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Vitamins and Minerals for Babies
The need for infant vitamins is a confusing topic. Babies do need vitamins to grow well and to be healthy. They need them for strong bones, healthy teeth, and to build up their blood and prevent anemia. The confusing part is that most infants get all of the vitamins and minerals they need through the foods that they eat and drink, including vitamin A, calcium, zinc, and the vitamins and minerals discussed in this section. So while they do need vitamins and minerals, they don't always need a supplement each day, unless they were born prematurely or have some other health problem.
Will iron cause my baby to have any medical problems?
No. Iron is essential for your baby's growth and development and it does not cause colic, constipation, or any other problems. Infants who drink a low-iron formula or plain cow's milk are likely to develop medical problems, though, including anemia.
Iron is one of the more important minerals your baby needs. The effects of a diet poor in iron, which can lead to iron deficiency anemia, are well known. These include learning problems, developmental delays, and behavioral problems.
However, your infant, unless he was born premature, should be able to get all of the iron he needs from breastmilk or an iron-fortified formula during his first four to six months. After that time he does need extra iron, but you can usually provide it from the baby foods that he is beginning to eat, such as an iron-fortified infant rice cereal, in addition to continuing to feed him his breastmilk or formula.
If your baby is otherwise well, he probably won't develop an iron deficiency unless you switch him to cow's milk before his first birthday or you do not begin to give extra iron after he is six months old. Remember that premature babies often do need a vitamin supplement that has iron in it.
Newborns don't need fluoride, but once your infant is about six months old and begins getting teeth, he will need fluoride to keep them strong and growing well. The main source of this fluoride isn't an extra vitamin though. You can instead provide it by offering your baby some fluoridated tap water each day.
Your baby may not be getting enough fluoride if he is drinking any of the following:
- Well water
- Tap water that is not fluoridated
- Bottled water that does not have added fluoride
- Water that is filtered of fluoride
- Breastmilk exclusively
- Ready-to-feed formula exclusively
You can start your baby on fluoride supplements, but getting too much fluoride can easily lead to fluorosis or staining of their teeth, so it is usually best to try to give your baby fluoridated water. If you are exclusively breastfeeding, offering some extra water with fluoride once your baby is six months old is the best way to avoid problems. Talk to your pediatrician to get a prescription for a fluoride supplement if your baby has no way of getting fluoride from the water he is drinking.
Rickets, caused by a deficiency of vitamin D, is a serious disorder that causes skeletal deformities and poor growth. Although not as common as it used to be, it does still affect some children, especially those who are very dark-skinned, don't get any or little sun exposure, and are exclusively breastfed.
Not getting enough vitamin D can cause a baby to get a bone disorder called rickets. Because infant formula is fortified with vitamin D, infants drinking at least 17 ounces of formula each day do not need any extra vitamin D.
Unlike formula, breastmilk does not contain enough vitamin D for babies, but that wasn't thought to be a problem because it was believed that exclusively breastfed infants got enough vitamin D from sunlight exposure. However, now that the effects of excessive sun exposure are known and sunscreen is being used more often, it is thought that exposure to the sun is not enough for breastfed babies. The American Academy of Pediatrics now recommends that breastfed babies receive a vitamin D supplement beginning in the first two months of life. The need for vitamin D supplements is a controversial topic though, especially for light-skinned infants in sunny climates, so you might talk to your pediatrician about whether this is necessary for your baby.
More on: Feeding and Nutrition
From The Everything Father's First Year Book Copyright © 2005, F+W Publications, Inc. Used by permission of Adams Media, an F+W Publications Company. All rights reserved.
To order this book go to Amazon. | <urn:uuid:7c26e91c-be49-46dd-adf5-9174effae652> | {
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How the Creative Process Works
If we want children to use painting as a tool for self-expression and self-discovery, we don't need to teach them technique. On the contrary: we need to unteach it. The less technique children have, the more they use their intuition. Technique overrides intuition. As adults we should clear out unnecessary baggage for children's freedom of creation to unfold. When painting they must be allowed to follow the dictates of their intuition. Free from rules, they can learn to paint images from deep inside and express what is unique about themselves.
When at times a special technique is needed, technique spontaneously develops. Children invent or reinvent it. Their skill develops out of the intricate demands of their feelings, not from aesthetic concepts. Whatever they paint is done with their whole being and carries the stamp of authenticity and the beauty of their innocence.
The way each child perceives and senses the world is unique. While the body and mind constantly grow, perceptions also change. If children paint naturally, we can actually document the evolution of their perceptions of the world. Their visual expressions of the sensations of the human body, for instance, change constantly, if they are not asked to copy models or respect proportions. For instance, the image of a person's head evolves spontaneously from very big (much bigger than the torso) to relatively small (close to standard proportion) within a few years. Every part of the body image goes through an evolution. Fingers, for instance, are first felt as long lines coming out of a circle. After a couple of years these five lines retract in length slowly to create fingers. Children must be encouraged to be spontaneous and to forget about the outcome by spontaneously expressing these differences and changes, which, in fact, they are not aware of.
Children's sense of the material world and of the space around it also changes. They perceive space in a special way. First, not knowing the relationship between ground and object, very young children often paint objects and people floating in space. Then the ground appears just as a brown line or leaves of grass, but later fills with dirt and grass. The sky often starts as a blue line and also expands slowly. If children are left free to paint intuitively, a fascinating process happens: the two lines - the one from the sky and the one from the earth - gradually move toward each other, slowly filling the gap between them. After a few months of spontaneous process, the space is finally conquered. This final moment - when paint covers the entire space - is a very special moment. Watching that unique milestone always touches me greatly, because the children have reached within themselves to a brand-new place; in it there is no return. It is a time of initiation for children, a precious stage in which space is inwardly conquered. This powerful event cannot take place if they are taught perspective and are depicting space in their paintings through rules and techniques. Children never regress in their evolution. They keep moving ahead.
A friend of mine has a ten-year-old boy. One day my friend was discussing with his son, just back from a painting class, how his drawing had three-dimensional qualities. The father was marveling at it. The son, a stern look on his face, didn't seem to think there was anything exciting about having struggled two hours for a little bit of perspective while painting a wooden chair he didn't care about. He seemed impatient to move on to other things, saying, in effect, I have worked hard enough, I deserve to play now. After that class he never wanted to paint again. Having not touched his true creativity, how could he want to go back to it? Learning technique often alienates the child and presents creativity as work without much reward.
Perspective can be discovered spontaneously; children left to themselves come upon it bit by bit when the time is ripe. Painting in perspective becomes part of a natural instinct instead of a mental discipline; the resulting paintings breathe aliveness instead of the stiffness of those trying to do it right. Trying to paint right often ends with a painting that looks like a scientific study. It's fascinating to watch the evolution of children's paintings. Look at a table, for instance. When young children paint a table, they paint its legs hanging in the air. Then, within a few months to a couple of years, the table legs slowly lower, until one day they are set firmly on the ground. This also proves why children don't need technique if they are allowed to paint what they feel. We must let children experience their world and create intuitively from their natural perceptions if they are to enter the magic of creativity. If we force children to paint with "normal" proportions and with perspective, they miss an immense opportunity. They repress their intuition and grow up without much creativity.
Don't worry about the rendering of children's paintings. The creative process is a process of exploration, and it stays with them wherever they go. That process has an internal intelligence that guides them as they grow.
More on: Crafts for Kids
From Kids Play: Igniting Children's Creativity by Michele Cassou. Copyright © 2004 by Michele Casso. Used by arrangement with Penguin Group (USA) Inc.
If you'd like to buy this book, visitAmazon. | <urn:uuid:424c3450-517e-43a7-b946-1ec5065f41aa> | {
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Tuesday, November 20, 2007
Bird flu is a disease caused by a specific type of avian (bird) influenza virus, the so-called H5N1 virus. This virus was first discovered in birds in China in 1997 and since then has infected 125 people in Vietnam, Cambodia, Thailand, and Indonesia, killing 64 of them. It is spread by infected migratory birds (including wild ducks and geese) to domestic poultry (primarily chickens, ducks, and turkeys), and then to humans. Because my girl friend house is near to chicken farm and i think this farm is already give bad impact to environment.
Indonesia is really need a good programs to handle this bird flue issue. | <urn:uuid:2158bf8c-59b1-437e-89a9-93417abd0752> | {
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phhttpd uses an XML config file format to express how it should behave while running. More information on XML may be found near http://www.w3.org/XML/
phhttpd's configuration centers around the concept of virtual servers. For us, a virtual server may be thought of as the merging of a document tree and the actions phhttpd takes while serving that content.
phhttpd.conf may be thought of as having two main sections. The global section, which defines properties that are consistent across the entire running phhttpd server, and multiple virtual sections that describe properties of that only apply to a virtual server. There will only be one global section while multiple virtual sections are allowed.
The global section defines properties of the running server that don't apply to a single virtual server. It should be enclosed in
Global config entities
Sets the maximum number of cached responses that will be held in memory. Each cached responses holds a minimal amount of memory. More importantly, each cached response holds an open file descriptor to the file with real content and an mmap()ed region of that content. phhttpd will start pruning the cache when it notices either of these two resources coming under pressure, but has no way to easily deduce that its running low on memory. The administrator may set this value to set an upper bound on the number of responses to keep in memory.
This specifies the file that will be used to talk with phhttpd_ctl.
This specifies the file to which global messages will be logged.
This specifies the file that contains the mapping of file extensions to MIME types. It should be of the form:
text/sgml sgml sgm video/mpeg mpeg mpg mpe
Controls various network connection timeouts. 'inactivity' sets the amount of time that a connection can be idle before phhttpd will forcibly disconnect it. inactivity defaults to 0, which lets the connections idle until TCP timeouts take effect.
Enabling this option tells phhttpd to use sendfile() rather than write()ing from an mmap()ed region. Avoiding calling mmap() will shorten the amount of time it takes to build cached responses.
A Virtual Server can be thought of as the abstraction serving up a content tree ( "docroot" in Apache speak). There are a set of attributes that are used to define a virtual server. These attributes are used to decide which virtual server will process a client's request. Then there are attributes which define how the content is served.
A virtual server must have a docroot. The virtual tag in the config file has a docroot attribute that must be set.
<virtual docroot=PATH> ... </virtual>
Global Config Entities
This enables the generation of the Content-MD5: header. This greatly increases the cost of creating a cached response for this virtual, because the MD5 function must be applied to the entire content of the response. Once the response is created, though, there is no per-request overhead.
This will cause phhttpd to traverse the entire docroot at initialization time and prepare cached responses for all the files it finds. This happens in the back ground during normal operation, so there is no dramatic increase in the time it takes for phhttpd to start serving connections.
This tag surrounds the string that will be used to identify the server. This string will be compared to the Host: header given in the request from the client, or will be compared to the 'host part' of the full URL if that was given. This will be used in combination with the network address and port pair to determine if a request should be served by a virtual server.
This virtual server will be chosen to serve an incoming request if that request was made to the network address specified in this entity. There can be as many of these as one likes in a given virtual server, and '*' may be specified for either parameter to indicate that all addresses or ports should match.
The logs section of the virtual server define the per virtual log files that should be written to during operation. See the following section on logging. | <urn:uuid:93efbaf0-bd69-4425-b2ff-1cbec9d2c17c> | {
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Eat Healthy, Live Healthy
The recent outbreak of Swine Flu -- Influenza A(H1N1) -- is not passed through eating meat but it does makes us reflect on healthy lifestyles and eating habits.
Want to eat better but aren't sure what to begin?
Here is great checklist of tips on what you and your family can do to eat healthier, shop smarter and make sustainable choices, from SustainableTable.org:
- Educated Yourself -- Learn about the kind of food you're eating. Is it local? Is it sustainable?
- Shop Sustainable -- Don’t expect to change everything overnight. Start with one item and pledge to buy it sustainably, such as buying one organic dairy, meat or produce item at your supermarket or one local food at a nearby farmers’ market. Visit the Eat Well guide to find local sources for sustainable food.
- Ask Questions -- Ask questions everywhere you go. Were pesticides put on the produce? What were the animals fed? How were they raised?
- Reduce Your Meat Consumption -- If we cut out meat just one day a week, it would have a huge positive impact on our environment and the health of our bodies too! Check out MeatlessMonday.com.
- Eat Seasonal -- Buy locally grown fruits and vegetables when they are in season.
- Grown Your Own -- Nothing is more special than the connection you have with the food you grow, whether it be a large backyard garden or herbs in a pot on your kitchen windowsill.
- Cook -- Re-learn (or learn!) the joy of cooking. Find great recipes in the Sustainable Kitchen.
- Take Back the Tap -- Bottled water causes a lot of problems, from environmental damage to plastic leaching into the water. Visit H2O Conserve to calculate your water footprint. Also check out the Take Back the
- Spread the Word -- You can contact public officials, voice your opinion, and stay on top of current issues with food. You can also help to educate others about the problems with industrial agriculture and the benefits of sustainable food. Click here for more tools. | <urn:uuid:4bd914ba-9e38-4211-82f4-9f80548b26af> | {
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The Power of One
In 1987 Brazilian-born Canadian, Marcelo da Luz saw a news clip about the World Solar Challenge race and it inspired him to design a super cool solar vehicle of his own - XOF1, which he calls The Power of One.
When the model was completely, he set out on a record-breaking trip. This visionary trip began in Buffalo, N.Y., in June 2008, and went through Canada, Alaska and down the West Coast to Los Angeles, where pilot Marcelo da Luz and his solar-powered car made a pit stop Friday.
"Hopefully this won't be the end of the journey for me," said da Luz, 40, whose UFO-like car broke the world's 9,000-mile distance record for travel by a solar vehicle.
His journey came to a halt this past Friday, however, because the funding for his project ran out. The solar team traveled more than 11,500 miles to break the previous record.
The 470-pound, 14-foot vehicle took 10 years and more than 50,000 man hours to build and $50,000 to build, da Luz said.
To read lots more on da Luz’s journey and the fascinating technology involved click here. | <urn:uuid:30735313-761e-4b5e-a93f-3436c3f96f5d> | {
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| Student Services
| Learning Centers
| LSC-Kingwood Learning Center
LSC-Kingwood AT Lab
The primary goal of the Assistive Technology (AT) lab is to provide students with documented disabilities access to technology resources that can facilitate successful academic and career success. The services provided by the AT lab support the mission of the Lone Star College System (LSCS) and are coordinated with the instruction, counseling, tutoring and training provided by other departments on campus.
How are students referred to the AT lab?
Students are referred for AT lab services by the Disability Services Counselor, and the AT lab provides accommodations as determined by the Disability Services Counselor.
What technology is available through the AT lab?
Kingwood College maintains a number of devices and soft-ware programs that help "level the playing field" for students with disabilities. Some items are portable, and can be checked out by the student.
- Alternative input devices allow individuals to control their computers through means other than a standard keyboard or pointing device.
- Braille embossers transfer computer generated text into embossed Braille output.
- Reading tools and learning disabilities programs include software and hardware designed to make text-based materials more accessible for people who have difficulty with reading. Options can include scanning, reformatting, navigating, or speaking text out loud.
- Screen enlargers work like a magnifying glass for the computer by enlarging a portion of the screen which can increase legibility and make it easier to see items on the computer.
- Speech recognition or voice recognition programs allow people to give commands and enter data using their voices rather than a mouse or keyboard.
- Text-to-Speech (TTS) or speech synthesizers receive information going to the screen in the form of letters, numbers, and punctuation marks, and then "speak" it out loud in a computerized voice.
- Talking and large-print word processors are software programs that use speech synthesizers to provide auditory feedback of what is typed.
- TTY/TDD conversion modems are connected between computers and telephones to allow an individual to type a message on a computer and send it to a TTY/TDD telephone or other Baudot equipped device.
- Videophones allow deaf and hard of hearing individuals to communicate with each other using sign language.
Assistive Listening Devices are hard-wired or wireless transmitting/receiving devices that transmit sound from the microphone directly to the listener, minimizing the negative effects of distance, noise, and reverberation on clarity.
What services are available through the AT lab?
- Textbook Conversion/Audio Book Services are available for those with appropriate accommodations; i.e. impaired vision or blindness. Scanned material is reformatted; ready to be processed by screen reader software or converted to audio files. Conversion requests require a disposable copy of the textbook, a copy of the course syllabus, and current accommodations documentation. Our current turn-around goal for textbook conversions is 10 working days from receipt of request.
- Other services the AT lab may provide are an overview of Assistive Technology to others, demonstrate AT equipment as well as provide training and support. The AT lab coordinator works with the Office of Technology Services (OTS) as well as academic departments and faculty to provide assistive technology services in the classroom -- installing special software on the computer the student uses for a particular class, or to convert a test to an alternate format, e.g. large print.
Who can I contact for more information? | <urn:uuid:6fa74220-3286-4041-9cd9-7745969bd4eb> | {
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Is Zero Even?
Date: 03/28/2001 at 02:59:56 From: John Matousek Subject: Zero odd/even At numerous sites across the Internet the answer to the question whether zero is odd or even seems to be totally subjective, and the proofs used to justify 'even' (zero can be divided by two, therefore it is even), sound reasonable. But zero can't really be divided by two since the result is zero - neither a positive or negative integer. Q: How many times does 2 go into 0? A: Zero times. Or to rephrase, two doesn't go into zero. The question arose when a retired math teacher stated "2/20/2000, the first day ever with seven even numerals in its date." Of course he is wrong, 2/20/2000 BC being the most obvious example - if you accept zero as even. But there are also thousands of dates from the astronomical, Hebrew, Chinese, Hindu lunar, old Hindu solar and lunar calendars where zero would not even need to be considered. 'Ever' is such a big word. Thanks.
Date: 03/28/2001 at 09:18:35 From: Doctor Rick Subject: Re: Zero odd/even Hi, John. Thanks for writing! I hope I can clear up some confusion. Our archives sometimes say that zero is neither positive nor negative, not that it is neither even nor odd. That's very different. The question of evenness or oddness is based on definitions. There may be variations on how "even" is defined, just as there are on how "natural numbers" are defined; but once you have established your definition, the question can be answered objectively based on that definition. An even number, as our archive pages say, is defined as one that is divisible by 2. Divisibility by 2 is defined as giving an integer quotient when divided by 2. The only matter open to debate is whether this last statement should say "integer," "natural number," or "whole number." If integer, then the even numbers are ..., -6, -4, -2, 0, 2, 4, 6, ... If natural number (0, 1, 2, 3, ...), then the even numbers are 0, 2, 4, 6, ... If whole number (1, 2, 3, ...), then the even numbers are 2, 4, 6, ... There is no reason to be restrictive in our definition of divisibility: the definition introduces no contradictions or special cases when it is extended to all integers. If you have found places on the Web where a restrictive definition is used, I'd like to see them. You state that the problem you have with zero being even is that zero can't really be divided by 2, because the quotient is 0, which is neither positive nor negative. Putting this in my terms, you are defining "divisible" as meaning "giving a quotient that is a positive or negative (that is, non-zero) integer." I could accept one of the alternative definitions I gave above before I would accept yours. If we say that zero cannot be divided by anything, then this introduces lots of special cases to our mathematical properties. For example, the sum of two even numbers is even. You are telling me that the 4 and -4 are even, but that the sum of 4 and -4 is *not* even. We'd need to change the rule to "The sum of even numbers is even, UNLESS it is zero." It's so much simpler to define our terms in a way that does not require such special cases. Defining evenness and divisibility as we do does not introduce special cases. Before zero was introduced to our number system, negative quantities were treated as an entirely separate kind of entity from positive numbers. Different rules were needed for lots of different cases, depending on whether a quantity was added (positive) or subtracted (negative). The history of quadratic equations illustrates this. A big part of the genius of introducing zero in the first place was that it unified all these special cases into one. I am asking you now to see that you do not need to treat zero as special; and when you treat it like every other integer, it follows that zero is even. For related answers in our archives, see: Zero is even: Are these numbers odd or even? http://mathforum.org/library/drmath/view/57062.html Is Zero Even, Odd, or Neither? http://mathforum.org/library/drmath/view/57104.html Is Zero Odd or Even? http://mathforum.org/library/drmath/view/57132.html FAQ: Integers, Rational and Irrational Numbers http://mathforum.org/dr.math/faq/faq.integers.html Even and odd numbers enumerated, start with 1: Infinity, Zero http://mathforum.org/library/drmath/view/52400.html Neither positive nor negative: Why Zero is Neither Positive nor Negative http://mathforum.org/library/drmath/view/58735.html What is 0? http://mathforum.org/library/drmath/view/58743.html Is Zero Positive or Negative? http://mathforum.org/library/drmath/view/60300.html - Doctor Rick, The Math Forum http://mathforum.org/dr.math/
Search the Dr. Math Library:
Ask Dr. MathTM
© 1994-2013 The Math Forum | <urn:uuid:406d6832-8e5c-4eb8-936a-5c22bc09e887> | {
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Urinary incontinence is the loss of voluntary bladder control leading to urine leakage. It can be temporary or last for a long time. Incontinence is a symptom, not a condition.
Temporary incontinence can be caused by:
Permanent urinary incontinence may be one of four types. Some people have a mixture of these types.
This is the most common type of incontinence. It may be caused by:
Muscles Involved in Incontinence in Women
Copyright © Nucleus Medical Media, Inc.
This is also known as overactive bladder. It may be caused or worsened by:
This occurs when the bladder will not empty. Urine builds up and the bladder overflows. This leads to leaking of urine. It may be caused by:
This occurs when you have normal bladder control, but you can't reach the toilet in time. It may be caused by medical conditions like severe arthritis. Drugs that cause confusion or sedation can also cause functional incontinence.
Some incontinence may be caused by a fistula. A fistula is an abnormal opening between the bladder and outside.
Incontinence has several different causes. The cause could also be unclear.
Risk factors include:
Urinary incontinence is a symptom of other conditions. Any loss of bladder control can be considered incontinence.
Stress incontinence is when certain activities lead to increased pressure on the bladder. Triggers may be laughing, sneezing, lifting heavy objects, or exercise.
Urge incontinence is a loss of bladder control following a strong urge to urinate. The bladder is unable to hold urine long enough to make it to a restroom.
Call your doctor if you have a loss of urine control. Your doctor can help you determine the underlying cause.
Your doctor will ask about your symptoms and medical history. You will be asked how often you empty your bladder, and about patterns of urine leakage. Your doctor will do a physical exam to look for any physical causes. These include blockages and nerve problems.
Your doctor may ask you to keep a diary of your urination habits. You may be referred to an urologist or an urogynecologist.
Tests to help determine a cause may include:
Treatments may include:
Behavioral therapy includes:
If you are a woman who is overweight or obese, losing weight may help reduce the number of episodes due to stress or urge incontinence. Talk to your doctor about a weight loss program that is right for you.
Medicines called anticholinergics may be prescribed to relax the bladder muscles. They are often used in treating urge incontinence.
Nerve stimulation is effective for urge urinary incontinence. It can be done by stimulating a nerve in your ankle. Or, it can be done by implanting a device that stimulates the bladder nerves.
In women, surgery can support weakened muscles related to bladder function. One type of surgery is called a urethral suspension. Other procedures involve collagen injections into the urethra.
Absorbent diapers are often used with incontinence.
Plugs and patches that hold urine in place are available for women. Catheters are sometimes used to treat more severe cases.
A supportive device called a pessary may also be used in women. Pessaries are devices that raise the uterus or the prolapsed bladder. It can decrease pressure on the bladder.
Incontinence is really a symptom of many other conditions. There are several ways to prevent incontinence:
Urology Care Foundation
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases
Women's Health Matters
American Urological Association Foundation. Overactive bladder. American Urological Association Foundation website. Available at: http://www.urologyhealth.org/urology/index.cfm?article=112. Updated January 2011. Accessed September 14, 2012.
Corcos J, Gajewski J, et al. Canadian Urological Association guidelines on urinary incontinence. Can J Urol. 2006;13:3127-3138.
Incontinence. American Urologic Association Foundation website. Available at: http://www.urologyhealth.org/urology/index.cfm?article=143. Updated January 2011. Accessed September 14, 2012.
National Association for Continence. Overactive bladder treatment. National Association for Continence website. Available at: http://www.nafc.org/bladder-bowel-health. Updated September 2011. Accessed September 14, 2012.
Norton P, Brubaker L. Urinary incontinence in women. Lancet. 2006;367:57-67.
Sobhgol SS, Charandabee SM. Related factors of urge, stress, mixed urinary incontinence, and overactive bladder in reproductive age women in Tabriz, Iran: a cross-sectional study. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dys Function. 2008;19(3):367-373.
Urinary incontinence. American Academy of Family Physicians. Available at: http://familydoctor.org/familydoctor/en/diseases-conditions/urinary-incontinence.html. Updated July 2012. Accessed September 16, 2012.
Urinary incontinence in women. EBSCO DynaMed website. Available at: https://dynamed.ebscohost.com/about/about-us. Updated June 29, 2012. Accessed September 14, 2012.
Urinary incontinence in women. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases website. Available at: http://kidney.niddk.nih.gov/kudiseases/pubs/uiwomen. Published September 2010. Accessed September 14, 2012.
Wein A, ed. Campbell-Walsh Urology. 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders, Elsevier; 2007.
Wein AJ, Rackley RR. Overactive bladder: a better understanding of pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management. J Urol. 2006;175:S5-10.
2/5/2009 DynaMed's Systematic Literature Surveillance https://dynamed.ebscohost.com/about/about-us: Subak L, Wing R, Smith West D, et al. Weight loss to treat urinary incontinence in overweight and obese women. N Engl J Med. 2009;360:481-490.
1/11/2010 DynaMed's Systematic Literature Surveillance https://dynamed.ebscohost.com/about/about-us: AHRQ evidence report on treatment for overactive bladder in women 2009. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality website. Available at: http://www.ahrq.gov/clinic/tp/bladdertp.htm. Published August 2009. Accessed January 11, 2010.
3/5/2010 DynaMed's Systematic Literature Surveillance https://dynamed.ebscohost.com/about/about-us: Vardy MD, Mitcheson HD, Samuels TA, et al. Effects of solifenacin on overactive bladder symptoms, symptom bother and other patient-reported outcomes: results from VIBRANT—a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Int J Clin Pract. 2009;63(12):1702-1714.
12/3/2010 DynaMed's Systematic Literature Surveillance https://dynamed.ebscohost.com/about/about-us: Cardozo L, Khullar V, Wang JT, Guan Z, Sand PK. Fesoterodine in patients with overactive bladder syndrome: can the severity of baseline urgency urinary incontinence predict dosing requirement? BJU Int. 2010;106(6):816-821.
12/13/2010 DynaMed's Systematic Literature Surveillance https://dynamed.ebscohost.com/about/about-us: University of Texas at Austin, School of Nursing, Family Nurse Practitioner Program. Recommendations for the management of urge urinary incontinence in women. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality website. Available at: http://www.guideline.gov/content.aspx?id=16322. Published May 2010. Accessed December 13, 2010.
3/5/2013 DynaMed's Systematic Literature Surveillance DynaMed's Systematic Literature Surveillance : Boyle R, Hay-Smith EJ, Cody JD, et al. Pelvic floor muscle training for prevention and treatment of urinary and faecal incontinence in antenatal and postnatal women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 Oct 17;10:CD007471.
Last reviewed September 2012 by Adrienne Carmack, MD
Please be aware that this information is provided to supplement the care provided by your physician. It is neither intended nor implied to be a substitute for professional medical advice. CALL YOUR HEALTHCARE PROVIDER IMMEDIATELY IF YOU THINK YOU MAY HAVE A MEDICAL EMERGENCY. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider prior to starting any new treatment or with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition.
Copyright © 2012 EBSCO Publishing All rights reserved.
What can we help you find?close × | <urn:uuid:c2a5b169-e626-420f-a5d4-f4ed6ac8b101> | {
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Plants and Animals
Species of Concern
Eastern massasauga rattlesnake
- Common Name: Eastern massasauga rattlesnake
- Scientific Name: Sistrurus catenatus canenatus
- Range: NE, NW and central Missouri
- Classification: Critically imperiled
- To learn more about endangered species: see listed links below.
Missouri is on the southeastern edge of this venomous snake’s North American distribution. Voles and deer mice make up 90 percent of adult massasaugas’ diet. Although not aggressive, they will bite if disturbed. Female massasaugas bear four to 10 live young every other year in August or September. Adults are light to dark gray or grayish brown, with two dark stripes edged in white along each side of the head. They can grow up to 30 inches long, but most are much smaller. Massasaugas spend much of their time in crayfish burrows and are most often seen basking in the sun atop clumps of grass or in bushes in or near marshes or moist prairies in the flood plains of large rivers. Small, scattered massasauga populations have been documented in northern Missouri. If you see what you think is a massasauga, take a clear photograph of it and call your regional Conservation Department office.
Spring’s Hallelujah Chorus
Celebrating spring in a wetland near you
For such tiny creatures, western chorus frogs pack a powerful vocal punch. Measuring no more than 1.5 inches long, they nevertheless form choirs that fill the air. They are the first frogs to become active across most of Missouri, with males starting to sing when the surrounding air temperature is as low as 35 degrees. Also amazing considering their tiny size, females lay as many as 1,500 eggs each spring.
Hellbender Recovery Efforts
Work moves forward on several fronts.
Eastern and Ozark hellbenders have declined an average of 77 percent since the 1970s. Spurred by this alarming trend, the Conservation Department and numerous partners are moving on several fronts to understand and stop the decline. Besides continuing to check hellbender numbers in various streams, researchers are exploring the roles of the amphibian Chytrid fungus, hormone and heavy metal pollution, hellbenders’ interaction with native and nonnative fish and physical deformities afflicting the giant salamanders. Biologists are working to perfect captive-rearing techniques, understand hellbender genetics and learn how well captive-reared hellbenders survive in the wild. If you see a hellbender in the wild, report it to Jeff Briggler, PO Box 180, Jefferson City, MO 65102-0180, (573) 751-4115, ext. 3201. | <urn:uuid:1ef7c45d-45a5-476d-be85-46f8f69c56b4> | {
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Missing pieces of DNA structure is a red flag for deadly skin cancer
Melanoma is the most dangerous type of skin cancer and is the leading cause of death from skin disease. Rates are steadily increasing, and although risk increases with age, melanoma is now frequently seen in young people.
But what if we could pinpoint when seemingly innocuous skin pigment cells mutate into melanoma? Researchers at Brigham and Women's Hospital (BWH) have achieved this. Teams led by Yujiang Geno Shi, PhD, from BWH's Department of Medicine, and George F. Murphy, MD, from BWH's Department of Pathology have discovered a new biomarker for the lethal disease. The findings offer novel opportunities for skin cancer diagnostics, treatment and prevention.
The study will be published on September 14, 2012 in Cell.
"Dr. Shi and colleagues have discovered an exciting new connection between the loss of a specific chemical mark in the genome and the development of melanoma," said Anthony Carter, PhD, of the National Institutes of Health's National Institute of General Medical Sciences, which mainly funded the research. "This work is a prime example of how basic research on mechanisms of epigenetic regulation can yield clinically significant insights that hold great promise for diagnosing and treating cancer."
The researchers found that certain biochemical elements in the DNA of normal pigment-producing skin cells and benign mole cells are absent in melanoma cells. Loss of these methyl groups—known as 5-hmC—in skin cells serves as a key indicator for malignant melanoma. Loss corresponded to more advanced stages of melanoma as well as clinical outcome.
Strikingly, researchers were able to reverse melanoma growth in pre-clinical studies. When the researchers introduced enzymes responsible for 5-hmC formation to melanoma cells lacking the biochemical element, they saw that the cells stopped growing.
"It is difficult to repair the mutations in the actual DNA sequence that are believed to cause cancer," said Christine Lian, MD, a physician scientist in the Department of Pathology at BWH and one of the lead authors. "So having discovered that we can reverse tumor cell growth by potentially repairing a biochemical defect that exists—not within the sequence—but just outside of it on the DNA structure, provides a promising new melanoma treatment approach for the medical community to explore."
Because cancer is traditionally regarded as a genetic disease involving permanent defects that directly affects the DNA sequence, this new finding of a potentially reversible abnormality that surrounds the DNA (thus termed epigenetic) is a hot topic in cancer research, according to the researchers.
In the United States, melanoma is the fifth most common type of new cancer diagnosis in men and the seventh most common type in women. The National Cancer Institute estimates that in 2012 there will be 76,250 new cases and 9,180 deaths in the United States due to melanoma.
The Shi laboratory pioneers studies in both basic chromatin biology and translational epigenetic research at the Endocrine Division, BWH Department of Medicine, and collaborates with Dr. Murphy's laboratory that focuses on melanoma biology in the Program for Dermatopathology, BWH Department of Pathology. This pre-clinical study, which shows a key role for epigenetics in melanoma development and progression, also enlisted the support of an international team of investigators.
The findings will provide insight for future functional, pre-clinical studies of 5-hmC in cancer biology.
Journal reference: Cell
Provided by Brigham and Women's Hospital
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23 hours ago | 3.7 / 5 (3) | 0 | | <urn:uuid:6b107242-70fd-434a-98b7-2c904aa65b04> | {
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My first trip to Florida and I needed to take a few days to explore. First stop the Everglades.The Everglades are a natural region of subtropical wetlands in the southern of Florida, comprising the southern half of a large watershed. The Everglades are shaped by water and fire, experiencing frequent flooding in the wet season and drought in the dry season. Writer Marjory Stoneman Douglas popularized the term "River of Grass" to describe the sawgrass marshes, part of a complex system of interdependent ecosystems that include cypress swamps, the estuarine mangrove forests of the Ten Thousand Islands, tropical hardwood hammocks, pine rockland, and the marine environment of Florida Bay.
This seemingly endless sea of grass and "swamp" is occupied by the American alligator and crocodile, otters, the magnificent Florida panther, bobcats, roseate spoonbills, ospreys, snowy egrets, great blue herons, dozens of species of reptiles, and many mammal species. Hundreds of kinds of fish and over three hundred varieties of birds also make the Everglades their home. Small hammocks of raised vegetation that frequently include palms, pine, live oaks, gumbo-limbo trees, and cypress are like little islands in this sea of grass. | <urn:uuid:55858dfa-4348-46c8-a9e4-97ba329d92ac> | {
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Template:Cub Scout Good Manners/req
: - - -
Belt Loop Requirements
Complete these three requirements:
- Make a poster that lists five good manners that you want to practice. Share your poster with your den or family.
- Introduce two people correctly and politely. Be sure that one of them is an adult.
- Write a thank-you note to someone who has given you something or done something nice for you.
Academics Pin Requirements
Earn the Good Manners belt loop, and complete five of the following requirements:
- Meet one new person, shake hands properly, and introduce yourself. Extend your hand, grip the person’s hand firmly, and gently shake hands.
- Talk with your family about polite language. Include “please,” “you’re welcome,” “excuse me,” “yes, sir,” “no, ma’am,” and so on in your talk.
- Explain to your den or family how good manners can help you now and as you get older. Copy the actions of someone you know who has good manners.
- Go over table manners with your family. Eat a meal together where the table is set correctly and everyone uses good table manners.
- With an adult, discuss what foods are proper to eat with your fingers. Practice eating some of these foods the right way.
- In your den or with your family, practice using good phone manners.
- Explain how treating things that belong to other people with respect is a part of having good manners. Show three examples of how you can show respect for others.
- Talk with your friends or family members about following the rules and having good sportsmanship when playing games. Then play a game with your friends or family members. After playing the game, tell how you showed good manners.
- With your family or den, list five rules to remember in being polite and respectful when in a public place. Go to the public place and practice the rules. Explain how the rules helped you to have good manners.
- Demonstrate the proper outfit to wear at school, at play, and at a social event.
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The battle cry of the Midrealm army, "Draco Invictus" translates from Latin as "The Dragon Unconquered."
"The Battle cry and motto of the MidRealm seem to have always been bound into the warp and weft of our Realm since time immemorial. It was not always thus, so I present the true history and origin of the phrase.
"Draco Invictus, Dragon Unconquered, was, long ago, a personal motto devised by Duke Syr Laurelen Darksbane, once Baron Cleftlands. It was written in black Early Gothic letters upon two simple, matching gold pennoncels one of which was borne above the armorial banner of the Barony of the Cleftlands (where a newer but identical one remains to this day), and the other upon Laurelen's Household armorial banner (House Elamon).
"Here is what happened in those far-off days of the Dragon Realm:
"All the following took place at the Barons-event in the Barony of Red Spears in the summer of the Reign of David and Tangwystl. The 20th battle of the Pennsic war was imminent and MidRealm forces were being marshalled to meet the great Army of the Eastrealm and his allies.
"King David and Queen Tangwystl watched with approval as the units from what would years later be called Oaken, Constellation, and Pentamere fought and trained all that day in combat. Duke Laurelen, at that time one of the MidRealm Generals, had been told in advance that Their majesties would hold a court upon the field following the combat activites to address their warriors.
"Prior to the event Laurelen made plans for a short presentation to Their Majesties but did not tell the nature of it to either his Baronial warriors or the King and Queen. Being personally friendly with Their Majesties as well as in oath-sworn service, he was invited to come into their court without giving the details of the presentation in advance.
"Laurelen had asked all his baronial warriors to be able to don complete battle regalia, their best and most warlike, after all the battles of the day were over. He had, prior to that event, also asked the warriors of Cleftlands to each bring with them real weapons of steel for he wanted the entire battle unit in full panoply for war. They had all been told to wait for his signal and then do as previously instructed. Thus, it was at that court that Duke Laurelen was called forward and with him came the Battle unit of Cleftlands in full array, each warrior wearing sword or carrying steel-pointed spear and shield. The banners of the Barony and Duke's household were borne on the light breeze of a brilliant summer day with the soft silken sound of mail upon steel and leather as they approached.
"The Duke addressed The King and Queen and said (as nearly as can be remembered), 'This Dragon Realm we all serve and love has ever been faced these 20 years gone with summer war at the eastern borders. Valiantly we have won many battles, and steadfast have we faced defeat. Our Realm remains though, ever stronger, unconquered. We have borne upon our Household banner and our Baronial Arms a personal motto to remind us of this. If your Majesties would permit I would like to offer to all, this token of resolve and faith and belief in the MidRealm. He asked if Their majesties wold permit the Kingdom War Banner, there displayed by their Heralds, to be dipped toward him. They granted this and Laurelen untied from his Household Banner the pennoncel and himself tied it upon the Kingdom Banner, which was then raised again. Their Majesties saw the words and smiled.
"Laurelen then said to Their majesties and the entire court, “This is the MidRealm, ever the Dragon endures, ever the Dragon Unconquered.' Upon those final words he nodded to his warriors and as one, all the swords were drawn in a flash of steel like golden fire in the afternoon and the unit cried as one, 'Draco Invictus.' It was a moment, for those of us who were there, where there was no fantasy.
"Their majesties David and Tangwystl replied with great courtesy and gentilesse and with warlike fervor that the pennoncel would indeed be borne upon the Kingdom banner in token of the strength of the Dragon.
"Thus it was, that summer day seeming so long ago to some, out of memory or history to others, but as yesterday to I, who was there and did those things upon that field, and still today bear upon my Household banner the now ancient, original matching golden pennoncel bearing the words that ever echo belief and faith in the MidRealm's strength, 'Draco Invictus'." | <urn:uuid:793ed896-1b83-4781-9edc-b5d144630f5a> | {
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Saturday quotes 2.23 Dowland’s training Part 3
The last two installments of our Saturday quotes have been given over to tracing the possible early musical training of John Dowland (1563 – 1626), probably the best-known representative of the Golden Age of English lute music. We have cross-referenced some of the ample evidence indicating that, in Tudor England, the usual introduction to music for a child not of noble birth was as a choirboy whose task was to provide music for liturgical purposes.
From the summary information found in David G. T. Harris, “Musical Education in Tudor Times (1485-1603)”, Proceedings of the Musical Association, 65th Sess. (1938 – 1939), p. 136
“The Song Schools of the Colleges of Winchester and Eton; Oxford and Cambridge; the Choristers’ Schools attached to the Cathedrals, the Chapel Royal, and St. George’s Chapel, Windsor; also those connected with private Chapels of the gentry, trained Choristers for their own particular use. They were the institutions where the great Elizabethan composers received their early education in Music.”
Why has this information been ignored in accounts of Dowland and his music? Diana Poulton’s John Dowland: his life and works, which is the standard reference, offers informed speculation concerning several facets of Dowland’s character and his shadowy past. Yet, after effectively disputing the myth of Dowland’s Irish birth, the author omits any reference to the standard musical upbringing of a child of the artisan class. The reasoning is clear: If a child showed any musical talent, the first indication was that he could sing in time and in tune, in which case he was likely ‘pressed’ into service as a choirboy. If he showed intelligence and potential (‘apt’ and ‘meet’), he was then given instruction in composition and instrumental practice. At this point in time, the child may have encountered an opportunity for an apprenticeship in a household, but the daily duties of singing for private devotional services surely did not cease.
Was Dowland a singer? Without question, absolutely yes. Was Dowland a good singer? We’ll never know, but his ability in composing and performing on the lute certainly negated any further need to demonstrate his vocal abilities.
Singing was synonymous with music in the 16th century. The earliest surviving scraps of lute tablatures found in English manuscripts (BL Stowe 389, ‘writtin by…Raphe bowle to Learne to playe on his Lutte’, circa 1558) contain settings of vocal music along with grounds to accompany ballad tunes. The earliest surviving English book of instructions for the lute, Adrian LeRoy’s Briefve et facile instruction pour apprendre la tabulature translated as Briefe and easye instru[c]tion to learne the tableture, to conducte and dispose thy hande unto the Lute, englished by J. Alford Londenor, 1568 (reprinted by F. Ke. Gentelman in 1574), is essentially a manual of how to arrange vocal polyphony for the lute.
