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0004b15bcf115c09309b27f8881a027ecde74f1ea2daaafa1894e7f025aa3c36 | https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki?curid=1025710 | stame |
stame
English.
Etymology.
Coined by James Frost, a Brooklyn engineer, in the 1840s.
Italian.
Etymology.
From .
| ruchi.
ingraji.
byutpotti.
1840 sonot brooklin enginier james froste ei xobdotu udbhawon korisil.
italy.
byutpotti.
poraa. | styama
ingrezi.
byutpatti.
1840-err doshke brooklin engineer james frost etty udbhaban korechilen.
italiya.
byutpatti.
theke. | stame
angreji.
vyutpatti.
1840naa daykama brooklin angineer james phrosta dwara tenee rachnaa karvaamaa aavee hatee.
italian.
vyutpatti.
maanthi. | daant
angrezi.
vyutpatti.
1840 key dashak mein brooklin engineer james frost dwara gadhaa gayaa.
italvi.
vyutpatti.
seey. | mujugara
inglish.
vyutpatti.
1840rahra dasakadalli brooklin engineer james fraast avaru idannu srushtisidaru.
italian.
vyutpatti.
ninda. | thikkumukkam.
engleesh.
padavyuthpathishaasthram.
1840kalil brooklin enchineeyaraaya jaims phrost aanu ithu nirmmichathu.
itaaliyan.
padavyuthpathishaasthram.
ninnu. | adkhalane
ingraji.
vyutpatti.
1840 chya dashakat brooklin abhiyanta james frost yanni tyachi nirmiti kelee.
italian.
vyutpatti.
pasoon. | darlagdo
angreji.
wyutpatti.
sann 1840 ko dashakma brooklin engineer james frustdwara sirjana garieko thiyo.
italian.
wyutpatti.
batt. | damdara.
ingraji.
byutpatti.
1840 dashakare jane brooklin engineer james frustnka dwara udbhabita hoithila.
italiah.
byutpatti.
ru. | hanjhu
angrezi.
shabdawali.
1840 dey dahake witch ikk brooklin engineer james frost duaara ghadiaa giaa see.
italvi.
shabdawali.
toon. | stimitam
anglabhashayam.
vyutpattih.
1840 tame dashake brooklin-abhiyantraa james frast ityanena nirmitam.
italian.
vyutpattih.
ityatah. | muttalthanam
aangkilam.
sorpirappiyal.
1840kazhil brooklin poriyaalaraana james frost enbavaraal uruvaakkappattathu.
italian.
sorpirappiyal.
irunthu. | mondigaa
aanglam.
vyutpatti.
1840laloe brooklin injanir ayina james fraast dheenini roopondinchaaru.
italian.
vyutpatti.
nundi. | thokran
angrezi.
siftiyat.
1840 kii dahayi mein brokleen engineer jaims frust nay asay aijaad kiyaa thaa.
atalvi.
siftiyat.
say. |
0004b51390081f372917b5e5900699ee09674806103f3304aefdfd12a5925781 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1755173 | Hristo Fotev |
Hristo Fotev
Hristo Konstantinov Fotev (; 25 March 1934 – 27 July 2002) was a Bulgarian poet.
Born in Istanbul, Turkey to Bulgarian parents, Fotev moved with his family to the Bulgarian Black Sea port city of Burgas in 1940. He published his first collection of poetry in 1960 and became a member of the Union of Bulgarian Writers in 1961. From 1964 on, he was the Union's creative secretary.
Fotev's lyrics often dealt with the topic of love and the sea was a key poetic element and inspiration in his work.
References.
<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />
| hiristu fotev
hiristu constantinov fotev (; 25 march 1934-27 july 2002) ejon bulgarian kobi aasil.
bulgarian pitri-matrir ghorot tarkeer istanbulot jonmogrohon koraa fotebhe 1940 sonot teur poriyalor xoite bulgarian krishno xagor bondor sohor bargasoloi sthanantorito hoisil. teu 1960 sonot teur prothom kobita xongroho prokax korisil aaru 1961 sonot bulgarian lekhokxokolor xonghor xodosyo hoisil. 1964 sonor poraa teu unionor sristixil xosibo aasil.
fotebhor gitor gitburot praye premor bixoyor uporot alusona koraa hoisil aaru xagor aasil teur kaamor ek mool kabyik upadan aaru onuprerona.
| christo fotev
christo constantinove fotev (; 25 march 1934-27 julai 2002) chhilen ekjon bulgarian cobby.
bulgaria pita-matar ghore turosker istanbule jonmogrohonkari fotev 1940 saale taar poribarer saathe bulgaria krishna samudra bondor shohor bergus-ayee choley zaan. 1960 saale tini taanr prothom kobita sangraha prakash corren ebong 1961 saale bulgarian lekhokder unioner sadasya hohn. 1964 saal theke tini unioner srijanshil sachib chhilen.
fotever gaaner kotha prayashai premer vishay niye alochona koraa hoto ebong samudra chhilo taanr kaajer ekti mool kabbik upadan ebong anuprerana.
| christo fotev
christo constantinove fotev (; 25 march 1934-27 julai 2002) bulgariana kavee hataa.
bulgarian matapitana ghare turkeena istanbulma janmela fotev temnaa parivaar saathe saathe bulgarian kaalaa samudra bandar shaher bergassma rahevaa gayaa. temane temane potaano pratham kaveeta sangrah prakashit karyo aneey aneey bulgarian lekhakona sanghnaa sabhy banyaa. banyaa teo sanghnaa sarjanatmak sacheev hataa.
fotevna geeto ghanivaar premnaa vishhay saathe sankalaayela hataa aneey samudra temnaa kaaryamaa mukhya kavyatmak tatva aneey prernaa hatee.
|
christo fotev
christo constantinov fotev (; 25 march 1934-27 julaai 2002) ack bulgarian kavi they.
bulgarian maataa-pitaa key ghar istanbul, turkey mein janme, fotev 1940 mein apane parivaar key saath bulgarian kaalaa samudra bandargah shahar bergas chaley gaye. unhone 1960 mein apana pahala kavita sangrah prakaashit kiya aur 1961 mein bulgarian lekhakon key sangh key sadasya baney. 1964 seey, way sangh key rachanaatmak sachiv they.
fotev key geet aksar prem key vishay parr likhe jaate they aur samudra unake kaam mein ack pramukh kavyatmak tatva aur prerana thee.
| christo photev
christo kanstantinov photev (; 25 march 1934-27 julai 2002) balgeriyaada kaviyagiddaru.
balgeriyaada poshakarige turkey istanbulnalli janisida photev, photev tamma kutumbadondige balgeriyaada kappu samudra bandaru nagaravaada bargasge teralidaru. avaru avaru tamma modala kavana sangrahavannu prakatisidaru mattu mattu bulgarian barahagarara okkootada sadasyaraadaru. sadasyaraadaru avaru okkootada srujanasheela karyadarshiyagiddaru.
photev avara saahityavu aagaagge preetiya vishayadondige vyavaharisuttade mattu samudravu avara krutiyalli pramukha kaavyaatmaka amsha mattu sphoortiyaagide.
|
hristoo fotev
oru bulgarian kavayitriyaayirunnu hristoo konstantinovu fotev (; 25 march 1934-27 juulai 2002).
bulgarian maathaapithaakkalkk turkeyile istanbulil janicha fotev 1940 ll kudumbathodoppam bulgarian black zee portt nagaramaya bergassilake thamasam maari. 1960 ll addeham thante aadya kavita samahaaram prasidheekarikkukayum 1961 ll bulgarian ezhuthukaarude yooniyanil amgamaakukayum cheythu. 1964 muthal addeham yooniyante creative sekrattariyaayirunnu.
fottevinte varikal palappozhum sneham enna vishayathe kaikaaryam cheiyunnu, kadal addehathinte kruthiyile oru pradhana kaavyathmaka gadakavum prachodanavumaayirunnu. | christo fotev
christo constantinov fotev (; 25 march 1934-27 julai 2002) heey bulgarian kavee hote.
bulgarian palakanchya gharee istanbul yethe janmalele fotev 1940 madhye aaplya kutumbasah bulgarian black see poort ciity bergas yethe gele. tyanni 1960 madhye tyancha pahila kavyasangrah prakashit keela aanee 1961 madhye bulgarian lekhakanchya sanghache sadasya jhaale. 1964 pasoon teey unionche sarjansheel sachiv hote.
fotevhache geete anekada premachya vishayavar bhashya karatat aanee samudra haah tyanchya karyatil eka pramukh kavyatmak ghatak aanee prerana hotee.
|
cristo fotebh
cristo constantinov fotebh (; 25 march 1934-27 july 2002) ek bulgariali kawi thie.
tarkiko istanbulma bulgariali amababuko gharma janmeka fotebh afno pariwarsanga sann 1940 maa bulgariali black see port sahar bergasma sareka thie. unle sann 1960 maa afno pahilo kawita sangraha prakashit gare rar sann 1961 maa bulgariali lekhakharuko unionka sadasya bane. sann 1964 dekhi uni unionka rachanatmak sachiva thie.
fotebhko geet prayaha premko vishayasanga sambandhit thiyo rar samudra unko kamma ek pramukh kawyatmak tatwa rar prerana thiyo. |
hristo photebh
hristo constantinov photebh (; 25 march 1934-27 july 2002) jane balgaria kabi thile.
bulgariar istanabulare janmita, taanka pitamatanka ghare, fotev taanka paribara sahita 1940 ray bulgariar kalaa samudra bandara sahara bargasaku chalijaithile. shay 1960 ray tankara pratham kabita sangraha prakash karithile ebong 1961 ray bulgarian lekhakanka sanghara sadasya hoithile. 1964 ru, shay sanghara srujanashila sachiba thile .
photebhnka gitagudika prajatah prem bishai sahita jadita ebong samudra taanka karjyare eka pramukh kabya upadan ebong prerana thila . |
haristo fotev
haristo konstantinov fotev (; 25 march 1934-27 julai 2002) ikk bulgarian kavee see.
turki dey istanbul witch bulgariaai maapiaan dey gharr paida hoye, fotev aapne parivaar naal 1940 witch bulgariaai kaale samunder bandargah shehar bergas chaley gaye. unhan neey 1960 witch aapna pahila kavita sangrah prakashit keeta atey 1961 witch bulgariaai lekhakan dee union dey member baney. 1964 toon, uh union dey rachnatmak sakattar sunn.
fotev dey boll aksar piaar dey vishe naal sambandhit hunde hunn atey samunder uss dey kamm witch ikk pramukh kavik tatt atey prerna see. | christo photev
christo konstantinov photev (; 25 maarch 1934-27 julai 2002) ekaha bulgarian kavihi aasit.
bulgarian-matapitrubhyaha turkee-deshasya istanbul-nagare janma praapnot, 1940 tame varshe fotev svaparivaarena saha bulgarian-krushnasaagar-naukaashraya-nagaram bergas-nagaram gatavaan. saha 1960 tame varshe swasya prathamam kaavyasangraham prakashitavan, 1961 tame varshe bulgarian-lekhak-sanghasya sadasyah abhavat. 1964 tame varshe saha sanghasya rachanaatmak-sachivah abhavat.
fotev ityasya geete praayah premasya vishaye vyavaharanti, samudrah cha tasya kaarye pramukhah kaavyaatmakah ghatakah, preranaa cha aasit.
|
hristo fodave
hristo kanstantinov fodave (; 25 maarch 1934-27 juulai 2002) oru palkeriya kavignar aavaar.
bulgariavin istanbul nagaril thanathu pettroarukku pirantha fodave, thanathu kudumbaththudan 1940 aam aandil bulgariavin karungadal thuraimuka nagaramaana bargazuku kudipeyarnthaar. 1960 aam aandil thanathu muthal kavithaith thoguppai veliyittaar, 1961 aam aandil bulgarian ezhuththaalargalin sangaththil uruppinaraaga aanaar. 1964 muthal, avar thozhirchangkaththin padaippu seyalaalaraaga irunthaar.
fodevin paadal varigal perumpaalum kaathal mattrum kadal endra thalaippaik kaiyaalgindrana, idhu avarathu padaippugalil oru mukiya kavidhai uruppu mattrum uthvaegamaaga irunththathu.
|
christo photev
christo kanstantinov photev (; 25 marchi 1934-27 juulai 2002) bulgarian kavi.
bulgarian tallidandrulaku turkeylooni istanbul loe janminchina photev thana kutumbamtho kalisi 1940loe bulgarian nalla samudra odarevu nagaramaina bargasku vellaaru. athanu 1960loe thana modati kavita sankalanaanni prachurinchaadu mariyu 1961loe bulgarian rachayitala unionlo sabhyudayyadu. 1964 nundi, athanu union yokka srujanaatmaka kaaryadarsigaa unnaaru.
photev saahityam tarachugaa prema anae amsamtho vyavaharistundi mariyu samudram athani rachanalo keelaka kavita amsam mariyu prerana.
| harsto photeef
harsto constantinof photeef (vovo 25 maarch 1934-27 jolayi 2002) eek balghari shayer thaa.
balgharia kay waldeen kay haan tarki kay shehar istanbol mein paida huay photeef apnay khaandaan kay saath 1940 mein balgharia kay bleek see port shehar bargas chalay gayey. inhon nay 1960 mein apnaa pehla shayeri majmuah shaye kiyaa aur 1961 mein balgharia kay masnafeen kii union kay rakan bunn gayey. 1964 say wah union kay takhliqi screetry thay.
photeef kay boul aksar mohabat kay mozua parr hotay haine aur samandar inn kay kaam mein eek kaleedi shayerana ansar aur tehreek thaa.
|
0004b5cbb09196de700484063db72fbbd108f8e9414eaf7d79973afc989fa1cd | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64021853 | Forty Years Old |
Forty Years Old
2010 Iranian film
Forty Years Old (, also known as "Love at 40") is an Iranian 2010 film by Alireza Raisian
. The script was written by Mostafa Rastegari, and the film was lensed by Mahmoud Kalari. Leila Hatami, Farzan Athari, Ezzatolah Entezami and Mohammad Reza Forutan starred in the principal roles.
Raisian nominated for Crystal Simorgh for Best Film and Crystal Simorgh for Best Director, and Rastegari won the Crystal Simorgh for Best Adapted Screenplay for his script at the 28th Fajr Film Festival.
References.
<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />
| sollix bosor puroni
sollix bosor puroni (, jaak "premot 40" buliu jonaa yaay) hoise 2010 sonot alireza raisiyanor ekhon iraniyo solositro.
. sitronatyotu mustofa rostegariye likhisil, aaru sobikhon mahmoud kalariye rong disil. leela hatami, farzan aathari, ijatulah antagemy aaru mohommod reza forutane mukhyo soritrot obhinoy korisil.
shrestho solositror baabe christel simorgor baabe monunit raisiyan aaru shrestho porisalokor baabe christel simorgo, aaru 28 xongkhyok fojar solositro mohutxowot rastegariye teur sitronatyor baabe shrestho obhijujit sitronatyor baabe christel simorgo laabh kore.
|
challish bochor vayasi
challish bochor vayasi (, "laav ayata 40" nameo porichito) alireza raisianer 2010 saaler ekti irani cholochchitro.
. chitronatto likhechen mustafa rastegari ebong cholochchitroti likhechen mahmoud kalari. leela hatami, farzan athari, ezzatolah antagemy ebong mahammad reza forutan prodhan bhumikai abhinoy korechilen.
sera cholochchitrer jonno christal simoroger jonno manoneet raisian ebong sera porichaloker jonno christal simore ebong 28tomo fojor cholochchitro utsabe taanr chitronatter jonno sera abhijojito chitronatter jonno christal simore jitechen rustagory. |
chaalis varsh junaa
chaalis varsh junun (jene 'lava aeta 40' tareeke pann odakhvaamaa aave chhe) aee alireza raaysiyannee 2010nee irani film chhe.
. patkathaa mustafa rastagari dwara lakhvaamaa aavee hatee aneey filmne mahmood kalari dwara lakhvaamaa aavee hatee. leela hataami, farzan athaari, azatolah antezamy aneey mohammed reza forutaane mukhya bhoomikao bhajvi hatee.
raayseeyanne shreshth film maate chrystal simorag maate aneey shreshth digdarshak maate chrystal simorag maate namankit karvaamaa aavyaa hataa, aneey rastagariae 28maa fazar film festivalmaa temnee patkathaa maate shreshth anookoolit patkathaa maate chrystal simorag jeetyo hato. | chaalees saal purana
chaalees saal purana (jise "lava aitt 40" key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye) alireza resian kii 2010 kii ack irani film haye.
. patkatha mustafa rastegari ney likhi thee aur film koo mahmoud kalari ney likhaa thaa. leela hatami, farazaan athari, ezatolah antezamy aur mohammad rezaa forutan ney mukhya bhoomikaaen nibhai theen.
raisian koo sarvshreshth film key liye chrystal simorg aur sarvshreshth nirdeshak key liye chrystal simorg key liye namankit kiya gayaa, aur rastagari ney 28vein fazar film samaroh mein apani patkatha key liye sarvshreshth anukoolit patkatha key liye chrystal simorg jeetaa.
|
nalavattu varsha
nalavattu varsha haleyadu (, "love aut 40" endoo kareyalpaduttade) alireja raisian avara 2010 rahra iranian chalanachitravagide.
. ee chitrakatheyannu mustafa rastegari barediddu, mahmoud kalari chitrakatheyannu barediddaare. leela hatami, farzan athari, ejjatolah entezamy mattu mohammed reja forutan pramukha patragalalli natisiddaare.
raisian atyuttama chitrakkagi chrystal simorg mattu atyuttama nirdeshakakkagi chrystal simorgge namanirdeshanagondaru, mattu rastegari 28 neey fazar chalanachitrotsavadalli avara scriptgagi atyuttama alavadisida chitrakathegaagi chrystal simorg annu geddaru.
| naalpat vayass
2010ll alireza raisian samvidaanam cheytha iranian chalachitramaanu naalpat vayass (lavu attu 40 ennum ariyappedunnu).
. mustafa rasthegaariyaan thirakkathayezhuthiyathum mahmoud kalariyaanu chithrathinu thirakkatha orukkiyathum. leela hatami, farzan athaari, isatola entesaami, mohammed reza forutan ennivaraanu pradhana veshangalil abhinayichathu.
mikacha chithrathinu kristtal simorghin mikacha samvidaayakanu kristtal simorghin raishyan naamanirddesham cheyyappettu, 28-aamath fajar philim festivalil rastegari mikacha adapted thirakkadhaykku kristtal simorg nedi.
| chalis varshancha
chalis varshe june (, jyala 'love ett 40' asehi mhanatat) haah alireza rayashiyancha 2010 madheel irani chitrapat aahe.
. chitrapatachi patkatha mustafa rastagari yanni lihili hotee aanee chitrapatachi patkatha mahmood kalari yanni lihili hotee. leela hatami, farzan athari, ezatolah entezami aanee mohammed reza forutan yanni pramukh bhoomika sakarlya hotya.
raisiyanala sarvotkrusht chitrapatasathi chrystal simorg aanee sarvotkrusht digdarshakasathi chrystal simorgsathi namankan midale, aanee rastagarine 28 vya fazar chitrapat mahotsavat tyachya patkathesathi sarvotkrusht rupantarit patkathesathi chrystal simorg jinkla.
| chalis warsha purano
chalis warsha purano (, jaslai "love att 40" pani bhaninchha) alireza raisiyanko 2010 ko irani chalchitra how.
. patakatha mustafa rastegarile lekheka thie bhane filmlai mahmood kalarile lans gareka thie. lila hatami, farzan athari, ejjatolah antezamy rar mohammad reza forutanle mukhya bhumikama abhinaya gareka thie.
sarwashreshtha chalchitraka lagi crystal simorg rar utkrishta nirdeshakka lagi crystal simorgaka lagi reison manonit bhae, rar 28 aun fazar film festivalma rastagarile afno scriptka lagi utkrishta anukulit patakathako lagi crystal simorg jite.
|
chalisha barsha bayaska
chalisha barsha puruna (, jaahaaku "labh ait 40" madhya kuhajae) heuchhi alireza raisiananka dwara nirmita 2010 masihar eka iranian chalachitra.
.. ehi chalachitrara chitranatya mustafa rastegari lekhithile ebong chalachitrati mahmoud kalareenka dwara lens karajaithila. leela hatami, farzan athari, ezzatolah antagemy ebong mahammad reja forutan pramukh bhumikare abhinai karithile.
shrestha chalachitra paain christal simorag paain ebong shrestha nirdeshaka paain christal simorag paain manoneet hoithiba raisian ebong 28tama fazar chalachitra mahostabare taanka script paain shrestha anukoolita chitranatya paain rastegari christal simorag jitithile. | chaali saal dee umar
chaali saal purana (, jiss noon "lava aitt 40" vee kiha jaanda haii) alireza raisian dee 2010 dee ikk irani film haii.
. script mustafa rastegari duaara likhi gaee see, atey film noon mehmood kalari duaara darsaiaa giaa see. leela hatami, farzan athari, azatolah antezamy atey mohammad reza forutan neey mukkh bhumikavan nibhaiaan sunn.
rezian noon sarbottam film laee chrystal simorg atey sarbottam nirdeshak laee chrystal simorg laee namzad keeta giaa, atey rahtegri neey neey fajar film festival witch aapni script laee sarbottam anukool screenplay laee chrystal simorg jittiaa.
|
chaturwarsheeyah.
40 varshaani (, "love att 40" iti api prasidhah) iti 2010 tame varshe alireza racian ityanena nirmitam iranian-chalacchitram asti.
. asya chitrakathaam mustafaa rastegaree ityanena likhitam, tathaa cha chalacchitram mahmoud kalaaree ityanena lens krutam. lila hatami, farzaan athaaree, ezatolah antezamy, muhammad rezaa forutaan cha mukhyapaatraani niravahan.
sarvashreshta-chalacchitrasya chrystal-simorg-krute, sarvashreshta-nirdeshakasya chrystal-simorg-krute cha reysiyan-varyaha namankitaha, 28 tame fazar-chalacchitra-mahotsave rastagaree-varyaha swasya chitrakathaayaah krute uttama-anukoolita-chitrakathaayaah chrystal-simorg-puraskaram cha praapnot. | naarpathu vayathu
naarpathu aandugal (, "love add 40" endrum azhaikkappadukirathu) enbathu aliresa raisiyan 2010 ill iyakkiya eeraaniya thiraippatamaagum.
. thiraikkathaiyai mustaba rastekhari ezhuthinaar, maelum padam mahmoot kalariyal ezhuthappattathu. leela hadaami, farzan adhari, essadola entessamy mattrum mugamathu ressa forudden aagiyoar mukiya vaedangkalil nadiththanar.
sirantha padaththirkaana chrystal simork viruthukkum, sirantha iyakkunarukkaana chrystal simork viruthukkum raisian parinthuraikkappattaar, maelum 28 vadhu fazazar thiraippada vizhaavil thanathu thiraikkathaiyin sirantha thazhuval thiraikkathaiyin chrystal simork viruthai rastkari ventraar.
|
nalabhai samvatsaraala vayassu
nalabhai samvatsaraala vayassu (, "love ett 40" anie kooda pilustaaru) anedi alireja raisian 2010loe teesina irani chitram.
. eee chitraaniki mustafa rastegaari script raasaaru, eee chitraaniki mahmoud kalari lens icchaaru. leala hatami, farzan athari, ejjatolah entezami mariyu mahmad reja forutan pradhana paatralalo natinchaaru.
uttama chitramgaa christal simorgku, uttama darsakudigaa christal simorgku racian nominate ayyaru, 28va fazar film festivallo raastegaari thana script kosam uttama anukuula screenplay kosam christal simorgnu geluchukunnaru.
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chalis saal kii amar
forty airz old (jasay "low aett 40" bhee kahaa jaataa hay) alairiza raisiyan kii 2010 kii eek airani film hay.
. script mustafi rastegari nay likhaa thaa aur film kuu mahmud klaari nay lines kiyaa thaa. leela haatimi farzaan athaari aztolah intezami aur mohammad razaa fortan nay markazi kirdaar adaa kiye.
raisheen kuu behtareen film kay liye cristal samorg aur behtareen hidayat kaar kay liye cristal samorg kay liye namzad kiyaa gayaa aur rastegari nay 28 wein fajar film festival mein apnay script kay liye behtareen mawafiqat shadah screen play kay liye cristal samorg jeeta. |
0004b5df1d6ddb5c51a481502172501cd44128e73b71025c0e27d1cfb465fabe | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=73291554 | The Pretendians |
The Pretendians
The Pretendians is a Canadian television documentary film, directed by Drew Hayden Taylor and released in 2022. The film explores the issue of people falsely claiming Indigenous status despite a lack of any documented First Nations, Métis or Inuit heritage, covering the issue from a variety of facets including the production of fake Indigenous art and the efforts to track down a significant false claimant of Indigenous identity who has resisted any efforts to confront him on it.
The film debuted on September 30, 2022, as an episode of "The Passionate Eye".
The film won the Donald Brittain Award for best social or political television documentary at the 11th Canadian Screen Awards in 2023.
References.
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prosar koraa lukoxokol
dyo fakians hoise dro 'headen tailoror dwara porisalito aaru 2022 sonot mukti puwa ekhon kanadian television tothyositro. sobikhone kunu nothibhukto prothom rastro, metis baa inuit oitijyor obhab thoka swotweu tholuwa morzadar misa daabi koraa lukoxokolor bixoitu onwexon kore, bhuwa tholuwa kolar utpadon aaru tholuwa porisoyor ek guruttopurno misa dabikarik bisari uliuwar prosestake dhori bibhinno dixor poraa bixoitu xamori loy jiye teuk protihot korar jikunu prochestak protihot korisil.
sobikhonor aatmoprokax hoisil 2022 sonor 30 septemborot "aabegik soku" ror etaa khondo hisape.
ei solositrokhone 2023 sonot 11 xongkhyok kanadian skrin awardot shrestho xamajik baa rajnoitik television tothyositror baabe donald britain botaa laabh korisil. | chhoddobeshbadira
dya vandarians ekti kanadian television documentary cholochchitro, jaa dra hayden telor dwara porichalito ebong 2022 saale mukti paay. cholochchitroti konao nothibhukto prothom jaati, matties baa inuit oitijhyer abhab sotteo adibasi morjadar mithya daabi korar vishaytike anweshan korey, bhuo adibasi shilper utpadon ebong deshiya porichoyer ekti ullekhjoggo mithya dabidarke khunje berr korar prochesta soho bivinno dick theke eyi vishaytike cover korey jaaraa taar mukhomukhi howar konao prochestake protirodh koreche.
cholochchitroti 30shhey septembara, 2022-ayee "abegprobon chokh"-err ekti porbo hisabe atmoprokash korey.
cholochchitroti 2023 saale saale kanadian screen awarde sera samajik baa rajnaitik television tothyochitrer jonno donald britaina puraskar jiteche.
| dhhong karnaaraao
dhaa factians' aee kenediyan television dastaveji film chhe, jenu nirdeshan drow haydon taylor dwara karvaamaa aavyu chhe aneey aneey rajoo karvaamaa aavee hatee. aaa film koee pann dastaveji pratham raashtro, matties athavaa inuit vaarsaani achhat hovaa chhataa lokonaa swadeshi darjjaano khoto daavo karvaanaa muddani shodh karey chhe, jemaa nakali swadeshi kalaana nirmaan aneey swadeshi odakhnaa nondhpaatra khotaa daavedaarne shodhvaanaa prayaaso saheet viveedh pasaomathi muddaane aavari levaamaa aave chhe, jene teno saamno karvaanaa koipan prayaasono veerodh karyo chhe.
aaa film 30 september, september roj "jussadar aankh" naa episode tareeke rajoo thaee hatee.
aaa filme filme 2023maan kenediyan screen awardsma shreshth saamaajik athavaa raajkeey television dastaveji maate donald britton award jeetyo hato.
| dhong karane vaale
dha fankian ack kanadai television vrittachitra haye, jiska nirdeshan drow haydon teller ney kiya haye aur 2022 mein release hui haye. yeh film kissy bhee dastaveji pratham rashtra, mattis yaa inuit viraasat kii kamee key bavjood logon key swadeshi sthiti kaa jhoothaa daavaa karane key mudde kii padtaal karati haye, jisamen nakali swadeshi kalaa key utpaadan aur swadeshi pehchaan key ack mahatvapurna jhoothe davedar kaa pataa lagaane key prayason sahit vibhinn pahaluon seey iss mudde koo shamil kiya gayaa haye, jisane usa parr uska saamana karane key kissy bhee prayaas kaa virodh kiya haye.
film ney 30 sitambar, 2022 koo "bhavuk aankh" key ack episode key roop mein shuruat kii.
film ney 2023 mein 11vein kanadai screen awards mein sarvshreshth samajik yaa raajneetik television vrittachitra key liye donald brittain puraskar jeetaa.
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nataru
dhii fantinians ondu kenadaada duradarshana sakshyachitravagiddu, idannu droid haydon taylor nirdeshisi 2022 ralli bidugadeyaayitu. yaavude daakhalisabahudaada prathama rashtragalu, mettis athawa inuit parampareya korateya horataagiyoo janaru sthaliya sthaanamaanavannu tappagi helikolluva samasyeyannu ee chalanachitravu parishodhisuttade, nakali sthaliya kaleya utpaadane mattu sthaliya gurutina gamanarha sullu hakkidaaranannu pattehachchuva prayatnagalu seridante vividha amshagalinda samasyeyannu olagondide.
ee chalanachitravu september 30,2022 randu "bhavodrikta kannu" yaya sanchikeyaagi praarambhavaayitu.
ee chalanachitravu 2023ralli 11neey kenadian screen prashastigalalli atyuttama samajika athawa rajakiya duradarshana sakshyachitrakkagi donald britain prashastiyannu geddukonditu. |
nadikkaar
dra haydon tailor samvidaanam cheyth 2022ll purathirangiya oru canadian television documentary chithramaanu dhii pactians. rekhaamoolamulla aadya rajyangal, mettis allengil inyoottu paithrukathinte abhavam undaayirunnittum aalukal thaddesheeya padavi thettayi avakaashappedunna prashnam eee chithram paryavekshanam cheiyunnu, vyaja thaddesheeya kalayude nirmmanavum thaddesheeya swathuathinte oru pradhana vyaja avakaashavaadiye kandethanulla sramangalum ulppede vividha vashangalil ninnu eee prashnam ulkkollunnu.
2022 septambar 30nuu "dhii paashan aii" enna chithratthinte oru episodaayi chithram arangettam kurichu.
2023-ll pathinonnaamatthe canadian screen awardil mikacha saamoohika allengil rashtreeya television dokyumentarikkulla donald brittan award eee chithram nedi.
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dhongi
daad fantians haah canadacha durchitravanivaril mahitipat aahe, jyache digdarshan drow haydon tellarne kele aahe aanee 2022 madhye pradarshit jhaala aahe. haah chitrapat konatyahi dastaivajikaran karnyayogya pratham rashtre, matties kinwa inuit varsa nasatanahi lock sthanik darjacha chukicha dawa karat asalyachya samasyecha shodh gheto, jyat banavat swadeshi kaleche utpadan aanee sthanik olakhichya eka mahattvapoorn khotya davedarala shodhanyache prayatna yasah vividh pailuncha samavesh aahe, jyane tyacha samna karnyachya konatyahi prayatnanna virodh keela aahe.
utkat dolha' chaa eka bhag mhanoon 30 september 2022 roji yaa chitrapatachi suruvat jhaali.
yaa chitrapatane 2023 madhye 11 vya canadian screen puraskaranmadhye sarvotkrusht samajik kinwa rajkiy durchitravani mahitipatasathi donald britton puraskar jinkla. | da funtianharu
da funtians ek canadali television writtachitra film how, jaslai dra heiden tailerle nirdeshan gareka thie rar sann 2022 maa rilij garieko thiyo. yass filmle kunai pani dastaweji pratham rashtra, mattis wa inuit sampadako abhawa bhae pani manisharule adiwasi sthitiko jhuto dabi garne muddako anweshan gardacha, nakkali adiwasi kalako utpadan rar swadeshi pahichanko mahatwapurna jhuto dawikartalai patta lagaune prayasharu sahit vibhinna pakshaharubata muddalai sametchha jasle unko samana garne kunai pani prayasko pratirodh gareko chha.
yo chalchitra september 30,2022 maa "bhawuk aankha" ko episodko rupma suru bhayo.
yass chalchitrale sann 2023 maa 11 aun canadali screen awardma utkrishta samajik wa rajnitik television writtachitrako lagi donald britaina award jityo.
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chadmabesheemane
daa fantians heuchhi eka canadia television documentary chalachitra, jaahaa dra heiden telarnka dwara nirdeshita ebong 2022 ray muktilabha karithila . ehi chalachitrati kaunasi documentable pratham rastra, matties kimba inuit aitihyara abhaba satwe lokamane swadeshi manyata daabi karuthiba prasangaku anusandhana kare, nakali swadeshi kalaara utpadana ebong swadeshi parichaira jane gurutwapurna mithya dabidaranku khojiba prayasa sameth bibhinna digaru prasangaku antarbhukta kare jie ehara sammukheen hebara kaunasi prajasaku pratirodha karichhi .
ehi chalachitrati september 30,2022 ray "abegapurna aakhi" rahr eka adhyaja bhabare arambha hoithila .
ehi chalachitrati 2023 ray 11 tama canadian screen puraskarare shrestha samajika kimba rajanaitika television documentary paain donald britton puraskara jitithila . | shaukinan
dha factians' ikk canadian television dastavezi film haii, jiss daa nirdeshan daraa haydon teller neey keeta haii atey 2022 witch rileez hoee see. ih film kise vee dastavezi pahile rashtaran, mattis jaan inuit virasat dee ghaat dey bavjood lokan dey savdeshi rutbe daa jhootha daava curran dey mudde dee padchol kardi haii, jiss witch jaali savdeshi qalaa dey utpadan atey savdeshi pachanh dey ikk mahattavpuran jhoothe daavedaar daa pataa lagaun deeaan koshishan samet kaee pahiluaan toon iss mudde noon cover keeta giaa haii, jiss neey iss utte uss daa sahmana curran dey kise vee yatan daa virodh keeta haii.
film dee shuruat 30 satambar, 2022 noon "bhavuk akkh" dey ikk episode dey roop witch hoee see.
iss film neey 2023 witch witch canadian screen awardan witch sarbottam smajik jaan rajneetik television dastavezi laee donald britten puraskar jittiaa.
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pranetah.
da factians iti kenadaadeshasy dooradarshanasy vruttachitram asti, yasya nirdeshanm dra headen teller ityanena krutam, 2022 tame varshe pradarshitam. etat chalacchitram, kasyaapi abhilekhanayogyasy prathamaraashtrasy, mettis athavaa inyoot-viraasatasya abhaavasya cha satsu, jananam swadeshee-sthitim mithyaa-pratipaaditasya vishaye anveshanam karoti, vividhaihi pakshaih cha, yathaa, nakalee-desheeyarachanaayaah utpaadanam, swadeshee-parichayah mahattwapoornah mithyaa-daavedaarah, yah tasya sammukheekaranasy kasyaapi prayasasya pratirodham krutavaan, tasya anveshanam.
2022 tamasya varshasya september-masasya 30 dinaanke "da-emotion-aii" iti prakaranaroopen chalacchitrasya aarambhah abhavat.
2023 tame varshe 11 tame kanadian-screen-puraskaareshu etat chalacchitram sarvottamasya saamaajikasy athavaa rajanaitikasya dooradarshanasy vruttachitrasya krute donald-britain-puraskaram praapnot. |
paasaangku seibavargal
aadambaramaanavargal enbathu oru kanadiya tholaikaatchi aavanappadam, idhu haydon daylor iyakkiyathu mattrum 2022 ill veliyidappattathu. endhavoru aavanappaduthakkoodiya muthal naadugal, medis allathu inuit paarambariyam illaatha poathilum makkal pazhangudi anthasthai poiyaagak kooruvatharkaana prachchinaiyai inththa padam aaraaikirathu, poali ullnaattu kalaiyin urpaththi mattrum adhai ethirkollum endhavoru muyarchiyaiyum ethirththa oru kurippidatthakka poali ullnaattu adaiyaalaththai kandupidippadharkaana muyarchigal ullitta palvaeru amsangkalil irunthu prachchinaiyai ulladakkiyathu.
inththa padam septumber 30,2022 andru "unarchchivasappatta kann" endra aththiyaayamaaga arimugamaanathu.
inththa padam 2023 aam aandil 11 vadhu kanadiyan thirai viruthugalil sirantha samooga allathu arasiyal tholaikaatchi aavanappadaththirkaana donault brittan viruthai ventrathu.
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natulu
droying hayden taylor darsakatvam vahinchina, 2022loe vidudalaina, dhi natulu anae kenadian television documentary chitram. document cheyadagina modati deshaalu, mettis ledhaa inuit vaarasatvam laenappatikee prajalu swadeshi hodaanu tappugaa prakatinche samasyanu eee chitram anveshistundi, nakilee swadeshi kalanu utpatti cheyadam mariyu daanipai atanni edurkovadaniki chesina prayatnaalanu pratighatinchina swadeshi gurtimpu yokka mukhyamaina tappudu daavaadaaruni gurtinche prayatnaalatoe sahaa vividha koonaala nundi eee samasyanu cover chestundi.
eee chitram september 30,2022naa "udvegabharitamaina kannu" yokka episodga praarambhamaindi.
eee chitram 2023loe 11va kenadian screen avaardulalo uttama saamaajika ledhaa raajakeeya television documentaryki donald britain avaardunu geluchukundi. | dikhawa karnay waalay
dee factains eek canadian teeli vision dastawezi film hay jiss kii hidayat kaaree draa headen teller nay kii hay aur 2022 mein release hoyee hay. yaha film logon kay iss masilay kuu talaash karti hay juu kasee bhee qaabil dastaviz frust nations mets yaa anvite heritage kii kamee kay bawajood maqami haisiyat kaa jhuta daawi kartay haine jiss mein iss masilay kuu mukhtalif pahluwon say coor kiyaa gayaa hay jiss mein jaali maqami aart kii tayari aur maqami shanakhat kay eek aham jhootay dawedar kaa patah laganay kii koshishein shaamil haine jiss nay iss parr iss kaa muqabilah karnay kii kasee bhee koshish kii mazahimat kii hay.
film kaa aaghaz 30 satambar 2022 kuu "parjosh aankh" kii eek qast kay toor parr hawaa.
iss film nay 2023 mein 11 wein canadian screen ewards mein behtareen samaji yaa seyasi teeli vision dastawezi film kaa donald barteen aiward jeeta.
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0004b8c70305bc83abd1a090ce777722c7b202a05e419296a7ff29144b7ee1df | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44053545 | Steplag |
Steplag
Soviet labor camp
Steplag or Stepnoy Camp Directorate, Special Camp No. 4 (Степлаг (Степной лагерь), Особлаг (Особый лагерь) № 4) was an MVD special camp for political prisoners within the Gulag system of the Soviet Union. It was established on February 28, 1948, on the base of the Jezkazgan POW camp, Kazakhstan, with the headquarters at Kengir. In 1956, Steplag was disestablished, and its camps were transferred to Kazakh SSR.
In May-June 1954, the Kengir uprising of the inmates happened in Steplag.
References.
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| staplag
staplag baa stepnoy kemp directorate, bixex kemp nong. 4 (staplog (staplog), oh "cho" plug (oh "cho" yy legor) nong 4) aasil sobhiyet unionor gulag byowosthar bhitorot rajnoitik bondixokolor baabe ek em. bhi. di. bixex xibir. 1948 sonor 28 februaryt kajakhostanor jezkargan paau kempor aadharot kengirot mukhyo karzaloyor xoite iyak sthapon koraa hoisil. 1956 sonot staplug bischinno koraa hoisil aaru iyar xibirxomuh kajakh ess. ess. aar.-loi sthanantorito koraa hoisil.
1954 sonor mey '-june maahot bondixokolor kengir bidruh stapluge xonghotit hoisil.
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steplag
steplag baa stepnoy camp directorate, bishesh camp nong. 4 (steplog (steplog), 4 nong (ососоныы лагер) chhilo soviet unioner gulag byabosthar modhye rajnaitik bondider jonno ekti mvd bishesh shibir. 1948 saaler 28shhey february kazakhstaner jezkazgan pau camper ghantite etty protisthito hoy, jaar sodor doptor kengire abosthito. 1956 saale, steplagti bichchinno koraa hoy ebong err shibirguli kajakh esha. esha. arr-ayee sthanantorito koraa hoy.
1954 saaler meey-june maase bondider kengir bidroh steplage ghote. | staplag
staplag athavaa stepanoy camp directorate, vishesh camp nann. 4 (staplag (stepno leger), osoblag (osobi leger) number 4) soviyet sanghnee gulag pranaalimaa raajkeey kedeeo maate mvd vishesh shibir hatee. tenee sthaapnaa 28 februari, februari roj jezkazgan paav camp, kazakhstanna paaya parr karvaamaa aavee hatee, jenu mukhya mathak kengir khaate hatoo. hatoo, staplagne vikhervaamaa aavyo hato aneey tenee chhavanione kazakh aesa. aesa. aar. maan sthaanaantarit karvaamaa aavee hatee.
meey-juuna meey-juuna kedeeono kengir badvo staplagma thayo hato.
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steplag
steplag yaa stepanoy shivir nideshalaya, vishesh shivir sankhya. 4 (steplog (stepno legger), osboblag (osboy legger) number 4) soviyat sangh kii gulag pranali key bheetar raajneetik kaidiyon key liye ack aim. vee. dee. vishesh shivir thaa. isaki sthaapana 28 farwari, 1948 koo jezkazgan paav shivir, kazakhstan key aadhar parr kii gaee thee, jiska mukhyalaya kengir mein thaa. 1956 mein, steplag koo vighatit curr diyaa gayaa thaa, aur isake shiviron koo kazakh aiss. aiss. aar. mein sthanantarit curr diyaa gayaa thaa.
maee-juuna 1954 mein, kaidiyon kaa kengir vidroh steplag mein huaa. |
step lyag
steplog athawa stepnoy camp directorate, vishesha camp namm. 4 (steplog), osoblog (osobue ligger) sankhye 4) soviyat okkootada gulag vevastheyolagina rajakiya kaidigalige mvd vishesha shibiravagittu. idannu phebravari 28,1948 randu, kajhakistanada zezkazgaon paav shibirada neleyalli, kengirnalli pradhana kacheriyondige sthaapisalaayitu. 1956ralli, steplog annu vighatisalaayitu mattu adara shibiragalannu kajhakh ssrge vargaayisalaayitu.
1954rahra mayee-joonnalli, kaidigala kengir dangeyu hantahantavagi nadeyitu.
| null | payari
steplyag kinwa stepanoy camp sanchalanalay, vishesh camp kra. 4 (steplag (stepno leger), osoblag (osobi leger) kramank 4) heey soviet sanghachya gulag pranalitil rajkiy kaidyansathi emm. vhee. dii. vishesh shibir hote. 28 februwari 1948 roji kazakhstanmadhil jezkazgan poe campchya payathyashi, kengir yethe mukhyalayasah tyachi sthapana karnyat aalee. 1956 madhye, staplagchi sthapana karnyat aalee aanee tyache shibire kazakh ess. ess. aar. kadey hastantarit karnyat aalee.
meey-juuna 1954 madhye kaidyanchi kengir uthav fetalanyat aala.
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steplag
steplag kimba stepnoa camp nirdeshalaja, swatantra camp nong. 4 (staplag (stepnoa legger), osoblag (ососоыy лагер) nong 4) sobhieta unionara gulag system madhyare rajanaitika bandeenka paain eka emm. bhi. dii swatantra shibir thila . ehaa februari 28,1948 ray, kazakhstanara jazkazgan poe sibirara bhittire, kengirare mukhyalaja sahita sthapita hoithila . 1956 masihare, steplag ku bichhinna karajaithila, ebong ehara shibiragudiku kazakh ess. ess. aarr. ku sthanantara karajaithila.
1954 masiha meey-june maasare, bandeemananka kengira bidroha eka padaaku uthithila. | staplog
staplog jaan stepanoy camp directorate, vishesh camp nann. 4 (staplog (stepanoy lagger), osaublog (osobiye lagger) number 4) soviat union dee gulag pranali dey ander rajneetik kaidiaan laee ikk aim. vee. dee. vishesh camp see. iss dee sathapana 28 farvari, 1948 noon kazakhstan dey jezkazgan pau camp dey adhaar 'teey keeti gaee see, jiss daa mukkh daftar kengir vikhe see. sann 1956 witch, staplog noon vakkh qarr ditta giaa see, atey iss dey campan noon kazakh aiss. aiss. aar. witch tabdil qarr ditta giaa see.
maee-juun 1954 witch kaidiaan daa kengir vidroh hoiaa.
| steplog
steplog athavaa stepnoy-shibir-nideshaalayah, vishesha-shibir-nam. 4 (steplog (stepnoy legger), osboblag (osboy legger) nam 4) soviyat-sanghasya gulag-vyavasthaayaah raajanaitik-bandeebhyah emm. vi. dii. vishesha-shibiram aasit. 1948 februvari-masasya 28 dinaanke kajaakhstaanasy jezkazgan-pau-shibirasya adhobhaage, kengeer-nagare mukhyaalayen asya sthapana abhavat. 1956 tame varshe, steplog-ityasya vighatanam jaatam, tasya shibiraani kazaakh ess. ess. aar. ityatra sthaanaantaritaah.
1954 tame varshe mey-joon-maase kaidyaanaam kengeer-vidrohah stapleg-rupena abhavat.
| padippadiyaana
steblake allathu stephnoy mugaamil iyakkunaragam, sirappu mugaam enn. 4 (stablock), osoplak (oosoabi lock) enn 4) enbathu soviyath ontriyaththin kulak amaippirkul ulla arasiyal kaithikalukkaana oru emm. vii. dii sirappu mugaamaagum. idhu pipravari 28,1948 andru, kajakistanil ulla jescoscan poa mukaamin thalaththil, kenkeeril thalaimaiyagaththudan niruvappattathu. 1956 aam aandil, steblock niruvappattathu, adhan mugaamgal kajak ssr-kku maattrappattana.
1954 mae-juun maathaththil, kaithigalin kengir ezhuchchi padinilaikalil nadanthathu.
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steplog
steplog ledhaa stepnoy camp directorate, pratyeka camp nem. 4 (steplog (stepnoy legger), osoblog (osobue legger) nem. 4) anedi soviet union yokka gulag vyavasthalooni raajakeeya khaideela kosam oka emvidi pratyeka shibiram. idhi fibravari 28,1948naa kazakhstanloni zezkazgaon paav camp sthaavaramlo kengir vadda pradhana kaaryaalayamtho sthaapinchabadindi. 1956loe, steplog sthaapinchabadindi, daani sibiraalanu kajakh ssrku badilee chesaaru.
1954 mae-juun loe khaideela kengir tirugubaatu steploglo jarigindi. | steep leeg
steep leeg yaa steep noay camp directorate khususi camp number. 4 (steplog (stepnoy legir)yee osoblig (ausubi legir) number 4) soweet union kay glaag nazaam kay andar seyasi qaidiyon kay liye eek ayem wee ddee khususi camp thaa. yaha 28 faroori 1948 kuu qazqistan kay jaizkazgan paao camp kii bunyaad parr qayem kiyaa gayaa thaa jiss kaa sadr daftar kengir mein hay. 1956 mein step leeg kuu khatam kirr diyaa gayaa aur iss kay campon kuu qaziq aiss aiss aar mein muntaqil kirr diyaa gayaa.
mayee-joone 1954 mein qaidiyon kii kengir baghawat qadmon kii jhadpein kay saath hoyee.
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0004b9137ee5771689f76fa762a426581ac9b11f2ff6c5fdbc4e76f8c3fe26e0 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8015311 | Bob Haggart |
Bob Haggart
American jazz bassist, composer, and arranger
Robert Sherwood Haggart (March 13, 1914 – December 2, 1998) was an American dixieland jazz double bass player, composer, and arranger. Although he is associated with dixieland, he was one of the finest rhythm bassists of the Swing Era.
Music career.
In 1935, Haggart became a member of the Bob Crosby Band. He arranged and composed "Big Noise from Winnetka", "My Inspiration", "What's New?", and "South Rampart Street Parade". He remained with the band until it dissolved in 1942, then began working as session musician, with much of his time spent at Decca Records. He recorded with Billie Holiday, Duke Ellington, Benny Goodman, and Ella Fitzgerald; his arrangements can be heard on Fitzgerald's album "Lullabies of Birdland". Haggart also starred in several commercials for L&M cigarettes on the radio program "Gunsmoke", including the March 4, 1956, episode, "The Hunter".
He and Yank Lawson formed the Lawson-Haggart Band, and they also led the World's Greatest Jazz Band from 1968 until 1978. He appeared at jazz festivals until his death on December 2, 1998, in Venice, Florida.
References.
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bobo hegort
robert schweroud hegort (13 march, 1914-2 disembor, 1998) egoraki aamerikan dixiland jez daabol bes player, xurkar aaru arranger aasil. jodiu teu dixilandor xoite jorito, tothapiu teu xuing jugor onyotomo shrestho ridom besbadok aasil.
xongitor jiwan.
1935 sonot hegort bobo krosobi bendor xodosyo hoisil. teu "winetokar poraa dangor xobdo", "mur onuprerona", "notun ki?", aaru" sauth rempert street pared ". 1942 sonot bendtu bhongo nuhuwaloike teu bendtur xoite aasil, taar pisot seson xongitogyo hisape kaam koriboloi aarombho korisil, teur besibhag xomoy dekka recordot otibahito korisil. teu billy holiday, diuk ellington, benni goodman, aaru elaa fitzeraldor xoite record korisil; teur byowostha fitzeraldor elbam "lo 'rabies owo birdland" too xunibo paari. hegorte readyo 'karzoxusi "ganosmuk" too el endo em sigaretor keibatau bigyaponotu obhinoy korisil, jaar bhitorot aase 1956 sonor 4 marchor khondo "dyo hunter".
teu aaru yenk lo "sone lo" cho "noo-hegort bendo gothon korisil, aaru teuluke 1968 sonor poraa 1978 sonoloike biswor xorbosrestho jez bendor netritwo disil. 1998 sonor 2 disemborot fluoridar venisot mrityu huwaloike teu jez utxowot uposthito aasil. |
bobb haggert
robbert sheroud haggert (13 march, 1914-2 december, 1998) ekjon markin dixiland jyaja double bases player, surkar ebong arranger chhilen. jodio tini dixilander saathe jukto, tini suing juger onnotomo sera chhondo bassist chhilen.
sangeet karmajiban.
1935 saale haggert bobb crossby bander sadasya hohn. tini "winetka theke borh awaz", "amar anuprerana", "notun qee?", ebong" dakkhin prachir rastar pared ". 1942 saale bandti venge yawar agey porjonto tini bandtir sange chhilen, tarpor seshana sangitshilpi hisabe kaaj shuru corren, ebong taanr beshirbhag somoy dekka recordsey katan. tini billy holiday, diuka ellington, benny goodman ebong elaa fitzeralder saathe record korechilen; taanr sajsaranjam fitzeralder album "lulabis off birdland"-ayee shona yaay. haggert redio programa "gunsmoke"-ayee elendem cigareter jonno besh koyekti biggaponeo abhinoy korechilen, jaar modhye 1956 saaler 4thhaa marcher porbo "dya hunter" chhilo.
tini ebong iank losson losson-haggert banned gathon corren ebong taaraa 1968 theke 1978 saal porjonto bishwer sorboshrestho jyaja bandkeo netritto deena. 1998 saaler 2raa december floridara venis-ayee taanr mrityur agey porjonto tini jyaja utsabe uposthito chhilen. | boob haggert
roobert sharewood haggert (13 march, 1914-2 december, 1998) aek american dixiland jaaz double baas vaadak, sangeetkaar aneey arranger hataa. teo dixiland saathe sankalaayela hovaa chhataa, teo swing yugnaa shreshth layvadakomana aek hataa.
sangeet karkirdi.
karkirdi, haggert boob crossby bendnaa sabhy banyaa. temane "vinnetkaathee moto avaaj", "maaree prernaa", "navoo shun chhe?", aneey" "south rampart street pareda". teo teo bendnu visarjan thayu tyaan sudhee tenee saathe rahyaa, pachhi satra sangeetkaar tareeke kaama karvaanu sharoo karyoo, temno motaabhaagno samay dekka recordsmaa pasaar thayo. temane biilii holiday, duke ellinton, bennie goodman aneey elaa fitzgerald saathe reqordina karyoo; temnee gothvani fitzgeraldna album "lories off birdland" parr sambhali shakaay chhe. haggarte rediyo kaarykram "gunsmock" parr aela anned aema cigaret maateni ghanee jaheratoma pann abhinay karyo hato, jemaa 4 march, march episode "dhaa hunter" noow samaavesh thaay chhe.
temane aneey yank lossne losson-haggert bendnee rachnaa curry, aneey teoae 1968 thee 1978 sudhee vishvanaa sauthee mahaan jaaz bendnu netrutva pann karyoo. teo 2 december, 1998 naa roj venis, fluoridama temnaa mrutyu sudhee jaaz utsavomaa dekhaaya hataa.
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bobb haggert
robert sherwood haggert (13 march, 1914-2 disambar, 1998) ack americi dixiland jaiz double baas player, sangeetkaar aur arranger they. haalaanki vaha dixiland seey judey hue hain, way swing yug key behtareen taal bassists mein seey ack they.
sangeet carrier.
1935 mein, haggert bobb crossby baind key sadasya bunn gaye. unhone vyavastha kii aur "vinnetka seey badaa shore", "merrie prerana", "nayaa kyaa haye?", aur" dakshin ramp street pared ". 1942 mein baind key bhang honey taka way baind key saath rahey, phir satra sangeetkaar key roop mein kaam karna shuru kiya, jisamen unhone apana adhikansh samay dekka record mein bitaaya. unhone billy holiday, duke ellinton, benny goodman aur elaa fitzgerald key saath record kiya; unaki vyavasthaon koo fitzgerald key album "lulabiz off birdland" parr sunaa jaa sakata haye. haggert ney radio karyakram "gunmok" parr ell aind aim sigaret key liye kaee vigyapanon mein bhee abhinay kiya, jisamen march 4,1956 kaa episode, "dha hunter" shamil thaa.
unhone aur yank losson ney losson-haggert baind kaa gathan kiya, aur unhone 1968 seey 1978 taka duniya key sabse badey jaiz baind kaa netritva kiya. way 2 disambar, 1998 koo venis, florida mein apani mrityu taka jaiz samarohon mein dikhaai diye.
| baab haggart
robbert sherwood haggart (march 13,1914-december 2,1998) obba american dixiland jaajh double baas vaadaka, samyojaka mattu vyavasthapaka. avaru dixilandnondige sambandha hondiddaroo, avaru swing yugada atyuttama rhythm basistgalalli obbaraagiddaru.
sangeeta vrutti.
vrutti, haggart baab crossby bandna sadasyaraadaru. avaru "vinnetkaadinda dodda shabda", "nanna sphurti", "hosatenide?", mattu" "daksina dandeya beedi meravanige". meravanige" byaand visarjaneyaguvavaregoo avaru byaandnondige ulidaru, nantara session sangeetagaararaagi kelasa maadalu praarambhisidaru, avara hecchina samayavannu dekka recordgalalli kaledaru. avaru billi holiday, duke ellington, benny goodman mattu elaa fitzgerald avarondige dhwanimudrana maadidaru; avara vyavasthegalannu fitzgeraldna album "lallabees off burd land" nalli kelabahudu. haggart avaru radeo karyakramavada "gunsmoke" nalli ell & emm sigaretgala halavaaru jaahiraatugalalli natisidaru, idaralli march 4,1956 rahra sanchikeyaada "dhii hunter" kooda seride.
avaru mattu yank lasson lasson-haggart byaand annu rachisidaru, mattu avaru 1968 rinda 1978 ravarege vishvada shreshtha jaajh byaand annu munnadesidaru. avaru 1998 rahra december 2 randu floridada venisnalli tamma maranadavaregu jaajh utsavagalalli kanisikondaru.
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bob haggart
oru american dixiland jaas double baas player samgeethasamvidhaayakanum krameekaranakkaaranumaayirunnu roobert sherwood haggart (march 13,1914-desember 2,1998). dixilaandumaayi bandhappettirunnuvenkum swing kaalaghattatthile ettavum mikacha rhythm baastucheyyunnavaril oraalaayirunnu addeham.
sangeetha jeevitam.
1935ll haggart bob crossby bandle amgamaayi. addeham "vinnetkayil ninnulla valia shabdam", "ente prachodanam", "enthaanu puthiyath?"," koodaathe "southu rampart street paredu". 1942ll baand pirichuvidunnathuvare addeham athil thudarnnu, thudarnnu session samgeethajnjanaayi pravartthikkaan thudangi, deca recordukalil kooduthal samayavum chelavazhichu. billie holiday, duke ellington, bennie goodman, ella fittsjerald ennivarodoppam addeham record cheythu; fittsjeraaldinte "lallabis oof bared land" enna aalbathil addehathinte krameekaranangal kelkkaam. 1956 march 4leeii episode, "dhii hunder" ulppede radio paripaadiyaaya "gansmokkil" ell & emm sigarattukalude niravadhi parasyangalilum huggart abhinayichu.
adhehavum yank losen chernnu losan-haggart baand roopeekarikkukayum 1968 muthal 1978 vare lokathile ettavum valia jasses baandine nayikkukayum cheythu. 1998 desember 2 nuu floridayile venis nagaratthil vachu marikkunnathuvare addeham jaas uthsavangalil prathyakshappettu. |
bobb haggert
robbert sherwood haggert (13 march 1914-2 december 1998) haah eka american dixiland jazz double baas vadak, sangitkar aanee arranger hota. jaree too dixylandshee sambandhit asala taree too swing yugatil sarvottam talvadakanpaiki eka hota.
sangeet karkird.
1935 madhye haggert bobb crossby bandcha sadasya banala. tyane 'vinnetakacha motha aavaj', 'majhi prerana', 'naveen kaay aahe?' yachee vyavastha kelee aanee rachana kelee.", aanee" dakshin tatbandi rastyavar sanchalan ". 1942 madhye band visarjit hoiparyant too bandsobat rahila, tyanantar satra sangitkar mhanoon kaam karnyas suruvat kelee, aanee tyacha barachsa vel dekka recordsmadhye gela. tyane biilii holiday, duke ellington, benny goodman aanee elah fitzgerald yanchyasobat dhwanimudran kele; tyachi mandani fitzgeraldchya 'lories auph birdland' yaa dhvanimudriket aikoo yete. haggertney 'gunsmoke' yaa redio karyakramavaril ell andd emm sigaretchya anek jahiratinmadhye dekhil kaam kele, jyat 4 march 1956 chya 'daad hunter' yaa bhagacha samavesh aahe.
tyane aanee yank lausenne lausen-haggert bandchi sthapana kelee aanee tyanni 1968 teey 1978 paryant jagatil sarvat mahan jazz bandche netrutva kele. 2 december 1998 roji venis, florida yethe tyachya mrutyuparyant too jazz mahotsavanmadhye disala. |
bub haggart
robert serwod haggart (march 13,1914-december 2,1998) ek americi dixiland jyaj double bass player, composure, rar arranger thie. yadyapi uni dixilandsang sambandhit chhan, uni swing yugka utkrishta taal basistharu madhye ek thie.
sangit currier.
sann 1935 maa, haggart bub crusby bandko sadasya bane. unle "winnetakabata thulo halla", "mero prerana", "nayan key chha?", rar" south rampert street pared ". sann 1942 maa wighatan nabhaesamma uni bandsanga rahe, tyasapachhi satra sangitkarko rupma kaam garna thale, unko dherai samaya dekka recordharuma bitae. unle billy holiday, duke alngton, benny goodman rar ela fitzgeraldsanga record gare; unko wyawastha fitzgeraldko album "lulabiz aff birdland" maa sunna sakinchha. haggartle radio karyakram "ganasmok" maa ell anned emm sigaretka lagi dherai vigyapanharuma pani abhinaya gare, jasma march 4,1956 episode, "da hunter" samawesh chha.
unle rar yank lasanle lasson-haggart banned gathan gare, rar tiniharule 1968 dekhi 1978 samma wishwako sabaibhanda thulo jyaj bandko netritwa pani gare. uni december 2,1998 maa venis, floridama afno mrityu nabhaesamma jyaj festivalharuma dekha pare. | bub haggart
robert sheroud haggart (march 13,1914-december 2,1998) jane americae dixiland jaz double baas player, composure ebong arranger thile. jadio shay dixiland sahita jadita, shay suing jugara sarbottama ridam basistmananka madhyaru jane thile .
sangeeta kyariyara.
1935 masihare, haggart bub kraswi bander sadasya hoithile. shay "winnetaka thaaru budd sabda", "more prerana", "nutan qa 'naa?", ebong" dakhina prachira path path pareda ". 1942 masihare bandti bhangiba parjyanta shay taa 'sahita rahithile, taa' parey session sangeetagya bhabare karjya kariba arambha karithile, taanka adhikansha samai dekka recordre bitaithile. shay billy holiday, dick ellington, beni goodman ebong elah fitzgeraldnka saha record karithile; taanka byabastha fitzgeraldnka album "larys off birdland" ray sunajaipariba . haggart redio karjyakram "gonsmoke" ray ell anded emm cigaret paain aneka bigyapanare madhya abhinai karithile, jeunthire march 4,1956 episode, "daa hunter" antarbhukta .
shay ebong janka lusson lusson-haggart banned gathan karithile, ebong semane 1968 ru 1978 parjyanta biswara sarbashrestha jaz bander netrutwa madhya neithile. shay december 2,1998 ray floridara bhenisare mrutyu parjyanta jaz mahostabare upasthita hoithile.
| baub haggart
robbert sherwod haggart (13 march, 1914-2 dasambar, 1998) ikk amriki dixiland jaiz double baas player, sangeetkar atey arranger see. halanki uh dixiland naal jude hoye hunn, uh swing yugg dey sabh toon vadhiaa ridam basistan vicchon ikk sunn.
sangeet carrier.
1935 witch, haggart baub karasabi baind daa member bann giaa. uss neey "vinnetka toon vadda shore", "merrie prerna", "navaan qee haii?", atey" dakkhni rampret street pred ". uh 1942 witch bhang honn takk baind dey naal rahey, firr unhan neey saishan sangeetkar vajon kamm karna shuru keeta, unhan daa ziaadaatar samaan dakka recordan witch bitaiaa. uss neey billie holiday, diook elnington, baini goodman atey elaa fitzgerald naal ricard keeta; uss dey parbandhan noon fitzgerald dee album "lories aaf birdland" utte suniaa jaa sakda haii. haggart neey radio program "gunsmoke" utte ail aind aim cigartan dey kaee vigiaapnan witch vee kamm keeta, jiss witch 4 march, 1956 daa episode, "dha hunter" shamal haii.
uss neey atey yank lausan neey lausan-haggart baind daa gathan keeta, atey unhan neey 1968 toon 1978 takk dunia dey sabh toon vadde jaiz baind dee agvai vee keeti. uh 2 dasambar, 1998 noon venis, florida witch aapni maut takk jaiz festival witch dikhai ditta.
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baab hoggert
rabert sherwood huggart (maarch 13,1914-december 2,1998) ekaha american dixiland-jaze-double-baas-vaadakah, sangeetakaarah, aarenjar cha aasit. yadyapi saha dixiland ityanena saha sambadhah asti, tathaapi saha swing-yugasya uttameshu ridam-bassist-vaadakeshu anyatamah aasit.
sangeetasy vruttihi.
1935 tame varshe, hoggert-varyaha baab-crossby-vaadyavrundasya sadasyah abhavat. saha "vinnetakaa-taha bruhad-shabdam", "mama preranaa", "nootanam kim?", tathaa" dakshina-prachira-maarga-pared ". 1942 tame varshe vighatitam yaavat saha vaadyavrundena saha eva aasit, tatah satra-sangeetajnaroopena karyam aarabdhavaan, tasya adhikaamshah samayah dekkaa-abhilekheshu vyateetah. saha bilee-haliday, duke-ellington, bennie-good-myaan, elaa-fitz-gerald ityetaih saha dhwanimudranam krutavaan; tasya vyavasthaha fitz-gerald ityasya "lallabis-aaf-bird-lyand" iti aalbam madhye shrutah. haggart ityayam "gunsmoke" iti radio-kaaryakrame ell end emm cigaret ityasya anekeshu vidnyaapaneshu api abhyanayt, yasmin 1956 maarch-masasya 4 dinaanke "da hunter" iti prakaranam api aasit.
saha yaank laasan ityanena saha laasan-haggart-vaadyavrundasya nirmanam krutavaan, tathaa cha te 1968 taha 1978 paryantam vishvasya bruhattamaa jaiz-vaadyavrundasya netrutvam api akurvan. 1998 december 2 dinaanke venis, florida-nagare swasya mrutyum yaavat saha jaiz-utsaveshu abhyanayt. |
paap hockert
robbert sherwood hoggert (maarch 13,1914-disambar 2,1998) oru america dixilandhu jaas irattai baas veerar, isaiyamaippaalar mattrum aerpaattaalar aavaar. avar dixilandudon thodarpudaiyavaraaga irunththaalum, swing sagaapthaththin migachchirantha thaala paasistukalil oruvaraaga irunthaar.
isaip panii.
1935 aam aandil, hockert paap grospie isaikkuzhuvil uruppinaraaga aanaar. avar "vinnetkaavilirunthu periya saththam", "enn uthvaegam", "puthiyathu enna?", mattrum" therku koopura theru anivaguppu ". 1942 ill kalaikappadum varai avar isaikkuzhuvudan irunthaar, pinnar amarvu isaikkalainaraaka paniyaattrath thodangkinaar, avarathu perumpaalaana neraththai tecca pathivukalil kaliththaar. avar billie holiday, tuke ellington, bennie goodman mattrum elaa fitzgerald aakiyoarudan pathivu seithaar; avarathu aerpaadukalai fitzjeraldin aalbamaana "lallabees off baredland" ill ketkalaam. maarch 4,1956 episote, "thii hunder" udpada, vanoli nigazhchchiyil ell & emm sigarettugalukkaana pala vilambarangkalilum hoggert naditthaar.
avarum yank laasanum lasson-hockert isaikkuzhuvai uruvaakkinar, maelum avarkal 1968 muthal 1978 varai ulagin migapperiya jaas isaikkuzhuvai vazhinadaththinar. avar disambar 2,1998 andru ploaridaavin venesil irakkum varai jaas thiruvizhaakkalil thoantrinaar.
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baab haggert
robbert sherwood huggert (marchi 13,1914-december 2,1998) oka american dixiland jaz double baas player, swarakarta mariyu arranger. athanu dixilandto sambandham kaligi unnappatikee, athanu swing yugamlo atyuttama rhythm bassistlalo okadu.
sangeeta vrutti.
1935loe, haggart baab crossby bandlo sabhyudayyadu. athanu "vinnetka nundi pedda sabdam", "naa prerana", "kottadi emiti?", mariyu" "dakshina prakara veedhi kavaatu". 1942loe byaand raddu ayye varaku ayana daanithone unnaaru, taruvaata session sangeetakaarudigaa panicheyadam praarambhinchaaru, ekkuva samayam dekka recordulalo gadiparu. athanu billie holiday, duke ellington, bennie goodman mariyu ella fitzgeraldlatho record chesaadu; athani erpaatlanu fitzgerald yokka album "lallabies off burd land" loe vinavacchu. huggert radeo karyakramam "gunsmoke" loe ell & emm sigaretla kosam aneka vaanijya prakatanallo kooda natinchaadu, indulo marchi 4,1956 episode, "dhi hunter" kooda undhi.
athanu mariyu yank lasson lasson-huggert byaandnu erpaatu chesaaru, mariyu vaaru 1968 nundi 1978 varaku prapanchamlooni goppa jaz byaandku naayakatvam vahinchaaru. athanu 1998 december 2naa floridaloni venis loe maraninche varaku jaz utsavaalalo kanipinchaadu.
| baab haggert
raabart sheer wode haggert (13 maarch 1914-2 dasambar 1998) eek americi diksiland jaaz double baas player composure aur aarganjar thay. agarcha wah diksiland say waabistah haine leakin wah swing kay door kay behtareen taal baasiston mein say eek thay.
mausiqi kaa carrier.
1935 mein haggert baab karasabi bend kaa rakan bunn gayaa. iss nay "venetka say badaa shoar"yee "meeri tehreek"yee "neeya kiyaa hay? tartib diyaa aur tartib diyaa."yee aur" "saoth rempart strait pred". wah 1942 mein tehlil honay takk bend kay saath rahay phir seeshan mausiqar kay toor parr kaam karnaa sharoo kiyaa aur apnaa ziyadah tarr waqat ddika records mein guzara. iss nay bully holiday ddiok ellington beeni gudd meen aur ailaa fitzjirald kay saath record kiyaa vovo iss kay intezamat fitzjirald kay album "lalibeez aaf bird lend" parr sunay jaa saktay haine. haggert nay redio prograam "gansamak" parr eel aind ayem segrate kay kayee ishteharaat mein bhee kaam kiyaa jiss mein 4 maarch 1956 kii qast "dee hunter" bhee shaamil hay.
inhon nay aur yanak laasan nay laasan-haggert bend tashkil diyaa aur inhon nay 1968 say 1978 takk duniya kay sabb say baday jaaz bend kii qayadat bhee kii. wah 2 dasambar 1998 kuu wens fluoreda mein apnee moth takk jaaz festival mein nazar aayey.
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0004baaadfca6dd6e3505cd8f76fce95caca2505fd3ea9941b3c727efa2f1df0 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=66566371 | Richie Asiata |
Richie Asiata
Australian rugby union player
Rugby player
Richie Asiata (born 3 May 1996) is a New Zealand born Australian rugby union player, currently playing for Major League Rugby side Toronto Arrows. His preferred position is prop of hooker.
Professional career.
Asiata signed for Major League Rugby side Toronto Arrows ahead of the 2020 Major League Rugby season, and re-signed ahead of the 2021 Major League Rugby season. He previously represented in the National Rugby Championship between 2016 and 2018.
References.
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risi asiata
risi asiata (jonmo 3 mey '1996) hoise australier ejon notun jilandor ragbi union kheluwoi, ji bortoman prodhan leegor ragbi pokhyor torontu er "ror hoi khele. teur posondor sthan hoise hukoror prop.
pesadari jiwan.
2020 sonor prodhan leeg ragbi sijonor purbe asiatae prodhan leeg ragbi pokhyor torontu er "ror baabe swakhyor korisil, aaru 2021 sonor prodhan leeg ragbi sijonor purbe punor swakhyor korisil. iyar purbe teu 2016 aaru 2018 sonor bhitorot rastriyo ragbi championswipot protinidhitwo korisil. |
dhonee asiata
richi asiata (jonmo 3 meey 1996) ekjon notun gealand jonmogrohonkari australian ragbi union kheload, bortomane mejor leeg ragbi side torronto teerer hoye khelchen. taanr pochonder abosthan holl hooker prop.
peshagoto karmajiban.
2020 saaler prodhan leeg ragbi morshumer agey asiata prodhan leeg ragbi doler torronto teerer jonno swakkhar koreche ebong 2021 saaler prodhan leeg ragbi morshumer agey punra swakkhar koreche. err agey tini 2016 theke 2018 saaler modhye jatiya ragbi championshipe protinidhitto korechilen. | samruddh aeshiyata
ritchie aeshiyata (janm 3 meey 1996) aek navaa zealandma janmela australian rugby union khelaadi chhe, jeey haalmaa mukhya leag rugby baaju torrento teer maate ramey chhe. temnee pasandagini sthitee hookarni propa chhe.
vyaavsaayik karkirdi.
aeshiyataae aeshiyataae mukhya leag rugby season pahelaa mukhya leag rugby baaju torrento teer maate hastakshar karyaa aneey aneey mukhya leag rugby season pahelaa fareethi hastakshar karyaa. tene agau 2016 aneey 2018 vachche raashtriy rugby champiyanshipma pratinidhitva karyoo hatoo.
|
ameer asiata
richi asiata (janm 3 maee 1996) ack newzealand mein janme australiyai ragbi union khilaadi hain, joe vartamaan mein pramukh leag ragbi paksh torrento teeron key liye khel rahey hain. unaki pasandida sthiti hooker kaa prope haye.
peshevar carrier.
asiata ney 2020 pramukh leag ragbi season seey pahale pramukh leag ragbi paksh key liye hastakshar kiye aur 2021 pramukh leag ragbi season seey pahale phir seey hastakshar kiye. unhone pahale 2016 aur 2018 key beach rashtriya ragbi championship mein pratinidhitva kiya thaa.
| srimanta eshyaa
ritchie asiata (janana 3 mayee 1996) aastreliyaada ragbi union atagaranagi janisida hosa jhilyand atagara, prastuta pramukha leigh ragbi tandada torranto banagaligagi aduttiddare. aatana aadyateya sthaanavu hukkar aagide.
vruttipara vrutti.
asiata 2020rahra pramukha leigh ragbi rtuvige munchitavaagi pramukha leigh ragbi tanda toronto baanagalige sahi haakitu mattu 2021rahra pramukha leigh ragbi rtuvige munchitavaagi maru-sahi haakitu. avaru ee hinde 2016 mattu 2018rahra naduve rashtriya ragbi champiyanshipnalli pratinidhisiddaru.
|
sambannamaaya eshya
richi eshyaatta (jananam 3 meyy 1996) nyoosilandil janicha australian rugby union kalikkaranaanu, nilavil mejar leag rugby team torrento ambukalkkaayi kalikkunnu. addehathinte ishtappetta sthaanam prope oof hookeranu.
professional currier.
2020 leeii mejar leag rugby seasoninu munnodiyaayi eshya mejar leag rugby side torrento ambukalkkaayi oppidukayum 2021 leeii mejar leag rugby seasoninu munnodiyaayi veendum oppidukayum cheythu. 2016num 2018num idayil deseeya rugby chaambyanshippil addeham munbu prathinidheekarichu.
|
shrimant ashiya
ritchie asiata (janm 3 meey 1996) haah newzealandmadhye janmalela austreliyan rugby unioncha kheladu aahe, joou sadhya pramukh leag rugby sangh torrento banansathi khelato. hukarcha aadhar heey tyache pasantiche sthan aahe.
vyavsayik karkird.
2020 chya pramukh leag rugby hangamachya aadhi aeshiyatane pramukh leag rugby sanghasathi toronto banansathi swakshari kelee aanee 2021 chya pramukh leag rugby hangamachya aadhi punha swakshari kelee. tyane yapurvi 2016 teey 2018 darmyan rashtriy rugby ajinkyapad spardhet pratinidhitva kele hote. | dhani asiata
richy asiata (janma 3 mey 1996) newzealandma janmeka astreliyali ragbi union kheladi hun, hall pramukh ligg ragbi side toranto eroharuka lagi khelchhan. unko manaparne sthiti prop aff hooker how.
wyawasayik jiwan.
asiatale 2020 pramukh ligg ragbi sijan aghi pramukh ligg ragbi side toranto tirharuka lagi hastakshar garyo, rar 2021 pramukh ligg ragbi sijan aghi punah hastakshar garyo. unle yasaghi sann 2016 dekhi 2018 samma rashtriya ragbi championshipma pratinidhitwa gareka thie.
| dhani aciata
richi aciata (janma 3 meey 1996) jane nyujilandare janmita astreliah ragbi union khelali, jie bartamana pramukh ligg ragbi parswa torranto teera paain kheluchanti. tankara pasandajogya sthana heuchhi prope off hooker .
bruttigata brutti.
2020 pramukh ligg ragbi sijin purbaru aciata pramukh ligg ragbi parswa torranto teera paain swakhyara karithila ebong 2021 pramukh ligg ragbi sijan purbaru punarbara swakhyara karithila . purbaru shay shay 2018 madhyare jatiah ragbi champianasipare pratinidhitwa karithile.
| ameer eshia
richi asiata (janam 3 maee 1996) ikk newzealand witch jammi australiaai ragbi union daa khidari haii, joe iss vele pramukh leeg ragbi side torranto teer laee khedada haii. uss dee pasandida sathiti prop aaf hooker haii.
peshevar carrier.
asiata neey 2020 dey pramukh leeg ragbi season toon pahilan pramukh leeg ragbi side torranto teeran laee dastkhat keete, atey 2021 dey pramukh leeg ragbi season toon pahilan dubara dastkhat keete. iss toon pahilan uh 2016 toon 2018 darmiaan rashtari ragbi championship witch hissa lae chukke hunn.
| samruddha asia
richee asiata (janma 3 mey 1996) ekaha newzealand-deshe janmitah australia-deshasya ragbee-sangha-kreedakah asti, yah samprati measure-leag-ragbee-pakshasya torrento-aeros-krute kreeditavaan. tasya ishtatam sthaanam prop aaf hooker iti asti.
vruttihi vruttihi.
asiata-samsthaa 2020 tame varshe measure-leag-ragbee-creedaa-rutoho poorvam measure-leag-ragbee-pakshasya torrento-bananam krute hastaaksharam krutavatee, 2021 tame varshe measure-leag-ragbee-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa-creedaa saha poorvam 2016 taha 2018 paryantam rashtriya-ragbee-chaampiyanship-kridaayaam pratinidhitvam krutavaan.
| richi aseata
richi aseata (pirappu 3 mae 1996) oru puthiya jeelandhu pirantha australian rakbi union veerar, tharpoothu mukiya leak rakbi pakka torrento ambugal anikkaaga vilaiyaadugiraar. avarathu viruppamaana nilai hookerin proapaakum.
thozhilmurai vaazhkkai.
2020 mejar leak rakbi seesanukku munnathaaka mejar leak rakbi pakka torrento ambugalukku asiyada kaiyezhuththittathu, maelum 2021 mejar leak rakbi seesanukku munnathaaka meendum kaiyezhuththittathu. avar munbu 2016 mattrum 2018 kku idaiyil thaesiya rakbi saambiyanshippil pirathinithiththuvappaduththinar.
| dhanika asea
ritchie asiata (jananam 3 mae 1996) australialo janminchina oka kotta rugby union aatagadu, prastutam majer leag rugby side torranto baanaala kosam aadutunnadu. athani ishtamaina sthaanam hukkar yokka prope.
vrutti jeevitam.
2020 majer leag rugby seasonku mundu asiata majer leag rugby side torranto baanaala kosam santakam chesindi mariyu 2021 majer leag rugby seasonku mundu tirigi santakam chesindi. athanu gatamlo 2016 mariyu 2018 madhya jaateeya rugby chhampiyanshiplo praatinidhyam vahinchaadu.
| ameer aishya
rachee asiata (paidaish 3 mayee 1996) newzi lend mein paida honay waali austrailvi ragbi union kii khilaadi hay juu iss waqat bury leeg ragbi side torrento teer kay liye kheel rahee hay. iss kii tarjihi position prop aaf hucker hay.
paishah waranah carrier.
asiata nay 2020 kay meejar leeg ragbi seezan say qabal meejar leeg ragbi side torrento teeron kay liye dastakhat kiyay aur 2021 kay meejar leeg ragbi seezan say pehley dobarah dastakhat kiye. iss say qabal inhon nay 2016 aur 2018 kay darmiyan qomi ragbi champine ship mein numaindagi kii thee.
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0004bb682ca8df872d5cba7da18c0b28ba0ca36c74d7ec0e49ded4a12893b8b7 | https://en.wikisource.org/wiki?curid=930545 | Granello v. United States |
Granello v. United States
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Court Documents
Opinion of the Court
United States Supreme Court386 U.S. 1019Granello v. United States
See 387 U.S. 949, 87 S.Ct. 2072.
Irving Anolik, Irwin Klein and Irwin Germaise, for petitioners.
Solicitor General Marshall, Assistant Attorney General Rogovin, Joseph M. Howard and John P. Burke, for the United States.
Petition for writ of certiorari to the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit.
Notes.
| grenelu bhi. aamerika juktorastro
aadalotor nothipotroxomuh
aadalotor motamot
aamerika juktorastror uschotom nyayaloy 386 eu.ess. 1019 grenelu bonam. aamerika juktorastro
387 eu sauk.ess. 949, 87 che.chi. ti. 2072.
abedonkarixokolor baabe irving anolic, iruin clain aaru iruin germaiz.
solisitar general marshwel, xohokari etornee general ror 'gobhin, juxef em. haward aaru john pi. bark, aamerikar baabe.
dwitiyo charkitor baabe aamerika juktorastror aapil aadalotot chartiorarir ritor baabe aabedon.
noot. | granello vee. markin juktorashtro
adaloter nothi
adaloter motamot
markin juktorashtrer supreme court 386 eu.esha. 1019 granello bonam. markin juktorashtro
387 eu dekhun.esha. 949, 87 esha.shee. tii. 2072.
abedonkarider jonno irving anolic, iruin clain ebong iruin germais.
solicitor general marshala, sahokari attorney general rogovin, josepha emm. haward ebong john pii. bark, markin juktorashtrer jonno.
dwitiya sarkiter jonno markin juktorashtrer apil adalte shangsapatra riter jonno abedon.
note. | grenello vee. united states
adalatna dastavejo
courtno abhipray
united states suprem court 386 yuu.aesa. 1019 grenello wii. united states
387 yuu juo.aesa. 949, 87 aesa.seaty. 2072.
arajdaaro maate iravinga anolic, irvin clain aneey irvin germaise.
solicitor general marshel, sahayak atterni general rogovin, joseph aema. hovarda aneey john pii. barqa, united states maate.
beejee circuit maate united states court off appealsma certifieraryni riit maateni arji.
nondho. | grenello vee. sanyukt raajya america
adalati dastavej
adalat kii raay
sanyukt raajya america kaa sarvocch nyayalaya 386 yuu.aiss. 1019 grenello banaam. sanyukt raajya america
387 yuu dekhein.aiss. 949, 87 aiss.ct. 2072.
yachikakartaon key liye irving anolic, irvin clain aur irvin germez.
solicitor general marshel, sahayak attorney general rogovin, joseph aim. howard aur johnn pee. berk, sanyukt raajya america key liye.
dusare paripath key liye sanyukt raajya america kii appeal adalat mein pramaan patra key ritt key liye yachika.
notes. | granello vii. united states
nyaayaalayada daakhalegalu
nyaayaalayada abhipraya
united statesna sarvochcha nyayalaya 386 yuu.ess. 1019 granello vii. united states
387 yuu nodi.ess. 949, 87 seey.sii. tii. 2072.
arjidaararige irving anolic, irvin cline mattu irvin germise.
solicitor general marshel, sahayaka attorney general rogovin, joseph emm. hovard mattu zaan pii. burk, united statesge.
eradane sarkyootgaagi united states court off appealsge sartioraari ritgagi arji.
tippanigalu. | granello vii. america
kodathi rekhakal
kodathiyude abhiprayam
yunaittad stetts supreme kodathi 386 yuu.ezz. 1019 granello vii. america
387 yuu kaanuka.ezz. 949, 87 seey.sii. tii. 2072.
harjikkaarkkaayi irving anolic, irvin clain, irvin jermaise enniva.
solisittar general marshell, asisttant attorni general rogovin, joseph emm. howard joonn pii. burk, americaykku vendi.
randaamathe sarcutinaayi yunaittad stetts court oof appealsil sarttiraari rittinulla harji.
kurippukal. | granello wii. united states
nyayalayin kagadpatre
nyayalayache mutt
united states sarvoch nyayalay 386 yuu.ess. 1019 granello wii. united states
387 yuu pahaa.ess. 949, 87 ess.see. tii. 2072.
yachikakartyansathi iraving anolic, irvin clain aanee irvin germez.
solicitor general marshal, sahayyak mahadhivakta rogovin, joseph emm. howard aanee johnn pii. berk, amerikesathi.
dusya circuitsathi united states court auph appealsmadhye pramanpatrachya ritsathi yachika.
nondi. | grenelo wee. sanyukta rajya america
adalati kagajatharu
adalatko mutt
sanyukta rajya americako sarvochcha adalat 386 yu.ess. 1019 grenelo banam. sanyukta rajya america
387 yu hernuhos.ess. 949, 87 ess.ct. 2072.
yachikakartaharuka lagi irving anolic, irvin clain rar irvin germais.
solicitor general marcel, sahayak mahanyayadhiwakta rogobhin, josef emm. haward rar john pee. berk, sanyukta rajyaka lagi.
dosro circuitka lagi sanyukta rajya americako appeal adalatma pramanpatrako ritka lagi yachika.
noteharu. | granello bhi. juktarastra america
adalat kagajpatra
nyajalajanka matamata
juktarastra americara sarbocha nyajalaja 386 jayu.ess. 1019 granello banam. juktarastra america
387 jayu dekhantu.ess. 949, 87 shay.sii. tii. 2072.
aabedanakareenka paain irbhing anolic, irbhin clain ebong irbhin germaise.
solicitor general marshal, assistant atterni general rogovin, joseph emm. haward ebong zohn pii. berk, juktarastra america paain.
dwiteeja circuit paain juktarastra americara court off apilku certiorary ritt paain petition .
note. | grenello vee. sanyukat raaj amrica
adalati dastavez
adalat dee raae
sanyukat raaj dee superim court 386 yuu.aiss. 1019 grenello banaam sanyukat raaj amrica
387 yuu dekho.aiss. 949, 87 saii.see. tii. 2072.
patishnaran laee irving anolic, irvin clain atey irvin germise.
solister general marshel, sahaik attarney general rogovin, joseph aim. haward atey john pee. barak, sanyukat raaj laee.
dooje circut laee sanyukat raaj dee apeel adalat witch certificatory dee ritt laee patishan.
notes. | graanelo vi. samyuktaraajyam
nyayalayasya dastaawejah
nyayalayasya abhiprayah
samyuktarajyamerika-sarwochchanyaayaalayah 386 yoo.ess. 1019 granello vi. samyuktaraajyam
387 yoo pashyatu.ess. 949, 87 ess.sii. tii. 2072.
irving anolic, irvin clain, irvin germace cha, yachakanam krute.
solicitor-general maarshal, sahaayak-attarney-general rogovin, joseph emm. haward tathaa jaan pee. berk, samyuktarajyamerika prati.
dwiteeya-paripathasya krute samyuktarajyamerika-deshasya apeel-nyayalaye pramanapatra-patrasya krute yachika.
tippanyah. | granello vii. america
neethimandra aavanangkal
neethimandraththin karutthu
america uchcha neethimandram 386 yuu.ess. 1019 granello vii. america
387 yuu aip paarkkavum.ess. 949, 87 cheey.chii. dii. 2072.
manuthaarargalukku irving anolic, irvin clean mattrum irvin jermaise.
solicitor general marshell, udhavi atterney general rogovin, josaph emm. hovard mattrum john pii. burk, amerikkaavirku.
irandaavathu suttrukkaana america melmuraiyeettu neethimantraththirku saantralikkum ridd manuu.
kurippugal. | granello vii. united states
kortu patraalu
kortu abhiprayam
united states supreme court 386 yuu.ess. 1019 granello vii. united states
387 yuu chudandi.ess. 949, 87 seey.sii. tii. 2072.
petitionerla kosam irving anolic, irvin clain mariyu irvin germise.
solicitor general marshal, assistant attarney general rogovin, joseph emm. howard mariyu zaan pii. burk, united states kosam.
rendava circuit kosam united states court off appeals kuu certifiorari ritt kosam petition.
gamanikalu. | grenelo wee. riyasathaye muthadah
adalati dastawezaat
adaalat kii raaye
riyasathaye muthadah kii suprem court 386 yuu.aiss. 1019 grenelo v. riyasathaye muthadah
387 yuu dekhein.aiss. 949yee 87 aiss.see tye. 2072.
darkhwast guzaron kay liye airong annolic aroon clean aur aroon germize.
solicitor general maarshal assistent attarni general rogoon jozaf ayem. howard aur jaan pee. barkay riyasathaye muthadah kay liye.
dosray circuit kay liye riyasathaye muthadah kii adaalat apeel mein certiverary kii rutt kay liye darkhwast.
nott. |
0004c233ba9a59a21e85ad1d9be14df1682767d6d4144606671eb0b00499408a | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34483839 | Joseph Stern |
Joseph Stern
American actor (born 1940)
Joseph Stern (born September 3, 1940) is an American television, film and theater producer and actor.
Life and career.
Stern, who was born in Los Angeles, graduated from Fairfax High School and UCLA. Aiming to become a professional Shakespearean actor, Stern auditioned at Joe Papp's Public Theatre and was hired there in his first paid acting job.
As an actor, Stern played the role of Larry Hale on the CBS soap opera "Love Is a Many-Splendored Thing" from 1969 to 1971. During the 1970s, he made some guest appearances on TV series' including "The Rockford Files", "M*A*S*H", "Kojak", "Family", "The Feather and Father Gang" and "Hart to Hart".
Stern is best known for producing such films and television series as "Law & Order", "Cagney & Lacey", "Judging Amy", "Dad" and "No Man's Land". In all, he has produced over 250 episodes of television, as well as numerous long form specials and films. He has had several overall deals and has worked for four studios and six networks. His development
for them amounted to over twenty pilot scripts, eleven of which were shot and six that have made it to series.
Stern is also the founder of "The Matrix Theatre Company".
References.
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| juxef stern
juxef stern (jonmo 3 septembor, 1940) egoraki aamerikan television, solositro aaru theater projujok aaru obhineta.
jiwan aaru keriyar.
los angelsot jonmogrohon koraa starne fairfax haiskul aaru uclar poraa snatok degree laabh korisil. egoraki pesadari swexpiyariyo obhineta huwar lokhyo raakhi, ju pepor rajohuwa theaterot kothur audition disil aaru taat teur prothom betonprapto obhinoyor sakorit nijukti laabh korisil.
1969 sonor poraa 1971 sonoloike obhineta hisape starne chi. bi. ess. cho 'poo operat "prem hoise ek bohu-rongin bostu" too leri helor soritrot obhinoy korisil. 1970-ror doxokot teu "dyo rockford files", "em * e * ess * eis", "kujak", "poriyal", "dyo fedar endo fadar geng" aaru "heart tu heart"-key dhori tibhi dharabahikot kichu otithi hisape uposthito hoisil.
stern "aain-sringkhola", "kegni endo lesi", "emir bisarok", "deady" aaru "nu menoch lend" ror dore solositro aaru television dharabahik projujonar baabe ataitkoi besi porisito. muthor uporot, teu durodorxonor durodorxonor odhik khondor logote oxongkhyo digholiya bixex aaru solositro projujona korise. teu keibatau xamogrik sukti korise aaru sarita studio 'aaru soita networkor baabe kaam korise. teur bikax
teulukor baabe bixotkoiu odhik pilot script aasil, jaar bhitorot egharkhon swut koraa hoisil aaru soikhon dharabahikot sthan laabh korisil.
stern "dyo metriks theater company" ror protisthapok.
| josepha starron
josepha starron (jonmo 3raa septembara, 1940) ekjon markin television, cholochchitro oo theater projojok ebong abhineta.
jeebon oo karmajiban.
starron, jini loss angelese jonmogrohon korechilen, fairfax hye school ebong ucle theke snatok hohn. ekjon peshadar shakespeare abhineta howar lakkhya niye, jooe pyaper public theatrey kathor audition diyechilen ebong sekhane taanr prothom betonbhogi abhinoyer chakrite niyog peyechilen.
ekjon abhineta hisabe, starron 1969 theke 1971 saal porjonto cbs sope apera "laav iza ayee multy-splained thing"-ayee larry heler bhumikai abhinoy korechilen. 1970-err doshke tini rockford files, "emm * ayee * esha * eich", "kozak", "poribar", "palok ebong pita gyang" ebong "heart too heart" soho tibhi sirije kichhu atithi choritre abhinoy korechilen.
starna "aain-srinkhala", "cagney anned lessie", "ammy", "dyada" ebong "noo mans lanned"-err moto cholochchitro ebong television sirij nirmaner jonno sabcheye beshi porichito. sobb miliye, tini televisioner televisioner beshi porber pashapashi asankhya deergho akarer bishesh ebong cholochchitro prajojana korechen. tini besh koyekti samogrik chukti korechen ebong charti studio ebong chhoyti networke kaaj korechen. taar unnayan
taader jonno bishtiro beshi pilot script chhilo, jaar modhye egaroti shyuta koraa hoyechilo ebong chhoyti sirije sthan peyeche.
starna "matricks theater company"-err protisthatao.
| joseph stern
joseph stern (janm 3 september, 1940) aek american television, film aneey theatre nirmata aneey abhineta chhe.
jeevan aneey karkirdi.
losa angelisma janmela stern, fairfax haai school aneey uclamathi snaatak thayaa hataa. vyaavsaayik shakespeare abhineta banvaanu lakshya raakhtaan, jooe pepnaa jaaher theatrema sakhat audition aapvama aavyu aneey tyaan temnee pratham pagarvali abhinay nokarimaa temne rakhvama aavyaa.
aek abhineta tareeke, sterne 1969 thee 1971 sudhee cbs sopa opera "lava iz aaa multy-splendard thing" parr lerii helanee bhoomika bhajvi hatee. 1970 naa daaykaa darmiyan, temane "rockford files", "aema * aee * aesa * aech", "kojak", "femili", "dhaa fidhar anned fadhar geng" aneey "haart too haart" saheet tivi shreneeoma ketlaak maheman dekhaav karyaa hataa.
stern "kaayado aneey vyavastha", "cagney anned lessie", "emeene jaj karvaa", "deeda" aneey "noow mains lanned" jevee filmo aneey television shreneeona nirmaan maate jaaniti chhe. coole maleene, temane televisionna 250 thee vadhu episode, temaj asankhya laambaa swarupni vishesh filmo aneey filmonu nirmaan karyoo chhe. temane ghanaa ekandar sodaa karyaa chhe aneey chaar studiyo aneey chh network maate kaama karyoo chhe. teno vikaas
temnaa maate visthee vadhu pylot scripts hatee, jemathi ageeyar shhoot karvaamaa aavee hatee aneey chh jene shreneema sthaan melavyu chhe.
stern "metriksa theatre kampani" naa sthaapak pann chhe.
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joseph stern
joseph stern (janm 3 sitambar, 1940) ack americi television, film aur theatre nirmaata aur abhineta hain.
jeevan aur currier.
stern, joe loss angils mein paida huaa thaa, ney fairfax hyee school aur yuu. see. ell. aeye. seey snaatak kiya. ack peshevar shekspeare abhineta banane kaa lakshya rakhate hue, joe paip key saarvajanik rangmanch mein kadee pariksha dee gaee aur unhein vahaan unaki pahali bhugtan vaali abhinay naukari mein kaam parr rakhaa gayaa.
ack abhineta key roop mein, stern ney 1969 seey 1971 taka see. bee. aiss. sope opera parr lairi hell kii bhoomika nibhai "lava ijj aeye multy-splendard cheez". 1970 key dashak key dauran, unhone tv shrinkhala mein kuchh atithi upasthiti darj karaai, jisamen "dha rockford files", "aim * aeye * aiss * aich", "kojak", "parivaar", "dha feather aind faadar gaing" aur "haart too haart" shamil hain.
stern koo "kaanoon aur vyavastha", "cagney aind lessie", "ammy koo jaj karna", "daddy" aur "noo maine laind" jaisi filmon aur television shrinkhalaon key nirmaan key liye jaanaa jaataa haye. kull milakar, unhone television key 250 seey adhik episode key saath-saath kaee lambe roop kii vishesh aur filmon kaa nirmaan kiya haye. unhone kaee samagr saude kiye hain aur chaar studio aur chhah network key liye kaam kiya haye. uska vikas
unake liye bees seey adhik pilot script theen, jinamen seey gyaarah koo shoot kiya gayaa thaa aur chhah ney ise shrinkhala mein banaaya haye.
stern "dha matricks theatre company" key sansthaapak bhee hain.
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joseph stern
joseph stern (janana september 3,1940) obba american duradarshana, chalanachitra mattu rangabhoomi nirmaapaka mattu nata.
jeevana mattu vrutti.
laas angelisnalli janisida stern, fairfox proudhashaale mattu uclainda padavi padedaru. vruttipara shakespearen natanaguva guriyannu hondidda aata, zoo papna saarvajanika rangabhoomiyalli kathina audition padedaru mattu allie avara modala sambalada natana udyogadalli nemakagondaru.
natanagi, stern 1969rinda 1971ravarege cbs sope operaadalli "love ees aa menn-splendered thing" nalli larry hayle patravannu nirvahisidaru. 1970rahra dasakadalli, avaru "dhii rockford files", "emm * aa * s * etch", "kozak", "family", "dhii feather und father gyang" mattu "haart tuu haart" seridante kelavu duradarshana saranigalalli atithi patragalalli kanisikondaru.
stern "kaanoonu mattu suvyavasthe", "kagni & lesi", "amiyannu nirnayisuvudu", "dyaad" mattu "noow mans land" muntaada chalanachitragalu mattu duradarshana saranigalannu nirmisalu hesaruvasiyagiddare. ottaareyaagi, avaru dooradarshanada 250 kkoo hecchu kantugalannu nirmisiddaare, jotege halavaaru deergha roopada vishesha mattu chalanachitragalannu nirmisiddaare. avaru halavaaru ottare oppandagalannu hondiddaare mattu naalku studiyogalu mattu aaru netvarkgalalli kelasa maadiddaare. avana abhivruddhi
avarige ippattakkoo hecchu prayogika scriptgalu seriddavu, avugalalli hannondu chitrikaranagondavu mattu aaru saranialli sthana padedive.
stern avaru "dhii matricks theatre kampani" yaya sthaapakaru agiddare. | joseph stern
oru american television, chalachithra, naadaka nirmmathaavum nadanumaanu joseph stern (jananam septambar 3,1940).
jeevithavum thozhilum.
loss enchalsil janicha stern fairfax haiskoolilum uclailum ninnu birudam nedi. oru professional shakespeare nadanakan lakshyamit, joou paappinte public thiyettaril karsanamaaya audition nadathukayum avide thante aadya shambalamulla abhinaya joliyil niyamikkappedukayum cheythu.
oru nadan enna nilayil, 1969 muthal 1971 vare cbs sopp oopparayaaya "lavu ees eiii munn-splendor off eiii munn" yill laari heyil enna vesham stern cheythu. 1970 kalil, "dhii rockford fayalukal", "emm * eiii * ezz * echu", "kojak", "famili", "dhii feether aandu father gyang", "hart tuu hart" ennivayulppede television parambarakalil addeham chila athidhi veshangal cheythu.
kramasamadhanam", "kagni & lessie", "amiye vidhikkunnathum", "daddy", "noow mans land" thudangiya sinimakalum television parambarakalum nirmmichathinaanu stern kooduthal ariyappedunnathu. mothatthil, televisionte 250-ladhikam episodukalum niravadhi deerghakaala prathyeka chithrangalum sinimakalum addeham nirmmichittundu. mothatthil niravadhi edapaadukal nadathiyittulla addeham naalu studiyokalilum aarr netvarkkukalilum pravarthichittundu. addehathinte vikasanam
irupathiladhikam pailat skripttukal avarkkayi, athil pathinonnu chithreekarikkappedukayum aarr parambarayil idam nedukayum cheythu.
dhii matricks thiyettar kambani" yude sthaapakan koodiyaanu stern.
| joseph stern
joseph stern (janm 3 september 1940) haah eka american durchitravani, chitrapat aanee natya nirmata aanee abhineta aahe.
jeevan aanee karkird.
losses angelisemadhye janmalelya sternane fairfax hyschool aanee yuu. see. ell. aii. madhoon padvi prapt kelee. eka vyavsayik shakespeare abhineta bananyache uddisht thevun, joou papchya sarvajanik natyagruhat kathor audition dilee aanee tethe tyachya pahilya pagarachya abhinay nokarisathi tyala niyukt karnyat aale.
eka abhineta mhanoon, sternane 1969 teey 1971 yaa kalat see. bii. ess. chya sope auperamadhye 'love ij aaa multy-splendard thing' madhye larry helchi bhoomika sakarli. 1970 chya dashakat, tyane 'daad rockford files', 'emm * aii * ess * etch', 'kojak', 'family', 'daad fether andd father gang' aanee 'haart too haart' yasah durchitravani malikanmadhye kahee atithi bhoomika kelya.
kayada aanee suvyavastha', 'cagney andd lessie', 'emmy', 'dadd' aanee 'noow mann' sha land 'yasarkhya chitrapat aanee durchitravani malikanchya nirmitisathi stern prasiddha aahe. ekoon, tyane durchitravanichya 250 hoon adhik bhaganchi nirmiti kelee aahe, tasech anek dirgh swarupachya vishesh aanee chitrapatanchi nirmiti kelee aahe. tyane ekoon anek saude kele aahet aanee chaar studio aanee sahaa networksathi kaam kele aahe. tyacha vikas
tyanchyasathi visahoon adhik prayogik patkatha hotya, jyapaiki akra patkavlya gelya hotya aanee sahaa malika banalya aahet.
stern heey 'daad matricks theater company' chey sansthapak dekhil aahet.
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josef stern
josef stern (janma september 3,1940) ek americi television, chalchitra rar theater nirmata rar abhineta hun.
jiwan rar currier.
lus angelsma janmieka sternley fairfax hai schol rar yusielabata snatak gareka thie. ek peshewar shekspeare abhineta banne lakshya, jo papko sarvajanik thieterma kada adison diiyo rar tyahan unko pahilo bhuktan garieko abhinaya jagirma niyukta gariyo.
ek abhinetaka rupma, sternley sann 1969 dekhi 1971 samma cbs sope operama "prem ek dherai-manmohak kura how" maa leri helko bhumika khele. sann 1970 ko dashakma, unle tivi shringkhalama kehi atithi upasthiti banae jasma "rockford fileharu", "emm * ae * ess * etch", "kozak", "pariwar", "fether anned father gyang" rar "hart too hart" samawesh thiyo.
sternlai "kanuna rar wyawastha", "cagney rar lessy", "emilai nyaya garne", "dyad" rar "no mans lanned" jasta chalchitra rar television shringkhalaharu nirman garnaka lagi chininchha. kull milaera, unle televisionka 250 bhanda badhi episodharu, sathai dherai lamo roop vishesh rar chalchitraharu nirman gareka chhan. unle dherai samagra samjhautaharu gareka chhan rar chaar studio rar chhawata networka lagi kaam gareka chhan. unko vikas
uniharuka lagi beas bhanda badhi pilot scriptharu thie, jasmadhye eghar chhayangkan garieko thiyo rar chhawata shringkhalama aeka chhan.
stern "da matricks theater company" kaa sansthapak pani hun. | joseph stern
joseph stern (janma september 3,1940) jane americae television, chalachitra ebong theatre nirmata ebong abhineta.
zeeban ebong brutti.
stern, jieki lus enjelasare janmagrahana karithile, fairfax haiskul ebong juclaru snataka hoithile. jane pesadara shakespeare abhineta hebara lakhya rakhi, joe papnka public thietarare kathore audison deithile ebong sethare tankara pratham betana prapta abhinai chakirire nijukta hoithile.
jane abhineta bhabare, stern 1969 ru 1971 parjyanta cbs sope apera "labh ija aii multy-splendor thing" ray leri hayle bhumikare abhinai karithile. 1970 dashakare, shay 'daa rockford files', 'emm * aii * ess * etch', 'kojak', 'paribara', 'daa feder anded father gyang' ebong 'hart tuu hart' sameth tibhi sirijare kichhi atithi bhumikare abhinai karithile.
stern "ine shrunkhala", "kagni anded lessy", "emi", "dadd" ebong "noe mans land" bhali chalachitra ebong television dharabahika nirmana paain janashuna. motamoti bhabe, shay telivijanara telivijanara adhika episode, tatha aneka deerghakaleena swatantra chalachitra ebong chalachitra nirmana karichanti. shay aneka samagrika dill karichanti ebong charoti studio ebong chhaati netawarka paain kaama karichanti. tankara bikash
semananka paain kodieru adhika pilot script thila, jeunthiru egarati suting karajaithila ebong chhaati sirijare sthana paichi .
stern madhya "dee matricks theatre company" rahr pratisthata.
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josaf stern
joseph stern (janam 3 satambar, 1940) ikk amriki television, film atey theatre nirmata atey adakar haii.
jeevan atey carrier.
stern, joe laas angels witch paida hoiaa see, neey fairfax hyee school atey yuu. see. aill. aii. toon graduation keeti. ikk peshevar shakespeare abhineta bannan daa udesh, joe paip dey public theatre witch sakhat audition ditta giaa atey utthe uss noon aapni pahili tankhah vaali adakari dee naukari witch rakkhiaa giaa.
ikk adakar dey roop witch, stern neey 1969 toon 1971 takk see. bee. aiss. sope opera "lava izz aii maini-splendard cheez" witch lairi hail dee bhumika nibhai. 1970 dey dahake dauran, usne teevi seereez 'teey kujh mehmann peshkariaan dittiaan jinhan witch "rockford faeelan", "aimm * aii * aiss * aich", "kojak", "parivaar", "khambh atey pitaa gaing" atey "haart too haart" shamal hunn.
stern noon "kanoon atey vivastha", "cagney atey lessie", "aimee noon jajj curran", "daddy" atey "noo mans lend" vargiaan filman atey television seereez banaun laee janhiaa jaanda haii. kull milaa keey, unhan neey television dey 250 toon vaddh episodan dey naal-naal kaee lambe roop deeaan vishesh filman atey filman daa nirman keeta haii. uss neey kaee samuche saude keete hunn atey chaar studio atey chhe network laee kamm keeta haii. uss daa vikas
unhan laee veeh toon vaddh pilot scriptan sunn, jinhan vicchon giaaran noon shhoot keeta giaa see atey chhe neey ladiwar witch jagha banayi haii.
stern "matricks theatre company" dey sansthapak vee hunn. | joseph stern
joseph stern (jananam september 3,1940) ekaha amerikeeyah dooradarshanah, chalachchitrah, natyanirmata, abhinetaa cha asti.
jeevanam tathaa vruttihi.
laas-angelies-nagare janma praapnot stern iti, ferr-faaks-ucchavidyaalayaat, yoo. see. ell. e. taha cha snaatakapadaveem praapnot. vyaavasaayikah shekspiyar-abhinetaa bhavitum lakshyam, jo-paap ityasya saarwajanik-naatyakshetre kathor-parikshanam krutvaa, tatra swasya prathama-vetana-prapta-abhinaya-kaarye niyuktah.
1969 taha 1971 paryantam, see. bee. ess. ityasya sope-operaa-ityasmin "love eej e multy-splendard thing" ityasmin lairee hell ityasya paatram starn-varyaha abhyanayt. 1970 tame dashake, saha dooradarshan-shrunkhalaasu "da rockford fails", "emm * e * ess * ech", "kojak", "parivaarah", "da fether and faadar-gyaang", "haart too haart" ityaadishu atithi-paatraani niravahat.
kaanoon-vyavasthaa", "kagni-end-lessy", "emi-ityasya nirnayah", "daid", "no-myaans-lyand" ityadinam chalacchitraanaam dooradarshan-shrunkhalaanaam cha nirmanartham stern iti prasidhah asti. aahaty, saha dooradarshanasy 250 taha adhikaani khandaani nirmitavaan, tathaiva anekaani dirgharupani visheshaani chalacchitraani cha nirmitavaan. saha anekaani samagra-vyavahaaraani krutavaan, tathaa cha chatwaarah studios, shut networks ityeteshu karyam krutavaan. tasya vikaasah.
teshaam krute vimshatibhyaha adhikaani prayogika-lipihi aasan, yeshu ekaadashaani chitraani krutaani, shut cha shrunkhalaasu sthanani praaptaani.
stern "da matricks-theatre-kampanee" ityasya samsthaapakah api asti.
