky pipes, clunky filtration systems, and backed-up sewers. Trump, of course, has promised to fix America’s aging infrastructure: His plan is set to be released Monday.
If Trump really wants to help rural America, he’d have to confront two facts. The first is that white, blue-collar workers aren’t the only rural Americans who need assistance. Immigrant and Latino communities are also at the front lines of this crisis. The second is that rural water travails can’t be solved without public funding: new public funding. “If you’re going to put out a $200 billion infrastructure plan, and the $200 billion is coming from cuts or elimination of other domestic programs we depend on, it’s not going to help anybody,” Wellenkamp said.
Wellenkamp fears that Trump will choose to zero out community-development block grants, or water-pollution-control grant programs, in order to fund his bill. That fear makes sense: In 2017, Trump introduced a budget proposal that would entirely defund the USDA’s water and wastewater loan and grant program. Though his administration later rescinded that proposal, it indicated an apparent lack of interest in or familiarity with the program’s work.
And though Trump’s much-vaunted infrastructure proposal will reportedly set aside $50 billion for rural development, a leaked draft of the forthcoming plan makes clear that it may be nothing more than a boon for backers of privatization. “The Clean Water State Revolving Fund (CWSRF) will be open for business for private firms to both manage and repair water infrastructure at taxpayer’s expense,” Michelle Chen recently explained at The Nation. “In addition, a credit scheme under the Water Infrastructure Finance and Innovation Act would provide more opportunity to private investors, by eliminating existing requirements that WIFIA funds be used for ‘Community Water Systems.’” The private sector, with its success strictly tied to profit-making, should not be involved in utilities at all. But certainly when public water money doesn’t even require those private water businesses to use it for, well, community water systems, then the chances those systems will improve is close to nil.
Perhaps unsurprisingly, The Washington Post has reported that the White House’s business-friendly infrastructure policy is being guided by a group of outside investors led by one of Trump’s billionaire friends, the developer Richard LeFrak. This is consistent with the Trump administration’s other business-policy priorities, like the Department of Labor’s proposed tip-pooling rule, which would allow restaurant owners to plunder their workers’ tips because owners know best how to distribute that money: In other words, Trump’s definition of economic progress is to grow the bank accounts of wealthy interests on the backs of everyday Americans and, yes, let it trickle down. Given that there isn’t much profit in running water to sparsely populated, low-income areas—indeed, water boards in rural communities are already raising rates to try to make ends meet—it’s unclear how blindly funding the private sector would incentivize the massive rebuilding projects these communities desperately need. Why give out tips or vast government checks when you can “reinvest” in yourself?
It’s only too easy to doubt Trump’s commitment to clean water. In addition to the above, the administration is openly hostile to the EPA, a stance that presents still more obstacles to drinkable water, and it at one point declared war on the USDA’s water-infrastructure funds, which advocates aren’t convinced the administration has really abandoned. “It would not stun me if they tried to take another crack at cutting substantially or even eliminating that funding,” Olson said. “It’s kind of ironic that the administration that purportedly wants to protect rural citizens has proposed eliminating one of the most important programs that helps rural communities have safe water.”
America’s failure to provide basic necessities to its rural citizens punches significant holes in the exceptionalist narrative favored by the Trump administration. It’s also a potentially life-threatening oversight. Rural Americans are already disproportionately more likely to die from cancer. Researchers from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention attribute the trend to a number of factors, including heavy tobacco use and obesity. But rural Americans also have to contend with inadequate public-health infrastructure: They’re more likely to be uninsured, and rural hospitals and community health centers are closing at a steady clip. This leaves rural communities ill-equipped to cope with the consequences of drinking contaminated water—assuming they can access water at all.
If water systems are not modernized soon, the changing climate will ensure yet more contamination, therefore increasing these disparities. A study published in the journal Science last year found that nutrient pollution flowing into the Mississippi River will likely increase as the climate changes, even if farmers don’t increase the amount of fertilizer they’re using. That’s because global warming is expected to cause more extreme storms and intense precipitation in the Midwest and Great Lakes, including the upper Mississippi Atchafalaya River Basin. In other areas of the United States, climate change is expected to cause more intense droughts and therefore more water-supply challenges. Those places include the rural communities in California’s Central Valley and south Texas.
Rural communities face a true nightmare scenario, and help isn’t on the way. These sparsely populated and sometimes deeply isolated towns and counties are already gripping the threads of an unravelling social safety net. Though rural America is making some economic gains, it still drags behind urban centers, and the gap is only expected to widen under Trump. But future administrations could change this narrative if they have the political will. The solution is massive public investment in failing infrastructure. Not only would this resolve a serious public-health crisis, it would also create jobs: You can’t fix rural America’s water without workers. Those jobs could even be folded into a federal-jobs guarantee, providing families with income while ensuring them access to safe drinking water and wastewater systems. Finally, a universal expansion of U.S. health care would resolve the insufficiencies of a privatized system and allow rural people to seek treatment for the physical consequences of drinking dirty water.
Those solutions won’t come from the Trump administration. In fact, individuals in both parties may balk at such a significant expansion of government. But it is the responsibility of government to protect the common good, and the state of rural water systems proves that this is a responsibility state and federal governments have refused to take up for far too long.
This article was taken from: https://newrepublic.com/article/147011/rural-americas-drinking-water-crisis | <urn:uuid:1e74a4cb-4621-48d0-a469-3fbf87db8172> | {
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Bananas Blossom 1 piece
Banana blossom, also known as a “banana heart”, is a fleshy, purple-skinned flower, shaped like a tear, which grows at the end of a banana fruit cluster. Traditionally used in south-east Asian and Indian cooking, it can also be eaten raw and its chunky, flaky texture.
- Help prevents the growth of pathogenic bacteria.
- Cooked banana flowers can help deal with pain abdomen and reduces the menstrual bleeding.
- Reduces blood sugar levels.
- Contains magnesium, reduces anxiety and boosts the mood. They act as natural antidepressants.
- Contains phenolic acids, tannins, flavonoids and various other antioxidants. These antioxidants neutralize free radicals, prevent oxidative damage, and reduces the risk of heart diseases and cancer.
- Increases the breast milk secretion for the lactating mothers. It also helps to support the uterus and reduces bleeding post-delivery.
- Rich in vitamin C and a potent source of antioxidants.
NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF BANANA FLOWER (According to the African Journal of Biotechnology) | <urn:uuid:5c935672-cc54-42db-8caa-89033073cd5d> | {
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The stats relating to mental health are astounding. The most telling estimate of many provided by The Department of Health is that around one in five Australians experience some form of mental illness annually. As a result, everybody has witnessed the effects that anxiety disorders, depressive episodes, or psychotic illnesses such as schizophrenia have on a person. No one is going to argue it’s not a problem and doesn’t need to be responded to more effectively on an ongoing basis.
So where does gamification come in? Well, gamifying elements of one’s life doesn’t work for everybody, but there certainly seems to be some potential here. While I don’t want to make it sound like gamification might not work for older demographics just as well as it does for younger people who’ve grown up in environments where gaming is more pervasive, I wonder whether the possibilities of gamification in the area of health and wellbeing might not be reinforced by the fact that the 16-24 age bracket is where mental illness is most prevalent.
A gamified app like SuperBetter is by no means a replacement for counselling and other conventional medical treatments, but it has proven for some people to provide a boost to motivation and morale in the face of life’s hurdles. We talked about the potentialities and limitations of this example in Episode 9 below:
Resilience has emerged as a prominent theme alongside the growing mental health crises now faced around the world. SuperBetter offers one possible gamified solution (or perhaps the term ‘gamified aid’ is better here), and there is room for users to themselves explore what might work for them. As I mentioned in the video above, one young person recently tweeted me saying that Habitica (the focus of Episode 6) had proven for them to be an effective means by which to cope with mental illness. The importance of the motivation and agency of someone who embraces – or at least tries out – gamification for the purposes of self-improvement or self-healing cannot be underestimated here; the attempt itself feeds directly into the resilience being developed. In this way, the possibilities of gamification are not only in the eye of the beholder, but also in their hands – and that is a large part of where its beauty lies…
If you’re keen to hear more about the background and conceptualisation of SuperBetter, you might like to check out Jane McGonigal’s TED Talk:
Happy and safe holidays to everyone and we’ll be back with one more blog before the year’s end! | <urn:uuid:01d26e1c-050d-48af-a01d-42ae3f3f9998> | {
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Innovation is the process of making changes, differences, and novelties in the products and services, adding values and business practices to create economic and social benefit. The purpose of this paper is to identify the strengths and weaknesses of innovation programs in developed and developing countries. We used a mixed-methods approach, quantitative as survey and qualitative as a multi-case study to examine innovation best practices in developed and developing countries. In addition, four case studies of innovation organisations based on the best practices and successful implementation in the developed and developing countries are selected for examination. The research findings provide guidance, suggestions, and recommendations for future implementation in developed and developing countries for practitioners such as policy makers, governments, funded organizations, and strategic institutions. In conclusion, innovation programs are vital tools for economic growth, knowledge, and technology transfer based on the several indicators such as creativity, entrepreneurship, role of government, role of university, strategic focus, new products, survival rate, job creation, start-up companies, and number of patents. The authors aim to conduct future research which will include a comparative study of innovation case studies between developed and developing countries for policy implications worldwide. The originality of this study makes a contribution to the current literature about the innovation best practice in developed and developing countries. | <urn:uuid:03a9a36b-4b72-4302-9ddd-fc9fa5c792ec> | {
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A woman painter was a rare phenomenon in the mid nineteenth century and in the aesthetic camp hostile to official art, there was only one. Berthe Morisot participated in most of the Impressionist’s exhibitions. Berthe Morisot was born with a silver spoon in her mouth. Jean-Honoré Fragonard and the artist painter Marguerite Gérard were distant relatives on her father’s side. Her father, Edmé Tiburce Morisot, held senior administrative positions. Berthe was born on 14 January 1841 in Bourges, in the administrative region of the Cher, because her father was then prefect of the Cher. Her mother, Marie-Cornélie Thomas, also from a prominent family, was the daughter of an inspector of public finances. Mrs Morisot oversaw her four children’s education, inviting teachers into their home. But it was upon the initiative of their father, an art collector, that three Morisot sisters started drawing lessons.
The girls’ first professor took them to Camille Corot. He did not give lessons per se; he gave advice, and this advice formed the basis of Berthe’s Impressionism. The Morisot sisters regularly went to the Louvre to copy the old masters. The museum was the site of constant meetings between painters. It was there they met Henri Fantin-Latour around 1860. He introduced Berthe and Edma to the engraver Félix Bracquemond, who became a faithful friend of the Impressionists.
It was only in 1867, while she was copying Rubens at the Louvre, that Berthe was introduced to Édouard Manet by Fantin-Latour. Soon afterwards, Manet and his wife and the Morisot family were constantly inviting themselves to each other’s homes. Berthe met Degas at Manet’s house and from that moment on Degas came nearly every Tuesday to Mrs Morisot’s. From their first meeting, Manet preferred Berthe and in 1868, she posed for him in The Balcony. Berthe’s letters show at what point Manet’s opinion became important to her. She was unable to remain indifferent to his lack of attention.
Berthe was always prone to self-doubt and torment. Finally the Salon opened and she saw her painting had been included. The late 1860s and the early 1870s was an especially painful period for Berthe. Her two sisters were married; only Berthe, now thirty, still lived with her parents, although she was much courted. No one knows her true relationship with Édouard Manet, but in early summer of 1870 she posed for him again.
