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An excerpt from www.HouseOfNames.com archives copyright © 2000 - 2013
Where did the German Zink family come from? What is the German Zink family crest and coat of arms? When did the Zink family first arrive in the United States? Where did the various branches of the family go? What is the Zink family history?The name almost surely comes from the Middle High German word "zinke," meaning "a tip," or "point," but the reason that name was given is somewhat uncertain. There are three main possibilities and the most likely of these is that the name was given to someone who lived on a pointed piece of land, either a point of land by a body of water or a small, pointed hill. Another possibility is that is was a nickname for someone with a very pointy nose. The word "zinke" was also used for a cornet; so the name might have been given to someone who played that musical instrument.
Spelling variations of this family name include: Zink, Zinke, Zincke, Zingg, Sink, Sinke, Synk and others.
First found in Bavaria, where the name was closely identified in early medieval times with the feudal society which would become prominent throughout European history. The name would later emerge as a noble family with great influence, having many distinguished branches, and become noted for its involvement in social, economic and political affairs.
This web page shows only a small excerpt of our Zink research. Another 148 words(11 lines of text) are included under the topic Early Zink History in all our PDF Extended History products.
More information is included under the topic Early Zink Notables in all our PDF Extended History products.
Some of the first settlers of this family name were:
Zink Settlers in the United States in the 18th Century
- Rudolf Zink, who arrived in New York in 1709 with his wife and four children
- Rudolf Zink, who arrived in New York in 1709
- Gottlieb Zink, who landed in Pennsylvania in 1752
Zink Settlers in the United States in the 19th Century
- Martin Zink, who arrived in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 1802
- Nikolaus Zink, who arrived in Texas in 1844
- Phillip Zink, who landed in Allegany (Allegheny) County, Pennsylvania in 1845
- Carl Zink, who landed in Texas in 1846
- Heinrich Theodor Zink, who arrived in America in 1854
- Charles Tadao "Charlie" Zink (b. 1979), American Major League Baseball pitcher
- Nicolaus Zink (1812-1887), German-born, American founder of Sisterdale, Texas
- Charles DeWayne Zink (1925-2006), American television personality and film actor
- Walter Noble Zink (1898-1964), American Major League Baseball pitcher
- John Jacob Zink (1886-1952), American architect of movie houses
- Michel Zink, French scholar of medieval history
- Lubor J. Zink (1920-2004), Czech-born, Canadian writer and columnist
- The Making of an American Family (including Zinc Family) by Ann Zink Beck.
- Sink Descendants, Jacob Zinck Pioneer: Zinck, Zink, and Sink.
- Steed, Henry Wickham . The Hapsburg Monarchy. London: Constable and Company, 1919. Print.
- Rupp, Daniel L. A Collection of Upwards of Thirty Thousand Names of German, Swiss, Dutch, French and Other Immigrants to Pennsylvania from 1727 to 1776. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing, 2000. Print. (ISBN 978-0806303024).
- Egle, William Henry. Pennsylvania Genealogies Scotch-Irish and German. Harrisburg: L.S. Hart, 1886. Print.
- Weis, Frederick Lewis, Walter Lee Sheppard and David Faris. Ancestral Roots of Sixty Colonists Who Came to New England Between 1623 and 1650 7th Edition. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing, 1992. Print. (ISBN 0806313676).
- Jones, George F. The Germans of Colonial Georgia 1733-1783 Revised edition. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing, 1986. Print. (ISBN 0806311614).
- Siebmacher, J.J. Siebmachers Wappenbuch. München, Battenberg: 1975. Print.
- Colletta, John P. They Came In Ships. Salt Lake City: Ancestry, 1993. Print.
- Oswald, G. Lexicon der Heraldik. Leipzig: 1984. Print.
- Rolland, and H.V. Rolland. Illustrations to the Armorial general by J. B. Rietstap 6 volumes in 3. Baltimore: Heraldic Book Company, 1976. Print.
- Tarneller, Josef. Zur Namenkunde Tirolen Familiennamen. Bozen: Buchhandlung, 1923. Print.
The Zink Family Crest was acquired from the Houseofnames.com archives. The Zink Family Crest was drawn according to heraldic standards based on published blazons. We generally include the oldest published family crest once associated with each surname.
This page was last modified on 27 June 2012 at 16:31.
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Soy supplements do not stave off breast cancer, study shows
Feb 6, 2012
A new study conducted by researchers at Northwestern University found that soy supplements do not protect women against breast cancer.
The researchers studied 98 women, and randomly assigned them soy supplements and a placebo. After six months, the findings suggested no real difference among the two groups.
"This was a small finding, but one that should suggest caution," said lead researchers Dr. Seema Khan. "Simply put, supplements are not food. Although soy-based foods appear to have a protective effect, we are not seeing the same effect with supplementation using isolated components of soy, so the continued testing of soy supplements is likely not worthwhile."
However, there were a lot of uncertainties in the study, which shows that there needs to be more research done before anything concrete is set.
According to the American Cancer Society, breast cancer is the second most common form of cancer among women, following skin cancer. The disease affects one in eight women in the U.S. at some point during her lifetime. Women are advised to schedule annual mammograms to check for breast cancer after they turn 40. | <urn:uuid:76dcf6a7-c45b-47d0-a967-90af2635d978> | {
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the story of the 112th Infantry Regiment of the 28th Infantry Division in the battle for Schmidt, Germany.
by CHARLES B. MACDONALD
Attack on Vossenack
The Aachen Front
1 November 1944
By October 1944, the First United States Army in Western Europe had ripped two big holes in the Siegfried Line, at Aachen and east of Roetgen.1 (Map V) Having captured Aachen, the army was next scheduled to cross the Roer River and reach the Rhine. It planned to make its main effort toward Dueren in the zone of VII Corps south and east of Aachen and thence toward Bonn on the Rhine. But east of Roetgen, where the 9th Infantry Division had breached the Siegfried Line and parts of a forest mass known generally as the Huertgen Forest,2 V Corps was first to launch a limited flank operation. The 28th Infantry Division, under the command of Maj. Gen. Norman D. Cota, was ordered to make the V Corps attack; its initial objective was to be the crossroads town of Schmidt.
Schmidt was an important objective. Lying on a ridge overlooking the upper Roer River, it also afforded a view of the Schwammenauel Dam, an important link in a series of Roer dams which the Germans might blow at any time. The rush of floodwaters thus unleashed would isolate any attack which had crossed the Roer in the Aachen vicinity. Located in rear of the main Siegfried Line defenses in the area, Schmidt was an important road center for supply of enemy forces. The capture of Schmidt would enable the 28th Division to advance to the southwest and attack from the rear the enemy's fortified line facing Monschau, while a combat command of the 5th Armored Division hit the line frontally. Thus V Corps could complete the mission assigned by First Army--clearing the enemy from its area south to the Roer River on a line Monschau-Roer River dams. In enemy hands the Roer dams remained a constant threat to any major drive across the Roer downstream to the north.
The Schmidt operation was expected to accomplish four things: gain maneuver space and additional supply routes for the VII Corps attack to the north; protect VII Corps' right flank from counterattack; prepare the ground for a later attack to seize the Roer River dams;3 and
28th Division Objectives
2 November 1944
attract enemy reserves from VII Corps, thus preventing their employment against First Army's main effort.
Because the permanent boundary between V Corps and VII Corps intersected the planned zone of operations, First Army on 25 October designated a temporary boundary to run just south of Kleinhau and north of Huertgen. This would keep the Schmidt operation entirely within the bounds of V Corps. Between the northernmost positions of the 28th Division and the new corps boundary, the defensive line was being held with a series of road blocks in the Huertgen Forest by the 294th Engineer Combat Battalion; south of the planned zone of operations the line was being held by the 4th Cavalry Group.
Taking over the 9th Infantry Division's sector on 26 October, the 28th Division found itself facing roller-coaster terrain that was to play an even more vital role than usual in the attack on Schmidt. (Map VI) Its front lines extended generally along the Huertgen-Germeter-Rollesbroich road from Germeter through Richelskaul to the vicinity of a forester's house, Raffelsbrand. To the north and south lay dense forests, the southern forests hiding numerous enemy pillboxes and the town of Simonskall. To the east from Germeter ran a ridge topped by the town of Vossenack, surrounded on three sides by deep, densely wooded draws with wooded fingers stretching up toward the town itself. To the northeast was the Huertgen-Brandenberg-Bergstein ridge, dominating the Vossenack ridge. (In 9th Division operations in this area, one battalion had attacked between these two ridges and secured positions in the woods north of Vossenack, but a violent enemy counterattack in the woods southwest of Huertgen had forced the advance battalion's withdrawal.) Through a precipitous wooded gorge to the east and southeast of Vossenack ran the Kall River, a small, swift-flowing stream emptying into the Roer near Nideggen. Although a river road ran generally north-south alongside the Kall, only a small woods trail, very difficult to locate on the available maps and aerial photographs, crossed the river in the direction of the 28th Division's attack. That trail led across the river and up another ridge on which were seated the towns of Kommerscheidt and Schmidt. This ridge also dominated the Vossenack ridge, and Schmidt in turn commanded Kommerscheidt. The Brandenberg-Bergstein ridge line, northeast of Vossenack and north of Kommerscheidt, was lower than the highest point of the Schmidt-Kommerscheidt ridge but overlooked its lower slopes where the towns of Schmidt and Kommerscheidt were situated. Schmidt
and Kommerscheidt were also surrounded by dense woods and deep draws.
Two important considerations influenced the planners of the Schmidt operation. First, air support could isolate the battlefield from large-scale intervention of enemy reserves, especially armored reserves. Thus the Schmidt action would remain an infantry action inasmuch as crossing tanks over the Kall River was a doubtful possibility. The air task, extremely formidable because it involved neutralization of a number of Roer River bridges--and bridges are a difficult target for air--was assigned to the IX Tactical Air Command of the Ninth Air Force. Second, artillery support could deny the enemy the advantages of the dominating Brandenberg-Bergstein ridge. While the planners displayed great concern about enemy observation from this ridge, V Corps had too few troops to assign the ridge as a ground objective. Neutralization of the ridge by artillery would require almost constant smoking of approximately five miles and still could not be expected to eliminate the most forward enemy observation. But neutralization by artillery was apparently the only available solution.
The 28th Division was strongly reinforced for the operation. Major attachments included the following units: the 707th Tank Battalion (Medium); the 893d Tank Destroyer Battalion (Self Propelled) (minus one company); the 630th Tank Destroyer Battalion (Towed); the 86th Chemical Battalion (4.2-inch mortars); and the 1171st Engineer Combat Group. The 1171st consisted of the 20th, 146th (minus one company), and 1340th Engineer Combat Battalions.4 Artillery in direct support was to include the 28th Division's organic artillery (the 107th, 109th, and 229th Field Artillery Battalions of 105-mm. howitzers and the 108th Field Artillery Battalion of 155mm. howitzers); Battery A, 987th Field Artillery Battalion of 155-mm. self-propelled guns; 76th Field Artillery Battalion of 105-mm. howitzers; 447th Antiaircraft Artillery Automatic Weapons Battalion; and the attached tank destroyers and tanks. Two 155-mm. howitzer battalions of the 187th Field Artillery Group of V Corps were later assigned in direct support and a battalion of 4.5-inch guns in general support. Also to furnish general support were the 190th Field Artillery Group of V Corps, consisting of one 155-mm. gun battalion and one 8-inch howitzer battalion, and the 188th Field Artillery Group of VII Corps, consisting of one 155-mm. gun battalion and one battalion (less one battery) of 4.5-inch guns.
The 28th Division's employment of its regiments was virtually dictated by V Corps.5 The 109th Infantry was to attack north toward Huertgen in order to prevent repetition of the enemy counterattack that had hit the 9th Division from that direction. It was also to carry out a secondary mission of securing a line of departure overlooking Huertgen from which another division might later capture
the town. This later attack on Huertgen was to be a part of the main First Army attack by VII Corps, and the securing of a line of departure for the later attack was specifically assigned by First Army. The 110th Infantry was to attack through the dense woods to the southeast to secure a road from Schmidt to Strauch that would ease the problem of the tenuous supply route from Vossenack to Schmidt. The road could be used also in the later phase of the operation, the planned co-ordinated attack to roll up enemy defenses facing Monschau. One battalion of the 110th Infantry was to be held out initially as the division's only infantry reserve. The 112th Infantry was to make the division's main effort toward the east and southeast to Schmidt. Two major factors influenced this deviation from the tactical doctrine of a convergent attack: (1) the lack of troops available for the operation and (2) the necessity for performing the three initial missions: (a) protecting the north flank against counterattack and securing a line of departure overlooking Huertgen, (b) clearing the main route south toward Strauch in preparation for the latter phase of the attack, and (c) capturing the initial division objective, the town of Schmidt.
Attached to the 112th Infantry in the main effort to capture Schmidt were: Company C, 103d Engineer Combat Battalion (organic); Companies B and D, 86th Chemical Battalion (4.2-inch mortars); and Company C, 103d Medical Battalion (organic). In direct support were: the 229th Field Artillery Battalion, reinforced by Company C, 630th Tank Destroyer Battalion (Towed); the 20th Engineer Combat Battalion; and Company C, 707th Tank Battalion (Medium). The 893d Tank Destroyer Battalion (Self-Propelled) and the remainder of the 707th Tank Battalion (minus Company D, which was to assist the 28th Reconnaissance Troop in maintaining contact with the 4th Cavalry Group in defensive positions to the south) were to reinforce fires of the general support artillery.
The artillery plan called for conventional fires on known and suspected enemy locations, installations, and sensitive points, the bulk of them in the Huertgen area to the north. The preparation was to begin at H minus 60 minutes all along the V Corps front and the southern portion of the VII Corps front to conceal as long as possible the specific location of the attack. At H minus 15 minutes, fires were to shift to local preparation, and after H Hour fires were to be supporting, chiefly prepared fires on call from the infantry. Since weather limited air observation before the attack, counterbattery fires were based primarily on sound and flash recordings, which could not be considered accurate because of unfavorable weather and wooded, compartmented terrain. Ammunition was limited but considered adequate, and antitank defense was also included in the artillery plan. Artillery units were located in the general area Zweifall-Roett-Roetgen, from which all expected targets would be within effective range.
The engineer plan revolved around the attached 1171st Engineer Combat Group. One battalion of this group was to support the 110th Infantry and one was to work on rear area roads. The 20th Engineer Combat Battalion, in support of the 112th Infantry, was assigned the primary engineer mission of opening the trail from Vossenack across the Kall River to Kommerscheidt and Schmidt. In the
planning phases, engineer responsibility for security of the Kall River crossing was emphasized, but the engineer plan as issued by the 1171st Group on 30 October did not charge any engineer unit with security of the crossing. The plan stated only that, because of the disposition of friendly troops, local security would be required. The written engineer plan, including this statement, was nevertheless approved by the 28th Division commander, the division engineer, and the corps engineer.6
The 28th Division, whose men wore the red Keystone shoulder patch that revealed the division's Pennsylvania National Guard background, had participated in the latter stages of the Normandy battle and had pursued the enemy across France and Belgium. Rested after almost a month along a relatively inactive sector of the Siegfried Line to the south, the division was nearly at full strength, although there had been many replacements after an unsuccessful effort to penetrate the Siegfried Line opposite Pruem at the close of the pursuit across Belgium. The major supply shortage was in all types of artillery ammunition, chronic throughout First Army since September when the Siegfried Line battles had begun. The supply of arctic overshoes was also far under requirements; only about ten to fifteen men per infantry company were equipped with them. There was little patrolling before D Day, partially because of the proximity of enemy lines and partially because of the limitations of the densely wooded terrain; but intelligence information obtained in the area by the 9th Division was turned over to the 28th. Maps to be used were primarily the standard 1:25,000 (Germany, revised), which could be considered generally accurate, but aerial photographs were usually not available in lower echelons.
When the 28th Division moved into the area on 26 October, the men found themselves in a dank, dense forest of the type immortalized in old German folk tales. All about them they saw emergency rations containers, artillery-destroyed trees, loose mines along poor, muddy roads and trails, and shell and mine craters by the hundreds. The troops relieved by the 28th Division were tired, unshaven, dirty, and nervous. They bore the telltale signs of a tough fight--signs that made a strong impression on the incoming soldiers and their commanders. After the operation the 28th Division commander himself, General Cota, recalled that at the time he felt that the 28th's attack had only "a gambler's chance" of succeeding.7
The 28th Division G-2 estimated that to the immediate front the enemy had approximately 3,350 men, to the north 1,940, and to the south 1,850, all of whom were fighting as infantry. Enemy reserves capable of rapid intervention were estimated at 2,000 not yet committed and 3,000 capable of moving quickly from less active fronts. The G-2 estimate did not mention that holding Schmidt and the Roer River dams was an important fundamental in the German scheme for preventing an Allied break-through to the Rhine.
THE SCHWAMMENAUEL DAM located southeast of Schmidt. The holders of this dam controlled the flow of water along the Roer River and could flood a wide area along its path.
Although the 28th's attack was originally scheduled to be launched on 31 October, rain, fog, and poor visibility necessitated postponement. Despite continued bad weather, the attack was ordered for 2 November to avoid the possibility of delaying the subsequent VII Corps attack. The 109th Infantry was to initiate the action by launching its northerly thrust at 0900.8 While the 110th Infantry and two battalions of the 112th were not to attack until H plus 3 hours (1200), the 2d Battalion, 112th, was to join the 109th in the H Hour jump-off--0900, 2 November.9
Facing the planned American attack was an enemy determined to hold the Huertgen-Vossenack area for several
reasons now apparent: the threat to the Roer dams; the dominating terrain of the ridges in the area; the importance of Dueren as a road and communications center; the threat to plans already made for an Ardennes counteroffensive; and the neutralizing effect of the Huertgen Forest against American superiority in air, tanks, and artillery. The unit charged with the defense was the 275th Infantry Division of the LXXIV Corps of the Seventh Army of Army Group B.
That an attack was imminent was already known from obviously preplanned American artillery fires and from reports and observation of American troop movement in the rear of Roetgen. It was also known that the new American unit in the area was the 28th Infantry Division, although the Germans thought the division a part of VII Corps instead of V Corps.
North of the 275th Infantry Division the line was held by the 12th Volks Grenadier Division, and to the south by the 89th Infantry Division, which was scheduled to be relieved soon by the 272d Volks Grenadier Division so that the 89th could be re-equipped. To the north, in Army Group B reserve in the Muenchen-Gladbach area, was the 116th Panzer Division. Although the Germans believed an American attack imminent in the Vossenack area, no specific precautions had been taken in movement of troops, because timing and direction of attack were still unknown.10
The 112th Makes the Main Effort
In the center of the 28th Division zone the 112th Infantry, making the division's main effort, was assigned the capture of Kommerscheidt and Schmidt. It had the secondary mission of protecting its own north flank by the capture and defense of Vossenack and the Vossenack ridge. After the planned artillery preparation beginning at H minus 60 minutes, the 2d Battalion, 112th, was to attack at H Hour (0900) to capture Vossenack and the forward (northeastern and eastern) nose of the ridge. The 1st Battalion, 112th, attacking at H plus 3 hours, was to move in a column of companies through defensive positions occupied by the same regiment's Company A at Richelskaul. Then it was to attack southeast through the wooded draw south of Vossenack, crossing the Kall River in a cross-country move and taking Kommerscheidt. The 3d Battalion, 112th, was to follow the 1st Battalion on order and capture the final objective, the town of Schmidt.11
The 2d Battalion's plan for seizing Vossenack and the Vossenack ridge called for an attack with two companies abreast (Company G on the left, Company F on the right) from the line Germeter-Richelskaul east through Vossenack. Company G was to move along the open northern slope of the ridge to the nose
Attack on Vossenack-Jump-Off
2 November 1944
northeast of Vossenack; Company F was to take the town itself and the eastern nose of the ridge; and Company E was to follow and complete mopping up of the town. One platoon from Company F was to protect the battalion's right flank by advancing along the open southern slope of the ridge and was to be followed by one platoon of Company E.12
This 2d Battalion attack was to be assisted by a company of medium tanks, Company C, 707th Tank Battalion. The five tanks of Company C's 1st Platoon, plus two tanks from its 2d Platoon, were to attack with Company G, 112th, on the left; the three other tanks of the 2d Platoon were to attack with Company F, 112th, on the right. The remaining tank platoon was to assist Company E in its mop-up operations. Two towed guns of Company B, 630th Tank Destroyer Battalion, and five 57-mm. antitank guns of the Antitank Company, 112th, all in position around Richelskaul, were to be prepared to assist the attack by fire. Company B, 86th Chemical Battalion, equipped to fire high explosive shells, was to support the attack from positions along the Weisser Weh Creek in the wooded draw west of Germeter. The night before the attack Company C, 103d Engineers, was to clear paths through friendly mine fields to the east of Germeter.13
The regiment's eighteen 81-mm. mortars were grouped under Company H for preparation and supporting fires against Vossenack. After capture of the town, they were to revert to their respective battalions. The Company D mortars were to concentrate their fire on the draw south of Vossenack, Company H on the houses in the town, and Company M on the wooded area north of the town, firing to begin twelve minutes before H Hour. The Company H machine guns were attached to the three rifle companies, the entire 2d Platoon going to Company G on the left, the 1st Section of the 1st Platoon to Company F on the right, and the 2d Section of the 1st Platoon to Company E for the mop-up.14
Before the attack Company E, 112th Infantry, was outposting the town of Germeter, while the remainder of the 2d Battalion was in an assembly area in the woods approximately 300 yards southwest of Germeter. (Map VII) On the left (north) the 3d Battalion, 109th Infantry, held Wittscheidt on the Huertgen road and was to attack almost due north at H Hour. On the right (south) Company A, 112th, held the Richelskaul road junction and was to be passed through at noon (H plus 3 hours) by other elements of the 1st Battalion, 112th, and the 3d Battalion, 112th, in the attack southeast toward Kommerscheidt and Schmidt. The 112th's Cannon Company was to
provide supporting fires from positions in the woods some 2,000 yards west of Germeter. The 112th Infantry command post was in a captured pillbox along the Weisser Weh Creek west of Germeter.15
The 2d Battalion Attacks
The morning of 2 November dawned cold and misty, not quite freezing, but damp and uncomfortable. At 0800, an hour before H Hour, artillery along the entire V Corps front and the southern portion of the VII Corps front roared into action. Fifteen minutes before jump-off time direct support artillery shifted to targets in the immediate sector and was joined by heavy weapons of the 112th Infantry. By 0900 V Corps and VII Corps artillery had fired over 4,000 rounds, and 28th Division artillery had fired 7,313 rounds. Artillery liaison officers watched the preparation from the 112th Infantry observation post in an attic in Germeter, where the 112th regimental commander, Lt. Col. Carl L. Peterson, prepared to watch the attack.16
At 0900 the riflemen of Companies G and F, accompanied by the tanks of Company C, 707th, began to pass through the outpost positions in Germeter. Almost as soon as the preparatory American artillery fire shifted to more distant targets, the Germans replied with a heavy artillery concentration of their own upon the line of departure, and the attacking companies sustained a number of casualties. Nevertheless the attack continued, and the men and tanks moved out into the shell-pocked open fields leading east to the objective, plainly marked in the morning mist by the shell-scarred tower of the Vossenack church. With the tanks taking the lead, the infantrymen fell in close behind, stepping in the tank tracks as a precaution against antipersonnel mines. Scattered small arms fire from Vossenack sprayed the tanks, and the Germans fired light mortar concentrations; but neither stopped the advance.17
Company G on the Left
On the left in its attack along the open slopes north of Vossenack toward the northeastern nose of the ridge, Company G started out with its 3d Platoon on the left, its 1st Platoon on the right, and its 2d, which was considerably understrength, in support. Its seven attached tanks initiated the movement by swinging into a line formation and firing four rounds each at the Vossenack church steeple, presumably to discourage any enemy observation from the steeple.
Two gaps had been cleared in the friendly mine field in the Company G sector. Although the southernmost gap near the center of Germeter was poorly marked and difficult to locate initially, it was used because it was more directly
VOSSENACK. The damaged tower of the Vossenack church could be seen by men approaching from the northwest across the shell pocked open fields..
along the proposed route of advance. The assault platoons moved through the gap close in the wake of the seven tanks, about a squad of infantry following each tank. The advance had only just begun when the driver of the lead tank on the left, that of the tank platoon sergeant, T. Sgt. Audney S. Brown, misread the mine-field markings and blundered out of the cleared gap. The tank hit a mine and blew a track. When the assault platoons and their six remaining tanks again moved forward, the platoon leader's tank mired in a muddy patch of ground in the north-south draw which creased the ridge between Germeter and Vossenack, again halting the advance. The tank company commander, Capt. George S. West, Jr., seeing the difficulty, came forward in his command tank, picked up the platoon leader, 2d Lt. William D. Quarrie, and took position on the right of the formation. Again the attack moved forward.18
With infantrymen following close in their tracks, the tanks fired as they advanced. A provisional platoon of .50-caliber machine guns supported the advance from Germeter, its fire clipping the edge of the woods north of Vossenack; fire from supporting 81-mm. mortars was well co-ordinated and fell about a hundred yards in front of the attack formation.
Even as the tanks were having their difficulties, the company headquarters of Company G and the attached machine guns from Company H ran into trouble. Either the light enemy mortar fire or harassing small arms fire from Vossenack wounded the machine gun platoon leader shortly after the machine gunners left Germeter, and the platoon sergeant took over. A few minutes later the last man in Company G's headquarters group stepped on a booby trap or a mine. When a man from the machine gun platoon moved up to see if he could help, he stepped on still another booby trap or mine and was killed. The explosion set off about five antipersonnel mines simultaneously. Of the twenty-seven men who had been in this group, twelve were injured or killed in the mine field. Only two noncommissioned officers, both corporals, remained out of the machine gun platoon's leaders. Although slightly wounded, they reorganized the platoon and continued forward.19
The assault rifle platoons also suffered casualties, both the 1st and 3d Platoon leaders being hit within approximately 400 yards of the line of departure. That the leaders should be wounded seemed ironic, for as the advance continued the only enemy opposition came from light mortar fire. The supporting tanks fired as they moved, and many of the Germans in Vossenack, already weakened by long days and nights of American artillery fire and now faced with a co-ordinated tank-infantry assault, fled north, east, and southeast. Past outlying farms and through the open fields north of Vossenack the Company G assault pushed on quickly and soon reached its objective, the nose to the northeast of the town. In an attack for which the planners had allowed three hours, Company G and its supporting tanks and machine gun platoon had taken only one hour and five
minutes, gaining the objective shortly after 1000 hours.20
Having reached the nose of the ridge, the company began to reorganize and to dig in against counterattack. Its assigned zone included a trail--actually an extension of Vossenack's main street--northeast of the town. The trail was in the defensive sector of the 3d Platoon, which planned to tie in later with Company F on the right. The 1st Platoon took up positions on the left of the 3d; the 2d Platoon, which had been in support in the attack, came up almost an hour later and extended the semicircular perimeter to the left and left rear. The two light machine guns went into position with the 1st Platoon to cover the company's front with cross fire. When the platoon of heavy machine guns came forward, it was placed in position with the 3d Platoon on the right to fire across the company front in the other direction, thus forming a final protective line. The 60-mm. mortars were moved up during the afternoon and placed in slight defilade about 200 yards behind the company. All defenses except the 60-mm. mortars were on the exposed forward nose of the ridge, in accordance with the battalion order; despite this exposed terrain, the men were virtually ignored by the enemy for the rest of the day. The six supporting tanks churned around on the forward slope of the ridge and fired to the northeast toward Brandenberg-Bergstein, as if the attack were going to continue in that direction. Company G's advance had been surprisingly easy; its principal casualties had been incurred in a mine field; only minor casualties had resulted from the artillery shelling at the line of departure, light mortar fire, and the occasional harassing small arms fire.
Company F on the Right
While Company G was launching its successful attack on the left, Company F had also moved out at H Hour in a column of platoons preceded by its three supporting tanks. The lead platoon, the 3d, under 1st Lt. Eugene S. Carlson, was to advance along the open southern slope of the Vossenack ridge as the battalion's right flank protection. Since the area south of the Richelskaul-Vossenack road was deemed too exposed to suspected enemy positions in the southern woods in front of Richelskaul, the 3d Platoon and its three tanks planned to advance north of the road initially, then turn south on the outskirts of Vossenack, cross the road, and resume their movement to the east. Company F's 1st Platoon was to follow the lead platoon closely until it turned south. The 1st Platoon was to continue east through the town itself. The 2d Platoon was to remain in Germeter as support to move forward on call. The section of light machine guns and two 60-mm. mortars were attached to the leading 3d Platoon; the other mortar was attached to the 1st Platoon. Also with the company was a section of heavy machine guns from Company H. The three supporting tanks were under the command of 1st Lt. James J. Leming, the 2d Tank Platoon leader and acting company executive officer.
The assault force moved out at H Hour, the infantry platoon following so closely behind its column of spearheading tanks that for the first 500 yards the infantry platoon leader, Lieutenant Carlson, had his hand on the rear of Lieutenant
Leming's tank. There was no resistance except from light enemy mortar fire. When the tanks and the lead riflemen passed the Germeter-Vossenack-Richelskaul road fork, the column veered to the south across the main Vossenack road as planned. Beyond the road the third tank in the column continued too far to the south before turning east again and ran into surprise German opposition from the wooded draw to the south. A Panzerfaust at the edge of the woods knocked it out. The two remaining tanks and the accompanying infantry platoon continued to the east, the tanks firing toward the southern woods line at possible enemy positions. They had gone approximately 300 yards past the first wooded finger pointing toward Vossenack from the south when the 75-mm. gun on Lieutenant Leming's tank jammed. The tank's coaxial machine guns and bow guns incurred stoppages that "immediate action" would not clear, and the antiaircraft gun also failed when its bolt jammed from overheating. The advance stopped. Lieutenant Leming radioed for 2d Lt. Joseph S. Novak, platoon leader of the 3d Tank Platoon with Company E in reserve, to come forward in his tank and lead Leming's one remaining tank forward.21
Back nearer the line of departure, Company F's 1st Platoon had followed about 200 yards behind the lead platoon and its tanks. In an approach march formation with the 2d and 1st Squads forward and the 3d in close support, the 1st Platoon passed through the gap in the mine field and neared the Germeter-Richelskaul-Vossenack road fork. At this point, a sudden burst of fire came from two or three hitherto undetected German machine guns emplaced near a group of buildings at the road fork. The Germans had evidently held their fire when the preceding tanks and infantry had passed.
This first burst of enemy fire hit the 1st Squad heavily, wounding or killing all but three men. Although the 2d Squad and the remnants of the 1st built up a base of fire, the Germans continued to resist. To break the deadlock, the infantry platoon leader, 2d Lt. John B. Wine, crawled to within twenty-five yards of the position and knocked out at least one machine gun with a hand grenade. At the lieutenant's signal the two advance squads assaulted the position, overcame the German gunners, and captured four or five prisoners.
Reorganizing his platoon quickly, Lieutenant Wine continued without opposition into the outskirts of Vossenack. One squad began to operate on each side of the main street. The men sprayed the entrances of the houses with fire, tossed in hand grenades, and assaulted each building in the wake of the grenade explosions. At least one Company F man was wounded and another killed as the enemy threw in scattered artillery fire.22
The Company F commander, 1st Lt. Eldeen Kauffman, had followed the 3d Platoon to a point just past the gap in the mine field. He waited there for the 1st Platoon and then followed it through the action at the road fork and on into Vossenack. When he heard over his intracompany SCR 536 that the 2d
Attack on Vossenack-Completion
2 November 1944
Platoon, in support at the line of departure in Germeter, was receiving intense enemy artillery fire, he ordered the platoon to join him in Vossenack.
Lieutenant Wine's 1st Platoon, continuing its advance, had almost reached the main crossroads marked by the church in the center of Vossenack. (Map VIII) At this point it was held up by small arms fire from the house on the left just short of the crossroads. Supported by fire from the rest of the platoon, half of one squad assaulted the house and netted between thirty and fifty prisoners. The town of Vossenack as far east as the crossroads was then in American hands.
Upon the arrival of the 2d (support) Platoon, Lieutenant Kauffman, the company commander, ordered it to pass through Lieutenant Wine's unit, which had become disorganized in its fight at the crossroads. Except for three men lost to artillery fire in Germeter, the 2d Platoon was at full strength. The exchange in assault platoons was made about 1030 at the crossroads, approximately an hour and a half after the jump-off. Though the advance had been rapid, the leading elements of Company F had covered only a little more than half the distance to their objective, whereas elements of Company G had already reached the northeastern nose of the Vossenack ridge.23
The 3d Platoon was still waiting on the exposed slope south of the town for Lieutenant Novak to come forward with his tank from Germeter to assist the one remaining operational tank of Lieutenant Leming's platoon. When the assistance arrived, it developed that Lieutenant Novak had evidently misunderstood the request and, instead of coming forward himself, had sent S. Sgt. Paul F. Jenkins with the 3d Tank Platoon's 2d Section, two tanks instead of one.
The advance continued and the three tanks came abreast of the town's main crossroads. Seeing what they suspected to be an enemy mine field ahead, the tankers changed their route of advance and moved north with their accompanying infantry through the center of Vossenack. They followed the open northern slope over which the tanks with Company G had passed earlier. Without opposition the three tanks and Company F's 3d Platoon moved just to the right of Company G on the eastern nose of the ridge. There the infantrymen began to dig in on their objective.24
While the 3d Platoon was taking its roundabout route forward, the 2d Platoon under 1st Lt. George E. Scott continued its advance past the crossroads in Vossenack. From a house on the left, two or three houses east of the crossroads, a German "Burp gun" (machine pistol) opened fire and halted the Americans with its first burst. As Lieutenant Scott moved up to one of his squads to meet the situation, another burst killed him instantly. The platoon sergeant then tried to organize a flanking force, but he too was hit and seriously wounded. A squad leader was killed and his second in command seriously wounded in an attempt to shift their squad to where it could flank the position from the north.
Back at the Germeter line of departure, the remaining three tanks of Lieutenant Novak's 3d Tank Platoon had started forward shortly after Sergeant Jenkins left with the platoon's 2d Section.
Novak's tanks, scheduled to assist Company E in the Vossenack mop-up, moved too quickly for the infantry to keep pace and reached the crossroads ahead of the reserve company. There Lieutenant Kauffman seized the opportunity and commandeered one of the tanks to help in demolishing the burp gun resistance. The tanker fired two rounds at the building indicated by Lieutenant Kauffman, and the F Company commander and his runner, Pfc. Bud Kern, charged the house close behind the tank fire. Inside they found seven men and two German officers, one of whom was already wounded. Kauffman and Kern killed the other officer, and the German enlisted men promptly surrendered.
Lieutenant Novak, meanwhile, had turned south with his tank, apparently intending either to use the southern slope and so avoid the town as he moved eastward or to help knock out the burp gun by firing on the house from another direction. As he neared the southern edge of the town, his tank struck a mine and was immobilized. Since it could still be used as a stationary firing point, Lieutenant Novak stayed with his vehicle, while his two remaining tanks went on with Lieutenant Kauffman and Company F.
With the German burp gun resistance now out of the way, the advance continued. Lieutenant Kauffman tossed a grenade into the basement of the next house as a routine precaution, with the result that a group of Germans, who proved to be staff members of the battalion charged with the defense of Vossenack, came out in surrender. When questioned, one of the German officers pointed out the town's defensive positions on a map. There had been five thirty-man companies in Vossenack, he said, and despite high losses another company had the mission of counterattacking to retake the town.
Lieutenant Kauffman shifted Company F's 1st Platoon, now reorganized, back into the attack echelon and returned the 2d Platoon to its original support role. Accompanied by the two tanks of Lieutenant Novak's tank platoon, Lieutenant Wine's men continued down the main street, charging each building close behind assault fire from the tanks. The Germans fired only a few desultory shots in return, and by 1230 the 1st and 2d Platoons had joined the 3d Platoon on the final objective, the bald eastern nose of Vossenack ridge.25
Lieutenant Kauffman set up his Company F command post in the last house on the right (south) side of Vossenack's main street. The 2d Platoon began to dig in on the left next to Company G's right flank. On the 2d's right was the 1st Platoon, its depleted 1st and 2d Squads combined into one and designated to defend a wooded draw that stretched up toward the town from the Kall River valley. The 3d Platoon dug in on the 1st's right on a little exposed nose projecting east between two draws. The section of light machine guns dug in with the 2d Platoon on the left, the 1st (machine gun) Platoon from Company H with the right platoon, and the provisional .50-caliber machine gun platoon alone on the ridge farther to the southwest. One section of Company H 81-mm. mortars had moved up to firing positions to the north of Vossenack as soon as Company G had reached its
objective; after Company F completed its advance, the other sections displaced to the vicinity of the church. Through this day and the next, forward observers from the mortar platoon were with all three rifle companies. Later, because of enemy shelling, observers were pulled back to a central observation post in a house near the eastern end of the town.26
Company E Mops Up
The mission of Company E was to follow Company F at an interval of approximately 300 yards to Vossenack. There it would complete the mopping up of German resistance in the town. One platoon was to move along the edge of the woods on the south behind the right platoon of Company F in order to assist in protecting the battalion's right flank. The 3d Tank Platoon under Lieutenant Novak was to precede Company E into Vossenack and assist in mopping up. One section of machine guns from Company H was also attached.
When the acting company commander of Company E, 1st Lt. James A. Condon, saw Company F moving out at 0830 in preparation for its attack, he began to assemble his men. Lieutenant Condon assumed that Company E was to wait until all of Company F had gone forward, and as time passed Company F's support platoon still did not advance. Company E's premature assembly had brought the men out of their holes and buildings ready to move forward, and thus they fell easy prey to the German artillery and mortar fire which centered on the line of departure. The company suffered a number of casualties.27
Company E's 1st platoon, assigned the right flank security mission, preceded the forward movement of the company's main body, following behind the right flank platoon of Company F about 0920. (See Map VII) The platoon leader, S. Sgt. Edward J. Beck, employed two squads forward and one back with the assault squads in skirmish line and the support squad in squad column echeloned to the right rear.
Evidently not aware of the previous decision to use the more defiladed route north of the Richelskaul-Vossenack road instead of the southern route, Sergeant Beck's men had gone only about 300 yards past the line of departure when two enemy machine guns located in the edge of the woods to the south opened fire. The Company E platoon was pinned to the ground. Although Beck directed his men to work forward by individual rushes, the enemy stopped even that forward movement by plastering mortar fire on the exposed position. One man was killed and several were wounded, including Sergeant Beck.
Several men, one of whom was hysterical and obviously suffering from shock, made their way back individually to the acting company commander in Germeter with varying accounts of what had happened. Finally, as Lieutenant London was starting the remainder of his company toward Vossenack, an assistant squad leader, Sgt. Henry Bart, returned from the hard-pressed platoon and said he was now senior noncommissioned officer in the platoon and in command.
When Sergeant Bart said there were only a few of his men left, Lieutenant Condon told him to "pick up the remnants," evacuate the wounded, and follow the tail of the company through Vossenack. Bart returned to his men, but the enemy fire blocked evacuation. Not until about noon, when the 1st Battalion attacked southeast from Richelskaul and thus relieved the pressure against Company E's 1st Platoon, did two men, Sergeant Bart and Pfc. Clyde Wallace, manage to work around behind the German machine guns and take them from the rear. Private Wallace went back to the battalion command post in Germeter with two prisoners, and the remainder of the platoon, reduced now to about thirteen men, continued into Vossenack.28
While the 1st Platoon was still pinned down in the open field, the remainder of Company E and its attached machine gun section continued on the mission to mop up in Vossenack. (See Map VIII.) In a column of twos on either side of the main road, the men advanced cautiously, checking all buildings and cellars and taking occasional prisoners. Only one man was wounded, a 2d Platoon rifleman, hit in the arm by a shell fragment.29
Lieutenant Novak's three tanks, which were supposed to accompany Company E in the mop-up, soon outdistanced the riflemen and instead assisted Company F in clearing the eastern portion of Vossenack. About 1040, shortly after Company E must have first entered the outskirts of the town, Captain West, the tank company commander, who had moved with Company G to the northeastern nose of the ridge, received a radio message asking for tank support for Company E. On his way back via the southern route to help out, his command tank hit a mine just south of the church, probably in the mine field which Lieutenant Leming's tanks had previously suspected and avoided. Captain West dismounted and found that his battalion headquarters tank had come up. It was near by performing forward observation for the tank battalion's assault gun platoon. West took over the headquarters tank to assist Company E in completing its mop-up. Back on the northeastern nose of the ridge, the tanks that had reached the objective maneuvered around in rear of the infantry positions. There Lieutenant Quarrie's tank threw a track, and the crew could not replace it.30
About 1530 Company E finished its attack mission in Vossenack and began to prepare for the defense. Lieutenant Condon placed his 3d Platoon on the left (north) of town, generally along the line of houses on the northern side of the street, and his 2d Platoon similarly on the right (south) side of town. The remaining men of the 1st Platoon faced to the west in a defense within the town itself, denying the battalion rear. Light enemy artillery fire fell as the company was going into position, and two men were killed, one of them Private Wallace, who had assisted Sergeant Bart in overcoming the German resistance southeast of Germeter and had returned after taking two prisoners to the battalion CP.31
During the afternoon a tank retriever that was sent into Vossenack to tow out
Lieutenant Novak's damaged tank near the church was itself damaged by a direct hit from enemy artillery. With his own tank Lieutenant Leming tried to tow out Lieutenant Quarrie's tank, but his efforts were unsuccessful. The tank company received permission about 1600 to draw back to bivouac positions in the western edge of Vossenack and there went into a circle defense for the night and effected gasoline and ammunition resupply.32
The forward battalion command group had followed the attack closely and by 1630 had established a command post in a house approximately 300 yards east of the church in Vossenack on the south side of the main street. The rear battalion command post moved up after dark, every available man being pressed into service to carry an extra load of ammunition for resupplying the companies.33
Artillery in the Vossenack Attack
The 229th Field Artillery Battalion in direct support of the 112th Infantry fired a total of 1,346 rounds from 0800 to 1200 on 2 November, thus providing continuous artillery support on call during the entire Vossenack attack. In addition to the preparation fires, missions were harassing, counterbattery, and targets of opportunity. Company B, 86th Chemical Battalion, fired 274 high explosive and 225 white phosphorous rounds with its 4.2 mortars, and at various times during the day Vossenack was reported burning and covered with a haze of smoke. Company D, 86th Chemical Battalion, did not fire, having pulled out of firing position to be prepared to follow the 1st and 3d Battalions, 112th Infantry, to Schmidt.34
The 1st Battalion Attacks at H Plus 3 Hours
When the 28th Division moved into the Vossenack-Schmidt area, the 1st Battalion, 112th Infantry, had initially been in regimental reserve, but on 1 November Company A had relieved elements of the 110th Infantry in defense of the junction of the Richelskaul-Rollesbroich road with the Simonskall road to the south. The rest of the battalion had remained in an assembly area a few hundred yards west of Richelskaul. (See Map VII.)
The 112th Infantry's attack plan for 2 November designated the 1st and 3d Battalions to attack cross country at H plus 3 hours (1200) in a column of battalions, the 1st leading. They were to move generally through the wooded part of the southern slope of Vossenack ridge, cross the Kall River, and seize Kommerscheidt. The 3d Battalion was then to take Schmidt, and both were to to be prepared to continue the attack toward the southwest and Steckenborn. This was the division's main effort.35
The 1st Battalion, under the command of Maj. Robert T. Hazlett, was to lead the attack in a column of companies, Company B leading and passing through
Company A's Richelskaul defenses. Company C was to follow Company B on order, and, after Company C had passed through, Company A was then to leave its defenses to follow. Attached to Company B for spearheading the attack was the 1st (machine gun) Platoon of Company D. The 2d (machine gun) Platoon was to support the attack by firing up the wooded draw to the east from positions with Company A at Richelskaul. The 81-mm. mortars were to support on call from a position in a draw in the woods 900 yards behind the line of departure.36
No preparatory artillery barrage preceded the men of Company B as they passed through the Richelskaul defenses shortly after noon in a column of platoons--1st, 3d, 2d, Weapons. The first phase line had been designated as a generally north-south trail, some 400 yards east of Richelskaul, which ambled, south from Vossenack's western outskirts to a juncture in the southern woods with the road to Simonskall. As the 1st Platoon advanced toward that trail, it was fired upon from woods in the vicinity of the trail and pinned to the ground by intense enemy fire from small arms and entrenched automatic weapons. The 1st Platoon leader, 1st Lt. Ralph Spalin, acting as point for his platoon, was instantly killed.
Capt. Clifford T. Hackard, the Company B commander, committed his 3d Platoon to assist the 1st, but in the attempted advance the 3d Platoon leader, 2d Lt. Gerald M. Burril, was hit by the enemy fire. Despite a broken leg, Lieutenant Burril dragged himself into a hole from which he directed mortar fire with his SCR 536. He was not evacuated until after dark when one of the men of his platoon and an aid man brought him out on a litter. Either the loss of its platoon leader or the enemy small arms fire, or both, kept the 3d Platoon from advancing farther.
About one and one-half hours after the jump-off, Captain Hackard committed his 2d Platoon to the action. One squad from the 2d Platoon managed to work its way far enough forward to cross the trail; there it too was stopped by the intense small arms fire. Despite heavy supporting fire from Company D's 81-mm. mortars, the attack was stalemated. At 1510 one concentration of twenty-four rounds was fired by the 229th Field Artillery Battalion at enemy machine guns along the trail just south of Company B's attack route. This was seen by a forward observer and reported as "excellent," but no further mission was recorded as having been fired in this area during the day. Company B still could not advance.37
The 1st Battalion commander, Major Hazlett, went to the regimental command post about 1500 and talked with Colonel Peterson, the regimental commander. On his return, Major Hazlett announced that most of the gain of the day would be held. Because of plans he had received
28th Division Front
Evening, 2 November 1944
for the next day, however, he did not want to leave Company B "stuck so far out front."38 When Captain Hackard made his way back about dusk, Major Hazlett told him to pull back his advance elements (evidently the 2d Platoon) to the remainder of the company, which now was in a small patch of woods about 200 to 250 yards in front of the line of departure, and to dig in there for the night. This move was accomplished after nightfall.39
Thus, the 28th Division's main effort had been halted after its one attacking company had hit stiff German resistance. Except for one mission, artillery support had not been utilized, and neither the other two rifle companies of the 1st Battalion nor any part of the 3d Battalion had been committed. The battalion and regimental commanders apparently decided that, in view of the stiff opposition encountered by Company B and the comparative ease with which the 2d Battalion had taken Vossenack, the attack should be shifted to pass through Vossenack and avoid the resistance facing Richelskaul. At any rate, those were the plans for the next day.40
109th and 110th Infantry Regiments Attack
To the north of the 112th Infantry's divisional main effort, the 109th Infantry had jumped off at H Hour in its attack to protect the division's left flank and secure a line of departure overlooking Huertgen. (Map 20) By 1400 the 1st
Battalion, on the left, had two companies on its objective, the woods line west of the Germeter-Huertgen road. The 3d Battalion had attacked generally up the Huertgen road and committed all three rifle companies. They gained only about 300 to 500 yards before being stopped by a wide enemy mine field. After two companies of the regiment's 2d Battalion had moved up to a close reserve position a few hundred yards behind the 1st Battalion, ostensibly to cover a gap between the 1st and 3d Battalions, the regiment buttoned up for the night.41
The 110th Infantry in the woods to the south had attacked at 1200, its 3d Battalion moving generally southeast in the cross-country direction of Simonskall and its 2d Battalion aiming for eight or ten pillboxes astride the main road south toward Rollesbroich. These pillbox defenses later became known as the Raffelsbrand strong point. Both battalions were stopped after almost no gain by determined resistance and heavily fortified pillboxes. The 1st Battalion, 110th Infantry, was the division's infantry reserve and was not committed. The 110th's attack to reach the Strauch-Schmidt road and thus open the way for the latter phase of the Schmidt operation (the capture of the Strauch-Steckenborn area) had made virtually no progress.42
A vital mission in the Schmidt operation, that of isolating the Vossenack-Schmidt battlefield from large-scale intervention of enemy armor, had been assigned to the aircraft of the IX Tactical Air Command. Although the IX TAC was to continue its usual large-scale offensive against enemy transportation and communications, its main single effort was to be support of the 28th Division. The air plan involved use of five fighter bomber groups--the 365th, 366th, and 368th (P-47's), and 370th and 474th (P-38's)--and the 422d Night Fighter Group (P-61's).
On the first day of the 28th Division attack, a third of the IX TAC aircraft were to perform armed reconnaissance on all roads leading out of Schmidt to a limit of 25 miles, and another third were to attack special targets and drop leaflet bombs in support of the division. But weather conditions prevented the first planes from taking off from their base at Verviers, Belgium, until 1234. Two of five group missions were canceled and two others were vectored far afield in search of targets of opportunity. One mission did succeed: twelve P-38's of the 474th Fighter Bomber Group attacked Bergstein at 1445 and continued on to hit barges on the Roer River, a Roer bridge at Heimbach, and two factories east of Nideggen. The 28th Division air control officer reported that one squadron mistakenly bombed an American artillery
OBJECTIVE: PILLBOXES. Troops of the 110th Infantry, on 2 November, moving through the woods (above). One of the heavily fortified pillboxes near Rollesbroich (below).
position near Roetgen and caused twenty-four American casualties (including seven killed) before attacking Schmidt.43
The Enemy Situation
On 2 November staff officers of Army Group B, the Fifth Panzer and Seventh Armies, and several corps and divisions, including the 116th Panzer Division, were meeting with Generalfeldmarschall Walter Model, Army Group B commander, at Schlenderhan Castle, near Quadrath, west of Cologne, for a map study. The subject of the study was a theoretical American attack along the boundary of the two armies in the Huertgen area. Not long after the meeting began, a telephone call from the chief of staff of the LXXIV Corps told of actual American attacks north of Germeter and in the direction of Vossenack. The message said the situation was critical and asked for reserve troops from Seventh Army because LXXIV Corps did not have the men available to close the gaps already opened up by the American attacks. Field Marshal Model directed the LXXIV Corps commander to return to his command and ordered the other officers to continue the map study with the actual situation as subject.
As the map study continued, reports of the 28th Division's attack continued to come in, and it was decided to commit immediately a Kampfgruppe of the 116th Panzer Division to assist local reserves in a counterattack against the 109th Infantry's penetration north of Germeter. The remainder of the 116th Panzer Division was to follow later from its rest area near Muenchen-Gladbach. The chance presence of the various major commanders at the map conference facilitated preparations for this counterattack. It was designed to hit at dawn on 3 November to eliminate the 109th Infantry's northern penetration and to push farther south so as to cut off the Vossenack penetration of the 112th Infantry. This was virtually the same type of counterattack which had threatened the 9th Infantry Division when it had held this area.44
Summary for 2 November and Night of 2-3 November
Beginning with a heavy artillery barrage at 0800 on 2 November, the 28th Division attack on Schmidt had met varying degrees of success. The 2d Battalion, 112th Infantry, had made one of the more notable advances of the day in seizing Vossenack and the Vossenack ridge. Although the 1st Battalion, 112th Infantry, had attempted an attack southeast from Richelskaul toward Kommerscheidt and Schmidt, its one committed company had been held up by small arms fire and the attack not pursued, although the remainder of that battalion, plus the entire 3d Battalion and a company of medium tanks, had been available. During the night plans were issued for a new attack the next morning to take the same objectives via a different route.