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josaph stern
josaph stern (prappu septumber 3,1940) oru america tholaikaatchi, thiraippadam mattrum naadaga thayaarippaalar mattrum nadigar aavaar.
vaazhkkai mattrum thozhil.
losses aenchalsil pirantha stern, fairfox uyarnilaip palli mattrum yuu. chii. ell. aee. will pattam pettraar. oru thozhilmurai shakespearin nadigaraaga maaruvathai nokkamaagak konda avar, joow paapin podhu thiraiyarangkil kadumaiyaana audition pettraar, angku avarathu muthal uuthiyam perum nadippu vaelaiyil paniyamarthappattaar.
oru nadigaraaga, stern 1969 muthal 1971 varai cps soap ooparaa "love ees aee multy-splendert thing" ill laurie hael vaedaththil naditthaar. 1970 kazhil, avar 'thii rockford files', 'emm * aee * ess * ech', 'gojak', 'family', 'thii fether andd father cang' mattrum 'haard duu haard' ullitta tholaikaatchi thodarkalil sila virunththinar thoattrangalil thoantrinaar.
sattam mattrum ozhungku", "kagni & laesi", "amiyai theerppalippathu", "appa" mattrum "noow manes land" poantra thiraippatankal mattrum tholaikaatchi thodarkalaith thayaarippatharkaaga stern migavum pirabalamaanavar. moththaththil, avar tholaikkaatchiyin 250 kkum maerpatta aththiyaayangkalaiyum, aeraalamaana neenda vadiva sirappu mattrum thiraippatankalaiyum thayaaritthullaar. avar pala ottumoththa oppanthangkalaik kondullaar mattrum naanku studiyoakkal mattrum aaru netvorkkugalil paniyaattriyullaar. avarathu valarchi
avarkalukkaaga irupathukkum maerpatta munnoadi scriptkal irunththana, avattril pathinoru padappidippu mattrum aaru thodarkalil idam pettrullana.
stern "matricks theater niruvanaththin" niruvanarum aavaar.
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joseph sturn
joseph stern (jananam septembaru 3,1940) oka american television, chalanachitra mariyu naataka nirmaata mariyu natudu.
jeevitam mariyu vrutti.
laas angelslo janminchina stern, fairfox unnata paatasaala mariyu ucla nundi pattabhadrudayyaadu. professional shakespeare natudigaa maaraalani lakshyamgaa pettukunnaru, jooe pop yokka public theatres kathinamaina audition icchaaru mariyu akkada thana modati chellimpu natana udyogamlo niyaminchabaddaaru.
natudigaa, sturn 1969 nundi 1971 varaku cbs sope operaalo laurie hayle paatranu pooshinchaaru, "love eej eah menn-splendered thing". 1970laloe, athanu "dhi rockford files", "emm * eah * s * hetch", "kozak", "family", "dhi fether und father gaang" mariyu "haart tuu haart" vanti tv siriislaloo konni athidhi paatralalo kanipinchaadu.
laa und arder", "kagni & lacey", "ameeni teerpu cheppadam", "dodd" mariyu "noo mans land" vanti sinimaalu mariyu television dhaaraavaahikalanu nirminchadaaniki stern baga prasiddhi chendaadu. mottamgaa, ayana 250 kii paiga television episodlatho paatu aneka long form special luu mariyu sinimaalanu nirminchaaru. athanu aneka mottam oppandaalanu kaligi unnadu mariyu naalugu studiolu mariyu aaru networkla kosam panicheesaadu. athani abhivruddhi
vaariki iravaiki paiga prayogaatmaka scriptlu unnaayi, veetilo padakondu chitreekarinchabaddaayi mariyu aaru siriisloo chotu dakkinchukunnaayi.
stern "dhi matricks theatre company" vyavasthaapakudu kooda.
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jozaf stern
jozaf stern (paidaish 3 satambar 1940) eek americi teeli vision film aur theater producer aur adakaar haine.
zindagi aur carrier.
stern juu laas angeles mein paida hawaa thaa nay fair faiks hayee school aur yuu see eel aey say graduation kii. eek paishah warr shakespear adakaar bannay kaa aradah rakhtay huay juu peep kay publik theater mein sakht audition diyaa gayaa aur wahaan inn kii pehli adakari kii nokari mein rakhaa gayaa.
eek adakaar kay toor parr stern nay 1969 say 1971 takk see bee aiss kay saabin opera "mohabat eek behat hyee shandar cheez hay" mein leeri hail kaa kirdaar adaa kiyaa. 1970 kii dahayi kay doraan inhon nay tye wee seerez mein kachh mahmanon kii maujudgi mein "raak ford failein"yee "ayem * aey * aiss * aich"yee "kojak"yee "femli"yee "dee faidar aind faadir gaing" aur "haart tuu haart" shaamil thay.
stern "aman woo amaan"yee "keegni aind leesi"yee "aimi kaa faislah karnay"yee "waalid" aur "noow menz lend" jaisi filmein aur teeli vision seerez bananay kay liye mashhur haine. majmuyi toor parr inhon nay teeli vision kii 250 say ziyadah aqsaat kay saath saath mutadid laang faarm special aur filmein bhee tayaar kii haine. inhon nay majmuyi toor parr kayee sooday kiye haine aur chaar studios aur chh neet works kay liye kaam kiyaa hay. iss kii tarqi
inn kay liye bees say ziyadah pilot script thay jinn mein say gayarah kuu shoat kiyaa gayaa thaa aur chh nay seerez mein jagah banayi hay.
stern "metriks theater company" kay baanee bhee haine. |
0004c7983e489b62af84773088ed0d5161bb43dc628e02b0a7e60d854b70768e | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11296912 | Carlo Antonio Manzini |
Carlo Antonio Manzini
Italian astronomer and mathematician
Conte Carlo Antonio Manzini (1599–1677/1678) was an Italian astronomer and mathematician. (His last name is sometimes given as Mangini or Mansini).
Biography.
A member of the Bolognese nobility, he was a member of the Accademia dei Gelati and one of the founders of the Accademia dei Vespertini. Manzini published works on various phenomena, including comets, geodesy, and declination of the compass. In 1626 he published "Tabulae primi mobilis: quibus nova dirigendi ars et praecipue circuli positionis inventio, non minus facilis quam exacta ostenditur". This volume presented tables for the construction of astrological charts.
His 1660 work, "L'occhiale all'occhio, dioptrica practica", is one of the oldest accounts of the techniques for manufacturing lenses through grinding and polishing. Manzini was in close personal contact with the two principal makers of telescopes in Italy, Francesco Fontana and Eustachio Divini. A portrait of Divini is included in his book which forms a complete practical manual for the artisan in the construction of both microscopes and telescopes.
A skilled astronomer, Manzini made astronomical observations from his private observatory, which he maintained at his villa at Battedizzo near Bologna.
Sources list his year of death as 1677 or 1678. The crater Manzinus on the Moon is named after him.
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carlo antonio 'manjini
carlo antoniu manjini (1599-1677/1678) ejon italy jyotirbigyani aaru gonitobid aasil. (teur xex naamtu ketiyaba mangini baa manxini buli diya hoy).
jiwani.
bull 'nich obhijatxokolor ejon xodosyo, teu academia dei jiletir xodosyo aasil aaru academia dei vespertinir onyotomo protisthapok aasil. manjiniye dhumketutu, bhugonito aaru compusor owonotike dhori bibhinno porighotonar uporot kaam prokax korisil. 1626 sonot teu "tabula primy mubilisoh quibus nubha dirijendi aars ett presipyu charkuli pojisyonos inventio", nono mainas facilis kaam actecta austenditur "prokax korisil. ei khondotuwe jyotixiyo chart nirmanor baabe tebul uposthapon korisil.
teur 1660 sonor kaam, "el 'ussiyel ol' usio", daay "practica" hoise pihi aaru paliswo korar joriyote lens nirmanor kouxolor ataitkoi puroni biboronxomuhor bhitorot etaa. manjini italyr durbikhyon jontror dujon prodhan nirmata francesco fontana aaru eustasio 'dibinir xoite ghonistho byoktigoto xomporkot aasil. teur gronthokhonot debinir etaa chitro ontorbhukto koraa hoise jiye khudrobikhyon jontro aaru durbikhyon jontro duyuta nirmanor khetrot xilpixokolor baabe ek xompurno byowoharik pustika gothon kore.
ejon dokhyo jyotirbigyani manjiniye teur byoktigoto porzobekhyon kendror poraa jyotirbigyanor porzobekhyon korisil, jitu teu bulunar usoror batij 'too thoka teur bhilatut rakhisil.
xutroxomuhe teur mrityur bosorok 1677 baa 1678 buli talikabhukto korise. sondrot thoka gerter menjinastu teur naamere naamkoron koraa hoise. | carlo antonio manjini
carlo antonio manjini (1599-1677/1678) chhilen ekjon italiya jyotirbigyani ebong ganitobid. (taanr shesh naam kokhono kokhono mangini baa mansini hisabe deoa hoy).
jeeboni.
bolonis avijatter sadasya, tini academia dei jelatir sadasya chhilen ebong academia dei vespertinir onnotomo protisthata chhilen. manjini dhumketu, bhuganito ebong kompaser poton soho bivinno ghotonar upor kaaj prakash korechen. 1626 khristabde tini "tabula primy mobilis cubus nova dirigendy ars ett pracipu sarkuli positionis inventive, nonn minus facillis quam acta austenditur" prakash corren. eyi khandati jyotissastrer talika nirmaner jonno tabil uposthapon korechilo.
taanr 1660 saaler kaaj, "ell 'ochiale oll' ochio, dioptrica practica", grinding ebong palisher madhyome lensha toirir kaushalgulir prachintama biborongulir modhye ekti. manjini italir dui prodhan telescope nirmata, francesco fontana ebong eustachio divinir saathe ghonistho byaktigato jogajoge chhilen. taanr boiye debinir ekti protikriti antarbhukta koraa hoyeche jaa microscope ebong telescope ubhoy nirmaner khettre karigarder jonno ekti sampurna byaboharik manual gathon korey.
ekjon dokkho jyotirbigyani, manjini taanr byaktigato manmandir theke jyotirbidyar porjobekkhon korechilen, jaa tini bologner kachhe byatijjote taanr vilay bojay rekhechilen.
sutroguli taanr mrityur bochorke 1677 baa 1678 hisabe talikabhukto koreche. chaander gorto manjinas taanr naame namkaran koraa hoyeche.
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carlo antonio manzini
sandarbhma carlo antonio manzini (1599-1677/1678) aek italian khagolshastri aneey ganeetshastri hataa. (temnu chhellu naam kyarek mangeeni athavaa mansini tareeke aapvama aave chhe).
jivancharitra.
bolonese umraav vargnaa sabhy, teo academia dei gelatyna sabhy hataa aneey academia dei wespertini sthapakomana aek hataa. manzini dhumketuo, bhuganeet aneey hokayantranaa patan saheet viveedh ghatanao parr kruteeo prakashit curry hatee. 1626maan temane "tabulay primy mobilisah quibus nova dirigendy aars aeta presipu circuli positionis inventio, none minus facillis kwaam acteta ostanditur" prakashit karyoo. aaa granthamaa jyotishiy chartsna nirmaan maate koshtako rajoo karvaamaa aavyaa hataa.
temnu 1660noon kaary, "lae 'ochile ola' ocheeo, dioptrica practica", grinding aneey polishing dwara lensanaa utpaadan maateni taknikonaa sauthee junaa ahevaalomaanu aek chhe. manzini italyma telescopena beey mukhya utpaadako, francesco fontana aneey yustachiyo divini saathe gaadh vyaktigat samparkma hataa. temnaa pustakma deveeni aek tasveerno samaavesh karvaamaa aavyo chhe, jeey sukshmadarshak aneey durbin bannena nirmanma kaarigaro maate sampoorn vyavhaaru margdarshika banaave chhe.
aek kooshal khagolshastri, manzini temnee khangi vedhshaalaamaathi khagoleey avalokno karyaa, jeey temane bologna najik betizo khaatena temnaa vilaamaa jaalvi rakhyaa hataa.
stroto temnaa mrutyunaa varshne 1677 athavaa 1678 tareeke soochave chhe. chandra parnaa khaado menzinusnu naam temnaa naam parthee rakhvama aavyu chhe. |
carlo antonio maanazini
sandarbh carlo antonio maanazini (1599-1677/1678) ack italvi khagolshastri aur ganitshastri they. (unakaa antim naam kabhi-kabhi mangini yaa mansini key roop mein diyaa jaataa haye).
jeevani.
boloni kuleen varg key sadasya, vaha ademia dee gelaty key sadasya they aur ademia dee vespertini key sansthapakon mein seey ack they. maanazini ney dhumketu, bhooganit aur kampas kii girawat sahit vibhinn ghatnaaon parr kaam prakaashit kiya. 1626 mein unhone "tabula primy mobilisah quibus nova dirigendi ars aitt presipu circully position inventio, none minus facillis kwam acta ostanditor" prakaashit kiya. iss khand ney jyotishiya chart key nirmaan key liye talika prastut kii.
unakaa 1660 kaa kaam, "ell 'ochiyale aul' ochiya, dioptrica practices", grinding aur pollishing key madhyam seey lens banaane kii takneekon key sabse puraane khaaton mein seey ack haye. maanazini itali mein doorbinon key dou pramukh nirmaataon, franceco fontana aur eustachio divini key saath ghanishth vyaktigat sampark mein thaa. unaki pustak mein devi kaa ack chitra shamil haye joe sookshmadarshi aur doorbeen donon key nirmaan mein kaarigaron key liye ack poorna vyaavhaarik pustika banaata haye.
ack kushal khagolshastri, maanazini ney apani niji vedhshala seey khagoliya avalokan kiye, jise unhone bologna key paas battizo mein apane ghar mein banaae rakhaa.
sroton ney unaki mrityu key varsh koo 1677 yaa 1678 key roop mein soochibaddh kiya haye. chandrama parr gaddhe manginus kaa naam unake naam parr rakhaa gayaa haye.
| carlo antonio manjini
carlo antonio manjini (1599-1677/1678) obba italian khagolashastragna mattu ganitashaastragnaraagiddar. (aatana koneya hesarannu kelavomme mangini athawa mansini endu kareyalaaguttade).
jivanacharitre.
bolognese kuleena vargada sadasyaraagi, avaru academia dee gelatia sadasyaraagiddaru mattu academia dee wespertinia samsthaapakaralli obbaraagiddaru. manjini dhoomaketugalu, bhooganita mattu diksuchiya kusita seridante vividha vidyamaanagala bagge krutigalannu prakatisidaru. prakatisidaru aata "tabula primy mobilis quibus nova dirigendy ars ett praseepu sarkuli positions inventio, naan mainus facilis kwam ecteta austenditor" annu prakatisidaru. ee samputavu jyotishya nakshegala nirmanakkagi koshtakagalannu prastutapadisitu.
avara 1660rahra kruti, "ell 'ochiyal aall' ochiyo, dioptrica practica", rubbuva mattu holapu needuva moolaka masooragalannu tayaarisuva tantragala atyanta haleya vivaranegalalli ondaagide. manjiniyu italiya eradu pramukha duradarshaka tayaarakaraada francesco fantana mattu eustachio diviniyondige nikata vaiyaktika samparkadalliddanu. avara pustakadalli deviniya bhavachitravannu serisalaagide, idu sookshmadarshakagalu mattu duradarshakagala nirmaanadalli kushalakarmigalige sampoorna prayogika kaipidiyannu roopisuttade.
nurita khagolashaastragnaraada manjini avaru tamma khasagi vikshanaalayadinda khagolashastrada avalokanagalannu maadidaru, adannu avaru bologna baliya byaatijjodalliruva tamma villaadalli nirvahisidaru.
moolagalu aatana maranada varshavannu 1677 athawa 1678 endu patti maadive. chandrana melina kuli manginusge aatana hesarannu idalaagide.
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carlo antonio mansini
oru itaaliyan jyothishaasthranjanum ganithashaasthranjanumaayirunu carlo antonio mansini (1599-1677/1678). (addehathinte avasana namam chilappol mangini allengil mansini ennaanu nalkiyirikkunnath).
jeevacharitram.
bolognese prabhukkanmaril amgamaaya addeham academia dee jelaattiyile amgavum academia dee wespertiniyude sthaapakaril oralumaayirunnu. vaalnakshatram, jiodesi, dixuchi kurayal ennivayulppede vividha prathibhaasangalekkurichu kruthikal mansini prasidheekarichu. 1626-ll addeham "tabule primy mobilisa quibus nova dirijendi aars ettu praseepu sarkkuli positions inventiyo, noonn mainus facilis kwam ektektta austendittoor" prasidheekarichu. eee vaalyam jyotisha chaarttukalude nirmmaanathinaayi pattikakal avatharippichu.
1660 ll addeham rachicha "ell oochiye ool oochiyoo, dioptrica practica", grindingiloodeyum polishingiloodeyum lensukal nirmmikkunnathinulla saankethikavidyakalekkuri ettavum pazhaya vivaranangalilonnaan. italiyile rund pradhana dooradarshinikal nirmmikkunna francesco fontana, yoostaachiyo divini ennivarumaayi mansini vyakthiparamayi adutha bandham pulartthiyirunnu. sookshumadarshana yanthrangaludeyum dooradarshinikaludeyum nirmmaanatthil karakaushalathozhilaalikalkaayi oru samboornna praayogika maanuval roopappeduthunna deviyude oru chhaayaachitram addehathinte pusthakatthil ulppeduthiyittundu.
vidagthanaaya jyothishaasthranjanaaya mansini thante swakaarya nireekshanashaalayil ninnu jyotishaasthra nireekshanangal nadatthi, athu addeham bolognaykaduthulla baattissoyile thante villayil sookshichu.
addehathinte maranavarsham 1677 allengil 1678 aanennu srothassukal pattikappedutthunnu. chandranile garthamaaya maansinasinu addehathinte peraanu nalkiyirikkunnath. |
carlo antonio manzini
sandarbh carlo antonio manzini (1599-1677/1678) haah eka italian khagolshastradnya aanee ganitshastradnya hota. (tyache aadnav kadhikadhi mangini kinwa mansini asey dile jaate).
charitra.
bolonese kulinatvache sadasya asalele teey ekedemiya dei gelatyche sadasya hote aanee ekedemiya dei wespertinichya sansthapakanpaiki eka hote. manzini dhoomketu, bhooganiti aanee diksuche patan yasah vividh ghatananvar kaame prakashit kelee. 1626 madhye tyane 'tabula primy mobilisah quibus nova dirigendi aars ett presipu circully positionis inventio, naun mynus facilis kwam ecteta austenditur' prakashit kele. yaa khandane jyotishiy taktyanchya nirmitisathi saranya sadar kelya.
tyanche 1660 madheel 'laal' ochiyale aul 'ochio, dioptrica practica' heey kaam, dalane aanee chamkavoon lains tayar karnyachya tantranchya sarvat junya vivarananpaiki eka aahe. francesco fontana aanee eustachio divini yaa italitil durbinichya done pramukh nirmatyanshi manzinicha jawalcha vaiyaktik sampark hota. tyachya pustakat deviniche eka chitra samavisht aahe jeey sukshmadarshake aanee durbini yaa donhichya bandhkamat karagiransathi eka sampoorn vyavharik niyamavali tayar karate.
eka kushal khagolshastradnya, manzini tyachya khajgi vedhshaletun khagolshastriy nirikshane kelee, jee tyane bolognajavalachya batizo yetheel tyachya vhilamadhye thewali.
tyachya mrutyuche varsh 1677 kinwa 1678 asey sutranni namood kele aahe. chandravaril manzinus yaa khandakache naav tyachya navavarun thevanyat aale aahe. | carlo antonio manjini
sandarbha carlo antonio manjini (1599-1677/1678) ek italian khagolshastri rar ganitashastri thie. (unko antim naam kahilekaahin mangini wa manasiniko rupma diinchha).
jiwani.
boloni kulintako sadasya, uni academia dei gelatyka sadasya thie rar academia dei bhespertinika sansthapakharu madhye ek thie. manjinile dhumketu, bhuganit, rar compasko hrass sahit vibhinna ghatanaharuma kamharu prakashit gare. sann 1626 maa unle "tabula primy mobilisah quibus nobha dirigendy ars att presipu sarkuli positionis inventio, nun minus facilis kwam acteta ostenditur" prakashit gare. yass khandale jyotishiya chartharuko nirmanka lagi talikaharu prastut garyo.
unko 1660 ko kaam, "ell 'ochiyale all' ochiya, dioptrica practica", pisai rar palishingko madhyambata lens nirman garne prawidhiharuko sabaibhanda purano wiwaranharu madhye ek how. manjini italyka dui pramukh telescope nirmataharu, francesco fontana rar yustachiyo diwinisanga ghanishtha wyaktigat samparkama thie. unko pustakma deviniko chitra samawesh garieko chha jasle sukshmadarshi rar durbin duwaiko nirmanma karigarka lagi purna wyawaharik pustika banaunchha.
ek kushal khagolshastri, manjinile afno niji vedhashalabata khagoliya awalokanharu gare, jaslai unle bologna najikaiko battizoma afno bhilama rakheka thie.
srotharule unko mrityuko warsha 1677 wa 1678 ko rupma suchibadha gardacha. chandramama raheko crater manjinasko naam unko namama rakhieko chha.
| carlo antonio manajini
carlo antonio manjini (1599-1677/1678) jane italiah jyotirbigyanee ebong ganitabid thile. (taanka shesh naama belebele manginee kimba manasini bhabare diajae).
jeebani.
bolonese sambhranta bargare shay jane sadasya thile, shay ekademia dii jiletira jane sadasya thile ebong ekademia dii bhespartinira anyatama pratisthata thile. manjini dhumaketumana, bhuganita ebong kampasara abanati sameth bibhinna ghatana upare karjya prakash karithile. 1626 masihare shay "tabula primy mobilish cubus nobha dirijendi ars ait presipu sarkuli position inventio, anah-facillis quam ekyuta ostanditor" prakash karithile. ehi khandati jyotish chart nirmana paain saaranee upasthapana karithila.
tankara 1660 masihar kruti, "ell 'ochl all' ochio, dioptrica practica", grinding ebong palishing madhyamare lens utpadana kaushalara sabutharu puruna bibaranee madhyaru gotie . manajini italyra dui pramukh telescope nirmata, francesco fontana ebong yustachio divininka saha ghanistha byaktigata jogajogare thile. taanka pustakare debeenka eka pratikruti antarbhukta karajaichi jaahaa ubhaja microscope ebong telescope nirmanare karigaranka paain eka sampurna byabaharika manual gathan kare .
jane kushali jyotirbigyanee, manjini taanka byaktigata abajarabhetoreeru jyotirbigyana parjyabekhyana karithile, jaahaa shay bologna nikatabartee batijore thiba taanka bhila ray rakhithile .
sutragudika taanka mrutyu barshaku 1677 kimba 1678 bhabare talikabhukta karichanti. chandrare thiba crater mangines taanka naamare namit hoichhi .
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carlo antonio manzini
carlo antonio manzini (1599-1677/1678) ikk italvi khagol vigiaani atey ganit shastari see. (uss daa aakhri naam kaee vaar mangini jaan mansini vajon ditta jaanda haii).
jeevani.
bolonese kulinata daa ikk member, uh academia deei gelaty daa ikk member see atey academia deei vespertini dey sansthapkan vicchon ikk see. manzini neey vakkh-vakkh vartare 'teey kamm prakashit keete, jinhan witch dhumketu, geodesi atey compass dee girawat shamal haii. sann 1626 witch uhanan neey "tabule primy mobilis kioobs nova dirijendi aars aett pressipu sarkuli positions inventio, naan mines facilis kuam exeta ostanditor" prakashit keeta. iss valiam neey jyotshi chaart dey nirman laee table pesh keete.
uss daa 1660 daa kamm, "ail 'ochiel aal' ochio, dioptrica practica", peesan atey policing raahin lenses dey nirman deeaan taknikan dey sabh toon purane birtantan vicchon ikk haii. manzini itali witch durbin dey doou pramukh nirmatavan, francesco fontana atey eustachio divini naal nazdiki nijji samparak witch see. uss dee kitaab witch devi dee ikk tasveer shamal keeti gaee haii joe sookham atey durbin dovan dey nirman witch karigaran laee ikk sampuran viharak dastavez banaundi haii.
ikk kushal khagol vigiaani, manzini neey aapni nijji observatory toon khagol vigiaan dey nirikhan keete, jiss noon usne bolona dey nede battizo vikhe aapne vilaa witch rakkhiaa.
sarotan neey uss dee maut dey saal noon 1677 jaan 1678 vajon suchibadh keeta haii. chandrama utte crater manzines daa naam uss dey naam utte rakkhiaa giaa haii. | carlo antonio manzini
carlo antonio manzini (1599-1677/1678) ekaha italian-khagolashaastradnyah ganitashaastradnyah cha aasit. (tasya antimam naam kadaachit manginee athavaa manasini iti dattam).
jeevanacharitram.
bolonese kuleenavargasya sadasyah, saha ekedemia-dee-gelaty ityasya sadasyah aasit, tathaa cha ekedemia-dee-wespertiny ityasya samsthaapakeshu anyatamah aasit. manzini ityeshaa dhoomaketuh, bhooganitam, diksoochih cha iti vividhaanaam ghatanaabhih saha sambaddhaan karyan prakaashitavatee. 1626 tame varshe saha "tyabule primi mobilish quibus novaa dirigendi ars ett presipyoo circully positions inventio, naan-mainas facilis kwaam actecta ostenditoor" iti prakashitavan. ayam khandah jyotisheey-patanam nirmanartham saranim prastuteeyat.
tasya 1660 tame varshe krutam "ell 'ochiyal aal' ochiyo, dioptrica practica" iti grinding-paalishing-dwara lens-nirmanasya tantrasya prachinatameshu vivaraneshu anyatam asti. italee-deshasya durabikshana-yantranam nirmaatrubhihi fraansesko fontaanaa tathaa yoostachiyo divini ityetayoho dwayoh pramukhebhihi saha manzini-varyasya vyaktigatah samparkah aasit. tasya pustake devinee-chitram antarbhavati yat sukshmadarshinam durabikshanayantranam cha nirmanasya krute shilpakaranam krute poorna-vyaavahaarik-pustikaa bhavati.
kushala khagolashaastradnyah manzini swasya nijee-vedhashaalaayaah khagolashaastreey-nireekshanaani krutavaan, yat saha bologna-nagarasya sameepe baatizo-ityatra swasya vilaayaam rakshitavaan.
tasya mrutyoho varsham 1677 athavaa 1678 iti moolaih soochitam asti. chandrasya upari manjinas-crater ityasya naam tasya namna asti.
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carlo antonio manjini
carlo antonio manjini (1599-1677/1678) oru itaaliya vaaniyalaalarum kanidhaviyalaalarum aavaar. (avarathu kadaisi peyar sila nerangalil mangkini allathu mansini endru vazhangkappadukirathu).
vaazhkkai varalaaru.
polognese pirabukkalin uruppinaraana avar, kalviyiyal dii jelatti uruppinaraagavum, kalviyiyal dii wespertiniyin niruvanarkalil oruvaraagavum irunthaar. vaalmeenkal, puvik kanitham mattrum thisaikatti veelchchi ullitta palvaeru nigazhvugal kuriththa padaippugalai manjini veliyittaar. 1626 aam aandil avar "dabule primi mobilis cubus nova trigenti ars edd piraesibu sarkuli positions inventio, naan mainus facilis kwam extenta ostendidur" endra puththagaththai veliyittaar. inththa thoguthi joathida vilakkappadangkalai uruvaakkuvatharkaana attavanaigalai valangkiyathu.
avarathu 1660 aam aandu padaippaana "ell 'oosiyal aall' oosiyoa, dioptrica bractica", araiththal mattrum merukoottal moolam lenskalai urpaththi seivatharkaana nutpangalin palamaiyaana kanakkugalil ontraakum. itaaliyil ulla irandu mukiya tholainoakkigalai thayaarikkum niruvanangalaana francesco fondana mattrum eustachio divini aakiyoarudan mansini nerungiya thanipatta thodarpil irunthaar. theiveega uruvappadam avarathu puththagaththil serkkappattullathu, idhu nunnoakkigal mattrum tholainoakkigal irandaiyum nirmaanippathil kaivinaignargalukkaana muzhumaiyaana nadaimurai kaiyettai uruvaakkukirathu.
oru tiramaiyaana vaaniyalaaraana maanjini thanathu thanipatta vaankaanagaththilirunthu vaniel avathaanippukalaich seithaar, adhai avar polognavukku arugilulla paattisoavil ulla thanathu villaavil paraamarittaar.
avarathu irappu aandu 1677 allathu 1678 endru aathaarangkal pattiyalidugindrana. chandranil ulla pallam manjinas avarathu peyaraal peyaridappattullathu. |
kaarlo antonio manjini
kaarlo antonio manjini (1599-1677/1678) oka italian khagola shaastravetta mariyu ganita shaastravetta. (athani chivari paeru konnisaarlu mangini ledhaa mansini anie ivvabadutundi).
jeevita charitra.
bolonese prabhuvulalo sabhyudaina ayana academia dii gelatylo sabhyudu mariyu academia dii wespertiny vyavasthaapakullo okaru. manjini commets, geodecy mariyu diksuchi ksheenatatoo sahaa vividha drugvishayaalapai rachanalanu prachurinchindi. 1626loe ayana "tabule praimi mobilis quibus nova dirigendi ars ett praseepu sarkuli positions inventio, naan mainus facilis kwam acuta austenditor" nuu prachurinchaadu. eee valume jyotishashaastra pataala nirmaanam kosam pattikalu samarpinchindi.
athani 1660 rachana, "ell 'ochiyal aall' ochiyo, dioptrica practica", grinding mariyu polishing dwara katakamulanu tayaaru chese paddhatula yokka puraatana vruttaamtaalaloo okati. italeelooni rendu pradhana telescopela tayaareedaarulaina francesco fontana mariyu eustachio divinilatho manjini sannihita vyaktigata sambandhaalalo unnaaru. suukshmadarshinulu mariyu telescopela nirmaanamloo hastakalaakaarulaku puurti aacharanaatmaka maanyuvalnu roopondinche devini chitram athani pustakamlo cherchabadindi.
naipunhyam kaligina khagola shaastravetta ayina manjini thana private observatory nundi khagola pariseelanalu chesaadu, dheenini athanu bologna sameepamloni batijjoloni thana villaalo nirvahinchevaadu.
muulaalu athani marana samvatsaraanni 1677 ledhaa 1678 gaa jabita chesaayi. chandrunipai unna crater maanjinasku athani paeru pettaru.
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carlo antonio maanzini
carlo antonio maanzini (1599-1677/1678) eek atalvi maahir falkiyaat aur riyaazi daan thay. (iss kaa aakhri naam kabhi kabhi mangani yaa mansani kay toor parr diyaa jaataa hay).
sawanah umri.
boloneez sharafat kay eek rakan wah academia dee jaleti kay rakan aur academia dee vespertini kay baaniyon mein say eek thay. maanzini nay mukhtalif mazahir parr kaam shaye kiyay jinn mein damdaar sataray geodesi aur compass kaa zawal shaamil haine. 1626 mein inhon nay "tibulay primy mobles: quabs nowa dergendy aars aett presipo sarkoli positions inventive naan mines facels kawaam acteta austandtor" shaye kiyaa. iss hajm nay satutesh chaart kii tameer kay liye table paish kiye.
inn kaa 1660 kaa kaam "eel okeeli aal okee diopetrica practica"yee paisnay aur paalish karnay kay zariye lens bananay kii taknikon kay qadeem tareen bayanaat mein say eek hay. manzini atlee mein dorbeen bananay waalay duu aham adaaron francesco fontana aur youstachio deviny kay saath qareebi zaati raabtay mein thaa. dewi kii tasveer inn kii kitaab mein shaamil hay juu khurdbin aur dorbeen donon kii tameer mein karigar kay liye eek makmal emli dasti banaati hay.
eek maahir falkiyaat manjini nay apnee najee rasad gaah say falkiyati mashahidat kiyay jasay inhon nay bologna kay qareeb butzo mein apnay walaa mein barqarar rakhaa.
zaraye nay inn kii moth kaa saal 1677 yaa 1678 darj kiyaa hay. chaand parr mojud creater menzines kaa naam inn kay naam parr rakhaa gayaa hay. |
0004cc7b8aaad4cdbab378fda04dc472738a9ec08ddb9d831ba668e55d82d0cf | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38772825 | Marylou (album) |
Marylou (album)
Marylou is the second studio album by Swiss singer-songwriter Anna Rossinelli. The album was released on 3 May 2013 by Universal Music. The first single from the album was "Let It Go" and it was released on 6 March 2013. The album was re-released under the new title Marylou Two on 4 February 2014, with the bonus tracks "Shine in the Light", "Let It Go (Live)", "Vagabonds (Live)", "Reconcile" and "Shine In The Light (Piano Version)".
Singles.
"Let It Go" was released as the album's lead single on 6 March 2013. "Shine in the Light" was released as the lead single from "Marylou Two" in February 2014.
References.
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| maryluu (elbam)
marylu hoise suis gayika-gitikar enaa ror 'chinellir dwitiyo studio' elbam. ei elbamtu 2013 sonor 3 mey 'too xarbojonin xongitor dwara mukoli koraa hoisil. elbamtur prothom ekok aasil "lett itt gu" aaru ee 2013 sonor 6 marchot mukoli koraa hoisil. elbamtu 4 february 2014-too notun xirunam marylu tur odhinot punor mukoli koraa hoisil, zo "too bunas trekbur aasil" laitot swain "," lett itt gu (live) "," bhyagabondos (live) "," reconcile "aaru" laitot swain (piyanu xongskoron) ".
ekok.
"lett itt gu" elbamtur mukhyo ekok hisape 2013 sonor 6 marchot mukti diya hoisil. 2014 sonor februaryt "marylu tu" ror mukhyo ekok hisape "swain inn dyo light" mukoli koraa hoisil.
| merilu (album)
marilu holl suis gayika-geetikar aanaa rosinellir dwitiya studio album. albumty 2013 saaler 3 meey sarbojonin sangeet dwara mukti paay. albumtir prothom ekok gaan chhilo "leeta itt goo" ebong etty 6ee march 2013-ayee mukti paay. albumty 4thhaa february 2014-ayee notun shironame merillo too naame punra mukti paay, bonus trackguli "alote chokchoke", "leeta itt goo (live)", "vagabonds (live)", "punarmilan" ebong "alote chokchoke" (piano sanskaran) soho.
ekok.
"leeta itt goo" albumer prodhan ekok hisabe 6 march 2013-ayee mukti paay. "" shine inn dya light "" 2014 saaler februaryte "" merillo too ""-err prodhan ekok hisabe mukti paay.
| marylou (album)
marylou aee swis gaayak-gitkaar aenaa rosinellinu beeju studiyo album chhe. aaa album 3 meey march roj saarvtrik sangeet dwara rajoo karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. aalbammathi pratham single "leeta itt goo" hatoo aneey teey 6 march march roj rajoo karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. aaa aalbamne 4 februari februari roj navaa sheershak marylou too hethal fareethi rajoo karvaamaa aavyu hatoo, jemaa bonus track "lightma chamak", "leeta itt goo (live)", "vegabonds (live)", "samadhan" aneey "lightma chamakvu (piyaano version)" hatoo.
aekal.
"leeta itt goo" 6 march march roj aalbamna mukhya single tareeke rajoo karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. februari februari "marylou too" maanthi mukhya single tareeke "shine ina dhaa light" rajoo karvaamaa aavyu hatoo.
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marylou (album)
marylou swiss gayika-geetkaar enaa rosinelli kaa doosara studio album haye. album koo 3 maee 2013 koo saarvbhaumik sangeet dwara jaari kiya gayaa thaa. album kaa pahala ekal "lait itt goo" thaa aur ise 6 march 2013 koo jaari kiya gayaa thaa. album koo 4 farwari 2014 koo nae sheershak marillo too key tahat phir seey jaari kiya gayaa thaa, jisamen bonus track "light mein chamakana", "lait itt goo (live)", "vagabond (live)", "reconcile" aur "light mein chamakana (piano sanskaran)" thaa.
ekal.
"lait itt goo" koo 6 march 2013 koo album key pramukh ekal key roop mein jaari kiya gayaa thaa. "" shine inn dha light "koo farwari 2014 mein" "marillo too" "key pramukh ekal key roop mein jaari kiya gayaa thaa. | merilo (album)
marilou embudu swiss gayaki-geetarachanaakaara annah rossinelliyavara eradane studio album aagide. ee album annu saarvatrika sangeetavu 2013rahra mayee mayee bidugade maaditu. albumna modala ekageeteyu "lett itt goo" aagittu mattu idu 6 march 2013 randu bidugadeyaayitu. album annu 4 phebravari 2014 randu merilo tuu emba hosa shirshikeyadiyalli maru-bidugade maadalaayitu, bonus haadugalondige "belakinalli holeyiri", "idu nera prasara", "wagabands (live)," "samanvayagolisi" mattu "belakinalli holeyiri (piano aavrutti)".
ekaangi.
"lett itt goo" albumna pramukha ekageeteyaagi 2013rahra march march bidugadeyaayitu. "" shine inn dhii light "annu phebravari phebravari "merilo tuu" naa pramukha ekageeteyaagi bidugade maadalaayitu ".
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marillo (aalbam)
swis gaayikayum gaanarachayithaavumaaya anna rossinelliyude randaamathe studiyo aalbamaan marillo. 2013 meyy 3nuu saarvathrika samgeethathiloode aalbam puratthirangi. ledu ittu goo" enna aalbathile aadya single 2013 march 6 nuu puratthirangi. 2014 februvari 4 nuu marillo tuu enna puthiya peril aalbam veendum puratthirangi, bonus trackukal "laittil thilanguka", "ledu ittu goo (live)," wagabonds (live), "resile", "laittil thilanguka (piano pathipp)" ennivayaayirunnu.
ottaykku.
"ledu ittu goo" 2013 march 6 nuu aalbathinte pradhana single aayi puratthirangi. 2014 februvariyil "marillo tuu" yill ninnulla pradhana single aayi "shine inn dhaa laitt" puratthirangi.
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merillo (album)
marillo haah swees gayika-gitkar eenaa rosinellicha dusra studio album aahe. haah album 3 meey 2013 roji sarvatrik sangitadvare prakashit karnyat aala. albammadhil pahile ekal gaane 'lett iit goo' hote aanee teey 6 march 2013 roji pradarshit jhaale. 4 februwari 2014 roji 'merrylo too' yaa naveen shirshakakhali haah album punha pradarshit karnyat aala, jyamadhye bonus track 'light inn daad light', 'lett iit goo (live)', 'vegabonds (live)', 'reconcile' aanee 'light inn daad light' (piano aavrutti) hote.
ekeri.
"lett iit goo' heey albumche pramukh ekal gaane mhanoon 6 march 2013 roji pradarshit jhaale. februwari 2014 madhye 'merrylo too' madheel pramukh ekal gaane mhanoon 'shine inn daad light' pradarshit karnyat aale. |
merilou (album)
marilou swis gayika-gitkar annah rosineliko dosro studio album how. album 3 mey 2013 maa vishwawyapi sangitdwara jaari garieko thiyo. albumko pahilo ekal "lett eat go" thiyo rar yo 6 march 2013 maa jaari garieko thiyo. album 4 february 2014 maa nayan shirshak marilo too antargat punah jaari garieko thiyo, bonus trackharu "lightma chamkanchha", "lett eat go (laibh)", "bhyagabondharu (laibh)," "reconcile" rar "lightma chamkanchha (piano sanskaran).
ekal.
"lett eat go" albumko mukhya ekalko rupma 6 march 2013 maa jaari garieko thiyo. "" shine inn da light "february 2014 maa" marilou too "batt mukhya ekalko rupma jaari garieko thiyo. |
marillo (album)
marillo heuchhi swis gajika-geetikara aanaa rosinelinka dwiteeja studio album . ehi album 3 meey 2013 ray sarbajaneena sangeeta dwara muktilabha karithila . albummer pratham ekaka thila "lett eat goo" ebong ehaa 6 march 2013 ray muktilabha karithila . 4 februari 2014 ray nutan shirshaka marillo tuu adheenare album punah muktilabha karithila, bonus track sahita "aalokare chamaku", "lett eat goo (live)," bhyagabands (live), "reconcile" ebong "aalokare chamaku (piano sanskarana) .
ekaka.
"lett eat goo" albummer mukhya ekaka bhabe 6 march 2013ray muktilabha karithila. februari 2014ray "marilou tuu" rahr mukhya ekaka bhabe "shine inn daa light" muktilabha karithila. |
marillo (album)
marylou swis gaika-geetkar ainaa rosinelli dee duji studio album haii. ih album 3 maee 2013 noon sarabviaapi sangeet duaara jaari keeti gaee see. album daa pahila single "lait itt goo" see atey ih 6 march 2013 noon jaari keeta giaa see. album noon 4 farvari 2014 noon navein sirlekh marillo too dey tehat dubara jaari keeta giaa see, jiss witch bones track "chaanan witch chamkana", "lait itt goo (live)", "vagabonds (live)", "sulha crow" atey "chaanan witch chamkana (piano sanskaran)" sunn.
singles.
"lait itt goo" 6 march 2013 noon album dey mukkh single vajon jaari keeta giaa see. "shine inn dha light" farvari 2014 witch "marillo too" dey mukkh single vajon jaari keeta giaa see. |
merilo (elbum)
maarilo, swis-deshasya gayika-gitikarya annaa rossinelli ityasyaah dwiteeyam studio-aalbam asti. 2013 mey 3 dinaanke universal-music ityanena asya aalbam ityasya vimochanam krutam. aalbam-ityasya prathamam single "lett itt go" aasit, 2013 maarch 6 dinaanke etat pradarshitam. 4 februvari 2014 dinaanke merilo too iti nootan-sheershake punah aalbam pradarshitam, bonus-geetaani "shine inn da lait", "lett itt go (laiv)", "vegabonds (laiv)," reconsail "," shine inn da lait (piano samskaranam) cha.
ekaakinee.
"lett itt go" iti geetam 2013 maarch 6 dinaanke aalbam ityasya pramukha-ekageetaroopen pradarshitam. "shain inn da lait" iti geetam 2014 februvari-maase "merilo too" ityasya pramukha-ekageetaroopen pradarshitam. | marillo (aalbam)
suvis paatakarum paadalaasiriyarumaana annah rosinelli ezhuthiya irandaavathu studio aalbam marillo aagum. inththa aalbam 3 mae 2013 andru ulagalaaviya isaiyaal veliyidappattathu. lett idd coow" endra muthal thanippaadal 2013 maarch 6 andru veliyidappattathu. inththa aalbam 4 pipravari 2014 andru marillo duu endra puthiya thalaippin keezh meendum veliyidappattathu, phones tracugaludan "" pirakaasikkavum "," "" sellavum "," "" vagabands (neradi), "" samarasam "mattrum" "pirakaasikkavum" (biano pathippu) ".
ottrai.
"lett idd coow" endra paadal 2013 maarch 6 andru aalpaththin munnani thanippaadalaaga veliyidappattathu. pipravari 2014 ill "marillo duu" thiraippataththin munnani thanippaadalaaga "shine inn thii lyde" veliyidappattathu.
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maarilo (album)
maarilo anedi swiss gayani-paatala rachayita annah rossinelli yokka rendava studio album. eee album 3 mae 2013naa universal music dwara vidudalaindi. album nundi modati single "lett itt goo" mariyu idhi 6 marchi 2013naa vidudalaindi. eee album 4 fibravari 2014naa kotta sheershika maeriloe too kinda tirigi vidudala cheyabadindi, bonus tracklu "shine inn dhi light", "lett itt goo (live)", "wagabands (live)," "reconsile" mariyu "shine inn dhi light (piano version)".
singles.
"lett itt goo" album yokka pradhana single gaa 6 marchi 2013naa vidudalaindi. "shine inn dhi light" fibravari 2014loe "maarilo tuu" nundi pradhana single gaa vidudalaindi. | marilo (album)
marilo sois gulukarah naghmah nigaar anaa rosineli kaa dosra studio album hay. yaha album 3 mayee 2013 kuu universal music kay zariye jaari kiyaa gayaa thaa. album kaa pehla sangal "lait autt gow" thaa aur asay 6 maarch 2013 kuu release kiyaa gayaa thaa. album kuu nayey anwaan marilo tuu kay tahat 4 faroori 2014 kuu dobarah release kiyaa gayaa thaa jiss mein bonas track "shayen inn dee light"yee "lait autt gow (laiyo)yee" veega baandz (laiyo)yee "reconcile" aur "shayen inn dee light (pyano warzan)" thay.
singles.
"lait autt gow" album kay markazi sangal kay toor parr 6 maarch 2013 kuu release kiyaa gayaa thaa. "shayen inn dee light" faroori 2014 mein "marilo tuu" kay markazi sangal kay toor parr release kiyaa gayaa thaa.
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0004ceaa7d69037941e18b169487b1e33f12eac4643e455d1e7165a363a245af | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45522415 | Evangeline (2013 film) |
Evangeline (2013 film)
Evangeline is a 2013 Canadian horror/thriller film, which was written and directed by Karen Lam.
Cast.
<templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css"/>* Kat de Lieva as Evangeline Pullman
Production.
According to Lam, the script of "Evangeline" was motivated by reactions to the Pickton murders in the Vancouver area, and the Highway of Tears murders in northern British Columbia.
Reception.
The film is described as a supernatural revenge fantasy, about a university student (played by Kat de Lieva) who is beaten and left for dead in the woods. Underpinning the film is a religious theme: the dilemma of eye for an eye (retributive justice) versus turning the other cheek.
Awards.
"Evangeline" received nine nominations for the Leo Awards, winning two. The film also won two awards, Best Director and Best Cinematography, at the 2013 Blood in the Snow Canadian Film Festival.
Release.
The film premiered on September 28, 2013 in the Monsters of Film festival, in Stockholm, and opened the 2014 Vancouver International Women in Film Festival. The film was released in the United States as Direct to video production, on 8 May 2015 on Video on Demand and on June 9, 2015 on DVD and Blu-ray.
References.
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evangline (2013 sonor solositro)
evangline hoise 2013 sonor ekhon kanadian horora/thriller sobi, jitu kaaren laamor dwara likhito aaru porisalito hoisil.
utpadon.
laamor mote, "evangline" ror lipitu venkuvar oncholot huwa pickton hotya aaru uttor britis kolombiyat huwa sokupanire koraa hotyar rajmargor protikriyar dwara onupranito hoisil.
obhyorthona.
sobikhonok ek otiprakrito protixudhor kolpona hisape bornona koraa hoise, ji biswobidyaloyor ejon satrik (kaat dey libhar dwara soritrot obhinoy koraa) bixoye, jaak pitiyai bonancholot mrito buli eri diya hoy. sobikhonor aadhar hoise ek dhormiyo bixoybostuh sokur biporite sokur dwidha (protixudhmulok nyay) bonam aantu gaale ghura.
puroskar.
"evangline"-e liu botar baabe notaa monunoyon laabh korisil, dutaa laabh korisil. solositrokhone 2013 sonor blaad inn dyo sno kanadian solositro mohutxowot shrestho porisalok aaru shrestho cinematugraphy naamor dutaa botau laabh korisil.
mukti diya.
sobikhonor primiyar hoisil 2013 sonor 28 septemborot stockhulmor manders owo film festivalot, aaru 2014 sonor venkuvar antohrastriyo mohila solositro mohutxob mukoli korisil. solositrokhon aamerika juktorastrot video 'projujonar baabe proityokhyo hisape mukti diya hoisil, 8 mey' 2015-too video 'ono demandot aaru 9 june, 2015-too dibhidi aaru blue-ret mukti diya hoisil. |
evangline (2013 saaler cholochchitro)
evangline 2013 saaler ekti kanadian horor/thriller cholochchitro, jaa curren laam likhechen ebong porichalona korechen.
utpadon.
laamer motey, "evangline"-err lipiti vancouver elaka achar hotya ebong uttor british columbia chokher joll niye hotyar protikriyar dwara anupranito hoyechilo.
abhyarthana.
cholochchitrotike ekti atiprakrito protishodher kalpana hisabe bornona koraa hoyeche, jaa bishwobidyaloyer eka chhatroke (cutt deey liva dwara abhineet) niye, jaake mardhar koraa hoy ebong jungley mrito abosthai feley deoa hoy. cholochchitrotir vitti ekti dharmiya vishayah chokher jonno chokher dwidha (protishodhmulok nyaybichar) bonam onno gall ghorano.
puraskar.
"evangline" leo puroskarer jonno noyti mononoyon peyechilo, duti jitechilo. cholochchitroti 2013 saaler blaad inn dya snow kanadian cholochchitro utsabe sera porichalok ebong sera cinematography naame duti puroskaro jitechilo.
mukti.
cholochchitroti 2013 saaler 28shhey septembara stockholme danab cholochchitro utsabe premiere hoy ebong 2014 saaler vancouver antorjatik mohila cholochchitro utsabe mukti paay. cholochchitroti markin juktorashtre sarasari vdo prajojana hisabe mukti paay, 8 meey 2015-ayee vdo ono demand ebong 9 june, 2015-ayee dvd ebong blue-reey-teey mukti paay. | evangline (2013 film)
evangline evangline kenediyan horror/thriller film chhe, jeey currain laam dwara lakhvaamaa aneey nirdeshit karvaamaa aavee hatee.
utpaadan.
laamnaa janaavya anusaar, "evangline" nee lipi vancouver vistaarmaa pickton hatyaao aneey uttareey british kolambiyama aansuoni hatyaana dhorimaargni pratikriyaothi prereet hatee.
swaagat.
aaa filmne aek alaukik badalo levani kalpanaa tareeke varnavama aavee chhe, jeey aek universityna vidhyarthi (qeta dii leeva dwara bhajvaayel) vishe chhe, jene maar marvama aave chhe aneey jangalma mrut chhodi devaamaa aave chhe. filmne aadhaar aapvo aee aek dhaarmik vishhay chheh aankh maate aankhnee munjhavan (badalo nyaay) viruddh anya gaal feravvo.
puraskaaro.
"evangline" neey liyo award maate nava namankan malyaa, jemaa beey jeetya. aaa filme september blood ina dhaa snow kenediyan film festivalmaa shreshth nirdeshak aneey shreshth cinematography aema beey puraskaaro pann jeetya hataa.
mukt karoo.
aaa filmnun premiere 28 september, september roj stockholm film festivalnaa rakshasoma thayu hatoo aneey film festivalmaa festivalmaa aantarrashtriy maheelaoni film sharoo thaee hatee. aaa film united statesma direct too videeyo production tareeke rajoo karvaamaa aavee hatee, 8 meey juuna roj maang parr videeyo parr aneey 9 juuna, juuna roj dvd aneey blue-reey parr.
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evangeline (2013 film)
evangeline 2013 kii kanadai horror/thriller film haye, jise curran laam dwara likhaa aur nirdeshit kiya gayaa thaa.
utpaadan.
laam key anusaar, "evangeline" kii lipi vancouver kshetra mein achaar hatyaon aur uttari british kolambiya mein aansuon kii hatyaon key rajmarg parr pratikriyaon seey prerit thee.
swaagat.
film koo ack alaukik pratishodh kalpana key roop mein varnit kiya gayaa haye, joe ack vishvavidyalaya key chhaatr (cutt dee leeva dwara abhineet) key baare mein haye, jise peeta jaataa haye aur jangal mein mrit chhod diyaa jaataa haye. film koo ack dhaarmik vishay key roop mein rekhaankit kiya gayaa haih ack aankh key liye aankh kii duvidha (pratishodhaatmak nyaay) banaam doosara gaal ghumana.
puraskar.
"evangeline" koo leo puraskaron key liye nau namankan mille, jisamen seey dou ney jeet hassil kii. film ney 2013 key blood inn dha snow canadian film festival mein dou puraskar, sarvshreshth nirdeshak aur sarvshreshth chhayankan bhee jeete.
riha karein.
film kaa premiere 28 sitambar, 2013 koo stockholm mein monsters off film festival mein huaa aur film festival mein 2014 venkuvar international women kaa udghaatan kiya gayaa. film koo sanyukt raajya america mein video nirmaan key liye direct key roop mein, 8 maee 2015 koo video onn demand parr aur 9 juuna, 2015 koo dvd aur blue-ray parr release kiya gayaa thaa.
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evangline (2013rahra chalanachitra)
evangline 2013rahra kenadaada bhayanaka/thriller chalanachitravagiddu, idannu currain laam baredu nirdeshisiddare.
utpaadane.
lyam prakara, "evangline" naa lpu vancouver pradeshadalli nadeda pick tunn kolegala pratikriyegalu mattu uttara british kolambiyaadalli kanneerina kolegala heddaariyinda prerepisalpattitu.
svaagata.
ee chalanachitravannu vishvavidyaanilayada vidyarthiyobbana (cott dii laiva nirvahisida) bagge aloukika pratikaarada kalpane endu vivarisalaagide, avanannu thalisi kaadinalli sattante bidalaaguttade. chalanachitravannu aadharavaagittukondu dharmika vishayavendareh kannige kannina sandigdhate (pratikaarada nyaya) mattu innondu kenneyannu tirugisuvudu.
prashastigalu.
"evangline" leo prashastigalige ombattu namanirdeshanagalannu padeyitu, eradu prashastigalannu geddukonditu. ee chalanachitravu 2013rahra blood inn dhii snow kenadian philm festivalnalli atyuttama nirdeshaka mattu atyuttama chayagrahana emba eradu prashastigalannu geddukonditu.
bidugade.
ee chalanachitravu 2013rahra september 28randu stockhomnalli nadeda monsters off philm festivalnalli prathama pradarshanagonditu mattu 2014rahra chalanachitrotsavadalli antaaraashtriya mahileyara chalanachitrotsavavannu tereyitu. ee chalanachitravu united statesnalli nera video nirmanavagi, 8 mayee 2015 randu video aun demand mattu zoon 9,2015 randu dvd mattu blue-reyalli bidugadeyaayitu.
| null | evangeline (2013 chitrapat)
evangeline haah 2013 salcha canadian bhaypat/thararpat aahe, jyache lekhan aanee digdarshan carren laam yanni kele hote.
utpadan.
lamchya matey, 'evangeline' chee lipi vancouver bhagatil lonchyachya hatyanchya pratikriyanmule aanee uttar british kolambiyatil ashrunchya hatyanchya mahamargamule prerit hotee.
swagat.
yaa chitrapatache varnan eka alaukik sudbuddhichi kalpana mhanoon kele aahe, jee eka vidyapithachya vidyarthyabaddal (cutt dii liva yanni sakarleli) aahe, jyala marhan kelee jaate aanee jangalat mrut mhanoon sodale jaate. yaa chitrapatacha aadhar haah eka dharmik vishay aaheh dolhyasathi dolha (pratiuttar nyay) viruddha dusra gaal firavane.
puraskar.
"evangeline' laa lio puraskaransathi nauu namankane midali, jyat done jinkale. yaa chitrapatane chitrapatane blood inn daad snow canadian chitrapat mahotsavat sarvotkrusht digdarshak aanee sarvotkrusht chhayachitran asey done puraskarhi jinkale.
mukt qaraa.
yaa chitrapatacha pratham pradarshan 28 september 2013 roji stockholm yetheel monsters auph philm festivalmadhye jhaala aanee 2014 madheel vancouver aantarrashtriy mahilanchya chitrapat mahotsavache udghatan jhaale. haah chitrapat thet video nirmiti mhanoon americet pradarshit jhaala, 8 meey 2015 roji maganinusar videover aanee 9 juuna 2015 roji dvd aanee blue-rever pradarshit jhaala.
| null | ivangalaina (2013 chalachitra)
ivangalin heuchhi 2013 masihar eka canadia harror/thriller chalachitra, jaahaa corren lamanka dwara likhita ebong nirdeshita hoithila.
utpadana.
lamanka matare, "ivangalin" rahr script bhanakyuvar anchalare pickton hatyakanda ebong uttara british kalambiaare luh hatyakandara pratikrija dwara prerita hoithila .
swagata.
ehi chalachitrati eka alaukika pratisodha fantacy bhabare barnana karajaichi, jane biswabidyalaja chhatra (catt dii libhanka dwara abhineet) nka bishajare, jahanku maada diajae ebong jangalare mruta abasthare chhadi diajae . chalachitrara aadhara heuchhi eka dharmika bishajabastuh aakhi paain aakhi (pratisodhamoolaka nyaaja) banam anya gall ghunchaiba dwandwa.
puraskara.
"ivangalaina" leo puraskara paain nauty namankana paithila, duiti jitithila. ehi chalachitrati 2013rahr 'blad inn daa sno canadian film festival' ray shrestha nirdeshaka ebong shrestha cinematography bhali duiti puraskara madhya jitithila.
mukti.
ehi chalachitrara premiyara september 28,2013 ray stockholmre thiba mansters off film phestibhalare hoithila ebong chalachitra mahostabare 2014 bhanakyuvara antarjatija mahila kholithila . ehi chalachitrati juktarastra aamerikare direct tuu bhidio prodoxon bhabe, 8 meey juna bhidio aun demandre ebong 9 juna juna dividi ebong blue-rere muktilabha karithila.
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evangeline (2013 film)
evangeline ikk 2013 dee canadian drauni/thriller film haii, jiss noon crain laam duaara likhiaa atey nirdeshit keeta giaa see.
utpadan.
laam dey anusar, "evangeline" dee script vancouver khetar witch athruaan dey katal atey uttri british columbia witch hanjhuaan dey katal dey rajmarg pratee pratikriaavan toon prerit see.
suagat.
film noon ikk alaukik badla lainn dee kalpana dey roop witch darsaiaa giaa haii, ikk university dey vidiaarthi (cutt dee leeva duaara nibhai gaee) baare jiss noon kuttiaa jaanda haii atey jangal witch mritak chhadd ditta jaanda haii. film daa adhaar ikk dharmik visha haiyav ikk akkh laee akkh dee dubidha (pratikaram niaan) banaam duji gallh modna.
puraskar.
"evangeline" noon leeo awardan laee naun namzadgian miliaan, jinhan vicchon doou jittiaan gaeeaan. film neey 2013 dey blood inn dha sano canadian film festival witch sarbottam nirdeshak atey sarbottam cinematography dey doou puraskar vee jitte.
chhadd dio.
film daa premiere 28 satambar, 2013 noon stockholm witch film festival dey rakhshan witch keeta giaa see atey film festival witch 2014 vancouver antarashtari aurtan dee shuruat keeti gaee see. ih film sanyukat raaj amrica witch siddhe vdo nirman dey roop witch, 8 maee 2015 noon mung utte vdo utte atey 9 juun, 2015 noon dvd atey blue-reey utte rileez keeti gaee see. | ivaangalain (2013 chalacchitram)
ivaangalain iti 2013 tame varshe nirmitam kanaadaadeshasy harror/thriller chalacchitram asti, yasya lekhanam nirdeshanm cha karen laam ityanena krutam.
utpaadanam.
lem ityasya matena, "ivaangalain" iti lipihi vaanakoovar-kshetre picton-hatyanam pratikriyaih, uttar-british-columbia-pradeshe ashruvaahaanaam rajamargasya cha pratikriyam prerepitavatee.
sweekaranam.
etat chalacchitram, vishvavidyaalayasya chaatrasya (kaat dey leevaa ityanena abhineetah) vishaye, alaukika-pratishodha-kalpanaa iti varnitam asti, yah prahaaritah, vaneshu mrutah iti vikshiptah bhavati. chalacchitrasya adharaha dhaarmikavishayah asti-netrasya krute netrasya duvidhaa (pratikaaramay-nyayah) banama aparam gaalam tirtavyam.
puraskaaraah.
"ivaangalain" iti "leo-puraskaranam" nava namankanam praapnot, dwau cha avaapnot. 2013 tame varshe blood inn da sno-kanadian chalacchitra-mahotsave, etat chalacchitram, sarvashreshta-nirdeshaka, sarvashreshta-chaayaagrahanam cha iti puraskaaradwayam cha praapnot.
mukttam karotu.
2013 september 28 dinaanke stockholm-nagare, mansters-aaf-film-festival-madhye asya chalacchitrasya prathamapradarshanm krutam, 2014 tame varshe chalacchitra-mahotsave venkoovar-antarashtriya-mahilaa-chalacchitra-mahotsavam udghaatitam. etat chalacchitram samyuktarajyamerikadesha pratyaksha-veediyo-nirmaanaroopen, 8 mey 2015 dinaanke veediyo-aan-demand ityasmin, 2015 joon 9 dinaanke dee. vee. dee. tathaa bloo-rey ityatra cha pradarshitam.
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eevaangkalin (2013 thiraippadam)
ivangkalain enbathu 2013 aam aandu veliyaana kanadiya thigil/thriller thiraippatamaagum, idhu curran laam ezhuthi iyakkiyathu.
urpaththi.
laam puddy, "evangalin" endra ezhuththu vadivam vancouver paguthiyil picton kolaigal mattrum vadakku british kolambiyaavil kanneer kolaigalin nedunjaalai aagiyavattrirkaana ethirvinaikalaal unthappattathu.
varavaerpu.
oru palkalaikkazhaga maanavaraip (cott dii leeva nadiththa) pattriya iyarkaikku apparpatta pazhivaangkum karpanai endru padam vivarikkappadugirathu, avar adiththu kaadugalil iranthuvidappadugiraar. thiraippataththai adippadaiyaagak konda oru madha karupporul oru kann (pazhivaangkum neethi) mattrum mattra kannatthai tiruppuvathu pattriya sankadam.
viruthugal.
"evangalin" leoo viruthugalukku onbathu parinthuraigalaip pettrathu, irandu virudhugalai ventrathu. 2013 aam aandu panii kanadiya thiraippada vizhaavil sirantha iyakkunar mattrum sirantha olippathivu aagiya irandu viruthugalaiyum inththa padam ventrathu.
viduthalai.
inththa padam septumber 28,2013 andru stockholm thiraippada vizhaavil arakkarkalil thiraiyidappattathu, maelum 2014 vancouver sarvadesa penkal thiraippada vizhaavil thirakkappattathu. inththa padam americavil neradi veediyoa thayaarippaaga veliyidappattathu, 8 mae 2015 andru veediyoa aann demandilum, juun 9,2015 andru dvd mattrum blue-raeyilum veliyidappattathu.
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evangeline (2013 chitram)
evangeline anedi 2013loe vacchina kenadian harrar/thriller chitram, dheenini curran laam rachinchi darsakatvam vahinchaaru.
utpatti.
laam prakaram, "evangeline" yokka lipi vancouver praantamloo picton hatyalaku mariyu uttara british columbialo kanneella hatyala rahadaaripai praticharyala dwara prerepinchabadindi.
reception.
eee chitram oka aloukika prateekaara kalpanaga varninchabadindi, oka vishwavidyaalaya vidyaarthi (cott dii laiva pooshinchina) gurinchi, atanni kotti adavilo chanipoyinatlu vadiliveyabadutundi. eee chitraaniki aadharam oka mataparamaina itivruttam oka kannu kosam kannu yokka sandigdhata (prateekaara nyayam) mariyu maroka chempanu tippadam.
avaardulu.
"evangeline" leo avaardulaku tommidi nominations andukundi, rendu geluchukundi. eee chitram 2013 blood inn dhi snow kenadian film festivallo uttama darsakudu mariyu uttama cinematography anae rendu avaardulanu kooda geluchukundi.
vidudala.
eee chitram 2013 september 28naa stockhomeloni monsters off film festivallo pradarsinchabadindi mariyu 2014 wankwar antarjaateeya mahilala film festivalnu praarambhinchindi. eee chitram united stateslo veediyo nirmaanaaniki pratyakshamgaa, 8 mae 2015naa veediyo aann demand mariyu juun 9,2015naa DVD mariyu blue-raeloe vidudalaindi.
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avingline (2013 film)
avingline 2013 kii canadian haarar/tharlar film hay jasay cairan laam nay likhaa aur hidayat kii thee.
paidawar.
laam kay mutabiq "avenge line" kii rasm alkhat venkovar kay elaqay mein paktan kay qatal aur shamali bartanvi columbia mein aansoon kay qatal kii shahrah parr radamil say mutasir thee.
isteqbaliya.
iss film kuu eek mafuq alfitrat inteqami tasavur kay toor parr biyaan kiyaa gayaa hay juu eek university kay taalib alam (cutt ddee leeva kay zariah adaa kardah) kay baaray mein hay jasay maaraa peeta jaataa hay aur jangal mein mardah chhod diyaa jaataa hay. film kii bunyaad eek mazhabi mozua hay: aankh kay badlay aankh kaa dushwari (inteqami insaaf) bamuqablah dosray gaal kuu modna.
ewards.
"avenge line" kuu liyo ewards kay liye noow namzadgiyan millie jiss mein say duu jeetnay mein kamiyab rahee. iss film nay 2013 kay build inn dee suno canadian film festival mein duu ewards behtareen hidayat kaar aur behtareen cinematography bhee jeetay.
rehayi.
iss film kaa premier 28 satambar 2013 kuu stock holam mein monsters aaf film festival mein hawaa aur iss nay film festival mein 2014 venkovar international weeman kaa iftatah kiyaa. yaha film riyasathaye muthadah mein braah raast video production kay toor parr 8 mayee 2015 kuu video aann demand parr aur 9 joone 2015 kuu ddee wee ddee aur blue ray parr release hoyee. |
0004cee82224ebc983cabd5ec3c062413bb959abee3b1bb7f50cfc7a311a32ea | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23846259 | The Thin White Line (Millennium) |
The Thin White Line (Millennium)
"'The Thin White Line" is the fourteenth episode of the first season of the American crime-thriller television series "Millennium". It premiered on the Fox network on February 14, 1997. The episode was written by Glen Morgan and James Wong and directed by Thomas J. Wright. "The Thin White Line" featured guest appearances by Jeremy Roberts and Scott Heindl.
When a spate of killings seems to echo that of a man currently incarcerated, Millennium Group consultant Frank Black (Lance Henriksen) must confront the specter of his past and face a murderer who nearly took a younger Black's life.
"The Thin White Line" draws inspiration from real killers Herbert Mullin, Lawrence Bittaker and Roy Norris, and contains several references to Morgan and Wong's previous series "". The episode was viewed by approximately 6.6 million households in its initial broadcast and has received positive reviews from critics.
Plot.
Anne Rothenburg answers a knock on her front door. When she speaks to the man waiting there, he hears something else entirely; believing that she is giving her consent to be murdered, he attacks her.
Millennium Group consultant Frank Black (Lance Henriksen) visits a Seattle hospital to pick up his wife Catherine (Megan Gallagher), who works there as a counsellor. Rothenburg is brought in on a stretcher by paramedics. Black notices a peculiar slash across her palm, and glances down at his own, which bears a scar matching the woman's cut exactly. Rothenburg then dies of her injuries.
Black contacts Seattle Police Department detective Bob Bletcher (Bill Smitrovich) for information on Rothenburg. Her husband found her when he came home, assuming that she had surprised a burglar. Elsewhere, her attacker shoots the clerk in a liquor store, again hearing the victim give permission to be killed. Black and Bletcher review security camera footage of the crime, which leads to them discovering half a playing card—the Jack of Spades—at the scene. Rothenburg's home is searched and the other half is found there.
Black tells Bletcher about Richard Alan Hance (Jeremy Roberts), a serial killer Black had helped to apprehend twenty years before. Hance was a disturbed Vietnam War veteran who marked his kills with half a playing card, a custom he picked up during his tours of duty. Black was one of a number of Federal Bureau of Investigation agents who responded to an anonymous tip, leading them to Hance's location—however, the tip was called in by Hance himself and the raid became an ambush. Three agents were killed, and Black was cornered by Hance, who cut open his palm and nearly took Black's life before the young Black was able to overpower and arrest him.
In the present, Black realizes that the current murderer must be Hance's former cellmate Jacob Tyler (Scott Heindl). Black visits Hance in prison, and upon speaking to Hance, realizes that Tyler believes himself Hance's reincarnation, aspiring to follow his methods exactly. Meanwhile, Tyler calls the police and leaves an anonymous tip, telling them that the liquor store murderer is hiding in an abandoned building. Black accompanies a SWAT team encircling the building, but the officers come under sniper fire from a construction site across the street. Black and Bletcher separate as they search for Tyler, who gets the drop on Black. Black disarms Tyler, attempting to talk him into surrendering. Tyler empties a handgun at Black, but misses; when Bletcher confronts him, Tyler points the gun and Bletcher instinctively shoots and kills him.
Production.
"The Thin White Line" was written by frequent collaborators Glen Morgan and James Wong, and directed by Thomas J. Wright. "The Thin White Line" was the third episode of the series to have been written by Morgan and Wong, after "Dead Letters" and "522666". The duo would go on to pen a further twelve episodes over the series' run, and would take charge of the second season as co-executive producers. Wright would go on to direct twenty-six episodes across all three seasons, and would also direct "Millennium", the series' crossover episode with its sister show "The X-Files". He had also previously worked with Morgan and Wong on their series "".
The relationship between the characters of Jacob Tyler and Richard Allen Hance seems to have been based on that of Lawrence Bittaker and Roy Norris, two convicts whose time in prison together formed the basis of a partnership that saw them torture and kill several young women in 1979. Tyler's delusional visions of his victims consenting to be murdered may stem from West German serial killer Waldemar Szczepinski, who chose his victims based on their response to him ringing their doorbells—those who answered he deemed to have given their permission to be killed and their houses burgled; those who did not were simply left alone. The character also draws inspiration from American serial killer Herbert Mullin, who likewise felt that his victims had offered him permission to kill them. Mullin claimed that their last words were often "I understand".
Scott Heindl, who portrayed Jacob Tyler, would later return in an unrelated role in the second season episode "A Room with No View", and the third season episode "Antipas". The episode contains several references to Morgan and Wong's short-lived series "Space: Above and Beyond", which had been cancelled prior to the pair joining "Millennium". The phrase "expect no mercy" found on the playing cards is the motto of that series' United States Marine Corps squadron, while the individual cards used—the Jack of Spades, King of Clubs and Queen of Hearts—mirror the call signs used by individual marines.
Broadcast and reception.
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"It’s not the greatest script Glen Morgan and James Wong ever did. Indeed, it embraces many of their worst faults on some levels, as well as many of the worst faults of the show it’s a part of. But the thing MOVES, and when an episode rolls by as quickly as this one does, all sorts of objections get washed away by the momentum."
–"The A.V. Club"'s Emily VanDerWerff on "The Thin White Line"
"The Thin White Line" was first broadcast on the Fox Network on February 14, 1997. The episode earned a Nielsen rating of 6.8 during its original broadcast, meaning that 6.8 percent of households in the United States viewed the episode. This represented 6.6 million households, and left the episode the seventy-second most-viewed broadcast that week.
The episode received positive reviews from critics. "The A.V. Club"'s Emily VanDerWerff rated the episode an A−, finding that it showed the series to be "unafraid to be unapologetically weird". VanDerWerff felt that "The Thin White Line" introduced elements of mysticism and the supernatural to the character of Frank Black, which "presages the weirder direction Morgan and Wong took the show in season two, while still staying roughly consistent with the first season’s more realistic focus". Bill Gibron, writing for DVD Talk, rated the episode 4.5 out of 5, comparing it to the 1991 film "The Silence of the Lambs". Gibron noted that "with a stellar final act and a closing scene that has a great deal of impact in a very restrained manner, this is an excellent installment ["sic"]". Robert Shearman and Lars Pearson, in their book "Wanting to Believe: A Critical Guide to The X-Files, Millennium & The Lone Gunmen", rated "The Thin White Line" five stars out of five, noting that "it's a return to the serial killer format, but it's never been done before with as much verve as it had here". Shearman compared the episode to both "The Silence of the Lambs" and the works of film director Quentin Tarantino, and felt that the interrogation scene between Black and Hance was "maybe the single best scene in the whole season".
Cinematographer Robert McLachlan received an American Society of Cinematographers award nomination in the category Outstanding Achievement in Cinematography in a Regular Series for his work on "The Thin White Line". McLachlan lost to Marc Reshovsky for the "3rd Rock from the Sun" episode "Nightmare on Dick Street".
Footnotes.
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paatol bogaa rekha (xohosrabdo)
"'dyo thinn huwait line" hoise aamerikan crime-thriller television dharabahik "millennium" ror prothom sijonor soturdox khondo. 1997 sonor 14 februaryt fox networkot iyar primiyar hoisil. ei khondotu glain morgan aaru james wong-ror dwara likha hoisil aaru thomas je-ror dwara porisalito hoisil. thik aase. "dyo thinn huwait line" too jeremi roberts aaru scott haindlor otithi uposthiti aasil.
jetiya bortoman karagarot bondi ejon manuhor hotyar protidhwoni protidhwonito huwa zen laage, tetiya xohosrabdor gutor poramorxodata frank black (lench henrickchen)-e teur otitor bhutor xonmukhin hoh 'bob lagibo aaru ejon hotyakarir xonmukhin hoh' bob lagibo jiye pray ejon juwok koo 'laar jiwan loisil.
"" "dyo thinn huwait line" "-e prokrito hotyakari harbert mulin, laurence bittekar aaru roy norisor poraa onuprerona loy, aaru iyat morgan aaru wongro purbor sringkholar keibatau ullekh aase. ei khondotu iyar prarombhik xomprosarot pray 6.6 nijut poriyale saisil aaru xomalusokxokolor poraa itibasok xomaluchona laabh korisil.
plot.
ene rothenberge taair xonmukhor duwarot tuka di uttor diye. jetiya taai taat opekhya kori thoka puruxjonor xoite kotha koy, tetiya xi xompurnorupe aan kiba etaa xuni paay; taai taik hotya koriboloi xonmoti dise buli biswax kori, taai taik aakromon kore.
millennium groopor poramorxodata frank black (lench henrickchen) teur potni ketherin (megon gyalaghar) koo lo 'boloi ekhon chitel sikitsaloyoloi yaay, ji taat egoraki poramorxodata hisape kaam kore. rothenbergok paramedicsor dwara stresserot onaa hoy. koo 'laa ronge taair haator toluwat etaa odbhut kotaa lokhyo kore, aaru nijor faale soku diye, zo' too mohilar kotar xoite thik mill thoka etaa daag aase. taar pisot rothenbergor aaghator folot mrityu hoy.
rothenbergor tothyor baabe koo 'laa xomporkor baabe aarokhyi bibhagor surangsuwa bobo blacher (bill smitro' bhis). taair swamiye ghoroloi ohaar xomoyot taik paisil, onuman korisil je taai ejon suri korutak aasorit korisil. aan thait, taair aakromonkariye etaa xurar dukanot clerkok gulee kore, punor bhuktobhugiye hotya korar onumoti diya xuni. koo 'laa aaru blesare oporadhor xurokhya kemera phutej porzaluchona kore, jaar folot teuluke drishyotut aadha playing card-jek owo spade-abiskar kore. rothenbergor ghorot onuxondhan koraa hoy aaru baaki aadha taat puwa yaay.
black-e blesarok rechard elaan hench (jeremi roberts) ror bixoye koy, ji ejon kromik kilor black jiye bix bosor aagote greptar korat xohay korisil. hens ejon bikhyubdho vietnamor juddhor probin aasil jiye teur kilok aadha playing cardore sinhito korisil, jitu teur kortobyo bhromonor xomoyot grohon koraa protha aasil. black aasil keibatau federal byur 'owo investigation agentor bhitorot ejon jiye etaa benami tipor proti xohari jonaisil, jaar folot teulukok hensor owosthanoloi loi goisil-obosye, tiptu hense nijei matisil aaru raidtu ek aakosmik aakromonot porinot hoisil. tinijon agentok hotya koraa hoisil, aaru koo 'laa ronok hensor dwara kunot peluwa hoisil, jiye teur haator toluwa kaati disil aaru juwo koo' laa rugiye teuk porasto kori greptar koriboloi xokhyom huwar aagotei koo 'laar pray jiwan loisil.
bortoman, koo 'laa rugiye upolobdhi kore je bortomanor hotyakarijon hensor prakton selmet jacob tailar (scott heindel) hoh' bob lagibo. karagarot koo 'laa rongor luke hensok xakhyat kore, aaru hensor xoite kotha paati upolobdhi kore je tailare nijoke hensor punorjonmo buli biswax kore, teur poddhotibur xothikbhabe onuxoron koriboloi aagrohi. ifale, tailare aarokhyik phone kore aaru etaa benami tipp eri diye, teulukok koy je xura dukanor hotyakariye etaa porityokto ottalikat lukai aase. koo 'laa rongor luke etaa swaat dole bhowontu aaguri aase, kintu bixoyaxokole rastar paarot etaa nirman sthanor poraa sniper gulisalonar xonmukhin hoy. koo 'laa aaru blacher prithok hoi yaay jetiya teuluke tailar bisare, jiye koo' laa rupot droptu paay. koo 'laa tilerok nirostrito kori teuk aatmoxomorpon koriboloi koo' boloi chesta korisil. tillere koo 'laa rongor haatot etaa handgun khaali kore, kintu paahori yaay; jetiya blesare teur mukhamukhi hoy, tillere bonduktu anguliyai diye aaru blesare xohojatbhabe teuk gulee kori hotya kore.
utpadon.
"dyo thinn huwait line" xoghonai xohojugi glain morgan aaru james wong-ror dwara likha hoisil, aaru thomas je-ror dwara porisalito hoisil. thik aase. "dyo thinn huwait line" aasil "dead laters" aaru "522666" ror pisot morgan aaru wong-ror dwara likha dharabahiktur tritiyo khondo. ei jutikhone dharabahiktur poriwexonor xomoyot aaru barta khondo likhibo, aaru xoho-karzobahi projujok hisape dwitiyo sijonor dayitwo grohon koribo. waite tiniuta sijonote sabbixta ep "sdo porisalona korisil, aaru logote" millennium ", iyar bhogni swo" dyo ex-files "ror xoite sirijor 'krocho" bhaar ep "sdo porisalona korisil. iyar purbe teu morgan aaru wongro xoite teulukor sirijotu kaam korisil.
jacob tailar aaru rechard elen hensor soritror maajor xomporko laurence bittekar aaru roy norisor uporot aadharito huwa zen laage, dujon karadondot thoka xomoyor karadondore ekeloge ek ongxidaritwor aadhar gothon koraa dekha goisil jiye teulukok 1979 sonot keibajonu jubotik otyasar aaru hotya korisil. tileror bhuktobhugixokolor hotya koriboloi xonmoti diyar proti bibhrommulok dorxon poschim german siriyel kilor waldemer sejepinskir poraa udbhob hoh 'bob paare, ji teur proti xoharir bhittit teur bhuktobhugixokolok basisil-jixokole uttor disil je teu hotya korar onumoti disil aaru teulukor ghor suri koraa buli bibesona korisil; jixokole kewol okole eri juwa nasil. soritrotuwe aamerikan siriyel kilor harbert mulinor porau onuprerona laabh korise, jiye ekedore onubhob korisil je teur bhuktobhugixokole teuk teulukok hotya korar onumoti disil. muline daabi korisil je teulukor xex xobdobur praye "moi buji paisu" aasil.
jacob tileror soritrot obhinoy koraa scott haindle pisot dwitiyo sijonor khondo "e rum uith nu bhiu", aaru tritiyo sijonor khondo "antipuse" too ek xomporkito soritrot ghuri aahisil. ei khondotut morgan aaru wongro swolposthayi dharabahik "spaceh uporot aaru taar bahirot" ror keibatau ullekh aase, jibur "millennium" too jugdan korar purbe baatil koraa hoisil. playing cardxomuhot puwa "kunu doyar aaxa nokoribo" xobdotu xei sringkholar mulmontro 'aamerika juktorastror xamudrik bahinir scowadron ", aanhate byobohrito byoktigoto cardbur-jek owo speads, king owo clubs aaru quin owo heartse-byoktigoto marinxokole byobohar koraa koll sinhobur protipholito kore.
xomprosar aaru obhyorthona.
"dyo thinn huwait line" prothombaror baabe fox networkot 1997 sonor 14 februaryt xomprosar koraa hoisil. ei khondotuwe iyar mool xomprosaror xomoyot 6.8 ror nilchen rating laabh korisil, orthat aamerika juktorastror poriyalxomuhe ei khondotu dekhisil. ee 6.6 nijut poriyalok protinidhitwo korisil, aaru khondotu xei xoptahot dwitiyo xorbadhik suwa xomprosarito ongxo hisape rakhisil.
khondotuwe xomalusokxokolor poraa itibasok xomaluchona laabh korisil. "e.bhi. clubber emili venderwarfe ei khondotuk e-rating disil, aaru bisari paisil je ee sringkholatuk "oporiharzobhabe odbhut hoh" boloi bhoyhin "buli dekhuwaisil. venderwarfe onubhob korisil je "paatol bogaa rekha" ye frank blackor soritrot rohosyobador upadan aaru otiprakritor proborton korisil, ji "dwitiyo sijonot morgan aaru wongye pray xamonjosyo raakhi, prothom sijonor odhik bastobik kendrobindur xoite xamonjosyo raakhi, odbhut dixtu prokax korisil. di. bhi. di. tokor baabe likha bill jibrone ei khondotuk 5ror bhitorot 4.5 rating disil, iyak 1991 sonor solositro "dyo silence owo dyo lambs" ror xoite tulona korisil. jibrone ullekh korisil je "ek naari suranto obhinoy aaru ek xomapti drishyor xoite jaar oti niyontritobhabe jothesto probhab aase, ee ek utkristo kisti". robert swiyarmen aaru lars parsone teulukor grontho "wanning tu biswaxoh e critical guide tu dyo ex-files, millennium endo dyo olun gunman" too "thinn huwait line" koo pasor bhitorot paas tarkar rating disil, ullekh kori je "ee kromik kilor formetoloi ghuri ohaa, kintu iyat thokar dore udyomore aagote ketiyau koraa huwa nasil. swiyarmene ei khondotuk "dyo silence owo dyo lambs" aaru solositro porisalok coventin tarantinur kaam duyutare xoite tulona korisil aaru onubhob korisil je koo 'laa aaru hanxor maajor xudha-puchar drishyotu "hoyotu gutei sijonor ekmatro shrestho drishyo" aasil.
cinematugrapher robert meklasolane "dyo thinn huwait line" too koraa kaamor baabe niyomiya dharabahikot cinematugraphyr utkristo krititwor shrenit aamerikan cho "saiti owo cinematographers botar monunoyon laabh korisil. 3yoy rok from dyo chaan" khondor "dick streetor duswopno" ror baabe mark res "bhoskir haatot moklasolan porasto hoisil. | patla saadaa rekha (sahasrabda)
"dya thean hoait line' holl american crime-thriller television sirij 'millennium'-err prothom morshumer chaturdash porbo. etty fox networke 14ee february, 1997-ayee premiere hoyechilo. porboti glena morgan ebong james ong likhechen ebong thomas jeey dwara porichalito hoyechilo. thhik achhe. "dya thean hoait line"-ayee atithi choritre abhinoy korechen jeremi roberts ebong scott heindle.
jokhon hotyar ekti dhara bortomane kararuddho ekjon byaktir protidhoni boley money hoy, sahasrabder doler poramorshodata franc blacke (luns henricksen) aboshyoi taar atiter bhuter mukhomukhi hotey hobey ebong emon ekjon khunir mukhomukhi hotey hobey jey pray eka torun krishnanger jeebon niyechilo.
"" "dya thean hoait line" "asol khuni harbert mullin, laurence bittekar ebong roy noriser kachh theke anuprerana niyechilo ebong etey morgan ebong ong-err ager sirijer besh koyekti ullekh royeche. porboti prathomik somprochare pray 6.6 million poribar dekhechilo ebong somalochokder kachh theke itibachak porjalochona peyeche.
plot.
ayana rothenberg taar samoner dorjai kadaa nadche. jokhon seey sekhane apekkha koraa loktir saathe kotha boley, tokhon seey sampurna onno kichhu shunte paay; seey biswas korey jey seey taake hotya korar jonno sammati dichche, seey taake akraman korey.
sahasrabder doler poramorshodata franc black (luns henricksen) taar stree cathryn (megan gallagher) keey nitey ekti sittle hospitale zaan, jini sekhane poramorshodata hisabe kaaj corren. paramedicra rothenbergke stretchere korey niye aase. kaalo taar haater talu judey ekti adbhuto kaata lakkhya korey ebong taar nijer dike takay, jaar upor mohilar kaata dager saathe thhik mill royeche. rothenberg tokhon taar aghater karone maaraa yaay.
rothenberg somporke tothyer jonno kaalo jogajoger jonno pulish bibhager goenda bobb bletcher (bill smitrovic). taar swami jokhon barite aase tokhon taake khunje paay, eyi dhorey niye jey seey ekjon chorke abak koreche. onno kothao, taar akramankari ekti moder dokane keranike gully korey, abar bhuktobhogike hotyar anumati ditey shune. kaalo ebong bletcher aporadher nirapatta camera footage porjalochona korey, jaar foley taaraa ghotonasthole ardhek card-jack off spades-abishkar korey. rothenberger barite tallashi chalano hoy ebong bucky ardhek sekhane pawa yaay.
black bletcherke richarda allan hans (jeremi roberts) somporke boley, ekjon syrial killer black kudi bochor agey greptar korte sahajyo korechilo. hans chhilen vietnamer ekjon ashanta juddho obhiggo, jini taanr kilke ardhek card diye chinnito korechilen, jaa tini taanr dayitto paloner somoy grohon korechilen. black chhilen federal bureau off investigation agentder modhye ekjon, jaaraa ekti benami tiper jobab diyechilo, jaa taader hanser abosthaner dike niye yaay-tobey, tipti huns nijei dekechilen ebong abhijanti ekti otorkito akromone porinoto hoyechilo. tinjan agentke hotya koraa hoy, ebong kaloke kunj dwara konthasa koraa hoy, jaaraa taar haater talu ketey deyo ebong torun kaalo taake porasto korte ebong greptar korte sokkhom howar agei kaloder pray jeebon niye neyo.
bortomane, kaalo bujhte paare jey bortoman khuni aboshyoi hunser praktan selmet jacob tiler (scott heindall) hotey hobey. kalora jele henser saathe dekha korey ebong henser saathe kotha bolar porey bujhte paare jey tiler nijei henser punorjonmoke biswas korey, taar poddhotiguli thhik anusaran korte chaay. edike, tiler policeke phone korey ebong ekti benami tipa rekhe yaay, taader boley jey moder dokaner khuni ekti porityokto bhobone lukiye achhe. kaalo ekti soat doler saathe bhabanti ghire rakhe, kintu kormokortara rastar opare ekti nirman sthan theke sniper gulir shicker hoy. kaalo ebong bletcher alada hoye yaay jokhon taaraa tilerke khunjche, jey kaalo ronger drop paay. kaalo tilerke nirostro korey, taake atmosomorpon korar kotha bolar chesta korey. tiler kaalo dike ekti handgun khaali korey, kintu miss korey; jokhon bletcher taar mukhomukhi hoy, tokhon tiler bandukti nirdesh korey ebong bletcher sahojatobhabe taake gully korey hotya korey.
utpadon.
"dya thean hoait line" lekha hoyeche ghono ghono sahojogi glena morgan ebong james ong dwara ebong porichalona korechen thomas jeey. thhik achhe. "" "deeda laters" "ebong" "522666" "-err porr" "dya thean hoait line" "chhilo morgan ebong ong rachito sirijer tritiya porbo. eyi jutee sirijer arow baroti porbo rachona korbe ebong soho-nirbahi projojok hisabe dwitiya morshumer dayitto nebe. raita tinti morshume chhabbishti porbo porichalona korte cholechen ebong "millennium", taar boone shoe "dya eksa-files"-err saathe sirijer crossover porbotio porichalona korechen. err agey tini morgan ebong ong-err sange taader sirijeo kaaj korechilen.
jacob tiler ebong richarda allen hunser choritrogulir modhye somporko laurence bittekar ebong roy noriser upor vitti korey boley money hoy, dui aporadhi jaader karagare thaka somoy eksathe ekti angshidaritter vitti toiri korechilo jaa taader 1979 saale besh koyekjon juboti mohilake nirjaton oo hotya korte dekhechilo. tiler bhuktobhogider hotyar jonno sommoto howar bibhrantikar drishtibhongi poschim german syrial killer waldemer sjosepinskyr theke udbhuto hotey paare, jini taar shikarder taader darjar bell bajanor protikriyar vittite beche niyechilen-jaaraa uttor diyechilen jey tini money korechilen jey tini taader hotya korar anumati diyechen ebong taader baadi churi korechen; jaaraa taa koreni taader cable ekaa chhede deoa hoyechilo. choritroti american syrial killer harbert muliner kachh thekeo anuprerana peyeche, jini ekibhabe onubhob korechilen jey taar shikarra taake taader hotya korar anumati diyeche. mullin daabi korechilen jey taader shesh shabdaguli prayashai "aami bujhte paari".
scott heindall, jini jacob tiler choritre abhinoy korechilen, porey dwitiya morshumer porbo "ekti room uith noo view" ebong tritiya morshumer porbo "antipus"-ayee ekti samparkahin bhumikai firey asen. eyi porbe morgan ebong ong-err swalpasthayi sirij "space up anned beyond"-err besh koyekti ullekh royeche, jaa eyi jutee "millennium"-ayee jogdaner agey batil koraa hoyechilo. playing carde pawa "konao dayaa aasha korben naa" bakyangshoti seii sirijer mulmantra 'markin juktorashtrer merrin corps squadron, jekhane byabohrito prithak cardguli-jack off spades, clubgulir raja ebong hridayer runny-prithak merinder dwara byabohrito qala chinnogulike protifolito korey.
samprachar ebong abhyarthana.
"dya thean hoait line" prothom fox networke 14ee february, 1997-ayee somprocharito hoyechilo. porboti taar mool somprocharer somoy 6.8-err nilsen retting orjon korechilo, jaar ortho markin juktorashtrer poribarguli porboti dekhechilo. etty 6 kotee 60 lokkho poribarer protinidhitto korey ebong seii saptahe somprocharito dwitiya sorbadhik dekha porboti rekhe yaay.
porboti somalochokder kachh theke itibachak porjalochona peyechilo. "ayee.vee. club "emily vanderworf porbotike ekti ayee-retting diyechen, etty dekhechen jey etty sirijtike" aprayojaniyabhabe adbhuto hotey bhoy paay naa ". vanderworf onubhob korechilen jey "patla saadaa rekha" rahasyabader upadan ebong frank blacker choritrer atiprakrito boisister proborton korechilo, jaa "prothom morshumer arow bastobsommoto fokaser saathe motamuti samanjasya rekhe dwitiya morshume morgan ebong ongke adbhuto diknirdeshna deyo. bill jibron, dvd toker jonno lekhen, porbotike 5-err modhye 4.5 retting deena, etike 1991 saaler cholochchitro "dya silence off dya lambs"-err saathe tulna corren. jibron ullekh korechen jey "ekti durdanto chudanta abhinoy ebong ekti samapti drishyer saathe jaa khub songjoto poddhotite prachur prabhab feley, etty ekti durdanto kisti". robbert shearman ebong lears pierson, taader boi 'biswas korte chaih eksa-file, millennium ebong ekaki bondukdharider ekti samalochanamulak guide'-ayee, "patla saadaa rekha" keey pancher modhye panch taaraa retting diyechen, ullekh korechen jey "etty syrial killer binnase firey assa, tobey etty ekhane jotota utsaho chhilo totota err agey kokhono koraa hoyney. shearman eyi porbotike "dya silence off dya lambs" ebong cholochchitro porichalok quentin tarantinor kaajer saathe tulna korechen ebong onubhob korechen jey kaalo ebong hariner modhye jigyasabader drishyoti "sombhoboto puro morsumer ekok sera drishya".
dya thean hoait line"-err jonno niyamita ekti sirije cholochchitro porichalonai asamanno krititto bibhage cinematographerder ekti american society puroskarer mononoyon peyechen chitrograhok robbert mclachlan. ম্যাকলাচলান। rock from dya shaan" porber "dick streete duhshopner" jonno marqa reshovskyr kachhe herey zaan mclachlan.
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paatali safed rekhaa (sahastraabdi)
"dhaa thean white line' aee american crime-thriller television shrenee 'millennium' nee pratham seasonno chaudamo episode chhe. tenu premiere 14 februari, 1997naa roj foakes network parr thayu hatoo. aaa episode glain morgan aneey james wong dwara lakhvaamaa aavyo hato aneey thomas jeey dwara nirdeshit hato. barabar. "dhaa thean white line" maan jeremi rooberts aneey sqota heindall dwara maheman dekhaav darshavvama aavyo hato.
jyaare hatyaano silsilo haalmaa jailma qeda aek maanasnee hatyaano padgho paadato hoya tevu laage chhe, tyaare sahastraabdinaa jooth salaahkaar frank black (lensa henrickson) aee tenaa bhutkaalnaa bhutno saamno karvo padashe aneey aek khoonino saamno karvo padashe jene lagbhag aek yuvan ashvetno jeev leedho hato.
"paatali safed rekhaa" "vaastavik hatyarao herbert mullin, laurence bittekar aneey roya norris pasethi prernaa leey chhe, aneey temaa morgan aneey vongnee agaauni shreneena ghanaa sandarbho chhe". aaa episodene tenaa praarambhik prasaranma aashre 6.6 laakh gharo dwara jovama aavyo hato aneey vivechako tarafthi tene hakaaraatmak sameekshao malee chhe.
plooat.
aenee rothenberg tenaa aagalnaa darvaja parr khakhdavvano javaab aape chhe. jyaare teey tyaan raah joee rahela maanas saathe vaat karey chhe, tyaare teey kaneek beeju jaj saambhale chhe; teey maaneene keey teey tenee hatyaa karvaanee sammatee aapee rahee chhe, teey tenaa parr humalo karey chhe.
millennium group consultant frank black (lensa henrickson) tenee patnee katherine (megan galaghar) neey levaa maate aek seatle hospitalni mulakat leey chhe, jeey tyaan councellor tareeke kaama karey chhe. rothenbergne paramedics dwara stretcher parr lavvama aave chhe. kaado rung tenee hathelee parr aek vichitra katnee nondh leey chhe, aneey tenee potaani taraf neeche juae chhe, jemaa mahilaanaa qata saathe mela khaato daagh chhe. rothenberg pachhi tenee ijaothi mrutyu paame chhe.
rothenberg visheni maahitee maate kaalaa samparko police vibhagna detective boob blatcher (bill smitrovic) neey odakhe chhe. jyaare tenee ghare aavee tyaare teneena pateeae teneene shodhee kaadhee hatee, aema dhaarine keey teneeae aek chorne aashcharyachakit curry deedho hato. anyatra, teneena humalaakhore daaruni dukaanmaa kaarkunne golee maaree, fareethi piditaane maaree nakhvani parvangi aaptaa sambhalya. black anned blatcher gunaana suraksha camerana footageni samiksha karey chhe, jeey temne ghatnaa sthale adadhu card-jeeka off spads-shodhvaa taraf doree jaay chhe. rothenbergna gharnee shodh karvaamaa aave chhe aneey baakino adadho bhaag tyaan malee aave chhe.
black blatcherne richard aelan hens (jeremi rooberts) vishe janaave chhe, jeey aek cereal killer black hato jene vees varsh pahelaa tene pakadvama madad curry hatee. hens viyetnaamnaa aek ashant yuddhnaa anoobhavi hataa, jemane temnee hatyaaone adadhi cardthi chinhit curry hatee, jeey rivaaj temane temnaa farajnaa pravaas darmiyan apnaavyo hato. black sankhyaabandh federal beuro off investigation agentomano aek hato, jemane anaami teepno javaab aapyo hato, jeey temne hensnaa sthaan taraf doree gayo hato-jooe keey, teepne pote hens dwara bolavvama aavee hatee aneey daroda ghaataki humalo bunny gayo hato. trana agento maarya gayaa hataa, aneey ashvetne handun dwara gheree levaamaa aavyo hato, jemane tenee hathelee kaapee naakhi hatee aneey yuvan ashwet tene haraavi shakvaa aneey dharapkad karvaamaa saksham thaay teey pahelaa lagbhag ashvetno jeev leedho hato.
haalmaa, blackne khabar padey chhe keey vartmaan khooni hensano bhutpurv selmet jacob taylor (sqota handle) hovo joiae. kaalaao jailma hensnee mulakat leey chhe, aneey hens saathe vaat karyaa pachhi, tene khabar padey chhe keey taylor potaane hensnaa punarjanmaa maane chhe, tenee paddhatione barabar anusarvani aakanksha raakhe chhe. darmiyan, tylor policene bolaave chhe aneey aek anaami tiip chhodi deey chhe, temne kahe chhe keey daaruni dukaanno khooni aek tyajee devaayelee imaaratmaa chhupayelo chhe. black aek swaat team saathe buildingne gheree leey chhe, parantu adheekario shereeni aajubajuna bandhkam sthal parthee sniper golibaar hethal aave chhe. kaalaa aneey blatcher alag padey chhe kaaran keey teo tilerni shodh karey chhe, jene kaalaa rung parr teepu maley chhe. kaalaa tilerne nihshastra karey chhe, tene aatmasamarpan karvaa maate vaat karvaano prayaas karey chhe. tylor kaalaa rangnee handgun khaalee karey chhe, parantu chooki jaay chhe; jyaare blatcher teno saamno karey chhe, tyaare taylor bandook taraf nirdesh karey chhe aneey blatcher sahaj bhaave tene golee maareene maaree naakhe chhe.
utpaadan.
"dhaa thean white line" vaaramvaar sahyogeeo glain morgan aneey james wong dwara lakhvaamaa aavee hatee, aneey thomas jeey dwara nirdeshit karvaamaa aavee hatee. barabar. "" "dhaa thean white line" "aee shreneeno trijo episode hato jeey" "deeda latters" "aneey" "522666" "pachhi morgan aneey wong dwara lakhvaamaa aavyo hato". aaa jodee shreneena runn darmiyan vadhu baar episode lakhshe, aneey saha-kaarykaari nirmatao tareeke beejee seasonno havaalo sambhaalshe. raita traney seasonma 26 episodenu nirdeshan karashe, aneey "millennium" noon nirdeshan pann karashe, jeey shreneeno crossover episode tenaa bahen shho "dhaa ex-files" saathe chhe. temane agau morgan aneey wong saathe temnee shreneema pann kaama karyoo hatoo.
jacob taylor aneey richard elen hensnaa paatro vachchena sambandho laurence bittekar aneey roya norris parr aadharit hovaanu janaay chhe, beey gunegaaro jemnaa jailma rahela samay saathe maleene bhagidarino aadhaar banyo hato jene temne 1979 maan ghanee yuvan streeone traas aaptaa aneey maaree nakhta joyaa hataa. tailornaa hatyaa karvaanee sammatee aaptaa tenaa piditonaa bhramana pashchim german shrenibaddh khooni waldemer zazepinskymathi udbhavi shake chhe, jemane temnaa piditone temnaa darvajani ghantadi vagadvana javabma temnaa javabna aadhare pasand karyaa hataa-jemane javaab aapyo keey temane temnee hatyaa karvaanee parvangi aapee chhe aneey temnaa gharomaa choree thaee chhe; jeo ekalaa chhodi gayaa naa hataa. aaa paatra american cereal killer herbert mullin pasethi pann prernaa leey chhe, jene aee jaj reete laagyu keey tenaa piditoae tene maaree nakhvani parvangi aapee hatee. muleene daavo karyo hato keey temnaa chhella shabdo ghanivaar "huun samjee shakoo chhu" hataa.
jacob tailorni bhoomika bhajavnar sqota handle paachhalthi beejee seasonna episode "aee room with noow vyoo" aneey triji seasonna episode "antipas" maan asambandhit bhoomikama paachha faryaa hataa. aaa episodema morgan aneey vongnee tunkee shrenee "spaceh upar aneey tenaathi aagad" naa ghanaa sandarbho chhe, jeey jodee "millennium" maan jodaay teey pahelaa rada karvaamaa aavee hatee. cards parr jovaa malatu shabdsamuh "koee dayaani apeksha naa raakho" aee teey shreneenu sootra chhe 'united states marine corps squadran, jyaare upyogmaa levaata vyaktigat cards-jeeka off spads, king off club aneey kween off harts-vyaktigat marine dwara upyogmaa levaata coll sanketone pratibimbit karey chhe.
prasaaran aneey swaagat.
"dhaa thean white line" noon pratham prasaaran 14 februari, 1997naa roj foakes network parr karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. aaa episodene tenaa mool prasaaran darmiyan 6.8 nee nielson rating malyun hatoo, jeno arth aee thayo keey united statesma gharoae aaa episode joyo hato. aaa 6.6 laakh gharonu pratinidhitva karey chhe, aneey teey episodene teey athvaadiye sitter-beeja sauthee vadhu jovaayel prasaaran chhodi didhu.
aaa episodene vivechako tarafthi hakaaraatmak sameekshao malee hatee. "aee.vee. klabnaa emili wenderworfe aaa episodene aee-rating aapyu hatoo, jemaa jaanvaa malyun hatoo keey teey shreneene "biin-khedjanak reete vichitra hovaanu" darshaavati hatee. wenderworfne laagyu keey "paatali safed rekhaa" aee rahasyavaadnaa tatvo aneey frank blacknaa paatra maate alaukik rajoo karyaa, jeey "vichitra disha morgan aneey vongne beejee seasonma shho leedho, jyaare haju pann pratham seasonna vadhu vaastavik dhyaan saathe lagbhag susangat chhe". bill jibrone, dvd toqa maate lakhata, episodene 5 maanthi 4.5 noon mulyankan karyoo, tenee sarkhaamani 1991 nee film "dhaa cylance off dhaa lambs" saathe curry. jibrone nondhyu hatoo keey "aek taaraakiy anteem abhinay aneey aek samaapan drashya saathe jeey khoob jaj sanyameet reete khoob jaj assar karey chhe, aaa aek uttam hapto chhe". roobert shearman aneey lars pierson, temnaa pustak "vishvaas karvaanee ichchhah ex-failo, millennium aneey ekmatra bandukdhario maateni aek nirnayak margdarshika" maan, "paatali safed rekhaa" neey panchmathi paanch taarao aapyaa hataa, nondhyu hatoo keey "teey cereal killer formatemaa paachha faryaa chhe, parantu teey aheen jetalu utsaah saathe pahelaa kyaarey karvaamaa aavyu nathee". shearmene aaa episodeni sarkhaamani "dhaa cylance off dhaa lamb" aneey film nirdeshak quintin terrentinona kaaryo saathe curry hatee aneey anoobhavyu hatoo keey black aneey hens vachchenu puchhparachhnu drashya "kadaach samagr seasonnu ekmatra shreshth drashya" hatoo.
cinematographer roobert mcclatchlanne "dhaa thean white line" parnaa temnaa kaama maate niyameet shreneema cinematography utkrusht seeddhi shreneema american sosayati off cinematographers award namankan malyun hatoo. dick street parr" "suryamathi trijo khadak" episode "maate marqa reshovsky saame mclachlan haaree gayo hato". |
patali safed rekha (sahasrabdi)
"dha thinn white line' americi aparaadh-thriller television shrinkhala 'millennium' key pahale season kaa chaudahavaan episode haye. iska premiere 14 farwari, 1997 koo fox network parr huaa thaa. iss episode koo glain morgan aur james wong ney likhaa thaa aur thomas jey dwara nirdeshit kiya gayaa thaa. thheek haye. "patali safed rekha" mein jeremi roberts aur scott handle dwara atithi upasthiti dikhaai gaee.
jaba hatyaon kii ack shrinkhala vartamaan mein kaid ack vyakti kii pratidhvani prateet hoti haye, tou sahasrabdi samooh salaahkaar frank black (lens henrickson) koo apane ateet key bhoot kaa saamana karna chaahiye aur ack hatyare kaa saamana karna chaahiye jisane lagbhag ack yuva ashwet kii zaan leey lii thee.
"patali safed rekha" "vaastavik hatyaron herbert mulin, laurence bittekar aur roy norris seey prerana letee haye, aur isamen morgan aur wong kii pichhali shrinkhala key kaee sandarbh hain. iss prakaran koo isake praarambhik prasaran mein lagbhag 6.6 laakh gharon dwara dekhaa gayaa thaa aur alochakon seey sakaratmak sameeksha praapt hui haye.
plot.
annie rothenberg ney apane saamane key darwaaje parr dastak dee. jaba vaha vahaan prateeksha curr rahey aadami seey baat karati haye, tou vaha poori tarah seey kuchh aur sunata haye; yeh maanate hue kii vaha usaki hatyaa karane kii sahamati dey rahee haye, vaha usa parr hamla kartaa haye.
sahasrabdi samooh salaahkaar frank black (lens henrickson) apani patni catherine (megan gallagher) koo lene key liye ack seatle aspatal jaataa haye, joe vahaan ack salaahkaar key roop mein kaam karati haye. rothenberg koo paramedics dwara ack stretcher parr laaya jaataa haye. kaalaa usaki hatheli parr ack ajib see kataav koo dekhta haye, aur usaki apani taraf dekhta haye, jisamen mahila key cutt key barabar ack nishan hotaa haye. rothenberg taba apani choton seey marr jaati haye.
rothenberg parr jaankaari key liye kaale sampark pulis vibhaag key jasus bobb bletcher (bill smitrovic) koo maarte hain. usake pati ney usey ghar aaney parr paaya, yeh maanate hue kii usane ack chor koo aashcharyachakit curr diyaa thaa. kaheen aur, uska hamlawar ack sharaab kii dukaan mein clerk koo goli maar detaa haye, phir seey peedit koo maarne kii anumati dete hue sunata haye. black aind bletcher aparaadh key suraksha cameray key footage kii sameeksha karate hain, jisase unhein ghatnasthal parr aadhe card-jack off speds-kii khoj hoti haye. rothenberg key ghar kii talashi lii jaati haye aur baaki aadhaa vahaan paaya jaataa haye.
black bletcher koo richard alaan hans (jeremi roberts) key baare mein bataata haye, ack serial killer black ney bees saal pahale pakadane mein madad kii thee. huns ack ashant viyatnam yuddh key anubhavi they jinhone apane kill koo aadhe card key saath chihnit kiya, ack pratha jise unhone apane kartavya key dauron key dauran uthaaya thaa. black kaee sanghiya jaanch agents key beuro mein seey ack thaa, jinhone ack anaam tip kaa jawab diyaa, jisase way huns key sthaan parr chaley gaye-haalaanki, tip koo khud huns dwara bulaaya gayaa aur chhaapa ack ghaat bunn gayaa. teen agent maare gaye, aur kaale koo murga ney gher liya, jinhone usaki hatheli kaat dee aur lagbhag kaale logon kii zaan leey lii, isase pahale kii yuva kaalaa usey paraast karane aur giraftar karane mein saksham hoe gayaa.
vartamaan mein, kaale koo ehsas hotaa haye kii vartamaan hatyara huns kaa poorv selmet jacob tiler (scott handle) honah chaahiye. kaale jail mein huns kaa daura karate hain, aur huns seey baat karane parr, mahsoos karate hain kii tiler khud koo huns key punarjanm mein vishvaas kartaa haye, joe thheek apane tarikon kaa paalan karane kii akanksha rakhta haye. iss beach, tiler pulis koo phone kartaa haye aur ack gumnam tip chhodata haye, unhein bataata haye kii sharaab kii dukaan kaa hatyara ack parityakt imarat mein chhipa huaa haye. kaale ack dall key saath imarat koo gherate hain, lekin adhikaari sadak key paar ack nirmaan sthal seey sniper fayer key tahat aatey hain. black aur bletcher alag hoe jaate hain kyonki way tiler kii khoj karate hain, jise black parr drop milata haye. kaale hathiyar vaalaa tiler, usey aatmasamarpan karane key liye baat karane kaa prayaas curr rhaa haye. tiler kaale rung kii ack bandook koo khaali curr detaa haye, lekin chook jaataa haye; jaba bletcher uska saamana kartaa haye, tou tylor bandook koo ingit kartaa haye aur bletcher sahaj roop seey usey goli maar detaa haye aur maar detaa haye.
utpaadan.