Manet’s 1870 Repose (Portrait of Berthe Morisot), is a remarkable psychological study of a young woman. Executed in the style of a sketch, the painting makes for a particularly vivid portrait. The model has flung herself against the back of a sofa; one gets the impression she just sat down for an instant and became lost in thought. The expression on her face was not meant to be seen; sadness had momentarily covered her eyes.
Two years later, Manet painted Berthe Morisot with a Bouquet of Violets (private collection), which depicts a completely different Berthe. She looks younger here, her huge eyes in shadow gaze distractedly and her lips are poised to release a pensive smile. The stray hairs that fall from under her eccentric hat (“the latest fashion”) indicate she participated in bohemian culture. The predominance of black in the painting lends a mysterious character to the image of the young woman. The psychological complexity and many nuances of feeling that are difficult to put into words expressed the very essence of Berthe Morisot’s remarkable individuality and uniqueness. With his eleven portraits, Manet contributed as much to the memory of Berthe Morisot as she did for herself through her own painting.
The year 1870 formed a line of demarcation between two eras for Berthe, as it did for the other painters. She learned that Degas and Renoir had left to join the army. Her brother was taken prisoner by the Prussians. Berthe stayed in Paris like Édouard Manet. Manet was indignant and tried to persuade her to leave. But Berthe was steadfast in her decisions. The national guard requisitioned her studio and turned it into quarters.
To get a better insight into Impressionism, please continue this exciting adventure by clicking on Amazon US, Amazon UK, Amazon Australia, Amazon Canada, Ebook Gallery, Itune, Parkstone International, Google, Scribd, Overdrive, Barnes&Noble. | <urn:uuid:29cb5b04-e5db-4224-b6c6-918ca213437a> | {
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Food Industry Hygiene
Maintaining Hygiene in the Food Industry
For many industries in South Africa, hygiene is important. However, in no case could it be regarded as more crucial than in the food and beverage industry. We all love to eat out and are blessed with some of the world’s best restaurants, as many overseas visitors have discovered to their delight. Not only are their patrons assured of tasty and well-prepared dishes, but they can be confident that these have been prepared in kitchens where cleanliness is the watchword. That said, we also hear of those who have experienced illness after consuming items purchased from fast-food outlets. Such occurrences only serve to underline just how important it is to embrace the protocols and equipment that are required to maintain hygiene in commercial kitchens.
The mere action of handling food exposes it to the risk of contamination. Contaminants, including harmful bacteria, can be transferred from the hands or clothing of those involved in its preparation. In addition, the work surfaces on which it is prepared can harbour a similar threat if not kept scrupulously clean. Incidentally, germs aren’t the only problem. A surface used first to prepare prawns and then meat, unless cleansed between these activities, could see the meat dish contaminated with a potentially lethal allergen. Only by implementing strict hygiene measures can this type of cross-contamination be prevented.
What applies to a hotel or restaurant kitchen applies even more so to the factories responsible for the production of processed foods. Today, even the so-called fresh produce we purchase from supermarkets is likely to have undergone some degree of processing prior to being packaged in some form of plastic. In the manufacturing environment, much of the handling is achieved with the use of machines and so, just as with human hands, clothing, and work surfaces, thorough cleaning of this equipment is an essential part of maintaining hygiene in the processed-food industry.
There is no single solution that is able to cover all of these contingencies and so ensuring a hygienically clean environment requires a combination of measures. For a start, personal hygiene can be made both simpler and far more efficient by dispensing with conventional taps and paper towels in washrooms and installing hands-free dispensers and air-dryers in their place. In the dairy industry, automated boot cleaners can help prevent floors from becoming contaminated while safe, non-toxic cleaning agents and the tools to apply them are essential in maintaining hygiene for floors, work surfaces, machinery, and handling equipment.
In industrial and commercial settings, cleaning equipment designed for domestic use is rarely adequate. Instead, there are heavy-duty solutions more suited to these environments. For example, food-preparation and -processing areas are often tiled, allowing the use of pressure washers, hoses, and steam cleaners that ensure every last trace of contaminant present can be cleansed from every nook and cranny, thus eliminating concerns over trace residues that could still compromise hygiene in a kitchen.
The floors of commercial kitchens are normally fitted with drains. Together with squeegees and mops, this makes it easy for staff to deal with spills. For both simple and more sophisticated cleaning tools, chemical cleaners, washroom fittings, and other items essential for kitchen hygiene, many of South Africa’s top restaurateurs rely on Pescatech. | <urn:uuid:bf7f70c5-52f0-4a74-8565-3d0b7fc3a798> | {
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So you've created your first (or your first few) Excel macro(s), perhaps by following these 7 easy steps to create a macro. By now, your colleagues are already looking at you like you're a wizard.
That is a great sign that you're on a good way to learning macros and Visual Basic for Applications (VBA).
Being able to create a basic macro in Excel is only the beginning in the process to become a really efficient and productive user of macros and VBA. If you really want to unleash the power of these tools, you must learn VBA due to the fact that, among others, recording a macro sometimes simply doesn't “cut it”.
The bad news (at least for some of you) is that using VBA requires that you learn programming.
The good news is that programming in Excel is not as difficult as it may sound at first.
If this doesn't sound that convincing, wait…
In order to help you during the process of learning Visual Basic for Applications, I have created this Excel VBA tutorial for beginners where I explain, in detail, 16 (actually you'll probably learn even more) essential terms you need to know in order to learn VBA programming. In particular, I focus on the basic terms that you will constantly find during the process of becoming a VBA expert.
By the time you're done reading this beginners guide, you will understand the basics of at least 16 essential terms you need to know to learn Visual Basic for Applications. The following is the outline for this Excel tutorial:
This Excel VBA Tutorial for Beginners is accompanied by Excel workbooks containing the data and macros I use in the examples below. You can get immediate free access to these example workbooks by subscribing to the Power Spreadsheets Newsletter.
If some (or all) of the terms above sound completely strange to you, don't worry. Before learning VBA, I studied and worked in 2 careers that are infamous for using specialized jargon that is completely incomprehensible to outsiders: law and finance. To make a long story short…Visual Basic for Applications still seemed to me like a completely different language. But then I realized something:
VBA is indeed a different language and, after some time, I realized is not that hard to learn. This brings me to the first question I cover in this Excel VBA tutorial for beginners…
What Is VBA?
As you may already know, VBA stands for Visual Basic for Applications.
VBA is a programming language which was developed by Microsoft and is included in most products that are part of Microsoft Office.
What does this mean exactly?
You can think of a programming language just as you would think of pretty much any other language: English, Spanish, German, French, Italian, Portuguese, Hindi, Mandarin Chinese, Korean, etc. A language has several functions but, for purposes of this Excel VBA tutorial for beginners, I focus on one aspect. As explained in this SlideShare presentation by Aneshia Beach:
Language affords human beings the ability to communicate anything they can imagine.
Programming languages are slightly different in that you generally don't use them to communicate with a human being. You use a programming language, such as VBA, to communicate with a computer. More particularly, you communicate instructions to the computer.
In other words, Visual Basic for Applications is the language that allows you and me to communicate instructions to Excel.
So there is no way around it:
In order to be able to automate tasks in Excel and unleash its power, you must learn VBA. However, as you may expect, VBA is different from regular human languages.
More generally, the codes you can use to communicate with your computer are slightly different from those you use to communicate with other people. One of the main reasons for this, as explained by Charles Petzold (one of the seven Windows Pioneers) in Code: The Hidden Language of Computer Hardware and Software, is that despite the recent advances computers can't fully “deal with human codes directly because computers can't duplicate the ways in which human beings use their eyes, ears, mouths and fingers.”
Imagine you are learning a new human language (such as French, Italian or Spanish). One of the subject you need to study is its structure and, quite likely, you come across terms such as nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, and the like. If you hadn't heard those terms before or you're like me and forgot their precise meanings, learning a new language could be quite challenging.
Programming languages are not significantly different and, therefore, in order to learn a language such as Visual Basic for Applications, you need to understand its structure. Since this structure isn't exactly the same as that of human languages, you encounter some special (and different) terms that you must learn.
And this is where this Excel VBA tutorial for beginners comes in to help. In the following sections, I explain to you some of the most important terms that you need to know to learn VBA programming. By the end of this guide, you will understand the basic building blocks of Visual Basic for Applications, which will allow you to learn this programming language and become fluent much faster.
As a side note: you can, to a certain extent, make an analogy between some of the word classes (nouns, verbs, adverbs, etc.) in English and some of the components of VBA to help you understand these elements better. If this sounds interesting, you may want to check out Excel 2013 VBA and Macros, written by Excel MVP Bill Jelen (Mr. Excel) and Excel consultant Tracy Syrstad, where you can find a concrete example about how the parts of speech of a regular human language are comparable to certain VBA components.
In this particular Excel VBA tutorial for beginners, I use the analogy between VBA components and parts of speech to a certain extent but, where appropriate, I use different illustrations.
What Is A Macro? The Difference Between Macros And VBA?
Excel macros and Visual Basic for Applications are not exactly the same thing, although they are closely related and, sometimes, people use them interchangeably.
As explained above, VBA is a programming language which can be used in several programs that are part of Microsoft Office such as Excel, Power Point, Word and Access.
A macro is not a programming language. As explained by John Walkenbach (one of the most outstanding authors on the topic of Excel) in the Excel 2013 Bible:
A macro is a sequence of instructions that automates some aspect of Excel.
In other words:
- A macro is the sequence of instructions that you want Excel to follow in order to achieve a particular purpose.
- Visual Basic for Applications is a programming language you can use to create macros.
Take, for example, the following instructions:
The whole set of instructions is the equivalent of an Excel macro. It's a sequence of instructions that should be followed in order to achieve a purpose which, in this case, is enjoying a tsukemen meal.
The language in which the instructions in the image above are written is English. This is the equivalent of Visual Basic for Applications.
So… as you can see: VBA and Excel macros have a very close relationship but, strictly speaking, they are not the same.
However, as you will see below, it is not uncommon to use certain terms interchangeably with the word macro.
What Is VBA Code?
This is where it may start to get a little bit confusing, but please bear with me…
As explained by John Walkenbach in the Excel 2013 Bible, “you perform actions in VBA by executing VBA code.” You can generate VBA code in one of the following 2 ways:
- By recording certain actions you perform in an Excel workbook by using the macro recorder.
- By writing the VBA code in the Visual Basic Editor (VBE).
The following is a very basic example of VBA code. The comments near the top (in green font) explain what the piece of code does.
Now, you may wonder… what is the difference between a macro and VBA code?
I don't go into too may details (it deviates from the purpose of this Excel VBA tutorial for beginners) but, if you are interested, you can check out this discussion about the difference between macro code and VBA code in Mr. Excel's forum. For purposes of this guide, there is no essential difference. In fact, as Microsoft explains here, several programs that are part of Microsoft Office “use the term ‘macro' to refer to VBA code.”
Some very prominent Excel professionals and authors do make a distinction between code and macros. For example, when providing some key definitions in the Excel 2013 Bible, John Walkenbach distinguishes between code (“VBA instructions that are produced” when recording a macro or entered manually) and macro (“a set of VBA instructions performed automatically”).
Now that the definitions of macros, VBA and VBA code are clear (or at least clearer than they were at the beginning), let's start looking at the different components of Visual Basic for Applications.
What Is A Module?
In broad terms, a module is the equivalent of a VBA container. In other words, it is where Excel actually stores the VBA code.
If you have seen a cargo ship or port, or if you have ever been involved in shipping, you may have seen intermodal containers (such as the ones in the image below). These containers are used for, among other purposes, storing goods.
In Excel, the equivalent of the intermodal containers are modules and the goods that are stored are the pieces of VBA code.