To the north one battalion of the 109th
Infantry had reached the woods line overlooking Huertgen, while another had been held up by a previously unlocated mine field. To the south the 110th Infantry in a two-battalion attack had gained nothing except comparatively heavy casualties and the knowledge that its opposition was much stiffer than had been expected.
Although artillery support had been excellent, except in the attack of the 1st Battalion, 112th Infantry, where it was not requested, air support had been negligible. Attached engineers had concerned themselves primarily with maintenance of roads in rear areas, although Company C, 103d Engineers, had cleared mines east of Germeter and had gone into Vossenack after dark for road clearance.
After dark all three regiments buttoned up for the night, evidently confining themselves to resupply, for there was no record of any patrolling. Meanwhile, the Germans, their defense facilitated by a chance map conference at Army Group B headquarters, were planning a dawn counterattack to eliminate both the 109th and 112th Infantry penetrations.
The 28th Division's main effort for Kommerscheidt and Schmidt had on 2 November been pushed with a surprising lack of vigor, presumably because a decision was made somewhere in command channels that the original attack plan would not be followed. Although this decision was probably based on success in Vossenack as compared with stiff opposition on the original route of advance, it had nevertheless set back considerably the hour by which Schmidt might be taken. But on 3 November the 112th Infantry would make another attempt to capture the objective.
1. Although the official German name for the fortified belt along the western German frontier was Westwall, it was known to American troops as the Siegfried Line.
2. A misnomer. The "Huertgen Forest" was actually only a small part of a forest mass extending from southeast of Eschweiler (Meroder Wald) to the area Lammersdorf-Rollesbroich-Steckenborn. It included the Wenau Forest, the Roetgen Forest, and other subdivisions. Since the entire forest mass was known to American troops as the "Huertgen Forest," this term is used throughout this narrative.
3. Although this objective has come to be considered one of the more important of the Schmidt operation, neither V Corps nor 28th Division attack orders mentioned it. According to an interview with Col Carl L. Peterson (formerly CO, 112th Inf), Bradford, Pa., 21-22-23 Sep 48, the Roer dams "never entered the picture." While the First United States Army Report of Operations--1 August 1944-22 February 1945 (hereafter cited as FUSA Rpt) does say that the Schmidt attack was "a preliminary phase of a plan by V Corps to seize the two large dams on the Roer River . . . ," 28th Division troops probably did not consider the dams an objective. Just when the American command fully realized the importance of the dams is not clear. The German command thought the 28th Division attack was aimed at them, and the violent German reaction was based primarily on fear of losing the dams. See postwar German accounts, MSS # A-891 and A-892 by Generalmajor Rudolf Freiherr von Gersdorff (formerly CofS of Seventh Army); MS # C-016 by General der Infanterie Erich Straube (formerly CG of LXXIV Corps); European Theater Historical Interview (hereafter cited as ETHINT) 53 of Gersdorff; ETHINT 56 of Gersdorff and Generalmajor Siegfried von Waldenburg (formerly CG of 116th Panzer Division). For a fuller discussion of the question, see The Siegfried Line, a volume under preparation in the series UNITED STATES ARMY IN WORLD WAR II.
4. The 1171st Engr (C) Gp also included the following: the 502d Engr Lt Pon Co, the 668th Engr Top Co (detached during this opn), the 993d Engr Tdwy Br Co, and the 2d Plat, 610th Engr Lt Equip Co. These units performed rear area duties and are not mentioned further in this narrative.
5. Combat Interv 77 with Cota. This dictation by V Corps was apparently based on the limitations of terrain, number of troops involved, and missions of the attack as originally decided by First Army and 12th Army Group. (All combat interviews on the Schmidt operation are by the 2d Information and Historical Service and were conducted in November 1944 or early December 1944.)
6. Engr story is from the following: V Corps Factual Study, Opns of the 28th Inf Div, Engr Sec, 2-9 Nov 44 (hereafter cited as V Corps Study); Engr Plan, 30 Oct 44, 28th Div G-3 Jnl File, Oct 44. For a further discussion of the security problem, see below, Ch. III, n. 10.
7. Interv with Cota, Washington, D. C., 15 Sep 48.
8. All clock time given is that officially designated by the Allies; during this period it was British Summer Time.
9. Unless otherwise noted, this introduction is based on the following sources: FUSA Rpt; V Corps Opns in the ETO, 6 Jan 42 to 9 May 45; V Corps Study; V Corps FO 30, 21 Oct 44, and V Corps Ltrs of Instn, 23 Oct 44 and 30 Oct 44, V Corps G-3 Jnl and File, Oct 44; 28th Div G-3 Jnl and File, 26 Oct-2 Nov 44; Combat Interv 77 with Cota; Combat Interv 74, General Notes on 28th's Opns; 28th Div AAR, Nov 44; V Corps G-2 Jnl and File, Oct 44; FO 25, 28th Div G-3 File, 29 Oct 44; Intervs with Peterson and with Cota.
10. MS # A-891 (Gersdorff); MS # A-905 (Waldenburg); ETHINT 53 (Gersdorff); ETHINT 56 (Gersdorff and Waldenburg); ETHINT 57 (Gersdorff); I c (G-2) Sit Map, 1 Nov 44, found in OB WEST Kriegstagebuch, Anlagen (War Diary Annexes), Befehle and Meldungen, 1.-10.XI.44 (hereafter cited as OB WEST KTB Anlagen 1.-10.XI.44). OB WEST was the abbreviation of the headquarters of Oberbefehlshaber West, Commander in Chief in the West. See also Relief Schedule, Abloesungsplan, 28 Oct 44, found in OB WEST KTB Anlage 50 1.VII.-31.XII.44., Vol. I, 24.X.-31.XII.44.
11. No copy of 112th Inf FO 30 can be found. This information is based on 112th Inf Atk Overlays, 31 Oct 44, 28th Div G-3 File; 28th Div G-3 Jnl, Oct 44; 112th Inf Atk Overlay, 1st Bn Plan of Attack, 31 Oct 44, 112th Inf S-3 File, Nov 44; all combat intervs for the period. The general plan is supported by FO 25, 28th Div G-3 File, 29 Oct 44.
12. Combat Interv 75 with the following: Maj Richard A. Dana, S-3, 112th Inf; Capt John D. Pruden, Ex Off and later CO, 2d Bn, 112th Inf; 1st Lt James A. Condon, Ex Off, Co E, 112th Inf; 1st Lt Eldeen Kauffman, CO, Co F, 112th Inf. The attack overlays dated 31 October 1944 in the 28th Division G-3 File indicate that another platoon of Company E was to advance through the edge of the woods north of Vossenack to protect the battalion's left flank, but this plan evidently did not develop. No mention of it is made in the OCMH combat interviews or unit journals, and the interview with Colonel Peterson indicates that he recalls no such arrangement.
13. Combat Interv 76 with the following: 1st Lt James J. Leming, 2d Lt William D. Quarrie, S Sgt Paul F. Jenkins, and 1st Lt James J. Ryan. All of Company C, 707th Tk Bn. See also V Corps Study; Combat Interv 75 with Condon.
14. Combat Interv 75 with Capt Charles L. Crain, CO, Co H, 112th Inf.
15. Combat Interv 75 with Condon and Capt John T. Nesbitt, S-1, 2d Bn, 112th Inf; 112th Inf Atk Overlay, 31 Oct 44. Information on the 112th Infantry Cannon Company is meager. Maj. Albert L. Berndt, 112th Infantry Surgeon, in a letter to the Historical Division, 18 Oct 48, says the company continued to support the operation from its original positions throughout the attack. Records show that in later stages of the operation Cannon Company, 112th, was attached to the 109th Infantry.
16. Interv with Peterson; V Corps Opns in the ETO; V Corps Arty S-3 Jnl, 2 Nov 44.
17. Combat Interv 75 with 112th Inf personnel; Combat Interv 76 with Leming-Quarrie-Jenkins-Ryan.
18. Combat Interv 76 with Leming-Quarrie-Jenkins-Ryan; Combat Interv 75 with 1st Lt Clyde R. Johnson, Co G, 112th Inf.
19. Combat Interv 75 with Crain; Combat Interv 76 with Leming-Quarrie-Jenkins-Ryan.
20. Combat Interv 75 with Johnson; 112th Inf S-3 Jnl, 2 Nov 44.
21. Combat Interv 76 with Leming-Quarrie-Jenkins-Ryan; Combat Interv 75 with Kauffman.
22. Combat Interv 75 with Kauffman and S Sgt Charles W. Cascarano, Co F, 112th Inf. See also 28th Div citation recommendation for Lt Wine in Combat Interv 75 File.
23. Combat Interv 75 with Kauffman.
24. Combat Interv 76 with Leming-Quarrie-Jenkins-Ryan.
25. Combat Interv 77 with Kauffman, Condon; Combat Interv 76 with Leming-Quarrie-Jenkins-Ryan; 112th Inf S-3 Jnl, 2 Nov 44.
26. Combat Interv 75 with Kauffman, Crain, Cascarano. There is no available information on placement of Company F's 60-mm. mortars.
27. Combat Interv 75 with Condon, Crain, Pruden, 1st Lt Clifton W. Beggs, Co E, 112th Inf; Combat Interv 76 with Leming-Quarrie-Jenkins-Ryan.
28. Combat Interv 75 with Condon and Col Gustin M. Nelson, CO (after 7 Nov 44), 112th Inf.
29. Combat Interv 75 with Condon.
30. Combat Interv 76 with Leming-Quarrie-Jenkins-Ryan.
31. Combat Interv 75 with Condon.
32. Combat Interv 76 with Leming-Quarrie-Jenkins-Ryan.
33. Combat Interv 75 with Nesbitt.
34. 28th Div Arty Jnl, 2 Nov 44; 28th Div G-3 Jnl, 2 Nov 44; Hq and Hq Co, 28th Div Arty, AAR, Nov 44; 86th Cml Bn AAR, Nov 44.
35. Combat Interv 75 with the following: Dana; S Sgt Nathanuel M. Quinton, 1st Sgt Harvey B. Hausman, T Sgt George A. Lockwood, S Sgt Stephen J. Kertes, and Sgt Travis C. Norton. Last five of Co A, 112th Inf. See also 112th Inf Atk Overlay, 31 Oct 44.
36. Combat Interv 75 with the following: S Sgt Eugene Holden, 2d Bn Hq Co, 112th Inf; S Sgt Joseph R. Perll, Co C, 112th Inf; Capt Richard Gooley, S-1, 1st Bn, 112th Inf; 1st Lt Jack E. Kelly and Sgt Thomas G. Hunter. Last two from Co D, 112th Inf.
37. Combat Interv 75 with S Sgt Roy W. Littlehales and Pfc Clarence J. Skain. Both of Co B, 112th Inf. See also Combat Interv 75 with Holden, Kelly-Hunter; 28th Div Arty Jnl, 2 Nov 44. The combat interviews do not specifically state the commitment of the 2d Platoon, although they do state that one squad of this platoon worked its way across the trail. No mention is made of the use of Company B's attached heavy machine gun platoon from Company D.
38. Combat Interv 75 with Holden.
40. 112th Inf S-3 Jnl, 2 Nov 44. There is little mention of this attack in either combat interviews or unit journals, and some combat interviews indicate that some men even thought it was a "limited objective" attack. General Cota knows of no reason why this attack was not pushed with more vigor; it was not his intention that it be abandoned. See Interv with Cota. According to Colonel Peterson, it was not to be a major attack. See Interv with Peterson. The applicable FO is missing (see n. 11 above), but the attack overlays agree with the version as herein presented and are substantiated by Ltr, Brig Gen George A. Davis (formerly asst div comdr, 28th Div) to Hist Div, 27 Dec 49, which says, "This was definitely the main effort and it was not to pass through Vossenack."
41. Combat Interv 77 with 109th Inf personnel; 109th Inf S-2 and S-3 Jnls, 2 Nov 44; 28th Div G-3 Jnl, 2 Nov 44.
42. Combat Interv 77 with 110th Inf personnel and Notes on Opns of the 110th Inf; 110th Inf, S-2 and S-3 Jnls, 2 Nov 44; 28th Div G-3 Jnl, 2 Nov 44.
43. FUSA and IX TAC Sum of Air Opns, 2 Nov 44, in Unit History, IX Fighter Command and IX TAC, 1-30 Nov 44 (hereafter cited as FUSA and IX TAC Sum); V Corps Study, G-3 Air Sec; Combat Interv 74 with Maj Edwin M. Howison, Air Ln Off from IX TAC to 28th Div; 28th Div G-3 Air Jnl, Nov 44.
44. MSS # A-891 and A-892 (Gersdorff); MS # A-905 (Waldenburg); ETHINT 53 (Gersdorff); Noon Sit Rpt, 3 Nov 44, found in OB WEST KTB Anlagen 1.-10.XI.44. | <urn:uuid:38f9e7a1-61f7-457a-87d7-49a9d50afbb5> | {
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By Malini Hariharan
Saudi Arabia's growing oil demand is rapidly becoming a matter of concern for the country's planners. A new report forecasts that the Kingdom could fail to meet domestic demand in 2030 if current consumption trends are maintained.
Saudi Arabia, the world's largest crude oil exporter, is already consuming a third of its output and has one of the highest per capita consumption levels. And demand is projected to grow rapidly in the coming years especially from the power sector which is expected to expand at 7-8% annually for the next ten years.
How the government responds to this challenge has implications for the rest of the world and also extends to the petrochemicals industry.
The efforts so far are focused on boosting crude oil production and investing in alternatives such as solar and nuclear power which would free up oil for lucrative exports.
Plans have already been made to build 16 nuclear reactors over the next 20 years at a cost of more than $300bn and nuclear power is projected to meet 20% of the Kingdom's power needs.
The Saudi oil minister Ali-al-Naimi has very confidently stated that the country has the potential to produce enough solar power by 2020 to meet more than four times global demand.
And the government's seriousness to promote this alternative is source is evident in Saudi Aramco's decision to form a joint venture with Saudi Electric Co and Show Shell Sekiyu to develop a 500kw solar plant on Farasan Island.
But going solar or nuclear will only partly solve the problem. The Saudi government spends nearly $13bn a year to subsidize power and water consumption for citizens.
The bigger challenge will be to manage demand growth by raising domestic prices of electricity and gasoline to international levels- a sensitive task given the social unrest that the Middle East and Arab world has been seeing. | <urn:uuid:3476ed2a-23d4-4eb7-88e9-437ded3def50> | {
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19:4 cruel lord. See Isaiah 20:4. The Egyptians at the time were dominated by Assyria, but then participated in a rebellion instigated by the rulers of Ashdod, in Philistia. As a result, many Egyptians were led in shame into captivity into Assyria. The “cruel lord” and “fierce king” was evidently Sargon. This prophecy may also have anticipated a future similar and greater defeat by Babylon under Nebuchadnezzar (see Ezekiel 29:19). | <urn:uuid:c530e646-4e1e-4517-865b-02de880987a8> | {
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| ||What Your Doctor Is Saying || |
Last reviewed by Faculty of Harvard Medical School on January 13, 2011
By Robert H. Shmerling, M.D.
Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center
It is likely that your doctor routinely uses words or phrases when speaking with other doctors that would sound foreign to you unless you have a medical background. Although it might sound like a jumble of long words and phrases, many of the terms have common roots, prefixes or suffixes. Knowing a few of these can go a long way in deciphering what may otherwise be incomprehensible "medicalese."
When Your Doctor Is Saying Less
Consider the following: hypothyroid, hypotension, hypocalcemia. The suffix "hypo-" in each of these words means "too little" of whatever follows. Consider "aplastic", "anovulatory" or "avascular." The "a" (or "an") that begins each of these means "lacking" whatever follows. So, these terms translate as follows:
- Hypothyroid an underactive thyroid gland
- Hypotension low blood pressure
- Hypocalcemia low blood calcium level
- Aplastic not developed or non-functioning, as in aplastic anemia
- Anovulatory not ovulating
- Avascular without a blood supply
Why It Matters
It is important that you understand your health care professional for several reasons: to know why you have symptoms, to know how to take your medicines and why they were prescribed, and to know what to expect. That means you both must use the same language, whether it is medical and technical, or the language of the layperson. I favor the latter that is, I believe it is usually best if a doctor speaks the language of the patient rather than the other way around.
Invariably, however, medical terms will appear in written reports, communication between doctors, and often in the explanations doctors give to patients. If the information is not understood, it makes the worry over one's health even greater. Anything you or your doctor can do to reduce that worry is worth the effort. Your doctor can use language that you understand. And you can learn a bit of your doctor's language.
The Bottom Line
Some words are the same in more than one language. For example, "carton" is the same in English as in Spanish. Unfortunately, that seems to occur rarely in "medicalese." So learn what you can about your medical conditions and the terms that describe it; if you do not understand something your doctor has said, ask for a clarification. Many people assume the worst when they hear a term they don't understand, and there are already plenty of things to worry about without that caused by an ill-chosen phrase.
There is almost always a perfectly acceptable "translation" that can inform you without losing any of the term's meaning. Insist on that translation if you don't understand; but just in case, learn what you can of the medical lingo that applies to your health or to the health of those who are close to you.
Robert H. Shmerling, M.D., is associate physician at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and associate professor at Harvard Medical School. He has been a practicing rheumatologist for over 20 years at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center. He is an active teacher in the Internal Medicine Residency Program, serving as the Robinson Firm Chief. He is also a teacher in the Rheumatology Fellowship Program. | <urn:uuid:9fd8a055-3f33-47ee-b7e0-93e1f243e467> | {
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Islamic slavery has been the most horrible, yet the least known slavery in history. So, author M. A. Khan decided to publish the chapter "Islamic Slavery" from his book "Islamic Jihad: A Legacy of Forced Conversion, Imperialism and Slavery". This part contains: 1) INTRODUCTION, 2) THE QURANIC SANCTION OF SLAVERY, 3) THE PROPHETIC MODEL OF SLAVERY. (Part 2)
"Allah sets forth (another) Parable of two men: one of them dumb, with no power of any sort; a wearisome burden is he to his master; whichever way he directs him, he brings no good: is such a man equal with one who commands Justice, and is on a Straight Way?" --- Allah, in Quran 16:76
"(Allah) brought those of the People of the Scripture… and cast panic into their hearts. Some (adult males) ye slew, and ye made captive some (women and children)." --- Allah, in Quran 33:26–27
"It is written in the Quran that all Nations who should not have acknowledged their (Muslims’) authority were sinners; that it was their right and duty to make war upon whoever they could find and to make slaves of all they could take as prisoners; and that every Mussulman who should be slain in battle was sure to go to Paradise." --- Tripoli’s London ambassador Abd al-Rahman to Thomas Jefferson & John Adams (1786) on by what right the Barbary States enslaved American seamen.
The cover image shows Muhammad & his followers on a
Jihad raid, in which he used to plunder and capture the
women and children as slaves.
Slavery is a socio-economic institution, in which some human individuals, called slaves, become property of others, called masters or owners. Devoid of freedom and liberty, slaves are expected to provide loyal and diligent service for the comfort and economic well-being of their masters. Deprived of any human rights, slaves are the unconditional possession of their owners: mere chattels, having no right to leave, refuse work, or receive compensation for their labor. The position of slaves in society in many respects is akin to that of domesticated animals. Just as cows, horses and other beasts of burden are trained and utilized for economic advantage, such as for pulling carts or plowing fields—slaves are exploited for the benefit, comfort and economic well-being of the owner. Slave-trade, integral to slavery, involves buying and selling of human beings as a commodity like any other commercial transaction. Slavery, in essence, is the exploitation of the weak by the strong and has a very long history.
One major criticism of the West by all, and particularly by Muslims, pertains to the trans-Atlantic slave‑trade by European powers and their mindless exploitation and degrading treatment of slaves in the Americas and West Indies. Muslims are often quick to point fingers at the European slave-trade; they often claim that the exploitation of slaves enabled countries like the United States to amass the huge wealth they enjoy today. One young Muslim, born in America, wrote: ‘Do you know how the American slave-hunters went to Africa, seized the black people and brought them to America as slaves? America’s economic power owes a great deal to the labor of those slaves’ (personal communication). Terming the 350-year trans-Atlantic slave-trade ‘the worst and most cruel slavery’ in history, the Nation of Islam Minister Louis Farrakhan claims that some white Americans do not know that ‘they are in the privileged position… today based on what happened to us (Blacks)’ in the past. An overwhelming majority of Muslims believe that Islamic history is devoid of the abhorrent practice of slavery. Rocky Davis (aka Shahid Malik), an Australian Aboriginal convert to Islam, told the ABC Radio that ‘Christianity were the founders of slavery. Not Islam.’ When Muslims in India talk about the practice of slavery in the subcontinent—they talk about the harrowing tales of how the Portuguese transported slaves from coastal areas of Goa, Kerala and Bengal in terrible conditions. It is already noted that history books in Pakistan teach that before Islam, there was exploitation and slavery, which vanished with the coming of Islam. They will never talk about the slavery that Muslim invaders and rulers practiced on a grand scale in India.
This Muslim silence about the widespread practice slavery under Islamic rules, such as in India, likely results from their ignorance of historical facts. In modern history writing in India, there is extensive whitewashing of the atrocities that took place during the Muslim invasions and the subsequent Islamic rule. Such distortions of the true picture of Islamic history compound Muslims’ ignorance about Islamic atrocities in medieval India and create an erroneous perception amongst them about the extensive slavery practised by Muslim rulers. As recounted throughout this book, slavery was regrettably a prominent institution throughout the history of Islamic domination everywhere. It also had unique features, namely large-scale concubinage, eunuchs, and ghilman (described below).
THE QURANIC SANCTION OF SLAVERY
The institution of slavery in Islam was formalized in the following Quranic verse, in which Allah distinguishes free human beings or masters, who exercise justice and righteousness, from the dumb, useless and burdensome ones, the slaves:
Allah sets forth (another) Parable of two men: one of them dumb, with no power of any sort; a wearisome burden is he to his master; whichever way he directs him, he brings no good: is such a man equal with one who commands Justice, and is on a Straight Way? [Quran 16:76]
Allah warns the believers against taking the slaves as equal partner in status and in sharing their wealth, lest they have to fear them as anyone else:
…do ye have partners among those whom your right hands possess (i.e., slaves, captives) to share as equals in the wealth We have bestowed on you? Do ye fear them as ye fear each other? [Quran 30:28]
Allah recognizes some human beings, namely the masters, as more blessed by Himself than the less favored slaves as part of His divine plan. He warns Muslims against sharing His gifts to them equally with their slaves. Those who would take slaves as equal, warns Allah, would deny Him:
Allah has bestowed His gifts of sustenance more freely on some of you than on others: those more favoured are not going to throw back their gifts to those whom their right hands possess, so as to be equal in that respect. Will they then deny the favours of Allah? [Quran 16:71]
Allah does not only sanction the institution of slavery, He also gave divine blessing to masters (Muslim men only can own slaves) to have sex with the female slaves:
And those who guard their private parts, Except in the case of their wives or those whom their right hands possess—for these surely are not to be blamed [Quran 70:29–30]
And who guard their private parts, except before their mates or those whom their right hands possess, for they surely are not blameable [Quran 23:5–6]
Therefore, if there are women amongst the captives or slaves, Muslims are divinely sanctioned to have sex with them as they do with their wives. This verdict of Allah founded the institution of sex-slavery or slave-concubinage in Islam, which was widespread in the pre-colonial Muslim world and continued well into the mid-twentieth century. As far as legal marriage is concerned, there is a limitation of four wives for a man at one time [Quran 4:3], but no such limitation on the number of sex-slaves.
Allah also gave a divine sanction to Muslims for acquiring female slaves for sexual engagement by waging wars against the infidels:
O Prophet! surely We have made lawful to you your wives whom you have given their dowries, and those whom your right hand possesses out of those whom Allah has given to you as prisoners of war… [Quran 33:50]
Muslims can engage in sex with the captured slave women even if they are married, but not with the married free Muslim women:
Also (prohibited are) women already married, except those whom your right hands possess… [Quran 4:24].
There are other verses in the Quran that talks approvingly of slaves and capturing them in wars. Thus, according to the divine commands of the Islamic God as enshrined in the holy Quran, Muslims are allowed to keep slaves. They can amass slaves by waging wars, have sex with the female slaves, and of course, use them as they wish. For Muslims, having sex with female slaves is as legal as having sex with their married wives. Slavery appears to be one of the most desired divine privileges in Islam, since Allah took the pain of reminding Muslims about this divine right time and again in so many verses.
THE PROPHETIC MODEL OF SLAVERY
Allah did not rest with repeatedly reminding Muslims to engage in slavery, but also took the initiative to guide Prophet Muhammad on how to enslave the infidels, such as in the following verse:
And He (Allah) brought those of the People of the Scripture (i.e., Banu Qurayza) who supported them (i.e., the Quraysh) down from their strongholds, and cast panic into their hearts. Some (adult males) ye slew, and ye made captive some (women and children)… [Quran 33:26–27]
In this verse, Allah charged the Banu Qurayza Jews with supporting the Quraysh of Mecca "from their strongholds" against Muslims in the battle of the Trench (627). Based on this unsubstantiated accusation, Allah commanded that some of the Jews, the adult males, were to be slain, and the rest, the women and children, enslaved. The Prophet duly complied with this divine command. He distributed the enslaved women and children among his disciples, himself acquiring one-fifth of them. The young and pretty ones amongst the female captives were made sex-slaves; the Prophet himself took beautiful Rayhana, whose husband and family members had been slain in the massacre. He took her to bed on the same night.
After conquering Khaybar the following year, Muhammad carried away their women and children as slaves. In many other attacks, the Prophet and his followers enslaved and carried away the women and children of the vanquished. Therefore, after aggressively attacking and defeating the infidels, enslaving the women and children became a model of Muhammad’s wars. Some of the slaves could be sold or ransomed for generating revenues. The young and pretty ones amongst the female captives became sex-slaves.
Since emulating Muhammad in action and deed is central to living a good Muslim life in Islamic thought, Muslims duly embraced his model of slavery (comprising enslavement, slave-trade and slave-concubinage) and perpetuated it during the later centuries of Islamic domination. Muhammad’s example of dealing with the Jews of Banu Qurayza or Khaybar became the standard template for capturing slaves. This led to a massive rise in enslavement, sex-slavery and slave-trade in medieval Islamdom. After Muhammad’s death, Muslims—armed with sanctions of the Quran and Sunnah—embarked on an unbridled mission of waging holy war to conquer the world for the purpose of spreading Islam and expanding Islamic rule. As Islam burst out of Arabia, Muslim invaders became adept at capturing the vanquished infidels, particularly the women and children, in large numbers as slaves.
In Islamic thoughts (as noted already), the civilizations preceding and outside of Islam are jahiliyah or erroneous in nature, invalidated with the coming of Islam. Only Muslims were in the sole possession of truth in the form of the true faith of Islam. In their thoughts, the world outside the boundary and religion of Islam, notes Bernard Lewis, ‘was inhabited by the infidels and barbarians. Some of these were recognized as possessing some form of religion and a tincture of civilization. The remainder, polytheists and idolaters, were seen primarily as sources of slaves.’ Muslims captured slaves in such great numbers that slave-trade became a booming business enterprise; markets across the Muslim world became teeming with slaves. Accordingly, ‘it goes to the credit of Islam to create slave trade on a large scale, and run it for profit like any other business,’ writes Lal.
(Complete bibliography will be posted in the last part)
. Farrakhan L, What does America and Europe Owe?, Final CalL, 2 June 2008
. ABC Radio, Aboriginal Da’wah - "Call to Islam", 22 March 2006; http://www.abc.net.au/rn/talks/8.30/relrpt/stories/s1597410.htm
. Famous scholar Abu Ala Maududi in his interpretation of this verse notes: “When you do not make your own slaves partners in your wealth, how do you think and believe that Allah will make His creatures partner in His Godhead?” [Maududi AA, Towards Understanding the Quran, Markazi Muktaba Islami Publishers, New Delhi, Vol. VIII]. In other words, associating partners with Allah, which is the most abhorrent thing to do in Islam, is tantamount for a man to take his slaves as equal partner.
. Ibn Ishaq, The Life of Muhammad, Oxford University Press, Karachi, p. 461-70
. Lewis B (1966) The Arabs in History, Oxford University Press, New York p. 42
. Lal KS (1994) Muslim Slave System in Medieval India, Aditya Prakashan, New Delhi, p. 6
written by Cyril Methodius , September 04, 2011 | <urn:uuid:9b4f5d68-3cf9-428a-97bb-adc49d688674> | {
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POSTED: Friday, February 24, 2012 - 11:39am
UPDATED: Thursday, March 1, 2012 - 9:21am
BROWNSVILLE — Is it a kid being a kid? Or is it something more? A child may be easily distracted, has trouble staying on task, and even talks out of turn, things that just about every kid experiences at one time or another, but these are also just a few signs of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. So when does this behavior cross over from being a normal kid to being a child that's suffering from a neurological disorder?
“Parents come in under a tremendous amount of pressure; it's not unusual for the parent to say, "The teacher can't take it anymore," says pediatrician, Dr. Carmen Rocco.
The Center for Disease Control reports that over five million children have been diagnosed with ADHD. To put that into perspective, that's about one in every ten school aged children; kids between the ages of four and seventeen.
"It's a neurological deficit. It's an area of the brain that is impacted. It's not able to function correctly, so it's like that area of the brain, from my understanding, shuts down," says BISD Special Services School Psychology Specialist, Cyndi Trevino.
This impairment prevents a child from paying attention, causes him or her to be hyperactive, and very impulsive.
Here’s a list of some of the common characteristics of a child suffering from ADHD, this list is directly from the Center for Disease Control:
-squirms and fidgets
-talks too much
-does not play quietly
-acts and speaks without thinking
-has trouble taking turns
Cyndi Trevino, who works for BISD Special Services, accesses children who are referred to her, by either parents or teachers, for these characteristics.
“This is something that is within the brain, it's neurological, it will never go away. It will be with this child all the way through adulthood. The responsibility placed on the child's shoulders, the parents shoulders and on the teachers shoulders is how we can help the child learn to compensate and be successful," says Trevino.
While Trevino does not diagnose, she simply helps in making recommendations on whether a child could benefit from further services or what changes can be made in the classroom and even at home to provide structure for the child.
The diagnosis comes from a psychologist or a pediatrician, but a proper diagnosis takes time. Dr. Rocco says several factors need to be met to truly diagnose a child with ADHD. The American Academy of Pediatrics clearly states which factors must be present. For one, a child must exhibit ADHD characteristics before the age of seven and two, the behavior must be present in multiple settings, not just the classroom. She says in many cases, parents and or teachers are quick to think a kid needs to be medicated.
"I always feel like we need to give a child a full benefit, they deserve that and so I often tell parents, "Don't be disappointed, but you're a not going to walk out of here with medication today. I can give you a letter that outlines what our plans are going to be, but we're not going to give a medication until we're certain that this is going to help your child," says Dr. Rocco.
She adds if a child is accurately diagnosed, medication in combination with counseling is necessary. Ultimately a child needs to learn coping skills so they can grow into productive adults.
Unfortunately, Dr. Rocco says that mental health services are limited in the valley, which can be particularly concerning, especially since the number of Hispanic children diagnosed with ADHD is on the rise.
But there is help; it may just take a little longer to get it. Dr. Rocco says on average, getting into see this type of mental health professional may take four to six weeks, but she leaves parents with this message of motivation....
"There is no reason why a child with ADHD will not come out a very successful adult. We've seen it. It takes, like everything else in childhood, a village, the school, the parents, the community to understand them and help them along the way."
For more information on ADHD and resources click on the link below: | <urn:uuid:9d310d13-379f-4f27-8ba4-78c759c27931> | {
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- Formation of H2 and CH4 by weathering of olivine at temperatures between 30 and 70°CAnna Neubeck
Department of Geological Sciences, Stockholm University, Sweden
Geochem Trans 12:6. 2011..This may expand the range of environments plausible for abiotic CH4 formation both on Earth and on other terrestrial bodies...
- Methane emissions from Pantanal, South America, during the low water season: toward more comprehensive samplingDavid Bastviken
Department of Thematic Studies Water and Environmental Studies, Linkoping University, Linkoping, Sweden
Environ Sci Technol 44:5450-5. 2010..Future measurements with static floating chambers should be based on many individual chambers distributed in the various subenvironments of a lake that may differ in emissions in order to account for the within lake variability...
- Freshwater methane emissions offset the continental carbon sinkDavid Bastviken
Department of Thematic Studies Water and Environmental Studies, Linkoping University, SE 58183 Linkoping, Sweden
Science 331:50. 2011..Thus, the continental GHG sink may be considerably overestimated, and freshwaters need to be recognized as important in the global carbon cycle...
- Measurement of methane oxidation in lakes: a comparison of methodsDavid Bastviken
Department of Water and Environmental Studies, Linkoping University, Sweden
Environ Sci Technol 36:3354-61. 2002..We conclude that methods using the stable isotope or mass balance modeling approach represent promising alternatives, particularly for studies focusing on ecosystem-scale carbon metabolism...
- Organic matter chlorination rates in different boreal soils: the role of soil organic matter contentMalin Gustavsson
Department of Thematic Studies, Water and Environmental Studies, Linkoping University, 58183 Linkoping, Sweden
Environ Sci Technol 46:1504-10. 2012.... | <urn:uuid:42de6163-2efa-4490-ba7a-c4d0a2a4ed7f> | {
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According to the Environmental Working Group: "We found that consumers using sunscreens without zinc and titanium would be exposed to an average of 20% more UVA radiation — with increased risks for UVA-induced skin damage, premature aging, wrinkling, and UV-induced immune system damage — than consumers using zinc- and titanium-based products"
The common complaint by users of sunscreen products containing zinc has been regarding the white coating it leaves on the skin. This is where nanoparticles come in - particles that are smaller than 100 nanometers (or "nm" — a nanometer is roughly half the size of a strand of DNA). Zinc is shrunk into tiny particles measuring under 100nm, providing better protection and eliminating the white cast.
Nanoparticles have come under close scrutiny by some watchdog groups concerned over the possible health effects of nanoparticles entering the deep tissues, blood or lungs. Research on the subject to date has had varied outcomes. The level of nano-scale zinc found in the body has ranged from zero to little, or greater amounts, dependant on how it is introduced to the system and its size. In their most recent sunscreen guide, the Environmental Working Group (EWG) writes:
In 15 peer-reviewed studies, nanosize zinc and titanium were shown not to penetrate through unbroken skin at concentrations exceeding 1.5%. A recent review for the EU decision-making body found that, "There is currently little evidence from skin penetration studies that dermal applications of metal oxide nanoparticles used in sunscreens Lead to systemic exposure" (Börm 2006).
The majority of sunscreens available for purchase in the US include nanoscale zinc, typically 30 to 200 nm in size. And because labeling laws are unclear where nanoparticles are concerned, it can be difficult to know if you are purchasing a product that contains nanoparticle ingredients or not. The FDA has not yet set standards for nanoparticle claims or defined the minimum size of a nanoparticle. This has caused some individuals and groups to recommend consumers avoid zinc and titanium-based sunscreens altogether.
But this recommendation is not necessarily the safest option. A study by the EWG shows that those using chemical sunscreens are exposed to both greater UV radiation and more hazardous ingredients. Micronized zinc is shown to provide safer protection than either chemical sunscreens or unprotected sun exposure. | <urn:uuid:ca4f076d-b199-4237-be44-21130c3b9968> | {
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As part of its holdings of legal art and visual materials, the Harvard Law School Library owns a collection of over 4000 portrait images of lawyers, jurists, political figures, and legal thinkers dating from the Middle Ages to the late twentieth century. Although most of these prints, drawings, and photographs depict legal figures prominent in the Common Law, a significant number portray jurists and legal educators associated with the Canon and Civil Law traditions. The collection is particularly strong in images of eighteenth and nineteenth century British and American lawyers, ranging from such well known historical figures as William Blackstone, Jeremy Bentham, John Marshall, and Joseph Story to many lesser known jurists and legal educators. The collection also contains images of many graduates of Harvard College and the Harvard Law School. Librarian Eldon R. James and Dean Roscoe Pound began the collection in the first quarter of the twentieth century as an adjunct to the School's "basic collection" of paintings and sculpture. It has continued to grow significantly over the years, and today constitutes a major resource for images of lawyers and jurists that have shaped our Western legal heritage.I can attest that the collection makes for intriguing browsing.
The collection of portrait images is the most heavily used portion of the Library's visual materials. Researchers and publishers almost daily request reproductions from this collection to illustrate scholarly articles, monographs, textbooks, Web sites, and television programs. Although the most frequent request is for reproductions of the likenesses of individuals important in the history of the law, the collection has also been consulted for iconographic images (e.g., scales of justice, blindfolded justice) and for scenes depicting judicial activity (e.g., courtrooms, assizes). Researchers in fields other than legal history may also benefit; many of the images will interest students of social history, costume, art history, and heraldry. Students of art may also find it useful as the collection covers many centuries and styles of portraiture.
Image credit: Jeremiah Sullivan Black | <urn:uuid:1b8bd26b-3fe9-49cf-9f5e-fd8466672d33> | {
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The name Sir Jack Brabham is very well known among Formula 1 fans, but lately Sir Jack has been fading into the background and we thought we would refresh everyones memories with his mind-boggling accomplishments.
One of the first drivers to be knighted for his service to motorsports, Brabham won the Formula 1 drivers championship three times. Born in April 1926, Sir Jack was a flight mechanic for the Royal Australian Air force and then ran a small engineering workshop. In 1948, he started midget car racing and moved, in 1955, to Europe to join the Cooper Car Companys racing team. He helped to develop the design for the mid-engine Cooper, which he raced in F1 and at the Indianapolis 500. Brabham then went on to win the F1 World Championship in 1959, where he pushed his car (literally) across the finish line at the last race of the season, the United States Grand Prix at Sebring, after running out of fuel. In 1960, he won the title again, and decided to try the car at the Indianapolis 500 where he, with the only mid-engine car on track, came in ninth. This led to the gradual change of engine design for all the Indianapolis 500 contenders in the years to come.
In 1962, Sir Jack started his own manufacturing company, Motor Racing Developments, with Ron Tauranac, an Australian designer. That year saw the production of the first of the Brabham marques; the B-3, which debuted in the German Grand Prix. In 1966, Brabham was the first and only man to win a Formula 1 World Championship in a car of his own construction, the BT19. The Brabham team won the championship the following year as well, with driver Denny Hulme behind the wheel. Motor Racing Developments also introduced Honda to motorsport by using its engine to power the Brabham manufactured car that competed in Formula 2.
Sir Jack retired from Formula 1 at the age of 44 after the 1970 Grand Prix season and sold his share of the company to Ron Tauranac. He moved back to Australia and persisted with endeavors that allowed him to help with engine developments for racing car manufacturers. He also continued to compete in smaller racing events.
Sir Jack Brabhams interest in racing was sparked by a friend, Johnny Schonberg, who introduced him to midget racing, and convinced him to build a car, that Johnny could race with. The first car they raced was a homemade machine powered by a JAP motorcycle engine modified and built in Jacks workshop. In 1948, Schonberg retired and convinced Brabham to take his place, which lead to him winning the Australian Speedway Championship and to the start of his racing career. Sir Jack then went on to win the Australian Championship for the next three consecutive years. After this, he took a try at road racing, for which he bought a series of cars from the Cooper Company, and modified them himself; winning several races until he moved to Europe and to the Cooper Companys racing team.
Hence we see that Sir Jack Brabham developed, changed, and improved race engineering not only in the Formula 1 circles but in several different motorsport events. His engineering brilliance and perseverance brought the mid-engine racecar to the forefront and improved the sport immensely. | <urn:uuid:73205ea6-bcf0-4c03-8fc7-b7c0f35c9b9b> | {
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Build any Major Scale
Building A Major Scale
Just like with building triads, building a major scale is about understanding the intervals between each note of the scale. If you understand this, you can build any major scale.
All major scales follow this pattern:
(W = Whole Step, H = Half Step)
W - W - H - W - W - W - H
So let's look at the notes of a C major scale. They are shown below with the interval between each note in parenthesis:
C (W) D (W) E (H) F (W) G (W) A (W) B (H) C
A good way to practice is to just pick a random note on the keyboard and then build your major scale. Learning your scales this way will make sure you don't ever forget the notes in a major scale. | <urn:uuid:56e50ba9-4f66-43e2-bddb-c05ffccaab1b> | {
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What is cardiology?
Cardiology is the science and study of the cardiac (heart) system. It pertains to heart disorders, including diagnosis and treatment of congenital heart defects, coronary artery disease, electrophysiology, heart failure and valvular heart disease. It is a subspecialty of internal medicine.Who are cardiologists and what do they do?
Cardiologists diagnose and treat patients of all ages who may have heart defects, heart failure, coronary artery disease or other heart conditions. Some cardiologists distinguish themselves as interventional cardiologists and perform invasive procedures such as cardiac catheterization and coronary artery stent placement. However, they usually do not perform major surgeries such as open heart surgery and coronary artery bypass grafting; those are performed by cardio-thoracic surgeons. Cardiologists may work in private practice or at a hospital.
Cardiologists are doctors trained in internal medicine, with four years of medical school and three years of internal medicine residency followed by 2-3 years of additional training in a cardiology fellowship.What are the different types of cardiologists?
There are two types of cardiologists: noninvasive or invasive.
Noninvasive cardiologists diagnose patients’ heart disorders and focus on preventing and managing potential heart conditions. They may recommend and perform tests to detect and help diagnose heart disorders, such as ECHOs, electrocardiograms (EKGs) and stress tests. A new development in treatment is nuclear cardiology, in which a nuclear camera is used to take photographs of the heart.
Invasive cardiologists are similar to noninvasive cardiologists and can perform all the same functions, tests and diagnostic procedures, but also have training in cardiac catherization, a process that helps locate blockages in the arteries. The invasive cardiologist would then perform an angioplasty or other necessary procedure.What are the most common symptoms and conditions that concern a cardiologist?
Are You At Risk for Heart Disease?
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Doctor-Recommended Tips for a Healthy Heart
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10 Minutes to a Healthy Heart
- Abnormal heart rhythm – An irregular heartbeat or “arrhythmia”; either a slow, rapid or irregular heartbeat.
- Atrial fibrillation – Abnormal heartbeats due to fibrillating (quivering) atria heart muscles, diagnosed when an irregular pulse is taken.
- Chest pains – A symptom of various conditions ranging from nonserious to life-threatening, chest pains are generally considered a medical emergency that need immediate medical attention.
- Congestive heart failure – The heart can’t pump blood normally (heart failure), leaving the body without enough oxygen or blood flow, resulting in backed-up fluid in the lungs (congestion).
- Heart defects – Abnormal conditions or disease affecting the heart, present at birth or that develop later in life.
- Heart disease – Diseases affecting the heart – the leading cause of death in the United States.
- Heart failure – The heart can’t pump blood normally, depriving the body of the blood flow and oxygen it needs, sometimes leading to congestive heart failure.
- Myocarditis – Inflammation, mainly secondary to infection, of the heart muscle that may weaken the pumping function of the heart.
- Pericarditis – Inflammation of the membrane around the heart, usually secondary to infection, but may be caused by other chronic health problems. Sharp chest pain may occur when the inflamed pericardium rubs against the heart muscle (myocardium) itself.
- Pulmonary hypertension – An increase in blood pressure in the pulmonary artery, vein or capillaries that results in shortness of breath and significant strain on the heart.
- Shortness of breath – A symptom of a wide variety of heart disorders, ranging from non-serious to life threatening, such as heart attack or congestive heart failure. | <urn:uuid:2d32c489-f632-452f-b8a5-0c7cea26aa56> | {
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What is general surgery?
Despite its name, general surgery typically refers to surgery on abdominal organs rather than other areas of the body. This specialty focuses on the intestines, including esophagus, stomach, small bowel, colon, liver, pancreas, gallbladder and bile duct, thyroid glands, hernias and sometimes diseases of the skin and breast.What is a general surgeon and what do they do?
With the trend for physicians and surgeons to develop a specialty through additional medical training, general surgery has lost much of its former scope. However, it continues to be a competitive field with many subspecialties that continue to increase, including trauma surgery, cardiothoracic surgery, vascular surgery, plastic surgery, laparoscopic
(minimally invasive) surgery, breast surgery (including lumpectomy
), endocrine (thyroid) surgery and dermatological (skin) surgery.Where do general surgeons work?
General surgeons perform surgery in hospital operating rooms. They may also work out of a clinic to consult with potential patients, current patients, or follow up with patients post-surgery. They may work in surgery centers performing outpatient surgeries. General surgeons are also on call for the emergency room (ER) for patients with emergent surgical problems. General surgeons are on call to the ER along with other specialists, including those in neurosurgery, cardiology, urology and more. For example, a general surgeon will be called by the ER for consultation when a patient is diagnosed with problems, such as (but not limited to) appendicitis, bowel obstruction or cholecystitis. The general surgeon will then admit the patient to the hospital and arrange for the operating room. What are the most common conditions general surgeons treat?
Related Articles: How Safe Is Outpatient Surgery? Surgery Support
- Appendicitis - A surgical emergency involving an infected and inflamed appendix. Current literature supports surgical removal due to risk of rupture and its associated complications.
- Adhesions – Internal scar tissue that creates strands, usually throughout the abdomen, which can entangle loops of bowel and lead to obstruction. They are often the result of a previous surgical procedure or intra-abdominal infection.
- Cancer – General surgeons perform surgery on many types of cancer, including breast, skin, colorectal and gastrointestinal cancers.
- Colon cancer – Cancer of the colon or rectum occurs when intestinal cells mutate to create a tumor. These tumors can spread throughout the body.
- Diaphragmatic hernia – A congenital condition in which there is an abnormal opening in the diaphragm, allowing abdominal organs to translocate into the chest cavity, causing breathing difficulty.
- Gallbladder problem – Gallbladder problems sometimes stem from gallstones if they block the flow of bile out of the gallbladder. Sometimes, even without gallstones, the gallbladder can become infected, resulting in abdominal pain, vomiting, indigestion and fever. Depending on the nature of the gallbladder problem, either conservative treatment with pain medications or surgical removal of the gallbladder will be employed by your physician.
- Hernia – A protrusion of an organ through the muscular or fascial wall within which it is normally contained.
- Hiatal hernia – A protrusion of all or part of the stomach into the chest cavity via a defect in the muscles called the “crus of the diaphragm,” which usually keep it contained with the abdomen.
- Inflammatory bowel diseases – A group of inflammatory conditions of the gastrointestinal system, including Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis.
- Inguinal hernia – A protrusion of organs in the lower abdominal cavity through the inguinal canal in the groin.
- Intestinal hernia – A protrusion of the intestines through the abdominal wall.
- Intestinal obstruction – A partial or complete blockage of the bowel.
- Pyloric stenosis – A condition that causes projectile vomiting in infants during the first months of life due to a narrowing of the opening from the stomach to the intestines. Pyloric stenosis occurs in adults due to a narrowed pyloris. | <urn:uuid:23109d04-472f-4c62-b64a-68d21763e5e4> | {
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Finance is the system of governing and managing assets, money, currency, banking and investing affairs. Fiscal bankroll possessed or owned by a corporation, firm, or enterprise is also called Finance. There are certain businesses and establishments in which the goods and services that are provided are strictly monetary. An example of this type of business would be banking. Banking services provides loans, mortgages, for businesses and individuals. Banks may also participate in international dealings in which constitute as foreign exchange of money, currency, stocks, bonds, or material assets. | <urn:uuid:64aa8783-247f-4cf9-8340-0f63d15d67a7> | {
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Ancient Ichthyosaur Mother Did Not Explode, Scientists Say
An ichthyosaur female with embryos scattered outside her body.
It is unlikely that the body of a mother ichthyosaur exploded, say researchers who offer another explanation for the scattered remains of embryos found around her in rock that was once deep underwater.
Rather, the scattering of the embryos was probably caused by minor sea currents after the expectant mother died and her body decayed some 182 million years ago, the researchers propose.
If this scenario sounds confusing, it is important to know that ichthyosaurs, extinct marine reptiles that lived at the same time as the dinosaurs, did not lay eggs but rather carried their young in their bodies until they gave birth. Ichthyosaurs resembled fish but, unlike most fish, breathed air through lungs.
The nearly intact skeleton of the female ichthyosaur in question was found in Holzmaden, Germany. But the remains of most of the approximately 10 embryos were scattered far outside her body it. Other fossilized ichthyosaur remains have been found in similarly strange arrangements, with skeletons usually complete but jumbled to some degree.
A Swiss and German research team set out to examine the idea that after death, such large-lunged marine creatures floated on the surface, with putrefaction gases building up inside them, until the gases escaped, often by bursting. Such explosions would jumble the bones.
The researchers examined the decay and preservation of ichthyosaur skeletons and compared this information with that of modern animals, particularly marine mammals. To get an idea of the amount of pressure that builds up after death during different stages of bloating, they looked at measurements from the abdomens of 100 human corpses.
"Our data and a review of the literature demonstrate that carcasses sink and do not explode (and spread skeletal elements)," the researchers wrote online Feb. 1 in the journal Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments.
Generally, carcasses of ichthyosaurs would have sunk to the seafloor and broken down completely. Only under specific circumstances — including in warmer water less than 164 feet (50 meters) deep — would gas inside the body have brought the remains to the surface, said the researchers, led by Achim Reisdorf of the University of Basel in Switzerland. When this happened, the carcass would decompose slowly, scattering bones over a wide area.
Ichthyosaurs' remains stayed neatly in place only under specific conditions, according to the research team: The water pressure had to be great enough to prevent them from floating, scavengers did not pick them over, and strong currents did not disturb them.
The female ichthyosaur died in water about 492 feet (150 m) deep. Decomposition of the body released the embryo skeletons, and minor currents along the seafloor distributed them around her body, the researchers speculate.
MORE FROM LiveScience.com | <urn:uuid:8aa2421f-4491-4216-aa1b-341bb6b55b5b> | {
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Join Grant Skinner at work and at play, designing cutting-edge interactive experiences, games, applications, and frameworks with technologies like HTML5 and Flash.
Challenge yourself with this series of real-world data visualization scenarios in Processing, an open-source drawing and development environment.
Shows how to integrate the principles of object-oriented programming into the build of a PHP-driven web page or application.
Introduces the R statistical processing language, including how to install R, read data from SPSS and spreadsheets, analyze data, and create charts and plots.
Learn to build and deploy a dynamic website using ASP.NET.
Create datacentric apps for Android devices, using SQLite, Java, and the built-in android.database packages from the Android SDK.
Demonstrates how to leverage PHP's built-in tools, as well as the Xdebug and Firebug extensions and FirePHP library to improve the quality of your code and reduce troubleshooting overhead.
Describes how to read and manage data from relational databases such as MySQL and SQL Server using the Java Database Connectivity (JDBC) API in applications programmed with Java.
Take your ColdFusion skills to the next level by understanding the application framework, error handling, and ColdFusion components.
Extend your Drupal 7 sites with custom modules, which allow you to create everything from admin interfaces to forms.
Expand your programming skills and get more out of Java, with platform- and framework-neutral tutorials that are useful for building web, mobile, and desktop applications.
Discover how to create compelling data visualizations using Processing, an open-source drawing and development environment.
Shows how to convert text or graphics into a mouse-sensitive tooltip with HTML and jQuery.
Shows how to convert text or graphics into a mouse-sensitive tooltip with jQuery and Dreamweaver.
Covers every major feature of this popular language for application development for the Mac and iOS devices, with instructions for building basic applications using Objective-C and Xcode 4.
A complete tutorial and reference for C and C++, from variables to functions and loops, including the C Standard Library and the C++ Standard Template Library.