"dha thinn white line" koo aksar sahyogiyon glain morgan aur james wong dwara likhaa gayaa thaa, aur thomas jey dwara nirdeshit kiya gayaa thaa. thheek haye. "dha thinn white line" "shrinkhala kaa teesara episode thaa jise" "dade latters" "aur" "522666" "key baad morgan aur wong dwara likhaa gayaa thaa. donon shrinkhala key aage key baarah episode likhenge, aur saha-karyakari nirmaataon key roop mein dusare season kaa prabhaar sambhaalenge. raait teenon season mein chhavis episode kaa nirdeshan karega, aur apani bahan show 'dha aiks-files' key saath shrinkhala key crossover episode 'millennium' kaa bhee nirdeshan karega. unhone pahale morgan aur wong key saath unaki shrinkhala mein bhee kaam kiya thaa.
jacob tiler aur richard ellen hains key paatron key beach sambandh laurence bittekar aur roy norris key charitron parr adharit prateet hotaa haye, dou doshiyon key saath jail mein rahane key samay ney ack saajhedaari kaa aadhar banaaya jisamen unhein 1979 mein kaee yuva mahilaaon koo prataadit karate aur maarte hue dekhaa gayaa thaa. tiler key peediton key bhrampurna darshan joe hatyaa kii sahamati dene key liye paschim german serial killer waldemar zzpinsky seey utpann hoe sakate hain, jinhone apane peediton koo unake jawab key aadhar parr chunaa, joe jawab dete they kii unhone unhein maarne kii anumati dee thee aur unake gharon mein chori kii thee; joe loga akele naheen reh gaye they. yeh charitra americi serial killer herbert mulin seey bhee prerana letaa haye, jinhone isi tarah mahsoos kiya kii unake peediton ney unhein maarne kii anumati dee thee. mulin ney daavaa kiya kii unake antim shabd aksar "main samajhata huun" they.
scott handle, jinhone jacob tylor kaa chitran kiya, baad mein dusare season key episode "binaa kissy drishya key ack kamare" aur teesare season key episode "antipass" mein ack asambandhit bhoomika mein lautenge. iss prakaran mein morgan aur wong kii alpakaalik shrinkhala "spesah oopar aur usase aage" key kaee sandarbh hain, joe jodee key "sahasrabdi" mein shamil honey seey pahale radd curr dee gaee thee. card parr paaya jaane vaalaa vakyansh "koee dayaa kii ummeed naa karein" usa shrinkhala kaa aadarsh vaakya haye 'united states marine corps squadron, jabaki upayog kiye jaane vaale vyaktigat card-jack off speds, king off club aur queen off harts-vyaktigat marine dwara upayog kiye jaane vaale coll sanketon koo pratibimbit karate hain.
prasaran aur swaagat.
"dha thinn white line" pahali baar 14 farwari, 1997 koo fox network parr prasaarit kiya gayaa thaa. episode ney apane mool prasaran key dauran 6.8 kii nielson rating arjit kii, jiska arth haye kii sanyukt raajya america mein gharon ney episode koo dekhaa. yeh 6.6 laakh gharon kaa pratinidhitva kartaa thaa, aur usa saptah prasaarit honey vaale satra koo sattar-dusare sabse adhik dekhaa jaane vaalaa episode chhod diyaa.
episode koo alochakon seey sakaratmak sameeksha millie. "aeye.vee. club "emily wanderworf ney episode koo ack-mulyankan kiya, yeh paate hue kii yeh shrinkhala" aprasangik roop seey ajib honey key liye nidder "thee. wanderworf ney mahsoos kiya kii "patali safed rekha" ney rahasyavaad key tatvon aur spasht kaale key charitra key liye alaukik koo pesh kiya, joe "bejod disha morgan aur wong koo season dou mein show mein leey gayaa, jabaki abhee bhee pahale season key adhik yathaarthvaadi dhyaan key saath lagbhag susangat rhaa. bill jibron ney dee. vee. dee. vaarta key liye likhate hue, prakaran koo 5 mein seey 4.5 kaa mulyankan kiya, isaki tulanaa 1991 kii film "dha silence off dha lambs" seey kii. gibron ney nott kiya kii "ack shandar antim abhinay aur ack samaapan drishya key saath jiska bahut hii sanyamit tareeke seey bahut prabhaav padata haye, yeh ack utkrisht kist haye. robbert shearman aur lars nashpati, apani pustak "vishvaas karna chaahte hainh aiks-files, millennium aur akele bandukdhariyon key liye ack mahatvapurna guide" mein, paanch mein seey paanch sitaaron koo "patali safed rekha" kaa mulyankan karate hue, yeh dekhate hue kii "yeh serial killer praarup mein vaapsee haye, lekin yeh pahale kabhi bhee utani utsaah key saath naheen kiya gayaa jitna yahaan thaa. shearman ney iss prakaran kii tulanaa "dha silence off dha lambs" aur film nirdeshak quentin tarantino key karyon seey kii, aur mahsoos kiya kii kaale aur huns key beach poochtaachh kaa drishya "shayed poore season mein sabse achchha drishya" thaa.
cinematographer robbert mcclatchlan koo "dha thinn white line" parr unake kaam key liye ack niyamit shrinkhala mein cinematography mein utkrisht upalabdhi shreni mein cinematographers key americi samaaj puraskar namankan praapt huaa. soorya seey teesari chattan" episode key liye maark reshowski seey mclachlan haar gaye.
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teluvaada bili rekhe (sahasramaana)
"" "dhii thinn white line" "embudu american crime-thriller duradarshana sarani" "millennium" "naa modala season naa hadinalkane sanchikeyaagide". idu phebravari 14,1997 randu foxes networknalli prathama pradarshanagonditu. ee sanchikeyannu glen morgan mattu james wang barediddaare mattu thamus zhe nirdeshisiddare. surry. "dhii thinn white line" nalli jeremi roberts mattu scott heindle atithi patragalalli kanisikondaru.
prastuta jailinallidda vyaktiyobbana koleya saraniyu pratidhvanisuvante kanisidaga, sahasramaanada gumpina salahegaara fraank black (launs henriqueson) tanna hindina bhootavannu edurisabeku mattu kiriya kappu janara jivavannu tegedukonda kolegaaranannu edurisabeku.
"teluvaada bili rekheyu" "nijavaada kolegaararaada herbert mullin, laurence bitt taker mattu raay norris avarinda sphurti padedide mattu morgan mattu wang avara hindina saraniya halavaaru ullekhagalannu olagondide". ee sanchikeyannu adara arambhika prasaaradalli sumaru 6.6 dasalaksha kutumbagalu vikshisidavu mattu vimarshakarinda sakaaraatmaka vimarshegalannu padedive.
plat.
anni rothenberg tanna mumbhagada baagilannu tattuttaale. aake allie kayuttiruva vyaktiyondige maatanaaduvaaga, avanu sampoornavaagi bere enannaadaroo keluttaane; avalu koleyagalu tanna wappigeyannu niiduttiddaale endu nambi, avanu avala mele daali maaduttaane.
sahasramaanada gumpu salahegaara fraank black (launs henrixen) allie salahegararagi kelasa maaduva tanna patni catherine (megan gallaghar) avarannu karedoyyalu seatle aaspatrege bheti niiduttaare. rothenberg annu arevaidyaru stretchernalli karetaruttaare. kappu bannavu avala angaiyalli ondu vichitravaada kadiyuvikeyannu gamanisuttade, mattu avana svantada kadege noduttade, adhu mahileya kattarisida gayakke nikharavaagi hondikeyaguva gayavannu hondide. nantara rothenberg tanna gayagalinda saayuttaale.
rothenberg kurita maahitigaagi kappu samparkagalu seatle police ilaakheya pattedaari baab bletcher (bill smitrovic). aake kallanannu aashcharyagolisiddalu endu bhavisi, aakeya pathi manege bandaaga aakeyannu kandukondanu. berede, aakeya dalikoranu madyada angadiyalli gumastanannu gundikki kolluttaane, matte santrasteyu kollalu anumati niiduvudannu keluttaane. kappu mattu bletcher aparaadhada bhadrata camera tunukannu parishilisuttade, idu avaru ardha playing cord-jaak off spades-annu drashyadalli kanduhidiyalu kaaranavaaguttade. rothenbergn maneyannu shoodhisalaagiddu, ulida ardha bhagavu allie kandubaruttade.
kappu varnavu ippattu varshagala hinde serehidiyalu sahaaya maadida sarani kolegaararaada richard alan hannes (jeremi roberts) bagge bletcherge heluttade. hannes obba tondaregolagaada vietnam yuddhada anubhavi sainikanaagiddu, tanna kills annu ardha playing kaardininda gurutisidanu, ee paddhatiyannu avanu tanna kartavyada pravaasagala samayadalli tegedukondanu. black halavaaru federal beuro off investigation agentgalalli obbaraagiddaru, avaru anaamadheya sulivondakke pratikriyisidaru, idu avarannu hanson stalakke karedoyyitu-aadaagyoo, tip annu swatah hannes karedaru mattu daali honchudaaliyaayitu. moovaru agentarannu kollalaayitu, mattu kappu kudureyinda moolegumpaayitu, avaru avana angaiyannu kattarisidaru mattu yuva kappu avanannu vashapadisikollalu mattu bandhisalu saadhyavaaguva modalu kappu janara pranavannu tegedukondaru.
prastuta, prastuta kolegaaranu hanson maaji selmate jacob tailor (scott heindle) agirabeku endu kappu aritukolluttaane. kappu varneeyaru jailinalli hansgay bheti niiduttaare, mattu hyaansnondige matanadida nantara, tailor tanna vidhaanagalannu nikharavaagi anusarisalu bayasutta, tannannu taanu hanson punarjanmavendu nambuttaane endu aritukolluttaane. etanmadhye, tailor polisarige karey maadi, madyada angadia kolegaaranu parityakta kattadadalli adagiddaane endu heluttaa anaamadheya sulivannu biduttaane. kappu bannadavaru kattadavannu suttuvarediruva ondu tandadondige hoguttaare, aadare adhikaarigalu beediya addalaagi nirmaana sthaladinda sniper gundina daalige olagaaguttaare. kappu mattu blechargalu tailor annu hudukuvaaga pratyekavaguttave, avaru kappu bannada mele drop annu padeyuttaare. kappu tailor annu nirayudhagolisi, sharanaguvante maatanaadalu prayatnisuttaane. tailor kappu bannada kaibandookinondannu khaali maaduttaane, aadare tappisikolluttaane; bletcher avanannu edurisidaaga, tailor bandooku mattu bletcher annu sahajavagiye hodedu kolluttaane.
utpaadane.
"dhii thinn white line" annu aagaagge sahayogigalaada glen morgan mattu james wang barediddaare mattu thamus zhe. nirdeshisiddare. surry. "" "dead letters" "mattu" "522666" "nantara, morgan mattu wang bareda saraniya moorane sanchikeyaagide". ee jodiyu saraniya otada avadhiyalli innoo hanneradu kantugalannu bareyalu hoguttade mattu eradane season annu saha-karyanirvahaka nirmaapakaraagi vahisikolluttade. rait ellah mooru rtugalalli ippattaaru kantugalannu nirdeshisidaru, mattu "millennium" annu saha nirdeshisidaru, idu saraniya crossover episode adara sahodari show "dhii ex-files" nondige. avaru ee hinde morgan mattu wang avarondige avara saranialli kelasa maadiddaru.
jacob tailor mattu richard alen hannes patragala naduvina sambandhavu laurence bitt taker mattu raay norris avara patragalannu aadhariside endu toruttade, ibbaru aparaadhigalu jailinalliddaaga ottige 1979 ralli halavaaru yuvatiyarannu chitrahimse mattu kolluva paaludaarikeya aadhaaravannu roopisidaru. koleyagalu oppida tanna balipashugala bagegina tylerna bhramatmaka drashtikonagalu paschima germany sarani kolegaara waldemer sjepnskyinda udbhavisabahudu, avaru tamma bagilina gantegalannu molagisuva pratikriyeya aadhaarada mele tanna balipashugalannu ayke maadidaru-avaru uttarisidavaru kollalu tamma anumatiyannu niididdaare mattu avara manegalannu darode maadiddaare endu bhavisidaru; avaru ekangiyagi bidalilla. ee patravu american sarani kolegaara herbert mullinninda sphurti padedide, aata tanna balipashugalu tammannu kollalu anumati niididdaare endu bhavisidaru. avara koneya matugalu "nanage arthavaguttade" endu mullin heliddaare.
jacob tailor patravannu nirvahisida scott heindle, nantara eradane season sanchikeyalli "aa room vith noow vyoo" mattu moorane season sanchikeyalli "antipas" nalli sambandhavillada patradalli maralidaru. ee sanchikeyu morgan mattu wang avara alpavadhiya sarani "space ebound und biand" naa halavaaru ullekhagalannu olagondide, idu jodiyu "millennium" ge seruva modalu raddugondittu. kardgalalli kandubaruva "dayeyannu nirikshisabedi" emba padaguchchavu aaa saraniya dhyeyavaakyavaagide 'united states merine corps squadron, aadare balasida vaiyaktika kaardgalu-jack off spades, king off clubs mattu queen off harts-vaiyaktika naavikaru balasuva karey chihnegalannu pratibimbisuttave.
prasara mattu svaagata.
"dhii thinn white line" annu modala baarige foxes networknalli phebravari 14,1997 randu prasara maadalaayitu. ee sanchikeyu adara moola prasaarada samayadalli 6.8 rahra nielsen rating annu galisitu, andare united statesnallina kutumbagalu ee sanchikeyannu vikshisidavu. idu 6.6 laksha manegalannu pratinidhisitu mattu aaa vaaradalli athi hecchu vikshisida eppatteradane prasaarada sanchikeyaagi ulidukonditu.
ee prasangavu vimarshakarinda sakaaraatmaka vimarshegalannu padeyitu. "aa.vii. club emily wanderworf ee sanchikeyannu 'aa-' endu rait maadi, idu saraniyannu 'pashchattapapadada vichitravagalu hedarikeyilla' endu toriside endu kandukondaru. teluvaada bili rekheyu" frank black patrakke atindriya amshagalannu mattu aloukika amshagalannu parichayisitu endu wanderworf bhavisidaru, idu "vichitravaada nirdeshanavannu morgan mattu wang eradane seesannalli pradarshanavannu tegedukonditu, aadare modala season hecchu vaastavika gamanadondige sarisumaaru sthiravaagide". bill jibran, dvd takgagi bareyutta, sanchikege 5ralli 4.5 endu rait maadi, adannu 1991rahra chalanachitra "dhii silence off dhii lambs" ge holisidaru. ondu nakshatrika antima abhinaya mattu atyanta niyantrita reetiyalli hecchina parinaamavannu beeruva ondu muktaya drushyadondige, idu atyuttama kantu" endu jibran gamanisiddaane. robbert shearman mattu lars piyarsanravaru tamma pustaka "walking tuu beleave aa critical guide tuu dhii ex-files, millennium & dhii lonel gunman" nalli, "teluvaada bili rekheyannu" aidaralli aidu nakshatragalendu rait maadiddaare, idu sarani kolegaara svaroopakke maraluvantide, aadare idannu illiddashtu utsaahadinda hindendoo madalagilla "endu heliddaare. shearman ee prasangavannu "dhii silence off dhii lambs" mattu chalanachitra nirdeshaka quentin tarantino avara krutigalige holisidaru mattu kappu mattu kudure naduvina vichaarane drashyavu "bahushah idee rtuvinalli ekaika atyuttama drashya" endu bhavisidaru.
chayagrahaka robbert mcclacklan avaru "dhii thinn white line" kurita avara kelasakkagi niyamita saranialli chayagrahanadalli atyuttama sadhane vibhagadalli american society off chayagrahaka prashastige namanirdeshanagondaru. dick streetnalli 3 neey rock frum dhii sunn" sanchikeya "duhswapna" gaagi maark reshovskyge mcclacklan sotaru.
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nerttha velutha rekha (sahasraabdam)
"american crime-thriller television parambarayaaya" "millennium" "nte aadya seasonile pathinaalaamatthe episodaanu 'dhii nerttha vaitt line'". 1997 februvari 14nuu phoox netvarkkil ithu pradharshippichu. glen morgan jaims vongum chernnu ezhuthiya eee episode thomas jeey samvidaanam cheythu. sharee. "jeremi robertsinteyum scott heydalinteyum athidhi veshangal 'dhaa nerttha velutha line' avatharippichu.
nilavil thadavilaaya oru manushyante kolapathakangal prathidhwanikkunnathaayi thonnumbol, sahasraabda group kansalttant frank black (lans henrickson) thante bhoothakaalathinte prethatthe neridukayum oru cheruppakkaaranaaya karuthavante jeevan edutha oru kolayaliye abhimukeekarikkukayum venam.
"nerttha velutha rekha" "yadhaartha kolayalikalaaya herbert mulin, laurence bitkar, rooy norris ennivaril ninnu prachodanam ulkkollunnu, koodaathe morganteyum vonginteyum muun parambarayekkurichulla niravadhi paraamarshangal adangiyirikkunnu". episode athinte prarambha prakshepanatthil ekadesham 6.6 dasalaksham kudumbangal kaanukayum niroopakaril ninnu nalla avalokanangal nedukayum cheythu.
plott.
aan rothenberg avalude munvashathe vathilil muttunnu. avide kaathirikkunna aalodu aval samsaarikkumbol, avan poornnamaayum mattenthenkilum kelkkunnu; aval kolappeduthaan sammatham nalkunnuvennu vishwasichu avan avale akramikkunnu.
sahasraabda group kansalttant frank black (lans henrickson) oru kaunsilaraayi jolie cheiyunna bhaarya catherine (megan gallagar) yeei edukkaan oru siyaattil ashupatri sandarshikkunnu. rohtenberghine oru streturilaanu paramedicukal konduvarunnathu. karutha niram avalude kaippathikku kuruke oru vichitramaaya murivu shradhikkukayum, sthreeyude murivumaayi krithyamaayi poruthappedunna oru vadu vahikkunna thante swantham bhaagathekku thaazhekku nokkukayum cheiyunnu. rohtenberg pinneedu avalude parikkukal moolam marikkunnu.
rohtenberginekkurichulla vivarangalkkayi black kondaakttukal siyaattil police department detective bob bletcher (bill smitrovichu). oru moshtaavine aval athbhuthappeduthiyennu karuthi veettil athiyappol avalude bharthaav avale kandethi. mattevideyengilum, iraye kollan anumathi nalkunnathu kettu avalude akrami oru madyavilppanashaalayil vachu clarkine vedivaykkunnu. black aandu bletcher kuttakrithyatthinte suraksha camera drishyangal avalokanam cheiyunnu, ithu sambhavasthalathu pakuthi playing card-jacq oof spades-kandethunnathilekku nayikkunnu. rohanbarginte veettil thirachil nadathukayum backie pakuthi avide kandethukayum cheythu.
irupathu varsham munbu arast cheyyaan sahaayicha oru seeriyal killer black richard alaan hansine (jeremi roberts) kurichu black blecharode parayunnu. aswasthanaaya vietnaam yudhathil pankeduttha oru muthirnna sainikanaayirunnu hans, thante duty toorukalil addeham sweekaricha oru aachaaramaaya pakuthi play card upayogichu thante kolapathakangal adayaalappeduthi. anjjaathamaaya oru soochanayodu prathikaricha niravadhi federal beuro oof investigation ejantumaaril oraalaayirunnu black, avare haansinte sthalathekku nayichu-ennirunnaalum, tipp hans thanne vilikkukayum raid oru pathiyirunnu nadathukayum cheythu. moonnu ejantumaar kollappedukayum karuthavarggakkaarane kuntham valanju, avar avante kaippathi murichu karuthavargakkaarane keezhadakkaanum arast cheyyaanum kazhiyunnathinumumbu karuthavargakkaarante jeevan apaharikkukayum cheythu.
ippozhathe kolayali haansinte muun selmett jacob tailar (scott haindall) aayirikkanamenn black ippol manassilakkunnu. karuthavarggakkaar hansine jayilil sandarshikkukayum hansinode samsaarikkumbol, tailar haansinte punarjanmatthil vishwasikkunnuvennum addehathinte reethikal krithyamaayi pinthudaraan aagrahikkunnuvennum manassilakkunnu. athesamayam, madyavilppanashaalayile kolayali upekshikkappetta kettidatthil olichirikkukayaanennu paranju tailar poleesine vilichu oru anjjaatha nurung nalkunnu. kettidatthinu chuttum oru swaatt teaminoppam karuthavarggakkaarum undengilum theruvinu kuruke oru nirmmaana sthalathu ninnu udyogastharkku nere vediveppundaavunnu. karutha niratthil thullunna tailarinaayi thirayumbol karuppum bletcher verpiriyunnu. karuthavarggakkaar tailare niraayudharaayi nirthukayum avanodu keezhadangan sramikkukayum cheiyunnu. tailar oru kaithok karutha niratthil shoonyamaakkunnu, pakshe athu nashtappedunnu; bletcher avane abhimukeekarikkumbol, tailar thokkum bletcher swaabhaavikamaayi vedivachu kollunnu.
uthppaadanam.
"thomas jeey samvidaanam cheytha 'dhii nerttha velutha line' ezhuthiyathu pathivayi sahakarikkunna glen morgan jaims vongum chernnaanu. sharee. "" "dedd lettezhs" "," "522666" "ennivaykku sesham morgan vongum ezhuthiya parambarayude moonnaamathe episodaayirunnu" "dhii nerttha velutha line". " parambarayude oottathil iruvarum panthrand episodukal koodi ezhuthukayum randaam seasonile saha-executive nirmmaathaakkalaayi chumathalayelkkukayum cheyyum. moonnu seasonukaliludaneelam irupathiyaaru episodukal samvidaanam cheytha raitt, parambarayude crosswor episode aaya 'millennium' athinte sahodari shoyaya 'dhii ex-fayalukal' samvidaanam cheyyukayum cheythu. munbu morgan, wong ennivarodoppam avarude parambarayilum addeham pravarthichittundu.
jacob tailarinteyum richard aalan hansinteyum kathaapaathrangal thammilulla bandham laurence bitt takerinteyum rooy norisinteyum bandhathe adisthaanamaakkiyullathaane thonnunnu, rund prathikalum jayilil orumichu 1979 ll niravadhi yuvathikale peedippikkukayum kollukayum cheytha oru pankaalitthatthinte adisthaanam avar orumichu. kolappeduthaan sammathicha erakalekkurichulla tailarinte midhyaadhaaranakal padinjaaran jarmman seeriyal killer waldemer schepinskyil ninnu undaayekkaam, avar avarude vaathilkkal belladicha prathikaranatthinte adisthaanathil irakale thiranjedutthu-avarkk utharam nalkiyavar kollappedaan anumathi nalkiyathaayum avarude veedukal moshtichathaayum addeham karuthiyennum; angane cheyyaathavar veruthe vidappettavaraayirunnavum. thante irakal thangale kollan anumathi nalkiyathaayi thonniya american seeriyal killer herbert mullinilum eee kathaapaathram prachodanam ulkkollunnu. avarude avasana vaakkukal palappozhum "enikku manassilaakunnu" ennaanu mullin avakaashappettath.
jacob tailare avatharippicha scott haindall pinneedu randaam season episodil "kaazhchayillaattha oru murii", moonnaam season episode "antipas" ennivayil bandhamillaattha oru veshathil thirichetthi. eee episodil morganteyum vonginteyum hraswakaala parambarayaaya "space appoun aandu beond" nekkurichulla niravadhi paraamarshangal adangiyirikkunnu, avaa "millennium" ll cherunnathinu munbu raddaakkiyirunnu. kalikkunna kaardukalil kaanapedunna "daya prathekshikkaruth" enna vaachakam aaa parambarayude mudraavaakyamaanu 'yunaittad stetts maraine corps schwadron, athesamayam upayogicha vyakthigatha cardukal-jacq oof spades, klabbukalude rajaavu, hridayangalude raajnji-vyakthigatha naavikar upayogikkunna kooll chinnangale prathifalippikkunnu.
prakshepanavum sweekaranavum.
"dhii nerttha vaitt line" aadyamaayi phoox netvarkkil 1997 februvari 14 nuu prakshepanam cheyyappettu. episode athinte yadhaartha prakshepana samayat 6.8 enna neelson rating nedi, athaayath amerikkayile kudumbangal episode kandu. ithu 6.6 dasalaksham kudumbangale prathinidheekarikkukayum aaa aazhchayil ettavumadhikam aalukal kanda episode ezhupathirandaam sthaanathethukayum cheythu.
niroopakaril ninnu eee episodinu nalla prathikaranamaanu labhichathu. "eiii.vii. klabbinte emily wanderwerf episodinu oru-rating nalki, ithu parambaraye "shamaapanam koodaathe vichithramaanenn bhayappedaathe" kaanikkunnuvenn kandethi. nerttha velutha rekha" nigoodathayude gadakangalum frank black kathaapaathrathin amanushikathayum avatharippichu, ithu "aadya seasonile kooduthal yaadhaarthyabodhathodoppam ekadesham sthiratha pularthikkondu randaam seasonil morgan vongum shoye eduthathaayi munkootty kaanikkunnu". dvd tokkinaayi ezhuthunna bill gibron, episodinu 5 ll 4.5 rating nalki, 1991 leeii "dhii sailans oof dhii lambs" enna chithravumaayi thaarathamyam cheythu. oru nakshatra anthima prakadanavum valare niyantrithamaaya reethiyil valia swaadheenam cheluthunna oru samapana rangavum ullathinaal, ithu oru mikacha gaduvaanenn" jibron abhiprayappettu. roobert shiarman larse pierson avarude pusthakamaaya 'vishwasikkaan aagrahikkunnu ex-fayalukal, sahasraabdam, ottathavana thokkudhaarikal ennivayilekkulla oru nirnaayaka guide' enna pusthakatthil, nerttha velutha variye anchil anchu nakshathrangal rettucheythu, "ithu seeriyal killer formaattilekkulla thirichuvaravaanennu, pakshe ithu munborikkalum ivide undaayirunnathra uthsaahathode cheythitilla". shearman eee episode "dhaa sailans oof dhaa lambs", chalachithra samvidaayakan kventin taraantinoyude srishtikal ennivayumaayi thaarathamyam cheyyukayum black hans thammilulla chodyam cheyyal rangam "orupakshe muzhuvan seasonileyum ettavum mikacha rangam" aanennu karuthukayum cheythu.
dhaa thiin vaitt line" enna chithrathe aspadamaakki oru pathiv parambarayil mikacha chhaayaagrahanathinulla vibhaagathil american sosaitti oof chhaayaagraahakarkkulla award naamanirddesham chhaayaagraahakan roobert mcclachlan labhichu. sooryanil ninnulla moonnaamathe roock" episode "dick streettile pediswapnam" enna chithrathinaayi maarkk reshovskyode mcclachlan parajayappettu.
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patal pandhari resha (sahasrabdi)
"daad thean white line' haah american gunhegari-thararpat durchitravani malika 'millennium' chya pahilya hangamacha chaudavya bhag aahe. 14 februwari 1997 roji fox networkwar tyacha pratham pradarshan jhaala. haah bhag glain morgan aanee james wong yanni lihila hota aanee thomas jeey. yanni digdarshit keela hota. barobar. "daad thean white line' madhye jeremi roberts aanee scott hendle yanni atithi bhoomika sakarlya.
sadhya turungat asalelya eka vyaktiche pratidhvanit hott asatana, sahasrabdi gut sallagar phrank black (lance heinrickson) yane tyachya bhootkalatil bhootala tond dyave lagel aanee eka khunacha samna karava lagel jyane jawaljawal eka tarun krishnavarnacha jeev ghetala hota.
"patal pandhari resha" "khyan marekyankadoon herbert mullin, laurence bittekar aanee roy norris yanchyakadun prerana ghete aanee tyat morgan aanee vongchya mageel malikeche anek sandarbh aahet". haah bhag tyachya suruvatichya prasaranat andaje 6.6 kotee gharanni pahila hota aanee tyala samikshakankadun sakaratmak pratisad midala aahe.
plot.
enee rothenberg tichya samorchya daravar thothavat uttar dete. jevha tee tithe vaat pahana purushashi bolate, tevha tyala purnapane kahitari vegale aikoo yete; tee teela hatya karanyachi sammati dett aahe assa vishvas thevun too tichyavar hallah karato.
millennium group sallagar phrank black (lance heinrickson) tyachi patni catherine (megan gallagher), jee tithe samupadeshak mhanoon kaam karate, teela ghenyasathi eka pashoo rugnalayat jaato. rothenbergla nimvaidhyakiyanni stretchervar aanale aahe. kalya rangat tichya hatachya angathyavar eka vichitra cutt disun yeto aanee tyachya swatachya bajula khalee pahato, jyat strichya katashi agadi julanara daag asato. tyanantar rothenberg tichya dukhapatimule marto.
rothenbergvishayichya mahitisathi kaale sampark seatle police vibhagacha guptaher bobb bletcher (biil smitrovic). tine eka chorala aashcharyachakit kele aahe asey gruheet dharoon, too gharee aala tevha ticha patee teela sapadala. anyatra, ticha hallekhor daruchya dukanat karkunala golya ghalato, piditane punha maranyachi parvanagi dilyache aikato. black andd bletcher gunhyachya suraksha cameachya footageche punaravalokan karatat, jyamule tyanna ghatanasthalavar ardha card-jacq auph spades-sapadato. rothenbergchya gharacha shodh ghetala jaato aanee urvarit ardha bhag tethe sapadala aahe.
black bletcherla richard alaan hans (jeremi roberts) baddal sangato, jyane eka syrial killer blackla vees varshanpurvi pakadanyat madat kelee hotee. hahns haah vhietanamcha eka ashant yuddhavir hota, jyane tyachya marlelya prananna ardhya cardane chinhankit kele, hii pratha tyane tyachya kartavya dauyandarmyan sweekarli hotee. black haah anek federal beuro auph investigation agentspacky eka hota, jyane eka anamik tipla pratisad deela, jyamule teey hanschya thikanakade gele-tathapi, tip swatah hansney bolavali aanee chhapa ghatalela hallah jhaala. teen agent marle gele aanee kalya rangala kuhnadane gherale, jyane tyacha talva kapla aanee tarun kalya rangane tyala parabhoot karoon atak karnyapurvich kalya rangane jawaljawal tyacha jeev ghetala.
sadhya, kalachya lakshat yete qee sadhyacha khooni haah hansacha majee selmet jacob tylor (scott hendle) asava. kaale karagruhachya aat hansala bhet detat aanee hansashi bolalyanantar, tyala kalate qee tylor haah tyachya paddhatinche nemke anusaran karanyachi ichcha balgoon, swatahvar hansachya punarjanmavar vishvas thevato. darmyan, tylor polisanna bolavato aanee eka anamik tip sodato, tyanna sangato qee daruchya dukanacha marekari eka sodoon dilelya imaratit lapala aahe. kalya rangacha manus eka swat chamusobat imaratila vedha ghalato, parantu rastyalagatchya bandhkam sthalavarun adhikari sniper golibarala balee padatat. kalya rangacha themb milananya tilercha shodh ghet asatana kaala aanee bletcher vegale hotat. kalya rangachya tilerla nihshastra karoon, tyala sharan yenyasathi bolanyacha prayatna karat. tylor kalya rangavar eka hatbomb rikami karato, parantu chukato; jevha bletcher tyala tond deto, tevha tylor bandook dakhavato aanee bletcher sahajpane tyala golya ghaloon thaar marto.
utpadan.
"daad thean white line' heey varanvar sahyog karnare glain morgan aanee james wong yanni lihile hote aanee thomas jeey. yanni digdarshit kele hote. barobar. "deed laters' aanee '522666' nantar 'daad thean white line' haah morgan aanee wong yanni lihilela yaa malikecha tisra bhag hota. yaa malikechya sharyatidarmyan hii jodee aanakhi baaraa bhag lihinar hotee aanee saha-karyakari nirmate mhanoon dusya hangamachi jababdari swikaranar hotee. rait pudhe tinhi hangamanmadhye chhattis bhaganche digdarshan karat rahila aanee 'millennium' yaa malikecha 'crossover episode' tyachya bahinisah 'daad ex-files' yaa karyakramache digdarshanahi karat rahila. tyane yapurvi morgan aanee wong yanchyasobat tyanchya malikanmadhyehi kaam kele hote.
jacob tylor aanee richard allon hans yanchya patranmadhil sambandh laurence bittekar aanee roy norris yaa done doshinchya, jyancha turungatil kaal ekatra hota, asha done doshinvar aadharit asalyache disate, jyanni 1979 madhye anek tarun striyanna chhalatana aanee thaar martana pahile. tilerchya balee padalelya lokanchya hatyeshi sammati denyachya bhramatmak drushtikonamule paschim german malika marekya waldemar zazepinskyne tyanchya balee jhalelyanchi nivad kelee, jyanni tyanchya daranchya ghanta vajavanyachya tyanchya pratisadachya aadhare uttar dile qee tyanni tyanchi hatya karanyachi parvanagi dilee aahe aanee tyanchi ghare chorali aahet; jyanni tase kele nahee tyanna fakt ekte sodale gele. yaa patrala american syrial killer herbert mulinkadoonahi prerana midali aahe, jyala tyachprakare vatale qee tyachya piditanni tyala tyanna thaar maranyachi parvanagi dilee hotee. mulinane dawa keela qee tyanche shevatche shabd anekada 'mallah samajate' asey asat.
jacob tilerchi bhoomika sakarnara scott hendle nantar dusya hangamachya bhagamadhye 'aii room with noow view' aanee tisya hangamachya bhagamadhye 'antipas' madhye asambandhit bhoomiket paratala. yaa bhagamadhye morgan aanee wong yanchya alpakalin malikeche anek sandarbh aahet, 'spaceh up andd beyond', jee yaa jodichya 'millennium' madhye sameel honyapurvi radd karnyat aalee hotee. cardver aadhalanara 'dayechi apeksha karoo nakaa' haah vakyansh tyaa malikeche bodhvakya aahe 'united states mareen corps squadran, tarr vaparleli vaiyaktik carde-jacq auph spades, king auph club aanee queen auph harts-vaiyaktik marindware vaparlya jaanarya coll chinhanna pratibimbit karatat.
prasaran aanee swagat.
"daad thean white line' heey pahilyanda fox networkwar 14 februwari 1997 roji prasarit karnyat aale. yaa bhagala tyachya mool prasaranadarmyan 6.8 nielson raiting midale, mhanje americetil gharanni haah bhag pahila. yane 6.6 laakh gharanche pratinidhitva kele aanee tyaa aathvadyat sarvadhik pahilelya prasarit karyakramanpaiki haah dusra bhag tharala.
yaa bhagala samikshakankadun sakaratmak pratisad midala. "aaa.vhee. clubchya emily wanderworfney yaa bhagala 'aaa-' asey moolyankan kele, asey aadhalun aale qee tyat hii malika 'binshart vichitra asanyachi bheeti nahee' asey dakhavale gele. vanderworfla vatale qee "patal pandhari resha" neey goodhvadache ghatak aanee mokalya kalya patrasathi alaukik goshti sadar kelya, jyaa "pahilya hangamachya adhik vastavadi lakshyashi sadharanpane susangat rahoon, dusya hangamat morgan aanee vongne haah karyakram ghetala, jyachi purvatayari vichitra dishene hote". dii. vhee. dii. tocksathi lihitana biil gibronne yaa bhagala 5 paiki 4.5 asey moolyankan kele aanee tyachi tulana 1991 chya 'daad cylance auph daad lambs' yaa chitrapatashi kelee. gibronne namood kele qee "eka utkrusht antim krutee aanee eka antim drushya jyacha atishay sanyamit paddhatine motha prabhav aahe, haah eka utkrusht bhag aahe". robbert shearman aanee lars pearson yanni tyanchya 'vishvas thevanyachi ichchah ex-files, millennium aanee ekal bandukdharkansathi eka gambhir margdarshak' yaa pustakat, 'patal pandhari resha' laa pachpaiki paach taare dile, heey namood karat qee 'heey syrial killer swarupakade parat yene aahe, parantu teey yethe jitke utsahat hote titke yapurvi kadhihi kele gele nahee. shearmanne yaa bhagachi tulana 'daad silence auph daad lambs' aanee chitrapat digdarshak quentin tarantino yanchya kamanshi kelee aanee asey vatale qee black aanee hahns yanchyatil chaukashiche drushya 'kadachit sampoorn hangamatil ekmev sarvottam drushya' hote.
daad thean white line' vareel tyanchya kamasathi, chhayachitrakar robbert mcclatchlan yanna eka niyamit maliket chitrapatsrushtitil utkrusht kamgiri yaa shreneet american society auph cinematographers puraskarasathi namankan midale. third rock fraum daad sunn' yaa bhagasathi 'dick streetvaril duhswapna' sathee marqa reshovskikadun mcclatchlan parabhoot jhaala. | patlo seto rekha (sahasrabdi)
"da thinn white line' americi aparadh-thriller television shringkhala millenniumko pahilo sijanko chaudhaun episode how. yasako premiere february 14,1997 maa fucks networkma bhaeko thiyo. yo episode glen morgan rar james wongdwara lekhieko thiyo rar thomas jedwara nirdeshit thiyo. thik chha. "da thinn white line" ley jeremi roberts rar scott hendledwara atithi upasthiti prastut gareko thiyo.
jab hatyako lahar hall jailma pareka wyaktiko pratidhwani jasto dekhinchha, sahasrabdi samuha sallahakar frank black (lance henrickson) ley afno wigatko bhutko samana garnuparchha rar ek hatyarako samana garnuparchha jasle lagbhag ek yuwa kaloko jyan leo.
"patlo seto rekha" "wastawik hatyara herbert mullin, lawrence bittekar rar roya naurisabata prerana linchha, rar morgan rar wangko aghillo shringkhalaka dherai sandarbhaharu samawesh gardacha. episode yasako prarambhik prasaranma lagbhag 6.6 lakh gharapariwarharule hereka thie rar alochakharubata sakaratmak samiksha prapta gareka chhan.
plut.
annie rothenbergle unko agadiko dhokama nakako jawaf dinchhin. jab unle tyahan parkhiraheka purushsanga kura garchhin, usale purna rupma aru kehi sunchha; unle hatya garna sahamati diiraheko chha bhanne vishwas gardai usale unlai akraman garchha.
sahasrabdi samuha sallahakar frank black (lance henrickson) ek ciattle aspatalma afnie shrimati catherine (megan galaghera) lai lyne janchhan, jo tyahan sallahakarko rupma kaam garchhin. rothenberglai paramedicsdwara stretcherma lyaieko chha. kalole unko hatkalama euta anautho katani dekhcha, rar usako afnaitira tall herchha, jasma mahilako katsanga mildojuldo dag chha. rothenberg tyasapachhi unko chotka karan marchhin.
callo samparkaharu ciattle police vibhag jasus bub bletcher (bill smitrovich) rothenbergko barema jankarika lagi. unle ek chorlai chakit pareki thiin bhani mandai unka patile unlai ghar aepachhi bhete. anyatra, piditle marney anumati dieko sunepachhi unko akramankarile raksiko pasalma clerklai goli hanchha. callo rar blecherle aparadhko suraksha camera footageko samiksha gardacha, jasle uniharulai adha card-jack aff speds-ghatanasthalma fela parchha. rothenbergko gharko khoji garinchha rar baanki adha tyahan painchha.
blackle blecharlai richard alan hans (jeremi roberts) ko barema bataunchha, ek cereal killer blackle beas warsha pahile samatna maddat gareko thiyo. hans ek wichlit bhiyatnam yuddhaka diggaj thie jasle afno killai adha cardle chinha lagae, june chalan unle afno kartawyako bhramanko samayama uthae. black anusandhan agentharuko dherai sanghiya byuro madhye ek thiyo jasle agyat tipko jawaf diyo, uniharulai hansko sthanma laijanchha-yadyapi, tiplai hans afaile bolae rar chhapa ghatma parinat bhayo. tinjana agentharu marie, rar kalolai hansley kunaeko thiyo, jasle unko hatkelako khuttama katidie rar callo yuwale unlai parasta garna rar pakrau garna saksham hunuaghi nai kaloko jyan lagbhag lie.
wartamanma, kalole thaha paunchha kii halko hatyara hansko purva selmet jacob taylor (scott hendle) hunupardacha. kalole hanslai jailma bhetchhan, rar hansasanga kura garda, thaha hunchha kii tailerle afulai hansko punarjanmama vishwas gardacha, usako vidhiharu thyakkai pachhyauna chahanchha. yasaibich, tillerle policelai bolaunchha rar euta agyat tipp chhodchha, uniharulai raksi pasalko hatyara parityag garieko bhawanma lukeko chha bhanera bataunchha. kalole bhawanlai ghereko swatt tolisanga janchha, tara adhikariharu sadakaparko nirman sthalbata sniper fireko chapetama aunchhan. callo rar bletcher alag hunchhan jab tiniharule tyler khojchhan, jasle kaloma drop paunchha. callo tyrelai nishastra pardai, usalai atmasamarpan garna kura garne prayas gardai. tillerle callo rangma handgun khali garchha, tara miss garchha; jab blecherle usako samana garchha, tailerle banduklai aunlyaunchha rar blecherle sahajai goli hanera usalai marchha.
utpadan.
"da thinn white line" barambar sahayogi glen morgan rar james wongdwara lekhieko thiyo, rar thomas jey dwara nirdeshit thiyo. thik chha. "da thinn white line" "dead laters" "rar" "522666" "pachhi morgan rar wongle lekheko shringkhalako tesro episode thiyo. yo jodile shringkhalako daudama thap bahra episodharu lekhnechhan, rar saha-karyakari nirmataharuko rupma dosro sijanko jimmewari linechhan. rightle tinai sijanharuma chhawisawata episodharu nirdeshan garne thiyo, rar "millennium" pani nirdeshan garne thiyo, yasako bahini karyakram "da ex-fileharu" sanga shringkhalako krasaobhar episode. unle yasaghi morgan rar wongsanga uniharuko shringkhalama pani kaam gareka thie.
jacob titeler rar richard allen hanska patraharu bichko sambandha lawrence bittekar rar roya naurisko sambandhama adharit bhaeko dekhinchha, dui doshiharu jasko jailma bitaeko samayale uniharulai sann 1979 maa dherai yuwatiharulai yatana rar marney sajhedariko adhar banayo. hatyama sahamat bhaeka piditharuko bhramatmak darshanharu paschim german cereal killer waldemer sjepinskybata utpanna huna sakchha, jasle unko jawafko adharma afna piditharulai rojeka thie jasle unko dhokako bayle bajae-jasle jawaf die kii unle marney anumati dieka thie rar uniharuko gharharu chori garieko thiyo; jasle eklai chhodeka thienan. charitrale americi cereal killer herbert mulinbata pani prerana linchha, jasle tyasai gari afna piditharule unlai marney anumati dieko mahasus gare. mulinle uniharuko antim shabdaharu prayaha "mahm bujhchhu" bhaeko dabi gare.
jacob tellerko bhumika nirvaha garne scott hendle pachhi dosro sijanko episode "ae room whith no bhyu" rar tesro sijanko episode "antipas" maa asambandhit bhumikama farkie. episodema morgan rar wangko chhoto-samayaka shringkhalako "spaceh mathi rar bahira" kaa dherai sandarbhaharu chhan, june jody "sahasrabdi" maa samel hunu aghi radda garieko thiyo. playing cardharuma paine wakyansh "kunai dayako apeksha nagarnuhos" tyo shringkhalako adarsha wakya how 'united states marine corps squadron, jabki prayog garieka wyaktigat cardharu-jack aff speds, clubharuko raja rar hridayako rani-wyaktigat marinharudwara prayog garieka cull sanketharulai pratibimbit gardacha.
prasaran rar swagat.
"da thinn white line" pahilo patak february 14,1997 maa fucks networkma prasaran garieko thiyo. episodele yasako muel prasaranko samayama 6.8 ko nielson rating kamaeko thiyo, jasko artha sanyukta rajyaka gharapariwarharule episode hereka thie. yasale 6 karod 60 lakh gharapariwarko pratinidhitwa prapta, rar tyas haptako dosro sabaibhanda dherai herieko prasaran episode chhodiyo.
episodele alochakharubata sakaratmak samiksha prapta prapta. "ae.wee. club "emily bhanderworfle episodlai ae-mulyankan gare, yasale shringkhalalai" apratyasit rupma anautho huna daraeko "dekhae. bhanderworfle mahasus gare kii "patlo seto rekha" ley rahasyawadka tatwaharu rar frank blacko charitrama alaukik parichaya diyo, jasle "pahilo sijanko adhik yatharthawadi fokasasanga lagbhag susangat rahanda, dosro sijanma vichitra disha morgan rar wangle soe lie. bill jibronle dividi takaka lagi lekhdai, sann 1991 ko film "da silence aff da lembs" sanga tulana gardai episodlai 5 madhye 4.5 mulyankan gare. jibronle ullekha gare kii "ek tarakiya antim abhinaya rar ek samapan drishyako sath jasle dherai sanyamit tarikama dherai prabhawa parchha, yo ek utkrishta kista how. robert serman rar lars piersonle afno pustak "vishwas garna chahanaha ex-fileharu, millennium rar eklo bandukdhariharuka lagi ek alochanatmak guide" maa "patlo seto rekha" lai paanch madhye paanch tara mulyankan gare, yo ullekha gardai kii "yo cereal killer dhanchama farkane how, tara yo yahan bhaeko jasto utsahaka sath pahile kahilyai garieko thiena. shearmanle episodlai "bhedako maunata" rar film nirdeshak quentin tarantinoko kaam duwaisanga tulana gare, rar callo rar hans bichko sodhpuchha drishya "sayed sampurna sijanko ekal utkrishta drishya" thiyo bhanne mahasus gare.
cinematographer robert maklachalanle "da thinn white line" maa afno kamka lagi niyamit shringkhalama cinematographyma utkrishta upalabdhi shrenima american society aff cinematographer award namangkan prapta gare. suryabata tesro chattan" episode "dick streetma duswapna" kaa lagi mark reshowskisanga maklachalan haare.
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patala dhalaa rekha (sahasrabdi)
"daa thinn white line' heuchhi americae aparadha-romanchkar television dharabahika 'millennium' rahr pratham sijin rahr chaturdasha adhyaja . ehara premiyara foxes netawarkare 14 februari 1997 ray hoithila. ehi episode glen morgan ebong james wangnka dwara likhita ebong thomas jay. nka dwara nirdeshita hoithila . thick achhi. "daa thinn white line" ray jeremi roberts ebong scott heindle atithi bhumikare abhinai karithile.
jetebele bartamana kararuddha jane byaktinka pratidhwanita heuthiba bhali eka hatyakandara dhaara dekhajae, sahasrabdi gosthi paramarshadata phranka black (lance henrickson) nku taanka atitara bhutaku samnah karibaku padiba ebong jane hatyakarinku samnah karibaku padiba jie praiah jane juba kalanka zeeban neijaithile.
"" "daa thinn white line" "prakruta hatyakari herbert mullin, lawrence bittekar ebong raiya norisnkatharu prerana neithae ebong ethire morgan ebong wangnka purba sirij bishajare aneka sandarbha rahichhi. ehi adhyajaku ehara prarambhika prasaranare praiah 6.6 nijuta paribara dekhithile ebong samalochakamananka thaaru sakaratmaka samikhya paichanti.
plut.
aane rothenberg taa 'rahr sammukh dwarare eka kadaa praharar uttara die . jetebele shay sethare apekhya karithiba byaktinka saha kathaa huanti, shay sampurna bhabare anya kichhi sunanti; shay hatya karibaku sammati deuchhanti bolly biswasa curry shay tanku aakraman karanti .
sahasrabdi gosthi paramarshadata phranka black (lance henrickson) eka ceatle hospitalku jaai taanka patni catherine (megaon galaghar) nku neithanti, jie sethare paramarshadata bhabare kaama karanti . rothenwargaku paramedikmananka dwara eka streture anajae . kalaa taanka hatara aanguthire eka adbhuta kataa lakhya kare, ebong taanka niz aadaku talaku dekhe, jeunthire mahilanka kataa sahita mela khauthiba eka daaga achhi . rothenberg taa 'parey taanka aaghata jogun mrutyubarana karanti .
rothenberg bishajare suchana paain kalaa samparka ceatle police bibhagara detective bub bletcher (bill smitrobhich). shay jane choraku ashcharjya karideichhanti bolly bhabi taanka swamee gharaku asiba parey tanku paithile. anyatra, taanka aakramanakaree eka mudd dokanare kiraneenku guli curry hatya karibaku anumathi deba sunithile, puni thare. kalaa ebong bletcher aparadhar surakhya camera phutejku samikhya karanti, jaahaa semananku ghatana sthalare adhaa plejing card-jack off spade-abishkara karibaku neithae . rothenwarganka gharaku khojakhoji karajaichi ebong anya adhaa sethare milichi.
black blecharanku richard alan hans (jeremi roberts) bishajare kuhanti, jane dharabahika ghataka kalaa kodie barsha purbe girapha karibare sahajya karithile . hans jane bichalita bhietnam juddha bheteran thile jie taanka kilku adhaa plejing cardre chinhita karithile, eka pratha jaahaa shay taanka karttabya gasta samajare grahan karithile . black aneka federal bureau off investigation agentnka madhyaru jane thile jie eka agyata tipra pratikrija deithile, jaahaa semananku hansanka abasthanaku nei jaithila-tathapi, tipku hans nije dakithile ebong chadhau eka atarkita aakramanare parinata hoithila . tini john agentnku hatya karajaithila, ebong kalaa kuanree dwara kone anukonare padithila, jie taanka haata katithile ebong jubaka kalaa tanku parasta curry girapha karibare sakhyama heba purbaru kalanka zeeban praiah neithile .
bartamana samajare, kalaa anubhaba kare je barttamanara hatyakari hansanka purbatana selmet jacob tiler (scott heindle) heba aabasyaka . kalaa jelre hans paridarshan karanti, ebong hansanka saha kathaa heba parey, anubhaba karanti je tiler nijaku hansanka punarjanmare biswasa karanti, taanka paddhatigudiku sathik bhabare anusarana karibaku agrahi . iti madhyare, tiler polisaku daaki eka agyata suchana chhadi jaai semananku kuhanti je mudd dokanara hatyakari eka parityakta bildingre luchi rahichhi. kalaa eka swata dala sahita buildingku gherithae, kintu adhikarimane rastara parsware eka nirmana sthanaru sniper guli chalana karanti . kalaa ebong blechara alga hoijaithanti, jetebele semane tailaraku khojanti, jie kalaa upare drop paithanti. kalaa tailarnku nirastra kare, tanku atmasamarpana karibaku kahibaku chesta kare . tiler kalaa rangare eka handgun khaali kare, kintu miss kare; jetebele bletcher tanku samnah kare, tiler bandhukaku nirdesh kare ebong bletcher sahjat bhabare tanku guli curry hatya kare .
utpadana.
"daa thinn white line" barambar sahajogee glen morgan ebong james wangnka dwara likhita hoithila ebong thomas jay. nka dwara nirdeshita hoithila. thick achhi. "" "daa thinn white line" "thila ehi shrunkhalara truteeja adhyaja jaahaa morgan ebong wang dwara likhita hoithila," "dead laters" "ebong" "522666" "parey. ehi jodi ehi dharabahikara anya 12tii adhyaja lekhibaku jibe ebong saha-karjyanirbahee nirmata bhabe dwiteeja sijinra dajitwa grahan karibe. rait samasta tinoti sijinare 26tii episode nirdeshana deithile, ebong "millennium", ehara bhaunee shoe "dee ex-files" sahita sirijara crusover episode madhya nirdeshana deithile. shay purbaru morgan ebong wangnka saha semananka sirijare madhya kaama karithile.
jacob tiler ebong richard allen hansanka charitragudika madhyare samparka lawrence bitkar ebong raiya norisnka charitra upare aadharita bolly manehue, dui doshi, jeunmananka jelre thiba samai eka bhagidarira aadhara thila jaahaa semananku 1979 ray aneka jubateenku nirjyatana ebong hatya karibaku sammati deithila. tailarnka peeditanka bibhrantikara darshan paschima german dharabahika hatyakari waldemer sjepinskinkatharu asipare, jie taanka dwarara ghanta bajaiba pratikrija aadhaarare taanka shikaramananku bachithile-jeunmane uttara deithile je shay hatya karibaku anumathi deichhanti ebong semananka ghara chori karichanti bolly bibechana karithile; jeunmane ekaki chhadi nathile . ehi charitrati americae dharabahika hatyakari herbert mulinankatharu madhya prerana paichi, jie samaana bhabare anubhaba karithile je taanka peeditamane tanku hatya karibaku anumathi deichhanti. mullin daabi karithile je semananka shesh shabdagudika prajatah "mun bujhuchhi" thila.
scott heindle, jie jacob tailarnka charitrare abhinai karithile, parey dwiteeja sijin episode "aii room with noe bhiu" ebong truteeja sijan episode "antipas" ray eka asampurna bhumikare pheribe. ehi adhyajare morgan ebong wongara swalpakaleena sirij "spesh upare ebong bahare" bishajare aneka sandarbha achhi, jaahaa ehi yodi "sahasrabdi" ray jogadeba purbaru batil karajaithila . cardre 'daiah aasha karantu naahin "shabdangshati sehi shrunkhalara aadarshabakya' juktarastra america merine corps squadron", jetebele kii byabahruta byaktigata card-jack off speds, king off club ebong quin off harts-byaktigata merainnka dwara byabahruta cull sanketaku pratiphalita kare .
prasarana ebong swagata.
"daa thinn white line" pratham thara paain foxes netawarkare 14 februari 1997 ray prasarita hoithila. ehi episode ehara moola prasarana samajare 6.8 rahr nielsen reting arjan karithila, arthat americara paribara ehi episode dekhithile . ehaa 6.6 nijuta paribaraku pratinidhitwa karithila, ebong ehi adhyajaku sehi saptahare dwiteeja sarbadhika dekhajaithiba prasaranaku chhadi deithila .
ehi adhyajati samalochakamananka thaaru sakaratmaka samikhya paithila. "aii.bhi. clubra emily vanderwerf ehi adhyajaku 'aii-' ray reting deithile, ebong janibaku paile je ehaa ehi shrunkhalaku "apratyashita bhabare adbhuta hebaku bhajaheen" bolly darshaithila. vanderwerf anubhaba karithile je "patala dhalaa rekha" rahasyabadara upadan ebong phranka kalaa charitrare alaukika parichai deithila, jaahaa "pratham sijinara adhika bastababadi focus sahita motamoti susangata thibabele, dwiteeja sijinare bhinna diga morgan ebong wang shoku neithile. bill jibran, dividi tock paain lekhile, ehi adhyajaku 5 ru 4.5 rated karithile, ehaaku 1991 chalachitra "daa silence off daa lembus" sahita tulana karithile. jibran ullekha karithile je "eka chamatkara antim abhinai ebong eka samapti drushya jaahaa bahuta sanjata bhabare bahuta prabhaba pakaithae, ehaa eka chamatkara kisti . robert shearman ebong lars pearson, semananka pustaka "biswasa karibaku chahunchhih ex-file, millennium ebong ekamatra bandhukadhareenka paain eka samalochanatmaka guide" ray, pancha madhyaru pancha taaraa rated curry "patala dhalaa rekha" rett karichanti, ullekha karichanti je "ehaa eka pratyabartana heuchhi dharabahika ghataka formatt, kintu ehaa purbaru kebe madhya ete utsaha sahita karajai naahin jetiki ethaare thila . shearman ehi adhyajaku ubhaja "daa silence off daa lembus" ebong chalachitra nirdeshaka quentin tarantinonka karjya sahita tulana karithile ebong anubhaba karithile je kalaa ebong hans madhyare pacharauchara drushya "bodhahue samagra sijinare ekamatra sarbottama drushya" .
daa thinn white line" upare tankara karjya paain eka nijamita dharabahikare cinematographyre ullekhaneeah saphalata bargare cinematographer robert maclachlan eka americae society off cinematographer puraskara namankana paithile. surjyanka thaaru truteeja pathara" adhyaja "" dick street ray duhswapna "paain marck reshobhskinka thaaru mclachlan haari jaithile. |
patli chitty rekha (hazaar saal)
"dha thinn white line' amriki apradh-thriller television ladiwar 'millinium' dey pahile season daa chaudanvan episode haii. iss daa premiere 14 farvari, 1997 noon fox network utte hoiaa see. iss episode noon glain morgan atey james wong duaara likhiaa giaa see atey thamas jey duaara nirdeshit keeta giaa see. theek haii. "dha thinn white line" witch jairemi roberts atey scott heindell duaara mehmann peshkari ditti gaee see.
jadon iss vele jailh witch bnd ikk viakati dee hattiaavan dee goonj aaundi jaapadi haii, taan hazaar saal dey samooh salahkar frank black (laans henrickson) noon aapne ateet dey bhoot daa sahmana karna chahida haii atey ikk kaatal daa sahmana karna chahida haii jiss neey lagbhag ikk naujwan kaale dee jaan lae laee see.
"patli chitty rekha" "asal katlan herbert mulin, laurence bittekar atey raae nauris toon prerna laindi haii, atey iss witch morgan atey wong dee pichli luddy dey kaee havale shamal hunn. iss episode noon iss dey shuruati prasaran witch lagbhag 6.6 million gharan duaara dekhiaa giaa see atey aalochakan toon skaratmak samikhiaavan prapat hoiaan hunn.
plaat.
ainee rothenberg neey aapne sahmane dey darwaze 'teey dastak ditti. jadon uh utthe udeek qarr rahey aadmi naal gall kardi haii, taan uh puurii tarahan kujh horr sunada haii; ih mann keey kii uh katal curran dee aapni sehmati dey rahee haii, uh uss utte hamla karda haii.
millinium group salahkar frank black (lens henrickson) aapni patni catherine (megan gallager) noon chukkan laee ikk seatle hospital jaanda haii, joe utthe ikk salahkar vajon kamm kardi haii. rothenberg noon paira medical duaara ikk stratcher utte liaaiaa jaanda haii. qaala uss dee hatheli utte ikk ajib slash vekhda haii, atey uss dey aapne vall vekhda haii, jiss utte aurat dey katt naal mail khanda ikk nishan haii. rothenberg firr uss deeaan sattan caarn marr jaandi haii.
rothenberg baare jankari laee kaale samparak seatle pulis vibhag dey jasus baub blatcher (bill smitrovic). uss dey patee neey uss noon gharr aaunn 'teey ih mann keey labbh liaa kii uss neey ikk chor noon hairan qarr ditta haii. horr kitey, uss daa hamlawar ikk sharab dee dukan witch clerk noon goli maar dinda haii, firr toon peedat noon maaran dee aagiaa dinde hoye sunada haii. kaale atey blatcher apradh dey surakhiaa cameray dee footage dee samikhiaa karde hunn, jiss naal unhan noon ghatna sathaan 'teey addha play card-jaik aaf spades-dee khoj hundi haii. rothenberg dey gharr dee talashi laee jaandi haii atey baaki addha utthe milda haii.
black blatcher noon richard ellen hannes (jairemi roberts) baare dassda haii, ikk cereal killer black neey veeh saal pahilan griftar curran witch madad keeti see. hannes ikk preshan viatnam yuddh daa sabka fauji see jiss neey aapne katal noon addhe khedan vaale card naal chinhit keeta, ikk rivaaj joe usne aapni diooti dey dauriaan dauran chukkiaa see. black jaanch agentan dey kaee sanghi beoro vicchon ikk see, jiss neey ikk agiaat tip daa jawab ditta, jiss naal uh hannes dey sathaan vall chaley gaye-halanki, tip noon hannes duaara khud bulaiaa giaa see atey chhapa ikk ghaat bann giaa see. tinn agent maare gaye, atey kaale noon kukkad neey gher liaa, jinhan neey uss dee hatheli katt ditti atey kaale dee jaan lae laee, iss toon pahilan kii naujwan qaala uss noon haraa sake atey griftar qarr sake.
varatman witch, kaale noon ahsas hunda haii kii maujuda kaatal huns daa sabka selmet jacob titler (scott heindell) honaa chahida haii. kaale jailh witch huns daa daura karde hunn, atey huns naal gall curran 'teey, ih mahisus hunda haii kii titler aapne aap noon huns dey punar janam witch vishwas karda haii, atey aapne tarikiaan dee palna curran dee ichha rakkhda haii. iss dauran, titler pulis noon bulaunda haii atey ikk agiaat soochna chadda haii, uhanan noon dassda haii kii sharab dee dukan daa kaatal ikk chaddi gaee imaarat witch lukiaa hoiaa haii. kaale ikk swait team dey naal imaarat noon gherde hunn, parr adhikari sadak dey paar ikk nirman sathaan toon sniper firing dey hethan aaa jaande hunn. qaala atey blatcher vakkh hoow jaande hunn jadon uh tiler dee bhaal karde hunn, jiss noon qaala boond milda haii. kaale tiler noon nihathe hathiaarband karde hunn, uss noon aatam samarpan curran laee gall curran dee koshish karde hunn. tiler kaale rung dee banduk noon khaali karda haii, parr khunjh jaanda haii; jadon blatcher uss daa sahmana karda haii, taan tiler banduk vall ishara karda haii atey blatcher subhavik taur 'teey uss noon goli maar dinda haii atey maar dinda haii.
utpadan.
"dha thinn white line" aksar sehyogi glain morgan atey james wong duaara likhi gaee see, atey thamas jey duaara nirdeshit keeti gaee see. theek haii. "" "dha thinn white line" "luddy daa teeja episode see joe morgan atey wong duaara likhiaa giaa see," "dedd latters" "atey" "522666" "toon baad. ih jodee luddy dey challan dauran 12 horr episodan noon likhan laee javegi, atey dooje season daa sahi-karajkari nirmatavan vajon chaaraj sambhalegi. raeet neey tinnan seezanan witch 26 episodan daa nirdeshan keeta atey "millinium" daa nirdeshan vee keeta, joe kii iss dey bhainn shoa "aiks-faeelan" naal ladiwar daa crossover episode haii. uss neey pahilan morgan atey wong naal unhan dee luddy witch vee kamm keeta see.
jacob titler atey richard ailan hannes dey patran dey vichkaar sabndh laurence bittekar atey raae nauris dey patran 'teey adharat jaapde hunn, doou doshi jinhan dey jailh witch bitaae samein neey ikk bhaiwali daa adhaar banaiaa jiss neey unhan noon 1979 witch kaee mutiaaran noon tasihe ditte atey maar ditta. titler dey aapne peedtan dey katal dee sehmati denh dey bharam bharey darshan pachmi german cereal kaatal waldemer zezepinsky toon hoow sakde hunn, jinhan neey aapne peedtan noon aapne darwaze deeaan ghantiaan vajaun dey jawab dey adhaar' teey chunhiaa-jinhan neey jawab ditta kii unhan neey manniaa kii unhan neey maaran dee aagiaa ditti haii atey unhan dey gharan noon chori qarr liaa haii; joe naheen sunn uh siraf ikalle chhadd ditte gaye sunn. ih paatar amriki cereal kaatal herbert mulin toon vee prerna lainda haii, jiss neey isey tarahan mahisus keeta kii uss dey peedtan neey uss noon unhan noon maaran dee aagiaa ditti see. mullin neey daava keeta kii unhan dey aakhri shabad aksar "main samajhda haan" hunde sunn.
scott heindell, jiss neey jacob titler dee bhumika nibhai see, baad witch dooje season dey episode "ikk kamra jiss witch koee drish naheen" atey teeje season dey episode "antipass" witch ikk asambandhit bhumika witch waps aaiaa. episode witch morgan atey wong dee chhoti luddy "spaceo epp aind appon" dey kaee havale hunn, joe jodee dey "millinium" witch shamal honn toon pahilan radd qarr ditte gaye sunn. khedan vaale cardan utte paaiaa jaanh vaala vakansh "koee daiaa dee umeed naa crow" uss luddy daa udesh haii 'sanyukat raaj mareen coor squadern, jadon kii varte gaye viaktigat card-jaik aaf spades, king aaf clubs atey raanee aaf harts-viaktigat mareen duaara varte gaye qaal sanketan noon darsaunde hunn.
prasaran atey suagat.
"dha thinn white line" noon pahili vaar 14 farvari, 1997 noon fox network utte prasarit keeta giaa see. episode neey aapne asal prasaran dauran 6.8 dee nielson rating prapat keeti, bhaav sanyukat raaj dey gharan neey episode noon dekhiaa. ih 6.6 lakkh gharan dee numaindagi karda see, atey iss episode noon uss hafte sattar-dooja sabh toon vaddh dekhiaa jaanh vaala prasaran chhadd ditta.
episode noon aalochakan toon skaratmak samikhiaavan miliaan. "aii.vee. club dey emily wenderworf neey episode noon aii-darja ditta, ih dekhdiaan kii iss neey luddy noon "binan kise muafi dey ajib honn toon nidder" dikhaiaa. wenderworf neey mahisus keeta kii "patli chitty rekha" neey rahassvaad dey tattan atey frank black dey charittar laee alaukik tatt pesh keete, joe "ajib disha morgan atey wong neey season doou witch shoa noon liaa, jadon kii ajey vee pahile season dey vadhere yatharathvadi focus naal lagbhag iksaar haii. bill jibron neey dee. vee. dee. tock laee likhade hoye, episode noon 5 vicchon 4.5 daa darja ditta, iss dee tulna 1991 dee film "dha sylan aaf dha lambs" naal keeti. jibron neey nott keeta kii "ikk shandar antim kaaraj atey ikk samapati drish dey naal jisda bahut hii sanjam naal bahut prabhav painda haii, ih ikk shandar kishat haii. robbert sheerman atey lars pearson neey aapni kitaab "vishwas karna chahunde hann aiks-faeelan, millinium atey ikalle bandukdhariaan laee ikk aalochnatmak guide" witch, "patli chitty rekha" noon panj vicchon panj starr ditte, ih nott karde hoye kii "ih cereal killer format witch vaapsee haii, parr ih pahilan kadey vee inni josh naal naheen keeta giaa jinna itthe see. sheerman neey episode dee tulna "lambs dee chupp" atey film nirdeshak kwantin tarntino dey kamman naal keeti atey mahisus keeta kii kaale atey huns vichkaar puchgich daa drish "shayed poore season daa sabh toon vadhiaa drish" see.
cinematographer robbert mcclechlan noon "dha thinn white line" utte aapne kamm laee ikk niyamat luddy witch cinematography witch shandar prapati dee shreni witch american suciety aaf cinematographers award namzadgi millie. mcclechlan "suraj toon tiji chattan" episode "dick street 'teey draune sapne" laee maarak reshovsky toon haar giaa. |
shvetarekhaa (sahasraabdee)
"da thinn vait lain" iti american-kraim-thriller-dooradarshan-dhaaraavaahikasy "millennium" ityasya prathama-satrasya chaturdashah prakaranah asti. 1997 februvari 14 dinaanke faaks-network ityatra asya prathamapradarshanm jaatam. glen morgan tathaa james vong ityetabhyam asya prakaranasya lekhanam, thaamas jey. ityanena nirdeshitam cha. samyak. "da thinn vait lain" ityasmin jeremi roberts tathaa scott hendle ityetayoho atithi-paatraani aasan.
yadaa vartamaanakaale kaaraavaase sthitasya purushasya hatyayaha pratidhwanih drushyate, sahasraabdee-samooh-paraamarshakah frank-black (lance-henrickson) swasya atitasya bhutat pratyuntayet, tathaa cha hantakam pratyuntayet yah praayah krushnavarneeyasya yuvasya praanam praapnot.
"da thinn vait lain" iti chalacchitram vaastavika-hantakaih herbert mullin, laurence bitatekar, raay noris ityetaih preritam bhavati, tathaa cha morgan tathaa vong ityetayoho poorva-shrunkhalaayaah aneke ullekhaah santi. asya prakaranasya praarambhik-prasaarane praayah 6.6 laksh-gruhaihi drushtam, vimarshakaih cha sakaratmaka-samiksham praaptam.
plut.
enne rothenberg tasyaah agradwaarasya nuktteh uttaram adadaati. yadaa saa tatra pratikshamanena purushena saha bhaashate tadaa saha anyam kimapi purnataya shrutavaan; saa tasyaah vadhaay sammatam dadati iti vishvasan saha tam aakramayati.
sahasraabdi-samooh-paraamarshakah frank black (lance henrickson) ityeshah swasya patnee catherine (megan galaaghar) ityenam sweekartum ciatal-chikitsaalayam gacchati, yaa tatra upadeshakatvena karyam karoti. rothenberg iteedam upachikitsakaih stretcher-dwara aanyate. krushnavarneeyam tasyaah hastasya upari ekam vilakshanam kshatam pashyati, swasya prati cha drushtam karoti, yasmin mahilayaha kshatehe anuroopam vranam asti. tatah rothenberg tasyaah vranaihi mriyate.
rothenberg ityasya vishaye suchanartham krushnavarneeya-samparkaah ciatal-aarakshak-vibhaagasya jaasoosah baab bletcher (bill smitrovich) iti. tasyaah patihi gruham aagaty tam praapnot, saa choram ashcharyyat iti manya. anyatra tasyaah aakramanakaarah madya-bhandaare gumastam shoot karoti, punah peeditaayaah vadhasya anumatihi shrutavaan. krushnavarnah tathaa bletcher iti aparaadhasy surakshaa-chitraka-drushyasya samiksha kurvanti, yena te drushye ardham play-card-jyaak-aaf-speds-iteedam anvishyanti. rothenberg ityasya gruham anveshitam, aparam ardham tatra drushyate.
black bletcher ityasmai richard alan haans (jeremi roberts) ityasya vishaye kathayati, yah ekaha kramanugata-hantakah krushnavarneeyaha aasit yah vimshativarshapoorvam graheetum sahayyam krutavaan. haans ityeshah vietnaam-deshasya ekaha vikshubdhah yuddhaveerah aasit, yah ardha-play-card ityanena swasya kill-iteedam ankitavaan, yat prathaa saha kartavya-yaatraasu sweekarot. krushnavarneeyaha, anekaasu federal-byooro-aaf-investigation-agents madhye anyatamah aasit, ye anaamike suchanam pratyuttarm dattavantah, yena te haans ityasya sthaanam prati agacchan-tathaapi, tipp-iteedam haans ityanena svayameva aahutam, api cha akramanam akasmikam jaatam. trayah abhikartaa maaritaah, krushnavarneeyaha cha huns ityanena pariveshtitah, ye tasya hastam kshaurya krushnavarneeyasya praanam praayah gruheetavantah, tatah poorvam yat krushnavarneeyaha yuwah tam parajayya bandhayitum cha samarthah abhavat.
samprati, krushnavarneeyaha jaanaati yat vartamaanah hantakah heins ityasya poorwah selamet-jacob-tailar (scott-hendle) iti syaat iti. krushnavarneeyaha karagarasya heins-varyam gacchati, heins-varyena saha bhashayitva, dnyaatavaan yat teller-varyaha heins-ityasya punarjanma swakeeyam vishvasati, tasya paddhatyam yatharthataya anusaranam kartum icchati. etasmin samaye, tailar ityeshah arakshakanam aahvayitvaa, adnyaatam suchanam nishkaasayati, tam vadati yat madya-bhandarasya hantakah parityaktaa bhavane lapishtah asti iti. krushnavarneeyaha bhavanam aavrutum swaat-dalam anugacchati, parantu adhikaarinah margasya paaratah nirmanasthalat snipper-agniprahaare aagacchanti. yadaa te tailar ityetam anvishyanti tadaa krushnavarnah bletcher cha pruthak bhavanti, yah krushnavarne drap prapnuyat. krushnavarneeyaha tailar ityasya nirastram karoti, saha sharanaagati iti kathayitum prayatate. tailar krushnavarne hastagoshtakm rikttam karoti, parantu naa bhavati; yadaa bletcher tasya sammukhe bhavati, tadaa tailar, sahajataya, topam soochayati, bletcher cha tam shoot krutvaa maarayati.
utpaadanam.
"da thinn vait lain" iti grantham glen morgan tathaa james vong ityetabhyam sahavartakaih likhitam, thaamas jey. ityanena nirdeshitam cha. samyak. "da-thinn-vait-lain" iti shrunkhalaayaah truteeyah khandah aasit, yah morgan tathaa vong ityanena "mrutapatraanaam" tathaa "522666" ityasya anantaram likhitah aasit. paramparayaha prachaalane, dampatee dvaadasha-khandaan lekhayitum gacchanti sma, dwiteeya-satrasya saha-karyakari-nirmaatruroopen cha karyabharam graheeshyanti sma. rait ityayam trayanam rutushu cha shatvimshat prakaranan nirdeshayati sma, tathaa cha "millennium" iti shrunkhalaayaah crossover-prakaranam tasya bhaginyaa saha "da ex-fails" iti karyakramam nirdeshayati sma. saha poorvam morgan tathaa vong ityetaih saha teshaam shrunkhalaasu api karyam krutavaan.
jacob-tailar-richard-elen-haans-paatrayoh madhye sambandhah, laurence-bitkar-raay-noris-paatrayoh aadhaaren aasit iti bhaasate, yayoho dwau aparaadhibhih karagare kaalah militvaa 1979 tame varshe anekaan yuvateenaam utpeedanam, vadhah cha krutau, sahabhaagitvasya adharaha aasit. teller-ityasya piditanam vishaye bhramatmakadarshanani, yat tasya hatyaay sammatam dattau, pashchim-german-dhaaraavaahi-hantakaih waldemer-sjjepinski ityanena utpannaani bhaveyuhu, yah tasya pratishabdasya uttarasy aadhaaren swapidan chitavaan-ye pratyuttarm dattavantah te maaritum anumatim dattavantah, teshaam gruhaani choritaah iti manyante; ye naa krutavantah te kevalam ekaante eva parityajyante. etat paatram amerikaadeshasy seeriyal-killar herbert mullin ityatah api preritam, yah api tathaiva tasya peeditaih taan maaritum anumatim pradaasyat iti avadat. mullin ityeshah uktavaan yat teshaam antimashabdaani praayah "aham graheeti" iti.
jacob-tailar ityasya paatram niravahat scott-hendle ityeshah pashchat dwiteeya-season-khande "e room vithaus no vyoo", truteeya-season-khande "antipas" ityasmin asambaddh-paatre punaraagacchati sma. asmin prakarane morgan-vong-ityetayoho alpakaalikasy "spesh apoun end biand" iti shrunkhalaayaah aneke ullekhaah santi, yaa "millennium" ityasmin yojanaat poorvam nirastaani aasan. kridaakaarapatreshu drushyamaanam "dayayaha apekshaa naa karotu" iti vaakyam, tasya shrunkhalaayaah 'unated states mareen carps squadron' iti aadarshavaakyam asti, yadaa cha prayuktaani vyaktigataani cards-jyaak aaf speds, king aaf clubs, queen aaf harts-ityete vyaktigata-nausainikaih prayuktaani kaal-chihnaani pratibimbitavantah.
prasaaranam sweekaranam cha.
"da thinn vait lain" iti prathamam 1997 februvari 14 dinaanke faaks-jaalapute prasaaritam aasit. asya prakaranasya mulaprasarane 6.8 nielson-retting praaptam, arthaat samyuktarajyamerikadesha gruhaani prakaranam drushtavantah. etat 6.6 lakshaparivaranam pratinidhitvam karoti sma, tathaa cha tasmin saptaahe sarvaadhikam drushtah satrimshat-prasaaranam prakaranam nishkaasayat.
prakaranam vimarshakaih sakaaraatmakasameekshah praapnot. "a" iti.vi. club "emily wenderworf" ityanena prakaranasya a-iti mulyankanam krutvaa, tatt shrunkhalaa "apratyaksharoopen vichitrah iti nirbheet" iti darshitam iti dnyaatavaan. wanderworf-varyaha anubhavat yat "patitaa shvetarekhaa" iti tattvaani rahasyavaadasya tattvaan, tathaa cha frank-krushnavarnasya paatrasya alaukikam cha pravartayat, yat "dwiteeya-rutau morgan-vang-ityetayoho vichitra-dishaam poorvanirdharayat, api cha prathama-rutoho adhika-yathaarthavaadee-kendraka-sahitam praayah susangatam aasit" iti. dee. vee. dee. taak krute lekhayan bill gibron ityayam prakaranasya 5 madhye 4.5 iti mulyankanam krutvaa, 1991 tame varshe "da salence aaf da lembs" iti chalacchitrena saha tulanam krutavaan. gibron ityanena soochitam yat "atyantam sanyamitaroopena mahatim prabhaavam cha dadyamaanasya tarakiya-antima-abhinayasy, samaapan-drushyasya cha etat utkrushtam prakaranam asti" iti. rabert shiyarmyaan tathaa lars piersonah, swapustake "vaaning too bileevh e critical gaid too da eksa-fails, millennium end da onle gunmens" iti likhitena "da thina vait lain" iti pancheshu pancha-starr iti rating dattam yat "etat seeriyal-killar-swaroopam prati punaraagamanam bhavati, parantu etat poorvam kadaapi atra yaavat utsaahen naa krutam" iti. shearman ityeshah prakaranasya tulanaa "da salence aaf da lembs" tathaa chalacchitranirdeshakena quentin tarantino ityasya rachanaih cha krutavaan, tathaa cha krushna-hamsayoho madhye poochataacha-drushyam "sambhawatah sampoorn-rutau ekamaatram sarvottamam drushyam" iti avadat.
chhaayaagraahakah rabert maklaachalan ityeshah "da thinn vait lain" ityasmin swasya karyasya krute niyamita-shrunkhalaayaam chaayaagrahane utkrushta-upalabdhee-shreneeye american-society aaf-chhayagrahakanam puraskaar-namankanam praptavan. suryasya truteeya-raak" iti prakaranasya "dick-street-madhye duhswapnam" iti krute maark reshovsky ityanena maklaachalan parajitah. |
melliya vellai koadu (millinium)
"thii thinn oyit line' enbathu america kuttra-thriller tholaikaatchi thodaraana milliniyaththin muthal season pathinaankaavathu aththiyaayamaagum. idhu pipravari 14,1997 andru fax netvorkkil thiraiyidappattathu. inththa aththiyaayatthai clen morgan mattrum james wong ezhuthi thamas jay. iyakkiyullaar. surry. "thii thinn oyit line" jeremi robberts mattrum scott heidle aagiyoarin virunththinar thoattrangalaik kondirundhadhu.
tharpoothu siraiyil adaikkapattulla oru manithanin kolaigalin thodarchchiyai ethirolippathaakath thoandrum poathu, millinium kuzhu aaloasagar frank pilaak (eetti henrickson) thanathu kadantha kaalaththin pimpaththai ethirkondirukka vaendum, maelum oru ilam karuppinaththavarin uyirai kittatthatta eduththa oru kolaiyaaliyai ethirkolla vaendum.
"melliya vellai koadu" "unmaiyana kolaiyaaligalaana herbert mullin, laurence pitt taker mattrum raai norris aakiyoaridamirunthu uthvaegam perukirathu, maelum morgan mattrum voangkin munththaiya thodarkalaip pattriya pala kurippugalaik kondullathu". inththa aththiyayam adhan aaramba oliparappil sumar 6.6 million kudumbangalaal paarkkappattathu mattrum vimarsagargalidamirunthu nermaraiyaana vimarsanangkalaip pettrullathu.
sathi.
annae rohtenburg thanathu muun kadhavaith thattuvatharku pathilalikkiraar. angkae kaatthirukkum manitharudan aval paesumpoathu, avar muttrilum vaeru ontraik ketkiraar; aval kolai seiyappaduvatharku sammatham alikkiraal endru nambi, avar avalaith thaakkukiraar.
millinium kuzhu aaloasagar frank pilaak (launs henrickson) oru kaalnadai maruthuvamanaikkuch sendru angku aaloachakaraaka panipuriyum thanathu manaivi keththarin (maegan kallakar) aii alaiththuch selkiraar. rohtenburg oru stretcheril thunai maruthuvarkalaal kondu varappadugiraar. karuppu niraththil aval ullangkaiyil oru visithiramaana vettu kaanappadugiradhu, maelum avanudaiya sontha paarvaiyil, pennin vettudan sariyaaga porunthakkoodiya vadukkalaik kondullathu. rohtenburg pinnar thanathu kaayangalaal iranthaar.
rohtenburg pattriya thagavalkalukku karuppu thodarbugal seatal kaaval thurai thuppariyum paap plechar (pill smitrovich). aval oru kollaiyarai aachchariyappaduththiyathaaka karuthi, aval kanavar veettirku vanthapoathu avalaik kandupiditthaar. vaeru idangkalil, avalaith thaakkiyavar oru mathukkadaiyil ezhuththaraich suttuk kondraar, paathikkappattavar kolla anumathi alippathai meendum catar. karuppu mattrum plature kuttraththin paathukaappu camera kaatchigalai mathippaaivu seigindrana, idhu paathi vilayaattu attaiyai-eettikalin jaak-sambava idaththil kandupidikka vazhivagukkirathu. rohtenberkin veettil thaeduthal vaettai nadaththappattu, meethamulla paathi angku kandupidikkappattullathu.
pilaak plecharidam richard alan hohns (jeremi robberts) pattri koorukiraar, oru thodar kolaiyaali karuppu irupathu aandugalukku munbu pidikka udhavinaar. hanes oru thontharavu seiyappatta vietnaam poar veerar aavaar, avar thanathu kollum poathu arai vilayaattu attaiyudan kuritthaar, idhu avarathu kadamai suttruppayanangkalin poathu avar eduththa oru vazhakkam. pilaak pala koottaatchi pulanaaivu mugavargalil oruvaraaga irunthaar, avarkal oru anaamathaeya uthavikkurippukku pathilaliththanar, idhu avarkalai haansin iruppidaththirku vazhinadaththiyathu-iruppinum, uthavikkurippu hansal alaikkappattu, soathanai oru pathungkiyirunthu nadanthathaaga maariyathu. moontru mugavargal kollappattanar, karuppinaththavar kundraal muttrukaiyidappattaar, avarkal avarathu ullangkaiyai vetti, karuppinatthaich saerntha ilam ilainyaraal avaraik kaippattri kaithu seiya mudivatharku munbu karuppinaththavarin uyirai kittatthatta pariththanar.
tharpoothu, tharpoothaiya kolaiyaali hansin munnaal selmate jacob dailaraaga (scott heidle) irukka vaendum enbathai karuppu unarkirathu. siraiyil karuppinaththinar hanes-aich santhikkiraarkal, maelum hansuden paesumpoathu, dialer thannai hansin marupiravi endru nambukiraar, avarathu muraigalai sariyaaga pinpattra virumbukiraar enbathai unarkiraar. idharkidaiyil, dialer kaavalthuraiyai alaiththu, oru anaamathaeya uthavikkurippai vittuch selkiraar, madhubaanak kadaiyil kolaiyaali oru kaividappatta kattidaththil marainththiruppathaaka avarkalidam koorukiraar. kattidaththai suttri valaikkum oru swat kuzhuvudan karuppu niramum varukirathu, aanaal athikaarikal theruvin kurukkae ulla oru kattumaanath thalaththilirunthu thuppaakkich soottukku aalaakiraargal. karuppu mattrum plechar thaniththaniyaaga dialerith thaedugindrana, avarkal karuppu niraththil sottu perukiraarkal. karuppu dialerai niraayuthapaaniyaakkukirathu, avarai saranadaiyach solla muyarchikkirathu. dialer karuppu niraththil oru kaiththuppaakkiyai kaalii seikiraar, aanaal thavaravidugiraar; plechar avarai ethirkollumpoathu, dialer thuppaakkiyai suttikkaattukiraar mattrum plechar iyalpaagavae avaraich suttu kollugiraar.
urpaththi.
"thii thinn oyit line" adikkadi oththulaikkum kilan morgan mattrum james wong aakiyoaraal ezhuthappattathu, maelum thamas jay. iyakkiyathu. surry. "" "tett letters" "mattrum" "522666" "aagiyavattrirkup piragu morgan mattrum wong ezhuthiya thodarin moontraavathu aththiyayam" "thii thinn oyit line" "aagum". inthath thodarin oottaththil maelum pannirandu aththiyaayangkalai ezhutha iruvarum selvaargal, maelum irandaavathu seesanai inai nirvaaga thayaarippaalargalaaga poruppaerpaarkal. raid moontru paruvangkalilum irupaththi aaru aththiyaayangkalai iyakkinaar, maelum "millinium" endra thodarin kurukkuvettu aththiyaayatthai adhan chakoothari nigazhchchiyaana "ex-kooppugal" udan iyakkinaar. avar munbu morgan mattrum wong aakiyoarudan avarkalin thodaril paniyaattriyullaar.
jacob dialer mattrum richard aalan hanes aagiyoarin kathaapaaththiranggalukku idaiyilaana uravu laurence pitt taker mattrum raai norris aagiya iru kuttravaaligalin kathaapaaththirangalai adippadaiyaagak kondathaagath therikirathu, siraiyil irunththa irandu kuttravaaligal 1979 aam aandil pala ilam penkalai siththiravathai seithu kolvathaik kanda oru koottaniyin adippadaiyaaga irunththanar. kolai seiyappaduvatharku oppukkonda thanathu paathikkappattavarkal pattriya dylarine maayai paarvaikal maerku jerman thodar kolaiyaali waldemer schebinskyilirundhu aerpadalaam, avar thangal kadhavu manigalai olikka vaiththatharku avarkal aliththa pathilin adippadaiyil paathikkappattavargalaith therntheduththaar-pathilaliththavarkal avar kollappaduvadharkaana anumathiyai vazhangkiyathaakavum, avarkalin veedugalaik kollaiyadiththadhaagavum karudhinar; avvaaru seiyaathavarkal verumanae vidappattanar. inththa kathaapaaththiram america thodar kolaiyaali herbert mullinidamirunthum uthvaegam perukirathu, avar idhaepoal paathikkappattavarkal thangalaik kolla anumathi aliththathaaka unarnthaar. mullin avarkalin kadaisi vaarththaigal perumpaalum "enakku purigirathu" endru koorinaar.
jacob dailaraaga nadiththa scott heidle, pinnar irandaavathu season aththiyaayaththil "paarvaiyillaatha oru arai" mattrum moontraavathu season aththiyaayaththil "antibas" aagiyavattril thodarpillaatha paaththiraththil thirumbinaar. inththa aththiyaayaththil morgan mattrum voangkin kurugiya kaala thodar "spaces maelae mattrum adharku appaal" pattriya pala kurippugal ullana, avai jody "millinium" ill seruvatharku munbu rathu seiyappattana. vilayaattu attaikalil kaanappadum "endhak karunaikkum kaatthirukka vaendaam" endra sottrodar antha thodarin kurikkoalaagum 'united states marain corps schwatron, athae neraththil payanpaduththappadum thanipatta attaikal-eettikalin jaak, kilappugalin rajaa mattrum idhayangkalin raani-thanipatta kadarpadaiyinar payanpaduththum alaippu adaiyaalangkalai pirathipalikkintrana.
oliparappu mattrum varavaerpu.
"thii thinn oyit line" muthanmuthalil fax netvorkkil pipravari 14,1997 andru oliparappappattathu. aththiyayam adhan asal oliparappin poathu 6.8 endra neelson mathippeettaip pettrathu, athaavathu americavil ulla kudumbangal aththiyaayaththaip paarththana. idhu 6.6 million veedugalaik kurikkirathu, maelum antha vaaram adhigam paarkappatta oliparappil ezhupaththirandaavathu aththiyaayatthai vittuch sentrathu.
inththa aththiyayam vimarsagargalidamirunthu nermaraiyaana vimarsanangkalaip pettrathu. "auuu.vii. kilap emily wanderwerf inththa aththiyaayatthai oru-endru mathippittaar, idhu thodarai "mannippillaatha vagaiyil viththiyaasamaaga irukka payappadaamal" kaattukirathu enbathaik kandarindhadhu. melliya vellai koadu" maayavaathaththin koorugalaiyum, velippadaiyaana karuppu kathaapaaththiraththirku iyarkaikku appaarpattavattraiyum arimugappaduththiyathu endru wanderworf unarnthaar, idhu "morgan mattrum wong season irandil nigazhchchiyai eduththanar, athae neraththil muthal season migavum yathaarththamaana kavanaththudan thoaraayamaaga oththuppoakirathu". pill jibran, dii. vii. dii paechchukkaaga ezhuthinaar, aththiyaayatthai 5 kku 4.5 yena mathippittaar, adhai 1991 aam aandu veliyaana "thii silence off thii lamps" thiraippataththudan oppittaar. oru natchatthira iruthi seyal mattrum migavum kattuppadutthappatta muraiyil perum thaakkatthai aerpaduththum oru iruthik kaatchiyudan, idhu oru sirantha thavanai" endru jibran kuripittaar. robbert shearman mattrum lars bearson, thangal puththagaththil "namba virumbuthal ex-kooppugal, millinium mattrum thanii thuppaakkithaarigalukkaana oru mukkiyamaana vazhikaatti", "melliya vellai koattai ainththil ainthu natchaththiranggal endru mathippittanar, idhu thodar kolaiyaali vadivaththirku thirumbuvathaagak kurippidugiradhu, aanaal idhu ingkae irunthathaip poala adhiga aarvaththudan idharku munbu seiyappadavillai". shearman inththa aththiyaayatthai "aattukkuttikalin amaithi" mattrum thiraippada iyakkunar gwentin tarantinovin padaippugal aagiya irandudanum oppittaar, maelum karuppu mattrum kunjukku idaiyilaana visaaranaik kaatchi "muzhu paruvaththilum oray sirantha kaatchi" endru unarnthaar.
olippathivaalar robbert mcclacklan "thii thinn oyit line" endra thiraippataththil thanathu panikkaaga valakkamaana thodaril olippathivil sirantha saathanai pirivil american society off olippathivaalargal viruthukku parinthuraikkappattaar. sooriyanil irunthu 3 vadhu raak" aththiyaayaththirkaaga maark reshovskyidam "tick streetle kanavukku" mcclacklan thoalviyadainthaar. | sannani tellani rekha (sahasraabdi)
"" "dhi thinn white line" "anedi american crime-thriller television syries" "millennium" "yokka modati season yokka padnaalugo episode". idhi fibravari 14,1997naa faaks networklo pradarsinchabadindi. eee episodenu glen morgaon mariyu james wang raasaaru mariyu thamus zhe darsakatvam vahinchaaru. sarae. "dhi sannani tellani rekha" loe jeremi roberts mariyu scott handle athidhi paatralanu pooshinchaaru.
prastutam khaidu cheyabadina vyaktini hatyala parampara pratidhvanistunnatlu kanipinchinappudu, sahasraabdi samuuha salahaadaaru fraank block (lans henrixen) thana gatapu bhootamnu edurkovali mariyu daadaapu oka yuva nallajati praanaanni teesukunna hantakudini edurkovali.
"sannani tellani rekha" "nijamaina hantakulaina herbert mullin, laurence bitkar mariyu raay norris nundi prerana pondindi, mariyu morgaon mariyu wang yokka munupati syries gurinchi aneka suuchanalu unnaayi". eee episode daani prarambha prasaaramlo sumaru 6.6 laksala kutumbaalu chushai mariyu vimarsakula nundi saanukuula sameekshalanu andukundi.
plaat.
anne rothenberg thana mundu talupu tattadaaniki samadhanam istundi. aame akkada vechi unna vyaktitoe matladinappudu, athanu puurtigaa vaerae vishayam vintaadu; aame hatyaku sammati istundani nammi, athanu aamepai daadi chestaadu.
sahasraabdi samuuha salahaadaaru fraank block (lans henrixen) oka councillerga panichese thana bhaarya catherine (megaon gallaghar) nuu teesukelladaaniki oka pasuvula aasupatrini sandarsistaadu. rothenbergnu vaidya sibbandi stretcherpy teesukuvastaaru. nalupu aame arachetiki addamgaa oka vichitramaina kothanu gamanistundi, mariyu athani vaipu krindiki chustundi, idhi mahila yokka kothaku sarigga saripoye macchanu kaligi untundi. rothenberg appudu aame gaayaalato maranistaadu.
rothenberg gurinchi samacharam kosam nalla samparkaalu seatle police department detective baab bletcher (bill smitrovic). aame oka donganu aascharyaparichindani bhaavinchi, aame bhartha intiki vachinappudu aamenu kanugonnadu. vaerae chota, aame daadi chesina vyakti madyam dukaanamloo gumastaanu kalchi champestaadu, baadhitudu champadaaniki anumati ivvadam mallii vintaadu. block und bletcher neeraaniki sambandhinchina bhadrata camera footageni sameekshistundi, idhi vaaru sagam playing card-jaak off spades-nuu sanghatana sthalamlo kanugonadaaniki daariteestundi. rothenberg intini sodhinchagaa, migilina sagam akkada kanugonabadindi.
block blecharku richard alan huns (jeremi roberts) gurinchi chebutundi, iravai samvatsaraala kritam nallajati seeriyal killer nallajaatiiyudu pattubadataaniki sahayapaddadu. hohns oka chedirina vietnam yuddha anubhavagnudu, athanu thana champulanu sagam play kaardutoe gurtinchaadu, eee aacharaanni athanu thana vidhi paryatanala samayamlo teesukunnadu. anamaka tip kuu pratispandinchina aneka federal beuro off investigation agentlalo block okaru, idhi vaarini huns yokka sthaanaaniki daariteesindi-ayithe, tipnu huns swayamgaa pilichadu mariyu daadi oka aakasmika daadigaa maarindi. mugguru agentlu champabaddaru, mariyu nallajaatiiyudu kundellatho pakkaku dukesadu, athanu athani arachetini kattirinchi, nallajati yuvakudini oodinchi arrestu cheyagalige mundu nallajaateeyula praanaalanu daadaapu teesukunnadu.
prastuta hantakudu hohns maajee selmate jacob tailor (scott heindle) ayi undaali anie prastutam nallajati grahistundi. nallajati vaaru jailulo hansnu sandarsistaaru, mariyu huns thoo maatlaadina taruvaata, tailor tananu taanu huns punarjanma anie nammukuntaadani, athani paddhatulanu khachitamgaa anusarinchaalani korukuntunnadani grahistaadu. intalo, tailor pooliisulaku phone chesi, madyam dukaanam hantakudu oka padubadina bhavanamlo daakkunnaadani cheppi anamaka tip vadili veltaadu. nallajati vaaru bhavananni chuttumudutunna oka swath brundamtho paatu vastaaru, conny adhikarulu veedhiki addamgaa unna nirmaana sthalam nundi snipper kaalpulaku guravutaaru. nalupu mariyu bletcher tailor kosam vetukutunnappudu vaeru avtayi, athanu nalupu meeda chukkanu pondutaadu. nallajati tailarnu niraayudhulanu chesi, atanni longipovalani maatlaadataaniki prayatnistaadu. tailor nallati vaipu chethi tupaakeeni khaalii chestaadu, conny tappipotaadu; bletcher atanni edurkonnappudu, tailor tupaakeeni chuupistaadu mariyu bletcher sahajamgaa atanni kalchi champutundi.
utpatti.
"dhi sannani tellani rekha" nuu tarachugaa sahakarulu ayina glen morgaon mariyu james wang raasaaru, thamus zhe darsakatvam vahinchaaru. sarae. "" "ded letters" "mariyu" "522666" "taruvaata morgaon mariyu wang raasina eee dharavahikalo" "dhi thinn white line" "moodava episode". eee janta syries runlo maroe pannendu episodlanu vraasaru mariyu rendava seasonku saha-karyanirvahaka nirmaatalugaa baadhyatalu sweekaristaaru. rait moodu seasonlalo iravai aaru episodlaku darsakatvam vahinchaadu, mariyu "millennium" anae syries yokka crossover episodenu daani sodari show "dhi ex-files" thoo darsakatvam vahinchaadu. athanu intakumundu morgaon mariyu vonglatho vaari siriisloo kooda panicheesaadu.
jacob tailor mariyu richard allen hohns paatrala madhya sambandham laurence bitt taker mariyu raay norris paatralapai aadharapadi unnatlu telustondi, iddaru khaideelu jailulo unna samayamlo kalisi kalisi aneka mandhi yuvatulanu himsimchi champadaaniki oka bhaagaswaamyaaniki aadharam ayyaru. hatyaku angeekarinchina thana baadhitula gurinchi tailor yokka bhrama darsanaalu paschima german seeriyal killer waldemer szepinsky nundi udbhavinchi undavacchu, athanu vaari door bells moginchinanduku vaari pratispandana aadhaaramgaa thana baadhitulanu enchukunnadu-athanu champadaaniki anumati icchinatlu mariyu vaari illanu dochukunnatlu bhaavinchina vaaru; alaa cheyani vaarini ontarigaa vadilesaaru. eee paatra american seeriyal killer herbert mullin nundi kooda prerana pondindi, athanu kooda adevidhamgaa thana baadhitulu tamanu champadaaniki anumati icchaarani bhaavinchaadu. vaari chivari padaalu tarachugaa "naaku ardhamayyindi" anie mullin paerkonnaaru.
jacob tailor paatranu pooshinchina scott heindle, taruvaata rendava season episode "yea room vith noo view" mariyu moodava season episode "antipas" loe sambandham laeni paatralo tirigi vacchaadu. eee episodelo morgaon mariyu wang yokka swalpakaalika syries "space eguva mariyu velupala" gurinchi aneka suuchanalu unnaayi, ivi janta "sahasraabdi" loe chaeradaaniki mundu raddu cheyabaddaayi. kardulapai kanipinche "dayanu aasinchavaddu" anae padabandham aaa syries yokka ninaadam 'united states merine corps squadron, ayithe upayoginchina vyaktigata kaardulu-jaak off spades, king off clublu mariyu queen off harts-vyaktigata naavikulu upayoginche coll sankethaalanu pratibimbistaayi.
prasaram mariyu sweekarana.
"dhi thinn white line" mottamodata faaks networklo fibravari 14,1997naa prasaram cheyabadindi. eee episode daani asalu prasaara samayamlo 6.8 nielsen ratingnu sampaadinchindi, antey united statesloni gruhalu eee episodenu chushai. idhi 6.6 laksala gruhaalaku praatinidhyam vahinchindi, mariyu aaa vaaram atyadhikamgaa veekshinchina prasaralalo debbai rendava episodga nilichindi.
eee episode vimarsakula nundi saanukuula sameekshalanu andukundi. "eah.vii. club emily wanderworf eee episodenu 'a-' gaa rate chesaadu, idhi sireesnu 'paschaattaapapadani vidhamgaa vichitramgaa undataaniki bhayapadakudadani' choopinchindi. sannani tellani rekha" aadhyaatmikata yokka amsaalanu mariyu fraank block paatraku atindriya amsaalanu pravesapettindani wanderworf bhaavinchaadu, idhi "modati season yokka marinta vaastavika drushtini daadaapu sthiramgaa unchutuu, rendava seasonlo vichitramaina dhisha morgaon mariyu wang pradarsananu teesukunnadani" bhaavinchaadu. bill jibran, DVD tock kosam vraastuu, episodenu episodenu 5kii rate chesi, chesi vacchina "dhi silence off dhi lambs" chithramtho poolchaaru. jibran "oka nakshatra tudi charya mariyu chaalaa samyamanamtho goppa prabhavanni choope mugimpu sannivesamto, idhi oka adbhutamaina vidata" anie paerkonnaadu. robbert shearman mariyu lars pier sunn, vaari pustakam "walking tuu believe eah critical guide tuu dhi ex-files, millennium & dhi lonel gunman" loe, "sannani tellani rekha" nuu aidu nakshatraalaku aidu nakshatraalugaa rate chesaaru, "idhi seeriyal killer aakrutiki tirigi ravadam, conny idhi ikkada unnanta utsaahamto intaku mundu ennadoo cheyaledu". shearman eee episodenu "dhi silence off dhi lambs" mariyu chitra darsakudu quentin tarantino rachanalu rendintitho polchadu, mariyu nalupu mariyu kundella madhya vichaarana drushyam "mottam seasonlo bahusha oke uttama drushyam" anie bhaavinchaadu.
cinematographer robbert mcclacklan "dhi thinn white line" paie chesina krushiki oka saadhaarana siriisloo cinematography atyuttama sadhana vibhaagamlo american society off cinematographers avaardu pratipaadananu andukunnaru. dick streetlo 3 va rock frum dhi sunn" episode "peedakala kosam maark reshovsky chetilo mcclacklan odipoyaadu.
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patli safed lakeer (millinium)
"" "dee leane waait line" "americi karaem tharlar teeli vision seerez" "millinium" "kay pehley seezan kii chudhawein qast hay. iss kaa premier 14 faroori 1997 kuu faaks neet wark parr hawaa. iss qast kuu gleen morgan aur jaims waang nay likhaa thaa aur thamas jay nay iss kii hidayat kaaree kii thee. theek hay. "dee leane waait line" mein gerimi roberts aur scott handle kii mahmanon kii maujudgi thee.
jabb qatal aam kaa silsilah iss waqat qaid eek shaqs kii bazgasht kartaa nazar aataa hay tuu millinium grop consultant frank bleek (laans hanrekson) kuu apnay maazi kay khoof kaa saamna karnaa padta hay aur eek aisey qaatil kaa saamna karnaa padta hay jiss nay taqriba eek naujawan seeyah faam kii jaan lay lee thee.
"patli safed lakeer" "haqeeqi qatilon herbert molan larns butt tekar aur raaye norse say tehreek haasil karti hay aur iss mein morgan aur waang kii pachli seerez kay kayee hawalah jaat shaamil haine." " iss qast kuu iss kii ibtadayi nashriyaat mein taqriba 6.6 millin gharaanon nay dekha thaa aur naqdin kii taraf say asay masbat jaizay milay haine.
plaat.
aine rothenberg nay apnay saamney kay darwazay parr dastak dee. jabb wah wahaan intezar kirr rahay aadmi say baath karti hay tuu wah balkal kachh aur santaa hay vovo yaha maan kirr kahh wah asay qatal karnay kii razamandi day rahee hay wah iss parr hamlah kartaa hay.
millinium grop consultant frank bleek (laans hanrekson) apnee bewi catherine (meegan galagar) kuu leenay kay liye eek settle hospital jaataa hay juu wahaan batoor councillor kaam karti hay. rothenberg kuu piraa medex kay zariye eek strature parr laaya jaataa hay. seeyah iss kii hatheeli parr eek ajeeb katao dekhta hay aur iss kii apnee taraf neechey dekhta hay jiss parr eek daagh hay juu aurat kay katay hoay say balkal milta jaltaa hay. rothenberg phir iss kay zakhmon say marr jaati hay.
rothenberg kay baaray mein malumat kay liye seeyah faam raabtay settle police department jasus baab bleacher (bull samtharovach). iss kay shohar nay asay gahar aatay hyee yaha farz kartay hoay paaya kahh iss nay eek choor kuu hairan kirr diyaa hay. dosri jagah iss kaa hamlah aawar sharaab kii dakaan mein clerk kuu golee maar deeta hay phir say yaha sunn kirr kahh mutasirah shaqs qatal kii ajazat deeta hay. bleek aind bleacher jarm kay hifazati kimray kii fotage kaa jaizah leetay haine jiss kii wajah say inhein jaaye waquah parr aadha play card-jeek aaf speeds-mill jaataa hay. rothenberg kay gahar kii talashi lee jaati hay aur baaqi aadha wahaan say milta hay.
bleek bleacher kuu richard ailan hannes (gerimi roberts) kay baaray mein batata hay eek serial cler seeyah faam nay bees saal pehley giraftar karnay mein madad kii thee. hannes weet naam kaa eek preshan kunn tajarbah kaar jangi thaa jiss nay apnay qatal kuu aadhay card say nashaan zad kiyaa yaha rawaj iss nay apnay deuty kay dooron kay doraan uthaya thaa. bleek inn mutadid wafaqi taftishi agenton mein say eek thaa jinhon nay eek gumnam tipp kaa jawaab diyaa jiss kii wajah say wah huns kay maqaam parr pahunch gayey-tahim tipp kuu hannes nay khood blaya aur chhapah eek gahaat lagaa. teen agenton kuu maar daala gayaa aur seeyah faam kuu huns nay gaheer liyaa jiss nay iss kii hatheeli cott dee aur seeyah faam kii jaan lay lee iss say pehley kahh naujawan seeyah faam asay qaabu karnay aur giraftar karnay mein kamiyab how.
iss waqat seeyah faam kuu ahsaas hotaa hay kahh maujudah qaatil huns kaa saabiq sail meet jacob tylor (scott handle) honaa chahiye. seeyah faam jail mein huns kaa dorah kartay haine aur huns say baath karnay parr asay ahsaas hotaa hay kahh tylor khood kuu huns kay autaar parr yaqeen rakhta hay aur balkal iss kay tareeqon parr amal karnay kaa khwahan hay. darein asnaa tylor police kuu phone kartaa hay aur eek gumnam tipp chhodta hay inhein batata hay kahh sharaab kii dakaan kaa qaatil eek viraan emarat mein chhapa hawaa hay. seeyah faam eek sweet team kay saath emarat kuu gahiray hoay hay leakin afsaran sadak kay paar eek tamirati maqaam say sniper fayer kii zad mein aaa jaatay haine. seeyah aur bleacher alg how jaatay haine jabb wah tylor kii talaash kartay haine jiss kuu seeyah parr drop milta hay. seeyah faam tylor kuu hathiyar daaltay huay asay hathiyar daalnay kii baath karnay kii koshish kartay hoay. tylor seeyah rung kii bandoq kuu khaali kartaa hay leakin wah ghaib how jaataa hay vovo jabb bleacher iss kaa saamna kartaa hay tuu tylor bandoq kii taraf asharah kartaa hay aur bleacher fitri toor parr asay golee maar kirr halaak kirr deeta hay.
paidawar.
"dee leane waait line" kuu aksar taawan karnay waalay gleen morgan aur jaims waang nay likhaa thaa aur iss kii hidayat kaaree thamas jay nay kii thee. theek hay. "" "dee leane waait line" "seerez kii teesri qast thee jasay morgan aur waang nay" "deed latters" "aur" "522666" "kay baad likhaa thaa. yaha jodee seerez kay doraan mazeed baarah aqsaat likhein gee aur dosray seezan kii zamah daari shareek execto producer kay toor parr sanbhalein gee. raait teenon seasons mein chhabis aqsaat kii hidayat kaaree kartaa rehaa aur "millinium" kii hidayat kaaree bhee kartaa juu kahh seerez kii karaas auvar qast hay jiss mein iss kii behan show "dee aiks failein" hay. iss say qabal inhon nay morgan aur waang kay saath inn kii seerez mein bhee kaam kiyaa thaa.
jacob tylor aur richard ailan hannes kay kirdaron kay darmiyan taluqat larns butt tekar aur raaye norse parr mubni malum hotay haine duu mujaram jinn kay jail mein guzaray gayey waqat nay eek sharakat kii bunyaad banayi jiss nay inhein 1979 mein kayee naujawan khwatin kuu tashdad aur qatal kartay hoay dekha. tylor kay apnay mutasireen kay qatal kii razamandi kay fareeb kay tasvaraat maghrabi german serial cler waldmer zezpensky say how saktay haine jinhon nay apnay mutasireen kaa intekhaab inn kay darwazay kii ghantiyan bajanay kay jawaab kii bunyaad parr kiyaa-jinhon nay jawaab diyaa kahh inhon nay jawaab diyaa kahh inhon nay qatal karnay kii ajazat dee hay aur inn kay gharoon mein choori kii hay. wah loag jinhon nay aisa nahein kiyaa wah sarf akilay rahh gayey thay. yaha kirdaar americi serial cler herbert molan say bhee mutasir hay jiss nay asee tarah mahsus kiyaa kahh iss kay mutasireen nay asay inhein maarnay kii ajazat dee thee. molan nay daawi kiyaa kahh inn kay aakhri alfaz aksar "mein samajh gayaa" hotay thay.
scott handle jiss nay jacob tylor kaa kirdaar adaa kiyaa baad mein dosray seezan kii qast "eek kamrah jiss mein koyee nizarah nahein thaa"yee aur teesre seezan kii qast "antipas" mein ghair mutaliqah kirdaar mein waps aayey. iss qast mein morgan aur waang kii qaleel madti seerez "spees: oopar aur iss say aagay" kay kayee hawalah jaat haine juu iss jodee kay "millinium" mein shaamil honay say pehley mansukh kirr dee gayee thee. taash parr paaya jaanay waala faqrah "raham kii toqaa naha karein" iss seerez kaa maqsad hay 'united steats mirian coor squadern jabkah istemaal honay waalay infiradi card-jeek aaf speeds king aaf kalbaz aur koyeen aaf harts-infiradi marines kay zariah istemaal honay waalay kaal kay nishanaat kii akaasi kartay haine.
nashar aur isteqbal.