You can check out which modules are stored in the Excel workbook you're currently working on in the Project Explorer (which is one of the sections of the Visual Basic Editor). The following screenshot shows an example of the Project Explorer, where there is only 1 standard module (called “Module1”).
There are other types of modules in addition to standard modules but I'll cover this topic in future tutorials. Note however that, as explained by Chip Pearson, standard modules are also referred to simply as modules.
Modules are made out of procedures so, as you can imagine, the next logical question is…
What Are Procedures And Routines?
A procedure is, basically, the part of a computer program that performs a particular task or action.
In more technical terms, a procedure is a block of statements that is enclosed by a particular declaration statement and an End declaration. In Excel 2013 Power Programming with VBA, John Walkenbach explains how VBA supports two types of procedures:
- Sub procedures, which perform an action in Excel.
The declaration statement that begins a Sub procedure is “Sub”.
For example, the following piece of VBA code (the comments near the top of the image describe its basic purpose) is a Sub procedure. Notice the opening declaration statement, the matching End declaration and how the block of statements is enclosed by these two declarations.
- Function procedures, which carry out calculations and return a value.
Sub procedures do not return a value but function procedures can perform certain activities before returning a value.
As explained by Walkenbach in Excel VBA Programming for Dummies, the use of terms such as sub procedure, routine, program, procedure and macro can be a little bit confusing and, generally, they're used interchangeably. Perhaps the most important distinction you should be able to make is between Sub and Function procedures, as explained above. You can refer to these tutorials on Sub procedures and Function procedures for further information..
I imagine that you may have several questions related to the (more technical) definition of procedure given above, so let's take a look at the meaning of one of its key words…
What Is A Statement?
A statement is an instruction. In some contexts, you can distinguish 2 main types of statements:
- Declaration statements are, as implied by their name, used to declare something such as a variable or a constant.
When defining what a Sub procedure is, I showed you an example of a declaration statement. In this particular case, this declaration statement is the opening Sub statement which declares the Sub procedure named Best_Excel_Tutorial.
- Executable statements are statements that specify that a particular action should be taken.
The Best_Excel_Tutorial macro used as an example above has several executable statements. For example, the statement “ActiveCell.Select” specifies that Excel should select the current active cell.
A special type of executable statements are assignment statements. These type of statements, as you can imagine from their name, assign a particular “value or expression to a variable or constant.”
What Are Objects?
As you've seen above, procedures perform tasks or actions.
You may wonder, what is the object of those tasks? In other words, on what is Excel performing the particular action?
The answer is objects. And this is where the analogies between parts of the VBA programming language and English parts of speech used in Excel 2013 VBA and Macros comes in handy.
So let's change topics for a second and focus on English grammar. As explained by Grammar Girl, in regular English an object “is having something done to it”.
In real life, you can find objects anywhere, including the laptop that you use to work on Excel.
Horses are another example of objects.
Actually, since I used to be a real big fan of horses when I was a child, I use them for explanation purposes throughout this Excel VBA tutorial for beginners and have some more horse pictures throughout this guide.
In Visual Basic for Applications things are not very different. This is because, as explained by John Walkenbach in Excel VBA Programming for Dummies, “VBA manipulates objects”. According to Walkenbach, there are more than 100 classes of objects that can be manipulated using Visual Basic for Applications.
The following are some examples of objects in Visual Basic for Applications:
Can you spot 2 objects in the Best_Excel_Tutorial macro that has been used as an example?
If you haven't, don't worry; I point them out for you in the following screenshot.
As explained by Chandoo (probably the most prominent Excel blogger) here, the ActiveCell and Selection objects which I highlight above are among the most common.
- ActiveCell refers to the current active cell in the current active Excel workbook.
- Selection refers to the currently selected object which, in the example above, is a cell.
Objects are defined by classes, so the next question is…
What Are Classes?
As I mention above, classes define objects and, more particularly, classes define the following aspects of an object:
As a consequence of the above, you can think of objects as instances of classes or, similarly, you can think about classes as blueprints.
For example, let's assume you used to run a company that produced roll film cameras. That company had a basic blueprint or technical drawing such as the following:
This blueprint defines the characteristics of each of the roll film cameras to be produced and is, therefore, the equivalent of a VBA class. Once the company has the blueprint, it can produce the actual cameras.
The actual produced cameras are the equivalent of a VBA object.
Classes are a slightly advanced Excel topic and, therefore, you're unlikely to work much with them at the beginning. But, just in case, now you know what a class is and how it is different from, and related to, an object.
What Are Collections?
In Visual Basic for Applications, the word collection refers to collections of objects.
At the basic level, the general use of the word collection doesn't differ too much from the use given to it in VBA. As you'd expect, in very general terms, a collection is a group of objects, more precisely a group of related objects.
Therefore, you can use collections to group and manage objects that are related between them.
At a basic level, the concept of collections is relatively simple (I will cover more complicated collection topics in future tutorials) but, if you want a more graphical illustration, check out the following Dr. Seuss collection.
As explained by John Walkenbach in Excel 2013 Power Programming with VBA, collections themselves are objects, although there is also a collection class.
If collections group objects that have some relationship between them, you may be wondering…
How Are Objects Related To Each Other?
As explained by Microsoft, “objects can be related to each other in several ways” but the main type of relationship is of containment.
Containment relationships are present when objects are put within a container object. This means that objects can contain other objects within them, such as the plastic container (an object) that holds the Dr. Seuss books (other objects) in the image above.
A very good example of a containment relationship is a collection of objects.
Another important type of relationship is hierarchical, which is mostly applicable to classes. Hierarchical relationships occur when a class is derived from a more fundamental class.
What Is A Property?
Objects have properties. These are the attributes, characteristics or qualities that can be used to describe the object. I cover the topic of properties in this Excel tutorial.
As explained by John Walkenbach in Excel VBA Programming for Dummies, Visual Basic for Applications allows you to both determine and change the properties of a particular object.
Let's take, for example, this horse:
What are some of its properties? How about the color of its hair or its eyes? The size of its ears?
You get the idea.
In addition to having properties, objects have methods. As you may expect, the next question I answer is…
What Are Methods?
To understand what methods are, let's go back to English grammar.
As I explain above when defining the term “object”, an object has something done to it. The method is the “something” which is done to the object. In the words of Walkenbach in VBA Programming for Dummies:
A method is an action Excel performs with an object.
In grammatical terms, and as illustrated by Bill Jelen and Tracy Syrstad in Excel 2013 VBA and Macros, a method (in VBA) is roughly the equivalent of a verb. I cover the topic of methods in more detail here.
Let's continue using horses to illustrate the meaning of these Visual Basic for Applications components:
What is an example of a method (verb) that could be applied to a horse?
How about horseback riding?
How Do Properties And Methods Look Like In Excel?
Let's go back to the Best_Excel_Tutorial macro that I have been using as an example in this particular guide for beginners. If you run that macro, Excel does the following:
- Types “This is the best Excel tutorial” into the active cell.
- Auto-fits the column width of the active cell.
- Colors the active cell red.
- Changes the font color of the active cell to blue.
Now that you know what is a property and what is a method:
Would you be able to distinguish which of the above make reference to a property and which to a method?
To answer this question, let's take a look again at the VBA code:
And let's take a closer look at the relevant lines to determine whether they make reference to a property or a method:
- “ActiveCell.FormulaR1C1 = “This is the best Excel tutorial”” tells Excel to write “This is the best Excel tutorial” in the active cell.
ActiveCell returns an object. More precisely, it returns the current active cell.
So what is FormulaR1C1? A property or a method?
Property. More precisely, Formula R1C1 sets the formula for ActiveCell.
- “Selection.Columns.AutoFit” instructs Excel to auto-fit the column of the active cell.
In this case, the object is represented by Selection.Columns which represents the column of the current active cell.
So what is the remaining part of the statement? Is AutoFit a property or a method?
If you answered method, you are correct. AutoFit is changing the width of the relevant column to achieve the best fit. In other words, is doing something (auto-fitting) to the object.
- The part of the first With… End With statement that actually sets the fill color of the active cell is “.Color = 255”.
All the individual statements within this With… End With statement (including “.Color = 255”) refer to Selection.Interior. This is the interior of the current selection (in this case, the active cell).
You know which question is coming:
Is Color a property or a method?
Since Color is setting the main color of the interior of the active cell,the answer is property.
- Finally, the part of the second With… End With Statement that determines the font color is “.Color = –4165632”.
This is, for purposes of this Excel VBA tutorial for beginners, substantially the same case as above. In this case reference is made to Selection.Font which, in this example, is the font of the text in the active cell.
And, as you already know that Color is a property, I won't ask you again 😉 .
What Are Variables And Arrays?
In computer science, a variable is a storage location that you pair with a name and use to represent a particular value. That value is stored in the computer's memory.
In other words, you use variables as placeholders for particular values. You can think about variables as envelopes.
How can you use envelopes to store information?
You can, for example:
- Put some information inside an envelope. This is the content of the envelope or, for programming purposes, the value of the variable.
- Put a name to the envelope. This is the name of the envelope or variable.
Now, let's imagine that you need to tell somebody to get the information that is inside a particular envelope. You can describe the information that you need in either of the following ways:
- By describing the information itself. In this case, the person that is helping you has to open each and every envelope to check out their contents.
- By mentioning the name of the relevant envelope. In this case, the person helping you doesn't need to open each envelope to know where the piece of information they need to get is.
Can you picture why referring to the name of the envelope, instead of the information itself, can be a more efficient option?
But let's get back to the topic that really matters:
I bet you were not expecting that 😛 … but let's imagine that you own one of the horses in the images above and a very important part of your horse's diet is sugar cubes.
The horse has 5 different caretakers and, each day, he should eat between 5 and 10 sugar cubes. In order to guarantee that this is the case, you set the following rule: each caretaker should give 1 or 2 sugar cubes per day to the horse.
At the beginning of each day, each caretaker needs to report how many sugar cubes he has given to the horse the day before. This report is done by filling the following Excel table.
Since you are a very efficient manager, you want to program a VBA application (let's call it “Horse_Sugar_Cubes”) that does the following:
- Asks each caretaker how many sugar cubes they have given to the horse.
- If any of the caretakers has not followed the rule that requires him to give 1 or 2 sugar cubes to the horse, issues a reminder.
Before we take a look at the actual VBA code, check out how the Horse_Sugar_Cubes macro works in practice:
This Excel VBA Tutorial for Beginners is accompanied by Excel workbooks containing the data and macros I use (including the Horse_Sugar_Cubes macro). You can get immediate free access to these example workbooks by subscribing to the Power Spreadsheets Newsletter.
Let's start the set up of the Horse_Sugar_Cubes application. For these purposes, you may want to use the following two variables:
- A variable that stores the number of sugar cubes given by a particular caretaker to the horse. You can name this variable sugarCubes.
- A variable that stores the identification number of the caretaker. You can name this variable caretakerNumber.
How do you create these variables?
To create a variable in Visual Basic for Applications, you must declare it. When you declare a variable, you determine what is the name and what are the characteristics of the particular variable, and tell the computer to allocate some storage space.
- You can declare variables at different levels. The level at which you declare a variable determines when is the variable applicable.
For example, you can declare a variable at the top of a module. This variable is known as a module-level variable and exists as long as the module is loaded. Additionally, they're available for use in any procedure within the relevant module.
You can also create a variable with a more limited reach, by declaring the variable within a procedure. In this case, this variable is known as a procedure-level variable. Procedure-level variables can only be used within the relevant procedure in which they have been declared.
- Since you use variables to store different types of data, you can define different types for a variable. You do this by using the As keyword.
Some examples of types that you can specify for a variable are Integer, Boolean, String and Range.