In 1603, we find Thomas Robinson’s book of instructions, The Schoole of Musicke vvherein is tavght, the perfect method of trve fingering of the Lute, Pandora, Orpharion, and Viol de Gamba; with most infallible generall rules, both easie and delightfull. Also, a method, how you may be your owne instructor for Prick-song, by the help of your Lute, without any other teacher: with lessons of all sorts, for your further and better instruction. Newly composed by Thomas Robinson, Lutenist. Essentially, Robinson reversed the process by first instructing how to play the lute with the ‘nibble ends’ of one’s fingers, then using the lute to teach the rudiments of singing from staff notation with his ‘Rules to instruct you to sing’.
Musical education beyond the choir school was likely the result of personal effort. In the preface to his First Booke of Songes (1597), Dowland remarks on “the ingenuous profession of Musicke, which from my childhoode I haue euer aymed at, sundry times leauing my natiue countrey, the better to attain so excellent a science.” This remark is in the same (long) sentence wherein he mentions his university education, perhaps with a slight hint that he attained a level of skill in music in spite of his matriculation.
While at university, students provided music for sacred liturgy. Also from Harris, “Musical Education in Tudor Times (1485-1603)”:
“The Lecture Courses of the Universities were of insignificant value to the student of musical composition and performance. Chapel Services gave opportunity for practice in sight reading and singing. Degrees in Music, however, encouraged the study of Music.” (p. 136)
“During Elizabeth’s reign there was dissatisfaction with the education afforded by the Universities. This discontent found expression in a manuscript written by Sir Humphrey Gilbert, and endorsed by Lord Burghley. It was presented to the Queen about 1570, and proposed the founding of an institution to be called ” Queene Elizabethes Achademy,” for the advanced education of Her Majesty’s wards, ” and others the youth of nobility and gentlemen.” Students were to remain at the Academy from twelve years, to twenty-one years of age. There was to be a ” Teacher of Musick,” who was to instruct pupils ” to play on the Lute, the Bandora, and Cytterne.”89 The scheme for this college does not seem to have been adopted.” (pp. 129 -130)
In his excellent article describing the Mathew Holmes manuscripts held in Cambridge University Library, the late Ian Harwood wrote:
“…I believe that, in addition to Holmes’s responsibility for the cathedral services, there were several aspects to his duties at Christ Church: individual instrumental tuition; ensemble practice; instruction in ‘setting’ or arranging music for the group [of choirboys]. He may have begun by using his existing collections of lute duets and cittern pieces for teaching purposes…”
[From Ian Harwood, "’A Lecture in Musick, with the Practice thereof by Instrument in the Common Schooles’, Mathew Holmes and Music at Oxford University c.1588-1627", The Lute: The Journal of the Lute Society, Vol. 45, 2005, p. 35.]
Next week we’ll probe a bit into Dowland’s time in Paris as servant to the English Ambassador to France, Sir Henry Cobham, and the possibility of his clandestine activities as a spy. | <urn:uuid:443a8dc7-a15a-4522-b3ed-c34a1ddd0699> | {
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Coming up on the 14th November we have the chance to see a solar eclipse. From here in Melbourne it will be a partial eclipse, with 52 per cent of the Sun's diameter covered by the Moon. But up in Far North Queensland and the topmost of the Northern Territory, they will be treated to totality, where the Moon will completely block the Sun for just on two minutes.
A partial eclipse will be seen from Melbourne on the 14 November 2012.
Source: Museum Victoria
The eclipse will occur during the early morning of 14 November, with the Sun still low in the east. Therefore, a good view of the horizon will be needed. The timing for Melbourne is as follows:
It is important never to look directly at the Sun, even during an eclipse. While the Sun may appear less bright it can still cause long lasting eye damage.
There are safe ways to look at the eclipse – at the Scienceworks shop you can purchase eclipse glasses that will allow you to watch the event, while protecting your eyesight.
You can also create a simple "pinhole" projection. It's as easy as making a small pinhole in a piece of paper or cardboard. Do not look through the hole, but allow the Sun to shine through and project an image onto a second piece of cardboard. Even a blank wall or clear patch of ground can make good surfaces for projection.
Sometimes nature helps out too. If you can see sunlight travelling through the leaves of a tree, you’ve got yourself some ready made pinhole projections. Check the ground and it might be covered with little crescent Sun images. Take a look at this great example on the Astronomy magazine website.
I’ve never seen a Total Solar Eclipse, so I'm heading up to Queensland for my first chance. I've been told that it's quite an eerie experience to have darkness fall while it's still early morning.
If you will also be in the path of totality for this eclipse, then be sure to check out the Eclipse Megamovie Project. Use your smartphone to upload images and videos of the Sun during totality and the Space Sciences Laboratory in California will combine the footage to create the first ultra-high time resolution movie of a solar eclipse.
What I'm most looking forward to is the chance to see the Sun's corona, the bright and tenuous gas that surrounds the Sun. Normally it's invisible, drowned out by the Sun's glare, but being able to see hidden things is something that's always captivated me about astronomy.
During totality the Sun's diffuse corona and thin pink chromosphere can be seen.
Source: Luc Viatour. www.lucnix.be | <urn:uuid:49ede345-dafd-44b1-9d81-46691c408d6e> | {
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Image courtesy Max Lautenschläger
Published May 12, 2010
The motley collection of buses, limos, and cars that rolled out of Berlin this morning under a gray sky all had one thing in common: Nothing but steam coming out of their tailpipes.
From a BMW luxury sedan to Toyota sport utility vehicles, the cars that pulled out of a fueling station in downtown Berlin were all powered from the fuel found in the brand-new pumps alongside the diesel and gasoline. The vehicles were tanked up on hydrogen, a zero-emissions fuel source that’s struggling to get off the ground in Europe and the United States.
The rally ran 180 miles (290 kilometers) from Berlin to Hamburg, Germany’s second-largest city. Organized by a coalition of auto and energy companies, the idea was to convince the German public that hydrogen will be a viable, green fuel source for cars, buses, and trucks.
It’s all part of an ambitious effort to build support for a network of hydrogen fueling stations across Germany. Called the Clean Energy Partnership, the group hopes to have more than 1,000 fueling stations in operation by 2020. Since it began in 2002, the CEP has grown to include 13 companies, including automakers BMW, Daimler, Ford, GM, Volkswagen, Toyota, the Berlin and Hamburg public transport systems, Shell, Statoil, TOTAL, and a variety of German and Norwegian engineering companies involved in building fueling stations. (Disclosure: This story was produced as part of The Great Energy Challenge initiative by National Geographic in partnership with Shell. National Geographic maintains editorial autonomy.)
Of chickens and eggs
The Clean Energy Partnership is also being supported by the German government, which plans to invest 740 million euros ($940 million) in hydrogen and electric cars over the next decade.
Starting with hydrogen fueling stations in Germany’s biggest cities—first Berlin, and now the port city of Hamburg—the coalition hopes to overcome a problem that has plagued hydrogen advocates for years. Before energy companies invest in special hydrogen fueling stations, which can each cost millions of dollars to design and build, they need to know there will be customers for the technology. At the same time, customers are unlikely to buy cars if they are unsure there will be a way to fill them up.
“This chicken-and-egg problem is one of our main problems,” says Daimler spokesman Matthias Brock. Right now, there are about 30 hydrogen stations in Germany, making the country the European leader in hydrogen technology. (Only a handful of the fueling stations are open to the public; the rest are experimental or belong to industrial users.) In the next five years, energy companies including Shell, TOTAL and Statoil have all signed on to build more stations to provide an infrastructure for drivers. Says Brock: “The goal is to have a network of 1,000 stations, but every new filling station is good news.”
If car companies see a nationwide network taking shape by 2015, they say they’ll be able to roll out cars based on fuel-cell technology that uses hydrogen to create electricity. Daimler already has a model—the Mercedes Benz B-Class F-CELL, and three of them took part in the rally between Berlin and Hamburg. Toyota, GM, Ford and Volkswagen all had fuel cell cars in the rally; BMW is experimenting with cars that burn hydrogen directly in the car’s engine
Whether hydrogen is burned in car engines or used to generate electricity in fuel cells, its biggest selling point is as a way to store energy. In a process called electrolysis, water molecules are split into their component parts, oxygen and hydrogen, which can then be stored in tanks until it’s time to fill up a fuel-cell car.
(See related quiz, What You Don’t Know About Energy.)
Advocates say it could be a way to make use of the electricity being generated by Germany’s abundant, but unpredictable renewable energy sources. “Wind blows when it wants, not when we need it,” BMW traffic and environment manager Hans-Christian Wagner says. “Hydrogen is a means to store energy.”
Hydrogen also solves a problem that plagues electric vehicles. “The main advantage of hydrogen, especially [when used in] fuel cells, is much higher range and shorter refueling time—three minutes versus five to eight hours” for electric cars, says Daimler’s Brock. “We believe it’s the best option for emission-free driving in the future.” It’s especially good for larger vehicles, such as buses, that are too heavy for the kind of batteries that are needed to power electric vehicles. (In fact, Hamburg has had 10 fuel-cell buses moving commuters around the city since 2003.)
In a perfect world, windmills would generate electricity during off-peak hours—in the middle of the night, for example—to produce hydrogen, which could be stored and used to fill up vehicles for people’s morning commutes.
But some experts are skeptical of hydrogen, which today is produced either by breaking down natural gas or using large amounts of electricity. And the reality is that though advocates talk about how renewable energy could be employed, most of Germany’s electricity today is being generated by coal-fired power plants. For now, that makes hydrogen the equivalent of a fossil fuel. And so far, fuel-cell engines are an inefficient use of electricity. It takes more energy to generate hydrogen than the hydrogen delivers in power to the car.
Joseph Romm, senior fellow at the Center for American Progress, helped oversee fuel-cell research for the U.S. Department of Energy during the Clinton administration, but he sees all-electric vehicles as a better bet. “I’m skeptical—I don’t see how the chicken and egg problem can be solved," says Romm, who has visited the subject frequently on his widely read Climate Progress blog, and who addresses hydrogen as another technology “breakthrough technology illusion” in his new book, Straight Up. “No one’s going to be building these stations until they’re sure they’re going to get their money back,” he says. “Unless a lot of car companies come in, you’re talking about taking a huge gamble just because a couple of companies are going to bring out a model or two.” Patrick Schnell, head of innovation and sustainable development at French energy giant TOTAL, says Germany is a test case to see if cooperation among the energy companies—with no one company bearing the majority of the risk—can get a network of filling stations in place without breaking the bank. “We need to find a way to build hydrogen infrastructure with partners, not alone,” Schnell says.
(See related, The Great Energy Challenge Personal Energy Meter.)
Recent Energy News
Wind turbines rob each other of energy if installed too closely together. But the world's fastest-growing source of renewable power still has plenty of room for expansion.
Work is under way on the world's highest-elevation biogas reactor, in an effort to transform a surplus of human waste on Mount Everest into a sustainable energy source.
The last time the planet was such a greenhouse, our ancestors were climbing down from the trees—and sea level was tens of feet higher.
Celebrating 125 Years
The Great Energy Challenge
Discover thought-provoking stories and conversation on the Energy Challenge Blog.
Follow this plan to reduce your energy use, from using less fuel to changing what you eat.
See how you measure up, and find out how making simple changes at home can help.
Special Report: Shale Gas Rush
The shale gas industry maintains that it protects drinking water and land. But mistrust has been sown in rural communities.
The industry promises jobs to a state badly in need of an economic boost, but the work so far isn't where you might expect it to be.
Track the growing mark that energy companies have etched on Pennsylvania since first producing natural gas from shale. | <urn:uuid:3b076834-221f-424d-854f-f25b3eb95550> | {
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Don’t look directly at it (not to sound like your elementary-school teacher), but plan on checking out a “ring of fire” partial eclipse on Sunday, May 20, if you live on the West Coast of North America.
In this weekend’s annular solar eclipse, the moon will slide in front of the sun and block 94% of its light. Because the moon is near apogee — the point in its orbit when it’s farthest away from Earth — it appears smaller to us and will cover most of the sun, leaving a ring of fiery light blasting the edges. (What, you thought it was a Johnny Cash reference?)
(PHOTOS: Total Eclipse of the Sun)
Unfortunately for folks on the East Coast, the sun will have already set by the time the eclipse begins at 5:24 p.m. PDT. Those living in the central U.S. and Canada may miss the full ring-of-fire effect but will still get a partial eclipse. Viewers in Asia will also catch a glimpse in the early-morning hours of May 21. Check out NASA’s viewing map to get an idea of when and where you can get your best view.
Because an annular solar eclipse requires Earth, the moon and the sun to be in a particular alignment, the event is rare; this is the first such eclipse since 1994.
Remember, though, that looking directly at the sun — no matter how eclipsed — is dangerous for the eyes. Use solar filters, wear a pair of solar-safe viewing glasses or build a pinhole projector instead. You’ll want to be able to see the next annular eclipse when it comes in May 2013.
PHOTOS: Total Eclipse of the Moon | <urn:uuid:51b84e80-4c45-4c06-b5ee-9e85c0c38750> | {
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Study Reveals the Crazy Lengths We Go to Avoid Other People
While trying to avoid the forced socializing that sometimes comes when traveling with strangers might not seem like a difficult task, new research reveals that it actually takes a lot of work to be anti-social.
Yale University researcher Esther Kim spent three years riding coach across the great American roadways in order to observe the obsessive quirks and bizarre behavior of those people being transported across the country in the company of strangers.
“We live in a world of strangers, where life in public spaces feels increasingly anonymous,” said Kim. “However, avoiding other people actually requires quite a lot of effort and this is especially true in confined spaces like public transport.”
During her journey, Kim says she discovered that the greatest unspoken rule of bus travel is that if other seats are available you shouldn’t sit next to someone else because most passengers claim it makes a person look weird.
However, it is when the bus starts filling up and more passengers are still getting on that things start to get interesting. Kim says that she found that most people will go out of their way to avoid others. Pretending to be busy, checking cell phones, looking past people or falling asleep are just some of the many ways people avoid fraternizing with the unknown.
• Avoiding eye contact with other people
• Leaning against the window and stretching out your legs
• Placing a large bag on the empty seat
• Sitting on the aisle seat and turning on your iPod so you can pretend you cannot hear people asking for the window seat.
• Placing several items on the spare seat so it is not worth the passenger’s time waiting for you to move them.
• Looking out the window with a blank stare to look crazy
• Pretending to be asleep
• Putting your coat on the seat to make it appear already taken
• If all else fails, lying and saying the seat has been taken by someone else
While all of this sounds like such painstaking efforts just to keep from sitting next to a stranger, Kim says the good news is that race, class, gender and other background characteristics were of no concern to travelers — everyone just wants to avoid the “crazy person.” | <urn:uuid:0ca2fff5-0c95-452e-b8cb-11b4efa51238> | {
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Radiation Levels Along the West Coast Not A Concern
The unprecedented earthquake occurring in Japan on Friday, March 11, 2011 and subsequent tsunami that devastated Japan’s western seaboard also affected a nuclear power plant in Fukushima. Despite valiant on-going containment efforts, radioactive materials have escaped into the air, elevating radiation levels in surrounding areas. As of March 16, emergency evacuation has been ordered for people who live withing 20 kilometers (12.4 miles) from the troubled nuclear power plant. While these events are occurring more than 4500 miles from the West Coast of the United States, there is growing public concern regarding radiation. However, authorities from the Departments of Health in Washington, Oregon and Alaska (the three states in NN/LM PNR along the coast), state that there is no public health risk from the damaged nuclear reactor.
Visit the Washington State Department of Health website for more information about the nuclear reactor in Japan and any associated health risks.
Oregonians can visit the Oregon Health Authority’s web site.
Alaskans can go to the State of Alaska Health and Social Services site to read about radiological preparedness.
Lastly, the journal Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness has published an open-access supplement on nuclear preparedness: http://www.dmphp.org/content/vol5/Supplement_1/index.dtl
Articles from this and other publications of the Nuclear Detonation Scarce Resources Project Working Group can be accessed through the Radiation Emergency Medical Management (REMM) tool at http://www.remm.nlm.gov/triagetool_intro.htm . REMM is a source of evidence-based, online and downloadable guidance about clinical diagnosis and treatment of radiation injury for health care providers.
And, for resources for disaster planning and response, remember to visit the NN/LM Emergency Preparedness Toolkit – http://nnlm.gov/ep/ | <urn:uuid:1baaf342-d11a-4dbc-ab67-c02c4388cf54> | {
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Snow Pit Data from Greenland Summit, 1989 to 1993
Chemistry and isotope information from snow pits dug at the Summit area of Greenland, 1989-1993 includes major ions (Na, K, Mg, Ca, Cl, NO3, SO4), oxygen isotopes (18O) and H2O2. Four snow pits were dug and sampled in 1989, three snow pits in 1990, two in 1991, one in 1992 and one in 1993. All snow pits had a 3 cm sampling interval except the snow pits in 1990, which had either a 3 cm or 5 cm sampling interval. Chemistry and isotope information were obtained from each of the snow pits.
The pits and surface snow samples were collected by the Glacier Research Group (GRG), using established protocols to prevent contamination. The samples collected in 1991 were analyzed at the GISP2 drilling camp. All data except the oxygen isotope data, which is from the University of Washington, were generated by GRG at the University of New Hampshire.
The following example shows how to cite the use of this data set in a publication. For more information, see our Use and Copyright Web page.
Paul A. Mayewski and Sallie Whitlow. 1999. Snow Pit Data from Greenland Summit, 1989 to 1993. [indicate subset used]. Boulder, Colorado USA: National Snow and Ice Data Center. | <urn:uuid:af970009-66d7-4642-ad4b-4597cf766f40> | {
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The National Survey of Student Engagement (NSSE) obtains, on an annual basis, information from hundreds of four-year colleges and universities nationwide about student participation in programs and activities that institutions provide for their learning and personal development. The results provide an estimate of how undergraduates spend their time and what they gain from attending college. Survey items on The National Survey of Student Engagement represent empirically confirmed "good practices" in undergraduate education. That is, they reflect behaviors by students and institutions that are associated with desired outcomes of college.
Institutions use their data to identify aspects of the undergraduate experience inside and outside the classroom that can be improved through changes in policies and practices more consistent with good practices in undergraduate education. This information is also used by prospective college students, their parents, college counselors, academic advisers, institutional research officers, and researchers in learning more about how students spend their time at different colleges and universities and what they gain from their experiences.
More than 1300 different colleges and universities in the U.S. and Canada have participated in NSSE since it was first administered in 2000. NSSE's widespread use has spawned several other nationally-used instruments including the Beginning College Survey of Student Engagement, the Community College Survey of Student Engagement, the Faculty Survey of Student Engagement, and the Law School Survey of Student Engagement, all of which are supported through institutional participation fees. | <urn:uuid:ea1f6d30-c59b-40db-93fb-950aebc07f88> | {
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The Digital Library is a database of articles about successful VoiceThread projects. Our hope is to create a resource that offers guidance and inspiration for people undertaking new projects. Please contribute a VoiceThread to help the Digital Library grow.
Using VoiceThread in an online course from Professor Russ Meade
VoiceThread "humanizes" the on-line classroom experience. As a college Professor, I teach all over the US exclusively asynchronously. One of the drawbacks of online learning has always been that the student feels isolated and unconnected with either his or her classmates...
Higher Ed from Della Curtis
An engaging discussion between graduate students looking to earn a master's degree in education. This example showcases the collaboration that can be captured in a VoiceThread between colleagues...
7th grade radio advertisements from Terry Casey
We explored the power of radio advertising and then students created their own advertisements. VoiceThread allowed us to host our ads and the other students are then able to listen and leave their opinions.
Book Review: A Single Shard by Linda Sue Park from C Vidor
This VoiceThread aims to make these elements a bit more familiar to students with brief explanations and interesting images. The VoiceThread also suggests ways in which some themes of the book are evident in the story's imagery.
2nd graders play I-Spy
The project incorporates many tech skills as well as many literacy skills into a fun project they children loved. The parents and teachers also loved sharing their students work.
Higher Ed analysis of Tim O'Brien's "The Things They Carried"
This VoiceThread encouraged my students to critically examine the story and post their insights for the entire world to see. I saw them go from being reluctant and nervous students to enthusiastic and totally engaged teachers of one another.
8th grade Historical Fiction from Shirley Scamardella
This picture book was written, illustrated and told by students. It was entered into the Scholastic Books, Kids are Authors Contest and it won Honorable Mention. I feel this is a good VoiceThread because this is the finished product of a two month project.
Poetry and Illustration from Constance Vidor
The Poetry and Illustration VoiceThread shows how illustration can be used to interpret and illuminate poetry written for young readers. It begins by showing illustrations by two different illustrators of Edward Lear's The Owl and the Pussycat.
Comparing J.S. Bach and Paul McCartney, Constance Vidor
The J.S. Bach and Paul McCartney VoiceThread introduces young learners to the great baroque composer by way of a comparison/contrast with a musician with whom they are more familiar.
1st grade - Reading Analysis from Leanne Windsor
This VoiceThread was a culmination of a project we did in library to get the children thinking about the books they were choosing to read and why they liked them. They were also learning about story structure...
Kindergarten Storybook from Leanne Windsor
This VoiceThread displays the illustrations that the children drew with author Alison Lester when she visited our school. We followed the pattern of her picture book series about children and what they are doing day to day.
4th Grade - Where I'm From Poems from Tara McCartney
Students shared personally significant poetry against a backdrop of their own self portrait. This VoiceThread gave students a chance to share their work orally, as well as to explore the cultural differences between our students in a safe environment.
12th Grade - A Day in the Life from Joanie Batts
These High-School seniors used VoiceThread to create the final segment to a school wide literacy project, "A Day in the Life of Dunnellon High School."
4th Grade - I Am Poems from Jackie Gerstein
The "I am" feedback project demonstrates a method for providing qualitative feedback to students' poetry: students began with a hands-on activity: the magnetic poetry, and later put it into a VoiceThread.
4th Grade English from Ms. Naugle
VoiceThread enabled my students to put their poems out in an audio format to be shared with others. They eagerly practiced their speaking fluency to get it "just right" because they wanted to impress their "audience".
4th Grade book-reading discussion from Krystina Kelly
This VoiceThread shows how a wide number of students from different classes and grades can use VoiceThread to have an asynchronous conversation about books.
Kindergarten reading from Heather Taylor
I think that this is a good project because the children are able to share some of their experiences with reading and talking about books at home.
7th Grade from Amy Cobb
This is a great example of what a VoiceThread can do when embedded in a blog: foster global conversation.
7th Grade from Amy Cobb 2
In place of a written assessment the students were asked to take all the information they gathered from their study on Edgar Allan Poe and put it all into the "What do you know about Poe?" VoiceThread.
7th Grade from Amy Cobb 3
This is a powerful reflection of a young girl's seventh grade experience. It tells a story using six photos that defined her middle school year.
3rd Grade from Alice Mercer
This VoiceThread demonstrates the use of features that are unique to the application. The creator has used both voice and text to "teach" the lesson.
10th grade Chinese language practice from Lilia Hurteau
VoiceThread can be used to teach Chinese in a high school setting. Students have to repeat the words and then make sentences with the new vocabulary. They record themselves and they have to be creative.
9th grade Chinese language lesson from James Rolle
VoiceThread provides a medium for this character-by-character explanation of a commonly used phrase in Chinese that students can listen to and learn on their own time.
Language learners use VoiceThread to practice speaking
This is a great example of how an ESL student can practice her computer skills and her language skills to talk about everyday activities. Students can practice speaking as many times as they like before they can show it to their teachers/classmates.
11th grade - French fluency and history from Hassina Taylor
Students found that responding to my questions orally via the Internet was a great way to improve on their fluency, and they found it very challenging to use the visual cues to find answers. They concentrated much better and retained information because it is a "hands-on"...
3rd grade language "Les Trois Petits Cochons" from Mme Smith
Using VoiceThread, students realized the power of voice as a tool of expression. All students in the class were able to contribute to this VoiceThread presentation of a play they had learned.
Higher-Ed, Studying Abroad in Ecuador, David Thompson
This VoiceThread is a good example of digital storytelling for the purpose of reflecting on a study abroad experience.
7th Grade Spanish from Eve Millard
Learning a second or foreign language, these students are introduced to vocabulary via images or text, and engage in oral practice of the language.
Higher Ed blogs in teaching from Kristen Kozloski, Ph.D.
We used blogging as a reflective practice in my course on Designing Multimedia for Learning. This is an example of our final reflection, as a class, of that blogging process.
Higher Ed online technologies from Jen Hegna
The goal of this project was to have each team member reflect upon tools we utilized to collaborate and complete our online project entitled - Disrupting TCS 702.
7th graders practice Math in Action from Ms Redd
VoiceThread showcases this great example of Math in Action. My students love the idea that they can comment on a video featuring one of their teachers and it feels like they aren't even doing math!!
7th Grade - Exploring Probability from Britt Gow
Students from two countries were able to comment on the slides which show images of probability problems. My students enjoyed this exercise and another teacher has used it in her class to extend each of the problems.
7th Grade - Measurement from Britt Gow
Year 7 students from Hawkesdale P12 college were able to share their knowledge with Grade 5/6 students from a Ballarat Primary School about measurement and ratio. Students were required to articulate their thinking...
6th Grade math from Jackie Ionno
This VoiceThread was created by the student and shows that he really got the intent of the assignment. It shows effort, creativity, organization, and a mathematical knowledge of the the real world.
4th Grade problem-solving from Krystina Kelly
This is a great VoiceThread example because it shows how an entire 4th grade class can work together to develop problem-solving strategies.
Higher Ed teaching with technology from Ellen Dobson
This VoiceThread, entitled "Surfometry," was created by a student-teacher as an assignment for a "Computers in Education" course. The creator incorporated images, video and graphics into an engaging geometry lesson.
Language from Carla Arena
This VoiceThread shows current and new educators how VoiceThread can be used in English/Language Arts courses by asking students to assemble a creative artifact that weaves in literacy benchmarks: poetry, personification...
Language from Carla Arena 2
This professional-development instructor used VoiceThread to introduce new technology for education to her groups of educators.
9th graders write Children's stories about astronomy, Mrs. Edenstrom
I had all of my 9th grade science students do a Children's story about astronomy. They had to have facts, but tell it in a creative way that could be read and understood by elementary aged students! I had great success with this.
4th graders study plants in collaboration with Pakistani students
Students from the US collaborate with Pakistani students to learn about a common interest! This project can be used by teachers of any grade level, can be shown to parents, can be a model for showing kids the possibilities of the medium.
7th Grade - The Water Cycle from Britt Gow
Year 7 Science students did a unit of work on water and the water cycle. They were asked to draw a picture containing mountains, clouds, the sea, a lake, a forest and an underground water reservoir (aquifer).
7th graders Go Green from Mrs. Beatrice Reiser
This VoiceThread is an excellent example because it is interactive and promotes environmental issues.
1st Grade Science from Michele Green
First grade students researched fish in the library, used Paint to draw pictures of them, and then recorded their voices.
The Silk Road - from Constance Vidor
This VoiceThread provides a scaffolding for research and active engagement with an important topic of world history.
Digital storytelling - Abraham Lincoln's dog, Fido, from Clare Caddell
VoiceThread brought a little-known story about Lincoln to life, with images as well as voice. It was created in response to my second and third graders, who wanted to know more about Lincoln's dog, Fido.
History Podcast with secondary-ed students from Laurie Cohen
This project gives students an opportunity to be creative while demonstrating their content knowledge and technological skills. After developing the Lesson Plan and creating this sample, our US History teacher loved it for his class. He is using it in the 10th grade class.
5th Grade - Ellis Is. Narratives from Barbara De Santis
I wanted this project to enable the students to truly feel the immigrant experience. While primary documents are always in their textbook, there is seldom time to closely examine the images looking for clues to foster understanding.
3rd Grade - School Community from Trish Harrison
The objective was for students to learn to express values while looking at different communities. They practiced discussion; brainstorming; writing down ideas; using ideas in small-group talk as conversations.
11th Grade - Reconstruction from Molly Lynde
This is a great VoiceThread foremost because my students were actively engaged and finished with a clearer understanding of what the post Civil War era was really about... they no longer thought of a "universal freed slave" dancing in the street.
4th Grade - Letters from the Internment Camps
In this VoiceThread, students explore an historical event that is relevant to their physical community, the removal of Japanese-Americans to internment camps after the bombing of Pearl Harbor.
8th Grade - Colors of the Night from Mrs. Brosnan
My goal was to further enhance their Art History knowledge that by using VoiceThread enabled me to extend my teaching "outside of the class room".
K-12 art, poetry, and music from Erin Berg
This VT is an example of the power of collaboration using technology. This encompasses art through words, visuals, and music.
5th grade music/video project from Elissa Reichstein
I believe (this VoiceThread) shows an interesting way to use VoiceThread to motivate learning and celebrate student interests and accomplishments.
2nd Grade from Donna Lubin
A great example of how a PowerPoint presentation can be uploaded easily and used as an archive of a PowerPoint-assisted lecture...
Higher Ed Online Learning from Michelle Pacansky-Brock
An engaging and dynamic lecture delivered within an interactive environment engages in a way no 'downloadable' lecture can.
Higher Ed Online Learning from Michelle Pacansky-Brock 2
By engaging in discussions, students explore and engage in course material more deeply while practicing critical-thinking and discourse.
5th and 6th-grade Digital literacy project from Julienne Hogarth
I gave the learners the images and they researched and posted information and comments about Dale Chihuly's life and art. The learners were thrilled to use Voicethread as a tool in their learning as well as becoming very excited about the art work.
5th Grade - Digital portfolios for student-led parent confs.
As we're an international school, I was looking for a seamless way that relatives in other countries (Grandparents, parents away working etc) could view, comment, give feedback on the digital portfolio.
8th Grade - Refugee stories from Creative Technology
VoiceThread has enabled refugee communities to share stories about what it means to come to a new country to live.
6th Grade Class trip from Jennifer Bamsberger
We used VoiceThread to document our class trip to the Maker Faire 2008 in the San Francisco Bay Area as part of our study of the Spirit of Creativity. For some of our sixth graders, this was the first long trip away from home without family.
10th Grade Child Development from Andrea Holtry
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Lamp Shell Terebratulina septentrionalis
It would be easy to mistake a lamp shell for a small bivalve mollusk, as both have a hinged shell in two parts and live attached to the sea floor. Lamp shells, however, have a very thin, light shell and the two parts are different sizes, with the smaller one fitting into the larger. The shell valves cover the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the animal whereas in bivalve mollusks they are on the left and right side of the body. Lamp shells attach their pear-shaped shell to hard surfaces by means of a fleshy stalk that emerges from a hole in the ventral shell valve. With the shell valves gaping open, the animal draws in a current of water that brings plankton with it. Taking up most of the space inside the shell is a feeding structure called the lophophore, which consists of two lateral lobes and a central coiled lobe covered in long ciliated tentacles. The beating of the cilia creates the water current. Lamp shells are found worldwide, but they are especially abundant in colder waters. In the northeastern Atlantic, Terebratulina septentrionalis is mostly found in deep water, while along the east coast of North America, it commonly occurs in shallow water. This species is very similar to Terebratulina retusa. | <urn:uuid:0c979112-e58f-46d8-980b-de289ead7025> | {
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Tuesday, April 24, 2012
Ed White Space Walk
We continue to look at important "firsts" in the American space program today. This picture is an important one . . . it shows Ed White on the first American Space Walk. You can see earth in the background. The metallic cylinders in his hand are are propellant system to allow him to maneuver in vacuum of space. The spacewalk occurred on June 3, 1965. Ed died about two years later in the Apollo capsule accident. | <urn:uuid:106a0f34-6d90-40cf-99d9-996a1e7e1d10> | {
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Southern Louisiana fisherman battle cold weather and drastic changes in barometric pressure as they fight to successfully catch fish.
Southern Louisiana is home to some of the coldest and most frantic weather changes in the United States. This leads to chaos and confusion not just on land but in the water as well. It has been recently discovered that the constant increase and decrease in weather climate creates a high level of pressure through out the bodies of water in the area. This contributes to, as stated by Jerald Horst, a retired Louisiana State University fisheries biologist, "the quelling effect on the feeding activity of speckled trout and redfish. There's no scientific proof that barometric pressure causes fish to feed less, but we can definitely show a cause and effect."
Horst continues in explaining that while there is no proof that barometric pressure is the direct result of a change in the eating habits of fish it does seem to correlate. Fish tend to be exceptionally sensitive to a change of environment and it would be fairly reasonable to assume that a change in barometric pressure would cause an alteration in their behavior.
Additionally effective is the relationship that fish have to cold water. As water temperatures decrease it is known that cold-blooded creatures have a hard time feeling energize. As water looses warmth it reaches a level that matches the same temperature as the bodies of cold-blooded creatures. This causes these animals to go into a lethargic "comatose state."
As soon as the cold front drifts in it is overtly noticeable that the fish stop biting the lures of fisherman. It has become a routine known to this area so often that fisherman now recognize the change and stay home for a day or two avoiding the sport all together until temperatures rise again. Anglers of Southeast Louisiana have even learned to cancel a whole fishing trip due to a drop in barometric pressure.
Don't wait for the weather report to guess where the fish will be biting, log on to fishtrack.com and have all of your fishing forecasts, fishing maps and more at your fingertips. Avoid educated guessing and turn to professionals who know fishing best. At Fishtrack a user can properly plan a fishing trip well in advance by knowing where the fish are before stepping off the dock. Whether an amateur with a passion for fishing or a professional who lives on the water, by subscribing to Fishtrack any fishing enthusiast can avoid mother natures set backs with accurate updates of weather conditions and more.
For more information:
300 Pacific Coast Highway, Suite #310
Huntington Beach, CA 92648 | <urn:uuid:f4cb6a51-ba95-4069-bb7e-920d9d8dc045> | {
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Right after I finished mulching my rose garden with free wood chips I got from a tree service, I read that wood chips suck all the nitrogen out of the soil. Should I fertilize now?
As soon as you spread mulch, there’s a population boom of bacteria, fungi, and other soil microbes that work to decompose organic matter. These beneficial organisms consume some of the nitrogen present in the soil. The nitrogen loss is temporary, however, because the nitrogen is once again available to plants when the microbes die.
But in the meantime, the thin layer of soil that is in direct contact with the mulch will relinquish some of its fertility. The depletion of nutrients does not extend deep into the soil, so it won’t likely affect anything other than the shallowest-rooted annuals.
The benefits of organic mulch outweigh the possibility of a temporary nitrogen shortage. Mulch conserves moisture and contributes to a healthy root zone. It also helps to suppress weeds. As mulch decomposes, the nutrients held within it—including a small amount of nitrogen—are released.
For roses and other plants with high nutrient needs, it’s a good idea to keep an eye out for nitrogen deficiency, whether you’ve mulched with wood chips or not. Plants lacking nitrogen grow slowly and exhibit pale or yellow-green leaves; in extreme cases, growth may be stunted.
To preclude the chance of nitrogen deficiency, many gardeners make a habit of distributing a small dose of slow-release nitrogen fertilizer every spring to roses, perennials, edible crops, and other heavy feeders. Good organic sources include alfalfa meal (about 5 percent nitrogen by weight), fish meal or fish emulsion (5 percent), blood meal (12 percent), and feather meal (15 percent). Compost and worm castings also contain small amounts of nitrogen. —Doug Hall
Someone told me that sugar is good for plants. I sprinkled some around my vegetable garden this year but didn’t notice anything different. How much should I apply?
Plants don’t need you to add sugar to their soil; they make their own. Through the process of photosynthesis, which is powered in nature by energy from the sun, plants turn water and carbon dioxide into sugars. Plants use their self-made sugars as a fuel for growth and reproduction.
Sugar you add to the soil will instead feed soil microorganisms, such as bacteria and fungi. These naturally occurring microbes are nature’s recyclers; they help to nourish plants by breaking down the bits of organic debris in soil into their nutrient components—including the potassium, magnesium, nitrogen, and other elements that are essential for plant life. In this sense, sugar could benefit the plants in your garden by boosting the microbial population, thereby speeding up the rate at which nutrients become available.
But plants already have a process for encouraging microbial life. Soil scientists have discovered that plant roots exude sugars—sugars produced by photosynthesis—as a way of developing mutually beneficial relationships with microbes. By controlling the types and amounts of sugars they release, plants can select which kinds of microorganisms will colonize the soil around their roots. Not coincidentally, plants choose to feed the microbes that will provide them with the nutrients they need most. Compared to this sophisticated à la carte system, a sprinkle of processed sugar from your pantry is just junk food for bacteria.
By the way, there’s another reason some gardeners haul the sugar canister out to the garden. Sugar added to the planting holes of vegetable transplants is said to discourage root knot nematodes, a destructive soil-dwelling parasite that plagues many Southern gardens. —Doug Hall | <urn:uuid:00f4ab5e-1b1c-45d6-92ed-2a3b4e0ce02b> | {
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Nourishable Places grow a significant portion of their food within a few miles of where it is eaten, and could grow more in a long emergency. Today, the ingredients of an average meal in the US travel over 1,300 miles to get to your table, and that number is growing every day. The data for meals in the EU is probably fairly similar. Currently, very few places in the United States are Nourishable Places, but as the industrializations of China and India continue, resulting in a billion new cars competing for gas over the next several years, the cost of food transportation will become much more significant.
Nourishable Places are found almost nowhere in the First World today because of the shallow inflections in real estate value. Because we can drive for miles in a short period of time, we tend to value farmland similar to developable land in town a few miles away. This means that the farmland is easily gobbled up for new development. In order to be able to look from a town to the fields where your food is raised, conditions must be developed that allow for sharp inflections in real estate value at the edge of town. There is much work to do in this regard.
The most promising development leading to Nourishable Places is work over recent decades to make agriculture more compact. Large-scale agriculture is very man-hour efficient, allowing huge quantities of food to be raised using very few laborers, but it does not use land area so efficiently. But bio-intensive methods, some of which have existed for centuries, allow all of the food needs of one person to be met on as little as one quarter of an acre. Nourishable Places usually incorporate the following principles:
Nourishable Places Resources
Nourishable Places Bookshelf contains a growing collection of books that contribute to various aspects of Nourishable Places.
Lovable Edible Gardens is a list of gardens designed to be ornamental as well as nourishing.
Nourishable Places Links
Slow Food USA is the epicenter of the Slow Food movement, which celebrates the enjoyment of food, rather than the speed of food
Nourishable Places Blog Posts
the Chael-Dover Cottage - What the Original Green Looks Like paints a picture of a highly sustainable house using the Original Green standard.
The Coming Golden Age of Great Necessities explores ways in which apparent oncoming times of scarcity can actually teach us to live more sustainably.
The Green Academy - Or Not is a report card on today's architectural education measured by Original Green foundations.
The Gizmo Green Conundrum pits an icon of Gizmo Green (a Chicago parking deck promoting itself as being green) against the eight foundations of the Original Green.
Earth Day - A Symptom of Our Disease? takes a critical look at our habit of pledging allegiance to sustainability one day out of the year, but for getting the basics (like Nourishable Places) for the rest of the year.
LEED for Homes Awards - or - How To Shoot Yourself in the Foot measures award-winning homes against the foundation principles of the Original Green.
Original Green Places - South Main examines a Colorado community through the lenses of Original Green foundations.
Hydroponics - Miracle or Threat? takes a critical look at this increasingly popular way of growing vegetables.
Local Places - Aurea in San Francisco tells the story of a restaurant that makes a big deal of its use of local ingredients.
SmartDwelling I - The Kitchen Garden describes the bio-intensive vegetable garden in SmartDwelling I
SmartDwelling I - Green Walls details the harvestable walls of this design.
Michael Pollan - In Defense of Food - and the Original Green recounts the In Defense of Food author's lecture, and the striking similarities between it and several Original Green principles.
After Earth Day - What Next? What Can I Do? is the top ten things we each can do to be more sustainable, and includes planting a victory garden to help make your place more nourishable.
Tiny Places - Mike & Patty's takes a look at why tiny restaurants are more likely to serve locally-grown food.
Diagramming the Original Green shows the relationship between the foundations of sustainable places and sustainable buildings.
Serenbe - A Nourishing Place begins with a story on Serenbe and steps through several recent advances in the move toward Nourishable Places.
Towards Sustainable Architecture describes the foundation of principles of the New Urban Guild’s Project:SmartDwelling, and is based firmly on allowing onsite gardening.
Green Sheds can be the centerpiece of gardening on your lot.
Nourishable Places on OGTV
Andrés Duany on Garden Cities is Duany's pecha kucha presentation on his new book at CNU19 in Madison.
Nourishable Places Albums
The SmartDwelling I poster illustrates several features of this home design that help to nourish its inhabitants.
Nourishable Places Presentations
All presentations entitled "Original Green" on the Presentations page deal with all eight foundations of sustainability, including Nourishable Places.
Urban Agriculture Design Elements describe numerous techniques and patterns for creating a nourishable place. | <urn:uuid:07778cad-1bc1-4e71-a1bd-230d33d32307> | {
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Mark of Ephesus
Our father among the saints Mark of Ephesus (Evgenikos; Greek: Μάρκος Ευγενικός), Archbishop of Ephesus, was famous for his courageous defense of Orthodoxy at the Council of Florence (1439 A.D.) in spite of the Byzantine emperor John VIII Palaeologus and the pope of Rome Eugenius IV. He held Rome to be in schism and heresy for its acceptance of the Filioque clause added to the Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed and for the claims of the papacy to universal jurisdiction over the Church, and was thus the only Eastern bishop to refuse to sign the decrees of the council. Sometimes he is called "the conscience of Orthodoxy."
He died peacefully in the year 1444 A.D. On his deathbed, Mark implored Gregory, his disciple, and later Patriarch Gennadius II of Constantinople, to be careful of the snares of the West and to defend Orthodoxy.
For his efforts at the Council of Florence and his defense against: the addition of the Filioque, the primacy of the Pope, and purgatorial fire purification, the Orthodox Church considers him a saint, calling him a Pillar of Orthodoxy. His feast day is January 19.
"It is impossible to recall peace without dissolving the cause of the schism—the primacy of the Pope exalting himself equal to God."
"The Latins are not only schismatics but heretics... we did not separate from them for any other reason other than the fact that they are heretics. This is precisely why we must not unite with them unless they dismiss the addition from the Creed filioque and confess the Creed as we do."
"Our Head, Christ our God... does not tolerate that the bond of love be taken from us entirely."