Shows Flash designers how to incorporate ActionScript code into projects and create interactive presentations and applications.
An introduction to developing Java applications for various runtime environments.
Explains what PHP is and how it integrates with HTML; how to set up and configure a PHP development environment on both Windows and Mac OS X; and the features of the PHP language.
Teaches you the fundamentals of programming in ActionScript 3 using both Flash Professional and Flash Builder.
Explores Java SE, the language used to build mobile apps for Android devices, enterprise server applications, and more.
Shows how to find and manipulate text using regular expressions.
Introduces object-oriented programming and provides a foundation in the Access object model and the Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) programming language.
Offers a detailed tour of the foundational programming language for several Microsoft platforms, including Windows, ASP.NET, Silverlight, SharePoint, and Windows Phone.
Gives designers a deeper understanding of HTML5 and shows how to create richer, more meaningful web pages with structural tags and descriptive attributes.
Shows how to create full-featured, object-oriented web applications with the latest version of the Ruby on Rails framework.
Demonstrates how to use Python 3 to create well-designed scripts and maintain existing projects.
Introduces object-oriented programming and shows how to automate routine tasks and provide custom functionality to enhance the features in Excel.
Explains the fundamentals of simple and complex programming in Perl 5.
Gives a working knowledge of CSS to web developers and coders who already have a firm grasp of XHTML/HTML and want to take their web sites to the next level.
Explains how CGI scripts can be used for simple HTML forms and with any programming language to implement web applications.
Teaches the fundamentals of Ruby, the popular object-oriented open-source programming language.
Covers document structure, block and inline-level tags, floating images, controlling white space, and phrase and font markup.
Presents features that experienced developers need to streamline workflows and introduce dynamic new functions to projects.
Discusses the implementation of XML formats, and how these formats work in real-world situations.
Shows how OOP techniques can streamline database queries, help manage sessions, and simplify user logins.
Shares tools and techniques to help create a more streamlined workflow through reusable code components.
Teaches new designers the building blocks of web programming.
Delves into advanced Flex development skills, like custom popup windows, parsing XML, and integration.
Teaches developers to harness the power of Flex 3 to create cross-platform, data-centric applications.
Put the skills learned in the Essential Training course to practical use.
Teaches new and experienced web developers the steps for building dynamic, data-driven, interactive sites using PHP and MySQL.
Helps users take advantage of Flash CS3 with a full understanding of ActionScript 3.0.
Explains the complete process of using Ruby on Rails, from understanding fundamental concepts to creating full-featured applications.
Joe Marini takes you through the basic rules of XML, discusses suggested tools, and explains XML syntax.
Joey Lott teaches the essential skills and reveals the insider information needed to begin developing Flash applications. | <urn:uuid:805e709c-51cb-46d7-bae3-95ffd45a9d7f> | {
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Other Types of Cancer
Cancer is a devastating reality for far too many Americans. However, statistics indicate that there is good news: according to the National Cancer Institute, death rates for the four most commonly diagnosed cancers – prostate, breast, colon and lung – continue to decrease. This can be contributed to a decline in the numbers of people who smoke cigarettes, as well as a number of other factors.
Despite this good news, the incidences of liver cancer, pancreas cancer, kidney cancer, esophageal cancer, and thyroid cancer unfortunately are on the rise. In addition, the number of individuals diagnosed with non-Hodgkin lymphoma, leukemia, myeloma, and other childhood cancers are also increasing. In men specifically, rates of testicular cancer are on the rise, and, in women, melanoma (skin cancer), lung cancer, and brain and bladder cancer rates are also rising.
What Causes Cancer?
As you may know, there are a number of reasons why people develop cancer. Environmental factors, including exposure to certain toxins such as asbestos or radon, can lead to cancer. A family history of cancer (especially in women, who are far more likely to develop breast cancer if their mother, sister or other female relative has suffered from the disease) can also lead to a diagnosis of cancer. Smoking cigarettes or chewing tobacco for an extended period of time may also cause cancer, specifically lung cancer, throat or tongue cancer, and esophageal cancer. Frequent consumption of alcohol can lead to cancer of the liver or kidneys.
Many individuals are able to go into remission following cancer treatment and live healthy, cancer-free lives for many years. For example, women who detect their breast cancer early are very often able to enter remission and will not experience a reoccurrence of their cancer or be diagnosed with another type of cancer. Unfortunately, some individuals with certain types of cancer are not as lucky. Mesothelioma sufferers, for instance, must face the reality that there is no cure for their cancer, and that their mesothelioma treatment is simply a temporary means of controlling pain and lessening the effect of their symptoms. Doctors and researchers continue to study all forms of cancer with the hope that, one day, they will find a cure.
Information about other types of cancer:
- Breast Cancer
- Colon Cancer
- Lung Cancer
- Ovarian Cancer
- Pancreatic Cancer
- Prostate Cancer
For further information about Kidney Cancer Please Visit
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Clothes have been used to define the sexes since the earliest times. On the whole, men's clothes have been more practical with separate legs in lower garments to facilitate activity, whilst the fashionable male silhouette has often emphasised a broad chest and narrow hips. Women's dress has been more restrictive and decorative, with layers of long skirts hampering movement and an ideal hour-glass figure emphasising bust and hips with a narrow waist between. However, within these general parameters, clothing has frequently played with the established concepts of sexuality; even eighteenth century ladies wore masculine-style jackets and hats for riding; and women in the 1920s took their boyish appearance to an extreme with bust flatteners, bobbed hair and dropped-waist dresses. Male "dandies" in the early nineteenth century revelled in sporting lavender trousers and perfumed gloves with rings on top, just as the New Romantics of the early eighties wore make-up, frilled shirts and extravagantly draped scarves and sashes.
This section looks to the conservative "ideal" of male and female as well as to the extreme and the exception, and it provides a flavour of costume's long-standing interaction with human sexuality. | <urn:uuid:716510d8-9dfe-4f58-ade0-2837d0bb0bfc> | {
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Having diabetes means that your body doesn't do a good job of using the food you eat. Most of it needs to be broken down into a simple sugar called glucose, the body's main fuel source.
But for that glucose to get into your cells, it needs insulin, which is a hormone that the beta cells in your pancreas produce. The pancreases of people who have diabetes either produce little or no insulin, or the body does not respond to the insulin that is produced. So glucose builds up in the blood and is wasted. Even worse, all that glucose running around in your blood stream is responsible for the typical complications of diabetes—diseases of the heart, eye, kidneys, nerves, and other organs.
Different causes, same results.
The type of diabetes where your pancreas produces little or no insulin is called type 1. To stay alive, people with type 1 diabetes must take daily insulin shots, which Dr. Frederick Banting discovered how to extract from animal pancreases in 1921.
Type 1 diabetes was formerly called juvenile-onset diabetes, because it mostly attacks young people, although it can develop at any age. It accounts for just 5 or 10 percent of the diagnosed diabetes. It symptoms include increased thirst and urination, constant hunger, weight loss, blurred vision, and extreme tiredness.
By far the most common form of diabetes is called type 2. About 90 to 95 percent of people with diabetes have it. This form of diabetes usually develops in adults over the age of 40 and is most common among adults over age 55. About 80 percent of them are overweight.
When people have type 2 diabetes, their pancreases usually produces insulin, but for some reason the body cannot use the insulin effectively. While it has a different cause than type 1 diabetes the end result is the same—that unhealthy buildup of glucose in the blood.
The symptoms of type 2 diabetes develop gradually and are not as noticeable as for type 1. The symptoms include feeling tired or ill, frequent urination (especially at night), unusual thirst, weight loss, blurred vision, frequent infections, and slow healing of sores. Many people without any of these symptoms, however, are surprised when their doctor diagnoses that they have diabetes.
A third type of the disease is called gestational diabetes. It develops—or is discovered—during pregnancy. While it usually disappears when the pregnancy is over, women who have had gestational diabetes have a greater risk of developing type 2 diabetes later.
This is an unedited version of the article that originally appeared in The Dallas Morning News, December 7, 1998.
Go back to Home Page
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Frederick Starr: Anthropologist Lost from the History Books
You probably haven’t heard of Frederick Starr. Like his contemporary Franz Boas, Starr was an anthropologist coming to fame while the discipline of anthropology was still being formed. Throughout his career, Starr studied people and cultures on three different continents, and still found time to make a name for himself as a lecturer at the University of Chicago. But unlike Boas—who is considered the father of American Anthropology—you won’t find Starr’s name in many textbooks. The tale of how Frederick Starr was nearly forgotten is one full of controversy and ideology.
Starr’s Early Life and Career
Frederick Starr was born in 1858 in Auburn, New York, to the Reverend Frederick Starr Jr. and Helen Mills Starr. As a child, Starr was a strong student and an avid collector of fossils and minerals. He explored that interest further at the University of Rochester, where he studied geology; two years later, he transferred to Lafayette College in Pennsylvania and graduated in 1882. He received a doctorate in geology from Lafayette College in 1885.
In the late 1800s, anthropology was still a new and growing discipline, so Starr didn't study it formally. It wasn’t until after his schooling, while teaching at Coe College, that Starr discovered his interest in the subject. He conducted both ethnographic and archaeological fieldwork among the local Sauk and Fox Indian tribes and reputedly taught the first anthropology course in Iowa while at Coe. It's not clear who or what specifically spurred Starr’s interest in anthropology, but he pursued it avidly, leaving his studies of geology behind. Following his work at Coe College, Starr held several short-term positions, including working with the ethnological collection at the American Museum of Natural History, before finally accepting a long-term faculty position at the University of Chicago in 1892.
During his time at the University of Chicago, Starr became a very influential public speaker, frequently giving lectures on anthropological subjects that were open to the public through the University’s extension program. After attending an extension course about prehistoric and primitive art, W.R. French, the director of the Art Institute of Chicago at the time, wrote that Starr’s lectures were “both authoritative and agreeable,” and that “Professor Starr has eminently the art of making scientific truth interesting to intelligent but unprofessional academics.”
An Anthropologist is Born
According to Donald McVicker, author of Frederick Starr: Popularizer of Anthropology, Public Intellectual, and Genuine Eccentric, Starr engaged in an incredibly varied anthropological career at the turn of the 20th century. He conducted notable research in Mexico, among many Native American tribes in the United States, with the Ainu people of Japan, and in several regions of Africa.
The World’s Fairs that took place in the United States in the late 19th and early 20th centuries seemed to provide Starr with the perfect opportunities to put his work on display. Much to his dismay, however, Starr was not allowed an influential position at the famous World’s Columbian Exposition in Chicago in 1893. He was excluded by better known anthropologists like Boas and Frederic Ward Putnam, director of Harvard’s Peabody Museum. Starr was commissioned to collect data about and artifacts from the Eastern Cherokee people in North Carolina for Putnam and Boas, but contributed little else to this fair.
At the Louisiana Purchase Exposition in St. Louis in 1904, however, Starr’s work made a much bigger splash. The anthropologist brought nine Ainu people and a translator back with him from Japan to be part of an exhibit at the fair. These Ainu, members of a Japanese indigenous group from Hokkaido in the northern part of the country, were to be displayed as part of a literal representation of the evolutionary stages of humanity towards civilization; along with several other indigenous groups assembled by other anthropologists, they were on display as “barbarous and semi-barbarous peoples.” While this is unquestionably offensive to today's sensibilities, the visitor response to the exhibit at the time was overwhelmingly positive, as most people had never before heard of the Ainu and were intrigued by their appearance and practices. In a 1993 article about the Ainu exhibit, anthropologist James W. Vanstone reports the reactions from writers and visitors to the exhibit:
One enthusiastic writer referred to the Ainu as "mysterious little Japanese primitives" and noted that visitors were impressed by their cleanliness and polite manners, but somewhat disappointed that they were no "man-eaters, dog-eaters or wild men."
In addition to contributing to these World’s Fairs, Starr produced several publications in conjunction with his fieldwork. These publications included many scholarly and other articles, as well as books like The Truth about the Congo, about his studies in that region; Indians of Southern Mexico: An Ethnographic Album; and In Indian Mexico: A Narrative of Travel and Labor, about the performance and findings of his extensive work with Indian tribes in Mexico.
Starr’s Methods and Misconduct in Mexico
His appearance in St. Louis with the Ainu may have been Starr’s most publicly recognized work, but if he is remembered at all today, it's for his fieldwork in Mexico. Starr recalls his purpose there in In Indian Mexico:
The work I planned to do among these indian towns was threefold: 1. The measurement of one hundred men and twenty-five women in each population, fourteen measurements being taken upon each subject; 2. The making of pictures,—portraits, dress, occupations, customs, buildings, and landscapes; 3. The making of plaster busts of five individuals in each tribe.
The primary goals in making such recordings were to observe the differences between various Mexican tribes and to establish the placement of such people, and their race and culture, on the same scale that he had placed the Ainu, from barbarous to civilized. It was assumed at the time that there were physical characteristics, such as cranial shape and size, that could mark such distinctions between races (a theory that has long since been disproved).
In his book, Starr refers to the Mexican people he is studying as “ignorant, timid, and suspicious.” He also makes regular references to them being too drunk to allow their measurements to be taken. All of these characteristics assigned to these Mexican Indians by Starr explained, in his point of view, the difficulty he often had in securing subjects for measurement, and justified the forceful methods he felt compelled to use. Starr took advantage of the fact that prisoners could not refuse his requests to measure them, and regularly photographed and measured imprisoned subjects for his work. What’s more, if there were individuals he wished to measure who did not acquiesce, he would threaten them with arrest and jail time so that they could no longer refuse. The authorities did not object to these methods, instead providing support for Starr by collecting subjects and keeping order. Starr even recounts a specific incident where policemen stopped a bullfight in progress in order to obtain a young man taking part in the fight for Starr’s research.
Starr Fading from View
Over time, Starr’s brutish, unethical methods and offensive ideas became questionable in the eyes of the anthropological community. The theories of his contemporary Boas, however, began to amass a great deal of support from other anthropologists and academics.
Boas, born and educated in Germany, moved to the United States in 1887 and proceeded to make substantial contributions to the methodology of American anthropology. By incorporating the methods of natural science into the discipline of anthropology, Boas emphasized the importance of conducting research before developing theories, as well as approaching studies in the most ethical and unbiased ways possible. What’s more, he developed the modern interpretation of culture, viewing it as learned behavior and a product of a people's history, rather than a hierarchical measurement of civilization that would place the western world on top.
While most anthropologists, inspired by Boas, began to recognize the people they studied as part of the larger, equal human race, Starr continued to regard them as primitive and inferior, demonstrated by his attitude towards his subjects in Mexico. Soon, Starr’s methods of fieldwork were widely considered unethical and his ideas about culture outdated.
Starr’s charisma and ability as a speaker managed to keep him relevant in public education spheres toward the end of his career. In this capacity, Starr overshadowed Boas, who preferred not to address the general themes of anthropology necessary in public lecturing and was nervous about his skill in speaking English, which was not his first language. The academic discipline of anthropology, though, became dominated by Boas’ methods and, over the years, Frederick Starr and his methods were phased out. Today, his work is rarely read, or even mentioned, in discussions or classes on anthropological history.
After 31 years at the University of Chicago, Starr retired from his post in 1923. True to form, he continued to travel the globe and engage in public speaking events until his death; he died unexpectedly of pneumonia while in Japan in 1933. | <urn:uuid:806f50b6-e6e5-47f2-aad2-fe78c3a1e6b6> | {
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Couched in the Northern Song idioms of Yan Wengui (active ca. 970–1030) and Fan Kuan (active ca. 990–1030), this small landscape by Zhao Yuan exemplifies late Yuan and early Ming scholar painting in which ancient models were transformed by calligraphic brushwork. Late Yuan scholar-artists saw painting as a vehicle for personal expression: painting, it was said, should be like handwriting—a “heart print” of the artist. Executed during a period of political and social turmoil, Zhao’s handscroll reflects a common theme found in paintings of his time: the reclusive life. A secluded mountain villa nestled at the foot of a tall peak suggests a serene existence free from worldly strife. Zhao Yuan, who lived in the south, re-created the towering mountains of the north through his imagination. The last fantastic peak near the far left of the composition was probably inspired by a garden rock—similar to one on display along the west wall of the Museum’s Astor Court. | <urn:uuid:321ce761-9d43-491f-82e7-26bfa85d888d> | {
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Historical Commentary on the Gospel of Mark
||Home||Topical Index||Next Chapter
|1: And when they drew near to
to Beth'phage and Bethany, at the Mount of Olives, he sent two of his
2: and said to them, "Go into the village opposite you, and immediately
as you enter it you will find a colt tied, on which no one has ever
untie it and bring it. 3: If any one says to you, `Why are you doing
say, `The Lord has need of it and will send it back here immediately.'"
4: And they went away, and found a colt tied at the door out in the
street; and they untied it. 5: And those who stood there said to them,
"What are you doing, untying the colt?" 6: And they told them what
||Jesus had said; and they let them go. 7: And they brought the colt to Jesus, and threw their garments on it; and he sat upon it. 8: And many spread their garments on the road, and others spread leafy branches which they had cut from the fields. 9: And those who went before and those who followed cried out, "Hosanna! Blessed is he who comes in the name of the Lord! 10: Blessed is the kingdom of our father David that is coming! Hosanna in the highest!" 11: And he entered Jerusalem, and went into the temple; and when he had looked round at everything, as it was already late, he went out to Bethany with the twelve.|
|1: And when they drew near to Jerusalem, to Beth'phage and Bethany, at the Mount of Olives, he sent two of his disciples|
Vernon K. Robbins (1976) has shown that Mark 11:1-6 is a doublet
of Mark 14:13-16. Here are the parallels:
Bethpage means something like "House of Green Figs" which may be a
to Jesus' coming miracle. Neither town is found in the Old
or in Josephus or in any other non-Christian source prior to Mark.
ancient location is unknown. Against this, there are other
possibilities for the name. On the other hand, figs are commonly grown
around Jerusalem, and place names with "fig" as a component are known.
This reference, which reverses the order of the two cities of
and Bethany as they currently are situated and has Jesus entering the
city from the northeast even though Bethany and Bethpage are in the
southeast, is often considered a
error by exegetes that demonstrates the writer's unfamiliarity with the
area. Given the problems pre-industrial peoples often have relating
locations to each other, I am dubious of the "error" interpretation.
Note how the RSV has translated the verse as vaguely as possible, to
minimize the problems.
OT construction is evident here in the writer's decision to
Jesus' entry into Jerusalem from the Mount of Olives, reflecting the
belief in ancient Judaism that the Messiah would begin his work on the
Mount of Olives (Josephus records individuals actually attempting to
this out). This is based on the passage in Zech 14:4:
|v1: in this section of Mark, Bethany functions as a base from which Jesus mounts forays into the heart of enemy territory, the Temple and Jerusalem. Just three narrative sites occupy the Gospel from here on in, Bethany, the Mount of Olives, and Jerusalem (Myers 1988, p349-350).|
as the Mount of Olives and the Temple Mount face off throughout the
rest of the Gospel of Mark, so in the OT mountains frequently face each
other in paired opposition, for example, Horeb and Carmel in 1 Kings 18
and 1 Kings 19, and Ebal and Gerizim in the Pentateuch.
|2: and said to them, "Go into the village opposite you, and immediately as you enter it you will find a colt tied, on which no one has ever sat; untie it and bring it.|
This passage is created out of the Old Testament. Zech 9:9
|v2: As Helms (1988, p103) observes, it is also miraculous to imagine that Jesus could simply hop on a colt that has never been ridden before (v2).|
Stephen Smith (1996) also sees affinities between this passage and 1
Kings 1:33-48, where David shows that Solomon will be his successor by
making him ride a mule down to Gihon where the priest and the prophet
are waiting to annoint him.
many exegetes have noted, an unridden colt signifies a colt for the
King, since no one but the King was allowed to ride the colt without
his express authorization.
|3: If any one says to you, `Why are you doing this?' say, `The Lord has need of it and will send it back here immediately.'"|
RSV has translated away a Markan play on words. The Greek actually says
"Its Master has need of it" where Master could refer to either Jesus
or the owner of the creature.
J. Duncan and M. Derrett (2001) write:
|8: And many spread their garments on the road, and others spread leafy branches which they had cut from the fields.|
Gundry (1993) notes:
The scene as presented is historically implausible.
the scene also recalls the entry of Simon Maccabaeus into Jerusalem in
1 Mac 13:51, as well as the entry of Messianic pretender Menahem into
Jerusalem and to the Temple as told in Josephus.
that the references to the colt cease after v7. Thus some exegetes have
argued that the passage conflates two different stories, one about a
colt, the other with Jesus on foot.
|9: And those who went before and those who followed cried out, "Hosanna! Blessed is he who comes in the name of the Lord!|
These praises are taken from the Septaugint versions of Psalm
and 148:1 (Helms 1988, p 104); the Greek of the two texts is the same
both (Eulogemenos ho erchomenos en onomati Kuriou). Psalm 118
was written during Maccabaean times to celebrate the entry of Simon
Maccabaeus into Jerusalem but was traditionally attributed
|11: And he entered Jerusalem, and went into the temple; and when he had looked round at everything, as it was already late, he went out to Bethany with the twelve.|
Note that while there may be a crowd of some kind, only Jesus is said
to have entered Jerusalem.
Although some have objected that the Romans would probably not
permitted a man the crowd acknowledged King to enter the city to
crowds, Price (2003, p 292) argues that what is really going on is a
of Markan irony. The crowd is simply giving out the Hosanna! as part of
the usual Passover wish that the Davidic messiah would come and restore
the Davidic monarchy. And sure enough, in front of them, is the Davidic
messiah -- but the crowd doesn't know. To them, Jesus is just one of
of thousands of entrants to the city for the Passover festival, who
like thousands of others, to be arriving on a donkey.
scene, the "crowd" does not acknowledge that Jesus is the messiah,
in Luke, they clearly do. However, the vast distance being traversed
during Jesus entrance, as well as the presence of both straw and
may be signals that Mark did not frame it the way Price is
Note also that in Mark there
is no crowd. v9 says "And those who went before and those who
out..." implying that the speaking is done not by a crowd but
most probably by disciples who have come into Jerusalem. with Jesus. No
crowd is ever directly mentioned, just the "many" who spread their
garments on the road or lined it with branches.
Regardless of how one reads the
entry, the salient fact is that the Romans had a low tolerance for even
the slightest whiff of sedition, and would have dealt with it
ruthlessly. As Brent Kinman (1994) concedes while attempting to defend
the historicity of the incident, even among scholars who accept the
historicity of the story, the reality of Roman touchiness on the
subject of sedition creates apprehension. Kinman goes on to argue that
since Pilate's coming up to Jerusalem must have been an extravagant
affair, Jesus' entry must have paled beside it. While this approach is
the distilled essence of speculation, Kinman does bring up one common
point, that the Gospel portrayals need not be read as having the crowd
in its entirety acknowledge Jesus the savior. Against this is Gundry's
observation of the sheer length of Jesus dramatic entrance, as well as
the details of the crowd laying things at his feet the whole way.
In any case, as we have seen, this passage is created off of
the Old Testament. At the level of the overall framework, beginning
with the arrival in Jerusalem the parallels to the
Cycle become ever denser. Here the writer of Mark begans to rely more
more on that cycle for his plot structure and the details of his story
(Brodie 2000, p92):
The E-E Cycle also explains some of the stranger details of
The writer of Mark has also modeled this on the sequence in Zechariah 14. Duff (1992), who connects the entrance into the city to Zech 14, summarizes that text below. Note how the sequence in this text resembles this section of the Gospel of Mark, with the entrance into Jerusalem from the Mount of Olives, down a processional highway, accompanied by his holy ones.
At the detail level, the passage is a creation off of the
1 Samuel 9 and 1 Sam 10:
and 1 Sam 10:2-7:
The scene may also represent a common convention of Greek drama, the hyporcheme, as proposed by Bilezekian (1977):
Duff (1992) also points out that the procession surrounding
the entrance of the warrior-king into the city was originally modeled
on Greek epiphany processions, in which the deity enters the city.
Frequently the entering King is either greeted as a god, or performs
sacrifices that "function as an act of appropriation" (p60).
This pericope consists of two chiastic structures looking more
or less like this:
The presence of the supernatural juxtaposed with OT creation
the level of detail and of the plot structure, along with the presence
of Mark literary creation (the doublet of v1-6), and the
conventionality of the entry in Greco-Roman culture indicate that there
no support for historicity in this pericope.
|12: On the following day, when
from Bethany, he was hungry. 13: And seeing in the distance a fig
tree in leaf, he went to see if he could find anything on it. When he
to it, he found nothing
||but leaves, for it was not the season for figs. 14: And he said to it, "May no one ever eat fruit from you again." And his disciples heard it.|
|13: And seeing in the distance a fig tree in leaf, he went to see if he could find anything on it. When he came to it, he found nothing but leaves, for it was not the season for figs.|
Perhaps the scene is based on Psalm 37:35-6. More likely is Micah
where "the imagery of a search for figs is a figure for God's search
righteous Israelites, and the image of a barren or withered fig tree is
occasionally used to represent national failure as a manifestation of
judgment" (Brown 2002).
Also standing behind this may be Hosea 9:15-6, where the wicked are driven from the house of the Lord and the image of barrenness is found in conjunction with the Temple:
|v13: Jesus' search for fruit on the fig
tree is usually interpreted as an allegory based on the use of the fig
tree to represent Israel in the OT, including Jeremiah 8:13, 29:14,
Joel 1:7, Hosea 9:10, and 9:16. For example, Jeremiah 8:13 notes:
|v13: As Oakman (1993) points out, the
Cursing is scientifically absurd. Normally, when leaves are present on
a fig tree, there is fruit. Thus, an allegorical meaning is deduced.
|v13: Thomas L. Thompson (2005, p78)
points out that the writer is saying that it is not the tree but Jesus
who is out of season. The righteous (Israel) should be ready for the
messiah whenever he comes. He also observes that Jer 24:1-10 offers a
scene of two baskets of figs outside the Temple, one representing the
remnant of Good people who will be taken into exile when Jerusalem is
destroyed, the other representing the very bad.
|v13: Jan Sammer notes:
This pericope's chiastic structure is impossible to clearly
The wrter's A brackets are typically geographical movements, and there
is nowhere else in the gospel where Jesus makes so many movements in so
short a volume of text.
or all the movements may constitute a single A bracket. That
would work very nicely. But the writer did not leave us enough examples
to unravel his thinking on this matter.
This pericope is the "A" section of one of the Gospels' most
famous chiasms, an A-B-A' structure that sandwiches the Cleansing of
the Temple between the Cursing of the Fig Tree.
The presence of the
supernatural and creation from the OT indicate that there is no support
for historicity in this pericope.
|15: And they came to Jerusalem. And he entered the temple and began to drive out those who sold and those who bought in the temple, and he overturned the tables of the money-changers and the seats of those who sold pigeons; 16: and he would not allow any one to carry anything through the temple. 17: And he taught, and said to them,||"Is it not written, `My house shall be called a house of prayer for all the nations'? But you have made it a den of robbers." 18: And the chief priests and the scribes heard it and sought a way to destroy him; for they feared him, because all the multitude was astonished at his teaching. 19: And when evening came they went out of the city.|
|15: And they came to Jerusalem. And he entered the temple and began to drive out those who sold and those who bought in the temple, and he overturned the tables of the money-changers and the seats of those who sold pigeons;|
From Nehemiah 13:8-9:
|v15: The Lord has come to his house, as promised in Mal 3:1 at the beginning of the Gospel.|
|v15: the verb "drive out" also links
the text back to Hosea 9:15:
activity of "plundering" the Temple may well relate back to the
plundering of the Strong Man's House in Mk 3:27.
As exegetes have noted, the Temple, fundamentally an economic
institution, was the center of the economic life of Jerusalem, driving
employment for many petty producers like bakers, incense makers,
goldsmiths, and so forth (Myers 1988, p300). Moneychanging was a
normal and sanctioned activity, necessary because the foreign coinage
carried by pilgrims from overseas for donations to the Temple had to be
changed to a coin acceptable to the Temple. As Crossan (1992) writes:
Some conservative exegetes have argued that non-Temple related money-changing probably went on as well, and that Jesus was targeting such unsanctioned and purely commercial transactions.
|16: and he would not allow any one to carry anything through the temple.|
The Greek says "vessels" by which the sacrificial equipment of
the Temple is meant, not "merchandise" as a number of translations will
have it. From Nehemiah 13:8-9
|v16: This story also has an interesting parallel in 2 Maccabees. There the story is told of the high priest Onias III, revered by the Jews for his righteousness. In 2 Macc 4:32-4 Onias attempts to prevent Menelaus from stealing vessels from the Temple. Later Onias is killed after being tricked into leaving his sanctuary near Antioch. After his death, in 2 Macc 15:11-16, he visits the Jewish leader Judas Maccabeaus in a dream. Like Jesus, he saved the Temple vessels from being plundered, was betrayed and killed, and then appeared to his followers after his death. Strangely, Josephus informs us that his brother's name was Jesus (later Jason). Daniel 9:26, the famous passage where the messiah is "cut off," is generally held to refer to Onias III.|
Josephus (Against Apion,
|17: And he taught, and said to them, "Is it not written, `My house shall be called a house of prayer for all the nations'? But you have made it a den of robbers."|
|v17: The writer of Mark has Jesus shouting out parts of the Old Testament while overturning benches and preventing people from carrying the sacrificial vessels around an area that is thousands of square yards in size.|
the writer has yoked together two diametrically opposed visions of the
Temple. In the passage from Isa 56 the Temple is presented as an
inclusive institution where YHWH's promise even encompasses foreigners
and outcasts, but the passage from Jeremiah 7 cited in the second half
of v17 is a diatribe on the corruption of the Temple that foresees its
destruction just as the previous shrine at Shiloh was destroyed (Myers
In addition to the reference to destroyed Temples, the passages surrounding Jer 7:11 contain important themes from the Gospel of Mark, including abominations on the heights (in the holy Temple of God):
and the bridgegroom:
Duff (1992), observing the citation of Isaiah on prayer, points out
that Jesus gives instructions on what is right outside the Temple in
Hans Dieter Betz (1997), one of many scholars who accepts this incident
as historical, notes:
Buchanon (1991) also points out that there is no message in Mk 11:17
that Jesus wanted those present to understand that the Temple must be
destroyed. Taking his point further, one could argue that the first
half of his remarks indicate the opposite.
term "robber" here refers more correctly to those who steal by
violence. The term is used extensively in Josephus and most probably
refers to the Jewish insurgents of the Roman-Jewish War of 66-70, who
occupied the Temple at the height of the siege of Jerusalem (Marcus,
complaint of Jesus here is in another chreia-like utterance in which
Jesus provides both the setting and the response: Q: Shouldn't this be a place of prayer?
A: But you've made it a den of thieves!
The structure of this periocope is a simple chiasm:
This is perhaps the most important single event in Mark outside the Crucifixion, for in many interpretations it triggers the authorities' actions against Jesus. Even when rejected as historical, scholars believe that there is an underlying kernel of history. Therefore it will be analyzed in some detail. There are several reasons to think that the author of Mark invented this story.
First, there is the historical improbability of the Temple
The Temple area itself is tremendous in size, more than 12 football
across and capable of holding tens of thousands of people. Looking at
Fredriksen (2000) has recently explained why she has altered her
on its historical probability:
Price (2003, p295) points out that the Temple covered 35 acres, the size of 34 football fields.
As Josephus notes, there were Roman auxiliaries on call in the
Antonia right nearby. The moneychangers undoubtedly had their own
and servants, and so did the local priests. It is therefore unlikely
Jesus could have generated an incident there that was prolonged enough
for anyone to notice. There were too many warm bodies to squelch it
it got rolling. A further problem, as Buchanon (1991) points out, is
that the Temple was not merely the main religious institution of the
Jewish religion, it was also the national treasury and its best
fortress. The Temple's importance should not be underestimated: all
three sides in the internal struggle during the Jewish War fought to
gain control of the Temple. Not only is it highly unlikely that Jesus
could have simply strolled in and gained control of the Temple, it is
also highly unlikely that anyone would have permitted him to leave
unmolested after such a performance.
An additional problem is provided by the awkwardness of v17, which has Jesus teaching as he is tossing out the moneychangers. It is almost comic to imagine Jesus shouting out parts of the Old Testament while overturning benches and preventing people from carrying the sacrificial vessels around an area that is thousands of square yards in size. Note that Jesus turns over the tables as if there were only a handful of them, rather than some tables.
David Seeley (2000) notes many of the practical arguments
In addition to the commonsense issue of implausibility, as Crossan has noted in The Birth of Christianity, a story may be labeled invented when, on every level, it shows obvious literary derivation. Speaking of the Passion Story, he writes: "The individual units, general sequences, and overall frames of the passion-resurrection stories are so linked to prophetic fulfillment that the removal of such fulfillment leaves nothing but the barest facts..." (1998, p.521). The Temple Cleansing is one such story; indeed, the combination of OT creation and Markan redaction leaves nothing at all, not even the barest facts.
At its lowest level, the individual details of the story itself, the Temple Cleansing is composed of two basic strands, one of Markan redaction, the other of OT literary invention. The Temple Cleansing in part is taken from the story of Nehemiah and the Temple, and borrows from it two key details:
First, Jesus overturns the benches of the moneychangers, just
was displeased and threw Tobias' furniture out of the rooms that had
been given to him (Nehemiah 13:9). Troughton (2003, p14) writes:
In the next verse (13:9) Nehemiah returns the sacred vessels back to the rightful place, just as Jesus prevents the vessels from being moved out of the precincts (Mk 11:16). "Nehemiah 13.4-9 details the threat to the Temple cult through accommodation of "foreign influences," notes Troughton (2003, p6), clearly paralleled in Jesus' attack on the merchants as a den of robbers.
Further borrowing of details from the OT is apparent in the
that Jesus' utters: 'My house will be called a house of prayer for all
nations' But you have made it 'a den of robbers.' -- which
Isaiah and Jeremiah. The word "robbers" used here is better translated
as "insurrectionists." Some have seen a reference to the occupation of
the Temple by Jewish Zealots during the siege of Jerusalem in 70 CE.
Jeremiah passage containing 7:11 Mark quoted in v17 is also quoted by
Ben Ananias in Book VI of Josephus Wars. Some
exegetes have argued that Jesus may be modeled after Jesus ben Ananias.
Earl Doherty (1999, p248-58) has identified other OT cites that may
the basis for this passage, including Malachi 3:1, Hosea 9:15, and
Of these, the most likely is Zech 14:21, a classic example of Markan hypertextuality, which is Temple-focused. There the nations of the world are pictured worshipping at the Jerusalem Temple. Further, Zech 14:4 will be cited later in the gospel. Numerous exegetes have linked Zech 14:21 to this passage (Duff 1992, p65). Krause (1994) has also detected the shaping hand of Hosea 9 behind the Fig Tree and Temple sequence. Note how the sequence contains both the fig tree and a driving out of individuals from the Temple.
The other details of the story are redaction of the author of Mark and contain no items of historical value.
At the next level, the level of intermediate structure, the
writer of Mark
using the OT. The story of Jesus closely parallels the Elijah-Elisha
in Kings. Thomas Brodie (1998, p92) explains. At the climax of the two
legend cycles, the Temple is cleansed (Jesus drives out the
Jehu kills the priests of Ba'al). Both are annointed (2 Kings 9),
with cloaks on the ground (2 Kings 9), wait before taking over (2
9:12-13, Mark 11:11), challenge the authorities (2 Kings 9:22-10:27),
11:11 - 12:12), and money given to the Temple (2 Kings 12:5-17, Mark
12:41-44). As Brodie puts it (p93):
At the highest level, the overall story structure, the writer
of Mark is
again relying on the Elijah-Elisha cycle. Jesus north-to-south movement
generally parallels the movements in the Elijah. Where Jesus departs
this movement, so does Elijah. As the EEC narrative approaches
so does Jesus, and the parallels intensify. A second narrative source
for this might well be 1 & 2 Maccabees, where in 11:1-9 the writer
parallels Simon's entry into Jerusalem in 1 Macc 13, and then in
11:15-19 he parallels the story of Onias III and the Temple vessels in
To sum up:
Markan redactional elements are obvious in "On reaching Jerusalem" (v15) and v18 (the conspiracy and crowd amazement) and v19. The whole passage is typical of the writer of Mark. "Overturning the tables" and "not permitting vessels to be carried out of the courts" are taken from Nehemiah. These two details would not be transmitted by oral tradition; they exhibit clear literary dependence. Hence, the writer of Mark had to have added them via OT construction. Jesus' words cite two different OT authors and cannot be oral transmission; they exhibit literary dependence. The use of the Elijah-Elisha narrative for both the plot of the current set of pericopes and the overall framework of Mark is another example of literary construction that could not have been transmitted. The entire "event" smacks of either Markan redaction or literary dependence on every level.
Here is the text broken out in detail:
A final knock against this is event is that Josephus does not
it, nor does Paul (neither Jesus' Temple Cleansing nor his predictions
of the Temple's destruction), nor, apparently, did Justus of Tiberias,
of Galilee (who does not mention Jesus at all). No source other than
Gospels mentions this event. Paula Fredrikensen (2002) notes:
In summary, although judgments of outright fiction are generally implied rather than stated in this commentary, here it is clear that what we are looking at is a fiction from the hand of the writer of Mark. The silence in the external sources, the presence of OT creation in what is generally considered the "historical information" in this pericope, the markers of the writer's redactive habits, the presence of literary structures that culminate the Elijah-Elisha Cycle in the Gospel of Mark, and the strong historical implausibility of this event indicate that there is no history whatsoever in this pericope.
|20: As they passed by in the morning, they saw the fig tree withered away to its roots. 21: And Peter remembered and said to him, "Master, look! The fig tree which you cursed has withered." 22: And Jesus answered them, "Have faith in God. 23: Truly, I say to you, whoever says to this mountain, `Be taken up and cast into the sea,' and does not doubt in his heart,||but believes that what he says will come to pass, it will be done for him.24: Therefore I tell you, whatever you ask in prayer, believe that you have received it, and it will be yours. 25: And whenever you stand praying, forgive, if you have anything against any one; so that your Father also who is in heaven may forgive you your trespasses."|
|23: Truly, I say to you, whoever says to this mountain, `Be taken up and cast into the sea,' and does not doubt in his heart, but believes that what he says will come to pass, it will be done for him.|
recalls Paul's words in 1 Cor 13:2.
Seeley (2000) observes:
This observation is also echoed by Duff (1992), who sees the mountain saying as further condemnation of the Temple.
|25: And whenever you stand praying, forgive, if you have anything against any one; so that your Father also who is in heaven may forgive you your trespasses."|
|v25: This is the only time "your father in the heavens" occurs in Mark. Though it is attested in all manuscripts, it is mostly likely a marginal gloss that found its way into the text, since the language is Matthean rather than Markan (Ludemann 2001, p79).|
Thomas L. Thompson (2005) writes:
The commentary on prayer is set up by the supernatural events
fig tree. The idea of forgiveness of tresspasses was a common one in
antiquity. This pericope completes an A-B-A' chiasm set up by the
previous interaction with the fig tree. Because of the presence of the
supernatural and the banality of the injunction to forgive, as well as
the relationship to Paul, there is no
support for historicity in this pericope.
|27: And they came again to Jerusalem. And as he was walking in the temple, the chief priests and the scribes and the elders came to him, 28: and they said to him, "By what authority are you doing these things, or who gave you this authority to do them?" 29: Jesus said to them, "I will ask you a question; answer me, and I will tell you by what authority I do these things. 30: Was the baptism of John from heaven||or from men? Answer me." 31: And they argued with one another, "If we say, `From heaven,' he will say, `Why then did you not believe him?' 32: But shall we say, `From men'?" -- they were afraid of the people, for all held that John was a real prophet. 33: So they answered Jesus, "We do not know." And Jesus said to them, "Neither will I tell you by what authority I do these things."|
|27: And they came again to Jerusalem. And as he was walking in the temple, the chief priests and the scribes and the elders came to him,|
|v27: it is implausible that Jesus is walking in the Temple, which two paragraphs ago he has just trashed.|
|30: Was the baptism of John from heaven or from men? Answer me."|
Note that Jesus refers to the baptism of John. Could the writer be
implying a double meaning? Recall that in Mark, baptism can mean
"sacrificial death." The writer seems, from the subsequent verses, to
be discussing the baptism John offered, not the one he was given by
Herod. But nevertheless, the double meaning is present.
This entire pericope consists of Markan redaction, with the
of chief priests, scribes, and elders out to get Jesus. It is highly
that determined enemies of Jesus would have accepted the answer given
11:33; it is unlikely therefore that an account of remembered history
simply have broken off without a far longer exchange. The exchange
shows a variant on the chreia form, in this case the teacher is shown
besting his adversaries with a clever question rather than a clever
This pericope begins a block of 5
stories that doubles the block of 5 controversy stories in Mark 2 and
3. It is also John the Baptist's last appearance in Mark.
The implausibility of the situation should become apparent if
one thinks about the political
sensitivity of the question Jesus has just asked: Jesus has just
queried the Jerusalem Temple leadership what they think of someone the
writer informed us 5 chapters ago was executed by Herod, the potentate
of the territory next door, who held his Tetrarchy by Roman largesse.
The writer of Mark seems unaware of the political
implications of having Jesus asking the Jewish authorities whether they
think a recently executed political
prisoner was a real prophet.
The focus instead is on the source of Jesus' authority.
Mark McVann (1994) reads this as an honor-shame conflict. The
Temple's honor, slandered by Jesus' Cleansing of it, must be avenged,
and so the authorities challenge Jesus hoping to impugn his status as a
true prophet, but instead Jesus shames them. McVann observes that Jesus
does this by referring to John's Baptism, which was as insulting to the
Temple as Jesus' own acts, since it represented a way for the people to
be brought into the community of God without the Temple structure as an
The Jesus Seminar (Funk et al 1997) observed:
This pericope is part of a structure that extends into the next chapter;
implausibility of the situation both from a political standpoint, and
the fact that Jesus has just trashed the Temple, as
well as the presence of several habitual features of the writer's
style, all indicate that there is no support for historicity in this
John Paul Heil (1997) writes:
I agree completely.
The writer of Mark has a powerful
focus on the Temple which he reveals in two ways. First, the writer
mentions the Temple in the text of the Gospel itself. The first of
twelve uses of word "Temple" in Mark comes in Mark 11:11, when Jesus
arrives in Jerusalem. This is followed by several mentions in Jesus'
cleansing of the Temple in Mark
11:15-19. In Mark
11:27-33 Jesus is pictured walking in the Temple. Again in Mark
12:35-44 the action takes place in the Temple. In Mark
13:1-31 Jesus makes his famous prophecy of the Temple's
destruction. More references follow in Jesus' arrest,
before the Jewish authorities, and crucifixion.
From Jesus' entrance into Jerusalem forward, the Temple is one of the
most important threads in Markan discourse.
If the reader returns to Malachi to see the context, the Temple is present:
The writer has cleverly located three important themes from the Gospel here: the coming of the messenger of the Lord, the convenant, and the Temple. However, in order to place them all together, the reader is required to return to the Old Testament to view the passage in context. If you read on to Malachi 3:2, there the coming of the messenger of the Lord is compared to a refiner's fire that will purge and purify.
In literary terms the Gospel of Mark is a hypertext, a text that is based on, yet transvalues, another text, termed the hypotext. A modern example is Kurt Vonnegut's Slaughterhouse-5, which parallels the Gospels, but transvalues them. Instead of the dynamic Jesus rushing around Palestine healing the sick and raising the dead and bringing a message of the Kingdom of God, we have the helpless Billy Pilgrim, who takes no action on his own, has no control over his own miraculous abilities, and brings a message that there is nothing that we can do about life. In the Gospels Jesus dies and saves the world, but in Slaughterhouse-5 Billy Pilgrim lives and the world (Dresden) dies. Similarly, the Gospel of Mark is built off the Old Testament, but reconstructs and recontextualizes its citations to focus them on Jesus and on the events of the writer's time. One strong aspect of Markan hypertextuality is its relentless focus on the Temple in Jerusalem. It also contains citations that refer to plundered, destroyed, and occupied Temples and altars. Given this, the writer of Mark is most probably writing at a time after the Temple was destroyed.
Thomas L. Thompson (2005) highlights the importance of the "plundered Temple" theme for understanding Messianism:
This Temple-focus of Markan citations is found in many places in the Gospel of Mark. In Mark 4:1-20 the writer gives us one of the most famous and enigmatic passages in the Gospel, 4:11-12.
This passage parallels Isaiah 6:10 in the Septuagint:
If we go back to the context, however, we once again see the Temple.
The words that Jesus speaks are uttered by a voice in the Temple. Once again, when we return to the Old Testament, we find the Temple.
Sometimes the writer's Temple focus is not as obvious as in the citations above. Let's take a look at Mk 3:1-6.
This passage parallels 1 Kings 13:4-6:
If you start with the text from Mark, and return to the text from 1 Kings 13, you notice that while the action in Mark takes place in a synagogue, in 1 Kings it occurs in an altar. If you go back to the proceeding action in 1 Kings 13, you will see two interesting passages:
The man of God prophesies that the priests of the high places will die, as would come true in the writer of Mark's time when the Temple was destroyed. Note further that Jeroboam's sin, like the Romans', was to appoint "anyone who wanted" to be a priest. This led to the downfall of the kingdom, just as the Temple fell. This passage offers a Temple, but one that will be plundered and destroyed.
In Mark 12:1 the writer offers a different nod to the Temple. Here he opens the Parable of the Tenants with a quotation from Isaiah 5:
Compare this to Isaiah 5:
However, the reader will search in vain for a reference to the Temple in this passage. That is because the reference resides not in the text of Isaiah but in Jewish tradition: the tower represents the Temple, and the vat the Altar. As Heil (1997) reads the parable Jesus presents:
There is no way to know for sure, but perhaps the writer was probably not only familiar with the Jewish Torah, but also the traditional readings of it as well.
In the episode of the Temple Cleansing (Mk 11:15-19) the writer echoes Nehemiah 13:8-9 in describing Jesus' actions of overturning the furniture and stopping the vessels from leaving the Temple:
The action here is taking place in the Temple, making the Temple focus obvious, but there is an additional aspect: Tobiah is a foreigner. The Temple is occupied by a foreigner, perhaps once again a reference to political conditions in the time of the writer of Mark. Similarly, two verses later, in Mark 11:17, the writer gives us a double helping of his Temple-focused hypertextuality:
In 11: 17 the writer yokes together two diametrically opposed visions of the Temple. The first half of the passage is from Isaiah 56. It presents the Temple as an inclusive institution where God's promise even encompasses foreigners and outcasts. By contrast, the second half of the passage cites Jeremiah 7, a diatribe on the corruption of the Temple that foresees its destruction just as the previous shrine at Shiloh was destroyed. Both hypertextual themes, the Temple itself, and violence in and against it, are present in this passage.
These same themes of violence and plundered Temples crop out in other places in Mark. In The Sanhedrin Trial (Mark 14:53-65) the High Priest responds to Jesus' affirmation of his identity with:
This appears to recall the scene in 2 Kings 11:14 when Athaliah, the Queen, is standing at the Temple when the true king Josiah, who had been hidden there, is brought out. The full text runs:
Once again, we see the juxtaposition of familiar themes from Mark: the True King, the Temple, and violence. These same things may pop up again in Mark 16:5, whose young man has been identified with the heavenly young men in 2 Macc 3 who save the Temple from being plundered and destroyed.
Although in the Gospel of Mark the Temple rises to narrative prominence in the second half of the Gospel, through the use of a hypertextuality that is strongly Temple-focused, the writer of Mark makes its presence known throughout his Gospel.
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We astronomers like to toy with the ideas of life and of death. We name distant objects after gods of the dead and underworld, like Orcus or Pluto, we eagerly discuss cannibalistic galaxies and gamma ray bursts that would wipe out civilizations for light years in radius. We talk about catastrophic impacts and the possible slow death of the entire universe. But, usually, it is just a vicarious show. Nothing that we study out there in the universe will is likely to actually affect anything down here on earth. Nothing that we do is really a matter of life and death.
Except for this week.
This week, for the sake of astronomy, seven people will strap themselves on to the top of a controlled explosion and launch themselves almost 200,000 stories into the air. If all goes well, they’ll spend nearly two weeks confined to a tiny container holding the only patch of livable space for 400 miles in any direction, before they drop back to earth in a flaming descent that transforms into a supersonic glissade to the ground.
The seven are the astronauts on the final Space Shuttle servicing mission to the Hubble Space Telescope. If they are able to carry out everything on their extensive list, they will leave behind an enormously capable telescope capable of years more of distinguished and fascinating scientific inquiry.
Astronomers the world over will rejoice, but I will rejoice a bit more than average. A year ago, I proposed to the committee in charge of the Hubble Space Telescope that they allow me to spend a significant amount of time on the telescope to use one of the brand-new instruments being put in by the astronomers to study the origin of the Kuiper belt. It was a bit of a long shot, I thought. These committees tend to favor things such as figuring out the origins of distant things, like galaxies, or the universe itself. Our local neighborhood is often overlooked. But the committee liked the idea and now all that stands between me and getting to use this fantastic new instrument in space is the fact that the instrument itself is currently sitting in Florida. At least as of this moment. But come blast-off it and the seven astronauts will be on their way to space.
This moment almost never happened. If I were in charge, it never would.
After the 2003 Space Shuttle Columbia break up over Texas, NASA declared that the only safe way to fly the Space Shuttle was to go to the Space Station where it could be inspected and, if problems were found, astronauts could temporarily stay while repairs or rescues were mounted. But because of their very different orbits, you can’t get to the Space Station if you go to the Space Telescope. Thus, there would be no more flights to the Space Telescope and it would soon plummet to the earth and burn up in the atmosphere.
There was a great outcry. Hubble is invaluable! Hubble is a national treasure! It seemed as if every astronomer out there had stories to tell about why Hubble was spectacular.
I agreed. I had my own stories, even. Many of the fabulous finds about dwarf planets over the past decade have been made by or aided by the Hubble Space Telescope. And there are many many more things that I still want to do with it. And then I said that it was OK to let it die. Hubble had had a spectacular decade and a half, and if it was not safe to refurbish it anymore we astronomers needed to celebrate its legacy, mourn its loss, but accept that it was for the best. This was no longer an abstract matter of galactic life and cosmic death: this was a matter of real life and, quite possibly, death. This actually mattered.
I grew up in Huntsville, Alabama, a thoroughly dedicated space town, and reminders that things do not always go as planned are strewn throughout the city. The high school to which I went was named after Gus Grissom, who died during a pre-launch test of the Apollo 1 mission. Ed White and Roger Chaffee – who died along side Grissom – have their own schools just across town. You can see the Challenger school from the back deck of my parent’s house.
I love space exploration. I love human space exploration. I grew up on it. I wanted to be part of it. I became an astronomer because of it. I understand – I think – the risks, and am even willing to accept them. Sometimes. But not blindly. I feel that many of the astronomers pushing and pushing and pushing to get the Shuttle to fly to the Space Telescope never once thought about the risks, never drove around a town with schools memorializing astronauts who never came home. This actually mattered.
What are the risks of catastrophic failure, as the worst-case scenario is known? I have heard absurdly precise estimates of 1 chance in 187, though I neither know how these numbers are arrived at nor put much faith in them. I do know that this next mission is designated STS-125 – the 125th Shuttle flight. Two have ended in disaster. That’s 1 in 64. While that’s not quite Russian roulette with a six-shooter and a single bullet, neither is it a short drive to the office in light traffic. It was worth thinking hard about this. This actually mattered.
In the end, the tea leaves were clear from the beginning. The outcry was too loud for the Hubble to be allowed to fall from the sky. The Space Shuttle would go after all.