"dee leane waait line" pehli baar faaks neet wark parr 14 faroori 1997 kuu nashar kiyaa gayaa thaa. iss qast nay apnee asl nashriyaat kay doraan 6.8 kii neelson reting haasil kii jiss kaa matlab hay kahh riyasathaye muthadah mein gharaanon nay yaha qast dekhi. iss nay 6.6 millin gharaanon kii numaindagi kii aur iss qast kuu iss haftay sabb say ziyadah dekha jaanay waala satar waan nashar kardiya.
iss qast kuu naqdin kii taraf say masbat jaizay milay. "aey.wee. kalb "emili wendrorf nay iss qast kuu aey-darjah diyaa yaha jaan kirr kahh iss nay seerez kuu" ghair maafi kay toor parr ajeeb honay say bay khoof "dikhaya. wendrorf nay mahsus kiyaa kahh "patli safed lakeer" nay sufiyana anaasir aur frank bleek kay kirdaar kay liye mafuq alfitrat kuu mutaarif karaya juu "ajeeb samat morgan aur waang nay seezan duu mein show liyaa jabkah pehley seezan kii ziyadah haqeeqat pasandanah taujah kay saath taqriba mutabiqat rakhta hay. ddee wee ddee taak kay liye likhtay hoay bull jabron nay iss qast kuu 5 mein say 4.5 darjah diyaa iss kaa mawaznah 1991 kii film "dee sylence aaf dee lambus" say kiyaa. jabron nay nott kiyaa kahh "eek shandar hatmi amal aur eek ikhtatami manzar kay saath jiss kaa behat hyee mahdud andaaz mein behat ziyadah asar padta hay yaha eek behtareen qast hay. raabart shermeen aur laarz pairson nay apnee kitaab "maanna chahtay haine: aiks failon millinium aur tanha bandoq bardaron kay liye eek tanqidi guide" mein "patli safed lakeer" kuu paanch mein say paanch sataray diye yaha nott kartay hoay kahh "yaha serial cler formate kii taraf wapsi hay leakin yaha pehley kabhi atnee josh woo kharoosh kay saath nahein kiyaa gayaa jitna yahaan thaa. shermeen nay iss qast kaa mawaznah "bhedon kii khamushi" aur film director koventan terrantino kay kaamon donon say kiyaa aur mahsus kiyaa kahh seeyah faam aur harran kay darmiyan pooch gachh kaa manzar "shayed puray seezan kaa waahid behtareen manzar" thaa.
cenmatographer raabart mclachlin kuu "dee leane waait line" parr apnay kaam kay liye eek baqayedah seerez mein cenmatography mein shandar kamiyabi kay zamray mein american society aaf cinematographers aiward kii namzadgi milly. mclachlin "thard raak fraam dee sunn" qast "dakk strait parr drawnay khwaab" kay liye maark reshwoski say haar gayey. |
0004d93ed5668034fd56967dae2bb711bf3bc455700bbf8ff814a70ce899d2d8 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14602142 | Athenion of Maroneia |
Athenion of Maroneia
3rd-century BC Greek painter
Athenion of Maroneia (Ancient Greek: Ἀθηνίων Μαρωνίτης) was an ancient Greek painter, born at Maroneia in Thrace who flourished during the late 4th and early 3rd centuries BC. He was a pupil of Glaucion of Corinth, and a contemporary probably of Nicias, whom he resembled and excelled, though his style was harsher. He gave promise of the highest excellence in his art, but died young.
| null | null | meroniyaanu ethanian
meronia ethanion (praachin greekah ἀθηνίων μαρωνίτης) aek praachin grick chitrakaar hataa, jeno janm thressma meroniyama thayo hato, jeey ee. saes. purve chothee sadeena antamaa aneey triji sadeeni sharuaatmaa vikaas pamya hataa. teo koreenthnaa glaushannaa vidhyarthi hataa, aneey kadaach nikeeyasna samkalin hataa, jaimnee shailee vadhu kathor hovaa chhataa teo temnee saathe maltaa aavtaa hataa aneey utkrusht hataa. temane temnee kalaamaa sarvoch shreshthataanu vachan aapyu hatoo, parantu yuvan vaye temnu avsaan thayu hatoo.
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maroniyada athenian
maroniyada athenian (praachina greekh ἀθηνίων μαρωνίτης) obba praachina greek varnachitrakaaranaagiddanu, aata thraysna maroniyadalli janisidanu, aata cree. poo. 4neey shatamaanada koneyalli mattu 3neey shatamaanada aarambhadalli pravardhamanakke bandanu. aata korinthada holapina shishyanagiddanu mattu bahushah nikiyagala samakaalinanaagiddanu, aatana shailiyu kathinavagiddaroo aata aatanannu holuttiddanu mattu atyuttamanagiddanu. aata tanna kaleyalli atyunnata shreshthateya bharavase niididanu, aadare chikka vayassinalliye nidhanaraadaru. | null |
maronia ethanian
ethanian auph maronia (pracheen greekah ἀθηνίων μαρωνίτης) haah eka pracheen greek chitrakar hota, jyacha janm thressmadhil maronia yethe jhaala hota, joou ii. sha. puu. chauthya shatkachya uttaradhat aanee tisya shatkachya suruvatila bharbharatila aala. too korinthachya glotioncha vidyarthi hota aanee bahudha nikiyascha samkalin hota, jyachi shaili kathor asali taree too tyanchyasarkha aanee utkrusht hota. tyane tyachya kaleteel sarvoch utkrushtateche vachan dile, parantu lahan vayatach tyacha mrutyu jhaala. | null | null |
marinia daa athenian
marinia daa athenian (prachin unanio ἀθηνίων μαρωνίτης) ikk prachin yunani chittarkar see, joe thrace dey marinia witch paida hoiaa see, joe chauthi sadee bee. see. dey akheer atey tiji sadee dey arambh witch prafullat hoiaa see. uh kurinthus dey chamak daa vidiaarthi see, atey shayed nissiaa daa samkali see, jiss naal uh milda-julda see atey uttam see, halanki usdi shaili sakhat see. unhan neey aapni qalaa witch uttmata daa vaada keeta, parr unhan dee chhoti umar witch hii maut hoow gaee. |
ethanian aaf maronia
ethanian aaf maronia (prachina-greekah ἀθηνίων μαρωνίτης) ekaha prachina-greek-chitrakaarah aasit, yah thress-nagarasya maronia-nagare ajayata, yah saa. sha. poo. chaturthashataabdyaah ante tathaa cha truteeyashataabdyaah aarambhe cha pravardhamaanah abhavat. saha corinth-ityasya glaucian ityasya shishyah aasit, sambhawatah nikias ityasya samakaaleenah cha aasit, yasya shailee katorataa aasit tathaapi saha saadrushyam utkrushtataam cha praapnot. saha svakalayam sarvoccha-utkrushtataayaah pratijnaam krutavaan, parantu yuvate eva mrutah. | null | maronia yokka athenian
maroniaku chendina athenian (puraatana greeku ἀθηνίων μαρωνίτης) oka puraatana greeku chitrakaarudu, thraceloni maronialo janminchaadu, athanu cree. puu. 4 va sataabdam chivaralo mariyu 3 va sataabdam praarambhamlo abhivruddhi chendaadu. athanu korinth yokka glassian yokka vidyaarthi, mariyu bahusha nikias yokka samakaaleena, athani shaili kathinamgaa unnappatikee, athanu atanini pooli unnadu mariyu raninchadu. athanu thana kalalo atyunnata shreshtata gurinchi vaagdaanam chesaadu, conny chinnatanamlone maraninchaadu.
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0004da32b2873e8c45d28c53c26cb51eb4ae764c239bf03491c4f1326b96a73e | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7818064 | Nice name |
Nice name
In set theory, a nice name is used in forcing to impose an upper bound on the number of subsets in the generic model. It is used in the context of forcing to prove independence results in set theory such as Easton's theorem.
Formal definition.
Let formula_1 ZFC be transitive, formula_2 a forcing notion in formula_3, and suppose formula_4 is generic over formula_3.
Then for any formula_6-name formula_7 in formula_3, we say that formula_9 is a nice name for a subset of formula_7 if formula_9 is a formula_6-name satisfying the following properties:
(1) formula_13
(2) For all formula_6-names formula_15, formula_16 forms an antichain.
(3) (Natural addition): If formula_17, then there exists formula_18 in formula_6 such that formula_20.
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bhaal naam.
xonghoti totwot, jenerik modelot upoxetor xongkhyar uporot uporor xeema aarup koriboloi badhyo korat etaa bhaal naam byobohar koraa hoy. iyak istonor upopadyor dore nirdisto totwot swadhinotar folafol proman koriboloi boll proyug korar xondorbhot byobohar koraa hoy.
anusthanik xongya.
xutro 1 zfc-koo poribortonxil hoh 'boloi diyok, xutro 2-koo xutro 3-too bolowot koraa dharona, aaru dhori louk xutro 4-koo xutro 3-ror uporot jenerik.
taar pisot xutro _ 3-too thoka jikunu xutro _ 6-naamor xutro _ 7-ror baabe, aami kou je xutro _ 9 xutro _ 7-ror etaa upoxomuschojor baabe etaa bhaal naam jodi xutro _ 9 etaa xutro _ 6-naam nimnolikhito boixistyoxomuh xontusto koreh
(1) xutro _ 13
(2) xokolu xutror baabe _ 6-naamor xutro _ 15, xutro _ 16 e etaa anticain gothon kore.
(3) (swabhabik xongzujon): jodi xutro 17 hoy, tente xutro 6too xutro 18 aase jene xutro 20. | sundar naam.
seeta totte, ekti vall naam byabohar koraa hoy generic modele uposetgulir sankhyar upor ekti uchcho seema arop korte. eastoner upopadyer moto seeta totter modhye swadhinota folafol proman korar jonno etty boll proyoger prosonge byabohrito hoy.
anusthanik sangya.
sootro _ 1 zfc keey transitive hotey deane, sootro _ 2 sootro _ 3-ayee ekti boll proyoger dharona, ebong dharun sootro _ 4 sootro _ 3-err upor sadharan.
tarpor sootro _ 3-ayee jey konao sootro _ 6-naam sootro _ 7-err jonno, amra bolly jey sootro _ 9 sootro _ 7-err ekti uposeter jonno ekti vall naam jodi sootro _ 9 ekti sootro _ 6-naam nimnolikhito baisishtaguli santushta koreh
(1) sootro _ 13
(2) samasta sootro-6-naamer sootro-15-err jonno, sootro-16 ekti antichain gathon korey.
(3) (prakritik sanjojan): jodi sootro 17 hoy, tobey sootro 6-ayee sootro 18 royeche jemon sootro 20.
| saras naam
samooh siddhaantmaa, saamanya modelmaan upganni sankhyaa parr upali maryada laadvaa maate dabaan karvaa maate aek saras naamno upyog karvaamaa aave chhe. teno upyog istonnaa pramey jevaa seeta theoryma svatantratana parinaamone saabit karvaa maate dabaannaa sandarbhma thaay chhe.
aupcharik vyakhya.
sootra _ 1 zfc neey sankramansheel, sootra _ 2 neey sootra _ 3 maan baljabarithi samjavaa doo, aneey dhaaro keey sootra _ 4 sootra _ 3 parr saamanya chhe.
pachhi sootra _ 3 maan koipan sootra _ 6-naam sootra _ 7 maate, aapane kaheeae chhiae keey sootra _ 9 aee sootra _ 7 naa subset maate aek saras naam chhe jooe sootra _ 9 aee sootra _ 6-naam chhe jeey neechena gunadharmone santosh aape chheh
(1) sootra _ 13
(2) tamaam sootra _ 6-naamo sootra _ 15 maate, sootra _ 16 aek veerodhi banaave chhe.
(3) (koodarti umero): jooe sootra 17 hoya, too sootra sootra sootra 18 astitvamaa chhe, jaim keey sootra 20.
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achchha naam haye.
sett siddhant mein, ack achche naam kaa upayog samanya model mein upasamuchchay kii sankhya parr ack oopari seema lagaane key liye kiya jaataa haye. iska upayog easton kii pramey jaise sett siddhant mein swatantrata key parinamon koo saabit karane key liye bull key sandarbh mein kiya jaataa haye.
aupchaarik paribhasha.
sootra _ 1 zfc koo pargamansheel honey dein, sootra _ 2 koo sootra _ 3 mein ack bull dhaarana haye, aur maan leejiye kii sootra _ 4 sootra _ 3 parr samanya haye.
phir sootra _ 3 mein kissy bhee sootra _ 6-naam sootra _ 7 key liye, humm kahate hain kii sootra _ 9 sootra _ 7 key upasamuchchay key liye ack achchha naam haye yadi sootra _ 9 ack sootra _ 6-naam haye joe nimnalikhit gunon koo santusht kartaa haih
(1) sootra _ 13
(2) sabhi sootra _ 6-naam sootra _ 15 key liye, sootra _ 16 ack antichen banaata haye.
(3) (praakritik jodd): yadi sootra 17 haye, tou sootra 6 mein sootra 18 maujood haye jaise kii sootra 20. |
olleya hesaru.
sett siddhaantadalli, saamaanya maadariyallina upagumpugala sankhyeya mele melina mitiyannu heralu ottaayisalu ondu olleya hesarannu balasalaaguttade. eestan siddhaantadantaha sett siddhaantadalli swatantryada phalitaamshagalannu sabitupadisalu ottaayisuva sandarbhadalli idannu balasalaaguttade.
oupachaarika vyakhyana.
sootra _ 1 zfc parivartanasheelavaagirali, sootra _ 2 sootra _ 3 ralli ondu ottaya kalpane, mattu sootra _ 4 sootra _ 3 mele saamaanyavaagide endu bhavisona.
nantara sootra _ 3ralliruva yaavude sootra _ 6-hesarina sootra _ 7kke, sootra _ 9 sootravu sootra _ 7rahra upavibhaagakke uttama hesaraagide endu naavu helutteve, sootra _ 9 sootravu sootra _ 6-hesarina ee kelagina gunalaksanagalannu truptipadisuttadeh
(1) sootra _ 13
(2) ellah sootragalige _ 6-hesarugala sootra _ 15, sootra _ 16 ondu pratijeevakavannu roopisuttade.
(3) (naisargika serpade): sootra 17 agiddare, sootra 6ralli sootra 18 iruttade, aaa sootra 20 aagide.
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nalla peru.
settu sidhaanthathil, pothuvaaya modelle upavibhaagangalude ennathil oru uyarnna paridhi adichelppikkaan oru nalla peru upayogikkunnu. eesttan sidhaantham polulla settu sidhaanthathil swaathanthryam theliyikkaan nirbandhitharude pashchaathalatthil ithu upayogikkunnu.
aupachaarika nirvachanam.
formula _ 1 zfc traansitteevu ayirikkatte, formula _ 2 formula _ 3 leeii oru fozhsing dhaarana, formula _ 4 formula _ 3 nuu mukalilulla pothuvaayathaanennu karuthuka.
formula _ 3 leeii eathu formula _ 6-neyim formula _ 7 num, formula _ 9 inipparayunna gunangale thripthippeduthunna formula _ 6-neyim aanenkil formula _ 7 nte oru upavibhaagathin formula _ 9 oru nalla peraanennu njangal parayunnu
(1) formula _ 13
(2) ellah formulakalkkum 6-names formula 15, formula 16 oru anticheyin roopappeduthunnu.
(3) (swaabhaavika kootticherkkal): soothravaakyam 17 aanenkil, soothravaakyam 20 polulla soothravaakyam 6 ll soothravaakyam 18 nilavilundu.
| chhan naav.
sanch siddhantat, samanya modelmadhil upasanchanchya sankhyevar varchi seema ladanyasathi eka changle naav vaparale jaate. eastonchya prameyasarkhya sanch siddhantat swatantrya parinam siddha karnyasathi saktichya sandarbhat yacha vapar keela jaato.
aupcharik vyakhya.
sootra _ 1 zed. eff. see. sankramanshil asoo dya, sootra _ 2 hii sootra _ 3 madheel saktichi kalpana aahe aanee samaja sootra _ 4 heey sootra _ 3 varr samanya aahe.
mug sootra _ 3 madheel konatyahi sootra _ 6-naav sootra _ 7 sathee, aapan mhanato qee sootra _ 9 heey sootra _ 7 chya upasanchasathi eka changle naav aahe jarr sootra _ 9 heey sootra _ 6-naav aahe jeey khaleel gunadharmanche samadhan karateh
(1) sootra _ 13
(2) serve sutransathi _ 6-nave sootra _ 15, sootra _ 16 eka antichen tayar karate.
(3) (naisargik jode): jarr sootra 17 asel, tarr sootra 6 madhye sootra 18 asey aahe qee sootra 20.
| ramro naam
sett siddhantama, generich modelma upasetharuko sankhyama mathillo sima lagauna badhya parne ramro naam prayog garinchha. yo istanko siddhanta jasta sett siddhantama swatantrata parinamharu pramanit garna balko sandarbhama prayog garinchha.
aupacharik paribhasha.
sutra _ 1 zfc lai sankramanshil, sutra _ 2 lai sutra _ 3 maa ek ball prayog garne dharana huna dinuhos, rar mannuhos sutra _ 4 sutra _ 3 bhanda samanya chha.
tyasapachhi sutra _ 3 maa kunai pani sutra _ 6-naam sutra _ 7 kaa lagi, hammy bhanchhaun kii sutra _ 9 sutra _ 7 ko upasamuchchayka lagi ramro naam how yadi sutra _ 9 nimna gunharulai santushta pardai sutra _ 6-naam hoh
(1) sutra _ 13
(2) sabai sutra _ 6-naam sutra _ 15 kaa lagi, sutra _ 16 ley antichen banaunchha.
(3) (prakritik thap): yadi sutra _ 17 how bhane, tyahan sutra _ 6 maa sutra _ 18 awasthit chha jastai sutra _ 20.
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sunder naama.
sett siddhantare, generic madelare upset sankhya upare eka uccha seema laagu karibaku badhya karibare eka bhal naama byabahruta hue . ehaa istananka siddhanta bhali sett siddhantare swadheenata phalaphalaku pramanita kariba paain bala prajoga kariba sandarbhare byabahruta hue .
aanusthanika sangya.
sutra _ 1 zfc ku khyanasthajee, sutra _ 2 ku sutra _ 3 ray eka badhyatamoolaka dharana bolly dharantu, ebong dharantu sutra _ 4 sutra _ 3 upare sadharana .
taa 'parey sutra _ 3 ray thiba jekaunasi sutra _ 6-naama sutra _ 7 paain, aame kahu je sutra _ 7 rahr eka upset paain sutra _ 9 eka bhal naama jadi sutra _ 9 nimnalikhita gunabaliku santusta karuthiba sutra _ 6-naama ateh
(1) sutra _ 13
(2) samasta sutra-6-naama sutra-15 paain, sutra-16 eka anticane gathan kare .
(3) (prakrutika joga): jadi sutra 17, tebe sutra 6ray sutra 18 rahichhi, jepari sutra 20. |
changa naam
sett thioori witch, ikk changa naam aam maadal witch upp-samoohan dee ginti utte ikk upparli seema lagaun laee vartiaa jaanda haii. iss dee varton easton dee thiooram varge sett thioori witch sutantarta dey natijiaan noon saabat curran laee bull dey sandrabh witch keeti jaandi haii.
rasmi paribhasha.
mann laou kii farmula _ 1 zfc parivartansheel haii, farmula _ 2 farmula _ 3 witch ikk forcing dharna haii, atey mann laou kii farmula _ 4 farmula _ 3 utte aam haii.
firr farmula _ 3 witch kise vee farmula _ 6-naam farmula _ 7 laee, aseen kahinde haan kii farmula _ 9 farmula _ 7 dey upp samooh laee ikk changa naam haii jacker farmula _ 9 ikk farmula _ 6-naam haii joe heth likhiaan visheshtavan noon santusht karda haiyav
(1) farmula _ 13
(2) saare farmule _ 6-naam farmule _ 15 laee, farmule _ 16 ikk antichen banaunda haii.
(3) (kudrati jode): jacker farmula 17 haii, taan farmula 6 witch farmula 18 maujood haii jiven kii farmula 20. | uttamm naam.
samuhasiddhante, samanya-pratiroope upasamucchayasy sankhyayaha upari uccha-sima-nirbandhayitum balaprayoge ekam uttamm naam prayujyate. easton ityasya siddhantah ityadini siddhaant-samucchayam swatantrataayaah parinamam niroopayitum balaprayogasy sandarbhe asya upayogah bhavati.
aupachaarika paribhasha.
sootram _ 1 zfc sankramanasheelam, sootram _ 2 sootram _ 3 madhye balaprayog-dharana, tathaa sootram _ 4 sootrasya apekshayaa samanyam iti dhaarayatu.
tatah sootram _ 3 madhye kasyaapi sootrasya _ 6-namasya sootrasya _ 7 krute, vayam vadaamah yat sootrasya _ 7 ityasya upasamucchayasy krute sootram _ 9 uttamm naam asti yadi sootram _ 9 sootram _ 6-naam asti yat nimnalikhitaan gunaan truptim karoti.
(1) sootram _ 13
(2) sarwebhyah sutranam 6-namanam sootrasya 15 ityasya krute sootrasya 16 iti sootrasya krute prati-sanketah bhavati.
(3) (praakrutikam samyojanam)-yadi sootram _ 17 asti, tarhi sootram _ 6 madhye sootram _ 18 asti, yathaa sootram _ 20.
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nalla peyar.
thoguppuk koatpaattil, podhuvaana maathiriyil ulla thunaikkuzhukkalin ennikkaiyil oru mael varambai vithikka oru nalla peyar payanpaduththappadukirathu. eestanin thaettram poantra thoguppuk koatpaattil suthanthiraththin mudivugalai niroobikka kattaayappadutthum soozhalil idhu payanpaduththappadukirathu.
muraiyaana varaiyarai.
sooththiram _ 1 zfc enbathu maattruththiranaaka irukkattum, sooththiram _ 2 enbathu sooththiram _ 3 ill oru kattaaya karuththaagum, maelum sooththiram _ 4 enbathu sooththiram _ 3 aii vida podhuvaanathu endru vaiththukkolvoam.
pinnar endha sooththiraththirkum _ 6-peyar sooththiram _ 7 sooththiram _ 3 ill, sooththiram _ 9 enbathu oru nalla peyar endru koorukiroam sooththiram _ 7 inn thunaikkuzhuvirku sooththiram _ 9 pinvarum panbugalai thirupthippaduththum sooththiram _ 6-peyar endraal
(1) sooththiram _ 13
(2) anaitthu sooththirangalukkum _ 6-peyarkal sooththiram _ 15, sooththiram _ 16 oru ethirppai uruvaakkukirathu.
(3) (iyarkaiyaana koottal): sooththiram _ 17 endraal, sooththiram _ 6 ill sooththiram _ 18 ullathu, aththagaiya sooththiram _ 20.
| manchi paeru.
sett siddhaantamlo, saadhaarana namuunaalooni upasamitula sankhyapai eguva parimitini vidhinchadaaniki oka manchi paeru upayoginchabadutundi. eestan siddhaantam vanti sett siddhaantamlo swaatantryam phalitaalanu niroopinchadaaniki balavantam chese sandarbhamlo idhi upayoginchabadutundi.
adhikaarika nirvachanam.
suutram _ 1 zfc parivartanaseelamgaa undanivvandi, suutram _ 2 suutram _ 3 loe oka balavantam bhavana, mariyu suutram _ 4 suutram _ 3 paie saadhaaranam anukundam.
appudu formula _ 3 looni edainaa formula _ 6-name formula _ 7 kosam, formula _ 9 anedi suutram _ 7 yokka upasamitiki manchi paeru anie memu chebutamu, formula _ 9 anedi suutram _ 6-paeru eee krindi lakshanaalanu santruptiparustundihi
(1) suutram _ 13
(2) anni suutraalaku _ 6-paerla suutram _ 15, suutram _ 16 oka antichainnu yerparustundi.
(3) (sahaja adanamgaa): suutram _ 17 ayithe, suutram _ _ suutram _ 18 untundi, aaa suutram _ 20.
| achhaa naam hay.
seet theori mein aam maadal mein sabb seeton kii taadad parr opri hadd aayed karnay kay liye eek achhaa naam istemaal kiyaa jaataa hay. yaha estone kay nazariyah jeesay seet theori mein aazadi kay nataij kuu saabat karnay kay liye zabardasti kay tanazar mein istemaal hotaa hay.
rasmi tareef.
farmola _ 1 zfc kuu transitive farmola _ 2 kuu farmola _ 3 mein eek forsing tasavur honay dain aur farz karein kahh farmola _ 4 farmola _ 3 parr aam hay.
phir farmola _ 3 mein kasee bhee farmola _ 6-naam kay farmolay _ 7 kay liyay humm kehtay haine kahh farmola _ 9 farmola _ 7 kay zeeli seet kay liye eek achhaa naam hay agar farmola _ 9 eek farmola _ 6-naam hay juu mandarjah zeel khususiyat kuu mutmain kartaa hay:
(1) farmola _ 13
(2) tamaam farmola _ 6-naamon kay farmolay _ 15 kay liyay farmola _ 16 eek ainti cheen banata hay.
(3) (qadarti izafah): agar farmola 17 hay tuu farmola 6 mein farmola 18 mojud hay jeesay farmola 20.
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0004da3bc90c05a8af010ae20083136e487c38432d3ec84b55009e2720f44dae | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=65008745 | UFN 121 |
UFN 121
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yuu. aff. aine. 121 | null | null | yuu. eff. aine. 121
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yuu. eff. ainn. 121 |
yu. ef. enn. 121 | null | null | null |
0004dadbb0a3ee3b94a8908c4a3222ef664f0dd6f285109ed7b4c2590556ac90 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=49943814 | Harry Chapman (footballer, born 1997) |
Harry Chapman (footballer, born 1997)
English footballer
Harrison James Chapman (born 5 November 1997) is an English professional footballer plays as a midfielder for Bradford City.
Club career.
Middlesbrough.
Chapman signed his first professional contract with Championship club Middlesbrough in January 2015. Chapman played for Boro during the 2015–16 UEFA Youth League, contributing eight assists and three goals in six games – more assists than any other player in the competition.
Barnsley (loan).
On 26 February 2016, he joined League One side Barnsley until the end of the 2015–16 season; "Tykes" manager Paul Heckingbottom said that the club were lucky to sign Chapman. He made his debut in the Football League the following day, coming on for Lloyd Isgrove 73 minutes into a 2–1 win over Crewe Alexandra at Gresty Road. He scored his first senior goal on 5 March, in a 3–1 victory over Walsall at the Bescot Stadium. On 3 April, Chapman was a late substitute as Barnsley won the 2016 Football League Trophy Final. Chapman was in the squad that won the 2016 Football League play-offs at Wembley Stadium on 29 May.
Sheffield United (loan).
On 12 August 2016, Chapman joined Sheffield United on a season-long loan. He scored his first goal for the club in a 1–0 win over Bristol Rovers on 27 September 2016. Chapman then went on to score the first hat-trick of his professional career in a 6–0 FA Cup win against Leyton Orient. However, in November 2016 he picked up an injury that would lead him to the end of his loan spell with the Blades in January 2017. It was agreed on 31 January 2017 that his loan spell would be renewed and he would rejoin the Blades upon his rehabilitation.
Blackburn Rovers (loan).
On 4 August 2017, Chapman completed a loan move to Blackburn Rovers for the 2017–18 season.
Blackburn Rovers.
On 28 January 2019, Chapman signed a permanent contract with Blackburn Rovers on a 2½-year deal.
On 20 May 2022, Blackburn announced Chapman would be departing the club upon the expiry of his contract on 30 June.
Shrewsbury Town (loan).
On 31 December 2020, Chapman joined League One club Shrewsbury Town on a six-month loan until the end of the season. On 31 January, Chapman netted twice in a 2–0 win at home to Peterborough United. Three days later, in what Crewe Alexandra manager David Artell described as "a horrific tackle", Chapman broke the leg of Crewe forward Oliver Finney; he was yellow-carded for the foul, though Artell said the referee’s assessor thought it "was probably a red card [offence]". He scored seven goals in 24 appearances for the Shropshire side.
Burton Albion (loan).
On 31 August 2021, Chapman joined League One club Burton Albion on a six-month loan until 2 January 2022. He made 15 appearances for Burton, scoring once - in his final appearance, a 4–1 win against Crewe Alexandra on 1 January 2022.
Bradford City.
On 17 June 2022, Chapman signed a permanent contract with Bradford City on a 2-year deal.
International career.
Chapman has represented England at U18 level. He was selected for the England under-20 team in the 2017 FIFA U-20 World Cup, but was an unused substitute in the tournament that England won.
"As of match played 1 January 2022"
Career statistics.
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Honours.
Barnsley
Sheffield United
Blackburn Rovers
England U20
References.
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heri supman (football kheluwoi, jonmo 1997)
herison james supman (jonmo 5 novembor 1997) ejon ingraj pesadari football kheluwoi jiye breadford sohoror baabe midfielder hisape khele.
clubber keriyar.
modhyobhag.
sapmene 2015 sonor januaryt championswip club middlesbro 'ror xoite teur prothom pesadari sukti swakhyor korisil. sapmene 2015-16 uefa yuth leegor xomoyot borur hoi khelisil, soikhon khelot aathta assist aaru tinita go "lo orihona jugaisil-protijugitakhonor aan jikunu kheluoitkoi odhik assist.
bernsole (rino).
2016 sonor 26 februaryt teu 2015-16 sijonor xexoloike leeg waan side bernsolit jugdan korisil; "tikes" menezar poll heckingbotomoi koichil je clubtu sepmen swakhyor koriboloi bhagyowan. pisdina teu football leegot aatmoprokax korisil, gresti rudot kore alekjendrar biruddhe 2-1ror joyot 73 minutet loyor isgrovor hoi aahisil. 5 marchot teu teur prothom jyestho go "lotu korisil, beskot stadiumot wals 'lor biruddhe 3-1ror joyot. 3 aprilot supman ejon polomkoi bikolpo hisape aahisil kiyonu bernsoliye 2016 sonor football leeg trophir finalot joylabh korisil. 29 mey 'too wembly stadiumot 2016 sonor football leeg play-ofot joylabh koraa dolot supman aasil.
swefield united (rino).
2016 sonor 12 aagostot sepmene sijon-long rinot swefield unitedot jugdan korisil. 2016 sonor 27 septemborot bristol roversor biruddhe 1-0ror joyot teu clubber hoi prothom go "lo korisil. taar pisot sapmene leiton orientor biruddhe 6-0 ef. e. kaapot joylabh kori teur pesadari karrier prothom hetrik go" lo korisil. obosye, 2016 sonor novembor maahot teu etaa aaghat paisil jiye teuk 2017 sonor januaryt bladdor xoite teur rinor bananor ontoloi loi goisil. 2017 sonor 31 januaryt teur rinor baanan nobikoron koraa hoh 'bob aaru teu punor xustho huwar pisot bladburot punor jugdan koribo buli xonmot hoisil.
blackburn rubhar (rino).
2017 sonor 4 aagostot sapmene 2017-18 sijonor baabe blackburn rubharoloi rino luwar kaam xompurno kore.
blackburn rubhar.
2019 sonor 28 januaryt sapmene blackburn rubharxomuhor xoite 21⁄2 bosoriya suktit ek sthayi sukti swakhyor kore.
2022 sonor 20 mey 'too blackburne ghuxona korisil je sepmene 30 junot teur suktir myad xex huwar pisot club tyag koribo.
shriusbari taaun (rino).
2020 sonor 31 disemborot sepmene sijonor xexoloike choy maahor rinot leeg waan club shriusbari townot jugdan korisil. 31 januaryt sapmene pieterboru unitedor biruddhe ghoruwa khelpotharot 2-0ror joyot dubar gul korisil. tini dinor pisot, kree alekjendrar menezar david artele "etaa bhoyongkor tekel" buli bornona koraa kribo forward olibhar finir bhoritu sapmene bhangi pelaisil; faulor baabe teuk halodhiya card diya hoisil, jodiu artele koichil je refereer mulyayonkariye iyak "xombhobotoh ronga card [oporadh]" buli bhabisil. teu sroposwayar dolor hoi 24 khon khelot xatota go "lo korisil.
barton elbion (rino).
31 aagosto 2021-too, sapmene 2022 sonor 2 januaryloike choy maahor rinot leeg waan club barton elbiyonot jugdan korisil. teu bartonor hoi 15taa uposthiti dekhuwaisil, ebaar sko "ror korisil-teur ontim uposthiti, 1 january 2022-too kre alekjendrar biruddhe 4-1ror joy.
breadford sohor.
2022 sonor 17 junot sapmene breadford sohoror xoite 2 bosoriya sukti swakhyor kore.
antohrastriyo keriyar.
sapmene 18 bosor boyoxor tolor porzayot englandok protinidhitwo korise. 2017 sonor fifa onurdho-20 biswokapot teuk englandor onurdho-20 dolor baabe nirbasito koraa hoisil, kintu englande joy koraa protijugitakhonot teu ejon obyobohrito bikolpo aasil.
xonman.
bernsoli
swefield united
blackburn rubharxomuh
england eu20 | harry chapman (football kheload, jonmo 1997)
harrison james chapman (jonmo 5 navembar 1997) ekjon ingrez peshadar football kheload jini bradford sitir hoye ekjon modhyomatther kheload hisebe khelen.
club carrier.
majhari.
chapman 2015 saaler januaryte championship club middlesbroor saathe taar prothom peshadar chukti swakkhar corren. chapman uefa jubo liger somoy boror hoye khelechilen, chhoyti khelay atti sahayata ebong tinti goal korechilen-protijogitar onno jey konao kheloader tulna beshi sahayata.
bernsley (rino).
2016 saaler 26shhey february, tini 2015-16 morshumer shesh porjonto ligg oyana side bernslete jog deena; "tikes" manager poll heckingbottom bollen jey clubti chapmanke swakkhar korar jonno bhagyoban. porer deane tini football leagay atmoprokash corren, 73 minuter byabodhane gresty roade cree alekjandra biruddhe 2-1 gole joylav corren. 5 march tini taanr prothom senior golti corren, bescott stadiume walsoler biruddhe 3-1 gole joylav corren. 3 april, chapman derite bikalpa kheload chhilen kaaron bernsley 2016 saaler football leeg trophy final jitechilen. 29shhey meey bidhansabha stadiume 2016 saaler football liger play-off joyee doley chapman chhilen.
shafield united (rino).
12ee august 2016-ayee, chapman ekti morshum-deergho riner vittite shafield united-ayee jog deena. 27shhey septembara 2016-ayee bristol roverder biruddhe 1-0 gole joylav korey tini cluber hoye prothom goal corren. erpor chapman taar peshadar carrier prothom hattrick corren leiton orienter bipokkhe 6-0 fa cup joye. zaihok, 2016 saaler novembore tini ekti aghat peyechilen jaa taake 2017 saaler januaryte blade diye taar riner meyad shesh korte porichalito korbe. 31 januari 2017-ayee ekmat hoyechilo jey taar riner meyad punarnabikaran koraa hobey ebong tini taar punorbasoner porey abar bledgulite jog deben.
blackburn rover (rino).
2017 saaler 4 august, chapman 2017-18 morshumer jonno blackburn rovergulite ekti rino sthanantar somponno corren.
blackburn rover.
2019 saaler 28shhey januari, chapman blackburn rover saathe 21⁄2 bochorer chuktite ekti sthayi chukti swakkhar corren.
2022 saaler 20shhey meey, blackburn ghoshana corren jey chapman 30shhey june taar chuktir meyad shesh howar porr club chhede choley jaben.
shrewsbury shohor (rino).
31 december 2020-ayee, chapman morsumer shesh porjonto chhoy maaser rino niye ligg oyana club shrewsbury shohore jog deena. 31shhey januari, chapman ghorer maathe pieterboro uniteder kachhe 2-0 gole jitey duibar goal corren. tinn deane porey, cray alekjandra manager david artela jaake "ekti bhayankar tackle" hisabe bornona korechilen, chapman cray forward oliver finir paa venge diyechilen; fauler jonno taake holud card deoa hoyechilo, jodio artela bolechilen jey refereer mulyayankari bhebechilen jey etty sombhoboto ekti laal card [aporadh] chhilo. tini shropshire doler hoye 24tii matche satti goal corren.
barton albion (rino).
2021 saaler 31shhey august, chapman 2022 saaler 2raa januari porjonto chhoy maaser riner vittite ligg oyana club barton albione jog deena. tini bartoner hoye 15tii khelay ongsho nene, ekbar goal corren-taanr chudanta uposthitite, 1laa januari 2022-ayee crew alekjandra biruddhe 4-1-ayee joy.
bradford shohor.
2022 saaler 17ee june, chapman bradford shohorer saathe 2 bochorer chuktite ekti sthayi chukti swakkhar corren.
antorjatik karmajiban.
chapman anurdho-18 porjaye englander protinidhitto korechen. 2017 fifa anurdho-20 bishwokape tini englander anurdho-20 doler jonno nirbachito hoyechilen, tobey ingland jey turnamente jitechilo taate tini abyabohrito bikalpa chhilen.
sommanona.
bernsley
shafield united
blackburn rover
ingland anurdho-20
| herry chapman (footballer, janm 1997)
harrison james chapman (janm 5 november 1997) aek angreji vyaavsaayik footballer chhe jeey breadford shaher maate midfielder tareeke ramey chhe.
club karkirdi.
madhyam.
chaapmene january january championship club middlesbro saathe tenaa pratham vyaavsaayik karaar parr hastakshar karyaa hataa. chapman uefa youth leag darmiyan boro maate ramyo hato, chh ramatomaa aath sahaay aneey trana goalnun yogdaan aapyu hatoo-jeey spardhama anya koipan khelaadi karataa vadhu sahaay hatee.
barnsley (loona).
26 februari september roj, teey 2015-16 seasonna anta sudhee leag vana side barnsleyma jodaayo; "tikes" manager poola hackingbottome kahyoo keey club chapmanne saain karvaa maate naseebdar chhe. beeja divase tene football leegma padaarpan karyoo, lloyd isgrove maate 73 minutema crave alexandra saame 2-1 thee jeet melvee. tene 5 marche potaano pratham siniyara goal karyo hato, jemaa tene baskot stadium valsol saame saame jeet melvee hatee. 3 aprilnaa roj, chapman modaa aveji khelaadi hataa kaaran keey barnsley 2016 football leag tropheny final jeetee hatee. chapman teey team hataa jene 29 menaa roj vidhansabha stadium khaate 2016 football leag play-off jeetee hatee.
shafield united (loona).
12 august september roj, chapman season-laambi loona parr shafield unitedma jodaayo. tene 27 september september roj bristol rovers saame saame jeet melveene club maate potaano pratham goal karyo hato. tyarbad chaapmene leiton orient saame 6-0 aefae cup jeetma tenee vyaavsaayik karkidrini pratham hetrick fatkari hatee. jooe keey, november november temne ijaa thaee hatee, jeey temne january january blade saathe temnee lonanee mudat puurii karvaa taraf doree jashe. 31 january august roj sammat thayaa hataa keey temnee lonanee mudat pharii sharoo karvaamaa aavashe aneey teo temnaa punarvasan parr fareethi bladmaa jodashe.
blackburn rovers (loona).
4 august august roj, chapmene 2017-18 season maate blackburn rovers maate loona chaal purn curry.
blackburn rovers.
28 january january roj, chapmene blackburn rovers saathe 21⁄2 varshnaa karaar parr kaayamee karaar parr hastakshar karyaa.
20 meey juuna roj, blackburne jaaherat curry hatee keey chapman 30 junanaa roj tenaa karaarnee samapti parr club chhodashe.
shrewsbury taaun (loona).
31 december december roj, chapman seasonna anta sudhee chh maheenani loona parr leag vana club shrewsbury townma jodaayo. 31 januaryna roj, chapmene pieterboro united saame gharaangane 2-0 thee jeetma beey goal karyaa hataa. trana divas pachhi, cray alexandrana manager david artelle jene "aek bhayanak tackle" tareeke varnavyu hatoo, temaa chaapmene cray forward olivara finnino pug todee nakhyo hato; tene faul maate pilaa cardthi odakhavvama aavyo hato, joke artelle kahyoo hatoo keey refereena aakaranikare vichaaryu hatoo keey teey "kadaach laal card [guno] hato". temane shropshire team maate 24 mechamaa saat goal karyaa hataa.
burton albian (loona).
31 august august roj, chapman 2 january 2022 sudhee chh maheenani loona parr leag vana club burton albianma jodaayo. tene burton maate 15 dekhaav karyaa, aek vakhat sqora karyo-tenaa anteem dekhavma, 1 january juuna roj cray alexandra saame saame jeet.
breadford shaher.
17 juuna juuna roj, chapmene 2 varshnaa karaar parr breadford shaher saathe kaayamee karaar parr hastakshar karyaa.
aantarrashtriy karkirdi.
chaapmene under 18 stare englandnu pratinidhitva karyoo chhe. 2017 fifa under-20 worled kapmaa englandnee under-20 team maate temnee pasandagi karvaamaa aavee hatee, parantu ingland jeey tournament jeetyu hatoo temaa teo binaupyogi aveji hataa.
sanmaan.
barnsley
shafield united
blackburn rovers
ingland U20
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hairi chapman (footballer, janm 1997)
harrison james chapman (janm 5 navambar 1997) ack angreji peshevar footballer hain joe bradford shahar key liye ack midfielder key roop mein khelate hain.
club carrier.
madhya-pravaah.
chapman ney janwari 2015 mein championship club middlesbro key saath apane pahale peshevar anubandh parr hastakshar kiye. chapman ney uefa youth leag key dauran boro key liye khela, chhah khelon mein aathh sahaayata aur teen goal kiye-pratiyogita mein kissy bhee anya khilaadi kii tulanaa mein adhik sahaayata.
barnsley (rinn).
26 farwari 2016 koo, vaha 2015-16 season key anta taka leag vann side barnsley mein shamil hoe gaye; "tikes" prabandhak paul heckingbottom ney kahaa kii club chapman koo saain karane key liye bhagyashali thaa. agale dinn unhone football leag mein apani shuruat kii, lloyd key liye 73 minut mein crave alexandra parr 2-1 seey jeet darj kii. unhone 5 march koo apana pahala senior goal kiya, jisamen unhone bescott stadium mein walsal parr 3-1 seey jeet hassil kii. 3 aprail koo, chapman dair seey vikalp they kyonki barnsley ney 2016 football leag trophy final jeetaa thaa. chapman usa team mein they jisane 29 maee koo vidhansabha stadium mein 2016 football leag play-off jeetaa thaa.
schafield united (rinn).
12 agast 2016 koo, chapman ack season-lambe rinn parr schafield united mein shamil hoe gaye. unhone 27 sitambar 2016 koo bristol rovers parr 1-0 seey jeet mein club key liye apana pahala goal kiya. isake baad chapman ney leaton orient key khilaf 6-0 fa cup jeet mein apane peshevar currier kii pahali hatrick banaai. haalaanki, navambar 2016 mein unhein ack chot luggy joe unhein janwari 2017 mein blade key saath apane rinn key anta taka leey jaayegi. 31 janwari 2017 koo yeh sahamati hui kii unake rinn key karyakal koo navinikrit kiya jaayega aur vaha apane punarvaas parr blade mein phir seey shamil honge.
blackburn rovers (rinn).
4 agast 2017 koo, chapman ney 2017-18 season key liye blackburn rovers key liye ack rinn kadam puuraa kiya.
blackburn rovers.
28 janwari 2019 koo, chapman ney 21⁄2 saal key saude parr blackburn rovers key saath ack sthaayi anubandh parr hastakshar kiye.
20 maee 2022 koo, blackburn ney ghoshana kii kii chapman 30 juuna koo apane anubandh kii samaapti parr club chhod dega.
shroosbury shahar (rinn).
31 disambar 2020 koo, chapman season key anta taka chhah maheene key rinn parr leag vann club shroosbury town mein shamil hoe gaye. 31 janwari koo, chapman ney ghar parr 2-0 seey jeet darj karate hue pieterbor united koo dou baar goal kiya. teen dinn baad, jise crave alekjendra manager david artel ney "ack bhayaanak tackle" key roop mein varnit kiya, chapman ney crave forward oliver finani kaa pair toda diyaa; usey faul key liye peela card diyaa gayaa thaa, halanki artel ney kahaa kii referee key moolyankankarta ney socha kii yeh "shayed ack laal card [aparaadh] thaa. unhone shropshire paksh key liye 24 maichon mein saat goal kiye.
berton albian (rinn).
31 agast 2021 koo, chapman 2 janwari 2022 taka chhah maheene key rinn parr leag vann club berton albian mein shamil hoe gaye. unhone berton key liye 15 pradarshan kiye, ack baar score kiya-apani antim upasthiti mein, 1 janwari 2022 koo cray alexandra key khilaf 4-1 seey jeet.
bradford shahar.
17 juuna 2022 koo, chapman ney 2 saal key saude parr bradford shahar key saath ack sthaayi anubandh parr hastakshar kiye.
antarrashtriya currier.
chapman ney yuu18 star parr ingland kaa pratinidhitva kiya haye. unhein 2017 feefa under-20 vishva cup mein ingland kii under-20 team key liye chunaa gayaa thaa, lekin ingland dwara jeete gaye tournament mein ack aprayukt vikalp they.
sammaan.
barnsley
schafield united
blackburn rovers
ingland yuu20
|
harry chapman (football atagara, janana 1997)
harrison james chapman (janana 5 november 1997) obba inglish vruttipara football aatagararagiddu, broadford nagarada midfielder aagi aduttare.
club vrattijeevana.
madhyama.
chapman 2015rahra janavariyalli championship club middlesbronondige tamma modala vruttipara oppandakke sahi haakidaru. chapman uefa yuva leagnalli borogaagi aadidaru, aaru pandyagalalli entu assist mattu mooru golugalannu niididaru-spardheyalli itara yaavude aatagaarariginta hecchu asistgalannu niididaru.
barnsley (saala).
26 phebravari 2016 randu, avaru 2015-16 rtuvina antyadavarege leigh one side barnsleyannu seridaru; chapmange sahi haakalu club adrushtashaaliyaagide endu "tikes" manager paul hecking bottom helidaru. marudina football leagge paadaarpane maadida avaru, 73 nimishagala kaala aadida lloyd isgrove avaru, gresty rasteyalli cree alexandra viruddha 2-1 antarada geluvu saadhisidaru. avaru march 5randu bescott kridaanganadalli walsall viruddha 3-1 antarada vijayadondige tamma modala hiriya golannu galisidaru. april 3randu, chapman tadavagi badaliyaadaru, ekendare barnsley 2016rahra football leigh trophy final annu geddaru. mayee 29randu assembly kridaanganadalli nadeda 2016rahra football leigh play-aafgalannu gedda tandadalli chapman iddaru.
shefield united (saala).
12 august 2016 randu, chapman rtumaanada saalada mele shefield yunaitedge seridaru. avaru 27 september 2016 randu bristal rovers viruddha 1-0 antarada geluvu sadhisi klabgagi tamma modala golannu galisidaru. nantara chapman avaru leaton orient viruddha 6-0 efa cup vijayadalli tamma vruttipara vrattijeevanada modala hatrick galisidaru. aadaagyoo, 2016rahra novembernalli aata gayagondu, 2017rahra janavariyalli bledgalondigina saalada awadhi konegolluvante maaditu. 2017rahra janavari 31randu aatana saalada awadhi navikarisalaguvudu mattu punarvasati nantara aata matte bledgalige serikolluttaare endu oppikollalaayitu.
blackburn rovargalu (saala).
4 august 2017 randu, chapman avaru 2017-18 seesangaagi blackburn rovargalige saalada kramavannu poornagolisidaru.
blackburn rovargalu.
2019rahra janavari 28randu, chapman avaru blackburn rovargalondige eradoovare varshagala oppandakke sahi haakidaru.
2022rahra mayee 20randu, chapman zoon 30randu tanna oppandada awadhi mugida nantara klabninda nirgamisuvudaagi blackburn ghoshisidanu.
shroosbury pattana (saala).
31 december 2020 randu, chapman rtuvina antyadavarege aaru tingala saaladalli leigh one club shroosbury pattanakke seridaru. janavari 31randu, chapman, pieterbero united viruddha tavaru neladalli 2-0 antarada geluvinalli eradu golugalannu galisidaru. mooru dinagala nantara, creave alexandra manager david artel "bhayanaka tackling" endu vivarisida, chapman creave forward oliver finnia kaalannu muridaru; phoulgaagi avarige haladi cord nidalaayitu, aadaroo referee moulyamaapakaru idannu "bahushah kempu cord [aparadha] endu bhavisiddaru" endu artel helidaru. avaru shropshire tandakkagi 24 pandyagalalli elu golugalannu galisidaru.
burton albian (saala).
31 august 2021 randu, chapman 2022 rahra janavari 2 ravarege aaru tingala saalada mele leigh one club burton albiange seridaru. avaru bertongaagi 15 baari kanisikondaru, omme score maadidaru-avara antima pradarshanadalli, 1 janavari 2022 randu cree alexandra viruddha 4-1 geluvu.
broadford nagara.
2022rahra zoon 17randu, chapman broadford nagaradondige 2 varshagala oppandakke sahi haakidaru.
antaaraashtriya vrattijeevana.
chapman avaru 18 varshadolagina mattadalli inglend annu pratinidhisiddaare. 2017rahra fifa under-20 vishvakapnalli inglend under-20 tandakke aaykeyaada avaru, inglend gedda pandyaavaliyalli balakeyagada badaliyagiddaru.
gouravagalu.
barnsley
shefield united
blackburn rovargalu
inglend U20
| null |
harry chapman (footballpatu, janm 1997)
harrison james chapman (janm 5 november 1997) haah eka ingraji vyavsayik footballpatu aahe joou bradford shaharasathi madhyamathcha kheladu mhanoon khelato.
club karkird.
madhyam.
chapmanne janewari 2015 madhye championship club middlesbrosobatcha tyacha pahila vyavsayik karar keela. chapman yuu. eae. eff. aii. yuva leag darmyan borosathi khelala, tyane sahaa samnyanmadhye aath sahayya aanee teen goal kele-spardhetil itar konatyahi kheladupeksha adhik sahayya.
barnsley (karj).
26 februwari 2016 roji, too 2015-16 hangamachya shevataparyant leag vann side barnsleymadhye sameel jhaala; "tikes" vyavasthapak paul heckingbottomne sangitale qee chapmanla sine karnyasathi club bhagyavan hota. dusya divashi tyane football leegmadhye padarpan kele, lloyd isgrovesathi 73 minite pudhe yeuun gresty rodvar cray alexandra yanchyavar 2-1 assa vijay midavala. 5 march roji, bescott stadiumvar wallsalver 3-1 assa vijay midvat tyane tyacha pahila varishtha goal keela. 3 april roji, chapman haah usheera paryayi kheladu hota kaaran barnsleyne 2016 football leag chashak antim samna jinkla hota. chapman 29 meey roji vidhansabha stadiumvar 2016 football leag play-auph jinkana sanghat hota.
shafield united (karj).
12 august 2016 roji, chapman hangam-dirgh karjavar shafield unitedmadhye sameel jhaala. 27 september 2016 roji bristol roversver 1-0 assa vijay midvat tyane klabsathi pahila goal keela. tyanantar chapmanne letton orientviruddha 6-0 eff. aii. chashak vijayat tyachya vyavsayik karkirditil pahili hattrick kelee. tathapi, november 2016 madhye tyala eka dukhapat jhaali jyamule janewari 2017 madhye tyala tyachya karjachya mudatichya samaptiparyant nele jaeel. 31 janewari 2017 roji sahmati jhaali qee tyachya karjachya mudatiche nutanikaran kele jaeel aanee tyachya punarvasanavar too punha jodala jaeel.
blackburn rovers (karj).
4 august 2017 roji, chapmanne 2017-18 hangamasathi blackburn roverskade karj hastantaran purn kele.
blackburn rovers.
28 janewari 2019 roji, chapmanne blackburn roversosobat adich varshanchya kararavar kayamswarupi karar keela.
20 meey 2022 roji, blackburney jaheer kele qee chapman 30 juuna roji tyacha karar sampalyanantar club sodanar aahe.
shrewsbury shahar (karj).
31 december 2020 roji, chapman hangam sampeparyant sahaa mahinyanchya karjavar leag vann club shrewsbury townmadhye sameel jhaala. 31 janewari roji, chapmanne pieterboro unitedver gharchya maidanavar 2-0 assa vijay midvat done vela goal kele. teen divasannantar, creave alekzandrache vyavasthapak david artel yanni jyache varnan 'eka bhayanak tackle' asey kele, tyat chapmanne creave forward oliver finnicha paay modala; tyala faulbaddal pivale card denyat aale hote, jaree artelane sangitale qee panchanchya mulyankankartyala vatale qee heey kadachit laal card [gunha] hote. tyane shropshire sanghasathi 24 samnyanmadhye saat goal kele.
berton albian (karj).
31 august 2021 roji, chapman 2 janewari 2022 paryant sahaa mahinyanchya karjavar leag vann club berton albiyanmadhye sameel jhaala. tyane bertonsathi 15 samne khelale, ekada guna midavale-tyachya antim samnyat, 1 janewari 2022 roji creave alekzandra viruddha 4-1 assa vijay.
bradford shahar.
17 juuna 2022 roji, chapmanne bradford citisobat 2 varshanchya kararavar kayamswarupi karar keela.
aantarrashtriy karkird.
chapmanne 18 varshankhalil staravar englandche pratinidhitva kele aahe. 2017 fifa under-20 vishvachashakat englandchya under-20 sanghasathi tyachi nivad jhaali hotee, parantu englandne jinkalelya spardhet too eka naan vaparlela paryay hota.
sanman.
barnsley
shafield united
blackburn rovers
ingland yuu20 | harry chapman (footballer, janma 1997)
harrison james chapman (janma 5 november 1997) ek angreji peshewar footballer hun jasle bradford saharka lagi midfielderko rupma khelchhan.
club currier.
madhyam.
chapmanle janawari 2015 maa championship club middlesbrosanga afno pahilo wyawasayik samjhautama hastakshar gare. chapmanle uefa yuwa ligko samayama boroka lagi khele, chha khelma atha sahayata rar tean golharu yogdan die-pratiyogitama kunai pani anya kheladiko tulanama badhi sahayata.
barnsle (rina).
26 february 2016 maa, uni 2015-16 sijanko antyasamma ligg ek paksha barnsleyma samel bhae; "tikes" prabandhak pall heckingboatemle club chapmanlai sine garna bhagyashali bhaeko batae. unle bholipalta football ligma debue gare, lloyd isgrobh 73 minetpachhi greasty roadma krey aleksandra viruddha 2-1 ley jit hasil gare. unle 5 marchma bescott stadiumma walsalmathi 3-1 ley jit hasil gardai afno pahilo siniyar goal gare. 3 aprilma, chapman dhilo vikalpa thie kinki barnsleyle 2016 football ligg trophy final jiteka thie. chapman 29 mema wembly stadiumma 2016 football ligg play-aff jitne tolima thie.
shafield united (rina).
12 august 2016 maa, chapman ek sijan-lamo rinama sayfield unitedma samel bhae. unle 27 september 2016 maa bristol robharharumathi 1-0 ko jitma clubka lagi afno pahilo goal gare. tyasapachhi chapmanle layton orient viruddha 6-0 fa cup jitma afno wyawasayik carrierko pahilo hatrick gare. yadyapi, november 2016 maa unle euta chot uthae jasle unlai janawari 2017 maa bladharusita unko rinko hijjeko antyama laijanchha. 31 janawari 2017 maa yo sahamati bhaeko thiyo kii unko rinko hizze nawikaran garinechha rar uni punahsthapita bhaepachi bledharuma punah samel hunechhan.
blackburn robharharu (rina).
4 august 2017 maa, chapmanle 2017-18 sijanka lagi blackburn robharharuma rina chaal pura gare.
blackburn robharharu.
28 janawari 2019 maa, chapmanle 21⁄2 warshako samjhautama blackburn robharharusanga sthayi samjhautama hastakshar gare.
20 mey 2022 maa, blackburnle ghoshana gare kii chapmanle 30 junema afno samjhauta samapta bhaepachi club chhodnechhan.
shrewsbury tauna (rina).
31 december 2020 maa, chapman sijanko antyasamma chha mahinako rinama ligg wann club shrewsbury taunama samel bhae. 31 janawarima, chapmanle pieterboro unitedlai gharma 2-0 ley jitna dui patak goal gare. tinn dina pachhi, krey aleksandra prabandhak devid artelle "euta bhayanak tackle" ko rupma warnan gare, chapmanle krey forward oliver finniko khutta tode; unlai faulako lagi pahenlo card lagaieko thiyo, yadyapi artelle refreeko mulyangkankartale yo "sambhawatah rato card [aparadh] thiyo" socheko batae. unle shropshire pakshako lagi 24 upasthitima saat goal gare.
berton albian (rina).
31 august 2021 maa, chapman 2 janawari 2022 samma chha mahinako rinama ligg wann club berton albionma samel bhae. unle bertonka lagi 15 upasthiti banae, ek patak score gare-afno antim upasthitima, 1 janawari 2022 maa krey aleksandra viruddha 4-1 ley jit.
bradford sahar.
17 june 2022 maa, chapmanle 2 warshako samjhautama bradford saharsanga sthayi samjhautama hastakshar gare.
antarrashtriya currier.
chapmanle yu 18 starma englandko pratinidhitwa gareka chhan. uni 2017 fifa yu-20 vishwakapma england under-20 tolika lagi chhanot bhaeka thie, tara englandle jiteko pratiyogitama uni aprayukta vikalpa thie.
samman.
barnsley
shafield united
blackburn robharharu
england yu-20
| harry chapman (football khelali, janma 1997)
harrison james chapman (janma 5 navember 1997) jane ingraji peshadara football khelali jie bradford sahara paain midfielder bhabare khelanti .
club kyariyara.
madhyama dharanara.
chapman januari 2015 ray championship club middlesbro sahita tankara pratham bruttigata chuktinama swakhyara karithile. chapman 2015-16 uefa youth ligg samajare boro paain khelithile, chhaati khelare athati sahajata ebong tinoti goal yogdan karithile-pratijogitara anya kaunasi khelalinka apekhya adhika sahajata .
barnsley (runa).
26 februari 2016 ray, shay 2015-16 sijin shesh heba parjyanta ligg waan side barnslire joga deithile; "tikes" manager pull hekingwatama kahichanti je chapmyanku shine karibaku club bhagyasali . pardin shay football ligre debyu karithile, ebong 73 minitare lloyd lloyd sapakhyare aasi gresty rodre creo alekajandranka bipakhyare 2-1 ray bijai hassel karithile. march 5 tarikhare shay tankara pratham baristha goal deithile, jeunthire shay bescott stadijamare walsalanka bipakhyare bipakhyare bijai hassel karithile. april 3 tarikhare, chapman jane bilambare bikalpa thile kaaran barnsley 2016 football ligg trophy final jitithile. chapman sehi dalare thile jie meey 29 ray wembly stadijamare 2016 football ligg play-off jitithile.
shafield united (runa).
12 august 2016 ray, chapman eka rutu-dirgha runare shafield junaitedare joga deithile. shay 27 september 2016 ray bristal roverge bipakhyare 1-0 ray bijajare club paain tankara pratham goal score karithile. chapman taa 'parey leiton orient bipakhyare 6-0 fa cop bijajare taanka pesadara carriara pratham hatrick score karithile . tebe, navember navember shay eka aaghata paithile jaahaa tanku januari januari taanka runa abadhi shesh karibaku badhya karithila. januari januari ehaa sahamati hoithila je taanka runa abadhi nabikarana karajiba ebong shay taanka punarbasa parey puni thare bledare jogadebe.
blackburn rover (runa).
4 august 2017 ray, chapman 2017-18 rutu paain blackburn rovarmananku eka runa sthanantara samapta karithile.
blackburn rover.
28 januari 2019 ray, chapman blackburn rovarmananka sahita eka 21⁄2 barshar chuktinama swakhyara karithile.
2022 masiha meey 20 tarikhare, blackburn ghoshana karithile je chapman june 30 tarikhare taanka chuktinama shesh heba parey club chhadibe.
shryusabari sahara (runa).
31 december 2020 ray, chapman ligg waan club shryusabari taaunare chhaa masser runare sijin shesh parjyanta joga deithile. januari 31 ray, chapman pieterboro united bipakhyare gharoi maatire 2-0 ray bijajare duithara goal deithile. tini deane parey, creo alekjandra manager devida artel "eka bhajankara tackle" bhabare barnana karithile, chapman creo forward alivara finnira goda bhangithile; faul paain tanku haladia card diajaithila, jadio artel kahithile je refareenka aakalanakaree ehaaku "sambhabatah eka laal card [aparadha]" bolly bhabithile. shay shrapashajara dala paain paain myachare satati goal deithile.
berton albian (runa).
31 august 2021 ray, chapman 2 januari 2022 parjyanta chhaa masser runare ligg waan club berton albian ray joga deithile. shay berton paain 15 tii pradarshan karithile, thare score karithile-tankara shesh pradarshanare, 1 januari 2022 ray creo alekajandranka bipakhyare 4-1 bijai .
bradford sahara.
2022 masiha june 17 tarikhare chapman bradford sahara sahita 2 barshar chukti swakhyara karithile.
antarjatija kyariyara.
chapman 18 barsharu comm starare englandara pratinidhitwa karichanti. 2017 fifa under-20 biswakapare shay englanda under-20 dala paain manoneet hoithile, kintu englanda jitithiba turnamentare shay jane abyabahruta bikalpa thile.
sammana.
barnsley
shafield united
blackburn rover
englanda jayu-20
| hairi chapman (footballer, janam 1997)
harrison james chapman (janam 5 navambar 1997) ikk angrezi peshevar footballer haii joe bradford shehar laee midfielder vajon khedada haii.
club carrier.
middles brow.
chapman neey janwari 2015 witch championship club middlesbro naal aapna pahila peshevar ikrarnama keeta. chapman neey yuu. ee. eff. aii. youth leeg dauran boro laee khediaa, chhe geman witch atth sahaita atey tinn goal keete-mukabale witch kise vee horr khidari naalon vadhere sahaita.
barnsley (loane).
26 farvari 2016 noon, uh 2015-16 season dey ant takk leeg vann side barnsley witch shamal hoow giaa; "tikes" manager paal hackingbottom neey kiha kii club khushkismat see kii usne chapman noon sine keeta. uss neey agle dinn football leeg witch aapni shuruat keeti, lloyd isgrove laee 73 mint witch gresty road vikhe crea alegzandra utte 2-1 naal jitt daraj keeti. uss neey aapna pahila senior goal 5 march noon beskot stadium witch valsal utte 3-1 naal jitt naal keeta. 3 aprail noon, chapman dair naal badal giaa kiunki barnsley neey 2016 football leeg trophy final jittiaa see. chapman uss team witch sunn jiss neey 29 maee noon vidhan sabha stadium witch 2016 football leeg playf jitte sunn.
shafield united (loane).
12 agast 2016 noon, chapman ikk season-lambe loane utte shafield united witch shamal hoow giaa. uss neey 27 satambar 2016 noon bristal rovers utte 1-0 naal jitt naal club laee aapna pahila goal keeta. firr chapman neey leaton orient virudh 6-0 FA kapp jitt witch aapne peshevar crear dee pahili hatrick banayi. halanki, navambar 2016 witch uss noon ikk satt laggi jiss naal uh janwari 2017 witch bledan naal aapne loane spell dey ant vall lae javega. 31 janwari 2017 noon ih sehmati hoee see kii uss dey loane spell daa navinikaran keeta javega atey uh aapne punarvas utte bledan witch dubara shamal hoow javega.
blackburn rover (loane).
4 agast 2017 noon, chapman neey 2017-18 season laee blackburn rovran noon ikk loane move poora keeta.
blackburn rover.
28 janwari 2019 noon, chapman neey 21⁄2 saal dey saude 'teey blackburn rovers naal ikk sathayi ikrarname' teey dastkhat keete.
20 maee 2022 noon, blackburn neey ailaan keeta kii chapman 30 juun noon aapna ikrarnama khatam honn 'teey club chhadd devega.
shrioosbari taoon (loane).
31 dasambar 2020 noon, chapman season dey ant takk chhe mahiniaan dey karze utte leeg vann club shrioosbari taoon witch shamal hoow giaa. 31 janwari noon, chapman neey pieterboar united noon gharr witch 2-0 naal jitt witch doou goal keete. tinn dinan baad, jiss witch creave alegzandra dey manager david artel neey "ikk bhiaanak tockle" vajon varnan keeta, chapman neey creave forward olivar finani dee latt todd ditti; uss noon faul laee peele card naal sanmanit keeta giaa see, halanki artel neey kiha kii referee dey mulankankarta neey sochiaa kii ih "shayed ikk laal card [apradh] see. unhan neey shropshire team laee 24 maichan witch satt goal keete.
berton albian (loane).
31 agast 2021 noon, chapman 2 janwari 2022 takk chhe mahiniaan dey karze utte leeg vann club berton albian witch shamal hoow giaa. usne berton laee 15 pardarshan keete, ikk vaar goal keeta-aapni aakhri peshkari witch, 1 janwari 2022 noon creave alegzandra dey virudh 4-1 naal jitt.
bradford shehar
17 juun 2022 noon, chapman neey bradford shehar naal 2 saal dey saude 'teey ikk sathayi samjhaute' teey dastkhat keete.
antarashtari carrier.
chapman neey under-18 paddhar 'teey england dee numaindagi keeti haii. uss noon 2017 feefa under-20 vishav kapp witch england dee under-20 team laee chunhiaa giaa see, parr england dey tournament witch ikk anvartiaa badal see.
sanman.
barnsley
shafield united
blackburn rover
england under-20
| hyaari chaapman (football-kreedakah, janma 1997)
harrison james chaapman (janma 5 november 1997) ekaha aangl-vyaavasaayikah football-kreedakah asti yah broadford-nagarasya krute madhya-kreedaakaaratven kreeditavaan.
club-vruttihi.
madhyamah.
chaapman 2015 janavaree-maase championship club middlesbro ityanena saha swasya prathamam vyaavasaayik-anubandham hastaksharitavan. chaapman ityeshah yoo. ee. e. ef. e. yooth-leag ityasmin 2015-16 ityasmin samaye boro-pakshaat kreeditavaan, shut kreedaasu ashta-assist-goal-trayah cha pradadat-pratiyogitaayaam anyasya kridapatunam apekshayaa adhika-assist-dadau.
barnsley (runam).
2016 februvari 26 dinaanke saha 2015-16 satrasya antaparyantam leag-ekapaksha barnsley-madhye sammilitah; "taiks" ityasya vyavasthaapakah paal heckingbattom ityeshah avadat yat chaapman-ityasya hastaaksharam kartum club-pakshah bhagyavan iti. saha agrime dine football-leag-kridaayaam padaarpanam krutavaan, greasty-road-madhye cree alexandra-varyasya viruddham 2-1 ityanena vijayaartham 73 nimeshaparyantam lloyd isgrove ityasya krute aagatah. saha 5 maarch dinaanke beskot-kreedaagruhe valsal-varyasya viruddham 3-1 ityanena vijaye swasya prathamam varishta-goal krutavaan. april 3 dinaanke chaapman ityeshah vilambena vikalpah aasit yatah barnsley ityeshah 2016 tame varshe football-leag-trophy-antimam vijayam praapnot. chaapman, mey 29 dinaanke wembley-kreedaagruhe 2016 tame varshe football-leag-play-aaf-kridaayaam vijayam praaptasya dale aasit.
shafield unated (runam).
12 august 2016 dinaanke chaapman ityeshah shafield unated ityatra dirghakalam runena sammilitah. saha 2016 september 27 dinaanke bristol rovers-viruddham 1-0 ityanena vijaye club-krute swasya prathamam goal krutavaan. tatah chaapman leyton orient-viruddham 6-0 ef. e. cup-vijaye swasya vyaavasaayik-vruttijeevanasya prathamam hatrick-goal krutavaan. parantu, 2016 tame varshe november-maase saha ekam aghatam praapnot, yena 2017 tame varshe janavaree-maase blade-yuktasya runa-aksharavinyaasah samaaptah bhavishyati. 2017 tame varshe janavaree-masasya 31 dinaanke tasya runa-aksharavinyaasah naveeneekrutah bhavishyati, punarvasanasamaye saha punah blade-yuktah bhavishyati iti sahamatihi abhavat.
blackburn rovers (runam).
4 august 2017 dinaanke chaapman ityanena 2017-18 ityasya rutau blackburn rovers-samsthaayai runaprakriyaam poornam.
blackburn rovers.
2019 janavaree 28 dinaanke chaapman ityayam 21⁄2 varsheshu blackburn rovers ityanena saha sthayee-anubandhe hastaaksharam krutavaan.
2022 mey 20 dinaanke, blackburn ityanena, chaapman ityeshah 30 joon dinaanke swasya anubandhasya samaapteh anantaram club-club-desham vadati iti ghoshitam.
shryusbari-nagaram (runam).
2020 december 31 dinaanke chaapman ityeshah leag-vann club shrusbury-nagare satrasya antaparyantam shanmasasya rune sammilitah. 31 janavaree dinaanke chaapman ityayam gruhe 2-0 ityanena vijaye peetarbaro unated ityasmai dvivaaram golam krutavaan. dinatrayanantaram, creave-alexandra-ityasya prabandhakah devit artel ityeshah "bhayanakam tackley" iti varnayan, chaapman ityeshah creave-forward-olivar-finny ityasya padam bhangavaan; saha faul ityasya krute peeta-card-yuktah aasit, yadyapi artel ityeshah avadat yat referee-ityasya mulyamkanakarta "sambhawatah rakta-card [aparaadham] aasit" iti avadat. saha shraapshair-pakshasya krute 24 pradarshanani krutvaa sapta goal akrutavaan.
berton albian (runam).
31 august 2021 dinaanke chaapman 2022 janavaree 2 paryantam shanmasasya runasya aadhaaren leag-vann club-berton albian-madhye sammilitah. saha berton-krute 15 pradarshanani krutavaan, ekavaaram ankam praptavan-antima-pradarshanm, 1 janavaree 2022 dinaanke cree alexandra-viruddham 4-1 ityanena vijayam.
broadford-nagaram.
2022 joon 17 dinaanke chaapman ityayam broadford-nagaren saha 2 varsheshu sthayee-anubandhe hastaaksharam krutavaan.
antarashtriya-vruttihi.
chaapman ityayam 18-varshaanaam adhah stare england-deshasya pratinidhitvam krutavaan. saha 2017 tame varshe feefaa-20-varyasya vishvakap-kridaayaam england-deshasya 20-varshaanaam adhah dalasya krute chitah, parantu england-deshasya vijayena spardhayam aprayuktah vikalpah aasit.
sammaanah.
barnsley
shafield samyukta
blackburn rovers
england-deshasya yoo-20
| haari sapman (kaalpandhu veerar, pirappu 1997)
haarisan james sapman (prappu 5 navambar 1997) oru aangkila thozhilmurai kaalpandhu veerar aavaar, avar broadford nagaraththin mitpeeldaraaga vilaiyaadugiraar.
kilap vaazhkkai.
naduththaramaana.
sapman janavari 2015 ill saambiyanship kilap middlesprovuden thanathu muthal thozhilmurai oppanthaththil kaiyeluththittaar. sapman uefa ilaignar leakin poathu poaroavukkaaga vilaiyaadinaar, aaru aattangkalil ettu uthavigal mattrum moontru koolgalai bangaliththaar-poattiyil vaeru endha veeraraiyum vida adhiga uthavigal.
barnsley (cuddon).
26 pipravari 2016 andru, avar 2015-16 season iruthi varai leak oru pakka barnsleyil saernthaar; "tikes" maelaalar paal hecking paattam sopmanil kaiyezhuththiduvathu kilap athirshtam endru koorinaar. aduththa naall kaalpandhu leakil arimugamaana avar, 73 nimidangalil lloyd iscrove chresty saalaiyil creave alexandravai 2-1 endra cole kanakkil ventraar. bescott stadiaththil vaalsaalukku ethiraaga 3-1 endra cole kanakkil vettri pettru maarch 5 andru thanathu muthal mooththa koalai adiththaar. aepral 3 andru, sapman thaamathamaaga maattraaka irunthaar, aenenil barnsley 2016 kaalpandhu leak kooppai iruthip poattiyil ventraar. mae 29 andru sattamandra maithaanaththil 2016 kaalpandhu leak pilae-off ventra aniyil sapman irunthaar.
shefield united (cuddon).
august 12,2016 andru, sapman oru season-neenda kadanil shefield unitetle saernthaar. septumber 27,2016 andru bristal rovers anikku ethiraaga 1-0 endra cole kanakkil vettri pettru kilappukkaaga thanathu muthal koalai adiththaar. pinnar sapman thanathu thozhil vaazhkkaiyin muthal haadrik wickettai leiton ooriyanttukku ethiraaga 6-0 endra cole kanakkil ventraar. iruppinum, navambar 2016 ill avar oru kaayatthai eduththaar, idhu janavari 2017 ill kaththigaludan thanathu cuddon ezhuththuppizhaiyin mudivukku vazhivagukkum. janavari 31,2017 andru avarathu cuddon ezhuththuppizhai puthuppikkappadum endrum, avar meendum kaththigalil saeruvaar endrum oppuk kollappattathu.
blackburn rovers (cuddon).
4 august 2017 andru, sapman 2017-18 paruvaththirkaana blackburn roavargalukku oru cuddon nagarvai muditthaar.
blackburn rovers.
janavari 28,2019 andru, sapman blackburn roavargaludan ontrarai aandu oppanthaththil oru niranthara oppanthaththil kaiyeluththittaar.
20 mae 2022 andru, blackburn juun 30 andru thanathu oppantham kaalaavathiyaagum poathu sapman kilappai vittu vilaguvaar endru arivitthaar.
shroosbury nagaram (cuddon).
31 disambar 2020 andru, sapman leak onn kilap shroosbury downill season iruthi varai aaru maatha kadanil saernthaar. janavari 31 andru, sapman irandu murai cole adiththu, peterboro united anikku 2-0 endra cole kanakkil vettri pettraar. moontru naatkalukkup piragu, creave alexandra maelaalar davit ardel "oru payankaramaana kaiyedu" endru vivaritthaar, sapman creave forward aalivar finnyin kaalai udaiththaar; avar thavarukkaaga manjal attai pettraar, iruppinum naduvar mathippeettaalar idhu "oruvaelai oru sivappu attai [kuttram]" endru ninaiththathaaga ardel koorinaar. shrofshire anikkaaga 24 poattikalil vilayaadi aezhu koolgalai adiththaar.
burton albian (cuddon).
31 august 2021 andru, sapman leak onn kilap burton albianil 2 janavari 2022 varai aaru maatha kadanil saernthaar. avar pardanukkaaga 15 murai thoantrinaar, oru murai cole adiththaar-avarathu iruthi thoattraththil, 1 janavari 2022 andru creave alexandravukku ethiraaga 4-1 endra cole kanakkil vettri pettraar.
broadford nagaram.
juun 17,2022 andru, sapman broadford nagaraththudan 2 aandu oppanthaththil oru niranthara oppanthaththil kaiyeluththittaar.
sarvadesa thozhil.
sapman 18 vayathukkutpatta mattaththil englaandhai pirathinithiththuvappaduththi. 2017 fifa yuu-20 ulagak kooppaiyil englaandhin 20 vayathukkutpatta anikku avar thernthedukkappattaar, aanaal englaanthu ventra poattiyil payanpaduththappadaatha maattraaka irunthaar.
gowravangal.
barnsley
shefield united
blackburn rovers
englaanthu U20
|
harry chapman (football kreedaakaarudu, jananam 1997)
haarisan james chapman (jananam 5 november 1997) oka aangla professional football kreedaakaarudu, athanu broadford siteeki midfielderga aadataadu.
club kereer.
madhyataragati.
chapman 2015 janavarilo championship club middlesbrotho thana modati vruttiparamaina oppandampai santakam chesaadu. chapman uefa yooth leag samayamlo boro kosam aadadu, aaru aatalalo enimidi assistlu mariyu moodu goals chesaadu-pootiiloo yea itara aatagadi kante ekkuva assistlu.
barnsley (runam).
26 fibravari 2016naa, athanu 2015-16 season mugise varaku leag vann side barnsley cheraadu; chapmannu santakam cheyadam club adrushtam anie "tikes" manager paal hecking bottom chepparu. marusati roeju athanu football leaglo arangetram chesaadu, 73 nimishalu lloyd isgrove kosam vacchi, gresty road vadda cree alegzandra meeda 2-1thoo vijayam saadhinchaadu. athanu marchi 5naa bescott stadiumlo valsalpai 3-1thoo vijayam saadhinchi thana modati senior goal saadhinchaadu. april 3naa, chapman aalasyamgaa pratyamnaayamgaa unnadu, endukante barnsley 2016 football leag trophy finallo gelichaadu. mae 29naa assembly stadiumlo jarigina 2016 football leag play-offs gelichina jattulo chapman unnaaru.
shefield united (runam).
12 augustu 2016naa, chapman season-long runampai shefield unitedlo cheraadu. athanu 27 september 2016naa bristal roverspy 1-0thoo vijayam saadhinchi club kosam thana modati goal saadhinchaadu. chapman taruvaata lyton oriyantpai 6-0 FA cup vijayamlo thana vruttiparamaina kereerlo modati hatrick saadhinchaadu. ayithe, november 2016loe athanu gayapaddadu, adhi janavari 2017loe bladelatho thana runa spell mugimpuku daariteestundi. athani runa spell punaruddharinchabadutunda mariyu athanu tirigi bladelalo chaerataadani janavari 31,2017naa angeekarinchabadindi.
blockburn roverlu (runam).
4 augustu 2017naa, chapman 2017-18 season kosam blockburn rovarlaku runa badileeni puurti chesaadu.
block burn roverlu.
28 janavari 2019naa, chapman blockburn roversto 21⁄2 samvatsaraala oppandampai shaashwata oppandampai santakam chesaaru.
20 mae 2022naa, blockburn chapman thana oppandam juun 30naa mugisina tarvaata klabnu vidichipettanunnatlu prakatinchaaru.
shroosbury pattanam (runam).
31 december 2020naa, chapman season mugise varaku aaru nelala runampai leag vann club shroosbury townloo cheraadu. janavari 31naa, chapman rendusaarlu goal chesi, peterboro unitedpy 2-0thoo vijayam saadhinchaadu. moodu rojula taruvaata, creave alegzandra manager david artel "oka bhayankaramaina tackle" gaa abhivarninchina, chapman creave forward olivar finny kaalu virichadu; faul kosam ataniki pasupu kaardu ivvabadindi, ayithe referee madimpudaaru idhi "bahusha erra kaardu [neram]" anie bhaavinchaarani artel chepparu. athanu shropshire vaipu 24 matchlo edu goals chesaadu.
burton albian (runam).
31 augustu 2021naa, chapman 2 janavari 2022 varaku aaru nelala runampai leag vann club burton albian loe cheraadu. athanu burton kosam 15 saarlu kanipinchaadu, okasari score chesaadu-thana chivari pradarsanalo, 1 janavari 2022naa creave alegzandra paie 4-1thoo vijayam saadhinchaadu.
broadford nagaram.
2022 juun 17naa chapman broadford nagaramtho 2 samvatsaraala oppandampai shaashwata oppandampai santakam chesaaru.
antarjaateeya vrutti.
chapman U18 sthaayilo inglaandku praatinidhyam vahinchaadu. athanu 2017 fifa under-20 prapancha kaplo ingland under-20 jattuku empikayyaadu, conny ingland gelichina tornamentlo upayoginchani pratyamnaayamgaa unnadu.
gowravaalu.
barnsley
shefield united
block burn roverlu
ingland U20
| hairi cheep meen (fitt baalar paidaish 1997)
herison jaims cheep meen (paidaish 5 nomber 1997) eek angrez paishah warr fitt baalar hay juu breadford shehar kay liye mudfelder kay toor parr kheelta hay.
kalb carrier.
darmiyani chooti.
cheep meen nay januri 2015 mein champine ship kalb muddles brow kay saath apnay pehley paishah waranah muahide parr dastakhat kiye. cheep meen nay yuu ayee aif aey youth leeg kay doraan boro kay liye khaila chh kheelon mein aath assist aur teen goal kiye-muqabilay mein kasee bhee dosray khilaadi kay muqabilay mein ziyadah assist.
barnsli (qarz).
26 faroori 2016 cow inhon nay 2015-16 seezan kay ikhtatam takk leeg winn side barnislay mein shamoliyat akhtiyar kii. "tikes" kay maneejar paal hacking bottom nay kahaa kahh kalb khush qasmat thaa kahh inhon nay cheep meen parr dastakhat kiye. iss nay aglay dunn fitt baal leeg mein apnaa aaghaz kiyaa greasty road parr karee alegzender parr 2-1 say jeeth kay 73 mint mein lyde sgrove kay liye aayey. inhon nay apnaa pehla seniyar goal 5 maarch kuu bascoat steadium mein walsil parr 3-1 say jeeth mein kiyaa. 3 apreel cow cheep meen deer say muthbadil thay keunkah barnsli nay 2016 fitt baal leeg trophy kaa final jeeta thaa. cheep meen iss schwad mein thay jiss nay 29 mayee kuu assembly steadium mein 2016 fitt baal leeg play aaf jeetay thay.
sheefeld united (qarz).
12 agast 2016 cow cheep meen nay seezan taweel qarz parr sheefeld united mein shamoliyat akhtiyar kii. inhon nay 27 satambar 2016 kuu bristol rovers kay khalaaf 1-0 say jeeth mein kalb kay liye apnaa pehla goal kiyaa. iss kay baad chapman nay leaton orient kay khalaaf 6-0 aif aey cup jeeth mein apnay paishah waranah carrier kii pehli heat trick score kii. tahim nomber 2016 mein asay eek choot lagee jiss kii wajah say wah januri 2017 mein blade kay saath apnay qarz kay speel kay ikhtatam kii taraf lay jaaye gaa. 31 januri 2017 kuu iss baath parr ittefaq kiyaa gayaa kahh iss kay qarz kay speel kii tajdid kii jaaye gee aur wah dobarah blade mein shaamil how jaaye gaa.
bleek burn rowar (qarz).
4 agast 2017 cow cheep meen nay 2017-18 seezan kay liye bleek burn rovers kuu qarz kii muntaqli makmal kii.
bleek burn rowar.
28 januri 2019 cow cheep meen nay bleek burn rovers kay saath eek 21⁄2 saalah muahide parr eek mustaqil muahide parr dastakhat kiye.
20 mayee 2022 cow bleek burn nay aalaan kiyaa kahh cheep meen 30 joone kuu apnay muahide kii meaad khatam honay parr kalb chhod day gaa.
sharyosbury town (qarz).
31 dasambar 2020 cow cheep meen nay seezan kay ikhtatam takk chh maah kay qarz parr leeg winn kalb sharyosbury town mein shamoliyat akhtiyar kii. 31 januri cow cheep meen nay paterboro united kay khalaaf gahar mein 2-0 say jeeth mein duu goal kiye. teen dunn baad karee alegzender kay maneejar dude artle nay jasay "eek khufnaak tuckle" qaraar diyaa cheep meen nay karee forward auliver funny kii taang toad dee. asay faul kay liye zard card diyaa gayaa thaa halankah artle nay kahaa kahh referee kay tashkhis kaar nay socha kahh yaha "shayed sarkh card [jarm] thaa. inhon nay shropshire kii taraf say 24 muqabilon mein saat goal kiye.
berton albiyon (qarz).
31 agast 2021 cow cheep meen nay 2 januri 2022 takk chh maah kay qarz parr leeg winn kalb berton albiyon mein shamoliyat akhtiyar kii. inhon nay berton kay liye 15 paishi kii eek baar score kiyaa-apnee aakhri paishi mein 1 januri 2022 kuu karee alegzender kay khalaaf 4-1 say jeeth.
breadford shehar.
17 joone 2022 cow cheep meen nay breadford shehar kay saath 2 saalah muahide parr eek mustaqil muahide parr dastakhat kiye.
beenn alaqwami carrier.
cheep meen nay inder 18 kii satah parr england kii numaindagi kii hay. inhein 2017 kay faifa inder 20 world cup mein england kii inder 20 team kay liye muntakhib kiyaa gayaa thaa leakin england kay jeetnay waalay tornament mein wah eek ghair istemaal shadah muthbadil thay.
aizazat.
barnsli
sheefeld united
bleek burn rovers
england U20
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0004de56bb3c2a5d508bf39f4b52520b294861af389550b963eb6c6ad5a25a25 | https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki?curid=6857423 | lazaridisite |
lazaridisite
English.
Etymology.
Named after Stathis Lazaridis (1953-2010), mineral collector who significantly contributed to the understanding of the mineral deposits around Laviron
Lazaridis +
| lazaridicite
ingraji.
byutpotti.
khonij xonggrahok stethis lazaridis (1953-2010) ror naamere naamkoron koraa hoise, jiye lebhironor sariufale thoka khonij bhandarxomuh bujiboloi guruttopurno obodan aagborhaisil.
laridis + | lazaridicite
ingrezi.
byutpatti.
stathys lazaridiser (1953-2010) naame namkaran koraa hoyeche, jini khaniz sangrahak chhilen, jini lavironer charpashe khaniz jomaa somporke bojhar khettre ullekhjoggo abodan rekhechilen.
lazaridis + | lazaridicite
angreji.
vyutpatti.
stathis lazaridis (1953-2010), khanij sangraahak, jemane levironni aaspasna khanij bhandarni samjanma nondhpaatra yogdaan aapyu hatoo, temnaa naam parthee tenu naam rakhvama aavyu chhe.
lazardi + | null | logeridicite
inglish.
vyutpatti.
laviron suttalina khanija nikshepagala tiluvalikege gamanarha koduge needida khanija sangrahaka stathis lajaridigala (<aii. dii. 1>) hesarannu idalaagide.
lajaridigalu + | lasaridicite
engleesh.
padavyuthpathishaasthram.
lavironinu chuttumulla dhaatu nikshepangalekkurichu manassilakkaan ganyamaaya sambhavana nalkia dhaatu shekharanakkaaranaaya staathis lazaridis (1953-2010)-nte peraanu ithinu nalkiyirikkunnath.
laasaridikal + | null | lazaridisाइट
angreji.
wyutpatti.
stethys lazaridis (1953-2010), khanij sankalankartako nambata namkaran garieko jasle labhiron warpar khanij bhandarharuko bujhaima mahatwapurna yogdan puryae.
lazaridis + | lazaridicite
ingraji.
byutpatti.
laviran charipakhare thiba khanija bhandaraku bujhiba digare gurutwapurna yogdan deithiba khanija sangrahaka stathis lazaridi (1953-2010) nka naamare namit.
lazaridi + | lazridicite
angrezi.
shabdawali.
stathis lazridies (1953-2010), khanij colector, jiss neey levrin dey aale duaale khanij bhandaran dee samajh witch mahattavpuran yogdan paaiaa, dey naam utte rakkhiaa giaa haii.
lazari + | lazaridisat
anglabhashayam.
vyutpattih.
laviron ityasya paritah khanija-nikshepanam bodhane mahattvapoornam yogadam dattasy khanija-sangraahakasya (1953-2010) statis-lazaridis ityasya namna asya namakaranam krutam.
lajaridis + | lazaraticite
aangkilam.
sorpirappiyal.
lavironaich suttriyulla kanima vaippugalaip purinthukolla kanisamaaga pankaliththa kanima sekarippaalaraana stathis lauserities (1953-2010) peyaridappattathu.
lazaritis + | lazaridicite
aanglam.
vyutpatti.
laviron chuttoo khanija nikshaepaalanu ardham chesukovadaniki gananeeyamgaa dohadapadina khanija sangraahakulu stathis lazaridis (1953-2010) paeru pettaru.
logerylu + | lazaredicite
angrezi.
siftiyat.
statheez lazareds (1953-2010) kay naam parr rakhaa gayaa juu maadniyaat jamaa karnay waalay thay jinhon nay laveron kay ard gird maadni zakhayer kuu samajhne mein numayan kirdaar adaa kiyaa.
lazaridi + |
0004df590c672be09bd19e2a4c19aa8cc3b0bfc7e1e948e6b409757f241588d8 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19058110 | Ramlee Awang Murshid |
Ramlee Awang Murshid
Ramlee Awang Murshid (born November 4, 1967, in Papar, Malaysia) is a Malaysian novelist of Bruneian Malay descent.
Life and career.
He attended the Kapayan Primary School in Kota Kinabalu from 1974 to 1979 for his primary education and later graduated from Sabah College also located in Kota Kinabalu, in 1984, where he furthered his secondary education. He later furthered his tertiary studies at the National University of Malaysia, where he obtained his Certificate of Communication in 2000 as well as his Bachelor of Arts (honours) degree in Communications.
He had involved himself in theatre since his teenage years, at times as a director, playwright or actor. He was also a former reporter for Radio Televisyen Malaysia spanning 20 years from 1986 to 2010. His reporting job, which sometimes brought him to travel to various countries, played a significant role in his writing. Some of those works, which are set in faraway countries such as Japan, were inspired by his travels.
Personal life.
He is married to Dayang Aminah Datuk Aliudin since 14 February 1990. They have one child together named Muhammad Aizuddin Haiqal.
Works.
Adaptations of works.
A film adaptation of one of Ramlee's more famous works, "", was co-produced by Astro Shaw, book publisher Karangkraf, Ideate Media and Ramlee's own production company Layar Sunan. The film was released to cinemas on 16 October 2017. The four companies are also in the process of making a film adaptation of another work titled "Bagaikan Puteri", a historical fiction novel surrounding a young lady who is flung into the 15th century and ends up falling for an admiral of the Aceh Sultanate.
The thriller novel "Mandatori" was made into a 6-part miniseries as an exclusive release on Malaysian satellite TV provider Astro's on-demand service Astro First late 2017.
References.
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ramoli owang mursid
ramoli aawang mursid (jonmo 4 novembor, 1967 maloyesiyar paparot) hoise bruneian maale bongxodrenir egoraki maloyesiyar ouponyaxik.
jiwan aaru keriyar.
teu prathomik xikhyar baabe 1974 sonor poraa 1979 sonoloike kutaa kinabalur kopayan prathomik bidyaloyot odhyoyon korisil aaru pisot 1984 sonot kutaa kinabalur sabah collegeor poraa snatok degree laabh korisil, zo 'too teu madhyomik xikhya aagborhai loi goisil. pisoloi teu maloyesiyar rastriyo biswobidyaloyot teur tritiyo storor odhyoyon aagborhai, zo 'too teu 2000 sonot jugajugor promanpotror logote jugajugot snatok kolaa (xonman) degree laabh korisil.
koixuror porai teu ketiyaba porisalok, natyokar baa obhineta hisape theater xoite jorito aasil. 1986 sonor poraa 2010 sonoloike 20 bosor dhori readyo 'televician maloyesiyar prakton xangbadik aasil teu. teur protibedonor sakori, jiye ketiyaba teuk bibhinno dex bhromon koriboloi loi aahisil, teur lekhat ek guruttopurno bhumika paalon korisil. japanor dore duroir dexxomuhot nirmito xei kamburor kisuman teur bhromonor dwara onupranito hoisil.
byoktigoto jiwan.
1990 sonor 14 februaryr poraa teu doyang aamina datuk aliudinor xoite bibahpaxot aabodho hoise. teulukor ekeloge mohommod aizuddin haykal naamor etaa xontan aase.
kaam kore.
kaamor obhijujon.
ramolir onyotomo bikhyat kaamor solositro obhijujon, ",", estro "swo", kitap prokaxok carancraph, ideat miriya aaru ramolir nijor projujona company leyar xunane xoho-projujona korisil. sobikhon 2017 sonor 16 octoborot chinemaghorot mukti diya hoisil. sarita companye "bagaikan puteri" xirxok aan etaa kaamor solositro obhijujonor prokriyau solai aase, ji hoise 15xo xotikat probahito huwa egoraki jubotik aaguri thoka ek oitihaxik kolpokahini uponyax aaru aase sultani xamrajyor egoraki admiralor proti premot pore.
thriller uponyax "mandturi" koo maloyesiyar upogroho tibhi prodankari estro "ror ono-demand xewa estro" too ek bixex mukti hisape 2017 sonor xexor faale 6taa ongxor minisirij hisape nirman koraa hoisil. |
ramli awang mursheed
ramli awang mursheed (jonmo 4 navembar, 1967, malayeshiyar papare) brunai malaysian bongshodbhuto ekjon malaysian ouponyasik.
jeebon oo karmajiban.
tini prathomik shikkhar jonno 1974 theke 1979 saal porjonto kotaa kinabalur kapayan prathomik bidyalaye padashona corren ebong porey 1984 saale kotaa kinabalur sabah college theke snatok hohn, jekhane tini taanr madhyomik shikkhake egiye niye zaan. porey tini malayeshiyar jatiya bishwobidyaloye taanr tritiya porjayer padashona chaliye zaan, jekhane tini 2000 saale jogajoger shangsapatrer pashapashi jogajoge snatok (somman) degree orjon corren.
kishore boyce thekei tini kokhono kokhono porichalok, natyokar baa abhineta hisabe theater sange jukto chhilen. tini 1986 theke 2010 saal porjonto 20 bochor dhorey redio television malayeshiyar ekjon praktan sangbadik chhilen. taanr reporting chakri, jaa kokhono kokhono taanke bivinno deshe bhromon korte niye aase, taanr lekhay guruttopurno bhumika palon korechilo. japaner moto durborti deshgulite nirmito eyi kajgulir modhye koyekti taanr bhromon dwara anupranito hoyechilo.
byaktigato jeebon.
1990 saaler 14ee february theke tini dayang amina datuk aliuddiner saathe bibah bondhone aboddho hoyechen. taader eka santan royeche jaar naam mahammad aizuddin haykal.
kaaj korey.
kaajer abhijojon.
," ramley onnotomo bikhyato kaajer ekti cholochchitro abhijojon, jaa astro shha, boi prokashok carancraph, idea midia ebong ramley nijaswa prajojana sangostha leyara sunan dwara soho-projojito hoyechilo. cholochchitroti 16ee octobor 2017-ayee prekkhagrihe mukti paay. charti sangostha "bagaikan puteri" naame arekti kaajer cholochchitro abhijojon korar prokriyao korche, jaa ekti oitihasik kalpakahini uponyas jaa 15shha shotabdite assa ekjon jubotike ghire ebong shesh porjonto acheh saltanater ekjon admiraler preme porey yaay.
thriller uponyas "mandtory" malayeshiyar satellite tibhi sorborahokari astro ono-demand porisheba astro upor ekti bishesh mukti hisabe 6-ongsher miniseriese porinoto hoyechilo. |
ramli awang mursheed
ramli awang murshid (janm 4 november, 1967 naa roj paapar, maleshiyama) bruneiyan malay vanshnaa malaysian navalkathaakaar chhe.
jeevan aneey karkirdi.
temane praathmeek shikshan maate 1974 thee 1979 sudhee kotaa kinabaluni kapayan praathmeek shaalaama abhyaas karyo hato aneey baadmaa 1984maan kotaa kinabalu stheet sabah collegemathi snaatak thayaa hataa, jyaan temane temnaa maadhyameek shikshanne aagad vadhaaryu hatoo. baadmaa temane national university off maleshiyama temnaa truteey abhyasne aagad vadhaaryo, jyaan temane 2000maan sandeshaavyavhaarnu pramanpatra temaj sandeshavyavharma temnee batchler off arts (onarsa) nee degree melvee.
teo kishoraavasthaathi jaj theatrema jodai gayaa hataa, ketalikvaar nirdeshak, natyakar athavaa abhineta tareeke. teo 1986 thee 2010 sudhee 20 varsh sudhee rediyo television maleshiya maate bhutpurv patrakaar pann hataa. temnee reporting nokri, jeey temne kyarek viveedh deshoni musafari karvaa maate laavtee hatee, temnaa lekhanmaa nondhpaatra bhoomika bhajvi hatee. temathi ketalik kruteeo, jeey japan jevaa durnaa deshomaa sthaapit chhe, teey temnee yatraothi prereet hatee.
angat jeevan.
temane 14 februari 1990thee dayang ameena daatuk aliuddin saathe lagna karyaa chhe. temne saathe maleene muhammad ezuddin hackle naamnu aek baadak chhe.
kaama karey chhe.
kaaryonu anukoolan.
," aee estro shho, pustak prakashak karangkraf, ideate media aneey ramlini potaani production kampani layer sunan dwara saha-nirmeet hatee. aaa film 16 october 2017naa roj cinemagharoma rajoo karvaamaa aavee hatee. aaa chaar companyo "bagaikan puteri" naamnee anya aek krutee parr film rupaantaran banaavvaani prakriyaamaa chhe, jeey aek yuvan maheelani aaspasni aitihasik kaalpaneek navalkathaa chhe, jeey 15mee sadimaa felaayelee chhe aneey aakhare eshaa saltanatnaa admiral saathe premmaa padey chhe.
romaanchak navalkathaa "mandtory" neey 6-bhagni laghu shreneema maleshiya upgrah tivi pradaata astroni maang parnee sevaa estro parr pratham 2017 naa antamaa rajoo karvaamaa aavee hatee. | ramli awang mursheed
ramli awang mursheed (janm 4 navambar, 1967 koo paapar, malaysia mein) brunei malay mool kii ack malay upanyaskar hain.
jeevan aur currier.
unhone apani praathamik shiksha key liye 1974 seey 1979 taka kotaa kinabalu key kapayan praathamik vidyalaya mein padhaai kii aur baad mein 1984 mein kotaa kinabalu mein sthit sabah college seey snaatak kiya, jahan unhone apani maadhyamik shiksha koo aage badhaaya. baad mein unhone malaysia key rashtriya vishvavidyalaya mein apani tritiyak padhaai koo aage badhaaya, jahan unhone 2000 mein sanchaar kaa pramaan patra praapt kiya aur saath hii sanchaar mein kalaa snaatak (sammaan) kii degree praapt kii.
unhone kishoravastha seey hii rangmanch mein kaam kiya thaa, kabhi-kabhi nirdeshak, natakkar yaa abhineta key roop mein. way 1986 seey 2010 taka 20 varshon taka radio television malaysia key poorv reporter bhee rahey. unaki reporting naukari, joe kabhi-kabhi unhein vibhinn deshon kii yatra karane key liye leey aatee thee, ney unake lekhan mein mahatvapurna bhoomika nibhai. japan jaise dooradraj key deshon mein sthaapit kuchh kritiyaan unaki yaatraon seey prerit theen.
vyaktigat jeevan.
14 farwari 1990 seey unaki shaadi dayang ameena datuk aliuddin seey hui haye. unakaa ack bachcha haye jiska naam muhammad azizuddin hackle haye.
kaam kartaa haye.
karyon kaa anukoolan.
," ramley key adhik prasiddh karyon mein seey ack kaa ack film roopaantaran, ", astro shau, pustak prakaashak karangkraf, idea media aur ramley kii apani production company layer sunan dwara saha-nirmit kiya gayaa thaa. yeh film 16 octuber 2017 koo cinemagharon mein release hui thee. chaaron companiyan "bagaikan puteri" naamak ack anya kaam kaa film roopaantaran karane kii prakriya mein hain, joe ack aitihaasik kaalpanik upanyaas haye joe ack yuvati key ird-gird ghoomata haye joe 15 veen shatabdi mein chully gaee haye aur antatah esha saltanat key ack admiral key pyaar mein parh jaati haye.
romanchak upanyaas "mandatori" koo malaysia key upgrah tv pradaata astro kii onn-demand seva astro parr pahali baar 2017 key anta mein ack vishesh release key roop mein 6-bhaag vaali laghu shrinkhala mein banaaya gayaa thaa.
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ramley awang murshid
ramley awang murshid (janana november 4,1967, popper, maleshya) bruneyan maleyan moolada malaysian kadambarikararagiddare.
jeevana mattu vrutti.
avaru tamma praathamika shikshanakkagi 1974rinda 1979ravarege kota kinaabaluvina kapayan praathamika shaleyalli vyasanga maadidaru mattu nantara 1984ralli kota kinaabaluvinalliruva sabah kaalejininda padavi padedaru, allie avaru tamma madhyamika shikshanavannu munduvaresidaru. nantara avaru maleshyaada rashtriya vishvavidyaalayadalli tamma trutiya adhyayanavannu munduvaresidaru, allie avaru 2000 ralli samvahana pramaanapatravannu padedaru mattu samvahanadalli tamma kalaa (gaurava) padaviyannu padedaru.
avaru tamma hadihareyada vayassinindale rangabhoomiyalli todagisikondiddaru, kelavomme nirdeshaka, natakakara athawa natanagiddaru. avaru 1986rinda 2010ravarege 20 varshagala kaala radeo television maleshiyaada maaji varadigararagiddaru. kelavomme vividha deshagalige prayanisalu avarannu karetanda avara varadi maaduva kelasavu avara baravanigeyalli mahatvada patra vahisitu. japaninantaha doorada desagalalli nadeda kelavu krutigalu avara prayanagalinda sphurti padedive.
vaiyaktika jeevana.
aata 14 phebravari 1990rinda dayang ameena datuk aliuddin avarannu vivahavaagiddaare. avarige mohammed aijuddin haikal emba hesarina ondu maguvide.
kelasa maaduttaane.
krutigala roopaantara.
ramley avara atyanta prasiddha krutigalalli ondaada "," annu austro shaa, pustaka prakashaka karangkraph, ideot media mattu ramley avara swanta nirmaana kampani layer sunan saha-nirmisidaru. ee chalanachitravu 2017rahra october 16randu chitramandiragalalli bidugadeyaayitu. naalku kampanigalu 15neey shatamaanadalli banda mattu konegoo aashe sultaanara admiralge beeluva yuvatiyobbala suttalina aitihaasika kaalpanika kaadambariyaada "bagaikan puteri" emba mattondu krutiya chalanachitra roopaantaravannu maaduva prakriyeyallive.
thriller kadambari "mandatory" annu maleshyaada upagraha duradarshana puraikedaara aastroda aun-demand sarvees aastrodalli 2017 rahra koneyalli vishesha bidugadeyagi 6-bhagagala kirusaranigalaagi maadalaayitu.
| null | ramli awang murshid
ramli awang murshid (janm 4 november 1967, papar, maleshiya) hii bruneian malay vanshachi malaysian kadambarikar aahe.
jeevan aanee karkird.
tyanni prathamik shikshanasathi 1974 teey 1979 paryant kota kinabalu yetheel kapayan prathamik shalet shikshan ghetale aanee nantar 1984 madhye kota kinabalu yetheel sabah mahavidhyalayatun padvi prapt kelee, jithe tyanni tyanche madhyamik shikshan pudhe nele. nantar tyanni maleshiyachya rashtriy vidyapithat tyanche trutiyak shikshan pudhe nele, jithe tyanni 2000 madhye sanvadache pramanpatra tasech dalanvalanatil qalaa (onners) padvi prapt kelee.
kishoravayin asalyapasun, kahee vela digdarshak, natakkar kinwa abhineta mhanoon tyanni swatah theatermadhe kaam kele hote. 1986 teey 2010 yaa 20 varshanchya kalavadhit teey redio television maleshiyache majee patrakarahi hote. tyanchya vruttavahinichya nokarine, jyamule teey kadhikadhi vividh deshanmadhye pravas karoo lagale, tyanchya likhanat mahattvapoorn bhoomika bajavali. japansarkhya durvarchya deshanvar aadharit tyateel kahee kaame tyanchya pravasatoon prerit hotee.
vaiyaktik jeevan.
14 februwari 1990 pasoon tyane dayang ameena datuk aliuddinshi lagn kele aahe. tyanna muhammad aijuddin haikal navacha eka mulga aahe.
kaam karate.
kamanche rupantar.
ramleychya eka prasiddha kalakrutiche chitrapat rupantar, ',' heey astro shau, pustak prakashak karangkraf, ideate media aanee ramleychi swatachi nirmiti company layer sunan yanni saha-nirmit kele hote. haah chitrapat 16 aktoobar 2017 roji chitrapatgruhanmadhye pradarshit jhaala. charahi kampanya 15 vya shatkat ulgadalelya aanee shevati aacheh saltanatichya naudalachya premat padalelya eka tarunibhovatichi aitihasik kalpanik kadambari 'bagaikan puteri' navachya aanakhi eka kamache chitrapat rupantar karnyachya prakriyet aahet.
mandatory' hii thararpurn kadambari maleshiyachya upgrah durchitravani puravathadar estrochya maganinusar seva asalelya estrover 2017 chya uttaradhat vishesh prakashan mhanoon 6 bhaganchya laghuprakarat tayar karnyat aalee.
| ramli ayang murshid
ramli awang murshid (janma november 4,1967 maa papar, malesiama) brunei malaya wanshaka malesiali upanyaskar hun.
jiwan rar currier.
unle afno prathamik shikshaka lagi 1974 dekhi 1979 samma kota kinabaluko kapayan prathamik vidyalayama padhe rar pachhi 1984 maa kota kinabaluma awasthit sabaha kalejbata snatak gare, jahaan unle afno madhyamik shikshalai agadi badhae. pachhi unle malesiako rashtriya vishwavidyalayama afno tritiyak adhyayanlai agadi badhae, jahaan unle sann 2000 maa sancharko pramanpatraka sathai sancharma snatak kala (samman) degree prapta gare.
uni kishorawasthadekhi nai thieterma sanlagna thie, kahilekaahin nirdeshak, natakkar wa abhinetaka rupma. uni sann 1986 dekhi 2010 samma 20 warshasamma radio television malesiaka purva reporter pani thie. unko reportingko kaam, jasle unlai kahilekaahin vibhinna deshharuma yatra garna lyaunchha, unko lekhanma mahatwapurna bhumika khelyo. tee kritiharu madhye kehi, june japan jasta tadhaka deshharuma sett garieka chhan, unko yatrabata prerit thie.
wyaktigat jiwan.
unle 14 february 1990 dekhi dayang ameena datuk aliuddinsanga vivaha gareka chhan. uniharusanga muhammad aizuddin haikal namak euta bachcha chha.
kaam garchha.
karyaharuko anukulan.
ramliko ek prasidha kriti "," ko film rupantaran, astro saa, pustak prakashak karangkraf, ideate midia rar ramliko afnai nirman company layer sunandwara saha-nirmit thiyo. yo film 16 october 2017 maa cinemagharharuma rilij garieko thiyo. charawata companyharule "bagaikan puteri" namak arko kamko film rupantaran garne prakriyama chhan, june 15 aun shatabdima fastaeki aut yuwatiko waripari raheko aitihasik kalpanik upanyas how rar antatah ess saltanatko admiralko premma parchhan.
thriller upanyas "mandatori" lai malesiali upagraha tivi pradayak astroco unn-demand sewa astroma pahilo patak 2017 ko antyama vishesh releaseko rupma 6-bhagko miniseriesma banaieko thiyo.