Let's take a look at how you can declare the variables caretakerNumber and sugarCubes in practice.
I come back to the topic of variables further down this Excel VBA tutorial for purposes of explaining how you can use variables in the VBA macro to help you keep track of how many sugar cubes are given to the horse each day.
As a final note, allow me to make a brief introduction of arrays. I provide a more detailed introduction to arrays in this VBA tutorial.
Variables that contain a single value are known as scalar variables. You use scalar variables when working with a single item.
What do you do if you are working with a group of items that are related to each other?
In these cases, you use arrays. Arrays are sets of indexed elements that share the same data type and have a logical relationship between them. The function is substantially the same as that of a variable: holding values. The main difference is that arrays can store several values while scalar variables can hold only one value.
When you use an array, you refer to the different elements of the array using the common name and distinguish among them with a number (called a subscript or index). For example, if you had a group of 10 horses numbered 1 through 10, you can refer to them as horses(1), horses(2), horses(3) and so on until horses(10).
Let's continue with the study of the main VBA components that appear in the Horse_Sugar_Cubes application by understanding…
What Is A Condition?
A condition is a statement or expression that evaluates to either true or false. Then, depending on whether the statement has evaluated to true or false, Excel executes (or doesn't execute) a group of statements.
As explained by David Malan (Professor of Computer Science at Harvard University), a condition can be seen as:
Something that must be true in order for something to happen.
Can you think of a way you can apply a conditional statement in the VBA application you are developing to keep track of how many sugar cubes are given to your horse by the caretakers?
Hint: conditional statements often use the if-then structure.
If you take a close look at the description of the 2 things that the Horse_Sugar_Cubes application should do, you'll notice that the second step follows the if-then structure. More precisely:
- If any of the caretakers doesn't follow the rule that requires him to give 1 or 2 sugar cubes to the horse…
- Then the Horse_Sugar_Cubes macro issues a reminder.
If you're an Excel user, you may have noticed that conditions are not exclusive to VBA programming. For example, several Excel functions such as the IF function allow you to check whether a condition is true or not and, based on the result, do one thing or another. Additionally, you can use other functions such as ISNUMBER to perform logical tests.
There are several ways to structure conditional statements in Visual Basic Applications and I will cover them in future tutorials. However, for purposes of the Horse_Sugar_Cubes application, you can use an If…Then…Else statement.
How does this look inside the Visual Basic Editor?
You can use set up the following If…Then statement for the Horse_Sugar_Cubes macro:
Let's take a look at each of the lines in this code snippet:
- The first line states 2 conditions that can evaluate to either true or false.
This particular line asks Excel to check whether the value of sugarCubes (the amount of sugar cubes that a particular caretaker has given to the horse) is less than 1 or more than 2. In other words, this is where Excel confirms whether a particular caretaker has complied with the rule that requires him to give 1 or 2 sugar cubes per day to the horse.
If either of these 2 conditions is true, Excel executes the statement that appears in the second row. If neither of the 2 conditions is true (both are false), Excel doesn't execute the statement in the second line.
- The second line tells Excel what it should do if either of the 2 conditions set in the first line is true.
In this case, if a caretaker has not given any sugar cubes (less than 1) or has given more than 2 sugar cubes to the horse in a particular day, Excel displays a message in a dialog box reminding that caretaker that he “should give 1 or 2 sugar cubes per day to the horse”.
- The third line terminates the If…Then…Else block.
You now know how to create the variables that store the number of sugar cubes given to the horse by each caretaker and the identification number of each caretaker. You also know how to get Excel to remind a caretaker of the rule that states they should give 1 or 2 sugar cubes per day to the horse in case they haven't done so.
You only need one extra VBA component to complete the basic structure of you Horse_Sugar_Cubes macro:
How do you get Excel to ask each of the 5 caretakers how many sugar cubes he has given to the horse?
I help you answer this question in the following section.
What Is A Loop?
- Are specified once, but…
- Are carried out several times.
In other words, a loop is a particular statement that makes a group of instructions be followed multiple times. Just as with conditional statements, there are several ways in which you can structure loops and I will cover them in future tutorials.
However, for purposes of the Horse_Sugar_Cubes application, you can can use a For Each…Next statement. This statement asks Excel to execute a group of statements repeatedly for each of the components of a particular group.
In practice, this looks roughly as follows. This is the For Each…Next statement of the Horse_Sugar_Cubes macro that I am using as example in this Excel VBA tutorial for beginners.
Notice that the conditional statement that I explain in the section above is there.
However, what is more relevant for purposes of this section is the general structure of a For Each…Next statement, so let's take a look at it.
- At the beginning, a For Each…Next statement must say “For Each element of a certain type in the particular group”. In the example above, this line is as follows:
The word element refers to the particular items of a collection through which the loop should run. In the case I am using as an example, the elements are sugarCubes.
In this particular case, sugarCubes is defined as a Range object variable. If you're in a situation where the element has not been declared previously, you declare its data type.
The last portion of the statement refers to the group in which the elements are. In this case, this is the range of cells C5 through C9. This is the collection over which the statements inside the loop is repeated.
In other words, Excel applies the set of instructions inside the loop to each of the cells highlighted in the following screenshot.
- The body of a simple For Each…Next statement such as the one in the Horse_Sugar_Cubes macro includes a certain number of instructions that Excel applies to each of the elements in the group (according to what has been stated in the first line).
In the example being used in this Excel VBA tutorial for beginners, the body of statements looks as follows:
The above group of statements is a very simple example. There are structures that are more complicated than this, involving statements (such as Continue For or Exit For) which can be used to transfer the control to different parts of the VBA code.
- The last statement of the For Each…Next statement is of the form “Next element”. In the example above, this looks as follows:
This statement simply terminates the definition of the loop and tells Excel that, after carrying out the instructions inside the loop, it should move to the next element (in this case, the next sugarCubes).
To summarize, the opening and closing lines of the For Each…Next statement tell Excel that it should run the instructions that are inside the loop for each of the 5 cells where the number of sugar cubes given to the horse by each caretaker are to be recorded.
Macro Example: Horse_Sugar_Cubes
Before I end this Excel VBA tutorial for beginners, let's take a final line-by-line look at the complete VBA code behind the Horse_Sugar_Cubes macro to review some of the essential terms that have been covered in this guide and understand each of the instructions behind the application.
For ease of reference, here is once more an illustration of how the Horse_Sugar_Cubes macro works in practice:
Let's go through the main items of this macro while making some general comments to further illustrate each of the terms covered in this tutorial:
#1. General aspects.
The Horse_Sugar_Cubes application is written in Visual Basic for Applications or VBA, the programming language you can use to communicate instructions to Excel.
Horse_Sugar_Cubes itself is a macro, a sequence of instructions for Excel to follow. The code that appears in the screenshot above is an example of VBA code. The terms macro, VBA code, Sub procedure, routine and procedure are sometimes used interchangeably.
The VBA code behind the Horse_Sugar_Cubes application is stored by Excel in a module, the container where Excel stores the VBA code.
The Horse_Sugar_Cubes macro has several statements, or instructions.
#2. Sub Horse_Sugar_Cubes() and End Sub.
The first line of code in the screenshot above declares the sub procedure Horse_Sugar_Cubes. A Sub procedure is the series of statements that are between the Sub and the End Sub statements and, more precisely, is a part of a computer program that performs an action.
The other main type of procedure in VBA are Function procedures, which carry out calculations and return a particular value.
The last line of code in the screenshot above terminates the execution of the sub procedure Horse_Sugar_Cubes. Once Excel executes this line, the macro stops running.
#3. Dim caretakerNumber As Integer and Dim sugarCubes as Range.
In Visual Basic for Applications, variables are usually declared using the Dim statement. After this, you can determine the name of the variable and its characteristics. The computer allocates a storage location to the variable and, then, you can use the declared variable as a placeholder to represent a particular value.
In the example above, 2 variables are declared. caretakerNumber is declared as an integer and sugarCubes as a range.
#4. caretakerNumber = 1.
This line is an assignment statement which assigns the value 1 to the variable caretakerNumber. As a consequence of this assignment, every time that the Horse_Sugar_Cubes macro is executed, caretakerNumber is set to the initial value of 1.
#5. For Each…Next statement.
A For Each…Next statement asks Excel to execute a group of statements repeatedly for each member of a group. This type of statement is one of the simplest ways to implement a loop, a statement that makes a particular group of instructions be repeated several times.
In the case of the Horse_Sugar_Cubes macro, the loop asks Excel to repeat the relevant set of instructions for each of the 5 caretakers of the horse. Let's take a look at the body of the For Each…Next statement to understand the set of instructions that is repeated:
- sugarCubes.Value = InputBox(“Number of sugar cubes given to horse by caretaker ” & caretakerNumber).
The first part of the line (sugarCubes.Value =) assigns a value to the variable sugarCubes.
The second part of the statement (InputBox(“Number of sugar cubes given to horse by caretaker ” & caretakerNumber)) instructs Excel to show a pop-up input box that asks what is the number of sugar cubes given to the horse by each caretaker. The number that is inputted in the box is recorded in the relevant cell of the Excel worksheet and is the value assigned to the variable sugarCubes.
The input box refers to each caretaker by its identification number (1 through 5) by calling the value of the variable caretakerNumber (for example, the first caretaker is referred to as caretaker 1, and so on). As a consequence of the statement immediately above the For Each…Next statement (caretakerNumber = 1), the value of the variable caretakerNumber at the beginning of the process is always 1. I explain further below which statement asks Excel to update the caretaker number for the relevant caretaker.
- Conditional statement.
Conditional statements evaluate a particular condition and, depending on the result (true or false), Excel carries out (or refrains from carrying out) certain actions.
The conditional statement in the Horse_Sugar_Cubes macro evaluates whether a caretaker has given less than 1 or more than 2 sugar cubes to the horse (therefore not complying with the rule that requires them to give either 1 or 2 sugar cubes per day to the horse). If any of the 2 conditions is met (the number of sugar cubes given to the horse is less than 1 or more than 2), Excel displays a message box with a reminder that states “You should give 1 or 2 sugar cubes per day to the horse”.
- caretakerNumber = caretakerNumber + 1.
This statement increases the value of the variable caretakerNumber by 1 for each successive repetition of the For Each…Next statement.
Therefore, the second time the set of instructions is repeated by the macro, caretakerNumber is equal to 2. The third time, the variable has the value of 3. As you may expect, the values for the fourth and fifth times are 4 and 5 respectively.
You have made it to the end of this Excel VBA tutorial for beginners.
By now, based on what you have learned on this beginners guide, you know the meanings of at least 16 essential terms you need to know to learn VBA programming. You're also able to understand how some of these terms are sometimes used interchangeably and some of the discussions regarding their use.
Additionally, you've seen how these concepts come together to form a macro, and you know how some of the VBA components that have been explained in this Excel VBA tutorial for beginners can be implemented in practice.
I hope that this Excel tutorial for beginners has proved that the most essential terms you need to know to learn VBA programming are not that complicated to understand.
You're likely to find the terms that have been covered in this particular guide for beginners many times during your journey to becoming a VBA expert so you may want to bookmark this post and come back as required during your future Visual Basic for Applications studies.
Books Referenced In This Excel Tutorial
Click on any of the images below to purchase the book at Amazon. PowerSpreadsheets.com is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to Amazon.com.
Photos: “Tsukemen instructions” by Alper Çuğun, “Container” by www.GlynLowe.com, “My new laptop is really awesome.” by Michael Leung, “Horsing around on Rosarito Beach” by John Liu, “1952 roll film camera patent” by www.patentswallart.com, “Dr. Seuss collection” by EvelynGiggles, “Funny Boy” by Wendy, “Schleich” by Lulu_Sunset, “Envelopes” by Kevin Steinhardt, “Sugar” by –Uwe Hermann and “Horse racing” by Paul, are licensed under CC BY 2.0. | <urn:uuid:0facb802-90b9-4357-8abd-8add2627fce4> | {
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How Does Clinical Research Run?