"We seek and we pray for our return to that time when, being united, we spoke the same things and there was no schism between us."
"The Symbol of the Faith must be preserved inviolate, as at its origin. Since all the holy doctors of the Church, all the Councils and all the Scriptures put us on our guard against heterodoxy, how dare I, in spite of these authorities, follow those who urge us to unity in a deceitful semblance of union—those who have corrupted the holy and divine Symbol of Faith and brought in the Son as second cause of the Holy Spirit" (s.v. Jan 19th in The Synaxarion, ed. Hieromonk Makarios of Simonas Petra, and trans. Christopher Hookway; Ormylia: Holy Convent of The Annunciation of Our Lady, 2001).
"The souls of the departed can indeed benefit to their 'advancement,' and even the damned to a relative 'relief' of their lot, thanks to the prayers of the Church and through the infinite mercy of God; but the notion of a punishment prior to the Last Judgment and of a purification through a material fire is altogether foreign to the tradition of the Church" (ibid.).
Death, Miracle and Canonization
He died peacefully at the age of 52 on June 23, 1444, after an excruciating two-week battle with intestinal illness. On his death bed, Mark implored Georgios Scholarios, his former pupil, to be careful of the snares of the West and to defend Orthodoxy. According to his brother John, his last words were "Jesus Christ, Son of the Living God, into Thy hands I commit my spirit." Mark was buried in the Mangana Monastery in Constantinople.
There is an account of a posthumous miracle performed by St. Mark of Ephesus. Doctors gave up on trying to save the life of the terminally ill sister of Demetrios Zourbaios, after their efforts had worsened her condition. After losing consciousness for three days she suddenly woke up to the delight of her brother, who asked her why she woke up drenched in water. She related that a bishop escorted her to a fountain and washed her and told her, "Return now; you no longer have any illness." She asked him who he was and he informed her, "I am the Metropolitan of Ephesus, Mark Eugenikos." After being miraculously healed, she made an icon of St. Mark and lived devoutly for another 15 years.
- "All of us of the holy Eastern Church of Christ acknowledge the holy Mark Evgenikos of Ephesus. We honor and receive this saintly, God-bearing and righteous man as a zealot of ardent piety, who was a champion of all our sacred dogmas and correct piety. He is an emulator and equal to the holy theologians, and those that adorned the Church of ancient times." (The Lives of the Pillars of Orthodoxy, p. 500, via )
Troparion (Tone 4)
- By your profession of faith, O all-praised Mark
- The Church has found you to be a zealot for truth.
- You fought for the teaching of the Fathers;
- You cast down the darkness of boastful pride.
- Intercede with Christ God to grant forgiveness to those who honor you!
Kontakion (Tone 3)
- Clothed with invincible armor, O blessed one,
- You cast down rebellious pride,
- You served as the instrument of the Comforter,
- And shone forth as the champion of Orthodoxy.
- Therefore we cry to you: "Rejoice, Mark, the boast of the Orthodox!"
Mark of Ephesus
|Archbishop of Ephesus
- St. Mark of Ephesus and the False Union of Florence
- St. Mark of Ephesus: A True Ecumenist
- Address of St. Mark of Ephesus on the Day of His Death
- Icon and Story of St. Mark of Ephesus
- St. Mark of Ephesus
- Mark, Bishop of Ephesus (GOARCH)
- St Mark the Archbishop of Ephesus (OCA)
- Ο Άγιος Μάρκος ο Ευγενικός Center of Patristic Studies - St. Markos Eugenikos (Greek) | <urn:uuid:583d87af-5e41-4e61-81d6-916316992c95> | {
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Collective Action Federalism: A General Theory of Article I, Section 8
Robert D. Cooter
University of California, Berkeley - School of Law
Duke University - School of Law
December 15, 2010
Stanford Law Review, Vol 63, p. 115, 2010
UC Berkeley Public Law Research Paper No. 1692835
The Framers of the United States Constitution wrote Article I, Section 8 in order to address some daunting collective action problems facing the young nation. They especially wanted to protect the states from military warfare by foreigners and from commercial warfare against one another. The states acted individually when they needed to act collectively, and Congress lacked power under the Articles of Confederation to address these problems. Section 8 thus authorized Congress to promote the “general Welfare” of the United States by tackling many collective action problems that the states could not solve on their own.
Subsequent interpretations of Section 8, both outside and inside the courts, often have focused on the presence or absence of collective action problems involving multiple states - but not always. For example, the Supreme Court of the United States, in trying to distinguish the “truly national” from the “truly local” in the context of the Commerce Clause, United States v. Morrison, 529 U.S. 598, 617–18 (2000), has differentiated “economic” activity, which Congress may regulate, from “noneconomic” activity, which Congress may not regulate.
A federal constitution ideally gives the central and state governments the power to do what each does best. Economic activity does not generally cause collective action problems among the states, and noneconomic activity is not generally free from collective action problems. Consequently, Congress is not generally better at regulating economic activity, and the states are not generally better at regulating noneconomic activity. The distinction between economic and noneconomic activity seems mostly irrelevant to the problems of federalism.
We propose a better foundation for American federalism in Section 8. Our theory distinguishes activities that pose collective action problems from those that do not. This approach flows directly from the relative advantages of the federal government and the states. We show that Section 8 mostly concerns collective action problems created by interstate externalities and national markets. We conclude that Section 8 authorizes Congress to tax, spend, and regulate to solve these collective action problems.
Collective action federalism finds that the limits and expanse of congressional power in Section 8 turn on the difference between individual and collective action by the states. The theory uses this distinction to differentiate interstate commerce from intrastate commerce, not the economic/noneconomic distinction. Our distinction best explains why Congress may not ordinarily use its commerce power to regulate such crimes as assault or gun possession in schools. Collective action federalism also identifies a constitutional “hook” for Congress to regulate multi-state problems of collective action that may not involve commerce: Clause 1 of Section 8 authorizes some forms of regulation of noneconomic harms that spill over state boundaries, such as contagious diseases and certain kinds of environmental pollution.
Number of Pages in PDF File: 72
Keywords: General Welfare Clause, Commerce Clause, FederalismAccepted Paper Series
Date posted: October 16, 2010 ; Last revised: January 6, 2011
© 2013 Social Science Electronic Publishing, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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Surrounded just by the constant murmur of the Patagonian wind, open the Pinturas River Canyon. There, among the folds of its high walls, rock art is found in the Cueva de las Manos, where people from 9,000 years ago sealed their art and their life testimony.
Its fame is not for nothing. Those hands, guanacos and geometric patterns in the stone of the cave are the oldest expression of South American peoples are aware. Unesco understood this when in 1999 it was appointed Cultural Heritage of Humanity.
Its location, alone, in the middle of the desert northwest of Santa Cruz, lets kept intact. The nearest town, Perito Moreno, is 163 kilometers away. And beyond, and near the mountain range, there is Los Antiguos, which was the resting place of the elders of the tribes that disappeared.
This whole area and not just the cave, including the Perito Moreno National Park, is a rich archaeological and paleontological site. The valleys, canyons, lakes and rivers that make it up jealously shelter paintings and different types of archaeological sites in which men walked 14,000 years before Christ. And between the weeds there are fossils that testify the existence of a sea in this region long before man inhabited. In fact, the town of Perito Moreno is called the Archaeological Capital of the Province of Santa Cruz.
Caves of Pinturas river saved works done by the Indians and their ancestors tehuelches. Its age is 9300 years, according to research. There are, besides negative handprints, pictures of guanacos, geometric patterns, clusters of lines, dots and solar figure. The largest congregation is in the actual cave, Cueva de las Manos, which is 24 meters deep, 15 meters wide at the entrance and about 10 meters high up to the beginning of the visor.
On both sides of the entrance, there are small spaces in the light, but partially protected by the projection of the Visors. The eaves are formed by protrusions that protect the paintings from the wind and sun.
It includes three levels of culture, with an estimated range from 7370 BC to 1000 AD. Although this assessment is relative, since the realization of the paintings may have taken place in short time, in an almost synchronous or far apart in time.
The color of the negative imprints of hands depended on obtaining raw materials close to each site, but most are in red (hematite), white (limestone), black (manganese or charcoal) and yellow (limonite or yellow ocher). | <urn:uuid:d16d6b3c-c92d-44d0-88d9-da09d018f9d1> | {
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Pronounced: Gas-tro-ee-sof-a-geal re-flux diseaseEn Español (Spanish Version)
Gastroesophageal reflux (GER) is the back up of acid or food from the stomach to the esophagus. The esophagus is the tube that connects your mouth and stomach. GER is common in infants. It may cause them to spit up. Most infants outgrow GER within 12 months.
GER that progresses to esophageal injury and other symptoms is called gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). The backed-up acid irritates the lining of the esophagus. It causes heartburn, a pain in the stomach and chest.
GERD can occur at any age.
Copyright © Nucleus Medical Media, Inc.
GERD is caused by acid or food from the stomach that regularly backs up into the esophagus. It is not always clear why the acid backs up. The reasons may vary from person to person. There may also be a genetic link in some GERD.
Acid is kept in the stomach by a valve at the top of the stomach. The valve opens when food comes in. It should close to keep in the food and acid. If this valve does not close properly, the acid can flow out of the stomach. In addition to GERD, the valve may not close because of:
The following factors increase the chances of developing GERD:
Symptoms of GERD include:
Your doctor will ask about your child’s symptoms and medical history. A physical exam will be done. Your child may need to see a pediatric gastroenterologist. This type of doctor focuses on diseases of the stomach and intestines.
Tests may include:
Talk with your doctor about the best treatment plan for your child. Treatment options include the following:
Medications options include:
Many of these are over-the-counter medications.
Surgery or endoscopy may be recommended for more severe cases. It may be considered if lifestyle changes and medications do not work.
The most common surgery is called fundoplication . During this procedure, a part of the stomach will be wrapped around the stomach valve. This makes the valve stronger. It should prevent stomach acid from backing up into the esophagus. This surgery is often done through small incisions in the skin.
Last reviewed May 2013 by Michael Woods
Please be aware that this information is provided to supplement the care provided by your physician. It is neither intended nor implied to be a substitute for professional medical advice. CALL YOUR HEALTHCARE PROVIDER IMMEDIATELY IF YOU THINK YOU MAY HAVE A MEDICAL EMERGENCY. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider prior to starting any new treatment or with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. | <urn:uuid:8cffbe4f-c69c-4804-9fe9-cd80aa0e8f15> | {
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Many of us live in older homes, and we may have lead in our OLD pipes. We are buying fruit juices from the grocery store with arsenic in it. Go to this website to find out more information about Safe Drinking Water: cfpub.epa.gov/savewater/ccr
Young children should not be drinking lots of fruit juice, as it can be full of sugar, causes obesity and even tooth decay. Besides some of it has too much arsenic in it.
For many years or until the 1980′s pesticides were banned. Crops were sprayed with pesticides that leaked into the crops, the soil, and the ground water. Consequently, arsenic ended up contaminating the water, fertilizer and the soil.
Even bottled water can have arsenic in it. Is that scary or what? All the bottled water we drink in this country could be borderline unsafe.
The federal government limits arsenic in bottled water to 10 parts per billion. There are no limits in food and in fruit juices. I remember last year some media about arsenic in apple juice, so I stopped drinking it for awhile. I switched to eating an apple a day. (Thinking an apple a day kept the doctor away. Thought I would get you to laugh this morning.)
Parents need to think twice about what they have their young children drink. Diluting juices could be helpful.
Don’t you feel some days like you are darned if you do and darned if you don’t. I know that sounds like a clique but it is true. | <urn:uuid:755f6d44-fbd7-433b-93bd-4cd9521a2497> | {
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Image Size is the size of your original digital photo file, measured in pixels and DPI (Dots Per Inch, sometimes referred to as PPI, Pixels Per Inch). What is a pixel? A pixel is a small square dot. DPI refers to the number of dots (pixels) per inch. Why is this important? Well, if an image is too small, you might not be able to order a large size print or other photo product. A general rule of thumb for image size versus print size is: the image size should be at least the size of the print you want multiplied by 300, at 300 DPI. For example, if you want to order a 4x6 print, the image size should be 1200 pixels (4 x 300) by 1800 pixels (6 x 300) at 300 DPI. If the image size was half of that (600 by 900), then the 4x6 print would likely come out distorted or pixilated if you were to order a print.
Camera Settings Decide in advance what is more important: image quality or room on your memory card. You can set your camera to take photos that are larger or smaller in size. If you know you will only be printing 4x6 photos, then you can reduce the image quality, which allows you to store more photos on your memory card. If you will be printing enlargements or other photo products like photo books, then keep the setting on "high" for higher quality images. The image sizes will be larger and you will not be able to store as many on your memory card at one time. Also, set the file type as "jpeg" if your camera allows you to control that detail. You might have a "tiff" option, but it is not necessary to save the photos as "tiff" files, and it will only take up more room on your memory card.
If you have a point and shoot camera, open your main menu, and find the setting for "image quality" (or something similar). Usually, the options are "low," "medium," and "high." Choose "high" for higher quality (larger) photos. If you have an SLR camera, you probably have additional options. Just stick to high quality jpeg images, unless you know you will be doing extensive image editing and post-production. In that case, you might want to shoot RAW files. Resolution The resolution of your photo is directly impacted by the image size. The more pixels your photos have, the higher their resolution is.
When you upload photos to your online account, you are given three upload options: "Regular," "Fast," and "Fastest." When you choose "Fast" or "Fastest," the photos are compressed, so the resolution will be less than the original photo file. So, if you are just uploading to order 4x6 prints, "Fastest" will be fine. But, if you wish to order enlargements, photo books, calendars, and other photo products, choose the "Regular" speed, which uploads the photos at their original resolution.
Once the photos are uploaded, you will notice three bars for each photo in your account. If all three bars are green, that means that the resolution of the photo that is in the account is sufficient enough to order just about anything on the site. If the bars are all red, you have uploaded a low resolution photo. Try to find the original photo file and check the size. If the size is sufficient enough to order prints (based on the rule we mentioned above about multiplying the desired print size by 300 and comparing to the actual image size), re-upload the photo at "Regular" upload speed. Photos with two or three red bars will generate poor quality prints, especially if you are trying to order anything larger than 4x6 prints. We also will double check the resolution on our end. If we catch a low res file when printing, we always stop and notify you. We want you to be happy with your prints.
Now that you understand image size and resolution a bit more, and understand why they are important when working in your online photo account, here are a few more extra tips about image size and resolution:
- Most computer screens display photos at 72 DPI. That means the printed photo will look different than how it appears on your computer screen.
- If you crop a photo too much (zoom in too much), it will always look pixilated and distorted, no matter how large the image size is.
- Once you take the photo, you cannot increase the size or resolution by increasing the number of pixels in any photo editing program. If you wish to increase the resolution or file size, you must do so by adjusting your camera settings before you take any more photos. | <urn:uuid:1e09e4c7-ed1a-4864-90b8-22fc564cbb6d> | {
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Indian and Himalayan Art
Mahakala/Bhairava with Buddhas, Ganesha, Karttikeya, Achala, and DevoteesMade in Nepal, Asia
Malla Dynasty (1200-1769), Late 16th century
Artist/maker unknown, Nepalese
Colors on cloth
Currently not on view
1963-141-1Gift of Stella Kramrisch, 1963
LabelNewar religious practice employs a unique mix of Buddhist and Hindu elements. The five transcendental buddhas at the top of this painting and Achala (the blue-skinned Buddhist protector at the bottom center) are joined by deities more often affiliated with Hinduism. These include the elephant-headed Ganesha and dancing Karttikeya, who flank their father, Shiva, in his form as Mahakala/Bhairava. Another important feature of Newar art and practice is the depiction and participation of both men and women devotees. In the lower two registers seventeen men (in white-and-red-striped outfits) and seven women (in Malla period red skirts with white-and-blue stripes) offer flowers. Also typical of the Malla period are the shapes of Mahakala's triangular eyebrows, his neatly trimmed moustache and beard, and his round, full eyes. | <urn:uuid:eaf1663d-8d59-45ee-9b53-263b9660fa73> | {
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The interplay between indigenous Indian painting traditions and imported Persianate influences invigorated painting on the Indian subcontinent for over three hundred years. Primary Colors, featuring some thirty works from the Museum's collection, juxtaposes two intriguingly similar groups of paintings, one from seventeenth-century Central India and another from eighteenth-century Nepal. These works reflect indigenous painting traditions, characterized by expanses of intense red, blue, and yellow as well as figures seen in sharp profile, but they also include imagery of costume and architecture drawn from Islamic prototypes.
Dynamic painting traditions flourished in Central India under Hindu, Jain, and Muslim patronage even before Mughal rulers imported Persian painters in the early sixteenth century. In the seventeenth century, the Hindu rulers of Malwa (an area of Central India) developed active workshops that re-emphasized pre-Mughal forms. In the eighteenth century, Nepalese painting took a surprising turn, leading to forms closely related to those produced in seventeenth-century Malwa. The installation explores why patrons and painters, separated by distance and time, chose a closely related aesthetic.
Among the highlights of the installation are two recently acquired Nepalese paintings that will be seen in Philadelphia for the first time. The Celestial Abode of Shiva and Devi is a great sunburst-like representation of a divine palace surrounded by courtly and ascetic devotees, while Pilgrimage to Gosainkund—a fourteen-foot-long scroll—illuminates a meandering path through cities and towns, peppered by pilgrims and animals, ultimately leading to a sacred lake in the high Himalayas.
CuratorsDarielle Mason • The Stella Kramrisch Curator of Indian and Himalayan Art
Katherine Anne Paul • Assistant Curator, Indian and Himalayan Art | <urn:uuid:e1fc359b-2b10-4518-8722-724e33255c69> | {
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Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (2011)
|Abstract||Laws of nature take center stage in philosophy of science. Laws are usually believed to stand in a tight conceptual relation to many important key concepts such as causation, explanation, confirmation, determinism, counterfactuals etc. Traditionally, philosophers of science have focused on physical laws, which were taken to be at least true, universal statements that support counterfactual claims. But, although this claim about laws might be true with respect to physics, laws in the special sciences (such as biology, psychology, economics etc.) appear to have—maybe not surprisingly—different features than the laws of physics. Special science laws—for instance, the economic law “Under the condition of perfect competition, an increase of demand of a commodity leads to an increase of price, given that the quantity of the supplied commodity remains constant” and, in biology, Mendel's Laws—are usually taken to “have exceptions”, to be “non-universal” or “to be ceteris paribus laws”. How and whether the laws of physics and the laws of the special sciences differ is one of the crucial questions motivating the debate on ceteris paribus laws. Another major, controversial question concerns the determination of the precise meaning of “ceteris paribus”. Philosophers have attempted to explicate the meaning of ceteris paribus clauses in different ways. The question of meaning is connected to the problem of empirical content, i.e., the question whether ceteris paribus laws have non-trivial and empirically testable content. Since many philosophers have argued that ceteris paribus laws lack empirically testable content, this problem constitutes a major challenge to a theory of ceteris paribus laws.|
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Added to index2011-07-24
Total downloads59 ( #16,371 of 548,972 )
Recent downloads (6 months)4 ( #19,222 of 548,972 )
How can I increase my downloads? | <urn:uuid:e8651007-f992-4e25-b69e-42be593d5af1> | {
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A wolverine first photographed by a remote-controlled camera on the Tahoe National Forest in February 2008 is most closely related to Rocky Mountain populations, according to a team of 10 federal, state and university scientists.
Their findings are published in the latest edition of Northwest Science and focus on genetic analysis of hair collected from the first scientifically verified California wolverine in 86 years. The U.S. Forest Service funded the study, which demonstrated the first evidence of connectivity between wolverine populations living in the Rocky and Sierra Nevada Mountains.
Determining where the male wolverine originated is important because it is a state-threatened species, and California wolverines are genetically unique from other North American populations.
Last year, scientists collected hair and fecal samples from the photographed animal so that its DNA could be examined to help determine whether the wolverine had somehow survived as part of a historic population, escaped or was released from captivity, or dispersed on its own from outside of California.
Scientists at the agency's Wildlife Genetics Laboratory in Missoula, Mont., later found the animal was not part of a historic population by comparing its genetic samples with specimens found in California museums. These scientists previously used the specimens to learn California wolverines are a distinct North American genotype.
Further genetic analysis suggested the California wolverine most resembled a population comprised mostly of wolverines from Idaho, with a 73 percent confidence level. By comparison, the California wolverine had less than a five percent probability of belonging to most of the other North American wolverine populations evaluated.
The scientists also used carbon and nitrogen isotope analyses to support the genetic results in the study, which is titled "Wolverine Confirmation in California after Nearly a Century: Native or Long-Distance Immigrant?"
"We still can't be sure how this animal came to the Tahoe National Forest," said Bill Zielinski, one of the study's authors and a research ecologist at the Forest Service's Pacific Southwest Research Station. "But, this peer-reviewed study shows that other scientists agreed with our interpretation that it likely traveled here from the Rockies."
Zielinski said the photographed animal would have traveled more than 400 miles to reach the national forest if it naturally dispersed from the nearest Rocky Mountain population. He said if the wolverine was accidentally or deliberately transplanted, it would have more likely originated from an area where wolverines are more common and legally trapped, such as Alaska or the Yukon Territory.
Sierra Pacific Industries wildlife biologists also photographed the wolverine this winter using remote-controlled cameras on land it manages in California. Wildlife Genetics Laboratory scientists determined it to be the same wolverine photographed last year.
More information: The published study is available online at www.bioone.org/toc/nwsc/83/2 .
Source: US Forest Service
Explore further: Front-row seats to climate change | <urn:uuid:25d1636b-69a6-4c84-8420-6e1598499104> | {
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The European Society of Cardiology welcomes new research published in the New England Journal of Medicine which quantifies for the first time the annual number of new cases of coronary heart disease, stroke and myocardial infarction that could be prevented by populations reducing daily intakes of salt. The data, says the ESC, underline the urgent need for European Union public health measures to substantially reduce the population's salt intake across Europe.
"This study provides excellent ammunition both to convince patients about the benefits of reducing their individual salt intakes and also to persuade the EU of the urgent need to introduce legislation to restrict the salt content of processed foods," said ESC spokesman Professor Frank Ruschitzka, a cardiologist and hypertension specialist from the University of Zurich, Switzerland.
"This study represents the evidence that a reduction of salt intake not only lowers blood pressure but also prevents cardiovascular events. The case for population-wide salt reduction is now compelling," he added.
In the paper, Kirsten Bibbins-Domingo and colleagues, from the University of California, San Francisco, USA, undertook a computer simulation showing the effects of population wide reductions of dietary salt intakes in all adults aged 35 to 85 years in the USA. Reducing dietary salt intake by 3 g per day (1200mg less sodium per day) could result in 60,000 to 120,000 fewer cases of heart disease , 32,000 to 66,000 fewer strokes and 54,000 to 100,000 fewer heart attacks.
A reduction in dietary salt of 3g per day, the authors went on to say, would have approximately the same effect on reducing cardiac events as a 50 % reduction in tobacco use, a 5% reduction in body mass index among obese adults or the use of statins to treat people at low or intermediate risk for CHD events. Furthermore, reducing dietary salt intakes by 3g per day would save $10 billion to $ 24 billion in annual health care costs.
ESC spokesperson Professor Giuseppe Mancia, from the University of Milano-Bicocca, St. Gerardo Hospital (Milan, Italy), said the annual health cost savings outlined in the study would be likely to prove a persuasive argument for both the EU and individual European governments.
Recent studies clearly show that salt reduction reduces cardiovascular deaths.4
Epidemiological studies have also firmly established that increased intakes of salt directly increase blood pressure. High salt intakes are believed to exert their detrimental effects by influencing fluid retention, which in turn increases blood pressure. "But it's important for patients to appreciate that not all cardiovascular problems relating to salt are mediated through hypertension. Salt can have an adverse effect on cardiovascular health, even among people with normal blood pressure," said Ruschitzka.
Salt intakes across Europe are known to vary widely, ranging from 8.6 g of salt per day in the UK, to around 12 g salt in Croatia. Even the best intakes, however, are falling widely short of the ESC Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Management of Arterial Hypertension(2), based on WHO data, that recommend that only 5g of salt should be consumed per day. This amounts to just one teaspoonful.
While individuals may use salt sparingly at home, around 75 % of the salt we eat is already in the food we buy. This, says the ESC, underlines the need for legislation to lay down guidelines. "The reality of international food production in Europe means that such public health initiatives need to be tackled on a European wide basis, rather than an individual country basis," said Ruschitzka.
Furthermore, added Mancia, concerted action is usually more effective. "It has the advantage of preventing country to country inequalities and furthermore prevents the reinvention of the wheel in each individual country," he said.
But calls for legislation do not mean that physicians should stop their efforts to persuade patients to introduce individual changes in lifestyle. Patients, they stress, need to be taught about the importance of reducing salt in their cooking and also for the need to check food labels. People need to learn to appreciate that the salt contents can vary widely even in the same product. Take bread, for example. Recent research from Consensus Action on Salt and Health (a charity lobbying food manufacturers in the UK) has shown that the highest salt content was 3g salt per 100 g of bread, while the lowest was 0.7 g salt per 100g.
To improve cardiovascular health, salt reduction cannot be undertaken in isolation. "It needs to be remembered that lifestyle measures such as smoking cessation, weight reduction, increased physical exercise, and eating plenty of fruit and vegetables are also important for reducing cardiovascular disease," said Mancia.
Salt will again be on the agenda with World Salt Awareness Week 2010 , which runs from February 1- 7 (3). The week is being run by World Action on Salt and Health (WASH), a global group that works with governments to highlight the need for widespread introduction of population based salt reduction strategies.
Much can be done to reduce salt intakes through public health policy, say WASH. They cite the success of Consensus Action on Salt and Health (CASH), launched in 1996 to encourage food manufacturing companies in the UK to make voluntary reductions in their salt content. Since the start of the policy salt intakes among UK adults (calculated from 24-hour urine samples) have fallen from 9.5 to 8.6 g per day.
In July 2009, WASH surveyed over 260 food products available around the world from food manufacturers such as KFC, McDonalds, Kellogg's, Nestle, Burger King and Subway, finding surprisingly wide spread variations. For example, Kellogg's All Bran for sale in France, Norway, Sweden and the Netherlands contains 1.30 g salt per 100 g compared to salt levels of 0.65 g per 100g for the product in the US. Such data underlines the urgent need to eradicate country to country inequalities, and bring everyone up to the highest possible standards.
"The paper by Bibbins-Domingo and colleagues is an urgent call to action. Policy makers in the European Community need to implement public health interventions that result in reductions in salt intake now. Reducing the salt content of our unneccesarily oversalted ,processed food is an inexpensive, yet highly effective public health intervention that we can't afford to miss," concluded Ruschitzka.
Explore further: New research identifies risks, interventions for children's GI health
1. Bibbins-Domingo K, Glenn CC, Coxson PG et al. Projected Effect of Dietary Salt Reductions on Future Cardiovascular Disease. New Engl J Med. 2010. Published on-line January 20.
4. Pasquale Strazzullo, Lanfranco D'Elia, Ngianga-Bakwin Kandala, and Francesco P Cappuccio. Salt intake, stroke, and cardiovascular disease: meta-analysis of prospective studies. BMJ 2009;339:b4567, doi: 10.1136/bmj.b4567 (Published 24 November 2009) | <urn:uuid:0ece5f59-3f93-4f93-a887-9fd7ac7e249f> | {
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Eliminating diabetes and depression, as well as increasing education and fruit and vegetable consumption, are likely to have the biggest impact on reducing levels of dementia in the coming years, should no effective treatment be found, concludes a study published in the British Medical Journal today.
These findings suggest priorities for future public health interventions.
While the exact cause of dementia is still unknown, several modifiable risk factors have already been identified. These include vascular risk factors (heart disease, stroke, high blood pressure, obesity, diabetes, and high cholesterol), a history of depression, diet, alcohol consumption, and education level.
Based on this knowledge, a team of researchers based in France and the UK estimated which of these risk factors might be most effective in reducing the future burden of dementia, should no effective treatment be found.
Their analysis involved 1,433 healthy people aged over 65 years living in the south of France and recruited between 1999 and 2001. Participants underwent cognitive testing at the start of the study and again at two, four and seven years. A reading test (the Neale score) was also used as an indicator of lifetime intelligence.
Medical history and information on measures such as height, weight, education level, monthly income, mobility, dietary habits, alcohol consumption, and tobacco use was obtained. An individual's genetic risk of dementia was also measured: although it's not a factor that can be changed it served as a useful benchmark for dementia risk.
Results showed that eliminating depression and diabetes and increasing fruit and vegetable consumption were estimated to lead to an overall 21% reduction in new cases of dementia, with depression making the greatest contribution (just over 10%). However, the researchers point out that the direct (causal) relationship between depression and dementia remains unclear.
Increasing education would also lead to an estimated 18% reduction in new cases of dementia across the general population over the next seven years. By contrast, eliminating the principal known genetic risk factor from the general population would lead only to a 7% reduction in the number of new cases over the next seven years.
Given these findings, the authors suggest that public health initiatives should focus on encouraging literacy at all ages irrespective of ability, prompt treatment of depressive symptoms, and early screening for glucose intolerance and insulin resistance (early stages in the development of diabetes).
While these calculations can only provide a crude estimate of impact on incidence, they do make a significant statement about public health priorities in disease prevention in the face of current knowledge, conclude the authors. Further studies including younger adults are clearly needed to test the impact of intervention measures.
A second study, also published in the British Medical Journal today, finds that death rates are more than three times higher in people with dementia than in those without dementia in the first year after diagnosis. The study also says that earlier and better detection of dementia in primary care is needed. An accompanying editorial suggests that key areas to focus on include better education and training in primary care, developing more integrated systems of care, and ensuring that policy makers and commissioners plan services that reflect the effects of dementia on primary care and other services.
Explore further: New case of SARS-like virus in Saudi: ministry | <urn:uuid:cdb905f9-bced-4135-a303-519d6e4267d8> | {
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As a result of the historic election of Barack Obama in the U.S., other countries have started wondering whether a similar occurrence would be possible in their nations — none more so than the Obama-worshiping United Kingdom. Its press, race industry, and political classes are all aflutter about whether or not it would be possible for a minority to become prime minister of the country.
Britain has, unlike the U.S., already had a female prime minister: Margaret Thatcher in the ’80s. While Bejamin Disreali, a conservative prime minister of the late 19th century, was Jewish, the debate is whether or not a non-European minority would make it to Number 10 Downing Street in the near future.
The head of the Commission for Racial Equality, Trevor Philips, has clearly stated that he thinks “institutional racism” will prevent a non-white from ever being prime minister of the United Kingdom. Much navel gazing and self-examination resulted from his comments. Philips believes Britain’s governing Labor Party would not let someone like Obama rise to the top.
If Barack Obama had lived here I would be very surprised if even somebody as brilliant as him would have been able to break through the institutional stranglehold that there is on power within the Labor Party,” said the head of the Equality and Human Rights Commission. He said that there was an “institutional resistance” to selecting black and Asian candidates. “The parties and unions and think-tanks are all very happy to sign up to the general idea of advancing the cause of minorities but in practice they would like somebody else to do the business. It’s institutional racism. | <urn:uuid:587bda1a-d5c8-42c3-a15d-c5cab98bcc4d> | {
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This is the first is a 3 part series. Part 1: Pagan origins of Christmas, Part 2: Christian origins of Christmas, and Part 3: Santa Claus and his Ilk.
In part 1, I discussed the pagan origins of Christmas. However, that is not the whole story. Christmas, in its current form, did not simply spring up or evolve from just one source, Christian, pagan or otherwise. Therefore, in the interest of fairness, here are the Christian origins of Christmas.
In the last post, I mentioned how Dies Natalis Solis Invicti was the reason that Christmas is celebrated on December 25. Well, that isn’t the whole story. While it is true that the celebration of the Sun (or Sun God) was celebrated on this day, and that some early Church Fathers commented on how appropriate it would be to celebrate Jesus’ birth on the day of the unconquered Sun, it is also true that the idea of Jesus’ birth being on December 25, predated those decisions. Hippolytus of Rome, a 3rd century theologian, makes it clear that he believes Jesus’ birth to have happened on December 25, not because of the Sun celebration, but because he believes that Jesus’ conception took place during the traditional date of the creation of the world on March 25 (which also happened to line up with the vernal equinox and often with the Jewish Passover), although he also put forth April 2nd as a date of conception in some writings. Regardless, Hippolytus felt that this proved a date of Jesus’ birth at December 25th. Still, it could have been an attempt of a Christian apologist to retroactively prove Jesus’ birth after other’s had connected the date already to Saturnalia or Dies Natalis Solis Invicti. Except… that Saturnalia was not celebrated on December 25. It was celebrated on December 17, and was lengthened over time to December 23, but never the 25. Sorry Mythicists. Further, while Dies Natalis Solis Invicti WAS indeed celebrated on December 25, there is no mention of this celebration being held on December 25 prior to AD 354, since before this, the celebration was held every 4 years, and not on the 25th of December, and often not in December at all. This is relevant because Hippolytus died in 235, over 100 years before Dies Natalis Solis Invicti was practiced on December 25. In fact, around 200 AD, Clement of Alexandria gives us an even better clue (through his consternation), complaining in frustration that some Egyption theologians are celebrating Jesus’ birth on December 25 (Stromata 1:21). So it seems that the December 25 date for Christmas IS actually a Christian tradition, not a lender from a pagan source.
Note: this does not actually make it true that Jesus’ was born on December 25. He almost surely wasn’t. But it does mean that Christians have honored Jesus’ birth on that day by our own (often flawed) resources, and not as a direct result of other holidays.
I did make a mention last time about Romans bringing in trees during this time, and even decorating them with 12 candles. However, no Christians are ever mentioned as taking on this tradition during the time of the Roman Empire. While this practice does seem similar to our Christmas tree tradition, the practice of bringing trees into homes to celebrate Saturnalia (or other mid-winter holidays) was long dead (by a millennium) by the time Christians began to celebrate it during Christmas time. While it is also true that many different cultures brought greenery and trees into the home during winter (from Egypt to Norway), it appears that the 16th century German Christians were the first to bring Evergreen trees into their homes and decorate them for Christmas. There is little chance that 16th century Germans relied on long forgotten Roman practice to initiate theirs. As the story goes, Martin Luther, the 16th Century German reformer, was the first to use candles and light up a Christmas tree.
And while the tree has not always been accepted as a good thing in all Christian circles, it can certainly be said however, that it too, is of Christian origin.
The Name “Christmas”
Of course, it doesn’t really take a genius to realize that the actual word “Christmas” is of Christian origin. Cristes Maesse in old English, it appeared around 1038. Christes – Christ, Maesse meaning dismissal, or colloquially, the way to refer to a church service, as in “we are dismissed to be about the mission of God.” It came to refer to the service on Dec. 25. Not much pagan there.
The first nativity scene is said to be the work of St. Francis of Assisi. He was attempting to reverse the tide of materialism encroaching in on Christmastime around 1223 CE. Imagine if he had been around today…. mercy. He made it up in a cave near Greccio and had live animals and people. Soon, it spread all around Italy, and was soon common practice in most churches. Statues soon replaced live people and eventually, homes adopted smaller versions. Clearly Christian in origin. St. Francis is hard to be for sheer Christianity.
Early in the 20th century, electric lights became available for use on Christmas trees (don’t believe me? Watch Downton Abby). Soon after in the mid-2oth Century, folks began using Christmas tree light on the outside of their homes. Hmmm…. since this took place mostly in America, i don’t think we can call this one Christian origin…. but it is derivative of a Christian practice.
Well, i don’t want to spoil next week’s addition to the conversation on Santa Claus, so it will have to suffice to say that this practice of hanging stockings on Christmas Eve is particular to his legend, and not anywhere beforehand. But I won’t give anymore away, next week’s will be awesome.
So to summarize:
December 25 date: Of Christian origin
Trees in the house: Of Christian Origin (and yet attested to in many other cultures in parallel, not dependence)
The word “Christmas:” of Christian origin
Nativity Scenes: of Christian origin
Christmas Lights: of Christian origin
Stockings: of Christian origin | <urn:uuid:e1a52121-4571-4817-976e-3e5e1b667909> | {
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If left untreated, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) can seriously affect your daily functioning, relationships, success in school, ability to work, and mental health. OCD is usually treated with a combination of behavioral therapy (counseling) and medications. Behavioral therapy can help you gradually confront feared objects or ideas, either directly or by imagination. Medications are used to treat the obsessions, anxiety, distress, and other associated brain disorders.
Psychiatrists, psychologists, social workers, and specially trained primary care providers are trained to treat OCD. If your doctor doesn't have special training, ask for the name of a doctor or counselor who does.
Treatment involves the following:MedicationsOther treatments—therapy
Surgical procedures are not a treatment option for obsessive-compulsive disorder.
- Reviewer: Michael Woods, MD
- Review Date: 11/2012 -
- Update Date: 11/26/2012 - | <urn:uuid:6f74b220-2d63-42fc-a4d8-60a4cbbe5379> | {
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PILOT STORIES: Pilot's
The early U.S. Air Mail pilots who flew in open
cockpits needed protection from the elements. Fur-lined leather
flying suits and boots helped keep pilots warm as they flew
through blizzards and rain at 8,000 feet in the sky. Leather
helmets and even masks helped pilots keep their faces and
ears from freezing on long, cold flights. | <urn:uuid:081c1ea0-1bd2-4485-9698-e2efaa1a7295> | {
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This section of the website provides tips and information on how to conserve water inside and outside
your home and/or office. You can help the program achieve a 10% reduction in water use per person within 10 years by saving 10 gallons of water per day
or start by saving 1 gallon of water per day every year for 10 years.
Here are some ways you can accomplish that:
- Reduce shower time ~ 2.5 gallons/minute
- Turn off water while brushing teeth ~ 2 gallons/minute
Why Should We Conserve Water?
Water is constantly being recycled through the earth’s water cycle. However, humans can consume fresh water faster than it is naturally replenished. We all use water, so we should do our part to protect and preserve it. Approximately 3% of the earth’s water supply is fresh but less than one third of 1% is available for human use!
As water users, we must preserve our water supply so it will be available today and for generations to come. Water conservation allows us to use water more efficiently and reduce water waste. Making a habit of conservation makes sense.
Conserving water is beneficial to our community, because it:
- Helps protect our water supply for the future
- Protects the environment and natural ecosystems
- Saves energy
- Saves money
For more information about the water cycle, visit the US Geological Survey’s website
Where Does Our Water Come From?
The Great Lakes are the largest system of fresh, surface water on earth, containing roughly 18% of the world fresh water supply. Lake Michigan is the second largest of the Great Lakes.
Nearly 750,000 people in DuPage County get their water from Lake Michigan, provided to them by their local water utility. The DWC buys water from the City of Chicago and sells it to the local water utilities in DuPage County. The people in DuPage County who do not get their water from Lake Michigan are served by ground water sources. The Great Lakes Compact limits how much water can be taken from Lake Michigan and requires all water utilities to have a water conservation program. Source: The Great Lakes: An Environmental Atlas and Resource Book. USEPA
For more information on the Great Lakes Compact visit the websites for the Great Lakes Commission
, Council of Great Lakes Governors
, or Great Lakes and Saint Laurence Cities Initiative
DuPage County Water Usage Summary
Before we can start to preserve every drop, we must first understand how much water we use and for what purposes. Water usage in DuPage County can be divided up into four main categories as shown in the figure below.
Did you know?
- The average daily water use for Lake Michigan water users in DuPage County is 106 gallons/person/day.
- Over 71% of total water use is for residential customers. | <urn:uuid:c4d3df1f-6f2d-4083-a358-867f6442c603> | {
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User Interface design is not a pure science, primarily because people's preferences are different. However, there are a few principles that we've learned over the years:
- The eye naturally gravitates to "power points". i.e. in art it is the golden rule, and photography it is simplified to "the rule of thirds". In essence if you drew a grid on your screen three cells across and three cells down, the points where the lines intersect are the power points. These are very important real estate, and it also explains why the 1/3-2/3 split works so well.
- We've learned that there is an order of importance when we learn to read. In short, the most important column on a the screen is the one that comes first in reading order. For us western hemisphere folks, that means the left (left-to-right reading order). For folks in the middle east and some far eastern countries that means the right (right-to-left reading order). For other folks in other far eastern countries that means the top (top-to-bottom, typically right-to-left reading order).
Using these two principles, we can organize the screen in a way that users can get the most out of it. The MS Visual Studio developers surmised that the source code is the most important element, and the other panels support that content.
Now, if you have a preference to have the navigation on the left, it is because you place a different value on the importance of the navigation than the VS developers. Neither position is right or wrong. If you find yourself jumping from file to file often, it can be handy to have the navigation on the left.
You'll notice that even in this site, the content is on the left and the navigation and support information is on the right. This echoes what the designers felt were the most important aspects of the site. | <urn:uuid:46189c55-d558-47f2-b39e-3b35d6650143> | {
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Wan Ali, Wan Zah and Mohd Ayub, Ahmad Fauzi and Wong, Su Luan and King, Hasnah Yee Tang and Wan Jaafar, Wan Marzuki (2008) Students teacher attitudes towards computer and online learning : are they a factor in students' usage? The International Journal of Learning, 15 (6). pp. 35-41. ISSN 1447-9494
Full text not available from this repository.