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ramli awanga mursid
ramli aawanga mursid (janma navember 4,1967, malaysier paparathare) heuchhanti bruneiah maleah banshodbhaba jane malaysia upanyasakara.
zeeban ebong brutti.
shay prathamika sikhya paain 1974 ru 1979 parjyanta kota kinabalur kapayan prathamika bidyalajare adhyajana karithile ebong parey 1984 ray kota kinabalur sabah kalejaru snataka hoithile, jeunthare shay tankara madhyamika sikhyaku aagaku badhaithile. parey shay malesia jatiah biswabidyalajare tankara truteeja parjyaja adhyajanaku aagaku badhaithile, jeunthare shay 2000 ray jogajogara pramanapatra tatha jogajogare snataka (sammana) degree hassel karithile.
kishore bajasaru shay thietarare nijaku nijojita karithile, belebele nirdeshaka, natyakara kimba abhineta bhabare . shay 1986 ru 2010 parjyanta 20 barsha dhari redio television malaysier jane purbatana sambadika madhya thile. tankara reporting chakiri, jaahaa tanku belebele bibhinna desh bhraman karibaku aanithila, taanka lekhare eka gurutwapurna bhumika grahan karithila . japan bhali doora deshagudikare segudika madhyaru keteka taanka jatra dwara anupranita hoi nirmana karajaithila.
byaktigata zeeban.
shay 14 februari 1990 ru dajanga amina datuka aliudinanku bibaha karichanti. semanankara mahammad aizuddin haikala namaka eka santan achhi .
kaama kare.
karjyara rupantarana.
ramalinka anyatama prasidha chalachitrara eka chalachitra rupantarana, ", astro shaa, pustaka prakashaka karangakrapha, ideat midia ebong ramalinka nijaswa prodoxon company leyara sunanka dwara saha-nirmita hoithila . ehi chalachitrati 16 october 2017 ray cinema halare muktilabha karithila. chariti company "bagaikan puteri" namaka anya eka karjyara chalachitra rupantarana prakrijare achanti, jaahaa jane jubateenku nei eka aitihasika kalpanika upenyas jaahaa 15shaa shatabdire phingi diajaichhi ebong sheshare aseh sultanatara jane aadamiralanka premare padithae .
romanchkar upenyas "mandatory" ku malesia upgraha tibhi pradanakari aastronka aun-demand seba astrore eka swatantra muktilabha bhabare 2017 rahr shesh bhagare eka 6-bhaga minisirijare parinata karajaithila. |
ramli awang mursheed
ramli awang mursheed (janam 4 navambar, 1967 noon paapar, maleshia witch) bruneaai maleaai mool dee ikk malaysiai navalkar haii.
jeevan atey carrier.
unhan neey aapni muddhali sikkhiaa laee 1974 toon 1979 takk kotta kinabalu dey kapain primary school witch padahi keeti atey baad witch 1984 witch kotta kinabalu witch sathit sabah kaalaj toon graduation keeti, jitthe unhan neey aapni secondary sikkhiaa noon agge vadhaiaa. baad witch unhan neey maleshia dee rashtari university witch aapni tiji padahi noon agge vadhaiaa, jitthe unhan neey 2000 witch sanchar daa certificate prapat keeta atey naal hii sanchar witch bachelor aaf arts (onors) dee digri prapat keeti.
uh aapni jawani toon hii theatre witch shamal sunn, kaee vaar ikk nirdeshak, natakkar jaan adakar vajon. uh 1986 toon 2010 takk 20 saalan takk radio television maleshia laee ikk sabka pattarkar vee see. uss dee reporting dee naukari, jiss neey uss noon kaee vaar vakkh-vakkh deshan dee yaatra curran laee liaaiaa, neey uss dee likhat witch mahattavpuran bhumika nibhai. unhan vicchon kujh rachnavan, joe japaan varge door-durade dey deshan witch sathapat hunn, unhan deeaan yatravan toon prerit sunn.
nijji jeevan.
uss daa viaah 14 farvari 1990 toon dayang ameena datuk aliuddin naal hoiaa haii. uhanan daa ikk baccha haii jisda naam mohammad azizuddin hackle haii.
kamm karda haii.
kamman dey anukulta.
," astro shaa, pustak parkashak crungcraff, idat media atey ramley dee aapni production company layer sunan duaara sahi-nirmit keeti gaee see. ih film 16 aktubar 2017 noon cinemagharan witch rileez keeti gaee see. chaar companyan ikk horr kamm 'bagaikan putteri' dey ikk film rupantaran dee prakiriaa witch vee hunn, joe ikk naujwan aurat dey duaale ikk itihasak glup nawal haii joe 15 veen sadee witch aaa gaee haii atey aakharkar aache salatnat dey ikk admiral naal piaar hoow jaanda haii.
thriller nawal "mandtori" noon malaysian satellite teevi pradata astro dee aana-demand service astro utte ikk vishesh rileez dey roop witch 6-bhagan vaali minni seereez witch banaiaa giaa see. |
ramli ayaanga murshid
ramli avaang murshid (janma 4 november 1967, paapar, malaysia) bruneyan-malaya-vamshasya malaysia-deshasya upanyasakaraha asti.
jeevanam tathaa vruttihi.
saha prathamikashikshartham 1974 taha 1979 paryantam kotakinabalu-nagarasya kapaayan-praathamikavidyaalaye abhyanayt, anantaram 1984 tame varshe kotakinabalu-nagare sthitaat sabaah-mahaavidyaalayaat snaatakapadaveem praptavan, yatra saha madhyamikashiksham agre agruhnaat. pashchat saha malaysia-deshasya raashtriyavishvavidyaale truteeyak-adhyayanm agruhnaat, yatra saha 2000 tame varshe sampreshana-pramaanapatram tathaa cha sampreshana-kshetre snaatak-kalaa (aanars) upaadhim cha praptavan.
saha kishoraavasthaat eva kaale kaale nirdeshakaroopen, natyakararupena, abhinetaaroopen cha naatake samlagnah aasit. saha 1986 taha 2010 paryantam 20 varshaani yaavat prasaaritah radio-dooradarshan-malaysia-deshasya poorva-vaartaakaarah api aasit. tasya reporting-karyam, yat kadaachit saha vividhadeshaan bhramanartham aanayat, tasya lekhane mahattvapoornam paatram akarot. teshu kaanichan rachanaah, yaani japaan-ityadinam sudooradesheshu sthaapitaah santi, taani tasya yaatraih preritaah aasan.
vyaktigatajeevanam.
saha 14 februvari 1990 taha dayang amina datuk aliyuddin ityanena saha parineetavaan asti. teshaam cha muhammad aijuddeen hackle iti ekaha putrah asti.
karyam karoti.
karyanam anukoolanam.
ramli ityasya prasiddhanaam krutishu ekasya chalacchitra-roopaantaranam ",", austro shaa, pustaka-prakaashakah karangkraaf, ideat media, ramli ityasya swakeeya-nirmaana-samsthaa leyar sunan ityanena saha-nirmitam aasit. chalacchitram 16 october 2017 dinaanke chalachchitragruheshu pradarshitam. chatwaarah kampenee-samsthah api "bagaikan puteri" iti anyasya krutyaah chalacchitra-roopaantaranasy prakriyayam santi, yaa 15 shataabdyaam prasthitaayaah, aacheh-saltanatasy admiral-varyena pariveshtitaa, ekaa yuvatee-aitihaasika-kaalpanik-kathaa asti.
mandatori" iti thriller-upanyasam malaysia-upagraha-dooradarshan-pradayakasya austro ityasya aan-demand-service austro ityatra 2017 tamavarshasya ante vishesharoopen 6 bhaageshu laghu-shrunkhalaaroopena nirmitam. |
ramley awang murshit
ramley awang murshit (prappu navambar 4,1967, bapper, malaysia) burune malaesiya vamsaavaliyaich saerntha oru malaesiya novelasserior aavaar.
vaazhkkai mattrum thozhil.
1974 muthal 1979 varai koatta kinapaaluvil ulla kabayan thodakkap pallyil thanathu thodakkak kalvikkaaga payintra avar, pinnar 1984 aam aandil koatta kinapaaluvil amainthulla sabaa kallooriyil pattam pettraar, angku avar thanathu idainilaik kalviyai maempaduththinaar. pinnar avar malaysia thaesiya palkalaikkazhagaththil thanathu moontraam nilai padippaith thodarnthaar, angku avar 2000 aam aandil thanathu thagaval thodarbu saantrithazhaiyum, thagavalthodarpukalil ilangkalai kalai (kaurava) pattaththaiyum pettraar.
avar thanathu denage paruvaththilirunthae naadagaththil eedupattaar, sila nerangalil oru iyakkunar, naadaga aasiriyar allathu nadigaraaga. 1986 muthal 2010 varai 20 aandugal malaysiaavin vanoli tholaikkaatchiyin munnaal nirubar aavaar. avarathu arikkaiyidal vaelai, sila nerangalil palvaeru naadugalukkuch sella avaraith thoondiyathu, avarathu ezhuththil kurippidatthakka pangaik kondirundhadhu. jappan poantra tholaithoora naadugalil amaikappatta antha padaippugalil sila avarathu payanangkalaal eerkkappattana.
thanipatta vaazhkkai.
avar 14 pipravari 1990 muthal tayang amina thaathuk aliuddinai mananthaar. avarkalukku mugamathu aisuddin haigal endra oru kuzhandhai ullathu.
vaelai seikirathu.
padaippugalin thazhuval.
ramleeyin migavum pirabalamaana padaippugalil ontrin thiraippada thazhuval, ", austro shaa, puththaga veliyeettaalar karangraph, ideat media mattrum ramleeyin sontha thayaarippu niruvanamaana layer sunan aakiyoaraal inainthu thayaarikkappattathu. iththiraippadam october 16,2017 andru thiraiyarangukalil veliyidappattathu. naanku niruvanangalum 15 aam noottraandil paranthu sendru aasae sulthaanagaththin admiral meethu kaathal kollum oru ilam pennai suttriyulla varalaattru punaikathai navalaana "paagaikan buderi" endra mattroru padaippin thiraippada thazhuvalai uruvaakkum paniyil eedupattullana.
thirillar navalaana "montadori" malaesiya seyarkaikkoal tholaikaatchi vazhangkunar austrovin aann-demand saevai austrovil pirathyaeka veliyeedaaga 6-pakuthi mineesireesaaga 2017 aam aandin pirpaguthiyil uruvaakkappattathu.
| raam lii awang murshid
ramli awang murshid (jananam november 4,1967, popper, malaysialo) bruneyan malae santatiki chendina malaysian navala rachayita.
jeevitam mariyu vrutti.
athanu thana praathamika vidya kosam 1974 nundi 1979 varaku koota kinaabalulooni kapayan praathamika paatasaalalo chadivaadu, taruvaata taruvaata koota kinabalulo unna sabaa kalaasaala nundi pattabhadrudayyaadu, akkada athanu thana madhyamika vidyanu konasaginchadu. taruvaata athanu malaysia jaateeya vishwavidhyaalayamlo thana trutheeya adhyayananni konasaginchadu, akkada athanu athanu communication certificatenu alaage communicationlalo bachelor off arts (anners) degreeni pondaadu.
ayana thana yuktavayassu nundi naataka rangamlo nimagnamai unnaaru, konnisaarlu darsakudu, naataka rachayita ledhaa natudigaa kooda. 1986 nundi 2010 varaku 20 samvatsaraala paatu radeo television malaysiaku maajee reporterga kooda panicheesaaru. konnisaarlu vividha deshaalaku prayaaninchadaaniki aayananu teesukuvacchina athani reporting udyogam athani rachanalo mukhyamaina paatra pooshinchindi. japan vanti suduura deshaalalo chithreekarinchina vaatilo konni rachanalu ayana prayaanaala nundi prerana pondaayi.
vyaktigata jeevitam.
athanu 14 fibravari 1990 nundi dayang ameena datuk aliuddin nuu vivaham chesukunnadu. vaariki mohammed aizuddin haikal anae oka bidda unnaaru.
pani chestundi.
rachanala yokka anusarana.
ramli yokka atyanta prasiddha rachanalalo okataina "," yokka chalana chitra anusarananu austro shaa, pustaka prachuranakarta karangkraph, ideat media mariyu ramli yokka sonta nirmaana samstha layer sunan saha-nirminchaaru. eee chitram 16 october 2017naa sinimahallalo vidudalaindi. naalugu companylu 15va sataabdamloo chikkukunna oka yuvatini chuttumuttina chaaritraka kalpita navala "bagaikan puteri" anae maroe rachananu chitramgaa roopondinche paniloo unnaayi, chivariki aame aashe sultanet yokka admiral kosam premalo padutundi.
thriller navala "mandetori" malaysia upagraha tv provider austro yokka aann-demand servies austropy 2017 chivarilo pratyeka vidudalagaa 6-bhagala miniseriesga roopondinchabadindi.
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ramli aang marshad
ramli aang marshad (paidaish 4 nomber 1967 kuu paapar milaishiya mein) brunayi milyayi nasal kii eek malishiyayi naawal nigaar haine.
zindagi aur carrier.
inhon nay apnee ibtadayi taleem kay liye 1974 say 1979 takk kotaa kaneebalo kay kapyan primery school mein taleem haasil kii aur baad mein 1984 mein kotaa kaneebalo mein waaqa sabaah college say graduation kiyaa jehaan inhon nay apnee saanvi taleem kuu aagay badhaya. baad mein inhon nay milaishiya kii qomi university mein apnee tartiri taleem kuu aagay badhaya jehaan inhon nay 2000 mein mawasilat kaa certificate haasil kiyaa aur saath hyee mawasilat mein bachelor aaf arts (aanarz) kii digri haasil kii.
wah noamri say hyee theater mein shaamil thay baaz auqaat batoor hidayat kaar dramah nigaar yaa adakaar. wah 1986 say 2010 takk 20 saal takk redio teeli vision milaishiya kay saabiq reporter bhee rahay. inn kii reporting kii nokari jiss nay inhein baaz auqaat mukhtalif mamalik kaa safar karnay parr majbur kiyaa nay inn kii tehreer mein aham kirdaar adaa kiyaa. inn mein say kachh kaam juu japaan jeesay door daraaz mamalik mein tartib diye gayey haine inn kay safar say mutasir thay.
zaati zindagi.
iss kii shaadi 14 faroori 1990 say diyang aminah datok alyudin say hoyee hay. inn kaa eek bachah hay jiss kaa naam mohammad azz aldeen haqaal hay.
kaam kartaa hay.
kaamon kii mawafiqat.
ramli kay eek mashhur kaam kii film mawafiqat "yee" kuu estro shaa kitaab kay naashir krangkraf idet mediya aur ramli kii apnee production company layer sunaan nay mushtarkah toor parr prodios kiyaa thaa. yaha film 16 aktobar 2017 kuu cenma gharoon mein release hoyee thee. yaha chaaron companiyan "bagaikan potri" kay anwaan say eek aur kaam kii film mawafiqat karnay kay amal mein haine juu eek tarikhi afsanvi naawal hay juu eek naujawan khaatun kay gird ghomta hay juu 15 wein sadee mein phisal gayee hay aur aakhir kaar sultanat kay eek admiral say mohabat mein parh jaati hay.
tharlar naawal "mendtori" kuu milaishiya kay satellite tye wee farahim kanandah austro kii aann demand saros austro parr khususi release kay toor parr 6 hasoon waali manee seerez mein 2017 kay aakhir mein banaya gayaa thaa. |
0004e26e3979721e8429014b2cd9684b304598dc28609089a77f32d3c6782f59 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18518248 | High Hopes (Canadian TV series) |
High Hopes (Canadian TV series)
High Hopes was a 1978 Canadian television soap opera that was shown on both Canadian and United States television, starring performers Bruce Gray and Dorothy Malone.
The series was produced by Y&R Associates, Ltd, in conjunction with DCA Productions, Incorporated, and was filmed in Toronto. It was broadcast in Canada weekday afternoons on CBC Television, and syndicated to US television stations. Canadian producer was Karen Hazzard. The show was initially directed by Bruce Minnix, and later by several Canadian directors, including Nigel Napier-Andrews. It was written by Bryan Barney, Mort Forer, Marian Waldman and Winifred Wolfe.
Premise.
Gray headlined the show as Dr. Neal Chapman, a local psychiatrist/family counselor who lived and worked in the twin communities of Cambridge and Cambridgeport, located somewhere in Canada (the province was never revealed, although there is a real-life Cambridge in Ontario).
He was also associated with Delaney College, Cambridge's institution of higher learning. Much of the action was set at either the college, or in his large home in Cambridgeport, Cambridge's neighbor across an unknown river, which also served as his office.
Neal was divorced from his former wife Helen (Candace O'Connor), a nasty jet-setter, who had recently remarried; and they (supposedly) had a grown daughter, Jessica, nicknamed Jessie (Marianne McIssac), a student at Delaney College, who lived with him.
Also living in the Chapman house was his mother, Meg (Doris Petrie); she'd move in after suffering a serious fall in her own home (Jessie had once lived with her grandmother, Meg, after Helen sent her there after her remarriage); Louise Bates (Jayne Eastwood) a Cambridge real estate agent who had sold Neal his house, and his close friend, Cambridge attorney Walter Telford (Colin Fox, Granville Van Dusen), who lived with his wife, Evelyn Telford (Deborah Turnbull). Walter, Evelyn, Louise and another person, Dr. Jean Bataille, were all paying tenants in Neal's home in an attempt to help with finances.
Neal also worked with Dr. Dan Girard (Jan Muszynski), a mysterious young physician who worked at Cambridge's hospital.
In the story, most of the characters lived in Cambridgeport, and did their jobs and other various activities in the larger city of Cambridge across the river.
Despite his numerous counseling appointments and work at the hospital, Neal also found time for romance. He was involved romantically with Louise and also with local television talk show host, Trudy Bowen (Barbara Kyle). He was also (inexplicably) the target of a crush by Jessie.
One of the families Neal counseled most frequently was the Stewart family, one of Cambridge's more affluent families, which was composed of successful businessman husband Michael Stewart, Sr. (Michael Tait), who had been recently named the President of Cambridge's leading department store; his society (and agoraphobic) wife, Norma, (Vivian Reis) and their son, Michael, Jr. (Gordon Thomson). They had a daughter, Terri, who had died in a car accident, which sent Norma into a mental decline.
Another family he counseled was the more middle-class Sperrys, Amy (Gina Dick), a student at Delaney College, and her mother, Doris (Mignon Elkins).
Amy and Jessie were once friends, but they fell out over dating Michael Jr. and were now bitter enemies.
Much of the focus of the series was Neal counseling his many clients, who were members of the larger Cambridge/Cambridgeport communities, and/or Delaney College's students and faculty, whilst his own troubles mounted.
Neal had to deal with the trauma of realizing that Jessie wasn't his and Helen's daughter at all. She was revealed to be the daughter of Helen's sister, fashion coordinator, Paula Myles (Nuala Fitzgerald), whom she left with her sister and brother-in-law when she knew she couldn't raise her.
Ironically, Paula, who had a peculiar habit of calling her secretary, "sweetie" (and was more sympathetic than Helen) would work at Gordon's Department store, with Michael Stewart, Sr. They had had an affair many years previous, and the two still had feelings for one another. That made Norma and Paula enemies.
Upon hearing this shocking news about her parentage (Neal wanted her to know the whole story as she deserved to know the truth; while Paula wanted to keep it secret, more for her own protection than for her own daughter), Jessie took Paula's last name of Myles, and then sexually acted on her crush towards her now Aunt Helen's former husband.
Jessie's real father was revealed to be Michael Stewart, Sr. This ended romantic ties between her and Michael, Jr, but it made them stepsiblings. Jessie would move out of Neal's home and in with the Stewarts as a part of their family. If there was a positive to this, it was most beneficial to Norma.
Upon Jessie entering her family, she took to her and showered her with love, taking the lost Jessie as her own and to her heart. Jessie became her surrogate daughter. They became a truly caring mother/daughter duo, giving Norma a reason to live again.
Although it was more of a means to an end, to get even with Paula for her continued interest in her husband, Norma had a sincere love for Jessie, and the two proved to be a good support system for one another.
Michael Jr would take on a brotherly role to his new sister; looking out for her and making sure she was all right and protected, much as he had done with his late sister, Terri.
However, Amy Sperry, who now had a clear path with Mike, romantically, would resent his relationship with Jessie as his sister. Amy's insistence on hurting Jessie angered her mother, Doris; not to mention Jessie's parents, Paula, Mike Sr. and Norma, as well as Mike Jr., himself, who was ever protective of his newfound sister.
They all wanted her to leave Jessie alone. It was never revealed if Amy listened to them.
The show had a brief run in 1978, and was eventually cancelled. Musical arrangement was produced by Aeolus Productions, known for the themes and musical cues on American soap operas like "All My Children", "Ryan's Hope" and "One Life to Live".
Notable alumni.
Notable actors on the show, besides Gray and Eastwood who were already well established when this show aired, included Gordon Thomson, undoubtedly the show's most successful alumnus (he played Michael Stewart, Jr), who went on to much greater fame as Adam Carrington, the villainous son of Blake and Alexis Carrington on the 1980s prime-time soap "Dynasty"; Dorothy Malone who had been best known for her role of Constance MacKenzie in the 1960s soap opera, Peyton Place who played Carol Herzog; actor Nehemiah Persoff who played Carol's husband, Dr. Aaron Herzog; Granville Van Dusen and Colin Fox both of whom played attorney, Walter Telford; and Geraint Wyn Davies, best known for his role on the series "Forever Knight", in one of his earliest roles, playing a Delaney College student named Glen.
External links.
"" at IMDb
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uscho aaxa (kanadian tibhi dharabahik)
haai hoops aasil 1978 sonor kanadian television sop opera jitu kanadian aaru aamerika juktorastror television duyutate dekhuuwa hoisil, zo 'too prodorxok bruch gre aaru doruthi melune obhinoy korisil.
ei sringkholatu di. chi. e. productionor xoite xongzukto hoi waai. endo. aar. xohojugi, limitedor dwara projujona koraa hoisil, ontorbhukto koraa hoisil, aaru torontut sitrogrohon koraa hoisil. eitu kanadat chi. bi. chi. televisionot xoptahor dinor duporiya xomprosar koraa hoisil, aaru aamerika juktorastror television stationxomuhot xindicate koraa hoisil. kanadian projujok aasil kaaren hazard. ei onusthankhon prothomote bruch minixe porisalona korisil, aaru pisot nigel napier-andrusoke dhori keibajonu kanadian porisalokor dwara porisalito hoisil. iyak bryan barne, mort pho "raar, mariane waldman aaru winifred ulfe likhisil.
bhitti.
greiye dodd. hisape onusthanor xirxok rup disil. neel supman, ejon sthaniyo monurug bixexogyo/poriyalor poramorxodata ji kanadar koo 'robat owosthito cambridge aaru cambridgeportor jomoj xomprodayot baax korisil aaru kaam korisil (ontoriyo' too etaa bastob jiwanor cambridge thokar swotweu prodextu ketiyau prokax koraa huwa nasil).
teu cambridgeor uscho xikhya protisthan delani collegeor xoiteu jorito aasil. besibhag karjyokrom kolej baa cambridgeportot thoka teur dangor ghorot sthapon koraa hoisil, cambridgeor suburiya etaa ogyat nodir uporot, ji teur karzaloy hisapeu kaam korisil.
nilor teur prakton potni helen (kendes oh 'konur) ror poraa bibah bisched hoisil, ji egoraki beyaa jett-setar aasil, ji xehotiyakoi punor bibahpaxot aabodho hoisil; aaru teulukor (onuman koraa) egoraki dangor konya aasil, jesika, jaak jesi (mariane mesisas) uponam diya hoisil, ji teur xoite baax koraa delani collegeor egoraki chatri aasil.
sepmen housot baax koraa teur maatri meg (doris petri) aasil; teu nijor ghorot gurutorbhabe pori juwar pisot ghoroloi jaabo lagisil (jesi ebaar taair aaitak megor xoite baax korisil, helenor punor bibahor pisot taik taat pothuwar pisot); luiz bates (zen eastoud) egoraki cambridge real istet agent ji teur ghortu neel bikri korisil, aaru teur ghonistho bondhu, cambridge etornee walter telford (kolin fox, granville bhen duchen), ji teur potni evlin telford (deburah turnbull) ror xoite baax korisil. walter, evlin, luiz aaru aan ejon byokti, dodd. jinn betele, xokoluwe bittiyo kaamot xohay korar prochestat nilor ghorot bharatexokolok dhon di aasil.
nile dodd0 ror xoiteu kaam korisil. dane girard (jaan mujinsoki), cambridgeor sikitsaloyot kaam koraa ejon rohosyomoy juwo sikitsok.
kahinitut, besibhag soritroi cambridgeportot baax korisil, aaru nodir paarot thoka brihot sohor kembrijot teulukor kaam aaru onyanyo bibhinno karzokolap korisil.
teur oxongkhyo poramorxo nijukti aaru sikitsaloyot kaam korar swotweu, nile rumanchor babeu xomoy paisil. teu luisor xoite aaru sthaniyo television tok swo 'ror xonsalok trudy buwen (barbara kaile) ror xoiteu rumantikbhabe jorito aasil. teu (bornona nuhuwakoi) jesir dwara proti aakristo huwar lokhyo aasil.
xadharonote poramorxo diya poriyalxomuhor bhitorot etaa aasil cambridgeor onyotomo xomridho poriyal stewart poriyal, ji xofol byowoxayi swami michael stewart, shro. (michael teit), jaak xehotiyakoi cambridgeor aagxarir department sto 'ror xobhapoti hisape monunit koraa hoisil; teur cho' saiti (aaru eg 'raaf' bick) potni norma, (vivian reis) aaru teulukor putro michael, juniyor. (gordon thomson). teulukor egoraki konya aasil, terry, ji ekhon gaari durghotonat mrityu hoisil, jaar folot norma manoxik owonotir dixe goti korisil.
teu poramorxo diya aan etaa poriyal aasil odhik modhyobitto shrenir speris, emi (jinaa dick), delani collegeor egoraki chatri, aaru teur maatri doris (mignon elkins).
emi aaru jesi exomoyot bondhu aasil, kintu michael juniyoror xoite dating korar baabe teulukor maajot bisched hoisil. aaru etiya tikto xotru hoi porisil.
ei sringkholatur besibhag kendrobindu aasil teur bohutu mokkel, ji brihot cambridge/cambridgeport xomprodayor xodosyo aasil, aaru/baa delani collegeor saatro-chatri aaru xikhyokxokolok poramorxo diya, aanhate teur nijor xomosyabur briddhi paisil.
jesi teur aaru helenor konya nohoy buli upolobdhi korar aaghator xoite nile mukabila koribologiya hoisil. teuk helenor bhogni, feswan coordinator, poo 'laa miles (nuwala fitzerald) ror konya buli prokax koraa hoisil, jaak teu taair bhoniyek aaru bhotijar xoite eri goisil jetiya teu janisil je taai taik dangor koribo nuware.
biroktikorbhabe, poo 'laa, jaar xosibok "xuiti" buli kuwar ek odbhut obhyax aasil, (aaru helenotkoi odhik xohanubhutixil aasil) go' rdonor department sto 'roto michael stewart, shro. bohu bosor purbe teulukor xomporko aasil, aaru duyure etiyau ijone xijonor proti onubhob aasil. ee norma aaru polar xotru kori tulisil.
pitri-matrir bixoye ei aasorit khobor xuni (nile taik gutei kahinitu janibo bisarisil kiyonu taai xotyotu jonar jugyo aasil; aanhate poo 'laai iyak guponiyo rakhibo bisarisil, nijor konyatkoi nijor xurokhyar baabe odhik), jesi poo' laar xex naamtu miles loisil, aaru taar pisot taair bortomanor khuri helenor prakton swamir proti thoka premor uporot jouno aakromon korisil.
jesir prokrito deutak michael stewart, shro. buli prokax paisil. iyar folot teu aaru michael, juniyoror maajor romantik xomporkor onto porisil, kintu ee teulukok xot-bhatri kori tulisil. jesiye nilor ghoror poraa ulai teulukor poriyalor ongxo hisape grihonirbapokxokolor xoite bhitoroloi jaabo. jodi iyar kunu itibasok dix aasil, tente ee normar baabe ataitkoi labhjonok aasil.
jesiye teur poriyalot prowex korar pisot, teu taik loi goisil aaru heruwa jeseek nijor aaru nijor hridoyoloi loi teuk premor borxun disil. jesi teur saruget konya hoi porisil. teuluk xosakoiye egoraki jotnoxil maatri/konyar juti hoi porisil, jiye normak punor jiyai thakiboloi ek kaaron disil.
jodiu eitu etaa onto peluwar ek upay aasil, swamir proti obyahot aagrohor baabe poo 'laar xoite xoman huwar baabe, normar jesir proti ek aantorik prem aasil, aaru duyujone ijone xijonor baabe ek bhaal xomorthon byowostha buli promanito hoisil.
michael juniyore teur notun bhoniyekor baabe bhatritwopurno bhumika grohon koribo; taair xondhan kori aaru taai zen xokolu thik aase aaru xurokhito aase xeitu nischito koribo, thik jenekoi teu teur proyat bhoniyek terir xoite korisil.
obosye, maikor xoite etiya ek sposto poth thoka emi speriye, rumantikbhabe, jesir xoite teur bhogni hisape thoka xomporkor uporot oxontusti prokax korisil. jeseek aaghat korar baabe emir jure taair maak dorisok khyubdho korisil; jesir pitri-maatri poo 'laa, maik sro kotha ullekh nokoribo. aaru norma, logote maik juniyor., nije, ji xoday teur noboprapto bhognir xurokhya korisil.
teuluke xokoluwe taik jeseek okole eri jaboloi bisarisil. emiye teulukor kotha xunisil ney naai xeya ketiyau prokax koraa huwa nasil.
1978 sonot ei onusthankhon xongkhiptobhabe solisil aaru owoxexot baatil koraa hoisil. xokolu mur xontan", "riyanor aaxa" aaru "jiyai thakiboloi etaa jiwan" ror dore aamerikan sopu operar bixoybostu aaru xongitor xongketor baabe jonajat eulos productionor dwara xongitor byowostha prostut koraa hoisil.
ullekhjugyo prakton saatro.
ei onusthanor gre aaru eastoudor uporiu ei onusthanor xomprosar huwar xomoyot itimodhye xuprotisthito huwa ullekhjugyo obhinetaxokolor bhitorot aasil gordon thomson, nixondehe onusthanor ataitkoi xofol prakton chatri (teu michael stewart, juniyor soritrot obhinoy korisil), ji 1980-ror doxokor prime-time sopu "ror rajbonxo" ror black aaru alexis keringtonor kholonayok putro edaam kerrington hisape odhik khyati laabh korisil; doruthi melon ji 1960-ror doxokot saab operat constance mackengyr bhumikar baabe ataitkoi besi porisito aasil, payton place ji kerol harjgor bhumika paalon korisil; kerolor swami dodd. aaron herzog; granville bhen duchen aaru kolin fox, jaar duyujone etornee, walter telfordor soritrot obhinoy korisil; aaru jereinot winn debhis, ji "ebharewar night" dharabahikot teur soritrotur baabe ataitkoi besi porisito, teur prarombhik soritroburor bhitorot etat, glain naamor ejon delani collegeor satrir soritrot obhinoy korisil. |
uchcho aasha (kanadian tibhi sirij)
hye hope 1978 saaler ekti kanadian television sope apera chhilo jaa kanadian ebong markin juktorashtro ubhoy televisione dekhano hoyechilo, etey abhinayshilpi bruce gray ebong dorothy malone abhinoy korechilen.
sirijti dii. shee. ayee productioner saathe jouthobhabe oyai. anned arr sahojogi, limited dwara projojito hoyechilo, antarbhukta koraa hoyechilo ebong torronto chitrayit hoyechilo. etty kanada saptaher bikele cbc televisione somprocharito hoyechilo ebong markin television stationgulite somprocharito hoyechilo. kanadian projojok chhilen curren hazard. anusthanti prathomikbhabe bruce minix ebong porey nigel napier-andru soho besh koyekjon kanadian porichalok dwara porichalito hoyechilo. etty likhechen bryan burney, mort forrer, marian waldman ebong winifred olpha.
vitti.
gray shoe-err shironam korechilen doh hisabe. neel chapman, ekjon sthaniya monorog biseshoggo/paribarik poramorshodata jini kanadar kothao abosthito cambridge ebong cambridgeport jomoj sampradayer modhye bosobas korten ebong kaaj korten (prodeshti kokhonyi prakash koraa hoyney, jodio ontariote ekti bastob jeeboner cambridge royeche).
tini cambridger uchcho shikkha protisthan delani colleger sangeo jukto chhilen. beshirbhag kaajoi hoy college, athoba cambridgeporte taanr borh barite, ekti ajana nadeer opare cambridger protibeshi, jaa taanr offices hisabeo kaaj koroto.
neel taar praktan stree helen (candes oo 'connor)-err saathe bibahobiched korechilen, jini ekjon baaje jeeta-setter chhilen, jini samprati punra biye korechilen; ebong taader (sombhoboto) ekti praptoboyosko konna chhilo, jessica, ducknum jessy (marian messack), jini delani colleger ekjon chhatro chhilen, jini taar saathe thakten.
chapman housey taar maa meega (dorris petri) thakten; tini taar nijer barite gurutoro potoner shicker howar porey choley jeten (jessy ekbar taar thakuma meger saathe thakten, helen taake taar punorbibaher porey sekhane pathanor porey); lui bates (zena eastoud) ekjon cambridge real esteta agent jini taar baadi neel bikri korechilen ebong taar ghonistho bondhu, cambridge attorney walter telford (collin fox, granville vyana dussen), jini taar stree evlin telforder (debora turnbull) saathe thakten. walter, evlin, lui ebong onno ekjon byakti, daw. zina battle, sobai arthik sahajyer prayase niler barite bhadateder beton dichchilo.
neelo daa. dyana girard (jyana muzinsky), ekjon rahasyamay torun chikitsak jini cambridger hospitale kaaj korten.
golpe, beshirbhag choritro cambridgeporte thakat ebong nadeer opare cambridger brihottor shohore taader kaaj ebong anyanno bivinno criacollup koroto.
hospitale taanr asankhya counselling appointment ebong kaaj sotteo, neel romancer jonnou somoy peyechilen. tini lui ebong sthaniya television tock shoe hosta, trudy boen (barbara kaile)-err satheo premer saathe jorito chhilen. tini jesir krasher lakkhyao chhilen (abyaktabhabe).
jey poribargulike prayashai poramorsho deoa hoto taar modhye ekti chhilo stuart poribar, jaa cambridger onnotomo samriddha poribar, jaa sofol byabasayi swami michael stuart, esr-keey niye gothito chhilo. (michael teit), jini samprati cambridger shirshosthaniyo departmental storer sabhapati manoneet hoyechilen; taanr society (ebong agoraphobic) stree, norma, (vivian raise) ebong taader chhele, michael, junior. (gordon thomson). taader ekti meye chhilo, terry, jey ekti gaadi durghotonai maaraa giechilo, jaa swabhabikotake mansik abonotir dike thhele diyechilo.
arekti poribar jaa tini poramorsho diyechilen taa holl arow modhyobitto sperris, ammy (zina dick), jini delani colleger ekjon chhatri ebong taar maa dorris (mignon elkins).
ammy ebong jessy eksamoy bondhu chhilen, kintu michael junior saathe detting korar karone taaraa venge porechilen. ebong ekhon taaraa tikto shatru hoye utheche.
eyi sirijer beshirbhag focus chhilo taar onek makkelke, jaaraa brihottor cambridge/cambridgeport sampradayer sadasya chhilo, ebong/athoba delani colleger chhatro ebong shikkhokder neel counselling koraa, jokhon taar nijer samasyaguli bede yaay.
jessy jey taar ebong helen-err meye noy, taa bujhte perey nilke aghater sammukhin hotey hoyechilo. tini helener boone, fashion samanwayakari, polla mileser (nuala fitzerald) konna boley jaanaa yaay, jaake tini taar boone ebong shyaloker saathe rekhe giechilen jokhon tini janten jey tini taake borh korte parben naa.
hasyokorbhabe, polla, jaar taar sachibke "mishti" bolar adbhuto abhyash chhilo, (ebong helen-err cheye beshi sahanubhutishil) gordoner department storey michael stuart, esr-err saathe kaaj korten. bohu bochor agey taader modhye somporko chhilo ebong ekhono taader modhye eke oporer proti anubhuti chhilo. jaa norma ebong polla-keey shatru korey tulechilo.
taar pitamatar somporke eyi mormantik khobor shune (neel cheyechilen jey seey puro golpoti januk kaaron seey satyati jaanar jogyo; jokhon polla etty gopon rakhte cheyechilo, taar nijer meyer cheye nijer surakkhar jonno), jessy polar shesh naam miles niyechilo ebong tarpore taar ekhonkar massie helen err praktan swamir proti taar kroshke jouno acharan korechilo.
jesir asol baba michael stuart, esr hisabe prokashito hoyechilo. err foley taar ebong michael junior modhye romantic somporko shesh hoye yaay, kintu etty taader sott vibone korey toley. jessy neeler baadi theke beriye taader poribarer ongsho hisabe stuartder saathe choley jeto. jodi err konao itibachak dick thaake, tobey etty normar jonno sabcheye beshi upokari chhilo.
jessy taar poribare probesh korar porr, seey taake niye yaay ebong taake bhalobasar jhorona diye, hariye yawa jessike taar nijer ebong taar hridaye niye yaay. jessy taar surrogate konna hoye othe. taaraa satyikarer jatnashil maa/konna jutee hoye othe, jaa normake abar benche thucker kaaron deyo.
jodio etty shesh korar ekti upay chhilo, taar swamir proti abyahoto agroher jonno polar saathe soman howar jonno, jesir proti normar antorik bhalobasa chhilo ebong dujonei eke oporer jonno ekti vall samarthan byabostha hisabe promanito hoyechilo.
michael junior taar notun boner jonno ekti bhratrittopurno bhumika grohon korben; taar khonj rakhben ebong nischito korben jey seey thhik achhe ebong surokkhito royeche, thhik jemon tini taar prayat boone terry saathe korechilen.
zaihok, ammy sperry, jaar ekhon maiker saathe ekti sposhto poth chhilo, romantickvabe, taar boone hisabe jesir saathe taar somporker bishoye asantushta hobey. jessike aghat korar jonno amir joralo monovab taar maa dorriske khubdho korey; jesir baba-maa, polla, maik esr-err kotha ullekh naa korey. ebong norma, pashapashi maik junior., jini taanr soddo abishkrito boner proti sarbada surakkhamulak chhilen.
taaraa sobai cheyechilo jey seey jessike ekaa chhede jaak. ammy taader kotha shunechilo kina taa kokhonyi prakash koraa hoyney.
1978 saale anusthanti sangkhiptabhabe choley ebong shesh porjonto batil koraa hoy. oll maai childrains", "rayan 'shha hope" ebong "oyana life too libha"-err moto american sope operar thim ebong sangiter ingiter jonno porichito aeolus productions dwara sangeet byabosthati nirmito hoyechilo.
ullekhjoggo praktan chhatro.
eyi shoyer ullekhjoggo abhinetara, gray ebong eastoud chharao, jaaraa eyi shoti somprocharer somoy itimadhye suprotisthito chhilen, taader modhye chhilen gordon thomson, nisshondehe shoyer sabcheye sofol praktan chhatro (tini michael stuart, junior bhumikai abhinoy korechilen), jini 1980-err prime-time sope "dynasty"-teey blake ebong alexes carringtoner khalnaik putro adam carrington hisabe onek beshi khyati orjon korechilen; dorothy malon jini 1960-err doshoker sope apera constance mckenzier bhumikar jonno sabcheye beshi porichito chhilen, petton place jini caroll harzoger choritre abhinoy korechilen; abhineta nehemia persoff jini caroler swami, daah. aaron herzog; granville vyana dussen ebong collin fox, jaaraa dujonei attorney, walter telforder bhumikai abhinoy korechilen; ebong gerant uin davies, jini "chirkal night" sirije taanr bhumikar jonno sabcheye beshi porichito, taanr prothom diker bhumikagulir modhye ektite, glena naame ekjon delani college chhatrer bhumikai abhinoy korechilen. |
uchch aashaao (kenediyan tivi shrenee)
haai hops 1978noon kenediyan television sopa opera hatoo, jeey kenediyan aneey united states television banne parr darshavvama aavyu hatoo, jemaa kalakaro bruce grey aneey dorothi melon hataa.
aaa shreneenu nirmaan vaay anned aar associates, limited dwara dca productions saathe maleene karvaamaa aavyu hatoo, temaa samaavesh karvaamaa aavyo hato aneey torrentoma filmankan karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. teey kenedama cbc television parr athvadiyana divasni bapore pachhi prasaarit karvaamaa aavyu hatoo, aneey us television stationoma syndicate karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. kenediyan nirmata carren hazard hataa. aaa shonu nirdeshan sharuaatmaa bruce minix dwara karvaamaa aavyu hatoo, aneey baadmaa ketlaak kenediyan digdarshako dwara, jemaa nigel napier-andruzeno samaavesh thaay chhe. teey bryan barney, morta forrer, marrian waldman aneey winifred wolf dwara lakhvaamaa aavyu hatoo.
aadhaar.
greye aaa karykrama doow. niil chapman, aek sthaaneek manochikitsak/paarivaarik salaahkaar, jeey kenedama kyaay stheet cambridge aneey cambridgeportna jodeeya samudayoma raheta aneey kaama kartaa hataa (praant kyaarey jaaher karvaamaa aavyo naa hato, joke ontariyoma vaastavik jeevanno cambridge chhe).
teo cambridgeni uchch shikshan sanstha, delani college saathe pann sankalaayela hataa. motabhagni kaaryvaahi collegemaa athavaa cambridgeportmaa temnaa motaa gharmaa seeta karvaamaa aavee hatee, cambridgena padoshi aek agnaat nadee parr, jeey temnee offices tareeke pann kaama karatee hatee.
neelne tenee bhutpurv patnee hellen (candes oo 'konor) thee chhutachheda aapvama aavyaa hataa, jeey aek kharaab jett-setter hatee, jene taajetarma jaj beeja lagna karyaa hataa; aneey temne (manvama aave chhe) aek motee putri, jessica hatee, jenu upnaam jessy (mariane messiac) hatoo, jeey delani collegemaa aek vidhyarthi hatee, jeey tenee saathe rahetee hatee.
chapman housema tenee maataa meeyg (doris pattry) pann rahetee hatee; tenee potaana gharmaa gambhir patanno bhog banyaa pachhi andar jatee hatee (jessy aekvaar teneeni daadi meeyg saathe rahetee hatee, hellen dwara teneena punarlagna pachhi teneene tyaan mokalya pachhi); luis bates (jaine eastwood) cambridge real estate agent jene tenu ghar niil vechee didhu hatoo, aneey tenaa najiknaa mitra, cambridge atterni voltara telford (collin foakes, grainville vaan dussen), jeey tenee patnee, avaline telford (debora turnbull) saathe rahetee hatee. voltara, avaline, louis aneey anya vyaktee, doow. jiina betele, badhaa nanakiy madad karvaanaa prayasma neelnaa gharmaa bhaadutone chukavani kartaa hataa.
neele doow. dayne girard (jaana muzinsky), aek rahasyamay yuvan chikitsak jeey cambridgeni hospitalma kaama kartaa hataa.
vaartaama, motabhagna paatro cambridgeportmaa raheta hataa, aneey nadeena paar cambridgena motaa shaherma temnee nokareeo aneey anya viveedh pravruttio kartaa hataa.
temnee asankhya paramarsh nimanuko aneey hospitalma kaama hovaa chhataa, neelne romans maate pann samay malyo. teo luis saathe aneey sthaaneek television toqa shonaa yajmaan, trudy bowen (barbara kaayal) saathe pann premmaa padyaa hataa. teey jessy dwara krashnu lakshya pann (samjavi naa shakaay tevu) hatoo.
jeey parivaarone vaaramvaar salah aapvama aavtee hatee temathi aek hato kaarbhaari parivaar, cambridgena vadhu samruddh parivaaromaano aek, jeey safal udhyogpati patee michael kaarbhaari, shree. (michael tett), jaimne taajetarma cambridgena agranee department stornaa pramukh tareeke naam aapvama aavyu hatoo; temnee sosayati (aneey agoraphobic) patnee, norma, (viviyan rees) aneey temno putra, michael, juniyar. (gorden thomson). temne aek putri terry hatee, jeey kaar akasmatma mrutyu paamee hatee, jene normaane mansik patanmaa mokali deedho hato.
temane salah aapela anya parivaaromaa vadhu madhyam vargnaa sparry, aemee (jinaa dick), delani collegena vidhyarthi aneey temnee maataa, doris (mignon alkins) hataa.
aemee aneey jessy aek samaye mitro hataa, parantu teo michael juniyar saathe dattingne kaarane alag thaee gayaa hataa. aneey havey teo kadvaa dushmano hataa.
aaa shreneenu motaabhaagnu dhyaan temnaa ghanaa graahakone, jeo motaa cambridge/cambridgeport samudayona sabhyo hataa, aneey/athavaa delani collegena vidhyarthio aneey shikshakone salah aapvaanu hatoo, jyaare temnee potaani mushkeleeo vadhee hatee.
jessy tenee aneey helannee deekari nahoti aee samjavani aaghatno saamno neelne karvo padyo hato. tenee hellenni bahen, fashion coordinatoor, paulaa miles (nuala fitzgerald) nee putri hovaanu jaaher karvaamaa aavyu hatoo, jene tenee tenee bahen aneey saalaa saathe chhodi gaee hatee jyaare tenee jaanati hatee keey tenee teno uchher curry shakshe nahee.
vyangaatmak reete, paula, jene tenaa sacheevne "sweety" kahevani vichitra tave hatee, (aneey hellen karataa vadhu sahanubhuti dharaavati hatee) teey michael stuart, shree saathe gordannee department storemaa kaama karatee hatee. ghanaa varsho pahelaa temnu afair hatoo aneey banne haju pann aekbeeja maate laaganeeo dharaavtaa hataa. jene norma aneey paulaa dushmano banaavya.
tenaa matapita vishe aaa aaghatjanak samachar sambhaline (niil ichchhati hatee keey tenee aakhee vaarta jaane kaaran keey teey satya jaanvaane paatra chhe; jyaare paulaa tene goopt raakhvaa maangati hatee, tenee potaani putri karataa tenaa potaana rakshan maate vadhu), jca paulaanu chhellu naam miles leedhu, aneey pachhi tenaa havey kaakee helennaa bhutpurv patee pratyenaa tenaa crush parr jaatiy reete kaaryvaahi curry.
jesinaa vaastavik pitaa michael stuart, shree hovaanu jaaher thayu hatoo. aanaathi tenee aneey michael, juniyar vachchena romentic sambandhono anta aavyo, parantu tenaathi teo savka bhaai-bahen bunny gayaa. jessy neelnaa gharnee bahaar aneey temnaa parivaarnaa aek bhaag tareeke kaarbhaario saathe rahe chhe. jooe aamaa hakaratmakta hoya, too teey norma maate sauthee vadhu faydakarak hatoo.
jyaare jessy tenaa parivaarmaa praveshyaa, tyaare tenee tene laee gaee aneey khovayelee jesine potaani aneey tenaa hraday parr rakheene tenaa parr premno varsaad paadyo. jessy tenee surrogate putri bunny. teo kharekhar kaaljee rakhnar maataa/putrini jodee bunny gayaa, jenaathi normaane fareethi jivavaanu kaaran malyun.
tema chhataa teey anta laavvaanu vadhu aek saadhan hatoo, tenaa patimaa satat rus maate paulaa saathe sarkhaavvaa maate, normaane jessy maate nishthaavaan prem hato, aneey banne aekbeeja maate saaree support system saabit thayaa.
michael juniyar tenee navee bahen maate bhaaini bhoomika bhajavashe; teneeni sambhaal rakhshe aneey khaatari karashe keey tenee theek chhe aneey suraksheet chhe, jaim tene tenee swargasth bahen, terry saathe karyoo hatoo.
jooe keey, aemee sparry, jenee paase havey mike saathe spasht maarg hato, teey premthi, tenee bahen tareeke jessy saathena tenaa sambandhthi naraj thashe. emeena jesine dukkh pahonchadvana aagrahthi tenee maataa, doris gusse thaee gaee; jesinaa matapita, paulaa, mike shrino ullekh naa karvo. aneey norma, temaj mike juniyar., pote, jeey hammesha tenee navee malee aaveli bahennun rakshan karatee hatee.
teo badhaa ichchhata hataa keey teey jesine aekalee chhodi deey. aemiae temnee vaat sambhali hatee keey nahee teey kyaarey jaaher karvaamaa aavyu naa hatoo.
aaa shho 1978maan toonk samay maate chaalyo hato aneey aakhare tene rada karvaamaa aavyo hato. sangeetni gothvani aolus productions dwara banavvama aavee hatee, jeey "ola maay childran", "rayansa hoopa" aneey "vana life too liva" jevaa american sopa opera parnaa vishhayo aneey sangeetnaa sanketo maate jaaniti chhe.
nondhpaatra bhutpurv vidhyarthio.
grey aneey eastwood upraant aaa shonaa nondhpaatra abhinetao, jeo aaa shho prasaarit thayo tyaare pahelethee jaj saaree reete sthaapit hataa, temaa gorden thomsanno samaavesh thaay chhe, nihshankpane shonaa sauthee safal bhutpurv vidhyarthi (temane michael stuart, juniyarni bhoomika bhajvi hatee), jemane 1980naa prime-time sopa "dynesty" parr black aneey alexes carringtonna khalnayak putra edam carrington tareeke vadhu prasiddhi melvee hatee; dorothi melon jeey 1960naa daykana sopa operama constance mackenzini bhoomika maate jaaniti hatee, pyton places jene kerol harzogni bhoomika bhajvi hatee; abhineta nahemiya persoff jemane kerolnaa patini bhoomika bhajvi hatee, doow. aaron herzog; grainville veena dussen aneey collin foakes, jeey banneae vakeel, voltara telfordnee bhoomika bhajvi hatee; aneey guarant winn davies, jeey temnee praarambhik bhoomikaomani aekmaa, "kaayam night" shreneema temnee bhoomika maate jaanita hataa, glain naamnaa delani collegena vidhyarthini bhoomika bhajvi hatee. |
uchch aashaaen (kanadai tv shrinkhala)
hyee place 1978 kaa kanadai television sope opera thaa jise kanadai aur sanyukt raajya america donon television parr dikhaaya gayaa thaa, jisamen kalakaron broose gray aur dorothy melon ney abhinay kiya thaa.
shrinkhala kaa nirmaan vaaee aind aar associates, limitted dwara dca productions key sanyojan mein kiya gayaa thaa, aur ise torrento mein filmaya gayaa thaa. yeh kanada mein see. bee. see. television parr saptah key dopahar mein prasaarit kiya gayaa thaa, aur us television stations key liye syndicate kiya gayaa thaa. kanadai nirmaata curran hazard they. iss show kaa nirdeshan shuru mein broose minix ney kiya thaa, aur baad mein kaee kanadai nirdeshakon ney, jinamen nigel napier-andru shamil they. yeh bryan barney, mort forrer, marian waldman aur winifred wolf dwara likhaa gayaa thaa.
aadhar.
dow. key roop mein show koo gray sheershak diyaa gayaa. neel chapman, ack sthaaniya manochikitsak/parivarik paramarshdata joe kanada mein kaheen sthit cambridge aur cambridgeport key judvaan samudaayon mein rahata thaa aur kaam kartaa thaa (praant kaa kabhi khulasa naheen huaa thaa, halanki ontario mein ack vaastavik jeevan cambridge haye).
way delani college, cambridge key uchch shiksha sansthaan seey bhee judey they. adhikansh kaarravaai yaa tou college mein yaa cambridgeport mein unake badey ghar mein kii gaee thee, joe ack agyaat nadee key paar cambridge key padosi they, joe unake karyalaya key roop mein bhee kaam kartaa thaa.
neel kaa talaak unaki poorv patni helen (candes oh 'connor) seey hoe gayaa thaa, joe ack kharaab jett-setter thee, jisane haal hii mein punarvivah kiya thaa; aur unaki (maanaa jaataa haye) ack badee betty, jessica thee, jiska upnaam jessy (marian messack) thaa, joe delani college mein ack chhaatra thee, joe usake saath rahati thee.
chapman house mein rahane vaali usaki maan, megg (dauris petri) bhee thee; vaha apane hii ghar mein gambhir girawat kaa saamana karane key baad chully gaee (jessy ack baar apani daadi, megg key saath rahati thee, helen dwara usey usake punarvivah key baad vahaan bhejane key baad); luis bates (jaine eastwod) ack cambridge real estate agent jisane apana ghar neel betch diyaa thaa, aur uska karibi dost, cambridge attorney walter telford (collin, fox granville vaine dussen), joe apani patni, avalin telford (deborah turnbull) key saath rahata thaa. walter, avalin, luis aur ack anya vyakti, dow. jee haan, sabhi vitt mein madad karane key prayaas mein neel key ghar mein kiraayedaron koo bhugtan curr rahey they.
neel ney dow. key saath bhee kaam kiya. danne girard (zaan muzinsky), ack rahasyamay yuva chikitsak joe cambridge aspatal mein kaam kartaa thaa.
kahani mein, adhikansh paatr cambridgeport mein rahate they, aur nadee key paar cambridge key badey shahar mein apana kaam aur anya vibhinn gatividhiyaan karate they.
aspatal mein apani kaee paramarsh niyuktiyon aur kaam key bavjood, neel koo romans key liye bhee samay milaa. vaha lui key saath aur sthaaniya television tock show host, trudy bowen (barbara kyle) key saath bhee romantic roop seey shamil they. vaha jessy dwara ack crush kaa lakshya bhee (avarnaniya roop seey) thaa.
sabse adhik baar paramarsh diye jaane vaale parivaaron mein seey ack thaa karbhari parivaar, joe cambridge key adhik samriddh parivaaron mein seey ack thaa, joe safal vyavasaayi pati michael karbhari, shree seey banaa thaa. (michael tett), jinhen haal hii mein cambridge key pramukh department store kaa adhyaksh naamit kiya gayaa thaa; unaki society (aur agoraphobic) patni, norma, (vivian rees) aur unakaa betaa, michael, junier. (gorden thomson). unaki ack betty thee, terry, jisaki ack kaar durghatana mein mrityu hoe gaee thee, jisane samanya koo mansik girawat mein bhej diyaa.
ack anya parivaar jise unhone paramarsh diyaa vaha thaa adhik madhyam vargiya speris, ammy (jinaa dick), joe delani college mein ack chhaatra thee, aur usaki maan, doris (mignan alkins).
ammy aur jessy ack baar dost they, lekin way michael junier key saath detting karane seey alag hoe gaye. aur abb way katu dushman they.
shrinkhala kaa adhikansh dhyaan apane kaee grahakon koo paramarsh denaa thaa, joe badey cambridge/cambridgeport samudaayon key sadasya they, aur/yaa delani college key chhaatr aur sankaay, jabaki unaki apani pareshaaniyan badh gaee theen.
neel koo yeh mahsoos karane key aghaat seey nipatna padaa kii jessy usaki aur helen kii betty naheen thee. vaha helen kii bahan, fashion samanvayak, paula miles (noola fitzgerald) kii betty honey kaa khulasa kiya gayaa thaa, jise vaha apani bahan aur behnoi key saath chhod gaee thee jaba usey pataa thaa kii vaha uska paalan-poshan naheen curr sakati thee.
vidambana yeh haye kii paula, jise apane sachiv koo "pyaari" kahane kii ack ajib aadat thee, (aur helen seey adhik sahanubhutipurna thee) gorden key department store mein michael stevert, shree key saath kaam karati thee. kaee saal pahale unakaa ack sambandh thaa, aur donon mein abhee bhee ack dusare key liye bhaavanaaen theen. jisane norma aur paula koo dushman banaa diyaa.
apane maataa-pitaa key baare mein yeh chaunkaane vaali khabar sunane parr (neel chaahati thee kii vaha poori kahani jaane kyonki vaha sachchai jaanane kii hakdar thee; jabaki paula ise gupt rakhna chaahati thee, apani betty kii tulanaa mein apani suraksha key liye), jessy ney paula kaa antim naam miles liya, aur phir abb usaki chaachi helen key poorv pati key prati apane crush parr yaun kaarravaai kii.
jessy key asli pitaa michael stevert, shree key roop mein prakat hue they. isase unake aur michael, junier key beach romantic sambandh samaapt hoe gaye, lekin isase way sautele bhaai-bahan bunn gaye. jessy neel key ghar seey baahar nickle jaataa aur apane parivaar key ack hisse key roop mein karbhari key saath ander chalaa jaataa. yadi isamen koee sakaratmak baat thee, tou yeh samanya key liye sabse adhik fayademand thaa.
jessy key apane parivaar mein pravesh karane parr, vaha usey leey gaee aur khoye hue jessy koo apane aur apane dill key roop mein lete hue usey pyaar kii bauchhar kii. jessy unaki surrogate betty bunn gaee. way vaastav mein ack dekhbhal karane vaali maan/betty kii jodee bunn gaeen, jisase samanya koo phir seey jeene kaa kaaran milaa.
haalaanki yeh anta kaa ack saadhan thaa, apane pati mein nirantar ruchi key liye paula key saath bhee, norma koo jessy key liye ack sachcha pyaar thaa, aur donon ack dusare key liye ack achchi samarthan pranali saabit hue.
michael junier apani naee bahan key liye ack bhaai kii bhoomika nibhaayenge; usaki talash karenge aur yeh sunishchit karenge kii vaha thheek haye aur surakshit haye, jaisa kii unhone apani divangat bahan, terry key saath kiya thaa.
haalaanki, ammy sperry, joe abb mike key saath ack spasht raasta thaa, romantic roop seey, apani bahan key roop mein jessy key saath apane rishte seey naraj hoga. ammy key jessy koo chot pahunchaane key aagrah ney usaki maan, doris koo krodhit curr diyaa; jessy key maataa-pitaa, paula, mike shree kaa ullekh naheen karna. aur norma, saath hii mike junier., swayam, joe hamesha apani naee bahan kii raksha kartaa thaa.
way sabhi chaahte they kii vaha jessy koo akela chhod dey. aggar ammy ney unaki baat sunee tou yeh kabhi saamane naheen aaya.
1978 mein yeh show sankshipt roop seey chalaa aur antatah ise radd curr diyaa gayaa. sangeet vyavastha kaa nirmaan aeolus productions dwara kiya gayaa thaa, joe "aul maaee childran", "rayan kii aashaa" aur "vann life too liv" jaise americi sope opera parr vishayon aur sangeet sanketon key liye jaanaa jaataa haye.
ullekhaniya poorv chhaatr.
iss show mein gray aur eastwod key alawa, joe iss show key prasaarit honey parr pahale seey hii achchi tarah seey sthaapit they, unamen shamil they, nissandeh show key sabse safal poorv chhaatr (unhone michael stuart, junier kii bhoomika nibhai), joe 1980 key dashak key prime-time sope "dynesty" parr blake aur alexes carrington key khalnayak bete addam carrington key roop mein bahut adhik prasiddhi praapt kii; dorothy melon joe 1960 key dashak key sope opera, peaton place mein constance mckenzie kii bhoomika key liye jaani jaati theen, jinhone caroll herzog kii bhoomika nibhai thee; abhineta nahemiya persoff jinhone caroll key pati, dow. aaron harjog; granville vaine dussen aur collin fox donon ney vakeel, walter telford kii bhoomika nibhai; aur gerant winn davies, joe shrinkhala mein apani bhoomika key liye jaane jaate hain, apani shuruati bhoomikaon mein seey ack mein, glain naamak ack delani college chhaatr kii bhoomika nibhaate hue. |
hye hopes (kenadian duradarshana sarani)
hye hopes 1978rahra kenadian dooradarshanada sope operaavaagiddu, idannu kenadian mattu united states duradarshana eradaralloo pradarshisalaayitu, idaralli pradarshakaru broose gray mattu dorothy malone natisiddaare.
ee saraniyannu dii. sii. aa. productionsnondige saeri vaii & aarr associates, limited nirmisitu, samyojisalaayitu mattu torontodalli chitrikarisalaayitu. idu kenadaadalli vaarada madhyahna cbc duradarshanadalli prasaaravaayitu mattu us duradarshana kendragalige syndicate maadalaayitu. kenadaada nirmaapaka currain hyajhard. ee kaaryakramavannu aarambhadalli broose minix nirdeshisidaru mattu nantara nigel napier-andrus seridante halavaaru kenadian nirdeshakaru nirdeshisidaru. idannu bryan barney, maart forer, marian waldman mattu winifred wolf barediddaare.
aadhara.
gray avaru daa. kenadaadalli ello iruva cambridge mattu cambridge portna avali samudaayagalalli vasisuttidda mattu kelasa maadida sthaliya manovaidya/kutumba salahegaara niil chapman (ontaariyodalli nija jeevanada cambridge iddaroo, praantyavannu endigoo bahirangapadisalaagalilla).
avaru cambridgen unnata sikshana samstheyaada delani kaalejinondige saha sambandha hondiddaru. hecchina karyacharaneyannu kaaleju athawa cambridge portnalliruva avara dodda maneyalli, agnaata nadige addalaagi cambridgen nerehoreyalli sthaapisalaayitu, idu avara kacheriyagiyoo kaaryanirvahisitu.
niil ittichege marumaduveyaada tanna maaji patni helen (candays oo 'connor) ninda vichchedana padediddanu; mattu avarige (bhaavisalaada) jacica emba beleda magalu, jessy (marian messissac) emba addahesaru, delani collegina vidyaarthiyaagiddalu, avaru avanondige vaasisuttiddaru.
chapman maneyalli vasisuttidda avana taayi, megg (doris petri); tanna swanta maneyalli gambhiravaada patanavannu anubhavisida nantara avalu sthalaantaragolluttiddal (jessy omme tanna ajji, megg avarondige vaasisuttiddaru, helen avala marumaduveya nantara avalannu allige kaluhisida nantara); louis bates (jaine eastwood) tanna maneyannu neelge marata maadida cambridge real estate agent, mattu avana aapta sneehita, cambridge attorney walter telford (collin foxes, granville wyaan dussen), tanna patni evelin telford (deborah turnbull) avarondige vaasisuttiddaru. walter, evelin, louis mattu mattobba vyakti, daa. zeane bataile, ellaroo neelna maneyalli baadigedaararige hana paavatisuttiddaru.
niil avaru daa. dyaan girard (zaan muszinsky), cambridge aaspatreyalli kelasa maaduttidda nigoodha yuva vaidya.
katheyalli, hecchina patragalu cambridge portnalli vaasisuttiddavu mattu nadige addalaagi dodda nagaravaada cambridgenalli tamma kelasa mattu itara vividha chatuvatikegalannu maadiddavu.
halavaaru counselling nemakaatigalu mattu aaspatreyalli kelasa maadida horataagiyoo, neelge pranayakkoo samaya sikkitu. aata louis mattu sthaliya duradarshana tock show niroopaka trudy bowen (barbara kail) avarondige prema sambandha hondiddaru. aata (vivarisalaagadashtu) jessy avara akarshaneya guriyoo aagiddaru.
atyanta aagaagge salahe nidalaaguttidda kutumbagalalli ondaada, yashasvi udyami pathi micheal stewart, shree. avarinda koodida, cambridgen atyanta srimanta kutumbagalalli ondaada stewart kutumbavoo ondu. (micheal tite), ittichege cambridgen pramukha department storna adhyaksharaagi nemakagondiddaru; avara society (mattu agoraphobic) patni, narma, (vivian rees) mattu avara maga, micheal, junier. (garden thamson). avarige terri emba magaliddalu, aake kaaru apaghaatadalli saavannappiddalu, idu naarmaavannu manasika avanatige tallitu.
avaru salahe needida mattondu kutumbavendare delani collegina vidyaarthiyaagidda madhyama vargada sperris, amii (zina dick) mattu aakeya taayi doris (mignon elkins).
amii mattu jessy omme sneehitaraagiddaru, aadare micheal junier jotegina dating bagge avaru asamaadhaanagondaru. mattu eega avaru teevra shatrugalaagiddaru.
ee saraniya hecchina gamanavu dodda cambridge/cambridgeport samudaayagala sadasyaraagidda mattu/athawa delani collegina vidyaarthigalu mattu bodhakavargada aneka grahakarige niil counselling niiduvudara mele kendrikrutavagittu, aadare avara swanta samasyegalu hechchaadavu.
jessy tanna mattu helenra magalalla endu aritukonda niil aaghaatavannu edurisabekaayitu. aake helenna sahodari, fashion samyojaki paula miles (nuwala fitzgerald) avara magalu endu bahirangavaayitu, akeyu tannannu belesalu saadhyavillavendu tilidaaga aakeyannu tanna sahodari mattu bhaviyondige bittuhodalu.
viparyaasavendare, tanna kaaryadarshiyannu "sweety" endu kareyuva vilaksana abhyasavannu hondidda paula, (mattu helenginta hecchu sahaanubhootiyullavalu) garden department stornalli, shree micheal stewart avarondige kelasa maaduttaale. avaru halavu varshagala hinde sambandhavannu hondiddaru, mattu ibbaroo innoo parasparara bagge bhavanegalannu hondiddaru. adhu norma mattu paula avarannu shatrugalannagi maaditu.
tanna poshakara bagge ee aghatakari suddiyannu kelida nantara (niil avalu satyavannu tilidukollalu arharagiruvudarinda idee katheyannu tilidukollabekendu bayasiddalu; aadare paula adannu rahasyavaagidalu bayasiddalu, tanna swanta magaliginta tanna swanta rakshanegaagi), jessy poulaada koneya hesaru miles annu tegedukondalu, mattu nantara tanna chikkamma helenna maaji patiya bagge tanna mohada mele laingikavaagi vartisidalu.
jessy nijavaada tande micheal stewart, shree endu bahirangapadisalaayitu. idu aakeya mattu junier micheal naduvina pranaya sambandhavannu konegolisitu, aadare idu avarannu malataayigalannaagi maaditu. jessy neelna maneyinda horatu, avara kutumbada bhagavagi melvichaarakarondige vaasisuttiddaru. idakke dhanaatmaka amshaviddare, adhu saamaanya sthitige hecchu prayojanakaariyaagittu.
jessy tanna kutumbavannu praveshisida nantara, avalu avalannu karedoydu pritiyinda snana maadidalu, kaleduhoda jessiyannu tannade mattu tanna hrudayakke tegedukondalu. jessy aakeya baadige magalaadalu. avaru nijavagiyoo kalajiyulla taayi/magalu jodiyaadaru, idu narmage matte badukalu ondu kaaranavannu needitu.
idu antyakke ondu maargavaagiddaru, tanna gandanalli tanna nirantara aasaktiya karanakkagi poulaalondige samanagalu, narma jessige pramanika pritiyannu hondiddalu mattu ibbaroo obbarigobbaru uttama bembala vyavastheyannu sabitupadisidaru.
micheal junier tanna hosa sahodarige sahodarana patravannu vahisikolluttaane; avalannu nodikondu avalu chennagiddale mattu rakshisalpattiddale endu khachitapadisikolluttaane, avanu tanna diwangata sahodari terriyondige maadidante.
aadaagyoo, eega maiknondige spashtavaada maargavannu hondidda amii sperry, romantic aagi, tanna sahodariyagi jessy jotegina tanna sambandhavannu asamadhanagolisuttane. jessiyannu noyisalu amiya ottaayada kaarana aakeya taayi doris koopagondalu; jessy poshakaru paula, mike esr. mattu narma, haageye mike junier., swatah, tanna hosadaagi patteyaada sahodariyannu sadaa rakshisuttidda.
avarellaroo avalu jessiyannu ekangiyagi bidabekendu bayasiddaru. amii avara matannu alisidano illavo embudu endigoo bahirangavagalilla.
ee kaaryakramavu 1978ralli alpavadhiyavarege nadeyitu mattu antimavagi raddugonditu. aall mye childrance", "rayans hoope" mattu "one life tuu liv" nantaha american sope operaagala vishayagalu mattu sangeetada soochanegalige hesaruvasiyada eolus productions sangeetada vyavastheyannu nirmisitu.
gamanarha haleya vidyaarthigalu.
ee kaaryakramavu prasaravadaga eegaagale uttama sthitiyallidda gray mattu eastwood jotege, nissandehavagi kaaryakramada atyanta yashasvi haleya vidyarthi (avaru micheal stewart, junier patravannu nirvahisidaru), garden thamsonrannu olagondidda ee kaaryakramada gamanarha nataru, 1980rahra prime-time sope "dynasty" yalli blake mattu alexes carrington avara khalanayakana maga aadam carrington aagi hecchina khyatiyannu galisidaru; 1960rahra dashakada sope operaadalli constance mackenzie patrakkagi hesaruvaasiyaagidda dorothy malone, caroll harzag patravannu nirvahisida peaton plays; caroll avara pathi daa. aaron harzag; granville wyaan dussen mattu collin foxes ibbaroo vakilaraada walter telford patravannu nirvahisidaru; mattu gerant winn davis, "everver nait" saranialli avara patrakkagi hesaruvaasiyaagiddu, glen emba hesarina delani kaaleju vidyaarthiya patravannu nirvahisidaru. |
hye hoops (canadian television seerees)
1978 ll canadian, yunaittad stetts televisionukalil pradharshippicha oru canadian television sopp oopparayaayirunnu hye hoops, athil broose gray, dorothy maloon ennivar abhinayichu.
dca productionsumaayi chernnu vaii aandu aarr associates limittad nirmmicha eee parambara torrentoyil chithreekarikkukayum cheythu. kaanadayil aazhchaavasaanam uchakazhinju sii. bii. sii televisionil ithu prakshepanam cheyyukayum us television steshanukalil syndicate cheyyukayum cheythu. carren hazard aayirunnu canadian nirmmaathaav. thudakkathil broose minix pinneedu naigal napier-andruz ulppede niravadhi canadian samvidaayakarumaanu eee shhow samvidaanam cheythath. bryan barney, mort forrer, marian waldman, winifred wolf ennivaraanu ithu ezhuthiyathu.
aamukham.
doow. enna kathaapaathratheyaanu gray shoyil avatharippichathu. kaanadayil evideyo sthithicheyyunna kembridge, kembridge portt ennee eratta kammyoonittikalil thaamasikkukayum pravartthikkukayum cheytha praadeshika cycatrist/famili kaunsilaraaya neel chapman (ontaariyoyil oru yadhaartha kembridge undengilum eee pravishya orikkalum velippeduthiyittilla).
kaambridjinte unnathavidyaabhyaasa sthaapanamaaya delani kolejumaayum addeham bandhappettirunnu. collegilo allengil anjjaathamaaya oru nadikku kuruke kembridjinte ayalvasiyaaya kembridge porttile addehathinte valia veettilo aayirunnu mikka pravartthanangalum nadannathu, athu addehathinte offeesaayum pravarthichu.
aduthide punarvivaham cheytha oru mosham jettu settaraaya thante muun bhaarya helanil (candez ooo 'connor) ninnu neel vivaahamochanam nedi; avarkk (karuthappedunnu) delani kolejile vidyaarthiyaaya jessy (marian messisac) enna vilipperulla jessica enna valarnnuvarunna oru makalundaayirunnu.
chapman hausil thaamasicha addehathinte amma mega (doris petri); swantham veettil gurutharamaayi veenathine thudarnnu avar thamasam maarum (helen punarvivaahathinu sesham avare avide ayachathinu sesham jessy orikkal muthasshiyaaya meginoppam thaamasichirunnu); neel thante veedu vitta oru kembridge riyal estettu ejantaaya luis betts (jaine eastwood), addehathinte adutha suhruthaaya kembridge attorni walter telford (collin phoox, granville vaan duesen), bhaarya evlin telfordinoppam (deborah tenbul) thaamasichirunnu. walter, evlin, luis, mattoru vyakthi doow. jeane baatteyli, ellaavarum saambathika sahayathinulla shramathil neelinte veettile vaadakakkaarkku panam nalkukayaayirunnu.
neel doow. kembridge ashupathriyil jolie cheythirunna oru nigooda yuva doktaraaya daan jirard (jaann musinsky).
kathayil, mikka kathaapaathrangalum cambridge portilaanu thaamasichirunnathu, koodaathe avarude jolikalum mattu vividha pravartthanangalum nadikku kurukeyulla valia nagaramaya cambridgil cheythu.
niravadhi kaunsiling niyamanangalum ashupathriyil jolie cheythum neel pranayathinum samayam kandethi. louisumaayum praadeshika television toock shhow avatharakanaaya trudy bovinumaayum (barbera kail) addeham pranayathilaayi. addeham (vishadeekarikkaanaavaathavim) jessiyude oru krashinte lakshyavumayirunnu.
vijayakaramaya bisinasukaranaaya bharthaav maikkal stuvartt, sr ennivar chernna kembridjinte kooduthal sambannamaaya kudumbangalilonnaya stuvartt kudumbamaayirunnu ettavum kooduthal upadesikkappetta kudumbangalilonnu. (maikkal taitt), aduthide kembridjinte pramukha department storinte presidentaayi thiranjedukkappetta; addehathinte sosaitti (agoraphobic) bhaarya norma (vivian raise), avarude makan maikkal juuniyar. (gorden thomson). avarkk terry enna oru makalundaayirunnu, aval oru vaahanaapakadathil marichu, ithu norma maanasika thakarchayilekku nayichu.
addeham upadeshicha mattoru kudumbam delani kolejile vidyaarthiniyaaya amiyum (jina dick) avalude amma doris (mignon elkins) aayirunnu.
amiyum jessy orikkal suhruthukkalaayirunnu, pakshe maikkal juuniyarumaayi dating nadathiyathil avar pirinju. avar ippol kadutha shathrukkalaayirunnu.
valia kembridge/kembridge portt communitykalile amgangalaaya addehathinte niravadhi klayantukaleyum koodaathe/allengil delani kolejile vidyaarthikaleyum adhyapakareyum upadeshikkuka ennathaayirunnu eee parambarayude bhooribhaagavum.
jessy thanteyum helanteyum makalallennu manassilaakkiyathinte aaghaatham neelinu neridendivannu. helante sahodariyum fashion kordinettarumaaya poula mailsinte (nuwala fittsjerald) makalaanennu velippeduthi, avale valarthaan kazhiyillennu arinjappol aval sahodariyodum bharyaasahodaranodum oppam upekshichu.
virodhaabhaasamennu parayatte, thante secretory "sweetti" ennu vilikkunna oru vichitramaaya sheelamundaayirunna poula (helanekkaal sahaanubhoothiyullavalaayirunnu) gordante department storil maikkal stuvartt, shree. varshangalkk munbu avarkk oru bandhamundaayirunnu, iruvarum ippozhum parasparam vikarangal prakadippichirunnu. athu norma poulayeyum sathrukkalaayi maatti.
thante maathaapithaakkalekkurichu njettikkunna eee vaartha kettappol (sathyam arian arhathayullathinal muzhuvan kathayum ariyanamennu neel aagrahichu; poula athu rahasyamaayi sookshikkaan aagrahichappol, swantham makalekkaal swantham samrakshanathinaayi), jessy poulayude avasana naamamaya miles edukkukayum, thudarnnu ippol ammayi helente muun bharthaavinodulla avalude pranayathe laingikamaayi baadikkukayum cheythu.
jessiyude yadhaartha pithaav maikkal stuvartt, sr aanennu velippeduthi. ithu avalum juuniyar michael thammilulla pranayabandham avasaanippichuvenkilum athu avare randaanachanmaaraayi maatti. jessy neelinte veettil ninnu purathupokukayum avarude kudumbatthinte bhaagamaayi steevarttukalkkoppam akathekku maarukayum cheyyum. ithinu oru positteev undengil, athu normaykk ettavum prayojanakaramaayirunnu.
jessy kudumbatthil praveshichappol, aval avale koottikkondupoyi sneham choriyukayum nashtappetta jessy thante swantham aakki hridayathilekku kondupookukayum cheythu. jessy avalude vaadaka makalaayi. avar sarikkum karuthalulla amma/makal jodikalaayi maari, ithu normaykk veendum jeevikkaan oru kaaranam nalki.
bharthaavinodulla thudarchayaaya thaalpparyathinu polayodu thulyamaayi perumaranulla oru maarggamaayirunnu athu, normaykk jessiode aathmaarthamaaya snehamundaayirunnu, iruvarum parasparam oru nalla pinthunaa samvidaanamaanennu thelinju.
maikkal juuniyar thante puthiya sahodariye sahodarathvathode pariganikkukayum avale nokkukayum aval sukhamaayirikkunnuvennu urappakkukayum cheyyum, thante antharicha sahodari terryumaayi cheythathupole.
ennirunnaalum, maikkumaayi ippol vyakthamaaya paathayulla aami sperry, thante sahodariyenna nilayil jessiyumaayulla bandhathe pranayaparamaayi ethirkkum. jessy vedanippikkanamenna aamiyude nirbandham avalude amma dorisine prakopippichu; jessiyude maathaapithaakkalaaya poula, mike sr. koodaathe norma, athupole mike juuniyar., puthuthayi kandethiya thante sahodariye eppozhum samrakshichirunna svayam.
aval jessy thanichaakkanamennu avarellaavarum aagrahichu. aami avare shradhicho ennu orikkalum velippeduthiyittilla.
1978ll hraswakaalathekku nadanna eee paripadi oduvil raddaakkappettu. ellah ente kuttikalum", "rayans hoopp", "jeevikkaan oru jeevitam" thudangiya american sopp oopparakalekkurichulla prameyangalkkum sangeetha soochanakalkkum peruketta eolus productionsaanu sangeetha krameekaranam nirmmichathu.
sradheyamaaya poorvva vidyaarthikal.
eee shhow sampreshanam cheythappol thanne nannayi sthaapithamaaya gray, eastwood ennivaykku purame, shoyile sradheyamaaya abhinethaakkalil gorden thomson ulppedunnu, theerchayaayum shoyude ettavum vijayakaramaya poorvva vidyaarthi (addeham maikkal stuvartt, juuniyar aayi abhinayichu), 1980 kalile prime-time sopp "dainaasti" yill blakinteyum alexes carringtoninteyum villan makanaaya aadam carrington enna kathaapaathrathe avatharippichu kooduthal prashasthi nedi; 1960 kalile sopp ooppara, peydan placeil karol herzog avatharippicha koonstans mackenzie enna kathaapaathrathe avatharippichukondu ettavum prashasthayaya dorothy maloon; karolinte bharthaav doow. aaron herzog; walter telford enna attorni aayi abhinayicha granville vaan duesen, collin phoox, "efferver naitt" enna parambarayile kathaapaathrathin peruketta jerent winn davis, glen enna delani koleju vidyaarthiye avatharippikkunna aadyakaala veshangalilonnil.
| uchch aasha (canadian durchitravani malika)
hye hopes hii 1978 salchi canadian durchitravani sope aupera hotee jee canadian aanee united states yaa donhi durchitravanivar dakhavanyat aalee hotee, jyat kalakar broos grey aanee dorothy malone yanni abhinay keela hota.
yaa malikechi nirmiti vaay andd aar sahyogi, limitedne dii. see. aii. nirmitichya sanyogane kelee hotee, samavisht kelee hotee aanee torrentomadhye chitrit kelee hotee. canadamadhye see. bii. see. durchitravanivar aathvadyachya duparchya velee teey prasarit kele gele aanee us durchitravani kendransathi syndicate kele gele. canadian nirmata carren hazard hota. yaa karyakramache digdarshan suruvatila broos minix yanni kele hote aanee nantar nigel napier-andrews anek canadian digdarshakanni kele hote. bryan barney, mort forrer, marian waldman aanee winefred wolf yanni heey lihile hote.
aadhar.
grene karyakramache shirshak dow. mhanoon kele. niil chapman, eka sthanik mansopacharatadnya/kautumbik sallagar, joou canadamadhye kuthetari asalelya cambridge aanee cambridgeportchya julya samudayanmadhye rahat aanee kaam karat hota (jaree ontariyomadhye vastavik jivanatil cambridge aahe, taree haah prant kadhihi ughad jhaala navhata).
teey kembridgechya uchch shikshan sanstha, delani kolejashi dekhil sambandhit hote. bahutek krutee ektar mahavidhyalayat kinwa adnyat nadivaril cambridge shejari asalelya cambridgeportmadhil tyachya mothya gharat seet kelee gelee hotee, jeey tyache karyalay mhanoon dekhil kaam karat hote.
nilcha tyachi majee patni helen (candes oo 'connor) hichyapasoon ghatasfot jhaala hota, jee eka white jett-setter hotee, jine nuktech punarvivah keela hota; aanee tyanna (asey manale jaate) jessica hii eka mothee mulgi hotee, jiche topananav jessy (marriane messack) hote, jee delani mahavidhyalayatil eka vidyarthi hotee, jee tyachyasobat rahat hotee.
chapmanchya gharat tyachi aaee meeg (doris petri) dekhil rahat hotee; tee tichya swatachya gharat gambhir padalyamule rahayala aalee hotee (jessy ekada tichya aajee megasobat rahat hotee, helenne teela tichya punarvivahanantar tithe pathavalyanantar); louis bates (jaine eastwood) eka cambridge real istet agent jyane tyache ghar niil vikale hote aanee tyacha jawalcha mitra, cambridge vakeel walter telford (collin fox, granville vanne dussen), joou tyachi patni evelin telford (deborah turnbull) hichyabarobar rahat hota. walter, evelin, louis aanee dusari vyakti, dow. jeane battel, heey serve aarthik madat karnyachya prayatnat nilchya gharat bhadekarunna paise dett hote.
neelane dow. danne girard (zaan muzinsky) haah eka rahasyamay tarun vaidya aahe joou cambridgechya rugnalayat kaam karat hota.
katheteel bahutansh patre cambridgeportmadhye rahat hotee aanee tyanni tyanchi kaame aanee itar vividh upkram nadiparchya cambridgechya mothya shaharat kele.
tyachya anek samupadeshanachya bhetee aanee rugnalayat kaam asoonahi, neelala pranayasathi dekhil vel midala. too luiz aanee sthanik durchitravani charcha karyakramache sutrasanchalak, trudy bowen (barbara kayal) yanchyasobat premprakaranat guntalela hota. too (spasht naan karata) jesichya krashche lakshya dekhil hota.
sarvat varanvar sallah dilya olakhalya kutumbanpaiki eka mhanje karbhari kutumb, jeey cambridgechya adhik shrimant kutumbanpaiki eka hote, jeey yashasvi vyavsayik patee michael karbhari, shree. (michael tett), jyala alikadech cambridgechya agraganya department stoarche adhyaksh mhanoon niyukt karnyat aale hote; tyachi society (aanee agoraphobic) patni, norma, (vivian rees) aanee tyancha mulga, michael, junier. (gorden thomson). tyanna terry navachi eka mulgi hotee, jicha eka qaar apghatat mrutyu jhaala hota, jyamule samanya mansik sthitila dhakka basala.
tyane samupadeshan kelele aanakhi eka kutumb mhanje adhik madhyamvargiy sperry, emee (jiina dick), delani mahavidhyalayatil vidyarthini aanee tichi aaee, doris (mignon elkins).
emee aanee jessy ekekali mitra hote, parantu michael juniorshee dating kelyamule teey tutale. aanee aata teey kadve shatru jhaale.
yaa malikeche bahutansh laksh tyachya anek grahakanna, jeey mothya cambridge/cambridgeport samudayanche sadasya hote aanee/kinwa delani mahavidhyalayache vidyarthi aanee shikshak hote, tyanche samupadeshan karane hote, tarr tyachya swatachya samasya vadhat gelya.
jessy tyachi aanee helanchi mulgi ajibat nahee heey lakshat aalyanantar neelala aaghat sahan karava lagla. tee helanchi baheen, fashion samnvayak, paula miles (nuala fitzgerald) chee mulgi asalyache ughad jhaale, jiche teela tichya vadhis asamarth asalyache kalalyavar tee tichi baheen aanee mehunyabarobar sodoon gelee.
gammat mhanje, paula, jyala tichya sachiwala 'sweety' mhananyachi vichitra savay hotee, (aanee helenpeksha adhik sahanubhootishil hotee) tee, shree. michael stuart yanchyasobat, gordenchya department stoarmadhye kaam karayachi. anek varshanpurvi tyanche premsambandh hote aanee doghanmadhye ajunahi ekmekambaddal bhavna hotya. jyamule norma aanee paula shatru banale.
tichya aaee-vadilambaddalchi hii dhakkadayak batami aikalyavar (neelala tichi sampoorn katha jaanun ghyayachi hotee kaaran tee satya jaanun ghenyas patra hotee; tarr paula teela tichya swatachya mulipeksha tichya swatachya sanrakshanasathi tee gupt thevayachi hotee), jesine paulache aadnav miles ghetale aanee nantar tichya aatachya mavashi helanchya majee patibaddalchya tichya premavar laingik karvai kelee.
jessiche kharey vadil michael stuart, shree. asalyache ughad jhaale. yamule tiche aanee michael, junier yanchyatil premsambandh sampushtat aale, parantu yamule teey savatra bhawande banale. jessy nilchya gharatoon baher padoon karbharibarobar tyanchya kutumbacha eka bhag mhanoon aat jaat asey. jarr yaat kahee sakaratmak asel tarr teey normasathi sarvat fayadeshir hote.
jessine tichya kutumbat pravesh kelyavar, tine teela nele aanee haravalelya jessila tichi swatachi aanee tichya hrudayavar gheuun tichyavar premacha varshav keela. jessy tichi surrogate mulgi bunley. teey kharokhar kalji ghenari aaee/mulgi jodape banale, jyamule normala punha jaganyache kaaran midale.
jaree heey samaptiche sadhan asale taree, tichya patimadhye satat asalelya swarsyasathi paulashi barobari sadhanyasathi, normala jessibaddal pramanik prem hote aanee doghe ekmekansathi eka changli aadhar pranali asalyache siddha jhaale.
michael junier tyachya naveen bahinisathi bhawand bhoomika swikarayacha; tichi kalji ghet hota aanee tee theek aahe aanee surakshit aahe yachee khatri karat hota, agadi tyane tyachi divangat baheen terrisobat kelyapramanech.
tathapi, aata maiksobatcha marg spasht asalela emee sperry, premprakaranat, tyachi baheen mhanoon jesisobatchya tyachya natyavar naraj hoil. jessila dukhavanyachya emichya aagrahamule tichi aaee, doris, jiche ivadil, paula, mike ess. aar. yancha ullekh naan karata, ragavali. aanee norma, tasech mike junier., swatah, joou tyachya navyane sapadalelya bahiniche nehmich rakshan karat asey.
tine jesila ekte sodave ashee tyaa sarvanchi ichcha hotee. emine tyanche aikale qee nahee heey kadhihi ughad jhaale nahee.
1978 madhye haah karyakram alpakal chalala aanee akheris too radd karnyat aala. aul maay childrance', 'rayansa hope' aanee 'vann life too leave' yasarkhya american sope auperanvaril sankalpana aanee sangeet sanketansathi olakhalya olakhalya aolus productionsne sangeet vyavastha tayar kelee hotee.
ullekhaneey majee vidyarthi.
yaa karyakramachya ullekhaneey kalakaranmadhye, yaa karyakramachya prasaranadarmyan aadhich prasthapit jhalelya grey aanee eastwood vyatirikt, gorden thomson yancha samavesh hota, nihsanshaypane karyakramacha sarvat yashasvi majee vidyarthi (tyane michael stuart, juniorchi bhoomika sakarli), joou 1980 chya prime-time sope dynastiver blake aanee alexes carringtoncha khalnayak mulga addam carrington mhanoon adhik prasiddha jhaala; dorothy malone jee 1960 chya sope auperamadhye constance mckenziechya bhoomikesathi prasiddha hotee, pyton places jyane caroll herzogchi bhoomika sakarli; abhineta nahemiya persoff jyane carolcha patee, dow. aaron herzog; granville vanne dussen aanee collin fox, jyanni walter telford yaa vakilachi bhoomika sakarli; aanee gerant wiin davies, jeey 'forever nite' yaa maliketil tyanchya bhoomikesathi olakhale jaatat, tyanchya suruvatichya bhoomikanpaiki eka, glain navachya delani mahavidhyalayin vidyarthyachi bhoomika sakarat hote.
| uccha asha (canadali television shringkhala)
hai hopes sann 1978 ko canadali television sope opera thiyo june canadali rar sanyukta rajya americako televisionma dekhaieko thiyo, jasma kalakarharu bruce grey rar dorothy melonle abhinaya gareka thie.
yo shringkhala wai anned arr associates, limitedwara dca prodaksanko sanyojanma nirman garieko thiyo, samawesh garieko thiyo, rar torantoma chhayangkan garieko thiyo. yo canadama sibisi televisionma haptako diunso prasaran garieko thiyo, rar yues television stationharuma syndicated thiyo. canadali nirmata carren hazard thie. soe suruma bruce minixdwara nirdeshit thiyo, rar pachhi naigal napier-andrewharu sahit dherai canadian nirdeshakharudwara nirdeshit garieko thiyo. yo bryan barney, mort forer, marian waldman rar winifred wolfle lekheka thie.
adhar.
grele dah ko rupma solai headline gare. nill chapman, ek sthaniya manochikitsak/pariwarik sallahakar jo canadako kunai thaunma awasthit cambridge rar cambridgeportko jumlyaha samudayharuma basthe rar kaam garthe (pranta kahilyai prakat bhaeko thiena, yadyapi ontarioma wastawik jiwanko cambridge chha).
uni cambridgeko uccha shiksha sansthan delani collegesanga pani sambandhit thie. dheraijaso karya kalejma wa cambridgeportma raheko unko thulo gharma sett garieko thiyo, cambridgeko chhimeki agyat nadiko chheuma, jasle unko karyalaya pani thiyo.
nille afnie purva patni heylen (candes o 'connor), ek kharab jett-setterbata sambandhawiched gareka thie, jasle bharkharai punah vivaha gareka thie; rar tiniharuko (kathit rupma) aut hurkeki chhori jessica thiin, jaslai jacy (marian messiac) upanam diieko thiyo, jo delani collegeko vidyarthi thiin, jo unisanga basthe.
chapman gharma unaki amah megg (doris petri) pani basdai thiin; uni afnai gharma gambhir patanko samana garepachhi ghar farkane thiin (jessy ek patak afnie hajuramasanga basne thiin, megg, helenle unko punarvivaha pachhi unlai tyahan pathaepachhi); luis bates (zen eastwod) ek cambridge real estate agent jasle afno ghar neel becheka thie, rar unko najikko sathi, cambridge wakil walter telford (collin fucks, granbhil bhyan dussen), jo afnie patni ebhlin telford (debora turnbull) sanga basthe. walter, ebhlin, luis rar arka wyakti dah. zin batele, sabai wittiya sahayog garne prayasma nilko gharma bhadama lineharu thie.
nille dah. danne girard (zahn muzinsky), cambridge aspatalma kaam garne ek rahasyamaya yuwa chikitsak.
kathama, adhikansh patraharu cambridgeportma basthe, rar nadiko kinarma raheko cambridgeko thulo saharma afno kaam rar anya vibhinna gatiwidhiharu gare.
unko dherai paramarsha appointmentharu rar aspatalma kaam bhae tapani, nille romanska lagi pani samaya pae. uni luis rar sthaniya television tuck soe host, trudy bowen (barbara kaile) sanga pani romantic rupma sanlagna thie. uni jesidwara krasko lakshya pani (awarnaniya rupma) thie.
prayaha paramarsha diieko pariwarharu madhye euta thiyo stewart pariwar, cambridgeko ek adhik dhani pariwar, june safal wyapari pati micheal stewart, shree milera baneko thiyo. (micheal tett), jaslai bharkharai cambridgeko agrani department storeko adhyaksha namit garieko thiyo; unko samaj (rar agoraphobic) patni, norma, (bhibhian rees) rar tiniharuko chhora, micheal, junier. (gorden thomson). tiniharuko aut chhori terry thiin, jasko carr durghatanama mrityu bhaeko thiyo, jasle samanyatalai manasik rupma girawatma lagayo.
unle paramarsha dieko arko pariwar thiyo adhik madhyamwargiya speris, ammy (zina dick), delani kalejki chhatra, rar unaki amah, doris (mignan alkins).
ammy rar jacy ek patak sathi thie, tara tiniharu micheal juniyarsanga dating garnuko karan alag bhae. rar ab tee katu shatru thie.
shringkhalako dherai dhyan unko dherai grahakharulai paramarsha dina thiyo, jo thula cambridge/cambridgeport samudayaka sadasyaharu thie, rar/wa delani kalejka vidyarthiharu rar sankaya, jabki unko afnai samasyaharu badhdai gae.
jessy afnie rar helenki chhori hoinan bhanne mahasus garda nille aghatko samana garnupareko thiyo. uni helenki bahini, fasion sanyojak, paula miles (nuala fitzgerald) key chhori bhaeko khulasa bhayo, jaslai unle afnie bahini rar didibahinisanga chhode jab unlai thaha bhayo kii unle unlai hurkauna sakdainan.
vidambana key chha bhane, afno sachiblai "sweety" (rar helenbhanda badhi sahanubhutipurna) bhanne anautho bani bhaeko paula, micheal stuart, shrisanga gordenko department storema kaam garthin. dherai warshaghi uniharuko prem sambandha thiyo, rar duwaima ajhai pani ekarkaka lagi bhawanaharu thie. yasale narma rar paulalai shatru banayo.
afno amababuko barema yo chaunkaune samachar sunepachhi (nille unlai sampurna katha thaha hose bhanera chahanthe kinbhane uni satya janna yogya thiin; jabki paula yasalai gopya rakhna chahanthin, afnie chhoriko bhanda afno surakshaka lagi), jesile paulako antim naam miles lie, rar tyasapachhi unko ab kaki helenko purva patisanga unko krasma yauna wyawahar gare.
jessyka wastawik buba micheal stuart, shree bhaeko khulasa garieko thiyo. yasale unko rar micheal, junier bichko romantic sambandha samapta samapta, tara yasale uniharulai sauteni bhaibahini banayo. jacy nilko gharbata bahira niskane rar karbhariharusanga uniharuko pariwarko ek bhagko rupma bhitra aune gardathe. yadi yasama sakaratmak thiyo bhane, yo samanyaka lagi sabaibhanda faidajanak thiyo.
jacy afno pariwarma prawesh garepachhi, unle unlai liera gae rar haraeko jesilai afno rar afno hridayama liera premko warsha garin. jacy unaki surrogate chhori baneki thiin. uniharu sanchchai herchah garne amah/chhoriko jody bane, jasle narmalai feri baanchne karan diyo.
yadyapi yo antyako madhyam thiyo, afno patima nirantar chasoka lagi polasanga pani prapta garna, normalai jesiprati imandar prem thiyo, rar duwai ekarkaka lagi ramro samarthan pranali sabit bhayo.
micheal juniyarle afnie nayan bahinilai bhaiko bhumika line garthe; unko khoji gardai rar uni thik chhan rar surakshit chhan bhanera sunishchit gardai, jasari unle afnie swargiya bahini terisanga gareka thie.
yadyapi, ammy sperry, jasko ab maikasanga spashta marga thiyo, romantic rupma, jesisangko afno bahiniko rupma unko sambandhabata risaune thiyo. jesilai chot chot emiko agrahale unaki amah dorislai risayo; jessyka amababu, paula, mick esarko ullekha garnupardaina. rar norma, sathai mick junier., swayan, jo sadhain afno nayan bahiniko suraksha gardai aeka thie.
uniharu sabai unlai jesilai eklai chhodna chahanthe. yadi emile uniharuko kura sune bhane yo kahilyai khulasa bhaena.
yo karyakram sann 1978 maa chhoto samayasamma chaleko thiyo rar antatah radda bhayo. sabai mera bachchaharu", "ranko asha" rar "banchnaka lagi ek jiwan" jasta americi sope operaharuma vishayavastu rar sangitik sanketharuka lagi parichit, aolus prodaksanharudwara sangitik wyawastha nirman garieko thiyo.
ullekhaniya purva vidyarthi.
yass karyakramma grey rar eastwod bahek, jo yo karyakram prasarit hunda pahile nai ramrosanga sthapit thie, gorden thomson, nissandeha karyakramko sabaibhanda safal purva vidyarthi (unle micheal stuart, juniyarko bhumika kheleka thie), jasle 1980 ko dashakko prime-time sabun "dynesty" maa blake rar alexes carringtonko khalanayak chhorako rupma dherai prasidhi pae; dorothy malone jo 1960 ko dashakko sabun opera, petton placema constance mcengyko bhumikaka lagi parichit thiin jasle caroll harjogko bhumika nibhaeki thiin; abhinetri nahemia persof jasle carolko pati, dah. aaron herzog; granbhil bhyan dussen rar collin fucks duwaile wakil, walter telfordko bhumika kheleka thie; rar gerant winn devis, jo "farebhar night" shringkhalama unko bhumikaka lagi parichit thie, unko prarambhik bhumikaharu madhye ekma, glen namak delani collegeko vidyarthiko bhumika nibhaundai.
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uccha aasha (canadia tibhi sirij)
haai hopes 1978 masihar canadia television sope apera thila, jaahaa ubhaja canadia ebong juktarastra americara telivijanare pradarshita hoithila, jeunthire kalakara bruce grey ebong dorothy malone abhinai karithile.
ehi dharabahikati wai anded aara associates, limited dwara dca prodoxons sahita milita bhabe nirmita hoithila, ebong torantore suting karajaithila. ehaa kanadara sii. bii. sii. telivijanare saptahara aparaahnare prasarita hoithila, ebong jayu. ess. television stationre syndicate hoithila . kanadiara nirmata thile corren hazard. ehi shoe 'prathame bruce minixnka dwara nirdeshita hoithila, ebong parey nigel nepiyara-aandryunka sameth aneka canadia nirdeshakanka dwara nirdeshita hoithila. ehaa bryan barney, mort forer, mariane waldman ebong winifred walfnka dwara likhita hoithila .
aadhara.
grey ehi shoe 'ray dodd. neela chapman, jane sthaniah manobigyanee/paribarika paramarshadata jie kanadara kaunasi sthanare abasthita cambridge ebong cambridgeporter yamaja sampradajare rahuthile ebong karjya karithile (ehi pradeshati kebe prakash karajai nathila, jadio ontariore eka bastaba jeebner cambridge achhi).
shay cambridger uccha sikhya pratisthana delany college sahita madhya jadita thile. adhikansha karjya college kimba kembrijportare thiba taanka budd ghare, eka ajana nadee paara cambridger padoshi, jaahaa taanka karjyalaja bhabare madhya karjya karithila .
neel taanka purbatana patni hellen (candes oh 'connor) nka thaaru chadapatra neithile, jieki jane kharap jett-setter, jie nikatare punarbara bibaha karithile; ebong semanankara (anumana karajae) eka budd jhia jessica thila, jahara daknam jessy (mariane messisac), delany colleger jane chhatra, jie taanka sahita rahuthile .
chapman hausare madhya rahuthile taanka maaa mega (doris petri); shay niz ghare eka gurutara patner shikara heba parey chalijibe (jessy thare taanka jejema, meganka saha rahuthile, hellen tanku punarbara bibaha parey sethare pathaiba parey); luiz bates (zen eastoud) jane cambridge real estate agent jie taanka ghara nell bikri karithile, ebong taanka ghanistha bandhu, cambridge atterni walter telford (collin foxes, granavila bhaan dussen), jie taanka patni evalin telford (deborah turnbull) nka saha rahuthile. walter, evalin, luiz ebong anya jane byakti, dodd. zin batele, samaste arthika sahajata paain neelnka ghare bhadatianku deiah deuthile.
neel madhya dodd. daan girard (zaan muzinsky), jane rahasyamai juba chikitsaka jie cambridge daktarakhanare kaama karuthile.
kahanire, adhikansha charitra cambridgeportare rahuthile, ebong nadee paara hoi thiba bruhata sahara cambridgere semanankara karjya ebong anyanya bibhinna karjyakalapa karithile .
tankara aneka paramarsha nijukti ebong daktarakhanare kaama kariba satwe, nill romans paain madhya samai paithile. shay luiz ebong sthaniah television tock soe host, trudy bowen (barbara kyle) nka saha premare jadita thile. shay madhya (abarnaniah bhabare) jesinka krasra lakhya thile .
jeun paribaragudika paain nijamita paramarsha diajauthila, semananka madhyaru anyatama thile cambridger eka samruddha paribara, jaahaa saphala byabasajee swamee michael stewart, shree. (michael tett), jie nikatare cambridger agrani department storer sabhapati bhabare manoneet hoithile; taanka society (ebong agoraphobic) patni, narma, (vivian rays) ebong semanankara pua, michael, juniara . (gerden thumson). semanankara terry namaka eka jhia thila, jie eka kaara durghatanare mrutyubarana karithila, jaahaa narma ku manasika abanati ku pathaithila .
anya eka paribara jahanku shay paramarsha deithile, taaha helah adhika madhyama berger speris, aam (zina dick), delany colleger jane chhatri, ebong taanka maaa doris (mignon elkins).
emi ebong jessy ekada bandhu thile, kintu michael junijaranku deting kariba karanaru semane bhangi padithile. ebong ebe semane tikta shatru thile.
ehi shrunkhalara adhikansha dhyana thila tankara aneka grahakanku paramarsha deba, jeunmane bruhata cambridge/cambridge port sampradayara sadasya thile, ebong/kimba delany colleger chhatra ebong sikhyaka, jetebele kii tankara nijaswa samasya badhuthila .
jessy taanka ebong helenanka jhia nuhanti bolly hrudajangama karibara aghataku neelnku samnah karibaku padithila. shay helennka bhaunee, fashion sanjojaka, paola miles (nuala fitzgerald) nka jhia bolly prakash paithila, jaahaaku shay taanka bhaunee ebong bhinoinka saha chhadi jaithile jetebele shay janithile je shay tanku badhei paribe naahin.
bidambana heuchhi, paula, jahankara taanka sachibanku "suiti" (ebong helenanka apekhya adhika sahanubhutishila) bolly kahibara eka swatantra abhyasa thila, shay girdner department store michael stewart, shreenka saha kaama karuthile. aneka barsha purbe semanankara eka samparka thila, ebong tathapi ubhajanka madhyare paraspara paain bhabana thila . jaahaa narma ebong paulanku shatru karithila.
taanka pitamatanka bishajare ehi ashcharjyajanaka khabara suniba parey (neel chahunthile je shay sampurna kahani janantu kaaran shay satya janiba jogya; jetebele paula ehaaku gupta rakhibaku chahunthile, niz jhia apekhya niz surakhya paain adhika), jessy paulanka shesh naama miles neithile, ebong taa 'parey taanka mausi helenanka purbatana swameenka prati taanka krash upare jouna karjya karithile .
jesinka prakruta pita michael stewart, shree bolly prakash paithila . ehaa taanka ebong michael, junijaranka madhyare romantic samparkaku samapta karithila, kintu ehaa semananku sabata bhaibhaunee karithila . jessy neelnka gharu bahari jaanti ebong semananka paribarara eka ansha bhabare stiwartmananka sahita ruhanti . jadi ethire kichhi sakaratmaka thila, tebe ehaa narma paain sabutharu adhika labhadajaka thila.
jessy taanka paribarare prabesha kariba parey, shay tanku neigale ebong tanku premer barshana kale, hozzy jaithiba jesinku nijara ebong taanka hrudajare neithile . jessy tankara surrogate jhia hoithile. semane prakrutare eka jatnashila maa/jhia jodi hoithile, jaahaa narmanku punarbara banchibara kaaran deithila .
jadio ehaa eka samapti paain eka madhyama thila, taanka swameenka prati nirantara agraha paain paulanka sahita samaana heba paain, narma jesinka prati eka aantarika prem thila, ebong duhen paraspara paain eka bhal samarthan byabastha bolly pramanita hoithile .
michael juniara taanka nooa bhaunee paain eka bhratru bhumika grahan karibe; tanku khojiba ebong shay thick achanti ebong surakhita achanti bolly sunishchita kariba, jepari shay taanka swargata bhaunee tereenka sahita karithile .
tebe, emi sperry, jahankara bartamana maiknka sahita eka spust marga thila, premare, taanka bhaunee bhabare jesinka sahita taanka samparkaku asantusta karibe . jesinku aaghata deba paain aminka zid taanka maaa dorisanku krodhita karithila; jesinka pitamata, paula, mick esaarnka bishajare ullekha karibaku padiba naahin . ebong narma, tatha mick juniara ., nije, jieki sarbada nijara naba-prapta bhaunira surakhya karuthile.
semane samaste chahunthile je shay jesinku ekutia chhadi diantu. aami semananka kathaa shunile kii naahin taaha kebe prakash paai nathila.