A Bird’s Eye View
Everything starts with an idea. Much before involvement at the level of a family physician, Phase I trials are undertaken to determine basic safety, dosage and proof of concept. These are usually small trials. If things go well, the concept moves on to Phase II. In these trials dosages are better defined and safety is again examined. Phase II trials are generally larger and may involve more than one center. If this goes well the concept moves on to Phase III trials. This is generally the level at which we may become involved.
In Phase III clinical trials researchers continue to further check the safety and efficacy of a given product on a larger scale. This often involves multiple clinical research sites (of which we may be one). Phase III trials must pass through several assessments including that of a scientific team, an ethics committee, the Food and Drug Administration (U.S.) and Health Canada.
To a limited extent Phase III clinical trials are a work in progress. Clinical research involves consistent and thorough communication between the researcher and the other teams involved to ensure that what eventually comes to market has the efficacy and safety data to support its use.
Phase IV trials are run post-approval of drugs to ensure safety and efficacy.
For more information please refer to Health Canada’s website. | <urn:uuid:75f4a2ba-c736-4609-a540-09afccf95cfd> | {
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- Education and Training: extension, technical assistance, workshop
- Natural Resources/Environment: wildlife
Prescribed fire is well recognized as a cost-effective and uniquely beneficial land management tool, with
utility for range management, ecological restoration, fuels reduction, wildlife habitat enhancement, and
more. In California, most prescribed burning happens on federal lands, and private lands burning is
largely planned and overseen by CAL FIRE through their Vegetation Management Program (VMP). After
decades of decline, the VMP is now expanding, and CAL FIRE has made major investments in new staff in
order to meet their statewide prescribed fire goals. This rapid expansion of the VMP, and increasing
interest and demand from landowners, has created a training need within CAL FIRE that cannot be met
by existing federal fire coursework or via internal agency expertise. Other agencies and organizations
that work with private landowners are encountering similar challenges: there is significant and growing
demand for prescribed fire among agricultural producers, but the agencies lack the expertise and
professional development opportunities to advise landowners and develop prescribed fire plans that
meet their resource management objectives. For this project, we developed a series of educational videos on conducting prescribed burns in California’s diverse ecosystems, geared toward professionals within CAL FIRE, the Natural Resources Conservation
Service, Cooperative Extension, and other agencies and organizations that work with and advise
agricultural producers on prescribed fire-related efforts. The module was modeled after and
include components of the federal RX-310 course (Introduction to Fire Effects), but was
abbreviated to increase opportunities for participation, and targeted specifically toward issues and
topics on private lands.
Through this project, we hoped to build capacity for resource management-driven prescribed fire on private lands in California. Specifically, we planed to: 1) record a series of very targeted webinars (minimum of 10) on specific uses of prescribed fire, given by experts who know the topics well; 2) compile a series of concise fact sheets that reflect the content of the webinars, which will later be made publicly available as a UCANR 8000 Series publication.
- In collaboration with the target agencies (CAL FIRE, NRCS, and Cooperative Extension), we identified topics for web-based fire effects modules focused on the utility of prescribed fire for range improvement and other private lands management priorities. These modules would focus on burn planning, including identifying burn objectives, developing prescribed fire prescriptions, and evaluating effectiveness of control on target plant species.
- Recruit an experienced cadre to lead the modules in partnership with the principal investigators. Cadre members would have expertise in range management, fuels management, and fire behavior, and have familiarity with programs and policies that enable prescribed fire on private lands.
Use this project as a pilot to explore future opportunities and models of training on these topics. | <urn:uuid:d26f4f49-f614-4028-a8f5-6a352d1b6d36> | {
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What Exactly Is Lactoferrin?
Lactoferrin is an immune-supporting protein found in human milk, cow milk, and other fluids in the human body. When a baby is first born, the initial breastfeeding fluid is called colostrum. This colostrum contains up to seven times the amount of lactoferrin than what is found in the breast milk later on. Wowza! 1 A huge boost of immune support is given to the newborn breastfeeding baby. And as the mom continues to breastfeed, thebreast milk antibodies keep coming!
Is Lactoferrin Sourced From Breast Milk?
This may sound like an odd question, but I have been asked this more than once. This supplemental protein is not sourced from human milk. It is usually sourced from cow or goat milk.
Why is Lactoferrin Beneficial For Children?
Many moms today are not breastfeeding their children as long as they used to many years ago. Less than half of American moms are exclusively breastfeeding by the time their child is 3-months old. This is far less than the recommended time frame. 2 As a result, their growing child is deprived of the many immune-boosting nutrients naturally found in breast milk–lactoferrin being one of those.
Also young bodies are quickly depleted of beneficial bacteria from the standard American diet of processed and packaged foods. Add to that the overuse of antibiotics. You now have kids whose immune systems are weak and unprotected.
Lactoferrin is researched for it’s many ways that it activates parts of the immune system. It can act as a natural prebiotic, giving support to the digestive system. I’ve also seen it used as an essential nutrient to combat ear infections, which tend to be common among kids.
Does Lactoferrin Contain Lactose?
No. Lactoferrin is not to be confused with lactose and does not contain it. Lactose is the sugar part of milk and dairy products and is not present in this nutrient. Children who are lactose-intolerant can still benefit from this supplement.
Is It OK For Children With Milk Allergies?
In most cases, yes. The most common milk protein allergens are found in the casein and whey fractions of milk. Lactoferrin is considered a “sub-protein,” and therefore highly unlikely to be a problem for kids with milk allergies.
However, I’m sure there’s always exceptions to this. My best advice would be to test a small amount of the product with your child first to see how they respond. If the milk allergies are severe, then you can stay away from lactoferrin altogether and find another immune-boosting alternative.
Where Can I Find a Quality Lactoferrin Product for My Child?
The one my children have used for years with great results is from Shaklee Corporation. This company was the first one to ever include this nutrient into their children’s all-natural chewable vitamins. I’m not sure how many other companies have followed suit. I personally trust Shaklee’s quality and integrity and have even posted a kids’ multivitamin comparison chart if you’d like to add this to your research.
Any Questions I May Have Missed?
Please post your questions below, and I will be happy to help you find your answers! | <urn:uuid:0e8b8033-501d-46c7-b87e-beb0e91f0a76> | {
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Show All Answers
An air quality burn ban is a mandatory, yet temporary, order that restricts the use of wood stoves and fireplaces, as well as outdoor burning, when air quality is degraded and human health may be adversely impacted. Air quality burn bans typically occur during fall and winter months and may last for up to a week or more.
For more information, visit our About Burn Bans page.
During a Stage 1 burn ban:
During a Stage 2 burn ban:
The Puget Sound Clean Air Agency has regulatory authority to issue burn bans in King, Kitsap, Pierce and Snohomish counties, in accordance with RCW 70.94.473.
The smoke from burning wood and wood-based products contains fine particles (soot) and a toxic mix of other carcinogens. This pollution is harmful to your health, particularly for young children, older adults and people with respiratory and heart disease. During stagnant weather conditions, concentrations of wood smoke can reach harmful levels, so we restrict wood smoke emissions to protect air quality in our neighborhoods and the health of those living there.
The Puget Sound Clean Air Agency calls air quality burn bans for King, Kitsap, Pierce and Snohomish counties. Air quality burn bans for areas outside Puget Sound Clean Air Agency’s jurisdiction are issued by other local air agencies, the Washington Department of Ecology or the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
We follow State Burn Ban Requirements:
We issue these bans based on the air quality conditions in the individual counties and in some cases sub-county areas within our jurisdiction. As a result, one or more counties or areas may have a Stage 1 burn ban in place while another county has advanced to a Stage 2 burn ban. Or one county may have a burn ban in effect while others have no restrictions in place.
We typically issue burn bans on a county-wide basis. Our counties, however, have very diverse landscapes. Sometimes, one part of a county may experience stagnant weather conditions and elevated pollution levels, while in another part of the county, it’s windy and the air is somewhat cleaner.
We issue burn bans when we expect air pollution to worsen. Sometimes the AQI may read “good” or “moderate” at the time we issue a ban; that means we anticipate that air pollution will build up soon. Pollution tends to build slowly during the day and is typically worst at night and early morning hours.
Air quality can indeed vary throughout our large counties. We typically issue bans on a county-wide basis for clearly communicating it to the public and media, and to help maintain healthy air throughout the region.
We call bans in Pierce and Snohomish counties more often due to lower thresholds for fine particle pollution (per state law). They also tend to have more burn bans than King or Kitsap because they reach higher pollution levels more frequently. This is in part because they have more wood burning communities in highly-populated, compact areas. It also tends to be a bit windier in Seattle and parts of King County, which helps blow away the pollution and keep it from reaching unhealthy levels.
We have identified the Pierce Peninsula and South Pierce zones of Pierce County as areas that may have levels of pollution different than the rest of the county. The Greater Pierce County zone experiences bans more often than the rest of our region.
To find out which burn ban zone you are in, please check the Pierce County Burn Ban Area Map.
To sign up for text alerts for these areas, text:
Pierce county has three separate burn ban zones. These zones are referred to as Greater Pierce County, South Pierce, and Pierce Peninsula.
We offer many ways to learn about burn bans (read more of our FAQs to learn more). You can also sign up to receive alerts about burn bans.
If a fire is already lit, do not add more fuel and simply let it burn out. If using a wood stove or fireplace insert, increase or open the air flow to both improve the draft for a cleaner, hotter burn and to help the fire burn out faster.
See the rules about what devices can and cannot be used during a Stage 1 or a Stage 2 burn ban. Even if your device is allowed, do not produce excess smoke.
Where there is smoke, there is likely fire and non-compliance with the burn ban. Our agency inspectors are trained to read the density, or “opacity,” of smoke and to determine if visible smoke violates the state’s opacity laws. It is always illegal to generate excessive smoke, defined as 20% opacity or more for more than six consecutive minutes, even when a burn ban is not in effect.
If you have a device that is legal to use during a Stage 1 burn ban or if this is your only adequate source of heat, you still must burn cleanly and not emit visible smoke. Remember, excessive smoke is illegal at any time, from any device.
If our inspectors observe a burn ban violation, they will issue a Notice of Violation to the property owner.
Air quality burn bans are issued and enforced by the Puget Sound Clean Air Agency when air pollution levels rise to unhealthy levels. Air quality burn bans typically occur during colder fall and winter months.
Fire safety burn bans are issued and enforced by the fire marshal or local fire departments when dry weather conditions heighten the risk of wildfires. Fire safety burn bans are generally called during the summer and can last for several months, even into the fall.
The Puget Sound Clean Air Agency is not responsible for issuing or enforcing fire safety burn bans. For more on fire safety bans, contact your county fire marshal or local fire department.
A certified wood stove/fireplace insert would likely have a label on the top indicating it complies with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) emission standards. To the right is a sample label.
Here are a few other ways to determine whether you have a certified or uncertified device:
On the few days we have air quality burn bans in place, the use of your (primary) clean heating device is expected in order to keep air quality healthy for you, your family, and your neighbors. The exception is if your wood stove is your only adequate source of heat and you have an approved "no other adequate source of heat" exemption from the Agency.
An “adequate source of heat” is a heating system that is designed to maintain a temperature of 70 degrees Fahrenheit at a point three feet above the floor in each normally inhabited room. We base our assessment on the adequacy of the whole system’s heating capacity, including any parts of the heating system that may have been disconnected, damaged or simply aren’t working.