Computers and online learning are rapidly becoming important components in fundamental curriculum of Malaysian educational systems. In Malaysia, the computer and online learning curriculum have been incorporated into all levels of the educational systems. However, the instructional effectiveness of computer and online learning are related to many factors including students’ attitudes towardsthese technologies. Hence, positive attitudes towards computers and online learning are important variables to be studied among pre-service teachers. The main purpose of this study is to examine the attitudes of pre-service teachers at Universiti Putra Malaysia toward computer and online learning and its relationships. In addition, the relationship between this attitudes and the usage of computer and online learning is also studied. The findings indicate that pre-service teachers have positive attitudes towards computers and online learning. The correlation between students’ attitude towards computers and online learning was significant.
|Keyword:||Online Learning; Attitudes toward Computer; Attitudes towards Online Learning|
|Subject:||Computer-assisted instruction - Malaysia|
|Subject:||College teachers - In-service training|
|Faculty or Institute:||Faculty of Educational Studies|
|Publisher:||Common Ground Publishing|
|Deposited By:||Emelda Mohd Hamid|
|Deposited On:||25 May 2012 15:08|
|Last Modified:||12 Nov 2012 14:41|
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Table of Contents
"Modeling" techniques are used when anxiety is related to lack of confidence and the patient looks to the therapist as a model of how to handle anxiety-provoking situations. The relaxation techniques used by hypnotists and behavior therapists may prove helpful to many patients, especially those who are suggestible. In the initial stages, after therapists have instructed their patients in the various methods of relaxation, they should allow the patients to practice the methods in the office. In that way, therapists may add their encouragement and positive suggestion to their patients' efforts. The ultimate goal is to enable patients to employ the techniques alone in the course of their daily lives. Patients should not only follow a regular daily schedule of exercises, but should be encouraged to employ those exercises at any time when they are facing an anxiety-provoking situation or feel their inner tension rising. For those patients with a capacity for hypnotic trance, instruction in the techniques of self-hypnosis may potentiate the effect of the relaxation exercises. Simple forms of meditation that do not have religious implications, by reversing the processes that lead to autonomic arousal, may be effective in combating the symptoms arising from autonomic nervous system discharge. A recent study suggests that the symptoms of those individuals who have a capacity for hypnotic trance induction are particularly responsive to the use of meditative techniques.
Patients can be encouraged to try out new coping skills and emotion regulation with people they meet within support groups. They can be an important part of expanding the individual's skill set and develop new, healthier social relationships.
Copyright 1998-2006 Psych Central. All Rights Reserved. This text may not be reproduced in any form without expressed written permission from Psych Central.
Last reviewed: By John M. Grohol, Psy.D. on 1 Jun 2010
Published on PsychCentral.com. All rights reserved. | <urn:uuid:b569b11c-0b0d-46bc-97bf-fcd6c38ea690> | {
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MRSA rates have been increasing worldwide over the past decades write Hajo Grundman (National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands) and colleagues. Even in Scandinavian countries and the Netherlands, where MRSA rates have been fairly low and stable for many years, the frequency is beginning to rise.
"Of the expected 2 billion individuals carrying S aureus worldwide, conservative estimates based on either Dutch or US prevalence figures would predict that between 2 million and 52 million carry MRSA," states Professor Grundmann.
In their Review the authors also warn of the threat of community acquired MRSA. Genetic changes in strains of community acquired MRSA have led to the evolution of 'fitter' strains that can combine antimicrobial resistance with transmissibility and virulence. If these strains are sufficiently fit to maintain a high prevalence in the community, the MRSA situation in hospitals could potentially become explosive, write the authors.
They conclude: "The onus is therefore on health-care authorities to develop not only surveillance systems that are able to monitor the clonal dynamics of MRSA over wide geographical areas but also to provide the resources for early recognition of MRSA carriers through rapid screening. Hospital staff have a responsibility to implement, maintain, and adhere to strict contact precautions, should hospitals remain places where citizens can aspire to positive health-care outcomes with confidence."
Contact: Dr Hajo Grundmann, Project Leader, Scientific Coordinator, European Antimircrobial Resistance Surveillance System (EARSS), Center for Infectious Disease Epidemiology, National Institute for Public Health, Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, PO BOX 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, Netherlands. T) 31 30 274 4239 [email protected] / [email protected]
Last reviewed: By John M. Grohol, Psy.D. on 21 Feb 2009
Published on PsychCentral.com. All rights reserved. | <urn:uuid:48623f5f-b5f5-44f7-853b-18b82b6d2463> | {
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(Washington, DC • 11/6/06) – The second of five Special Sensor Ultraviolet Limb Imager (SSULI) remote sensing instruments, developed by the Naval Research Laboratory, was launched on November 4, 2006 on board the DMSP F-17 satellite. SSULI is the first operational instrument of its kind and provides a new technique for remote sensing of the ionosphere and thermosphere from space. SSULI's measurements will provide scientific data supporting military and civil systems and will assist in predicting atmospheric drag effects on satellites and reentry vehicles.
A Boeing Delta 4 vehicle launched the Air Force's Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) F-17 satellite and the SSULI sensor into low earth orbit from Vandenberg Air Force Base, California. SSULI will be powered on and start initial sensor checkout 30 days after launch.
"Characterization of the Earth's upper atmosphere and ionosphere is a critical goal for Department of Defense (DoD) and civilian users," said Andrew Nicholas, the SSULI Principal Investigator at NRL. He discussed the significance of the planned SSULI observations, saying, "The upper atmosphere affects many systems from global to tactical scales. These systems include GPS positioning, HF radio communications, satellite drag and orbit determination, and over-the-horizon radar. Both the neutral atmosphere and the ionosphere are driven by solar and geomagnetic forcing that occur on many timescales ranging from short (minute, hours) to medium (days to months) to long (years). Real-time global observations that yield altitude profiles of the ionosphere and neutral atmosphere, over an extended period of time (DMSP through the year 2016) will fill a critical need."
SSULI measures vertical profiles of the natural airglow radiation from atoms, molecules, and ions in the upper atmosphere and ionosphere from low earth orbit aboard the DMSP satellite. It builds on the successes of the NRL High Resolution Airglow/Aurora Spectroscopy (HIRAAS) experiment recently flown aboard the Space Test Program (STP) Advanced Research and Global Observations Satellite (ARGOS). SSULI makes measurements from the extreme ultraviolet (EUV) to the far ultraviolet (FUV) over the wavelength range of 80 nm to 170 nm with 2.4 nm resolution. SSULI also measures the electron density and neutral density profiles of the emitting atmospheric constituents. SSULI uses a spectrograph with a mirror capable of scanning below the satellite horizon from 10 degrees to 27 degrees every 90 seconds. These observations represent a vertical slice of the Earth's atmosphere from 750 km to 50 km in depth. Use of these data enables the development of new techniques for global ionospheric remote sensing and new models of global electron density variation.
Commenting on the practical application of the instrument, Mr. Ken Weldy, the Program Manager at NRL said, "Since natural atmospheric phenomena can disrupt day-to-day operations in the military use of space, we look forward to providing SSULI operational products to feed into the Global Assimilation of Ionospheric Measurements (GAIM) model. This will provide an important piece of the characterization of the Earth's upper atmosphere and ionosphere."
An extensive data processing suite was developed to support on-orbit observations and flight operations. It includes data reduction software using unique science algorithms developed at NRL, comprehensive data validation techniques, and graphical interfaces for the user community. After launch, the SSULI sensor, software, and derived atmospheric specification will under go an extensive validation. After validation, SSULI products will be distributed by the Air Force Weather Agency to support operational DoD systems.
Additional information about the SSULI instrument and its data processing software is available at http://www.nrl.navy.mil/tira/Projects/ssuli/.
The Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) is a Department of Defense (DoD) program run by the Air Force Space and Missile Systems Center (SMC). The program designs, builds, launches, and maintains several near-polar orbiting, sun synchronous satellites monitoring the meteorological, oceanographic, and solar-terrestrial physics environments. Additional information is available at the DMSP web site (http://dmsp.ngdc.noaa.gov/dmsp.html).
NRL is the Department of the Navy's corporate laboratory. NRL conducts a broad program of scientific research, technology, and advanced development. The Laboratory, with a total complement of approximately 2,500 personnel, is located in southwest Washington, DC, with other major sites at the Stennis Space Center, MS; and Monterey, CA.
Last reviewed: By John M. Grohol, Psy.D. on 21 Feb 2009
Published on PsychCentral.com. All rights reserved. | <urn:uuid:a168bd55-6030-4ce8-bdae-e503fe05ec37> | {
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In neuroanatomy, a sulcus (Latin: "furrow", pl. sulci) is a depression or fissure in the surface of the brain.
It surrounds the gyri, creating the characteristic appearance of the brain in humans and other large mammals.
Large furrows (sulci) that divide the brain into lobes are often called fissures. The large furrow that divides the two hemispheres—the interhemispheric fissure—is very rarely called a "sulcus".
The sulcal pattern varies between human individuals, and the most elaborate overview on this variation is probably an atlas by Ono, Kubick and Abernathey: Atlas of the Cerebral Sulci.
Some of the larger sulci are, however, seen across individuals - and even species - so it is possible to establish a nomenclature.
The variation in the amount of fissures in the brain (gyrification) between species is related to the size of the animal and the size of the brain. Mammals that have smooth-surfaced or nonconvoluted brains are called lissencephalics and those that have folded or convoluted brains gyrencephalics. The division between the two groups occurs when cortical surface area is about 10 cm2 and the brain has a volume of 3–4 cm3. Large rodents such as beavers (Template:Convert/lbTemplate:Convert/test/A) and capybaras (Template:Convert/lbTemplate:Convert/test/A) are gyrencephalic and smaller rodents such as rats and mice lissencephalic.
In humans, cerebral convolutions appear at about 5 months and take at least into the first year after birth to fully develop. It has been found that the width of cortical sulci not only increases with age , but also with cognitive decline in the elderly.
↑ 2.02.1Hofman MA. (1985). Size and shape of the cerebral cortex in mammals. I. The cortical surface. Brain Behav Evol. 27(1):28-40. PMID 3836731
↑ 3.03.1Hofman MA. (1989).On the evolution and geometry of the brain in mammals. Prog Neurobiol.32(2):137-58. PMID 2645619
↑Martin I. Sereno, Roger B. H. Tootell, "From Monkeys to humans: what do we now know about brain homologies," Current Opinion in Neurobiology15:135-144, (2005).
Caviness VS Jr. (1975). Mechanical model of brain convolutional development. Science. 189(4196):18-21. PMID 1135626
Tao Liu, Wei Wen, Wanlin Zhu, Julian Trollor, Simone Reppermund, John Crawford, Jesse S Jin, Suhuai Luo, Henry Brodaty, Perminder Sachdev (2010) The effects of age and sex on cortical sulci in the elderly. Neuroimage 51:1. 19-27 May. PMID 20156569
↑ Tao Liu, Wei Wen, Wanlin Zhu, Nicole A Kochan, Julian N Trollor, Simone Reppermund, Jesse S Jin, Suhuai Luo, Henry Brodaty, Perminder S Sachdev (2011) The relationship between cortical sulcal variability and cognitive performance in the elderly. Neuroimage 56:3. 865-873 Jun. PMID 21397704
↑Gerhardt von Bonin, Percival Bailey, The Neocortex of Macaca Mulatta, The University of Illinois Press, Urbana, Illinois, 1947 | <urn:uuid:90017c93-fbd3-4e3b-bf56-08ddb285416b> | {
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In order for the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) to respond to evolving national and global priorities, it must periodically reflect on, and optimize, its strategic directions. This report is the first comprehensive science strategy since the early 1990s to examine critically major USGS science goals and priorities.
The development of this science strategy comes at a time of global trends and rapidly evolving societal needs that pose important natural-science challenges. The emergence of a global economy affects the demand for all resources. The last decade has witnessed the emergence of a new model for managing Federal lands—ecosystem-based management. The U.S. Climate Change Science Program predicts that the next few decades will see rapid changes in the Nation’s and the Earth’s environment. Finally, the natural environment continues to pose risks to society in the form of volcanoes, earthquakes, wildland fires, floods, droughts, invasive species, variable and changing climate, and natural and anthropogenic toxins, as well as animal-borne diseases that affect humans. The use of, and competition for, natural resources on the global scale, and natural threats to those resources, has the potential to impact the Nation’s ability to sustain its economy, national security, quality of life, and natural environment.
Responding to these national priorities and global trends requires a science strategy that not only builds on existing USGS strengths and partnerships but also demands the innovation made possible by integrating the full breadth and depth of USGS capabilities. The USGS chooses to go forward in the science directions proposed here because the societal issues addressed by these science directions represent major challenges for the Nation’s future and for the stewards of Federal lands, both onshore and offshore.
The six science directions proposed in this science strategy are listed as follows. The ecosystems strategy is listed first because it has a dual nature. It is itself an essential direction for the USGS to pursue to meet a pressing national and global need, but ecosystem-based approaches are also an underpinning of the other five directions, which all require ecosystem perspectives and tools for their execution. The remaining strategic directions are listed in alphabetical order.
Posted April 2007
U.S. Geological Survey, 2007, Facing tomorrow’s challenges—U.S. Geological Survey science in the decade 2007–2017: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1309, x + 70 p. | <urn:uuid:f0fe5daa-0962-4922-a3ec-cfda47462d99> | {
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To start this off, I wound up with The Dangerous Book for Boys which is a lovely compendium of knowledge targeting young boys (there is now a similar book for girls).The page I flipped to was in a section called “7 poems every boy should know”, and the poem I found on that page was Robert Frost’s famous The Road Not Taken.
Two roads diverged in a wood, and I -
I took the one less traveled by,
And that has made all the difference.
Interestingly, as often as the last three lines of this poem are quoted, it is seldom in the intended context. Frost wrote this piece about a friend who was in the army, and was deciding between two roads in the field of battle, fully expecting whichever choice he made would be the wrong one and lead to his demise.
If you think about that, it really changes the entire meaning of those oft spoken words. Today’s connotative meaning is usually the exact opposite of Frost’s intent for the passage. When people use the phrase today, they are talking about how they are “being their own person”. In this case, the “misuse” is probably a good thing. Many an inspiring speech, has been punctuated by these words. Their simple (despite being out of context) message conveying a strong call to independent adventurous action.
But even with its original meaning, the words convey strength and courage. The young trooper could, of course, opted to shrink from the challenge, to cower from the unknown and make no progress at all. However this was not the course or content of our representatives character, nor shall it be ours.
I say embrace the adventure of the unknown, be frontiersmen, even within our your community, be dangerous (whether or not you are a boy!). Whether you take the road less traveled by, or not… strike out… and make your life your own adventure story! | <urn:uuid:8617fb1d-5031-41fd-aece-ca7cbfd0c567> | {
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BOY, born May 1, 2007
This handsome young man, with dark hair and dark eyes, was born with a rare genetic condition called Stickler Syndrome. His medical records also indicate microcephaly, a common symptom of SS.
Individuals with Stickler syndrome experience a range of signs and symptoms. Some people have no signs and symptoms; others have some or all of the features described below. In addition, each feature of this syndrome may vary from subtle to severe.
A characteristic feature of Stickler syndrome is a somewhat flattened facial appearance. This is caused by underdeveloped bones in the middle of the face, including the cheekbones and the bridge of the nose. A particular group of physical features, called the Pierre Robin sequence, is common in children with Stickler syndrome. Robin sequence includes a U-shaped or sometimes V-shaped cleft palate (an opening in the roof of the mouth) with a tongue that is too large for the space formed by the small lower jaw. Children with a cleft palate are also prone to ear infections and occasionally swallowing difficulties.
Many people with Stickler syndrome are very nearsighted (described as having high myopia) because of the shape of the eye. People with eye involvement are prone to increased pressure within the eye (ocular hypertension) which could lead to glaucoma and tearing or detachment of the light-sensitive retina of the eye (retinal detachment). Cataract may also present as an ocular complication associated with Stickler’s Syndrome. The jelly-like substance within the eye (the vitreous humour) has a distinctive appearance in the types of Stickler syndrome associated with the COL2A1 and COL11A1 genes. As a result regular appointments to a specialist ophthalmologist are advised. The type of Stickler syndrome associated with the COL11A2 gene does not affect the eye.
People with this syndrome have problems that affect things other than the eyes and ears. Arthritis, abnormality to ends of long bones, vertebrae abnormality, curvature of the spine, scoliosis, joint pain, and double jointedness are all problems that can occur in the bones and joints. Physical characteristics of people with Stickler can include flat cheeks, flat nasal bridge, small upper jaw, pronounced upper lip groove, small lower jaw, and palate abnormalities, these tend to lessen with age and normal growth and palate abnormalities can be treated with routine surgery.
Another sign of Stickler syndrome is mild to severe hearing loss that, for some people, may be progressive (see hearing loss with craniofacial syndromes). The joints of affected children and young adults may be very flexible (hypermobile). Arthritis often appears at an early age and worsens as a person gets older. Learning difficulties, not intelligence, can also occur because of hearing and sight impairments if the school is not informed and the student is not assisted within the learning environment.
Stickler syndrome is thought to be associated with an increased incidence of mitral valve prolapse of the heart, although no definitive research supports this. | <urn:uuid:e4e95fd2-b35e-48c5-b1cf-c76840c8f60c> | {
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Maria Teresa Tula
Photo by Eddie Adams
"We held a press conference telling the public about the work .… As a result, a death threat appeared in the newspaper threatening all members of Co-Madres that if people did not obey they would be disappeared or decapitated one by one."
Maria Teresa Tula is a leader of the Co-Madres (Mothers of the Disappeared) of El Salvador, a group of impoverished, mostly illiterate women whose husbands or children were kidnapped or killed by death squads and government security forces during El Salvador’s bloody civil war. The 1980s conflict pitted leftist organizations and campesino farmer-based guerrillas against an entrenched alliance of landowners and the military, with each side aided by different Cold War backers. In 1992, when a peace accord was signed by the government and the Farabundo Martí Liberation Front, the reign of terror that had ruled El Salvador for over a decade finally ended.
After Tula was threatened, abducted, and tortured, she returned to Co-Madres to continue her work for justice and for women’s empowerment. A self-described feminist, Tula escaped to the United States, crossing the border as an illegal alien. She spent the next several years running the Co-Madres office in Washington, D.C., and fighting deportation for herself and all Salvadorans. She now lives in the U.S., fulfilling her dream of providing her children with a safe environment and a good education.
I was born on April 23, 1951, in the village of Izalco, in the Department of Sonsonate in El Salvador. My father was a bus dispatcher and my mother worked in a factory in Santa Ana nearby. I had eight brothers and sisters. Like most people in the village, we were poor. I received only a first-grade education. After that I began helping my mother in the house until the day I was married. My husband, José Rafael Canales Guevarra, was killed by the Salvadoran military in June 1980. We had five children together. I also have a sixth child, Oscar Feliciano Tula, born on July 5, 1986, while I was being held in prison without charges.
Until 1978 I was never involved in politics in any way. My husband was working in the Central Azucarrero de Izalco (Izalco Sugar Company), owned by one of the richest families in El Salvador—and I was taking care of our children and taking in washing and ironing. Conditions at the company were very bad. There was no job safety, wages were low, and there were no health benefits. The seventeen hundred workers decided to go on strike and refused to leave the plantation. Some stayed inside the processing plant. Others guarded the gates of the hacienda to make sure no trucks could get in.
My husband was very active in the strike. On the second day I went to bring him medicine and food at 10:00 a.m., just as the security forces arrived and arrested everyone. Many ran into the sugar cane fields to escape. The police beat those who were caught, tied their hands behind their backs and told them to lie face down. All of us family members were there watching and waiting to see what they were going to do with our husbands and sons. They separated twenty-two people and let the rest go. My husband was one of those they kept. He was taken to the National Guard headquarters in San Salvador and held incommunicado for three days. On the fourth day, a military tribunal sentenced him to six months in prison. The only witnesses were Guard members. At first they wouldn’t even tell me where he was, but I finally found out and visited him in Santa Tecla Prison. He told me how he had been tortured—beaten in the testicles, then hung from the ceiling and beaten all over, a torture described as "the airplane."
Then I started working with the Co-Madres—an organization of women formed in 1977 to fight for the release of husbands and other family members jailed or disappeared or assassinated and to demand that the government respect human rights. In June 1978, my husband was released from prison. We decided to move to Santa Ana, since it would have been dangerous for us to remain in Izalco. Once a person has been in prison they are in even greater danger of being assassinated or disappeared by the security forces or death squads.
In Santa Ana my husband got work as a bricklayer. He was not involved in politics. He worked and spent time at home with our children. I kept doing my work washing and ironing clothes, and kept working with Co-Madres, pressuring the government to respect human rights. During this time there were continual assassinations and disappearances. On the highway from Santa Ana to San Salvador you could see fifteen corpses in different places on any given day: students, workers, peasants, old people, women.
The Co-Madres would call press conferences when people were disappeared, or place ads in the newspaper announcing that someone was being charged and tried. I worked mostly with governmental organizations, international officials, and institutions and churches. I also distributed food to people who visited the office, visited political prisoners in jail and brought them supplies, and solicited food and other donations from international and domestic organizations.
Like other independent human rights organizations, we came under attack from the right wing. In October 1979 I was in San Salvador with a group when we learned that the body of one of these mothers’ sons had been found on the streets; he had been disappeared. It was 7 p.m. and we were returning with the body in a minibus, when we were stopped by the police. They accused us of carrying arms and made all ten of us, including a child, lie face down with our arms stretched above our heads. The six policemen walked in single file around us, beating us on our backs with rifle butts and stepping on us. We were lying about three hours, while more police arrived, including a commander. Meanwhile it kept getting closer to the curfew time—midnight—when everyone had to be off the street. If anyone was on the street after midnight they could be machinegunned. So they were detained until then—many people died this way.
Around 11:40 p.m. they started to let us go. Six women were released, but four of us—including me—they kept. They asked us questions—where were we from, our names, the names of our parents, what were we doing. Meanwhile, they kept on saying we were carrying arms, a complete lie, and joking that the boy whose corpse we were carrying had died of mosquito bites. Finally, at ten minutes to twelve, they told us to put our hands behind our head and start walking. Then they told us to stop, turn around with closed eyes, and then keep walking, then stop again, and turn around. They kept doing this until at one moment we all felt rifles against our stomachs. They asked us if we wanted to die. We were silent. I felt complete terror and thought they were surely going to kill me. Finally, they told us we could leave. It was two minutes to twelve, which meant we had only two minutes to get off the street. They brought back the chauffeur, who had been taken a short distance away; he had been badly beaten. We all got into the bus with the corpse. Fortunately there was a funeral home nearby and we arrived there before the curfew began. This was my first personal experience of torture and the kind of tactics used by the security forces. I had heard many stories but this was the first time I had experienced it myself.
In 1980 I moved with my family to Sonsonate, where my husband had gotten a job building big houses. Barely a month later he was assassinated. On June 19 four men in civilian clothes, heavily armed, came to our house. They asked for my husband and said they were taking him to the municipal police station because he had been witness to a robbery. When he didn’t return I inquired at the police station, but he wasn’t registered there. The following day the newspaper had a picture of him saying he was a guerrilla who died in a confrontation with the armed forces in a clandestine house full of arms. This was a complete lie since he hadn’t been involved with anything since the strike. When I went to get my husband’s body, the judge who had identified it told me that it was the armed forces who had killed my husband, that his hands and feet had been bound and there was a bullet hole through his head. At the cemetery in Sonsonate, I saw his tied hands and feet and the bullet hole through his head.
My neighbors warned me that my house was "militarizado," with soldiers surrounding it and going through all our things. Once they kill one member of a family, they often kill others. So I never went back. Instead I went to San Salvador. I was pregnant at the time with my fifth child.
I continued to be very active with Co-Madres, which was under intense pressure from the right-wing death squads and security forces. In 1980 the Co-Madres office, which we shared with the nongovernmental Human Rights Commission (CDH), was bombed twice. The first bombing took place on March 13, 1980. Afterward the National Guard came, supposedly to investigate, but did nothing. The second bombing occurred in September 1980, and several unknown decapitated bodies were left at the front of the office, as a further warning of what would happen to us. Several members of the Human Rights Commission were also assassinated during this period.
In the beginning of 1982, Archbishop Rivera y Damas recognized the work that we at Co-Madres were doing and he gave us office space along with the Human Rights Commission, Socorro Juridico, and Tutela Legal—the Archdiocese’s own human rights and legal offices. To announce our move, we held a press conference, telling the public about the work we were doing and where they should come for help. As a result, a death threat from the death squad leader Maximiliano Hernandez appeared in the newspaper threatening all members of Co-Madres that if people did not obey they would be disappeared or decapitated one by one.
Fifteen days after this, a member of Co-Madres, Ophelia, was captured by members of the security forces dressed as civilians, and then taken to the National Police Station. We started paid advertising to get her released and to force a tribunal to investigate why she had been captured. The police confirmed that she was being held, "for investigation." We later learned that during those days she had been tortured and raped, and eighteen days after she had been captured, she was dumped near the Santa Ana–San Salvador Highway, about fifty kilometers outside of San Salvador, early in the morning. Some workers called us to say a woman had been found. Her hands were still tied behind her and her mouth was gagged. She was so disfigured that we didn’t even recognize her. Her whole face was inflamed; she couldn’t talk because her teeth had been broken inside her mouth, and she had cigarette burns on her arms and body.
When we asked her who she was, and she managed to say "Ophelia," we couldn’t believe it. We took her to a doctor, and after she had recovered she testified about what had happened to her. She said there were photos of all of us at the National Police Station, but they were asking her about a few people in particular. I was one of the people they were asking about.
It was shortly after this that men dressed as civilians started coming to my house, asking questions. Others were constantly watching the house and whenever I left they would come and talk to the children. The children were nervous about what would happen to me. Around this time in the street the army and the security forces were also stepping up their street searches. They would make people get off buses and show their registration and they would physically search you and everything you were carrying, including diapers.
The terrorization of Co-Madres continued. In 1982, Elena Gonzalez was shot and killed by death squads in her home in Cuzcatancingo. Three Co-Madres mothers, Haydee Moran, Blanca Alvarado, and Carmen Sorto Ruano and her nineteen-year-old daughter, were taken one by one by National Police to the famous body dump, "Puerta del Diablo," where they laid their heads on a stone and told them their heads would be cut off with a machete if they didn’t talk about Co-Madres. Haydee and Blanca were released; Carmen and her daughter were imprisoned until 1983.
It was clear to me that my life was in danger. I decided to flee El Salvador for Mexico. I left on August 4, 1982, taking four of my children, and leaving the eldest in San Salvador with my mother. I stayed in Mexico until 1984, and worked there with the Co-Madres office. Then my visa expired so I was afraid of being deported back. The United Nations Committee on Refugees recognized me as a refugee and they gave me papers to apply for political asylum in Mexico, and though I had a number of interviews I never received any response. This made me even more nervous since I knew other Salvadorans whose applications were granted; I might be on some kind of blacklist.
In 1984, after the Co-Madres received the Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award I decided to return to El Salvador as I believed that with international attention and recognition for our work, I would now be safer. Also, Napoleon Duarte had recently been elected president after a campaign in which he promised to respect human rights and initiate investigations into disappearances and assassinations. But when the four of us applied for our visas to travel to the United States for the RFK award, they were denied. An article appeared in La Prensa Grafica quoting a U.S. State Department declaration saying they were denied since we had Communist connections. To have our names printed in the newspaper linked to Communists was very dangerous. It was like giving permission for the death squads to come in and assassinate us.
A few days after, the U.S. Embassy told the public, the Kennedy Memorial, and a human rights delegation that the visas were denied because we were dangerous and terrorists and we had direct connections to guerrillas. We asked for an audience with the ambassador so he could provide proof, but he wouldn’t see us. A visiting U.S. delegation also asked for proof, but nothing was forthcoming. From that moment we noticed an increase in surveillance, but luckily, around this same time, three of the four of us were invited for a European tour. We left on January 20, 1985, and spent three months touring Spain, Holland, Switzerland, England, Greece, West Germany, France, Italy, Norway, and Sweden. We met with Mrs. Mitterand, Mrs. Papandreou, and other prominent women; also with Willy Brandt in West Germany and with United Nations representatives in Geneva. We hoped this kind of international exposure would give us more protection, and on our return on April 20, 1985, we were accompanied by European parliamentarians.
Meanwhile, the assassinated body of a Co-Madres member, Isabel, who had disappeared some eleven months earlier, was found in her home. Only a few months later, Maria Ester Grande was detained by the Treasury Police and threatened; they picked up her son and tortured and interrogated him for fifteen days to get information about his mother and where she lived. (During this time, those of us who were active in Co-Madres never lived in one place. We moved around for fear of being picked up by the death squads or security forces). Finally, he told them and the Treasury Police went and picked her up; then they returned four times to her house, treated her children brutally and threatened to kill their mother and brother if they didn’t tell where arms were hidden. They never found any arms. But they presented her with her son tied up and beaten, and said if she wanted her son to live she would have to go back to Co-Madres and get the names of all who worked there and their addresses. Then she was dropped off at our office. Instead of cooperating with them, she told us what happened. We immediately went to the Red Cross and finally her son was transferred to Mariona Prison until 1987.
Shortly after this, there was a break-in of the Co-Madres office and everything was taken—documents, testimony, tapes, photos, and money. As a result they had those lists of everyone involved with Co-Madres. From this point on, there was constant surveillance and repression. In November 1985, Joaquin Antonio Caceres, of the Human Rights Commission, with whom we worked closely, was captured and held for forty-five days and later brought to prison and accused of being a guerrilla. Around the same time, Co-Madres was awarded the Bruno Krisky Human Rights Award. I traveled to Austria to receive it, visiting other European countries as well. I was away until March, and when I returned, all my movements were monitored by the police. I lived in constant fear.
On May 6, 1986, I was grabbed suddenly by a man at a bus stop, a pistol was pressed in my side and I was told to walk and not make any noise. Then I was pushed into a white car that was waiting with its doors open. They forced me to lie on the floor with my head down, so that I couldn’t see outside, and then the car drove around in circles so I wouldn’t know where I was being taken. Finally I was taken to a house with the three men who captured me. They blindfolded me and put me in a chair with my hands tied behind my back, and they started interrogating me about who I was, what was I doing in the neighborhood, and whether I knew people from Co-Madres. I was held for three days, during which time I was beaten and raped by the three men, all while blindfolded. I was seven months pregnant at the time. There was no way for me to know if it was day or night. They gave me no food and only a little water. Later they started carving my belly with a knife. They didn’t make deep wounds but scrapes which left blood. They questioned me about Co-Madres and when I continued to tell them I knew nothing, they told me I would die. Then they left me for the night, blindfolded, with my hands tied to the chair.
The next day they asked me the same questions and again wounded me with the sharp object, but this time the wounds were deeper—I still have scars. Finally, they blindfolded me again, put me in a car, and told me not to look where we were going or they would shoot me in the head. Then they dropped me in the Cucatlan Park. It was nine in the morning. I was bleeding, disoriented, and my clothes were torn since they had sliced them with the sharp, pointed object. I was holding my wound to stop the bleeding. I had no money; they had taken everything from me. I asked a woman at a bus stop to help me, telling her that I had been robbed. She gave me some money. I didn’t know if I should go first to the hospital, my home, or the office. I decided the office and told them everything that had happened. Several days later we published a "denuncia" (an accusation).
The security forces’ arrests of people connected with human rights organizations intensified. And on Friday, May 26, I was arrested again. They were dressed as civilians, heavily armed, but I later learned that they were members of the Treasury Police. I was tortured for four days, beaten all over, on my head, my back. At one point a towel was put over my head and one of my torturers sat on my head and neck. Ten days later I was visited by the International Red Cross and the Human Rights Commission who told me that I was accused of being a terrorist. Though I was never tried or sentenced, I was held in Ilopango Women’s Prison until late 1986. I was able to find homes for four of my children. But my six-year-old daughter stayed with me in prison, along with my son, who was born there.
On September 22, I was ordered released by President Duarte, in a public ceremony. At that ceremony I pointed to a man there who had been one of my torturers. Following my release I was terrified to go to the Co-Madres office, I was scared at bus stops, and if any vehicle stopped, I was afraid someone would jump out and grab me. I was frightened that I would be machine-gunned on the street. My house continued under surveillance and attacks against the Human Rights Commission also continued. I knew that there was no way I could remain in El Salvador. I began planning my escape.
I learned that I was being invited to the United States in January to talk to members of Congress and other groups: this would be a good opportunity to find temporary safety. I was no longer safe in El Salvador or Mexico, which was no longer accepting Salvadorans for asylum. I was forced to leave three of my children in Mexico, living with different families. My two youngest children came with me.
There is another story to tell about my efforts to get asylum in the United States in the 1980s, when many in the U.S. government were supporting the regime in power, but that is for another time. I rejoice that peace has come to my country at last and that the human rights we fought for during those dark years now seem within our reach, not just in our dreams.
Speak Truth To Power (Umbrage, 2000) | <urn:uuid:6fe3d6b2-7f16-4daf-b407-68abeab7ad01> | {
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Before the glory that was Greece and Rome, even before the first cities of Mesopotamia or temples along the Nile, there lived in the Lower Danube Valley and the Balkan and Carpathian foothills people who were ahead of their time in art, technology and long-distance trade.
http://www.tkinter.smig.net/News/images/NYT2009-11-30a.jpg Rumyana Kostadinova Ivanova and Marius Amarie
Harsova, (Gumelnita Culture) The Chalcolitic Village- 6,000 yers old whistle in working condition at:
Spondylus artifacts in the Carpathian land at:
The Institute for the Study of the Ancient World will present a series of public programs, accompanying The Lost World of Old Europe exhibition with the goal of furthering the understanding and appreciation of Romanian, Bulgarian and Moldovan culture. Public programs will include a Romanian Film Series, music nights, a scholarly lecture series, which will further elucidate topics explored in the exhibition and public tours.
For 1,500 years, starting earlier than 5000 B.C., they farmed and built sizable towns, a few with as many as 2,000 dwellings. They mastered large-scale copper smelting, the new technology of the age. Their graves held an impressive array of exquisite headdresses and necklaces and, in one cemetery, the earliest major assemblage of gold artifacts to be found anywhere in the world.
The striking designs of their pottery speak of the refinement of the culture’s visual language. Until recent discoveries, the most intriguing artifacts were the ubiquitous terracotta “goddess” figurines, originally interpreted as evidence of the spiritual and political power of women in society. New research, archaeologists and historians say, has broadened understanding of this long overlooked culture, which seemed to have approached the threshold of “civilization” status. Writing had yet to be invented, and so no one knows what the people called themselves. To some scholars, the people and the region are simply Old Europe. The little-known culture is being rescued from obscurity in an exhibition, “The Lost World of Old Europe: the Danube Valley, 5000-3500 B.C.,” which opened last month at the Institute for the Study of the Ancient World at New York University. More than 250 artifacts from museums in Bulgaria, Moldova and Romania are on display for the first time in the United States. The show will run through April 25.
At its peak, around 4500 B.C., said David W. Anthony, the exhibition’s guest curator, “Old Europe was among the most sophisticated and technologically advanced places in the world” and was developing “many of the political, technological and ideological signs of civilization.” Dr. Anthony is a professor of anthropology at Hartwick College in Oneonta, N.Y., and author of “The Horse, the Wheel, and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World.” Historians suggest that the arrival in southeastern Europe of people from the steppes may have contributed to the collapse of the Old Europe culture by 3500 B.C. At the exhibition preview, Roger S. Bagnall, director of the institute, confessed that until now “a great many archaeologists had not heard of these Old Europe cultures.” Admiring the colorful ceramics, Dr. Bagnall, a specialist in Egyptian archaeology, remarked that at the time “Egyptians were certainly not making pottery like this.”
A show catalog, published by Princeton University Press, is the first compendium in English of research on Old Europe discoveries. The book, edited by Dr. Anthony, with Jennifer Y. Chi, the institute’s associate director for exhibitions, includes essays by experts from Britain, France, Germany, the United States and the countries where the culture existed. Dr. Chi said the exhibition reflected the institute’s interest in studying the relationships of well-known cultures and the “underappreciated ones.”
Although excavations over the last century uncovered traces of ancient settlements and the goddess figurines, it was not until local archaeologists in 1972 discovered a large fifth-millennium B.C. cemetery at Varna, Bulgaria, that they began to suspect these were not poor people living in unstructured egalitarian societies. Even then, confined in cold war isolation behind the Iron Curtain, Bulgarians and Romanians were unable to spread their knowledge to the West. The story now emerging is of pioneer farmers after about 6200 B.C. moving north into Old Europe from Greece and Macedonia, bringing wheat and barley seeds and domesticated cattle and sheep. They established colonies along the Black Sea and in the river plains and hills, and these evolved into related but somewhat distinct cultures, archaeologists have learned. The settlements maintained close contact through networks of trade in copper and gold and also shared patterns of ceramics.
The Spondylus shell from the Aegean Sea was a special item of trade. Perhaps the shells, used in pendants and bracelets, were symbols of their Aegean ancestors. Other scholars view such long-distance acquisitions as being motivated in part by ideology in which goods are not commodities in the modern sense but rather “valuables,” symbols of status and recognition. Noting the diffusion of these shells at this time, Michel Louis Seferiades, an anthropologist at the National Center for Scientific Research in France, suspects “the objects were part of a halo of mysteries, an ensemble of beliefs and myths.”
Page 2 of 2)
In any event, Dr. Seferiades wrote in the exhibition catalog that the prevalence of the shells suggested the culture had links to “a network of access routes and a social framework of elaborate exchange systems — including bartering, gift exchange and reciprocity.”
At first, the absence of elite architecture led scholars to assume that Old Europe had little or no hierarchical power structure. This was dispelled by the graves in the Varna cemetery. For two decades after 1972, archaeologists found 310 graves dated to about 4500 B.C. Dr. Anthony said this was “the best evidence for the existence of a clearly distinct upper social and political rank.”
Vladimir Slavchev, a curator at the Varna Regional Museum of History, said the “richness and variety of the Varna grave gifts was a surprise,” even to the Bulgarian archaeologist Ivan Ivanov, who directed the discoveries. “Varna is the oldest cemetery yet found where humans were buried with golden ornaments,” Dr. Slavchev said. More than 3,000 pieces of gold were found in 62 of the graves, along with copper weapons and tools, and ornaments, necklaces and bracelets of the prized Aegean shells. “The concentration of imported prestige objects in a distinct minority of graves suggest that institutionalized higher ranks did exist,” exhibition curators noted in a text panel accompanying the Varna gold.
Yet it is puzzling that the elite seemed not to indulge in private lives of excess. “The people who donned gold costumes for public events while they were alive,” Dr. Anthony wrote, “went home to fairly ordinary houses.”
Copper, not gold, may have been the main source of Old Europe’s economic success, Dr. Anthony said. As copper smelting developed about 5400 B.C., the Old Europe cultures tapped abundant ores in Bulgaria and what is now Serbia and learned the high-heat technique of extracting pure metallic copper.Smelted copper, cast as axes, hammered into knife blades and coiled in bracelets, became valuable exports. Old Europe copper pieces have been found in graves along the Volga River, 1,200 miles east of Bulgaria. Archaeologists have recovered more than five tons of pieces from Old Europe sites.
An entire gallery is devoted to the figurines, the more familiar and provocative of the culture’s treasures. They have been found in virtually every Old Europe culture and in several contexts: in graves, house shrines and other possibly “religious spaces.”
One of the best known is the fired clay figure of a seated man, his shoulders bent and hands to his face in apparent contemplation. Called the “Thinker,” the piece and a comparable female figurine were found in a cemetery of the Hamangia culture, in Romania. Were they thinking, or mourning? Many of the figurines represent women in stylized abstraction, with truncated or elongated bodies and heaping breasts and expansive hips. The explicit sexuality of these figurines invites interpretations relating to earthly and human fertility. An arresting set of 21 small female figurines, seated in a circle, was found at a pre-Cucuteni village site in northeastern Romania. “It is not difficult to imagine,” said Douglass W. Bailey of San Francisco State University, the Old Europe people “arranging sets of seated figurines into one or several groups of miniature activities, perhaps with the smaller figurines at the feet or even on the laps of the larger, seated ones.”
Others imagined the figurines as the “Council of Goddesses.” In her influential books three decades ago, Marija Gimbutas, an anthropologist at the University of California, Los Angeles, offered these and other so-called Venus figurines as representatives of divinities in cults to a Mother Goddess that reigned in prehistoric Europe. Although the late Dr. Gimbutas still has an ardent following, many scholars hew to more conservative, nondivine explanations. The power of the objects, Dr. Bailey said, was not in any specific reference to the divine, but in “a shared understanding of group identity.”
As Dr. Bailey wrote in the exhibition catalog, the figurines should perhaps be defined only in terms of their actual appearance: miniature, representational depictions of the human form. He thus “assumed (as is justified by our knowledge of human evolution) that the ability to make, use and understand symbolic objects such as figurines is an ability that is shared by all modern humans and thus is a capability that connects you, me, Neolithic men, women and children, and the Paleolithic painters in caves.” Or else the “Thinker,” for instance, is the image of you, me, the archaeologists and historians confronted and perplexed by a “lost” culture in southeastern Europe that had quite a go with life back before a single word was written or a wheel turned.
Before the establishment of the first cities in Mesopotamia ca. 4500 BC, highly sophisticated societies with advanced technology and complex systems of symbolic representation had emerged in the southeastern part of Europe.
The Neolithic people of the Balkans were the first in Europe to adopt of a new type of economy, based on agriculture and animal breeding. This happened in the 7th millennium BC and marked a radical shift in the way humans interacted with their environment. After a million of years of nomadic life – during which little had changed – people settled in permanent habitations and started developing new skills and modes of social interaction.
Houses became foci of settled life and people started exploring previously unaddressed material and spiritual needs. They replaced their flimsy basket containers with sturdy vases made of clay. They understood the properties of metals creating new, more effective types of tools. They expressed their beliefs through the manufacture of figurines and the elaboration of funerary rituals. And they developed a complex system of exchanges between different communities.
By the 5th millennium BC, the thriving cultures of the Balkans were among the most advanced in the Old World – featuring densely populated settlements, a sophisticated system of social hierarchy, highly symbolic cult rituals, complex long-distance exchange networks, and an amazing copper- and gold-working industry.
By the mid-4th millennium, however, this brilliant world came to an abrupt end. The reasons are not clear: Invasions? Climatic changes? Overexploitation of natural resources?
International Tour of the exhibit:
The Ashmolean Museum of Art and Archaeology
Oxford University, England
May 20 - August 15, 2010
Museum of Cycladic Art
September 30, 2010 - January 11, 2011
(dates to be confirmed)
Please note, the dates are subject to change without notice. For more information on the venues please click on the link and you will be navigated to the exhibiting museum's website.In the media:
"Dr. Jennifer Chi," television broadcast: Sunday Arts, WNET, January 27, 2010.