1978 masihare ehi shoe 'rahr eka sankhipta pradarshan hoithila, ebong sheshare ehaaku batil karidiajaithila. samasta more pilamane", "rajannka aasha" ebong "banchibaku eka zeeban" pari americae sope apera upare bishajabastu ebong sangeeta sanketa paain janashuna aoles prodoxon dwara sangeeta byabastha prastuta karajaithila .
ullekhaneeah purbatana chhatra.
grey ebong eastoud byatita shoe 'rahr ullekhaneeah abhineta, jeunmane ehi shoe' prasarita heba samajare bhal bhabare pratisthita hoithile, semananka madhyare thile gerden thumson, nihsandehare shoe 'rahr sabutharu saphala purbatana chhatra (shay michael stewart, juniara bhumikare abhinai karithile), jie 1980 dashkar prime-time sope "dynasty" ray blake ebong alexes kyaringatannka khalanajaka pua adam kyaringatan bhabare adhika prasiddhi laabh karithile; dorothy malone jie 1960 dashkar sope apera, petton placere canstance mckenzie bhumikare abhinai paain janashuna thile, jie caroll harjag bhumikare abhinai karithile; abhineta nehemia persof jie kyarolanka swamee, doctor bhumikare abhinai karithile . aaron harjag; granavila bhaan dussen ebong collin foxes, jeunmane ubhaja okil, walter telford bhumikare abhinai karithile; ebong gerant winn devis, taanka prarambhika bhumika madhyaru gotiere, "pharwejara night" dharabahikare taanka bhumika paain janashuna, glen namaka jane delany college chhatra bhumikare abhinai karithile . |
ucch umeedan (canadian teevi ladiwar)
hyee hopes ikk 1978 canadian television sope opera see joe canadian atey sanyukat raaj amrica dey television dovan utte dikhaiaa giaa see, jiss witch kalakaran broos grey atey dorothy malone neey abhinai keeta see.
iss luddy daa nirman vaaee aind aar sehyogi, limted duaara dee. see. aii. productions dey naal mill keey keeta giaa see, shamal keeta giaa see, atey torranto witch filmaiaa giaa see. ih canada witch see. bee. see. television utte hafte dey dinan dee duphir noon prasarit keeta giaa see, atey yuu. aiss. television stationan laee syndicate keeta giaa see. canadian nirmata crain hazard see. iss shoa daa nirdeshan shuru witch broos minix duaara keeta giaa see, atey baad witch kaee canadian nirdeshakan duaara, jinhan witch nigal napier-andrews shamal sunn. ih brian barney, mort forrer, marian waldman atey weinfried wolf duaara likhiaa giaa see.
adhaar.
grey neey shoa noon daa. neel chapman, ikk sathanak mano-vigiaani/parivarak salahkar joe canada witch kitey sathit cambridge atey cambridgeport dey judvan bhaichariaan witch rahinda see atey kamm karda see (prant daa kadey khulasa naheen keeta giaa see, halanki ontario witch ikk asal-jeevan cambridge haii).
uh cambridge dey ucch sikkhiaa sansthan, delany kaalaj naal vee jude hoye sunn. ziaadaatar karvai jaan taan kaalaj witch, jaan cambridgeport witch uss dey vadde gharr witch, ikk anjaan nadee dey paar cambridge dey guandhi, joe uss dey daftar vajon vee kamm karda see, witch keeti gaee see.
neel daa aapni sabka patni hallen (candes ou 'conor) toon talaak hoow giaa see, joe ikk bhaidi jett-setter see, jiss neey haal hii witch dubara viaah keeta see; atey uhanan dee ikk vaddi dhee, jessica see, jiss daa upnam jaisi (marian mackisack) see, joe delney kaalaj dee ikk vidiaarthi see, joe uss dey naal rahindi see.
chapman haaoos witch uss dee maan maeg (doris pattery) vee rahindi see; uh aapne hii gharr witch gambhir girawat daa sahmana curran toon baad gharr chalee jaandi see (jaisi ikk vaar aapni daadi, maeg naal rahindi see, jadon hallen neey uss noon uss dey dubara viaah toon baad utthe bhejiaa see); luis bates (jaine eastwod) ikk cambridge real astet agent see jiss neey aapna gharr neel wetch ditta see, atey uss daa nazdiki dosat, cambridge attarney walter telford (collin fox, grenville vain dussen), joe aapni patni, avalin telford (deborah turnbull) naal rahinda see. walter, avalin, luis atey ikk horr viakati, daa. jeane battel, saare vitt witch madad curran dee koshish witch neel dey gharr witch kiraedaran noon bhugtan qarr rahey sunn.
neel neey daa. daena girard (jaan muszinsky), ikk rahassmai naujwan doctor joe cambridge dey hospital witch kamm karda see.
kahani witch, ziaadaatar paatar cambridgeport witch rahinde sunn, atey nadee dey paar cambridge dey vadde shehar witch aapna kamm atey horr vakkh-vakkh gatividhiaan karde sunn.
aapniaan kaee salahkari mulakatan atey hospital witch kamm curran dey bavjood, neel noon romance laee vee samaan miliaa. uh luis atey sathanak television tock shoa host, trudy boven (barbara kayile) naal vee romantic taur 'teey shamal see. uh (sapshat taur 'teey) jaisi duaara krash daa nishana vee see.
sabh toon vaddh salaah ditte jaanh vaale parivaran vicchon ikk see stevert parivaar, joe kii cambridge dey vadhere ameer parivaran vicchon ikk see, joe kii safal vapari patee michael stevert, shree. (michael tett), jiss noon haal hii witch cambridge dey pramukh department store daa pardhan namzad keeta giaa see; uss dee suciety (atey agrophobic) patni, norma, (vivian rees) atey unhan daa puttar, michael, junier. (gorden thomson). uhanan dee ikk dhee, terry see, jiss dee ikk qaar hadse witch maut hoow gaee see, jiss neey sadharanta noon mansik girawat witch bhej ditta see.
ikk horr parivaar jiss dee uss neey salaah ditti see uh see vadhere maddh-varag daa saperi, aimee (jeena dick), joe kii delany kaalaj dee ikk vidiaarthi see, atey uss dee maan, doris (mignan alkins).
aimee atey jaisi ikk samein dosat sunn, parr uh michael junier naal dating curran caarn tutt gaye. atey hunn uh tikkhe dushman sunn.
luddy daa ziaadaatar dhiaan aapne bahut saare gaahkan noon salaah denna see, joe vadde cambridge/cambridgeport bhaichariaan dey member sunn, atey/jaan delany kaalaj dey vidiaarthi atey faculty, jadon kii uss deeaan aapniaan samassiaavan vadhdiaan gaeeaan.
neel noon ih ahsas honn dey sadme naal najithna piaa kii jaisi uss dee atey hellen dee dhee bilkul naheen see. uh hellen dee bhainn, fashion coordinator, paula miles (nuala fitzgerald) dee dhee dassi gaee see, jiss noon uh aapni bhainn atey jeeja naal chhadd gaee see jadon uss noon pataa see kii uh uss daa paalan poshan naheen qarr sakadi see.
viangatmak gall ih haii kii paula, jiss noon aapne sakattar noon "mitthi" (atey hallen naalon vadhere hamdardi vaali) kahinn dee ikk ajib aadat see, gorden dey department store witch michael stevert, aiss. aar. naal kamm kardi see. kaee saal pahilan unhan daa rishta see atey dovan witch ajey vee ikk dooje laee bhavnavan sunn. iss neey norma atey paula noon dushman bnaa ditta.
aapne maata-pitaa baare ih hairan curran vaali khabar sunn keey (neel chahundi see kii uh puurii kahani jaane kiunki uh sachchai jaanan dee hakkdaar see; jadon kii paula iss noon gupat rakkhna chahundi see, aapni dhee naalon aapni surakhiaa laee), jaisi neey paula daa aakhri naam miles liaa, atey firr uss dey hunn dey maasi hellen dey sabka patee pratee uss dey krash utte jinsi karvai keeti.
jessy dey asal pitaa daa khulasa michael stevert, shree see. iss naal uss dey atey michael, junier dey vichkaar romantic sabndh khatam hoow gaye, parr iss neey unhan noon matreye bhainn-bharaa bnaa ditta. jaisi neel dey gharr toon bahr nikaldi see atey aapne parivaar dey ikk hisse vajon karkunnan naal rahindi see. jey iss witch koee skaratmak gall see, taan ih norma laee sabh toon vaddh labhdaik see.
jaisi dey aapne parivaar witch dakhal honn 'teey, uh uss noon lae gaee atey uss utte piaar dee varkha keeti, gumm hoee jaisi noon aapna atey aapne dill witch lae gaee. jessy uss dee srogate dhee bann gaee. uh sachmuch ikk dekhbhal curran vaali maan/dhee dee jodee bann gaee, jiss naal norma noon dubara jeeunh daa caarn miliaa.
halanki ih ikk ant daa saadhan see, paula dey naal uss dey patee witch nirantar dilchaspi laee barabari prapat curran laee, norma noon jaisi laee ikk saccha piaar see, atey doven ikk dooje laee ikk changa samarthan pranali saabat hoye.
michael junier aapni naveen bhainn laee ikk bharatari bhumika nibhaunda see; uss dee bhaal karda see atey ih sunishchit karda see kii uh theek haii atey surakhiat haii, jiven kii usne aapni marhoom bhainn, terry naal keeta see.
halanki, aimee saperi, jiss daa hunn mike naal ikk sapshat raah see, romantic taur 'teey, jaisi naal aapni bhainn dey roop witch aapne rishte toon naraz hovega. aimee dey jaisi noon dukhi curran dey zor neey uss dee maan, doris noon naraz qarr ditta; jaisi dey maata-pitaa, paula, mike aiss. aar. daa zikar naa karna. atey norma, atey naal hii mike junier., joe hamesha aapni naveen millie bhainn dee rakkhiaa karda see.
uh saare chahunde sunn kii uh jaisi noon ikalla chhadd deve. ih kadey vee khulasa naheen keeta giaa kii aimee neey unhan dee gall sunee jaan naheen.
ih shoa sann 1978 witch sankhep roop witch challiaa see atey aakharkar radd qarr ditta giaa see. sangeet dee vivastha aoles productions duaara tiaar keeti gaee see, joe "saare merey bacche", "reyan dee umeed" atey "ikk jeevan jiunh laee" varge amriki sope opera dey vishiaan atey sangeet sanketan laee jaanhi jaandi haii.
prasidh sabka vidiaarthi.
iss shoa dey pramukh adakaran toon ilava, grey atey eastwod toon ilava, joe iss shoa dey prasarit honn vele pahilan hii changi tarahan sathapat sunn, witch gorden thomson shamal sunn, binan shakk shoa dey sabh toon safal sabka vidiaarthi (usne michael stevert, junier dee bhumika nibhai), joe 1980 dey dahake dey prime-time sope "dynasty" witch blake atey alexis carrington dey khalnaik puttar, aidam carrington dey roop witch bahut vaddi prasidhi prapat keeti; dorothy malone joe 1960 dey dahake dey sope opera, petton place witch constance mckenzie dee bhumika laee sabh toon vaddh jaanhi jaandi see, jiss neey caroll harzog dee bhumika nibhai see; adakar nahmia persof jiss neey caroll dey patee, daa. aaron harzog; grenville vain dussen atey collin fox jinhan dovan neey vakeel, walter telford dee bhumika nibhai; atey jairet winn davis, joe aapni shuruati bhumikavan vicchon ikk witch, "everaver night" luddy witch aapni bhumika laee jaane jaande hunn, neey glain naam dey ikk delany kaalaj dey vidiaarthi dee bhumika nibhai. |
uccha-aashaah (kanadian-dooradarshan-shrunkhalaa)
hai-hopes 1978 tame varshe kenada-deshasya dooradarshanasy sope-operaa aasit, yat kenada-deshasya samyuktarajyamerika-deshasya dooradarshanasy cha madhye pradarshitam, yasmin broos grey, dorothy melon cha kalaakaarau abhinayam akurvan.
eshaa shrunkhalaa dee. see. e. productions ityanena saha samyuktaroopena, ell. tea. dee. ityasya, vai. end aar. associates ityanena nirmitam, nigamitam, torrento-nagare cha chitritam. etat kenada-deshe kaaryadivasasya aparaahneshu see. bee. see. dooradarshanasy madhyamena prasaaritam, yoo. ess. duradarshanasthanakeshu cha sanghatitam. kenada-deshasya nirmata karen hazered aasit. praarambhe asya karyakramasya nirdeshanm broos minix ityanena krutam, anantaram aneke kenada-nirdeshakaih cha, yathaa nigel napier-androos ityanena saha. etat bryan barney, mort forer, marian waldman, vanifred wolf ityetabhyam likhitam.
adharaha.
grey iti kaaryakrame daa. iti sheershakam dattavaan. neel chaapman naamakah sthaaneeyah manochikitsakah/parivaaropadeshakah, yah kenada-deshe kasminshchit sthaane sthitasya kembridge-kembridge-port-ityetayoho yugma samudayeshu nivasan kaaryam akarot (yadyapi ontario-nagare vaastavikajeevanasya kembridge asti, tathaapi ayam praantah kadaapi naa prakatitah).
saha kembridge-samsthaayaah delani-mahaavidyaalayena saha api sambadhah aasit. adhikaamsham kaaryam mahaavidyaalaye, athavaa kembridge-port-madhye tasya vishaal-gruhe, ajnaata-nadyaah param kembridge-ityasya prativeshine, sthaapitam, yat tasya karyalayarupena api karyam karoti sma.
neel, swasya poorvapatnee hellen (candes o 'connor) ityanaya saha, ekaa dushta-jett-setter ityanena saha, vivaahavicheditah aasit, yaa sadyah punah vivaahitavatee aasit; teshaam (anumanyah) jessica iti praudaa putree aasit, yasya upanaama jessy (marian messisac) iti aasit, yaa delani-mahaavidyaalayasya chhaatraa aasit, yaa tena saha nivasati sma.
chaapman-gruhe tasya maataa mega (doris petri) api nivasantee aasit; saa swagruhe gambheeram patanam bhogayitvaa aagacchat (jessy ekadaa swapitree mega-ityanaya saha nivasantee aasit, helena tasyaah punarvivahanantaram tasyaah tatra preshitaa); louis bates (zen eastwod) naamakah kembridge-real-state-pratinidhihi yah swasya gruham neel-ityenam vikreetavaan, tasya nikatamitrah kembridge-attarney valter telford (collin-faaks, graanville vyaan dussen), yah swapatnyaa evalin telford (debora turnbull) ityanaya saha nivasati sma. valter, evalin, louis tathaa anyah vyaktihi daa. jeane-bataile, sarve neel ityasya gruhe vittasya sahayyam kartum bhatakan daatum aagacchan.
neel ityayam daa. varyena saha api karyam krutavaan. daan girard (jaan musinsky), kembridge-chikitsaalaye karyam kurvan ekaha rahasyapoornah yuva vaidyah.
kathayam adhikaamshaah paatraani kembridge-port-nagare nivasanti sma, nadeepaarasy kembridge-nagarasya bruhattar-nagare swakaaryam, anyaani vividhaani karyani cha kurvanti sma.
chikitsaalaye swasya aneka-paraamarsh-niyuktayah, kaaryam cha satsu, neel-varyaha pranaym kartum api samayam praptavan. saha louis ityanena saha, sthaniya-dooradarshan-taak-sho-host trudy boven (barbera kail) ityanena saha api pranayaroopen samlagnah aasit. saha (avarnaneeyatayaa) jessy ityasya krash ityasya laxyah api aasit.
praayah paramarshitanam parivaareshu ekaha, kembridge ityasya adhika-samruddha-parivaareshu anyatamah, stevert-parivaarah aasit, yah safal-vyavasaayinah pati mckell stevert, shree. varyena nirmitah aasit. (mckell tait), yah sadyah kembridge ityasya pramukhasya department-store ityasya adhyakshah iti namankitaha aasit; tasya samaajah (tathaa agoraphobic) patnee, narma, (vivian rees), teshaam putrah mckell, junier cha. (gorden thomson). teshaam terry iti putree aasit, yaa kaar-durghatanayam mrutaa aasit, yena naarm-manasika-patanam jaatam.
saha upadeshaka anyah parivaarah aasit adhika-madhyamavargasya sparis, amee (jinaa dick), delany mahaavidyaalayasya chhaatraa, tasyaah maataa doris (mignan elkins) cha.
emee, jessy cha ekadaa mitrau aasan, parantu mckell-junier ityanena saha detting kurvan te vibhedyanta. idaaneem te tiktashatravah abhavan.
asya shrunkhalaayaah adhikaamshaah kendrabinduhu swasya anekaan grahakanam, ye bruhattameshu kembridge/kembridge port samudayanam sadasyaah aasan, tathaa/athavaa delani-mahaavidyaalayasya chhaatraah adhyaapakaah cha aasan, teshaam neel-paraamarshah aasit, yadaa tasya swakeeyaani kashtaani vardhamaanaani aasan.
jessy tasya helenasya cha putree naa aasit iti dnyaatum neel-varyasya aghataha avahat. saa helena ityasyaah bhaginyaah, fyaashan-samyojakasya, paulaa mails (noolaa fitzgerald) ityasyaah putree iti prakatitaa, yaa saa swabhaginyaa saha, shyalakena cha saha, yadaa saa tam paalayitum naa shaknoti iti jaanaati sma, tadaa cha parityaktaa.
vidambanapoornataya, paulaa, yaa swasya sachivam "sweetee" iti aahvayitum vilakshanah abhyaasam praapnot, (helena ityasya apekshayaa sahaanubhootih aasit) saa, shree. mckell stevert ityanena saha, gorden ityasya department-store ityatra karyam karoti sma. teshaam bahubhyah varshaanaam poorvam sambandhah aasit, tatah api dwayoh parasparm bhaavau aasit. tena naarm-paulaa-shatruhu cha abhavan.
tasyaah maataapitru-vishaye etat aghatakaram vaartaam shrutvaa (neel icchati sma yat saa sampoornam kathaam jaanaati yatohi saa satyam dnyaatum arhati; yadaa paulaa swaputryaah apekshayaa swasamrakshanaartham guptam sthaapayitum icchati sma), jessy paulaa ityasya miles iti antimam naam gruheetavatee, tatah tasyaah vartamaanasya atmee hellen ityasya poorvapatnah prati tasyaah krash ityasya upari yauna-kriyaam krutavatee.
jessy ityasya vaastavikah pitaa mckell stevert, shree iti prakatitah. etena tasyaah tathaa mckell, junier ityasya madhye pranayaramy-sambandhah samaaptah, parantu tena te sautanyaah bhraatrubhihi sahavartitaah abhavan. jessy neel ityasya gruhaat bahihi gruhapaalakaih saha svaparivaarasya bhagarupena aagacchati sma. yadi asya sakaratmakam bhavati tarhi naarm ityasya krute sarvaadhikam labhadayakam bhavati sma.
yadaa jessy svaparivaaram pravishtavatee, tadaa saa tasyaah sameepam gatvaa, harita jessy swakeeyaa hrudayena cha sveekrutya, tasyaah upari premaprapaatam akarot. jessy tasyaah surrogate-putree abhavat. te satyameva chintayantee maataa/putree cha yugalam abhavat, yena narmayaha punah jeevane kaaranam abhavat.
yadyapi etat samaapteh saadhanam aasit, tathaapi swapatnah prati nirantaram ruchihi aasit iti karanat paulaa ityanaya saha saha saha saadhayitum, narma ityasyaah jessy-prati nishtaavaan prema aasit, ubhau parasparm uttamm samarthan-vyavasthaa iti siddhau.
mckell-junier ityeshah swasyaah nutanayaha bhaginyaah krute bhraatrubhaavam sweekaroti sma; tasyaah vishaye vichaaram kurvan saa cha susthityaa surakshitaa cha asti iti nishchetum, yathaa saha swasyaah divamgataayaah bhaginyaah terry ityanaya saha krutavaan.
parantu, amee sperry, yasya idaaneem maik ityanena saha spashtah maargah aasit, premaporvakatayaa, jessy ityanaya saha tasya bhaginyaa saha tasya sambandham asantushtam karishyati. jessy-mataram vranayitum amee ityasya aagrah tasyaah matam doris-varyam krodhitavatee; jessy-matapitaram paulaa, maik ess. aar. ityetaan naa ullikhatu. tathaa narma, tathaa cha maik-junier., swayam, yah sarvadaa nava-praptayaha bhaginyaah rakshanm karoti sma.
te sarve icchanti sma yat saa jessy ityenam ekaakinyam vadatu iti. amee yadi teshaam kathaa shrutavaan tarhi kadaapi naa prakaashitam.
1978 tame varshe asya karyakramasya alpakalam yaavat pradarshanam abhavat, ante cha tatt nirastam abhavat. aal mai childers", "rayaan 's hope", "vann laif too liv" ityadinam american-sope-operaa-natakanam vishayanam, sangeeta-sanketaanaam cha krute prasidhah eolus-productions ityanena sangeeta-vyavasthaa nirmitah aasit.
ullekhaneeyah poorvavidyaarthinaha.
asya kaaryakrame grey-eastwod ityetaan vihaay, ye cha yadaa etat pradarshanm prasaaritam aasit, te poorvamev susthitah aasan, teshu gorden thamson iti, nihsandeham asya karyakramasya saphalatamah poorva chhaatrah (saha mckell stevert, jey. aar. ityasya paatram niravahat), yah 1980 tame dashake praim-taim sope "danesty" ityasmin blake ityasya tathaa alexes-kerrington ityasya khalanaayakaputrasy aadam-kerrington iti namna bahu prasidhah abhavat; dorothy-malon ityeshaa, yaa 1960 tame dashake sopa-operaa, peaton-places ityasmin constance-makenzie ityasya paatrasya krute prasiddha aasit, yaa caroll-herzog iti paatram niravahat; abhinetree nahemia persoff ityeshaa caroll-ityasya patihi daa. aaron harjog; graanville vyaan dussen tathaa collin faaks ityetaah, ye dwau api valter telford iti vakilarupena nutton; tathaa cha gerant winn davis, yah "everner nait" iti shrunkhalaayaam swasya paatrasya krute prasidhah aasit, swasya praarambhik-paatreshu ekasmin, glen iti delany-mahaavidyaalayasya chaatrasya paatram niravahat. |
uyar nambikkaikal (kanadiya tholaikaatchi thodar)
hye hoops enbathu 1978 kanadiya tholaikaatchi soap ooparaa aagum, idhu kanadiya mattrum america tholaikkaatchigalil oliparappappattathu, idhil kalaignargal broose gray mattrum dorothy malone nadiththanar.
inthath thodarai dii. chii. aee thayaarippukaludan inainthu oy & aarr associates, limited thayaariththathu, inaikkappattathu mattrum torrandovil padamaakkappattathu. idhu kanadaavil vaara iruthi pirpakalil sibisi tholaikaatchiyil oliparappappattathu, maelum yuu. ess. tholaikaatchi nilaiyangalukku orunginaikkappattathu. kanadiya thayaarippaalar curran hazard aavaar. inththa nigazhchchiyai aarambaththil broose minix iyakkiyirunththaar, pinnar nigel nabier-andruz udpada pala kanadiya iyakkunarkalaal iyakkappattathu. idhai praiyan barney, mort forer, marian waldman mattrum oinifred woolf aagiyoar ezhuthiyullanar.
munmathiri.
saambal niraththil doctor endra peyaril nigazhchchi thalaippidappattathu. kanadaavil engkaavathu amainthulla cambridge mattrum cambridge poarttin irattai samoogangalil vasiththu vantha ulloor mananala maruthuvar/kudumba aaloasagar neel sapman (onraariyoavil oru nija vaazhkkai cambridge irunththaalum, maagaanam orupoathum veliyidappadavillai).
cambridgin uyarkalvi niruvanamaana delany kallooriyudanum avar thodarpudaiyavar. perumpaalaana nadavadikkaikal kalluriyilo allathu cambridge thuraimugaththil ulla avarathu periya veettiloa amaikappattana, cambridgin andai veettukkarar ariyappadaatha aattrin kurukkae irunthaar, idhu avarathu aluvalagamaagavum seyalpattathu.
neel thanathu munnaal manaivi helen (cantus ooo 'kaanar) enbavaridamirunthu vivaagaraththu pettraar, avar oru moasamaana jedd-chettar, avar sameepaththil marumanam seithu kondaar; avarkalukku (koorappadugiradhu) jessica endra valarnthu vantha magal irunthaar, jessy (marian messisac) endra punaippeyar konda jessy (marian messisac), avarudan vaalnththa delaney kallooriyil oru maanavar.
sapman illaththil avarathu taayaar meck (doris petri) vasiththu vanthaar; avar thanathu sontha veettil kadumaiyaana veelchchiyaal paathikkappatta piragu angku kudiyaerinaar (jessy oru kaalaththil thanathu paattiyudan vasiththu vanthaar, meck, helen avalai marumanam seithu konda piragu angku anupinaar); luis bates (jaine eastwood) oru cambridge riyal estate mugavar, avar thanathu veettai neel vittraar, mattrum avarathu nerungiya nanbar, cambridge vazhakkarinyar walder delford (kolin fax, granville vaan toosen), avar thanathu manaivi evlin delford (deborah turnbull) udan vasiththu vanthaar. walder, eevlin, luis mattrum mattroru nabar, doctor. jeane paetail, nidhikku udhava muyarchiyil neelin veettil kuththagaithaarargalukku panam seluththinar.
neel doctor udan panipurinthaar. dawn crard (john musinsky), cambridge maruthuvamanaiyil panipurintha oru marmamaana ilam maruthuvar.
kadhaiyil, perumpaalaana kathaapaaththirangal cambridge poarttil vasiththu vanthanar, maelum aattrin kurukkae ulla periya nagaramaana cambridgil thangal vaelaigalaiyum pira palvaeru seyalpaadugalaiyum seithanar.
avarathu aeraalamaana aaloasanai niyamanangkal mattrum maruthuvamanaiyil vaelai irunththapoathilum, neel kaathal neeraththaiyum kandupiditthaar. avar luis mattrum ulloor tholaikaatchi paechchu nigazhchchi thoguppaalaraana trudy bowen (barbara kyle) aakiyoarudan kaathal kondaar. avar (vivarikka mudiyaatha vagaiyil) jessiyin eerppin ilakkaaka irunthaar.
cambridgin migavum valamaana kudumbangalil ontraana stevard kudumbam migavum adikkadi aaloasanai pettra kudumbangalil ontraakum, idhu vetrtrikaramaana thozhilathibar kanavar michael stevard, ess. aarr. (michael died), sameepaththil cambridgin munnani department storin thalaivaraaga niyamikkappattaar; avarathu samoogam (mattrum agorabobic) manaivi, narma, (viviyan raise) mattrum avarkalin magan, michael, juuniyar. (carden thamson). avarkalukku terri endra magal irunththaal, aval oru kaarr vibaththil iranththuvittaal, idhu iyalbunilaiyai manachoarvukku anuppiyathu.
avar aaloasanai valangkiya mattroru kudumbam naduththara varkka sperries, amii (jinaa tick), delany kallooriyil oru maanavar, mattrum avarathu taayaar doris (magnon elkins).
amiyum jessyum oru kaalaththil nanbarkalaaka irunththanar, aanaal michael juuniyar udan tating seivathaal avarkal pirinthanar. ippoathu avarkal kadumaiyaana ethirigalaaka irunththanar.
inthath thodarin perumpaalaana kavanam avarathu pala vaadikkaiyaalargalukku aaloasanai vazhangkuvathaaga irunththathu, avarkal periya cambridge/cambridgeboard samoogangalin uruppinargalaaga irunththanar, mattrum/allathu delany kallooriyin maanavargal mattrum aasiriyarkalaaka irunththanar, athae neraththil avarathu sontha pirachchanaikal athikariththana.
jessy thanathu mattrum helanin magal alla enbathai unarnthathaal neel athirchchiyai samaalikka vaendiyirunththathu. avar helanin sagoathariyum, fasion orunginaippaalarumaana bavula miles (nuwala fitzgerald) inn magal endru theriyavanthathu, avarai avalaal valarkka mudiyaathu endru arinthapoathu avar thanathu chakoothari mattrum maiththunarudan vittuch sentraar.
muranpaadaaga, thanathu seyalaalarai "sweety" endru azhaikkum oru visithiramaana pazhakkam irunththa bavula, carden department storil michael stevard, ess. aarr. udan panipurivaar. avarkal pala aandugalukku munbu oru uravaik kondirunthanar, iruvarum innum oruvarukkoruvar unarvugalaik kondirunthanar. adhu normavaiyum pavulaavaiyum ethirigalaaka maattriyathu.
thanathu pettroaraip pattriya inththa athirchchiyoottum seithiyaik kelvippatta piragu (neel muzhu kadhaiyaiyum therinthu kolla vaendum endru virumbinaar, aenenil avar unmaiyai therinthu kolla thaguthiyaanavar; bavula adhai ragasiyamaaga vaiththiruka virumbinaar, thanathu sontha magalai vida thanathu sontha paathukaappirkaaka), jessy pavulaavin kadaisi peyarai miles endru eduththuk kondaar, pinnar thanathu ippoathu aththai helanin munnaal kanavar meethaana thanathu eerppai paaliyal reethiyaaga seyalpattaar.
jessiyin unmaiyana thanthai michael stevard, ess. aarr. endru theriyavanthathu. idhu avarukkum michael juuniyarkkum idaiyilaana kaathal uravugalai mudivukkuk konduvandhadhu, aanaal adhu avarkalai maattraanththaainththavarkalaaka maattriyathu. jessy neelin veettai vittu veliyaeri, avarkalin kudumbaththin oru paguthiyaaga panippenkaludan varuvaar. idhil oru nermarai irunthaal, adhu normaavukku migavum payanullathaaka irukkum.
jessy thanathu kudumbaththirkul nuzhainthathum, aval avalai alaiththuch sendru anbai pozhinthaal, ilanththa jessy thanathu sonthamaagavum thanathu idhayaththilum eduththukkondaal. jessy avarathu vaadagaith thaai magal aanaar. avarkal unmaiyilaeyae akkarai konda thaai/magal irattaiyargalaaka maarinar, idhu normavukku meendum vaazha oru kaaranatthai aliththathu.
idhu oru mudivukku oru vazhiyaaga irunththapoathilum, thanathu kanavar meethu thodarnthu aarvamulla pavulaavudan samamaagap pera, normavukku jessy meethu unmaiyana kaathal irunththathu, maelum iruvarum oruvarukkoruvar oru nalla aatharavu amaippaaga niroopiththanar.
michael juuniyar thanathu puthiya sagoatharikku oru sagoathara paaththiraththai aetrtrukkolvaar; avalaik kavanitthu, aval nalamaagavum paathukaappaakavum iruppathai uruthiseivaar, avar thanathu maraintha chakoothari terriyudan seithathaip poalavae.
iruppinum, maikkudan ippoathu oru thelivaana paathaiyaik kondirundha amii sperry, kaathal reethiyaaga, jessy thanathu sagoathariyaaga irunthathaal avarathu uravaik kurai kooruvaar. jessy kaayappadutha vaendum endra ameeyin valiyuruththal avarathu taayaar dorisai koopappaduththiyathu; jessiyin pettroar, bowlaa, maik ess. aarr. mattrum narma, athae poal maik juuniyar., avar thaan, avar puthithaagak kandupidikappatta thanathu sagoathariyai eppoathum paathukaaththaar.
avarkal anaivarum avalai jessy thaniyaaga vittuvida virumbinar. amii avarkal solvathaik catal adhu orupoathum velippaduthappadavillai.
inththa nigazhchchi 1978 ill oru kurugiya oottaththaik kondirundhadhu, iruthiyil rathu seiyappattathu. aall maii kittles", "rianin hoop" mattrum "onn life duu liv" poantra america soap ooparaakkalin karupporulgal mattrum isaik kurippugalukkaaga ariyapatta eolus protections moolam isai aerpaadu thayaarikkappattathu.
kurippidatthakka munnaal maanavargal.
inththa nigazhchchi oliparappappattapoathu aerkanavae nanku niruvapatta saambal mattrum eastwood thavira, nigazhchchiyil kurippidatthakka nadigargalil carden thamson adangkuvaar, santhegaththirku idamintri nigazhchchiyin migavum vetrtrikaramaana munnaal maanavar (avar michael stevard, juuniyar vaedaththil naditthaar), avar 1980 kalin piraim time soap "vamsaavaliyil" blake mattrum alexes carington villan magan aadam carington; 1960 kalin soap ooparaa, beiden idaththil constance makency vaedaththil nadiththatharkaaga nanku ariyapatta dorathy malone, caroll hersack; caroline kanavar doctor. aaron hersack; granville vaan toosen mattrum kolin fax iruvarum vazhakkarinyaraaga walder delford; mattrum jaraint vinn davis, "ever nite" thodaril avarathu paaththiraththirkaaka nanku ariyapattavar, avarathu aarambagaala paaththirangkalil ondril, clen endra delany kalluri maanavaraaga naditthaar. |
hye hopes (kenadian tv syries)
hye hopes anedi 1978 kenadian television sope opera, idhi kenadian mariyu united states television rendintiloonuu pradarsinchabadindi, indulo pradarsakulu broose gray mariyu dorothy malone natinchaaru.
eee sireesnu vai & aarr associates, limited, dca productions thoo kalisi nirminchindi, vileenam cheyabadindi mariyu torrentolo chithreekarinchabadindi. idhi kenadaalo vaaraantapu madhyahnam cbc televisionlo prasaram cheyabadindi mariyu us television stationlaku syndicate cheyabadindi. kenadian nirmaata curran hazard. eee pradarsanaku modatlo broose minix darsakatvam vahinchagaa, taruvaata nigel napier-aandruustoe sahaa aneka mandhi kenadian darsakulu darsakatvam vahinchaaru. dheenini bryan barney, mort forrer, marian waldman mariyu winifred wolf raasaaru.
aavarana.
eee pradarsanalo daa. gaa gray headline chesaaru. kenadaalo ekkado unna cambridge mariyu cambridge port yokka janta samajalalo nivasinchi panichesina sthaanika manoroga vaidyudu/kutumba salahaadaaru ayina neel chapman (antariolo nija jeevita cambridge unnappatikee, eee provins eppuduu velladinchaledu).
athanu cambridge yokka unnata vidya samstha ayina delany kalasalato kooda sambandham kaligi unnadu. chaalaa varaku charya kalasalalo ledhaa cambridge portloni athani pedda intlo, teliyani nadipai cambridge poruguna unna intlo jarigindi, idhi athani karyalayamga kooda panichesindi.
neel thana maajee bhaarya helen (condess oo 'connor) nundi vidaakulu teesukunnadu, aame iteevala tirigi vivaham chesukundi, mariyu vaariki (bhavinchabadutondi) jessica anae edigina kumarte undhi, aameki jessy (marian messissac) anae maaruperu, delany kalasalalo vidyaarthi, aame athanitho kalisi nivasinchindi.
chapman intlo athani talli kooda nivasinchedi, mega (doris petri); aame thana sonta intlo teevramaina pathanamtho badhapadina taruvaata aame lopaliki vellipotundi (jessy okasari thana ammamma megto kalisi nivasinchindi, helen aamenu aame punarvivaham tarvaata akkadiki pampina taruvaata); luis bates (jaine eastwood) thana intini neelga vikrayinchina cambridge real estate agent, mariyu athani sannihita snehitudu, cambridge attarney walter telford (callin faaks, granville vaan duesen), thana bhaarya evelin telford (deborah turnble) thoo kalisi nivasinchevaaru. walter, evelin, luis mariyu maroka vyakti, daa. zeane bataille, andaruu aardhika sahaayaaniki neel intlo addedaarulaku chellinchevaaru.
neel kooda daa. daan girard (zaan muszinsky), cambridge aasupatrilo panichesina oka marmamaina yuva vaidyudu.
kathalo, chaalaa mandhi paatralu cambridge portlo nivasinchaaru, mariyu nadipai unna pedda nagaram cambridgelo vaari udyogaalu mariyu itara vividha karyakalapalu chesaaru.
aasupatrilo thana aneka counselling appointmentlu mariyu pani unnappatikee, neel srungaaraaniki kooda samayam dorikindi. athanu luis thoo mariyu sthaanika television tock show host ayina trudy boven (barbara kail) thoo kooda premalo paddadu. athanu kooda (vivarinchaleni vidhamgaa) jessy yokka crush yokka lakshyam.
chaalaa tarachugaa salaha ichhe kutumbaalalo okati stevert kutumbam, idhi cambridge yokka atyanta sampanna kutumbaalalo okati, idhi vijayavantamaina vyaapaaravaetta bhartha maikhel stevert, sr thoo koodi undhi. (maikhel tite), iteevala cambridge yokka pramukha department storeku adhyakshudiga empikayyaadu; athani society (mariyu agoraphobic) bhaarya, narma, (vivian rees) mariyu vaari kumarudu, maikhel, juuniyar. (gordan thamson). vaariki terrie anae kumarte undhi, aame kaaru pramaadamloo maraninchindi, idhi normanu manasika ksheenataku pampindi.
athanu salaha icchina maroe kutumbam delany kalasalalo vidyaarthi ayina amee (zina dick), mariyu aame talli doris (mignon elkins).
amee mariyu jessy okappudu snehitulu, conny maikhel juuniyar thoo dating cheyadam valla vaaru vidipoyaaru. ippudu vaaru teevramaina satruvulu.
eee dharavahikalo ekkuva bhaagam drushti kendreekarinchinadi, pedda cambridge/cambridgeport communitylalo sabhyuluga unna thana aneka mandhi khaataadaarulaku, mariyu/ledhaa delany kalaasaala vidyaarthulu mariyu adhyapakulaku, athani swantha samasyalu perugutuu undagaa, neel counselling cheyadam.
jessy thana mariyu helen kumarte kaadani grahinchinanduku neel badhanu edurkovalasi vachindi. aame helen sodari, fyaashan coordinator, paula miles (nuwala fitzgerald) kumarte anie velladaindi, aamenu penchalemani telisinappudu aame thana sodari mariyu baavamaridi thoo vadili vellindi.
hasyaspadamga, thana kaaryadarsini "sweety" anie pilavadam vichitramaina alavaatu unna paula, (mariyu helen kante ekkuva saanubhootigaladi) garden department storelo maikhel stewart, srito kalisi panichesevaadu. chaalaa samvatsaraala kritam vaariddarikee sambandham undedi, inca vaariddarikee okarinokaru preminche bhavalu undevi. adhi narma mariyu paula lanu satruvulugaa chesindi.
thana tallidandrula gurinchi eee digbhraantikaramaina vaarta vinna taruvaata (nijam telusukovadaaniki arhuraalainanduna mottam kathanu telusukovalani neel korukunnaru; paula daanini rahasyamgaa unchaalani korukunnaru, thana sonta kumarte kante thana sonta rakshana kosam), jessy paula chivari paeru mailsnu teesukunnadu, aapai aame ippudu attha helen maajee bhartha patla prematho laingikamgaa vyavaharinchaadu.
jessy nijamaina tandri maikhel stevert, shree anie velladaindi. idhi aameku, juuniyar maikhel kuu madhya unna srungaara sambandhaalanu antam chesindi, conny adhi vaarini savati thobuttuvulugaa chesindi. jessy neel inti nundi bayataku velli, vaari kutumbamlo bhaagamgaa stevertlatho kalisi undevaadu. dheeniki saanukuulata unte, idhi normaku chaalaa prayojanakaramgaa untundi.
jessy thana kutumbamloki pravesinchinappudu, aame aamenu teesukoni velli, kolpoyina jessini thana sontamgaa mariyu thana hrudayaaniki teesukuni, aamepai premanu kuripinchindi. jessy aame surrogate kumarte ayyindi. vaaru nijamaina shraddhagala talli/kumarte dvayam ayyaru, idhi normaku mallee jeevinchadaaniki oka kaaranaanni ichindi.
idhi mugimpuku oka maargamgaa unnappatikee, thana bhartha patla nirantara aasakti kosam poulaatho samanamga undataaniki, normaku jessy patla nijaayiteegala prema undedi, mariyu iddaroo okarikokaru manchi maddatu vyavasthagaa niroopinchabaddaaru.
maikhel juuniyar thana kotta sodariki sodara paatranu poeshistaadu; aame kosam chuustuu, aame kshemamgaa mariyu surakshitamgaa undani nirdhaarinchukuntaadu, athanu thana divangata sodari territho chesinatle.
ayithe, ippudu maiktho spashtamaina marganni kaligi unna amee sperry, premagaa, jessito thana sodarigaa unna thana sambandhaanni vyatirekinchaadu. jessini badhapettalani amee pattubattadam aame talli dorisku kopam teppinchindi; jessy tallidandrulu paula, mike sr gurinchi pratyaekamgaa cheppanakkarledu. mariyu narma, alaage mike juuniyar., swayamgaa, thana kottagaa kanugonna sodarini eppuduu rakshinchevaadu.
aame jessini ontarigaa vadiliveyaalani vaarandaruu korukunnaru. amee vaari maata vinnado ledho eppuduu velladinchaledu.
eee karyakramam 1978loe kontakaalam nadichindi, chivariki raddu cheyabadindi. aall mye childrance", "rans hope" mariyu "vann life tuu liv" vanti american sope operaalapai itivruttaalu mariyu sangeeta suuchanalaku prasiddhi chendina eolus productions sangeeta erpaatunu nirminchindi.
pramukha puurva vidyaarthulu.
eee pradarsana prasaram ayinappudu appatike baga sthirapadina gray mariyu eestvudtho paatu, pradarsanalooni pramukha natulalo, nissandehamgaa pradarsana yokka atyanta vijayavantamaina puurva vidyaarthi ayina gordan thamson (athanu maikhel stevert, juuniyar paatra poeshinchaadu), 1980la prime-time sope "dynasty" loe blake mariyu alexes carrington yokka pratinaayaka kumarudu aadam carringtonga chaalaa ekkuva keertini pondaadu; 1960la sope operaalo constance mackenzie paatraku prasiddhi chendina dorothy malone, karol herzag paatra pooshinchina peaton plays; karol bhartha, doctor. aaron herzog; granville vaan dussen mariyu collin faaks iddaroo nyaayavaadi, walter telford paatranu pooshinchaaru; mariyu geraint winn davis, "eppatikee gurram" siriisloo thana paatraku prasiddhi chendaaru, thana prarambha paatralalo okadaanilo, glen anae delany kalaasaala vidyaarthi paatranu pooshinchaaru. |
aalee ameedein (canadian tye wee seerez)
hayee ameedein 1978 kaa canadian teeli vision saabin opera thaa juu canadian aur riyasathaye muthadah america donon teeli vision parr dikhaya gayaa thaa jiss mein funkaron brose giray aur dorothi maalun nay adakari kii thee.
yaha seerez waayi aind aar aisosi aits lameted nay ddee see aey productions kay saath mill kirr tayaar kii thee shaamil kii gayee thee aur torrento mein filmaya gayaa thaa. asay canada mein see bee see teeli vision parr haftay kay dunn kii dopehron mein nashar kiyaa gayaa aur yuu aiss teeli vision stationon kay liye sandiket kiyaa gayaa. canadian producer cairan hezard thaa. iss show kii hidayat kaaree ibtadayi toor parr brose menex nay kii thee aur baad mein kayee canadian hidayat kaaron ney jinn mein neegal neeper andrews bhee shaamil thay. asay brain baarni mort forrer maaryaan waldman aur venefried wolf nay likhaa thaa.
bunyaad.
giray nay show mein doctor kay toor parr sarr fehrist kiyaa. neel cheep meen eek maqami maahir nafsiyaat/khaandaani masheer juu canada mein kahein waaqa camberge aur camberge port kii jadwaan baradariyon mein rehta thaa aur kaam kartaa thaa (soobay kaa kabhi inkshaf nahein hawaa halankah oontario mein eek haqeeqi zindagi kaa camberge hay).
wah camberge kay aalee taleem kay idaarey delani college say bhee waabistah thay. ziyadah tarr kararwai yaa tuu college mein yaa camberge port mein waaqa iss kay baday gahar mein juu kahh camberge kaa padosi thaa eek namalum daryaa kay paar thaa juu iss kay daftar kay toor parr bhee kaam kartaa thaa.
neel kii talaaq iss kii sabqah bewi healen (candes awo konar) say hoyee thee juu eek badsurat jait seater thee jiss nay haal hyee mein dobarah shaadi kii thee. aur inn kii (samjha jaataa hay) eek bury betty jaisika thee jiss kaa arfi naam jaisi (maaryaan messisic) thaa juu delani college kii eek talibah thee juu iss kay saath rehti thee.
cheep meen house mein iss kii maan meeg (dors petri) bhee rehti thee. wah apnay hyee gahar mein shadeed garnay kay baad gahar mein chalee jaati thee (jaisi eek baar apnee daadi meeg kay saath rehti thee jabb healen nay asay dobarah shaadi kay baad wahaan bheja thaa) vovo lois bets (jaine aist wode) eek camberge raeel steat agent jiss nay apnaa gahar neel beach diyaa thaa aur iss kaa qareebi dost camberge attarni walter telford (colan faaks grain weel ween dosan)yee juu apnee bewi avaleen telford (debora turn bull) kay saath rehta thaa. walter avaline lois aur eek aur shakhas doctor. jain betail maali muamilat mein madad karnay kii koshish mein neel kay gahar mein karayah daaron kuu adayegi kirr rahay thay.
neel nay doctor kay saath bhee kaam kiyaa. deane girard (jaan miszensky)yee eek prasrar naujawan tabib juu camberge kay hospital mein kaam kartaa thaa.
kahaani mein ziyadah tarr kirdaar camberge port mein rehtay thay aur daryaa kay paar camberge kay baday shehar mein apnaa kaam aur deegar mukhtalif sargarmiyan kartay thay.
apnee mutadid mashawarat kii taqririyon aur hospital mein kaam karnay kay bawajood neel kuu romans kay liye bhee waqat milaa. wah lois kay saath aur maqami teeli vision taak show kay mezban trody bowan (barbra kailay) kay saath bhee romanvi toor parr shaamil thaa. wah (naqabil wazahat) jaisi kay kachalnay kaa nishanah bhee thaa.
inn khandanon mein say eek jiss kii aksar mashawarat kii jaati thee wah stevart khaandaan thaa juu camberge kay ziyadah ameer khandanon mein say eek thaa juu kamiyab karobari shohar michael stevart aiss aar parr mushtamil thaa. (michael tyte)yee jasay haal hyee mein camberge kay maruf department store kaa sadr namzad kiyaa gayaa thaa vovo iss kii society (aur agoraphobic) bewi norma (viveen rees) aur inn kaa betaa michael juniyar. (gorden thamson). inn kii eek betty thee terrie juu eek kaar haadise mein marr gayee thee jiss nay mamul kuu zahni zawal mein bhej diyaa.
eek aur khaandaan jiss kii iss nay salaah kii wah ziyadah matusat tabqe kaa speeri aimi (jeena dakk)yee juu delani college kii talibah thee aur iss kii maan dors (megnan elkins) thee.
aimi aur jaisi kabhi dost thay leakin michael juniyar say deting parr inn kaa ikhtelaaf how gayaa. aur abb talkh dashman thay.
iss seerez kaa ziyadah tarr focus apnay behat say clients juu camberge/camberge port communities kay baday arakeen thay aur/yaa delani college kay talbaa aur asatazah kii mashawarat karnaa thaa jabb kahh inn kii apnee preshaniyan badh gayein.
neel kuu yaha ahsaas honay kay sadme say namatna padaa kahh jaisi iss kii aur healen kii betty balkal nahein thee. iss kaa inkshaf hawaa kahh wah healen kii behan fashion coordinator polaa miles (nawala fitzjirald) kii betty hay jasay wah apnee behan aur behnuyi kay saath chhod gayee jabb asay malum thaa kahh wah iss kii prorish nahein kirr sakti.
satam zarifi yaha hay kahh polaa jasay apnay secertry kuu "pyaari" kahnay kii ajeeb aadat thee (aur healen say ziyadah humdard thee) gorden kay department store mein michael stuart aiss aar kay saath kaam karti thee. inn kaa kayee saal pehley eek rishtah thaa aur donon kuu abb bhee eek dosray kay liye ehsasaat thay. iss nay narma aur polaa kuu dashman banaa diyaa.
apnay waldeen kay baaray mein yaha chonka deenay waali khabar sunnay parr (neel chahti thee kahh wah poori kahaani jaan lay keunkah wah sachayi jaannay kii hqdar hay vovo jabb kahh polaa asay khafiya rakhna chahti thee apnee betty say ziyadah apnee hifazat kay liye)yee jaisi nay polaa kaa aakhri naam miles liyaa aur phir jansi toor parr iss kay abb aanti healen kay saabiq shohar kay saath iss kay kachalnay parr amal kiyaa.
jaisi kay haqeeqi waalid michael stuart aiss aar kay toor parr zahir hoay. iss say iss kay aur michael juniyar kay darmiyan romanvi taluqat khatam how gayey leakin iss nay inhein sotela behan bhayee banaa diyaa. jaisi neel kay gahar say baahir nikal kirr inn kay khaandaan kay eek hasay kay toor parr stevarts kay saath andar chalee jaati. agar iss mein koyee masbat baath thee tuu yaha narma kay liye sabb say ziyadah fayedah mund thaa.
jaisi kay apnay khaandaan mein daakhil honay parr wah asay apnay paas lay gayee aur iss parr pyaar kii baarish kii khoyee hoyee jaisi kuu apnee aur apnay dall parr lay gayee. jaisi iss kii saroget betty bunn gayee. wah waaqee eek deekh bhaal karnay waali maan/betty kii jodee bunn gayein jiss say narma kuu dobarah zindah rehney kii wajah milly.
agarcha yaha eek khaatime kaa zariah thaa apnay shohar mein polaa kii muslisil dilchaspi kay liye polaa kay saath bhee milna norma kuu jaisi say mukhlisana mohabat thee aur donon eek dosray kay liye eek achhaa sport system saabat hoay.
michael juniyar apnee nayee behan kay liye baradarana kirdaar adaa kartaa. iss kii talaash kartaa aur iss baath kuu yaqeeni banata kahh wah theek hay aur mahfuz hay balkal asee tarah jeesay iss nay apnee aanjahani behan terry kay saath kiyaa thaa.
tahim aimi speeri jiss kaa abb mayik kay saath eek waazah raastah thaa romanvi toor parr jaisi kay saath iss kii behan kay toor parr iss kay taluqat say naraaz hoga. jaisi kuu taklif pahunchanay parr amee kay asraar nay iss kii maan dors kuu naraaz kirr diyaa vovo jaisi kay waldeen polaa mayik aiss aar kaa zakar naha karnaa. aur naarma neez mayik juniyar.yee khood juu hamishah apnee nayee behan kii hifazat kartaa thaa.
wah sabb chahtay thay kahh wah jaisi kuu akeela chhod day. yaha kabhi zahir nahein hawaa kahh aayaa amee nay inn kii baath sunee.
yaha show 1978 mein mukhtasir arsey kay liye chalaa aur balaakhir asay mansukh kirr diyaa gayaa. musical intezamat avals productions kay zariah tayaar kiye gayey thay juu americi saabin opera jeesay "aal mayee childern"yee "riyaan kii ameed" aur "winn life tuu jinay" kay mozuaat aur mausiqi kay asharay kay liye jaana jaataa hay.
qaabil zakar saabiq talbaa.
iss show kay qaabil zakar adakaron kay alawah giray aur aist wode kay elawah juu iss show kay nashar honay kay waqat pehley hyee achhi tarah say qayem thay gorden thamson shaamil thay blashbah show kay sabb say kamiyab saabiq taalib alam (inhon nay michael stuart juniyar kaa kirdaar adaa kiyaa)yee juu 1980 kii dahayi kay prime tyme saabin "diancity" mein bleek aur aleksis carrington kay walans betay addam carrington kay toor parr behat ziyadah shahrat haasil kii. dorothi maalun juu 1960 kii dahayi kay saabin opera peetan plais mein constance mackenzi kay kirdaar kay liye mashhur thein jinhon nay kirol harzog kaa kirdaar adaa kiyaa thaa. adakaar nahimiya parsaaf jinhon nay kirol kay shohar doctor kaa kirdaar adaa kiyaa thaa. airon harzog vovo grain weel ween dosan aur colan faaks donon nay wakeel walter telford kaa kirdaar adaa kiyaa vovo aur gerant ween ddioz juu "faroor night" seerez mein apnay kirdaar kay liye mashhur haine apnay ibtadayi kirdaron mein say eek mein gleen naami delani college kay taalib alam kaa kirdaar adaa kirr rahay haine. |
0004e2dd983477dfe94ec5bd79d6270a9c643408bc9348e57642cd130b7b53db | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59981216 | Kodathi Samaksham Balan Vakeel |
Kodathi Samaksham Balan Vakeel
2019 film directed by B. Unnikrishnan
Kodathi Samaksham Balan Vakkeel (transl. Advocate Balan present before the court) is a 2019 Indian Malayalam-language black comedy action thriller film, written and directed by B. Unnikrishnan, and produced by Viacom18 Motion Pictures. The film stars Dileep, Mamta Mohandas, Priya Anand, Harish Uthaman, Siddique and Aju Varghese. It follows Balakrishnan, an advocate with a stutter.
Plot.
A raid takes place on the car of a huge businessman, Ronald. () are found in the car and taken away by the police.
The story then shifts to Balan, an advocate who hasn't made much in life due to his stutter. He is finally successful in a case that granted bail for his client Anzar. After Anzar offers a house in a crooked colony for Balan instead of his fees, he is kicked out of the house by Babu. He leaves to his house in his hometown where his father and mother stay. After some unfortunate events, Balan's brother-in-law entrusts him with a complicated case .
Balan solves the case due to his love for Anuradha. The police chief was part of that cash of () confiscated by police. His nexus with Ronaldo and Tina is filmed by intelligent father of Anuradha who asks () but DG gets him killed. Father kept secret in bank locker. He has taught his daughter to solve puzzles. With that ability she helps Balan with major leads in the case and rest of the story is how they solve this mystery.
Production.
Unnikrishnan initially visualised the story with Mohanlal in mind for Balakrishnan, which he conceived in 2014. When he told the one-line story, Mohanlal suggested Dileep would better suit the character. The film was produced by Viacom18 Motion Pictures and marks their debut in Malayalam cinema.
Music.
Rahul Raj was initially signed in as the composer. But as the project was pushed to October, Rahul Raj had to opt out after composing two songs, "Then Panimathiye" and "Thaniye Itha" since he had to be in Berklee, Spain. The other two songs, "Babuvetta" and "Onnum Mindaathe" were thus composed by Gopi Sunder
Marketing and release.
The teaser trailer video of "Kodathi Samaksham Balan Vakeel" was released on 27 December 2018. The theatrical trailer of "Kodathi Samaksham Balan Vakeel" was released on 24 January 2019. The film was released on 21 February 2019.
Reception.
Box office.
The film was a commercial success, grossing over () from Kerala. The film grossed around $47,728 from the US in its lifetime. It grossed $8,546(NZ$12,484)(₹5.91 lakhs) from New Zealand.
Critical response.
"News18" rated 3.5 in a scale of 5 and wrote that the film "blends all the right ingredients of populist cinema and emerges victorious". "The New Indian Express" critic also rated it 3.5 out of 5 and commented: "The film makes it obvious from early on that it was not designed to provide any sort of intellectual stimulation, and any attempt to seek the same would be an exercise in futility. It's more interested in playing to the gallery and should be approached in the same way as you would any commercial entertainer". "The Times of India" critic rated 3 out of 5 stars and wrote that it is a "run-of-the-mill thriller made for you to like and be in awe of the hero. It is demanding you to like him and root for him, sometimes out of sympathy and the other times for his intelligence. It is a story entirely revolving around that need to urge you to like him and appreciate his Sherlock-ian intelligence". Sify's critic called it an "average thriller" and rated 2.5 in a scale of 5 and said the film "ends up as an okay one time watch, packaged for those who don’t need much to be thrilled".
Remake.
In late February 2019, Unnikrishnan said that Viacom is considering remaking the movie and discussions are in the initial stages. We are talking to both Akshay Kumar and Shah Rukh Khan for starring in the movie.
References.
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| kudathi xomakhyom baalon bhakil
kudathi xomakhyom baalan bhakil () hoise 2019 sonor bharotiyo malayalam bhaxar comedy ekshyon thriller sobi, jaar rosona aaru porisalona korise bi. bikirrishnon, aaru bhayakom 18 muxon pickcharsor dwara projujit. sobikhonot dileep, momota muhondax, priya aanondo, horix uthaman, xiddik aaru aaji borgise obhinoy korise. ee balakrishnonok onuxoron kore, ji ejon horaa-horaa koraa odhibokta.
plot.
ronald (horis uthaman) naamor ejon brihot byowoxayir garit obhijan soluwa hoy. teulukok garit puwa yaay aaru arokhyiye loi yaay.
taar pisot kahinitu baalan (dileep) loi xoloni hoy, ji ejon ukil ji teur haturir baabe jiwanat besi uparjon koraa naai. owoxexot teu teur mokkel aanjar (aaji borgij) koo jaamin prodan koraa etaa gusorot xofol hoy. aanjare teur masulor poriworte baalonor baabe etaa kutil kolunit etaa ghor prodan korar pisot, teuk baabu (bhim roghu)-e ghoror poraa baahir kori diye. teu nijor grihosthanot thoka nijor ghoroloi yaay zo 'too teur pitri (xiddik) aaru maatri (bindu ponikor) thaake. kisuman durbhagyojonok ghotonar pisot, baalonor bhotija (xuraj venjaramudu) ye teuk etaa jotil gusororor dayitwo diye.
onuradhar proti thoka premor baabe baalone gusortu xomadhan kore. arokhyiye jobdo koraa xei nogod dhonor ongxo aasil aarokhyi murobbi. ronaldo aaru tinner xoite teur xomporko onuradhar buddhiman deutake sitrogrohon kore jiye xudhile kintu dijiye teuk hotya korai diye. deutake bankor lokarot gupone rakhisil. teu nijor konyak paajol xomadhan koriboloi xikaise. xei xamorthyor xoite taai balonok gusortur mukhyo mukhyo bixoiburor xoite xohay kore aaru baaki kahinitu hoh 'lo teuluke kenekoi ei rohosyotu xomadhan kore.
utpadon.
prothomote, 2014 sonot teu kolpona koraa balakrishnonor baabe muhonlalor kotha monot raakhi, ei kahinitur kolpona korisil, jetiya teu etaa xarir kahinitu koichil, tetiya muhonlale dilipok soritrotur xoite bhaldore khaap khuwar poramorxo disil. bhayakom 18 muxon pickcharsor dwara projujit ei sobikhone malayalam chinemat teulukor aatmoprokax ghotay.
xongit.
rahul rajok prothomote xurkar hisape suktibodho koraa hoisil. kintu prokolpotu octoberoloi theli diyar loge loge rahul raaje dutaa geet rosona korar pisot baad dibo logaa hoisil, "taar pisot panimathiye" aaru "thaniye itha" jihetu teu spainor barkolit thakibo logaa hoisil. aan dutaa geet, "babubhetta" aaru "unum mindathe" enedore gupee xundoror dwara rosona koraa hoisil.
biponon aaru mukti.
kudathi xomakhyom baalan bhakil" ror tijaar trailer video 'tu 2018 sonor 27 disemborot mukoli koraa hoisil. "kudathi xomakhyom baalan bhakil" ror theater trailertu 2019 sonor 24 januaryt mukoli koraa hoisil. sobikhon 2019 sonor 21 februaryt mukoli koraa hoisil.
obhyorthona.
boxes ofisot.
keralar poraa uparjon kori sobikhon banijyikbhabe xofol hoisil. solositrokhone nijor jiwankalot aamerikar poraa pray 47,728 dollar uparjon korisil. ee newzealandor poraa 8,546 dollar (enjed $12,484) (₹5.91 laakh) uparjon korisil.
xomaluchonamulok protikriya.
প্ৰতিক্ৰিয়া। 5 scalot 3.5 rating disil aaru likhisil je sobikhone "" jonopriyo chinemar xokolu xothik upadan mishron kore aaru bijoyi hoi uthe. "niu indian express" ror xomalusokxokoleu iyak 5ror bhitorot 3.5 rating disil aaru montobyo korisiloh "sobikhonoi aarombhonire porai sposto kori dise je iyak kunu dhoronor boudhik uddipona prodan korar baabe design koraa huwa nasil, aaru iyak bisarar jikunu prochesta nisfolotar onuxilon hoh 'bob. ee galleryt khelar baabe odhik aagrohi aaru aapuni jikunu banijyik monuronjonkarir dore ekedhorone jugajug koraa usit. "dyo times owo india" ror xomalusokoi xomalusokoi bhitorot 3taa staar rating disil aaru likhisil je eitu etaa "raan-owo-dyo-mill thriller jitu aapuni nayokjonok bhaal paab aaru aasorit hoh 'bor baabe nirman koraa hoise. ketiyaba xohanubhutir baabe aaru aan xomoyot teur buddhimottar baabe, ee aapunak teuk bhaal puwa aaru teur baabe xikor gorhi tular daabi korise. eitu xompurnorupe ek kahini ji aapunak teuk bhaal paboloi aaru teur swerolok-ian buddhimottak proxongxa koriboloi aahban jonuwar proyujon. sifir xomalusokoi iyak "gorh thriller" buli obhihito korisil aaru 5 scalot 2.5 rating disil aaru koichil je sobikhon "ek baroloi suwar baabe thik aase, jixokole odhik rumansit huwar proyujon naai teulukor baabe pek koraa hoise".
punor nirman koraa hoy.
2019 sonor february maahor xexor faale, unnikrishnone koichil je bhayakome sobikhonor punor nirmanor kotha bibesona korise aaru alusona prarombhik porzayot aase. aami sobikhonot obhinoy korar baabe okhyoy kumar aaru swaah rukh khaan duyure xoite kotha paati aasu.
|
kodathi somakkhom baalon bhakil
kodthi somakkhom balan bakkil () ekti 2019 saaler bharatiya malayalam bhasar comedy action thriller cholochchitro, jaa bii dwara likhito ebong porichalito. unikrishnan, ebong viacom 18 moshana pictures dwara projojito. eyi chhobite abhinoy korechen dileep, momta mohandas, priya ananda, harish uthan, siddiq ebong azie vergis. etty balakrishnanke anusaran korey, ekjon aainjibi jini hantu gede bosechilen.
plot.
eka bishal byabasayi, ronalder (harish uthaman) gadite abhijan chalano hoy. gadite pawa yaay ebong pulish niye yaay.
golpoti tokhon balan (dileep)-err dike yaay, jini ekjon ukil jini taar hantu gede marrar karone jeebone khub beshi kichhu korte parenni. abosheshe tini ekti mamla sofol hohn jaa taanr makkel anjarer (azie vergis) jamin manjur korey. anzar taar parishromiker poriborte baloner jonno ekti kutil uponibeshe ekti baadi deoar prostab deoar porey, babu (bhiman raghu) taake baadi theke berr korey deyo. seey taar nijer shohore taar barite choley yaay jekhane taar baba (siddiq) ebong maa (bindu atongki) thaken. kichhu durbhaggojonok ghotonar porr, baloner shallock (suraj venjaramudu) taake ekti jotil mamler dayitto deyo.
anuradhar proti bhalobasar karone baalon mamlati samadhan korey. pulish prodhan pulish kortrik bajeyapta seii nagad orther ongsho chhilen. ronaldo ebong tina-rawr sange taar sangjoger chitrogrohon corren anuradhar buddhiman baba, jini jigyasa corren kintu digi taake hotya korey. baba byanker lokare gopon rekhechilen. tini taanr meyeke dhandha samadhan korte shikhiyechen. seii dokkhotar saathe tini balanke mamler prodhan netritto diye sahajyo corren ebong bucky golpoti holl taaraa kibhabe eyi rahasyer samadhan korey.
utpadon.
balkrishnaner jonno mohanlalke mathay rekhe prothome golpoti kalpana korechilen, jaa tini 2014 saale kalpana korechilen. jokhon tini eka liner golpoti bolechilen, tokhon mohanlal poramorsho diyechilen jey dileep choritrotir saathe arow bhalbhabe maniye neben. chhobiti viacom 18 moshana pictures dwara projojito hoyechilo ebong etty malayalam cholochchitre taader atmoprokash chinnito korey.
sangeet.
rahul rajke prothome surkar hisabe chuktiboddho koraa hoyechilo. kintu prokolpoti octobore pichhiye deoar porr, rahul rajke duti gaan rachona korar porey sorey dandate hoyechilo, "tarpor panimathie" ebong "thaniye itha" kaaron taake spener barklite thakte hoyechilo. onno duti gaan, "babuvetta" ebong "onnum maindathe" eibhabe gopi sundar dwara rachito hoyechilo.
bipanan ebong mukti.
kodathi somakkhom balan bhakil"-err teaser trailer videoti 2018 saaler 27shhey december mukti paay. "kodathi somakkhom balan bhakil"-err prekkhagrihe trailerty 2019 saaler 24shhey januari mukti paay. cholochchitroti 2019 saaler 21shhey february mukti paay.
abhyarthana.
boxes offices.
cholochchitroti banijjikbhabe sofol hoy, kerala theke aay korey. cholochchitroti taar jeeboddoshai markin juktorashtrer kachh theke pray 47,728 markin dollar aay korey. etty newzealand theke 8,546 markin dollar (12,484 markin dollar) (5.91 lokkho taaka) aay korey.
samalochanamulak protikriya.
"newz18" "5 scaley 3.5 retting diyeche ebong likheche jey cholochchitroti" "janapriya cholochchitrer samasta sothik upadanke mishrito korey ebong vijayi hoye othe. "dya neu indian eksapresa"-err somalochoko etike 5-err modhye 3.5 retting diyechen ebong montobbo korechenoh "cholochchitroti prothom thekei sposhto korey diyeche jey etty konao dharaner buddhibrittik uddipona prodaner jonno design koraa hoyney, ebong etty khonjar jey konao prochesta nirorthok ekti anushilan hobey. etty galleryte khelte beshi agrahi ebong upner jey konao banijyik binodankarir moto ekibhabe jogajog koraa uchito. "dya times off india"-rawr somalochok 5-err modhye 3 stara retting diyechen ebong likhechen jey etty ekti "raan-off-dya-mill thriller" jaa upner nayakke pochondo korar ebong mugdho korar jonno toiri koraa hoyeche. kokhono kokhono sahanubhutir karone ebong onno somoy taar buddhimattar jonno etty aponake taake pochondo korte ebong taar jonno shikad bistar korte daabi korche. etty emon ekti golpo jaa sampurnarupe charpashe ghore jaa aponake taake pochondo korte ebong taar sherlock-iyana buddhimattar proshongsha korte prorochito korte hobey. sifir somalochok etike ekti "garh thriller" boley abhihito korechen ebong 5 scaley 2.5 retting diyechen ebong bolechen jey cholochchitroti "ekbare dekhar jonno thhik achhe, jaader romanchito howar khub beshi prayojan nei taader jonno package koraa hoyeche.
punarnirman.
2019 saaler february shesher dike, unnikrishnan bolechilen jey viacom cholochchitrotir punornirmaner kotha bibechona korche ebong alochona prathomik porjaye royeche. amra chhobite abhinoyer jonno akshaya kumar ebong shaah rukh khaan ubhoyer sangei kotha bolchi. | kodaathi samaksham baalan vakeel
kodthi samaksham baalan vakkil () aee aee bhaartiy malayalam bhashani komedi action thriller film chhe, jenu lekhan aneey nirdeshan bii. unnikrishnan, aneey viacom 18 motion pictures dwara nirmeet. aaa filmmaan dileep, mamtaa mohandas, priyaa aanand, harish uthman, siddiq aneey aju vargis chhe. teey balkrishnanne anusare chhe, jeey hachmachaavi denaar vakeel chhe.
plooat.
aek vishaal vepaari, roownald (harish uthman) nee kaar parr daroda padvama aave chhe. teo kaarmaa malee aave chhe aneey police dwara laee javama aave chhe.
vaarta pachhi baalan (dileep) taraf jaay chhe, jeey aek vakeel chhe, jene tenaa hakalaane kaarane jeevanma vadhaare kamaani curry nathee. aakhare teey aek kesamaa safal thaay chhe jene tenaa muvakkil anzar (aju verghese) neey jamine aapyaa hataa. anzar tenee feene badale baalan maate aek kuteel vasaahatmaa ghar aape chhe, pachhi tene baabu (bhiman raghu) dwara gharnee bahaar kaadhee mukvaamaa aave chhe. teey tenaa vatanmaa tenaa ghare jaay chhe jyaan tenaa pitaa (siddiq) aneey maataa (bindu panikar) rahe chhe. ketalik kamansib ghatanao pachhi, baalanno saalo (suraj venjaramudu) tene aek jatil cases sonpyo.
anuraadhaa pratyenaa premne kaarane baalan aaa cases ukelee leey chhe. police vadaa police dwara japt karaayelee rokadno aek bhaag hato. ronaldo aneey teana saatheni tenee santhganth anuraadhnaa buddhishali pitaa dwara filmavvama aavee chhe, jeey puchhe chhe parantu dii. jee. tene maaree naakhe chhe. pitaae banknaa lokarmaa goopt raakhyu hatoo. temane potaani dikarine koyadaao ukelavaanu shikhvyu chhe. teey kshamata saathe teey baalanne kesamaa mukhya bhoomikao saathe madad karey chhe aneey baakini vaarta aee chhe keey teo aaa rahasyane kevee reete hull karey chhe.
utpaadan.
unnikrushnane sharuaatmaa balkrishnan maate mohanlaalne dhyanma rakheene vaartaani kalpanaa curry hatee, jenee kalpanaa temane temane curry hatee. jyaare temane aek-panktini vaarta kahee tyaare mohanlale soochavyu hatoo keey dileep paatrane vadhu saaree reete anookool thashe. aaa filmnun nirmaan viacom 18 motion pictures dwara karvaamaa aavyu hatoo aneey teey malayalam cinemama temnee sharuaat darshaave chhe.
sangeet.
rahul raajne sharuaatmaa sangeetkaar tareeke saain karvaamaa aavyaa hataa. parantu aaa project october sudhee aagad dhapavvama aavyo hovathi, rahul raaje beey geeto "pachhi panimathiye" aneey "thaniye ithaa" compose karyaa pachhi bahaar nikalvu padyu kaaran keey temne spainnaa berkleyma rahevaanu hatoo. anya beey geeto, "babuvetta" aneey "onnum maindaathe" aama gopee sunder dwara rachvaamaa aavyaa hataa.
marqetina aneey prakaashan.
kodaathi saksham baalan vakeel" noon teaser trailer videeyo 27 december december roj rajoo karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. "kodaathi saksham baalan vakeel" noon theatre trailer 24 january februari roj rajoo karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. aaa film 21 februari februari roj rajoo karvaamaa aavee hatee.
swaagat.
booaks offices parr.
aaa film vyaavsaayik reete safal rahee hatee, jene keralmathi kamaani curry hatee. aaa filme tenaa jivankal darmiyan yuu. aesa. maanthi aashre 47,728 dollarni kamaani curry hatee. tene newzealandmanthi $8,546 (nz $12,484) (₹5.91 laakh) nee kamaani curry hatee.
vivechanaatmak pratisaad.
pratisaad "aee 5 naa scalema 3.5 rating aapyu hatoo aneey lakhyu hatoo keey aaa film" "lokpreey cinemana tamaam yogya ghatakone mishreet karey chhe aneey vijayi baney chhe". "dhaa nyu indian express" naa vivechake pann tene 5 maanthi 3.5 noon mulyankan karyoo hatoo aneey tippani curry hateeh "aaa film sharuaatthi jaj spasht karey chhe keey teey koee pann prakaarnee bauddhik uttejnaa pradaan karvaa maate rachaayel nathee, aneey teey shodhvaano koipan prayaas nirarthak kavaayat hashe. tene galleryma ramvaamaa vadhu rus chhe aneey tame koipan vyaavsaayik manoranjankaarni jaim jaj teno sampark karvo joiae. "dhaa times off india" naa vivechake 5 maanthi 3 staar aapyaa aneey lakhyu keey teey "runn-off-dhaa-mill thriller chhe jeey tamane naayak pasand aave aneey tenaathi aashchary thaay teey maate banavvama aavee chhe. teey tamane tene pasand karvaa aneey tenaa maate mool melavaa maate kahe chhe, kyarek sahanubhutine kaarane aneey anya samaye tenee buddhi maate. teey aek aevee vaarta chhe jeey sampurnpane tenee aaspaas farey chhe jeey tamane tene pasand karvaa aneey tenee sharelock-eoin buddhini prashansa karvaa maate protsaahit karvaanee jaroor chhe. sifeena vivechake tene "sarerash romaanchak" ganaavi hatee aneey aneey scalema scalema mulyankan karyoo hatoo aneey kahyoo hatoo keey aaa film "aek vakhatnee saaree jovani taka tareeke samaapt thaay chhe, jeey aevaa loko maate taiyar karvaamaa aavee chhe jaimne romaanchit thavaani jaroor nathee".
remack.
februari februari antamaa, unnikrushnane kahyoo hatoo keey viacom aaa filmnun punnirman karvaanu vichaaree rahee chhe aneey charchaao praarambhik tabakkama chhe. amey filmmaan abhinay karvaa maate akshay kumar aneey shaah rookh khaan banne saathe vaat curry rahyaa chhiae.
| kodathi samaksham baalan vakeel
kodthi samaksham baalan vakkil () 2019 kii bhaaratiya malayalam bhasha kii comedy action thriller film haye, jise bee. unnikrishnan, aur viacom 18 motion pictures dwara nirmit. film mein dileep, mamta mohandas, priya anand, harish uthman, siddiq aur aju vargeej hain. yeh balakrishnan kaa anusaran kartaa haye, joe ack hakalaane vaale vakeel hain.
plot.
ack badey vyavasaayi, ronald (harish uthman) kii kaar parr chhaapa maaraa jaataa haye. kaar mein paae jaate hain aur pulis dwara leey jaaya jaataa haye.
kahani phir baalan (dileep) kii or jaati haye, ack vakeel jisane apane hakalaane key kaaran jeevan mein jyada kuchh naheen kiya haye. vaha antatah ack aise mamle mein safal hoe jaataa haye jisamen usake muvakkil anjaar (aju vargeej) koo jamaanat dee gaee thee. jaba anjaar apani phees key bajaay baalan key liye ack kutil coloney mein ack ghar detaa haye, tou usey baabu (bheeman raghu) dwara ghar seey baahar nikaal diyaa jaataa haye. vaha apane grihnagar mein apane ghar chalaa jaataa haye jahan usake pitaa (siddiq) aur maan (bindu painikar) rahate hain. kuchh durbhagyapurna ghatnaaon key baad, baalan kaa behnoi (suraj venjaramudu) usey ack jatil mamla saunp detaa haye.
anuraadh key prati apane prem key kaaran baalan mamle koo sulajha letaa haye. pulis pramukh pulis dwara jabt kii gaee usa nakadi kaa hissa thaa. ronaldo aur teana key saath usaki saanthgaanth koo anuradha key buddhiman pitaa dwara filmaya gayaa haye joe poochata haye lekin dee. jee. usey maar detaa haye. pitaa ney baink locker mein gupt rakhaa. unhone apani betty koo paheli hull karna sikhaaya haye. usa kshamata key saath vaha mamle mein pramukh bhoomikaon key saath baalan kii madad karati haye aur baaki kahani yeh haye kii way iss rahasya koo kaise hull karate hain.
utpaadan.
unnikrishnan ney shuru mein balakrishnan key liye mohanlal koo dhyaan mein rakhate hue kahani kii kalpana kii, jisaki kalpana unhone 2014 mein kii thee. jaba unhone ack pankti kii kahani sunai, tou mohanlal ney sujhaav diyaa kii dileep charitra key liye behtar hoga. film kaa nirmaan viacom 18 motion pictures dwara kiya gayaa thaa aur yeh malayalam cinema mein unaki shuruat haye.
sangeet.
rahul raaj koo shuru mein sangeetkaar key roop mein saain kiya gayaa thaa. lekin jaise hii pariyojana koo octuber taka aage badhaaya gayaa, rahul raaj koo dou geeton kii rachana key baad baahar honah padaa, "phir panimathi" aur "thaaniye itha" kyonki unhein spen key berkley mein honah thaa. anya dou geet, "babuvetta" aur "onam mindathe" iss prakaar gopi sunder dwara rachit they.
vipanan aur vimochan.
kodthi samaksham baalan vakeel" kaa teaser trailer video 27 disambar 2018 koo jaari kiya gayaa thaa. "kodthi samaksham baalan vakeel" kaa naatakiya trailer 24 janwari 2019 koo jaari kiya gayaa thaa. film 21 farwari 2019 koo jaari kii gaee thee.
swaagat.
boxes offices.
yeh film ack vyaavsaayik safalata thee, jisane keral seey kamai kii. film ney apane jivankal mein america seey lagbhag 47,728 dollar kii kamai kii. isane newzealand seey 8,546 dollar (12,484 dollar) (₹5.91 laakh) kii kamai kii.
aalochanatmak pratikriya.
प्रतिक्रिया। ney 5 key paimaane mein 3.5 kaa mulyankan kiya aur likhaa kii film "" lokpriya cinema key sabhi sahee ghatakon koo milaati haye aur vijayi hoti haye. "nyu indian express" key aalochak ney bhee ise 5 mein seey 3.5 kaa mulyankan kiya aur tippani keeh "film shuru seey hii yeh spasht karati haye kii ise kissy bhee prakaar kii bauddhik uttejana pradaan karane key liye design naheen kiya gayaa thaa, aur ise praapt karane kaa koee bhee prayaas vyarth mein ack abhyaas hoga. yeh gallery mein khelane mein adhik ruchi rakhta haye aur ise usee tarah seey sampark kiya jaanaa chaahiye jaise aap kissy bhee vyaavsaayik manoranjankarta seey karate hain. "dha times off india" key aalochak ney 5 mein seey 3 sitaaron kaa mulyankan kiya aur likhaa kii yeh ack "runn-off-dha-mill thriller haye jise aap naayak koo pasand karane aur usase prabhaavit honey key liye banaate hain. yeh aapako usey pasand karane aur usake liye jarh banaane kii maang curr rhaa haye, kabhi-kabhi sahaanubhooti key kaaran aur kabhi-kabhi usaki buddhimatta key liye. yeh poori tarah seey ack aisee kahani haye joe aapako usey pasand karane aur usaki sherlock-indian buddhimatta kii sarahana karane key liye prerit karane kii aavashyakta haye. sifi key aalochak ney ise ack "ausat thriller" kahaa aur 5 key paimaane mein 2.5 kaa mulyankan kiya aur kahaa kii film "ack baar dekhane key liye thheek haye, una logon key liye paik kii gaee haye jinhen romanchit honey kii bahut aavashyakta naheen haye.
remake.
farwari 2019 key anta mein, unnikrishnan ney kahaa kii viacom film koo phir seey banaane parr vichaar curr rhaa haye aur charchaaen praarambhik charan mein hain. humm akshay kumar aur shaah rukh khaan donon seey film mein abhinay key liye baat curr rahey hain.
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kodati samaksham baalan vakeel
kodati samaksham baalan vakkeel () 2019rahra bhaaratiya malayalam bhasheya haasya auction thriller chalanachitravagiddu, idannu bii. unnikrishnan, mattu viacom 18 motion pictures nirmiside. ee chitradalli dileep, mamataa mohandas, priya anand, harish uthman, siddiq mattu aju vargees natisiddaare. idu balakrishnan emba vakilanannu anusarisuttade, aata naduguttaane.
plat.
ronald (harish uthman) emba dodda udyami kaarina mele daali nadeyuttade. kaarinalli kandubanda avarannu polisaru karedoydiddaare.
nantara katheyu tanna nagu-nadukadindaagi jeevanadalli hecchu galisada vakilaraada baalan (dileep) ge badalaaguttade. antimavagi aata tanna kakshi anjar (aju vargees) ge jameenu needida prakaranadalli yashasviyaguttane. anjaaranu tanna shulkada badalu balangagi vakravaada vasaahatu pradeshadalli maneyannu needida nantara, avanannu baabu (bhiman raghu) maneyinda horahaakuttaane. avanu tanna tandeya (siddiq) mattu taayiya (bindu panikkar) vasaviruva tanna tavaru manege hoguttaane. kelavu duradrushtakara ghatanegala nantara, balanna bhaava (suraj venjaramoodu) avanige sankirnavaada prakaranavondannu vahisikoduttaane.
anuraadheya melina pritiyinda baalan ee prakaranavannu pariharisuttaane. polisaru vashapadisikonda aaa hanada bhagavagi police mukhyasthariddaru. ronaldo mattu tina avarondigina avana sambandhavannu anuradhana buddhivanta tande chitrikarisuttaane, avaru keluttaare aadare dgu avanannu kolluttaane. tande bank lockernalli rahasyavagittukondiddaru. avaru tamma magalige ogatugalannu pariharisalu kalisiddaare. aaa saamarthyadondige avalu baalange prakaranada pramukha patragalondige sahaaya maaduttaale mattu ulida katheyu avaru ee rahasyavannu hege pariharisuttaare embudu.
utpaadane.
2014ralli balakrishnan avara kalpaneyallidda katheyannu aarambhadalli mohan laal avara manassinallittukondu, ondu saalina katheyannu helidaaga, dileep patrakke suktavagiruvudannu mohan laal soochisidaru. ee chitravannu viacom 18 motion pictures nirmiside mattu idu malayalam chitrarangakke avara chocchala praveshavannu soochisuttade.
sangeeta.
aarambhadalli rahul raaj avaru sangeeta samyojakaragi sahi haakidaru. aadare ee yojaneyannu octoberge mundudalaada kaarana, rahul raaj avaru spaine barkliyalli irabekaagidda kaarana "nantara panimathiye" mattu "taaniye itha" emba eradu haadugalannu samyojisida nantara horaguliyabekaayitu. itara eradu haadugalaada "babuvetta" mattu "onnum mindathe" galannu gopi sunder samyojisiddaare.
marketing mattu bidugade.
kodati samaksham baalan vakeel" naa teaser trailer veediyovannu 27 december 2018 randu bidugade maadalaayitu. "kodati samaksham baalan vakeel" naa natakiya trailer annu 24 janavari 2019 randu bidugade maadalaayitu. ee chalanachitravannu 21 phebravari 2019 randu bidugade maadalaayitu.
svaagata.
boxes offices.
ee chitravu keraladinda galikeyondige vanijya yashassannu kanditu. ee chalanachitravu tanna jeevitaavadhiyalli americadinda sumaru $47,728 galisitu. idu nyoojilendninda $8,546 (nz $12,484) (₹ 5.91 laksha) galisitu.
vimarshaatmaka pratikriye.
"nyus 18" "5rahra pramaanadalli 3.5 rating niidide mattu ee chitravu" "janapriya cinemaada ellah sariyaada amshagalannu samyojisuttade mattu vijayashaliyagi horahommuttade" "endu baredide". "dhii nyoo indian express" vimarshakaru saha idannu 5kke 3.5 endu rait maadidaru mattu heege pratikriyisidaruh "yaavude reetiya bouddhika prachodaneyannu odagisalu idannu vinyasagolisalagilla mattu adannu hudukuva yaavude prayatnavu vyarthavaada abhyaasavaagide embudannu ee chalanachitravu modalinindaloo spashtapadisuttade. idu gallerige aadalu hecchu aasaktiyannu hondide mattu neevu yaavude vanijya manaranjane needuva reetiyalliye adannu samparkisabeku ". "dhii times off india" vimarshakaru 5kke 3 stargalannu needi, neevu nayakanannu ishtapadalu mattu vismayagollalu idannu "runn-off-dhii-mill thriller" endu barediddaare. kelavomme sahanubhootiya kaaranadinda mattu itara samayagalli aatana buddhivantikeyinda aatanannu ishtapaduvante mattu aatanalli beruruvante adhu nimmannu ottayisuttade. idu sampoornavaagi suttuttiruva katheyagiddu, avanannu ishtapadalu mattu avana sherlock-eoin buddhivantikeyannu prashamsisalu nimmannu prerepisuva agatyavide ". sifiya vimarshakaru idannu "sarasari thriller" endu karedaru mattu 5rahra pramaanadalli 2.5 endu rait maadidaru mattu chalanachitravu "romanchanagollalu hecchu agatyavilladavarige package maadalaada one time watch aagi konegolluttade" endu helidaru.
remake.
2019rahra phebravari antyadalli, viacom ee chalanachitravannu marunirmisuva bagge yochisuttide mattu charchegalu arambhika hantadallive endu unnikrishnan helidaru. chitradalli natisalu naavu akshay kumar mattu shaa rukh khaan ibbarondigoo matanaduttiddeve.
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kodathi samaksham baalan vakeel
bii. aarr. samvidaanam cheyth 2019ll purathirangiya indian malayaala bhasha komadi aakshan thriller chithramaanu kodathi samaksham baalan vakkeel. vicom 18 moshan pikchezhs nirmmikkunna chithram aanu unnikrishnan. dileep, mamatha mohandas, priya anand, harish uthaman, siddikh, aju vargees ennivaraanu chithratthile pradhana thaarangal. idarunna abhibhashakanaaya baalakrishnane pinthudarunnathaanu chithram.
plott.
oru valia bisinasukaranaaya ronaldinte (harish uthaman) kaaril raid nadakkunnu. avare kaaril kandethukayum police kondupovukayum cheiyunnu.
thante idaral kaaranam jeevithathil adhikam sambaadikkaatha abhibhashakanaaya balanilekku (dileep) katha maarunnu. thante kakshiyaya ansaarinu (aju vargees) jaamyamorukkiya kesil addeham oduvil vijayikkunnu. ansar thante pheesinu pakaram baalanu vendi oru valanja kolaniyil oru veedu vaagdaanam cheytha sesham, babu (bheeman raghu) avane veettil ninnu purathaakkunnu. pithaav (siddikh), amma (bindu panikkar) ennivar thamasikkunna swantham naattile veettilekku addeham pookunnu. chila nirbhagyakaramaaya sambhavangalkk sesham baalante bhaaryaasahodaran (suuraj venjaramoodu) sankeernamaaya oru cases addehathe ealppikkunnu.
anuraadhayodulla sneham kaaranam baalan cases pariharikkunnu. police pidicheduttha panatthinte bhaagamaayirunnu police medhavi. ronaldo tinayumaayulla addehathinte bandham thithreekarikkunnathu anuraadhayude budhiyulla pithaavaan, addeham chodikkunnundenkilum dii. jii. addehathe kollunnu. pithaav baank lockeril rahasyamaayi sookshichu. pasilukal pariharikkan addeham makale padippichittundu. aaa kazhivode aval baalane kesinte pradhana leedukal nalki sahayikkunnu, backie katha avar eee rahasyam engane pariharikkunnu ennathaanu.
uthppaadanam.
2014ll baalakrishnanekkurichu mohanlal manassil vechaanu unnikrishnan aadyam katha vibhavanam cheythath. otta variyil katha paranjappol dileep eee kathaapaathrathin anuyojyamaakumennu mohanlal nirddeshichu. viacom 18 moshan pikchezhs nirmmicha eee chithram malayaala sinimayil avarude arangettam kurikkunnu.
samgeetham.
thudakkathil samgeethasamvidhaayakanaayi rahul raajine niyamichirunnu. ennaal padhathi oktobarilekku neekkiyathinaal, rahul rajinu rund ganangal rachichathinu sesham pinmaarendivannu, speyinile berkleyil aayathinal "pinne panimathiye", "thaaniye idha" enniva. babuvetta", "onnum mindathe" ennee mattu rund ganangal rachichathu gopi sundaraanu.
vipananam, release.
kodathi samaksham baalan vakeel" enna chithratthinte teaser trailer viidiyoo 2018 desember 27nuu puratthirangi. "kodathi samaksham baalan vakeel" enna chithratthinte thiyettar trailer 2019 januvari 24nuu puratthirangi. chithram 2019 februvari 21nuu puratthirangi.
sweekaranam.
boxes oafees.
keralatthil ninnu varumanam nediya eee chithram vaanijyaparamaayi vijayamayirunnu. chithram athinte jeevithakaalathu amerikkayil ninnu ekadesham 47,728 dollar nedi. nyoosilandil ninnu 8,546 dollar (12,484 dollar) (5.91 laksham roopa) nedi.
vimarsanaathmakamaaya prathikaranam.
"nyoos 18" "5 skailil 3.5 rating nalkukayum chithram" "janakeeya sinimayude ellah sariyaaya gadakangalum samyojippikkukayum vijayikkukayum cheiyunnu" "ennu ezhuthukayum cheythu". "nyoo indian express" niroopakanum ithine anchil 3.5 rating nalkukayum abhipraayappedukayum cheythu "oru tharatthilulla boudhika uthejanavum nalkunnathinaanu ithu roopakalppana cheythitillennum athu thedaanulla eathoru shramavum vyarthathayude oru vyaayaamamaayirikkumennum chithram thudakkam muthal thanne vyakthamaakkunnu. galleryil kalikkaan kooduthal thaalpparyamulla ithu eathoru vaanijya vinodakkaraneyum pole thanne sameepikkanam. "times oof india" enna niroopakan 5 ll 3 nakshathrangal rettucheythu, nayakane eshtappedunnathinum bhayappedunnathinum vendi nirmmicha oru "rann-oof-dhii-mill trillaraanu" ennu ezhuthi. chilappol sahathapam kondum mattu samayangalil budhishakthikondu avane ishtappedaanum avanodu veroonnaan athu ningalodu aavashyappedunnu. addehathe ishtappedaanum addehathinte sherluck-ayan budhiye abhinandikkaanum ningale prerippikkenda oru kathayaanu ithu. sifiyude niroopakan ithine oru "sharashari thriller" ennu vilikkukayum 5 skailil 2.5 rating nalkukayum cheythu, koodaathe chithram "aaveshabharitharaakaan adhikam aavashyamillaathavarkkaayi paakkejucheytha oru ottathavana kazhchayaayi avasaanikkunnu" ennu paranju.
remake.
2019 februvari avasaanathode, viacom chithratthinte punarnirmmaanathekkuri aalochikkunnundennum charchakal prarambha ghattathilaanennum unnikrishnan paranju. chithratthil abhinayikkunnathinaayi akshay kumarumaayum shhaa rukh khaanumaayum njangal samsaarikkunnu. |
kodathi samaksham baalan vakeel
kodathi samaksham baalan vakkil () haah 2019 salcha bharatiy malayalam bhashetil vinodi thararpat aahe, jyache lekhan aanee digdarshan bii. unnikrishnan, aanee viacom 18 motion picturesdware nirmit. yaa chitrapatat dileep, mamata mohandas, priya anand, harish uthan, siddiq aanee aju vargis yanchya bhoomika aahet. haah chitrapat balakrishnan yaa adkhalananya vakilacha magova gheto.
plot.
ronald (harish uthman) yaa eka mothya udhyogpatichya gadivar chhapa takala jaato. teey karmadhye sapadale aanee police tyanna gheuun gele.
tyanantar katha balankade (dileep) jaate, joou eka vakeel aahe, jyane tyachya adkhalanyamule aayushyat farshi kamai keleli nahee. akheris too eka prakaranat yashasvi hoto jyane tyacha muvakkil anjarla (aju vargij) jameen manjur keela. anjar tyachya shulkaeivaji balansathi eka kutil vasahatit ghar deu kelyanantar, tyala baboo (bhiman ragoo) gharatoon baher kadhato. too tyachya gavee tyachya gharee jaato jithe tyache vadil (siddiq) aanee aaee (bindu ghabarat) rahatat. kahee durdaivi ghatanannantar, balancha mehuna (suuraj venjaramudu) tyala eka guntaguntiche prakaran sopavato.
anuradhachya premamule baalan heey prakaran sodavato. polisanni japt kelelya rokh rakmecha police pramukh haah eka bhag hota. ronaldo aanee tina yanchyashi tyacha sambandh anuradhache buddhiman vadil chitrit karatat, jeey vichartat pann dii. jee. tyala thaar marto. vadilanni bankechya lockermadhye gupit thewale. tyanni aaplya muleela kodee sodavayala shikavale aahe. tyaa kshamtesah tee balanla yaa prakaranatil pramukh bhoomika denyat madat karate aanee urvarit katha hii aahe qee teey heey rahasy kase sodavtat.
utpadan.
2014 madhye kalpana kelelya balkrishnansathi mohanlal yanchya manat asalelya kathechi kalpana unnikrishnan yanni suruvatila kelee. jevha tyanni eka ola katha sangitali, tevha mohanlal yanni dileep yaa patrala adhik yogya vatel asey suchavale. yaa chitrapatachi nirmiti viacom 18 motion picturesne kelee hotee aanee teey malayalam chitrapatsrushtit padarpan karat aahet.
sangeet.
rahul rajla suruvatila sangitkar mhanoon swikaranyat aale hote. parantu haah prakalp octoberparyant pudhe dhakalala gelyamule, rahul rajla done ganee, 'nantar panimathiye' aanee 'thane itha' sangitbaddha kelyanantar baher padave lagale kaaran tyala spainmadhil barkalimadhye rahave lagale hote. babuvetta' aanee 'onnum mindathe' hii itar done ganee asha prakare gopi sunder yanni sangitbaddha kelee hotee.
vipanan aanee prakashan.
kodathi saksham baalan vakeel' chaa teaser trailer video 27 december 2018 roji pradarshit jhaala. 'kodathi saksham baalan vakeel' chaa natyamay trailer 24 janewari 2019 roji pradarshit jhaala. haah chitrapat 21 februwari 2019 roji pradarshit jhaala.
swagat.
tikitbarivar.
keralmadhun kamai karat haah chitrapat vyavsayikdrushtya yashasvi tharala. yaa chitrapatane tyachya aayushyat amerikekadun sumare 47,728 dollarschee kamai kelee. tyane newzealandmadhun $8,546 (enzed $12,484) (₹ 5.91 laakh) chee kamai kelee.
gambhir pratisad.
"news18 neey 5 chya pramanat 3.5 guna dile aanee lihile qee haah chitrapat" "lokpriy chitrapatatil serve yogya ghatakanche mishran karato aanee vijayi hoto". "daad nyu indian express" chya samikshakane dekhil tyala 5 paiki 3.5 asey moolyankan kele aanee tippani keleeh "haah chitrapat suruvatipasunach heey spasht karato qee too konatyahi prakarchya bauddhik uttejanasathi tayar kelela navhata aanee too shodhanyacha konatahi prayatna vyarth tharel. tyala gallerymadhye khelanyat adhik rus aahe aanee tumhi konatyahi vyavsayik manorajanapramanech tyachyashi sampark sadhava ". "daad times auph india' chya samikshakane 5 paiki 3 taare dile aanee lihile qee haah eka 'runn-auph-daad-mill' thararpat aahe joou tumhala nayak aavadava aanee tyachi bheeti vatel yasathi banavanyat aala aahe. kadhikadhi sahanubhootimule aanee kadhikadhi tyachya buddhimattemule, tumhi tyachyavar prem karave aanee tyachyasathi mool nirman karave ashee tee magani karat aahe. hii eka katha aahe jee purnapane tyachya bhovati firate, jee tumhala tyala aavadanyachi aanee tyachya sherlock-eoin buddhimatteche kautuk karanyachi prerana denyachi garaj aahe. sifichya samikshakane yala 'sarasari tharar' mhatale aanee 5 chya pramanat 2.5 asey moolyankan kele aanee sangitale qee haah chitrapat 'eka vel baghanara chitrapat' mhanoon sampato, jyanna romanchit honyachi jaast garaj nahee tyanchyasathi pack kelela aahe.
punarnirmiti.
februwari 2019 chya uttaradhat, unnikrishnan mhanale qee viacom yaa chitrapatachi punarnirmiti karnyacha vichar karat aahe aanee charcha prarambhik tappyat aahe. chitrapatat kaam karnyasathi aamhi akshay kumar aanee shaah rukh khaan yaa doghanshi bolat aahot. |
kodathi samaksham ballan wakil
kodathi samaksham ballan wakkil () sann 2019 ko bharatiya malayalam bhashako kamedi exon thriller film how, jaslai bee dwara likhit rar nirdeshit garieko chha. unnikrishnan, rar bhayakam 18 mosan picturesdwara nirmit. filmma dilip, mamata mohandas, priya ananda, harish uthman, siddik rar aju wargijko abhinaya raheko chha. yasale balakrishnanlai pachhyauncha, jo hakalahatka sath ek adhiwakta hun.
plut.
ek vishal wyapari, ronald (harris uthman) ko karma chhapa parchha. karma fela parieka chhan rar policele liera gaeko chha.
tyasapachhi katha ballan (dilip) maa sarchha, ek adhiwakta jasle afno hakalaka karan jiwanma dherai kamaeko chhaina. antatah uni afno muwakkil anjar (aju wargij) lai jamanat dine muddama safal hunchhan. anjarle afno shulkako satta balanka lagi kutil kalonima ghar prastawa garepachhi, unlai babu (bhim raghu) ley gharbata bahira nikale. uni afno grihanagarma raheko afno gharma janchhan jahaan unka buba (siddik) rar amah (bindu atangka) baschhan. kehi durbhagyapurna ghatanapachi, balanka jwain (suraj venjaramudu) ley unlai euta jatil mudda sumpchhan.
anuradhaprati premka karan balanle mudda suljhaunchhan. police pramukh policele zafat gareko nagadko hissa thie. ronaldo rar tinasangko unko sambandha anuradhaka buddhiman bubale khicheka chhan jasle sodhchan tara digi usalai marchhan. babale bankko lakarma gopya rakhe. unle afnie chhorilai pajal samadhan garna sikaeka chhan. tyas kshamataka sath unle balanlai mamilama pramukh bhumikaharuka sath maddat garchhin rar baanki katha uniharule yo rahasya kasari samadhan garchhan bhanne how.
utpadan.
suruma balakrishnanlai dhyanma rakhera mohanlalle katha kalpana gareka thie, jaslai unle sann 2014 maa kalpana gareka thie. jab unle ek pankti katha bhane, mohanlalle diliplai charitrako lagi ramro upayukta hune sujhau die. yo film bhayakam 18 mosan picturesdwara nirman garieko thiyo rar yasale malayalam cinemama uniharuko debulai chihnit gardacha.
sangit.
rahul rajlai suruma sangitkarko rupma sine garieko thiyo. tara pariyojana octoberma dhakeliepachi rahul rajle duiwata geet "tyasapachhi panimathiye" rar "thaniye itha" rachana garepachhi upt out garnupareko thiyo kinbhane uni spainko berkleyma hunupareko thiyo. anya dui githaru, "babuwetta" rar "onnam mindathe" yasari gopi sundardwara rachana garieko thiyo.
marketing rar rilij.
kodathi samaksham ballan wakil" ko teaser trailer bhidiyo 27 december 2018 maa rilij bhaeko thiyo. "kodathi samaksham ballan wakil" ko theater trailer 24 janawari 2019 maa rilij bhaeko thiyo. film 21 february 2019 maa rilij bhaeko thiyo.
swagat.
bucks office.
yo film keralbata kamai gardai wyawasayik rupma safal bhayo. filmle afno jiwankalma americabata lagbhag 47,728 dollar kamaeko thiyo. yasale newzealandbata $8,546 (nz $12,484) (aaa 5.91 lakh) kamaeko thiyo.
alochanatmak pratikriya.
"news 18" "ley 5 ko scalema 3.5 rating diyo rar filmle" "lokpriya cinemaka sabai sahi samagriharu milaunchha rar vijayi hunchha" "bhani lekhe. "nayan indian express" kaa samikshakle pani yasalai 5 madhye 3.5 mulyankan gare rar tippani gareh "chalchitrale surudekhi nai yo spashta parchha kii yo kunai pani prakarko baudhik uttejana pradan garna design garieko thiena, rar yasalai khojne kunai pani prayas wyarthako abhyas hunechha. yo galleryma khelnama badhi ruchi rakhchha rar tapainle kunai pani wyawasayik manoranjan garne jastai samparka garnuparchha. "da times aff india" kaa samikshakle 5 madhye 3 tara mulyankan gare rar lekheka chhan kii yo "runn-aff-da-mill thriller how june tapainle nayaklai munn parauna rar daraunaka lagi banaunubhaeko how. yasale tapainlai usalai munn parauna rar usako lagi jara lagauna mag gariraheko chha, kahilekaahin sahanubhutibata rar anya patak usako buddhiko lagi. yo purna rupma waripari ghumne katha how jasle tapainlai usalai munn parauna rar usako serlak-ian buddhiko kadar garna agraha garna awashyak chha. sifika samikshakle yasalai "ausat thriller" bhaneka chhan rar 5 ko scalema 2.5 rating dieka chhan rar film "ek patakma herne thik chha, jaslai romanchit huna dherai awashyak pardaina" bhanera package garieko chha.
punarnirman.
february 2019 ko antyama, unnikrishnanle bhayakamle chalchitrako punarnirman garne vichar gariraheko rar chhalfal prarambhik charanma raheko batae. filmma abhinayaka lagi hammy akshaya kumar rar shah rookh khaan duwaisanga kura gariraheka chhaun. | kodathi samakhyama ballon bhakil
kodathi samakhyama ballon bakkil () heuchhi 2019 masihar eka bharatiah malayalam bhasara kamedi axon threeler chalachitra, jahara rachna ebong nirdeshana deichhanti bii. unnikrishnan', ebong bhajakam 18 mosana pictures dwara nirmita. ehi chalachitrare dileep, mamata mohandas, priya ananda, harish uthan, siddiq ebong aaji bergies abhinai karichanti. ehaa balakrishnanku anusarana kare, jane okil jie hangama karanti .
plut.
jane bishala byabasajee, ronald (harish uthman) nka kaara upare eka chadhau hue . semananku karare milithila ebong police semananku neijaithila.
taa 'parey kahaniti ballon (dileep) nka aadaku gati kare, jieki jane okil jieki taanka hangama karanaru jeebanare adhika kichhi karinahanti. sheshare shay eka mamalare saphala huanti jaahaa taanka makkel anjara (aaji bergies) nku jamine pradan karithila. jetebele anjara taanka phi badalare balan paain eka bakra kaloneere eka ghara pradan karanti, baabu (bhiman raghu) tanku gharu bahara karidianti. shay niz saharasthita niz gharaku chaali jaanti, jeunthare taanka bapa (siddiq) ebong maaa (bindu panikkar) ruhanti. kichhi durbhagyajanaka ghatana parey, balannka bhinoi (suraja bhenjaramudu) tanku eka jatila mamla dajitwa dianti.
anuradha prati bhal paiba hetu ballon ehi mamlar samadhan karanti . police dwara jabata hoithiba sehi nagad arthara eka ansha thila police mukhya. ronaldo ebong tinanka saha tankara samparkara suting anuradhara buddhimana pita karichanti, jie pacharanti kintu digi tanku hatya karai dianti. bapa byanka lakarare gupta rakhithile. shay taanka jhiaku puzzle samadhan kariba shikhaichhanti. sehi samarthya sahita shay balananku mamlar pramukh lead sahita sahajya karanti ebong baaki kahani heuchhi semane ehi rahasyaku kipari samadhan karanti .
utpadana.
prathame, balakrishnanka paain mohanalalanku dhyanare rakhi, jeun kahaniku shay shay kalpana karithile, unnikrishnana prathame kalpana karithile. jetebele shay gotie dhadi bisista kahaniti kahithile, setebele mohanlal paramarsha deithile je dileep ehi charitra paain bhal bhabe upajukta hebe. ehi chalachitrati bhajakam 18 mosana pictures dwara nirmita hoithila ebong ehaa malayalam cinemare semanankara pratham pradarshan.
sangeeta.
rahul rajanku prathame sangeeta nirdeshaka bhabe grahan karajaithila. kintu ehi prakalpaku octoberku ghunchaideba parey, rahul rajanku duiti geeta rachna kariba parey ohari jibaku padithila, "taa 'parey panimathie" ebong "thanije itha" kaaran tanku spainer barklire rahibaku padithila. anya duiti geeta, "babubhetta" ebong "onnum mindathe" ehipari gopi sundaranka dwara rachna karajaithila .
marketing ebong releases.
kodathi samakhyama balan bhakil" rahr teaser trailer bhidio 27 december 2018 ray muktilabha karithila. "kodathi samakhyama balan bhakil" rahr theatre trailer 24 januari 2019 ray muktilabha karithila. chalachitrati 21 februari 2019 ray muktilabha karithila .
swagata.
bucks officere.
ehi chalachitrati eka byabasajika saphalata thila, jaahaa keralaru aaja karithila. ehi chalachitrati niz jeebanakaalare juktarastra aamerikaru praiah 47,728 dollar aaja karithila. ehaa nyujilandaru $8,546 (nz $12,484) (₹ 5.91 lakhya) aaja karithila.
samalochanamoolaka pratikrija.
"nyuj 18" "5 skelare 3.5 rated karichhi ebong lekhichhanti je chalachitrati" "lokpriya cinemar samasta sathik upadanaku mishrit kare ebong bijai hue . "daa nyu indian express" rahr samalochaka madhya ehaaku samalochaka 3.5 ray rett karithile ebong mantabya deithileh "chalachitrati aarambharu ehaa spust kare je ehaa kaunasi prakarara boudhika uddipana pradan kariba paain design karajai nathila, ebong ehaaku khojiba paain kaunasi prayasa nirarthaka heba . ehaa gyalereere khelibaku adhika agrahi ebong apana jekaunasi banijyika manoranjanakareenka pari jogajoga karajiba uchit . "daa time off india" rahr samalochaka samalochaka 5ru starr reting deichhanti ebong lekhichhanti je ehaa eka "runn-off-daa-mill thriller jaahaa apana najakanku pasanda kariba ebong ashcharjya heba paain tiari hoichhi. ehaa aapananku tanku pasanda karibaku ebong taanka paain mulapocha karibaku daabi karuchhi, belebele sahanubhuti paain ebong anya samajare taanka buddhi paain . ehaa sampurna bhabe eka kahani jaahaa charipate ghoori buluchhi, jaahaa aapananku tanku pasanda karibaku ebong taanka sherlock-ayon buddhimattaku prashansa karibaku utsahita karibara abashyakata rahichhi. siphinka samalochaka ehaaku eka "harahari thriller" bolly kahichanti ebong 5 skelare 2.5 rett deichhanti ebong kahichanti je chalachitrati "eka bhal wana time watch bhabare samapta hue, jeunmane romanchita heba paain adhika aabasyaka karanti naahin .
remake karantu.
februari 2019 sheshare, unnikrishnan kahithile je bhajakam ehi chalachitrara punahnirmana kariba bishajare bichara karuchhi ebong alochana prarambhika parjyajare achhi. ehi chalachitrare abhinai kariba paain aame ubhaja akshaiah kumar ebong shaah rookh khannka saha kathaa heuchhu.
| kodthi samaksham baalan vakeel
kodthi samaksham ballan vakkeel () ikk 2019 dee bharti malialam bhasha dee kamedi action thriller film haii, jiss daa nirdeshan atey likhat bee. unnikrishnan, atey viacom 18 motion pictures duaara nirmit. film witch dileep, mamta mohandas, priaa anand, harish uthaan, siddik atey aju verghese neey kamm keeta haii. ih balakrishnan dee kahani haii, joe ikk hangama curran vaala vakeel haii.
plaat.
ikk vadde vapari, ronald (harish uthaan) dee qaar utte chhapa maariaa jaanda haii. uh qaar witch mille atey pulis duaara lae gaye.
kahani firr ball (dileep) vall jaandi haii, ikk vakeel jiss neey aapni hangama caarn zindagi witch ziaada kamai naheen keeti haii. uh aakharkar uss mamle witch safal hoow jaanda haii jiss witch uss dey muwakkil anjaar (aju vargis) noon zamanat ditti gaee see. jadon anjaar aapni fees dee bajaae ikk tedhi cloney witch ball laee ikk gharr dee peshkash karda haii, taan uss noon babu (bhiman raghu) duaara gharr toon bahr kaddh ditta jaanda haii. uh aapne jaddi shehar witch aapne gharr chalaa jaanda haii jitthe uss dey pitaa (siddik) atey maan (bindu painikar) rahinde hunn. kujh mandbhagiaan ghatnavan toon baad, ballan daa jeeja (suraj venjarmudu) uss noon ikk gunjhaldar case saunpada haii.
blun anuradh laee aapne piaar caarn case daa hall karda haii. pulis mukhi pulis duaara zabat keeti gaee nakdi daa hissa see. ronaldo atey teena naal uss dee milibhugat noon anuradha dey budhiman pitaa duaara filmaiaa giaa haii joe puchhda haii parr dee. jee. uss noon maar dinda haii. pitaa neey baink dey locker witch gupat rakkhiaa. unhan neey aapni dhee noon bujhartan hall curney sikhai haii. uss yogta naal uh baalan dee mamle witch pramukh leedan naal madad kardi haii atey baaki kahani ih haii kii uh iss rahass noon kiven hall karde hunn.
utpadan.
unnikrishnan neey shuru witch mohanlal noon balakrishnan laee munn witch rakkh keey kahani dee kalpana keeti, jiss dee kalpana unhan neey 2014 witch keeti see. jadon unhan neey ikk-line dee kahani dassi, taan mohanlal neey sujhaa ditta kii dileep iss kirdaar dey anukool hovega. iss film daa nirman viacom 18 motion pictures duaara keeta giaa see atey ih malialam cinema witch unhan dee shuruat haii.
sangeet.
rahul raaj noon shuru witch sangeetkar vajon sine keeta giaa see. parr jiven hii project noon aktubar takk vadha ditta giaa, rahul raaj noon doou gaane, "firr panimathiye" atey "thaane itha" dee rachna curran toon baad bahr nikalna piaa kiunki uss noon barkali, spain witch honaa piaa see. iss tarahan baaki doou geet, "babuveta" atey "onam mindathe" gopi sunder duaara tiaar keete gaye sunn.
marketing atey rileez.
kodthi samaksham ballan vakeel" daa teaser trailer vdo 27 dasambar 2018 noon jaari keeta giaa see. "kodthi samaksham ballan vakeel" daa theatre trailer 24 janwari 2019 noon jaari keeta giaa see. film 21 farvari 2019 noon rileez keeti gaee see.
suagat.
boxes offices 'teey.
ih film ikk vaparak safalta see, jiss neey keral toon kamai keeti. film neey aapne jeevan qaal witch amrica toon lagbhag 47,728 dallar dee kamai keeti. iss neey newzealand toon $8,546 (nz $12,484) (₹5.91 lakkh) dee kamai keeti.
aalochnatmak pratikiriaa.
ਪ੍ਰਤੀਕਿਰਿਆ। neey 5 dey paimane witch 3.5 daa darja ditta atey likhiaa kii film" "lokpriya cinema dey saare sahee tattan noon milaundi haii atey jetu bann keey ubbhardi haii. "nioo indian express" dey aalochak neey vee iss noon 5 vicchon 3.5 daa darja ditta atey tippni kitia "film shuru toon hii ih spasht kardi haii kii ih kise vee kisam dee baudhik utejana pardan curran laee tiaar naheen keeti gaee see, atey iss dee bhaal curran dee koee vee koshish viarth witch ikk abhiaas hovegi. ih gallery witch khedan witch vadhere dilchaspi rakkhda haii atey iss naal use tarahan samparak keeta jaanha chahida haii jiven tusin kise vee vaparak manoranjak naal karde hoow. "times aaf india" dey aalochak neey 5 vicchon 3 staran daa darja ditta atey likhiaa kii ih ikk "runn-aaf-dha-mill thriller haii joe tuhade laee hiro noon pasand curran atey uss toon hairan honn laee banayi gaee haii. ih tuhanun uss noon pasand curran atey uss laee jadah paunh dee mung qarr riha haii, kaee vaar hamdardi dey caarn atey kaee vaar uss dee buddhi laee. ih ikk ajihi kahani haii joe puurii tarahan ghumdi haii jiss witch tuhanun uss noon pasand curran atey uss dee sherlock-eoin buddhi dee kadar curran laee prerit curran dee zaroorat haii. sifi dey aalochak neey iss noon ikk "ausat thriller" kiha atey 5 dey paimane witch 2.5 daa darja ditta atey kiha kii film "ikk vaar dekhan laee theek haii, uhanan lokan laee paek keeti gaee haii jinhan noon romanchit honn dee ziaada zaroorat naheen haii.
rii-kamm.
farvari 2019 dey akheer witch, unikrishnan neey kiha kii viacom film noon dubara banaun baare vichaar qarr riha haii atey vichaar-vatandre shuruati padaa witch hunn. aseen akshai kumar atey shaah rukkh khaan dovan naal film witch abhinai curran laee gall qarr rahey haan.