Most homes in our area have another adequate source of heat beyond wood stoves, because of building code requirements.
In some cases, using a wood burning device may be the only way to adequately heat your home. If you believe this is true for your home, you may apply for “no other adequate source of heat” exemption through our agency.
You must apply and be approved for this exemption before using your wood burning device during an air quality burn ban.
Download the Application Form (PDF)
To learn more about these exemptions, read our No Other Adequate Source of Heat FAQs. | <urn:uuid:d927b402-9dc2-4378-8dd3-4730c631c793> | {
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Astronomers have discovered a galaxy far, far away, really far.
FOX's Tom Graham explains:
A galaxy picked up by the Hubble space telescope is estimated to be a whopping 13.4 billion light years away. That's farther than any previously detected by astronomers.
According to a study in the Astrophysical Journal, the imagine captured is about 400 million years after the big bang, when the universe was still in its early stages.
The discovery shatters old records for distance and time and is expected to hold at least until a new space telescope is launched in 2019.
Tom Graham, FOX News. | <urn:uuid:0905567a-0434-49a2-9e0e-f2bf1a93f4c4> | {
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By Scott Weissman, MS, LCGC, Genome Medical Certified Genetic Counselor and Proactive Services Lead
Scientists throw the term “genome” around all the time but to the average person (and to most doctors and nurses), the definition of a genome is not quite clear.
So, what is a genome? It’s an organism’s complete set of DNA, including all of its genes. Each genome contains all of the genomic information needed to build and support a living organism. In humans, a copy of the entire genome is made up of more than 3 billion DNA base pairs; these are essentially four different chemicals that makeup DNA. That’s it—four chemicals (adenine, thymine, cytosine and guanine, aka A, T, C, and G) lined up in certain combinations encode the instructions to make a human being. What’s even more fascinating is that only about 1% of the 3 billion base pairs make up the approximately 20,000 genes most responsible for creating humans. These are the genes that produce the symphony of proteins that control everything from what we look like to how we respond to food or medications. The other 99% of the genome is made up of non-coding DNA which contains genetic material that helps genes work correctly or turns them on and off.
An often-used analogy is to compare a genome to a book. You can think of the entire genome as a complete book, from the very first page to the very last. In this analogy, the book (genome) has 23 chapters, representing the 23 chromosomes most of us have. The chapters (chromosomes) are made up of sentences and words that tell the story inside the book. The sentences are like genes and the individual letters of each word in the sentence are the base pairs. Finally, non-coding DNA plays the role of spaces and punctuation between words—the spaces tell you when words start and stop, and punctuation lets you know when to pause, break or move on to the next sentence.
Fun genome facts:
- Written out, the human genome would stretch 5,592 miles (9,000 km).
- It would take a typist working eight hours a day half a century to type.
- It would fill one million pages; that’s 5,000 books stacked 200 feet high; or two hundred telephone directories.1
What is the Human Genome Project?
Our ability to have an understanding of what a genome is comes from the efforts of the Human Genome Project (HGP). The project was an international research effort started in October of 1990 to map out an entire human genome; this included understanding our complete DNA sequence (all 3 billion base pairs) as well as mapping out all of the human genes. In the US, the project was led by researchers at the National Human Genome Research Institute within the National Institute of Health. The effort took 13 years and from it, the HGP has given science an unparalleled resource of in-depth information about the structure, organization, and function of the complete set of human genes (as well as those of other organisms, such as yeast, mice and worms). The HGP also led to the development of better and faster genetic testing technologies and has made an enormous impact in biomedical technology and medical research.
Genomics & Medicine
Today, the Human Genome Project is changing health care in major ways. Over the past five to seven years, there have been significant advances in our understanding of the genetics of both rare and common disorders. This has led to more genetic testing in individuals—with and without disease—to better assess their risk of developing specific disorders. The testing is not just for the sake of knowing, but in order to improve health, by screening for various conditions and, when possible, preventing them from ever occurring.
For individuals with particular diseases, our understanding of the genome has led to the development of drugs targeting specific genetic causes (this often referred to as precision or personalized medicine.) For instance, for individuals diagnosed with cancer, it is becoming common to order genetic testing on the cancer cells. From the cancer’s genetic profile, it’s possible to get a sense of how aggressive the cancer may be and whether there are specific chemotherapies that the cancer will respond to more favorably. here are hundreds of other applications of genetic information in health care. As our knowledge continues to grow, having a glimpse into your genome can better guide you and your doctors in managing your health. | <urn:uuid:ae3dd426-2938-4eba-8113-595d127b77ff> | {
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The German Propaganda System as a War Tool
The Romanian Case (1916)
World War I press can be approached from several points of view: journalistic discourse, military censorship analysis, internal and external propaganda and so on. The forms of propaganda were diverse, such as unofficial channels, newspapers, speeches, movies, photos, posters, books, pamphlets, periodicals and even cartoons (used for the first time by the British). The study proposes an analysis of the German propaganda employed by newspapers regarding Romania’s declaration of war in 1916. Germany was the only country to consider propaganda as a tool of war even before 1914. At the beginning of the world conflict, a semi-official network disseminating information favorable to the country in other states already existed in Germany and the role of propaganda consisted in raising the morale of the population during the war. The National News Agency and the Wolff Telegraph Bureau (WTB) were financed and controlled by the state.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. | <urn:uuid:4e61712a-a61b-4e0d-a81e-8e2d5f60a5a3> | {
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The popular growth mindset theory, which argues that intellectual ability is not fixed but can be greatly changed, has little, or even a negative, effect on attainment, University of Edinburgh researchers report. Psychologists who gauged the theory’s impact in the classroom concluded that improved textbooks and systematic study practices are more effective ways of boosting learning.
“We didn’t see the remarkable results promised in earlier studies and would caution against using this approach in class. Beliefs about basic ability appear unrelated to resilience or progress in school,”
says Dr. Timothy Bates of the School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences.
Hard Work And Perseverance
The team tested more than 600 children and found that whether or not children believed basic intellectual ability can be changed had no effect on overcoming difficult challenges.
Instead, they found that hard work and perseverance were vital if pupils were to make headway. Progress would be made faster if growth mindset interventions were discarded, the University of Edinburgh team says.
Growth mindset research began in the 1980s and, in common with several other ideas in psychology, has been rigorously re-examined in recent years. The Edinburgh study replicated two of the most influential papers on the topic and revisited the methodology used.
Psychologists tested mindset theory in three studies involving pupils in China and, now, in the UK, all aged nine to 13. They found that growth mindset manipulation had no effect on pupils’ resilience and no relationship to motivation.
The sole exception in the controlled studies was one significant effect but in the reverse direction. Children with a growth mindset show worse, not better performance on more difficult material.
The researchers also studied children’s grades across a semester in school. Again, the only association found was one that showed a negative impact.
In follow-up studies, the researchers found that similar failures were replicated in university students, with growth mindset showing zero association with performance, even in the challenging transition from school to university. Li, Yue,Bates, Timothy C. You can’t change your basic ability, but you work at things, and that’s how we get hard things done: Testing the role of growth mindset on response to setbacks, educational attainment, and cognitive ability. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, Vol 148(9), Sep 2019, 1640-1655 S Bahník, MA Vranka. Growth mindset is not associated with scholastic aptitude in a large sample of university applicants. Personality and Individual Differences. Volume 117, 15 October 2017, Pages 139-143 | <urn:uuid:19ea3523-7470-4988-bc10-b48010d1c32c> | {
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The Shaftesbury Park Forest School aims to deliver the Early Years Foundation Stage (EYFS) Curriculum in a stimulating and ever changing natural environment.
Children enjoy the outside environment where they experience space and the natural world which they can interact with and investigate freely.
Forest School will support a child’s natural desire to explore, investigate, problem solve, play, discover and question. Children will be encouraged to work as part of a team with their peers and also tackle and complete tasks independently.
Forest school will specifically support learning and development across the EYFS. It will support and build on developing children’s self-confidence and self esteem and making relationships. It will also further develop language and communication skills, physical skills, creative skills, mathematical skills, literacy skills and provide children with a greater understanding of the world in which they live.
Forest School aims to teach children about their natural world and develop a greater awareness of the environment and how to take care of it. | <urn:uuid:7be4517c-4e65-4081-af96-df6948af88b3> | {
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The Geography Department arranged a two-day IB DP Geography fieldwork experience. Field trips are instrumental at bringing Geography to ‘life’ and this trip forms the basis of the Internal Assessment. As part of the IB Geography course students are required to write a 2,500 word Internal Assessment which is based upon data collected in the field. For this to occur we arrange a field trip to three beaches in Clearwater Bay and Bluff Island, Sai Kung. Our learners explored and collected data on beach characteristics across the different beaches.
The data is collected in small teams, collated in school and will form the basis for the Internal Assessment. Learners were exposed to the benefits of drones for aerial footage to aid their IA data presentation and site location by our very own drone expert Mr Ta. Learners also contributed to a beach clean on the remote Bluff Island and enjoyed some well-deserved down time on the junk boat ride back from the island. | <urn:uuid:533b36ba-4814-43d5-82ec-e02df9a7627c> | {
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Fromm was a prolific writer, whose interests included psychoanalysis, economics, religion, ethics, culture, and societal systems. He evaluated both Freud the man and Freud’s theories in Sigmund Freud’s Mission (Fromm, 1978) and Greatness and Limitations of Freud’s Thought (Fromm, 1980). His religious works include such provocative titles as The Dogma of Christ (Fromm, 1955b) and You Shall Be as Gods (Fromm, 1966). He addressed the person’s place within society in books such as The Sane Society (1955a) and The Revolution of Hope (1968). And a collection of his works on gender psychology, Love, Sexuality, and Matriarchy, was edited by Rainer Funk (1977). The unifying theme throughout Fromm’s writings is each person’s relationship to society, which he addressed most directly in Escape from Freedom (Fromm, 1941).
Fromm interpreted Freud’s theories on the satisfaction of drives as necessarily involving other people, but for Freud those relationships are only a means to an end. Although hunger, thirst, and sex may be common needs, Fromm suggested that the needs that lead to differences in people’s character, such as love and hatred, lusting for power or yearning to submit, or the enjoyment of sensuous pleasure as well as the fear of it, are all the result of social processes. One’s very nature is a product of the interaction between the individual and their cultural setting. We are the creation and achievement of human history, and at the same time we influence the course of that history and culture. In modern times, particularly in the Western world, our pursuit of individuality has alienated us from others, from the very social structure that is inherent to our nature. Consequently, our freedom has become a psychological problem, it has isolated us from the connections necessary for our survival and development (Fromm, 1941). The danger with this situation, according to Fromm, is that when an entire society is suffering from feelings of isolation and disconnection with the natural order (from nature itself, in Fromm’s view), the members of that society may seek connection with a societal structure that destroys their freedom and, thus, integrates their self into the whole (albeit in a dysfunctional way). The three ways in which individuals escape from freedom are authoritarianism, or giving oneself up to some authority in order to gain the strength that the individual lacks, destructiveness, in which the individual tries to destroy the object causing anxiety (e.g., society), and automaton conformity, in which the person renounces their individual integrity. Fromm believed that these phenomena provided an explanation for the development of dictatorships, such as the rise of Fascism in Europe during the 1920s and 1930s. For the leaders of these societies, these processes are such a deeply ingrained aspect of their character that Fromm actually described Adolf Hitler’s destructiveness as evidence of a necrophilous character (a necrophiliac is someone sexually attracted to the dead; Fromm, 1973).