"The Lost World of Old Europe," radio broadcast: The Leonard Lopate Show, WNYC, January 14, 2010. mp3 and slideshow of objects from the exhibition.
"Ancient Artifacts," television broadcast: Eye on New York, WCBS, 6 December, 2009.
Andrew Moseman, “Advanced, Overlooked Ancient European Culture Arrives in America,” 80beats | Discover Magazine, December 1, 2009.
John Noble Wilford, “A Lost European Culture, Pulled from Obscurity” The New York Times, November 30, 2009.
Michael Balter, “The Lost World of Old Europe: See It in New York” Origins: A History of Beginnings (ScienceMag.org), November 25, 2009.
Christine Lin, “Lost Artifacts of Old Europe Arrive in New York.” Epoch Times, November 13, 2009. | <urn:uuid:0e9ccb3c-b60b-45ab-96e3-b59fd2396eaa> | {
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But for the parents of that teenager, even the most trusting among them, anxiety is often the emotion that clouds all others.
Warnings are plastered in plain view from fliers on school bulletin boards to public service announcements on TV urging new drivers to make the best decisions regarding their safety on the road.
Parents and members of the Rome and Floyd County community are encouraged to attend a free presentation on safe teen driving at Darlington School on Jan. 22.
Lauren Winborne, founder of the nonprofit organization SteerSmart, will speak to students in grades 8-12 about the topic of teen driving at 2 p.m. in the Huffman Athletic Center.
“Because teen driving fatalities are usually caused by inexperience and unsafe driving habits, SteerSmart seeks to educate parents as well as teens. We hope those parents who are able to will join us for this presentation,” said Jill Pate, director of personal counseling. “Car crashes are the number one cause of fatality among teenage drivers, and this program walks through and dissects the anatomy of specific crashes that resulted in fatalities or severely injured youth.”
Pate said the program will depict examples of severe crashes that happened as a result of speeding, texting, driving with too many passengers, alcohol and drugs, driving without wearing seatbelts, intersection awareness, over correcting, weather related problems and more. The program will offer safe driving tips and solutions for teens who are ready to take on the road.
Winborne, a mother of six, founded SteerSmart to encourage schools, associations and communities to help prevent wrecks that take lives and leave survivors impaired for life. The programs she developed arose out of research and interviews with parents who had lost their children to wrecks.
According to the organization’s website, presentations focus on decisions and consequences of decisions made by young drivers.
Whether a youth is a driver or a passenger, he or she will learn that there are ramifications for every decision made behind the wheel. Students learn from their peers in the program who have been killed by making just one fatal decision. They also learn from victims who survived crashes but are wheelchair bound because of decisions made just before their crashes.
“The program emphasizes that all students start their day virtually in the same way,” Winborne said. “No one begins their day by thinking, ‘I could die this afternoon.’ The myth that all kids who get killed or injured in these crashes are wasted kids at 1 a.m. is also dispelled.
“The program shows victims from all walks of life, types of towns, socioeconomic statuses, public and private schools as well as married, divorced and troubled homes,” she continued. “We talk about athletes, musicians, artists, actors and scholars, encompassing the eclectic background of those affected by crashes. Car crashes do not discriminate.”
The SteerSmart program has been delivered in all types of venues to all kinds of audiences. For more information about the program, visit www.steersmart.org. For information about the driving expo, contact Tannika Wester at [email protected]. | <urn:uuid:9bd14ca4-50d9-47c4-81a6-0195e2c9c735> | {
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How the Short-Sword was the easier known when sought for by reason of the notch in the blade.
THORSTEIN Dromund was a mighty man, and of the greatest account; and now he heard that Thorbiorn Angle had got him gone from the land out to Micklegarth; speedy were his doings thereon, he gave over his lands into his kinsmen's hands, and betook himself to journeying and
to search for Angle; and ever he followed after whereas Angle had gone afore, nor was Angle ware of his goings.
So Thorstein Dromund came out to Micklegarth a little after Angle, and was fain above all things. to slay him, but neither knew the other. Now had they will to be taken into the company of the Varangians, and the matter went well as soon as the Varangians knew that they were Northmen; and in those days was Michael Katalak king over Micklegarth.
Thorstein Dromund watched for Angle, if in some wise be might know him, but won not the game because of the many people there; and ever would he lie awake, ill content with his lot, and thinking how great was his loss.
Now hereupon it befell that the Varangians were to go on certain warfare, and free the land from harrying; and their manner and law it was before they went from home to hold a weapon-show, and so it was now done; and when the weapon-show was established, then were all Varangians to come there, and those withal who were minded to fall into their company, and they were to show forth their weapons.
Thither came both Thorstein and Angle; but Thorbiorn Angle showed forth his weapons first; and he had the shorts-word, Grettir's-loom; but when he showed it many praised it and said that it was an exceeding good weapon, but that it was a great blemish, that notch in the edge thereof; and asked him withal what had brought that to pass.
Angle said it was a thing worthy to be told of, "For this is the next thing to be said," says he, "that out in Iceland I slew that champion who was called Grettir the Strong, and who was the greatest warrior and the stoutest-hearted of all men of that land, for him could no man vanquish till I came forth for that end; and whereas I had the good hap to win him, I took his life; though indeed he had my strength
many times over; then I drave this short-sword into his head, and thereby was a shard broken from out its edge."
So those who stood nigh said, that he must have been hard of head then, and each showed the short-sword to the other; but hereby Thorstein deemed he knew now who this man was, and he prayed withal to see the short-sword even as the others; then Angle gave it up with good will, for all were praising his bravery and that daring onset, and even in such wise did he think this one would do; and in no Wise did he misdoubt him that Thorstein was there, or that the man was akin to Grettir.
Then Dromund took the short-sword, and raised it aloft, and hewed at Angle and smote him on the head, and so great was the stroke that it stayed but at the jaw-teeth, and Thorbiorn Angle fell to earth dead and dishonoured.
Thereat all men became hushed; but the Chancellor of the town seized Thorstein straightway, and asked for what cause he did such an ill-deed there at the hallowed Thing.
Thorstein said that he was the brother of Grettir the Strong, and that withal he had never been able to bring vengeance to pass till then; so thereupon many put in their word, and said that the strong man must needs have been of great might and nobleness, in that Thorstein had fared so far forth into the world to avenge him: the rulers of the city deemed that like enough; but whereas there was none there to bear witness in aught to Thorstein's word, that law of theirs prevailed, that whosoever slew a man should lose nought but his life.
So then speedy doom and hard enow did Thorstein get; for in a dark chamber of a dungeon should he be cast and there abide his death, if none redeemed him therefrom with money. But when Thorstein came into the dungeon, there was a man there already, who had come to death's door from
misery; and both foul and cold was that abode; Thorstein spake to that man and said,
"How deemest thou of thy life?"
He answered, "As of a right evil life, for of nought can I be holpen, nor have I kinsmen to redeem me."
Thorstein said, "Nought is of less avail in such matters than lack of good rede; let us be merry then, and do somewhat that will be glee and game to us."
The man said that he might have no glee of aught.
"Nay, then, but let us try it," said Thorstein. And therewithal he fell to singing; and he was a man of such goodly voice that scarcely might his like be found therefor, nor did he now spare himself.
Now the highway was but a little way from the dungeon, and Thorstein sang so loud and clear that the walls resounded therewith, and great game this seemed to him who had been half-dead erst; and in such wise did Thorstein keep it going till the evening. | <urn:uuid:4ce8520e-5ac4-4cd0-bb4a-40d257ec922c> | {
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ideo Byte: Jacana
Class: Aves (Birds)
Length: males—6 to 15 inches (15 to 39 centimeters); females—6 to 23 inches (15 to 58 centimeters)
Weight: males—1.4 to 4.8 ounces (41 to 137 grams); females—1.4 to 9 ounces (41 to 261 grams)
Life span: unknown
Number of eggs laid: 4 eggs
Incubation: 20 to 26 days
Age of maturity: 1 year
Status in the wild: Stable
When spread out, a jacana’s
toes and claws can cover an area up to 5 by 8 inches
(12 by 20 centimeters).
• Pheasant-tailed and northern jacana males will pick up the empty shell of their newly hatched chick and fly several yards (meters) away before dropping it. This may keep predators away from the nest.
• Female jacanas can be almost twice as big as the males.
Jacanas are colorful birds with long legs and incredibly long toes and claws. The super-long toes spread the bird’s weight over a large area. This allows them to walk across floating vegetation, especially lily pads. Jacanas often appear to be walking on the water itself! They are also very good swimmers and divers, and they can swim through open water from one area of vegetation to another while searching for food or to avoid danger.
At home on the pad
Lily pads and other floating vegetation in swamps and marshes are home to jacanas. They live out much of their lives on these floating islands, foraging for fish and insects to eat and building their nests. Jacanas are carnivores that use their bills to turn over lily pads or other aquatic vegetation. They can also grasp the edges of these plants with their toes to partially turn them over in search of food. These waterbirds often send out noisy alarms when they think predators are near.
If threatened, young chicks, as well as adults, stay underwater for long periods of time with only the tips of their bills above water. They can also swim underwater to avoid predators. It is not known what types of animals prey on jacanas, as predation has not actually been observed. Researchers believe that jacana predators may be other birds, as well as fish or other aquatic life. Jacanas are weak fliers and usually only fly for short distances. Some species, such as the African jacana Actophilornis africanus, molt all of their wing feathers at the same time and are unable to fly until their new feathers grow in.
Some jacana species, such as the northern jacana Jacana spinosa and the wattled jacana Jacana jacana, have chestnut- to cinnamon-colored bodies, with yellow to greenish yellow flight feathers, dark brown to black neck and head, and a yellow bill. The African jacana also has a chestnut body, but its neck and head are white in front and black in back, with a golden yellow breast. The Madagascar jacana Actophilornis albinucha has the same colors as the African jacana, but with the neck and head colors exactly reversed. There is even a pheasant-tailed jacana Hydrophasianus chirurgus with (what else!) a long tail like a pheasant. Most jacana species also have what is called a frontal shield, which is a bare, fleshy area that extends from the bill to as far as the top of the head. Most of these shields are red, but the African and Madagascar jacanas have a bright blue shield. It is thought that the blue color reflects light, or that it allows the bird to blend in with the water, allowing it to escape being seen by predators.
Jacana eggs are true works of art. They are a deep tan color, with very dark markings that look like dribbled lines of paint, crisscrossing the entire egg in an abstract design that is different on each egg. The eggs are very glossy and shiny and look as though they have been highly polished. This “wet” appearance is nature’s camouflage, helping the eggs resemble the glossy surface of surrounding vegetation.
Male jacanas do most of the nest building. After the female has laid a clutch of four eggs, the male takes over the parenting responsibilities. He incubates the eggs and protects them from danger. Jacana nests are built on mostly submerged plants. If the nest starts to sink, or the eggs are otherwise endangered, the male may pick them up and carry them under his wings to a new site. Meanwhile, the female has left the male to find more males to breed with. She does not participate in raising chicks. If, however, the eggs or chicks are lost, she will return to breed and produce a replacement clutch with the first male. Only one species, the lesser jacana Microparra capensis, is known to be monogamous.
Jacana chicks are precocial, so the male quickly teaches them how to forage for the insects, snails, worms, small crabs, fish, mollusks, and seeds that make up their diet. Jacana species at the San Diego Zoo Safari Park are fed mealworm larvae, crickets, a special zoo carnivore food, and commercial flamingo food. Chicks stay with the male for their first 40 to 70 days. The father will even carry his young chicks under his wings if they are in danger. | <urn:uuid:c3f2385a-6fb6-4204-9b7e-726fc4d2c793> | {
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Roland Piquepaille points out a news release from the University of Michigan where researchers are looking to birds and bats for insights into aerospace engineering. Wei Shyy and his colleagues are learning from solutions developed by nature and applying them to the technology of flight. A presentation on this topic was also given at the 2005 TED conference. From the news release: "The roll rate of the aerobatic A-4 Skyhawk plane is about 720 degrees per second. The roll rate of a barn swallow exceeds 5,000 degrees per second. Select military aircraft can withstand gravitational forces of 8-10 G. Many birds routinely experience positive G-forces greater than 10 G and up to 14 G. Flapping flight is inherently unsteady, but that's why it works so well. Birds, bats and insects fly in a messy environment full of gusts traveling at speeds similar to their own. Yet they can react almost instantaneously and adapt with their flexible wings." | <urn:uuid:057cd66a-5444-47c4-a917-238fea363035> | {
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Table o contents
Chai Nat is locatit in the flat river plain o central Thailand's Chao Phraya River valley. In the sooth o the province the Chao Phraya (umwhile Chai Nat) Dam impunds the Chao Phraya river, baith for flood control as well as tae divert water intae the kintra's lairgest irrigation seestem for the irrigation o rice paddies in the lawer river valley. The dam, pairt o the Greater Chao Phraya Project, wis finished in 1957 an wis the first dam constructit in Thailand.
Oreeginally the ceety wis locatit at Sankhaburi. In the reign o Keeng Mongkut (Rama IV) the main settlement o the province wis moved tae its present-day location. Durin the wars wi the Burmese it wis an important military base for confrontin the Burmese Airmy. As aw these confrontations wur successful the ceety gained the name Chai Nat, which means place o victory.
The slogan o the province is Venerable Luangpu Suk, Renouned Chao Phraya Dam, Famous Bird Park an Tasty Khao Taengkwa Pomelo.
Admeenistrative diveesions
Straw Bird Fair, Chai Nat’s Product Fair and Red Cross Fair (งานมหกรรมหุ่นฟางนกนานาชาติ งานของดี และงานกาชาดจังหวัดชัยนาท) This annual fair is organized bi makin guid uise o straw, a bi-product in rice farmin. Various species o huge straw birds will come perchin on elaborately decoratit floats durin the straw bird procession an the competition is held in front o Chai Nat Ceety Hall. The event is held annually durin Cheenese New Year in Februar.
Chai Nat Pomelo Fair (งานส้มโอชัยนาท) Chai Nat is ane o several provinces famous for producin exceptional pomelo. The best kent are o the Khao Taengkwa variety haein a well-roondit shape, smooth skin, thin peel, sweet-crispy taste an a little sour, but no bitter. The fair is held durin late August - early September in front o Chai Nat Ceety Hall an features mony activities such as pomelo contest, varieties o exhibitions bi provincial authorities, an young shoot an pomelo sales. | <urn:uuid:67520114-7420-40db-8b1d-23abdcbeb5e1> | {
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This depends very much on the type of application you run. If you've got applications which are very trigger-happy WRT syscalls you can expect to see high amounts of context switching. If most of your applications idle around and only wake up when there's stuff happening on a socket, you can expect to see low context switch rates.
System calls cause context switches by their very own nature. When a process does a system call, it basically tells the kernel to take over from it's current point in time and memory to do stuff the process isn't privileged to do, and return to the same spot when it's done.
When we look at the definition of the write(2) syscall from Linux, this becomes very clear:
write - write to a file descriptor
ssize_t write(int fd, const void *buf, size_t count);
write() writes up to count bytes from the buffer pointed buf to the file
referred to by the file descriptor fd. [..]
On success, the number of bytes written is returned (zero indicates
nothing was written). On error, -1 is returned, and errno is set
This basically tells the kernel to take over operation from the process, move up to
count bytes, starting from the memory address pointed at by
*buf to file descriptor
fd of the current process and then return back to the process and tell him how it went.
A nice example to show this is the dedicated game server for Valve Source based games, hlds. http://nopaste.narf.at/f1b22dbc9 shows one second worth of syscalls done by a single instance of a game server which had no players on it. This process takes about 3% CPU time on a Xeon X3220 (2.4Ghz), just to give you a feeling for how expensive this is.
Another source of context switching might be processes which don't do syscalls, but need to get moved off a given CPU to make room for other processes.
A nice way to visualize this is cpuburn. cpuburn doesn't do any syscalls itself, it just iterates over it's own memory, so it shouldn't cause any context switching.
Take an idle machine, start vmstat and then run a burnMMX (or any different test from the cpuburn package) for every CPU core the system has. You should have full system utilization by then but hardly any increased context switching. Then try to start a few more processes. You'll see that the context switching rate increases as the processes begin to compete over CPU cores. The amount of switching depends on the processes/core ratio and the multitasking resolution of your kernel.
linfo.org has a nice writeup on what context switches and system calls are. Wikipedia has generic information and a nice link collection on System calls. | <urn:uuid:a9517511-a43d-44ce-82db-595d7bc3aa42> | {
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We live in the age of information. It pours upon us from the pages of newspapers and magazines, radio loudspeakers, tv and computer screens. The main part of this information has the form of natural language texts. Even in the area of computers, a larger part of the information they manipulate nowadays has the form of a text. It looks as if a personal computer has mainly turned into a tool to create, proofread, store, manage, and search for text documents. Our ancestors invented natural language many thousands of years ago for the needs of a developing human society. Modern natural languages are developing according to their own laws, in each epoch being an adequate tool for human communication, for expressing human feelings, thoughts, and actions.
For the last two centuries, humanity has successfully coped with the automation of many tasks using mechanical and electrical devices, and these devices faithfully serve people in their everyday life. In the second half of the twentieth century, human attention has turned to the automation of natural language processing. People now want assistance not only in mechanical, but also in intellectual efforts.
The most-used language on the Internet according to Wikipedia is English. Although the total number of native English speakers in the world is about 322 millions, which is only around one fifth of the total internet users; the amount of English web content approaches 80%.
Generally speaking, when a language has got the position of a universal language, the position tends to be affirmed and extended by itself. Since "everyone" knows and uses English, people are almost forced to learn English and use it, and learn it better.
Besides the importance of the Internet grows rapidly in all fields of human life, including not only research and education but also marketing and trade as well as entertainment and hobbies. This implies that it becomes more and more important to know how to use Internet services and, as a part of this, to read and write English.
But English is changing fast too. There is no area of the culture that collision's more intensely than that, for the web has changed English more radically than any invention since paper, and much faster. According to Paul Payack, who runs the Global Language Monitor, "there are currently 988,974 words in the English language, with thousands more emerging every month". By his calculation, English will adopt its one millionth word in late November. To put that statistic another way, for every French word, there are now ten in English.
So far from debasing the language, the rapid expansion of English on the web may be enriching the mother tongue. Like Latin, it has developed different forms that bear little relation to one another: a speaker of Hinglish (Hindi-English) would have little to say to a Chinglish speaker. But while the root of Latin took centuries to grow its linguistic branches, modern non-standard English is evolving at fabulous speed. The language of the internet itself, the cyberisms that were once the preserve of a few web boffins, has simultaneous expanded into a new argot of words and idioms: Ancient or Classic Geek has given way to Modern Geek. | <urn:uuid:61d55ecc-471a-4492-8bd4-77a8666a7087> | {
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Greenhouse Effect Basics: Warm Earth, Cold Atmosphere
Posted on 29 February 2012 by Tom Curtis
Heating and Heat Flow
Some physics, everyone knows. In our daily lives we encounter the effects of physics all the time, and as a result, we know what physics predicts in those circumstances at a gut level. We may not be able to put it into numbers. We may not be able to apply it in novel situations. But we know it all the same.
One example is as simple as putting on a blanket. We know that if we want warm something up, we can increase the supply of heat - or we can reduce the escape of heat. Either is effective. If you have a pot that is simmering and you want to bring it to the boil, you can turn the heat up, or you can put on the lid. If we put on the lid, the pot will go nicely from simmering to boiling, and we don't need to turn up the heat even slightly. Indeed, if we are not careful to turn down the heat, the pot may well boil over.
Likewise, if you have two identical motors running with an identical load and speed (Revolutions Per Minute), one with the water pump working and one without, we are all physicist enough to say that the second one will run hotter. It does not matter that the energy supplied as fuel is identical in both cases. The fact that heat escapes more easilly with water circulating through the radiator will keep the first cooler. The consequence is that stopping the the water from circulating will lead second motor to disaster.
Nor do we find people who doubt this. Suppose somebody told us their water pump was broken, but that the Second Law of Thermodynamics prohibited transfer of heat from a cooler place (the water) to a hotter place (the engine block), so they'ld be fine so long as they didn't rev any faster than normal, we'ld look at them in complete disbelief. Or we would if we were too polite to burst out laughing. And if they set out cross country confident in their belief, it doesn't matter what destination they claim they're heading for. Rather, as we all know, they're really heading for a breakdown!
(Image copyright to iStock, and not to be reproduced without their permission.)
Heat Flow to Space
This physics that everyone knows is not only true of pots and radiators. It is true of the Earth as well. The Earth is warmed by our remarkably stable Sun. As a result, the Earth's surface radiates energy to space, and over time the incoming energy balances the outgoing energy. The process is made more complicated, however, by the existence of Infra Red (IR) absorbing molecules in the atmosphere.
Without those molecules, Infra Red radiation from the Earth's surface would travel directly to space, cooling the Earth quickly and efficiently. At certain wavelengths of Infra Red radiation, however, those molecules absorb many, or all, of the photons emitted from the Earth's surface. That energy is often redistributed among other molecules by collision, but eventually some of the redistributed energy will be reradiated by the Infra Red absorbing molecules. This process absorption, redistribution and then re-emission may occur many times before the energy escapes the atmosphere, but eventually it will either by being emitted to space, or back to the surface.
Intuitively, the energy that goes through multiple stages of absorption, redistribution and re-emission will not escape to space as fast that which is emitted directly to space from the surface. This intuition is sound, but it depends essentially on one factor, the temperature of the atmosphere.
We can see this by considering a fundamental law that governs the radiation of energy, the Stefan-Boltzmann Law:
In words, that is J-star equals epsilon sigma T to the fourth power, but we don't need to worry about that. What we need to notice is that J-star, which is the energy radiated over a given time from a given area, is proportional to the fourth power of T, ie, temperature. If the temperature doubles, the energy radiated increases sixteen-fold. If it triples, it increases eighty-one- fold. And so on. So, if the temperature of the atmosphere is different from that of the surface, the absorption, redistribution and re-emission of IR radiation by molecules in the atmosphere will certainly change the rate at which heat escapes to space.
Higher is Colder
There is another piece of physics everyone knows. It is that as you go higher in the atmosphere, the atmosphere gets colder. That is the reason why some mountain peaks are snow covered while their bases are still warm. This is not a universal law. It is not true, for example, in the stratosphere where the absorption of UltraViolet radiation from the Sun causes temperatures to rise with increased height. But eighty percent of the Earth's atmosphere is in the troposphere (the lowest layer of the Earth's atmosphere), and most radiation leaving the top of the troposphere escapes to space. And in the troposphere, as you get higher, the temperature gets lower. On average, the temperature drops by 6.5 degrees C for every thousand meters of altitude you climb. That means, for example, that the temperatures fall by about 24.5 degrees C as you climb to the summit of Mount Fuji, and by 50 to 100 degrees as you rise to the top of the troposphere.
We have already seen that temperature significantly effects the radiation of heat. Colder objects radiate less energy, and the Infra-Red absorbing molecules in the atmosphere are colder than the surface. Therefore it is no surprise that the Infra-Red absorbing molecules in the atmosphere radiate less energy to space than they absorb from the warmer surface. That difference is the essence of the greenhouse effect.
No More Arm Waving
It would be helpfull to recapitulate at this point. So far we have noted four simple facts:
- That if you reduce the escape of heat, but do not reduce the incoming heat, things warm up;
- That the atmosphere contains molecules that absorb Infra-Red radiation;
- That radiated energy depends on the temperature of the radiating object; and
- That the atmosphere gets cooler as you get higher, so that the Infra-Red absorbing molecules in the atmosphere radiate less energy to space than they absorb from the surface.
These four facts imply the existence of an atmospheric greenhouse effect, ie, that the presence of Infra-Red absorbing molecules in the atmosphere results in the surface being warmer than it otherwise would be.
In science, however, purely verbal reasoning like this is considered suspect. The reason is that sometimes odd effects occur that render verbal reasoning moot. So in science, there is no substitute for putting the theory into a mathematical form. It gets rid of the arm waving.
Fortunately for us, scientists have already put this theory into mathematical form, at a very detailed level. We can access this work, free of charge, by using the Modtran Model. The Modtran Model shows the radiation up or down over a column of atmosphere under particular conditions. By changing the conditions, you can explore the predicted effects of those changes on upward or downward radiation at any level of the atmosphere from 0 to 70 kilometers altitude. Setting the altitude to 70 kilometers effectively shows the radiation upward to space from the top of the atmosphere, or downward from space at the top of the atmosphere. Setting the altituded to 0 kilometers effectively shows the radiation upward, or downward at the surface.
Using Modtran, I determined the energy output looking downwards from an altitutude of 70 kilometers using the US Standard Atmosphere (1). The result can be seen on the following graph as the green shaded area. I repeated the model run, but this time with the altitude set at 0 km. The result is shown by the outer curve defining the red area in the graph below. That means that the red area itself, which is the upwards radiation from the surface minus the upward radiation to space, is the reduction in energy radiated to space because of the presence of Infra-Red absorbing molecules in the atmosphere. That is, it is the greenhouse effect.
We have all heard how inaccurate models can be. Therefore the fact that a particular model predicts this difference in radiation only shows what the theory predicts. It does not show what is actually happening.
Scientists are not happy with theories whose only support is a model. So in 1969, Conrath and associates compared the results of model calculations of radiation to space with the actually observed radiation using the IRIS instrument on the Nimbus 3 Satellite. The following graph shows the result of their comparison. The dotted line shows the modelled values, while the solid line shows the observed values:
The effect of a particular Infra-Red absorbing molecule, Carbon Dioxide, is clearly visible. With the publication of this data in 1970, the greenhouse effect ceased to be theoretical. It was an observed fact.
(1) Default settings except for adjusting surface temperatures (Ground T offset, c) to approximately match the Earths Global Mean Surface Temperature (about -10 degrees C offset). | <urn:uuid:cf658369-b75c-4945-b276-042f88282485> | {
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In 1863 Bill Fairweather and his party discovered gold in southwestern Montana. They were on their way to Yellowstone Country from Bannack but were waylaid by a band of Crows. While hiding from the Indians in a gulch they found gold. They named the gulch after the alder trees lining the gulch. Alder was one of the great gold producers of all time. The site of the largest placer gold strike in world history. It produced $10,000,000.00 during the first year.
A year later the boom town of Virginia City had a population of 10,000. People lived in makeshift tents and shacks and every third construction was a saloon. The site gave birth to two of Montana's most famous towns: Virginia City and Nevada City.
The discoveries at Alder Gulch drew people away from Bannack, reducing the population, making Virginia City the territorial capital from 1865 to 1875.
- American Heritage
- Art Gallery
- Art Show
- Childrens Activities
- Folk Art
Alder Gulch is located west of Virginia City, in the southwestern area of Montana, on US Highway 287.
Season / Hours Of Operation
- Memorial Day - Labor Day | <urn:uuid:4157fa9e-d6f7-4492-ba63-53a75776e0ed> | {
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I am working up a new media literacy unit for next semester. A colleague at SSU showed me a really fantastic Introduction to Media Literacy resource from the Media Literacy Project. What I like about the article is the clear delineation between beginning, intermediate and advanced literacy techniques. The 16 page document covers media literacy (in general terms) and then gives examples of different persuasion techniques media uses to influence viewers. There are concrete questions at the end of the document students can use to evaluate images and videos.
Once I develop a lesson plan, I will decide if I want students to evaluate a particular image, or if part of the unit will be them finding AND evaluating their own image from a normal daily activity (bus add, tv commercial, etc.). I highly recommend the resource. | <urn:uuid:196af542-911e-404f-8d55-07aba97bdc00> | {
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To the people of the ancient world, every bright star had a personality. Some stars were welcomed into the dawn sky like a lost child, while some were treated more like a mother-in-law packing a month's worth of luggage. And sometimes, a single star could bring both responses.
A prime example is Sirius, the brightest star in the night sky. It's lost in the twilight now, but it'll start popping into view before sunrise within a few days or weeks, depending on your location.
Thousands of years ago, the star made its first morning appearance a little earlier in the year. From ancient Greece and Rome, it showed up at the start of summer's heat -- a time that could bring disease and famine. Since Sirius is known as the Dog Star, this time of year was known as the Dog Days -- a time that hardly brought rejoicing.
Even earlier, though, the star did bring rejoicing to the people of Egypt. Sirius first appeared around the time of the annual Nile floods, which deposited fertile soil on the fields. This time was so important that the first appearance of Sirius marked the beginning of the Egyptian year.
Because of its role in resurrecting the land, the star itself represented the goddess Isis. In Egyptian lore, she resurrected her husband Osiris, and bore their son, Horus, who united Upper and Lower Egypt into a single kingdom. So Sirius was a welcome presence in the morning sky -- a star with a pleasant personality.
Script by Damond Benningfield, Copyright 2008
For more skywatching tips, astronomy news, and much more, read StarDate magazine. | <urn:uuid:a70598dc-26f5-4e7b-879c-9f687420097b> | {
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This fascinating documentary presents the details of Eric’s life, who was perhaps best known as an athlete in the 1924 Olympics, as depicted in the Academy Award-winning film, Chariots of Fire. His story is told by David McCasland, author of Eric Liddell: Pure Gold, Eric’s daughter Patricia, and Rev. John Keddie, consultant on Chariots of Fire, along with fellow prisoners form the internment camp in China.
Growing up, Eric was a gifted athlete, excelling in rugby and later in track. He entered the 1924 Olympics in Paris and was favored to win the 100-meter race. But when he learned that he would have to race on Sunday, he refused. Instead, he competed in other races and still brought home gold for Scotland.
Now a national hero, Eric announced his intentions to go to China as a missionary. There he taught Chemistry and oversaw the school’s sports programs, sharing his faith at sporting events. He later married, then left teaching to become an evangelist By 1941, China was becoming more unstable and Japan was increasing its control. Concerned for his family’s safety, he sent them off to Canada while he remained in China. It wasn’t long until the Japanese began moving people into internment camps. There, Eric became friend and mentor to 300 children, many of whom were separated from their missionary parents. Fellow prisoners observed as he rose early each day to read and pray. He continued living out his faith in the camp and was admired and respected by all. In 1944, however, he began showing signs of a possible brain tumor and died the following year.
Eric Liddell was a humble man with a simple and personal faith whose life’s purpose was to glorify God. His life and legacy continue to impact people’s lives around the world.
Studio: Christian History Institutue
Time: 100 minutes
Eric Liddell: Champion of Conviction (DVD):
- Item Price: $12.95
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(This post was prepared in collaboration with Dan Drinkard)
Congress now speaks at almost a full grade level lower than it did just seven years ago, with the most conservative members of Congress speaking on average at the lowest grade level, according to a new Sunlight Foundation analysis of the Congressional Record using Capitol Words.
Of course, what some might interpret as a dumbing down of Congress, others will see as more effective communications. And lawmakers of both parties still speak above the heads of the average American, who reads at between an 8th and 9th grade level.
Today’s Congress speaks at about a 10.6 grade level, down from 11.5 in 2005. By comparison, the U.S. Constitution is written at a 17.8 grade level, the Federalist Papers at a 17.1 grade level, and the Declaration of Independence at a 15.1 grade level. The Gettysburg Address comes in at an 11.2 grade level and Martin Luther King’s “I Have a Dream” speech is at a 9.4 grade level. Most major newspapers are written at between an 11th and 14th grade level. (You can find more comparisons here)
All these analyses use the Flesch-Kincaid test, which produces the 'reads at a n-th grade level' terminology that is likely familiar to many readers. At its core, Flesch-Kincaid equates higher grade levels with longer words and longer sentences. It is important to understand the limitations of this metric: it tells us nothing about the clarity or correctness of a passage of text. But although an admittedly crude tool, Flesch-Kincaid can nonetheless provide insights into how different legislators speak, and how Congressional speech has been changing.
To see how different legislators rank, click here for a full database of all current members of Congress.
To see how many top SAT words lawmakers speak, click here.
Overall, the complexity of speech in the Congressional Record has declined steadily since 2005, with the drop among Republicans slightly outpacing that for Democrats (see Figure 1). Through April 25, 2012, this year's Congressional Record clocks in at a 10.6 grade level, down from 11.5 in 2005.
Between 1996 and 2005, Republicans overall spoke at consistently 2/10ths of a grade level higher than Democrats, except for 2001, when a rare moment of national unity also seems to have extended to speaking at the same grade level. But following 2005, something happened, and Congressional speech has been on the decline since. For Republicans as a whole, the decline was from an 11.6 grade level to a 10.3 grade level in 2011 (up slightly to 10.4 in 2012 so far). For Democrats, it was a decline from 11.4 to 10.6 in 2011 (also up slightly to 10.8 in 2012 so far.)
Figure 1. Congressional speech grade level by year
Ideology and speech complexity
To analyze the relationship between ideology and speech level, we took the first dimension DW-Nominate scores (DW1) for the current Congress, as of April 25, 2012. For the non-political scientists in the audience, DW1 scores take roll call voting data to place members of Congress on a liberal-conservative scale. On this scale, -1 is most liberal and 1 is most conservative. A negative value on the scale implies that the member votes most often with Democrats; a positive value implies that the member votes most often with Republicans.
Turning to Figure 2, we can immediately notice that grade level of Congressional Record speeches declines among Republicans as the voting record becomes more conservative. Among Republicans, the drop from the most moderate to most conservative is, on average, almost three whole grade levels, from 13th to 10th grade.
Among Democrats, the scatterplot does not reveal any relationship between grade level and ideology. However, when we hold all other factors constant in the regression analysis (see further below), we find that being on the far left is associated with lower speech grade levels. There is also a clearer correlation between further left voting score and lower grade level among more junior members.
Figure 2. The relationship of ideology to speech grade level
Changing members and members’ changes
It’s hard to pinpoint the exact cause of the decline. Perhaps it reflects lawmakers speaking more in talking points, and increasingly packaging their floor speeches for YouTube. Gone, perhaps, are the golden days when legislators spoke to persuade each other, thoughtfully wrestled with complex policy trade-offs, and regularly quoted Shakespeare.
The data indicate that part of the decline has to do with new junior members speaking at a lower grade level than more senior members, and some of it has to do with individual senior members simplifying their speech over time.
Figure 3 (below) breaks Congress into four seniority cohorts and details the relationship between ideology and grade level for speeches in the 112th Congress.
Here, a telling pattern emerges. Among the newest members (those with 1-3 years in their seat), there is drop off in speech level as we move from the center out to either extreme of the political spectrum, though the pattern is more pronounced on the far right. For the next cohort (4-10 years of experience), the same pattern continues on both the political right and left, though the relationship is much stronger among Republicans.
For the next cohort (11-20 years in their seat), the pattern on the right (more conservative, simpler speech) remains, but the pattern on the left reverses (there is a slight correlation between more liberalism and higher speech grade level). In the most senior cohort (more than 20 years in their seat), Republicans speak, on average, at a higher level than Democrats, with only the slightest relationship between conservatism and more simple speech.
Figure 3. Ideology and Seniority
At the individual level, prior to the 109th Congress (2005-2006), both individual Democrats and Republicans on average grew more sophisticated in their speech with each passing session of Congress. Individual Democrats gained on average 0.06 grade levels per session, and Republicans gained on average 0.12 grade levels per session. Then, starting with the 109th Congress, the trends reversed. Individual Democrats began dropping 0.07 grade levels of speech per session and individual Republicans began dropping 0.12 grade levels per session.
Table 1. Average estimated effect of each passing Congress on individual member grade level
(results from regression analysis estimating annual member change with member fixed effects)
The top and bottom lawmakers by grade level
Table 2 (below) shows the 20 members of Congress with the lowest grade level score for their Congressional record corpus dating back to 1996. Of them, 85% (17 of 20) are Republicans; 65% (13/20) are freshmen, and another 15% (3/20) are sophomores. Additionally, 90% (18/20) are House members. The two Senators to make the bottom 20 are Rand Paul (R-KY) and Ron Johnson (R-WI), both Tea Party-supported freshmen.
Table 2. Bottom 20 speakers by grade level (all speeches since 1996)
Republicans also outnumber Democrats among the members who speak at the highest grade levels. Among the top 20, 12 are Republicans, 7 are Democrats, and one (Joe Lieberman) is an Independent. And eight of the top ten are Republicans. There are also 14 House members and six Senators. And perhaps most notably, there are only two freshmen and three sophomores. More than half of the members have been in their seat for at least 15 years, which is well above the median of nine years across all members of the 112th Congress.
Table 3. Top 20 speakers by grade level (all speeches since 1996)
To estimate the effects of all the different factors (holding all the other factors constant), we estimated two ordinary least squared regression models. Model 1 uses the different factors to explain the variation in the grade level of individual members’ combined speeches since 1996. Model 2 uses the same factors to explain the grade level of member speeches just in the 112th Congress. (The correlation between all speeches since 1996 and just 112th Congress speeches for non-freshmen members is 0.74. For freshmen, these two measures will obviously be the same.)
For Democrats, moving from most moderate (DW1 score of 0) to most liberal (DW1 score of -1) is associated with a decrease in 1.59 grade levels for all speeches since 1996 combined, and an decrease of 1.35 grade levels for speeches from just the 112th Congress, all else being equal. This estimate is statistically significant.
For Republicans, moving from most moderate (0) to most conservative (1) is associated with a decrease in 2.07 grade levels in speech for all speeches since 1996 combined, and 2.06 grade levels for just the 112th Congress, all else being equal. Both are statistically significant. That the estimates for the relationship between ideology and grade level are consistent across the two models shows that this is both a current and a historic phenomenon.
Another takeaway point from the regression analysis is that the more a member speaks overall, the more simply that member is likely to speak, all else being equal. For just the 112th Congress, going from least to most talkative is associated with a decrease in almost a grade level and a half. For the historic corpus, going from the least talkative to most talkative member is associated with a decrease in a full grade level.
Socioeconomic status of member district does not play much of a role, so there is no story to tell of members speaking to their constituents. If anything, the reverse is true. Having a higher percentage of high school graduates in the district or state is associated with members speaking at a slightly lower grade level (though since half of the districts have high school graduation levels between 82% and 90%, this doesn’t add up to all that much). District median income (which is closely correlated with education generally) has no relationship to speech grade level. There is also no statistically significant difference between chambers. Members of Congress from the Northeast speak at a slightly higher grade level than their colleagues from the rest of the country.
Of course, a fair amount of variation remains unexplained. There are many reasons why members speak at different levels, and these explanations only tell part of the story.
Table 4. OLS Regression explaining member speech level (standard errors in parenthesis, significant variables bolded)
Does it matter?
Earlier this year, the University of Minnesota’s Smart Politics noted that Obama’s 2012 State of the Union address clocked in at an eighth-grade level for the third year in a row, and that Obama’s average grade level of 8.4 was well below the average of 10.7 for the previous 67 addresses. Fox News ran the story alongside the image of a child in a dunce cap, and right-wing blogs mocked the President’s intelligence.
Others pointed out that maybe speaking clearly was a good thing. After all, the SOTU speech was pretty much right at the level of the average American’s reading level. And writing gurus like George Orwell (“If it is possible to cut a word out, always cut it out”) and Strunk & White (“omit needless words”) famously advise simplicity.
But whether you see it as plain speak or you see it as a dumbing down, the data are clear: The overall complexity of speech in the Congressional Record has dropped almost a full grade level since 2005. And those on the political extremes, especially those on the far right, tend to be associated with the most simple speech patterns.
Methodology for generating grade level scores
(by Dan Drinkard)
Grade levels were calculated using Flesch-Kincaid readability tests applied to various facets of text queries against the Capitol Words API. For example, Barbara Lee's entire corpus of words spoken can be retrieved by paging through the following url: http://capitolwords.org/api/text.json?bioguide_id=L000551&apikey=####.
Flesch-Kincaid scores can be determined as:
0.39 * (Words/Sentences) + 11.8 * (Syllables/Words) - 15.59.
To derive counts: The python Natural Language Toolkit (NLTK)'s sentence tokenizer was used to count sentences, the Capitol Words ngram tokenizer was used to count words, and the Carnegie Mellon pronouncing dictionary was used to count syllables. For fallback syllable counting when a word wasn't present in the dictionary, three different sets of calculations employing different methods were tried—discarding unknown words, treating unknown words as the average word of 1.66 syllables, and using a trained fallback syllable counter from NLTK_Contrib. We found the results of each method to be nearly indistinguishable from the others. An example F-K calculator (this one using the aforementioned 'padding with averages' method) can be found at https://gist.github.com/2483508. | <urn:uuid:84151982-602a-4d26-baa8-ed81893844ee> | {
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See here for an explanation of the bengali transliteration scheme used
Before discussing bengali history, it is useful to define the scope of the investigation. In these pages, Bengal, as a historical entity, refers to the land bounded on the north by himAlaya and the lands of nepAla, sikima, and bhoTAna; on the north east by the brahmaputra river and its highlands; extending to the northwest along the northern plains of bhAgirathi upto dvArbhAGga; bounded on the east by the gAro, khAsia, jaintiA, tripurA, and caTTagrAma ranges; and on the west by mountaineous forests of rAjamahala, sA~otAla parganA, choTanAgpura, mAnabhUma, dhalabhUma, keoJjar and mayUrabhaJja. It thus extends beyond the combined region comprising the present state of West Bengal in India and the country of Bangladesha; and is a people united by a common language, Bengali, a common social structure, a common religious mixture of Hindus and Muslims, and a largely shared history.
Little is known about the prehistory of Bengal, or the origin of the name itself. The name may be of Austrasiatic or Dravidian origin, which form a substratum to the predominantly Indoeuropean Bengali language. Archaelogy shows that parts of this land supported an agricultural culture since at least 1250 B.C. However, the identity of these people can only be guessed from anthropological and linguistic evidence. The historic period of Bengal is usually classified into the Ancient, Medieval and Modern periods: as opposed to the custom in Indian history, the customary beginning of the medieval period in bengal starts with the period of muslim domination.
You are visitor number since I started counting.