It’s probably good that I wasn’t in charge. I don’t think I ever want to be in the position of making decisions that could directly lead to someone never coming home to their family again. But someone has to make those decisions. I would have chosen differently, but I understand the choice. The astronauts themselves know what they are getting in to and are itching to go. Who am I to say no? And, since the decision is made and they are indeed going, I’ll be the one watching from down here on earth cheering loudly, remembering the excitement I’ve felt with every blast off I remember from Apollo on. And this time I’ll be cheering even more loudly, thinking about the years of discovery ahead and the origins of the Kuiper belt and things about which I have not even begun to dream.
You will likely not be surprised to learn that I am a non-religious person. I draw my spiritual inspirations from Etruscans and Inuits and small children and the full moon itself. And yet, when searching for the right incantation, the right words of encouragement and amulet against harm, the best one that comes to mind describes something that those seven astronauts will both have in an almost literal sense and certainly need in the intended sense:
Godspeed, STS-125, godspeed. | <urn:uuid:d6ed18b2-12b8-40ef-84c9-8a4e15fe4b94> | {
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It was a border town between the Saxon and the Vikings (c.900AD), and again during the Civil War between the Royalists and Parliamentarians (c.1643AD). The Normans (c.1185) built a motte and bailey castle, nowadays called "Bury Mount", which has undergone re-shaping. Towcester was a busy coaching town, until the railways came. Then it was a busy traffic thronged town on the A5 until the M1 motorway was built.
On this site you can
- Find out about the History of Towcester
- See Photographs and Line Drawings
- Research your Family History from the lists we provide
- Find out about Towcester People and Places, and of course
- Find information about the Towcester and District Local History Society, including our varied programme of meetings, social events, research projects, summer outings and the books and booklets we have published.
Click The Society / Guide to this web site to see what we have written about Towcester.
Click History / Towcester history external links to see what other people have written. | <urn:uuid:00100c6b-a5c9-43c6-b7f1-aadc9057f779> | {
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October, over the last several years has been observed as National Breast Cancer Awareness Month throughout not only the United States but worldwide. The purpose of this observance is to increase awareness of the disease and to raise funds for research into its cause, prevention, diagnosis, treatment and a cure. Information and support are also offered to those affected by breast cancer.
Increased awareness and education of symptoms are the best preventive measures anyone, female or male, can have in the fight against breast cancer. Breast Cancer Month supporters hope that an increased knowledge will lead to earlier detection of the disease which in turn will increase the long-term survival rate and that money raised for breast cancer will produce a reliable, permanent cure for the disease.
Fundraisers are sponsored and held throughout the month in the Moberly area to help raise funds for mammograms and other options of detection as well as for treatment of the disease. Fundraising events include foot races, walk-a-thons, bicycle rides, and many more.
The pink ribbon is a symbol of breast cancer awareness. It may be worn to honor those who have been diagnosed with breast cancer, or to identify products that the manufacturer would like to sell to consumers that are interested in breast cancer. Pink ribbons, which can be made inexpensively, are sometimes sold as fundraisers, much like poppies on Remembrance Day. The pink ribbon is associated with individual generosity, faith in scientific progress and a "can-do" attitude. It encourages consumers to focus on the emotionally appealing ultimate vision o a cure for breast cancer, rather than on the fraught path between current knowledge and any future cures.
Throughout the years breast cancer awareness campaigns have been highly effective in getting attention for the disease. Breast cancer receives significantly more media coverage than other prevalent cancers, such as prostate cancer. People are now talking about the 'fight' against breast cancer. The awareness campaign is about raising people's awareness to increase the chance of early detection and thus decrease the fatality rate of breast cancer.
The Moberly Monitor-Index is sponsoring special "Pink Pages" on each Thursday in October to help raise awareness and to share survivor stories with readers. Check out today's page 9 for information on Breast Cancer Awareness Month. | <urn:uuid:c0830515-b310-4b8b-8e65-58695a85fa94> | {
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Because of their white ancestry, members of the Hemings family have been negotiating the color line ever since they left Monticello. Many of Sally Hemings’s descendants, in particular, have had to continually assert or defend or adjust their racial identity in a society that insisted on a simple division into black or white. The hardening of racial attitudes by the beginning of the twentieth century into the so-called “one drop” rule made the situation ever more difficult.
While Sally Hemings’s son Eston and his family determined to live as white people in the mid-nineteenth century, most of her son Madison’s descendants continued to identify themselves as black, even though their appearance was racially ambiguous. For generations, they found spouses whose light complexions and Caucasian features matched their own. Only toward the end of the twentieth century, did they begin to resemble what one descendant called a “rainbow coalition.”
George (Jack) Pettiford’s moment of truth came when he was inducted into the Navy in World War II. When an official tried to put him in a white unit, he insisted that he serve with other blacks. As his widow, Jacqueline Pettiford, remembered, he kept being pushed toward the white side and had to keep going back to the black side, saying, ‘This is my line. I want to be what I am.’
Madison Hemings’s great-granddaughter Patricia Roberts was often questioned about her ethnicity and some people suggested, “You don't have to be black, you could be whatever you want.” Under no circumstance did she ever consider passing for white, she said. “That was the way we were brought up, to take pride in who we were.” Almost without exception, Hemings descendants interviewed for the Getting Word project—whatever they looked like—were proud to say, “I am black.”
"We spoke always about who we were"
Peggy Preacely describes her family's emphasis of their African American heritage.
Theme: Racial Identity | <urn:uuid:7b1a4b3e-53b6-44c7-b377-bf9e59bfc734> | {
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On hearing recently how one institution uses personality tests in training and teambuilding activities, my first reaction was to think such tests would be a terrible idea for teaching. But then, I thought, maybe an awareness of personality types could be very helpful in communicating with students.
Let’s look at the pros and cons of personality tests as related to teaching music — first the cons, then the pros, and finally a few ideas for how to find some tests and include them in your teaching.
1. The Downside of Personality Tests
The teacher’s job is to rise above personalities
As teachers we’re always trying to rise above people’s differences, facilitate communication with students and among them. Rather than to accept and solidify personality types, teachers try to change them, to shape them. Every teaching day, I coax students to see things in new ways. For example, some want to control every movement before they’re satisfied, but I have to show them that there are sometimes other priorities — sometimes they need to get a feel for the continuity of a phrase and not control every note within it at the expense of the flow of music. This might mean I am teaching a very concrete personality see things in a more intuitive way. Would I be less likely to try to do that if I “knew” the student’s personality was classified as not receptive to what I was offering?
Tests can freeze someone’s self-perception
A student’s self-perception can be either your best helper or the worst obstacle. There are times when a student can make a real breakthrough by focusing on their ears and hands and closing their eyes. But if they are convinced they are a visual person, they might refuse to try. If a personality test tells them they are, say, a “concrete-sequential” person, they may not be open to trying a physical exercise that is about muscle memory and cannot be verbally analyzed.
Taking these tests too seriously can cross a line into personal judgment that can easily take you away from a focus on learning music.
Personality tests are not so accurate
In polling, or science and math, the more samples you have, the more accurate your results will be. I think this is also true of personality tests — the more categories there are, the more realistic the results. You may have heard of 8 emotional intelligences, or tests with 5 personality types; I saw one list of 20 personalities, and there are tests where 4 sliding scales are combined into 16 possible results. The least accurate measurements of personality are probably those which reduce everybody to only 2 types, such as right brain/left brain, or male/female.
One friend told me of a personality test which was based on handwriting and drawing. She said that if you draw with a squiggly, haphazard line, you are considered “artistic” and “disorganized”! Clearly a test devised by someone who knows very little of artists! And yet, this test probably had some impact on its unfortunate subjects.
2. The Upside of Personality Tests
Adding flexibility and focus to teaching methods
If you knew that you were teaching a very intuitive student, you might have more patience in explaining something detailed, or you might approach the subject differently. If your student is extroverted, you might consider a more engaging and less judgmental presentation, allowing the extrovert a chance to blast through a new exercise a few times before focusing on needed improvements.
In other words, knowing something of the student’s disposition could change your approach from the start, rather than trying a new skill the same way as usual with limited success. It could save you having to reinvent the wheel with each student.
In many ways, of course, good teachers recognize personalities and adapt to them, but it’s certainly possible that if the teacher is aware of different personality types, he/she might come up with new ideas for communicating, with increased patience, less frustration, and maybe even have more fun doing it. Here is a link to descriptions of 16 personality types that might be of interest.
Matching teacher’s personality to students
What about the teacher taking a personality test? If the teacher has a sense of his/her own personality traits, it might be easier to match up with the learning needs of each student. Again, most teachers have a sense of how to do this without taking a test, but it can be helpful to read through some of the personality groups and think about how your personality might best work with each of them.
Engaging students to solve their own problems
If you have students take personality tests, and they have some ideas about their own characteristics, students might feel more engaged in solving their own problems. For example, if a students finds that he/she is considered more on the introverted side but also judgmental, maybe that will help the student work on avoiding too much self-judgment while learning new skills.
Some organizations use personality tests as icebreakers — gathering similar personality types into groups with something to share and laugh about, while underlining that other personality types are out there and need to be respected. Sometimes this can make people more articulate about what they want and how they want to approach what they do, knowing that others would do things differently — in other words, it can make them feel more engaged.
3. Using Personality Tests
Use voluntarily or as a game
It seems clear that requiring a personality test of your students would be an intrusion. But offering it as a game, or as a voluntary option, or offering them links to online tests, could be fun for them. In the right circumstances, it could even be used as an icebreaker by putting similar students together, as long as you and they keep a sense of humor about the fact that no personality test can really measure a person.
Finding personality tests
One fun “personality” test is the horoscope; after all, it has 12 possibilities, and can even be broken into sun and moon signs. But again, a sense of humor would be necessary to keep this “test” from being taken too seriously. It could be the basis of a fun activity at a music party or a large class.
There are several online personality tests, such as the Big Five test, a Jung Typology test, another Jung-style test, the Gregorc Learning Styles test, or the Meyer-Briggs test. Try them, have fun, and try them with some students.
But keep a light touch. As mentioned above in the Downside of Personality Tests, if anyone takes these tests too seriously, they can easily place artificial limits on who they think they are, and on what they can become. | <urn:uuid:2a88daad-d3a0-4f48-b774-0aa3f943f522> | {
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|Spreading the word on skimboarding - responsibly|
A group of local Grade 4 students are taking it to the beach! Arrowview Elementary’s Garbage Busters Club has turned its focus towards keeping local beaches healthy. Expanding their focus from clean communities, students have designed and created posters to help educate skimboarders about eelgrass and beach conservation.
“One of the things we’ve learned as part of our nearshore beach study is the huge impact that we have on creatures which live in our beach areas,” says student teacher Janet Richards. With help from MVIHES’ Michele Deakin, students learned about the eelgrass beds along the beach tide line and how skimboarding over and through this fragile eco habitat can adversely affect animals and plants.
Students brainstormed ideas to educate skimboarders to use the beach responsibly including using non-toxic waxes, placing ramps and structures away from the eelgrass beds, and using barren pools instead of tide lines. A new colourful poster campaign will help spread the word to the thousands of beach users this summer. “The students understand that if we take care of this important resource, it will be there when they get older,” says teacher Jodi Waters.
Look for the student posters around Parksville and Qualicum Beach including businesses which support recreational activities along the beach.
This project is part of the nearshore education program offered by MVIHES with the support of the Town of Qualicum Beach, the City of Parksville and Georgia Basin Living Rivers. | <urn:uuid:6d29dfd5-c38d-40b1-b95a-54b4f174e4be> | {
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Until recently, most archaeologists viewed human-animal relationships primarily in terms of their dietary role. But the social and symbolic functions of animals and meat may often be of equal or even greater importance, writes Nerissa Russell in her newly released book "Social Zooarchaeology: Humans and Animals in Prehistory" (Cambridge University Press). Russell, a Cornell associate professor and chair of anthropology, cautions that ignoring the importance of these factors results in interpretations of data "that are just plain wrong."
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Guilt, gender play major roles in human-animal relations
Animals have always played myriad roles in human societies: as wealth, companions, spirit helpers, sacrificial victims, totems, centerpieces of feasts, objects of taboos and more. But when Russell began writing "Social Zooarchaeology" a decade ago, few people paid attention to more than "protein and calories." While that has changed, Russell’s book is the first to provide a systematic overview of social zooarchaeology, the study of past human-animal relations.
The deep feeling of kinship people have with animals is nearly universal, says Russell. "Animals are never neutral objects. Even in industrialized agriculture, people have very strong reactions about them."
In societies that rely on hunting, it’s understood that being a good hunter requires thinking like the prey. But identifying closely with an animal you’re going to kill does not lead to an easy conscience, especially when it’s clear the animal has some level of sentience. As a result, guilt -- and how to deal with it -- underlies many human-animal relations, says Russell. She notes that sacrifices where the animal takes the place of the human and hunting rituals that put the hunter in the place of the hunted are responses to this guilt.
Gender, too, has played a major role in human-animal relations, according to Russell. Equating hunting with sex seems to be nearly universal ethnographically and historically, she says, adding that guilt and gender are pervasive themes throughout the book. It covers such topics, for example, as the metaphors of women as prey and hunter as lover, the identification of women with animals, and the resurgence of hunting or of art depicting hunting during times of change when gender roles are threatened.
Understanding the long history of human-animal relationships has relevance today, says Russell, who admits to frustration that most western discussions of animal and human relations are narrow in scope. "Either an animal is a pet or it’s an object. A lot of the political impasses we get into that involve animals come from being only able to see those two categories."
"Social Zooarchaeology" is intended for reference and college classroom use. It has already been chosen as the text for an archaeology course being taught this spring at New York University.
Linda B. Glaser is staff writer for the College of Arts and Sciences.
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Political Science - Assistant or Associate Professor (AA3462) | <urn:uuid:824bf506-e02f-43bb-8b8e-6f7264a82800> | {
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Why not see what your family crest could look like based on your own family characteristics?
- First enter your family name.
- Then enter your family motto. Don't have one? Be creative!
- Choose two crest colours based on the family characteristics offered. Remember if you choose the same qualities for both colours it will be the same colour!
- Choose a shield based on the family characteristics offered.
- Choose an icon based on the family characteristics offered.
- Enjoy your new family crest! Right click on your mouse to save your new family crest.
Have you done something cool with your crest?
Send us your photos of how you used your newly purchased family crest and enter a prize draw for a $30 Amazon voucher.
Coat of arms history
Traditional family crests stemmed from heraldic arms, also known as coat of arms or armorial bearings.
Heraldic arms were common throughout Europe in the Middle Ages (the 1000 years between the 5th and the 16th century).
Historically heraldic arms were a design belonging to a particular person or group of people. These designs tended to be used by knights and noble men to identify them apart from enemy soldiers. In such traditions these coat of arms were passed from father to son or from wife to daughter.
Over time the use of such crests moved from the military to families, regions and other institutions such as educational institutions.
In times past your own family ancestors would have approached a heraldic artist or officer of arms to design your family crest. You can do a family search using marriage records and obituaries, or obits, to learn more about your ancestry and the origins of your family crest. Your ancestors would have chosen attributes of that family that the officer of arms would depict in the family crest. These attributes would tend have been depicted through various shield designs, colour(s) and symbols, known as ‘charges’, such as animals and plant designs. | <urn:uuid:63836ad5-bf3b-4585-ad04-f19dca6986c4> | {
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The following HTML text is provided to enhance online
readability. Many aspects of typography translate only awkwardly to HTML.
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Defending Planet Earth: Near-Earth-Object Surveys and Hazard Mitigation Strategies
or regional effects near the time and place of the impact, but could include, for large impacts, global climate change or tsunamis. But how large an impact and what kind of impact could cause these effects is still uncertain. A research program is needed to address all of these issues in order to assess and quantify the risks associated with the NEO impact hazard.
The ability to mitigate the impact hazard, or even to define appropriate strategies for mitigating the hazard, likewise depends on the acquisition of the new knowledge and understanding that could be gained through a research program. Even if the only viable mitigation approach to an impending impact is to warn the population and to evacuate, better information is needed for making sound decisions. Under what conditions should warning be provided and when, and who should evacuate? If, however, there are available active mitigation options, like changing the orbit of an impactor, again better information is needed: One must be able to predict with confidence the response of an impactor to specific forms of applied forces, impacts of various types and speeds, or various types of radiant energy, such as x rays. The required information goes beyond the basic physical characterization that determines the size and mass of the impactor and includes surface and subsurface compositions, internal structures, and the nature of their reactions to various inputs.
Just as the scope of earthquake research is not limited only to searching for and monitoring earthquakes, the scope of NEO hazard mitigation research should not be limited to searching for and detecting NEOs. A research program is a necessary part of an NEO hazard mitigation program. This research should be carried out in parallel with the searches for NEOs, and it should be broadly inclusive of research aimed at filling the gaps in present knowledge and understanding so as to improve scientists’ ability to assess and quantify impact risks as well as to support the development of mitigation strategies. This research needs to cover several areas discussed in the previous chapters of this report: risk analysis (Chapter 2), surveys and detection of NEOs (Chapter 3), characterization (Chapter 4), and mitigation (Chapter 5). The committee stresses that this research must be broad in order to encompass all of these relevant and interrelated subjects.
Recommendation: The United States should initiate a peer-reviewed, targeted research program in the areaof impact hazard and mitigation of NEOs. Because this is a policy-driven, applied program, it should not bein competition with basic scientific research programs or funded from them. This research program shouldencompass three principal task areas: surveys, characterization, and mitigation. The scope should includeanalysis, simulation, and laboratory experiments. This research program does not include mitigation spaceexperiments or tests that are treated elsewhere in this report.
Some specific topics of interest for this research program are listed below. This list is not intended to be exhaustive:
Analyses and simulations of ways to optimize search and detection strategies using ground-based or space-based approaches or combinations thereof (see Chapter 3);
Studies of distributions of warning times versus sizes of impactors for different survey and detection approaches (see Chapter 2);
Studies of the remote-sensing data on NEOs that are needed to develop useful probabilistic bases for choosing active-defense strategies when warning times of impacts are insufficient to allow a characterization mission (see Chapter 4);
Concept studies of space missions designed to meet characterization objectives, including a rendezvous and/or landed mission and/or impactors;
Concept studies of active-defense missions designed to meet mitigation objectives, including a test of mitigation by impact with the measurement of momentum transfer efficiency to the target (see Chapter 5);
Research to demonstrate the viability, or not, of using the disruption of an NEO to mitigate against an impact;
The technological development of components and systems necessary for mitigation;
Analyses of data from airbursts and their ground effects as obtained by dedicated networks, including military systems and fireball (brighter than average meteor) observations; also analyses and simulations to assess | <urn:uuid:1c8537b6-85fc-4358-8e69-44ca13424579> | {
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Herbivory induces massive metabolic reconfigurations in plants. Such changes mediate tissue repair, resource allocation and defence. Induced plant-defences constitute an array of changes decreasing the plant's palatability i.e. directly via toxins and accumulation of proteins that interfere with herbivore digestion but also indirectly via volatile signals that attract the herbivore's natural enemy. However, because these defences decrease herbivore fecundity and survival they impose selection pressure on herbivores which in turn are sometimes selected to increase their resistance, something which can only happen when there is sufficient genetic variation. Indeed herbivore resistance to plant defences, as to pesticides, occurs frequently. However, recently convincing data emerged that some herbivores do not become resistant to plant defence products directly but, like some virulent pathogens, suppress host plant defences. Since the ability to sabotage host plant defences was discovered for several arthropod species independently it might well be a common phenomenon. This notion is strongly supported by the fact that we discovered inducing individuals and suppressing individuals of the tomato pest, the two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae, to co-occur in the same population. Hence we selected two distinct near-isogenic mite lines via consecutive mother-son crossings, of which one performs poorly on tomato because it induces the classic JA-dependent defence-response whereas the other thrives on tomato because it suppresses those same defences and thus is referred to as being 'stealthy'. However, the stealthy strain is not stealthy in all aspects since it also up regulates genes. This provides the unique opportunity to re-establish the ability of the plant to recognize a stealthy mite via arrangement of promoters induced by stealthy-mites with suppressed potent defence genes by means of genetic engineering. We propose to clone (1) tomato promoters up regulated during stealthy mite feeding to (2) reengineer the plant's defence by fusing these promoters to the defence genes that stealthy mites suppress. We will follow two parallel research lines, one aimed at foliar defence genes and promoters (PART I), the other at trichome specific genes and promoters (PART II). Plants with a (partially) restored defence response to stealthy mites we will test for their performance during infestation with other herbivores, for pathogen resistance and fruit production. This research program will highly enrich our fundamental understanding of how plant-herbivore interactions are disrupted by adaptations and undertakes a major step forward by applying genetic engineering as a means to counter natural variation in herbivores and to rearrange the plant's natural regulatory machinery such that insects feeding under the radar are detected again. | <urn:uuid:446b20eb-15d2-4d46-ba70-fb9ae937cc0e> | {
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Destroying a dangerous asteroid with a nuclear bomb is a well-worn trope of science fiction, but it could become reality soon enough.
Scientists are developing a mission concept that would blow apart an Earth-threatening asteroid with a nuclear explosion, just like Bruce Willis and his oilmen-turned-astronaut crew did in the 1998 film "Armageddon."
But unlike in the movie, the spacecraft under development — known as the Hypervelocity Asteroid Intercept Vehicle, or HAIV — would be unmanned. It would hit the space rock twice in quick succession, with the non-nuclear first blow blasting out a crater for the nuclear bomb to explode inside, thus magnifying its asteroid-shattering power.
"Using our proposed concept, we do have a practically viable solution — a cost-effective, economically viable, technically feasible solution," study leader Bong Wie, of Iowa State University, said Wednesday at the 2012 NASA Innovative Advanced Concepts (NIAC) meeting in Virginia. [ 5 Reasons to Care About Asteroids ]
When, not if
Earth has been pummeled by asteroids throughout its 4.5 billion-year history, and some of the strikes have been catastrophic. For example, a 6-mile-wide (10 kilometers) space rock slammed into the planet 65 million years ago, wiping out the dinosaurs.
Earth is bound to be hit again, and relatively soon. Asteroids big enough to cause serious damage today — not necessarily the extinction of humans, but major disruptions to the global economy — have hit the planet on average every 200 to 300 years, researchers say.
So humanity needs to have a plan in hand to deal with the next threatening asteroid, many scientists stress.
That plan should include deflection strategies, they say. Given a few decades of lead time, a threatening space rock could be nudged off course — perhaps by employing a tag-along "gravity tractor" probe, or even by painting the asteroid white and letting sunlight give it a push.
But humanity also needs to be prepared for an asteroid that pops up on scientists' radar just weeks before a potential impact. That scenario might demand the nuclear option that Wie and his colleagues are working to develop.
A one-two punch
NASA engineers identified 168 technical flaws in "Armageddon," Wie said. But one thing the movie got right is the notion that a nuke will be far more effective if it explodes inside an asteroid rather than at its surface. (At a depth of 10 feet, or 3 meters, the bomb's destructive power would be about 20 times greater, Wie said.)
So Wie and his team came up with a way to get the bomb down into a hole, without relying on a crew of spacewalking roughnecks to bore into the space rock.
The HAIV spacecraft incorporates two separate impactors, a "leader" and a "follower." As HAIV nears the asteroid, the leader separates and slams into the space rock, blasting out a crater about 330 feet (100 m) wide.
The nuke-bearing follower hits the hole a split-second later, blowing the asteroid to smithereens. Simulations suggest the explosion would fling bits of space rock far and wide, leaving only a tiny percentage of the asteroid's mass to hit Earth, Wie said.
This is no pie-in-the sky dream: The researchers have received two rounds of funding from the NIAC program, and they say their plan is eminently achievable.
"Basically, our proposed concept is an extension of the flight-proven $300 million Deep Impact mission," Wie said, referring to the NASA effort that slammed an impactor into Comet Tempel 1 in 2005.
Demonstration mission coming?
The HAIV project is still in its early stages, and much more modeling and developmental work is needed. But Wie and his colleagues are ambitious, with plans for a bomb-free flight test in the next decade or so.
Space news from NBCNews.com
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"Our ultimate goal is to be able to develop about a $500 million flight demo mission within a 10-year timeframe," Wie said.
The team's current work involves analyzing the feasibility of nuking a small but still dangerous asteroid — one about 330 feet (100 m) wide — with little warning time. However, it wouldn't be too difficult to scale up, Wie said.
"Once we develop technology to be used in this situation, we are ready to avoid any collision — with much larger size, with much longer warning time," Wie said.
- Paintball Players vs. The Asteroid Apocalypse? | Video
- The 7 Strangest Asteroids in the Solar System
- When Space Attacks: The 6 Craziest Meteor Impacts
© 2013 Space.com. All rights reserved. More from Space.com. | <urn:uuid:e4d7dff6-f3a3-4717-910b-97e700c705b1> | {
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But, First, a Little Background.
Remember when people talked about the "3-Rs," reading, writing, and 'rithmetic, as the basic ingredients of a sound education? Well, there's every reason to add a fourth "R" to this list an 8-letter word that is frequently the focus of controversy, confusion, and even anxiety, for educators, as well as for parents. That word is research!
By itself, and without mention of how it is being used, this "R" word commands a sense of authority, and causes us to stop and think and listen. After all, what could be better than making decisions based on the systematic investigation of a particular question and getting at the truth about a particular problem? Indeed, we live in a society that is driven by all kinds of data, from the nutritional data on food packages to financial data to data derived from medical tests that report on such things as levels of cholesterol. And we have all come to expect that experts around us are making recommendations and decisions based on factual information that has been organized for analysis so that meaningful conclusions may be drawn.
Even though most of us are not intimately familiar with the types of research done by the biomedical community (tissue samples, test tubes, microscopes, and such), we trust (or at least hope) that it is "cutting edge" and that it translates directly into results that are used by our doctors. Research-based practices in medicine are the best offense and defense when it comes to staying healthy. The same argument can be made for research in the educational community. After all, don't we want colleges of education to prepare teachers who are versed in the most effective, research-based practices? Shouldn't we depend upon classroom educators to be experts in the delivery of instruction that is based upon carefully researched, tested and proven strategies?
There is much that we still do not know about how best to teach and support children, adolescents, and adults with (and without) learning disabilities. And unfortunately, less than 0.01% of our nation's overall annual education budget is spent on research, compared with 5-15% typically spent by corporations. The good news, however, is that there is much that we do know that has not yet found its way into the hands of parents and educators.
We are confident that this column will help teachers to expand their repertoire of research-based practices. And we are sure that parents will use this column to arm themselves with information about proven practices, so they can be powerful and successful advocates and partners with school personnel.
Office of Special Education Programs (OSEP)
The Office of Special Education Programs (OSEP) is dedicated to improving results for infants, toddlers, children and youth with disabilities, ages birth through 21, by providing leadership and financial support to assist states and local districts.
Visit their website to learn more about:
- Formula grants to states
- discretionary grants to institutions of higher education and other nonprofit organizations to support research, demonstrations
- technical assistance and dissemination
- parent-training and information centers
- a sample of OSEP program-funded activities in FY 2001 | <urn:uuid:72dc15a4-fcc6-4338-a545-37e9804ad368> | {
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Soon after the Fukushima accident last month, I stated publicly that a nuclear event of this size and catastrophic potential could present a medical problem of very large dimensions. Events have proven this observation to be true despite the nuclear industry's campaign about the "minimal" health effects of so-called low-level radiation. That billions of its dollars are at stake if the Fukushima event causes the "nuclear renaissance" to slow down appears to be evident from the industry's attacks on its critics, even in the face of an unresolved and escalating disaster at the reactor complex at Fukushima.
Proponents of nuclear power – including George Monbiot, who has had a mysterious road-to-Damascus conversion to its supposedly benign effects – accuse me and others who call attention to the potential serious medical consequences of the accident of "cherry-picking" data and overstating the health effects of radiation from the radioactive fuel in the destroyed reactors and their cooling pools. Yet by reassuring the public that things aren't too bad, Monbiot and others at best misinform, and at worst misrepresent or distort, the scientific evidence of the harmful effects of radiation exposure – and they play a predictable shoot-the-messenger game in the process.
1) Mr Monbiot, who is a journalist not a scientist, appears unaware of the difference between external and internal radiation
Let me educate him.
The former is what populations were exposed to when the atomic bombs were detonated over Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945; their profound and on-going medical effects are well documented.
Internal radiation, on the other hand, emanates from radioactive elements which enter the body by inhalation, ingestion, or skin absorption. Hazardous radionuclides such as iodine-131, caesium 137, and other isotopes currently being released in the sea and air around Fukushima bio-concentrate at each step of various food chains (for example into algae, crustaceans, small fish, bigger fish, then humans; or soil, grass, cow's meat and milk, then humans). After they enter the body, these elements – called internal emitters – migrate to specific organs such as the thyroid, liver, bone, and brain, where they continuously irradiate small volumes of cells with high doses of alpha, beta and/or gamma radiation, and over many years, can induce uncontrolled cell replication – that is, cancer. Further, many of the nuclides remain radioactive in the environment for generations, and ultimately will cause increased incidences of cancer and genetic diseases over time.
The grave effects of internal emitters are of the most profound concern at Fukushima. It is inaccurate and misleading to use the term "acceptable levels of external radiation" in assessing internal radiation exposures. To do so, as Monbiot has done, is to propagate inaccuracies and to mislead the public worldwide (not to mention other journalists) who are seeking the truth about radiation's hazards.
2) Nuclear industry proponents often assert that low doses of radiation (eg below 100mSV) produce no ill effects and are therefore safe. But , as the US National Academy of Sciences BEIR VII report has concluded, no dose of radiation is safe, however small, including background radiation; exposure is cumulative and adds to an individual's risk of developing cancer.
3) Now let's turn to Chernobyl. Various seemingly reputable groups have issued differing reports on the morbidity and mortalities resulting from the 1986 radiation catastrophe. The World Health Organisation (WHO) in 2005 issued a report attributing only 43 human deaths directly to the Chernobyl disaster and estimating an additional 4,000 fatal cancers. In contrast, the 2009 report, "Chernobyl: Consequences of the Catastrophe for People and the Environment", published by the New York Academy of Sciences, comes to a very different conclusion. The three scientist authors – Alexey V Yablokov, Vassily B. Nesterenko, and Alexey V Nesterenko – provide in its pages a translated synthesis and compilation of hundreds of scientific articles on the effects of the Chernobyl disaster that have appeared in Slavic language publications over the past 20 years. They estimate the number of deaths attributable to the Chernobyl meltdown at about 980,000.
Monbiot dismisses the report as worthless, but to do so – to ignore and denigrate an entire body of literature, collectively hundreds of studies that provide evidence of large and significant impacts on human health and the environment – is arrogant and irresponsible. Scientists can and should argue over such things, for example, as confidence intervals around individual estimates (which signal the reliability of estimates), but to consign out of hand the entire report into a metaphorical dustbin is shameful.
Further, as Prof Dimitro Godzinsky, of the Ukranian National Academy of Sciences, states in his introduction to the report: "Against this background of such persuasive data some defenders of atomic energy look specious as they deny the obvious negative effects of radiation upon populations. In fact, their reactions include almost complete refusal to fund medical and biological studies, even liquidating government bodies that were in charge of the 'affairs of Chernobyl'. Under pressure from the nuclear lobby, officials have also diverted scientific personnel away from studying the problems caused by Chernobyl."
4) Monbiot expresses surprise that a UN-affiliated body such as WHOmight be under the influence of the nuclear power industry, causing its reporting on nuclear power matters to be biased. And yet that is precisely the case.
In the early days of nuclear power, WHO issued forthright statements on radiation risks such as its 1956 warning: "Genetic heritage is the most precious property for human beings. It determines the lives of our progeny, health and harmonious development of future generations. As experts, we affirm that the health of future generations is threatened by increasing development of the atomic industry and sources of radiation … We also believe that new mutations that occur in humans are harmful to them and their offspring."
After 1959, WHO made no more statements on health and radioactivity. What happened? On 28 May 1959, at the 12th World Health Assembly, WHO drew up an agreement with the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA); clause 12.40 of this agreement says: "Whenever either organisation [the WHO or the IAEA] proposes to initiate a programme or activity on a subject in which the other organisation has or may have a substantial interest, the first party shall consult the other with a view to adjusting the matter by mutual agreement." In other words, the WHO grants the right of prior approval over any research it might undertake or report on to the IAEA – a group that many people, including journalists, think is a neutral watchdog, but which is, in fact, an advocate for the nuclear power industry. The IAEA's founding papers state: "The agency shall seek to accelerate and enlarge the contribution of atomic energy to peace, health and prosperity through the world."
Monbiot appears ignorant about the WHO's subjugation to the IAEA, yet this is widely known within the scientific radiation community. But it is clearly not the only matter on which he is ignorant after his apparent three-day perusal of the vast body of scientific information on radiation and radioactivity. As we have seen, he and other nuclear industry apologists sow confusion about radiation risks, and, in my view, in much the same way that the tobacco industry did in previous decades about the risks of smoking. Despite their claims, it is they, not the "anti-nuclear movement" who are "misleading the world about the impacts of radiation on human health."
• Helen Caldicott is president of the Helen Caldicott Foundation for a Nuclear-Free Planet and the author of Nuclear Power is Not the Answer
See, for example, WJ Schull, Effects of Atomic Radiation: A Half-Century of Studies from Hiroshima and Nagasaki (New York: Wiley-Lis, 1995) and DE Thompson, K Mabuchi, E Ron, M Soda, M Tokunaga, S Ochikubo, S Sugimoto, T Ikeda, M Terasaki, S Izumi et al. "Cancer incidence in atomic bomb survivors, Part I: Solid tumors, 1958-1987" in Radiat Res 137:S17-S67 (1994).
This process is called bioaccumulation and comes in two subtypes as well, bioconcentration and biomagnification. For more information see: J.U. Clark and V.A. McFarland, Assessing Bioaccumulation in Aquatic Organisms Exposed to Contaminated Sediments, Miscellaneous Paper D-91-2 (1991), Environmental Laboratory, Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, MS and H.A. Vanderplog, D.C. Parzyck, W.H. Wilcox, J.R. Kercher, and S.V. Kaye, Bioaccumulation Factors for Radionuclides in Freshwater Biota, ORNL-5002 (1975), Environmental Sciences Division Publication, Number 783, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN. | <urn:uuid:84c4b096-58d4-4ffd-93d2-8665f2a7b180> | {
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AUGUST 28, 2010
For the Soul of France: Culture Wars in the Age of Dreyfus
By Frederick Brown
(Knopf, 304 pp., $28.95)
The phrase “culture wars” has a peculiarly contemporary and American sound. Its very hyperbole captures something about our over-excited political culture. It summons up images of Sarah Palin denouncing liberal elites to the Tea Party convention, or of hippies facing off against riot police. It triggers associations with a series of “hot button” American issues: gay marriage, abortion, gun control, prayer in schools.
Yet “culture wars” are in fact endemic to Western modernity. They may be defined as conflicts that divide a country less along regional, confessional, racial, economic, or even ideological lines than according to more inchoate but easily grasped disagreements over basic values, assumptions, and beliefs. The long-standing Russian disputes between Westernizers and Slavophiles qualify as a culture war. Germany came close to inventing the phrase with its Kulturkampf (“culture struggle”) of the late nineteenth century, although that particular battle had a distinctly confessional and anti-Catholic accent. And it certainly fits modern France. It was in 1820 that the historian Augustin Thierry memorably observed that “we believe we are one nation, but we are actually two nations on the same soil, two nations at war in their memories and irreconcilable in their hopes for the future.”
Of course, those who bemoan culture wars are usually waging them at the same time, and Thierry himself offers a good illustration. He may have been commenting on the harsh divisions that persisted even after the Revolutionary and Napoleonic traumas, but he was also helping to deepen them, through a particularly corrosive variety of historical mythmaking. A secular liberal, he meant “two nations” in the most literal possible sense, for he cast his conservative aristocratic enemies as literal aliens—invading “Franks” who had remained racially distinct from and socially opposed to the country’s native Gauls since late antiquity. His solution to the problem of France’s culture wars was simple: victory over the intruders.
By the late nineteenth century, few French people still believed that they could trace their problems directly back to the fifthcentury. But the country’s culture wars were still very much in progress, and Frederick Brown is quite right to use the phrase in the subtitle of his wonderful book. In fact, France’s great modern culture wars arguably stretched over an even longer period, taking shape before the French Revolution and lasting into the mid-twentieth century.
Of course, the genealogy of the contending parties is anything but clear. Resisters and Vichyites were not the same thing as Dreyfusards and anti-Dreyfusards, who in turn differed from mid-nineteenth-century republicans and legitimists, Restoration-era liberals and “ultras,” revolutionary Jacobins and counter-revolutionaries, and the philosophes and anti-philosophes of the Enlightenment. Yet there were still strong continuities, which the participants themselves recognized. At any moment, France had millions of inhabitants who saw their country as the natural home of reason, of Enlightenment, of science, and of cosmopolitan openness to the world. And it had millions of others who insisted it was properly a land of Catholic faith and mission, of monarchical tradition, and of a closed, organic social structure. Between the two sides, there was rarely much common ground.
As Brown shows, the late nineteenth century saw two major-and related—shifts in the country’s long cultural quarrel. The first was the consolidation of the secular Republic. Between 1789 and 1871, France had lurched erratically back and forth between monarchy, republic, and Bonapartist empire, experiencing three revolutions, five coups d’état, and two regime-changing military debacles in the process, as well as countless smaller insurrections. The constitution changed so often that, according to a long-standing joke, the French National Library kept its copies in the “periodicals” section.
In 1870-1871, Napoleon III’s Second Empire collapsed after its humiliating defeat in the Franco-Prussian War, and even as the victors proclaimed the new German Empire in the Hall of Mirrors at Versailles, politicians in Paris founded the Third Republic. It got off to an extremely rocky start: in the spring of 1871, Parisian radicals rebelled against it and created the alternative government of the Commune, which the Republic bloodily suppressed. For several years thereafter, a conservative legislature seemed on the verge of restoring the monarchy yet again, only to have the project founder on the intransigence of the pretender to the throne, the feeblest of the Bourbons, who refused to reign under the Revolution’s tricolor flag. Republicans also averted the threat of yet another coup, by the charismatic general Georges Boulanger, and by the 1890s the regime finally seemed to rest on solid ground. Its supporters meanwhile proceeded with an ambitious program to remove the Catholic Church from public life, establishing a system of free, state-run primary education and then, in 1905, formally separating church and state.
The opponents of the Republic never accepted its legitimacy, but increasingly—and this is the second shift that Brown recounts—they found another target for their outrage. In 1886, a third-rate journalist named Édouard Drumont published La France juive, or Jewish France, which became one of the greatest best-sellers in French history, going through 140 editions in just two years and making the fortune of the Flammarion publishing house. France had of course known anti-Semitism before, but in the 1880s it began to take on an astonishing new virulence, and became ever more central to French life.
Drumont and his followers spun out bizarre and tortuous conspiracy theories, eventually involving a secret Jewish syndicate they dubbed the Sanhedrin, and a secret rabbinic association called the Kahal, supposedly bent on world domination. (The idea helped to inspire the Russian secret police’s Elders of Zion.) When a prominent bank, closely linked to conservatives and the church, went bankrupt in 1882, the anti-Semites blamed Jewish financiers. When an early French-financed attempt to dig a canal in Panama collapsed amid scandal a few years later, with some Jewish figures playing a role, it was a “Jewish disaster.” Drumont founded a newspaper, La libre parole, to advance his views, and everywhere it found evidence of further Jewish plots. When a flood drove Drumont out of his Paris apartment in 1910, he blamed it on deforestation financed by cousins of the Rothschilds.
His message spread throughout the country, relayed in large part by Catholic clergy. “We are being pillaged, dishonored, exploited, and emptied by the Jew,” Brown quotes, almost at random, from a diocesan newsletter. “Servile, slithering, artful, filthy, and vile when he is the weaker one, he becomes arrogant when he has the upper hand, as he does now. The Jew is our master.... When one of these vultures swoops down on the finances of a people, he pilfers, ransoms, tears, flays, strangles.” In this mephitic climate, it is hardly surprising that when the French intelligence services came across evidence of a high-placed German mole in the French army in 1894, suspicion immediately fell on a Jewish officer.
Army officials quickly conducted a kangaroo court-martial of Alfred Dreyfus, failing to disclose exculpatory evidence. Dreyfus received a life sentence, to be served on Devil’s Island, where such sentences were usually short. And then, what had started as a simple, albeit egregious miscarriage of justice turned into the Affair. As the extent of official misconduct became clear, in large part thanks to the heroic efforts of Dreyfus’s family, desperate officers brazenly forged further evidence against him. They even went so far as to protect the real mole, Ferdinand Esterhazy, when his guilt became apparent, to preserve the honor of the army. The question of Alfred Dreyfus dominated headlines and public discussion, divided families, and seemed once again to threaten the Republic’s survival. It took many years, a tortuous series of trials, and an unprecedented campaign for public opinion—exemplified by the Dreyfusard Émile Zola’s J’accuse, his famous open letter to the president of the Republic—before Dreyfus finally won exoneration in 1906.
But the real significance of the Dreyfus Affair derives from the torrent of sheer smoking venom that flowed from the mouths and the pens of the anti-Dreyfusards. A few years ago the French sociologist and historian Pierre Birnbaum skillfully demonstrated its full, horrifying extent in a book called The Anti-Semitic Moment. In virtually every corner of the country, Jews were vilified and threatened, and mobs paraded in the street calling for their deaths. An Anti-Semitic League founded by Drumont flourished, with hundreds of branches throughout France. Outside observers reacted with horror, including the Austrian Jewish journalist Theodor Herzl, who drew the lesson that Jews could live normal lives only in a homeland of their own, and went on to found the Zionist movement.
For French Jews themselves, the Dreyfus Affair had a more ambiguous conclusion. After all, Dreyfus was finally vindicated. Justice, and the Republic, prevailed in the end. And despite the outpouring of anti-Semitism, the Affair led to surprisingly little bloodshed. In metropolitan France, not a single Jew lost his life, although two were killed in French Algeria. Fittingly enough for this most verbal of countries, the Dreyfus Affair was a pogrom of words. Still, the place of the Jews in France hardly seemed secure. As historians have often remarked, at the turn of the twentieth century, the European country that seemed most likely to perpetrate a holocaust was not Germany or Austria, but France.
Frederick Brown devotes the longest chapter of his learned book to the Dreyfus Affair, and rightly so, for it was by far the greatest battle in these culture wars. Brown does not enter into debate with other historians, or offer opinions on the largest historical issues posed by the affair—for instance, whether this new anti-Semitic moment differed in fundamental ways from earlier waves of European Jewhatred. He is content to tell the story, cogently and clearly. His narrative, though, certainly suggests a connection between anti-Semitism and the consolidation of the Republic. It notes that contemporaries themselves saw Jews as symbols of the Republican order, and anti-Semitism as a stalking horse for its opponents (in the words of the anarchist Louise Michel, as “a pretext by means of which monarchist Catholics might put the Republic in mortal danger”). But he lets readers draw their own conclusions.
He follows much the same strategy in the rest of the book. He does not try to give an exhaustive history of French cultural conflict in the late nineteenth century. Instead, he offers readers a somewhat meandering but consistently instructive series of episodes and sketches, starting with the controversies around Ernest Renan’s attempt to write a “historical” life of Jesus, in the 1860s, which scandalized observant Catholics. He gives short, vivid chapters on the financial scandals, some fine sketches of individual personalities, and a remarkable chapter on the way a tragic fire in a pavilion built for charitable fund-raising temporarily brought a truce in the culture wars, only for animosities to burst out again quickly amongst the mourners. He concludes with the stark contrast between a gala “banquet of science” held in 1895, and another banquet five years later in honor of the conservative writer Maurice Barrès. The latter included a speech by a conservative journalist who praised “virtuous violence,” and insisted that “beating a sick man bloody is better than leaving him to rot.” France was still very much two nations in one, and the risk of the culture wars turning real seemed as high as ever.
There are a few strange omissions. Brown might have devoted some space to the outlandish shrine of Lourdes, with its massive pilgrimages and alleged miracle cures, which took on huge significance for Catholics under the Third Republic. In her splendid bookLourdes, Ruth Harris left no doubt about the central role the shrine played in the period’s culture wars, while also highlighting the extraordinary scenes that took place there: for instance, priests deliberately drinking water from pools filled with desperate pilgrims’ pus, blood, and scabs in order to show the power of faith over science. She noted that Henri Lasserre’s Notre-Dame de Lourdes, with a million copies in print, outsold even Drumont’sLa France juive. Brown also pays surprisingly little attention to France’s acquisition of a vast overseas empire during this period. Conflicts between Catholic missionaries abroad and the Republic’s famous “civilizing mission” ensured that the French culture wars spilled over to large areas of Africa and other parts of the world as well (although at times there was also surprising cooperation). Brown does observe, though, that the Paris World Fair of 1878 grotesquely included “several hundred ‘indigenous people’” who “spent six months in a human zoo called the Negro Village.”
As befits the author of celebrated lives of Flaubert and Zola, Brown is at his best in biographical mode. He does particularly well with the industrious, methodical engineer Gustave Eiffel, creator of the eponymous tower. As the book reminds us, initially the Eiffel Tower received as much criticism as applause, and not only from the surprisingly numerous artists who denounced it as “an odious column of bolted metal.” The project originally came about as part of an exhibition marking the centenary of the French Revolution, and celebrating the triumph of reason and science. And as its frame rose high above the city, it all too obviously challenged the other great Parisian construction project of the period: the lugubrious Basilica of the Sacred Heart, or Sacré-Coeur, which was beginning to loom over the city from the heights of Montmartre. (It was not finished until 1914.) The Catholic Church originally conceived of Sacré-Coeur as a reminder of and “expiation” for the city’s sins during the Commune, when the city’s archbishop was taken hostage and then shot.
Brown has a particularly brilliant sketch of Georges Boulanger, the charismatic and vainglorious general who came close to seizing power at the end of the 1880s. Boulanger initially posed not as a combatant in France’s culture wars but as an “apolitical” solution to them, and in this regard he resembled a succession of generals who tried to play similar roles throughout modern French history, Bonaparte and De Gaulle most successfully. French republicans and monarchists alike have historically distrusted populist appeals to the crowds, preferring to put their faith in impersonal institutions. But Boulanger, like Bonaparte, defied these conventions, highlighting his own heroic life story (including feats of derring-do in Algeria and Indochina, and a serious wound incurred during the Italian War of Independence), and making carefully planned appearances astride a splendid black charger. As Brown nicely remarks, he knew how to create “the illusion of depth.”
The figure of the charismatic general in politics actually came closer to the nineteenth-century American political model than to the French—and not coincidentally, as Brown notes, Boulanger formed many of his political ideas during a visit to the UnitedStates in 1881. “When left alone,” Brown writes, “he concluded that Jacksonian democracy worked better than French republicanism.” By the end of the decade, however, Boulanger had lost faith in democracy of any sort, and slipped closer to the far right. His story ended farcically, as his opponents charged him with attempting to subvert the Republic and embezzling money from the War Ministry, and his political movement quickly collapsed. In 1891, stricken by grief at the death of his mistress, he traveled to her graveside in Brussels, leaned back against her tombstone, and blew his brains out.
Boulanger could not bring the culture wars to an end. Neither could Dreyfus’s vindication in 1906. And despite a so-called “holy union” in 1914-1918, neither could World War I, which Brown briefly discusses at the very end of his book. In fact, in the 1920s and 1930s the conflicts turned viciously and destructively ideological, with the rise of the French Communist Party, the formation of various fascist and reactionary groups, and a right-wing attempt to overthrow the Republic in 1934. The culture wars ended only when the Catholic monarchist right made its pact with the devil under Vichy, not only accepting Nazi rule but also taking advantage of it to make a final reckoning with its enemies, notably the Jews. Vichy authorities arrested and deported some 76,000 Jews, nearly all of whom died in the extermination camps. The liberation in 1944 left these culture warriors largely discredited, and despite occasional stirrings since then, the battles of the age of Dreyfus are well and truly over.
Since 1944, in fact, France has known a remarkable degree of cultural consensus. This does not always appear obvious from the American media’s coverage of the country, which mostly seems to feature riots, protests, and strikes. But vocal opposition to government reforms, such as the recent attempts to shake up higher education, or to loosen labor laws, amounts in large part to a traditional form of French political theater, and does not point to any fundamental division over values, assumptions, or beliefs. Catholicism, a principal player in the older culture wars, has a shockingly small place in French public life today. In one recent poll, only slightly more than half the population described themselves as even nominally Catholic. Gay rights and abortion evoke very little passion, as compared to the United States. Neither does the large role taken by government throughout society, including in areas such as health care.
To be sure, the problems related to immigrant populations, and particularly the challenge posed by radical Islam, have generated tremendous anxieties. But with the exception of a relatively small minority, most French people agree in general terms about the need to “integrate” these populations. If the Muslim population continues its present rate of expansion (a doubtful proposition), and if radical Islam flourishes within it, then a new and virulent set of culture wars could well break out in the future, as Christopher Caldwell has warned. But for the moment, thankfully, this future is anything but assured.
So France is no longer the “two nations on the same soil” that Augustin Thierry described almost two centuries ago. Thierry’s essay itself now appears somewhat ironic, for it was mostly not about France at all, but about the United States. Thanks to the American Revolution, Thierry argued, “America has expelled from its shores the nation that claimed to rule over it,” and therefore achieved the sort of ethnic unity and freedom that the divided French could only dream of. But the two countries’ more recent history has demonstrated all too clearly that culture wars are not merely the remnants of ancient ethnic animosity. They can bubble up from within a seemingly homogeneous, consensual body politic, and split it dangerously apart. It is happening all too obviously in the United States today, and as a result Thierry’s lament about “two nations on the same soil” is now our own. We must hope that the divisions begin to heal before our culture wars turn as vicious and ugly as the ones that Frederick Brown has described. Or has that already happened?
David A. Bell, a contributing editor to The New Republic, teaches history at Princeton. | <urn:uuid:dd987816-8aad-4bf0-87a1-707d08f09929> | {
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By analyzing tissues harvested from organ donors, Columbia University Medical Center (CUMC) researchers have created the first ever "atlas" of immune cells in the human body. Their results provide a unique view of the distribution and function of T lymphocytes in healthy individuals. In addition, the findings represent a major step toward development of new strategies for creating vaccines and immunotherapies. The study was published today in the online edition of the journal Immunity.
T cells, a type of white blood cell, play a major role in cell-mediated immunity, in which the immune system produces various types of cells to defend the body against pathogens, cancer cells, and foreign substances.
"We found that T cells are highly compartmentalized — that is, each tissue we examined had its own complement of T cells," said study leader Donna L. Farber, PhD, professor of surgical sciences at CUMC and a principal investigator with the new Columbia Center for Translational Immunology (CCTI), directed by Megan Sykes, MD. "The results were remarkably similar in all donors, even though these people were very different in terms of age, background, and lifestyle."
The researchers also discovered a receptor that is expressed on the surface of "tissue-resident" T cells but not on circulating T cells. Using this marker, Dr. Farber and her colleagues established that the blood is its own compartment. "In other words, T cells found in circulation are not the same as T cells in the tissues," said Dr. Farber. | <urn:uuid:0a6f73ff-ecc1-4662-af8f-793687a16d7f> | {
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61.1. Statement of the Principle of Typification. Each nominal taxon in the family, genus or species groups has actually or potentially a name-bearing type. The fixation of the name-bearing type of a nominal taxon provides the objective standard of reference for the application of the name it bears.