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kodathi samakshama baalan vakeel
kodathi samaaksham baalan vakkeel () iti 2019 tamavarshasya bhaarateey-malayaalam-bhashayaha hasya-aakshan-thriller-chalacchitram asti, yasya lekhanam nirdeshanm cha bee. unnikrushnan, vayaakaam 18 moshan pictures ityanena nirmitah. asmin chalachchitre dileepah, mamataa mohandas, priyaa aanand, harish-uthaman, siddeek, ajoo vargees cha abhinayishyanti. etat baalakrushnan ityasya anusaranam karoti, yah ekaha adhivaktaa asti, yah achakantitah asti.
plut.
ronald (harish-uthaman) namakasya vishaalasya vyaapaarinah vaahanasya upari akramanam bhavati. te kaar-madhye drushyante, aarakshakaih cha gruheetaani bhavanti.
tatah kathaa baalan (dileep) ityasmai parivartate, yah ekaha adhivaktaa asti yah swasya hataayena jeevanam adhikam naa sampaadyata. ante saha swasya grahakasya anzaar (aju vargees) ityasya krute jaaminam dattasy prakarane saphalah bhavati. yadaa anzaar ityeshah swasya shulkasya sthaane baalan ityasya krute kutil-upaniveshasya gruham pradaasyati, tadaa saha baabu (bheeman-raghu) ityanena gruhaat nishkaasitah bhavati. saha svagramam swagruham prati prasthanam karoti yatra tasya pitaa (siddik), maataa (bindu-panikkar) cha nivasanti. keshaanchan durbhagyapurnanam ghatanaabhyah anantaram, baalan ityasya bhrata (sooraj venjaraamoodu) jatilam prakaranam tam samarpayati.
anuraadhaaprati premena balan prakaranam pariharati. aarakshakaih japtasya dhanasya bhaagah aarakshakapramukhah aasit. ronaldo tathaa teana ityetaih saha tasya sambandhah anuraadhasy buddhimaanapituh chitrayati yah prucchati parantu dii. jii. tam maarayati. pitaa byaank-laakar madhye guptam rakshitavaan. saha swaputreem puzzles ityasya samadhanam upadishat. tasmin kshamatayaa saa baalan-varyam prakaranasya pramukha-paatraih sahayyam karoti, sheshakatha tu te katham asya rahasyasy samadhanam akurvan iti.
utpaadanam.
baalakrushnan ityasya kathayaha kalpanaa, 2014 tame varshe mohanlal-varyena manyante sma iti, tasya kalpanaa, prathame unnikrushnan-varyena krutaa aasit. yadaa saha eka-pankti-kathaa avadat tadaa mohanlal-varyaha dileepah paatrasya krute uttamah upayuktah iti soochitavaan. vayaakaam 18 moshan pictures ityanena nirmitam chalacchitram, malayaalam-chalachchitre teshaam prathamam chalacchitram asti.
sangeetam.
rahularajaha praarambhe sangeeta-rachanaakaaratven sweekrutah aasit. parantu yadaa pariyojanaa october-maasaparyantam sthagitaa, tadaa raahul-raaj ityayam "tatah panimathiye" tathaa "thaaniye ithaa" iti geetadwayam rachayitvaa nishkasanam kartavyam aasit, yatah saha spen-deshasya berkley-nagare eva aasit. anyadwayam geetam, "babuvetta" tathaa "onnum mindethe" cha evam gopee sundarena rachitam aasit.
vipananam cha mukttim cha.
kodaathi-samakshama-baalan-vakeel" ityasya teaser-trailer-veediyo 27 december 2018 dinaanke pradarshitah. "kodaathi-samakshama-baalan-vakeel" ityasya naatakeey-trailer 24 janavaree 2019 dinaanke pradarshitah. chalacchitram 21 februvari 2019 dinaanke pradarshitam.
sweekaranam.
baaks-aafis madhye.
keralaat dhanalabham praapya etat chalacchitram vanijyadrushtya safalam abhavat. chalacchitram swasya jeevanakaale amerikadeshat praayah $47,728 dhanam arjitavaan. etat newzealand-deshaat $8,546 (nz $12,484) (₹ 5.91 laksham) akhyujyate.
vimarshaatmakapratikriyaa.
"nyoos18" iti chalacchitram 5 iti shrenyaa 3.5 iti rating krutvaa likhati yat etat chalacchitram "lokapriyatavadi-chalacchitrasya sarvaani samyak ghatakaah mishrya, vijayam avaapnot" iti. "da nyoo indian express" ityasya sameekshakah api asya 5 madhye 3.5 iti mulyankanam krutvaa tippaneem akarot, "etat chalacchitram poorvamev spashtam karoti yat etat kasyaapi bauddhika-uttejanartham naa parikalpitam aasit, tathaa cha tatt anveshtum yat api prayaasah vyartham bhavati iti. etat chitrashalayam kreedayitum adhikam rochate, tathaa cha bhavaan vaanijya-manoranjanasya yathaa bhavantam saha saha samparkam karoti tathaiva cha bhavet ". "da tams aaf india" iti sameekshakah 5 madhye 3 nakshatrai ankitavaan, tathaa cha etat "runn-aaf-da-mill-thriller" iti likhat yat bhavatah nayakasya ishtaya, vismayaay cha nirmitam asti iti. kadaachit sahaanubhooteh karanat, anyasamaye tasya buddheh karanat cha, tam rochayitum, tasya mulartham cha bhavantam praarthayati. eshaa kathaa sampurnataya parikramitaa asti yaa bhavantam tam rochayitum, tasya sherlock-ian-buddheh prashamsaam kartum cha prerayati. sifee ityasya sameekshakah etat "madhya-thriller" iti uktavaan, 5 iti scale madhye 2.5 iti rating krutvaa avadat yat etat chalacchitram "ekam praavashyam veekshaneeyam asti, yat teshaam krute pyaakej krutam asti, yaan romaancham kartum adhikam aavashyakam naasti" iti.
punarnirmitam.
2019 februvari-masasya ante, unnikrushnan avadat yat vayaakaam chalacchitrasya punarnirmanam kartum vichaarayati, charchaah cha praarambhik-charaneshu santi iti. vayam chalachchitre abhinayartham akshayakumaarah, shaharukh khaan cha ityetaih saha vaartaalaapam kurwantah. |
koadathi samaksham paalan vageel
koadathi samaksham paalan vakkeel () enbathu 2019 aam aandu veliyaana inthiya malaiyaala mozhi nagaichchuvai athiradi thriller thiraippatamaagum, idhu pii. yunikrishnan, mattrum vayaagaam 18 moashan bixers thayaariththathu. tileep, mamtha mogandas, priyaa anand, harish uttamaan, siththik mattrum aju varkees aagiyoar ippadaththil nadiththullanar. idhu paala krishnan endra oru vazhakkarinaraip pinthodarkirathu, avar oru thadumaattraththudan irukkiraar.
sathi.
ronault (harish udhamaan) endra periya thozhilathibarin kaarr meethu oru soathanai nadaiperukirathu. avarkal kaaril kandupidikkappattu kaavalthuraiyinaraal alaiththuch sellappadugiraargal.
kadhai pinnar paalan (tileep) enbavarukku maarukirathu, avar oru vazhakkarinyar, avar thanathu thadumaattraththin kaaranamaaga vaazhkkaiyil adhigam sambaathikkavillai. iruthiyaaka avar thanathu vaadikkaiyaalar ansaarukku (aju varkees) jameen valangkiya vazhakkil vettri perukiraar. ansar thanathu kattanaththirku pathilaaka paalanukku oru valaintha colonyil oru veettai valangkiya piragu, avarai paapu (beeman raagu) veettai vittu veliyaettrukiraar. avar thanathu sontha uuraana thanathu veettirkuch selkiraar, angku avarathu thanthai (siththik) mattrum taayaar (pinthu panikar) thangkiyullanar. sila thurathirshtavasamaana nigazhvugalukkup piragu, paalanin maiththunar (suraj vencharamuththu) oru sikkalaana valakkai avaridam oppadaiththaar.
anuradha meethaana kaathal kaaranamaaga paalan vazhakkaith theerkkiraar. kaavalthuraiyinaraal parimuthal seiyappatta antha panaththil kaavalthuraith thalaivarum oru paguthiyaaga irunthaar. ronaldo mattrum dinaavudanaana avarathu thodarbu anuraathaavin puththisaalithanamaana thanthaiyaal padamaakkappattathu, avar ketkiraar, aanaal dii. jii avaraik kolla vaikkiraar. thanthai vangki lockeril ragasiyamaaga vaiththirunthaar. puthirkalaith theerkka avar thanathu magalukkuk karpitthullaar. antha thiranudan avar paalanukku mukiya kadhaigaludan udhavugiraar, meethamulla kadhai avarkal inththa marmatthai evvaaru theerkkiraarkal enbathuthaan.
urpaththi.
2014 aam aandil balakrishnanai manathil kondu moakanlaalaik kondu kadhai ontrai muthalil kaatchippadutthinaar. oru varik kadhaiyaich sonnapoathu, tileep inththa kathaapaaththiraththirku migavum poruththamaaga iruppaar endru moaganlaal parinthuraiththaar. vayaagaam 18 moashan bixers thayaariththa inthap padam malaiyaala chinimaavil arimugamaagirathu.
isai.
ragul raaj aarambaththil isaiyamaippaalaraaka oppantham seiyappattaar. aanaal inthath thittam october maathaththirku thallapattathaal, ragul raaj irandu paadalkalai isaiyamaiththa piragu vilaga vaendiyirunththathu, pinnar avar spainin berkley nagaril irukka vaendiyirunththathaal "panimaththiye" mattrum "thaniye idaa". mattra irandu paadalkalaana "babuvetta" mattrum "onnum mindadhe" aagiyavai koopi sunthar avarkalaal iyatrtrappattana.
santhaippaduththal mattrum veliyeedu.
koadathi samasam paalan vageel" padaththin deeser trailer veediyoa 27 disambar 2018 andru veliyidappattathu. "koadathi samasam paalan vageel" padaththin thiraiyaranga trailer 24 janavari 2019 andru veliyidappattathu. padam 21 pipravari 2019 andru veliyidappattathu.
varavaerpu.
backs aapis.
inthap padam vaniga reethiyaaga vettri pettru keralaavil vasooliththathu. iththiraippadam adhan vaazhnaalil amerikkaavilirunthu sumar $47,728 vasooliththathu. idhu newzealaandhil irunthu $8,546 (nz $12,484) (₹ 5.91 latcham) vasooliththathu.
vimarsana reethiyaana pathil.
"news 18" "5 endra alavil 3.5 mathippeettai aliththathu mattrum padam" "makkal thiraiyidum chinimaavin anaitthu sariyaana koorugalaiyum kalakkirathu mattrum vettri perukirathu" "endru ezhuthiyathu". "puthiya inthiyan express" vimarsagarum idhai 5 kku 3.5 yena mathippittaar mattrum karutthu therivithaar "endhavoru arivusaar thoonduthalaiyum vazhangkuvatharkaaga idhu vadivamaikkappadavillai enbathai padam aarambaththil irunththae thelivupaduththukirathu, maelum adhaith thaeduvatharkaana endhavoru muyarchiyum payanattra oru payirchiyaaga irukkum. caloryil vilaiyaaduvathil adhiga aarvam konda idhu, endhavoru vaniga pozhuthupoakku veeraraiyum neengkal anuguvathu poalavae anugappada vaendum ". "times off india" vimarsagar 5 kku 3 natchaththiranggalai mathippittaar, maelum idhu oru "ruun-off-thii-mill thriller" endru ezhuthinaar, idhu neengkal heerovai virumbuvatharkum piramikka vaippatharkum uruvaakkappattathu. sila nerangalil anuthaapam mattrum pira nerangalil avarathu puththisaaliththanaththirkaaka avarai virumbavum, avarukkaaga vaeroontravum idhu koorukirathu. idhu muttrilum avaraich suttri varum oru kadhai, idhu avarai virumbavum, avarathu sherlock-ayan nunnarivaip paaraattavum ungkalaith thoonda vaendum ". sibiyin vimarsagar idhai oru "sarasari thriller" endru alaiththaar mattrum 5 endra alavil 2.5 mathippeettai aliththaar, maelum padam "oru murai paarkkum poathu nandraaga irukkum, idhu urchaakamaaka irukka adhigam thevaiyillaathavargalukkaaka thogukkappattullathu" entraar.
maruu aakkam.
pipravari 2019 inn pirpaguthiyil, vikaam padaththai maruu aakkam seivathu kuritthu pariseeliththu varuvathaakavum, vivaathangkal aaramba kattangalil iruppathaakavum unnikrishnan koorinaar. padaththil nadippatharkaaga akshay kumar mattrum shaa rukh qaan aagiya iruvaridamum paesukiroam.
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kodati samaksham baalan vakeel
kodati samaksham baalan vakkeel () anedi bii. rachinchi, darsakatvam vahinchina 2019 bharatiya malayaala bhasha haasya action thriller chitram. unnikrishnan, mariyu viacom 18 motion pictures nirminchindi. eee chitramlo dileep, mamataa mohandas, priya anand, harish utaman, siddiq, aju vargees pradhana paatralu pooshinchaaru. idhi nattigaa matlade nyaayavaadi balakrishnan nuu anusaristundi.
plaat.
bhaarii vyaapaaravaetta ayina ronald (harish uthaman) kaarupai daadi jarugutundi. kaarulo dorikina vaarini pooliisulu teesukellaaru.
katha appudu thana nattigaa matladatam valla jeevitamlo peddagaa sampaadinchani nyaayavaadi baalan (dileep) vaipu maarutundi. chivaraku thana kakshidaaru anjaarku (aju vargees) beyil manjuru chesina kesulo athanu vijayam saadhistaadu. anjaaru thana feezuku badulugaa baalan kosam vankara kaalaneelo oka intini icchina taruvaata, atanni baabu (bhiman raghu) inti nundi tarimikottataadu. athanu thana tandri (siddiq) mariyu talli (bindu panikkar) nivasinche thana swasthalamaina thana intiki veltaadu. konni duradrushtakara sanghatanala taruvaata, baalan baavamaridi (suuraj venjaramudu) ataniki sanklishtamaina kesunu appagistaadu.
anuraadha patla tanakunna prema kaaranamgaa baalan eee kesunu parishkaristaadu. pooliisulu swaadheenam chesukunna aaa nagadulo pooliisu cheef kooda oka bhaagam. ronaldo mariyu tinalatho athani anubandhaanni anuraadha yokka telivaina tandri chithreekarinchaadu, athanu adugutaadu conny digi atanni champestaadu. tandri byaanku lackerlo rahasyamgaa unchaadu. athanu thana kumarteku puzzles parishkarinchadam neerpinchaadu. aaa saamardhyamtho aame baalanku eee kesulo pradhana paatralatho sahayam chestundi mariyu migilina katha vaaru eee rahasyanni elaa parishkaristaaranedi.
utpatti.
balakrishnan kosam mohan laal nuu drushtilo unchukuni, 2014loe anukuni, eee kathanu anukuni, oka line kathanu cheppinappudu, dileep eee paatraku baga saripotundani mohan laal suuchimchaaru. viacom 18 motion pictures nirminchina eee chitram malayaala chithraseemalo vaari toli chitramgaa nilichindi.
sangeetam.
modatlo rahul raaj swarakartagaa santakam cheyabaddaadu. conny eee project octoberku vaida veyadamtho, rahul raaj rendu paatalanu swaraparichina taruvaata, "appudu panimathiye" mariyu "taniye itha" anie rendu paatalanu swaraparichina taruvaata, athanu speyinlooni berkley undalsi vachindi. babuvetta" mariyu "onnum mindathe" anae itara rendu paatalanu gopi sunder swaraparichaaru.
marketing mariyu vidudala.
kodati samaksham baalan vakeel" yokka teaser trailer veediyo 27 december 2018naa vidudalaindi. "kodati samaksham baalan vakeel" yokka theatrical trailer 24 janavari 2019naa vidudalaindi. eee chitram 21 fibravari 2019naa vidudalaindi.
swaagatam.
baxafies vadda.
eee chitram kerala nundi vasoollu saadhinchi vaanijyaparamgaa vijayam saadhinchindi. eee chitram thana jeevitakaalamlo america nundi sumaru $47,728 vasoolu chesindi. idhi newzealand nundi $8,546 (nz $12,484) (₹ 5.91 laksalu) vasoolu chesindi.
vimarsanaatmaka pratispandana.
"nyuus 18" "5 scalelo 3.5 rating ichindi mariyu eee chitram" "prajaadarana pondina cinema yokka anni saraina amsaalanu militam chesi vijayavantamavutundi" "anie rasindi". "nyuu indian express" vimarsakudu kooda dheeniki 5kii 3.5 rating icchi ilaa vyaakhyaaninchaaduh "idhi yea vidhamaina medho uddeepananu andinchadaaniki roopondinchabadaledani, daanini vetakadaaniki chese yea prayatnamainaa vyardhatalo oka vyayamam anie eee chitram modati nundi spashtam chestundi. idhi gallerieki velladaaniki ekkuva aasakti kaligi untundi mariyu meeru yea vaanijya vinodaatmakamaina vinodaanni andinche maadirigaane sampradinchaali ". "dhi times off india" vimarsakudu 5 kii 3 nakshatraalanu rating chesi, meeru heroni ishtapadataaniki mariyu aascharyapovadaaniki roopondinchina "runn-off-dhi-mill thriller" anie raasaadu. konnisaarlu saanubhooti kaaranamgaa, itara samayaallo athani telivitaetala kaaranamgaa, meeru atanni ishtapadaalani, athani kosam muulaalu veyaalani idhi korutondi. idhi puurtigaa chuttoo tirige katha, idhi atanni ishtapadamani mariyu athani sherlock-eoin medhassunu mechukovalani mimmalni prerepinchaalsina avasaram undhi ". sifi yokka vimarsakudu dheenini "sagatu thriller" anie pilicharu mariyu 5 scalelo 2.5 rating icchaaru mariyu eee chitram "oka saari chuse sarada, thrill avvaalsina avasaram laeni vaari kosam pyaak cheyabadindi" anie annaru.
remake.
2019 fibravari chivaralo, viacom eee chitraanni remake cheyaalani aalochistondani, charchalu prarambha dasalo unnayani unnikrishnan chepparu. eee chitramlo natinchadaaniki akshay kumar, shaa rukh khaan iddaritoe matladutunnam. | kodti samkasham blaan wakeel
kodthi samkasham blaan wakeel () 2019 kii hindustani malyalim zabaan kii mazahiya action tharlar film hay jiss kii tehreer aur hidayat kaaree bee. increnan aur wiya kaam 18 motion pakcharz kay zariah tayaar kardah. film mein daleep mamta mohan daas pariyah aanand haresh authman saddiq aur ajj wargees nay adakari kii hay. yaha baal krishnan kii peervi karti hay juu eek hichkichahat kay saath eek wakeel hay.
plaat.
eek behat baday tajir ronald (haresh authman) kii kaar parr chhapah maaraa jaataa hay. kaar mein paaye jaatay haine aur police lay jaati hay.
iss kay baad kahaani blaan (daleep) kii taraf muntaqil how jaati hay juu eek wakeel hay jiss nay apnee hichkichahat kii wajah say zindagi mein ziyadah kachh nahein kamaya hay. wah aakhir kaar eek aisey moqhadhime mein kamiyab how jaataa hay jiss mein iss kay mokal anzaar (ajoo wargees) kuu zamanat dee gayee thee. jabb anzaar apnee fees kay bajaye blaan kay liye eek manharaf kaloni mein gahar paish kartaa hay tuu asay baabo (bheman raagho) gahar say baahir nikaal deeta hay. wah apnay aabayi shehar mein apnay gahar chalaa jaataa hay jehaan iss kay waalid (saddiq) aur maan (bando ghabranay waalay) rehtay haine. kachh badqismati kay waaqiaat kay baad blaan kaa behnuyi (soraj venjaramodo) asay eek paichidah moqhadhima sonpa deeta hay.
blaan anwaradh say apnee mohabat kii wajah say kees hall kartaa hay. police cheef police kii taraf say zabt kii gayee iss nqd raqam kaa hasah thaa. ronaldo aur tanah kay saath iss kay gath joad kuu anwaradha kay zaheen waalid nay filmaya hay juu poochta hay leakin ddee jee asay maar daalta hay. waalid nay benak locker mein raaz rakhaa. iss nay apnee betty kuu paheliyan hall karnaa sikhaya hay. iss salahiyat kay saath wah baalan kuu kees mein aham leads kay saath madad karti hay aur baaqi kahaani yaha hay kahh wah iss israar kuu kisay hall kartay haine.
paidawar.
increnan nay ibtadayi toor parr mohan laal kuu zahan mein rakhtay hoay kahaani kaa tasavur kiyaa jiss kaa tasavur inhon nay 2014 mein kiyaa thaa. jabb inhon nay eek line kii kahaani sanayi tuu mohan laal nay tajweez kiyaa kahh daleep kirdaar kay mutabiq behatar hoga. yaha film wiya kaam 18 motion pakcharz nay tayaar kii thee aur malyalim cinema mein inn kii pehli film hay.
mausiqi.
rahul raaj kuu ibtadayi toor parr composure kay toor parr saain kiyaa gayaa thaa. leakin jeesay hyee iss mansubay kuu aktobar takk badhaya gayaa rahul raaj kuu duu gaaney "phir panimathi" aur "thaani aitha" tartib deenay kay baad aapat aaot karnaa padaa keunkah inhein speen kay barkali mein honaa thaa. deegar duu gaanay "babuveta" aur "oonam mandatay" iss tarah gopi sinder nay tartib diye thay.
marketing aur release.
kodthi samakasham blaan wakeel" kaa teaser trailer video 27 dasambar 2018 kuu release kiyaa gayaa thaa. "kodthi samakasham blaan wakeel" kaa theater trailer 24 januri 2019 kuu release kiyaa gayaa thaa. yaha film 21 faroori 2019 kuu release hoyee thee.
isteqbaliya.
baaks aafs.
yaha film tajarti toor parr kamiyab rahee jiss nay kiralah say kamayi kii. film nay apnee zindagi mein america say taqriba 47,728 ddaalar kamaye. iss nay newzi lend say $8,546 (nz $12,484) (₹ 5,91 laakh) kamaye.
tanqidi radamil.
"newz 18" nay 5 kay paimanay parr 3.5 kii darjah bundi kii aur likhaa kahh yaha film "" maqbool cinema kay tamaam saheeh ajzaa kuu milati hay aur fatehana toor parr ubharti hay. "dee neo indeen express" kay nqad nay bhee asay 5 mein say 3.5 kii darjah bundi kii aur tabsarah kiyaa: "film sharoo say hyee yaha waazah karti hay kahh asay kasee bhee qasm kii danishwarana moharrik farahim karnay kay liye design nahein kiyaa gayaa thaa aur iss kii talaash kii koyee bhee koshish bay sood amal hogi. yaha gallery mein khelnay mein ziyadah dilchaspi rakhta hay aur iss say asee tarah raabtah kiyaa jaana chahiye jiss tarah aap kasee bhee tajarti tafrih kaar say kartay haine. "times aaf indiya" kay nqad nay 5 mein say 3 sataron kii darjah bundi kii aur likhaa kahh yaha eek "runn aaf dee mill tharlar hay juu aap kay herow kuu pasand karnay aur iss say khufzadah honay kay liye banayi gayee hay. yaha aap say mutalibah kirr rehaa hay kahh aap asay pasand karein aur iss kay liye judd jadein kabhi humdardi kii wajah say aur kabhi iss kii zahanat kii wajah say. yaha eek aisi kahaani hay juu makmal toor parr iss kay gird ghomti hay jiss kay liye aap kuu iss kii pasand karnay aur iss kii sheerlock-ayaan zahanat kii tareef karnay kii targhib deenay kii zarurat hay. seefi kay nqad nay asay "ausat tharlar" qaraar diyaa aur 5 kay paimanay mein 2.5 kii darjah bundi kii aur kahaa kahh yaha film "eek baar dekhnay kay liye theek hay inn logon kay liye peek kii gayee hay jinhein parjosh honay kii ziyadah zarurat nahein hay.
remake.
faroori 2019 kay aakhir mein increnan nay kahaa kahh wiya kaam film kuu dobarah bananay parr ghoor kirr rehaa hay aur baath cheet ibtadayi marahil mein hay. humm film mein adakari kay liye akshay kamaar aur shaah rakh khaan donon say baath kirr rahay haine.
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0004e66a025637c764d2c964f2cc271f7e509472b30f2aa5660491b682911e6e | https://en.wikisource.org/wiki?curid=203071 | Lays of Ancient Rome/The Prophecy of Capys |
Lays of Ancient Rome/The Prophecy of Capys
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<templatestyles src="Header/main block/styles.css" />← Introduction to The Prophecy of Capys
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<poem>
"A Lay Sung at the Banquet in the Capitol, on the Day Whereon"
"Manius Curius Dentatus, a Second Time Consul, Triumphed Over King"
"Pyrrhus and the Tarentines, in the Year of the City CCCCLXXIX."
I
Now slain is King Amulius,
Of the great Sylvian line,
Who reigned in Alba Longa,
On the throne of Aventine.
Slain is the Ponfiff Camers,
Who spake the words of doom:
"The children to the Tiber,
The mother to the tomb."
II
In Alba's lake no fisher
His net to-day is flinging;
On the dark rind of Alba's oaks
To-day no axe is ringing;
The yoke hangs o'er the manger;
The scythe lies in the hay:
Through all the Alban villages
No work is done to-day.
III
And every Alban burgher
Hath donned his whitest gown;
And every head in Alba
Weareth a poplar crown;
And every Alban door-post
With boughs and flowers is gay,
For to-day the dead are living,
The lost are found to-day.
IV
They were doomed by a bloody king,
They were doomed by a lying priest,
They were cast on the raging flood,
They were tracked by the raging beast;
Raging beast and raging flood
Alike have spared the prey;
And to-day the dead are living,
The lost are found to-day.
V
The troubled river knew them,
And smoothed his yellow foam,
And gently rocked the cradle
That bore the fate of Rome.
The ravening she-wolf knew them,
And licked them o'er and o'er,
And gave them of her own fierce milk,
Rich with raw flesh and gore.
Twenty winters, twenty springs,
Since then have rolled away;
And to-day the dead are living:
The lost are found to-day.
VI
Blithe it was to see the twins,
Right goodly youths and tall,
Marching from Alba Longa
To their old grandsire's hall.
Along their path fresh garlands
Are hung from tree to tree:
Before them stride the pipers,
Piping a note of glee.
VII
On the right goes Romulus,
With arms to the elbows red,
And in his hand a broadsword,
And on the blade a head—
A head in an iron helmet,
With horse-hair hanging down,
A shaggy head, a swarthy head,
Fixed in a ghastly frown—
The head of King Amulius
Of the great Sylvian line,
Who reigned in Alba Longa,
On the throne of Aventine.
VIII
On the left side goes Remus,
With wrists and fingers red,
And in his hand a boar-spear,
And on the point a head—
A wrinkled head and aged,
With silver beard and hair,
And holy fillets round it,
Such as the pontiffs wear—
The head of ancient Camers,
Who spake the words of doom:
"The children to the Tiber;
The mother to the tomb."
IX
Two and two behind the twins
Their trusty comrades go,
Four and forty valiant men,
With club, and axe, and bow.
On each side every hamlet
Pours forth its joyous crowd,
Shouting lads and baying dogs,
And children laughing loud,
And old men weeping fondly
As Rhea's boys go by,
And maids who shriek to see the heads,
Yet, shrieking, press more nigh.
X
So marched they along the lake;
They marched by fold and stall,
By cornfield and by vineyard,
Unto the old man's hall.
XI
In the hall-gate sat Capys,
Capys, the sightless seer;
From head to foot he trembled
As Romulus drew near.
And up stood stiff his thin white hair,
And his blind eyes flashed fire:
"Hail! foster child of the wondrous nurse!
Hail! son of the wondrous sire!"
XII
"But thou—what dost thou here
In the old man's peaceful hall?
What doth the eagle in the coop,
The bison in the stall?
Our corn fills many a garner;
Our vines clasp many a tree;
Our flocks are white on many a hill:
But these are not for thee.
XIII
"For thee no treasure ripens
In the Tartessian mine;
For thee no ship brings precious bales
Across the Libyan brine;
Thou shalt not drink from amber;
Thou shalt not rest on down;
Arabia shall not steep thy locks,
Nor Sidon tinge thy gown.
XIV
"Leave gold and myrrh and jewels,
Rich table and soft bed,
To them who of man's seed are born,
Whom woman's milk have fed.
Thou wast not made for lucre,
For pleasure, nor for rest;
Thou, that art sprung from the War-god's loins,
And hast tugged at the she-wolf's breast.
XV
"From sunrise unto sunset
All earth shall hear thy fame:
A glorious city thou shalt build,
And name it by thy name:
And there, unquenched through ages,
Like Vesta's sacred fire,
Shall live the spirit of thy nurse,
The spirit of thy sire.
XVI
"The ox toils through the furrow,
Obedient to the goad;
The patient ass, up flinty paths,
Plods with his weary load:
With whine and bound the spaniel
His master's whistle hears;
And the sheep yields her patiently
To the loud-clashing shears.
XVII
"But thy nurse will hear no master,
Thy nurse will bear no load;
And woe to them that shear her,
And woe to them that goad!
When all the pack, loud baying,
Her bloody lair surrounds,
She dies in silence, biting hard,
Amidst the dying hounds.
XVIII
"Pomona loves the orchard;
And Liber loves the vine;
And Pales loves the straw-built shed
Warm with the breath of kine;
And Venus loves the whispers
Of plighted youth and maid,
In April's ivory moonlight
Beneath the chestnut shade.
XIX
"But thy father loves the clashing
Of broadsword and of shield:
He loves to drink the steam that reeks
From the fresh battlefield:
He smiles a smile more dreadful
Than his own dreadful frown,
When he sees the thick black cloud of smoke
Go up from the conquered town.
XX
"And such as is the War-god,
The author of thy line,
And such as she who suckled thee,
Even such be thou and thine.
Leave to the soft Campanian
His baths and his perfumes;
Leave to the sordid race of Tyre
Their dyeing-vats and looms;
Leave to the sons of Carthage
The rudder and the oar;
Leave to the Greek his marble Nymphs
And scrolls of wordy lore.
XXI
"Thine, Roman, is the pilum:
Roman, the sword is thine,
The even trench, the bristling mound,
The legion's ordered line;
And thine the wheels of triumph,
Which with their laurelled train
Move slowly up the shouting streets
To Jove's eternal flame.
XXII
"Beneath thy yoke the Volscian
Shall vail his lofty brow;
Soft Capua's curled revellers
Before thy chairs shall bow:
The Lucumoes of Arnus
Shall quake thy rods to see;
And the proud Samnite's heart of steel
Shall yield to only thee.
XXIII
"The Gaul shall come against thee
From the land of snow and night;
Thou shalt give his fair-haired armies
To the raven and the kite.
XXIV
"The Greek shall come against thee,
The conqueror of the East.
Beside him stalks to battle
The huge earth-shaking beast,
The beast on whom the castle
With all its guards doth stand,
The beast who hath between his eyes
The serpent for a hand.
First march the bold Epirotes,
Wedged close with shield and spear
And the ranks of false Tarentum
Are glittering in the rear.
XXV
"The ranks of false Tarentum
Like hunted sheep shall fly:
In vain the bold Epirotes
Shall round their standards die:
And Apennine's gray vultures
Shall have a noble feast
On the fat and the eyes
Of the the huge earth-shaking beast.
XXVI
"Hurrah! for the good weapons
That keep the War-god's land.
Hurrah! for Rome's stout pilum
In a stout Roman hand.
Hurrah! for Rome's short broadsword
That through the thick array
Of levelled spears and serried shields
Hews deep its gory way.
XXVII
"Hurrah! for the great triumph
That stretches many a mile.
Hurrah! for the wan captives
That pass in endless file.
Ho! bold Epirotes, whither
Hath the Red King taken flight?
Ho! dogs of false Tarentum,
Is not the gown washed white?
XXVIII
"Hurrah! for the great triumph
That stretches many a mile.
Hurrah! for the rich dye of Tyre,
And the fine web of Nile,
The helmets gay with plumage
Torn from the pheasant's wings,
The belts set thick with starry gem
That shone on Indian kings,
The urns of massy silver,
The goblets rough with gold,
The many-colored tablets bright
With loves and wars of old,
The stone that breathes and struggles,
The brass that seems to speak;—
Such cunning they who dwell on high
Have given unto the Greek.
XXIX
"Hurrah! for Manius Curius,
The bravest son of Rome,
Thrice in utmost need sent forth,
Thrice drawn in triumph home.
Weave, weave, for Manius Curius
The third embroidered gown:
Make ready the third lofty car,
And twine the third green crown;
And yoke the steeds of Rosea
With necks like a bended bow,
And deck the bull, Mevania's bull,
The bull as white as snow.
XXX
"Blest and thrice blest the Roman
Who sees Rome's brightest day,
Who sees that long victorious pomp
Wind down the Sacred Way,
And through the bellowing Forum,
And round the Suppliant's Grove,
Up to the everlasting gates
Of Capitolian Jove.
XXXI
"Then where, o'er two bright havens,
The towers of Corinth frown;
Where the gigantic King of Day
On his own Rhodes looks down;
Where oft Orontes murmurs
Beneath the laurel shades;
Where Nile reflects the endless length
Of dark red colonnades;
Where in the still deep water,
Sheltered from waves and blasts,
Bristles the dusky forest
Of Byrsa's thousand masts;
Where fur-clad hunters wander
Amidst the northern ice;
Where through the sand of morning-land
The camel bears the spice;
Where Atlas flings his shadow
Far o'er the western foam,
Shall be great fear on all who hear
The mighty name of Rome."
</poem>
| ley 'jo owo antinent room/dyo pephesi owo kepis
kepixor bhobisyodwanir porisoy
"rajdhanir bhujot etaa ley gaisil, ji dinaa"
"dwitiyobaror konsal manius curious dentataxe rojak joy korisil"
"cclxxx sohoror bosorot pairhus aaru turrentines."
moi
etiya nihot hoise roja aamuliyas,
mohan silvian rekhar,
ji aalba lungat xaxon korisil,
aventinor xinghaxonot.
nihot hoise ponfif kemerabur,
jixokole dhongxor xobdobur koichiloh
"xixubure taibaroloi,
maak xomadhir usoroloi."
II
aalbar hrodot kunu maach dhora naai
aaji teur jaaltu ulti aase;
aalbar ukor aandhar bakolir uporot
aaji kunu kuthali bajibo nuware;
juwartuwe khuwarir uporot jurere jurere jurere jurere jurere jurere jurere jurerere jurerere jurerere jurererere jurererere jurerererere jurerererere jurerererererererererere
khoror bhitorot kathoritu thaakeh
xokolu aalban gaonr maajere
aajir dinot kunu kaam koraa nohoy.
iii.
aaru protitu aalban berger
teur ataitkoi bogaa gaunere poridhan korise;
aaru aalbat thoka protitu muur
etaa poo 'plor mukut aase;
aaru protitu aalban duwar-stombho
daal aaru fulor xoite xomokami hoy,
kiyonu aajir dinot mritoxokol jiyai aase,
heruwa bostubur aajir dinot puwa yaay.
iv
ejon roktakto rojai teulukok xasti disil,
ejon misa puruhitor dwara teulukor xasti hoisil,
teulukok tibro banpanit nikhyep koraa hoisil,
teulukok rejing jontutuwe onuxoron korisil;
prosondo jontu aaru prosondo banpani
ekedhorone sikartu rokhya korise;
aaru aaji mritoxokol jiyai aase,
heruwa bostubur aajir dinot puwa yaay.
bhi
oxanto nodikhone teulukok janisil,
aaru teur halodhiya fenatu moxrin kori pelaisil,
aaru laahe laahe dulonatu jukari pelaisil
xeituwe rumor bhagyo bohon korisil.
revening xi-wolfe teulukok janisil,
aaru teulukok u 'irr aaru u' irr satile,
aaru teulukok nijor bhixon gakhiror poraa dile,
kesa maangxo aaru gurere xomridho.
bix xitkal, bixota jhorna,
tetiyar poraa aatori goise;
aaru aajir dinot mritoxokol jiyai aaseh
heruwa bostubur aajir dinot puwa yaay.
bhi. aai.
blithe aasil jomoj xontanbur saboloi,
bhaal juwok aaru ukh,
aalba lungar poraa jatra
teulukor puroni natinir hololoi.
teulukor pothot xotej maala
gosor poraa gosoloi uliyaboloi hoyoh
piperbur uporoloi juwar aagote,
etaa aanondor tuka.
vii
xufale rumulax yaay,
haator poraa kilakutir uporot ronga,
aaru teur haatot etaa bohol toruwal,
aaru bladot etaa muur -
luhar helmate pindhi thoka etaa muur,
ghurar suli ulomi thokar xoite,
etaa kopi thoka muur, etaa swordi muur,
bhoyanok bhowonot sthir hoi aase -
roja aamuliyasor murobbi
mohan silvian rekhar,
ji aalba lungat xaxon korisil,
aventinor xinghaxonot.
viii
baufale rimus yaay,
haator muthito aaru angulire ronga,
aaru teur haatot etaa gaahorir borxa,
aaru etaa murot -
murtu kunchit aaru briddho,
rupali daari aaru sulire,
aaru iyar sariufale pobitro philate,
jene pontife pindha -
prasin kemerar mur,
jixokole dhongxor xobdobur koichiloh
"xixubure taibaroloi yaay;
maak xomadhir usoroloi."
aai. aai. ess.
jomoj xontanor pisfale dui aaru dutaa
teulukor biswaxi xohokormixokol yaay,
chaari sarijon xahoxi manuh,
club, aaru kujoru dhonur xoite.
protitu faale protitu gaaw
iyar aanondomoy bhir dhaali diye,
siriyai thoka lo 'dodd aaru beying kukur,
aaru xixuxokole jurere hahisil,
aaru bridhoxokole premore kandise
rear lo "raa-suwalibure juwar loge loge,
aaru murbur saboloi siyori thoka daxibur,
tothapiu, siyori, odhik usor sapok.
ex
eidore teuluke hrodor kaxot jatra korile;
teuluke gaathi aaru stolore jatra korisil,
xosyokhyetro aaru aanguror bagisar dwara,
bridhojonor hololoi.
xi
holl-gateot bohisil kepix,
kepix, dristihin dorxok;
muror poraa bhoriloi teu kopi porisil
ror "muluse usoroloi ohaar loge loge.
aaru teur paatol bogaa suli drirhobhabe thiyo hoi thakil,
aaru teur ondho sokubure jui jwolai disiloh
"roh! aasorit narsgorakir paalok xontan!
roh! aasorit mohaxoyor putro!"
xii
"kintu tumi-tumi iyat ki korisa?
bridhojonor xantipurno holkhonot?
kupot thoka egoltuwe ki kore,
stolor baisontu?
aamar makoiye bohutu gornar bhorai;
aamar lotar lotabure bohutu goch dhori raakhe;
aamar palbur bohutu paharot bogah
kintu eibur tumar baabe nohoy.
xiii
"tumar baabe kunu dhon-xompoti pori nayay.
tartesian khonito;
tumar baabe kunu jahaje mulyowan gaathi naahe.
libian joloprobahor uporere;
tumi embaror poraa paanee nakhabo;
tumi tolot xui thakibo nuwariba;
aarobiyai tumar taala xisa nokore,
aaru aapunar gauneu rong nokoribo.
xiv
"xun, gondho aaru gohonabur eri jauk,
xomridho tebul aaru kumol bisona,
manuhor bongxor poraa jonmo luwa lukoxokolor baabe,
jaak mohilar gakhire khuwaise.
tumi lukurer baabe sristi huwa nasil,
xukhor baabe, birotir baabe nohoy;
tumi, xei juddhor debotar kokalor poraa udbhob huwa,
aaru taair-nekorer bukur faale taak dhorile.
exvi
"xurzudoyor poraa xurzastoloike
gutei prithibiye tumar khyati xunibo.
tumi etaa gourobujjwol nogor nirman koriba,
aaru iyak aapunar naamere naam diyokoh
aaru taat, jug jug dhori odomyo,
vestar pobitro ognir dore,
tumar nursor aatma jiyai thakibo,
tumar mohaxoyor aatma.
xvi
"bolde khorir maajere kothur porisrom kore,
sorar aagyaboho;
rugir gaadha, uporoloi juwa pothbur,
teur klantito bhorar xoite ploadh
chir kori spanieltu bandhi raakhok
teur malikor huisiltu xuniboloi paay;
aaru bheratuwe taak dhoirjyore utpadon kore
dangorkoi xobdo koraa karburoloi.
xvii
"kintu tumar nursey kunu gurur kotha xuna naai,
tumar nursey kunu buja bohon nokoribo;
aaru teulukok durbhagyojonok jixokole taik kaati diye,
aaru xei bukaar baabe durbhagyojonok!
jetiya xokolu pek, dangorkoi beying,
taar roktakto gorgomondole aaguri aase,
taai nirob hoi more, kothinbhabe kamure,
mori thoka houndburor maajot.
xviii
"pumunai bagisatu bhaal paay;
aaru muktidate drakhyalota bhaal paay;
aaru pelse khor-nirmito chaar bhaal paay
kainir uxahor xoite gorom;
aaru venase physphix koratu bhaal paay
durbhikhyoprapto juwok-juboti aaru daxir,
aprilor haatir daator sondrogroholot
sestonator sayat.
xix
"kintu tumar deutake ei xonghat bhaal paay.
bohol toruwal aaru dhaloroh
teu rick koraa baspotu khaboloi bhaal paay
notun juddhokhetror porah
teu hahise etaa haahi odhik bhoyongkor
nijor bhoyanok bhorire bhorire,
jetiya teu dhuwar daath koo 'laa dawortu dekhe
joy koraa sohoror poraa uporoloi jauk.
XX
"aaru juddhor isworor,
tumar xarir lekhok,
aaru ji taai tumak subaisil,
aanoki tumi aaru tumaru enekuwa hoh 'bob.
kumol campanianoloi jauk
teur snaan aaru xugondhi;
tier beyaa douroloi jauk
teulukor rong-boron aaru taat;
carthageor putroxokololoi eri diyok
raadar aaru uyaar;
greekor usorot teur marbolor nimphosbur eri diyok
aaru xobdor gyanor scroll.
xxi
"tumar, ruman, pailamh
ruman, toruwaltu tumar,
xomo khaari, bristoling dhibi,
xoinyobahinir aadexito rekha;
aaru bijoyor sakaburok tumar,
jibur teulukor laureld trainor xoite
siyori thoka rastabur laahe laahe uporoloi loi jauk
jubhor sironton xikhar baabe.
xxii
"tumar juwaror tolot bho 'lsian
teur ukh bhorir uporot ruchi maribo;
kumol kepuwar kunchit revelorxokol
tumar aaxonbur nomai thokar aagoteh
aarnasor lukum "cho
saboloi tumar lathibure kompo koribo;
aaru gourowanwito samnaitor steelor hridoy
kewol tumar usorote xomorpon koribo.
xxiii
"go 'lotu tumar biruddhe ahibo.
borof aaru raatir dexor poraa;
tumi teur bhaal sulir xoinyobahini dibo.
kaak aaru silar usoroloi.
XXIV
"greekxokole tumar biruddhe ahibo.
pubor bijoyi.
teur kaxot juddho koriboloi thiyo hoi thaake
bixal prithibi jukari thoka jontutu,
xei jontutu jaar uporot rajpraxadtu
iyar xokolu rokhyokor xoite thiyo hoi aase,
sokur maajot thoka jontutu
etaa haator baabe xaap.
prothome xahoxi epirutburok jatra korok,
dhaal aaru borxaire bondho koraa
aaru misa terentamor rankxomuh
pisfale jiliki aase.
XXV
"misa terentamor rankxomuh
sikar koraa bherar dore uriboh
obosye xahoxi epirutbur
teulukor mandondobur xompurno hoh 'ley moriboh
aaru appeninor dhurar xokur
etaa mohot bhuj hoh 'bob
sorbi aaru sokut
bixal prithibi jukari thoka jontutur.
XXVI
"huraa! bhaal ostror baabe
jiye juddho-debotar bhumi raakhe.
huraa! rumor stout pilamor baabe
etaa drirho ruman haatot.
huraa! rumor suti bohol toruwalor baabe
xeitu daath erer joriyote
xomotol borxa aaru cyrid dhaalor
iyar bhoyanok poth gobhir hoi porise.
XXVIi
"huraa! mohan bijoyor baabe
ee bohu maail durotwoloike bistrito.
huraa! waan bondixokolor baabe
xeitu ontohin failot paar hoy.
hoh '! bould epirutes, koo 'too
ronga rojai uri goise neki?
hoh '! misa terentamor kukur,
kapurtu bogaa hoi juwa naai neki?
XXVIII
"huraa! mohan bijoyor baabe
ee bohu maail durotwoloike bistrito.
huraa! tier xomridho rongor baabe,
aaru nailor xukhmo jaal,
helmetbur poriporar xoite xomokamita
torar daanar poraa singi juwa,
beltbur tarkar monire daath koraa hoisil
ji bharotiyo rojaxokolor uporot ujjwol hoisil,
bixal rupalir patrobur,
xunor xoite rukhyo gobletbur,
bohu rongor tabletbur ujjwol
prem aaru puroni juddhor xoite,
swax-proswax luwa aaru xonggram koraa xiltu,
kotha kuwa zen logaa pitol; -
ene kutxito teuluk ji uschotat baax kore
greekxokolok dise.
XXX
"huraa! unmad koutuholir baabe,
rumor ataitkoi xahoxi putro,
tinibar proyujonot pothiuwa hoisil,
joyor ghorot tinibar dro "hoisil.
unmad koutuholir baabe boyon, boyon
tritiyokhon embroidary koraa gauneh
tritiyokhon ukh gaari xaju koraa,
aaru tritiyokhon xeujiya mukuttu jupuha korok;
aaru gulapor ghurabur jurere
dingir xoite etaa beka dhonukor dore,
aaru mavanier xaar, xartuk dek korok,
xartu borphor dore bogaa.
XXX
"rumanok tinibar aaru aaru aaru aaru aaru aaru aaru aaru aaru aaru aaru tinibar.
jiye rumor ataitkoi ujjwol dintu dekhe,
xei dirghodiniya bijoyi aarombortu kune dekhe
pobitro pothor poraa aatori jauk,
aaru bail 'ying pho' raamor joriyote,
aaru jugan dhorutar upobonor sariufale,
sironton duwaroloike
rajdhani jubhor.
XXXI
"teneh" ley, dutaa ujjwol aashroy,
korinthor furar towerbur;
dinor bixal roja koo 'too
nijor roadsor uporot saai;
zo 'too orunte xoghonai bosoxa kore
lorel sayaxomuhor tolot;
zo 'too naail-e ontohin doirghyo protipholito kore
gaarh ronga colnador;
zo 'too etiyau gobhir paneet,
dhou aaru bisfuronor poraa aashroy luwa,
ondhokar oronyotur uporot probhab
bairsar haajar mastulor;
zo 'too lum-poridhan koraa sikarixokole bisora-furaa kore
uttor borphor maajot;
ratipuwar maatir baalir maajere koo 'too
uttuwe mosolatu bohon kore;
zo 'too aatolase nijor saya uruwai diye
poschimor fenar poraa bohu dur,
xuniboloi ohaa xokolure baabe bohut bhoy hoh 'bob.
rumor xoktixali naam." | prachin romer leey/capiser bhabishyadwani
capiser bhabishyadwanir bhumika
"rajdhanite bhojsabhai ekti leey gaoa hoy, jedin"
"dwitiyobarer consul manius curious dentatus rajar upor joylav corren."
"shee. shee. shee. ell. eksa. eksa. shee. shee. shee. shee. shee. shee. shee. shee. shee. shee. shee. shee. eksa. eksa. shee. shee. shee. shee. shee. shee. shee. shee. shee. ell. eksa. eksa. shee. shee. shee. shee. shee. shee. shee. shee. shee. shee. shee. shee. ell. eksa. eksa. shee. shee. shee. shee. shee. shee. shee. shee. shee. shee. shee. shee. shee. shee. shee. ell. eksa. eksa. shee. shee. shee. shee. shee. shee. shee. shee. shee. shee. shee. shee. shee. shee. shee. shee. shee. shee. shee. shee. shee. shee. shee. shee. shee. shee. shee. shee. shee. shee. shee. shee. shee. shee. shee. shee. shee. shee. shee. shee. shee. shee. shee. shee. shee. shee. shee. shee. shee. shee. shee. shee. shee. shee. shee. shee. shee. shee. shee. shee. shee. shee."
aami
ekhon nihoto hollen raja amulius,
mohan sylvian line,
jini alba longai rajotto korechilen,
aventiner singhasone.
nihotora holl ponfif camera,
jini dhongser kotha bolechilenoh
"bachchara tiber kachhe,
maa samadhite."
2yoy
albar hrode konao matsyajibi nei
taar nett aaz dulche;
albar oker ondhokar khosa
aaz konao kudal bajche naa;
joalti khurer upor jhuliye rakhe;
khader modhye khada porey aacheh
samasta alban gramer modhyo diye
aaz konao kaajoi hoy naa.
3.
ebong protiti alban berger
taar saadaa poshak poreche;
ebong albar protiti matha
ekti poppler mukut;
ebong protiti alban darjar faand
dalpala ebong fuler saathe samakami,
kaaron aaz mritora benche achhe,
hariye yawa jinisguli aaz pawa yaay.
IV
taaraa ekjon roktakto rajar dwara abhishapta hoyechilo,
ekjon mithyabadi purohito taader shasti diyechilen,
taader probol bonnar upor feley deoa hoyechilo,
taader anusaran korey seii ugro jantuti;
probol bonnar shicker ebong bonnar
ekibhabe shikarke banchiye rekheche;
ebong aaz mritora benche achhe,
hariye yawa jinisguli aaz pawa yaay.
vee
ashanta nodee taader chinoto,
ebong taar holud fenake mosrino korey,
ebong dheere dheere dolonatike nadlo
jaa romer bhagyo bohon korechilo.
revening seey-nekde taader chinoto,
ebong taader oo 'err ebong oo' err chaatte,
ebong taader taar nijer prochondo dudh theke dill,
kancha mangs ebong gore diye samriddha.
kudi shitkal, kuditi jhorna,
tarpor theke taaraa sorey geche;
ebong aaz mritora benche aacheh
hariye yawa jinisguli aaz pawa yaay.
vee. aaee
bleethe etaa chhilo jomojder dekhar jonno,
besh valo torun ebong lomba,
alba longa theke jatra
taader purno natir ghore.
taader pothe taza maalaa
gaachh theke gache jhulano hayah
piperder egiye niye yawar agey,
ekti ullaser note piping.
vii
dandike romulus yaay,
konuiyer upor laal haat rekhe,
ebong taar haate ekti chaoda toloar,
ebong blader upor ekti matha -
lohar shirostrane matha,
ghodar chull jhuliye rekhe,
ekti kancha matha, ekti swarthi matha,
bhayanak bhru kunchke sthir -
raja amuliuser prodhan
mohan sylvian line,
jini alba longai rajotto korechilen,
aventiner singhasone.
viii
baam dike remas yaay,
kabji ebong angul laal,
ebong taar haate ekti shukar-borsha,
ebong bindute ekti matha -
matha kunchke ebong briddho,
rupore dadi ebong chull niye,
ebong err charpashe pobitro phillet,
jemon purohitora poren -
prachin camera matha,
jini dhongser kotha bolechilenoh
"bachchara tiber kachhe;
maa samadhite."
aaee. aaee. esha
jomoj santaner pichhone dui ebong dui
taader bishwasto comradera choley yaay,
chaar challish john beer purush,
club, ebong kudal, ebong dhanuk diye.
protiti grama ubhoy paashe
taar anandamoy bhid ddhele deyo,
chitkar korey chhelera ebong baying kukur,
ebong bachchara jorey haase,
ebong briddhora sneher sange kandche
rear chhelera jokhon choley yaay,
ebong dasira jaaraa matha dekhte chitkar korey,
tobuo, chitkar korey, arow kachakachi chapun.
eksa
taai taaraa hroder paash diye hente geela;
taaraa bhanj korey ebong danda,
bhutta kheto ebong drakkhakkhetrer dwara,
briddher holer dike.
xi
holl-gete bosey chhilo capis,
cappy, drishtihin drashta;
matha theke paa porjonto seey kanpchilo.
romulus jotoi kachhe aschilo.
ebong uthhe dandal taar patla saadaa chull shokto korey,
arr taar ondho chokh aguner aloy jolote thakeh
"hallow! ashchorjo nurser palito santan!
hallow! ashchorjer putro maharaj!"
xii
"kintu tumi-tumi ekhane kii korechh?
briddher shanto halghare?
kupe eagleti kii korey,
stolle baison?
amader bhutta onek gurner bhore deyo;
amader lataa onek gaachh dhorey;
onek pahade amader paal saadaah
kintu egulo upner jonno noy.
xiii
"tomar jonno coone dhon-sompodoi pakbe naa.
tartesian khanite;
upner jonno konao jahaz mulyaban gaant niye aase naa.
libian labonakto joll judey;
tumi amber theke paan korbe naa;
upney niche vishram korben naa;
arob upner taalaa atke debe naa,
arr upner poshako poroben naa.
xiv
"soona, gondho ebong ratna rekhe zaan,
samriddha tabil ebong norom bichhana,
jaader manusher bongsho theke jonmo hoy,
jaderke mohilar dudh khawano hoyeche.
tumi lusorer jonno toiri hoyney,
anander jonno, vishramer jonno noy;
tumi, jey juddho-debotar komor theke udbhuto hoyeche,
ebong seey nekader booker dike takal.
exvi
"suryodaya theke surjasto porjonto
samasta prithibi upner khyati shunobe
tumi ekti gauravamaya shohor nirman korbe,
ebong upner naam diye naam dinoh
ebong sekhane, jug jug dhorey okkhoto,
vestar pobitro aguner moto,
tomar nurser atma benche thakbe,
upner syarer atma.
xvi
"shandti gorter modhyo diye parishram korey,
chhagoler proti aggaboho;
rogir gadha, chanchal poth,
taar klanto bojha niye ploodh
chitkar korey spanielke bendhe
taar prabhur huisel shona yaay;
ebong bheda dhoirjo dhorey taar jonmo deyo
jorey-jorey kantar jonno.
xvii
"kintu tomar nurse coone gurur kotha shunbe naa,
tomar nurse coone bojha bohon korbe naa.
ebong dhik taader jonno jaaraa taake ketey deyo,
arr taader jonno dhik jey chhagol!
jokhon samasta pyaka, jorey baying,
taar roktakto aborjona ghire achhe,
seey nisshobdobhabe maaraa yaay, jorey kamde,
morte thaka shikarir modhye.
xviii
"pomona bagan pochondo korey;
ebong muktidata drakkhalota bhalobase;
ebong pulls khada-nirmito shade pochondo korey
kiner shwas-proshasher saathe ushno;
ebong venus physphis korey kotha bolte bhalobase
durdoshagrosto jubok oo daasee,
apriler hatir daanter chaander alote
badamer chhayar niche.
xix
"kintu tomar baba sangharsha pochondo corren.
chaoda toloar ebong ddhalh
seey seii bashpo paan korte pochondo korey jaa kanpche
notun juddhokkhetro thekeh
seey arow bhayankar hassie hasche
taar nijer bhayankar bhru kunchkanor cheye,
jokhon seey dhonya ghono kaalo megh dekhe
joy koraa shohor theke upore uthun.
XX
"ebong jemon juddho-debota,
upner liner lekhok,
ebong jemon seey jey tomake stanyapan koriyeche,
emonki upney ebong apnaro taai hoke.
norom campanianer kachhe choley zaan
taar snan ebong taar sugandhi;
tier nongra dauder dike raona deane
taader rong-bason ebong taant;
carthager chheleder kachhe chhede deane
rodder ebong daand;
greekder kachhe taanr marble nymph chhede deane
ebong shobder golper scroll.
xxi
"tomar, roman, pailam
roman, toloarta tomar,
somm parikha, bristling ddhibi,
sainyabahinir order koraa line;
ebong bijoyer chakaguli,
jaa taader laurel train soho
chitkar koraa rastagulite dheere dheere upore uthun
jover chirantan aguner jonno.
xxii
"tomar joarer niche voltian
taar unchu bhru kunchke jaabe;
norom capuer kunchke yawa uchchositora
upner cheyarguli matha noto korar ageh
arnuser lucumos
dekhar jonno tomar rodd kanpbe;
ebong gorbito sumniter ispater hridaya
cable upner kachhei atmosomorpon korbe.
xxiii
"goll upner biruddhe asbe.
tushar ebong raater desh theke;
tumi taar forsa keshik sainyadalke debe.
kaak ebong ghudir kachhe.
XXIV
"greekra upner biruddhe asbe,
purber vijayi.
taar paashe juddher jonno danda
bishal prithibi kanpano jontu,
jey poshur upor durgoti
taar samasta rakkhider saathe dandiye achhe,
jey jontu taar chokher majhe royeche
ekti haater jonno sup.
prothome sahoshi epirotder jatra korun,
ddhaal ebong borsha diye bondho
ebong mithya torrentumer podomorjada
pichoner dike jwaljwal korche.
XXV
"mithya torrentumer podomorjada
shicker koraa vedar moto udey jabeh
britha sahoshi epirotes
taader manguli sampurna hobeh
ebong appeniner dhusar shakun
ekti mohot utsab hobey
charbi ebong chokher upor
bishal prithibi-kanpano poshur.
XXVI
"hurra! valo ostrer jonno
jaa juddho-debotar jommy dhorey rakhe.
hurra! romer stut pilamer jonno
ekti shokto roman haate.
hurra! romer chhoto chaoda toloarer jonno
jey puru ayare madhyome
samtal borsha ebong serod ddhaal
taar bhayankar poth govir.
XXVIi
"hurra! mohan bijoyer jonno
jaa onek myle porjonto bistrito.
hurra! oyana bondider jonno
jaa antahin faile pusses korey.
hoe! bould epirotes, jekhane
laal raja kii udey geche?
hoe! mithya torrentumer kukur,
jamata kii saadaa noy?
XXVIII
"hurra! mohan bijoyer jonno
jaa onek myle porjonto bistrito.
hurra! tier samriddha ronger jonno,
ebong nailer sukkho jaal,
helmetguli pakhir saathe samakami
tisitir danna theke chhinde,
beltguli tarar monee diye puru koraa hoy
jaa bharatiya rajader upor ujjal hoyechilo,
bishal roopar colls,
sonara sange rukkho golod,
bohu ronger tabletguli ujjal
prachinkaler bhalobasa ebong juddhogulir saathe,
jey pathor shwas neyo ebong ladai korey,
jey pital kotha boley money hoy; -
emon chotur jaaraa uchchotai baas korey
greekder diyeche.
XXX
"hurra! unmotto koutuhalider jonno,
romer sabcheye sahoshi putro,
tinbar sorbochcho proyojoner jonno pathano hoyeche,
joy ghore tinbar dra.
manius curiouser jonno boyon, boyon
tritiya suchikarma koraa poshakah
tritiya unchu gadita toiri korey naao,
ebong tritiya sobuj mukutti bankiye deane;
ebong golap ghodar jodaa
bankano dhonuker moto ghaad soho,
ebong mevanier shandtike deeka korey,
shandti borofer moto saadaa.
XXX
"romanke ashirbad korun ebong tinbar ashirbad korun.
keey romer ujjalatama deane dekhe,
keey seii deergho vijayi jankjomok dekhe
pobitro pothke batas korun,
ebong bayloying forumer madhyome,
ebong sorborahokarir upobonke ghire,
chirantan dwar porjonto
capitolian jove.
XXXI
"tahle kothay, oo 'duto ujjal ashray,
corinth bhrukkheper tower;
jekhane diner bishal raja
taar nijer ghodar upor niche takay;
jekhane aranta prayi bachsa korey
laurel chhayagulir neeche;
jekhane neel antahin doirgho protifolito korey
gaadh laal colondeser;
jekhane ekhono govir joley,
ddheu oo bishforon theke surokkhito,
ondhokar jangalke kanpiye deyo
bairsar hazar mastul;
jekhane poshom-porihito shikarira ghure bedaay
uttor borofer modhye;
jekhane sokaler balir modhyo diye
utt moshla bohon korey;
jekhane atlus taar chhaya udiye deyo
poschim fena theke onek doore,
jaaraa shunbe taader sokoler jonno borh bhoyer hobey.
romer shaktishali naam." | praachin romnaa leey/kepisnee bhavishyavani
kepisnee bhavishyavanino parichay
"jeey divase rajdhanima bhojan samarambhma aek leey gaayu hatoo"
"manius curious dentuts, beejee vakhat consul, raajaa parr vijay melvyo"
"pirehus aneey terrentins, shahernaa varshmaa cCCclxx."
huun
havey raajaa amuliyasni hatyaa karvaamaa aavee chhe,
mahaan sylvian rekhaa,
jemane alba longama shaasan karyoo,
aventine sinhasana parr.
maarya gayelaa ponfif kemeravalao chhe,
jemane kayaamatnaa shabdo bolyah
"baadako tieber taraf,
qabara parr maataa."
II
albana talaavmaa koee maachhimaar nathee
tenee nett aaje fling curry rahee chhe;
albana oknaa shyaam chhaal parr
aaje koee kuhadi vaagee rahee nathee;
jooth gamaanne latkaave chhe;
paragarajma kaantaani patti aaveli chheh
tamaam alban gamadaomathi
aaje koee kaama thatu nathee.
III
aneey darek alban berger
tene potaano sauthee safed zabbho paheryo chhe;
aneey aalbama darek maatha
poppler taaj;
aneey darek alban dwaar-chokee
daaleeo aneey phoolo saathe geey chhe,
kaaran keey aaje mrutako jivant chhe,
khovaayela aaje malee aave chhe.
IV
teo aek lohiyaad raajaa dwara naash pamya hataa,
aek juthaanu bolnaar paadariae temno naash karyo,
teo bhishan puur parr fenkvaamaa aavyaa hataa,
ugra pashu dwara temne track karvaamaa aavyaa hataa;
ugra pashu aneey ugra puur
samaan reete shikaarne bachaavi leedho chhe;
aneey aaje mrutako jivant chhe,
khovaayela aaje malee aave chhe.
vee.
mushkeleemaa mukaayeli nadee temne jaanati hatee,
aneey tenaa pilaa finane sunvaalu karyoo,
aneey paarnaane hadvethee halaavi didhu
jeey romnaa bhagyane sahan karey chhe.
teey vandara temne odakhato hato,
aneey temne oo 'air aneey oo' air chaatya,
aneey temne potaanu jaj bhayankar dudh aapyu,
kaacha maans aneey gorthi samruddh.
vees sheeyalo, vees zaranaa,
tyaarthi door thaee gayaa chhe;
aneey aaje mrutako jivant chheh
khovaayela aaje malee aave chhe.
vee. aaee.
jodeeya baadakone jovaanu hatoo,
saaree reete yuvan aneey unchaa,
alba longaathi cooch
temnaa junaa pautranaa holamaa.
temnaa maarg parr taajee maalaao
aek vrukshthi beeja vruksh parr latkavvama aave chheh
piperone aagad dhapavta pahelaa,
aanandni nondh.
vii
jamani bajuae romulus jaay chhe,
koneeo parr haath rakheene laal,
aneey tenaa haathmaa aek paholi talvaar,
aneey blade parr aek maathu -
lokhandnaa helmetmaa maathu,
ghodaa-vaad latkavine,
aek dhundhalu maathu, aek chapal maathu,
bhayanak gussaamaa stheer -
raajaa amuliusna vadaa
mahaan sylvian rekhaa,
jemane alba longama shaasan karyoo,
aventine sinhasana parr.
viii
daabi bajuae raymus jaay chhe,
kaanda aneey aangadio laal,
aneey tenaa haathmaa dukkarno bhaala,
aneey aek bindu parr -
karchalivaadu maathu aneey vruddh,
chaandini daadhi aneey vaad saathe,
aneey tenee aaspaas pavitra phillets,
jaim keey mathadhisho pahere chhe -
praachin camerana vadaa,
jemane kayaamatnaa shabdo bolyah
"baadako tiber sudhee;
qabara parr maataa."
ix
jodeeyaoni paachhal beey aneey beey
temnaa vishvasu saatheeo jaay chhe,
chaar aneey chaalis bahadur maanso,
club, aneey kuhadi, aneey dhanush saathe.
darek baaju darek gaam
tenee anandit bheed bahaar kaadhe chhe,
boomo paadtaa chhokarao aneey baying kootarao,
aneey baadako motethee hasey chhe,
aneey vruddho premthi rudde chhe
jaim jaim reeyana chhokarao pasaar thaay chhe,
aneey nokareeo keey jeo maathu jovaa maate boomo paade chhe,
chhataa, cheeso paadtaa, vadhu najikthi dabaavo.
x
tethee teo talaav taraf aagad vadhyaa;
teo aek aek kareene chaalya gayaa,
makaaina khetar aneey drakshna bagichaamaa,
vruddh maanasna holamaa.
xi
holl-getamaa beseene,
kepee, drashtiheen drashtaa;
maathathi pug sudhee teey dhruji padyo
jaim jaim romulus najik aavto gayo.
aneey tenaa paatala safed vaad ubhaa thayaa.
aneey tenee aandhali aankhoma aag zalhali.
"jaya jaya! adbhut nursenu paalak baadak!
jaya jaya! adbhut saahebno dikaro!"
xii
"pann toon-taney aheen shun thayu?
vruddh maanasna shaantipurn khandma?
koopma garud shun karey chhe,
dukaanmaa bison?
amaaro makaai ghanaa garner bharey chhe;
aapani velaao ghanaa vrukshone pakade chhe;
ghanaa tekreeo parr aapanu ghetaa safed chheh
pann aaa tamara maate nathee.
xiii
"taaraa maate koee khajaano nathee paakto.
tartasian khaanmaa;
tamara maate koee jahaaj kimmatee gaansadeeo laavtu nathee.
libian khaara paanee parr;
tame embermathi peesho nahee;
tame neeche aaraam nahee karoo;
arabia tamara taalaao bandhshe nahee,
naa too tamara zabbhane baaju parr mookasho.
xiv
"sonoo, ganthai aneey zaverat chhodi doo,
samruddh table aneey naram pathaari,
jeo maanasna vanshmathi janme chhe,
jene streenu dudh khavadaavyu chhe.
toon chamakava maate nathee banavvama aavyo,
aanand maate, naa too aaraam maate;
toon, teey yuddh-devni kamarmathi oobho thayo chhe,
aneey tenee-varunaa stana parr khenchai.
exvi
"suryodaythi suryaast sudhee
aakhee pruthvi tamaari keerti sambhalshe.
aek bhavya shaher tame banaavsho,
aneey tene tamara naamthi naam aapoh
aneey tyaan, yugothi uncuened,
westana pavitra agnini jaim,
tamaari nursena aatmaane jivant rakhshe,
tamara saahebno aatma.
xvi
"balad farromathi sakhat mahenat karey chhe,
bakareene aagnakari;
dardee gadhedo, chapal margo parr,
tenaa thakela bhaar satheh
cheeso saathe aneey spaniyalne baandhine
tenaa malikni seaty saambhale chhe;
aneey ghetaa dhirajthi tene upjaave chhe
motaa avaaje gunji uthataa kaataro sudhee.
xviii
"pann taaree nurse koee gurune sambhalshe nahee,
tamaari nurse koee bojo uthavshe nahee;
aneey jeo tene kaapee naakhe chhe temnaa parr afsos chhe,
aneey temne dhasaaro!
jyaare aakhu peeka, motethee baying,
tenee lohivaadee gufaao gheraayeli chhe,
teey shaantithi murry jaay chhe, sakhat dankhe chhe,
mrutyu paamtaa sheekari shvaano vachche.
xviii
"pomonaa bageechaane prem karey chhe;
aneey muktidata drakshni velaane prem karey chhe;
aneey pelsane stroo-bilt shade game chhe
kine shvaas saathe garam;
aneey shukrane whispers game chhe
duh khee yuvaano aneey nokariyaat,
aprilnaa hathidantna chandraprakashma
chestnut chhanyado neeche.
xix
"pann taaraa pitaane athadaaman game chhe.
paholi talvaar aneey dhhaalah
tene reek karatee varaal pivaanu pasand chhe
navaa yuddhnaa medanmathi
teey vadhu bhayanak smit karey chhe
tenaa potaana bhayanak gusso karataa,
jyaare teey dhumaadaanu gaadh kaalun vaadad juae chhe
jeetee levaayela shahermathi upar jaao.
XX
"aneey jaim keey yuddh-deva chhe,
tamaari panktina lekhak,
aneey jaim keey tenee jene tamane chusee leedha,
tame aneey tamaaru pann aevu jaj hoya.
naram campanionne chhodi doo
tenaa snaan aneey tenaa attar;
tyreni kharaab dodmaa javaa doo
temnaa rangkaam-vaans aneey looms;
kaarthejnaa putrone chhodi doo
sukan aneey vaado;
greekne tenaa aaraspahanna apsaraone chhodi doo
aneey shabdyukt gnyanna scroll.
xxi
"taaru, rooman, aee pylum chheh
rooman, talvaar taaree chhe,
sama khaai, barchhat tekro,
sainyani krambaddh rekhaa;
aneey tamara vijaynaa chakro,
jeey temnee laureld train saathe
boomo paadati shereeo parr dheeme dheeme aagad vadho
jovni shashvat jyot maate.
xxii
"tamara zupadani neeche volsian
teey tenaa unchaa kapaalne dhhanki deshe;
soft kepuana valankvala realers
tamaari khurshio namshe teey pahelaa
arnusna leucumose
teey jovaa maate tamaari saleeyao dhruji jashe;
aneey gauravpurn sumnitenu steelnu hraday
teey fakt tamane jaj sharanagati aapshe.
xxiii
"gaul tamaari viruddh aavashe.
baraf aneey raatnee jameenmathi;
tame tenee goraa paliyavali senaao aapsho.
kagado aneey patang.
XXIV
"grick tamaari viruddh aavashe,
purvano vijeta.
tenee bajuma ladvaa maate ubhaa rahe chhe
dhartine hachmachaavtu vishaal pashu,
jeey pashu parr killo chhe
tenaa badhaa rakshako saathe ubhaa chhe,
teey pashu keey jenee aankho vachche
haath maate sarp.
pahelaa bolled epirotsnee cooch karoo,
dhhaal aneey bhalathi bundh
aneey khotaa terrentumni shrenee
paachhalni bajuae chamakta hoya chhe.
XXV
"khotaa terrentumni shrenee
shikaar karaayela ghetaa udasheh
bolled epirotes vyarth
temnaa dhoranone purn karashe mrutyu paame chheh
aneey appeninna grey geedh
aek umadaa tahevaar hashe
charbi aneey aankho parr
dhartine hachmachaavtaa vishaal pashu.
XXVI
"hurr! saaraa shastro maate
jeey yuddh-devni jameenne jaalvi raakhe chhe.
hurr! romnaa majboot pilam maate
majboot rooman haathmaa.
hurr! romnee tunkee broadward maate
keey jaadaa erey dwara
sapaat bhaala aneey sereed dhhaal
teey tenee bhayanak reetne undee karey chhe.
XXVIii
"hurr! mahaan vijay maate
teey ghanaa mile sudhee vistare chhe.
hurr! vaan kedeeo maate
teey anant filemaan pasaar thaay chhe.
hoow! bolled epirotes, kyaay
shun laal raajaae udaan bharee chhe?
hoow! khotaa terrentumna shwan,
shun aaa zabbho safed nathee dhovai gayo?
XXVIIII
"hurr! mahaan vijay maate
teey ghanaa mile sudhee vistare chhe.
hurr! tyrenaa samruddh rung maate,
aneey nailnee sunder jaal,
helmet plumage saathe geey
teetarni pankhomathi faatee,
pattaao taravala ratnathi jaadaa gothvaay chhe
jeey bhaartiy raajaao parr chamakyu,
motaa chaandinaa kalash,
sonaani khadtal goleeo,
ghanaa rangnee goleeo tejasvi
junaa prem aneey yuddho saathe,
jeey patthar shvaas leey chhe aneey sangharsh karey chhe,
pittal jeey bolatu hoya tevu laage chhe; -
aavaa chalaak loko jeey unchaa stare rahe chhe
grick lokone aapee chhe.
XXX
"hurr! unmatt curious maate,
romno sauthee bahadur putra,
trana vakhat atyant jaruriyaatmaa mokalvaamaa aave chhe,
trana vakhat jeet ghar maan drow.
vanaat, vanaat, unmatt rus maate
trijo bharatkaam karelo zabbhoh
triji unchee kaar taiyar karoo,
aneey trijo leelo taaj dorvo;
aneey gulaabnaa ghodaaone jodo
vaadela dhanushni jaim gardan saathe,
aneey mevania aakhalaane deeka karoo,
aakhalo baraf jevo safed chhe.
XXX
"romanne trana vaar aashirvaad aapo
jeey romno sauthee tejasvi divas juae chhe,
jeey teey laambaa samay sudhee vijayi vaibhavne juae chhe
pavitra maargne todee nankho,
aneey neecheni forum dwara,
aneey supplientnaa upavanni aaspaas,
shashvat darvaja sudhee
capitolian jove.
XXXI
"too pachhi kyaan, beey tejasvi aashraysthano,
koreenthnaa tower;
jyaan divasno vishaal raajaa
tenaa potaana ghodaao parr neeche juae chhe;
jyaan oranta vaaramvaar boomo paade chhe
lorel shadesni neeche;
jyaan nile anant lambaaine pratibimbit karey chhe
gheraa laal colonades;
jyaan haju pann undaa paanimaa,
mojaao aneey visfotothi suraksheet,
shyaam junglene barchhat banaave chhe
byersnaa hajaar masts;
jyaan phara paherelaa shikaareeo bhataktaa hoya chhe
uttareey baraf vachche;
jyaan savaarnee retimathi
oont masala dharaave chhe;
jyaan etlas tenee chhaaya udaave chhe
door pashchimi feen,
jeey saambhale chhe teey badhaa maate khoob darr hashe
romnoo shaktishaali naam." | pracheen rome key lez/cappy kii bhavishyavani
 cappy kii bhavishyavani kaa parichay
"rajdhani mein bhoj mein gaaya gayaa ack leey, jiss dinn"
"doosari baar vanijya doot baney, joe raajaa parr vijayi hue"
"shahar see. see. see. see. ell. aiks. aiks. key varsh mein pirhas aur terrentines."
aaee
abb raajaa amulius maaraa gayaa haye,
mahaan sylvian rekha kii,
joe alba longa mein shasson kartaa thaa,
aventin key simhaasan parr.
maaraa gayaa pomphif camers,
jinhone vinash key shabd boleh
"bachche tiber key paas,
maan kabr taka."
II
alba kii jheel mein koee machuara naheen haye
uska jaal aaj bhee chala rhaa haye;
alba key oak kii kaali chhaal parr
aaj koee kulhadi naheen buzz rahee haye;
juaa khurli koo latkaataa haye;
khada mein dundey padey hainh
sabhi alban gaanvon key madhyam seey
aaj koee kaam naheen hotaa.
iii.
aur harr alban berger
apana sabse safed gaaun pahana haye;
aur alba mein harr sir
ack poppler mukut;
aur harr alban dwaar-chauki
shaakhaon aur foolon key saath samlaingik haye,
kyonki aaj key dinn marey hue jeevit hain,
khoye hue aaj paae jaate hain.
IV
ack khooni raajaa ney unhein barbad curr diyaa,
ack jhooth bolane vaale pujari ney unhein barbad curr diyaa,
unhein bheeshan baadh mein fenk diyaa gayaa,
ugra janwar ney unhein track kiya;
ugra janwar aur bheeshan baadh
samaan roop seey shikaar koo bachaa liya haye;
aur aaj key dinn mrit jeevit hain,
khoye hue aaj paae jaate hain.
vee
pareshan nadee unhein jaanati thee,
aur apane peele jhaag koo chikna curr diyaa,
aur dheere seey paalane koo hilaa diyaa
joe rome key bhaagya koo wahan kartaa thaa.
vaha bhediya joe unhein jaanata thaa,
aur unhein oh 'air aur oh' air chaat diyaa,
aur unhein apana hii bhayankar doodh diyaa,
kachche maans aur gor seey samriddh.
bees sardiyaan, bees jharane,
taba seey door chalaa gayaa haye;
aur aaj key dinn mrit jeevit hainh
khoye hue aaj paae jaate hain.
vee. aaee.
yeh judwa bachchon koo dekhane key liye thaa,
achche yuva aur lambe,
alba longa seey march
apani purani daadi key holl mein.
unake raaste mein taaza maalaaen
ack pedh seey dusare pedh parr latakaae jaate hainh
isase pahale kii way pipers koo aage badhaaen,
khushi kaa ack nott.
vii
dahini or romulus jaataa haye,
kohni koo laal haathon seey,
aur usake haath mein ack chaudi talwar,
aur blade parr ack sir -
lohe key helmate mein ack sir,
ghode key baal latakaate hue,
ack jhunjhuni sir, ack jhunjhuni sir,
ack bhayaanak bhaunhen mein sthir -
raajaa amulius kaa pramukh
mahaan sylvian rekha kii,
joe alba longa mein shasson kartaa thaa,
aventin key simhaasan parr.
viii
baain or raymus jaataa haye,
kalaai aur ungaliyon key saath laal,
aur usake haath mein ack suar kaa bhaala,
aur usa bindu parr ack sir -
ack jhurriyon vaalaa sir aur boodhe,
chaandi kii daadhi aur baal key saath,
aur usake chaaron or pavitra phillet,
jaise kii mathadhish pahanate hain -
pracheen camers kaa sir,
jinhone vinash key shabd boleh
"bachche tiber taka;
maan kabr taka."
aaee. aaee. aiss.
judwa bachchon key peechhe dou aur dou
unake bharosemand saathi jaate hain,
chaalees bahadur aadami,
club, aur kulhadi, aur dhanush key saath.
harr taraf harr basti
apani khush bheed koo baahar nikaalata haye,
ladakon aur baying kutton koo chillaate hue,
aur bachche zor seey hansate hain,
aur boodhe loga pyaar seey row rahey hain
jaise hii riya key ladke guzarate hain,
aur naukaraaniyaan joe sir dekhane key liye chillaati hain,
phir bhee, chillaate hue, aur adhik karib dabaayen.
aiks
isaliye way jheel key kinare chaley gaye;
way taha aur thaharaav seey aage badhe,
makai key khet aur daakh kii baari seey,
boodhe aadami key holl mein.
xi
holl-gett mein baithe they,
cappy, drishtiheen drashta;
sir seey pair taka vaha kaamp rhaa thaa
jaise-jaise romulus paas aaya.
aur khade hocker usake patale safed baal kathor curr diye,
aur usaki andhee aankho seey aag jalati rahee.
"namaskar! adbhut nurse kaa paalak bachcha!
namaskar! adbhut saahab key bete!"
xii
"lekin tum-tum yahaan kyaa karate hoe?
boodhe aadami key shantipurna holl mein?
koop mein cheel kyaa kartaa haye,
dukaan mein baisan?
hamara makai kaee garner bhar detaa haye;
hamari belein kaee pedon koo pakadati hain;
kaee pahaadiyon parr hamaare jhund safed hainh
lekin yeye aapke liye naheen hain.
xiii
"tere liye koee khajaana naheen pakata.
tartasian khadaan mein;
aapke liye koee bhee jahaaj keemati gaanthen naheen laataa haye.
libian lavan key paar;
tuu ember kaa russ naa pee.
tuu aaraam naa curr;
arab apane taale naheen lagaayega,
aur naa hii apane vastra koo alag karein.
xiv
"sonaa, guda aur gahane chhod dou,
samriddh mez aur naram bistar,
joe manushya key vansh seey paida hotey hain,
jise mahila kaa doodh khilaaya gayaa haye.
tuu chamak key liye naheen banaaya gayaa thaa,
sukh key liye, naa aaraam key liye;
tuu, joe yuddh-devta kii cummer seey nikla haye,
aur vaha bhediye key stun parr tugg gayaa.
xv
"suryodaya seey suryast taka
saaree prithvi teree prasiddhi sunegeeh
ack gauravshali shahar kaa nirmaan karo,
aur ise apane naam seey naamit keejiyeh
aur vahaan, yugon seey ansuna,
vesta kii pavitra aag kii tarah,
teree nurse kii aatma jeevit rahegi,
aapke surr kii aatma.
xvi
"bail khurr key madhyam seey mehnat kartaa haye,
bakri key prati agyakari;
rogi kaa gadhe, badahwas raaston parr,
apane thake hue bojh key saathah
rote hue aur spaniel koo baandhate hue
usake swami kii ct sunati haye;
aur bheden dhairya seey usey janm detee hain
zor seey chillaane vaali katranon key liye.
xvii
"lekin teree nurse kissy guru kii naheen sunegi,
teree nurse koee bojh naheen uthaayegi;
aur una parr afsos haye joe usey kaatate hain,
aur una parr afsos haye joe usa boodhe koo!
jaba saaraa saman, zor seey buzz rhaa hoe,
usaki khooni gufaayen chaaron or seey,
vaha chupchaap marr jaati haye, jore seey kaatati haye,
marate hue kutton key beach.
xviii
"pomona koo bageeche seey pyaar haye;
aur muktidata bell seey pyaar kartaa haye;
aur pails koo pual seey baney shade pasand hain
kaine kii saans key saath germ;
aur shukra fusfusaate hue pyaar kartaa haye
badhal yuvaaon aur naukarani kii,
aprail key hathidant kii chaandani mein
badam kii chhaaya key neeche.
xix
"lekin tumhare pitaa koo jhagada karna pasand haye.
chaudi talwar aur dhaalah
vaha usa bhaap koo peena pasand kartaa haye joe risati haye
nae yuddh key maidan seh
vaha muskurata haye aur adhik bhayaanak muskurata haye
apani hii bhayaanak bhaunhen seey,
jaba vaha dhuein key ghaney kaale baadal koo dekhta haye
jeete hue shahar seey oopar jaaen.
XX
"aur jaise yuddh-devta haye,
aapaki pankti key lekhak,
aur jaise vaha jisane aapako chusa,
aap aur aapka bhee aisaa hii hoe.
naram campanion key liye chhod dein
usake snan aur usake itra;
tyre kii kharaab daud koo chhod dein
unake rangai-whats aur karghon;
carthage key beton koo chhod dein
patwar aur patwar;
yunani koo usaki sangamarmar kii apsaraon koo chhod dein
aur vakapatu kathaaon key scroll.
xxi
"teraa, roman, pilam haih
roman, talwar teree haye,
summ khaai, chamkila teela,
senaa kii aadeshit rekha;
aur vijay key pahiyon koo,
joe unaki shandar train key saath
dheere-dheere chillaane vaali sadakon parr jaaen
jove kii shashwat lau key liye.
xxii
"apane joole key neeche volcian
usaki oonchi bhaunh parr jhapaki lagaayega;
soft capua key ghumaavdaar shaukeen
aapaki kursiyon key jhukane key pahaleh
arnus key leukumo
dekhane key liye apani chhaden hilaa denge;
aur gauravshali sumnite kaa steel kaa dill
kewal aapako hii dey denge.
xxiii
"gaul tumhare khilaf aayega.
burf aur raat kii bhoomi seey;
tuu usaki sunder baalon vaali senaayen dey.
kaue aur patang key liye.
XXIV
"yunani aapke khilaf aaa jaayenge,
poorv kaa vijeta.
usake buggle mein yuddh karane key liye khadaa haye
dharti koo hilaane vaalaa vishal janwar,
janwar jiss parr mahal
apane sabhi paharedaron key saath khade hain,
vaha janwar joe apani aankho key beach haye
ack haath key liye saamp.
pahale bolled epirotus koo march karein,
dhaal aur bhaale seey bandha huaa
aur galat turrentum key rank
peechhe kii or chamak rahey hain.
XXV
"galat turrentum kii shreni
jaise shikaar kii gaee bheden udengih
vyarth mein bolled epirot
unake manakon koo puuraa curr dengeh
aur appenin key bhoore giddh
ack mahaan dawat hogi
vasaa aur aankho parr
dharti koo hilaane vaale vishal janwar kaa.
XXVI
"hurra! achche hathiyaron key liye
joe yuddh-devta kii bhoomi koo banaae rakhate hain.
hurra! rome key majboot pilam key liye
ack majboot roman haath mein.
hurra! rome kii chhoti chaudi talwar key liye
kii motee sarani key madhyam seey
samtal bhaale aur dhaardaar dhalon kaa
apane bhayaanak raaste koo gaharaai seey kaatata haye.
XXVIi
"hurra! mahaan jeet key liye
joe kaee meal taka faila huaa haye.
hurra! vaan kaidiyon key liye
joe antaheen file mein gujarta haye.
hoe! bolled epirot, jahan bhee
kyaa laal raajaa ney udaan bharee haye?
hoe! jhoothe terrentum key kutte,
kyaa pahanaava safed naheen dhoya gayaa haye?
XXVIIII
"hurra! mahaan jeet key liye
joe kaee meal taka faila huaa haye.
hurra! tyre key samriddh rung key liye,
aur nile kaa badhiya jaal,
helmate pankhon key saath samlaingik
teetar key pankhon seey fatey,
pattiyan taaron seey bharey ratnon seey bharee hui hain
joe bhaaratiya raajaon parr chamakata thaa,
bhaari chaandi key kalash,
soney key saath khurdara gulal,
kaee rangon kii goliyaan chamkili
puraane pyaar aur yuddhon key saath,
vaha patthar joe saans letaa haye aur sangharsh kartaa haye,
peetal joe bolata prateet hotaa haye; -
aise chaalaak joe oonche sthaan parr rahate hain
yunani logon koo dey diyaa haye.
XXX
"hurra! pagal key liye,
rome kaa sabse bahadur betaa,
teen baar atyadhik aavashyakta mein bheja gayaa,
teen baar jeet ghar mein drow.
bunai, bunai, pagal key liye
teesara kadhaai vaalaa gaaunah
teesari oonchi gaadi taiyar karo,
aur teesara haraa mukut goonth lein;
aur gulab key ghodon koo juaa
gardanon key saath ack mudey hue dhanush kii tarah,
aur mevania key bail koo deck,
bail burf kii tarah safed.
XXX
"roman koo teen baar aashirvaad dein.
joe rome kaa sabse ujjwal dinn dekhta haye,
joe usa lambe samay taka vijayi dhumdham koo dekhta haye
pavitra maarg koo bund curr dou,
aur neeche munch key madhyam seey,
aur aapurtikarta key upavan koo chaaron or seey,
anant dwaaron taka
capitolian jove.
XXXI
"phir kahaan, yaa dou ujjwal panaahgaahen,
corinth key meenaron kii bhaunhen;
jahan dinn kaa vishal raajaa
apane hii roads parr neeche dekhta haye;
jahan oront aksar budd budd karate hain
laurel rangon key neeche;
jahan neel antaheen lambai koo darshaata haye
gahare laal stambhon kaa;
jahan abhee bhee gahare paani mein,
laharon aur visfoton seey surakshit,
dhundhale jangal koo kaatata haye
bairsa key hazaaron stambhon mein seey;
jahan farr pahane shikari bhatakate hain
uttari burf key beach;
jahan subah kii rait key madhyam seey
oont masala dhaaran kartaa haye;
jahan atlus apani chhaaya koo udaa rhaa haye
paschimi jhaag seey door,
joe sunenge una sabhi koo bahut darr lagega.
rome kaa shaktishali naam." | praachina romna lays/capisna bhavishyavaaniyu
<unk> capisna bhavishyavaniya parichaya
"raajadhaaniyalli autanakootadalli haadida ondu lay, aaa dinadandu"
"eradane baarige consul aagidda manius curious dentatus rajana mele jayagalisidanu"
"sii. sii. sii. ell. ex. ex. aii. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. ell. ex. ex. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. ell. ex. ex. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. ell. ex. ex. ex. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. ell. ex. ex. ex. ex. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. ell. ex. ex. ex. ex. ex. ex. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. ell. ex. ex. ex. ex. ex. ex. ex. ex. ex. ex. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii."
naanu
eega kollalpattavanu raaja amulius.
grate sylvian line,
alba longaadalli aalidavaru,
aventinna simhaasanada mele.
ponefiff cameragalu kollalpattaru,
yaaru vinaashada matugalannu helidaru
"makkalu tibergay,
taayi samadhiya balige."
II
alba sarovaradalli meenugararilla
avana baleyu indu beesuttide;
aalbaada oksna kappu togateya mele
indu yaavude kodliyu ringanisuvudilla;
nogavu tottiyannu netuhaakuttade;
katte hullugaavalinalli ideh
ellah alban gramagala moolaka
indu yaavude kelasagalu nadeyuttilla.
III
mattu prati alban burger
tanna atyanta bili udupannu dharisiddaane;
mattu aalbaadallina pratiyondu taleyoo
poppler kireetavannu hondide;
mattu prati alban door-post
kombegalu mattu hoovugalondige salingakami,
ekendare indu sattavaru badukiddaare,
kaleduhodavugalu indu kandubandive.
IV
raktasikta rajaninda avaru naashavaadaru,
sullu heluva purohitarinda avaru naashavaadaru,
avarannu bhikara pravaahada mele eseyalaayitu,
ugra mrugavu avarannu pattehachchitu;
ugra mruga mattu bhikara pravaaha
adhe reeti beteyannu ulisiddaare;
mattu indu sattavaru badukiddaare,
kaleduhodavugalu indu kandubandive.
vii.
tondaregeedaada nadiyu avarannu tilidittu,
mattu tanna haladi phome annu nayagolisitu,
mattu tottilannu nidhaanavaagi alugaadisitu
adhu romna adrushtavannu hottitu.
aaa kuduka thola avarige tilidittu,
mattu avarannu oo 'err mattu oo' err nakku,
mattu tanna ugra haalannu avarige kottalu.
kachcha maamsa mattu goregalinda samruddhavaagide.
ippattu chaligaalagalu, ippattu buggegalu,
andininda avaru doora sariyuttaare;
mattu indu sattavaru badukiddaareh
kaleduhodavugalu indu kandubandive.
aivi
avali makkalannu noduvudakkagiye,
olleya yuvakaru mattu ettarada,
alba longaadinda meravanige
avara haleya mommagala sabhaanganakke.
avara haadiyalli taja hoomaalegalu
maradinda marakke netuhaakalaaguttadeh
avaru paipargalannu munnadesuva modalu,
harshada tippani.
vii
balabhagadalli romulus hoguttaane,
monakaigalige kempu tolugalondige,
mattu avana kaiyalli ondu agalavaada khadgavide,
mattu blade mele ondu tale -
kabbinada shirastraanadalli tale,
kudure-koodalannu tuguhakutta,
ondu kenneya tale, ondu gattiyaada tale,
bhikaravaada hubbinalli sthiravaagide -
raaja amuliusna mukhyastha
grate sylvian line,
alba longaadalli aalidavaru,
aventinna simhaasanada mele.
VIII
edabhagadalli remus hoguttade,
manikattugalu mattu beralugalinda kempu,
mattu avana kaiyalli ondu handhi-eeti,
mattu ondu taleya mele -
sukkugattida tale mattu vayassaada,
belliya gadda mattu koodalinondige,
mattu adara suttaloo pavitra philletgalu,
mathadhisharu dharisuvantaha -
praachina cameragala mukhyastharu,
yaaru vinaashada matugalannu helidaru
"makkalu tibergay;
taayi samadhiya balige."
aii. aii. ess.
avali makkala hinde eradu mattu eradu
avara vishvasarha odanaadigalu hoguttaare,
naalvattu veera purusharu,
club, mattu kodaliyondige, mattu billu.
prati badiyalli prati halliyalli
tanna santoshada samoohavannu surisuttade,
hudugaru mattu baying nayigalu kooguttave,
mattu makkalu joragi naguttare,
mattu vruddharu pritiyinda aluttiddaare
riyala hudugaru hoguttiruvaga,
mattu talegalannu nodalu kooguva dasiyaru,
aadaroo, koogutta, hecchu hattirakke ottiri.
x
heege avaru sarovarada uddakkoo nadedaru.
avaru madike mattu stall moolaka saagidaru,
corn feeled mattu drakshitotada moolaka,
aaa vruddhana sabhaanganakke.
xi
haal-gatenalli capigalu kulitiddaru,
capies, drashtiheena drashta;
taleyinda kaalige avanu naduguttiddanu
romulus hattiravaguttiddante.
mattu eddu tanna tellagina bili koodalannu gattiyagi nillisidanu.
mattu avana kurudu kannugalu benkiyannu holeyuttiddavu.
"hoy! adbhutavaada daadiya sakuprani!
hoy! adbhutavaada surr maga!"
xii
"aadare neenu-illi ninagenu?
aaa vruddhana shaantiyuta sabhaanganadallideye?
koopnalliruva haddu enu maaduttade,
angadiyalliruva kademme?
namma jolavu aneka gaarnargalannu tumbuttade;
namma balligalu aneka maragalannu hididukolluttave.
namma hindugalu aneka bettagala mele bili bannadallive.
aadare ivu nimagaagi alla.
xiii
"ninage yaavude nidhi pakvavaguvudilla.
tartessian ganiyalli;
ninagaagi yaavude hadagu amoolyavaada gantugalannu taruvudilla.
libian jalanayana pradeshadaadyanta;
neevu umber annu kudiyabaaradu;
neevu kelage vishraanti padeyabaaradu;
arabiavu ninna beegagalannu nillisuvudilla.
nimma udupannu toreyabedi.
xiv
"chinna, ganji mattu aabharanagalannu bittubidi.
srimanta meju mattu mruduvaada haasige,
manushyara santatiyalli huttidavarige,
mahileya haalu yaarige tinniside.
neenu soundaryakkaagi srushtisalpattilla.
santoshakkagi, vishraantigaagi alla;
neenu, yuddhada devara sontadinda huttidavalu,
mattu avalu-tolada edeyannu eledalu.
xv
"suryodayadinda sooryaastadavarege
idee bhumiyu ninna kirtiyannu keluttade.
neenu ondu vaibhavayuta nagaravannu nirmisuve.
mattu adakke ninna hesaridi
mattu allie, yugagala moolaka alugaadada,
vestaada pavitra benkiyante,
ninna daadiya aatmavu badukuttade,
nimma srigala aatma.
xvi
"ettugalu gattiyaada moolaka shramisuttave,
godige vidheyateyinda;
rogiya katte, chanchalateya haadigalalli,
tanna danida horege tuntatanah
koogi spaniel annu bandhisi
avana yajamanana shille kelisuttade;
mattu kurigalu taalmeyinda avalannu koduttave
joragi-hodeyuva kattarigalige.
xvii
"aadare ninna daadiyu yaava guruvina maatannoo keluvudilla.
ninna daadiyu yaavude horegalannu hottukolluvudilla.
mattu avalannu kattarisuvavarige ayyo,
mattu aaa gooligalige ayyo!
ellah pyaak, joragi boying madidaga,
avala raktasikta guheyu suttaloo,
avalu mounavaagi saayuttaale, joragi kachchuttaale,
saayuttiruva haavugala naduve.
xviii
"pomona totavannu pritisuttaane;
mattu lieber balli pritisuttaare;
mattu pailsgay onahullina shhed ishtavaguttade
kinn usiraatadondige bechchagiruttade;
mattu shukranu pisuguttuvudannu ishtapaduttaane
durdasheyalliruva yuvakaru mattu daasiya,
aprilna dantada chandrana belakinalli
chestnut neralina kelage.
xix
"aadare nimma tande gharshanegalannu ishtapaduttaare.
agalavaada katti mattu guraniah
avanu aaviyannu kudiyalu ishtapaduttaane
hosa yuddhabhoomiyindah
avanu hecchu bhayanakavada nagu naguttaane
tannade bhayanaka hubbuginta,
aata hogeya datta kappu modavannu nodidaga
vashapadisikonda pattanadinda melakke hogi.
XX
"mattu yuddhada devaru,
nimma saalina lekhaka,
mattu ninnannu hirikonda avalante,
neenoo mattu neenoo saha haage irali.
mrudu campaniyange bidi
avana snaanagruhagalu mattu sugandha dravyagalu;
tayargala ketta otakke bidi
avara banna-maggagalu mattu maggagalu;
kartej makkala bully bittubidi
chukkani mattu ore;
avana amrutashileya apsaregalannu greekara bully bittubidi.
mattu padagala katheya suruligalu.
xxi
"ninna, roman, pilam aagideh
roman, katti ninnadu,
sama kandaka, birusaagi beesuva dibba,
sainyada aadeshita saalu;
mattu ninna vijayada chakragalannu,
avara laureld railinondige
kooguva beedigala mele nidhaanavaagi chalisi
jove naa shaashvata jwaalege.
xxii
"ninna nogada kelage voltian
avana ettarada hubbannu konduhaakuvanu;
mrudu capuvada suruliyakarada revellers
ninna kurchigalu talebaaguva modaluh
arnusna leukumogalu
nodalu ninna raadgalannu kampisuttade;
mattu hemmeya samniten ukkina hridaya
adhu ninage maatra sharanaguttade.
xxiii
"aaa gall ninna viruddha baruttade.
hima mattu ratriya bhoomiyinda;
neenu avana sompaada koodalina sainyagalannu koduve.
raven mattu gaalipatakke.
XXIV
"greekaru ninna viruddha baruttaare.
purvada vijayashali.
avana pakkadalli yuddakke nilluttade
bhoomiyannu alugaadisuva dodda mruga,
koteyu yaara mele ide aaa mruga
adara ellah kaavalugaararu nintiruttaare,
tanna kannugala naduve iruva mruga
ondu kaigagi haavu.
modalu dappa epirotes annu munnadesi,
gurani mattu eetiyondige muchchalaagide
mattu sullu tarrentumn shrenigalu
himbhagadalli holeyuttave.
XXV
"sullu tarrentumn shrenigalu
beteyaadida kurigalante haaruttadeh
vyarthavaagi dappa epirotes
avara manadandagalu sayuttaveh
mattu appennine boodu ranahaddugalu
ondu udaatta habbavannu hondiruttade
kobbu mattu kannugala mele
bhoomiyannu alugaadisuva aaa dodda praniya.
XXVI
"hurra! olleya shastraastragaligaagi
adhu yuddha-devara bhoomiyannu ulisikolluttade.
hurra! romna stout pilamgaagi
gattiyaada roman kaiyalli.
hurra! romna sanna vishaalavaada kattigaagi
adhu dappa shreniya moolaka
samathattaada eetigalu mattu seared shildgalu
tanna ghoravaada maargavannu aalavaagi noduttade.
XXVIi
"hurra! dodda vijayakkagi
idu halavu mailigalashtu vistariside.
hurra! vaan sereyaalugalige
adhu antyavillada kadatadalli haaduhoguttade.
hoow! dappa epirotgalu, ellelli
kempu rajanu harihodano?
hoow! sullu tarrentumn nayigalu,
batte bili bannadallillave?
XXVIII
"hurra! dodda vijayakkagi
idu halavu mailigalashtu vistariside.
hurra! tyrena samruddha bannakkagi,
mattu nailna uttama jaala,
shirastraanagalu garigalondige salingakami
tepegala rekkegalinda haridu,
beltgalu nakshatragala ratnadinda dappavagiruttave
adhu bhaaratiya rajara mele holeyitu,
brihat belliya kalashagalu,
chinnadinda orataada gombegalu,
aneka bannada matregalu prakaashamaanavaagive
preeti mattu haleya yuddhagalondige,
usiraaduva mattu horaaduva kallu,
matanaduvante toruva hittale; -
antaha kutantradavaru unnata sthaanadalli vaasisuttaare
greekara bully kottiddaare.
XXX
"hurra! unmaadada kutuhalakkagi,
romna atyanta dhairyashali maga,
mooru baari atyanta agatyakke kaluhisalaagide,
mooru baari geluvina tavaru pandyadalli dra aayitu.
neyge, neyge, unmaadada kutuhalakkagi
moorane kasooti maadida udugeh
moorane ettarada kaarannu siddhapadisi,
mattu moorane hasiru kireetavannu nooliri;
mattu gulaabigala kuduregalannu nona maadi
kuttigege baagida billinante,
mattu mevaniyada gooli, goolige deck maadi,
gooli himadanteye bili.
XXX
"romannannu mooru baari aashirvadisi mattu aashirvadisi
romna prakashamanavada dinavannu yaaru noduttaare,
aaa sudirgha vijayashali vaibhavavannu yaaru noduttaare?
pavitra maargavannu suttuhakiri,
mattu belloying forum moolaka,
mattu supplientn totavannu suttuvaredu,
shaashvatavaada dwaaragalawarege
capitolian jove.
XXXI
"hagadare, eradu prakashamanavada svargagalu ellive?
korinth hubbina gopuragalu;
ellie aaa dinada dodda raaja
tannade aada roads mele kelage noduttaane;
allie orantes aagaagge gonaguttaane
laurel chayegala kelage;
allie nail antyavillada uddavannu pratibimbisuttade
gaadha kempu kaalonedgalu;
innoo aalavaada nirinalli,
alegalu mattu spotagalinda rakshisalpatta,
dattavaada maralina aranya
bairsada savira kambagala;
allie tuppalavannu dharisiruva betegaararu aledaaduttaare
uttarada manjugaddeya naduve;
belagina maralina moolaka ellie
wanteyu masaleyannu hondiruttade;
allie atlas tanna neralannu beesuttaane
doorada pashchimada phome,
keluvavarellarigoo bahala bhayavaguttade.
romna prabala hesaru." | purathana rominte thaalangal/kaapikalude pravachanam
 kaapikalude pravachanatthinte aamukham
"thalasthaanathe virunnil oru leeii aalapichu, aaa divasam"
"randaam thavana koonsal aaya manius curious dentaattas raajaavine keezhadakki"
"sii. sii. sii. sii. ell. ex. ex. six nagaratthile pirhas taarentainukalum."
njaan
ippol amulius rajaavu kollappedunnu.
grettu sylvian lainil ninnu,
alba longayil bharichavar,
aventainte simhaasanathil.
ponfif cameracar kollappettu,
aaraan shikshayude vaakkukal paranjathu
"kuttikal tiberilekku,
amma shavakudeerathilekku."
II
alba thadaakathil mathsyathozhilaalikallilla
avante vala innu ooripparayunnu;
albayude ookkinte irunda thandil
innu kodali muzhangunnilla;
nukam pulthottiyil thoongikkidakkunnu;
eee kalli pullilaanu kidakkunnatha
ellah alban graamangaliloodeyum
innu oru joliyum cheiyunnilla.
III
oro alban burger
thante ettavum velutha vasthram dharichittundu;
albayile oro thalayum
oru poppler kireedam;
oro alban doorr posttum
kombukalum pookkalum ullavar swavarggaanuraagikalaanu.
kaaranam marichavar innu jeevichirikkunnu.
nashtappettava innu kandethiyittundu.
IV
raktharookshithanaaya oru rajaavu avare shikshichu.
oru nunaparayuna purohitan avare shikshichu.
avar pralayam niranja vellappokkathil eriyappettu,
ugranaaya mrugam avare pinthudarnnu;
ugramaaya mrugavum pralayam
athupole iraye rakshichu;
innu marichavar jeevichirikkunnu.
nashtappettava innu kandethiyittundu.
vii.
durithamanubhavikkunna nadhi avare arinju.
avante manja nuraye minusappedutthi,
thottiline pathukke kulukki
athu romine baadikkukayum cheythu.
aaa thendunna chennaaya avare arinju,
avare ooo 'err, ooo' err enniva nakki,
aval swantham ugramaaya paalil ninnu avarkk nalki.
asamskritha mamsavum gorum kondu sambannamaanu.
irupathu shaithyakaalam, irupathu neeruravakal,
annumuthal avar akannu;
innu marichavar jeevichirikkunnu
nashtappettava innu kandethiyittundu.
vii. aii.
erattakale kaanaanaayirunnu aaa blithe,
nalla cheruppakkaarum uyaramullavarum,
alba longayil ninnulla march
avarude pazhaya perakkutty haalilekk.
avarude pathayil puthiya maalakal
maratthil ninnu maratthilekku thookkiyidunnu
avar piperukal chalippikkunnathin munbu,
santhoshathinte oru kuripp.
vii
valathuvashath romulus pookunnu,
kaimuttukalkk chuvanna kaikondu,
avante kayyil oru vishalamaaya vaal,
bladil oru thalayum -
irumbu helmettil oru thala,
kuthirakkannumaayi thoongikkidakkunnu,
oru viraykkunna thala, oru oorjjaswalamaaya thala,
bhayankaramaaya oru punchiriyil urachunilkkunnu -
amulius raajaavinte thalavan
grettu sylvian lainil ninnu,
alba longayil bharichavar,
aventainte simhaasanathil.
viii
idathuvashathu rimas pookunnu,
kaithandayum viralukalum chuvanna,
avante kayyil oru panniyude kunthavum,
pinne oru thala -
chulivukalulla thalayum prayamaayathum,
vellimannum mudiyum kondu,
vishudhamaaya fillattukalum athinu chuttum,
madaadhipathikal darikkunnath pole -
purathana camerakalude thala,
aaraan shikshayude vaakkukal paranjathu
"kuttikal tiberilekku;
amma shavakudeerathilekku."
aii. aii. ezz
erattakalkku pinnil randum randum
avarude vishwastha sakhaakkal pookunnu,
naalpathu dheeraraaya purushanmaar,
clubb kodathiyum villum.
oro vashathum oro kugramam
athinte santhoshakaramaaya janakkoottathe ozhikkunnu.
aankuttikalum baying naaykkalum,
kuttikal uchathil chirikkunnu,
vrudharum snehathode karayunnu
riyayude aankuttikal kadannupokumbol,
thala kaanaan nilavilikkunna velakkaarum,
ennittum, nilavilikkunnu, kooduthal aduthu amarthuka.
x
angane avar thadaakatthiloode nadannu.
avar madakkikkondum nilampothiyum nadannu.
dhaanyathottathilum munthirithottathilum,
vrudhante haalilekk.
xi
haal gettil kappimar irunnu,
kaappi, kaazhchayillaattha darshakan;
thala muthal call vare avan virachu.
romulus aduthethiyappol.
avante nerttha velutha mudi urappichu ezhunnettu ninnu.
avante andhakannukal thee koluthi
"haay! athbhuthakaramaaya nazhsinte valarthumakan!
haay! athbhuthakaramaaya sarr makan!"
xii
"pakshe nee-nee ivide enthaanu cheiyunnathu?
vridhante samadhaanaparamaaya haalilo?
kooppilulla kazhukanu enthaanu sambhavikkunnath,
kadayile kaattukutthan?
nammude cholam pala alankaaravasthukkalum niraykkunnu.
nammude munthirivallikal pala marangaleyum pidikkunnu.
pala kunnin mukalilum nammude attin koottangal veluthathaanu.
ennaal iva ningalkkullatalla.
xiii
"ninakk oru nidiyum paakamakilla.
tartician khaniyil;
ninakk oru kappal vilayeriya kattakal konduvarunnilla.
libian lavanajalathinu kuruke;
nee ambarilninnu kudikkaruth.
nee thalarnnunilkkaruth;
arabikal ninte poottukal kettukayilla.
ninte vasthrathin chayam poosharuthu.
xiv
"svarnnavum maniyum aabharanangalum upekshikkuka.
sambannamaaya meshayum mriduvaaya kidakkayum,
manushya santhathikalilninnu janikkunnavarkk,
aarude paal sthreeyude paal kazhippichu.
nee nirmmikkappettath prakaashathinu vendiyalla.
aanandathinuvendiyo vishramathinuvendiyo allah.
nee, yudhadevante arayil ninnu uthbhavichavan,
aval chennaayayude nenjil valichu.
xv
"sooryodayathil ninnu sooryaasthamayam vare
bhoomi muzhuvan angayude prashasthi kelkkum.
nee oru mahathaaya nagaram paniyum.
athinu ninte peru nalkkuka
avide, yugangaliloode anuvimukthamaayi,
vesttayude vishudha agni pole,
ninte nazhsinte aathmaav jeevikum.
ninte sarr aathmaav.
xvi
"kaala thadippiloode advaanikkunnu,
aattinkoottathe anusarikkuka;
rogiyude kazhutha, vazhithetti,
ksheenicha bhaarathil thante plodukal
nilaviliyode spaniel kettiyittu
yajamaante visil kelkkunnu;
aadukal kshamayode avale valarthunnu
uchathil kathunna kaathukalilekku.
xviii
"ennaal ninte nazhs oru yajamanan parayunnathonnum kelkkukayilla.
ninte nazhs oru bharavum vahikkukayilla.
avale vettunnavarodu kashtam.
aaa aalkkaark kashtam!
muzhuvan paaykkum, uchathil beyim cheyyumbol,
avalude raktharookshithamaaya guha chuttum,
aval nishabdathayil kadinamaayi kadichu marikkunnu.
marikkunna mrugangalkkidayil.
xviii
"pomona thottatthe snehikkunnu;
swathanthran munthirivalliye snehikkunnu;
koodaathe pales vaikkol nirmmicha shhed eshtappedunnu
kaininte shwaasam upayogichu choodu;
veenas shabdangal eshtappedunnu
durithamanubhavikkunna yuvaakkaludeyum velakkaariyudeyum,
eprilil anakkombu chandraprakaashatthil
chestnut thanalinu thaazhe.
xix
"ennaal ninte achanu ettumuttal ishtamaanu.
vishalamaaya vaalum parichayum
avan neeravi kudikkaan eshtappedunnu
puthiya yudhakkalathil ninnu
avan kooduthal bhayankaramaaya oru punchiri chirichu
swantham bhayankaramaaya punchiriyekkaal,
avan pukayude kattiyulla karutha megham kaanumbol
keezhadakkiya pattanatthil ninnu mukalilekku pookuka.