For other pages discussing Bengali history, you can also look at NOVO's page and Bongoz' page about the history of bengal. Palash Biswas's blog often cuts and pastes information about Bengal: see this as an example. The official pages of the West Bengal government also have a short history section. Finally, there is a site giving a timeline of Indian history in general.
Among the various sources, I should especially acknowledge extensive help from the classic work by nIhAraraJjana rAYa, a book by Irfan Habib, and the textbooks by ramezacandra majumadAra. Research by various individuals and/or their views have often been consolidated into my understanding, and that understanding or lack thereof is represented in these pages. At this stage of this project, I do not provide references to the original articles as I am concentrating more on finishing an overview. This lack of verifiable references to the original sources means one should not take these pags as serious historical writing, just my musings on the origins and development of a culture and a people.
It would probably be remiss of me to not mention my views about the epistemology of historical truth, and my views about history in general. So, I state my views in brief here. | <urn:uuid:30e03f8f-fea3-4a84-b477-cdae43a0429e> | {
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" A hologram is a flat surface that, under proper illumination, appears to contain a three-dimensional image. A hologram may also project a three-dimensional image into the air—a lifelike image that can be photographed although it cannot be touched. Because they cannot be copied by ordinary means, holograms are widely used to prevent counterfeiting of documents such as credit cards, driver's licenses, and admission tickets. The word hologram comes from the Greek roots holos meaning whole and gramma meaning message. The process of making a hologram is called holography. When a hologram is made, light from a laser records an image of the desired object on film or a photographic plate."
Each cell of a hologram contains the whole message--the entire picture. When light is shined on it, it reaches into a new dimension (e.g. a two dimensional picture becomes three dimensional).
In a normal photograph, each cell contains a portion of the picture. In a hologram, each cell contains 'the whole message.'
Sheep follow the leader. They go unthinkingly where the leader goes. If the leader is bad, the sheep will follow him to their destruction.
My people hath been lost sheep: their shepherds have caused them to go astray, they have turned them away on the mountains: they have gone from mountain to hill, they have forgotten their resting place.
Only the good shepherd leads the sheep in the paths of righteousness.
1The LORD is my shepherd; I shall not want.
2He maketh me to lie down in green pastures: he leadeth me beside the still waters.
3He restoreth my soul: he leadeth me in the paths of righteousness for his name's sake.
Yet, the object is not to remain sheep but to grow up into the head of Christ. The object is for each cell(person) to become a complete image of Christ, as in a hologram. The object is for each part of the body (each person) to become complete and perfected.
2 Corinthians 3:18
But we all, with open face beholding as in a glass the glory of the Lord, are changed into the same image from glory to glory, even as by the Spirit of the Lord.
It is my hope that when this happens to enough people (a critical mass?) , the light of Christ will shine on the hologram, showing a picture of Christ that will fill the whole earth, and our prayer will be answered--on earth as it is in heaven. It is my hope that truth will fill the whole earth, bringing down the kings of satan whose feet of clay (lies) is their fatal flaw. The sons of God will stand for truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth.
34Thou sawest till that a stone was cut out without hands, which smote the image upon his feet that were of iron and clay, and brake them to pieces.
35Then was the iron, the clay, the brass, the silver, and the gold, broken to pieces together, and became like the chaff of the summer threshingfloors; and the wind carried them away, that no place was found for them: and the stone that smote the image became a great mountain, and filled the whole earth.
44And in the days of these kings shall the God of heaven set up a kingdom, which shall never be destroyed: and the kingdom shall not be left to other people, but it shall break in pieces and consume all these kingdoms, and it shall stand for ever.
45Forasmuch as thou sawest that the stone was cut out of the mountain without hands, and that it brake in pieces the iron, the brass, the clay, the silver, and the gold; the great God hath made known to the king what shall come to pass hereafter: and the dream is certain, and the interpretation thereof sure. | <urn:uuid:5be61697-3124-46cc-b004-3abfe261f3cb> | {
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Islam is everywhere in the news these days, from reports of Sunni and Shi’a Muslims battling each other in Iraq to violent protests against cartoons of the Prophet Muhammad. Extremist factions are in the spotlight, but the real Islam remains largely a mystery to non-Muslims.
What is this religion, practiced by 1.3 billion people and the second-largest faith in the world? The Beliefnet® Guide to Islam demystifies everything about Islamic beliefs and practices, from the famous “five pillars” to views of the afterlife to the real meaning of jihad. The book features important insights on issues facing Islam today, such as violence, the status of women, and relations with other faiths—and dispels numerous myths along the way.
Written by Beliefnet columnist Dr. Hesham A. Hassaballa and Sufi poet Kabir Helminski, the book also features a foreword by Ambassador Akbar Ahmed, a noted scholar. Whether you’re curious about the basics or searching for deeper understanding of Qur’anic verses and sayings of the Prophet, this book is an invaluable resource. | <urn:uuid:1b8da58d-124a-4d47-8c0d-d00ff056a91b> | {
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Cold weather can be tough on everyone, but it is particularly tough for the older population.
The snow looks pretty, but winter can be a scary season due to increased chances of falling on snow or ice.
But there are a few things you can do to help prevent falls besides being homebound or packing up and moving to warmer climate.
Take a moment to look at your shoes and boots.
Are they worn smooth? If you can answer "yes" to this question, then it is time to purchase a new pair.
Shoes with better traction will grip the ground better; you might want to avoid dress shoes as they tend to be quite slippery.
Remember to wear proper foot wear for the winter, which should include winter boots or similar winter shoes.
If you have stairs with a railing leading up to the entrance of your home, have your railing checked to make sure it is sturdy.
You may ask yourself this question would it hold you if you were to slip? Could the railing catch you?
Shovel and Salt
Keep your shovel and salt in your home so it is available for you to use. What good is your shovel and salt when it is in your garage away from your home and you have to walk through the snow and ice to get to them?
Cellphone or Emergency Response System
Yes, the older population should have and carry a cellphone. If you do not have a cellphone you may want to consider getting an emergency response system installed. One may slip and fall; it can sometimes be difficult in getting back up. Carrying your cellphone or wearing an emergency response system personal help button, can give you peace of mind, knowing that you can call for assistance.
Modification of Cane
If you need a cane to assist you with walking, you can modify your cane by adding a metal grip to the bottom of your cane. The metal grip will help increase stability. In addition, you may want to take a look at the handle grip. If it is worn, take a moment to replace it, this will help you maintain your balance especially if you walk on patches of snow or ice.
The weather can change in a matter of a few minutes. If you are walking out of a restaurant, shopping mall, church, etc. and the parking lot has turned into an ice rink, you should ask for a steady arm to help guide you. This could be a friend, a family member, employee or even a passerby walking in your direction. Don't be afraid to ask for help.
What's your plan?
During the winter months you need to think about where you are going and ask yourself, "If I were to fall, what would I do? Did I remember my cellphone? If I'm close to my home, do I have my personal emergency response help button on me?"
When running behind scheduled you may end up hurrying and sometimes pushing the limits of what you can handle. Allow extra time getting to your appointments, especially in inclement weather. If you are a little late it's better than rushing and causing a fall and a potentially serious injury.
What can you do to help strengthen your leg muscles so you can catch yourself before you hit the ground? Exercising your leg muscles regularly should be done to keep them strong.
A few simple exercises you can do help strengthen your leg muscles would be to walk up and down the stairs repeatedly and/or getting up out of a chair. The best thing to strengthen your legs is use them other wise you will loose them.
Remember falls can affect seniors in many ways. If a senior falls and is injured, this can limit their confidence and ability to live independently.
My hope for each senior after reviewing these winter safety tips is that they are able to reduce if not avoid their chances of any falls.
Wayne L. Shepard is director of the Delaware County Office for the Aging. 'Senior Scene' columns can be found at www.thedailystar.com/seniorscene.
Cold weather can be tough on everyone, but it is particularly tough for the older population.
Why did you serve?
Numerous local residents have spent time in service to our country in the military. Some joined out of a duty to our county, others were pressed into service through the draft, still others wanted to take advantage of the G.I. Bill. In honor of their service and Armed Forces Day on Saturday, we asked our readers why they served and what they took away from their service.Continued ...
Fitness key during pregnancy
Women have been having babies since well before time has been recorded by humans.Continued ...
Beyond the stacks: Local libraries offer everything from history to technology
The local libraries within the Four County Library System still make information available to their patrons in the traditional way -- books. They are also storehouses of local history: old photos, newspapers, genealogy records, diaries and letters.Continued ...
Romantic times at Fenimore
When one thinks of the romantic, usually one ponders wistfully the early days of a courtship and marriage.Continued ...
Prom fashions bright, blingy, different
Prom night can be one of the biggest events of a high school student's life. It is the last bash before college for many, and the memories are often recorded. That is why prom fashion is so important to high school seniors.Continued ...
- Why did you serve?
- Around The Arts
Local programs help children's creativity grow
I am not a stage mom. But, the other day I ended up in the middle of a discussion with a stage dad who, for many years, has designated a great deal of his time and resources to support his teenage son’s performing career. The cry of the stage parent: chauffeuring from one rehearsal to the next, scouting costumes, building sets, selling tickets and program ads, and, of course, sitting in the audience for the entire production run. Then, without a breath, off to the next one!Continued ...
An artist label can be placed on many types of people
"You are such an artist."Continued ...
Dip your toe in the art world through Pinterest
I am a magazine ripper. I always have been. I have shoesboxes and file folders filled with decorating ideas, recipes and other miscellaneous projects. No matter how hard I've tried, I can never seem to organize or tame the scraps of inspiration floating around my house.Continued ...
Arts encompasses so much more than visual, performing, musical things
This column was due when I was in the throes of our season at The Glimmerglass Festival, when all we are thinking about is the arts -- how to make people more aware of the arts, to engage in the arts. And -- what exactly do "the arts" entail?Continued ...
School may be out, but there's lots to do to keep kids busy
By June Dzialo Now that school's out for the summer, my daughter is proclaiming that we are, "the most boring family on Earth."Continued ...
- Local programs help children's creativity grow
- Music Beat
Music Industry Tips About Professional Musicians
Musicians know that every performance they play is an audition for their next engagement.Continued ...
Practice really does make perfect for professionals
Shortly after I was hired at the age of 25 to work in the Music Department at State University College at Oneonta, I played a concert for members of this community. At the end of the concert, a young audience member said to me, “How many years have you been playing the cello and do you still have to practice?�Continued ...
Stepping on the flag, and other memories
If we are to be defined all our lives by our high school mascots, then I suppose I am a Viking. But I'm also a Panther, having transferred schools after my freshman year.Continued ...
From SUNY Oneonta to CBS Sports
Some people say the music business is failing, but I don’t agree with that point of view. Neither does Joseph Miller.Continued ...
- 12 Music Industry Tips from Joseph Miller
- Music Industry Tips About Professional Musicians
- Parenting Imperfect
I'm relieved it's not just me
For the last few years, I've been convinced that I'm just harder on things than other people are.Continued ...
A tactical error in the handoff
My kids are lucky enough to have half of their grandparents within a three-hour drive.Continued ...
A potentially quiet afternoon interrupted by a dog and a balloon
The kids spent most of Martin Luther King Jr. Day bickering.Continued ...
The dog is a getting to be an expert at training
This sentence took 20 minutes to type.Continued ...
Bad things can happen when trends are no longer trendy
When I was a kid, it used to drive me bonkers that my mom didn't know anything about the most important things in my world. She had no idea what a friendship pin was or how you'd make one. She couldn't name any good band, i.e., the ones a pre-teen would listen to like Duran Duran or Wham. And she didn't find Robert Downey Jr. nearly as dreamy as I did.Continued ...
- I'm relieved it's not just me
- Senior scene
Looking Back: A sad ending for adorable, sweet Taffy-toes
Another unwanted drop-off? Yes and so I must write this.Continued ...
As Time Goes By: Dealing with side effect of pills can really be a pain
At age 76, I find myself incontinent. Actually the problem started well before that date but now it has gone beyond "a problem," to "holy smoke the dam broke."Continued ...
- From the Office: Try spring cleaning, organizing for stress release
Looking Back: Take your time, think ahead before making decisions
A lifetime may seem forever for some, especially when we were young and couldn't wait to grow up and get to do all things we saw the adults do. Come to think of it, perhaps that wasn't too good.Continued ...
As Time Goes By: Getting sick in the southern sun
I went and did it - I have heard about southern hospitality so much that I thought I would see if it extended to the hospitals as well.Continued ...
- Looking Back: A sad ending for adorable, sweet Taffy-toes
- Tech, GP
Thankful hard-disk shortage is about over, and counting my blessings
Well, I'm almost ready to let out a cheer.Continued ...
Businesses need backups for their computer people, systems
In the interest of full disclosure, I want to let you know that I have taken a new position, professionally. I recently joined Eastman Associates, a local general contractor, to do its IT work, as well as taking care of some other functions of the business.Continued ...
Windows 8 seems to be made for the good of Microsoft, not the user
By Bruce Endries The software company everybody loves to hate, Microsoft, recently released what it calls a "consumer preview" of their next operating system, Windows 8.Continued ...
The Granite State got it right on software purchases
Believe it or not, I have found a bright spot in the political landscape, amid all the vitriolic partisan fighting.Continued ...
Visit a construction site and you'll probably find an iPad
It was just about two years ago now, that the iPad came out, and I wrote a column about it. At that time, I went out on a limb and said that thought it was a product which would fill certain niches very well, but that it wasn't very likely to fill in for what is normally considered a computer.Continued ...
- Thankful hard-disk shortage is about over, and counting my blessings
- Teen Talk
On the Go: Patriotism doesn't mean keeping status quo
I've been labeled many things, but when anti-American and unpatriotic came into the picture recently I was surprised. I know I have some controversial opinions, but since when does that equate to not loving America? I'm a born and raised American kid, and I love America.Continued ...
Luhrmann brings Gatsby new life
Sure, you would think that being a college student and having finals rapidly approaching would equate to my growing anticipation for the summer and being done with my first year of college.Continued ...
Teenhood Today: Only you can determine your impact
The question I am most often asked is, "What do you want to do with your life?"Continued ...
A Word of Advice: Just do something
If you're not going upward, the only direction you can go is down. To stagnate is to surrender; to do nothing for yourself; to give up on a better day completely. If we sit around feeling good enough in all aspects of life, or just too lazy to fix them, well, as Albert Einstein put it, "Insanity: doing the same thing over and over again and expecting different results."Continued ...
On the Go: Life is like the Cliff Walk
Over spring break, my family and I spent time in Newport, R.I. While we were there, we walked a path known as the Cliff Walk. This walk is nestled between some Newport mansions and some cliffs overlooking the ocean. While we were walking, my sister and I noticed how this path was a perfect metaphor for life and the journey it is.Continued ...
- On the Go: Patriotism doesn't mean keeping status quo | <urn:uuid:9fc96a97-a2ce-4163-b8be-14571a9c563a> | {
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By Begüm Burak
In the contemporary world, the relations between nations have become much more as borders have become less important in a globalizing world. On the other hand today, people around the world share some common values such as the importance of democracy, human rights, rule of law and freedom in a much more challenging way compared to yesterday. However, despite the existence of such hopeful developments, world politics also witnesses inhumane practices that cause global reactions but cannot be ended immediately, like the Esad terror in Syria.
What is obvious is that global problems today – be they political, environmental, economic or related to scarce resources such as poverty and hunger – need the establishment of a global cooperation in order to get solved. That is why charity organizations organize worldwide programs with the aim of helping the needy in different parts of the world, regardless of their nation or ethnic origin. It can be argued that in today’s world, non-state units such as non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and other civil society associations, all play an undisputedly major role in the management of global crises and the establishment of global order and stability.
The Gulen movement is the most reputable and widespread civil society movement in Turkey. Despite having its roots in Anatolia, the movement (which is also called as the ‘Hizmet Movement’ – Service Movement: Service for humanity) has succeeded to have a global outreach thanks to the education activities it has been performing for several decades. The Gulen movement and millions of supporters of this movement follow and treasure Mr. Fethullah Gulen’s principles and values. Fethullah Gulen is an authoritative mainstream Turkish Muslim scholar, author, thinker, poet, opinion leader and educational activist who supports interfaith and intercultural dialogue, science, democracy and spirituality while opposing violence and turning religion into a political ideology.
The movement is a faith-based movement and it embraces all nations, races, colors, etc. The reason why this is so is that this movement is engaged in education activities all over the world from Africa to Asia and it inevitably has got an embracing character. Some other features of the Hizmet movement can be summarized as follows:
“First of all, Hizmet is a voluntary movement without neatly defined borders, a hierarchy, central organization or membership. It is based on hearts, minds, volunteer work and donations by people from all walks of life. There are of course several organizations, schools, charities and media outlets that are affiliated with the movement, and they employ professional staff, who are salaried. But they can only represent their own institutions if they are in managerial positions. Writers, columnists, journalists and academics working in these institutions are not engaged in social, intellectual and political life on behalf of the movement. They only represent themselves. Sometimes they may agree on certain points so that one can faintly deduce the stand of the movement, but this is not definitive and binding for the movement as a whole.”
On the other hand, the education activities of the movement have been betting stronger and stronger every year. Every year Turkish Olympiads are organized and the number of the participants has been increasing. It is so obvious that the movement treasures education. According to the philosophy of the Gulen movement, education is the key to the solution of our main problems which are ignorance, division, and poverty. The educational activities of the movement can be described as follows:
“Around half of Gulen schools are located abroad, and of those the majority are found in Turkic Central Asia and Azerbaijan, where there are also half a dozen Gulen-sponsored universities and numerous other educational, welfare, and economic institutions and activities. Indeed, the movement’s focus is on Turkic communities, including those of the Russian Federation such as Dagestan, Karachay-Cherkessia, Tatarstan, and Bashkotorstan, and other former Soviet states containing Turkic or formerly Ottoman Muslim minorities such as Ukraine, Georgia, and Moldova, and in the Balkans. One can readily see why the movement targeted Turkic Central Asia and Azerbaijan for the main thrust of its activities. After all, many in Turkey’s political class made a similar assessment of Turkish prospects in the region in the immediate aftermath of the Soviet collapse. It shares a linguistic and ethnic root with Turkey, and a “folk Islam” that, as in Turkey, incorporates numerous Sufisects and has absorbed pre-Islamic traditions, beliefs, and rituals. Furthermore, the Soviet era left behind a legacy of secular education and a commitment to science and modernity that broadly corresponds with the Gulen movement’s aspirations.”
It can be said that the Gulen movement contributes to global peace through building interfaith dialogue on the basis of education and this contribution is supposed to go ahead in a much more vibrant way in the following years.
* I use “the” not “a” in the title. That is because I see the Gulen movement as the only real actor in promoting global tolerance and peace.
In terms of politics, Gulen advises his movement to remain non-partisan and apolitical.Unlike other Islamic groups, Gulen argues that there is no such as thing as a puritan Islamic State, and that therefore there can be no ultimate goal to work for its fulfillment. Instead, Gulen argues that states and governments should follow certain fundamental principles as espoused by Islam, see Ozcan Keles, “Promoting Human Rights Values in the Muslim World: the Case of the Gülen Movement”, Gulen Conference, House of Lords, SOAS, LSE, October 2007, at http://gulenmovement.info/userfiles/file/Proceedings/Prcd%20-%20Keles,%20O.pdf, [Last access, june 22, 2012].
An analysis about M. Fethullah Gulen and his understanding of tolerance : Jane B. Schlubach, “Tolerance Is Love: Gülen, Ghazali, and Rûmî”, Rumi Forum, November 12, 2005, at http://www.rumiforum.org/gulen-movement/tolerance-is-love-guelen-ghazali-and-rumi.html [Last access, June 22, 2012].
A piece about interfaith dialogue and peace-building: Fr. Thomas Michel, “The Contribution of Interfaith Dialogue to Peace Building”, at http://www.thomasmichel.us/interfaith-dialogue.html.
Fethullah Gulen Official Website, “Introducing Fethullah Gülen”, at http://en.fgulen.com/about-fethullah-gulen/introducing-fethullah-gulen, June 22, 2012.
For an overview of the movement, see Yuksel A. Aslandogan, “The Gulen Movement”, Centre for Strategic and International Studies, June 17, 2009, at http://csis.org/files/attachments/090617_overview_gulen_movement.pdf, [Last access, June 22, 2012].
Ihsan Yilmaz, “Hizmet, forming a party and capturing the state”, Today’s Zaman, February 15, 2012, at http://www.todayszaman.com/columnist-271536-hizmet-forming-a-party-and-capturing-the-state.html, [Last access, June 22, 2012].
Turkish Language Olympiads, Wikipedia, at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Language_Olympiads, [Last access, 22, 2012].
Bill Park, “The Fethullah Gulen Movement”, The Middle East Review of International Affairs, Vol.12, No.3, September, 2008, at http://www.worldsecuritynetwork.com/documents/Movement.pdf.
This contribution is highly respected by different groups too: http://www.interfaithdialog.org/press-room-main2menu-29/898-texas-senate-honors-mr-fethullah-gulen-and-the-gulen-movement, June 22, 2012. | <urn:uuid:05b2687c-9693-45a9-a86e-6907c129f964> | {
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The lion’s mane season has arrived, bringing white, cascading icicles from the forest to my plate! I conveniently use the common name “lion’s mane” to refer to a constellation of fungi of the genus Hericium, including the native northeastern representatives H. americanum and H. coralloides, as well as the commonly cultivated H. erinaceus. Most mycology texts call these three mushrooms bear’s-head tooth, comb tooth, and bearded tooth, respectively. Distinguishing amongst Hericium species can be difficult at first, but this is irrelevant to the forager interested in a good meal. Lion’s mane has no look-a-likes, edible or poisonous, and all forms are edible and delicious in the kitchen. With that said, Jenna does prefer the texture of H. erinaceus, which looks like a faceless hedgehog or a truffula tree out of Dr. Seuss’ The Lorax. Instead of H. erinaceus’ tight, pom-pom shaped clusters, H. americanum forms looser, interconnected clumps that look like the tufted form of a weeping willow tree. H. coralloides resembles H. americanum, but reminds me of branched brain coral with its shorter teeth.
Fruiting occasionally in the spring but typically in the fall in the Northeast, lion’s mane is fairly common and easy to spot. This saprophytic fungus is not very discriminating when it comes to log selection, growing on many dead or dying hardwood trees including maple, beech, oak, birch, walnut, and sycamore. It can be cultivated indoors on sawdust or outdoors on logs or totems, though H. erinaceus is the only lion’s mane species you can readily buy spawn for on the Internet.
However, Jeanne Grace, a recent Masters student of Dr. Ken Mudge in Horticulture at Cornell University, cloned several strains of wild H. americanum growing near Ithaca and has had great success cultivating it on hardwood totems in its native habitat. The totems, which are created by sandwiching spawn between two large log butts, produced bumper crops both this summer and last, forming much bigger fruits than I have ever seen with H. erinaceus. The wild Hericium strains did not perform as well in her indoor experiments on sawdust in “The Mushroom,” a grow room in the Cornell Department of Horticulture’s Plant Science building. In this environment they “pinned,” but were unable to find their way out of the plastic bag to grow as their cultivated relative does.
You usually have to wait a year from the inoculation date to enjoy cultivated lion’s mane, but the impatient mycophile can find lion’s mane in the woods right now! Last fall I stumbled upon a large, rotting log covered in frozen waterfalls of lion’s mane. I was so transfixed by the sight that it took me a few minutes to notice a hidden pocket in the log, harboring the biggest lion’s mane I have seen to date. The mushroom was bigger and heavier than a soccer ball! Today I returned to the spot, expecting either nothing or another jackpot. I got something in between; four medium sized lion’s mane clusters had fruited in the hollowed out portion of the log, all perfectly ripe. Two were covered in debris from the eroding ceiling of the log cavity in which they had formed, so I took the cleaner two and walked out of the forest a satisfied man.
When not overripe, lion’s mane has a delicate seafoody flavor and sublime texture that reminds me of scallops. Cooking it perfectly takes practice, however. I like it best sautéed in butter and garlic on a medium heat, until it gets just slightly brown and crispy on the tips. Today’s lion’s mane I sautéed with sliced local apples in ginger, garlic, and butter. Yum! All lion’s mane species are very absorbent, so specimens should be squeezed out like a sponge after washing (or not washed at all if fairly clean when found). The mushroom holds up to a good wringing out surprisingly well, whereas sautéing wet lion’s mane spoils the texture.
If you are fairly new to mushroom foraging, lion’s mane is a great species to start with. In the words of mycologist David Fischer, “If it looks like a cluster of white fungal icicles hanging off a decaying log, stump, or dead tree trunk, and it seems very fresh, bake it (or fry it slowly in a mix of butter and oil) and enjoy!” | <urn:uuid:a0251191-a4a7-4b11-80d3-0481c2697f3a> | {
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The fifth saying of Jesus as He hung on the Cross, living up to His Name, which was to save His people from their sins was a request in which Jesus expressed a need. His saying was ‘I thirst’ (John 19:28). Though cursorily it may seem like an expression of his physical condition, is there more to this than what is evident.
One of the dictionary definitions of the word, ‘thirst’ is an ardent desire, craving or longing. Interestingly, one can go without food for days, but not without water. Thirst is a physical condition that can bring the strongest of the strong to their knees, some even to the point of death. Samson the strong after killing a thousand warriors in battle cried to the Lord when he felt thirsty, questioning, now shall I die of thirst? (Judges 15:18-20). The grumbling Israelite pilgrims questioned Moses, if he had led them out of Egypt to kill them and their children and cattle with thirst (Exodus 17:3). When no water in the desert of Beersheba was found, Hagar, unable to bear the possibility of her son, Ishmael dying of thirst, goes a bow shot length away until God miraculous opens her eyes and she sees a well (Genesis 21:14-16). So thirst can make the strong weak, and the living dead.
And here we hear Jesus saying that He thirsted. Why did Jesus say that he thirsted?
The logical human explanation was that He experienced a human physical condition and that is certainly plausible. Jesus hungered (Matthew 4:2), slept (Mark 4:38), grew (Luke 2:42), groaned (John 11:33), wept (John 11:35) and so in his Humanity also thirsted (John 19:28). Now if this was merely a personal physical need to be satisfied, isn’t it interesting that Jesus only asks for being quenched after he accomplished all the things He knew He had to fulfill (John 19:28). Jesus’ personal needs came only after doing what God wanted Him to do. He satisfied God before He prayed to be satisfied himself. We must have the same attitude as well.
But the scripture gives us evidence that there is more. Jesus said, ‘I thirst’ so that the scripture may be fulfilled (John 19:28). Jesus came to fulfill the scripture and fulfilled it (Psalm 69:21). Jesus, who knew no sin was made sin for us (2 Corinthians 5:21) and the imputation of our sins on Him made him experience a separation from God the Holy Father as expressed by the prophet Isaiah who said “… your iniquities have separated between you and your God, and your sins have hid his face from you, that he will not hear” (Isaiah 59:2) . So Jesus’ relationship with God the Father had been broken because of our sins. This is further substantiated by the fact that Jesus addressed God, in His previous saying as My God, my God (Eloi, Eloi) and not as Father (which is how He addressed God in the first saying from the Cross). Jesus very well could have thirsted for the oneness He had with God the Father (John 10:30). Another explanation as to why Jesus thirsted is that he experienced the thirst of hell. Acts 2:27 and 31 are very explicit that God would not let soul of his Holy One (Jesus) in hell. In Matthew 12:40, we hear Jesus saying that “For as Jonas was three days and three nights in the whale’s belly: so shall the Son of man (Jesus) be three days and three nights in the heart of the earth. ” Revelation refers to hell as the bottomless pit or abyss (Revelation 9:1-2). Ephesians 4:9 tells us that Jesus ascended into heavens, but that he also first descended into the lower parts (heart) of the earth.
So Jesus descended down to hell on our account, but what is the state of affairs in hell? An overbearing need to be quenched. We see this in the parable that Jesus told about Lazarus and the rich man. The rich man died and was buried and in hell he was tormented by thirst. (Luke 16:19-31). So it is not implausible that when Jesus’ soul descended to hell, he thirsted as well.
But in hell, the thirst that is to be quenched is not physical as the rich man describes but more in the spiritual realms. Jesus spiritually thirsted that his desire to bring many sons unto glory be quenched (Hebrews 2:10); that all are saved and none perish (2 Peter 3:9); that God’s eternal wrath would now be quenched as he accomplishes his task of saving all men and women in totality and that all will drink of Him (Jesus) and receive from Him living water (the Holy Spirit – John 7:38-39) so that they will no longer be thirsty.
Finally, when the curtain falls, we can find ourselves in only one of two states – eternally thirsty or eternally quenched and this depends on whether we agree to drink of (believe) Him, Jesus Christ, who with a craving, a longing and an ardent desire said, ‘I thirst’ [for you].
Filed under: Christian, Seven Sayings | Tagged: I thirst, Jesus in hell, Living Water, Seven last words of Jesus Christ, Seven Sayings of Jesus from the Cross, The power of thirst, The source of Living Water, The state of affairs in hell, The two states when we die, What did Jesus thirst for?, Who is the living water?, Why did Jesus say I thirst? | 2 Comments » | <urn:uuid:0dad2079-7712-46ca-a156-851996b910a5> | {
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The Art of Ancient Civilizations
Reproduced by Thomas Baker
Thomas Baker Paintings Home Page
Reproduction of a Theran wall mural
"Woman With a Necklace"
(approx. 3600 years old) by Thomas Baker
48 X 48 inches, oil on plaster-textured wood panel
This painting is available for purchase; price $6500.00 (U.S.) Contact Thomas Baker
Prints of this painting are available--click here for info
The Minoan dress shown in the above fresco was replicated and worn by a model to create a new painting, "Ariadne"
(see thumbnail below; click to enlarge)
Prints of this painting are available--click here for prices and ordering info
Contact Thomas Baker
The Theran Frescoes: A Tantalizing Glimpse of Atlantis
Thera was an island colony of the Minoan civilization of seafarers that was centered on the island of Crete , off the southern coast of Greece, and was the forerunner of classical Greek culture. Located on the island known today as Santorini, Thera was destroyed and buried when the island exploded in a catastrophic volcanic eruption around 1630 BC., an event that may have ultimately doomed the entire Minoan world, and which many scholars now believe gave rise to the legend of Atlantis. The buried city of Akrotiri was discovered on Thera in the early 1970's, and the Greek government began excavation. The work continues today, made difficult by overlaying volcanic ash as much as fifty feet deep in places. Fragments of beautiful wall murals such as this one, that I have named "Woman With a Necklace," have been found in many of the houses, and are being painstakingly reassembled in archaeological laboratories like large jigsaw puzzles (although, as this reconstruction shows, sometimes not all the pieces can be found). I have recreated some of these murals as they appear today in the Athens Museum of Archaeology. (For more information on Thera, see this website, and there are more links in the text beneath my Girl Gathering Crocus Flowers reproduction). As noted above, I also replicated the clothing shown in this and other Theran paintings and used it as the basis of my modern painting "Ariadne."
Unlike Egyptian, Hittite, and similar art of the time, which usually featured stiff, symbolic representations of humans and military themes, the Minoans painted light, natural, airy scenes of everyday life, showing flowers, birds, monkeys, and sea life such as octopi and leaping dolphins. In these paintings Minoan women wear elaborate jewelry and and colorful costumes that bare their breasts, as seen here. This girl wore a blouse of transparent fabric thousands of years before women of the Edwardian era put on similar garments (though not quite as revealing) to have their portraits painted by John Singer Sargent (see my reproductions of Sargent's paintings). In an interesting exercise in practical archaeology, I used modern sheer fabrics to recreate this blouse, along with an authentic Minoan skirt, and used the costume on a model to paint my illustration of the Greek legend of Ariadne.
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Portraits | Old Masters copies | Ancient civilizations reproductions | Prehistoric reproductions
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- The Flight of Moses to Midian. Moses made the first effort to Emancipate his enslaved brethren. At the age of forty he forsook the Court of Pharaoh and attempted to ally himself with the chosen people (Exodus 2:11,12; Acts 7:22-25; Hebrews 11:23-27). His brethren understood him not; his efforts on their behalf were futile, and he was compelled to flee For Midian for his life (Exodus 2:11-15).
- Sojourn in Midian. Moses spent forty years in Midian (Acts 7:29,30). He married Zipporah, the daughter of Jethro, a descendant of Abraham by his wife Keturah (Genesis 25:1-3; Exodus 2:16-25), and became the father of two sons (Exodus 2:22; Exodus 4:20; Exodus 18:1-4).
- Moses Commission'. While in the land of Midian, Moses led the Quiet and peaceful life of a shepherd (Exodus 3:1). The angel of the Lord appeared to him in the burning bush and commanded him to return to Egypt and lead his brethren out of their bitter bondage (Exodus 3:2-10 Acts 7:30-35). Moses declined to go because of
- his insignificance, (Exodus 3:11,12),
- the fear that his brethren would not believe him (Exodus 4:1),
- and his inability to speak with fluency (Exodus 4:10-12).
- Aaron Chosen. The Lord met every objection urged by Moses, but Still he persisted in his desire to shrink from the task (Exodus 3:2-22; Exodus 4:1-13). Aaron was therefore selected to assist him and to be the Spokesman (Exodus 4:14-16).
- The Return to Egypt. Moses departed from Midian, taking his wife And two sons with him. On the way the Lord met him and was about to Take his life, but this calamity was averted by Zipporah, who took a Sharp stone and circumcised her son (Exodus 4:18-26).
- Brothers Meet. Moses and Aaron met at the mount of God. After an Affectionate greeting Moses communicated to him the word of the Lord And showed him the signs that had been given him (Exodus 4:27,28).
- Arrival in Egypt. They arrived in Egypt and informed the elders Of Israel of the revelation from God, and the people believed and bowed Their heads in worship (Exodus 4:30,31).
- Demand on Pharaoh. Moses and Aaron approached the king and in The name of God demanded the release of his children. Pharaoh Insolently and rebelliously refused the request, and the great contest Between the King of Heaven and the mighty earthly potentate began (Exodus 5:1-6).
- Ten Plagues. The Lord plagued the Egyptians in order to multiply His signs and wonders, and that they might known that He is God (Exodus 7:1-5). The first nine plagues were
- the waters turned to blood (Exodus 7:15-25),
- frogs filled the land (Exodus 8:1-14),
- lice afflicted people and beasts (Exodus 8:16-19),
- flies filled the land (Exodus 8:20-24),
- murrain destroyed the cattle (Exodus 9:1-7),
- people afflicted with boils and blains (Exodus 9:8-14),
- hail smote the growing crops (Exodus 9:13-35),
- locusts filled the land (Exodus 10:13-15),
- and darkness covered Egypt (Exodus 10:21-23).
- Special Command to Moses. The Lord commanded Moses to tell the People to borrow of their Egyptian neighbors jewels of silver and gold (Exodus 11:1,2). The justice of this command can be seen in the fact that they had served the Egyptians many years without remuneration (Exodus 1:6-14; Exodus 5:1-19).
- Harmony of Exodus 9:6,19,25. It is asserted that all the cattle of Egypt died. But is is plain that only the cattle died that remained (Exodus 9:3) in the field during the murrain. The cattle that were destroyed by the hail-storm were those that were saved from the murrain (Exodus 9:17-25).
- Explanation of Exodus 9:16; Romans 9:17. The Egyptians were idolaters (Exodus 5:1-3; Exodus 9:30; Exodus 14:18). Pharaoh was "raised up" in order that God might manifest His power and glory. "Raised up" has no Reference to his birth or his elevation to the throne of Egypt. It Means "roused up" or "made to stand." When Moses and Aaron demanded the Release of the Hebrews he wickedly, rebelliously, and insolently denied The true God and refused to let them go (Exodus 5:1-3). He had already made himself a vessel of wrath fitted for destruction (Romans 9:22). God listened to the cries of his people and endured for a while this vessel fitted for destruction, and at last, when the time Came, unloosed the burning fires of judgment, roused Pharaoh up from His infidelity, and proclaimed his name throughout Egypt, and in the Ears of Israel (Exodus 7:5; Exodus 14:17,18,31).
- The Passover. The Lord commanded Moses to speak unto the Children of Israel and command them to select a lamb for each household On the tenth day of the month, assuring them that this should be to Them the first month of the year (Exodus 12:1-5). They were to keep the lamb until the fourteenth day of the month and kill it at the going Down of the sun. They were to strike the posts of the doors of their Dwellings with the blood. They were to roast the flesh and eat it in Haste, with bitter herbs and unleavened bread (Exodus 12:6-20). On that night the Lord passed through the land and smote the firstborn of Man and beast (Exodus 12:21-29).
- The Emancipation Proclamation. When Pharaoh heard the mighty Cry he called for Moses and Aaron and gave them permission to depart And take their property with them (Exodus 12:30-33).
- The Departure. The children of Israel departed from Rameses 2513 Years after the creation of Adam (Genesis 5:3-32; Genesis 7:6; Genesis 11:10-32; Genesis 12:4,5 Genesis 21:5; Genesis 25:26; Genesis 41:46,53,54; Genesis 45:4-6; Genesis 47:9; Genesis 50:26; Exodus 7:7; Exodus 12:40,41; Galatians 3:17). There were six hundred thousand men. Allowing one woman to each man, And two children to each family, the population was at least two Million four hundred thousand (Exodus 12:37).
- Sanctification of the Firstborn. In memory of the preservation Of the children of Israel during the last night in Egypt, the Lord took Unto himself the first born of man and beast (Exodus 13:1-16).
- The Precious Burden. The triumphant host of Israel carried the Remains of their great benefactor Joseph with them (Genesis 50:24-26 Exodus 13:19).
- The Great Leader. As they departed from Egypt the Lord went Before them in a pillar of cloud by day and a pillar of fire by night (Exodus 13:20-22).
- At the Red Sea. Moses and his mighty host encamped by the Red Sea. Pharaoh and his army drew near. The people were afraid, but Moses Commanded them to stand still and see the salvation of the Lord, Assuring them that they would see the Egyptians no more, for the Lord Would fight for them, and they should hold their peace (Exodus 14:1-18). The angel of the Lord took his position between the two camps, Appearing as darkness to the Egyptians and light to the children of God. The Lord opened the sea, and the children of Israel went forward On dry ground, but the Egyptians following were drowned (Exodus 14:19-31).
- Apostolic Endorsement. This mighty historical event was Endorsed by the apostle Paul (1 1 1 Corinthians 10:1-12).
- Salvation of Israel.
- The Lord saved the children of Israel by opening up the way for them;
- and they saved themselves by using the means placed within their reach; God opened the way, and they passed through!
of the Israelites from Egypt. the common chronology places the date of this event at B.C. 1491, deriving it in this way: --In (1 Kings 6:1) it is stated that the building of the temple, in the forth year of Solomon, was in the 480th year after the exodus. The fourth year of Solomon was bout B.C. 1012. Add the 480 years (leaving off one years because neither the fourth nor the 480th was a full year), and we have B.C. 1491 as the date of the exodus. This is probably very nearly correct; but many Egyptologists place it at 215 years later, --about B.C. 1300. Which date is right depends chiefly on the interpretation of the Scripture period of 430 years, as denoting the duration of the bondage of the Israelites. The period of bondage given in (Genesis 15:13,14; Exodus 12:40,41) and Gala 3:17 As 430 years has been interpreted to cover different periods. The common chronology makes it extend from the call of Abraham to the exodus, one-half of it, or 215 years, being spend in Egypt. Others make it to cover only the period of bondage spend in Egypt. St. Paul says in (Galatians 3:17) that from the covenant with (or call of) Abraham the giving of the law (less than a year after the exodus) was 430 years. But in (Genesis 15:13,14) it is said that they should be strangers in a strange land,a nd be afflicted 400 years, and nearly the same is said in (Exodus 12:40) But, in very truth, the children of Israel were strangers in a strange land from the time that Abraham left his home for the promised land, and during that whole period of 430 years to the exodus they were nowhere rulers in the land. So in (Exodus 12:40) it is said that the sojourning of the children of Israel who dwelt in Egypt was 430 years. But it does not say that the sojourning was all in Egypt, but this people who lived in Egypt had been sojourners for 430 years. (a) This is the simplest way of making the various statements harmonize. (b) The chief difficulty is the great increase of the children of Israel from 70 to 2,000,000 in so short a period as 215 years, while it is very easy in 430 years. But under the circumstances it is perfectly possible in the shorter period. See on ver. 7 (C) If we make the 430 years to include only the bondage in Egypt, we must place the whole chronology of Abraham and the immigration of Jacob into Egypt some 200 years earlier, or else the exodus 200 years later, or B.C. 1300. in either case special difficulty is brought into the reckoning. (d) Therefore, on the whole, it is well to retain the common chronology, though the later dates may yet prove to be correct. The history of the exodus itself commences with the close of that of the ten plagues. [PLAGUES, THE TEN, THE TEN COMMANDMENTS] In the night in which, at midnight, the firstborn were slain, (Exodus 12:29) Pharaoh urged the departure of the Israelites. vs. (Exodus 12:31,32) They at once set forth from Rameses, vs. (Exodus 12:37,39) apparently during the night v. (Exodus 12:42) but towards morning on the 15th day of the first month. (Numbers 33:3) They made three journeys, and encamped by the Red Sea. Here Pharaoh overtook them, and the great miracle occurred by which they were saved, while the pursuer and his army were destroyed. [RED SEA SEA, PASSAGE OF]
1841. exodos -- a departure
... Phonetic Spelling: (ex'-od-os) Short Definition: an exit, departure, death Definition:
(a) an exit, going out, departure from a place; the exodus, (b) death. ...
//strongsnumbers.com/greek2/1841.htm - 6k
... EXODUS. ... i.19). It may therefore originally have stood after Exodus 34:9 or before
Numbers 10:29.] [Footnote 2: Or rather, the ten words. ...
//christianbookshelf.org/mcfadyen/introduction to the old testament/exodus.htm
... The Exodus. A Sermon (No.55). Delivered on Sabbath Morning, December 9, 1855,
by the. REV. CH SPURGEON. At New Park Street Chapel, Southwark. ...