In order to approach a solution for this problem, Fromm pursued an overall integration of the person and society. He believed that psychology cannot be divorced from philosophy, sociology, economics, or ethics. The moral problem facing people in the modern world is their indifference to themselves. Although democracy and individuality seem to offer freedom, it is only a promise of freedom. When our insecurities and anxieties lead us to submit to some source of power, be it a political party, church, club, whatever, we surrender our personal power (Fromm, 1947). Consequently, we become subject to the undue influence of others (and in extreme situations, to a Hitler or a Stalin). The solution may be as simple as love, but Fromm suggests that love is by no means an easy task, and it is not simply a relationship between two people:
…love is not a sentiment which can be easily indulged in by anyone, regardless of the level of maturity reached by him. It [Fromm’s book] wants to convince the reader that all his attempts for love are bound to fail, unless he tries most actively to develop his total personality, so as to achieve a productive orientation; that satisfaction in individual love cannot be attained without the capacity to love one’s neighbor, without true humility, courage, faith and discipline. (pg. xxi; Fromm, 1956)
An individual’s capacity for love is a reflection of the extent to which their culture encourages the development of the capacity for love as part of the character of each person. Capitalist societies, according to Fromm, emphasize individual freedom and economic relations. Thus, a capitalist society values economic gain (amassed wealth) over labor (the power of people). And yet, such an economy needs large groups of people working together (the labor force). As individuals become anxious in their pursuit of life, they become psychologically invested in the capitalist system, they surrender themselves to capitalism, and become the labor force that leads to the wealth of those who own the company. Fromm believed this alienated us from ourselves, from others, and from nature (or, the natural order). In order to regain our connection to others in a healthy way, we need to practice the art of love, love both for ourselves and for others. Doing so requires discipline, concentration, and patience, personal strengths that are all taught in the practice of Zen. Indeed, Fromm recommends one of Horney’s favorite books: Zen in the Art of Archery (Herrigel, 1953). We will examine the relationship between Zen and the approaches of Horney and Fromm to solving society’s problems in more detail in “Personality Theory in Real Life.” But first, Fromm chose to examine whether the principles of psychoanalysis could be used to examine the relationship between individuals and society. He and his colleagues addressed this question in a Mexican village, a study we will examine in the next section.
Discussion Question: Fromm believed that the freedom we have in modern, Western societies actually separates and alienates us from others, becoming a source of great anxiety. Can you agree that freedom can become a problem? Can you agree that people within an entire society could become so anxious that they support the rise of a dictator? | <urn:uuid:6255f41b-a5c4-4516-83a8-050762a16d88> | {
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One of my favorite books that I’ve added to my classroom library this year has actually been an authentic novel that is probably at the 3rd-5th grade reading level for native speakers, but has been a nice additional to my L2 classroom. While it is probably best suited for intermediate students, my novice high students have been able to have success with it, as it is on a familiar topic. The book…..
¿Quién es Malala? Our school did a whole-school reading of the book “I am Malala” so students were familiar with her story. This book is a biography of this amazing girl who fought for education as a right for all. While it is not written specifically for L2 students, the language used is simple and features a lot of cognates and words that can be figured out through context. When the focus is on the story (instead of knowing every single word), students can acquire language!
What you can do to make it even more comprehensible for your students is to go through the book and write in translations for certain words in pencil. (Edit: We have a better method listed below)
The “Who is…/What is….” series is a great authentic resource for students. Other titles include these notable figures and events/places:
More and more titles of this great English series are now being translated into Spanish!
UPDATE: We’ve created this tutorial on how to create your own GLOSSARY for these books. We include a free download of the glossary for the Malala book. | <urn:uuid:0d0d6f95-2902-4558-b485-172aec289075> | {
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UX and UI Design are frequently confused for one another and searching for a definition on Google doesn’t help.
Doing so will provide you with a blend of confusing and blurred definitions that will only leave you asking more questions. But do not fret, we have a solution.
Here’s our simple guide to understanding the difference between UX and UI Design…
What is UX Design?
User Experience Design or ‘UX Design’ is concerned with putting the consumer’s needs first. A UX Designer focuses on defining specific user problems and improving the usability of a product to enhance the overall experience.
What does a UX Designer do?
A UX Designer will begin the design process by understanding the user-base of a product. They will generate personas based on the character types of the products target markets and determine what is the best solution for them.
Wireframes and prototypes (fancy phrases for sketches and mock-ups) are completed to ensure the product logically flows from one step to another. Rigorous user-testing and analytics refine the process, ultimately producing the best user experience.
- Competitor and Consumer Research
- Creating Personas
- Working closely with Marketers and UI Designers
What is UI Design?
User Interface Design or ‘UI Design’ is concerned with the overall look and feel of a product. UI Design focuses on the layout and visual display, ensuring that the styling works cohesively with the structure of UX Design.
What does a UI Designer do?
Similarly to a UX Designer, a UI designer may create prototypes and wireframes, but on a more detailed level. They will design each screen, page and feature, focusing on particular design elements such as the styling of a button, the colour scheme of an app or the visual hierarchy of a website.
A UI designer will determine where particular design elements will be placed on a screen or page making sure that it enhances the user experience. They will also implement features such as animation styles, iconography and typography and create a user guide based on this styling.
- Visual Research
- Colour Schemes
- Interactivity and Animations
- User Guides
- Working closely with UX Designers and Developers
In a Nutshell
- UX Designers create useful and logical experiences.
- UI Designers create intuitive and stylish experiences.
If you want your consumers to enjoy a useful, logical, intuitive and stylish experience then come and see us for a posh coffee. | <urn:uuid:89329b9a-a2dc-4125-96c3-13ae72754028> | {
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Publication Date: January 05, 2016
Source: Darden School of Business
This note, intended to accompany the short booklet An Illustrated Book of Bad Arguments, discusses the logical framework behind argumentation and presents the basic logical rules necessary to reach sound conclusions. Throughout, it refers to the philosophical foundations of logical reasoning and attempts to address these concepts in the framework of management. By the end, diligent students should be able to identify the necessary structure and components of a sound argument-as well as the fatal attraction of unsound arguments-and be able to apply these ideas to create long-term value as leaders of firms and organizations. | <urn:uuid:1df459b9-34cf-4dbf-ae45-3e0f31f8f221> | {
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On the Way to Green Fuels? Israeli Scientists Grow Carbon Consuming Bacteria
By Arye Green/TPS • 1 December 2019
Israeli scientists of the Weizmann Institute of Science have developed bacteria that survives solely on carbon dioxide (CO2) from their surroundings, instead of their regular food. The findings point to the possible future development of carbon-neutral fuels, a significant breakthrough in the battle against climate change.
This discovery, which involved nearly a decade of molecular design, genetic engineering and an accelerated version of evolution in the lab, was reported last week in the leading scientific journal Cell.
The study began by identifying crucial genes for the process of carbon fixation, through which plants take carbon from CO2 to turn it into biomass. The research team added and rewired the needed genes to the bacteria. They also inserted a gene that allowed the bacteria to get energy from a readily available substance called formate, which can be produced directly from electricity and air.
The bacteria were gradually weaned off the sugar they were used to consuming. At each stage, cultured bacteria were given just enough sugar to keep them from complete starvation, as well as plenty of CO2 and formate.
Some “learned” to develop a taste for CO2, giving them an evolutionary edge over those that stuck to sugar, and their descendants were given less and less sugar until after about a year of adapting to the new diet some of them eventually made the complete switch, living and multiplying in an environment that only gave them pure CO2 and electricity from formate.
The researchers believe that the bacteria’s new diet could ultimately be healthy for the planet.
Professor Ron Milo, who heads the lab at the Weizmann Institute, points out that today, biotech companies use corn syrup for cell cultures to produce commodity chemicals. Such cells could be induced to live on a diet of CO2 and electricity and spare the large amounts of corn syrup they live on today.
Bacteria could be further adapted to use renewable electricity, rather than taking their energy from a substance such as formate, and then store energy for later use. Such bio-fuel would be carbon-neutral, a crucial green development in the battle against climate change.
Milo said the seemingly impossible feat could promote various future green development.
“Our lab was the first to pursue the idea of changing the diet of a normal heterotroph (one that eats organic substances) to convert it to an autotroph (‘living on air’). It sounded impossible at first, but it has taught us numerous lessons along the way, and in the end, we showed it indeed can be done,” he said.
“Our findings are a significant milestone toward our goal of efficient, green scientific applications,” he added. | <urn:uuid:a175577f-d20e-4910-ad4f-293133fe3857> | {
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Wearable technology is the latest trend in teaching and learning. But how can this latest advance in “connected education” be used in the classroom? Will students be more engaged?
Wearable technology such as Google Glass is the latest development in teaching and learning. But how will it be used? Teachers are naturally asking themselves what “connected education” will mean for their students. Read on to find out.
Wearable technology is the latest advance in “connected education”. There’s no doubt that it’s a growing area – the reason that teenager Thomas Suarez is currently coding numerous apps for Google Glass. Glass, in particular, has huge potential for education. It is lightweight and the fact that it is completely hands-free means that it can be used to observe a range of activities. We’ve taken some ideas from this infographic to bring you a few interesting ways that Glass can be used in the classroom.
- Gym teachers can use Glass to add to workout footage they take of students.
- Coaches can wear Glass while carrying out a particular technique (such as a pitching a ball) in order to demonstrate it from their perspective.
- Wearable technology is being used to encourage physical activity in general. Some wearable devices are designed to encourage physical activity in children, such as the Leapfrog’s activity tracker.
Create Instructional Videos
Glass can be used to make “how-to” videos that are more useful than regular education videos since they show the point of view of the wearer:
- Practice Videos. Students wear Glass to record themselves solving a problem (for example, calculus). Teachers can then assess and correct the method used.
- Diagnostic videos of motor skills. Wear Glass and record physical activities such as building something so that teachers can review motor skills.
Learning a New Language
With the right app, and with Google Translator, Glass can be used to learn the language (or not, as this tweet suggests):
Distance Learning & Remote Collaboration
Glass could make it easier to learn for those students who have to study at home:
- Used to collaborate remotely on group projects, or for students to help each other with homework.
- Remote tutoring: The teacher and the student can both use paper at their respective locations instead of screen-sharing software.
- Glass can make it extremely safe to view lab demonstrations and experiments close up. These can be broadcast to a screen.
- Students can record science lab experiments to supplement their notes. | <urn:uuid:68ebed9f-eebf-4ff0-b7af-9ed8675f4b8b> | {
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Duccio di Buoninsegna (Italian, 1255-1318)
“The Madonna and Child”
Oil on panel
18 ½ x 13 inches
Duccio di Buoninsegna (Italian; c. 1255–1260 – c. 1318–1319) was an Italian painter active in Siena, Tuscany in the late 13th and early 14th centuries.
He is considered to be the father of Sienese painting and, along with a few others, the founder of Western art. He was hired throughout his life to complete many important works in government and religious buildings around Italy. Duccio is credited with creating the painting styles of Trecento and the Sienese school, and also contributed significantly to the Sienese Gothic style.
Although much is still unconfirmed about Duccio and his life, there is more documentation of him and his life than of other Italian painters of his time. It is known that he was born and died in the city of Siena, and was also mostly active in the surrounding region of Tuscany. Other details of his early life and family are as uncertain, as much else in his history. Nevertheless, his artistic talents were enough to overshadow his lack of organization as a citizen, and he became famous in his own lifetime. In the 14th century Duccio became one of the most favored and radical painters in Siena. | <urn:uuid:5556d1b3-5d9c-49a6-abf1-5ee2096bf2f5> | {
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In my last post we saw how Joseph began to fulfill his own promise as a leader. He also began to fulfill the promise that was made to him in chapter 37. Just as he had seen his sheaf of grain raised upright so many years before, Joseph has been promoted. He equits himself well in his first seven years, but they were the easy years, the times when leadership is a joy.