61.1.1. No matter how the boundaries of a taxonomic taxon may vary in the opinion of zoologists the valid name of such a taxon is determined [Art. 23.3] from the name-bearing type(s) considered to belong within those boundaries.
61.1.2. Objectivity provided by typification is continuous through the hierarchy of names. It extends in ascending order from the species group to the family group. Thus the name-bearing type of a nominal species-group taxon is a specimen or a set of specimens (a holotype, lectotype, neotype or syntypes [Art. 72.1.2]), that of a nominal genus-group taxon is a nominal species defined objectively by its type; that of a nominal family-group taxon is the nominal genus on which its name is based.
61.1.3. Once fixed, name-bearing types are stable and provide objective continuity in the application of names. Thus the name-bearing type of any nominal taxon, once fixed in conformity with the provisions of the Code, is not subject to change except in the case of nominal genus-group taxa as provided in Article 70.3.2, of nominal species-group taxa as provided in Articles 74 and 75, and by use of the plenary power of the Commission [Art. 81].
61.2. Name-bearing types of nominotypical taxa. The name-bearing type of a nominal taxon is also the name-bearing type of its nominotypical taxon [Arts. 37.1, 44.1, 47.1], and the fixation of a name-bearing type for one constitutes fixation for the other also.
61.2.1. If different name-bearing types are fixed simultaneously for a nominal taxon and for its nominotypical taxon, the fixation for the taxon at higher rank takes precedence.
61.3. Name-bearing types and synonymy.
61.3.1. If nominal taxa with different name-bearing types are referred to a single taxonomic taxon, their names are subjective synonyms at the rank of that taxon (but need not be synonyms at a subordinate rank).
Example. The different name-bearing types of Psittacus elegans Gmelin, 1788 and Platycercus flaveolus Gould, 1837 are considered to belong to a single taxonomic species of rosella parrot of which Platycercus elegans (Gmelin, 1788) is the valid name. Although the names are subjective synonyms at the rank of species, they are not synonyms at the subordinate rank of subspecies of Platycercus elegans, for which the valid names are Pl. e. elegans (Gmelin, 1788) and Pl. e. flaveolus Gould, 1837.
61.3.2. If two or more objectively synonymous generic names have been used as the basis for names in the family group, the family-group names are objective synonyms.
61.3.3. If two or more nominal genus-group taxa have the same type species, or type species with different names but based on the same name-bearing type, their names are objective synonyms.
61.3.4. If two or more nominal species-group taxa have the same name-bearing type, their names are objective synonyms.
61.4. Designation of a subgenus or subspecies as a name-bearing type. If a nominal subgenus is fixed as the name-bearing type of a nominal family-group taxon, it is deemed to have been raised first to the rank of genus. If a nominal subspecies is fixed as the name-bearing type of a nominal genus-group taxon, it is deemed to have been raised first to the rank of species.
Example. Planigale Troughton, 1928 (Mammalia) was established with the species P. subtilissima (Lönnberg, 1913), P. tenuirostris Troughton, 1928 and P. ingrami (Thomas, 1906) and the subspecies P. ingrami brunnea Troughton, 1928. In the original description, the latter "subspecies of ingrami" was designated the type of Planigale by the term "Genotype". P. brunnea Troughton, 1928 is the type species by original designation, not P. ingrami (Thomas, 1906). | <urn:uuid:81afb7e5-766f-4f58-80c9-f6e9f6d41909> | {
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If you are not a member of the press, please write to us at [email protected] or see our contact page.
Major Changes Ahead Due to Global Warming, Says New Federal Report
Mid-Atlantic Region May Be Particularly Vulnerable
WASHINGTON (June 12, 2000) - The first comprehensive assessment of global warming's potential impact on the United States warns that some U.S. ecosystems are likely to disappear entirely as a result of climate change. The 145-page overview, "Climate Change Impacts on the United States," was released today for public comment by the U.S. Global Change Research Program.
Researchers at Pennsylvania State University released a companion overview on the Mid-Atlantic region earlier this year that details the potential harm caused by rising temperatures and sea levels on an area stretching from southeastern New York state to North Carolina. The Mid-Atlantic Regional Assessment overview report is available on the Web at http://www.essc.psu.edu/mara/.
"The Mid-Atlantic assessment shows that many of the region's distinct natural features could deteriorate as a result of changing climate," says Susan Subak, a senior research associate at the Natural Resources Defense Council. "Whether we're talking about Chesapeake Bay fisheries and recreational areas or Southern Appalachian forest and bird habitats, rising temperatures would put further stress on natural systems in this populous region. Cutting our consumption of fossil fuels, particularly from vehicles and electricity, would limit the increase of heat-trapping gases in the atmosphere, and help prevent the worst-case scenarios."
The national assessment evaluates global warming's potential impact on 20 geographic areas and five sectors: agriculture, coastal areas, forests, human health and water resources. The draft report's main findings include:
- Continued growth in worldwide emissions is likely to increase average temperatures across the United States by 5-10 degrees Fahrenheit by 2100.
- Some ecosystems, such as alpine meadows in the Rocky Mountains and some barrier islands, are likely to disappear entirely, while others, such as forests of the Southeast, are likely to experience major species shifts or break up.
- Drought is an important concern in every region and many regions are at risk from increased flooding and water quality problems. Snowpack changes are especially important in the West, Pacific Northwest, and Alaska.
- Climate change and the resulting rise in sea level are likely to exacerbate threats to buildings, roads, powerlines, and other infrastructure in climatically sensitive places, such as low-lying coastlines.
- Climate change will very likely magnify the cumulative impacts of other stresses, such as air and water pollution and habitat destruction. For some systems, such as coral reefs, the effects are very likely to exceed a critical threshold, bringing irreversible damage.
- Heat stress from higher summer temperatures, more frequent and extensive flooding, and extended ranges of disease-bearing insects may increase the risk of illness and pose additional challenges to the public health care system.
Some adverse impacts will be unavoidable because heat-trapping gases are long-lasting in the atmosphere, and because emissions already have changed our climate. These impacts will be aggravated by other stresses on the environment and by changing socioeconomic conditions.
The national assessment offers Americans suggestions on preparing for global warming. One of the most important is to limit the impact of development on the environment, especially in areas vulnerable to species and habitat loss. By reducing these stresses, we can support the capacity of natural ecosystems and communities to respond to a changing climate.
More than 250 scientists assisted in the national assessment, and countless other experts and stakeholders contributed to the workshops and to the technical review of the documents. There will be a 60-day public comment period after the report is released.
The Natural Resources Defense Council is a national, non-profit organization of scientists, lawyers and environmental specialists dedicated to protecting public health and the environment. Founded in 1970, NRDC has more than 400,000 members nationwide, served from offices in New York, Washington, Los Angeles and San Francisco.
Sign up for NRDC's online newsletter
NRDC Gets Top Ratings from the Charity Watchdogs
- Charity Navigator awards NRDC its 4-star top rating.
- Worth magazine named NRDC one of America's 100 best charities.
- NRDC meets the highest standards of the Wise Giving Alliance of the Better Business Bureau. | <urn:uuid:938c302c-58f2-4006-9441-a899aff50880> | {
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Press Release 10-142
Gulf Oil Spill: NSF Awards Grant to Study Effects of Oil and Dispersants on Louisiana Salt Marsh Ecosystem
Researchers measuring impacts of short- and long-term exposure in extensive Gulf Coast marshes
August 16, 2010
As oil and dispersants wash ashore in coastal Louisiana salt marshes, what will their effects be on these sensitive ecosystems?
The National Science Foundation (NSF) has awarded a rapid response grant to scientist Eugene Turner of Louisiana State University and colleagues to measure the impacts on Gulf Coast salt marshes.
The researchers will track short-term (at the current time, and again at three months) and longer-term (at 11 months) exposure to oil and dispersants.
The coast of Louisiana is lined with extensive salt marshes whose foundation is two species of Spartina grass.
In brackish marshes, Spartina patens is the dominant form. It's locally known as wiregrass, marsh hay and paille a chat tigre (hair of the tiger).
In more saline marshes closer to the Gulf of Mexico, Spartina alterniflora, also called smooth cordgrass and oyster grass, takes over. A tall form of this wavy grass grows on the streamside edge of the marsh; a shorter form grows behind it.
In their NSF study, the biologists will document changes in these critically-important Spartina grasses, as well as in the growth of other salt marsh plants, and in marsh animals and microbes.
Field investigators will collect samples three times at 35 to 50 sites and analyze the oil and dispersants after each expedition.
The first field effort is now underway.
"Data are being collected that may be used as indicators of the long-term health of the salt marsh community," says Turner. "From these data, we will obtain information that precedes potentially far-reaching changes.
"This exceptionally large oil spill and subsequent remediation efforts are landmark opportunities to learn about short- and long-term stressors on salt marsh ecosystems."
Salt marsh stressors, such as those from oil spills, can have dramatic, visible, and immediate direct impacts, Turner says, on marshes and surrounding uplands.
"They also have indirect effects because, as oil and dispersants begin to degrade, they enter food webs via primary consumers such as suspension-feeding oysters, deposit-feeding bivalves, and grazing gastropods," says David Garrison of NSF's Division of Ocean Sciences, which funded the research.
These "primary consumers," in turn, serve as food sources for those at higher trophic levels--including humans.
As contaminants make their way up the food chain, they may become concentrated, as in the well-known example of mercury in fish.
"The effects of environmental stressors can cascade through ecosystems as metabolic pathways are altered," says Todd Crowl of NSF's Division of Environmental Biology, which co-funded the research. "The result may be an ecosystem that's radically altered well into the future."
The research, says Turner, is a benchmark study in salt marsh ecosystem change, and will answer key questions about salt marsh stability.
This NSF grant is one of many Gulf oil spill-related rapid response awards made by the federal agency. NSF's response involves active research in social sciences, geosciences, computer simulation, engineering, biology, and other fields. So far, the Foundation has made more than 60 awards totaling nearly $7 million.
For more on the RAPID program, please see the RAPID guidelines. See also a regularly updated list of RAPIDs targeting the Gulf oil spill response. Because RAPID grants are being awarded continuously, media can also contact Josh Chamot ([email protected]) in the Office of Legislative and Public Affairs for the latest information on granted awards.
Cheryl Dybas, NSF (703) 292-7734 [email protected]
The National Science Foundation (NSF) is an independent federal agency that supports fundamental research and education across all fields of science and engineering. In fiscal year (FY) 2012, its budget was $7.0 billion. NSF funds reach all 50 states through grants to nearly 2,000 colleges, universities and other institutions. Each year, NSF receives about 50,000 competitive requests for funding, and makes about 11,500 new funding awards. NSF also awards about $593 million in professional and service contracts yearly.
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Socrates Tryon (1816-1855)
Socrates Hotchkiss Tryon lived in Vermont, Iowa, and Hawaii before coming to Oregon in 1849. He settled on land located between Portland and Oregon City, and in 1975, his claim became the Tryon Creek State Natural Area.
Tryon was born in Pawlet, Vermont, on January 24, 1816, to Jesse Tryon and Laura Hotchkiss. After graduating from Castleton Medical College, he married Frances Safely. The couple moved to Linn County, Iowa, in 1838, where Tryon was the county’s first doctor. In 1840, he became clerk of Iowa's Third Judicial District.
In the early 1840s, Tryon left his family in Iowa to travel to the Hawaiian Islands, where he practiced medicine, and returned to Iowa in 1844. He served as a delegate to Iowa’s second constitutional convention in 1846; his first child, Socrates Jr., was born the same year.
Tryon sold his land three years later and traveled to Oregon with his father and two brothers. Frances Tryon and Socrates Jr. sailed to San Francisco, where Frances operated a boarding house and waited for word on whether or not Tryon wanted to stay in Oregon.
In Oregon, Tryon took out a Donation Land Claim of 645 acres bordering the west side of the Willamette River south of Portland. The claim contained most of a canyon forested with virgin cedar and Douglas-fir, as well as the creek that ran through it. Tryon built a house and sawmill and established a small farm on the land. His father died in 1850. Frances and their son joined Socrates in 1851 after the Great Fire swept through San Francisco. Their second child, Sallie, was born in late 1851.
Tryon reportedly died of sciatic rheumatism in 1855. He had set aside $4,000 for the children’s education, but Frances’s second husband, a Mr. Young, stole the inheritance. Frances managed to put her children through school by working the farm herself and doing laundry for the girls’ school in Lake Oswego. The children sold the land to the Oregon Iron Company for $7,000 in 1874.
The creek running on the property continued to be called Tryon Creek, and Tryon’s house, built in the Greek revival style, stood at 250 Stampher Road until it was torn down in the 1990s.Written by:Lachlan Johnson
Brevik, Denis. “Tryon-L Archives.” RootsWeb, 1998. http://archiver.rootsweb.ancestry.com/th/read/TRYON/1998-06/0897414443.
Cleveland, Helen, and Sally Boyd. "The Socrates Tryon Family Story." Oswego Heritage Journal 3 (1994), 2. | <urn:uuid:f2ceac45-6598-4de4-9623-48116eef0e09> | {
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Every year, dogs bite about 4.7 million people, most of them children between ages five and nine.
Postal workers are also common victims. Last year, 5,577 postal employees were attacked in more than 1,400 cities, according to the United States Postal Service. With 27 dog attacks last year, Portland ranked 13th (tying with Brooklyn, N.Y.) out of the U.S.P.S. list of the top 25 cities for dog attacks.
The OVMA says such attacks are preventable. The key is to make sure the dog receives proper behavioral training and socialization, and kids should know how to safely approach and live with dogs.
Thanks to the OVMA for these tips on ways to keep children safe:
- Never come near a dog you don’t know – especially if it is tethered to something, behind a fence or confined in a car.
- Don’t ever play with a dog without adult supervision.
- Never disturb a sleeping dog, or one who is eating or caring for puppies.
- Don’t chase or tease a dog.
- Always ask a dog’s owner if it’s OK to pet a dog.
- Never pet or touch a dog before it has a chance to see and sniff you.
- Don’t ever turn away and run from a dog, and don’t scream.
- Instead, remain still: stand without moving with your hands at your sides. Don’t make eye contact with a dog. If you sense it’s about to attack, find something to put between you and the animal such as a backpack or blanket.
- If a dog knocks you down, curl your body into a ball and put your hands over your face. Get help immediately.
If you’re a dog owner:
- Know that dogs that spend lots of time alone or chained up are likely to become dangerous. Well-socialized dogs, on the other hand, are much less likely to bite.
- A dog with a history of aggressive behavior shouldn’t be in a home with children.
- Never, ever leave infants or toddlers alone with a dog for any length of time. Period. Read about how to introduce a pet to a new baby here.
- If your child seems afraid about the prospect of a dog in the house, it may not be the right time.
- Make sure your dog is spayed or neutered. Neutered dogs are less likely to show aggressive behavior.
- The U.S.P.S. also reminds owners to keep your dog inside and in another room when the mail carrier comes to your home.
- Socialize your dog. Obedience training can teach your dog to behave appropriately and can help owners maintain control of their dogs. | <urn:uuid:013df78c-868d-4355-b4d2-a40cc397a6c2> | {
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On the holiest day of the year, the Day of Atonement, the holiest of people, the High Priest, entered the holiest of places, the Holy of Holies, and made atonement for all Israel. It was a moment on which the fate of Israel depended. For their destiny depended on G-d; and G-d in turn sought their obedience. Yet a sinless nation is inconceivable. That would be a nation of angels, not women and men. So a people needs rituals of collective repentance and remorse, times at which it asks G-d for forgiveness. That is what the Day of Atonement was when the Temple stood.
It is difficult, perhaps impossible, for us to understand the crisis represented by the destruction of the Second Temple by the Romans in the year 70CE. It was, to be sure, a military and political disaster. That, we have no difficulty in imagining. But it was also a spiritual catastrophe. Judaism and the Jewish people survived. We would not be here otherwise. But that survival was by no means assured at the time. How does a nation defined in terms of a religion centred on the Temple and its sacrifices live on after the loss of its most basic institutions? That is the question of questions.
The destruction of the First Temple was no less tragic. But in those days, Israel had prophets – men like Jeremiah and Ezekiel – who gave the people hope. There were no such prophets in the first century CE. To the contrary, from the time of the Maccabees onwards, prophecy gave way to apocalypse: visions of the end of days far removed from the normal course of history. The prophets, despite the grandeur of their visions, were for the most part political realists. The apocalyptic visionaries were not. They envisaged a metaphysical transformation. The cosmos would be convulsed by violent confrontation. There would be a massive final battle between the forces of good and evil. As one of the Dead Sea Scrolls discovered in Qumran put it: “the heavenly host will give forth in great voice, the foundations of the world will be shaken, and a war of the mighty ones of the heavens will spread throughout the world”.
People foresaw disaster. Josephus tells us about one of them. Four years before the war against Rome, “at a time of exceptional peace and prosperity”, a certain Jeshua son of Ananias, “a very ordinary yokel”, began to cry “Woe to Jerusalem” wherever he went. People beat him; the authorities had him sentenced to corporal punishment; yet he continued his lament undaunted: “All the time till the war broke out he never approached another citizen or was seen in conversation, but daily as if he had learned a prayer by heart he recited his lament: ‘Woe to Jerusalem’ . . . For seven years and five months he went on ceaselessly, his voice as strong as ever and his vigour unabated”, until he was killed by a rock flung by a Roman engine during the siege.
What does a nation do in the wake of “sacrificial crisis”, the loss of its rituals of atonement? We are in a position to trace this precisely, because of the exceptionally candid confession of one who chose another way, Paul of Tarsus, the first and greatest theologian of Christianity.
Paul tells us that he was obsessed by guilt. He said of himself that he was “sold as a slave to sin”. The good he sought to do, he failed to do. The sin he sought to avoid, he committed. The very fact that he was commanded to do something, provoked in him the opposite reaction, an overwhelming desire to do it. So powerful was this antinomian streak within him that it led him to conceive of a religion without commands at all – quite unlike the sermon on the mount, in which the founder of Christianity said: “Do not think that I have come to abolish the Law or the Prophets . . . I tell you the truth, until heaven and earth disappear, not the smallest letter, not the least stroke of a pen, will by any means disappear from the Law until everything is accomplished. Anyone who breaks one of the least of these commandments and teaches others to do the same will be called least in the kingdom of heaven . . .”
Paul famously attributed the sinful nature of humanity to the first sin of the first human being, Adam. This sin was lifted by the death of the Messiah. Heaven itself had sacrificed the son of G-d to atone for the sin of man. G-d became the High Priest, and His son the sacrifice.
Paul lived and taught shortly before the destruction of the Second Temple, but his teaching – like that of the members of the Qumran sect and Josephus’ visionary Jeshua – fully anticipates that catastrophe and constitutes a pre-emptive response to it. What would happen when there were no more physical sacrifices to atone for the guilt of the nation? In their place, for Paul, would come the metaphysical sacrifice of the son-of-G-d. In Paul, sacrifice is transcendentalized, turned from an event in time and space to one beyond time and space, operative always.
Judaism could not take this route, for many reasons. First, because the message of the binding of Isaac (Genesis 22) is that G-d does not allow us (let alone Him) to sacrifice sons. Second, because not one, but all, members of the people of the covenant are sons or daughters of G-d: “My child, My firstborn, Israel” (Exodus 4: 22). Third, because despite the many messianic movements to which it has given rise, the Jewish answer to the question, “Has the Messiah come?” is always, “Not Yet”. While there is still violence and injustice in the world, we cannot accept the consolation of believing that we live in a post-messianic age.
Only against this background can we appreciate the astonishing leap implicit in the famous statement of Rabbi Akiva:
Rabbi Akiva said: Happy are you, Israel. Who is it before whom you are purified and who purifies you? Your Father in heaven. As it is said: And I will sprinkle clean water upon you and you shall be clean. And it further says: You hope of Israel, the Lord. Just as a fountain purifies the impure, so does the Holy One, blessed be He, purify Israel.
According to Rabbi Akiva specifically, and rabbinic thought generally, in the absence of a Temple, a High Priest and sacrifices, all we need to do is repent, to do teshuvah, to acknowledge our sins, to commit ourselves not to repeat them in the future, and to ask G-d to forgive us. Nothing else is required: not a Temple, not a priest, and not a sacrifice. G-d Himself purifies us. There is no need for an intermediary. What Christianity transcendentalized, Judaism democratized. As the Yiddish dramatist S. Ansky put it: Where there is true turning to G-d, every person becomes a priest, every prayer a sacrifice, every day a Day of Atonement and every place a Holy of Holies.
This really was the parting of the ways between Judaism and Christianity. At stake were two quite different ways of understanding the human person, the nature of sin, the concept of guilt and its atonement, and the mediated or unmediated relationship between us and G-d. Judaism could not accept the concept of “original sin” since Jeremiah and Ezekiel had taught, six centuries before the birth of Christianity, that sin is not transferred across the generations. Nor did it need a metaphysical substitute for sacrifice, believing as it did in the words of the Psalmist (Ps. 51: 17): “The sacrifices of G-d are a broken spirit; a broken and contrite heart, O G-d, you will not despise”. We are all sons or daughters of G-d, who is close to all who call Him in truth. That is how one of the greatest tragedies to hit the Jewish people led to an unprecedented closeness between G-d and us, unmediated by a High Priest, unaccompanied by any sacrifice, achieved by nothing more or less than turning to G-d with all our heart, asking for forgiveness and trusting in His love.
Excerpt from Yom Ha'atzmaut Address 5765 –
Kinloss, London May 2005
Why, when the whole history of the 20th century tells us what happens when hate is unchecked, when lies are told in the media as truth - as they were in the case of Jenin -when universities discriminate against this or that one, we know what happens at the end of that path that begins that way. Why do these things still happen?
Do we still - after 60 years of Holocaust education, 60 years of anti-racist legislation, 60 years of inter-faith activity - have to defend the right of the Jewish people to be?
All too often, in defence of Israel against defamation, we, the Jewish people have had to stand alone. No people should be left to face hate alone. As Martin Luther King said, "In the end we will remember, not the words of our enemies but the silence of our friends."
Ki sarita im elokim ve'im anashim vetuchal
You shall be called Israel, for you have wrestled with God and with men.
Consider the five overriding problems that will face all humanity in the 21st century:
First, the environment: Israel was the first country in the modern world to plant trees, not cut them down, to reforest not deforest. Long before ecology had entered the moral imagination, the Jewish people were turning a land that for centuries lay desolate into a fertile landscape of farms and forests and fields.
Problem Two: Asylum seekers: Israel is the only country other than the United States built out of asylum seekers. They came from 103 different countries, speaking 82 different languages, and out of that global mixture of refugees a great nation was born.
Terror: Israel's security fence, so often described as a wall, is the only effective non-violent protection against terror yet devised in this age of global terror.
Fourth, economic divisions: according to Harvard University's Professor of Economic History, David Landes, only one country in the world has moved in 50 years from being a third world economy to a first world economy: and that is Israel.
And fifthly and lastly, democratic freedom: Not only is Israel the only genuine democracy in the Middle East, but it has sustained its democratic freedoms under strains and stresses that would have broken the back of weaker cultures.
If there were justice in the world, Israel, a tiny country of indomitable courage, would be seen as the role model among the nations, not the pariah among the nations.
Ki sarita im elokim ve'im anashim vetuchal - The struggle continues and is part of what it means to be a Jew.
Yet today, this evening is a religious moment, and of all the words in the religious vocabulary of Am Yisrael and Torat Yisrael the key one is the word emunah. Emunah it is normally translated as faith, but it does not mean faith. What it means is faithfulness, loyalty, not walking away when times are tough. It means being steadfast in our loyalty to our people and our land, the home of all our hopes, the place where long ago the Jewish people was born on, and where, within living memory, it has been reborn. | <urn:uuid:13ece6d5-a502-4f9b-b584-8b093df9e4f4> | {
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Even if the Palmarin Tree Project planted a million trees next year, it wouldn't mean much if we couldn't protect them. To make real gains in reforestation has to be well thought out from what species to are to be planted, where and then most importantly how are we going to make sure they will survive. Today that is a big challenge, especially in the Reserve de Palmarin. Although its a reserve it is still used for traditional economic activities including herding.
If we are going to make real headway on habitat reconstruction we first need a protected area to work with. Working with local government officials and those who have traditional rights to the land the Palmarin Tree Project is looking to create protected areas where real conservation can occur. This project is in its infancy but has the potential to be our greatest achievement in environmental protection. | <urn:uuid:36759bd9-b27e-42cd-b3d3-ff20a92dc17b> | {
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Modeled after the Amber Alert System, this network helps locate wanderers.
Relatives of people with dementia or Alzheimer’s disease often have the nagging fear that their loved one might wander away and get lost. It’s estimated that more than 9 of 10 people with dementia who leave the house alone are likely to be unable to find their way home without assistance, giving caregivers and other relatives endless moments of anxiety until their loved one is found. The Silver Alert System is designed to provide some reassurance to anxious relatives that their missing seniors can be reunited with them. The Silver Alert is patterned after the Amber Alert system, but instead of missing children this one informs the public about missing seniors with mental impairments.
Silver Alert System: How It Works
On a local level, the Silver Alert System works much like the Amber Alert. The missing person incident is reported to the local police. Personal health information may be necessary, and it should show that the person (age 60 or older) suffers from dementia or is otherwise mentally impaired. Relatives should also provide other details that would help in tracking down the missing senior. After verification, the local police inform the state agency tasked to issue alerts.
A statewide Silver Alert is then issued by the state agency. In many states, it’s the Department of Public Safety; in some others, the alert is issued by the State Police, Highway Patrol or Department of Law Enforcement, the State Bureau of Investigation, a State Center for Missing Persons or even the State Attorney General.
Once issued, the alert is displayed on electronic highway signs and broadcast on radio and television. There is one difference, however. In the case of Amber Alerts, alerts of missing children immediately interrupt regularly scheduled programming. As currently implemented in the states that have a Silver Alert System in place, the message does not break into regular programming, but is announced on air only during commercial breaks, which occur every hour or half-hour.
To protect privacy, many states require the personal health information to be deleted once the alert has passed.
Silver Alert System: States Setting The Trend
Silver Alert was started in Colorado in 2006. By the end of 2008, 12 other states had implemented a Silver Alert system: Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Missouri, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, Rhode Island, Texas and Virginia.
This year, several more states, including Indiana, Michigan, Mississippi, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Tennessee and Washington are considering legislation to set up their own Silver Alert programs.
Success rates have been impressive, although not all states have made their specific results available. Georgia has issued 68 Silver Alerts and all the missing seniors were found. There have been 27 alerts in Florida (which ranks second after California as having the highest population of seniors in the US) and all were found, with six being specifically attributed to the alerts.
Silver Alert System: Going National
Legislation has been filed in Congress that would create a national network for Silver Alerts and provide $10 million in federal funding to help states with their programs. The bill, known as the National Silver Alert Act 2009, was approved by the House last February; it is now awaiting action in the Senate.
Many organizations believe the need for Silver Alerts can only increase in coming years. The proportion of elderly in America will expand as the huge Baby Boomer generation moves into retirement range.
Wandering is one of the symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease, which currently affects at least 5.2 million Americans. The Alzheimer’s Foundation estimates that at least 60 percent of them—3 million people—are likely to wander in the course of their disease. Further statistics indicate that, among people with dementia who wander, at least 50 percent could suffer serious injury or die if they remain missing for more than 24 hours.
Like a missing child, a missing elder can be a family’s worst nightmare. Time is of the essence in these situations. The Silver Alert System is one way to help get seniors back before any harm can come to them. | <urn:uuid:a5e0a44d-9139-44a5-92ba-ea11f569f85e> | {
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My baby is 3-1/2 months old and has a cold. We think it was due to exposure to cold weather because we had to go out in the snow just two or three days before she got it. The doctor told us that it's a virus and we can bathe her, take her out, or do whatever we want. Will bathing her when she's having cold aggravate the condition, and was her cold caused by exposure to cold weather?
Doctors usually say that colds are caused by viruses and not by exposure to the cold, and parents often believe the other is true. To a certain extent, I think both are right. We've learned a lot from the experience of scientists stationed in McMurdo Station in Antarctica. There, they are very very cold and catch no colds at all... unless someone with a cold arrives. Then it spreads very quickly.
Exposure to cold weather changes the way that our bodies fight off viruses. The protective mucus and cilia in the respiratory tract do not function as well. So if you get exposed to a virus in those conditions you're more likely to catch it. Breathing cold air seems to be the toughest on the system.
Bathing your baby is okay, as long as she doesn't get too chilled.
The information on this Web site is designed for educational purposes only. It is not intended to be a substitute for informed medical advice or care. You should not use this information to diagnose or treat any health problems or illnesses without consulting your pediatrician or family doctor. Please consult a doctor with any questions or concerns you might have regarding your or your child's condition. | <urn:uuid:c4511f3d-1f1e-4a99-8789-4be9bfa31d4f> | {
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Cultural Differences in Marriage
Begin by seeking knowledge and understanding of each other's culture. Then you can move into acceptance and appreciation. Your cultures are different, and one is not right and the other wrong.
Cultural exploration is especially important before a couple marries and has children. Your cultures will affect most aspects of your relationship. Areas affected include family relationships, roles of women and men, communication skills, physical hygiene, role of religion, importance of education and careers and clothing/manner of dress. Knowing each other as partners includes knowing each other's culture.
When you are in a committed relationship/marriage, it is wise to have your cultures be a source of harmony rather than disunity. Some ways that you can do this are being sensitive to each other's needs and choices, nurturing appreciation for each other's culture, being flexible, focusing on loving one another and having both a spirit of adventure and sense of humor. | <urn:uuid:56c6549e-c97f-4f2b-a6fd-aa82667706c4> | {
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Disney Turns Your Body Into a Touch Screen
Touching and swiping on your smartphone or tablet is so 2011. What if you could select a new song, craft a text message, or launch an app without ever touching your gadget?
Disney Research has stepped away from creating animatronic creatures to investigate more complex uses for touch-based technology, and it landed on a system known as Touché.
A five-minute video (below) details some of the uses for Touché, but one of the more interesting options is using the body as a touch screen of sorts. Rather than pulling your MP3 player out of your pocket, for example, simply touch your finger to your palm to advance a playlist or increase the volume.
The user would likely be wearing a wristwatch-esque sensor to pick up movement, according to a paper from Disney researchers Munehiko Sato, Ivan Poupyrev, and Chris Harrison. The trio recently won Best Paper at the 2012 ACM SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems.
"For example, making a 'shh' gesture with index finger touching to the lips, could put the phone into silent mode," they wrote. "Putting the hands together, forming a book-like gesture, could replay voicemails."
Another somewhat hilarious (though possibly traumatizing) option the researchers laid out for Touché was "food training." The technology works with liquids, so let's say you were trying to get junior to eat his cereal with a spoon. Did he stick his finger in the bowl? A buzzer signals that he's doing it wrong. Chopsticks? Nope, another jarring buzzer. Trying with a spoon, however, prompts a soothing tone to signal that he is eating the cereal correctly.
Touché could also help people use their doorknobs as an away message in the office, researchers said. Are you on the phone? Anyone who touches your doorknob could see a "Do Not Disturb" message illuminate on the door. If you step away, meanwhile, different pressure could produce different messages - a light touch means "Back in 5" but closing the door with a full grip on the doorknob signals that you're "Gone for the Night."
In the home, how about sensors in your couch? Sit down and the TV turns on. Lights dim the longer you watch, with the TV and lights turning off completely should you fall asleep.
Touché is still in the concept phase, so touch screens are likely here to stay for the foreseeable future. But the researchers said they were inspired by Mark Weiser and his 1991 "disappearing computer" theory, or the idea that actual gadgets will fade into the background. For that to become a reality, however, "completely new interaction technologies are required, and we hope that this work contributes to the emergence of future ubiquitous computing environments," the Disney team said.
For more from Chloe, follow her on Twitter @ChloeAlbanesius.
blog comments powered by Disqus | <urn:uuid:6c92965c-b417-47c3-9f06-e18318d99e09> | {
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náma: (lit. 'name'): 'mind',
mentality. This term is generally used as a collective name for the 4 mental groups (arúpino
khandha), viz. feeling (vedaná), perception (saññá), mental
formations (sankhára) and consciousness (viññána). Within the 4th link
(náma-rúpa) in the formula of the paticcasamuppáda (q.v.), however, it
applies only to karma-resultant (vipáka) feeling and perception and a few
karma-resultant mental functions inseparable from any consciousness. As it is said (M. 9;
D. 15; S. XII, 2): "Feeling (vedaná), perception (saññá), volition (cetaná),
impression (phassa), mental advertence (manasikára): this, o brother, is
called mind (náma)." With the addition of 2 more mental factors, namely,
mental vitality (jívita) and concentration (samádhi), here 'stationary
phase of mind' (cittatthiti), these 7 factors are said in the Abhidhammattha
Sangaha to be the inseparable mental factors in any state of consciousness.
For the complete list of all the 50 mental
formations of the sankhára-kkhandha (not including feeling and perception), s.
náma-káya: the 'mind-group' (as
distinguished from rúpa-káya, the corporeality-group) comprises the 4 immaterial
groups of existence (arúpino khandhá; s. khandha). This twofold grouping,
frequent in Com., occurs first in D. 15, also in Pts.M. (I, 183); náma-káya alone
is mentioned in Sn. 1074.
náma-rúpa (lit. 'name and form'):
'mind-and-body', mentality and corporeality. It is the 4th link in the dependent
origination (s. paticcasamuppáda 3, 4) where it is conditioned by consciousness,
and on its part is the condition of the sixfold sense-base. In two texts (D. 14, 15),
which contain variations of the dependent origination, the mutual conditioning of
consciousness and mind-and-body is described (see also S. XII, 67), and the latter is said
to be a condition of sense-impression (phassa); so also in Sn. 872.
The third of the seven purifications (s. visuddhi),
the purification of views, is defined in Vis.M. XVIII as the "correct seeing of
mind-and-body," and various methods for the discernment of mind-and-body by way of
insight-meditation (vipassaná, q.v.) are given there. In this context, 'mind' (náma)
comprises all four mental groups, including consciousness. - See náma.
In five-group-existence (pañca-vokára-bhava,
q.v.), mind-and body are inseparable and interdependent; and this has been illustrated by
comparing them with two sheaves of reeds propped against each other: when one falls the
other will fall, too; and with a blind man with stout legs, carrying on his shoulders a
lame cripple with keen eye-sight: only by mutual assistance can they move about
efficiently (s. Vis.M. XVIII, 32ff). On their mutual dependence, see also paticca-samuppáda
With regard to the impersonality and
dependent nature of mind and corporeality it is said:
"Sound is not a thing that dwells
inside the conch-shell and comes out from time to time, but due to both, the conch-shell
and the man that blows it, sound comes to arise: Just so, due to the presence of vitality,
heat and consciousness, this body may execute the acts of going, standing, sitting and
lying down, and the 5 sense-organs and the mind may perform their various functions"
"Just as a wooden puppet though
unsubstantial, lifeless and inactive may by means of pulling strings be made to move
about, stand up, and appear full of life and activity; just so are mind and body, as such,
something empty, lifeless and inactive; but by means of their mutual working together,
this mental and bodily combination may move about, stand up, and appear full of life and
ñána: 'knowledge, comprehension,
intelligence, insight', is a synonym for paññá (q.v.); see also vipassaná.
of knowledge and vision', is the last of the 7 purifications and a name for path-knowledge
(maggañána), i.e. the penetrating realization of the path of Stream-winning,
Once-returning, Non-returning or Arahatship. Vis.M. XXII furnishes a detailed explanation
of it (s. visuddhi, VII).
In A. IV, 41 ñánadassana
apparently means the divine eye (dibbacakkhu, s. abhiññá), being produced
through concentrating the mind on light.
nánatta-saññá: The 'variety (or
multiformity) - perceptions are explained under jhána (q.v.).
ñána-vipphárá iddhi: the 'power
of penetrating knowledge', is one of the magical powers (iddhi, q.v.).
understanding (or comprehension) of the known', is one of the 3 kinds of full
understanding (pariññá q.v.).
natthika-ditthi: 'nihilistic view'
(a doctrine that all values are baseless, that nothing is knowable or can be communicated,
and that life itself is meaningless), s. ditthi.
is one of the 24 conditions (paccaya, q.v.).
natural morality: pakati-síla
navanga-buddha (or satthu)- sásana:
nava-sattávása: s. sattávása.
naya-vipassaná: s. kalápa
ñáya: 'right method', is often
used as a name for the Noble Eightfold Path (s. magga), e.g. in the Satipatthána
Sutta (M. 10, D. 22).
nekkhamma: 'freedom from sensual
lust', renunciation. Though apparently from nir + Ö kram, 'to go forth
(into the homeless state of a monk)', this term is in the Páli texts nevertheless used as
if it were derived from káma, lust, and always as an antonym to káma. It
is one of the perfections (s. páramí). N. sankappa, thought free
from lust, or thought of renunciation, is one of the 3 kinds of right thought (sammá-sankappa),
the 2nd link of the Noble Eightfold Path (s. magga, 2), its antonym being kámasankappa,
nesajjikanga: one of the 13 dhutanga
neutral, karmically: avyákata
(q.v.); n. feelings, s. vedaná.
'sphere of neither-perception-nor-non-perception', is the name for the fourth absorption
of the immaterial sphere (arúpávacara), a semi-conscious state, which is
surpassed only by the state of complete suspense of consciousness, called 'attainment of
extinction' (nirodha-samápatti, q.v.). See jhána (8).
n'eva-sekha-n'ásekha: 'neither in
training nor beyond training', i.e. neither learner nor master. Thus is called the
worldling (puthujjana, q.v.), for he is neither pursuing the 3-fold training (sikkhá
q.v.) in morality, mental culture and wisdom, on the level of the first 3 paths of
sanctity, nor has he completed his training as an Arahat. See sekha. - (App.).
neyya: 'requiring guidance', is
said of a person "who through advice and questioning, through wise consideration, and
through frequenting noble-minded friends, having intercourse with them, associating with
them, gradually comes to penetrate the truth" (Pug. 162). Cf. ugghatitaññú.
neyyattha-dhamma: A 'teaching
the meaning of which is implicit, or has to be inferred' as contrasted with a 'teaching
with an explicit or evident meaning' (nítattha-dhamma). In A. I, 60 (PTS) it is
said: "Whoso declares a sutta with an implicit meaning as a sutta with explicit
meaning (and conversely), such a one makes a false statement with regard to the Blessed
One." - See paramattha.
Nibbána, (Sanskrit nirvána):
lit. 'extinction' (nir + Ö va, to cease blowing, to become extinguished);
according to the commentaries, 'freedom from desire' (nir+ vana). Nibbána
constitutes the highest and ultimate goal of all Buddhist aspirations, i.e. absolute
extinction of that life-affirming will manifested as greed, hate and delusion, and
convulsively clinging to existence; and therewith also the ultimate and absolute
deliverance from all future rebirth, old age, disease and death, from all suffering and
misery. Cf. Parinibbána.
"Extinction of greed, extinction of
hate, extinction of delusion: this is called Nibbána" (S. XXXVIII. 1).
The 2 aspects of Nibbána are:
(1) The full extinction of defilements (kilesa-parinibbána),
also called sa-upádi-sesa-nibbána (s. It. 41), i.e. 'Nibbána with the groups
of existence still remaining' (s. upádi). This takes place at the attainment of
Arahatship, or perfect holiness (s. ariya-puggala).
(2) The full extinction of the groups
of existence (khandha-parinibbána), also called an-upádi-sesa-nibbána (s.
It. 41, A. IV, 118), i.e. 'Nibbána without the groups remaining', in other words, the
coming to rest, or rather the 'no-more-continuing' of this physico-mental process of
existence. This takes place at the death of the Arahat. - (App.: Nibbána).
Sometimes both aspects take place at one
and the same moment, i.e. at the death of the Arahat; s. sama-sísí.
"This, o monks, truly is the peace,
this is the highest, namely the end of all formations, the forsaking of every substratum
of rebirth, the fading away of craving, detachment, extinction, Nibbána" (A. III,
"Enraptured with lust (rága), enraged
with anger (dosa), blinded by delusion (moha), overwhelmed, with mind
ensnared, man aims at his own ruin, at the ruin of others, at the ruin of both, and he
experiences mental pain and grief. But if lust, anger and delusion are given up, man aims
neither at his own ruin, nor at the ruin of others, nor at the ruin of both, and he
experiences no mental pain and grief. Thus is Nibbána visible in this life, immediate,
inviting, attractive, and comprehensible to the wise" (A. III, 55).
"Just as a rock of one solid mass
remains unshaken by the wind, even so neither visible forms, nor sounds, nor odours, nor
tastes, nor bodily impressions, neither the desired nor the undesired, can cause such a
one to waver. Steadfast is his mind, gained is deliverance" (A, VI, 55).
"Verily, there is an Unborn,
Unoriginated, Uncreated, Unformed. If there were not this Unborn, Unoriginated, Uncreated,
Unformed, escape from the world of the born, the originated, the created, the formed,
would not be possible" (Ud. VIII, 3).
One cannot too often and too emphatically
stress the fact that not only for the actual realization of the goal of Nibbána, but also
for a theoretical understanding of it, it is an indispensable preliminary condition to
grasp fully the truth of anattá (q.v.), the egolessness and insubstantiality of
all forms of existence. Without such an understanding, one will necessarily misconceive
Nibbána - according to one's either materialistic or metaphysical leanings - either as
annihilation of an ego, or as an eternal state of existence into which an ego or self
enters or with which it merges. Hence it is said:
"Mere suffering exists, no sufferer
The deed is, but no doer of the deed is
Nibbána is, but not the man that enters
The path is, but no traveler on it is
Literature: For texts on
Nibbána, see Path, 36ff. - See Vis.M. XVI. 64ff. - Anattá and Nibbána, by Nyanaponika
Thera (WHEEL 11); The Buddhist Doctrine of Nibbána, by Ven. P. Vajiranana & F. Story
'rebirth', is a synonym for patisandhi (q.v.).
-paññá): 'morality (concentration, wisdom) connected with penetration'; s. hána-bhágiya-síla.
of aversion', is one of the 18 chief kinds of insight; s. vipassaná (4), samatha-vipassaná
(2), visuddhi (VI, 5).
perception (or consciousness, or view) of permanency, is one of the 4 perversions
nihilistic view: natthika-ditthi;
exercise' s. kasina.
nimitta: mark, sign; image;
target, object; cause, condition. These meanings are used in, and adapted to, many
contexts of which only the doctrinal ones are mentioned here.
1. 'Mental (reflex-) image', obtained in
meditation. In full clarity, it will appear in the mind by successful practice of certain
concentration-exercises and will then appear as vividly as if seen by the eye. The object
perceived at the very beginning of concentration is called the preparatory image (parikamma-nimitta).
The still unsteady and unclear image, which arises when the mind has reached a weak degree
of concentration, is called the acquired image (uggaha-nimitta). An entirely clear
and immovable image arising at a higher degree of concentration is the counter-image (patibhága-nimitta).
As soon as this image arises, the stage of neighbourhood (or access) concentration (upacára-samádhi)
is reached. For further details, s. kasina, samádhi.
2. 'Sign of (previous) kamma' (kamma-nimitta)
and 'sign of (the future) destiny' (gati-nimitta); these arise as mental
objects of the last karmic consciousness before death (maranásanna-kamma; s.
karma, III, 3).
Usages (1) and (2) are commentarial (s.
App.). In sutta usage, the term occurs, e.g. as:
3. 'Outward appearance': of one who has
sense-control it is said- that "he does not seize upon the general appearance' of an
object (na nimittaggáhí; M. 38, D. 2; expl. Vis I, 54f; see síla).
4. 'Object': the six objects, i.e.
visual, etc. (rúpa-nimitta; S. XXII, 3). Also, when in explanation of animitta-cetovimutti,
signless deliverance of mind (s. cetovimutti, vimokkha), it is said, 'sabba-nimittánam
amanasikárá', it refers to the 6 sense-objects (Com. to M. 43), and has therefore to
be rendered "by paying no attention to any object (or object-ideas)." - A
pleasant or beautiful object (subha-nimitta, q.v.) is a condition to the arising of
the hindrance of sense-desire; a 'repellent object' (patigha-nimitta) for the
hindrance of ill-will; contemplation on the impurity of an object (asubha-nimitta;
s. asubha) is an antidote to sense-desire.
5. In Pts.M. II, in a repetitive series of
terms, nimitta appears together with uppádo (origin of existence), pavattam
(continuity of existence), and may then be rendered by 'condition of existence' (s. Path,
nimmána-rati: the name of a class
of heavenly beings of the sensuous sphere; s. deva.
nine abodes of beings: s. sattávása.
ninefold dispensation: s: sásana.
nippapañca: s. papañca.
corporeality', is identical with rúpa-rúpa, 'corporeality proper', i.e. material
or actual corporeality, as contrasted with 'unproduced corporeality'
(anipphanna-rúpa), consisting of mere qualities or modes of corporeality, e.g.
impermanence, etc., which are also enumerated among the 28 phenomena of the corporeality
group. See khandha, Summary I; Vis.M. XIV, 73.
niraya: lit. 'the downward-path',
the nether or infernal world, usually translated by 'hell', is one of the 4 lower courses
of existence (apáya, q.v.). The Buddhists are well aware that on account of the
universal sway of impermanence a life in hell, just as in heaven, cannot last eternally,
but will after exhaustion of the karma which has caused the respective form of rebirth,
necessarily be followed again by a new death and a new rebirth, according to the stored-up
nirodha: 'extinction'; s. nirodha-samápatti,
of extinction', is one of the 18 chief kinds of insight (vipassaná q.v.). See ánápánasati
nirodha-samápatti: 'attainment of
extinction' (S. XIV, 11), also called saññá-vedayita-nirodha, 'extinction of
feeling and perception', is the temporary suspension of all consciousness and mental
activity, following immediately upon the semi-conscious state called 'sphere of
neither-perception-nor-non-perception' (s. jhána, 8). The absolutely necessary
pre-conditions to its attainment are said to be perfect mastery of all the 8 absorptions (jhána),
as well as the previous attainment of Anágámi or Arahatship (s. ariya-puggala).
According to Vis.M. XXIII, the entering
into this state takes place in the following way: by means of mental tranquillity (samatha)
and insight (vipassaná) one has to pass through all the 8 absorptions one after
the other up to the sphere of neither-perception-nor-non-perception and then one has to
bring this state to an end. If, namely, according to the Vis.M., the disciple (Anágámi
or Arahat) passes through the absorption merely by means of tranquillity, i.e.
concentration, he will only attain the sphere of neither-perception-nor-non-perception,
and then come to a standstill; if, on the other hand, he proceeds only with insight, he
will reach the fruition (phala) of Anágámi or Arahatship. He, however, who by
means of both faculties has risen from absorption to absorption and, having made the
necessary preparations, brings the sphere of neither-perception-nor-non-perception to an
end, such a one reaches the state of extinction. Whilst the disciple is passing through
the 8 absorptions, he each time emerges from the absorption attained, and regards with his
insight all the mental phenomena constituting that special absorption, as impermanent,
miserable and impersonal. Then he again enters the next higher absorption, and thus, after
each absorption practising insight, he at last reaches the state of
neither-perception-nor-non-perception, and thereafter the full extinction. This state,
according to the Com., may last for 7 days or even longer. Immediately at the rising from
this state, however, there arises in the Anágámi the fruition of Anágámiship
(anágámi-phala), in the Arahat the fruition of Arahatship (arahatta-phala).
With regard to the difference existing
between the monk abiding in this state of extinction on the one hand, and a dead person on
the other hand, M 43 says: "In him who is dead, and whose life has come to an end,
the bodily (in-and-outbreathing), verbal (thought-conception and discursive thinking), and
mental functions (s. sankhára, 2) have become suspended and come to a standstill,
life is exhausted, the vital heat extinguished, the faculties are destroyed. Also in the
monk who has reached 'extinction of perception and feeling' (saññá-vedayita-nirodha),
the bodily, verbal and mental functions have been suspended and come to a standstill, but
life is not exhausted, the vital heat not extinguished, and the faculties are not
For details, see Vis.M. XXIII; for texts
s. Path 206.
'analytical knowledge of language', is one of the 4 patisambhidá (q.v.).
nirvana: (Sanskrit= ) Nibbána
nissarana-pahána: 'overcoming by
escape', is one of the 5 kinds of overcoming (pahána q.v.).
nissaya: 'foundation'. The 2 wrong
foundations of morality are craving (tanhá-nissaya) and views (ditthi-nissaya).
Hence there are two wrong bases of morality: morality based on craving (tanhá-nissita-síla)
and morality based on views (ditthi-nissita-síla). (App.)
" 'Based on craving' is that kind of
morality which has come about by the desire for a happy existence, e.g.: 'O that by this
morality I might become a godlike or heavenly being!' (A.IX, 172). 'Based on views' is
that morality which has been induced by the view that through the observation of certain
moral rules purification may be attained" (Vis.M. I).
nissaya-paccaya: 'support', base,
foundation, is one of the 24 conditions (s. paccaya, 8).
nítattha-dhamma: A 'doctrine with
evident meaning', contrasted with a 'doctrine with a meaning to be inferred' (neyyattha-dhamma,
q.v.). See also paramattha.
nívarana: 'hindrances', are 5
qualities which are obstacles to the mind and blind our mental vision. In the presence of
them we cannot reach neighbourhood-concentration (upacára-samádhi) and full
concentration (appaná-samádhi), and are unable to discern clearly the truth. They
1. sensuous desire (kámacchanda),
2. ill-will (vyápáda),
3. sloth and torpor (thína-middha),
4. restlessness and scruples (uddhacca-kukkucca),
5. skeptical doubt (vicikicchá;
In the beautiful similes in A. V, 193,
sensuous desire is compared with water mixed with manifold colours, ill-will with boiling
water, sloth and torpor with water covered by moss, restlessness and scruples with
agitated water whipped by the wind, skeptical doubt with turbid and muddy water. Just as
in such water one cannot perceive one's own reflection, so in the presence of these 5
mental hindrances, one cannot clearly discern one's own benefit, nor that of others, nor
that of both.
Regarding the temporary suspension of the
5 hindrances on entering the first absorption, the stereotype sutta text (e g. A. IX, 40)
runs as follows:
"He has cast away sensuous desire; he
dwells with a heart free from sensuous desire; from desire he cleanses his heart.
"He has cast away ill-will; he dwells
with a heart free from ill-will, cherishing love and compassion toward all living beings,
he cleanses his heart from ill-will.
"He has cast away sloth and torpor;
he dwells free from sloth and torpor; loving the light, with watchful mind, with clear
consciousness, he cleanses his mind from sloth and torpor.
"He has cast away restlessness and
scruples; dwelling with mind undisturbed, with heart full of peace, he cleanses his mind
from restlessness and scruples.
"He has cast away skeptical doubt;
dwelling free from doubt, full of confidence in the good, he cleanses his heart from
"He has put aside these 5 hindrances,
and come to know these paralysing defilements of the mind. And far from sensual
impressions, far from unwholesome things, he enters into the first absorption, etc."
The overcoming of these 5 hindrances by
the absorptions is, as already pointed out, a merely temporary suspension, called
'overcoming through repression' (vikkhambhana-pahána). They disappear forever on
entering the 4 supermundane paths (s. ariyapuggala), i.e. skeptical doubt on
reaching Sotápanship; sensuous desire, ill-will and mental worry on reaching
Anágámiship; sloth, torpor and restlessness on reaching Arahatship.
For their origination and their
overcoming, s. A. I, 2; VI, 21; S. XLVI, 51.