/...//christianbookshelf.org/spurgeon/spurgeons sermons volume 2 1856/the exodus.htm
Exodus iii. 6
... LECTURE XXVIII. EXODUS iii. 6. EXODUS iii.6. And Moses hid his face, for
he was afraid to look upon God. Luke 23:30. Then shall ...
/.../arnold/the christian life/lecture xxviii exodus iii 6.htm
... Book I. Chapter XXXV."The Exodus. "After this, Moses, by the command
of God, whose providence is over all, led out the people ...
/.../unknown/recognitions of clement /chapter xxxv the exodus.htm
Who is on the Lord's Side? Exodus 32:26.
... Who is on the Lord's side? Exodus 32:26. The question was addressed by Moses
to the professed people of God, immediately after their ...
/.../finney/lectures to professing christians/who is on the lords.htm
Who is on the Lord's Side? Exodus 32:26.
... Who is on the Lord's side? Exodus 32:26. Last Friday evening, you will
remember, that in discoursing from this text, I mentioned ...
/.../finney/lectures to professing christians/who is on the lords 2.htm
Lii. Manna. Exodus xvi. 4.
... LII. MANNA. EXODUS xvi. 4. I."Manna like salvation, because undeserved.
The people murmured at the very first difficulty. If they ...
//christianbookshelf.org/champness/broken bread/lii manna exodus xvi 4.htm
... For the Outline Study of the Bible by Books. * * * * Chapter II. Exodus. Chapter
2. Exodus. Name. The name Exodus means a going out or departure. ...
/.../gerberding/the way of salvation in the lutheran church/chapter ii exodus.htm
It is Proved that Jesus was the Name of God in the Book of Exodus.
... Chapter LXXV."It is proved that Jesus was the name of God in the book of Exodus. ...
Footnotes: Exodus 23:20, 21. [Numbers 13:16.]. ...
/.../chapter lxxv it is proved that.htm
Of the Old Testament, Therefore, First of all There have Been ...
... Of the Old Testament, therefore, first of all there have been handed down five books
of Moses, Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy; Then Jesus Nave ...
/.../37 of the old testament.htm
The After Life
The Age of Accountability
The Age of Earth
The Alabaster Box
the Amorites Amorite
The Angel of Death
The Angel of Light
The Appearance of Evil
The Ark of Covenant
The Armor of God
The Babylonish Captivity
the Baptize John
The Battle is the Lords
The Bermuda Triangle
The Big Bang Theory
The Birth of Christ
The Blood Covenant
The Blood of Jesus
The Body of Christ
The Body of the Church
The Book Of
the Book Of Daniel
the Book Of Enoch
the Book Of Esther
the Book Of Jeremiah
the Book Of Judith
the Book Of Micah
the Book Of Nehemiah
the Book Of Numbers
the Book Of Proverb
the Book Of Psalms
The Book of the Secrets Of
the Book Of Zechariah
The Bride of Christ
the Brook Besor
the Brook Cherith
the Brook of The Willows
The Canon of Scripture
The Christian Family
The Christmas Tree
The City Underwater
the Cliff Of Ziz
The Color Blue
The Color Purple
The Color Yellow
The Consequences of Sin
The Cost of Discipleship
The Cost to Follow Jesus
The Daniel Fast
the Day Of Atonement
The Day of Judgement
The Day of Pentecost
The Earth Orbiting the Sun
The End of Days
the Epistle Of James
the Epistle of Paul To Philemon
the Epistle To The Colossians
the Epistle To The Ephesians
the Epistle To The Galatians
The Ethiopian Eunuch
the Feast Of Tabernacles
the First Epistle General Of John
The First Resurrection
The Five Senses
The Fivefold Ministry
The Four Seasons
The Fruit of the Spirit
The Fullers Field
the Garden Of Uzza
the General Epistle Of James
The Great Commission
the Great Synagogue
The Great Tribulation
The Greek Language
The Hebrew Monarchy
the Hill Gareb
the Hill Hachilah
The Holy Land
The Holy Spirit
The Holy Trinity
the House Of Millo
The Ice Age
the Jews of The Dispersion
The Kingdom or Church of Christ
the Land Of Benjamin
the Land Of Canaan
the Land Of Shalim
the Land Of Shalisha
the Land Of Shual
The Last Supper
The Law of Moses
the Lord Of Sabaoth
the Lords Brother Judas
The Lords Day
the Man of God Moses
The Moabite Stone
The New Jerusalem
The Number 10
The Number 12
The Number 30
The Number 5
The Number 7
The Number One
the Plain Of Tabor
the Pool Of Siloah
The Potters Field
The Power of Prayer
The Prodigal Son
The Prophet Isaiah
The Red Heifer
the Rock Etam
the Rock Oreb
The Rose of Sharon
the Salt Sea
the Sea Of Tiberias
the Second and Third Epistles Of John
the Second Book Of Esdras
the Ten Plagues
the Three Taverns
the Tribe Of Benjamin
the Tribe Of Gad
The Twelve Apostles
the Two Thieves
the Valley Eshcol
the Valley Of Charashim
the Valley Of Elah
the Valley Of Rephaim
the Valley Of Zared
the Waters Of Shiloah
the Wife Of Pharaoh
The Wisdom of Solomon
the Wood Of Ephraim
The World Ending
The Year 2012
The Year of Jubilee | <urn:uuid:c469b44b-4a8e-4645-bc85-7e59646f8519> | {
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The United States Supreme Court's decision to review Grutter v. Bollinger could have long-term consequences in how our society approaches issues of race, affirmative action, quotas and diversity as we enter this new millennium.
The case began when Barbara Grutter, a 43-year-old white woman, sued the University of Michigan law school for racial discrimination when it denied her admission while accepting many other applicants with objectively inferior academic credentials.
The school admitted that it considered the applicant's race as one of many factors in its admissions decisions but denied that it used quotas. It sought to justify its consideration of race to promote diversity, which it contended created a better educational environment.
The United States District Court didn't buy the school's arguments. While the Court didn't find that the school was using quotas per se, it did reject the school's attempt to downplay race as a factor in its admission decisions. The Court found "the evidence indisputably demonstrates that the law school places a very heavy emphasis on an applicant's race in deciding whether to accept or reject."
Such "racial classifications," by a state-funded institution, according to the Court, can only be justified under the law if they serve the "compelling state interest" of remedying past discrimination committed specifically by that institution. Promoting diversity, in other words, was not a "compelling state interest" to warrant this "reverse" discrimination. Since there was no proof that the law school had ever discriminated against the favored groups: African-Americans, Native-Americans or Hispanics, the Court ruled that the school's admissions policy was unconstitutional and in violation of Title VI of the 1964 Civil Rights Act.
The Sixth Circuit United States Court of Appeals reversed the District Court, holding that a race-conscious admissions program could be justified for reasons other than to remedy past discrimination and promoting diversity is one of those reasons. The United States Supreme Court, presumably, will tell us which court is correct.
How will the Supremes rule? Well, there seems to be a consensus that the 1978 Bakke case (Regents of the Univ. of Cal. v. Bakke) outlawed quotas. But what about the use of racial classifications that don't quite rise to the level of quotas? Can such classifications ever be justified in the absence of evidence of past discrimination by the specific institution involved?
The Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment has been interpreted to mean that the "Constitution is color-blind, and neither knows nor tolerates classes among citizens." But the actual decision in this case will turn on the exceptions to that principle. The Supreme Court will have to decide whether the goal of promoting diversity will become another exception (along with the goal of remedying past discrimination) to the rule against racial discrimination.
When it's all said and done, the Court's decision will likely be based more on policy than legal considerations. It will involve value judgments having little to do with the law. Sure, the decision will be couched in esoteric legalese, but it will ultimately be a question of whether the Court determines that diversity is an essential policy.
The Supreme Court in these types of issues, like it or not, often becomes a super legislature. If it were merely an interpreter of the law -- strictly a judicial body as I believe it was intended to be -- it would be hard pressed to carve out exceptions to the constitutional and statutory prescriptions against racial discrimination.
It is clearly the Court's prerogative to decide whether racial classifications violate the Equal Protection Clause in the first place. But once that decision is made, the Court crosses the line when it invents exceptions, no matter how socially desirable it deems them to be.
But while we're talking about these value judgments, I remain firmly convinced that our society is thinking way too much in terms of groups and classes than individuals. This is not only foreign to the American ideal of equal opportunity, but is insulting and destructive to the individuals comprising these favored groups and classes, as well as damaging to race relations overall.
America will be a better place in the long run if it resists the temptation to yield to societal pressure to impose politically correct value judgments and musters the courage to adhere to colorblindness. | <urn:uuid:99b1abb2-edda-4023-8d3f-495b936c6323> | {
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April 12, 2011 5:43 AM
Kathryn Hobgood Ray
Imagine a future where buildings are smart enough to “talk” — at least to tell you when you are wasting precious natural resources and need to adjust temperature, water consumption, power or lighting. The Tulane University School of Architecture has teamed up with IBM to launch a pilot program to do just that, by uniting computer technology with green building practices.
Richardson Memorial Hall, the home of the School of Architecture, will be the first Tulane building to go online in the pilot program, officially called “Smart Building Solutions.” Technology is being installed in the building now, with an eye toward a future renovation project.
“Richardson Memorial will undergo a major renovation starting in a few years,” says architecture dean Kenneth Schwartz. “The challenge for us is to take a structure that’s over 100 years old and make it smarter, more efficient and effective in the way it operates.”
According to Schwartz, Tulane’s opportunity to participate in the program came about thanks to Randall Dalia, an IBM executive who is an alumnus of the architecture school and the A. B. Freeman School of Business.
Two Tulane departments are involved in the project — technology services will oversee the computer programming and databases, while facilities services will manage the building. “We’re operating under the mantra, ‘If you can’t measure it, you can’t manage it,”’ says Charlie McMahon, Tulane’s chief technology officer. “We’ll be able to collect data about usage and incorporate what we learn into the renovation project so we can have a more energy efficient building when we are done.”
McMahon says that Richardson Memorial will serve as a “living laboratory” for the architecture faculty and students to see firsthand the impact of building energy management techniques into a historic structure. Says McMahon, “They’ll learn about what works and doesn’t work in energy management in an older building like Richardson.”
Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118 504-865-5000 [email protected] | <urn:uuid:36c598ae-0d3b-423f-beb4-665fddddfa61> | {
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One hundred years ago, at the beginning of the history of the National Art Museum of Ukraine, which was first called the City Museum of Antiques and Art, there was hardly any concept of Ukrainian professional art. Ukraine was always famous for its national ethnographical applied art. The founders of the museum’s collections decided to prove that this opinion was wrong and defined the list of main representatives of Ukrainian fine art. These scientists have included in the list not only those who were born and worked in Ukraine, but also those national-conscious artists who lived abroad. They thought that foreigners who worked in Ukraine have enriched a national culture too. These principles were the basis of their collective work. So works of T. Shevchenko, I. Repin, V. Borovikovskiy, V. Tropinin, N. Pimonenko, M. Vrubel, N. Ge, G. Narbut, A. Murashko and V. Krichevskiy became a part of the museum’s collection. The collectors have found even some older works ranging from medieval icons to Cossacks times portraits of military and church leaders and humorous comic pictures “Cossack Mamay”. Things came to collection from different areas ranging from far western Galitsia to eastern Tchernigovshina areas. They looked for masterpieces of Ukrainian art in Moscow and Saint Petersburg and even wrote correspondence to Ukrainian artists living in Europe and America. Though this activity was stopped during the Stalin’s repressions, and a big part of collection was dispersed or hidden, the tradition is still alive. Today there are a lot of new works of art coming to museum’s collections. Among these new comings are: unique icon relief “St. George in His Lifetime” dating to the 12th century; works of the founder of international abstractionism Kazimir Malevitch, who was native Ukrainian; masterpiece of Ukrainian rococo “The Great Martyr” icon, graphics of world famous Ukrainian living in the USA, Y. Gnizdovskiy. Now there are thousands of exhibits presented in the museum’s collection.
The 1990s, the first decade of Ukrainian independence, were the time when museum came to an international level. For the first time in the museum’s history its collections were exhibited in famous museums of Canada, France, Denmark, Croatia. The world discovered an advanced culture of the country with 10,000 years of history. As a result, some previously infamous artists became a part of international art elite. For example, A. Petritskiy is considered to be one of the best set designers of the 20th century, V. Yermilov is known as the most laconic constructivist of the 20s, and O. Bogomazov is ranked as one of the best futurists of Europe. Those exhibitions also have discovered the Ukrainian side of some famous Russian artists as O. Exter, A. Arkhipenko, D. Burluk. The items from museum’s collections often become the sensations on international exhibitions. In 1997 on “The Fame of Byzantium” exhibition the 12th century icon “St. Geroge in His Lifetime” gained the steadfast attention of the specialists. The National Art Museum of Ukraine is of course not the oldest in the list of most famous museums of the world. But its prestige is constantly becoming higher. And the belief of museum founders that Ukrainian culture is valuable on international level today has spread around the world. | <urn:uuid:efe6ed4b-518d-4b1d-b2e1-f794020c5849> | {
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The obvious answer to drought stress on lawns is to apply water. Deep, infrequent watering to the depth of the root system is the ideal situation. This should be done when lawns show the first signs of drought stress, such as wilting, darkening color, and footprints remaining after walking across the lawn. A variety of factors, including budgets, site factors, and watering restrictions all might make this impossible. When an organic lawn care program is in place, the organic matter used to topdress and the resulting improved soil structure will likely extend the greening period farther into the summer before the lawn goes dormant. This improved soil structure will also allow the grass plant to take full advantage of the moisture present and food uptake into the grass plant. Good soil structure will allow the lawn to return to active growth and recover quickly.
Once cool-season turfgrasses have gone dormant (stopped active growth, turned off-color) it's best to leave them in that condition rather than watering heavily to cause the grass to green-up again. Breaking dormancy actually drains reserves within the plant, and if conditions remain dry and the weather is hot, the plant is not likely to replace those reserves. In a 'typical' summer, lawns go dormant and resume active growth when conditions improve. The downside of dormancy is the appearance of the lawn and the risk of problems arising on the inactive lawn, such as weed invasions.
The common question is how much water is enough to keep the turf alive? Applying 1/4 to 1/2 inch every two to four weeks should be enough to maintain moisture in the crown and roots so the turf can survive and resume growing when conditions improve.
Mow lawns higher for the summer. A range of 2.5 to 3 inches would be suggested for most turf stands where Kentucky bluegrass is the primary species. As always, mowing should be on a frequent basis so that no more than one-third of the leaf blade is removed in any one cutting. Taller turf allows more shading of the soil, conserving what moisture is in the soil.
Avoid applying excess nitrogen fertilizer during hot, dry conditions. Lawn grasses will respond by putting out excessive growth when they should be going dormant. Wait until the early September period for fertilizing most lawns, rather than summer. Use fertilizers providing adequate potassium, in addition to nitrogen. When growing using organic materials, nitrogen will be available as needed but never in excess.
Whenever possible, limit traffic of any type on the lawn. Drought stress will occur faster on turf stands with poor soil conditions underneath. Soil compaction, clay fill, high pH, and general poor conditions for root growth becomes very evident under stress conditions such as drought. Although immediate corrections may not be possible, make notes of problem areas that will need to be addressed later. Work on improving rooting of the lawn grasses.
Lawns with problem thatch layers will experience drought stress sooner. Many of the same soil factors just mentioned are likely to be the cause. In addition, take a close look at management practices that may contribute to thatch, such as overfertilizing or overwatering. | <urn:uuid:7b900c5c-2fc5-4003-86b4-f3a497b80ec7> | {
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Enlistment Data on Soldier from the 27th US Colored Infantry
Source: Military Service Record, Pvt. Jacob Thomas, National Archives Publication M1824
As one who has researched their ancestors' involvement in the Civil War, I have come to understand something about the myths and the realities of who did and did not serve in the Civil War.
The reasons why some stories are not refuted even when they are purely nonsensical, and downright untrue, is because many of us who descend from enslaved people, have never studied the Civil War.
For example---in a recent genealogy chat, the involvement of black men who enlisted in the Union Army came up. One member described information about her ancestor who served in a unit from Mississippi. Another member of the same group---a regular to the chat for over 10 years, remarked that it was amazing to him, to hear that her Mississippi Ancestor enlisted in the Union Army.
Soldier is buried in Dripping Springs Cemetery in Crawford County Arkansas.
(Cemetery was documented by Tonia Holleman)
I asked him why that was so unusual. and he replied that "well, her ancestor was not from the North, but he lived in the South." I wanted to make sure that I understood what he meant, and I wondered if he was going to start talking about the infamous mythical confederate issue, but he did not. He then innocently and sincerely asked the question, "well----weren't most black soldiers in the Union Army from places in the north, like Massachusetts?"
I pointed out to him that a majority of the United States Colored Troops were units that were organized in the South. He was surprised, amazed and confused! He was truly trying to understand---- "But how could that be? " he asked.
I was stunned by his word. But then I got it----I realized that other than what he had learned from the movie "Glory!" his knowledge of the role of African American soldiers from the south, in the Civil War, was non-existent! He knew nothing! And this is a man in his 60s, who has been dabbling in family history for more than a decade!
He was curious and asked honest and innocent questions---how could they get up north to enlist?
The impression that he had, was that black men had to escape to the north to enlist in the Union Army. His sense was that all black Civil War soldiers were organized in the north like the soldiers of the 54th Massachusetts Colored Infantry.
Famous Image of the 54th Massachusetts at Ft. Wagner.
Source: Library of Congress
There was no sense of time, nor place----and I pointed out to him that the war was fought in the south, on southern soil, and as federal soldiers came into an area, THAT provided the opportunity for them to enlist! This was foreign to him.
Now I must point out, this is a gentleman whom I have respected as being a long lasting researcher, but I was so surprised at how there was almost no concept of how black men entered the Civil War, and where and under what circumstances.
He did ask good questions-----how did they get a chance when they were still held as slaves? Wouldn't the slave masters have prevented their leaving to fight?
Another member then reminded him----this was wartime! The slave masters and the overseers were not there----they had entered the confederate army to fight! When Union soldiers came--they could raid area farms both large estates and small farms, and so many times the white men folk were not present, and slaves had access to the Union lines for the first time!
Recruitment Handbill, for soldiers to join Union Army
This small concept had never occurred to him, and he had never read anything about the recruitment of black soldiers---and up until that time----he always thought that a majority of black soldiers came from New England!!!
It was pointed out that the 130 + regiments of United States Colored Troops, were organized in the south and he was truly amazed!
I too was amazed, but for another reason---I had to ask, how many of our own elders in our communities were also under the impression that either we had no role in the War, or that only a few blacks from New England enlisted in the Union Army to fight?
Was he alone in his misconception of black participation? Is this why the black confederate myth went unchallenged for so long?
Could it be, that our lack of knowledge of the true involvement of our ancestors in the Fight for Freedom, assisted the myth makers and revisionists in creating confederate regiments that never existed? After all, the story was created by hobbyists, reenactors and not by historians.
But as we who descend from US Colored Troops have had so few Civil War enthusiasts in our own midst, until recent years, and there was no one for a long time to refute this revised history and newly created myths.
I realized that until the past 20 years----there were no monuments to the USCTs.
African American Civil War Memorial Monument
But---almost every town large and small in the south has confederate monuments in the town square or on the ground of the local courthouse. And they have had them for decades!
Monuments such as this one in Arkansas are found in hundreds of towns throughout the south.
The local and state histories show the photos of the confederate reunions well into the 20th century. But no textbooks or state histories show images of USCT reunions. Though many GAR chapters were integrated, the reunions of black regiments were rare----if any occurred at all. And in the south----did any occur ever?
What are the results of this lack of knowledge?
Did the actions of Andrew Johnson to restore the secessionists to their status of "first class" status over an oppressed second class, lead to a silencing of the soldiers, denying those men who fought and died, who were of African descent no chance to spread honor and pride to their descendants. Were they thus prevented in their expressions of pride and dignity from passing this knowledge to the next generations?
Did the use of the confederate flag----a flag of the enemy for the US Colored Troops---- did the use of the flag officially flown in front of courthouses and as well as the flag use in terrorist acts, such as lynchings, force these honorable men, into a silence, requiring them to never speak to the next generation about their fight for freedom? Is this how and why our stories got lost in our own families?
And what was the result of this forced silence? Shame? Poor self-esteem, powerlessness?
The better question----what comes from knowing one's history?
I can only say that having told the story twice at a family reunion, about our ancestors from Tennessee who served in the 111th US Colored Infantry, were captured, escaped and re-enlisted----I can only say that I saw with my own eyes----the changes in body language as the young males heard this story of our Uncle Sephus, Uncle Braxton, Cousins Henry and Emmanuel Bass. I was asked to tell this story again to a new generation only this past year and once again----the effect was amazing.
Did they hear it and understand it?
I don't know----but I know that in order for us to get to the story----we have to learn the Facts.
* There were 138 regiments of the US Colored Troops who were volunteers in the Union Army.
* Most of these regiments were organized in the South.
* There were 7 additional units part of the regular army. They were from Mass, Conn, and La.
* All of these units served and/or saw action in the south.
* The US Colored Troops saw action in 268 different battles/skirmishes between 1863-1866.
Memorize these few facts and pass them on!!!
Many stories lie untold in the unread pages of the official records of the Civil War.
As we speak of honoring our ancestors----we have to tell their stories and in order to get to the story----we must learn the facts!
Unknown Soldier, United States Colored Troops
Source: Library of Congress | <urn:uuid:161d0e35-7439-44af-9df7-45fce76fecc0> | {
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Everybody knows cats don't have nine lives and black cats aren't a cover for witches. But these types of tall tales have contributed
to people's incorrect notions about cats. Here are often-heard feline health yarns, and what to say to clients to unravel
1. Cats are aloof, unsocial creatures
Dogs wag their tails and bark in delight when you come home. Cats show affection by nuzzling your leg. Even though they're
not boisterous, they still want—and need—attention. Some cats do shun human affection, but these introverts don't represent
the whole feline species. In fact, lack of interaction can be an early sign of illness.
2. Indoor cats don't need preventive medicine
A cat doesn't have to go outside to get sick, especially if it lives with other pets that do head out. Animals that go from
the outdoors in might harbor—and pass on—all sorts of infections, from respiratory viruses to internal parasites. And fleas
and mosquitoes can easily make their way into the house then jump onto or bite an unsuspecting indoor cat.
3. Cats are independent and don't need care
Cats don't need to be let out to go to the bathroom, but they can't open a can of food. Even though putting out extra food
might satisfy their physical needs for a weekend alone, it doesn't cover their emotional needs. What's more, if a cat gets
sick—say from ingesting a foreign object—while home by itself, it can be very sick by Sunday night.
4. Cats go outside the litter box to be spiteful
Behavior problems aren't at the root of inappropriate elimination. Instead, missing the box often signals an underlying medical
condition, such as urinary tract disease or infection, kidney disease, and diabetes mellitus. It can also be a sign of arthritis,
which makes getting into the litter box difficult. Teach clients that when they notice their cats "going" in the wrong place,
they should contact you immediately.
5. Cats don't get heartworms
Heartworms affect dogs and cats differently, but they do affect cats. Cases of feline heartworm disease have been reported
in all 50 states. Unlike dogs, cats are troubled by heartworm larvae (juvenile adult heartworms) rather than mature adult
heartworms. When the larvae die in cats' lungs, they cause lesions that may lead to airway and arterial disease referred to
as heartworm-associated respiratory disease (HARD). Cats that exhibit asthma-like symptoms may in fact be suffering from HARD.
The disease can't be cured, but it's totally preventable with the proper use of preventive medication. | <urn:uuid:734376cc-72bb-45e6-8d7a-cef1c7cd11fd> | {
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Find Out Which Foods That Promote Sleep Will Give You a Good Night’s Rest
We all know that sleep and diet are both key to good overall health, but what is less well known is the strong link between the two. Good sleep promotes a healthy appetite and foods that promote sleep can make it all happen.
Those who do not eat well may be causing themselves a bad night of rest, and lack of sleep can cause poor eating habits. This can become a self-perpetuating cycle, with bad habits in one leading to bad habits in the other. The good news is that there are foods that are not only good for you, but that will also actually help you sleep as well. These foods that promote sleep do double duty on the health front, and thus you would do well to consider adding them to your diet.
What and when you eat has a great effect on your sleep. Beyond the obvious effects of things like caffeine and alcohol on your sleep, regular foods can have great effects as well. Eating spicy foods such as peppers before bed is a bad idea because you could be kept up by indigestion or heartburn.
Eating a full meal close to bed time is also not a good idea as it can cause these same issues as well. Drinking lots of fluids before bed is could also affect your sleep by causing you to wake in the middle of the night to take a trip to the bathroom.
But besides the foods and eating habits that effect your sleep in obvious ways, what about foods that affect the brain in a more basic way? There are foods that can have effects on the brain at a chemical level that can help promote sleep. Foods that contain tryptophan, an amino acid, when eaten along with foods contain simple sugars known as carbohydrates can have a powerful sleep inducing effect on the brain. Eating foods that contain calcium along with these other two further improves the effect.
Tryptophan is a precursor to both melatonin and serotonin
Serotonin and melatonin are both hormones manufactured in the brain that help it sleep. Tryptophan is a building block the brain uses to create these two sleep hormones.
There are two ways to increase serotonin and melatonin production in the brain, the first is to eat foods that contain Tryptophan, and the second is to eat foods that make tryptophan more available to the brain. This is where carbohydrates come in. Carbohydrates make tryptophan more available to the brain by stimulating the release of insulin into the blood stream.
The insulin clears the blood of other amino acids which would otherwise compete with the Tryptophan, thus making it more available to the brain. Calcium also aids the brain in using Tryptophan in producing melatonin.
So now that the basics of how these foods promote sleep has been covered, it is important to know which foods and combinations of foods best produce this effect. Dairy is a good choice because dairy products contain both tryptophan and calcium. Below are some foods that contain tryptophan, calcium, protein, or a mixture of them.
Oatmeal with Milk and Walnuts
Carbohydrates and protein make this combination a great snack to eat before bed.
These contain melatonin; just make sure it is the tart variety, the kind used for making pie.
This is a perfect sleep inducing food because it contains half carbohydrates and half protein.
Bananas are a triple treat as they contain tryptophan, melatonin, and serotonin. Add a piece of bread for a carbohydrate.
These have both tryptophan and carbohydrates, so they make a good sleep inducing food.
So if you are having trouble falling asleep, try someof these foods that promote sleep. You will likely find that you are falling asleep faster and easier. | <urn:uuid:66dd94a6-1ce2-4872-b1a4-9cc6f09b0612> | {
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Since 2010, schools across America have been taking part in Michelle Obama's 'Let's Move' initiative to help fight childhood obesity in America — with parents, principals and teachers trying to promote healthy living in and out of the classroom.
So, how well is it working? Have schools in Walnut Creek found ways to keep local children fit and healthy?
The Mount Diablo School District adheres to USDA nutrition standards for its school meals, offering unlimited fruits and vegetables and using whole grains. The district hired a chef for the 2012-13 school year to "introduce some exciting new healthy recipes" on school menus. The Walnut Creek School District has a wellness policy that provides nutrition guidelines for school meals and stipulates that students get an hour a day of exercise.
But "Let's Move" wants schools to do more than ditch junk food and give P.E. lessons. Teachers are encouraged to incorporate nutrition education and physical activity into the curriculum, by making such concepts part of the daily routine.
For example, the Active Schools Acceleration Program is currently offering grants for schools to take more innovative steps toward getting the kids active. Programs include "an academically integrated curriculum of in-class movement breaks," a before-school group aerobic work-out program, and a "100-mile club" where the kids work throughout the school year to run 100 miles.
How is your child's school helping students stay fit and healthy? What do you think are the most effective methods to fight childhood obesity in school? Share your experience in the comments. | <urn:uuid:c8c8a6b1-25bc-40b0-a2db-b9a008a732a5> | {
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Cicadas: Superfamily Cicadoidea
The drone of cicadas is one of Sydney's most recognisable sounds of summer. Cicadas are the loudest insects in the world and there are more than 200 species in Australia.
It is thought that the sound produced by some communal species can act as a defence against predatory birds and some are even loud enough (120 decibels) to be painful to the human ear. Cicadas also often sing in chorus, which makes it more difficult for a predator to locate an individual.
Cicadas are so conspicuous that many of their common names were initially given to them by children. As a result cicadas probably have the most colourful common names in the insect world. Some of these include: Black Prince (Psaltoda plaga), Double Drummer, Floury Baker, and the Green Grocer or Yellow Monday, Cyclochila australasiae.
- Only male cicadas sing. They do this in an attempt to find a mate.
- Different species have different songs to attract only their own kind.
- Adult cicadas have short lives, usually only a few weeks.
- Most of their lives are spent as nymphs underground. For some species this can be up to several years.
- Cicadas feed only on plant sap using their piercing, sucking mouthparts.
- Cicadas feed on a huge range of plants, including eucalypts and grasses.
- Birds, bats, spiders, wasps, ants, mantids and tree crickets all prey on cicadas.
What are cicadas?
They are classified in the order Hemiptera, which includes all insects with piercing and sucking mouth-parts. (Other insects in this order are bugs, aphids and scale insects). There are more than 200 Australian species of cicadas, most of which belong to the one large family, the Cicadidae. Cicadas are sometimes known as locusts in Australia, but that term is more correctly applied to certain migratory species of grasshopper.
What do cicadas look like?
Adult cicadas have stout bodies with two pairs of wings. The wing spans of the different species range from about 2.5 cm - 15 cm. When not in use, the wings fold back along the sides of the body. The longer fore wing covers the short hind wing, but the wings of each side do not overlap. The fore wing is usually glassy and transparent although in a few species it is dull and opaque. The wings are strengthened by a number of thin, firm veins.
Adult cicadas have three pairs of legs all about the same length. The femur (thigh joint) of the fore leg is thicker than that of the other legs.
Cicadas have large compound eyes situated one on each side of the head They also have three very small glistening simple eyes (ocelli) on the top of the head. The cicada's antennae (feelers) are quite small and bristle-like.
The mouth parts of the cicada are enclosed in a long, thin, beak-like sheath. The sheath (labium) passes backwards from the lower surface of the head between the legs when the insect is not feeding. It contains four fine, needle-like stylets used in feeding.
Cicadas feed by piercing the surface of plants with their mouth stylets. They then suck up the sap through a tube formed by the concave surfaces of two of the stylets. This piercing and sucking kind of feeding apparatus can be contrasted with the biting and chewing kind found in grasshoppers, cockroaches, beetles and caterpillars.
Cicadas may cause some slowing of the growth of trees from the amount of sap that they consume, but the effects are not very noticeable. They do not bite, though they may cling to the skin with their sharp claws when handled. They are considered harmless to people, despite the fact that their high-pitched call may annoy some people.
The adults of larger kinds of cicadas can be found on the trunks or branches of trees in summer. They are often wary and fly away when approached. Smaller kinds often live on low shrubs, or even on long grass.
Cicadas are eaten in large quantities by birds. They are also carried off by wasps as food for their young, and undoubtedly serve as food for many other animals Even the nymphs beneath the ground are parasitised by the larvae of Feather-horned Beetles (family Rhipiceridae).
Cicadas are notorious singers. The song is a mating call produced by the males only. Each species has its own distinctive call and only attracts females of its own kind even though rather similar species may co-exist.
Cicadas are the only insects to have developed such an effective and specialised means of producing sound. Some large species such as the Greengrocer/Yellow Monday and the Double Drummer produce a noise intensity in excess of 120 dB at close range (this is approaching the pain threshold of the human ear). In contrast, some small species have songs so high in pitch that the noise is beyond the range of our hearing.
The apparatus used by cicadas for singing is complex and research is still continuing on the mechanisms involved. The organs which produce sound are the tymbals, a pair of ribbed membranes at the base of the abdomen. Contracting the internal tyrnbal muscles causes the tymbals to buckle inwards and produces a pulse of sound. By relaxing these muscles, the tymbals pop back to their original position. In some cicada species, a pulse of sound is produced as each rib buckles.
Both male and female cicadas have organs for hearing. A pair of large, mirror-like membranes, the tympana, receive the sound. The tympana are connected to an auditory organ by a short tendon. When a male sings, it creases the tympana so that it won't be deafened by its own noise.
Many species of cicada sing during the heat of the day. The loud noise produced by some day-singing cicadas actually repels birds, probably because the noise is painful to the birds' ears and interferes with their normal communication. The males of many cicada species, including the Greengrocer/Yellow Monday, and the Double Drummer, tend to group together when calling which increases the total volume of noise and reduces the chances of bird predation.
Some cicada species only sing at dusk. Often these species are weak fliers (as in the case of the Bladder Cicada). They gain some protection from predatory birds by confining their activity to dusk.
Cicadas spend most of their life underground. It has been suggested that some of the large, common Australian species of cicada may live underground as nymphs for around 6-7 years. This would explain why adult cicadas are much more abundant during some seasons that others, with peaks occurring every few years. The periodical cicadas of North America spend 13 or 17 years underground.
In contrast to that of the nymph, the life of adult cicadas is very short, lasting only a few weeks. After mating, the adult female cicada lays its eggs. It does this by piercing plant stems with its ovipositor (egg-laying spike at the tip of the abdomen) and inserting the eggs into the slits it has made. The eggs hatch into small wingless cicadas which are known as nymphs. They fall to the ground and burrow below the surface. Here they live on the sap from plant roots for a period which may last several years. They shed their skin at intervals as they grow.
When the nymph reaches full size it digs its way to the surface with its front legs, which are specially adapted for digging. It generally surfaces about nightfall in late spring or early summer. The nymph then climbs on to a tree trunk or other object and sheds its skin for the last time. The fully-winged adult cicada which emerges leaves its old empty nymphal skin behind.
For enquiries relating to these insects in the Australian Museum collection please contact the Collection Manager
- Moulds, M.S. 1990. Australian Cicadas. New South Wales University Press. 217 pp., 24 pls.
Dr Dave Britton , Collection Manager, Entomology | <urn:uuid:dc87789c-562f-43b0-bfee-0dee44be1fec> | {
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|Family XV. FRINGILLINAE. FINCHES.
GENUS XII. CORYTHUS, Cuv. PINE-FINCH.
|Genus||CORYTHUS ENUCLEATOR, Linn.
In WILSON'S time, this beautiful bird was rare in Pennsylvania; but since
then it has occasionally been seen in considerable numbers, and in the winter of
1836, my young friend J. TRUDEAU, M. D., procured several in the vicinity of
Philadelphia. That season also they were abundant in the States of New York and
Massachusetts. Some have been procured near the mouth of the Big Guyandotte on
the Ohio; and Mr. NUTTALL has observed it on the lower parts of the Missouri. I
have ascertained it to be a constant resident in the State of Maine, and have
met with it on several islands in the Bay of Fundy, as well as in Newfoundland
and Labrador. Dr. RICHARDSON mentions it as having been observed by the
Expedition in the 50th parallel, and as a constant resident at Hudson's Bay. It
is indeed the hardiest bird of its tribe yet discovered in North America, where
even the Rose-breasted Grosbeak, though found during summer in Newfoundland and
Labrador, removes in autumn to countries farther south than the Texas, where as
late as the middle of May I saw many in their richest plumage.
The Pine Grosbeak is a charming songster. Well do I remember how delighted I felt, while lying on the moss-clad rocks of Newfoundland, near St. George's Bay, I listened to its continuous lay, so late as the middle of August, particularly about sunset. I was reminded of the pleasure I had formerly enjoyed on the banks of the clear Mohawk, under nearly similar circumstances, when lending an attentive ear to the mellow notes of another Grosbeak. But, reader, at Newfoundland I was still farther removed from my beloved family; the scenery around was thrice wilder and more magnificent. The stupendous dark granite rocks, fronting the north, as if bidding defiance to the wintry tempests, brought a chillness to my heart, as I thought of the hardships endured by those intrepid travellers who, for the advancement of science, had braved the horrors of the polar winter. The glowing tints of the western sky, and the brightening stars twinkling over the waters of the great Gulf, rivetted me to the spot, and the longer I gazed, the more I wished to remain; but darkness was suddenly produced by the advance of a mass of damp fog, the bird ceased its song, and all around seemed transformed into chaos. Silently I groped my way to the beach, and soon reached the Ripley.
The young gentlemen of my party, accompanied by my son JOHN WOODHOUSE, and a Newfoundland Indian, had gone into the interior in search of Rein Deer, but returned the following afternoon, having found the flies and musquitoes intolerable. My son brought a number of Pine Grosbeaks, of different sexes, young and adult, but all the latter in moult, and patched with dark red, ash, black and white. It was curious to see how covered with sores the legs of the old birds of both sexes were. These sores or excrescences are, I believe, produced by the resinous matter of the fir-trees on which they obtain their food. Some specimens had the hinder part of the tarsi more than double the usual size, the excrescences could not be removed by the hand, and I was surprised that the birds had not found means of ridding themselves of such an inconvenience. One of the figures in my plate represents the form of these sores.
I was assured that during mild winters, the Pine Grosbeak is found in the forests of Newfoundland in considerable numbers, and that some remain during the most severe cold. A lady who had resided there many years, and who was fond of birds, assured me that she had kept several males in cages; that they soon became familiar, would sing during the night, and fed on all sorts of fruits and berries during the summer, and on seeds of various kinds in winter; that they were fond of bathing, but liable to cramps; and that they died of sores produced around their eyes and the base of the upper mandible. I have observed the same to happen to the Cardinal and Rose-breasted Grosbeaks.
The flight of this bird is undulating and smooth, performed in a direct line when it is migrating, at a considerable height above the forests, and in groups of from five to ten individuals. They alight frequently during the day, on such trees as are opening their buds or blossoms. At such times they are extremely gentle, and easily approached, are extremely fond of bathing, and whether on the ground or on branches, move by short leaps. I have been much surprised to see, on my having fired, those that were untouched, fly directly towards me, until within a few feet, and then slide off and alight on the lower branches of the nearest tree, where, standing as erect as little Hawks, they gazed upon me as if I were an object quite new, and of whose nature they were ignorant. They are easily caught under snow-shoes put up with a figure of four, around the wood-cutters' camps in the State of Maine, and are said to afford good eating. Their food consists of the buds and seeds of almost all sorts of trees. Occasionally also they seize a passing insect. I once knew one of these sweet songsters, which, in the evening, as soon as the lamp was lighted in the room where its cage was hung, would instantly tune its voice anew.
My kind friend THOMAS M'CULLOCH Of Pictou in Nova Scotia, has sent me the following notice, which I trust will prove as interesting to you as it has been to me. Last winter the snow was exceedingly deep, and the storms so frequent and violent that many birds must have perished in consequence of the scarcity of food. The Pine Grosbeaks being driven from the woods, collected about the barns in great numbers, and even in the streets of Pictou they frequently alighted in search of food. A pair of these birds which had been recently taken were brought me by a friend, but they were in such a poor emaciated condition, that I almost despaired of being able to preserve them alive. Being anxious, however, to note for you the changes of their plumage, I determined to make the attempt; but notwithstanding all my care, they died a few days after they came into my possession. Shortly after, I received a male in splendid plumage, but so emaciated that he seemed little else than a mass of feathers. By more cautious feeding, however, he soon regained his flesh and became so tame as to eat from my hand without the least appearance of fear. To reconcile him gradually to confinement, he was permitted to fly about my bedroom, and upon rising in the morning, the first thing I did was to give him a small quantity of seed. But three mornings in succession I happened to lie rather later than usual, and each morning I was aroused by the bird fluttering upon my shoulder, and calling for his usual allowance. The third morning, I allowed him to flutter about me some time before shewing any symptom of being awake, but he no sooner observed that his object was effected than he retired to the window and waited patiently until I arose. As the spring approached, he used to whistle occasionally in the morning, and his notes, like those of his relative the Rose-breasted Grosbeak, were exceedingly rich and full. About the time, however, when the species began to remove to the north, his former familiarity entirely disappeared. During the day he never rested a moment, but continued to run from one side of the window to the other, seeking a way of escape, and frequently during the night, when the moonlight would fall upon the window, I was awakened by him dashing against the glass. The desire of liberty seemed at last to absorb every other feeling, and during four days I could not detect the least diminution in the quantity of his food, while at the same time he filled the house with a piteous wailing cry, which no person could hear without feeling for the poor captive. Unable to resist his appeals, I give him his release; but when this was attained he seemed very careless of availing himself of it. Having perched upon the top of a tree in front of the house, he arranged his feathers, and looked about him for a short time. He then alighted by the door, and I was at last obliged to drive him away, lest some accident should befall him.
"These birds are subject to a curious disease, which I have never seen in any other. Irregularly shaped whitish masses are formed upon the legs and feet. To the eye these lumps appear not unlike pieces of lime; but when broken, the interior presents a congeries of minute cells, as regularly and beautifully formed as those of a honey-comb. Sometimes, though rarely, I have seen the whole of the legs and feet covered with this substance, and when the crust has broken, the bone was bare, and the sinews seemed almost altogether to have lost the power of moving the feet. An acquaintance of mine kept one of these birds during the summer months. It became quite tame, but at last it lost the power of its legs and died. By this person I was informed that his Grosbeak usually sang during a thunder-storm, or when rain was falling on the house."
While in the State of Maine, I observed that these birds, when travelling, fly in silence, and at a considerable height above the trees. They alight on the topmost branches, so that it is difficult to obtain them, unless one has a remarkably good gun. But, on waiting a few minutes, you see the flock, usually composed of seven or eight individuals, descend from branch to branch, and betake themselves to the ground, where they pick up gravel, hop towards the nearest pool or streamlet, and bathe by dipping their heads and scattering the water over them, until they are quite wet; after which they fly to the branches of low bushes, shake themselves with so much vigour as to produce a smart rustling sound, and arrange their plumage. They then search for food among the boughs of the taller trees.
Male, 8 1/2, 14. Female, 8 1/4, 13 1/2.
From Pennsylvania and New Jersey, in winter, eastward to Newfoundland. Breeds from Maine northward. Common. Migratory.
PINE GROSBEAK, Loxia Enucleator, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. i. p. 80.
PYRRHULA ENUCLEATOR, Bonap. Syn., p. 119.