Then comes the famine. While individuals and nations quickly experience shortage, Egypt and Joseph himself have bread as a result of good planning.
There are a number of ways to view Joseph’s plan over the next seven years, and some economists are quite critical. It is informative to view his actions from a modern lens, but it is also perilous because we can only judge by the details the narrator provides us. So much of the data that impacted Joseph’s calculations has been lost to history. A full debrief simply isn’t possible. We’ll focus instead on the leadership aspects, acknowledging that leadership often involves making the best guess possible in the moment with the information, experience and guidance we have and then moving forward, whether it was the right decision or not. Historians and leadership students will have centuries to second-guess our decisions.
Let’s look at how Joseph leads in times of adversity.
1. He is a loyal servant to Pharaoh
Yes, Joseph uses the crisis to increase Pharaoh’s wealth beyond imagination and consolidate Pharaoh’s power. By Genesis 47:20-21, Pharaoh will own ALL of the land and the people of Egypt. Joseph allows the people to sell their land and enter into servitude (Theology of Work). He also takes the wealth of all surrounding countries (Gen 41:57) and likely leverages their dependency to Pharaoh’s advantage. This loyalty does not go unnoticed; he’s in Pharaoh’s debt when he finally calls in a favour.
2. He empowers the needy by requiring payment
Joseph uses an economic philosophy of empowerment, as seen in the way he treats the Egyptians. Dr. Leong Tien Fock puts it this way:
Instead of distributing the grain as “free handouts,” he made the people buy it. And when their money ran out, they had to give their livestock, and finally even themselves and their land, in exchange for grain…. What Joseph did was apply an economic principle implied in Old Testament laws, that is, free or unconditional handouts can do more harm than good (cf. Payne 1998). For instance, farmers were forbidden to harvest the corners of their field so that the needy could come and glean and thus support themselves (Leviticus 19:9-10). It was not a free handout as they had to work with their hands. What this means is that there must be room in an economy to empower the needy who are able-bodied to support themselves (cf. Carlson-Thies 1999: 474-76). Cases like one-off handouts to people who have just suffered a calamity are not the same as giving on-going handouts to people who can work.
3. He rearranges the fabric of society
Joseph intentionally holds the money back, keeping it from being re-circulated into the local economy. Some have criticized this move, saying it is nothing short of intentional, government-sponsored deflation in the midst of a natural calamity. Eventually the money collapses (Gen 47:14-15). Surely Joseph’s lessons in economics as he ran an estate didn’t prepare him for economics at this scale, and he doesn’t have the benefit of sophisticated study in the field that we do, or the long list of economic case studies available to economics students today. Does Joseph know what he is doing? Does he realize the full impact? As Carl Teichrib points out, Joseph ends up consolidating property under the state, and the citizens literally become slaves in their own country (Gen 47:20-21). Genesis 47:26 says Joseph creates lasting statutes in Egypt out of this time of scarcity.
4. He does not take advantage of the people’s powerlessness
“Was Joseph being tyrannical in thus “enslaving” the Egyptians?” asks Dr. Tien Fock. Certainly Pharaoh gives Joseph enormous latitude in dealing with the crisis.
To understand a narrative we are dependent on the narrator. In the first part of the narrative, he portrays Joseph as a God-fearing man. And he tells us that the Egyptians themselves asked to be “slaves of Pharaoh” (Genesis 47:19). Also, in Genesis 47:25 he tells us that they “do not regard Joseph as a tyrant but as a savior” (Waltke 2001: 591). In view of possible famines, this economic reform was actually beneficial to them, “for now their food supply was Pharaoh’s responsibility” (Wenham 1994: 449). (Tien Fock)
The evidence is that he does not change the tax rate. After buying all the people of Egypt, he keeps the tax rate at 20% (Gen 47:24). Dr. Leong Tien Fock says, “the beneficial economic reform required a “corporate tax” of just 20%, which was low compared to the average of more than 33% in that part of the ancient world (Waltke 2001: 591).” Then Joseph provides the people with seed to sow on the land they now work as tenants or sharecroppers. The result is that he keeps many people alive (Gen 50:20).
As he does this, he provides for two distinct religious groups. First, the land of the priests remains their own, and Joseph administrates distribution of a fixed allowance. Second, he provides for his family (Gen 47:12, 50:21), setting apart the land of Goshen in the land of Rameses, the prime grazing land which Pharaoh describes as “the best of the land of Egypt” and “the fat of the land” (Gen 45:18). This is a great example of religious freedom; a God-follower in a political office fights to protect both the pagan religious figures and the Hebrew God-followers.
5. On the other hand, he creates clear advantages for Israel
While Egypt struggles, the people of Israel thrive. While all Egypt steadily moves into poverty and slavery, the Israelites have rising employment as they keep the royal livestock—which eventually includes all the herds of Egypt (Gen 47:6,18). Israel “acquired property there and were fruitful and increased greatly in number” (Gen 47:27). Here God begins to make them “into a great nation” (Gen 46:3).
However, there’s foreshadowing in this summary from the psalmist: “The Lord made his people very fruitful; he made them too numerous for their foes” (Ps 105:24-25). In fostering such disparity, Joseph creates the foundation for the future oppression depicted in Exodus 1, when a new Pharaoh arises who fears the power of this nation living within his nation. God turned their hearts “to hate his people, to conspire against his servants.” (Ps 105:25).
To build a nation, or to build a leader, God uses both times of abundance and favour, and times of trial and oppression. The mix of hot and cold, good and bad, forge a character and an identity that God can use to accomplish his purposes. Joseph has emerged from his period of trial and thrives in his new period of influence. He wants to forget all his father’s house (Gen 41:51). But now they will all come spilling back into his life. They will provide the perfect contrast to see the work God has done in Joseph. | <urn:uuid:216ddff3-a67d-4b9f-a638-08360c3e0c0d> | {
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As you well know, the tornado season has begun, leaving behind deaths, wounded and scattered buildings. The F3, F4 and F5 tornadoes are more prevalent in the eastern half of the United States, but milder twisters can also form alongside the western part of the US.
Although highly dangerous forces of nature, the tornadoes can be averted. You already know this: prepping is the key to staying alive. Let’s see exactly how you can protect your family and yourself.
First, there are signs that can you tip you off, such as:
- You hear roaring sounds, similar to the ones of a freight train;
- The sky turns dark or displays shades of green;
- The clouds form a funnel shape (this is the most important sign of them all, and you should not hesitate in taking cover right away);
- The wind suddenly stops blowing.
The first step entails seeking shelter. Moreover, do not stay inside a mobile home, even if you believe it to be safe due to its tie-down system and do not remain out in the open for the thrill of filming a tornado, but hide in the basement, if you can. The tornadoes can lift off for up to 70 tons (according to the US National Weather Service) or even more, therefore, think about how light weighted you are in comparison with an 80 ton truck. You will be carried away like a feather, if you stay in close proximity of a tornado.
If, however, you are out in the open, avoid the areas with tress and by all means cover your head with whatever you can find, even your hands, as debris might be floating around and then hit you in the head when you least expect it. In addition, lie flat on the ground or hide yourself in a ditch or a cave, if you can find one.
In case you are inside your home when tornadoes strike, it is advised to remain in the hallway or in the bathroom, provided it does not have any windows. What you need to understand is that the more walls there are between you and the outside, the more chances of survival you have.
If you find yourself in tall buildings, avoid using the elevators (power will come off at some point) and stay as far as you can from the window area.
Store medical supplies, water and food
Most tornadoes last for up to 10 minutes, but you never know if there will be just one or a series of damaging tornadoes. Even if there is just one tornado turning everything to dust, you do not know when help will arrive. In addition, stores, supermarkets and drugstores may be destroyed and then what? Relying on yourself is the best decision you can make. Therefore, store at least 10 bottles of water per person and plenty of food that does not require cooking and refrigeration:
- canned soup, meat and fruits (make sure you also have a tin opener nearby),
- biscuits and other snacks,
- nuts, etc.
You can also be one step ahead of the tornadoes, by downloading specials apps on your phone (such as The Red Cross Tornado App), which will give you info on the type of tornado and when it is expected to strike the area you live in.
Tornadoes can also interrupt the power, by interfering with the electric transmission lines. Thus, relying on your phone 100% is not a smart move, especially if you run out of battery. Therefore, having a radio on you will help you stay up to date with the latest news in your area and get advised on whether or not you should remain indoors. Authorities will communicate among themselves using different radio frequencies and will issue warning signals in case of danger. Other things you should consider including in your survival bag are: a flashlight, extra batteries for your flashlight and radio and a few blankets to keep you warm and also use as a protective shield.
Do you have any experience with tornado situations? Share it in the comments section below. | <urn:uuid:8994c9e9-6334-4767-9d09-6ff596ccc31d> | {
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Dharamshala: Encouraging more women to assume leadership roles is not only good for the women lot but according to His Holiness the Dalai Lama, this could also benefit the entire world. Women at the helm of power could secure a more peaceful, compassionate future for the 7 billion human beings, says the Tibetan spiritual leader.
Study history, and you will see that throughout every era, men who have been responsible for carnage and destruction have been celebrated as heroes when they should have been criticized as wrongdoers. There may be some exceptions but generally speaking all trouble-makers are male, His Holiness said this morning as he was meeting an all-women delegation from the Young Ficci Ladies Organisation (YFLO).
“Now in 21st century, we should make a special effort to promote human loving-kindness. In that regard, women should take more active role particularly in the education field for the promotion of deeper human values.”
Stating that women are models of humanity, His Holiness said they are more empathic and sensitive to the feelings of others, qualities embodied by mothers. “They have an important role in making the 21st century a century of peace.”
Women who lead in politics and social settings have the zeal to empower other individuals and uplift them from sufferings. However, His Holiness said they should be determined to unravel their potential.
Attesting his utmost support for women potential, His Holiness reiterated his position on the possibility for a future female Dalai Lama. He said Buddhist tradition offers equal rights for both genders and that there could be a female Dalai Lama in the future.
“In Tibetan history, for over 7 centuries the highest lama institution was led by female. Many Tibetan female practitioners have proved spiritually qualified and eventually becoming highly realised spiritual masters. After all, Buddha himself gave equal rights to Bhikshu and Bhikshuni.”
He cited examples of Samding Dorje Phagmo (Tib: བསམ་སྡིང་རྡོ་རྗེ་ཕག་མོ), who is the highest female incarnation in Tibet and regarded among the highest-ranking reincarnations at the time of the 5th Dalai Lama. The seat of the Samding Dorje Phagmo is at Samding Monastery, in Tibet.
His Holiness argued that nuns have an equal right to study, which is why 40 years ago he encouraged Tibetan nuns to study Buddhist philosophy.
“In order to implement Buddha’ teaching equally on Bhikshu and Bhikshuni, I have been advocating equal rights for Tibetan nuns. We already have top scholars in Tibetan nuns. In terms of scholarship, monks and nuns are on same level.”
His Holiness suggested that more women should assume leadership in governance and politics. “We should have more female politicians like Indira Gandhi Ji. It’s good,” he exclaimed.
A representative of Young Ficci Ladies Organisation (YFLO) thanked His Holiness the Dalai Lama for the meeting and acknowledged his ardent support for women’s rights.
Launched in 2004, the YFLO promotes entrepreneurship and professional excellence in women through its educational and vocational training programmes, talks, seminars, panel discussions and workshops on a vast range of subjects especially concerning women and business. | <urn:uuid:a438818d-ce2d-4787-92f0-5057cf05ff7c> | {
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