See The Five Mental
Hindrances, by Nyanaponika Thera (WHEEL 26).
niyáma: the 'fixedness of
law' regarding all things; cf. tathatá. - Pañca-niyáma is a commentarial
term, signifying the 'fivefold lawfulness' or 'natural order' that governs: (1)
temperature, seasons and other physical events (utu-niyáma); (2) the plant life (bíja-n.);
(3) karma (kamma-n.); (4) the mind (citta-n.), e.g. the lawful sequence of
the functions of consciousness (s. viññána-kicca) in the process of cognition;
(5) certain events connected with the Dhamma (dhamma-n.), e.g. the typical events
occurring in the lives of the Buddhas. (App.).
niyata-miccháditthi: 'wrong views
with fixed destiny', are the views of uncausedness of existence (ahetuka-ditthi),
of the inefficacy of action (akiriya-ditthi), and nihilism (natthika-ditthi).
For details, s. ditthi; and M. 60, Com. (WHEEL 98/99). - (App.)
niyata-puggala: a 'person with a
fixed destiny', may be either one who has committed one of the 5 'heinous deeds with
immediate result' (ánantarika-kamma, q.v.), or one who follows 'wrong views with
fixed destiny' (niyata-micchá-ditthi, q.v.), or one who has reached one of the 4
stages of holiness (s. ariya-puggala). About the latter cf. the frequent passage:
"Those disciples in whom the 3 fetters (of personality-belief, sceptical doubt and
attachment to mere rules and ritual; s. samyojana) have vanished, they all have
entered the stream, have forever escaped the states of woe; fixed is their destiny (niyata),
assured their final enlightenment."
noble abodes: s. vihára.
noble family, Passing from n.f.
to n.f.: kolankola; s. sotápaññá.
noble persons: ariya-puggala
noble power: ariya iddhi; s.
noble truths, the 4: ariya-sacca;
s. sacca. - The 2-fold knowledge of the n.t.; s. sacca-ñána.
noble usages, the 4: ariya-vamsa
is one of the 24 conditions (paccaya, q.v.).
non-violence: s. avihimsá.
not-self: s. anattá.
corporeality', designates the 4 primary elements (mahábhúta or dhátu), as
distinguished from the 'derived corporeality' (upádá-rúpa), such as the
sensitive organs, etc. Cf. khandha, I.
nutriment: s. ojá, áhára.
- áhára is one of the 24 conditions (paccaya, q.v.) - n.- produced
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Home > Bank Resources > Bank Resources Publications > Compliance Corner > 2003 > Second Quarter
Soldiers' and Sailors' Civil Relief Act of 1940
The Soldiers' and Sailors' Civil Relief Act of 1940
(SSCRA, or the Act) (50 USC 501) is a reenactment of a statute originally
passed in 1918. The intent of the Act is to provide protection for individuals
entering or called to active duty in the military service. The Act is designed
- Enable service members to fight a war without having to
worry about problems that might arise at home, and
- Help service members honor pre-service debts, since
military income tends to be less than pre-service income.
All members of the Army, Navy, Marine Corps, Air Force,
and Coast Guard on active duty and all officers of the Public Health Services
authorized for active duty with either the Army or Navy are covered under the
Act. The Act also covers members of the Army and Air National Guard and U.S.
military reserves called to active duty, as well as commissioned officers of
the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration on active duty.
The SSCRA covers such issues as rental agreements,
security deposits, prepaid rent, eviction, installment contracts, credit card
interest rates, mortgage interest rates, mortgage foreclosure, civil judicial
proceedings, and income tax payments. The following summarizes the relief
provisions that might affect financial institutions.
- Interest Rates. Under the SSCRA, service members
can cap the interest rates on all obligations that were entered into before
beginning active duty at 6 percent. Obligations include credit cards,
mortgages, and non-federally guaranteed student loans. In order to invoke the 6
percent cap, military members must write the lender requesting relief and
provide a copy of current military orders. In addition, service members must
demonstrate that active duty materially affects their ability to pay. The cap
is lifted a short time after active duty ends and the rate reverts to the rate
in effect prior to the cap.
- Mortgages. A lender may not foreclose on a
mortgage if the obligation originated prior to entry into active duty and the
service member's ability to pay is materially affected by military
- Installment Loans. A lender may not exercise any
right or option under the contract to terminate an installment contract to
purchase real or personal property or to assume possession of the property for
nonpayment, if the obligation originated prior to entry into active duty and
the service member's ability to pay is materially affected by military
- Leases. A service member may terminate without
penalty a lease for property occupied. The property must have been used for
dwelling, professional, business, or agricultural purposes. The service member
must have entered into the lease before he or she started active duty. To
terminate the lease, the member must provide written notice to the landlord
after called to active duty.
Contrary to what many people believe, there are no
provisions for reemployment rights as part of the SSCRA. Reemployment rights
are contained within separate legislation, The Uniformed Services Employment
and Reemployment Rights Act of 1994 (USERRA).
Additional information on the SSCRA .
The views expressed in this article are those of the author and are not necessarily those of this Reserve Bank or the Federal Reserve System. | <urn:uuid:0136a217-da9b-4849-8f82-c8d5ce57606f> | {
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Design Thinking is a creative process of thinking backwards from people, that leads to design a service, a product or else, based on the conclusions of the knowledge gathered in the process.
Design Thinking starts and ends with people, their needs and problems.
Thinking backwards from people leads to major rethinking of processes along the way. Design Thinking is a kind of problem detector and problem solving process.
Thinking backwards from people requires a through an exhaustive application of logic to all available threats and creativity in the finding of new possibilities. It also requires a systems thinking and vision that ultimately provides ways to anticipate possible futures.
Thinking backwards from people it's a mindset that naturally evolves to innovation: It is in fact choosing to move forward. Thinking like a designer is a point of no return: Everything a design thinker sees around comes up with this question: How could I improve it?, What if..?.
I wouldn't call it an obsession, I believe is a extreme passion for ideas that it's got something to do with challenging your own capacities.
Capacities such as: Thinking-in-action Systems thinking Decision making Rational analysis Empathy-able to connect Emotional intelligence Creativity applied to any context Conceptualize emotions Awareness of the world Passion for details Caring for people Fond of chaos Market & Business & Management Teamwork Long-term vision Ultimate question designers must ask to themselves:
What is the difference between designing a brochure and designing a DNA?And between designing an App and designing a communication plan?Designing a website and designing a business strategy?
What is the difference between designing a brand and designing a life? Not much...it all starts and ends with people.
A beautiful, overwhelming, never-ending scenario full of...dots.And you share one of those dots with millions of others like you. Are you feeling a little overwhelmed?. Who are you? Who is with you? What do you want to accomplish? Billions of people feel just the same.
The BIG PICTURE above holds together because of known and unknown connections among dots...
What if the so called "flow" is about stepping from one dot to another? A never ending effort to connect and let the world connect back to you? A Design Thinking Attitude:
So this year, Why don't you think about re-designing your life by building empathy from within and finding ways of connecting with others?
"As a style of thinking, Design Thinking is generally considered the ability to combine empathy for the context of a problem, creativity in the generation of insights and solutions, and rationality to analyze and fit solutions to the context". (Wikipedia definition)
Conquer this year the feeling of creation: When was the last time you created anything?
Step out of your box and let yourself be inspired by people: Build on others ideas and let other build on yours. ...Creating is awesome, but doing it with others is even better.
Build empathy by connecting dots and create community:
"The broader one’s understanding of the human experience, the better designs we will have.” – Steve Jobs | <urn:uuid:5b02f454-5da3-4951-8816-922352fa73ea> | {
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The Power of the Stop Shot (Part 2)
The Power of the Stop Shot (part 2 of 2)
In Part 1 of this 2-part series, we defined the stop shot and all its wonderful benefits. You learned to use the stop shot to calibrate your stroke, stop the cue ball, and control the slide in the early stages of position play. I promised you that once you were able to execute the stop shot from any distance at any speed, then you would always be able to predict which direction the cue ball is going. By now, I’m assuming you’ve had the opportunity to shoot hundreds, maybe thousands of stop shots. Have you mastered it yet? Are you able to consistently get that cue ball to slide and stop at the point of contact? If you’ve grasped the concept of a sliding cue ball then you’re ready for part 2.
In this lesson, we will use the same speed and tip position that we learned, to execute a stop shot, to cut shots. Before, when the shot was lined up straight in, the cue ball had nothing to do but to stop. It transferred 100% of its energy into the object ball. Now, if you apply that same speed and tip position to cause a sliding ball at the point of contact, you can predict which direction the cue ball will be traveling.
Where is Whitey Going?
As a basic rule of thumb, when the cue ball is sliding at the point of contact with the object ball, you can trust it will travel at an imaginary perpendicular line from the line of which the object ball is traveling.
This diagram illustrates the direction the cue ball slides when it contacts the object ball. Obviously, the more extreme the cut angle, the less energy the cue ball transfers to the object ball. Therefore, the cue ball will come off at a greater speed. To keep that cue ball on the perpendicular line while controlling the speed, the same theory applies that we used with the stop shot.
To achieve the same results, LOWER SPEED = LOWER TIP POSITION.
All position play begins with understanding the slide zone. When you know which direction the neutral cue ball is going, you can manipulate that line simply by aiming higher or lower. Aiming above center causes a rolling cue ball and moves the line forward, above perpendicular. Aiming lower to cause backspin brings the cue ball backward below the perpendicular line.
When you’re able to control the rock, not only does it mean you can play better position for your next shot, but think how handy it will be when you need to avoid a scratch or break out a group of balls. These fine points are what keep players from finishing a run out.
Things to Consider
- How clean are the balls? If the balls are dirty they will act as gears upon contact and cling together for a fraction of time before the cue ball slides on the perpendicular line. Likewise, if the balls are newly washed, they can become much more responsive. If the balls were just cleaned, you may want to aim a little higher than you would think or bring your speed down.
- How worn is the cloth? Slippery, new cloth will also make a surprising difference. When a table is freshly recovered, the cue ball tends to slide in place, even though it may be rolling. Therefore, this will shift the slide window. You’ll need to bring your speed down to achieve the desired results.
- Is the cue ball actually sliding at the point of contact? Playing with the Aramith Pro Cup Measle Cue Ball helps you see exactly where the cue ball is sliding at various speeds and distances. You can also easily identify if you’ve inadvertently hit too high or low based on the cue ball’s response after it contacts the object ball.
- Did you cheat the pocket? Object balls can still go in even if they don’t enter the center of the pocket. Whichever side of the pocket the object ball enters will shift the perpendicular line of the cue ball. This can be used to your advantage when you need to create more or less angle but always be specific with exactly where you intend to pocket the ball.
Understanding how to adjust your speed and tip position to manipulate the slide zone will help you predict the path of the cue ball.
The next time you’re in the mile high area and looking for a Denver billiard instructor, be sure to look me up. | <urn:uuid:4e883fc6-f615-400a-921c-110aa695a7e6> | {
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PostgreSQL has a large object facility, which provides stream-style access to user data that is stored in a special large-object structure. Streaming access is useful when working with data values that are too large to manipulate conveniently as a whole.
This chapter describes the implementation and the programming and query language interfaces to PostgreSQL large object data. We use the libpq C library for the examples in this chapter, but most programming interfaces native to PostgreSQL support equivalent functionality. Other interfaces might use the large object interface internally to provide generic support for large values. This is not described here. | <urn:uuid:57a87af7-2167-4b33-94bb-7ef763afaa29> | {
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Review of Peat Surface Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Oil Palm Plantations in Southeast Asia05 March 2012
This white paper, published by the International Council on Clean Transportation, aims to assess likely rates of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from tropical peatlands converted to oil palm plantations.
The paper says palm oil expansion in southeast Asia is strongly associated with conversion and degradation of peatland.
This report relates to lowland tropical peatlands in southeast Asia, specifically to those peatlands that have experienced land use change for oil palm plantation development.
The report provides guidance to economic modelers on an appropriate range of values and uncertainties for GHG emissions arising from peat degradation.
Review of Peat Surface Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Oil Palm Plantations in Southeast Asia | <urn:uuid:d3e0ab25-04dc-40a9-b4de-a7c70775f713> | {
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March 11, 2013
A ubiquitous chemical found in plastics, soup can linings, and receipts, bisphenol-a is just one health-compromising substance that has been under fire for many years. While the scientific community has gathered ample evidence regarding BPAs toxic effects, the chemical is still widely used today. Adding to this evidence, recent research has found that BPA could negatively impact brain development by disrupting a gene responsible for proper nerve cell function.
For the study, which was published in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences and conducted by Duke University researchers, it was discovered that BPA could negative effect central nervous system development by disrupting a gene called Kcc2. With the disruption of this gene, it can no longer properly produce proteins partly responsible for removing chloride from neurons. If chloride can’t be removed, then the functioning of brain cells is hampered.
“Our study found that BPA may impair the development of the central nervous system, and raises the question as to whether exposure could predispose animals and humans to neurodevelopmental disorders,” study researcher Dr. Wolfgang Liedtke, M.D., Ph.D., an associate professor of medicine/neurology and neurobiology at Duke University, said. “Our findings improve our understanding of how environmental exposure to BPA can affect the regulation of the Kcc2 gene. However, we expect future studies to focus on what targets aside from Kcc2 are affected by BPA. This is a chapter in an ongoing story.”
The study abstract concludes with:
“Overall, our results indicate that BPA can disrupt Kcc2 gene expression through epigenetic mechanisms. Beyond increase in basic understanding, our findings have relevance for identifying unique neurodevelopmental toxicity mechanisms of BPA, which could possibly play a role in pathogenesis of human neurodevelopmental disorders.”
Unfortunately, avoiding BPA is quite as easy as it should be. Despite the endocrine-disrupting chemical being linked to reproductive problems, obesity, diabetes, and now negatively altered brain development, the FDA rejected BPA’s ban back in March 2012 – so now consumers need to look out for the chemical for years to come.
But there are still many tips for avoiding BPA and even reversing the negative effects sparked by the chemical. Here are a few tips:
This post originally appeared at Natural Society
No related posts.
This article was posted: Monday, March 11, 2013 at 6:31 am | <urn:uuid:28712e82-0bbc-4b25-b38f-5d70ae3a8a10> | {
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HealthEd Academy Report Reveals Many Patient Languages Not Supported by Healthcare System
One respondent in 3 cites communication and language barriers as key challenges to reaching diverse patient groups
CLARK, N.J., Feb. 5, 2013 /PRNewswire/ -- Despite ongoing efforts, healthcare providers looking to meet the needs of culturally diverse patient populations face significant barriers, including a lack of resources in the appropriate languages. The findings come from a report published Monday by HealthEd Academy—the research arm of HealthEd, a healthcare solutions company rooted in education.
HealthEd Academy surveyed almost 200 healthcare extenders—non-MD health professionals who work directly with patients and whose numbers include nurses, dietitians, health educators, nurse practitioners, patient navigators, and social workers. Because of their position on the front lines of healthcare, healthcare extenders have unique perspectives into the realities of meeting the needs of multicultural patient audiences.
Report highlights include:
- When asked about the challenges of reaching culturally diverse patient groups, 29% of respondents cited communication and language barriers
- Almost half of respondents lack access to patient education materials in the languages they need. Just as many respondents (18%) cited a need for Chinese-language materials as for Spanish/Spanish Creole materials
- 42% of respondents translate patient education materials into other languages
The report, Engaging Patients From Multicultural Backgrounds, also depicts hurdles and approaches that extend beyond language barriers. Of the 192 respondents:
- When asked about strategies for engaging patients from diverse backgrounds, only 35% said they use community health workers
- Only a small minority (1%) deliver patient education at local pharmacies/drugstores—this despite a provision in the Affordable Care Act that emphasizes the role of pharmacies in medication therapy management
- 51% of respondents are comfortable with their knowledge of the health beliefs of the cultural groups with which they work
"These findings show that diversity in the United States has a very real and tangible impact on healthcare. There is a lot of work that still needs to be done to ensure that we are meeting the needs of all patients," said Katherine Margolis , PhD, director of health behavior strategy and research for HealthEd.
To download a free excerpt or learn more about purchasing the full report, visit www.HealthEdAcademy.com.
HealthEd is committed to creating a healthier world. We foster better health and business results through innovative solutions that are rooted in education. So learning becomes doing.
Our clients include pharmaceutical brands, medical device companies, health plans, and government organizations. HealthEd also supports healthcare extenders with SurroundHealth, a free online learning community. To learn about working with us, contact Marissa Addalia at (908) 379-2018, follow us at www.twitter.com/healtheddigital, or visit www.HealthEd.com.
Phone: (908) 379-2037
This press release was issued through eReleases® Press Release Distribution. For more information, visit http://www.ereleases.com.
Browse our custom packages or build your own to meet your unique communications needs.
Learn about PR Newswire services
Request more information about PR Newswire products and services or call us at (888) 776-0942. | <urn:uuid:988a92da-dea1-4d1f-b8c7-d4c7b8564d04> | {
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A regular expression (regexp) is a text string that describes some set of strings.
Functions that handle regular expressions, based on GNU regexp-0.12, have been implemented (for more details, see the GNU documentation about regexp rules).
The functions available from Search menu provide search forward or backward and replace. Each of them prompts a dialog box to get the target regexp.
Regular expressions are composed of characters and operators that match one or more characters. Here is an abstract of commons operators:
|matches one of a choice of regular expressions.
[...]matches one item of a list.
[^...]matches a single character not represented by one of the list items.
(...)treats any number of other operators (i.e. subexpressions) as a unit.
\digit matches a specified preceding group.
^matches the beginning of line.
$matches the end of line.
Smac provides the following functions:
returns the position of the next regular expression regexp, or -1 if regexp has not been found, or -2 if regexp is not valid.
returns the position of the previous regular expression regexp, or -1 if regexp has not been found, or -2 if regexp is not valid.
returns the beginning position of the substring n of the regexp found by the previous search call to a regexp.
returns the end position of the substring n of the regexp found by the previous search call to a regexp.
replaces the regular expression regexp with the string newstring. If the argument regexp is ommited, the previous search call to a regexp is used. It returns 1 on success else 0. | <urn:uuid:3fca356f-7757-4c16-b824-ba85de9811d8> | {
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The ground in your
garden has been holding moisture all winter. Let's see if the soil is ready.
Preparing your garden plot
We will want to perform
a 'ball test' to see if it's ready to be worked.
Pick up a handful of
soil and squeeze it firmly into a ball.
If it sticks together,
it's still too wet or it may be the clay variety.
If you try to work wet
clay it will compact hard as a rock.
Let the garden dry out
for a few days longer, especially if it's been a wet spring, and test
If the ball falls apart
easily then the soil is dry enough to be worked.
Once it passes the 'ball
test' you'll have to check it's temperature to see if it's warm enough
for the seeds.
- Dig 8" down (20
cm) at a point near the middle of the garden and put your hand in
You can feel if the soil has warmed up or is still chilly to the touch.
- Refer to the back
of your seed packets to see if they prefer to be planted in
warm or cool weather.
- If you have seeds
that are okay to plant in cool weather , you can get started just
as Spring Equinox approaches, March 21.
- For seeds that need
warmer soil wait a few days and do the test again.
- If you want to help
the soil warm up faster, put down a layer of thin black plastic.
- After a few sunny
days, roll back the cover and do the same test again
- Once your soil is
warm to the touch you can prepare your garden plot ready for planting.
To prepare your garden
plot you will need:
your Garden Plan,
a measuring tape,
a ball of garden twine,
a garden fork and
a metal rake.
- Refer to your Garden
Plan to find the exact location of your garden.
- Use the measuring
tape to mark out the length and width of your plot.
- Put a stake in the
ground at each corner and tie the twine around them to surround your
garden on all 4 sides.
- Use a shovel to
remove grass, weeds and rocks from your garden plot inside the twine
- If you wish, you
can remove the twine.
- Use the garden fork
to turn over the soil and break up any big lumps.
- If you have clay,
don't dig it over, just break up the lumps.
- Work from the back
of the garden toward the front so you don't compact the soil you just
- Now is a great time
to condition the soilif you need to.
- Using the teeth
and back of a metal rake smooth and level the surface.
- Your garden is ready
for the next step: preparing your rows | <urn:uuid:5a4b077e-044c-4544-a0b1-1df386479666> | {
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St. Jago-Cape de Verd Islands
Porto Praya-Ribeira Grande-Atmospheric Dust with Infusoria-Habits of a Sea-slug and Cuttle-fish-St. Paul's Rocks, non-volcanic-Singular Incrustations-Insects the first Colonists of Islands-Fernando Noronha-Bahia-Burnished Rocks-Habits of a Diodon-Pelagic Confervæ and
Infusoria-Causes of discoloured Sea.
After having been twice driven back by heavy southwestern gales, Her Majesty's ship Beagle, a ten-gun brig, under the command of Captain Fitz Roy, R. N., sailed from Devonport on the 27th of December, 1831. The object of the expedition was to complete the survey of Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego, commenced under Captain King in 1826 to 1830-to survey the shores of Chile, Peru, and of some islands in the Pacific-and to carry a chain of chronometrical measurements round the World. On the 6th of January we reached Teneriffe, but were prevented landing, by fears of our bringing the cholera: the next morning we saw the sun rise behind the rugged outline of the Grand Canary island, and suddenly illuminate the Peak of Teneriffe, whilst the lower parts were veiled in fleecy clouds. This was the first of many delightful days never to be forgotten. On the 16th of January, 1832, we anchored at Porto Praya, in St. Jago, the chief island of the Cape de Verd archipelago.
The neighbourhood of Porto Praya, viewed from the sea, wears a desolate aspect. The volcanic fires of a past age, and the scorching heat of a tropical sun, have in most places rendered the soil unfit for vegetation. The country rises in successive steps of table-land, interspersed with some truncate conical hills, and the horizon is bounded by an irregular chain of more lofty mountains. The scene, as beheld through the hazy atmosphere of this climate, is one of great interest; if, indeed, a person, fresh from sea, and who has just walked, for the first time, in a grove of cocoa-nut trees, can be a judge of anything but his own happiness. The island would generally be considered as very uninteresting; but to anyone accustomed only to an English landscape, the novel aspect of an utterly sterile land possesses a grandeur which more vegetation might spoil. A single green leaf can scarcely be discovered over wide tracts of the lava plains; yet flocks of goats, together with a few cows, contrive to exist. It rains very seldom, but during a short portion of the year heavy torrents fall, and immediately afterwards a light vegetation springs out of every crevice. This soon withers; and upon such naturally formed hay the animals live. It had not now rained for an entire year. When the island was discovered, the immediate neighbourhood of Porto Praya was clothed with 'rees,1 the reckless destruction of which has caused here, as at St. Helena, and at some of the Canary islands, almost entire sterility. The broad, flat-bottomed valleys, many of which serve during a few days only in the season as water-courses, are clothed with thickets of leafless bushes. Few living creatures inhabit these valleys. The commonest bird is a kingfisher (Dacelo Iagoensis), which tamely sits on the branches of the castor-oil plant, and thence darts on grasshoppers and lizards. It is brightly coloured, but not so beautiful as the European species: in its flight, manners, and place of habitation, which is generally in the driest valley, there is also a wide difference.
One day, two of the officers and myself rode to Ribeira Grande, a village a few miles eastward of Porto Praya. Until we reached the valley of St. Martin, the country presented its usual dull brown appearance; but here, a very small rill of water produces a most refreshing margin of luxuriant vegetation. In the course of an hour we arrived at Ribeira Grande, and were surprised at the sight of a large ruined fort and cathedral. This little town, before its harbour was filled up, was the principal place in the island: it now presents a melancholy, but very picturesque appearance. Having procured a black Padre for a guide, and a Spaniard who had served in the Peninsular war as an interpreter, we visited a collection of buildings, of which an ancient church formed the principal part. It is here the governors and captain-generals of the islands have been buried. Some of the tombstones recorded dates of the sixteenth century.2 The heraldic ornaments were the only things in this retired place that reminded us of Europe. The church or chapel formed one side of a quadrangle, in the middle of which a large clump of bananas were growing. On another side was a hospital, containing about a dozen miserable-looking inmates.
We returned to the Vênda to eat our dinners. A considerable number of men, women, and children, all as black as jet, collected to watch us. Our companions were extremely merry; and everything we said or did was followed by their hearty laughter. Before leaving the town we visited the cathedral. It does not appear so rich as the smaller church, but boasts of a little organ, which sent forth singularly inharmonious cries. We presented the black priest with a few shillings, and the Spaniard, patting him on the head, said, with much candour, he thought his colour made no great difference. We then returned, as fast as the ponies would go, to Porto Praya.
Another day we rode to the village of St. Domingo, situated near the centre of the island. On a small plain which we crossed, a few stunted acacias were growing; their tops had been bent by the steady trade-wind, in a singular manner-some of them even at right angles to their trunks. The direction of the branches was exactly N. E. by N., and S. W. by S., and these natural vanes must indicate the prevailing direction of the force of the trade-wind. The travelling had made so little impression on the barren soil, that we here missed our track, and took that to Fuentes. This we did not find out till we arrived there; and we were afterwards glad of our mistake. Fuentes is a pretty village, with a small stream, and everything appeared to prosper well, excepting, indeed, that which ought to do so most-its inhabitants. The black children, completely naked, and looking very wretched, were carrying bundles of firewood half as big as their own bodies.
Near Fuentes we saw a large flock of guinea-fowl-probably fifty or sixty in number. They were extremely wary, and could not be approached. They avoided us, like partridges on a rainy day in September, running with their heads cocked up; and if pursued, they readily took to the wing.
The scenery of St. Domingo possesses a beauty totally unexpected, from the prevalent gloomy character of the rest of the island. The village is situated at the bottom of a valley, bounded by lofty and jagged walls of stratified lava. The black rocks afford a most striking contrast with the bright green vegetation, which follows the banks of a little stream of clear water. It happened to be a grand feast-day, and the village was full of people. On our return we overtook a party of about twenty young black girls, dressed in excellent taste; their black skins and snow-white linen being set off by coloured turbans and large shawls. As soon as we approached near, they suddenly all turned round, and covering the path with their shawls, sung with great energy a wild song, beating time with their hands upon their legs. We threw them some vintéms, which were received with screams of laughter, and we left them redoubling the noise of their song.
One morning the view was singularly clear; the distant mountains being projected with the sharpest outline on a heavy bank of dark blue clouds. Judging from the appearance, and from similar cases in England, I supposed that the air was saturated with moisture. The fact, however, turned out quite the contrary. The hygrometer gave a difference of 29.6 degrees, between the temperature of the air, and the point at which dew was precipitated. This difference was nearly double that which I had observed on the previous mornings. This unusual degree of atmospheric dryness was accompanied by continual flashes of lightning. Is it not an uncommon case, thus to find a remarkable degree of aerial transparency with such a state of weather?
Generally the atmosphere is hazy; and this is caused by the falling of impalpably fine dust, which was found to have slightly injured the astronomical instruments. The morning before we anchored at Porto Praya, I collected a little packet of this brown-coloured fine dust, which appeared to have been filtered from the wind by the gauze of the vane at the masthead. Mr. Lyell has also given me four packets of dust which fell on a vessel a few hundred miles northward of these islands. Professor Ehrenberg3 finds that this dust consists in great part of infusoria with siliceous shields, and of the siliceous tissue of plants. In five little packets which I sent him, he has ascertained no less than sixty-seven different organic forms! The infusoria, with the exception of two marine species, are all inhabitants of fresh-water. I have found no less than fifteen different accounts of dust having fallen on vessels when far out in the Atlantic. From the direction of the wind whenever it has fallen, and from its having always fallen during those months when the harmattan is known to raise clouds of dust high into the atmosphere, we may feel sure that it all comes from Africa. It is, however, a very singular fact, that, although Professor Ehrenberg knows many species of infusoria peculiar to Africa, he finds none of these in the dust which I sent him. On the other hand, he finds in it two species which hitherto he knows as living only in South America. The dust falls in such quantities as to dirty everything on board, and to hurt people's eyes; vessels even have run on shore owing to the obscurity of the atmosphere. It has often fallen on ships when several hundred, and even more than a thousand miles from the coast of Africa, and at points sixteen hundred miles distant in a north and south direction. In some dust which was collected on a vessel three hundred miles from the land, I was much surprised to find particles of stone above the thousandth of an inch square, mixed with finer matter. After this fact one need not be surprised at the diffusion of the far lighter and smaller sporules of cryptogamic plants.
The geology of this island is the most interesting part of its natural history. On entering the harbour, a perfectly horizontal white band, in the face of the sea cliff, may be seen running for some miles along the coast, and at the height of about forty-five feet above the water. Upon examination, this white stratum is found to consist of calcareous matter, with numerous shells embedded, most or all of which now exist on the neighbouring coast. It rests on ancient volcanic rocks, and has been covered by a stream of basalt, which must have entered the sea when the white shelly bed was lying at the bottom. It is interesting to trace the changes, produced by the heat of the overlying lava, on the friable mass, which in parts has been converted into a crystalline limestone, and in other parts into a compact spotted stone. Where the lime has been caught up by the scoriaceous fragments of the lower surface of the stream, it is converted into groups of beautifully radiated fibres resembling arragonite. The beds of lava rise in successive gently-sloping plains, towards the interior, whence the deluges of melted stone have originally proceeded. Within historical times, no signs of volcanic activity have, I believe, been manifested in any part of St. Jago. Even the form of a crater can but rarely be discovered on the summits of the many red cindery hills; yet the more recent streams can be distinguished on the coast, forming lines of cliffs of less height, but stretching out in advance of those belonging to an older series: the height of the cliffs thus affording a rude measure of the age of the streams.
During our stay, I observed the habits of some marine animals. A large Aplysia is very common. This sea-slug is about five inches long; and is of a dirty yellowish colour, veined with purple. On each side of the lower surface, or foot, there is a broad membrane, which appears sometimes to act as a ventilator, in causing a current of water to flow over the dorsal branchiæ or lungs. It feeds on the delicate sea-weeds which grow among the stones in muddy and shallow water; and I found in its stomach several small pebbles, as in the gizzard of a bird. This slug, when disturbed, emits a very fine purplish-red fluid, which stains the water for the space of a foot around. Besides this means of defence, an acrid secretion, which is spread over its body, causes a sharp, stinging sensation, similar to that produced by the Physalia, or Portuguese man-of-war.
I was much interested, on several occasions, by watching the habits of an Octopus, or cuttle-fish. Although common in the pools of water left by the retiring tide, these animals were not easily caught. By means of their long arms and suckers, they could drag their bodies into very narrow crevices; and when thus fixed, it required great force to remove them. At other times they darted tail first, with the rapidity of an arrow, from one side of the pool to the other, at the same instant discolouring the water with a dark chestnut-brown ink. These animals also escape detection by a very extraordinary, chameleon-like power of changing their colour. They appear to vary their tints according to the nature of the ground over which they pass: when in deep water, their general shade was brownish purple, but when placed on the land, or in shallow water, this dark tint changed into one of a yellowish green. The colour, examined more carefully, was a French grey, with numerous minute spots of bright yellow: the former of these varied in intensity; the latter entirely disappeared and appeared again by turns. These changes were effected in such a manner, that clouds, varying in tint between a hyacinth red and a chestnut-brown,4 were continually passing over the body. Any part, being subjected to a slight shock of galvanism, became almost black: a similar effect, but in a less degree, was produced by scratching the skin with a needle. These clouds, or blushes as they may be called, are said to be produced by the alternate expansion and contraction of minute vesicles containing variously coloured fluids.5 | <urn:uuid:f6600a3d-16f5-4493-bf3f-a7ca8425d183> | {
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A Short History of the Permanent Diaconate
THE EARLY CHURCH
Traditionally, the beginning of the order of deacons is traced back to the story in Acts of the Apostles, Acts 6: 1-6. Whether this pertains to the history of the ordained order of deacons as they developed in the early centuries of the church is in dispute, but it is very much in the spirit in which the diaconate was and has been understood ever since. Very early in the history of the church, deacons were understood to hold a special place in the community, along with bishops and presbyters. The role of all ordained ministries is to be modeled on the life of Christ, and that of deacons especially was and still is, that of Christ the servant. Perhaps the earliest reference to deacons in this sense (ca. 53 A.D.?) occurs in St. Paul's letter to the Philippians in which he addresses "all the saints in Christ Jesus who are at Philippi, with the bishops and deacons".
However, it would be a mistake to interpret the servant role too literally as one of "waiting on tables". One of the seven first deacons, Stephen, was stoned to death because of his bold preaching of the Gospel, Acts 6: 8-15, 7: 54-60 . He is the first recognized martyr of the church, and his feast day is celebrated on December 26. Of the remaining seven, those of whom we have historical knowledge, it is clear that their ministry also quickly broadened to preaching and spreading the Gospel message.
The deacon became the eyes and ears of the bishop, his "right hand man". The bishop's principal assistant became known as the "archdeacon", and was often charged with heavy responsibilities, especially in the financial administration of the local church, above all in distribution of funds and goods to the poor. One measure of the importance of the deacon in the early church is the number of deacons elected pope in the early Middle Ages. Of the thirty-seven men elected pope between 432 and 684 A.D., only three are known to have been ordained to priest before their election to the Chair of Peter. (Llewellyn)
During the first Christian millennium deacons undertook, as the bishops' assistants, the functions that are today those of the vicar general, the judicial vicar, the vicar capitular, the cathedral chapter and the oeconome, or finance officer. In current canon law these are almost exclusively priests' functions. (Galles)
John Collins, writing in Pastoral Review, has this to say about the meaning of "diakonia" as understood in the early church:
"Two final segments: firstly my description of the semantic character of diakon- as applied to deacons in the early church (from Appendix I, Diakonia, p. 337).
As is well known, Vatican II cited this “not unto the priesthood, but unto the ministry” in Lumen Gentium. Thus it was understood that deacons were ordained not for any specific set of duties for serving the needy but to serve the bishop in whatever set of duties he would determine. The circumstances today are, of course, far different than in the early church. The size and complexity of the modern diocese makes such an intimate relationship with the bishop impractical. Although deacons serve in a wide variety of settings, including hospitals and prisons, the focus for today's deacon is normally parish based. However, he retains the historical tie with his bishop, whose "servant" he remains. The major point we should take from a study of early church history and the witness of the early Fathers of the Church is that they acknowledge the importance of the diaconal ministry. Saint Ignatius of Antioch, about 100 AD, says that it would be impossible to have the Church without bishops, priests and deacons. He explains that their task was nothing less than to continue ‘the ministry of Jesus Christ'.
Beginning as early as the fifth century, there was a gradual decline in the permanent diaconate in the Latin church, although it remained, right to the present, a vital part of the Eastern churches, both Catholic and Orthodox. One important factor was simply a failure on the part of both presbyters and deacons to understand the unique value of the diaconate as a distinct order in its own right. Deacons with too much power were often self-important and proud. Presbyters, on their part, were resentful at the fact that often deacons had power over them! St. Jerome demanded to know why deacons had so much power – "After all, deacons could not preside at Eucharist, and presbyters were really the same as bishops". By the early middle ages, the diaconate was perceived largely as only an intermediate step toward the reception of ordination to the priesthood. It was this prevailing attitude of the "cursus honorum" that was most responsible for the decline of the diaconate. The "cursus honorum" was simply the attitude of "rising through the ranks", following a tradition of gradual promotion, inherited from practices of secular government of the Roman Empire. Most older Catholics will be familiar with the many levels of "minor orders" and "major orders". First came the liturgical rite of "tonsure" which conferred upon a man the status of "cleric", and made him eligible for ordination. Then came the minor orders of porter, lector, exorcist and acolyte. These were ordinations but they were not sacraments. Finally came the major orders of sub deacon, deacon and priest. Sub diaconate, although a major order, was not a sacrament. The sub deacon did not receive a stole. Deacon and priest were, of course, sacramental in character. The whole process is well illustrated in a drawing (thanks to Dr. William Ditewig):
"Then, in 1972, Paul VI, following the direction of Vatican II, issued Ministeria quaedam, which realigned these things for the Latin Rite. Tonsure was suppressed, and now a person becomes a cleric through SACRAMENTAL ORDINATION AS A DEACON; this was a change to a pattern of more than 1000 years standing! The Pope also suppressed the minor orders altogether, converting two of them into "lay" ministries no longer requiring ordination; he also suppressed the subdiaconate, shifting the promise of celibacy to the diaconate. That left only two orders, both sacraments, from the old schema. Since Vatican II itself had taught about the sacramental nature of the bishop, we wound up with the three-fold ordained ministry that we have now, all of which are conferred by ordination and all of which confer a sacramental "character." Finally, the three orders are further subdivided by those orders that are sacerdotal (bishop and presbyter) and the orders that are diaconal (bishop and deacon). Yes, right now, presbyters are also deacons because they were ordained transitional deacons on their way to the presbyterate, BUT, as Guiseppe points out, this could be easily changed, and many are arguing for that (it's not likely anytime soon, but the case still needs to be pushed!)" (Ditewig)
The time finally came during deliberations of the Second Vatican Council in 1963, calling for restoration of the diaconate as a permanent level of Holy Orders. In June 1967 Pope Paul VI implemented this decree of the Council when he published the Apostolic letter Diaconatus Ordinem, in which he re-established the permanent diaconate in the Latin Church. The Council in its Dogmatic Constitution on the Church (Lumen Gentium) returns to the roots of the diaconate which we have previously discussed, roots going back to the New Testament and the early church Fathers:
At a lower level of the hierarchy are deacons, upon whom hands are imposed "not unto the priesthood, but unto a ministry of service". For strengthened by sacramental grace, in communion with the bishop and his group of priests they serve in the diaconate of the liturgy, of the word, and of charity to the people of God. It is the duty of the deacon, according as it shall have been assigned to him by competent authority, to administer baptism solemnly, to be custodian and dispenser of the Eucharist, to assist at and bless marriages in the name of the Church, to bring Viaticum to the dying, to read the Sacred Scripture to the faithful, to instruct and exhort the people, to preside over the worship and prayer of the faithful, to administer sacramentals, to officiate at funeral and burial services. Dedicated to duties of charity and of administration, let deacons be mindful of the admonition of Blessed Polycarp: "Be merciful, diligent, walking according to the truth of the Lord, who became the servant of all." (Lumen Gentium para. 29)
And so we have come full circle. The permanent diaconate has proved to be a resounding success, growing at an astounding rate throughout the world, but nowhere so much as here in the United States. The theology of the diaconate has yet to be fully explored, but with the help of the Holy Spirit, it will mature.
An excellent selection of books dealing with both the history and theology of the diaconate is available from the National Association of Diaconate Directors, http://www.nadd.org/publications.html .
For an excellent recent (Nov. 2006) scholarly article dealing with the meaning of "diakonia" see http://www.thepastoralreview.org/cgi-bin/archive_db.cgi?priestsppl-00127 . | <urn:uuid:13493cb6-b079-4ca5-9483-997395b28779> | {
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2008 Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor - Honduras
|Publisher||United States Department of Labor|
|Author||Bureau of International Labor Affairs|
|Publication Date||10 September 2009|
|Cite as||United States Department of Labor, 2008 Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor - Honduras, 10 September 2009, available at: http://www.refworld.org/docid/4aba3ed937.html [accessed 26 May 2013]|
|Disclaimer||This is not a UNHCR publication. UNHCR is not responsible for, nor does it necessarily endorse, its content. Any views expressed are solely those of the author or publisher and do not necessarily reflect those of UNHCR, the United Nations or its Member States.|
|Selected Statistics and Indicators on Child Labor|
|Population, children, 5-14 years, 2004:||1,941,242|
|Working children, 5-14 years (%), 2004:||5.4|
|Working boys, 5-14 years (%), 2004:||8.2|
|Working girls, 5-14 years (%), 2004:||2.6|
|Working children by sector, 5-14 years (%), 2004:|
|Minimum age for work:||14/16|
|Compulsory education age:||15|
|Free public education:||Yes*|
|Gross primary enrollment rate (%), 2007:||116.8|
|Net primary enrollment rate (%), 2007:||96.4|
|School attendance, children 5-14 years (%), 2004:||84.7|
|Survival rate to grade 5 (%), 2006:||66.5|
|ILO Convention 138:||6/9/1980|
|ILO Convention 182:||10/25/2001|
|ILO-IPEC participating country:||Yes|
* In practice, must pay for various school expenses
Incidence and Nature of Child Labor
A May 2008 census by the National Statistics Institute of Honduras reported that the majority of working children in Honduras work in agriculture, forestry, hunting, and fishing. Children, especially boys, predominantly work in rural rather than urban areas. Children work in melon, coffee, lime, limestone, and sugarcane production, and as deckhands and divers in the lobster industry. Children work in mining, selling goods, begging, and scavenging in garbage dumps. Children, predominantly girls, also work as domestic servants, where they are sometimes subject to abuse by third-party employers.
Commercial sexual exploitation of children is especially problematic in border areas, in major cities, such as Tegucigalpa, and in tourist areas, such as San Pedro Sula and the Bay Islands. Honduras is a transit and source country for children trafficked for commercial sexual exploitation. Honduran children are trafficked internally, usually from rural to urban settings. Children are also trafficked internationally to neighboring countries, often while en route to the United States.
Child Labor Laws and Enforcement
Honduran laws governing the minimum age for work are conflictive. Although the Constitution and the Labor Code both set the minimum age for work at 16 years, children may be authorized to work with parental consent when it is indispensable for the subsistence of the family and does not interfere with the child's education. Furthermore, a 2007 Government analysis of the legal minimum age for employment placed the minimum age at 14 years. Additionally, the Childhood and Adolescence Code and the Child Labor Regulation assert that no child under 14 years will be authorized to work. All minors between 14 and 18 years of age must receive authorization to work from the Secretary of State or the Office of Labor and Social Security, and businesses employing children must have a child labor registry.
The legal work hours for adolescents are also in conflict. While the Constitution prohibits children under 17 years from working more than 6 hours per day and 30 hours per week, the Childhood and Adolescence Code states that minors between 14 and 16 years cannot work more than 4 hours per day, and minors 16 to 18 years of age cannot work more than 6 hours per day. Night work is prohibited for children under 18 years.
The Child Labor Regulation and the Childhood and Adolescence Code prohibit children from work that is unhealthy or dangerous, even when completed as part of a program of study. Minors, except adolescents 16 to 18 years with authorization from the Office of Labor and Social Security, cannot engage in work in static positions or on high scaffolding; underwater diving; work in tunnels or underground; agricultural work that implies health risks; work with heavy machinery, ovens, smelters, heavy presses, or glass; or in work that involves exposure to toxic substances, vehicular traffic, loud noise, high-voltage electric currents, or garbage. Furthermore, in August 2008, the Government published a list of specific activities and occupations that are considered hazardous for children under 18 years of age. Individuals who violate child labor laws may receive prison sentences of 3 to 5 years and fines. However, according to USDOS, child labor laws were not effectively enforced outside of the apparel sector, despite frequent child labor law violations.
The Child Labor Regulation prohibits all forms of slavery and practices analogous to slavery, such as the sale of adolescents, debt bondage, and forced labor, including the forced recruitment of adolescents for use in armed conflicts. Trafficking in persons under 18 years of age, inside or outside the national territory with the goal of "commercial exploitation" is sanctioned by 12 to 19 years in prison and a fine. Peacetime military service in Honduras is voluntary, and the age of enlistment is 18 years. The law also penalizes the use of children for the production or trafficking of drugs.
The Penal Code criminalizes procuring, especially the recruitment and submission of children to commercial sexual exploitation, as well as domestic and international trafficking of children for commercial sexual exploitation, with penalties of 9 to 15 years of imprisonment. Honduran law also prohibits the use of children under 18 years for exhibitions or performances of a sexual nature and in the production of pornography. Sexual tourism is punishable by 12 to 18 years of imprisonment and a fine if the victim is a minor. According to USDOS, law enforcement officials collaborate with neighboring countries and the United States on anti-trafficking efforts and child sex tourism investigations.
Current Government Policies and Programs to Eliminate the Worst Forms of Child Labor
The Government of Honduras launched a National Plan of Action for the Eradication of Child Labor in May 2008 that will last 7 years. The Plan builds upon the work accomplished through the first Plan of Action (2001-2005) and involves the coordination of many government agencies. Honduras is also implementing a 5-year National Plan of Action to Eradicate Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children, which was introduced in 2008. The plan aims to promote inter-institutional cooperation, justice, and assistance for child victims of commercial sexual exploitation. The Government continues to refer child victims to NGOs for care. As a member of the Central American Parliament Commission on Women, Children, Youth, and Family, the Government is participating in a regional Plan to Support the Prevention and Elimination of Human Trafficking and Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children and Adolescents.
The Government of Honduras participated in regional projects funded by USDOL, including a 7-year USD 8.8 million project implemented by ILOIPEC which concluded in April 2009 and sought to combat commercial sexual exploitation through a variety of activities, including capacity building and legal reform. In addition, the project targeted 713 children for withdrawal and 657 children for prevention from commercial sexual exploitation in Central America. The Government also participated in the 4-year USD 5.7 million Child Labor Education Initiative regional project implemented by CARE that worked to strengthen the Government and civil society's capacity to combat child labor through education and withdrew or prevented 4,105 children from exploitive child labor. During the reporting period, the Ministry of Education adopted one of the project's piloted educational models, Niño Tutor ("Child Tutor"), to implement in every school with the purpose of eliminating child labor and improving the educational attainment of children who have worked or are at risk of working.
The Government of Honduras participated in a USD 550,000 ILO-IPEC project that ended in August 2008 and was funded by the Government of Canada that focused on combating child labor through strengthening labor ministries. During the reporting period, the Government also participated in a Phase III USD 3.3 million regional project to eradicate child labor in Latin America, funded by the Government of Spain and implemented by ILOIPEC. Additionally, with the assistance of UNICEF, the National Commission for Family and Childhood publishes materials outlining the definitions, dangers, and legal regulations of child labor in Honduras. | <urn:uuid:0818d0d7-fdd7-422c-9e39-c1af1bc37e82> | {
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Anatomy of Future Gold & Silver Bubble
In recent commentaries we’ve written about the three phases of a bull market and how and why the final phase evolves as it does. Valuations, sentiment and market structure all explain why markets take a dramatic upward turn in the final phase after relatively stagnant performance in the previous phase. These are the “micro” behind why a bubble emerges in the final phase. Today we want to look at the intermarket driving forces behind the emergence of a bubble.
We often write about intermarket analysis, which is an incredibly useful and actionable form of technical analysis. The greater the bubble, the greater role intermarket relationships play in the formation of the bubble. Essentially, for a large market to form a bubble, capital needs to flow out of various asset classes and into that particular market.
Here is a quick example of the technology bubble in the 1990s. We plot the Nasdaq, Bonds and Commodities (the three major asset classes). The Nasdaq accelerated from 1994 to 2000. In the same time period, Bonds were volatile but didn’t make much progress. Commodities were in a nasty bear market from 1996 to 1999. Note that Bonds surged from 1990 through 1993, a period in which the Nasdaq climbed slowly. Furthermore, from 1993 to 1996, Commodities experienced a very strong bull market.
The takeaway is bubbles cannot occur when the asset classes are challenging each other for supremacy. Let’s quickly review the parabolic move in Gold, Silver and mining equities from 1976 until 1980. Interest rates soared in that period (Bond prices declined) stoking greater fears of inflation. Meanwhile, the S&P 500 peaked in Q3 1976 and didn’t bottom until Q1 1978. Overall, precious metals faced little competition in the late 1970s from conventional heavyweights: Bonds and Stocks.
Presently, the strength in each major asset class is holding Gold back. With both performing well, who needs Gold or Commodities? However, the long-term outlook for Stocks and Bonds is not good. The S&P 500 is nearing major resistance at 1500-1600. Also, the shortest bear market on record was 13 years (1929-1942). The current bear market looks far more similar to the 1966-1982 and 1900-1915 bear markets. Furthermore, the current PE ratio is 14. The bear market will not end until that reaches single digits in the coming years. Moving to Bonds, we note a powerful breakout from a two and a half year base. Bonds can move quite a bit higher from here but we’d be wary of a blowoff top in the next 12-18 months.
We believe there is plenty of legitimate demand for Bonds. The economy is slowing and people are generally scared. Also, if you are part of a large institution managing millions, you rely on Treasuries for their safety and liquidity. However, consider that foreign purchases are declining and supply will balloon in the coming years.
As Chris Puplava shows, supply is going to increase dramatically in the coming years as debtor nations have to rollover trillions in debt. Chris writes:
Looking at the outstanding debt for the top 10 combined shows that just between now and the end of the year more than $5 trillion in debt will mature, or 17% of their total outstanding debt, and by 2015 nearly 50% of the top 10 debtor nations total outstanding debt will come due.That is more than $15 trillion in debt coming due in the next two and half years!
One important point we need to remember is that the majority of gains in a bull market come in the last phase. The Nasdaq gained 5-fold from 1982 to 1994 and then surged more than 7-fold in the last six years. Gold and Silver in the late 1970s is another example. There are a handful of data points that support (on a historical basis) a parabolic move in the coming years.
The following chart shows how much Gold would have to rise to back the monetary base. However, an updated calculation puts this at $10,000/oz!
Moving along, we see that Gold relative to equities (S&P 500) has significant room to advance if it is going to near the 1980 bubble level. Note where the ratio was in 1977.
Presently, Gold is struggling to find demand as Bonds and the S&P 500 remain in bull markets. However, we believe the cyclical bull market in equities will soon come to an end and that the secular bull market in Bonds could form a major peak in the next 12-18 months. Gold and hard assets have been in a bull market for nearly 13 years. Barry Bannister’s research shows that bull markets tend to average 16-18 years. Steven J Williams at Cycle Pro shows that adjusted for inflation, each equities cycle is about 17 and a half years. The present bull market could very well end in 2017 or 2018. This is at the most, six years away.
It could take several months for the S&P to peak and perhaps a year before it falls into a mild cyclical bear market. Meanwhile, it could take months or perhaps a year for Bonds to make that major peak. Regardless of the near-term, the outlook over the next few years is clear. Conventional assets will struggle and fall out of favor at a time when accelerating debt monetization and money printing will thrust Gold, Silver and hard assets into the mainstream. That is why now is the time to take a serious look at Precious Metals. In our premium service we focus on the producers and explorers best positioned for and most likely to take advantage of the inevitable next leg up in this bull market in precious metals. | <urn:uuid:63123b30-b447-406b-b422-cc19f4a38225> | {
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June 2004 Sky from the Keeble Observatory
We will be unable to view the June 8th "transit of Venus" from the Keeble Observatory - the event will be over before the rising Sun clears our obscured eastern horizon. You will, however, be able to view it from several global web sites: The Exploratorium, in San Francisco will carry links to the Penteli Observatory, near Athens, Greece. NASA will offer links to several observatories around the world. The European Southern Observatory will have live coverage, as well.
May weather was not kind to comet watchers in the Center of the Universe. Haze on those evenings when it wasn't actually cloudy, and clouds and rain on other days, meant that it was unlikely that anyone actually saw comets NEAT and LINEAR. June weather, typically, will not be any improvement, and the comets are fading rapidly as their orbits carry them away from the Sun. There will be others in the future, hopefully more fortuitously positioned. Bright comets, like Hale-Bopp of several years ago, are roughly once per decade.
Comets have long fascinated humankind. Regular meteor showers and the stately motion of the planets through the zodiac could be anticipated. But, what to make of these "hairy stars" which persist for months, seemingly at random? (Our word "comet" comes from the Latin "coma" - which means hair!) Aristotle assumed they were atmospheric phenomena, describing them in his treatise on weather. Tycho Brahe used geometry to show that they were in the realm of the planets (but not the stars). It was once church doctrine that these represented harbingers of evil - firebrands hurled by an angry God to warn sinful humankind. Indeed, Halley's Comet was high above the Battle of Hastings, which was certainly bad luck for the English. It might have been considered good luck for the Norman victors!