PYRRHULA (CORYTHUS) ENUCLEATOR, Pine Bullfinch, Swains. and Rich. F. Bor. Amer. vol. ii. p. 262.
PINE GROSBEAK or BULLFINCH, Nutt. Man., vol. i. p. 535.
PINE GROSBEAK, Pyrrhula Enucleator, Aud. Orn. Biog., vol. iv. p. 414.
Bill short, robust, bulging at the base, conical, acute; upper mandible with its dorsal outline convex, the sides convex, the edges sharp and overlapping; lower mandible with the angle short and very broad, the dorsal line ascending and slightly convex, the sides rounded, the edges inflected; the acute decurved tip of the upper mandible extending considerably beyond that of the lower; the gap-line deflected at the base.
Head rather large, ovate, flattened above; neck short; body full. Legs short, of moderate strength; tarsus short, compressed, with six anterior scutella, and two plates behind, forming a thin edge; toes short, the first proportionally stout, the third much longer than the two lateral, which are about equal; their scutella large, their lower surface with large pads covered with prominent papillae. Claws rather long, arched, much compressed, laterally grooved, and acute.
Plumage soft, full, rather blended, the feathers oblong. At the base of the upper mandible are strong bristly feathers directed forwards. The wings of moderate length; the primaries rounded, the second and third longest, and with the fourth and fifth having their outer webs slightly cut out. Tail rather long, emarginate, of twelve strong, broad, obliquely rounded feathers.
Bill reddish-brown. Iris hazel. Feet blackish-brown, claws black. The general colour of the plumage is bright carmine, tinged with vermilion; the feathers of the fore part of the back and the scapulars greyish-brown in the centre; the bristly feathers at the base of the bill blackish-brown; the middle of the breast, abdomen, and lower tail-coverts, light grey, the latter with a central dusky streak. Wings blackish-brown; the primaries and their coverts narrowly edged with reddish-white, the secondaries more broadly with white; the secondary coverts and first row of small coverts tipped with reddish-white, the smaller coverts edged with red.
Length to end of tail 8 1/2 inches, the end of wings 6 1/4, to end of claws 6 3/4; extent of wings 14; wing from flexure 4 3/4; tail 4; bill along the ridge (7 1/2)/12, along the edge of lower mandible 7/12; tarsus (9 1/2)/12; first toe (4 1/2)/12, its claw 5/12; middle toe 8/12, its claw 5/12.
The female is scarcely inferior to the male in size. The bill is dusky, the feet as in the male. The upper part of the head and hind neck are yellowish-brown, each feather with a central dusky streak; the rump brownish-yellow; the rest of the upper parts light brownish-grey. Wings and tail as in the male, the white edgings and the tips tinged with grey; the cheeks and throat greyish-white or yellowish; the fore part and sides of the neck, the breast, sides, and abdomen ash-grey, as are the lower tail-coverts.
Length to end of tail 8 1/4 inches, to end of wings 6 1/4, to end of claws 6 3/4; extent of wings 13 1/2; wing from flexure 4 1/2; tail 3 10/12; tarsus (9 1/2)/12; middle toe and claw 1 1/12.
Young fully fledged.
The young, when in full plumage, resemble the female, but are more tinged with brown.
An adult male from Boston examined. The roof of the mouth is moderately concave, its anterior horny part with five prominent ridges; the lower mandible deeply concave. Tongue 4 1/2 twelfths long, firm, deflected at the middle, deeper than broad, papillate at the base, with a median groove; for the distal half of its length, it is cased with a firm horny substance, and is then of an oblong shape, when viewed from above, deeply concave, with two flattened prominences at the base, the point rounded and thin, the back or lower surface convex. This remarkable structure of the tongue appears to be intended for the purpose of enabling the bird, when it has insinuated its bill between the scales of a strobilus, to lay hold of the seed by pressing it against the roof of the mandible. In the Crossbills, the tongue is nearly of the same form, but more slender, and these birds feed in the same manner, in so far as regards the prehension of the food. In the present species, the tongue is much strengthened by the peculiar form of the basi-hyoid bone, to which there is appended as it were above a thin longitudinal crest, giving it great firmness in the perpendicular movements of the organ. The oesophagus [a b c d], Fig. 1, is two inches 11 twelfths long, dilated on the middle of the neck so as to form a kind of elongated dimidiate crop, 4 twelfths of an inch in diameter, projecting to the right side, and with the trachea passing along that side of the vertebrae. The proventriculus [c], is 8 twelfths long, somewhat bulbiform, with numerous oblong glandules, its greatest diameter 4 1/2 twelfths. A very curious peculiarity of the stomach [e], is, that in place of having its axis continuous with that of the oesophagus or proventriculus, it bends to the right nearly at a right angle. It is a very powerful gizzard, 8 1/2 twelfths long, 8 twelfths broad, with its lateral muscles 1/4 inch thick, the lower very distinct, the epithelium longitudinally rugous, of a light reddish colour. The duodenum, [f, g], first curves backward to the length of 1 1/4 inches, then folds in the usual manner, passing behind the right lobe of the liver; the intestine then passes upwards and to the left, curves along the left side, crosses to the right, forms about ten circumvolutions, and above the stomach terminates in the rectum, which is 11 twelfths long. The coeca are 1 1/4 twelfths in length and 1/4 twelfth in diameter. The entire length of the intestine from the pylorus to the anus is 31 1/2 inches (in another male 31); its greatest breadth in the duodenum 2 1/2 twelfths, gradually contracting to 1 1/4 twelfths. Fig. 2, represents the convoluted appearance of the intestine. The oesophagus [a b c]; the gizzard [d], turned forwards; the duodenum, [e f]; the rest of the intestine, [g h]; the coeca, [i]; the rectum, [i j], which is much dilated at the end.
The trachea is 2 inches 2 twelfths long, of uniform diameter, 1 1/2 twelfths broad, with about 60 rings; its muscles like those of all the other species of the Passerinae or Fringillidae.
In a female, the oesophagus is 2 inches 10 twelfths long; the intestine 31 inches long.
In all these individuals and several others, the stomach contained a great quantity of particles of white quartz, with remains of seeds; and in the oesophagus of one was an oat seed entire.
Although this bird is in its habits very similar to the Crossbills, and feeds on the same sort of food, it differs from them in the form and extent of its crop, in having the gizzard much larger, and the intestines more than double the length, in proportion to the size of the bird. | <urn:uuid:5b82fab6-c6cc-49be-b303-d0d89703d308> | {
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Bereans Honor MLK, Jr. 1/17/2007 Author(s): Jay
The Berea College community celebrated the life and vision of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. during several public events beginning January 14.
Bereans march to city hall during during Martin Luther King, Jr. Day
Following a street march to City Hall, Bereans gathered in Phelps Stokes Chapel to hear activist Carl Ray recount witnessing his fatherís brutal 1962 murder by a white supremacist. Ray is a former engineer and stand-up comedian.
Later that evening, Ray performed ďA Killing in Choctaw," a one-man, two-act play he wrote that depicts his life growing up in Alabama and the hate killing of his father.
Through the end of January Hutchins Library will feature a timeline exhibit showing scenes from the struggle for civil rights. | <urn:uuid:d9a0b466-26cd-41f7-a55d-0be9073701b6> | {
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Fundoplication is a surgery on the stomach and esophagus. It is done to treat gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). GERD is also called acid reflux, or heartburn. This occurs when acid from the stomach goes up the esophagus. A hiatal hernia may also be fixed during this procedure. This type of hernia occurs when a portion of the stomach pokes into the chest cavity. This hernia increases the chance and severity of GERD.
Reasons for Procedure
The surgery is most often done for the following reasons:
- Eliminate persistent GERD symptoms that are not relieved by medicine
- Correct acid reflux that is contributing to asthma symptoms
- Repair a hiatal hernia, which may be responsible for making GERD symptoms worse
- Eliminate the source of serious, long-term complications resulting from too much acid in the esophagus
If you are planning to have fundoplication, your doctor will review a list of possible complications, which may include:
- Anesthesia-related problems
- Difficulty swallowing
- Return of reflux symptoms
- Limited ability to burp or vomit
- Gas pains
- Damage to other organs
In rare cases, the procedure may need to be repeated. This may happen if the wrap was too tight, the wrap slips, or if a new hernia forms.
Some factors that may increase the risk of complications include:
What to Expect
Prior to Procedure
Your doctor may do the following:
- Physical exam
- X-ray —a test that uses radiation to take a picture of structures inside the body, especially bones
- Endoscopy —use of a tube attached to a viewing device (an endoscope) to examine the inside of the lining of the esophagus and stomach; a biopsy may also be taken
- Manometry—a test to measure the muscular contractions inside the esophagus and its response to swallowing
Leading up to the surgery:
Talk to your doctor about your medicines. You may be asked to stop taking some medicines up to one week before the procedure, like:
- Anti-inflammatory drugs (eg, aspirin )
- Blood thinners, like warfarin (Coumadin)
- Clopidogrel (Plavix)
- Arrange for a ride to and from the hospital. Also, arrange for help at home.
- The night before, eat a light meal. Do not eat or drink anything after midnight.
General anesthesia will be used. It will block any pain and keep you asleep through the surgery.
Description of the Procedure
The doctor will make a small incision. The laparoscope (a small tool with a camera on the end) will be inserted into the abdomen. It will allow the doctor to view the inside of the body on a video screen. Gas will be pumped into the abdomen to improve the view. The doctor will make other, small incisions in the skin. Small surgical instruments will be inserted. The stomach will then be wrapped around the esophagus. If needed, the hernia will be repaired.
In some cases, the doctor may need to switch to an open surgery . He will make a wide incision in the abdomen to do the surgery.
How Long Will It Take?
How Much Will It Hurt?
You will have discomfort during recovery. Ask your doctor about medicine to help with the pain.
Average Hospital Stay
Two days or more (depending on your condition)
- Walk with assistance the day after surgery.
- Keep the incision area clean and dry.
- Ask your doctor about when it is safe to shower, bathe, or soak in water.
- You will start by eating a liquid diet. You will slowly be able to eat more solid foods.
- After a successful fundoplication, you may no longer need to take medicines for GERD.
- Be sure to follow your doctor's instructions .
It will take about two weeks to recover.
Call Your Doctor
After you leave the hospital, contact your doctor if any of the following occurs:
- Signs of infection, including fever and chills
- Redness, swelling, increasing pain, excessive bleeding, or any discharge from the incision site
- Nausea and/or vomiting that you cannot control with the medicines you were given after surgery, or which persist for more than two days after discharge from the hospital
- Increased swelling or pain in the abdomen
- Difficulty swallowing that does not improve
- Pain that you cannot control with the medicines you have been given
- Pain, burning, urgency or frequency of urination, or persistent bleeding in the urine
- Cough, shortness of breath, or chest pain
- Any other new symptoms | <urn:uuid:d1f1b34e-5021-43f0-ab59-7740143a1892> | {
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DE-01 Historical Mining District Altenberg N 50°45'51", E 13°45'39"
DE-02 Historical Mining District Freiberg N 50°55'12", E 13°20'32"
DE-03 Historical Mining District Marienberg N 50°39'3", E 13°9'53"
DE-04 Historical Mining District Annaberg N 50°34'46", E 13°0'11"
DE-05 Historical Mining District Schneeberg N 50°35'15", E 12°38'2"
DE-06 Historical Mining District Schwarzenberg N 50°32'14", E 12°47'14"
DE-07 Uranium Mining N 50°48'33", E 12°50'32"
DE-08 Coal Mining N 50°43'29“, E 12°43'46"
CZ-KA-01 Mining Landscape Jáchymov N 50°22'23", E 12°53'55"
CZ-KA-02 Mining Landscape Abertamy – Horní Blatná – Boží Dar N 50°25'18", E 12°49'57"
CZ-KA-03 The Red Tower of Death N 50°19'44", E 12°57'12"
CZ-US-01 Mining Landscape Krupka N 50°41'50", E 13°50'50"
CZ-US-02 Mining Landscape Měděnec – Kovářská N 50°25'43", E 13°4'8"
The transboundary serial nomination of 13 component parts is a large-scale example of a decentralised mining landscape in a Central European mountain region that lies in the southeast of Germany and extends to the Czech Republic – the Erzgebirge (Ore Mountains).
The Mining Cultural Landscape Erzgebirge/Krušnohoří illustrates the formative influence of mining and metallurgy on the development of the landscape and its culture in an exceptional way. For more than 800 years, from the 12th to the 21th century, the region was actively shaped by mining activities. First silver and tin ores and later other ores such as lead, iron, cobalt, nickel, uranium, bismuth, tungsten, and zinc were mined, smelted and partially processed. Based on mining and metallurgy, the “industrialization” of the region took place in different historical stages.
The component parts of the serial nomination are composed of carefully selected historical witnesses including protected mines and associated over- and underground ensembles, historically distinct landscape features such as pits, heaps, dewatering channels and reservoirs, mining towns and settlements, and other important social buildings related to mining towns and settlements. These witnesses are not limited to work process related issues but particularly include witnesses of the economic, scientific, cultural, and social influences of mining and metallurgy.
Together the component parts provide a lively comprehensive insight into all aspects of miner’s world.The component parts reflect also the transboundary nature of the Bohemian and Saxon Erzgebirge. The serial
property has to be understood as a geographical, historical and cultural unit illustrating both the mining activities and the interaction between two communities which shared a long common history. Mining and metallurgy had formed an important and worldwide recognised trade and economic region which is still today strongly influenced by its mining traditions. Especially the developments in the field of mining sciences and technologies contributed to the development of other mining regions in Europe and the World.
Description of the component part(s):
In accordance with the spatial distribution of the numerous significant historic mining districts and their specific features, the serial property Mining Cultural Landscape Erzgebirge/Krušnohoří is represented by a selection of 13 significant separate component parts. The Saxon part will be represented by 8 individual component parts which are representing the layout of the six historical mining districts of the 19th century and the two historically important districts of uranium and coal mining of the 20th century. The Czech Republic is represented by 4 large-scale mining landscapes and a single monument.
The component parts cover a wide temporal and spatial range to fully illustrate the whole development process of the mining landscape and its culture. Each component part features a distinctive character that is composed of three attributes: time depth, diversity of mineral resources, and cultural facets. The cultural facets do not only include work process related issues but also the far-reaching influence of mining activities on seemingly distant areas of life. The individual component parts comprise all witnesses necessary to document their distinctive character on the basis of largely originally preserved valuable monuments and landscapes. Each selected component part represents a different chapter of the history. The individual components are of crucial importance to understand the development process of mining, its global importance and its formative influence from the 12th to the 21st century. They are of exceptional quality and diversity. Viewed as a whole, the components bear witness to the extent of the economic, social and cultural development of the entire mining region and its culture.
For example: The very beginning of the development of the mining landscape is illustrated by the mining district of Freiberg with the mining cities of Freiberg and Brand-Erbisdorf and the surrounding mining landscape. Here in 1168, the silver ore was found for the first time in the Ore Mountains, and the transformation process of the landscape started. The search for silver and other kinds of ore in the rich deposits of the Ore Mountains led to the colonization of the cross border mountain region from both the Saxon and the Bohemian side. During the 15th and 16th century this process reached the upper parts of the Ore Mountains and led to the foundation of a large number of mining cities like Schneeberg, Marienberg and Annaberg in Saxony or Jáchymov in Bohemia with their specific buildings and highly valuable architecture. These cities became centres of unique cultural, economic, technological and scientific development of the mining region in the following centuries. Many of these developments influenced other mining regions worldwide. The temporarily last mining period of the Erzgebirge in the late 20th century – represented by the nominated properties of the mining district Altenberg in the eastern part and in Chemnitz, Schlema, Hartenstein and Jáchymov in the western part of the region – was characterized by tin and uranium mining.
Justification de la Valeur Universelle Exceptionelle
The transboundary serial nomination Mining Cultural Landscape Erzgebirge/Krušnohoří is an exceptional testimony of a unique landscape and culture which was influenced and shaped by mining activities and their environmental, economic and social impacts. The nominated series represents a Central European economic and cultural unit that has continuously developed since the early Middle Ages. The outstanding universal value particularly results from the unique combination of three determining attributes: an unprecedented diversity of mineral resources, a continuous over 800 years lasting economic, social and cultural development in which mining played constantly a crucial role, as well as a wide spectrum of cultural facets which clearly illustrate all stages of this development. A coherent series of well-preserved monuments, ensembles and landscapes demonstrating different periods of mining, different technological levels as well as different cultural periods represents the development of this Central European mining region of worldwide importance. They do not only illustrate the tangible attributes but also the intangible values which together constitute the distinctive character of the landscape. The almost exclusive formation of the entire region by mining and metallurgy led to worldwide important scientific discoveries and subsequent introduction of many technical and technological innovations, which substantially influenced the worldwide development of mining sciences and contributed significantly to the development of other mining regions in Europe and the rest of the world. Of particular importance and so far unique on the world’s scale is the transboundary nature of the nominated property. The mining landscape allows a comprehensive insight into cross-border relations between two states since the 12th century and the visible effects of this interrelation. As a whole, the nominated serial property provides comprehensive knowledge about all aspects of a globally significant mining region and its culture.
Criterion (ii): The Mining Cultural Landscape Erzgebirge/Krušnohoří exhibits an important interchange of human values in the field of mining. As a consequence of more than 800-years of mining activities, a cross-border cultural area between Saxony and Bohemia was created, which is characterized by a unprecedented density of systematically established mining cities and their special architecture, by the development of advanced mining and ore processing technologies, by its great influence on the development of mining- and geo-sciences as well as mining education worldwide, and by its contribution to the development of minting as well as of the currency systems in Europe and in the whole world. The serial property proves interchange and knowledge transfer from the Middle Ages till the 21th century. The influence of mining in the Ore Mountains is provable in a large number of mining centres worldwide.
Criterion (iii): The Mining Cultural Landscape Erzgebirge/Krušnohoří is an outstanding witness of the development of a society which was crucially formed by mining industries. The component parts provide a comprehensive insight into the cultural traditions of a more than 800-year-old mining civilization, which are to a certain extent still alive today, and the working and living conditions of miners and their families. They do not only show a limited period of the development, but illustrate the continuous development of mining and the resulting impacts on society till today.
Criterion (iv): The Ore Mountains are characterized by a multitude of ore and other deposits containing a wide spectrum of mineral resources. Their extraction and processing led in the course of time to the emergence of different mining landscapes with specific types of buildings. These characteristic mining infrastructures illustrate the different ways of exploitation of diverse resources, as well as the development of distinctive technologies and the resulting change of the mining intensity. The technological ensembles and mining landscapes are testimonies of the worldwide important technical and scientific achievements made by mining experts in the Ore Mountains in different mining periods.
Criterion (v): The Mining Cultural Landscape Erzgebirge/Krušnohoří is the result of a long-term formation of a spacious area by human activities, which were focused on ore mining and ore processing, closely connected with social, economic and administrative factors of mining and the way of dealing with the natural conditions of the region. The geological characteristics of the ore deposits have crucially determined the way of dealing with the nature in the work processes of mining and metallurgy. Depending on the level of development of mining technologies in specific time periods, the landscape has changed several times. The traces of these changes can be seen in the landscape till today and represent a source of our present-day knowledge of past mining periods. The component parts reflect the successive stages of the development of mining techniques as well as characteristic forms of mining towns and settlements, the specific land-use shaped by mining, and the evidence of human settlement in specific conditions of upland locations with its direct impacts on landscape and culture.
Criterion (vi): The Mining Cultural Landscape Erzgebirge/Krušnohoří represents a region which is directly associated with the culture of an old mining territory as it is not only perceived in Europe but also elsewhere in the world. The serial property represents a mining region which is in a unique way tied to an identity shaped by long lasting and still ongoing mining. Over centuries these mining activities have generated specific artistic, literary and scientific works as well as unique traditions which are still alive and thoroughly maintained. The history of mining is still a defining part of the collective memory of the people in the region. The global impact of the serial property is further illustrated in the development of mining and geosciences which are tangibly linked to the founding of the first major international and still existing mining academy in the world – the Bergakademie Freiberg (1765). This university has for long served as a worldwide center of training of mining experts, which substantially increased the international scientific prestige of the region in the field of mining. The early scientific examinations made by scholars of the Freiberg Bergakademie led to a series of discoveries and developments in mining and metallurgy which were crucial for the development of modern mining sciences and geosciences. The Erzgebirge is worldwide considered as the cradle of mineralogy and geology as well as temporarily the leading training place for international mining experts. This is extraordinary illustrated by the work “De re metallica” (1556) of the Renaissance scholar Georgius Agricola whose work was mainly inspired by the mining culture of the Ore Mountains.
Satements of authenticity and/or integrity
The Mining Cultural Landscape Erzgebirge/Krušnohoří is a continuing cultural landscape in which exceptional evidence of past mining activities has survived in a comprehensive way. It is composed of a series of component parts linked together by a common historical narrative. The component parts of the series including well-preserved remains of mining and mining-related activities were carefully selected so that they bear witness to all important milestones in the history of the nominated serial property and to its outstanding universal value. Each part illustrates a different combination of characteristic attributes and thus contributes to the understanding of the whole property. As a living landscape, some areas have experienced new developments, some buildings have been adapted for continued use and some buildings have disappeared in the course of time but the intactness of the landscape and the authenticity of the remaining structures are still outstanding. The areal extent and number of preserved historical mining infrastructure with authentic traces from medieval time onwards is exceptional. The serial property preserved a completely unique and authentic character with clearly evident remains of mining activities. The nominated properties of the series benefit from legal protection.
Comparison with other similar properties
The comparison concentrates on the three attributes of the serial property – time depth, diversity of mineral resources and cultural facets – and their distinctive combinations which are characteristic for the individual component parts. It also takes into consideration the specific thematic features of the region like its transboundary nature, which is so far unique in the context of mining world heritage as well as the global influence of the region in the field of mining and geosciences.
Although there are some sites on the World Heritage and National Tentative lists directly associated with mining, most of these sites are not comparable with the nominated property because of their completely different time horizon and their belonging to a different geo-cultural area without any correlation to the Central European mining landscapes. The majority of the compared sites do not document the transformation of a landscape and the evolution of a culture strongly influenced by mining in such a coherent way like the nominated property. Although they document important aspects of mining, they hardly have a comparable range of attributes. The main attribute of most sites is based on a single aspect. Only a small selection of sites such as the network of mining installations in Goslar, Rammelsberg and the Upper Harz region has an almost similar complex approach with differing components. But they differ either in time-scale or in completeness still allowing only a limited insight into the complexity of a mining region.
To summarize, there is no comparable World Heritage Site or otherwise known property providing such a comprehensive insight into a miner´s world like the Mining Cultural Landscape Erzgebirge/Krušnohoří. The nominated serial property is not limited to the technological aspects but also covers social, cultural, economic and environmental aspects. The transformation process of a landscape exclusively formed by mining and its impacts on the environment can be traced here from the very beginning in the 12th up to the 21st century.
Justification of the selection of the component part(s) in relation to the future nomination as a whole:
The spatial arrangement of deposits and historically significant mining areas in the Ore Mountains requires a serial approach. The 13 separate component parts are necessary to illustrate all important characteristics of the mining and cultural landscape in space and time. The nominated properties of the component parts reflect a distinctive combination of specific attributes. Their selection was made in such a way that they cover all a distinctive combination of these attributes and fulfil the criteria of authenticity and integrity. Each component part is telling a peculiar chapter of the origin and development of a coherent mining region. All component parts are culturally, historically, socially and functionally linked. The boundaries of the components were chosen so that the individual objects and ensembles which constitute the component parts display completely and sufficiently all values necessary for the justification of the outstanding universal value. The Mining Culture Landscape Erzgebirge/Krušnohoří thus represents a series of several carefully selected unique locations that cover historically the most significant landscape units and most valuable monuments. | <urn:uuid:5ee23b18-cd34-4945-be18-4ce469ad6aa6> | {
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Chemical Safety is achieved by undertaking all activities involving chemicals in such a way as to ensure the safety of human health and the environment. It covers all chemicals, natural and manufactured, and the full range of exposure situations from the natural presence of chemicals in the environment to their extraction or synthesis, industrial production, transport use and disposal.
Chemical safety has many scientific and technical components. Among these are toxicology, ecotoxicology and the process of chemical risk assessment which requires a detailed knowledge of exposure and of biological effects.
WHO programmes and activities
Mechanisms of fibre carcinogenesis and assessment of chrysotile asbestos alternatives
- WHO Policy paper: mercury in health care
EHC 237 Principles for Evaluating Health Risks in Children
- Guidelines on the prevention of toxic exposures | <urn:uuid:7e15dfaa-3dae-410b-858f-bb18b397df60> | {
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This is a brief guide, designed to help you get familiar with using a terminal in Linux. By including very detailed instructions here, they should not be necessary in the main body of the wiki. Once you have worked through this tutorial, you may find LinuxCommand.org a useful next step.
In Easy mode (the out-of-the-factory default Linux), press and hold the Control (Ctrl) and Alt keys at the same, and then press “T”, then release all keys. This is often written as Ctrl+Alt+t or Ctl+Alt+t. This will open up a simple terminal application.
Also in Easy mode you can go Work > File Manager > Tools > Open Console Window (or Work > File Manager and Ctl+T). This gives you a more fully featured terminal application.
If you already went ahead and installed Advanced mode, you can access the run command, but pressing Alt and F2 at the same time (Alt+F2), and then typing the name of a terminal:
and then press “Enter”
Type the command you want to run, along with any options, and finish by pressing “Enter” at the end of the line.
For example, to check your TCP/IP settings, you would use the command ifconfig. To do so, type:
and then press “Enter”.
You should see an output similar to:
ath0 Link encap:Ethernet HWAddr 00:15:XX:XX:XX:XX (mac address) inet addr: 192.168.1.XXX Bcast: 192.168.1.255 Mask: 255.255.255.0 UP BROADCAT RUNNING MULTICAST MTU: 1500 Metric: 1 RX packets: 33 errors: 0 dropped: 0 overruns: 0 frame: 0 TX packets 125 errors: 0 dropped: 0 overruns: 0 carrier: 0 collisions: 0 txqueuelen: 0 RX Bytes: 3402 (3.3 KiB) TX Bytes: 14208 (13.8KiB) collisions: 0 txqueuelen: 0 RX Bytes: 69453 (67.8 KiB) TX Bytes: 69453 (67.8KiB) lo Link encap:Local Loopback inet addr: 127.0.0.1 Mask: 255.0.0.0 UP LOOPBACK RUNNING MTU: 16436 Metric: 1 RX packets:607 errors: 0 dropped: 0 overruns: 0 frame: 0 TX packets 607 errors: 0 dropped: 0 overruns: 0 carrier: 0 wifi0 Link encap:Ethernet HWAddr 00:15:XX:XX:XX:XX (mac address) UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU: 1500 Metric: 1 RX packets 88602 errors: 0 dropped: 0 overruns: 0 frame: 29523 TX packets 513 errors: 0 dropped: 0 overruns: 0 carrier: 0 collisions: 0 txqueuelen: 199 RX Bytes: 8468525 (8.0 MiB) TX Bytes: 36584 (35.7KiB) Interrupt: 10 Memory: e0460000- e0470000
This section is for information only. You will not be able to run the commands set out below unless you have the build-essential package installed, and are running the commands in a directory containing source files.
When people are writing a series of commands to be performed at a terminal, they are unlikely to include the 'and now press “Enter”' parts. They are more likely to write something like:
./configure make make install
What this means is type
and then press “Enter”. When the command has executed (which may or may not print text into the terminal window, and the terminal shows a prompt again, type
and then press “Enter”.
And so on, for each command in the list.
You can save yourself an awful lot of typing by selecting the text of the commands (for example, in this wiki) and putting the text in the clipboard (using the menu “Edit –> Copy”). In the terminal window you can paste the text by pressing Shift+Insert.
You can either click the “X” in the top right hand corner, or else type:
and press “Enter”
Alternatively, you can exit from a terminal session by typing <Ctrl><D>
nano is a console-based text editor, which loads very quickly. To use it, type nano, and the path of the file you wish to edit. (If there is no file in the specified location, nano will create one. As such, you must be accurate in what you type, otherwise you will create unnecessary blank files, rather than opening existing files.)
For the purposes of this tutorial, we will create a new text file in the /home/user directory, add a line of text, save the file, and exit nano.
First, create the new text file, named “text” in the /home/user directory:
nano will open, with a blank document. Type a line of text. Press “Enter” to start a new line.
When you have typed your line of text, you need to save your changes, by writing the file. To do this, press Ctl+O together (that's “O” as in “MNOP” and not “0” as in “0123”).
If you want to change the file name, you can change it here. Then, once you are happy with the file name, or if you wish to overwrite an existing file which you have opened, press “Enter”
When you have saved your file, exit nano by pressing Ctl+X together.
When you have done this, you can open the file to check that your changes have been saved:
You should see whatever text you typed.
If you wanted to create or open a file with a space in the name, you would need to include the whole path in quotation marks. It is advisable that you do not use spaces in names.
nano "/home/user/text/name with spaces"
If you need to open a text file in nano with root privileges, preface the usual nano command with sudo:
sudo nano /home/user/text
This is necessary when editing certain restricted system files. For example, to edit the list of repositories available to apt-get / Synaptic, you would need to use sudo:
sudo nano /etc/apt/sources.list
Similarly, to edit the configuration of network interfaces on your EEE, you would need to use sudo:
sudo nano /etc/network/interfaces
Created by Neil. Reference to LinuxCommand.org thanks to deicidist and marduk. | <urn:uuid:d01d5bad-f6c6-4f1b-bd49-6a975ff13d1c> | {
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Search for native plants by scientific name, common name or family. If you are not sure what you are looking for, try the Combination Search or our Recommended Species lists.
Search native plant database:
Loughmiller, Campbell and Lynn
Phlox stolonifera Sims
USDA Symbol: PHST3
USDA Native Status: Native to U.S.
Creeping phlox is a mat-forming perennial with loose mats of semi-evergreen foliage and erect clusters of large flowers. The showy blossoms are lavender, blue or white with an eye of purple-red tinged in white. The leaves of this 6-10 in. plant are round or spoon-shaped.
Plant CharacteristicsDuration: Perennial Habit: Herb Fruit: Size Class:
Bloom InformationBloom Color: White , Blue , Purple
Bloom Time: Apr , May
AL , GA , KY , MD , ME , NC , NY , OH , PA , SC , TN , VA , VT , WV Canada: QC Native Distribution:
Chiefly mts., also Piedmont areas from PA & s. OH, to GA & TN Native Habitat:
Woods & wooded stream banks USDA Native Status: L48(N), CAN(I)
Growing ConditionsLight Requirement: Sun , Part Shade , Shade
Soil Moisture: Moist
Soil Description: Humus-rich soil.
Conditions Comments: Creeping phlox will do poorly in full sun, and slugs can be troublesome in very moist soils. In congenial conditions, however, this is a vigorous plant that can become weedy. Ground Cover
BenefitConspicuous Flowers: yes
PropagationDescription: Propagated by seed, by softwood cuttings taken in late spring and stuck in sand, or by spring division.
Seed Collection: Not Available
Seed Treatment: Seeds should be planted fresh.
Commercially Avail: yes
From the National Organizations Directory
According to the species list provided by Affiliate Organizations, this plant is either on display or available from the following:
Texas Discovery Gardens
- Dallas, TXDelaware Nature Society
- Hockessin, DE
Recommended Species Lists
Find native plant species by state. Each list contains commercially available species suitable for gardens and planned landscapes. Once you have selected a collection, you can browse the collection or search within it using the combination search.
View Recommended Species page
Record Modified: 2009-01-07
Research By: TWC Staff | <urn:uuid:b7e43fbb-7714-42d7-b7bb-386559b8d6ef> | {
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Viticulture - n. : the cultivation or culture of grapes
Enology - n. :a science that deals with wine and wine making
The V&E Department combines the sciences of viticulture and enology in a single research and teaching unit that encompasses all of the scientific disciplines that impact grape growing and winemaking. For over one hundred years the University of California has maintained an active and productive program in research and education in viticulture and enology. The continuing excellence of the Department has enabled California growers and vintners to develop practices that have allowed the Golden State to achieve its potential and become a premier wine-producing region.
UC Davis Magazine Highlights Students
Magic happens when food science and culinary art mix at UC Davis.
They’ve followed different paths, but each journey has led to the same destination — UC Davis. Here, these foodies hope to marry their love for food, flavor and cooking with a fascination for the science that lies behind it all.
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Locating thermophiles in other parts of the universe could very well aid in the search for extraterrestrial life. Most people have agreed that if life is found among the stars, it will be microbial (at least in the near-term future). Many individuals have also suggested that intelligent life forms might very well be extinct in other parts of the universe. If scientists could locate thermophile microbes, they could piece together an archaeological picture of once powerful civilizations.
Taiwan is well known for its hot springs. Most tourists that visit the island end up visiting at least one. Many people like to take relaxing baths in them. Hot springs can be great for people with arthritis. New research is proving that they can also be a great place to find astrobiological data.
Photosynthetic thermophiles that live in hot springs may potentially be removing significant amounts of industrially produced carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. They’ve thrived because of fundamental changes to the atmosphere caused by humanity. In fact, there are some scientists who feel that these microbes could play a vital role in regulating the planet’s climate. That role might become increasingly important in the future.
Planets that were once inhabited by industrially developed civilizations that have since passed might be teeming with life similar to these. If a planet was sufficiently changed by another race of beings, it could have ultimately favored the development of these tiny beings. They could indicate that intelligent lifeforms once inhabited a planet, and that planet could be different today than it was in the past.
While discovering a planet full of microbes would be initially interesting, in the future it could be a relatively common occurrence. Therefore, news services of the future might very well pass by such stories after a few weeks – much like they do today with the discovery of new exoplanets. Finding sufficient numbers of photosynthetic thermophiles would be telling about the history of a world, but it would also require a great deal of geological activity. Then again, there’s nothing to say that other civilizations wouldn’t also have the ability to increase the amount of geological activity on other planets. They might even do it on purpose, as a way of terraforming for instance.
For that matter, humans might want to give that a try. Venus is superheated because of thermal runaway as a result of excess carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. If water were transported to that very hot world, colonists could use the resulting geysers to grow bacteria that would absorb the atmospheric gas.
Leu, J., Lin, T., Selvamani, M., Chen, H., Liang, J., & Pan, K. (2012). Characterization of a novel thermophilic cyanobacterial strain from Taian hot springs in Taiwan for high CO2 mitigation and C-phycocyanin extraction Process Biochemistry DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2012.09.019 | <urn:uuid:fb936873-c4b3-4301-85c5-1bd5eb0d9a9c> | {
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Today we ask that you take time to ground yourself.
There is an enormous amount of energy moving through your reality. And your bodies conduct and absorb it — particularly your nervous system. The human brain generates and absorbs a vast amount of energy.
Human brains are a lot like nuclear reactors. In order to function properly, they must be cooled down. Otherwise they overheat, and when this happens, things can get quite toxic.
What heats the brain? Any kind of cogitative thought. Strategizing, planning, calculating. Imagination heats the brain even more — visualizing, fantasizing. Worry is a negative use of the imagination that heats the brain. All creative work heats the brain. Watching TV, or looking at information on a screen heats the brain. Computers are very heating for the brain and nervous system.
What cools the brain? Being outdoors. Bathing in water. Engaging in activities that minimize cogitative or creative thought and require that you “be in your body.” Exercise, yoga, dance, many forms of martial arts. Meditation. Deep breathing is very cooling for the brain. Being around animals or small children cools the brain.
Caffeine and sugar heat the brain. Water and green vegetables cool the brain.
It is very important to cool the nervous system. Many forms of mental and physical imbalance and illness are really just side effects of nervous system “burnout.” Insomnia, anxiety, depression, fatigue and many other stress-related symptoms are a result of nervous overheating and burnout.
Truly, it is wise to think of your brain as a nuclear reactor. It harnesses a vast amount of energy. It is a great engine of creation and cogitation. But you must keep it cool. Do not let it overheat — or you may well experience a meltdown. | <urn:uuid:e5c3f6c1-9967-4a2c-b431-2e5b155479fd> | {
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WASHINGTON - Maryland health officials reported the first hypothermia-related death of the winter Thursday.
The man died in Frederick County and was at least 65 years old. The Office of the Chief Medical Examiner confirmed the cause of his death during the past week.
State health officials released no other details.
Fifteen hypothermia-related deaths were reported last winter. One death had been reported by this time in December 2011, according to the medical examiner's office.
With winds gusting Thursday and another round of snow headed for the region this weekend, health officials remind Marylanders to bundle up before heading outside.
"A few extra moments to prepare could keep you safe as we head into the coldest months," said Laura Herrera, a deputy secretary with the Department of Health and Mental Hygiene.
Hypothermia occurs when the body temperature drops below 95 degrees. Frostbite destroys frozen body tissue. Areas most likely to freeze are toes, fingers, ears, cheeks and the tip of the nose, the health department says.
Those with poor circulation, the elderly, very young children and anyone who stays outside for prolonged periods of time are at greater risk for these conditions. Staying outside while wet increases the danger, the health department says.
The health department offers these tips to stay warm in cold weather:
- Cover your head to retain body heat.
- Wear several layers of lightweight, loose-fitting clothing. The air between the layers help insulate you from the cold.
- Cover your mouth with a scarf. Also cover your ears and the lower part of your face.
- Wear mittens instead of gloves as the close contact of fingers keeps your hands warmer.
- Wear warm leg coverings and heavy socks or two pairs of lightweight socks.
- Wear waterproof boots or study shoes to keep your feet warm and dry.
Follow @WTOP on Twitter.
(Copyright 2012 by WTOP. All Rights Reserved.)
How did a photographer get an inside view of a bear's mouth? (Video)
Conn. zoo officials don't know how this baby came to be born.
More cursing happens in Maryland than across the Potomac River.
How much did a painting of a topless "Golden Girl" fetch? | <urn:uuid:4270c57d-6304-4528-aa7d-7737ad939587> | {
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Mu'aadh ibn Jabal on Knowledge
Excerpted from works by Ibn Taymiyyah and Abu Nu`aim
The Prophet sallallaahu `alayhi wa sallam said about Mu`aadh ibn Jabal: "Verily, when the people of knowledge will be present before their Lord, the Mighty and Sublime, Mu`aadh will be one step ahead of them." [Saheeh, Ibn Sa`d, Aboo Nu`aim, at-Tabaraanee]
He, sallallaahu `alayhi wa sallam, also said about Mu`aadh: "…the most knowledgeable of them [my Ummah] about the lawful and the prohibited is Mu`aadh bin Jabal…" [At-Tirmidhee, Ibn Hibbaan, ibn Maajah, al-Baihaqee, al-Haakim, who declared it Saheeh, and adh-Dhahabee and al-Albaanee agreed with him.]
Ibn Taymeeyah writes in al-Wasiyyah: "Part of Mu`aadh’s excellence further is that the Prophet, sallallaahu `alayhi wa sallam, sent him to the people of Yemen as a preacher on his behalf, a caller, a teacher of understanding in the Deen, a giver of religious verdicts, and a judge."
This is Mu`aadh, radhiallaahu ta`aalaa `anhu, to whom the Prophet, sallallaahu `alayhi wa sallam, also said: "O Mu`aadh! By Allaah, truly I love you." [Aboo Daawood, an-Nasaa’ee, ibn Hibbaa, Aboo Nu`aim, Ibn Khuzaimah and al-Haakim, who declared its isnaad to be saheeh, and adh-Dhaabee agreed]
Aboo Nu`aim reports some sayings of Mu`aadh himself about the excellence of knowledge, among which we find the following:
"Knowledge is a comforting friend in times of loneliness, it is the best companion during travels, and it is the inner friend who speaks to you in your privacy. Knowledge is the discerning proof of what is right and what is wrong, and it is the positive force that will help you surmount the trials of comfort, as well as those of hardships. Knowledge is your most powerful sword against your enemy, and finally, it is your most dignifying raiment in the company of your close companions."
"Through knowledge, Allah, blessed be His Name, raises some people in rank, and He makes them leaders in righteousness and models in morality. The vestige of their faith is avidly sought, their deeds are emulated perceptively, and people will seek and sanction their opinions solicitously and unequivocally. The heavenly angels seek their company and anoint them with their wings, every fresh or withered life they pass by implore Almighty Allah to forgive them their sins, even the fish in the oceans, the beasts of the lands and every bird of prey and migratory bird pray and solicit the mercy of Almighty Allah on their behalf. This is because knowledge revives the dead hearts and drives them out of darkness into light, and because knowledge is the light of the inner eyes that cures one’s blindness and restores his inner sight."
author: Yaser Birjas
total reads: 1855
author: Sheikh Muhammed Salih Al-Munajjid
category: Soul Purification
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A FightBac!® Focus on Cook
Cook to proper temperatures.
Cooking times vary for meats, poultry and fish. After cooking, keep foods out of the "danger zone" (4°C to 60°C or 40°F to 140°F) by preparing them quickly and serving them immediately.
Keep it hot, hot, hot!
When serving hot food buffet-style, keep it hot (at 60°C or 140°F) with chafing dishes, crock pots and warming trays.
When eating out, return any undercooked food for additional cooking.
Cook it Right:
Foods are properly cooked when they are heated for a period of time at a high enough temperature to kill harmful bacteria that can cause foodborne illness.
Keep all soups, chili and hot dips piping hot before serving. If you're travelling to a party or to work, keep hot foods hot in an insulated thermal container.
Sizzling Cooking Tips:
When cooking in a microwave oven, make sure the food is cooked thoroughly. For best results, cover food, stir and rotate for even cooking and follow suggested standing times.
Use a clean thermometer, which measures the internal temperature of cooked foods, to make sure meat, poultry, egg dishes, casseroles and other foods are cooked all the way through. Insert the thermometer in different spots to ensure even cooking. Wash your food thermometer with hot, soapy water before using it again. Sanitize it for the safest results.
Cook to Safe Temperatures:
Look at the temperature chart or contact your local health authority for safe internal temperatures. | <urn:uuid:ffe06fb0-6700-467e-9096-3bf9158a5a00> | {
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