Tycho got it right, of course. Comets are part of our solar system, just as much as are the planets, asteroids, and meteoroids. Indeed, meteor showers are residue from comets, which provides us a clue to their origin and makeup.
Some 5 billion years ago, comets were among the first large aggregate objects to condense out of the cloud of gas and dust which formed our solar system. Far from the growing heat source at the center, which was to become our Sun, they contain dust and frozen ices of water, methane, and ammonia. We believe these represent the oldest undisturbed remnants of the original pre-solar cloud. Pristine material from the time the Earth and other planets first formed. Fred Whipple dubbed them "dirty snowballs" and the description is apt. There are two major reservoirs of comets left from these early times. The so-called Kuiper Belt lies beyond the orbit of distant Neptune and lies in the plane of the ecliptic, roughly from 30 to 500 AU. (1 AU - "astronomical unit" is the average distance between Earth and Sun, about 150 million kilometers, or 93 million miles.) Pluto, and recently-discovered Sedna are among the largest denizens of this region ... yes, Pluto is probably just a large comet! Far beyond the Kuiper Belt lies the huge spherical shell called the Oort Cloud - stretching from 10,000 to perhaps 100,000 AU.
A comet's orbit may be disturbed by a collision, or by gravitational perturbations from passing stars or clouds. The comet then falls toward the inner solar system. As sunlight warms the comet, the volatile ices vaporize and carry with them dust and rocks from the nucleus of the comet. These gasses and dust particles are pushed away from the Sun by the pressure of sunlight and the streaming solar wind to form the tails of the comet. Ultraviolet light ionizes the gas and makes it glow. As the comet sweeps through its orbit the dust from its tail is strewn along its orbit, leaving the debris which makes up periodic meteor showers.
Lunar phases for June: Full Moon on the 3rd, at 12:20 am; Last Quarter on the 9th, at 4:03 pm; New Moon on the 17th, at 4:27 pm; First Quarter on the 25th, at 3:08 pm. Summer solstice, when the Sun is highest above the equator, will occur at 8:58 pm on the 20th. This is sometimes called the "longest day of the year," but it's 24 hours just like any other day! In fact, the solstice event will take place after sunset on the 20th! We will experience over 14 hours of sunlight on the 20th and 21st, however.
Evening planet watching in June is largely Jupiter watching. After sunset, Jupiter emerges from twilight high to the southwest, about 50 degrees off the horizon. It sets about 1:00 am. Saturn and Mars are above the horizon at sunset, but low to the northwest and probably lost in the horizon clutter and haze. Mornings are not promising for planet watching, either. Mercury and Venus have returned to the pre-dawn sky, but will be very low (< 10 degrees) on the northeast horizon at sunrise.
An hour or so after sunset at mid-month, the overhead view is essentially out of the plane of the Galaxy, which is nearly coincident with the horizon at 8:30 pm. Castor and Pollux are to the west, settling towards the horizon. High above the southern horizon, almost at zenith, is bright Arcturus, in the constellation Bootes. To the west, just below and to the right of Jupiter, you'll find Regulus, the heart of the Lion in the constellation Leo. The days around the new Moon are a good time to hope for clear skies ... maybe a cold front will sweep away the haze enough so that you can use Jupiter to find some deeper objects with your binoculars. Within 4 degrees to the right and slightly above Jupiter you may find several galaxies from the Messier catalog - M105, M95, and M96 are all in Leo. About 6 degrees above Jupiter is another, known as M65. These objects were all catalogued by Charles Messier to avoid confusing them with comets. We'll say more about the Messier Catalog next month.
Vega is to the ENE about 37 degrees off the horizon and appearing higher each night. It will be prominent in the late summer and autumn skies. Near Vega, use binoculars to find the Ring Nebula. Below Vega rises the constellation Cygnus. This marks the plane of the Galaxy, and the general direction towards which our Sun in moving in its orbit about the distant center of the Milky Way.
For your own monthly star chart, you can direct your web browser to http://www.skymaps.com. You will find extensive descriptions of what's worth looking for, and you can download and print a single copy for your personal use.
Copyright 2004 George Spagna | <urn:uuid:a14c43de-99e0-4bc2-9aff-30cb43f3da1e> | {
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Let the Tempo Come to You
The science of starting slowly. . . to finish ahead
The wisdom of starting a race relatively slowly and finishing fast is unquestioned, with the strategy of "negative splitting"—running the second half of the race faster than the first—yielding world marathon bests for Khalid Khannouchi and Catherine Ndereba, a course record for Cosmas Ndeti at Boston in 1994 (2:07:15), and a slew of other notable positive outcomes. Not only do negative splits typically yield better competitive results, they often mean a quicker post-race recovery, a more finely tuned sense of one’s limits at any point in a race, and a more pleasurable race experience overall (e.g., passing runners throughout the race, less physical and mental discomfort). When we speak of having run negative splits, we universally do so with satisfaction and pride.
However, outside of the competitive milieu, our ambition to run negative splits, or otherwise finish more quickly than we start, virtually disappears. If you do your everyday six-miler at 7:30 pace, do you really care if you do the first three miles at 8:00 pace and the last three at 7:00 pace, or rip through the first mile with no warm-up in 6:30 and run 7:40’s the rest of the way? Did you notice whether the last four 400-meter repeats of last week’s speed workout were faster than the first four? Do any of us care about these things? Should we?
Based on scads of empirical evidence, the answer is a resounding yes. Distance running observers are quick to point out, for example, Kenyan athletes’ formidable training mileage and intensity. Often ignored, however, is the well-established tendency of these runners to begin every workout—interval session, tempo run, or distance run—at a jog or even a shuffle, picking up the pace only when all physiological systems are fully attuned to the task at foot, with a smooth transition having been made from the resting state to the aerobic state. Hammering away from the get-go at whatever pace they will ultimately reach that day is simply not in these runners’ training lexicon—and with good reason: It detracts from both the training benefit achieved and the maximal workload reached, to say nothing of the effect on recovery time and therefore on subsequent workouts and races.
The physiology behind running an evenly paced workout or race is straightforward. "In very long races, economy of oxygen consumption allows you to preserve your fuel sources and prevents you from becoming glycogen-depleted," says John Kellogg, M.A., coach of 28:10 10,000 meter runner Weldon Johnson and other young aspirants. "You have a ceiling of roughly 2,000 calories available from stored fuels which can be used to produce energy aerobically. You also burn approximately five calories for each liter of oxygen you consume during exercise. Do the math—you can’t squander your available energy and expect to run your best race, especially if there is a chance you could run out of fuel." | <urn:uuid:aeee60b0-3144-4b1b-91f8-3188d7071efe> | {
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Fascinating creatures indeed bentley!
Cuttlefish belong to the Cephalopoda class and includes squid, octopuses, and nautiluses). Although they are known as fish, they are mollusks and not fish! Recent studies indicate that cuttlefish are among the most intelligent invertebrates. Internationally there are 120 species of cuttlefish recognized. I am not sure how many species are in South African waters though!
Cuttlefish have eight arms and two tentacles furnished with suckers, with which they secure their prey.
They have a life expectancy of approximately 2 years and feed on small mollusks, crabs, shrimp, fish, octopuses, worms, and other cuttlefish. They are being preyed upon by dolphins, sharks, fish, seals and other cuttlefish.
Their cuttle-bones are porous and used for buoyancy by changing the gas-to-liquid ratio in the chambered cuttle-bone.
Cuttlefish eyes are among the most developed in the animal kingdom.
The blood of a cuttlefish is an unusual shade of green-blue. The reason for this is the fact that they use the copper containing protein hemocyanin to carry oxygen instead of the red iron-containing protein hemoglobin that is found in mammals. They have 3 separate hearts to pump their blood. Two hearts pump blood to the pair of gills and the third pumps blood to the rest of the body.
Photo of 2 Cuttlefish:Herewith something interesting facts about their ability to change colours:Cuttlefish are sometimes referred to as the chameleon of the sea because of their remarkable ability to rapidly alter their skin color at will. Their skin flashes a fast-changing pattern as communication to other cuttlefish and to camouflage them from predators. This color-changing function is produced by groups of red, yellow, brown, and black pigmented chromatophores above a layer of reflective iridophores and leucophores, with up to 200 of these specialized pigment cells per square millimeter. The pigmented chromatophores have a sac of pigment and a large membrane that is folded when retracted. There are 6-20 small muscle cells on the sides which can contract to squash the elastic sac into a disc against the skin. Yellow chromatophores (xanthophores) are closest to the surface of the skin, red and orange are below (erythrophores), and brown or black are just above the iridophore layer (melanophores). The iridophores reflect blue and green light. Iridophores are plates of chitin or protein, which can reflect the environment around a cuttlefish. They are responsible for the metallic blues, greens, golds, and silvers often seen on cuttlefish. All of these cells can be used in combinations. For example, orange is produced by red and yellow chromatophores, while purple can be created by a red chromatophore and an iridophore. The cuttlefish can also use an iridophore and a yellow chromatophore to produce a brighter green. As well as being able to influence the color of the light that reflects off their skin, cuttlefish can also affect the light's polarization, which can be used to signal to other marine animals, many of which can also sense polarization. | <urn:uuid:b54600a1-7fc1-4680-a155-982badee16b7> | {
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This kit offers suggestions for activities, demonstrations and experiments that can be performed with our laser pointers. Typical experiments such as measuring the wavelength of laser light and determining the effects of polarization are also explained. The manual even includes the basic theory on laser pointer operation.
Includes: 1 holographic diffraction grating, 1 Polaroid filter, 2 first surface mirrors, 2 lenses (1 short f.l., 1 long f.l.), 1 cylindrical lens, 1 solar cell, 1 rectangular prism, and 3 color filters (red, blue, green). The 28 page instruction manual covers topics involving reflection, refraction, light absorption and more.
Note: A laser pointer is needed but not included. | <urn:uuid:5c6ad366-49db-4319-9007-ba4993121a40> | {
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Loosens and Aerates Soil for Better Plant Growth
People are often surprised to hear that plants need air near their roots for healthy growth. After all, roots are in the ground. How does air get through all that soil? The fact is, good gardening soil is full of tiny air pockets. They allow moisture and nutrients to reach the roots more easily. They allow roots to grow easily, too. Many people find that their native soil is hard and compacted, making it a challenge to establish new in-ground plants. Miracle-Gro® Expand 'n Gro™ can radically improve the condition of native soil. When mixed in with native soil, Expand ?n Gro can create up to 90% more air space for plant roots to grow. Even if you have heavy, compacted or clay soil in your garden, Expand 'n Gro makes it looser, easier to work and up to 40% lighter. | <urn:uuid:4cdddc52-8826-4bcc-a36a-9337f147b178> | {
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LAURENCE CADBURY COLLECTION
Assembled at the beginning of the 20th century, the Laurence Cadbury Collection helps show what life was like in a 16th and 17th century house.
Dating from about 1500 to the early 1900s it comprises furniture and domestic objects, agricultural artefacts, armour, archives and decorative works.
On permanent display, the collection includes:
This would have been used in a church to store food that parishioners collected for the poor. The food would then be ‘doled out’ to them, hence the expression ‘on the dole’.
16th CENTURY CHEST
Dating from 1520 our oldest chest is carved with ornate scenes depicting a variety of strange creatures and mythical beasts.
1592 TESTER BED
Plaited reeds or rushes were woven together to create a cover for the bed’s rope supports. A feather mattress was probably placed on top.
This depicts Henry VIII’s Surrey palace of Nonsuch. There was to be ‘nonsuch’ like it, but Henry died before it was completed.
A space-saving piece of furniture with an under-seat storage area and a top that folds down to form a table.
This large cupboard, dated 1673, was used for storing tableware.
A carved wooden Bible Box that stored objects of great value, most notably the family’s Bible.
A 1713 cupboard with three sections; the top can be lifted down and used as a bench.
18ft OAK TABLE
Dating from the 1630s, this spectacular 18ft eight-legged table was brought from Crook Hall, Lancashire, in 1921. | <urn:uuid:243b0235-8121-4a6e-a859-ced5ab0ff874> | {
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An end-stop occurs when a line of poetry ends with a period or definite punctuation mark, such as a colon. When lines are end-stopped, each line is its own phrase or unit of syntax. So when you read an end-stopped line, you'll naturally pause. In that sense, it's the opposite of enjambment, which will encourage you to move right along to the next line without pausing.
Bright Star, would I were as stedfast as thou art—
Not in lone splendor hung aloft the night,
And watching, with eternal lids apart,
Like nature's patient, sleepless Eremite,
See how the lines each have their own units of sense? And they each end in a punctuation mark that indicates a pause. These, Shmoopers, are end-stopped lines. In fact, "Bright Star" is mostly end-stopped, with only two examples of enjambment. Check out the poem, and see if you can find them. | <urn:uuid:5b4e2121-53a2-4aea-9260-95c8c60be13a> | {
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The writer Nathaniel Hawthorne was born on the Fourth of July in 1804 and went on from there to establish himself as one of the great contributors to American literature. Like Forrest Gump, he seemed all his life to be surrounded by history. He was descended from a line of notorious Puritans, including a judge at the Salem witch trials. His college pals included poet Henry Wadsworth Longfellow and future president Franklin Pierce. Henry David Thoreau planted Hawthorne a vegetable garden as a wedding present. Edgar Allan Poe wrote rave reviews of his books. The mourners at his funeral in 1860 included Ralph Waldo Emerson and Oliver Wendell Holmes. Hawthorne spent most of his life in or around the Massachusetts towns of Salem and Concord, both of which played prominent roles in American history.
Hawthorne's books and stories drew heavily from America's Puritan history. His stories were pointed allegories that took aim at hypocrisy, sin, and corruption. Hawthorne's most famous novel, The Scarlet Letter, practically ran through a checklist of the Seven Deadly Sins. His was not a rosy view of human nature. Perhaps because of this, Hawthorne kept mostly to himself. He was painfully shy and rarely invited anyone to the home he shared with his wife and three children. A friend of his said at the time, "I love Hawthorne, I admire him; but I do not know him. He lives in a mysterious world of thought and imagination which he never permits me to enter."1 If Hawthorne were alive today, he probably wouldn't even be on Facebook. Maybe it's easier to know him 150 years after his death, now that we have access to the journals and personal papers he fiercely guarded during his lifetime.
Picture it: A brilliantly creative man is stuck at an incredibly boring desk job at the Boston Custom House. He hates it, but he can't quit because he has to support his family. It's sucking away his energy, his time, and his creativity. Yet, in a quintessentially American way, he refuses to give up hope. "I do not mean to imply that I am unhappy or discontented; for this is not the case," Hawthorne confided in his diary on 3 July 1839. "Henceforth forever I shall be entitled to call the sons of toil my brethren, and shall know how to sympathize with them; seeing that I likewise have risen at the dawn, and borne the fervor of the midday sun, nor turned my heavy footsteps homeward till eventide. Years hence, perhaps, the experience that, my heart is acquiring now will flow out in truth and wisdom."2 Generations of readers since agree that he was right. | <urn:uuid:6973fa21-5cf8-44b1-a2f8-7c16476aa981> | {
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Enzymes are complex proteins that cause a specific chemical change in all parts of the body. For example, they can help break down the foods we eat so the body can use them. Blood clotting is another example of enzymes at work.
Enzymes are needed for all body functions. They are found in every organ and cell in the body, including in the:
Stomach (gastric juice)
Linda J. Vorvick, MD, Medical Director and Director of Didactic Curriculum, MEDEX Northwest Division of Physician Assistant Studies, Department of Family Medicine, UW Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington. Also reviewed by A.D.A.M. Health Solutions, Ebix, Inc., Editorial Team: David Zieve, MD, MHA, David R. Eltz, Stephanie Slon, and Nissi Wang. | <urn:uuid:9297e842-ab90-46e6-8636-46796300a8de> | {
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Benzene is a clear, liquid, petroleum-based chemical that has a sweet smell. Benzene poisoning occurs when someone swallows, breathes in, or touches benzene.
This is for information only and not for use in the treatment or management of an actual poison exposure. If you have an exposure, you should call your local emergency number (such as 911) or the National Poison Control Center at 1-800-222-1222.
People may be exposed to benzene in factories, refineries, and other industrial settings. Benzene may be found in:
Seek immediate medical help. Do NOT make a person throw up unless told to do so by poison control or a health care professional.
If the chemical is on the skin or in the eyes, flush with lots of water for at least 15 minutes.
If the chemical was swallowed, immediately give the person water or milk, unless instructed otherwise by a health care provider. Do NOT give water or milk if the patient is having symptoms (such as vomiting, convulsions, or a decreased level of alertness) that make it hard to swallow.
If the person breathed in the poison, immediately move him or her to fresh air.
Before Calling Emergency
Determine the following information:
Patient's age, weight, and condition
Name of the product (ingredients and strengths, if known)
Time it was swallowed
Poison Control, or a local emergency number
The National Poison Control Center (1-800-222-1222) can be called from anywhere in the United States. This national hotline number will let you talk to experts in poisoning. They will give you further instructions.
This is a free and confidential service. All local poison control centers in the United States use this national number. You should call if you have any questions about poisoning or poison prevention. It does NOT need to be an emergency. You can call for any reason, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week.
People who work with benzene products should only do so in areas with good air flow. They should also use protective gloves and eye glasses.
Mirkin DB. Benzene and related aromatic hydrocarbons. In: Shannon MW, Borron SW, Burns MJ, eds. Haddad and Winchester's Clinical Management of Poisoning and Drug Overdose. 4th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2007:chap 94.
ATSDR (Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry). Toxicological profile for benzene. Update. Public Health Service, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, Ga.
Eric Perez, MD, St. Luke's / Roosevelt Hospital Center, NY, NY, and Pegasus Emergency Group (Meadowlands and Hunterdon Medical Centers), NJ. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, A.D.A.M., Inc. | <urn:uuid:c49ba226-eddd-48b0-b862-c0d4e749088e> | {
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The science fair concept has been established to:
- Focus attention on students’ academic achievements
- Strengthen student motivation and interest in science
- Promote teacher and public recognition of outstanding science talent
- Recognize outstanding individual achievements, efforts, potential, and creativity
- This event provides a medium for students to apply learned knowledge and skills to solve real problems and answer real-life questions.
Entering the Fair
- The competition is open to 4th – 12th grade students.
- Each elementary school may bring 10 projects to the district fair.
- Each middle school may bring 15 projects to the district fair
- Each high school may bring 25 projects to the district fair.
- Schools will decide how the projects will be selected. Most often this will be through a school science fair.
- Students may work individually or in groups (no groups of more than 3).
- Students may not participate in more than one project.
- All participating schools must be represented by at least one teacher or administrator at the competition.
- Registration must be submitted for each project entered.
- Project displays should NOT show the students names.
- Only participants, judges, teachers, and fair officials are allowed in the judging area during judging.
- Exhibits must be brought to, cared for, and removed from the fair by the exhibitor.
- The Science Fair Committee and cooperating groups will assume NO responsibility for loss or damage to any exhibit.
- Valuables, such as computers, meters, cameras, microscopes, etc., should NOT be left unattended. The only time they are required to be part of the exhibit is during the hours of judging.
How are the projects judged?
The role of judging is not to distinguish winners and losers, but to recognize students who achieve standards of excellence. By encouraging students to strive for their best effort, all participants are winners and grow from the experience.
- A team of judges is assigned to each category. During the initial judging, the projects are grouped so that each project is screened by at least two judges.
- All students must remain with their projects during the judging to make presentations and explain their study.
- All others (sponsors, teachers, parents, and other students) are not permitted in the project area while judging is in progress.
- All decisions of the judges are final.
- Final judging information will not be available to participants, parents, or teachers.
How are awards given?
- Every student entering the fair will receive an a certificate of participation.
- Trophies will be given for the top 3 scores in each category. First and second place winners that are students in grades 5 through 12 will invited to advance to the Salt Lake Valley Science and Engineering Fair. | <urn:uuid:6c0030c3-810d-4013-927f-9e3f224319d5> | {
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Memories of the Golden Age of American Space Flight (Mercury, Gemini, Apollo, Skylab) - Oral Histories of Managers, Engineers, and Workers (Set 4) - Including Sjoberg, Wendt, and Yardley by Progressive Management
Price: $9.99 USD. 338140 words.
Language: English. Published on August 9, 2012. Nonfiction » Engineering, trades, and technology » Aeronautics & Astronautics.
The fascinating oral histories of a fourth set of thirteen pioneers of the "golden age" of American manned spaceflight (Mercury, Gemini, Apollo, and Skylab)- converted for accurate flowing-text ebook format reproduction - provide new insights into this extraordinary effort, with vital observations about an era of space history that changed the world. | <urn:uuid:22ae0625-9bdf-4a9f-9c95-6db5655d0c84> | {
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Some texts are currently available in German only. We apologize for any inconvenience.
On display in the Friedrichswerder Church are sculptures from the early 19th century. Built between 1824 and 1830 after plans by Karl Friedrich Schinkel, the Friedrichswerder Church, with all its works, is the most authentic building of its creator.
The reception of antique motif and form is an important feature of the sculptures from the late 18th to the mid-19th century which are on display here. They are grouped in the exhibition space in a way which is informal and rich in connections so that the observer is given an impression of something like a "landscaped serenity".
At the centre of the exhibition is the original plaster model for Johann Gottfried Schadow's marble sculpture of the Prussian princesses. The area of the Classical sculptural ideal is represented by Emil Wolff's "Badende" and Heinrich Kümmel's "Fischerknabe". Theodor Kalide's "Bacchantin auf dem Panther" - a war-damaged torso, the revolutionary modernity of which can be recognised even in this fragmentary form - already exceeds the boundaries of Classicism. Busts of significant personages from the Goethe period complement the sculpture exhibition: Immanuel Kant, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Wilhelm and Alexander von Humboldt and other characters from this significant period in German intellectual history are present.
In the gallery of the church, the Nationalgalerie (National Gallery) has put on display a documentary exhibition on the life and work of Karl Friedrich Schinkel. So, at the same time, the building receives recognition: with the Friedrichswerder Church Schinkel realised a central work of German neo-Gothic. | <urn:uuid:e1ac6216-dbaa-4b99-9711-5afd235a05f7> | {
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Did You Know?
- By purchasing recycled products, consumers are helping to create
long-term stable markets for the recyclable materials that are collected
from New Jersey homes, businesses and institutions.
- The purchase of recycled products is crucial to the success of New
Jersey’s many recycling programs, as well as recycling in general
which has proven to be both an environmental and economic success story.
- The State of New Jersey purchases a variety of recycled products
for its government operations, including recycled copy paper, paper
towels, garbage bags, toner cartridges, antifreeze, traffic cones and
road construction aggregate.
- American businesses demonstrate their commitment to buying recycled
by purchasing billions of dollars of recycled content products annually.
- In addition to preserving natural resources and saving energy, recycling
employs almost 27,000 people in New Jersey and adds almost $6 billion
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Oil Painting ID: 62935
1511-12 Fresco, 215 x 430 cm Cappella Sistina, Vatican "Matthan begat Jacob. Jacob begat Joseph, the husband of Mary, of whom was born Jesus, who is called Christ." (Matthew 1:15-16) At the top of the entrance wall of the chapel, to the right of the viewer, next to the Eleazar-Matthan lunette, there is the one concluding the genealogical sequence of the ancestors of Christ in the Gospel of St Matthew. Sullen and perplexed, wrapped in a huge yellow ochre cloak and seemingly withdrawn, the old man - generally believed to be Jacob - dominates the family group on the left due to his expressive power and the quality of the colour. Similarly, on the right, the female figure, usually thought to be Mary, is more prominent than the other members of the Holy Family and the child holding a mirror. Behind Mary in the shadow, Joseph holds the Christ child, who stretches out an arm toward the round mirror held out at the height of his face by a naked female child, possibly an allegory of the Church. The compositional schemes of the two neighbouring lunettes correspond: in both there is a female figure in the foreground seen in full, or half, profile and facing the outer wall of the chapel, and a male figure, on the internal side, with his torso seen frontally. Artist: MICHELANGELO Buonarroti Painting Title: Jacob - Joseph , 1501-1550 Painting Style: Italian , , religious
b Caprese 1475 d Rome 1564
Born: March 6, 1475
Died: February 18, 1564
Michelangelo was one of the greatest sculptors of the Italian Renaissance and one of its greatest painters and architects.
Michelangelo Buonarroti was born on March 6, 1475, in Caprese, Italy, a village where his father, Lodovico Buonarroti, was briefly serving as a Florentine government agent. The family moved back to Florence before Michelangelo was one month old. Michelangelo's mother died when he was six. From his childhood Michelangelo was drawn to the arts, but his father considered this pursuit below the family's social status and tried to discourage him. However, Michelangelo prevailed and was apprenticed (worked to learn a trade) at the age of thirteen to Domenico Ghirlandaio (1449?C1494), the most fashionable painter in Florence at the time.
After a year Michelangelo's apprenticeship was broken off. The boy was given access to the collection of ancient Roman sculpture of the ruler of Florence, Lorenzo de' Medici (1449?C1492). He dined with the family and was looked after by the retired sculptor who was in charge of the collection. This arrangement was quite unusual at the time.
Michelangelo's earliest sculpture, the Battle of the Centaurs (mythological creatures that are part man and part horse), a stone work created when he was about seventeen, is regarded as remarkable for the simple, solid forms and squarish proportions of the figures, which add intensity to their violent interaction.
Soon after Lorenzo died in 1492, the Medici family fell from power and Michelangelo fled to Bologna. In 1494 he carved three saints for the church of San Domenico. They show dense forms, in contrast to the linear forms which were then dominant in sculpture.
After returning to Florence briefly, Michelangelo moved to Rome. There he carved a Bacchus for a banker's garden of ancient sculpture. This is Michelangelo's earliest surviving large-scale work, and his only sculpture meant to be viewed from all sides.
In 1498 the same banker commissioned Michelangelo to carve the Piet?? now in St. Peter's. The term piet?? refers to a type of image in which Mary supports the dead Christ across her knees. Larger than life size, the Piet?? contains elements which contrast and reinforce each other: vertical and horizontal, cloth and skin, alive and dead, female and male.
On Michelangelo's return to Florence in 1501 he was recognized as the most talented sculptor of central Italy. He was commissioned to carve the David for the Florence Cathedral.
Michelangelo's Battle of Cascina was commissioned in 1504; several sketches still exist. The central scene shows a group of muscular soldiers climbing from a river where they had been swimming to answer a military alarm. This fusion of life with colossal grandeur henceforth was the special quality of Michelangelo's art.
From this time on, Michelangelo's work consisted mainly of very large projects that he never finished. He was unable to turn down the vast commissions of his great clients which appealed to his preference for the grand scale.
Pope Julius II (1443?C1513) called Michelangelo to Rome in 1505 to design his tomb, which was to include about forty life-size statues. Michelangelo worked on the project off and on for the next forty years.
In 1508 Pope Julius II commissioned Michelangelo to decorate the ceiling of the chief Vatican chapel, the Sistine. The traditional format of ceiling painting contained only single figures. Michelangelo introduced dramatic scenes and an original framing system, which was his earliest architectural design. The chief elements are twelve male and female prophets (the latter known as sibyls) and nine stories from Genesis.
Michelangelo stopped for some months halfway along. When he returned to the ceiling, his style underwent a shift toward a more forceful grandeur and a richer emotional tension than in any previous work. The images of the Separation of Light and Darkness, and Ezekiel illustrate this greater freedom and mobility.
After the ceiling was completed in 1512, Michelangelo returned to the tomb of Julius and carved a Moses and two Slaves. His models were the same physical types he used for the prophets and their attendants in the Sistine ceiling. Julius's death in 1513 halted the work on his tomb.
Pope Leo X, son of Lorenzo de' Medici, proposed a marble facade for the family parish church of San Lorenzo in Florence to be decorated with statues by Michelangelo. After four years of quarrying and designing the project was canceled.
In 1520 Michelangelo was commissioned to execute the Medici Chapel for two young Medici dukes. It contains two tombs, each with an image of the deceased and two allegorical (symbolic) figures: Day and Night on one tomb, and Morning and Evening on the other.
A library, the Biblioteca Laurenziana, was built at the same time on the opposite side of San Lorenzo to house Pope Leo X's books. The entrance hall and staircase are some of Michelangelo's most astonishing architecture, with recessed columns resting on scroll brackets set halfway up the wall and corners stretched open rather than sealed.
Michelangelo wrote many poems in the 1530s and 1540s. Approximately three hundred survive. The earlier poems are on the theme of Neoplatonic love (belief that the soul comes from a single undivided source to which it can unite again) and are full of logical contradictions and intricate images. The later poems are Christian. Their mood is penitent (being sorrow and regretful); and they are written in a simple, direct style.
In 1534 Michelangelo left Florence for the last time, settling in Rome. The next ten years were mainly given over to painting for Pope Paul III (1468?C1549). | <urn:uuid:e4fdfcb0-64b1-4931-b73b-d91c532c2935> | {
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Duchenne muscular dystrophy is caused by a defective gene for dystrophin (a protein in the muscles). However, it often occurs in people without a known family history of the condition.
Because of the way the disease is inherited, boys are affected, not girls. The sons of females who are carriers of the disease (women with a defective gene but no symptoms themselves) each have a 50% chance of having the disease. The daughters each have a 50% chance of being carriers.
Duchenne muscular dystrophy occurs in about 1 out of every 3,600 male infants. Because this is an inherited disorder, risks include a family history of Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
Symptoms usually appear before age 6 and may appear as early as infancy. They may include:
Duchenne muscular dystrophy leads to quickly worsening disability. Death usually occurs by age 25, typically from lung disorders.
Congestive heart failure (rare)
Heart arrhythmias (rare)
Mental impairment (varies, usually minimal)
Permanent, progressive disability
Decreased ability to care for self
Pneumonia or other respiratory infections
Calling your health care provider
Call your health care provider if:
Your child has symptoms of Duchenne muscular dystrophy
Symptoms worsen, or new symptoms develop, particularly fever with cough or breathing difficulties
Genetic counseling is advised if there is a family history of the disorder. Duchenne muscular dystrophy can be detected with about 95% accuracy by genetic studies performed during pregnancy.
Kliegman RM, Behrman RE, Jenson HB, Stanton BF. Muscular dystrophies. In: Kliegman RM, Behrman RE, Jenson HB, Stanton BF. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. 18th ed. Philadelphia, Pa:Saunders Elsevier; 2007:chap 608.
Neil K. Kaneshiro, MD, MHA, Clinical Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine; and Benjamin Seckler, MD, Diagnostic Radiologist, Poughkeepsie, NY, and President of Charley's Fund; and Luc Jasmin, MD, PhD, Department of Neurosurgery at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, and Department of Anatomy at UCSF, San Francisco, CA. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, A.D.A.M. Health Solutions, Ebix, Inc. | <urn:uuid:75d713c4-61fa-4a0b-992b-1378b90eab1b> | {
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Do not misled by the name of water chestnut, it is not at all a member of the nut family but is about the size of a walnut. Water chestnuts (荸薺 or 馬蹄 in Chinese) are the knobby root of an aquatic plant that grow in areas also suitable for paddy fields. That is why they are widely found in China and South East Asia, where they are said to be planted between rice crops. Since harvesting of water chestnuts is pretty labor intensive, no doubt they are less common in regions of high costs of living like Japan and Australia though these affluent areas also grow abundant rice.
Nice water chestnuts are firm with no rotten or soft spot. Their skins, often muddy, have to be peeled off before cooking. The flavor of water chestnuts is mild yet a little bit sweet. Even after cooked, they are still crunchy and juicy.
Once peeled, do rinse and clean them thoroughly and cover with cold water or their pale-looking flesh may turn rusty. If chilled in fridge, and water is replaced daily, the peeled water chestnuts can be stored for one to two weeks. Besides they can also be eaten raw alone as snack. If not taken as a snack or cooking ingredient, you may just boil them in water and add in your preferred amount of sugar (we often use rock sugar to go with it) and that will give you a good cup of sweet soup.
Water chestnuts can also be dried and made into powder form and is known as water chestnut flour or starch. The flour (like corn starch) is often used as thickener in Chinese cooking, and sometimes for use in making puddings or steamed cakes.
A day before, I have used water chestnuts as one of the fillings for preparing some Lettuce Wraps, just click here to read details of the recipe or leave a comment.
To get immediate updates and new recipes from my blog, you may also SUBSCRIBE them via RSS feeds. See you there. | <urn:uuid:67c30413-9660-489a-8eab-0198ef8fb6a4> | {
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Vinca is very drought-tolerant and has an extremely long blooming season. It can also tolerate the highest temperatures we face during the summer growing season.
Great improvements have been made in vinca flower colors and varieties during the past 25 years. In the 1980s, gardeners had few choices in terms of vinca growth habits, flower colors or disease resistance. In the 1990s, new forms and new flower colors arrived with rapid expansion occurring between 2000-2005.
Vinca flower colors now include pink, deep rose, red, blush, scarlet, white, white with a red eye, lavender blue, peach, apricot, orchid, burgundy and many others. You can have vinca varieties that are upright and vinca varieties that are spreading. Plants generally grow 18-20 inches tall with a spread of 12-14 inches. Spreading types, though, have more trailing or ground cover habits and reach only 6-8 inches tall (at the most) with spreads of 18-14 inches.
We do have vinca problems in the landscape, and based on the number of calls with vinca issues this spring, this is a bad year for vinca. This is surprising considering we now have disease-resistant varieties and we had a very dry spring and early summer.
The main disease culprit is a fungus called Phytophthora, which always is present in our soils. It is often responsible for root rots and crown rots, and it attacks many types of plants. This fungus causes a disease seen shortly after planting, but it also can be found later in the year.
Rhizoctonia is another disease common on vinca in Louisiana. It normally shows up in the summer after plants are established. Plant pathologists can also find Botrytis (gray mold) and Alternaria (leaf spot) on vinca in summer and fall.
To get the best performance out of vinca in your landscape, consider the following LSU AgCenter recommendations:
•Begin with good quality plants. Inspect plants obtained from the greenhouse grower or retail garden center for healthy roots.
•Select a full-sun location. Vinca need at least eight hours of direct sun daily for optimum performance.
•Properly prepare the landscape bed to allow for drainage and aeration. Raise the bed at least 6 inches if drainage is questionable. If beds are already established, all debris from the previous planting needs to be removed. Possibly, mulch should be removed also and add another couple inches of landscape soil prior to planting.
•Although late April through early May is the ideal first planting date for the spring, you can continue planting vinca through the summer. The main thing to remember is that vinca love warm soil.
•Plant so that the top of the root ball is level with or slightly higher than the soil of the bed. Proper spacing also is important because a crowded planting limits air circulation and can create conditions more favorable to disease development. Space transplants at least 8-10 inches apart. The more quickly plants grow together, the higher the likelihood of disease moving through foliage later in the year.
•Mulch to decrease splashing of rainfall and irrigation water from soil onto the lower stems and foliage of the plants. Bedding plants should be mulched to a depth of about 1 inch. Pine straw is the preferred mulch material.
•Manage irrigation properly. This is the main culprit in plant decline in commercial landscape beds. Vinca need very little irrigation once they’re established. Avoid regular overhead irrigation. Even if the landscape bed drains very well, an adequate volume once a week is the most water that should be applied.
•Don’t plant periwinkles in the same bed year after year. Rotate them with other summer bedding plants that like sunny locations, such as blue daze, lantana, pentas, angelonia, scaevola, verbena, melampodium or sun-tolerant coleus.
Varieties of vinca available in Louisiana include Pacifica, Cooler, Mediterranean, Victory, Titan, Nirvana and Cora series. Cooler and Pacifica are older varieties that still perform well with correct care. Mediterranean vincas spread and should be planted only in hanging baskets and containers. Titans have the largest flowers of all the vinca groups. The newer and more expensive Nirvana and Cora vincas have genetic resistance to Phytophthora. A few other vincas we have evaluated at the LSU AgCenter recently are not being sold in any significant quantities in Louisiana.
It is late in the bedding-plant season, but pay attention to vinca in landscapes. Are you noticing them looking good or looking bad? Try to figure out why a particular planting is performing well or not performing well. Vinca can have trouble through the summer and fall if proper practices are not followed, so consider the above options to improve your success.
For more information, contact Dr. Chris Robichaux, county agent/area horticulturist, St. Martin/Iberia Parishes, at 332-2181 or 369-4440. | <urn:uuid:88214c93-2b8d-4d36-b4f0-52523683ad12> | {
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Job S. Ebenezer, Ph.D.
President, Technology for the Poor,
877 PELHAM COURT, WESTERVILLE, OHIO - 43081
The original Savonius design called
for a 7 to 8 inch overlap of the buckets. Research at Sandia Laboratories,
however, suggested an overlap of 10 to 15% of the bucket diameter or in this
case 3 inches (the bucket diameter=23 inches).
The second modification was the use of an automobile differential at the bottom of the machine to convert the vertical shaft power of the rotor to horizontal shaft power. A water pump or grain grinder could then be connected to the horizontal shaft either directly or via chain or V belt arrangements. The vertical main shaft of the wind machine was connected to the driveshaft of the differential., and one axle shaft of the differential became the horizontal power take off shaft for the wind machine. The other axle shaft was removed and the slip gears were locked. The gear ratio offered by this arrangement was 3:1, i.e. for every three turns of the wind machine's main shaft, the horizontal shaft turned once. This arrangement provided a high torque, low speed power to run a chain pump and a grain mill. A simple brake mechanism was provided to stop the machine in high winds.
A chain pump was constructed using a design proposed by Volunteers in Technical Assistance (VITA). A drawing of the chain pump constructed is shown below. In order to prevent corrosion of the metal chain, short lengths of nylon ropes were substituted for the lengths of chain between each leather washer. This substitution;. however, proved to be unsatisfactory
as there was much binding and
misalignment of the washers as they ascended the pipe. It is suggested that the
metal links should not be replaced by light weight ropes as the weight of the
links keep the washers taught and aligned well. Aside from these alignment
problems, the Savonius machine performed well. The Brace Research Institute in
Canada has successfully operated a diaphragm pump made of a tire with a Savonius
windmill. It is suggested that a diaphragm pump may be better suited for
Savonius windmill than a chain pump. Although the Village Technology Program did
not construct and test a chain bucket pump (shown below), it is believed that it
might perform very well with a Savonius windmill. Conventional piston pumps can
also be used with a Savonius windmill.
The Savonius windmill was also used to grind grain. A small grain mill known as "Corona Convertible" manufactured in Columbia, South America, was fitted with a hopper and sprocket.
The hopper holds a large amount of grain and can feed the mill automatically. A s shown below, the horizontal shaft of the windmill is connected to the grain mill via a roller chain and sprocket drive. The overall ratio between the wind machine and the grain mill was 5:1. The mill turned once for every five turns of the rotor.
This wind machine and mill combination successfully ground grain into fine flour. However, the rate of production and wind speed are not known with any accuracy, as this set up was not instrumented. Also unknown is the eventual durability of the mill's simple cast iron journal bearings. Perhaps the use of higher quality mills with better bearings will be required.
All factors considered, the Savonius design affords a very simple, stable machine requiring little maintenance. The Savonius' power output is relatively low (about 1 2 hp), but so is the initial investment for its construction (about $250 of materials). We highly recommend this machine for use in Third World countries. | <urn:uuid:1f1f13ee-2ce5-4896-a5e6-6abcc4265766> | {
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When I was in school at MIT and Harvard in the 1980s and 1990s, I was taught that there were 100,000 or so human genes, every one encoding a protein. The properties of those genes were unknown. Today, I teach that our genome contains only 21,000 protein-coding genes. To our surprise, there are thousands of additional genes that don’t encode proteins. All of these genes have been described in great detail.
I was taught that the parts of the genome not encoding proteins were “junk.” Today, we know that this junk makes up three-quarters of our functional DNA. Parts of it help exquisitely control where and when genes are active in the body.
I was taught that “genetic diseases,” such as cystic fibrosis, are caused by mutation of a single gene, with only a small handful of these mutations known. Today, precise causes are known for 2,800 of these rare single-gene disorders.
I was taught nothing about the more complex genetics of common diseases. Today, we are learning at dizzying speed about the interplay of genes and environment in diabetes, heart disease, and other common conditions. In the past three years alone more than 1,000 genetic risk factors have been found (an increase of perhaps 50-fold), contributing to more than 100 common diseases.
Such advances would have come far later, if at all, without the Human Genome Project (see “The Human Genome, a Decade Later” ). But a body of knowledge is not its only legacy. It also changed the way biological research is performed.
I was trained to view scientific data as the private property of each investigator. Human genetics research groups were locked in a “race” to discover each disease gene, and there were winners and losers. This often led to fragmentation of effort and yielded results irreproducible by others. Data was collected by hand and stored in paper notebooks.
The Human Genome Project held the revolutionary view that data collected should be freely available to all. Today this view prevails in genomics and many other fields of biology and medicine. Data is shared online by scientists the world over.
Today, thanks in no small part to the genome project’s example, investigators working on the same disease often publish together. Combining clinical and genetic data this way increases the statistical robustness of the claimed findings and makes for highly reproducible results.
Of course, knowledge of the human genome alone is not sufficient to cure disease. It will always be the case that creativity, hard work, and good fortune are needed to translate biological data into medical progress. But without the information, understanding, and cultural changes brought on by the genome project, the benefits to patients would be much further off.
David Altshuler is a founding member, the deputy director, and the chief academic officer of the Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, and Professor of genetics and of medicine at Harvard Medical School. | <urn:uuid:6cc9e4f4-3a19-48be-b655-0b8c1b51686b> | {
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by Staff Writers
Ann Arbor MI (SPX) Mar 14, 2013
In evolutionary biology, there is a deeply rooted supposition that you can't go home again: Once an organism has evolved specialized traits, it can't return to the lifestyle of its ancestors.
There's even a name for this pervasive idea. Dollo's law states that evolution is unidirectional and irreversible. But this "law" is not universally accepted and is the topic of heated debate among biologists.
Now a research team led by two University of Michigan biologists has used a large-scale genetic study of the lowly house dust mite to uncover an example of reversible evolution that appears to violate Dollo's law.
The study shows that tiny free-living house dust mites, which thrive in the mattresses, sofas and carpets of even the cleanest homes, evolved from parasites, which in turn evolved from free-living organisms millions of years ago.
"All our analyses conclusively demonstrated that house dust mites have abandoned a parasitic lifestyle, secondarily becoming free-living, and then speciated in several habitats, including human habitations," according to Pavel Klimov and Barry OConnor of the U-M Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology.
Their paper, "Is permanent parasitism reversible?-Critical evidence from early evolution of house dust mites," is scheduled to be published online March 8 in the journal Systematic Biology.
Mites are arachnids related to spiders (both have eight legs) and are among the most diverse animals on Earth. House dust mites, members of the family Pyroglyphidae, are the most common cause of allergic symptoms in humans, affecting up to 1.2 billion people worldwide.
Despite their huge impact on human health, the evolutionary relationships between these speck-sized creatures are poorly understood. According to Klimov and OConnor, there are 62 different published hypotheses arguing about whether today's free-living dust mites originated from a free-living ancestor or from a parasite-an organism that lives on or in a host species and damages its host.
In their study, Klimov and OConnor evaluated all 62 hypotheses. Their project used large-scale DNA sequencing, the construction of detailed evolutionary trees called phylogenies, and sophisticated statistical analyses to test the hypotheses about the ancestral ecology of house dust mites.
On the phylogenetic tree they produced, house dust mites appear within a large lineage of parasitic mites, the Psoroptidia. These mites are full-time parasites of birds and mammals that never leave the bodies of their hosts. The U-M analysis shows that the immediate parasitic ancestors of house dust mites include skin mites, such as the psoroptic mange mites of livestock and the dog and cat ear mite.
"This result was so surprising that we decided to contact our colleagues to obtain their feedback prior to sending these data for publication," said Klimov, the first author of the paper and an assistant research scientist in the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology.
The result was so surprising largely because it runs counter to the entrenched idea that highly specialized parasites cannot return to the free-living lifestyle of their ancestors.
"Parasites can quickly evolve highly sophisticated mechanisms for host exploitation and can lose their ability to function away from the host body," Klimov said.
"They often experience degradation or loss of many genes because their functions are no longer required in a rich environment where hosts provide both living space and nutrients. Many researchers in the field perceive such specialization as evolutionarily irreversible."
The U-M findings also have human-health implications, said OConnor, a professor in the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and a curator of insects and arachnids at the U-M Museum of Zoology.
"Our study is an example of how asking a purely academic question may result in broad practical applications," he said. "Knowing phylogenetic relationships of house dust mites may provide insights into allergenic properties of their immune-response-triggering proteins and the evolution of genes encoding allergens."
The project started in 2006 with a grant from the National Science Foundation. The first step was to obtain specimens of many free-living and parasitic mites-no simple task given that some mite species are associated with rare mammal or bird species around the world.
The research team relied on a network of 64 biologists in 19 countries to obtain specimens. In addition, Klimov and OConnor conducted field trips to North and South America, Europe, Asia and Africa. On one occasion, it took two years to obtain samples of an important species parasitizing African birds.
A total of around 700 mite species were collected for the study. For the genetic analysis, the same five nuclear genes were sequenced in each species.
How might the ecological shift from parasite to free-living state have occurred?
There is little doubt that early free-living dust mites were nest inhabitants-the nests of birds and mammals are the principal habitat of all modern free-living species in the family Pyroglyphidae.
Klimov and OConnor propose that a combination of several characteristics of their parasitic ancestors played an important role in allowing them to abandon permanent parasitism: tolerance of low humidity, development of powerful digestive enzymes that allowed them to feed on skin and keratinous (containing the protein keratin, which is found in human hair and fingernails) materials, and low host specificity with frequent shifts to unrelated hosts.
These features, which occur in almost all parasitic mites, were likely important precursors that enabled mite populations to thrive in host nests despite low humidity and scarce, low-quality food resources, according to Klimov and OConnor. For example, powerful enzymes allowed these mites to consume hard-to-digest feather and skin flakes composed of keratin.
With the advent of human civilization, nest-inhabiting pyroglyphids could have shifted to human dwellings from the nests of birds and rodents living in or around human homes. Once the mites moved indoors, the potent digestive enzymes and other immune-response-triggering molecules they carry made them a major source of human allergies.
University of Michigan
Darwin Today At TerraDaily.com
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EARLY HISTORY OF LOGIC, SCIENCE AND MATH. Imagine holding history in your hands. Now you can. Digitally preserved and previously accessible only through libraries as Early English Books Online, this rare material is now available in single print editions. Thousands of books written between 1475 and 1700 can be delivered to your doorstep in individual volumes of high quality historical reproductions.
The "hard sciences" developed exponentially during the 16th and 17th centuries, both relying upon centuries of tradition and adding to the foundation of modern application, as is evidenced by this extensive collection. This is a rich collection of practical mathematics as applied to business, carpentry and geography as well as explorations of mathematical instruments and arithmetic; logic and logicians such as Aristotle and Socrates; and a number of scientific disciplines from natural history to physics. ++++ The below data was compiled from various identification fields in the bibliographic record of this title. This data is provided as an additional tool in helping to insure edition identification: ++++ Logicae artis compendium In quo vniversiae artis synopsis, methodo ac forma ad scholarum vsum, qu m fieri potuit, accommodatissim breviter proponitur. Sanderson, Robert, 1587-1663. By Robert Sanderson. With a final errata leaf. , 230, 124, p. Oxonii : Excudebat Iosephus Barnesius, 1615. Madan, I, p. 104. / STC (2nd ed.) / 21701 Latin Reproduction of the original in the Queen's College (University of Oxford) Library ++++ This book represents an authentic reproduction of the text as printed by the original publisher. While we have attempted to accurately maintain the integrity of the original work, there are sometimes problems with the original work or the micro-film from which the books were digitized. This can result in errors in reproduction. Possible imperfections include missing and blurred pages, poor pictures, markings and other reproduction issues beyond our control. Because this work is culturally important, we have made it available as part of our commitment to protecting, preserving and promoting the world's literature.
show more show less | <urn:uuid:66db05b4-88e1-4e91-9b88-01a1315c5dac> | {
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Timor-Leste lies right at the heart of The Coral Triangle, an area of 648 million hectares which holds the world’s highest diversity of marine life and is also home to some of the world’s poorest people. Although small compared to other countries in the Coral Triangle, Timor-Leste boasts rich and relatively pristine marine areas as well as huge unfulfilled economic potential in marine and coastal ecotourism.
Today, over half of the people in Timor-Leste live on less than $2 a day and around 90 percent depend on natural resources to survive. Rapid development, unsustainable fishing practices and climate change all threaten the valuable marine ecosystems surrounding Timor-Leste, posing serious challenges to the ongoing food security for this small nation.
Through the Coral Triangle Support Partnership (CTSP), USAID works with the government and coastal communities of Timor-Leste to improve the skills of the people who are instrumental in maintaining their precious marine areas. Since 2009, CTSP has trained hundreds of fishermen to better manage their coastline, and has helped the Ministry of Fisheries to develop polices which use conservation, sustainable fisheries, and Climate Change Adaptation to protect their most vulnerable coastal communities. | <urn:uuid:6c7a2e83-6d3a-4e13-8dc0-99070561e893> | {
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Case Study: Adderall vs. Response Cost
A six year-old boy in the T.L.C. program was seen by the consulting psychiatrist who recommended tapering the child off of his psycho-stimulant medication (Adderall) due to his small stature, observable tics, and ongoing difficulties with inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity despite the use of the stimulant medication. Prior to tapering the medication, observations were made of this child’s behavior in the school and cottage settings. Frequencies of off-task, inattentive, and impulsive behaviors were counted in each setting over the course of one week. After this data was collected and the child was tapered off the Adderall, a response cost program was implemented in the school and cottage settings to specifically target these behaviors. Frequencies of off-task, inattentive, and impulsive behaviors were again collected in the cottage and school settings after the implementation of the response cost program.
The average rate of off-task, inattentive, and impulsive behaviors per hour were determined from these frequency counts. Comparisons were made between the child’s average hourly frequency of displaying each behavior while on Adderall to the child’s average hourly frequency of displaying each behavior while off Adderall and utilizing a response cost program. In all cases the rates of behaviors were lower during the response cost program than they were during the Adderall regimen (see graph below). It is important to note that the decrease in the average hourly rate of off-task behavior (t(2)=1.104, p=.38) and impulsive behavior (t(2)=.949, p=.443) was not statistically significant. This finding is not surprising, rather it is to be expected given the limited statistical power to find real differences that comes from using such a small data set (with only two degrees of freedom).
Average hourly frequency of behaviors
The truly impressive finding in this single-sample case study is that the average rate of inattentive behavior did significantly decrease (t(2)=4.062, p=.05). This is particularly noteworthy given the limited amount of statistical power to find real differences with a small data set, as mentioned above. This indicates that, for this child, the intended effect of the response cost program is rather potent when compared to the intended effect of the Adderall. Furthermore, the response cost program does not have the negative side effects of diminished stature or tics that were associated with the Adderall.
The current study should be viewed only as intended, as a single-sample case study to assess the effects of the change in program for one child, with all the inherent threats to validity that are associated with a single case study or any study with limited data points. The significant findings of this study do indicate however, that these positive effects might be expected to generalize to other children. Further assessment should therefore be conducted whenever similar changes are indicated in other children’s treatment programs in an attempt to replicate these findings. | <urn:uuid:751fb23f-a1cd-44f5-9661-3888f8c77332> | {
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This month, the Hubble Telescope celebrates twenty years in space. Why should we care? And does an orbiting telescope matter to those of us who aren't scientists?
Caroline Moore became the youngest person to discover a supernova on November 7, 2008 (at the age of 14). She explains why, yes, the Hubble matters.
And Derrick Pitts, chief astronomer at the Franklin Institute in Philadelphia, shares discoveries that the Hubble has revealed about the universe, which will blow your mind.
Caroline's eleven facts about the Hubble, as well as a Nova-sponsored video profile on her own work, are below. To learn more about the Hubble, tune in to Nova's mini-series "Hunting the Edge of Space."
Caroline Moore's Eleven Facts Everyone Should Know About The Hubble Space Telescope:
The Hubble Space Telescope was named for the notable astronomer Edwin Hubble and was launched April 24, 1990.
Hubble has looked further into space than any other instrument: some 20 billion light years.
In 2003, Hubble looked at a small patch of space that you could cover with a match head at arms length and found 10,000 galaxies, where we once thought there was nothing.
Hubble observations have lead to over 7,000 scientific articles.
Every 97 minutes, Hubble completes an orbit and as it passes over your house, you can look up and see it as long as you don’t live in the city.
After Hubble was launched into orbit, they found it had a tiny flaw. It was just slightly the wrong shape by about 1/50th the thickness of a human hair.
Hubble has been repaired 4 times, by the Hubble repairman, John Grunsfeld.
Hubble can see 20 billion light years across the universe, but can’t see the flag on the moon.
Hubble weighs 24,500 lb. on Earth, but when in space, you can move it with your finger.
Hubble, over its lifetime, has cost $10 billion. Compare this to the cost of cigarettes in the U.S. for one year: $157.7 billion.
Hubble is not in danger of being demoted to a dwarf space telescope when the James Webb Telescope comes on line in 2014. | <urn:uuid:975baa50-7ada-409e-9463-cc15d5a5ee5f> | {
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Ninety-one years after two Americans, Robert Edwin Peary and Frederick Albert Cook, both claimed to have been the first to reach the North Pole, experts are still arguing over which of them if either turned the trick. Certainty remains elusive.
Cook's case is weaker, not least because Cook is such a lousy character witness for himself. A physician, he was, to be sure, also an accomplished outdoorsman. He had served as surgeon on Peary's first Arctic expedition in 1891 and had done some serious mountaineering in the years prior to his North Pole assault. But consider the mountaineering as Exhibit A against the man: In 1906, Cook stated that he had made the first successful ascent of Alaska's Mount McKinley. Later, his summit photographs were revealed as fakes, and Cook's climbing partner recanted his corroboration. Exhibit B could be Cook's conviction for mail fraud, a smear erased sort of by a presidential pardon in 1940, the year of Cook's death. So that's Frederick A. Cook.
Peary was no sweetheart either. The U.S. Navy commander was unlikable, arrogant and extraordinarily self-involved. A married man with a son and a daughter, he fathered two Eskimo children during his Arctic adventures. (Though he associated with Eskimos during his entire career, Peary proved to be no friend to the northern people: As detailed in Kenn Harper's Give Me My Father's Body: The Life of Minik, The New York Eskimo, in 1897 Peary presented six Eskimos as "specimens" to the American Museum of Natural History in New York City. Four of the group died almost immediately of influenza.) Peary once said of Matthew Henson, his African American assistant of 22 years, "Henson must go all the way. I can't make it without him." Throughout the Arctic, Henson cooked, built igloos, tended the dogs and walked every cold and painful step, while his boss was hauled on a sledge by Eskimos. But when evidence indicated that Henson had quite possibly reached the Pole before him, Peary never spoke to the man again. So that's Robert E. Peary.
Cook and Peary were right for the task, as the goal they had in sight could be reached only by a driven man of considerable ego. The North Pole was the single greatest target for adventurers at the turn of the century. In the 1890s the Norwegian Fridtjof Nansen sailed his ship to Spitsbergen but ultimately failed to reach the Pole; the Swede Salomon Andrée tried to reach the Pole by balloon but failed; Peary tried for the Pole on dogsled but failed. The North Pole, floating on a sea 13,410 feet deep, its surface ice perpetually shifting and drifting, cracking and freezing again, was a cruel siren: By the early 20th century it had already claimed the lives of hundreds of adventurers.
Peary, 52, felt certain that his 1908 expedition would be his last. His six previous trips to the Arctic had earned him considerable renown in 1891-92 he had proved Greenland to be an island by exploring its northern coast, and his 1905 polar trek had established a farthest-north record but he would remain unfulfilled if he did not reach 90 degrees north.
He either did or did not do so on April 6, 1909, after an over-the-ice journey of 37 days, accompanied on the last stretch by Henson and four Eskimos. Before Peary could even cable the news, his old colleague Cook blindsided him by announcing from the Shetland Islands that he had stood atop the world a full year earlier. It seemed, initially, that he might have, but the journals he presented as proof were said by experts to have been doctored, and the Eskimo guides that Cook trotted out as witnesses proved as worthy as his McKinley corroborator. The Eskimos finally admitted that Cook had, in fact, never left sight of land land that ends hundreds of miles south of the Pole.
In recent years, Peary's claim has also come under a cloud: Did he get there? Were his measurements accurate? The truth may never be known. In 1989 the National Geographic Society, after commissioning the Navigation Foundation to spend more than a year investigating 225 cubic feet of documents, announced that Peary, who had been made a rear admiral before his death in 1920, had very likely come within five miles of the North Pole and perhaps had stood upon the spot itself. Whatever the truth is, favor does seem to rest much more comfortably with Peary than with Cook. As Peter Freuchen, the noted Danish explorer and writer who knew both men, once put it: "Cook was a liar and a gentleman; Peary was neither." | <urn:uuid:bd001127-3863-44c5-ad2e-2be376114708> | {
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Fans of Lake St. Clair's 420 square miles of water connecting Lake Erie and Lake Huron want to make it the sixth Great Lake. They should forget it.
At 26 miles long and 14 miles wide at its widest, this lake is important as a link and an established part of the Great Lakes waterway system. But a Great Lake? The notion makes no more sense than an effort four years ago to designate Lake Champlain, which lies between Vermont and New York, a Great Lake.
Leading the campaign to promote Lake St. Clair, a puddle in comparison with Lakes Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie, and Ontario, are two members of the Macomb Water Quality Board. Their aims are as economic as ecological, as connected to sport fishing as to shipping, and to clean water as to biodiversity.
What's behind their petition to the Great Lakes Commission is money. Lake St. Clair's characterization as a “Great,” though it flies in the face of common sense, would entitle it to federal dollars allocated to the real Great Lakes for pollution and weed control, to save wetlands, correct contamination from runoff, and help get rid of noxious marine life such as the gobey and the zebra mussel brought in by foreign vessels.
But Lake St. Clair, because it connects Lake Erie and Lake Huron, may be entitled to some of this money anyway. If the lake is contaminated, if it harbors alien noxious species, they will be quick to spread to the Great Lakes. It is a key part of the system.
Is this money possible? Of course it is. The Great Lakes Commission last year set aside a half million dollars in federal funds to correct chronic pollution in Lake St. Clair.
It could use some of its allocations under the Great Lakes Legacy Act to keep conditions in Lake St. Clair comparable to those in the Great Lakes.
And if there is a reason to fix Lake St. Clair, surely it is easier for Congress to fix it than to see this relatively small body of water declared a Great Lake.
Michael J. Donahue, who heads the Great Lakes Commission, acknowledges that the commission staff has been calling St. Clair the sixth Great Lake for a while, if only to illustrate the importance of the whole water system.
But even he concedes that the name is not the issue, that what Lake St. Clair needs is some kind attention and some recognition because it “might be a lot more important, economically and ecologically, than the five Great Lakes.”
Maybe so, but there are not six Great Lakes, only five. | <urn:uuid:0e82ea0f-5a9c-4368-91cc-06a997c2409a> | {
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Christian parents should gather their families together each day for spiritual instruction and prayer. This opportuity must be seized when the children are young. Even a child of two will bow his head, and say "Amen" at the end of a prayer. This Catechism has been made available to help you teach your children the Word of God. Family worship might well include:
1. Two or three verses of a hymn
2. The reading of a few verses of Scripture
3. Catechism questions and answers
4. Prayer need not be tedious or long-winded
Encourage the children to pray. Use your imagination to make family worhsip attractive and interesting. The children will sometimes be ready to discuss the Catechism answers with you. They will enjoy looking up passages of scripture where the Catechism truths are found. Pray for the guidance and help of the Holy Spirit. God will honour you if you are faithful. Remember the promise, "Train up a child in the way he should go: and when he is old, he will not depart from it" (Proverbs 22:6).
1. Q. Who made you?
A. God made me (Gn 1:26, 27, 2:7; Eccl. 12:1; Acts 17:24-29).
2. Q. What else did God make?
A. God made all things (Gn 1, 31; Acts 14:15; Rom. 11:36; Col 1:16).
3. Q. Why did God make you and all things?
A. For his own glory (Ps 19:1; Jer 9:23, 24; Rv 4:11, 4:15).
4. Q. How can you glorify God?
A. By loving him and doing what he commands (Eccl. 12:13; Mk 12:29-31; John 15:8-10; 1 Cor 10:31).
5. Q. Why ought you to glorify God?
A. Because he made me and takes care of me (Rom. 11:36; Rv 4:11; cf. Dan 4:39).
6. Q. Are there more gods than one?
A. There is only one God (Deut 6:4; Jer 10:10; Mk 12:29; Acts 17:22-31).
7. Q. In how many persons does this one God exist?
A. In three persons (Mt 3:16, 17; John 5:23, 10:30, 14:9, 10, 15:26, 16:13-15; 1 John 5:20; 2 John 9; Rv 1:4, 5).
8. Q. Who are they?
A. The Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit (Mt 28:19; 2 Cor 13:14; 1 Pet 1:2; Jude 20, 21).
9. Q. Who is God?
A. God is a Spirit, and does not have a body like men (John 4:24; 2 Cor 3:17; 1 Tim 1:17).
10. Q. Where is God?
A. God is everywhere (Ps 139:7-12; Jer 23:23, 24; Acts 17:27, 28).
11. Q. Can you see God?
A. No. I cannot see God, but he always sees me (Ex 33:20; John 1:18; 1 Tim 6:16; Ps 139; Prov. 5:21; Heb. 4:12, 13).
12. Q. Does God know all things?
A. Yes. Nothing can be hidden from God (1 Chron 28:9; 2 Chron 16:9; Lk 12:6, 7; Rom. 2:16).
13. Q. Can God do all things?
A. Yes. God can do all his holy will (Ps 147:5; Jer 32:17; Dan 4:34, 35; Eph 1:11).
14. Q. Where do you learn how to love and obey God?
A. In the Bible alone (Job 11:7; Ps 119:104; Is 8:20; Mt 22:29; 2 Tim 3:15-17).
15. Q. Who wrote the Bible?
A. Holy men who were taught by the Holy Spirit (2 Pet 1:20, 21; Acts 1:16; 2 Tim 3:16; 1 Pet 1:10, 11).
16. Q. Who were our first parents?
A. Adam and Eve (Gn 2:18-25, 3:20, 5:1, 2; Acts 17:26; 1 Tim 2:13).
17. Q. Of what were our first parents made?
A. God made the body of Adam out of the ground, and formed Eve from the body of Adam (Gn 2:7, 21-23, 3:19; Ps 103:14).
18. Q. What did God give Adam and Eve besides bodies?
A. He gave them the breath of life and they became living souls (Gen. 2:7; Job 33:4; Eccl 12:7; Zech 12:1).
19. Q. Have you a soul as well as a body?
A. A soul is not something a person has, it is the person. Man was not given a soul, but rather he became a soul. (Gen. 2:7; Mk 8:34-37, 12:30).
20. Q. Can a soul die?
A. Yes. The soul that continues in sin shall die. (Ezek. 18:20; Mt 10:28; Mk 8:34-37).
21. Q. What is your soul?
A. My soul includes all of me that should know and love God (Mk 8:34-38; Eph. 3:16-19).
22. Q. In what condition did God make Adam and Eve?
A. He made them holy and happy (Gn 1:26-28; Ps 8:4-8).
23. Q. Did Adam and Eve stay holy and happy?
A. No. They sinned against God (Gn 3:1-7; Eccl 7:29; Hos 6:7 where "men~~ = Adam). 24.
24. Q. What was the sin of our first parents?
A. Eating the forbidden fruit (Gn 2:16, 17, 3:6).
25. Q. Why did they eat the forbidden fruit?
A. Because they did not believe what God had said (Gn 3:1-6; cf. Heb. 11:6).
26. Q. Who tempted them to this sin?
A. The devil tempted Eve, and she gave the fruit to Adam (Gn 3:1-13; 2 Cor 11:3; 1 Tim 2:13, 14; cf. Rv 12:9).
27. Q. What happened to our first parents when they had sinned?
A. Instead of being holy and happy, they became sinful and miserable (Gn 3:14-24, 4:1-24; James 1:14, 15).
28. Q. What effect did the sin of Adam have on all mankind?
A. All mankind is born in a state of sin and misery (Ps. 5 1:5; Rom. 5:12, 18, 19; 1 Cor 15:21, 22; 1 John 5:19).
29. Q. What do we inherit from Adam as a result of this original sin?
A. A sinful nature (1 Kings 8:46; Ps 14:2, 3, 58:3; Eccl 9:3; Mt 15:18-20; John 2:24, 25; Rom. 8:7).
30. Q. What is sin?
A. Sin is any transgression of the law of God (1 John 3:4; Rom. 3:20; James 2:9-11).
31. Q. What is meant by transgression?
A. Doing what God forbids (1 Sam 13:8-14, 15:22, 23; Hos 6:7; Rom. 1:21-32).
32. Q. What does every sin deserve?
A. The anger and judgment of God (Deut 27:26; Rom. 1:18, 2:2; Gal 3:10; Eph 5:6).
33. Q. Do we know what God requires of us?
A. Yes, he has given us his law both in our hearts and in writing (Rom. 2:14-15).
34. Q. How many commandments did God give on Mt. Sinai?
A. Ten commandments (Ex 20:1-17; Deut 5:1-22).
35. Q. What are the ten commandments sometimes called?
A. God's moral law (Lk 20:25-28; Rom. 2:14, 15, 10:5).
36. Q. What do the first four commandments teach?
A. Our duty to God (Deut 6:5, 6, 10:12, 13).
37. Q. What do the last six commandments teach?
A. Our duty to our fellow men (Deut 10:19; Mic 6:8; cf. Gal. 6:10).
38. Q. What is the sum of the ten commandments?
A. To love God with all my heart, and my neighbor as myself (Deut 6:1-15; 11:1; Mt 22:35-40; James 2:8).
39. Q. Who is your neigHeb.or?
A. All my fellow men are my neighbors (Lk 10:25-37, 6:35).
40. Q. Is God pleased with those who love and obey him?
A. Yes. He says, 'I love them that love me' (Prov. 8:17; Ex 20:6; 1 John 4:7-16).
41. Q. Is God pleased with those who do not love and obey him?
A. No. 'God is angry with the wicked every day' (Ps 7:11; Mal 2:17; Prov. 6:16-19; 1 Cor 16:22).
42. Q. What is the first commandment?
A. The first commandment is, You shall have no other gods before Me (Ex 20:3; Deut 5:7).
43. Q. What does the first commandment teach us?
A. To worship God only (Is 45:5, 6; Mt 4:10; Rv 22:8, 9).
44. Q. What is the second commandment?
A. The second commandment is, You shall not make for yourself [a]an idol, or any likeness of what is in heaven above or on the earth beneath or in the water under the earth. You shall not worship them or serve them; for I, the LORD your God, am a jealous God, visiting the iniquity of the fathers on the children, on the third and the fourth generations of those who hate Me, but showing lovingkindness to thousands, to those who love Me and keep My commandments (Ex 20:4-6; Deut 5:8-10).
45. Q. What does the second commandment teach us?
A. To worship God in the right way, and to avoid idolatry (Is 44:9-20, 46:5-9; John 4:23, 24; Acts 17:29).
46. Q. What is the third commandment?
A. The third commandment is, Thou shalt not take the name of the Lord thy God in vain; for the Lord will not hold him guiltless that taketh his name in vain (Ex 20:7; Deut 5:11).
47. Q. What does the third commandment teach us?
A. To reverence God's name, word, and works (Is 8:13; Ps 29:2, 138:2; Rv 15:3, 4).
48. Q. What is the fourth commandment?
A. The fourth commandment is, Remember the Sabbath day to keep it holy. Six days shalt thou labour, and do all thy work: but the seventh day is the Sabbath of the Lord thy God: in it thou shalt not do any work, thou nor thy son, nor thy daughter, nor thy man-servant, nor thy maidservant, nor thy cattle, nor thy stranger that is within thy gates: for in six days the Lord made heaven and earth, the sea, and all that in them is, and rested the seventh day: wherefore the Lord blessed the Sabbath day, and hallowed it (Ex 20:8-11, 23:12; Deut 5:12-15).
49. Q. What does the fourth commandment teach us?
A. To keep the Sabbath holy (Lv 19:20, 23:3; Is 58:13, 14).
50. Q. What day of the week is the Christian Sabbath?
A. The first day of the week, called the Lord's Day (Acts 20:7; Rv 1:10).
51. Q. Why is it called the Lord's Day?
A. Because on that day Christ rose from the dead (Mt 28:1; Mk 16:9; Lk 24:1-6; John 20:1).
52. Q. How should the Sabbath be kept?
A. In prayer and praise, in hearing and reading God's Word, and in doing good to our fellow men (Is 58:13, 14; Acts 20:7; 1 Cor. 16:2; Lk 4:16; Mt 12:10-13).
53. Q. What is the fifth commandment?
A. The fifth commandment is, Honor thy father and thy mother that thy days may be long upon the land which the Lord thy God giveth thee (Ex 20:12; Deut 5:16).
54. Q. What does the fifth commandment teach us?
A. To love and obey our parents (Mt 15:3-6; Eph. 6:1-3; Col. 3:20).
55. Q. What is the sixth commandment?
A. The sixth commandment is, Thou shalt not kill (Ex 20:13; Deut 5:17)
56. Q. What does the sixth commandment teach us?
A. To avoid hatred, all that leads to it, and all that follows from it. (Mt 5:21-24; 1 John 3:15; James 4:1-3).
57. Q. What is the seventh commandment?
A. The seventh commandment is, Thou shalt not commit adultery (Ex 20:14; Deut 5:18).
58. Q. What does the seventh commandment teach us?
A. To be pure in heart, language and conduct (Mt 5:27, 28; Eph. 5:3-5; Phil. 4:8, 9).
59. Q. What is the eighth commandment?
A. The eighth commandment is, Thou shalt not steal (Ex 20:15; Deut 5:19).
60. Q. What does the eighth commandment teach us?
A. To be honest and not to take the things of others (Ex 23:4; Prov. 21:6, 7; Eph. 4:28).
61. Q. What is the ninth commandment?
A. The ninth commandment is, Thou shalt not bear false witness against thy neigHeb.or (Ex 20:16; Deut 5:20).
62. Q. What does the ninth commandment teach us?
A. To tell the truth and not to speak evil of others (Ps 15:1-3; Zech 8:16; 1 Cor 13:6; James 4:11).
63. Q. What is the tenth commandment?
A. The tenth commandment is, Thou shalt not covet thy neigHeb.or's house, thou shalt not covet thy neigHeb.or's wife, nor his manservant, nor his maidservant, nor his ox, nor his ass, nor any thing that is thy neigHeb.or's (Ex 20:17; Deut 5:21; Rom. 7:7).
64. Q. What does the tenth commandment teach us?
A. To be content with what we have (Phil 4:11; 1 Tim 6:6-8; Heb. 13:5).
65. Q. Can any man keep these ten commandments?
A. No mere man, since the fall of Adam, ever did or can keep the ten commandments perfectly (Prov. 20:9; Eccl. 7:20; Rom. 3:19, 20; James 2:10; 1 John 1:8, 10).
66. Q. Of what use are the ten commandments to us?
A. They teach us our duty, make clear our condemnation, and show us our need of a Saviour (1 Tim 1:8-11; Rom. 3:20; Gal 3:24).
67. Q. Does God condemn all men?
A. No. Though he could justly have done so he has graciously entered into a covenant to save many (Rom. 3:19, 20, 23-25; John 17:11, 12; Is 53:11).
68. Q. What is a covenant?
A. A covenant is an agreement between two or more persons (e.g., 1 Sam 18:3; Mt 26:14, 15).
69. Q. What is the covenant of grace?
A. It is an eternal agreement within the Trinity to save certain persons called the elect, and to provide all the means for their salvation (Gn 17:1-8; Rom. 11:27; Heb. 10:16, 11; 13:20, 21; Jer 31:31-34; Ez 36:25-28).
70. Q. What did Christ undertake in the covenant of grace?
A. Christ undertook to keep the whole law for his people, and to suffer the punishment due to their sins (Rom 8:3, 4; Gal 4:4, 5; Heb. 6:17-20, 7:22, 9:14, 15, 13:20, 21).
71. Q. Did our Lord Jesus Christ ever sin?
A. No. He was holy, blameless and undefiled (Heb. 7:26; Lk 23:47; Heb. 4:15; 1 Pet 2:22; 1 John 3:5).
72. Q. How could the Son of God suffer?
A. Christ, the Son of God, took flesh and blood, that he might obey and suffer as a man (John 1:14; Rom. 8:3; Gal 4:4; Phil 2:7, 8; Heb. 2:14, 17, 4:15).
73. Q. What is meant by the atonement?
A. The atonement consists of Christ's satisfying divine justice, by his sufferings and death, in the place of sinners (Mk 10:45; Acts 13:38, 39; Rom. 3:24-26, 5:8, 9; 2 Cor 5:19-21; Gal 3:13; 1 Pet 3:18).
74. Q. For whom did Christ obey and suffer?
A. Christ obeyed and suffered for those whom the Father had given him (Is 53:8; Mt 1:21; John 10:11, 15, 16, 26-29, 17:9; Heb. 2:13).
75. Q. What kind of life did Christ live on earth?
A. Christ lived a life of perfect obedience to the law of God (Mt 5:17; Rom. 10:4; 1 Pet 2:21, 22).
76. Q. What kind of death did Christ die?
A. Christ experienced the painful and shameful death of the cross (Ps 22; Is 53; Gospel records).
77. Q. Who will be saved?
A. Only those who repent of sin and believe in Christ will be saved (Mk 1:15; Lk 13:3,5; Acts 2:37-41, 16:30, 31, 20:21, 26:20).
78. Q. What is it to repent?
A. Repentance involves sorrow for sin, leading one to hate and forsake it because it is displeasing to God (Lk 19:8-10; Rom. 6:1, 2; 2 Cor 7:9-11; 1 Thess. 1:9, 10).
79. Q. What is it to believe in Christ?
A. A person believes who knows that his only hope is Christ and trusts in Christ alone for salvation (John 14:6; Acts 4:12; 1 Tim 2:5; 1 John 5:11, 12).
80. Q. How were godly persons saved before the coming of Christ?
A. They believed in the Saviour to come (John 8:56; Gal 3:8, 9; 1 Cor 10:1-4; Heb. 9:15, 11:13).
81. Q. How did they show their faith?
A. They offered sacrifices according to God's commands (Ex 24:3-8; 1 Chron 29:20-25; Heb. 9:19-23, 10:1, 11:28).
82. Q. What did these sacrifices represent?
A. They were symbolic of Christ, the Lamb of God, who was to die for sinners (Ex 12:46 cf. John 19:36; Heb. 9, Heb. 10; John 1:29; 1 Cor 5:7; 1 Pet 1:19).
83. Q. What does Christ do for his people?
A. He does the work of a prophet, a priest and a king (Heb. 1:1-3; Rv 1:5; Mt 13:57; Heb. 5:5-10; John 18:37).
84. Q. How is Christ a prophet?
A. He teaches us the will of God, reveals God to us, and really was God in human flesh. (Deut 18:15, 18; John 1:18, 4:25, 14:23, 24; 1 John 5:20).
85. Q. Why do you need Christ as a prophet?
A. Because I am ignorant (Job 11:7; Mt 11:25-27; John 6:67-69, 17:25, 26; 1 Cor 2:14-16; 2 Cor 4:3-6).
86. Q. How is Christ a priest?
A. He died for our sins and prays to God for us (Ps 110:4; 1 Tim 2:5, 6; Heb. 4:14-16, 7:24, 25; 1 John 2:1, 2).
87. Q. Why do you need Christ as a priest?
A. Because I am guilty (Prov. 20:9; Eccl. 7:20; Rom. 3:19-23; Heb. 10:14, 27, 28; 1 John 1:8, 9).
88. Q. How is Christ a king?
A. He rules over us and defends us (Ps 2:6-9; Mt 28:18-20; Eph 1:19-23; Col 1:13, 18; Rv 15:3, 4).
89. Q. Why do you need Christ as a king?
A. Because I am weak and helpless (John 15:4, 5; 2 Cor 12:9; Phil 4:13; Col 1:11; Jude 24, 25).
90. Q. What did God the Father undertake in the covenant of grace?
A. By His goodness and mercy, God the Father elected, and deteRom.ined to justify, adopt and sanctify those for whom Christ should die (Ex 33:18, 19; Eph 1:3-5; Rom. 8:29-33; Gal 4:4-7; Heb. 10:9, 10; 1 Cor 1:8, 9; Phil 1:6; 1 Thess. 4:3, 7, 5:23, 24).
91. Q. What is election?
A. It is God's goodness as revealed in his grace by choosing certain sinners for salvation (Eph 1:3, 4; 1 Thess. 1:4; 1 Pet 1:1, 2).
92. Q. What is justification?
A. It is God's regarding sinners as if they had never sinned and granting them righteousness (Zech 3:1-5; Rom. 3:24-26, 4:5, 5:17-19, 8:33; 2 Cor 5:21; Heb. 8:12; Phil. 3:9).
93. Q. What is righteousness?
A. It is God's goodness as revealed in his law, and as honored in Christ's perfect obedience to that law. (Ex 33:19, 34:6; Ps 33:5; Hos 3:5; Rom. 11:22).
94. Q. Can anyone be saved by his own righteousness?
A. No. No one is good enough for God (Prov. 20:9; Eccl. 7:20; Rom. 3:10-23; Eph. 2:8-10; Phil. 3:8, 9).
95. Q. What is adoption?
A. It is God's goodness in receiving sinful rebels as his beloved children (John 1:12; Eph. 1:5; Eph. 5:1; Gal 4:7, 31; 1 John 3:1-3).
96. Q. What is sanctification?
A. In sanctification God makes sinners holy in heart and conduct so that they will demonstrate his goodness in their lives (John 17:17; Eph. 2:10, 4:22-24; Phil. 2:12-13; 1 Thess. 5:23).
97. Q. Is this process of sanctification ever complete in this life?
A. No. It is certain and continual, but is complete only in heaven (Phil. 3:12-15; 2 Pet 1:4-8; 1 John 3:1-3).
98. Q. What hinders the completion of sanctification in this life?
A. The Scripture says "The flesh lusts against the Spirit so that you cannot do the things you would" (Gal. 5:17).
99. Q. Since we are by nature sinful, how can one ever desire to be holy and to gain heaven where God lives?
A. Our hearts must be changed before we can be fit for heaven (Eph. 4:17-24; Col 3:5-12).
100. Q. Who can change a sinner s heart?
A. Only the Holy Spirit can change a sinner's heart. (John 3:3; Rom. 8:6-11; 1 Cor 2:9-14; 2 Thess. 2:13, 14; Titus 3:5-6).
101. Q. What did the Holy Spirit undertake in the covenant of
A. He regenerates, baptizes, and seals those for whom Christ has died (Eph. 2:1-8; 1 Cor 12:13; Eph. 1:13, 14; Eph. 4:30; 2 Cor 1:22).
102. Q. What is regeneration?
A. It is a change of heart that leads to true repentance and faith (Gal 5:22; Eph. 2:5-8; 2 Thess. 2:13).
103. Q. Can you repent and believe in Christ by your own power?
A. No. I can do nothing good without God's Holy Spirit (John 3:5, 6, 6:44; Rom. 8:2, 5, 8-11; 1 Cor 2:9-14; Gal 5:17, 18; Eph. 2:4-6).
104. Q. How does the Holy Spirit baptize believers?
A. He puts them into the body of Christ by making them a living part of all those who truly believe in Him (1 Cor 12).
105. Q. How does the Holy Spirit seal believers?
A. He comes to live within them to guarantee that they will receive the wonders God has promised those who love Him (Rom. 8:9-11; Eph. 1:13, 14; Eph. 4:30; 2 Tim 1:9; 2 Cor 1:22).
106. Q. How can you receive the Holy Spirit?
A. God has told us that we must pray to him for the Holy Spirit (Lk 11:9-13; John 4:10, 16:24); but the evidence of His presence is seen most clearly in our trusting and loving the Lord Jesus Christ. (Lk 12:8-10; John 3:3-5, 16, 20, 21, 14:17-21; 1 Cor 12:3; 1 Pet 1:2; 1 John 5:6-12). Part 117
107. Q. What is prayer?
A. Prayer is talking with God (Gn 17:22, 18:33; Neh 1:4-11, 2:4; Mt 6:6; Rom. 8:26, 27).
108. Q. In whose name should we pray?
A. We should pray in the name of the Lord Jesus (John 14:13, 14, 16:23, 24; Heb. 4:14-16).
109. Q. What has Christ given to teach us how to pray?
A. The Lord's Prayer (Mt 6:5-15; Lk 11:1-13).
110. Q. Can you repeat the Lord's Prayer?
A. "Our Father who is in heaven, Hallowed be Your name. Your kingdom come. Your will be done, On earth as it is in heaven. Give us this day our daily bread. And forgive us our debts, as we also have forgiven our debtors. And do not lead us into temptation, but deliver us from evil."
111. Q. How many petitions are there in the Lord's Prayer?
112. Q. What is the first petition?
A. "Hallowed be thy name" (Mt 6:9; Lk 11:2).
113. Q. What do we pray for in the first petition?
A. That God's name may be honored by us and all men (Ps 8:1, 72:17-19, 113:1-3, 145:21; Is 8:13).
114. Q. What is the second petition?
A. "Thy kingdom come" (Mt 6:10; Lk 11:2).
115. Q. What do we pray for in the second petition?
A. That the gospel may be preached in all the world, and believed and obeyed by us and all men (Mt 28:19, 20; John 17:20, 21; Acts 8:12, 28:30, 31; 2 Thess. 3:1).
116. Q. What is the third petition?
A. "Thy will be done in earth, as it is in heaven" (Mt 6:10; Lk 11:2).
117. Q. What do we pray for in the third petition?
A. That men on earth may serve God as the angels do in Heaven (Ps 67, 103:19-22; John 9:31; Rv 4:11).
118. Q. What is the fourth petition?
A. "Give us this day our daily bread" (Mt 6:11; Lk 11:3).
119. Q. What do we pray for in the fourth petition?
A. That God will give us all things needful for our bodies (Ps 145:15, 16; Prov. 30:8, 9; 1 Tim 4:4, 5).
120. Q. What is the fifth petition?
A. 'And forgive us our trespasses, as we forgive them that trespass against us" (Mt 6:12; Lk 11:4).
121. Q. What do we pray for in the fifth petition?
A. That God will pardon our sins, and help those who have sinned against us (Ps 51: Mt 5:23, 1 John 4:20, 21). us to forgive 24; 18:21-35;
122. Q. What is the sixth petition?
A. 'And lead us not into temptation, but deliver us from evil" (Mt 6:13; Lk 11:4).
123. Q. What do we pray for in the sixth petition?
A. That God will keep us from sin (1 Chron 4:10; Ps 119:11; Mt 26:41).
124. Q. How does the Holy Spirit bring us to salvation?
A. He uses the Bible, which is the Word of God (1 Thess. 1:5, 6, 2:13; 2 Tim 3:15, 16; James 1:18; 1 Pet 1:22, 23).
125. Q. How can we know the Word of God?
A. We are commanded to hear, read and search the Scriptures (1 Pet 2:2; Rv 3:22; Mt 21:42, 22:29; 2 Tim 3:14-17).
126. Q. What is a church?
A. A church is an assembly of baptized believers joined by a covenant of discipline and witness who meet together regularly to minister to one another that they might grow "in the grace and knowledge of the Lord" (Mt 18:20; Acts 2:42).
127. Q. What two ordinances did Christ give to his Church?
A. Baptism and the Lord's Supper (Mt 28:19; 1 Cor 11:24-26).
128 Q. Why Did Christ give these ordinances?
A. To show that his disciples belong to him, and to remind them of what he has done for them (Mt 28:19; 1 Cor 11:24-26)
129. Q. What is Baptism?
A. The dipping of believers into water, as a sign of their union with Christ in his death, burial, and resurrection (John 3:23; Acts 2:41, 8:12, 35-38; Col 2:12).
130. Q. What is the purpose of baptism?
A. Baptism testifies to believers that God has cleansed them from their sins through Jesus Christ (Acts 22:16; Col 2:11-14).
131. Q. Who are to be baptized?
A. Only those who repent of their sins, and believe in Christ for salvation should be baptized (Acts 2:37-41, 8:12, 18:8, 19:4, 5).
132. Q. Should babies be baptized?
A. No; because the Bible neither commands it, nor gives any example of it.
133. Q. What is the Lord's Supper?
A. At the Lord's Supper, the church eats bread and drinks wine to remember the sufferings and death of Christ (Mk 14:22-24; 1 Cor 11:23-29).
134. Q. What does the bread represent?
A. The bread represents the body of Christ, broken for our sins (Mt 26:26; 1 Cor 11:24).
135. Q. What does the wine represent?
A. The wine represents the blood of Christ, shed for our salvation (Mt 26:27, 28; 1 Cor 11:25).
136. Q. Who should partake of the Lord's Supper?
A. The Lord's Supper is for those only who repent of their sins, believe in Christ for salvation, receive baptism, and love their fellow men (Mt 5:21-24; 1 Cor 10:16, 17, 11:18, 20, 27-33; 1 John 3:24-27, 4:9-11).
137. Q. Did Christ remain in the tomb after his crucifixion?
A. No. He rose from the tomb on the third day after his death (Lk 24:45-47; 1 Cor 15:3, 4).
138. Q. Where is Christ now?
A. Christ is in heaven, seated at the right hand of God the Father (Rom. 8:34; Col 3:1; Heb. 1:3, 10:12, 12:2).
139. Q. Will the bodies of the dead be raised to life again?
A. Yes. 'There shall be a resurrection of the dead, both of the faithful and unfaithful' (Acts 24:14, 15; John 5:28, 29; 1 Corinthians 15:54-57; Dan 12:2).
140. Q. What will happen to the wicked in the day of judgment?
A. They shall perish and be destroyed in the Lake of Fire which is the second death (Psalm 1:6 Psalm 145:20; John 3:16; Ps 9:16, 17; Lk 12:5; Rom. 2:8, 9, 12; 2 Thess. 1: 9; Rv 20:12-15).
141. Q. What will happen to the righteous in the day of judgement?
A. They shall receive eternal life and live with God forever (John 3:16; John 12:25; Rom. 2:8, 9, 12; 1 Thess. 4:17; Rv 21:3-4).
142. Q. In light of these truths, what should you do?
A. I should cry out to God for mercy, repent of sin and believe savingly in the Lord Jesus Christ (Lk 13:23, 24; John 6:27; Acts 16:31). | <urn:uuid:abef63bc-6d6e-41f5-bde2-d403a24092de> | {
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Kindergarten English Games:
K (5-6 yrs)
Opposite Words is an interactive vocabulary lesson for kindergarteners. The lesson is designed to teach kids some common opposite words. Kids will learn to identify and recall opposite words through a simple matching exercise, in which they have to match the words to their opposites. Kids will enjoy playing this exciting word game. They will learn new words and their meanings as they build and expand their vocabulary through this game. | <urn:uuid:4fcb3810-2f31-4f59-b287-52178626e171> | {
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Between 1990 and 2001, the number of people in sub-Saharan Africa living on less than $1 a day rose from 227 million to 313 million, and the poverty rate rose from 45 percent to 46 percent. Sub-Saharan Africa has the highest rate of undernourishment in the world, with one-third of the population below the minimum level of nourishment.
Many countries in sub-Saharan Africa are:
- Crippled by disease
- Exposed to drought-prone climates
- Located in areas not suitable for irrigation
- Tackling extreme isolation in mountains and landlocked regions
- Suffering from poor infrastructure
In 2000, the nations of the world committed to the Millennium Development Goals. These Goals were agreed to by every country in the world and set time-bound and measurable targets for halving extreme poverty by 2015. In 2005, at the World Summit leaders from all 191 UN member states recommitted to achieving the Millennium Development Goals, while leaders at the G8 Summit in Gleneagles agreed to double aid to Africa to $50 billion per year by 2010 (roughly $70 per African per year) and to cancel debts for the poorest countries.
Sub-Saharan Africa is at the greatest risk of not achieving the Goals and is struggling to progress on almost every dimension of poverty, including hunger, lack of education, and prevalent disease.
The Millennium Villages seek to end extreme poverty by working with the poorest of the poor, village by village throughout Africa, in partnership with governments and other committed stakeholders, providing affordable and science-based solutions to help people lift themselves out of extreme poverty. | <urn:uuid:d44c74bf-bc98-4e38-894c-10055c0871bb> | {
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Reinforce your understanding of the concepts in Patton and Thibodeau’s The Human Body in Health & Disease, 6th Edition! Corresponding to the chapters in the text, this study guide reviews essential medical terminology, concepts and processes related to the anatomy and physiology of the human body, and body function in health and disease. A variety of exercises make it easy to review and apply key concepts, and labeling of anatomy drawings helps you learn anatomical structures and terminology.
NEW!Know Your Medical Termsexercises help you learn and understand the various word parts used in medical terminology, as presented in the new Language of Science and Language of Medicine word lists in the textbook.
Matching and fill-in-the-blankexercises enhance your comprehension of chapter content.
Application questions develop your critical thinking skills and help you apply information to real-world scenarios.
UPDATED! Did You Know?
provides fun, interesting facts on A&P topics.
A briefsynopsis at the beginning of each chapter previews core concepts that will be covered.
Crossword Puzzle, Unscramble and Word Find activities help you learn new vocabulary terms and their proper spelling.
Diagrams and labeling exercises reinforce your understanding of where the structures of the body are located.
Answers to exercises are located in the back of the study guide, along with page-number references to the textbook.
By Linda Swisher, RN, EdD; Kevin T. Patton, PhD, Professor of Life Science, St. Charles Community College, Cottleville, MO, Professor of Anatomy & Physiology Instruction (adjunct), New York Chiropractic College, Seneca Falls, NY, Emeritus Assistant Professor of Physiology, Saint Louis University Medical School, St. Louis, MO and Gary A. Thibodeau, PhD, Chancellor Emeritus and Professor Emeritus of Biology, University of Wisconsin, River Falls, River Falls, WI
Elsevier is a leading publisher of health science books and journals, helping to advance medicine by delivering superior education, reference information and decision support tools to doctors, nurses, health practitioners and students. With titles available across a variety of media—print, online and handheld, we are able to supply the information you need in the most convenient format. | <urn:uuid:0a832853-9afc-40f5-8263-d01e517c8619> | {
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Trademarks - Trademark Lawyers
A trademark includes any word, name, symbol, or device, or any combination used, or intended to be used, in commerce to identify and distinguish the goods of one manufacturer or seller from goods manufactured or sold by others, and to indicate the source of the goods. In short, a trademark is a brand name.
Use of the TM and SM symbols may be governed by local, state, or foreign laws and the laws of a pertinent jurisdiction to identify the marks that a party claims rights to. The federal registration symbol, the R enclosed within a circle, may be used once the mark is actually registered in the USPTO. Even though an application is pending, the registration symbol may not be used before the mark has actually become registered.
The federal registration symbol should only be used on goods or services that are the subject of the federal trademark registration.
A trademark is a type of intellectual property, and typically a name, word, phrase, logo, symbol, design, image, or a combination of these elements. There is also a range of non-conventional trademarks comprising marks which do not fall into these standard categories.
The owner of a registered trademark may commence legal proceedings for trademark infringement to prevent unauthorized use of that trademark. However, registration is not required. The owner of a common law trademark may also file suit, but an unregistered mark may be protectable only within the geographical area within which it has been used or in geographical areas into which it may be reasonably expected to expand.
The term trademark is also used informally to refer to any distinguishing attribute by which an individual is readily identified, such as the well known characteristics of celebrities. When a trademark is used in relation to services rather than products, it may sometimes be called a service mark, particularly in the United States.
The essential function of a trademark is to exclusively identify the commercial source or origin of products or services, such that a trademark, properly called, indicates source or serves as a badge of origin. The use of a trademark in this way is known as trademark use. Certain exclusive rights attach to a registered mark, which can be enforced by way of an action for trademark infringement, while unregistered trademark rights may be enforced pursuant to the common law tort of passing off.
USPTO Trademark | USPTO Trademark Application | USPTO Trademark Fees | USPTO Trademark Search | Trademarks.gov | <urn:uuid:d7fee679-5e42-40b7-856a-01549a8aa7dc> | {
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Parliament's imposition of taxes on the North American colonies led to organized opposition by the colonial legislatures. In 1773 Parliament passed a tea act giving the East India Company a monopoly on the tea sold in the colonies. In December of that year, residents of Boston, Massachusetts, tossed three shiploads of tea into the harbor rather than let it be landed. In the spring of 1774 Parliament retaliated and passed the Coercive Acts (known in the colonies as the Intolerable Acts). These acts included the Boston Port Act, which closed the port of Boson to all commerce effective June 1, 1774, until the tea was paid for and restitution made to royal officials. The Massachusetts Government Act altered the charter of Massachusetts to limit town meetings and to allow the king to appoint a military governor in place of the governor elected by the colony's assembly, called the General Court.
Word of the closing of the port of Boston reached Williamsburg when the General Assembly was in session in May 1774. Although many Virginians disapproved of the destruction of the tea, which was private property, they did not approve of closing the port. On May 23, several members of the House of Burgesses met in the Capitol and drew on seventeenth-century English precedents to draft a resolution calling on Virginians to observe a day of fasting, humiliation, and prayer on June 1, in sympathy with the people of Boston. The House of Burgesses passed the resolution on May 24. Two days later the royal governor, John Murray, fourth earl of Dunmore, dissolved the General Assembly so that the members could take no further action, but on May 27 many of the former burgesses met and formed an association that pledged them to purchase no goods imported by the East India Company except saltpeter and spices. They advised the colony's committee of correspondence to transmit the resolution to the other colonies with the suggestion that the colonies appoint delegates to come together in a general congress. Unbeknownst to the Virginians, letters from Boston were on their way. On May 29, the Virginia Committee of Correspondence received a letter from the Boston Committee of Correspondence proposing to halt all trade with Great Britain. Twenty-five burgesses who were still in Williamsburg met on May 30 and agreed to summon a convention to meet on August 1, 1774, in Williamsburg to discuss the proposal. That convention would be the first Virginia Revolutionary Convention, at which representatives chose Virginia's delegates to the First Continental Congress.
1. How many men signed this resolution? Do you recognize any of their names?
2. Why do you suppose that the burgesses remaining in Williamsburg did not make a decision concerning the Boston committee's proposal?
3. During this time communication between the colonies was delivered by horse or on ships. Consequently, it was considerably slower than today's instant communications. How do you think this influenced the decisions that the colonists made?
On May 29, a letter from the Boston Committee of Correspondence arrived in Williamsburg. This letter, dated May 13, proposed ceasing all trade with Great Britain, both imports and exports. On May 30, the burgesses remaining in Williamsburg met to discuss the letter and determine what action they should take. If you had been a burgess what would you have proposed? Why do you think the Virginians chose the route they did?
Virginia Independence Bicentennial Commission. Revolutionary Virginia: the Road to Independence, a Documentary Record, Vol 1: Forming Thunderclouds and the First Convention 1763–1774. Compiled and edited by William J. Van Schreeven and Robert L. Scribner. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1983.
Middlekauff, Robert. The Glorious Cause: The American Revolution, 1763–1789. Rev. ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 2005. | <urn:uuid:67ebf7ad-b043-46d3-bd86-8ce9e832ab49> | {
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Cader/Cadair Idris is a spectacular mountain reserve with a variety of landscapes and terrain. Rugged summits, glacial lakes and a mossy wooded gorge cover over 450 hectares of breathtaking landscape.
Local folklore describes Idris as a giant who lived on this magnificent mountain. The large boulders on the lower slopes are said to be the debris of stone throwing battles between Idris and other giants. Idris is more likely to have been an important leader in this area, a giant in personality and authority rather than in stature.
The reserve lies within Snowdonia National Park and is part of the Cadair Idris Special Site of Scientific Interest (SSSI) and Special Area of Conservation (SAC).
The site encompasses the mountain and lower slopes, with a variety of habitats of European importance. These include dry heath, wet heath, blanket bog, woodland and the species-rich marshy grasslands of Tir Stent common, as well as a number of low nutrient or clear-water lakes. The cliffs support tall herbs growing on the ledges, and a range of plants growing on rock crevices. These habitats support a wide range of species, including slender green feather-moss and marsh fritillary Butterfly.
While the romantically inclined attribute its features to the work of giants, geologists come up with more prosaic but nonetheless interesting explanations that span hundreds of millions of years. The origin of the rock is volcanic, some of the lavas being poured out under the sea and shaped into bulbuous "pillows" that give it the name pillow lava. These are interspersed with layers of ash and other sediments that settled out on the sea bed of the time.
The glaciers of the last ice age scoured and scraped at this hard upfolded rock leaving visible scratches on some of the surfaces and hollowing out basins now filled with small lakes such as those at Cregennan on the first 'step' up the mountain, or the supposedly bottomless Llyn Cau on the south side.
Amongst this craggy country on the mountain tops there survive rare arctic/alipne flowers, a legacy of the last Ice Age such as purple saxifrage and least willow (a 'tree' that never gets to more than a scrambling shrub).
At the lower level around Cregennan the National Trust owns two small hill farms where the rough grazing can be managed in the traditional way. A sign of summer here is the arrival of that dainty visitor, the wheatear, often difficult to spot until it displays its white rump in flight.
Open all the time | <urn:uuid:962710b0-6676-4e99-80f5-1b3dc5b7dc1f> | {
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Some individuals with disabilities require assistive technology (AT) in order to access computers. Hundreds of Windows AT third-party products are available, making it possible for almost anyone to use Windows® applications, regardless of their disabilities. The Microsoft® Windows® operating systems also provides a core set of basic accessibility features and AT applications, which can be deployed on all computers in a computer lab or classroom without additional cost. These applications provide students with basic accessibility features from any workstation, maximizing the inclusiveness of the learning environment.
It should be noted that the AT applications that are bundled with Windows provide only a minimum level of accessibility, not the full set of features that many users require for equal access to the operating system, educational programs, and other software applications. Therefore, many educational entities deploy the standard set of Windows AT on all workstations by default, but additionally 1) provide a small number of dedicated workstations that are equipped with commonly requested third party AT, and 2) are prepared to purchase and install additional AT as needed by specific students.
It should also be noted that the availability of AT does not itself guarantee accessibility. Software applications must be designed in a way that is compatible with AT and other accessibility features of the operating system. For information about purchasing software products that are accessible, see the AccessIT Knowledge Base article How can I tell whether a software application is accessible?
The following is a list of basic accessibility features that are included with Windows XP. Previous versions of Windows also included several of these same features.
Display and Readability:
These features are designed to increase the visibility of items on the screen.
- Font style, color, and size of items on the desktop—using the Display options, choose font color, size and style combinations.
- Icon size—make icons larger for visibility, or smaller for increased screen space.
- Screen resolution—change pixel count to enlarge objects on screen.
- High contrast schemes—select color combinations that are easier to see.
- Cursor width and blink rate—make the cursor easier to locate, or eliminate the distraction of its blinking.
- Microsoft Magnifier—enlarge portion of screen for better visibility.
Sounds and Speech:
These features are designed to make computer sounds easier to hear or distinguish - or, visual alternatives to sound. Speech-to-text options are also available.
- Sound Volume—turn computer sound up or down.
- Sound Schemes—associate computer sounds with particular system events.
- ShowSounds—display captions for speech and sounds.
- SoundSentry—display visual warnings for system sounds.
- Notification—Get sound or visual cues when accessibility features are turned on or off.
- Text-to-Speech—Hear window command options and text read aloud.
Keyboard and Mouse:
These features are designed to make the keyboard and mouse faster and easier to use.
- Double-Click Speed—choose how fast to click the mouse button to make a selection.
- ClickLock—highlight or drag without holding down the mouse button.
- Pointer Speed—set how fast the mouse pointer moves on screen.
- SnapTo—move the pointer to the default button in a dialog box.
- Cursor Blink Rate—choose how fast the cursor blinks—or, if it blinks at all.
- Pointer Trails—follow the pointer motion on screen.
- Hide Pointer While Typing—keep pointer from hiding text while typing.
- Show Location of Pointer—quickly reveal the pointer on screen.
- Reverse the function of the right and left mouse buttons—reverse actions controlled by the right and left mouse buttons.
- Pointer schemes—choose size and color options for better visibility.
- Character Repeat Rate—set how quickly a character repeats when a key is struck.
- Dvorak Keyboard Layout—choose alternative keyboard layouts for people who type with one hand or finger.
- StickyKeys—allow pressing one key at a time (rather than simultaneously) for key combinations.
- FilterKeys—ignore brief or repeated keystrokes and slow down the repeat rate.
- ToggleKeys—hear tones when pressing certain keys.
- MouseKeys—move the mouse pointer using the numerical keypad.
- Extra Keyboard Help—get ToolTips or other keyboard help in programs that provide it.
The Accessibility Wizard is designed to help new users quickly and easily set up groups of accessibility options that address visual, hearing and dexterity needs all in one place. The Accessibility Wizard asks questions about accessibility needs. Then, based on the answers, it configures utilities and settings for individual users. The Accessibility Wizard can be run again at any time to make changes, or changes can be made to individual settings through Control Panel.
Windows Accessibility Utilities:
- Magnifier—a display utility that makes the computer screen more readable by creating a separate window that displays a magnified portion of the screen.
- Narrator—a text-to-speech utility that reads what is displayed on the screen—the contents of the active window, menu options, or text that has been typed.
- On-Screen Keyboard—displays a virtual keyboard on the computer screen that allows people to type data by using a pointing device or joystick.
- Utility Manager—enables administrator-level users to check an accessibility program's status and start or stop an accessibility programs—automatically, if required.
- Speech Recognition—Vista and newer versions of the OS have built-in speech recognition
For more information about how to access these features and utilities in Windows products visit Microsoft's website Windows Accessibility Resources .
For a comparison of accessibility features across operating systems, see the AccessIT Knowledge Base article How does accessibility differ across operating systems?
- How can I tell whether a software application is accessible?
- Windows Accessibility Resources
- How does accessibility differ across operating systems? | <urn:uuid:01f2efa8-409c-4d7f-b4a6-49f6ed605cc0> | {
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January 14, 1741
Birth of a Traitor
Benedict Arnold was born in Connecticut on January 14, 1741. He rose from captain to general during the Revolutionary War. After he death of his first wife, he married the daughter of a Loyalis sympathizer. Before long he was spying for the British and plotting to hand over West Point. His plans discovered, he managed to escape capture and began fighting openly for the British. After the British surrendered, Arnold and his family went to England.
Today, Benedict Arnold is synonymous with the word traitor. | <urn:uuid:7b908228-e56a-4ee1-a4ee-a7df37e7025f> | {
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