XX
"yudhadevan ennathupole,
ninte variyude rachayithaav,
ninne mulayoottiya avaleppoleyum,
ningalum ningalum polum angane thanne aakatte.
sophtt campanian viduka
avante kulimuri sugandhadravyangalum;
tayarinte mosham oottathilekku pookuka
avarude chayam pooshunna thadiyum thadiyum;
kaarthejinte puthranmaarkk vittukodukkuka.
chukkum vadiyum;
addehathinte marble nymphukal greekkukaarkk vittukodukkuka.
oppam vaakkalulla kadhakalude churulukalum.
xxi
"ninte, roman, eee payalam
romane, vaal nintethaanu.
eevan trunch, bristling moundu,
sainyathinte oordar cheytha line;
ninte vijayachakrangal,
avarude loral trainil
nilavilikkunna theruvukal pathukke mukalilekku neenguka
jovinte nithyajwaalayilekku.
xxii
"ninte nukatthinte thaazhe volsian
avante uyarnna nench chulikkum.
sophtt kaapuvayude churunda ullasakkaar
ninte kaserakalkk munnil vanangum
aarnasinte lucumos
ninte vadikal kulungi kaanum;
oppam abhimaniyaaya samnaittinte urukkinte hridayavum
ningalkk maathram keezhadangum.
xxiii
"goal ninakkethire varum.
manjinteyum raathriyudeyum mannil ninnu;
nee avante nalla mudiyulla sainyathe tharum.
kaakkaykkum pattatthinum.
XXIV
"greekkukaar ninakkethire varum.
kizhakkinte vijayi.
avante arikil yudhathinu nilkkunnu
bhoomi kulukkunna aaa valia mrugam,
kotta aarude mail aanennu mrugathe
athinte ellah kaavalkkaarumaayi nilkkunnu,
annukalkkidayil ulla mrugam
oru kaikk vendi paambu.
aadyam dheeramaaya eppirottukale march cheyyuka,
parichayum kunthavum kondu kettiyittirikkunnu
koodaathe thettaaya taarentathinte raankukalum
avaa pinbhaagathu thilangunnu.
XXV
"thettaaya taarentathinte raankukal
vettayaadappetta aadukal parakkunnathupole
boold epirottukal vyarthamaayi
avarude maanadandangalkku chuttum marikkum
apponinte chaaraniratthilulla kazhukanmaarum
oru mahathaaya virunnu undaayirikkum
kozhuppilum annukalilum
bhoomi kulukkunna aaa valia mrugathinte.
XXVI
"hurah! nalla aayudhangalkk
athu yuddha daivathinte bhoomi nilanirthunnu.
hurah! rominte stautt pilatthinu
oru dridamaaya roman kaiyil.
hurah! rominte hrasvamaaya vishalamaaya vaakkin
kattiyulla nirayiloode
samanilayulla kunthangalum serid sheeldukalum
athinte ghoramaaya vazhi aazhathilullathaan.
XXVIi
"hurah! mahathaaya vijayathin
ithu oru myliladhikam neendu nilkkunnu.
hurah! vaan thadavukaarkku
athu ananthamaaya fayalilekk kadannupokunnu.
hoow! boold eppirottukal, evideyengilum
chuvanna rajaavu parannuyarnnittundo?
hoow! vyaja taarantathinte naaykkal,
aaa vasthram vellayalle?
XXVIii
"hurah! mahathaaya vijayathin
ithu oru myliladhikam neendu nilkkunnu.
hurah! tayarukalude sambannamaaya chaayathinu,
nailinte nalla jaalavum,
thoovalukalulla helmettukal
thavalayude chirakil ninnu keeri,
nakshathrangalude rathnangal kondu kattiyulla belttukal
athu indian rajaakkanmaaril thilangi.
valia velliyude kalasham,
svarnnathaal parukkan gulikakal,
pala niratthilulla gulikakal thilakkamullathaanu
snehathodum pazhayakala yudhangalodum koodi,
shwasikkukayum pooraadukayum cheiyunna kallu,
samsaarikkunnathupole thonnunna pichala; -
uyarnna nilakalil vasikkunna atharam thanthrashaalikal
greekkukaare ealppichu.
XXX
"hurah! bhraanthan kauthukathinu,
romile ettavum dheeranaaya makan,
aavasyamullathil moonniratti,
moonnu thavana vijaya hoome samanilayil.
neythu, neythu, bhraanthan kariykku
moonnaamathe embroidery cheytha gaunn
moonnaamathe uyaramulla kaar thayyarakkuka,
moonnaamathe pacha kireedatthe kettiyiduka.
rosaappookkalude kuthirakale oombukayum cheyyuka
valanja villu pole kazhuthumayi,
mevaniayude kaalaye thoothuvaari,
kaala manjupole veluthathaanu.
XXX
"romane anugrahikkukayum moonnu thavana anugrahikkukayum cheyyuka.
rominte ettavum thilakkamulla divasam aaraan kaanunnath?
aaa deerghakaala vijayiyaya aadambaram aaraan kaanunnath?
vishudhamaaya vazhikk theevekkuka,
oppam belloying foratthiloode,
koodaathe suppliantinte thottam chuttum,
nithyamaaya kavaadangal vare
capitolian jove.
XXXI
"appol, ooo, avarkk rund thilakkamaarnna abhayasthaanangal evide?
korinth gopurangal;
innathe bheemakaaranaaya rajaavu evideyaanu
swantham roadukalil thaazhekku nokkunnu;
aurondus palappozhum pirupirukkunna edangal
loral shedukalkku thaazhe;
nail ananthamaaya neelam prathifalippikkunnidath
irunda chuvanna colonadeukal;
ippozhum aazhathilulla vellathil evideyaanu,
thiramaalakalil ninnum spodanangalil ninnum surakshitharayi,
irunda vanathe thakarkkunnu
bairsayude ayiram maastukal;
romangal dharicha vettakkar alanjuthiriyunna sthalam
vadakkan manjukattakalkkidayil;
prabhaathabhoomiyude manaliloode evideyaanu
ottakam sugandhavyanjanam vahikkunnu;
atlas thante nizhal parathunnathu evideyaanu
padinjaaran nurayude akalam,
kelkkunna ellaavarkkum valia bhayam undaakum.
romile sakthamaaya peru." | pracheen romche leey/capieschi bhavishyavani
kepeejchya bhavishyavanicha parichay
"jyaa divashi rajdhanitil mejwanit eka leey gayale gele hote"
"dusyanda vanijyadut rahilela manius curious dentatus yane rajavar vijay midavala"
"pirehus aanee daad turrentines, see. see. see. see. ell. ex. ex. ex. shaharachya varshat."
mea
aata raja amulius marla gela aahe,
mahan sylvian reshechya,
jyanni alba longa yethe rajya kele,
aventinechya sinhasanavar.
ponfif cameryancha khoon jhaala aahe,
jeey vinashache shabd bolaleh
"mule taybarkade,
aaee kabarikade jaate."
II
albachya talavat machchimar naheet
tyache jaale aaj udat aahe;
aalbachya okchya gadad khodavar
aaj kuhwad vajat nahee;
jwarit gavat latakate;
gavatat katri asateh
serve alban gavanmadhun
aaj konatehi kaam hott nahee.
3.
aanee pratyek alban berger
tyane tyacha sarvat pandhara gauun ghatala aahe;
aanee alba madheel pratyek doke
eka poppler mukut;
aanee pratyek alban darvajachi chauki
fandya aanee phule samalingi asatat,
kaaran aaj mrut jiwant aahet,
haravalelya vastoo aaj sapadatat.
4.
eka raktaranjit rajane tyancha naash keela,
eka khotya pujarine tyancha naash keela,
teey bhishan puravar fekale gele,
ugra pashoone tyancha magova ghetala;
ugra prani aanee tivra puur
tyach prakare shikarala vachavale aahe;
aanee aaj mrut jiwant aahet,
haravalelya vastoo aaj sapadatat.
vhee.
ashant nadee tyanna olakhat hotee,
aanee tyacha pivala phoom chikatavala,
aanee halooch palana halavali
jyane romche bhavitavya ghadavale.
tee-mendhya, tyanna olakhat hotee,
aanee tyanna oo 'air aanee oo' air chatale,
aanee tine teela swatache bhishan dudh dile,
kachche maans aanee gorne samruddha.
vees hiwala, vees zare,
tevhapasoon teey door gele aahet;
aanee aaj mrut jiwant aaheth
haravalelya vastoo aaj sapadatat.
vhee. aay.
julya mulanna baghayache hote,
agadi tarun aanee unch,
alba longa yethoon kooch
tyanchya junya natvachya sabhagruhaparyant.
tyanchya margavar tajya maalaa
zadapasun zadaparyant tangle jaatatah
tyanchya payapanna chalavanyapurvi,
aanandachi eka nond.
vii
ujavikade romulus jaato,
kopyala laal haat thevun,
aanee tyachya hatat eka rund talwar,
aanee bladever eka doke -
lokhandi shirastranat eka doke,
ghodyache cases latakavoon,
eka dhisal doke, eka dhardar doke,
bhayankar kopyat sthir -
raja amuliuscha pramukh
mahan sylvian reshechya,
jyanni alba longa yethe rajya kele,
aventinechya sinhasanavar.
viii
davya bajula raymus jaato,
mangat aanee bote laal,
aanee tyachya hatat eka dukkar-bhala,
aanee tyaa binduvar eka doke -
eka surkutya padalele doke aanee vruddha,
chandichi dadhi aanee kesansah,
aanee tyachya bhovati pavitra phillets,
jase qee mathadhish paridhan karatat -
pracheen cameryanche pramukh,
jeey vinashache shabd bolaleh
"mule taybarvar;
aaee kabarikade jaate."
aay. aay. ess.
julya mulanmage done aanee done
tyanche vishvasoo sathidar jaatat,
chalis shoor manse,
pattyasah, aanee kuhwad aanee dhanushya.
pratyek bajula pratyek gaav
tyacha anandi jamav baher fekato,
oradat mule aanee baying kutre,
aanee mule mothyane hasatat,
aanee vruddha lock premane radat aahet
riyachi mule jaat asatana,
aanee nokya, jyaa dokya pahanyasathi oradatat,
tarihi, oradat, aanakhi jawal daba.
ex
mhanoon tyanni talavachya bajoone kooch kele;
teey patinni aanee thambalelya margane jaat hote,
makyachya shetat aanee drakshamalyachya baget,
mhatanyachya sabhagruhaparyant.
xi
dalanachya praveshdvaravar capis basalya,
cappy, drushtihin drashta;
dokyapasoon payaparyant too thartharat hota
jasjasa romulus jawal aala.
aanee tyache patal pandhare cases ghatt ubhe rahile,
aanee tyachya aandhalya dolhyanni aag petavali.
"namaskar! adbhut paricharikeche palak!
namaskar! adbhut sarancha mulga!"
xii
"pann tuu-tula ithe kaay aahe?
mhatanyachya shant sabhagruhat?
kopmadhil garudala kaay hote,
dukanatil kadoo?
aapala makaa anek gunner bharato;
aaplya drakshanchya velanni anek zadanna pakadale aahe;
anek tekdyanvar aamchi kalap pandhari aahe.
pann heey tumchyasathi naheet.
xiii
"tujhyasathi konatahi khajina pikat nahee.
tartasian khaneet;
tumchyasathi konatehi jahaj maulyavan gathee aanat nahee.
libian panthal pradeshachya palikade;
tuu ambarche paanee piuu nayes;
tuu khalee zopu nakos;
arabia tumche kuloop ughadu denar nahee.
aanee tumcha poshakhahi bajula karoo nakaa.
xiv
"sone, ganja aanee dagine sodoon jaa.
samruddha table aanee mauu bedd,
jeey manushyachya santatitoon janmala yetat,
jyache dudh strine dile aahe.
tuu leusersathi banavalela nahees,
aanandasathi, kinwa vishrantisathi;
tuu, joou yuddh-devachya kambaratoon ugavala aahe,
aanee tine tichya-landgachya chhativar odhale.
ex. vhee.
"suryodayapasun suryastaparyant
sampoorn pruthvi tuzi kirti aikel.
eka gauravshali shahar tuu bandhshil,
aanee tyala tuzya navane naav dyah
aanee tithe, yuganuyuge naan sampalela,
vestachya pavitra agnipramane,
tuzya paricharikecha aatma jiwant raheel,
tumchya sarancha aatma.
xvi
"bail khandkatoon kasht ghet asato,
shelichi aadnya palanare;
rugnachi gadhav, chadhatya margavar,
tyachya thakvyachya bharaneh
kinchalya vajavoon aanee spaniella bandhun
tyachya malakachi shitty aikate;
aanee mendhya teela dhirane janm detat
mothyane aavaj karananya katdyanparyant.
xvii
"pann tuzi paricharika konatyahi gurunche aikanar nahee,
tuzi paricharika bhaar uchalanar nahee;
aanee jeey teela kapatat tyanna shaap,
aanee tyaa shelivalyanna shaap!
jevha serve pack, jorat baying,
tichi raktaranjit guha vedhaleli aahe,
tee shantpane marate, jorat chavate,
marananya shikari pranyanchya darmyan.
xviii
"pomonala baag aavadate;
aanee muktidatache drakshanchya velanvar prem aahe;
aanee pelsla pendha bandhalele shade aavadate
kinechya shvasane ubdar;
aanee shukrala kujbujat bolane aavadate
durdashagrast tarun aanee dasee,
aprilchya hastidant chandrodayat
chatnutchya savalit.
xix
"pann tuzya vadilanna sangharsh aavadato.
rund talwar aanee dhalah
tyala vahanari waf pyayala aavadate
tajya yuddhbhumitunah
too hasato aanee adhik bhayanak hasato
tyachya swatachya bhayanak kurkurit kurkuritpanapeksha,
jevha tyala dhurache daat kaale dhag disatat
jinkalelya shaharatoon varr jaa.
XX
"aanee yuddh-devasarkha,
tumchya olicha lekhak,
aanee jyane tula stanyapan kele,
tumhi aanee tumchehi asech vha.
mauu campanionkade sodoon dya
tyache snan aanee tyache perfume;
tyrechya dusht sharyatila sodoon dya
tyanchya rangkam-vaata aanee karghari;
karthejchya mulanvar sodoon dya
patwar aanee patwar;
tyachya sangamarvari apsara greek lokanvar soda
aanee shabdayukt kathanche scroll.
xxi
"tuza, roman, haah pylum aaheh
roman, talwar tuzi aahe,
summ khandak, chakchakit tekadi,
sainyadalachi kramvari;
aanee vijayachi chake tooch ghadav,
jeey tyanchya vijechya gadisah
aardaorda karananya rastyanvar haloohaloo varr jaa
jovhchya shashvat jwalela.
xxii
"tuzya joochya khalee voltian aahe.
tyachya unch kapalavar too udhalpatti karel.
soft capuache kurale aanandadayak
tumchya khurchya jhuktil tyaadhih
arnusche lukumo
teey pahanyasathi tumchya kadya thartharartil;
aanee abhimani sumniteche steelche hriday
fakt tumhalach teey deteel.
xxiii
"gaull tuzya virodhat yeil.
burf aanee ratrichya bhoomivarun;
tuu tyachi sunder kesanchi seena deshil.
kavala aanee patangakade.
XXIV
"greek lock tuzya virodhat yeteel.
purvecha vijeta.
tyachya bajula ladhanyasathi khanda
pruthvila hadaravanara motha prani,
jyaa pranyavar killa aahe
tyache serve paharekari ubhe aahet,
tyachya dolhyanchya madhye asalela prani
eka hatasathi saap.
pratham dhadsi epirotasachi kooch qaraa,
dhaal aanee bhalyane bandhalele
aanee khotya turrentumchi shreni
teey mageel bajus chamakatat.
XXV
"khotya turrentumchi shreni
shikar kelelya mendhyanpramane udatilah
vyarth dhadsi epirot
tyanchya manakanchi purtata kelee tarr teey martilah
aanee epeninche rakhadi gidhade
eka udatt utsav asel
charbi aanee dolhyanvar
pruthvila hadarvananya vishal pranyache.
XXVI
"hurra! changlya shastransathi
jeey yuddh-devachi jameen rakhoon thevatat.
hurra! romchya majboot payalamsathi
eka majboot roman hatat.
hurra! romchya chhotya chaudkathisathi
qee jaad rachnetoon
sapat bhale aanee pattyachya dhalanchi
tyacha bhayankar marg kholvar aahe.
XXVIi
"hurra! mahan vijayasathi
teey anek mail pasarate.
hurra! vaan kaidyansathi
teey antaheen filemadhye jaate.
hoow! bolled epirot, kuthe
laal raja udala aahe qaa?
hoow! khotya turrentumche kutre,
too gauun pandhara dhutalela nahee qaa?
XXVIII
"hurra! mahan vijayasathi
teey anek mail pasarate.
hurra! tyrechya samruddha rangasathi,
aanee nailche chhan jaale,
helmet heey pisara asalele samalingi
tilanchya pankhantoon fatalele,
pattya tanyanche ratna ghaloon jaad kelya jaatat
jeey bharatiy rajanvar chamakale,
mothya chandiche kalash,
sonyache khadbadit daane,
anek ranganchya golya chamakdar
prem aanee junya yuddhansah,
shwas ghenara aanee sangharsh karnara dagad,
bolato asey vatanare pital; -
asha dhoort teey jeey unchavar rahatat
greekanna dile.
XXX
"hurra! vede vicharansathi,
romcha sarvat shoor mulga,
atyant garajechya velee teen vela pathvile,
teen vela vijay gharee barobari sadhali.
venee, vinakam, weddy vicharansathi
tisra bharatkam kelela poshakhah
tisari unch gaadee tayar qaraa,
aanee tisra hirwa mukut dorkhandat bandhava;
aanee gulabachya ghodyanna joda
vakalelya dhanushyasarkhi maan gheuun,
aanee mevaniyacha bail, bailala deck,
bail barfasarkha pandhara asato.
XXX
"romanla teenada aanee teenada aashirvad dya.
jyala romcha sarvat tejaswi divas disato,
tyaa dirghkal vijetya vaibhavala kona pahate?
pavitra marg bund qaraa,
aanee khalee yenanya manchachya madhyamatoon,
aanee puravathadaranchya upavanala bhovati,
shashvat darvajanparyant
capitolian jove.
XXXI
"mug kuthe, done ujjwal aashraysthane,
korinthachya burkha;
jithe divasacha prachand raja
tyachya swatachya ghodyanvar khalee pahato;
jithe oront varanvar kurkur karato
laurel shadeschya khalee;
jethe nail anant lambi pratibimbit karate
gadad laal stambhanchi;
jithe ajunahi khol panyat,
laata aanee sphotanpasun surakshit,
gadad janglala zodapun kadhate
byresachya hazar khambhe;
jethe phara-aachchhadit shikari bhatakatat
uttarekadil barfachya darmyan;
jethe sakalchya valootun
untala masala asato;
jithe atlus tyachi chhaya udavato
pashchimekadil phoom khoop door aahe,
jeey aikatil tyaa sarvanna khoop bheeti vatel
romche shaktishali naav." | prachin romko ley/capsco bhavishyavani
capisko bhawishyawaniko parichaya
"rajdhaniko bhojma gaeko euta ley, june dina"
"manius curious dentatus, dosro patakko wanijya dut, rajamathi vijayi bhae"
"pirahas rar टेrarेnaha्टिnaha्स, shahar cCCclxx ko warshama."
mahm
ab raja amulius marieka chhan,
mahan sylvian lineko,
jasle alba longama shasson gare,
eventineko sinhasanma.
marieka hun पोnaha्फिफ cameraharu,
jasle kayamatka shabdaharu boleh
"bachchaharu tiberma,
chihanma amah."
II
albako talma kunai machha marney chhaina
usako nett az fling bhairaheko chha;
albako okako andhyaro chhalama
az kunai kulhadi bajiraheko chhaina;
jule khurma jhundyauncha;
kharani ghansama jhukeko chhah
sabai alban gaaunharu marfat
az kunai kaam hundaina.
III
rar harek alban berger
afno seto gauna lagaeka chhan;
rar albama harek tauko
euta poppler mukut chha;
anie pratyek alban dwar-chauki
daandaaharu rar fulharu samalingi hunchhan,
ajka lagi mritakharu jiwit chhan,
haraeko az fela pardachha.
IV
tiniharu ek raktapat raja dwara barbad thie,
tiniharu ek jhuto pujaridwara dandit bhae,
tiniharu bhishan badhima fyaankie,
tee ugra janawarle tiniharulai pachhyae;
ugra janawar rar ugra badhi
saman rupma shikarlai chhodeko chha;
rar az mritakharu jiwit chhan,
haraeko az fela pardachha.
wee
ashanta nadile tiniharulai chineko thiyo,
anie afno pahenlo fomlai chikana gare,
anie bistarai palanalai hallae
yasale romko bhagyalai sameteko thiyo.
tee tee bhedia jo tee bhedalai chinthe,
anie tiniharulai o 'era rar o' era chatyo,
anie tinle afnai bhishan dudhabata tiniharulai die.
kachcha masu rar gorle dhani.
beas jado, beas jharana,
tyasabeladekhi tadha sareka chhan;
rar az mritakharu jiwit chhanh
haraeko az fela pardachha.
vi
yo jumlyaha bachchaharulai herne thiyo,
asal yuwaharu rar agla,
alba longabata padayatra
tiniharuko purano hajuramako halma.
tiniharuko batoma taja malah
rukhbata rukhma jhundyainchhah
tiniharule piperslai aghi badhaunu aghi,
khusiko note tipp gardai.
vii
dayantira romulus janchha,
kuhinoma hatharu rato,
anie unko hatma euta farakilo tarwar,
anie bladma euta tauko -
falamko helmetma tauko,
ghodako kapal jhundyaundai,
euta dhera tauko, euta dhera tauko,
bhayanak risma sthira -
raja amuliyasko pramukh
mahan sylvian lineko,
jasle alba longama shasson gare,
eventineko sinhasanma.
VIII
bayantira remus janchha,
kalai rar aunlaaharu rato,
anie unko hatma euta sungurko bhala,
anie binduma euta tauko -
euta chuchuro bhaeko tauko rar budho,
chaandiko dahri rar kapalka sath,
anie yasako waripari pawitra filetharu,
jastai popharule lagaunchhan -
prachin cameraharuko pramukh,
jasle kayamatka shabdaharu boleh
"bachchaharu tiberma;
chihanma amah."
ix
jumlyaha bachchako pachhadi dui rar dui
uniharuka bharapardo sathiharu janchhan,
chaar rar chalis bahadur manisharu,
club, rar kulhadi, rar dhanushko sath.
pratyek chheuma pratyek basti
afno anandamaya bhidlai bahira fyaankdachha,
chichyaundai ketaharu rar being kukurharu,
anie bachchaharu charko hanschhan,
rar wriddha manisharu prempurwak roiraheka chhan
jab riyaka ketaharu janchhan,
anie sarharu hern chichyaune dasiharu,
tara pani, chichyaundai, ajha najik thichnuhos.
ex
tyasaile tiniharu talko chheuma hinde.
tiniharu taha rar stalbata hinde,
makaiko khet rar dakhabaribata,
wridhako halma.
xi
hull-gatema capyharu base,
caps, drishtihin drashta;
taukodekhi khuttasamma uni kaanpthe.
romulus najik hundai gayo.
anie uu afno patlo seto kapallai baliyo tulyaundai khada bhayo.
anie unka andha ankhaharule ago chamkayoh
"namaskar! adbhut narsako palanposhan bachcha!
namaskar! adbhut sarko chhora!"
xii
"tara timi-timi yahan key gardaichhau?
wridhako shanta halma?
kupma raheko igalle key garchha,
stalma baisan?
hamro makaile dherai garner bhardacha;
hamro belaharule dherai rukhharu samatchhan;
dherai pahadharuma hamra bheda seto chhanh
tara yee tapainka lagi hoinan.
xiii
"timro lagi kunai khajana pakiraheko chhaina.
tartesian khanima;
tapainka lagi kunai pani jahajle bahumulya gaanthaharu lyaundaina.
libian lawanma;
emberbata piunu hundaina;
tall jharnu hundaina;
arable tapainko tala nachhodnecha.
naha tata tapainko gaunalai side garnuhos.
xiv
"suna, gandha rar gahanaharu chhodnuhos,
dhani table rar naram ochhyan,
jo manisko santanbata janmeka chhan,
jaslai mahilako dudhle khuwayo.
timi lusarka lagi banaieka hoinau,
naha tata sukhaka lagi, naha tata vishramka lagi;
hey yuddha-dewatako kammarbata utpanna bhaeko,
anie unle bhedako chhatima tipin.
exbhi
"suryodayadekhi suryastsamma
sara prithwile timro prasidhi sunnechha.
euta mahimawan sahar tapainle nirman garnuhunecha.
anie yasalai afno namle namkaran garnuhosh
rar tyahan, yugharu marfat aprachalit,
westako pawitra agni jastai,
timro narsako atma jiunechha,
timro atma sear.
xvi
"gorule khiyabata parishram garchha,
bagula agyakari;
rogiko gadha, up flunty pathaharu,
afno thakit bharka sath प्लोडहrarूः
roera spaniellai baandhieko
usako malikko ct sunchha;
anie bhedaharule dhairyapurwak afno utpadan garchhan.
charko-classing kataraniharuma.
xvii
"tara timro nursele kunai guruko kura sunnechhaina.
timro nursele kunai bhar wahan gardin;
anie unko kataran garneharulai dhikkar chha,
anie tyo bagula manisharulai dhik!
jab sabai pyak, charko awazma,
unko ragatle bharieko gufa,
uni chupchap marchhin, kada katne garchhin,
marne shikari janawarharuko bichma.
xviii
"pomonale bagainchalai maya garchha;
rar muktile bellai prem garchha;
rar pelsle paralama nirmit shade munn paraunchhan.
kainiko sasle tato;
rar bhenasle siskaune kuraharu munn paraunchhan
durdashagrasta yuwa rar dasiko,
aprilko hattiko daantko chandramako prakashma
chestnut chhayanmuni.
xix
"tara tapainka bubale dwandwalai munn paraunchhan.
farakilo tarwar rar dhalkoः
usalai risaune bhap piuna munn parchha.
taja yuddhaभूmahmिबाटः
uni ajha darlagdo muskanma hanschhan
afnai darlagdo risabhanda,
jab usale dhuwaanko baklo callo badal dekhcha
vijayi saharbata mathi januhos.
XX
"rar yuddha-devta jastai,
timro pankti lekhak,
rar jastai tyo jasle timilai chuschhin,
tapain rar tapain pani yastai hunuhos.
naram campanionma chhodnuhos
usako snan rar attar;
tyreko kharab daudama chhodnuhos
tiniharuko rangko-butt rar karghura;
carthageka chhoraharulai chhodnuhos
patawar rar patawar;
griklai unka sangamarmarka apsara chhodnuhos
rar shabdaharuko scrolharu.
xxi
"timro, roman, pilam hoh
roman, tarwar timro how,
sama khand, bristalling dhiskan,
sainya faujako adeshit rekha;
anie vijayaka pangraharu,
jo tiniharuko lawreld trainko sath
chichyairaheka sadakharu bistarai mathi januhos
jobhko ananta jwala.
xxii
"timro juwa muni bholsian
afno uccha bhuinlai luknechha;
suft capuaca curled rarिवेलrar्सहrarू
tapainka kursiharule झुक्nahaुaghiः
लुकुmahmोस aff arnus
hernka lagi tapainko dandaharu kampit hunechhan;
rar garva samanaitako stilko mutu
tapainlai matra samarpan garnechha.
xxiii
"gall timro viruddhama aunechha.
hiun rar ratko bhumibata;
tapainle usako gora kapalka senaharu dinuhunechha.
kauwa rar changalai.
XXIV
"grikharu timro viruddhama aunechhan.
purwako vijeta.
unko chheuma yuddha garna lage
prithwilai hallaune vishal janawar,
tyo janawar jasma mahal chha
yasaka sabai gardharu ubhieka chhan,
tyo janawar jasko aankhaako bichma chha
euta hatka lagi sarpa.
bold epirotharuko pahilo march,
dhal rar bhalabata banda
rar galat tarentamko shreni
pachhadi chamkiraheko chha.
XXV
"galat tarentamko shreni
jastai sikar garieka bheda उड्nahaेchhanः
wyarthama bold epirotharu
tiniharuko mapdandharu purna rupma marnechhanh
rar epeninko khairo giddhaharu
euta mahan parva hunechha
fatt rar ankhama
prithvi hallaune vishal janawarko.
XXVI
"hurra! asal hatiyarharuka lagi
jasle yuddha-dewatako bhumi rakhchha.
hurra! romko stut pilamka lagi
ek baliyo roman hatma.
hurra! romko chhoto broadswordka lagi
tyo baklo ere marfat
samatal bhala rar serad dhalharuko
yasako bhayanak marga gahiro chha.
XXVII
"hurra! mahan vijayaka lagi
yo dherai milesamma failieko chha.
hurra! wann bandiharuka lagi
tyo ananta filema pass hunchha.
how! bold epirotharu, jahaan
rato rajale udan gareka chhan?
how! jhuta tarentamka kukurharu,
key gauna seto dhunu bhaeko chhaina?
XXVIIII
"hurra! mahan vijayaka lagi
yo dherai milesamma failieko chha.
hurra! tyreko samridha rangka lagi,
rar nailko ramro web,
helmetharu pissuka sath samalingi
titaanko pakhabata chhirkiyo,
tarayukta ratnale baklo beltharu sett gariyo
tyo bharatiya rajaharuma chamkyo,
bhari chandika kalashharu,
sunle bharieka kuraharu,
dherai rangko tabletharu chamkilo
purano prem rar yuddhaharu,
sas ferne rar sangharsh garne dhunga,
tee pittaharu jasle kura gareko dekhinchha; -
uccha sthanma basne yasta chalakharu
grikharulai dieka chhan.
XXX
"hurra! pagal क्यूrarिyasaka lagi,
romko sabaibhanda bahadur chhora,
tinn patak atyadhik awashyaktama pathaiyo,
vijaya gharma tinn patak barabari bhayo.
bunai, bunai, pagal क्यूrarिyasaka lagi
tesro kadhai garieko gaunah
tesro aglo carr tayar garnuhos,
rar tesro hariyo mukutlai sutro banaunuhos;
anie gulabko ghodalai jodnuhos
jhundyaieko dhanush jastai ghantiharu,
anie mewaniako saandhelai deck garnuhos,
saandho hiunjastai seto hunchha.
XXX
"romanlai tean patak ashirwad anie ashirwad dinuhos.
jasle romko sabaibhanda ujyalo dina dekhcha,
tyo lamo vijayi dhumdham kasale dekhcha
pawitra margalai banda garnuhos,
rar beloing forum marfat,
anie apurtikartako upawanlai ghumaunuhos,
ananta dwarharusamma
capitolian jobh.
XXXI
"tyasapachhi kahan, wa dui ujyalo swargaharu,
corinth bhruko tawarharu;
jahaan dinko vishal raja
afnai ghodama tall herchha;
jahaan orar्naha्टस prayaha chichyaunchan
lorel chhayanharu muni;
jahaan nilele ananta lambai pratibimbit gardacha
gadha rato kolonadeharuko;
jahaan ajhai gahiro panima,
lahar rar wisfotbata surakshit,
dhundhalo jangalai bristals gardacha
bairasako hazar mastakharu;
jahaan ferr-dhakieka shikariharu ghumchhan
uttari barafko bichma;
jahaan bihanko baluwako madhyambata
untale masala bokchha;
jahaan atlusle afno chhayan udaunchha
paschimi fomeko tadhama,
sunne sabailai thulo darr lagnechha.
romko shaktishali naam." | pracheen romer leey/capis rahr bhabishyabani
kakapinka bhabishyabanira parichai
"rajadhanire bhojire eka leey gaana karajaithila, jeun deane"
"dwiteeja thara paain banijya doota bhabe karjya karithiba 'manius curious dentatus' rajanka upare bijai laabh karithile."
"sii. sii. sii. sii. ell. ex. aai. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii. sii."
mun
ebe nihata heuchhanti raja amulius,
mahan silvian lineru,
jie alba longare shasson karithile,
aavenatainanka singhasanare.
nihata heuchhanti ponfif cameramane,
jie 'abhishapa' shabdaman kahithileh
"pilamane taibaraku,
maaa kabaraku."
II
alba hradare kaunasi matsyajibi nahanti
aaji taa 'rahr zaal jhulichhi;
alwanka oksara andhara chharare
aaji kaunasi kuhadi bajunahin;
jolati khuraku jhulai rakhe;
khadare kaathi padi rahichhih
samasta alban gramagudika dei
aaji dinasara kaunasi kaama naahin.
3.
ebong pratyeka alban berger
shay nijara sabutharu dhalaa poshaka pindhichhanti;
ebong alba rahr pratyeka munda
eka poplara mukut;
ebong pratyeka alban dwara-post
daali ebong phul sahita samalingi,
kaaran aaji mrutamane jeebita achanti,
hajijaithiba jinish aaji dekhibaku miluchhi.
IV
semane jane raktakta rajanka dwara dandita hoithile,
jane mithya purohitanka dwara semane dandita hoithile,
semananku prachanda banya upare phingi diajaithila,
ugra pashutira dwara semane anusarana karajaithila;
bhajankara pashu ebong bhajankara banya
samaana bhabare shikaraku rakhya karichanti;
ebong aaji mrutamane jeebita achanti,
hajijaithiba jinish aaji dekhibaku miluchhi.
bhi
ashanta nadee semananku janithila,
ebong taa 'rahr haladia phenaku masruna kallah,
ebong dheere dheere paliku haluka karidela
jaahaa romer bhagya bahn karithila.
rebhening shay-gadhiaa semananku janithila,
ebong semananku oh 'aarr ebong oh' aarr chatila,
ebong niz bhishan kheeraru semananku delah.
kanchamal ebong gore samruddha.
kodie sheeta, kodie jharana,
sebetharu semane doorei jaichanti;
ebong aaji mrutamane jeebita achantih
hajijaithiba jinish aaji dekhibaku miluchhi.
bhi. aai.
blithe ehaa jamajamananku dekhiba paain thila,
thick jubaka ebong lamba,
alba longaru padajatra
semananka puruna natinka hull ku.
semananka pathare taza malaman
gacharu gachaku jhulai rakhajaeh
paipargudiku semane aagaku badhaiba purbaru,
eka khusi swara lekhuchhi.
vii
dahana pate romulus,
haataku aanthu laal curry,
ebong taanka haatare eka prasasta tarabari,
ebong blade upare eka munda -
luha helametare munda,
ghoda-kesh jhuluthiba sahita,
eka damdara munda, eka swada munda,
eka bhajankara bhru kuhudi ray sthira -
raja amuliasra mukhya
mahan silvian lineru,
jie alba longare shasson karithile,
aavenatainanka singhasanare.
viii
baama parswa remus jaae,
hatgod ebong aanguthi laal,
ebong taanka haatare eka shua barchha,
ebong bindu upare eka munda -
munda kunchita ebong brudha,
rupa dadhi ebong kesh sahita,
ebong pabitra phillet ehara charipakhare,
jepariki mathadheeshamane pindhithanti -
pracheen cameramanankara mukhya,
jie 'abhishapa' shabdaman kahithileh
"pilamane taibaraku;
maaa kabaraku."
aai. aai. ess.
jamajanka pachare dui ebong dui
semananka biswasta sathimane jaanti,
chalisha john beera purush,
club, ebong kuhadi, ebong dhanu sahita .
pratyeka parsware pratyeka gramm
taa 'rahr anandamai bhidaku dhalidela,
chitkara karuthiba balaka ebong bejing kukur,
ebong pilamane jorare hasuthile,
ebong brudhamane snehapurbaka kanduchanti
rijanka puamane jiba asiba kariba bele,
ebong jeun dasimane munda dekhiba paain chitkara karanti,
tathapi, chitkara curry, adhika nikatatar tipantu.
x
tenu semane hrada koolare jatra kale;
semane patare ebong stalre jatra kale,
makaa khyeta ebong drakhyakhetra dwara,
brudhanka hull ku.
xi
hull-gett ray basithile capis,
capis, drustiheena drasta;
mundaru paada parjyanta shay kampita hele.
romulus pakhei asuthiba bele.
ebong uthi thia hele taanka patala dhalaa keshaku drudha curry,
taa 'rahr andha aakhi niaan jaluthila.
"namaskara! chamatkara narsanka poshya santan!
namaskara! chamatkara mahashajanka putra!"
xii
"kintu tume-tume ethaare qa 'naa karucha?
brudhanka shantipurna halare?
coop ray eagle qa 'naa kare,
stalre baisan?
ammer makaa aneka alankaraku bharidie;
aambhamananka drakhyalata aneka brukhyaku dharithae;
aneka pahad upare ammer meshabal dhalaa rangara hoithae.
kintu egudika aapananka paain nuhen.
xiii
"aapananka paain kaunasi dhann paripakwa hue naahin.
tartesian khanire;
aapananka paain kaunasi jahaz mulyabana gaanthi aaninathae.
libian labanakta jalarashi saaraa;
tumbhe aambararu paana kariba naahin.
apana tale bishram karibe naahin;
aarabamane tumbhamananka taalaa gudiku chhida karibe naahin.
kimba aapananka poshakaku chhandi karantu naahin.
xiv
"suna, gandha ebong alankara chhadi jaantu.
samruddha tebul ebong naram shajya,
jeunmananka paain manushyara bansharu janma hue,
jeunmananku mahilanka kheera khuaichi.
tume looks paain srusti hointhil,
sukha paain, naa bishram paain;
hey tumbhe, sehi byaktiti juddha-debatanka katibhagaru utpanna hoiachha.
ebong shay gadhiatira stanaku taani nele.
xv
"suryodaya thaaru surjyasta parjyanta
samagra pruthibee aapananka gauraba suniba.
eka gaurabamai nagara tumbhe nirmana kariba.
ebong ehaaku aapananka naamare namit karantuhu
ebong sethare, juga juga dhari adrushya,
bhestanka pabitra agni pari,
aapananka narsanka aatmaaku banchaibe,
aapananka mahashajanka atma.
xvi
"baladati gartta dei parisrama kare,
chhatu prati aagyaabaha;
roggy gadha, apasruna pathare,
taanka klanta bojha sahita plodah
chitkara curry spanijelaku bandhidiantu
taa 'malikanka huisal shune;
ebong meshamane dhairjyara saha taa 'rahr utpadana karanti
jorare sabda karuthiba kadhiku.
xvii
"kintu aapananka nurse kaunasi gurunka kathaa shunibe naahin.
aapananka nurse kaunasi bojha bahn karibe naahin;
ebong jeunmane tanku katibe semananka paain duhkhara bishai,
ebong sehi banuanka paain duhkhara bishai!
jetebele samasta pack, jorare bejing,
taa 'rahr raktakta gumpha charipate,
shay neerabare marithae, jorare kamudithae,
marijauthiba shikari kukuramananka madhyare.
xviii
"pomona bagichaku bhal paanti;
ebong muktidata drakhyalata bhal paanti;
ebong pells khada nirmita shade ku bhal paanti .
kine swasa sahita garam;
ebong bhenas phisaphisku bhal paanti
durdasha bhoguthiba jubaka ebong daasee,
aprilara hatidant chandra aalokare
chestnut chhaja tale.
xix
"kintu aapananka bapa sangharshaku bhal paanti.
prasasta tarabari ebong dhalah
shay sehi bashpa piebaku bhal paanti jaahaa rick kare .
nutan judhakhetraruh
shay hasile, aau bhajankara huss
taa 'rahr bhajankara bhru apekhya,
jetebele shay dhuanra ghana kalaa megh dekhanti
bijajaprapta sahararu uparaku jaantu.
XX
"ebong juddha-debatanka bhali,
aapananka dhadira lekhaka,
ebong shay pari jie aapananku kheera khuaithila,
epariki apana ebong aapananka bhali huantu.
naram kyampanijanka pakhaku jaantu
taa 'rahr snanagara ebong sugandha;
tajarra kharap daudaku jaantu
semanankara ranga-basson ebong tanta;
carthager putramananku chhadidiantu
rudder ebong daanda;
greekmananka upare chhadidiantu tankara marble apsara
ebong shabdajukta gyanara scroll.
xxi
"tumara, roman, pilam ateh
hey roman, khanda tumara,
sama parikha, bristaling mound,
ligion rahr order line;
ebong bijayara chakragudiku tumbhaku,
jaahaa semananka laurel train sahita
chitkara karuthiba rastagudiku dheere dheere uparaku jaantu
jobhanka chirantan agnishikha paain.
xxii
"aapananka jola tale bhalsian
taa 'rahr uccha bhruku dhwansa kariba;
soft kapuara corled ravelara
aapananka chejaragudika munda nuaniba purbaruhu
arnsra lucumos
dekhiba paain aapananka danda kampita heba;
ebong garbita samanaitnka still hrudai
kebala aapananku samarpana kariba.
xxiii
"gall aapananka biruddhare asib.
baraf ebong ratira bhumiru;
apana tankara sunder keshjukta sena debe.
cack ebong gudi paain.
XXIV
"greekmane aapananka biruddhare aasibe.
purba digaku bijai.
taanka pakhare juddha paain chhida hue
pruthibeeku compon karuthiba bishala pashu,
jeun pashu upare durgati
ehara samasta rakhyakanka sahita thia hoichhanti,
sehi pashuti, jahara aakhi madhyare achhi
eka haata paain saapa.
prathame sahasi epirotasamananku jatra karantu,
dhala ebong barchha sahita bandha
ebong mithya tarrentmer ranka
pachapatare chamakanti.
XXV
"mithya tarrentmer ranka
shikara karajaithiba mendha bhali udiba.
byarthare sahasi epirotes
semanankara manadandaku purana curry marijibah
ebong appenin rahr dhusara giddha
eka mahan utsaba heba
meda ebong aakhire
pruthibeeku compon karuthiba bishala pashur.
XXVI
"hurra! bhal astra paain
jaahaa juddha-debatanka bhumiku bajaiah rakhe .
hurra! romnka stout pilam paain
eka drudha roman haatare.
hurra! romnka chhot broadward paain
taaha mota aare madhyamare
samatala barchha ebong shield
ehara bhajankara marga gabhira.
XXVIi
"hurra! mahan bijai paain
ehaa aneka mile parjyanta byapta.
hurra! waan bandeemananka paain
taaha antahina phailare passes kare .
hoe! bold epirotes, keunthi
laal raja udaana bharichanti kii?
hoe! mithya tarrentmer kukur,
poshakati dhalaa nuhen kii?
XXVIII
"hurra! mahan bijai paain
ehaa aneka mile parjyanta byapta.
hurra! tajarra samruddha ranga paain,
ebong nile rahr sukshma web,
helametasabu pakha paakhi sahita samalingi
titara pakharu chhindigala,
beltagudika taranka ratnare mota hoichhi
jaahaa bharatiah rajamananka upare ujjwala hoithila,
bishala rupara kalasa,
suna sahita ruff goblet,
aneka rangara tablet ujjwala
puruna prem ebong juddha sahita,
jeun pathara nihshwasa praswasa neuchhi ebong sangharsha karuchhi,
jeun pittal kathaa kahuchhi; -
epari chatur semane jeunmane uchchare baasa karanti
greekmananku deichu.
XXX
"hurra! pagala kautoohala paain,
romer sabutharu sahasi putra,
sarbadhika abashyakata thiba samajare tinithara pathajaichi,
tinithara jitiba ghare dra hoithila .
pagala kautoohala paain boyne, boyne
truteeja embroidary poshakah
truteeja uccha kaara prastuta curr,
ebong truteeja sabuja mukutaku sutura karantu;
ebong golap gadhaku jodantu
eka banka dhanu pari bekare,
ebong mebhanianka shandhaku deck karantu,
shandati baraf bhali dhalaa.
XXX
"romanaku ashirbada ebong tinithara ashirbada karantu.
jie romer sabutharu ujjwala deane dekhanti,
kie sehi deerghakaleena bijajasali adambara dekhuchhi
pabitra pathaku dhwansa curr,
ebong 'beloing forum' jariaare,
ebong paripurakanka upabanaku charipate,
chirantan dwara parjyanta
rajdhani jobha.
XXXI
"tebe keunthi, oh 'duiti ujjwala ashrajasthala,
karinthra durgagudika bhru kuhudi;
jeunthi dinara bishala raja
niz rathare talaku chahinthae;
jeunthare auronts barambar bachasa karanti
laurel chhaja tale;
jeunthare nile antahina lambaku pratiphalita kare
gadha laal colondes;
jeunthi ebe bii gabhira jala bhitare,
taranga ebong bisphoranaru surakhita,
andhara jangalaku chharkhar kare
bairsanka hazar mastul;
jeunthare pasham-aachadita shikarimane buluchanti
uttara baraf madhyare;
jeunthi sakalara balira madhya dei
oat masala bahn kare;
jeunthare atlas nijara chhaja phinganti
paschima phenara doora,
jeunmane shunibe semananka upare bahuta bhaja rahiba.
romer shaktishali naama." | prachin rome dey lez/capies dee bhavikhbani
 capies dee bhavikhbani dee jaanh-pachanh
"jiss dinn rajdhani witch daawat hoee see, uss dinn ikk geet gaaiaa giaa see"
"duji vaar consul baney manius curious dentates neey raaje noon haraa ditta."
"shehar dey saal witch see. see. see. see. aill. aiks. aiks. witch pirhas atey traintines."
main
hunn maare gaye raaja amulius,
mahaan sylvian line dey,
jiss neey alba longa witch raaj keeta,
aventine dey singhasan utte.
maare gaye hunn pomphif cameray,
jinhan neey tabahi dey shabad boleau
"bacche tyber takk,
maan kabar vall."
II
alba dee jheel witch koee machhere naheen
uss daa jaal ajj-kallh fling qarr riha haii;
elba dey oaks dey kaale chhill utte
ajj koee kuhadi naheen vajj rahee haii;
joola khurli noon latakda haii;
khurli praag witch paee haiyav
saare alban pindan witch
ajj-kallh koee kamm naheen hunda.
III
atey harr alban berger
uss neey aapna sabh toon chitta gaaoon pahiniaa haii;
atey elba witch harr sir
ikk poppler taaj;
atey harr alban darwaze dee chauki
tehniaan atey fullan naal samlingi hunda haii,
kiunki ajj-kallh marey hoye jeeunde hunn,
gumm hoye ajj-kallh labbhe jaande hunn.
IV
uhanan noon ikk khooni raaje neey tabah qarr ditta see,
ikk jhooth bolann vaale jajak neey unhan noon tabah qarr ditta,
uhanan noon hadahan dey tez vahaa witch sutt ditta giaa see,
uhanan noon bhadkile janwar duaara track keeta giaa see;
bhiaanak janwar atey bhiaanak hadah
samaan roop naal shikar noon bachaiaa haii;
atey ajj-kallh marey hoye jeeunde hunn,
gumm hoye ajj-kallh labbhe jaande hunn.
vee.
musibat vaali nadee unhan noon janhdi see,
atey uss dey peele jhagg noon naram keeta,
atey hauli-hauli panghude noon hilla ditta
jiss neey rome dee kismat noon janam ditta.
uh cheeta-baghiaad uhanan noon janhdi see,
atey uhanan noon ou 'air atey ou' air chattiaa,
atey unhan noon aapna hii dudh ditta.
kacche maas atey gorr naal bharpur.
veeh sardiaan, veeh chashme,
udon toon uh door chaley gaye hunn;
atey ajj-kallh marey hoye jeeunde hann
gumm hoye ajj-kallh labbhe jaande hunn.
vi
ih judvan noon vekhna see,
changi tarahan naujwan atey lambe,
alba longa toon march
uhanan dey purane potre dey haal witch.
unhan dey raste witch taaza maala
ikk rukkh toon dooje rukkh witch latkaiaa jaanda haiyav
uhanan toon pahilan kii uh piperan noon chalaun,
khushi daa ikk nott pipe karna.
vii
sajje paase romulus jaanda haii,
kohniaan noon laal hatth dey naal,
atey uss dey hatth witch ikk chaudi talwar,
atey blade utte ikk sir -
lohe dey helmut witch ikk sir,
ghode dey vaal latakde hoye,
ikk dhabba sir, ikk swarat sir,
ikk bhiaanak gusse witch sathir -
raaja amulius daa mukhiaa
mahaan sylvian line dey,
jiss neey alba longa witch raaj keeta,
aventine dey singhasan utte.
viii
khabbe paase rames jaanda haii,
gutt atey unglan naal laal,
atey uss dey hatth witch ikk suur daa barchhe,
atey bindu utte ikk sir -
ikk sungadiaa hoiaa sir atey buddha,
chaandi dee daadhi atey vaal,
atey iss dey duaale pavittar patte,
jiven kii pope pahinade hunn -
purane kaimriaan daa sir,
jinhan neey tabahi dey shabad boleau
"bacche tyber takk;
maan kabar vall."
aaee. aaee. aiss.
judvan dey pichhe doou atey doou
unhan dey bharoseyog saathi jaande hunn,
chaar chaali bahadar aadmi,
club, atey kuhadi, atey kamaan naal.
harr paase harr pind
aapni khushi bharee bheed noon bahr kaddhada haii,
cheekde munde atey baying kutte,
atey bacche ucchi aavaaz witch huss rahey hunn,
atey buddhe lock piaar naal roow rahey hunn
jiven hii reeaa dey munde langhde hunn,
atey naukrani joe sir dekhan laee chikdiaan hunn,
firr vee, cheekde hoye, horr nede dabao.
x
iss laee uh jheel dey naal-naal chaley gaye.
uh ikk-dooje noon jode keey chaley gaye,
makki dey khet atey anguran dey baag duaara,
buddhe aadmi dey haal witch.
xi
haal-gett witch capies baithe,
capies, nazarheen darshak;
sir toon pair takk uh kamb riha see.
jiven hii romulus nede aaa riha see.
atey uh aapne patle chitte vaal mazbooti naal chupp hoow keey uthhiaa.
atey uss deeaan annhiaan akkhan agg naal chamkadiaan sunn.
"hallow! shandar nurse daa paalan poshan curran vaala baccha!
hallow! shandar sarr daa puttar!"
xii
"parr toon-toon itthe qee qarr riha hainn?
buddhe aadmi dey shaant haal witch?
cope witch baaz qee karda haii,
stall witch byson?
saada makki bahut saare garner noon bharr dinda haii;
saadiaan anguran bahut saare rukkhan noon fadadiaan hunn;
saade jhund bahut saariaan pahadiaan utte chitte hunde hann
parr ih tuhade laee naheen hunn.
xiii
"tere laee koee khazana naheen pakkada.
tartasian khaan witch;
tuhade laee koee vee jahaz keemati gandhan naheen liaunda.
libyan khaare paanee dey paar;
toon umber daa paanee naheen pivega.
toon hethan naheen aaram qarr.
arabi tuhade taale naheen bnnhda,
naa hii aapne kappde noon chaddo.
xiv
"soona, mihar atey gahine chhadd dio,
ameer mez atey naram bistra,
uhanan laee joe manukh dee santan toon paida hunde hunn,
jiss noon aurat daa dudh khuaunda haii.
toon lukkar laee naheen banaiaa giaa see,
khushi laee, naa hii aaram laee;
toon, joe yuddh dey parmeshur dee cummer toon paida hoiaa haii,
atey usne uss-baghiaad dee chhaati noon khichiaa.
xv
"suraj chadhan toon lae keey suraj dubban takk
saaree dharti tuhadi prasidhi sunegiah
ikk shandar shehar toon banavin,
atey iss noon aapne naam naal rakkhov
atey utthe, sadiaan toon anjaan,
vesta dee pavittar agg wang,
terri nurse dee aatma noon jeevat karega,
tuhade sarr dee aatma.
xvi
"balad ferro raahin mihnat karda haii,
bakkari dee aagiaakari;
mareez dee gaan, chusat raste,
aapne thakke hoye bhaar nalaya
cheek keey atey spanial noon bnnh keey
uss dey maalak dee ceaty sunadi haii;
atey bhedan dheeraj naal uss noon janam dindiaan hunn
ucchi-ucchi kattan valiaan qann takk.
xvii
"parr terri nurse kise guru dee naheen sunegi,
terri nurse koee bojh naheen chukkegi.
atey uhanan utte afsos haii joe uss noon kattde hunn,
atey uhanan noon dhanvad joe uh bakkari hunn!
jadon saara paek, ucchi aavaaz witch,
uss dee khooni gufa gher laindi haii,
uh chupchap marr jaandi haii, zor naal kattdi haii,
meron vaale kuttiaan dey vichkaar.
xviii
"pomona baag noon piaar karda haii;
atey aazaad well noon piaar karda haii;
atey pails noon toodi naal baney shedd naal piaar haii
kaaine dey saah naal garam;
atey weins noon fusfusna pasand haii
badhal naujwanan atey naukrani dee,
aprail dey haathi dand dee chandrama dee roshni witch
chhaati dey chhaan dey hethan.
xix
"parr tuhade pitaa noon takraa pasand haii.
chaudi talwar atey dhaal daau
uh bhaaf peena pasand karda haii joe kii reek karda haii
taaza jung dey maidaan tonau
uh muskaraunda haii atey horr vee bhaidi muskaraunda haii
uss dey aapne bhiaanak gusse naalon,
jadon uh dhooyen dey sanghane kaale baddal noon vekhda haii
jitte hoye shehar toon uppar jaao.
XX
"atey jiven kii yuddh-devta haii,
tuhadi line dey lekhak,
atey jiven kii uh jiss neey tuhanun chusiaa,
tusin atey tuhada vee ajiha hii howay.
naram campanion noon chaddo
uss dey nahaun atey uss dey atar;
tyre dee ghatiaa daud noon chaddo
uhanan dey rangan vaale kappde atey kargh;
carthage dey puttran noon chhadd dio
patthar atey patthar;
yoonaniaan noon uss dey sangamarmar deeaan nymphs chaddo
atey shabad-sambandhi kathaa dey scroll.
xxi
"teraa, roman, pilum haiyav
roman, talwar terri haii,
ivan trench, barsal tilla,
leejan dee arder keeti line;
atey jitt dey chakkran noon,
joe uhanan dee shandar railgaddi naal
cheek rahiaan sadkan noon hauli-hauli uppar chukko
jove dee sadivi agg laee.
xxii
"tuhade joole dey hethan volcian
uh aapni ucchi bhukh noon hilla devega;
saaft capua dey ghumde hoye shaukin
tuhadiaan kursiaan dey jhukan toon pahilaon
earnus dey lucumos
uh vekh keey tuhadiaan dandiaan kamb jangian.
atey manmatte smnite daa steel daa dill
siraf tuhade sahmane hii jhuk javega.
xxiii
"gaul tuhade virudh aavega.
baraf atey raat dee dharti toon;
toon uss deeaan sunder vaalan valiaan faujan dey dianga.
kauve atey patang noon.
xxiv
"yunani tuhade virudh aaa jaange.
purab daa jetu.
uss dey naal ladai laee khadada haii
dharti noon hilaun vaala vishal janwar,
janwar jiss utte kilha haii
iss dey saare gaardan naal,
uh janwar jiss deeaan akkhan vichkaar haii
hatth laee sapp.
pahilan bould epirotes noon march crow,
dhaal atey barchhe naal bnnhiaa hoiaa
atey jhoothe traintum dey darje
pichhe chamak rahey hunn.
XXV
"jhoothe traintum dey darje
jiven shikar keetiaan bhedan uddangiaan
bould epirotes viarth
aapne miaaran noon poora karegaae
atey appenine dey slaty giddh
ikk shandar tiuhar hovega
charbi atey akkhan utte
dharti noon hilaun vaale vishal janwar daa.
XXVI
"hurra! change hathiaaran laee
joe yuddh-devta dee dharti noon kaaim rakkhde hunn.
hurra! rome dey mazboot pilum laee
ikk mazboot roman hatth witch.
hurra! rome dee chhoti chaudi talwar laee
kii motty aire raahin
pakke barchhe atey sereed dhalan
aapne bhiaanak tarike naal dungha haii.
XXVIi
"hurra! mahaan jitt laee
ih kaee meal takk failiaa hoiaa haii.
hurra! vain kaidiaan laee
uh beant file witch paas hunda haii.
haa! bould epirotes, kitthe
qee laal raaja neey udaann bharee haii?
haa! jhoothe traintum dey kutte,
qee ih kappde chitte naheen dhote gaye hunn?
XXVIIII
"hurra! mahaan jitt laee
ih kaee meal takk failiaa hoiaa haii.
hurra! tyre dey ameer rung laee,
atey nile daa vadhiaa web,
panchhiaan dey naal helmut gey
teetar dey khambhan toon tutt giaa,
bellet starry rattan naal motiaan hundiaan hunn
joe bharti rajiaan utte chamkada see,
bhaari chaandi dey clush,
sone dey naal khurdare dabbe,
kaee rangan deeaan goliaan chamakdar hunn
piaar atey purane yuddhan naal,
uh patthar joe saah lainda haii atey sanghrash karda haii,
pittal joe bolda japda haii; -
ajihe chalak joe ucche sathaan utte rahinde hunn
yoonaniaan noon ditta haii.
XXX
"hurra! pagal sundarta laee,
rome daa sabh toon bahadar puttar,
tinn vaar bahut ziaada zaroorat witch bhejiaa giaa,
jitt gharr witch tinn vaar daraa hoiaa.
bunayi, bunayi, pagal sundarta laee
teeja kadhayi vaala gaaoonao
tiji ucchi qaar tiaar crow,
atey teeja haraa taaj bnnh dio;
atey gulab dey ghodiaan noon juaa lagao
ikk jhukiaa hoiaa kamaan wang gardanan naal,
atey balad noon, mevania dey balad noon,
balad baraf jinna chitta haii.
XXX
"roman noon ashirvaad atey tinn ashirvaad dio.
joe rome daa sabh toon chamakdar dinn vekhda haii,
uh lambe samein toon jetu shaan-shaan noon kaunn vekhda haii
pavittar maarag noon bnd crow,
atey hethan forum raahin,
atey splient dey baagh dey duaale,
sadivi darwaziaan takk
capitolian jove.
XXXI
"firr kitthe, doou chamakdar panahgahan,
corinth dey burjan noon bhukh;
jitthe dinn daa vishal raaja
aapne hii rodan utte hethan vekhda haii;
jitthe aksar oronts budd budd karde hunn
laurel dey rangan dey hethan;
jitthe nile beant lambai noon darsaunda haii
goodeh laal colonade;
jitthe haale vee dunghe paanee witch,
lahiran atey dhamakiaan toon surakhiat,
dhundle jangal noon chhuhda haii
birsa dey hazaar mastan vicchon;
jitthe farr-kappde pahine shikari bhatakde hunn
uttri baraf dey vichkaar;
sware dee rait vicchon kitthe
oont masale noon chukkda haii;
jitthe attles aapna parchhavan udaunda haii
door pachmi jhagg,
sunan vaale saare lokan noon bahut darr laggega.
rome daa shaktishali naam." | prachina rome-ityasya less/da propesi aaf kps
kepis" ityasya bhavishyavaanyaah parichayah
"rajadhanyam bhoje, tasmin dine, yatra geetam aalapitam aasit" iti."
"manius curious dentatus, dviteeyavaaram vaanijyadootah, raajnah upari vijayam avaapnot" iti."
"pirahas tathaa da tarrentins, sii. sii. sii. sii. ell. xix. aii. ess. nagarasya varshe."
aham.
idaaneem raja amulius iti vadhitah.
mahaan sylvian-rekhaa,
yah alba-longa-pradeshe raajatvam krutavaan.
evantin ityasya simhaasanam.
maaritah ponfif-camerous iti.
yah vinaashasya vachanaani uktavaan.
"baalakaah tabber prati,
maataa samaadhim prati gacchati."
II
alba-sarovarasya matsyapaalane naa
tasya jaalah adyatane prakshaalitah asti.
alba-oaks ityasya krushna-padasya upari
adyatve kuhmaah naa dhvanyante;
yok iti khurasya upari zundayati.
skaith iti gaare asti.
sarve alban-graameshu
adyatve kimapi karyam naa bhavati.
III
tathaa cha pratyekam alban berger
shvetatamam vastram swyakarot.
tathaa alba-madhye pratyekam shiraha
poppler-mukutah asti.
tathaa cha pratyekam alban-dwaara-stambhah
pushpaihi saha, pushpaihi cha saha,
adyatve mrutaah jeevanti.
nashtaani adyatve eva praapyante.
IV
raktaranjakena raajnaa te danditaah.
te mithyacharinaha purohitaih danditaah abhavan.
te prakshubdhapralayasy upari nikshiptavantah.
te ugrapashubhihi anugataah.
ugraha pashuhu tathaa prakshubdhah jalapralayah
tathaiva shikaaram rakshitavaan.
adyatve mrutaah jeevanti.
nashtaani adyatve eva praapyante.
vi.
durdashitaa nadee taan jaanaati sma.
tasya peeta-zaagam smood krutvaa,
tathaa cha paadapam mrudutayaa dolayat.
tatt rome ityasya bhaagyam avahat.
reving-shee-wilf teshaam parichinoti sma,
te cha chwan o 'aar tathaa o' aar,
svamahatvaat teevram ksheeram tebhyah dattavaan.
asamskrutamasharena goren cha samruddhah.
vimshati sheetakaalah, vimshati-vasantakaalah,
tatah param tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu
adyatve mrutaah jeevanti.
nashtaani adyatve eva praapyante.
vi. aii.
blith iti, dwaitaan drashtum,
uttamarupena yuvakaah, uttamaah cha,
alba longaa ityatah yatram.
teshaam puratanam pautrasya sabhamandalam prati.
teshaam margena nootanaani malaha santi.
te vrukshebhyah vrukshebhyah utkeernaah bhavanti.
teshaam poorvam piper-yaanaani chaalayatu,
harshasya tippanee chaalayati.
vii
dakshinadishi romulus-varyaha gacchati.
raktakanneshu bahuna saha,
tasya haste vishaalah khadgah asti.
tathaa blade-upari ekam shiraha -
lohasya shirastranasya shiraha,
ashva-keshaih zunditvaa,
ekam shanghaah, ekam swarthih,
ghoram bhroonam krutvaa sthiram -
raja amulius ityasya pramukhah
mahaan sylvian-rekhaa,
yah alba-longa-pradeshe raajatvam krutavaan.
evantin ityasya simhaasanam.
VIII
vaamabhaage remus-bhavati,
hastaih, angulaihi cha raktavarnaihi,
tasya haste ekaha shookar-barfaa asti.
tathaa cha sheershe -
vruddhyah, vruddhyah cha shiraha,
rajat-keshayuktah,
tasya paritah pavitraani paatraani cha santi.
yathaa mataadheeshaah dharanti -
prachina-chitragrahinam shiraha,
yah vinaashasya vachanaani uktavaan.
"baalakaah tabber prati gacchanti;
maataa samaadhim prati gacchati."
ix
dvivaaram cha dvivaaram cha dvivaaram prushtatah.
teshaam vishvaasinaha sahcharah gacchanti.
chatuhchaarimshati veerapurushaah,
kulhadaya, kulhadaya, dhanuhu cha.
pratyekam graamah pratyekam
aanandamayah janasamooh udvelayati.
kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim vaa.
baalakaah ucchaihi haasanti,
vruddhaha cha preme rodayanti.
yadaa rhea ityasya baalaah gacchanti,
tathaa cha shiraha drashtum kim chitavatee dasyaha.
tathaapi, kinkartum, sameepastham nudatu.
x
ataha te sarovaram gatvaa yatram akurvan.
te cha gucchaan, stabdaan cha gatavantah.
dhanyakshetrasya, draakshaakshetrasy cha,
vruddhasya sabhaamandale.
xi
sabhaamandape upavishya,
kps, drushtiheenah drashtaa;
shiraha padam yaavat saha kampitah.
romulus yadaa sameepam aagacchat.
oordhvataayaam tasya shveta-patanga-keshah drudatayaa sthaya.
tasya andhadrushtihi agnim udvelayat.
"namaskaarah! adbhutasya paricharikayaha paalakah baalah!
namaskaarah! adbhutasya putrah mahodaya!"
xii
"parantu tvam-kim karoti?
vruddhasya shaantimahale?
koop madhye gajaah kim karoti?
stall madhye baisan?
asmakam dhaanyam anekaan dhanyan poorayati.
asmakam drakshalataha anekaan vrukshaah graheeshyanti.
anekaparvateshu asmakam meshapaalah shwetawarneeyaah santi.
kintu etaaha bhavatah krute naa santi.
xiii
"bhavatah krute naa dhanam pakwam bhavati.
tartesian-khanau;
bhavatah krute naa kimapi naukaayaanam bahumoolyaani gandaah aanayati.
libian-jala-jalasya param;
ambarasya panam maa karishyasi.
tvam naa nidrasi.
arabia-deshah bhavatah kulakaah naa nibaddhum shaknoti.
naa tu bhavatah vastrasya vyanjanam karotu.
xiv
"suvarnam, gandham, ratnaani cha vadatu.
samruddham mejaihi, mrudushayanam,
teshaam krute ye manushyasy vamshaat janmitaah.
yasyaah strinam ksheeram khaaditam.
tvam naa lukra-krute nirmitah.
sukhaya naa vishraamaay.
tvam, yah yuddhadevasya katibhagat udbhootah,
tathaa cha shi-wolf ityasya stanam paritah.
xv
"suryodayat sooryaastaparyantam
sarwalokah bhavatah keertim shrutavaan.
vaibhavayutam nagaram nirmaasi.
tasya naam bhavatah namakaranam kurutah.
tatra, yugaanuyuge anitya,
yathaa vestaa ityasya pavitrah agnihi,
bhavatah paricharika aatmaa jeevati.
bhavatah aatmaa, mahodaya.
xvi
"bailaah gartam param shramanti,
gado prati aagyaakaaree;
rogeeh gaadhaa, applinty-maargaah,
tasya vyagrabhaaren saha pladsah
spanial-ityetam vilapena baddham cha karotu.
tasya swaameeh shishih shrutavaan.
meshah dhairyena tasyaah utpaadanam kurvanti.
ucchaihi dhwanyah karnaah prati.
xvii
"kintu bhavatah paricharika naa shrutavatee.
bhavatah paricharika bhaaram naa vahati.
duhkhe te ye tasyaah shear-karmmani kurvanti,
teshaam krute api dhik, ye cha godd!
yadaa sarvam peck, ucchaihi beying,
tasyaah raktaranjikaa pariveshtitaa asti,
saa nishshabdataya mriyate, kathinam chaave.
mrutaanaam shvannam madhye.
xviii
"pomonaa-varyaa udyaanam priyah asti.
muktidaataa drakshalata rochati.
tathaa cha pels-varyaha bhoo-nirmitam gruham rochati.
kainn ityasya shvaasocchvaasena saha ushnam;
tathaa veenas-pakshah priyah bhavati.
durdashitaa yuvakaah, paricharika cha,
april-masasya haatheedaantasy chandrodayah
chestnut ityasya chaayaayaah adhah.
xix
"parantu bhavatah pitaa sangharsham rochati.
vishaal-khadgasya, rakshaakavachasya cha.
saha reeka-ityasya vaashpam peeyate.
nootan-yuddhakshetraath
saha haasayati, haasyam adhikam bhayanakam bhavati.
tasya swabheekarah bhroonam,
yadaa saha dhumasya ghanam krushnamegham pashyati.
vijayitanagaraat aarohanam karotu.
XX
"tathaa cha yuddhadevah.
bhavatah panktyaah lekhakah,
yasmaat saa yushmabhyam shoshayat,
evam tu tu tu cha bhavate.
mrudu-campanion prati gacchatu.
tasya snaanagruhaani, sugandhadravyaani cha.
tayar ityasya dushta-spardhaam prati gacchatu.
teshaam rangeena-whats tathaa karaghaah;
carthage ityasya putraah prati vadatu.
patavaarah, patavaarah cha;
tasya marble-nymphs ityetaan greek-deshe sthaapayatu.
tathaa cha shabda-yukta-kathaa-granthaani.
xxi
"tava roman, ayam pilam asti.
roman, khadgah bhavatah asti.
sama-parikhaa, bristalling-maul,
sainyadalasya adeshitarekha;
vijayachakraani tu tu,
yat teshaam laarel-relayaanen saha asti.
kruddhaani veethayah kramena oordhvagaameetum aagacchatu.
jove ityasya anantajwaalaayaah krute.
xsii
"bhavatah joodam adhah volcian asti.
tasya uccham bhroosham jwaalayati.
mrudu-kepuvaa-ityasya curled-revellers
bhavatah kurchinam namasyetah.
lukumaa aaf arnus
pashyitum bhavatah dandaah kampayanti.
tathaa gauravayutasya samnait ityasya hrudayasya ispaatah.
kevalam tava eva sharanaagati.
xsiii
"gaul bhavatah viruddham aagamishyati.
himabhoomyaah raatrau cha;
tvam tasya suksha-keshayukta-sainyaan dadaatu.
kakam vaataatam cha.
XXIV
"greek-janaah bhavatah viruddham aagacchanti.
poorvasyaam dishi vijayam.
tasya paarshve yuddhaya dandah bhavati.
vishaalah bhoo-vibhraantah pashuhu,
pashuhu yasya upari durgah asti.
tasya sarwaih rakshakaih saha sthaayate.
tasya netrayoho madhye yah pashuhu asti.
hastasya krute sarpah.
prathame sahasikanam upapadnam chaalayatu,
raxanena, barshaabhih cha sameepasthah.
tathaa mithyaa-tarentum ityasya shreneeh
pashchabhaage te prajjwalitawantah.
XXV
"faals tarentum" ityasya shreneeh
yathaa shikaritaha meshaah uddeeyanti.
vyartham da bold epirotes
teshaam manadandan paripooranam karishyanti.
api cha apennain ityasya dhoosar-shaavakaani
mahatee bhojah bhavishyati.
sthoolam tathaa netram cha
vishaalah bhoo-vibhraantah pashuhu.
XXVI
"hurraa! uttamashastranam krute
tena yuddhadevasya bhoomih samrakshitaa bhavati.
hurraa! rome ityasya stout pilam ityasya krute
drudham roman-hastam.
hurraa! rome ityasya laghu-vishaal-sword ityasya krute
tatt sthool-shrenyaah madhyamena
samatulya-barcchaah, shields cha
tasya ghoramaarga gabheerah asti.
XXVII
"hurraa! mahatee vijayaay
tatt bahu mail yaavat vistrutaa asti.
hurraa! vaan-bandinaam krute
tatt ananta-sanchike gacchati.
how! bolled epirotes, kutra
kim raktaraajah uddeeyat?
how! mithyaa-tarentum ityasya kutraah,
dhautau dhautau shvetam naasti vaa?
XXVIII
"hurraa! mahatee vijayaay
tatt bahu mail yaavat vistrutaa asti.
hurraa! tarasya samruddha-varnasya krute,
nail ityasya uttamajalam,
shirastraanaani pilena saha samalingi santi.
tittasya pakshaat vikshiptah,
pattikaah taaraayukten ratnaihi ghanaani sthaapitaah santi.
yat bharatiyarajanam upari prajjwalitam.
dravyamaan-rajatasya kalasah,
suvarnaihi saha kathinaani gucchehe,
bahwyah varnayuktaah phalakaani prakaashyante.
praacheenakaalasy premaihi yuddhaihi cha,
shwaasochchhwaasah, sangharshah cha yanmasti shilah,
yah pittalam bhaashate iti drushyate; -
etaadrushaah chaalakaah te cha ye ucchasthaane nivasanti.
greek-janaan dattavaan.
XXX
"hurraa! unmatt-jijnaasaa,
rome ityasya veerah putrah.
atyadhika-aavashyakatayaa trirupena preshitam,
gruhe vijayaartham trivaaram samakramitam.
vanaatah, vanaatah, unmaadasya krute
truteeyah embroiderid-gaunh
truteeyam uccham kaaram sajjam karotu.
truteeyam haritamudraa cha dviroopena dhaarayatu.
tathaa gulaabi-ashwan yak karotu.
vakramita-dhanuhu iva kanthayuktaah,
mevania ityasya shaavakam, shaavakam cha dandam karotu.
barfah iva shwetah vrushabhah.
XXX
"roman-janam tritaram cha blest kuru.
rome ityasya ujjwalatamam dinam kah pashyati?
saha dirghakalam yaavat vijayam avaapnot
pavitram margam vicchedayatu,
tathaa cha belloying-forum ityasya madhyamena,
supplant ityasya upavanasya paritah,
anantadwaaram prati
rajadhani jove.
XXXI
"tatah kutra, o prakaashayutau swargau,
corinth-bhroonam ityasya gopuraani;
yatra diwasah vishaalah raja asti.
sveshaam roads-pakshina adhah pashyanti.
yatra arontus praayah kimvadati
laarel-chaayaayaah adhah;
yatra nail anantam deergham pratiphalishyati.
krushnavarna-stambhanam;
yatra abhishta-gabheer-jale,
taramgaih visphotaih cha aashritah,
andhakaram vanam.
bairsasya sahasrastambhaah;
yatra pashumuktaah shikaareeh bhramanti.
uttar-himasya madhye;
yatra praatahkaalasy balukayaha madhyamena
oontah sugandham dhaarayati.
yatra atlas swachhaayaa chaalayati.
sudooram pashchim-phenam,
ye cha shrutavantah teasmin ateeva bhayah bhavishyati.
rome ityasya prabalam naam." | pandaiya roamin laes/cabysine theerkatharisanam
kepikkalin theerkkatharisanaththin arimugam
"thalaynagaril virunththil oru lae paadappattathu, antha naalil"
"irandaavathu muraiyaaga thootharaaga irunththa manius curious dentatus, rajaavai ventraar"
"chii. chii. chii. ell. ex. ex. six nagaraththin aandil prahas mattrum darrentines."
naan
ippoathu kollappattavar mannar amulius.
periya sylvian varisai,
alba laangaavil aatchi seithavar,
aventeen simmaasanaththil.
kollappattavargal phonefif kaemarargal,
yaar azhivu vaarththaigalai besinar
"kuzhandhaigal diaber varai,
kallaraikku amma."
II
aalbaavin aeriyil meane pidippathillai
avarathu valai intru parakkirathu;
aalbaavin oaks irunda thandu meethu
intru endha koadaariyum olikavillai;
nugam thottiyai thongavidukirathu;
catharicole vaikkoalil kidakkirathu
anaitthu alban kiraamangal vazhiyaagavum
intru varai endha vaelaiyum seiyappadavillai.
III
mattrum ovvoru alban burger
avar thanathu vellai nira aadaiyai anindhullaar;
mattrum aalbaavil ulla ovvoru thalai
oru babler kireedam;
mattrum ovvoru alban kadhavu-poast
kilaigal mattrum pookkal oorinachchaerkkaiyaalarkala ullana,
intru iranththavargal uyirudan ullanar,
ilanththavai intru kandupidikkappadugindrana.
IV
avarkal oru iraththakkalari mannaraal azhikkappattanar,
poip paesukira oru poosaariyaal avarkal azhikkappattanar.
avarkal peruvellaththil veesappattanar,
avarkal ukramaana mrigaththaal kankaanikkappattanar;
ukramaana mirugam mattrum ukramaana vellam
iraiyai appadiyae kaappaattriyullanar;
intru iranththavargal uyirudan ullanar,
ilanththavai intru kandupidikkappadugindrana.
vii.
sankadamaana nadhi avarkalai arinthirunthathu,
avarathu manjal nurai menmaiyaakkappattathu,
thotilai methuvaaka asaiththathu
adhu roamin vithiyaik kondirundhadhu.
antha koopam konda oanaai avarkalai arinthirunthathu,
avarkalai ooo 'err mattrum ooo' err nakki,
aval thann kadumaiyaana paalil irunthu avarkalukkuk koduththaal.
moola iraichchi mattrum koarai nirainthavai.
irupathu kulirkaalam, irupathu neeroottrukal,
appoathirunthu avai urundoadiyullana;
intru iranththavargal uyirudan ullanar
ilanththavai intru kandupidikkappadugindrana.
vii. aii.
irattaiyargalaip paarppatharkaakavae,
nalla ilamaiyum uyaramum,
alba laangaavilirunthu anivaguththuch selvathu
avarkalin pazhaiya bearanin mandapaththirku.
avarkalin paathaiyil puthiya maalaigal
maraththirku maram thongavidappadugindrana
kuzhaaigalai avarkal nagarththuvatharku munbu,
magizhchchiyin kurippaith thulaikkirathu.
vii
valathu puram romulus selkiraar,
muzhangkaikal sivappu niraththil kaikalaik kondu,
avarathu kaiyil oru agalamaana vaal,
mattrum plaedil oru thalai -
irumbu thalaikkavasaththil oru thalai,
kudhirai-mudiyai thongavaiththu,
oru asaintha thalai, oru surusuruppaana thalai,
payankaramaana punnagaiyil nilainiruththappattathu -
mannar amuliasin thalaivar
periya sylvian varisai,
alba laangaavil aatchi seithavar,
aventeen simmaasanaththil.
viii
idathu pakkaththil remus selkirathu,
manikattu mattrum viralgal sivappu,
avarathu kaiyil oru pandri eetti,
mattrum oru pulliyil oru thalai -
surukkamaana thalai mattrum vayathaana,
velli thaadi mattrum mudi kondu,
athaich suttri punithamaana siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru siru
poap aninthiruppathaip poala -
pandaiya cameravin thalai,
yaar azhivu vaarththaigalai besinar
"kuzhandhaigal diaber;
kallaraikku amma."
ix
irattaiyarkalukkup pinnaal irandu mattrum irandu
avarkalin nambagamaana thoazharkal,
naarpathu veeramikka aangal,
kilap, mattrum kodari, mattrum will.
ovvoru pakkaththilum ovvoru graamamum
adhan magizhchchiyaana koottaththai uutrtri,
siruvarkal mattrum baying naaikal koochchalidugindrana,
kuzhandhaigal saththamaaga sirikkiraarkal,
mattrum vayathaanavargal anbudan azhugiraargal
reavin siruvarkal sellumpoathu,
thalaikalaip paarkkak kooppidum panippenkalum,
iruppinum, kaththum poathu, innum arugil azhuththavum.
x
enavae avarkal aeriyin kurukkae anivaguththuch sendranar;
avarkal madakkugal mattrum niruththangkal moolam anivaguththuch sendranar,
soalam vayal mattrum thiraatchaith thoattaththin moolam,
muthiyavarin araikku.
xi
mandapa vaailil amarnthiruntha thalaikal,
capis, paarvaiyattra paarvaiyaalar;
thalai muthal kaall varai avar nadungkinaar.
romulus nerungiyathum.
ezhunththu, thann melliya vellai mudiyai irukkamaaka vaiththukondu,
avarathu kuruttu kankal neruppaith thoovina.
"vanakkam! arputhamaana seviliyarin valarppu kuzhandhai!
vanakkam! arputhamaana aiyaa maganae!"
xii
"aanaal nee-nee ingkae enna seikiraai?
muthiyavarin amaithiyaana mandapaththil?
kooppil ulla kazhugu enna seikirathu,
kadaiyil ulla kaatterumai?
namathu soalam pala porutkalai nirappividum.
namathu kodigal pala marangkalaip pidiththuk kolgindrana.
pala malaikalil namathu manththaikal vellai niraththil ullana.
aanaal ivai ungkalukkaanavai alla.
xiii
"umakku pokkishangkal ethuvum pakkuvam peravillai.
dardesian surangaththil;
ungkalukku endhak kappalum vilaimathippattra paelgalaik konduvaruvathillai.
libian uppuneer muzhuvathum;
ambar palaththai neengkal kudikkak koodaathu.
nee keezhae oaivedukkak koodaathu;
arabia ungkal poottukalai sengkuththaaga vaikkaathu,
ungkal aadaiyai maattra vaendaam.
xiv
"thangam, manam mattrum nagaikalai vittu vidungkal.
valamaana mejai mattrum menmaiyaana padukkai,
manithanin santhathiyinaraal piranthavarkalukku,
yarukku pennin paal koduththathu.
nee olikkaaka padaikkappadavillai,
inbaththirkaagavoa, oaivukkaagavoa alla.
neer, poark kadavulin iduppilirunththu thoantriyavar,
maelum aval-oonaayin maarpil izhuththuch sentrathu.
xv
"sooriya udhayam muthal sooriya asthamanam varai
poomiyengkum umathu pugazh kaetkum.
nee oru magimaiyaana nagaraththaik kattuvaai.
adharku ungkal peyaraal peyaridungalh
angku, kaalangal vazhiyaaga anaikkappadaatha,
vestavin punitha neruppaip poala,
umathu seviliyarin aaviyai vaalvippaar,
umathu anma aiyaa.
xvi
"maadu uroamai vazhiyaaga uzhaikkirathu,
aadukku keezhppadivathai;
noayaaliyin kazhudhai, melliya paathaikalil,
avarathu soarvaaga sumai kondu ploads
koochalittu spanielai pinaiththu
avarathu ejamaanarin visil kaetkirathu;
aadugal porumaiyudan avattraith tharukintrana
uraththa kaththigal.
xviii
"aanaal ungkal seviliyar ejamaanarukkum sevisaaikka mattar,
umathu seviliyar sumaiyaith thaangamaattaar.
avalai vetturavargalukku iyoa,
maelum antha muttaalgalukku iyoa!
anaitthu paekkugalum, saththamaaga baying seiyum poathu,
avaludaiya iraththak kuzhi soozhnthullathu,
aval amaithiyaaga irakkiraal, kadumaiyaagak kadikkiraal,
irakkum havundugalukku idaiyil.
xviii
"bomona palaththoattaththai nesikkiraar;
viduthalaiyaalar thiraatchediyai nesikkiraar;
mattrum bales vaikoal kattapatta kottakaiyai virumbukiraar
kainin suvaasaththudan soodaaga;
maelum veenas kisukisukkalai nesikkiraar
thuyaramadaintha ilainyarkalukkum panipennukkum,
aepral maathaththin thantha nilavu velichchaththil
sestnut nilalukku keezhae.
xix
"aanaal ungkal thanthai moathalai virumbukiraar.
agalamaana vaal mattrum cadium
avar neeravi kudippadhai virumbukiraar
puthiya poarkkalaththilirunthu
avar innum payankaramaana punnagaiyudan punnagaikkiraar
avarathu sontha payankaramaana punnagaiyai vida,
avar adarththiyaana karuppu maekaththaip paarkkumpoathu
kaipattrappatta nagaraththilirunthu maelae sellungal.
XX
"poark kadavulaip poala,
ungkal variyin aasiriyar,
unnaip paalootiya avalaip poala,
neengkalum ungkaludaiyavargalum kooda appaditthaan irungkal.
menmaiyaana mugaamidaththirku vidungkal
avarathu kuliyalaraigal mattrum vaasanai thiraviyangkal;
dier moasamaana panthayaththirku vidungkal
avattrin saayam poosum karuvi mattrum tharikal;
kardej magangalukku vidungkal
suvaran mattrum thuduppu;
avarathu palingku nimpsai greakkaridam vittu vidungkal
mattrum vaarthaigalaal aana kadhaigalin surulgal.
xxi
"romane, umathu thaan pilam.
romane, vaal unnudaiyathu,
samamaana agazhi, bristling kundru,
padaiyin varisaippaduththappatta varii;
vettriyin chakkarankalai umakku vazhangkuvaayaaga,
avarkalin laurel rayiludan
koochal therukkal methuvaaka maelae nagarththavum
jovin nitthiya sudarukku.
xxii
"ungkal nugaththin keezh volcian
avarathu uyarnththa puruvatthai aliththuviduvaar;
menmaiyaana kebuvaavin surunda urchaakamaanavargal
ungkal naarkaaligal thalaivananguvatharku muun
arnessin lucumos
paarkka ungkal kambigal athirvurum;
mattrum perumaimikka sumnitine efku idhayam
ungkalukku mattumae adipaniyum.
xxiii
"cole ungkalukku ethiraaga varum.
panii mattrum iravu nilaththilirunthu;
nee avarathu azhagaana koonthal padaikalai koduppeerkal
kaagam mattrum kaatthaadikku.
XXIV
"greakergal ungkalukku ethiraaga varuvaargal.
kizhakkin vetrtriyaalar.
avarukku arugil poar thodukkum
poomiyai ulukkum maaperum mirugam,
aranmanai yaarai meethu ullathu
adhan kaavalargal anaivarum nirkiraarkal,
kankalukku idaiyae irukkum mirugam
oru kaikku paambu.
muthalil thairiyamaana ephroads anivaguththuch sellungal,
kavasam mattrum eettiyaal moodappatta
mattrum thavaraana darentathin tharavarisaigal
avai pinpuraththil pirakaasikkintrana.
XXV
"thavaraana darentathin tharavarisaigal
vaettaiyaadappatta aadugal parappathu poal
thairiyamaana epirts veenaaga
avarkalin tharanilaikal iranthuvidumh
mattrum abennin saambal kazhugugal
oru unnathamaana virunththu irukkum
koluppu mattrum kankalil
poomiyai ulukkum periya mirugam.
XXVI
"hurra! nalla aayuthangkalukkaaga
avai poark kadavulin nilatthai vaiththirukkintrana.
hurra! roamin stowd pilam
oru valuvaana romanian kaiyil.
hurra! roamin kurugiya agala vaal
adarththiyaana varisai vazhiyaaga
eettikal mattrum seerat kedayangal
adhan moasamaana vazhiyil aazhamaaga ullathu.
XXVIi
"hurra! maaperum vetrtrikkaaka
idhu pala mile thooram neendu selkirathu.
hurra! vaan kaithigalukku
adhu mudivattra kooppil kadanthu selkirathu.
hoow! thairiyamaana epiroatkal, engku
sivappu mannar paranthu sentraaraa?
hoow! poiyaana darrendum naaikal,
antha udai vellaiyaaka kazhuvappadavillai allawa?
XXVIii
"hurra! maaperum vetrtrikkaaka
idhu pala mile thooram neendu selkirathu.
hurra! dier valamaana saayam,
nailin sirantha valai,
thalaikkavasangkal irakukaludan oorinachchaerkkaiyaalarkal
thavalaiyin irakkaikalilirunththu kizhindhadhu,
beltkal natchatthira rathinaththaal adarththiyaaga amaikkappattullana
adhu inthiya mannargal meethu pirakaasiththathu,
maaperum velliyin kalangal,
thangaththaal karadumuradaana kuppai,
pala vanna dablettukal pirakaasamaaga ullana
pazhaiya anbugal mattrum poarkaludan,
moochchu vidugira mattrum poaraadum cull,
paesuvathaagath thoandrum piththalai; -
uyarnththa idangkalil vasikkum iththagaiya thanthiramaanavargal
greakkarkalukkuk koduththuvittanar.
XXX
"hurra! vaedikkaiyaana aarvaththirku,
roamin thunichalaana magan,
moontru murai migath thevaikku anuppappattathu,
moontru murai vettri veettil dira seiyappattathu.
nesavu, nesavu, verithanamaana aarvaththirku
moontraavathu emproidery seiyappatta kavun
moontraavathu uyaramaana kaarai tayar seiyungal,
moontraavathu pacchai kireedaththai izhuththu;
mattrum roja kudhiraigalai uuravaikkavum
valaintha will poantra kazhuththugaludan,
mattrum mevaaniyaavin kaalaiyai,
kaalai paniyaip poala vellai.
XXX
"romaniyarai moontru murai aaseervathiththu aaseervathiyungkal.
roamin pirakaasamaana naalai yaar paarkkiraarkal,
antha neenda vetrtriyaalarin aadambaraththai yaar paarkkiraarkal?
punithamaana vazhiyai azhiththuvidunggal,
mattrum keezhppadidhal mandraththin moolam,
mattrum suppliant thoappaich suttri,
nitthiya vaayilgal varai
capitolian jove.
XXXI
"pinnar, engkae, irandu pirakaasamaana pugalidangkal,
korindhuvin koopurangal koopam;
naalin pirammaandamaana mannar engkae
avarathu sontha roads keezhae paarkkiraar;
angku oorandas adikkadi munumunukkiraar
laurel nizhalgalukku keezhae;
nail mudivattra neelaththai pirathipalikkum idaththil
adder sivappu koolanaedugal;
innum aalamaana neeril engkae,
alaikal mattrum vedippugalilirunthu paathukaakkappatta,
mangalaana kaadugalai azhikkirathu
pairsaavin aayiram kambangal;
angku farr-udaiyanintha vaettaikkaarargal alainthu thirikiraarkal
vadakku panikattikku naduvae;
kaalai manalin vazhiyaaga engkae
ottagam masaalaakkalaith thaangkukirathu;
angku adless thanathu nizhalai veesukiraar
veguthooram maerku nurai,
athaik kaetpavargal anaivar meethum perum acham irukkum.
roamin valimaiyana peyar." | praacheena rome yokka laes/dhi professi off coppies
<unk> capis pravachananiki parichayam
"rajadhanilo vindulo paadina oka lae, aaa rojuna"
"rendava saari consul ayina manius curious dentatus, rajupai vijayam saadhinchaadu"
"pirrus und dhi tarrentins, city cCCclxxix samvatsaramlo."
neenu
ippudu champabadina raaju amulius,
goppa sylvian line,
alba laangaalo paalinchina vaaru,
aventin simhasana meeda.
champabadinadi ponfif kemeraalu,
vidhvamsam yokka padaalu matladevaru
"pillalu tieber varaku,
samadhi varaku talli."
II
alba sarassulo matsyakaarulu laeru
athani nett eee roeju oogutoondi;
alba oaks yokka cheekati tokka meeda
eee roeju goddali mogadam ledhu;
kaadini totteku velaadadeestundi;
endugaddi endugaddi loe untundih
anni alban graamaala gundaa
eee roeju pani ledhu.
III
mariyu prati alban burger
thana tellati dustulu dharinchaadu;
mariyu alba looni prati thala
oka poppler kireetam;
mariyu prati alban door-post
kommalu mariyu puvvulatho swalinga samparkulu,
endukante eee roeju chanipoyinavaaru jeevinchi unnaaru,
kolpoyinavi netikee kanugonabaddayi.
IV
vaaru oka raktapaata raaju chetha sikshimpabaddaaru,
oka abaddhalu cheppe poojaari vaarini vichaarinchaadu,
vaaru ugramaina varada meeda padaveyabaddaaru,
ugramaina mrugam vaarini vembadinchindi;
ugramaina mrugam mariyu teevra varada
adhe vidhamgaa vaetanu vidichipettaru;
mariyu eee roeju chanipoyinavaaru sajeevamgaa unnaaru,
kolpoyinavi netikee kanugonabaddayi.
vii.
samasyaatmaka nadhi vaariki telusu,
mariyu thana pasupu nurugunu mettagaa chesi,
mariyu ooyalanu sunnitamgaa kadilinchindi
adhi rome yokka vidhini kaligi undhi.
aaa doodakuduki vaari gurinchi telusu,
mariyu vaatini oo 'err mariyu oo' err nokkandi,
mariyu aame sonta teevramaina palanu vaariki ichindi,
mudi maamsam mariyu gortho samruddhiga untundi.
iravai siitaakaalaalu, iravai neeti buggalu,
appati nundi avi dhooramgaa unnaayi;
mariyu eee roeju chanipoyinavaaru jeevinchi unnaru
kolpoyinavi netikee kanugonabaddayi.
vi
kavalalanu chudalani,
manchi yuvakulu mariyu podavaina,
alba longaa nundi kavaatu
vaari paatha manavaraaliki haaluki.
vaari maargamlo taja puusalu
chettu nundi chettuku velaadadeeyabadataayih
vaaru paiparlanu nadapadaniki mundu,
oka ullasapu notnu pipe cheyadam.
vii
kudivaipu romulus veltaadu,
mochetulaku chetulu erupu rangulo,
mariyu athani chetilo oka visaalamaina katthi,
mariyu blade meeda oka thala -
inupa sirastraanamlo thala,
gurrapu ventrukalatho vaelaadutuu,
oka muriki thala, oka swarty thala,
bhayankaramaina kopamtho sthiramgaa -
raaju amulius yokka adhipati
goppa sylvian line,
alba laangaalo paalinchina vaaru,
aventin simhasana meeda.
VIII
edama vaipuna remus velutundi,
manikattu mariyu vellatho erupu,
mariyu athani chetilo oka pandhi-eete,
mariyu oka talapai -
mudatalu padina thala mariyu vruddhudu,
vendi gaddam mariyu juttutho,
mariyu daani chuttoo pavitramaina chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna
mataadhipatulu dharinche dustulu vantivi -
puraatana cameralaku adhipati,
vidhvamsam yokka padaalu matladevaru
"pillalu taibarki;
samadhi varaku talli."
iis
kavalala venuka iddaru mariyu iddaru
vaari nammakamaina sahacharulu,
nalabhai mandhi dhairyavanthulu,
club, mariyu goddali, mariyu villutho.
prati vaipu prati graamam
daani santoshakaramaina samuuhaanni bayataku poestumdi,
abbayilu mariyu baying kukkalu,
pillalu biggaraga navvutuu,
mariyu vruddhulu premagaa edustunnaru
rhea abbayilu velletappudu,
mariyu talalanu chuudataaniki kekalu vese panimanushulu,
ayina, arustuu, marinta daggaragaa nokkandi.
x
vaaru sarassu venta nadicharu;
vaaru madatalu mariyu stall dwara nadicharu,
mokkajonna polamlo mariyu drakshatotalo,
vruddhudi haaluku.
xi
haall getulo kuurchunna cappylu,
cappies, drushtiheena drushti;
thala nundi adugu varaku athanu vanikindi
romulus daggaravutundagaa.
mariyu athani sannani tellati juttu gattiga nilabadi,
mariyu athani guddi kallu agnini veliginchaayi
"hoy! adbhutamaina narsu pempudu bidda!
hoy! adbhutamaina swami kumarudu!"
xii
"conny meeru-meeru ikkada emi chestunnaru?
vruddhudi saantiyuta haalulo?
cope loe unna degaku emi jarugutundi,
dukaanamloo kademma?
maa mokkajonna aneka gaarnarlanu nimputundi;
mana teegalu aneka chetlanu pattukuntaayi;
aneka kondalapai maa mandalu tellagaa unnaih
conny ivi mea kosam kaadu.
xiii
"neeku yea nidhi pandadu.
tartessian ganilo;
neeku yea ooda viluvaina bellanu tecchedi kaadu.
libian uppuneeti antataa;
umber nundi tragakudadu;
meeru kinda vishraanti teesukoru;
arabia nee taalaalanu tadipadu,
alaage nee dustulanu pakkaku tippukoledu.
xiv
"bangaaram, burada, aabharanaalanu vadiliveyandi.
goppa table mariyu mruduvaina mancham,
maanava santaanam nundi janminchina vaariki,
stree paalu evariki tinipinchaayi.
neevu prakaasamu kosam srushtinchabadaledu,
aanandam kosam, ledhaa vishraanti kosam;
neevu, yuddha devuni nadumu nundi udbhavinchinavi,
mariyu aame-thodelu rommunu lagaru.
xv
"suuryoedayam nundi suuryaastamayam varaku
bhoomi anthaa nee keertini vintundi.
neevu oka mahimagala nagaranni nirmistaavu.
daaniki nee paerutoe paeru pettandi
mariyu akkada, yugaala dwara anachiveyabadani,
vesta yokka pavitra agni laaga,
nee narsu aatma jeevistundi,
mea swami aatma.
xvi
"eddu gontula gundaa sramistundi,
mekaku vidheyata chuupadam;
roogi gaadida, mettati margallo,
alasipoyina thana bhaaramtho ploods
kekalu vesi spaniyalnu kattaru
athani yajamani vigil vintaadu;
mariyu gorrelu aamenu opikagaa istundi
pedda gonthu kattirinche varaku.
xvii
"conny nee narsu yea guruvu maata vinadu,
nee narsu etuvanti bharanni moyadu;
mariyu aamenu kattirinche vaariki shrama,
mariyu aaa gorrela vaariki shrama!
anni pyaak, biggaraga baying,
aame raktasiktamaina guha chuttoo,
aame nissabdamgaa, gattiga korustuu maranistundi,
maranistunna kukkapillala madhya.
xviii
"pomona pandla thotanu ishtapadutundi;
mariyu svaechchaayutulu draakshaavallini premistaaru;
mariyu pails gadditho nirminchina shednu ishtapadataadu
kine swaasatoe vecchagaa;
mariyu veenus gusagusaladatam ishtapadataadu
durbharamaina yuvata mariyu panimanishi,
april nelalooni dantaala chandrakanti
chestnut needa kinda.
xix
"conny mea tandriki gharshana antey chaalaa ishtam.
visaalamaina katthi mariyu kavacham
athanu aavirini taagadaaniki ishtapadataadu
taja yuddhabhumi nundih
athanu marinta bhayankaramaina chirunavvutho navvutunnadu
thana bhayankaramaina kopam kante,
athanu poga yokka dattamaina nalla meghanni chusinappudu
swaadheenam chesukunna pattanam nundi paiki vellandi.
XX
"mariyu yuddha devudu vanti,
mea pankthi rachayita,
mariyu ninnu paalu traagina aame vanti,
meeru mariyu meedi kooda alaane undandi.
mruduvaina campanionku vadiliveyandi
athani snanalu mariyu athani sugandha dravyaalu;
tyre yokka neechamaina jaatiki vadiliveyandi
vaari rangulu mariyu maggalu;
carthage kumaarulaku vadiliveyandi
chukkani mariyu taadu;
athani palarayi vanadevatalanu greeku vaariki vadiliveyandi
mariyu padajaalam yokka scrolls.
xxi
"nee, roman, pilam.
roman, katthi needi,
eevan trench, bristling dibba,
sainyam yokka arder line;
mariyu vijayam yokka chakralu mea,
vaari laureld railutho
arustunna veedhula paiki nemmadigaa vellandi
jove yokka shaashwata jwaalaku.
xxii
"nee kaadi kinda voltian
ayana unnatamaina kanubommanu tadipestundi;
saft kapuvaku chendina vankaragaa unde ullasalu
nee kurcheelu namaskarinche munduh
arnus yokka lukumolu
chuudataaniki nee raadlanu kampistundi;
mariyu garvamgaa unna sumnite yokka ukku hrudayam
meeku matrame longipotundi.
xxiii
"aaa gaul neeku vyatiraekamgaa vastundi.
manchu mariyu raatri bhoomi nundi;
meeru athani andamaina bochugala sainyalanu istaaru
raven mariyu gaalipataaniki.
XXIV
"greeku prajalu meeku vyatiraekamgaa vastaaru.
thoorpu yokka vijaeta.
athani pakkana pooraadataaniki nilabadataadu
bhoomini kadilinche pedda mrugam,
koota evaripai undho aaa mrugam
daani kaapalaadaarulandaruu nilabadi unnaaru,
thana kalla madhya unna mrugam
oka chethi kosam paamu.
modata bolled epirotesnu march cheyandi,
kavacham mariyu eetetho daggaragaa kattaru
mariyu tappudu tarrentum yokka ranklu
venukavaipu merustuu untaayi.
XXV
"tappudu tarrentum yokka shrenulu
vaetaadina gorrelu egurutaih
bolled epirotes vrudhaa
vaari pramaanaalu chachipotayi
mariyu appennine yokka buudida raabandulu
goppa vindu untundi
kovvu mariyu kalla meeda
bhoomini kadilinche bhaarii mrugam.
XXVI
"hurra! manchi aayudhaala kosam
avi yuddha devuni bhoomini kaapaadataayi.
hurra! rome yokka drudamaina pilam kosam
balamaina roman chetilo.
hurra! rome yokka chinna visaalamaina katthi kosam
mandapati shreni dwara
eetelu mariyu seerid shields
daani ghoramaina marganni lothugaa chustundi.
XXVIi
"hurra! goppa vijayam kosam
idhi chaalaa mailla varaku vistarinchi untundi.
hurra! vaan khaideela kosam
adhi antuleni failuloo paas avutundi.
hoow! bolled epirotes, ekkada
erra raaju paripoyada?
hoow! tappudu tarrentum kukkalu,
dustulu tellagaa kadagaleda?
XXVIii
"hurra! goppa vijayam kosam
idhi chaalaa mailla varaku vistarinchi untundi.
hurra! tyre yokka goppa rangu kosam,
mariyu nail yokka chakkati vala,
sirastraanaalu eekalu thoo gay
nemali rekkala nundi chirigipoyindi,
beltulu nakshatraala ratnamtho mandamgaa untaayi
adhi bhaarata rajulapai prakaasinchindi,
bhaarii vendi kalupu,
bangaaramtho kathinamaina gottalu,
aneka rangula maatralu prakaasavantamgaa untaayi
premalu mariyu puraatana yuddhaalatho,
oopiri peelchukune mariyu porade raayi,
maatlaadutunnatlu anipinche ittadi; -
unnatasthaayi meeda nivasinche vaaru ituvanti telivigalavaaru
greeku vaariki icham.
XXX
"hurra! unmaadam kosam,
rome yokka atyanta dhairyavanthudaina kumarudu,
moodusaarlu atyanta avasaraniki pampabadindi,
moodusaarlu vijayam home loe dra.
unmaadam kosam neyadam, neyadam
moodava embroidery dustulu
moodava ettaina kaarunu siddham cheyandi,
mariyu moodava aakupaccha kiriitaanni kattandi;
mariyu gulabi gurralanu kaachu
vangi unna villu vanti medatho,
mariyu mevania eddunu deck cheyandi,
aaa eddu manchu vale tellagaa untundi.
XXX
"roman nuu moodusaarlu aasiirvadimchamdi
rome yokka prakaasavantamaina rojunu evaru chuustaaru,
aaa sudeergha vijayavantamaina aadambaranni evaru chuustaaru
pavitra marganni moosiveyandi,
mariyu belloying forum dwara,
mariyu supplient yokka thota chuttoo,
shaashwata dwaaraala varaku
capitolian jove.
XXXI
"appudu, rendu prakaasavantamaina swargaalu ekkada unnaayi?
korinth kopam yokka gopuraalu;
aaa roeju yokka bhaarii raaju ekkada unnadu
thana sonta raadlu meeda krindiki chustundi;
ekkada tarachugaa oronts gonugutaaru
laurel shades kinda;
ikkada nail antuleni podavunu pratibimbistumdi
muduru erupu colondays;
ekkadekkada, inca lothaina neetilo,
alalu mariyu paelulla nundi rakshana pondhi,
cheekati adavulanu tuppu pattistundi
bairsa yokka veyyi masts;
bochu dharinchina vetagallu ekkada tirugutaaru
uttara manchu madhya;
udayam isuka gundaa ekkada
onte masala dinusulanu kaligi untundi;
atlas thana needanu ekkada veligistaadu
paschima nurugu chaalaa dhooramlo undhi,
vinee vaarandarikee chaalaa bhayam untundi.
rome yokka saktivantamaina paeru." | qadeem room kii dewarein/caps kii pation goyee
capies kii pation goyee kaa taaruf
"darulhukumat mein ziyafat mein gaaya gayaa eek geeth jiss dunn"
"dosri baar qonsal bannay waalay manees curees dentates nay baadshah parr fatah haasil kii"
"pirhas aind dee trentines shehar kay saal mein cCCClxxx."
mein
abb maaraa gayaa baadshah amoliyos hay
azeem saloweenai line
jiss nay albaa longa mein hukumat kii
aventine kay takht parr.
maaraa gayaa hay ponfif kemray
jiss nay azaab kay alfaz kahay:
"bachay tyber parr
maan qabar takk."
II
albaa kii jheel mein koyee maahi gair nahein
iss kaa jaal aaj kill phisal rehaa hay vovo
albaa kay baloot kii tareek chhalkay parr
aaj kill koyee kulhaadi nahein bujj rahee hay vovo
joye charni kuu latka deeta hay vovo
khayee gahaas mein padee hay:
tamaam albani dehaton mein
aaj kill koyee kaam nahein hotaa.
III
aur harr albani bargar
iss nay apnaa safed tareen labaas pehna hay vovo
aur harr sarr albaa mein
eek poppler taaj hay vovo
aur harr albani darwazay kii choki
shakhon aur phulon kay saath humm jans parsat hay
keunkah aaj kill mardah zindah haine
gumshidah aaj kill paaye jaatay haine.
IV
inhein eek khooni baadshah nay sazaa dee
eek jhootay pajaari nay inhein sazaa dee
inhein bhadaktay sailaab parr phaink diyaa gayaa
inn kaa saraag bhadaktay hoay janwar nay lagaya.
bhadakta hawaa janwar aur bhadakta hawaa sailaab
asee tarah shikaar kuu bachaya hay vovo
aur aaj kill mardah zindah haine
gumshidah aaj kill paaye jaatay haine.
wee
preshan daryaa inhein jaanta thaa
aur iss kay pailay rung kay jhaag kuu hamwaar kiyaa
aur aahista say paalnay kuu hilla diyaa
jiss nay room kii qasmat kuu janam diyaa.
rengnay waala wah bhediya inhein jaanta thaa
aur inhein chaat diyaa aur inhein chaat diyaa
aur inhein apnaa hyee sakht dodh diyaa
khaam gosht aur goar say bharpur.
bees sardiyan bees chashme
tubb say door how gayey haine vovo
aur aaj kill mardah zindah haine:
gumshidah aaj kill paaye jaatay haine.
wee.
bleeth yaha jadwaan bachon kuu dekhnay kay liye thaa
theek theek jawaan aur lambay
albaa longa say maarch
inn kii praani potee kay haal mein.
inn kay raastay mein taazah maalaain
eek darkhat say dosray darkhat parr latka diyaa jaataa hay:
inn say pehley kahh wah piperon kuu chalayein
khushi kaa eek nott daalna.
vii
daayein taraf romols jaataa hay
kahniyon kuu sarkh bazoon kay saath
aur iss kay haath mein eek chodi talwaar thee
aur blade parr eek sarr -
lohay kay helmat mein eek sarr
ghoday kay baalon kay saath lataktay huay
eek dhandla hawaa sarr eek teez sarr
eek khufnaak ghasah mein khadaa -
baadshah amoliyos kaa sarbarah
azeem saloweenai line
jiss nay albaa longa mein hukumat kii
aventine kay takht parr.
viii
bayein taraf rems jaataa hay
klaiyon aur angliyon kay saath sarkh
aur iss kay haath mein eek suur kaa bhaalo
aur iss naqtah parr eek sarr -
jhariyan daar sarr aur bodhaa
chaandi kii daadhi aur baalon kay saath
aur iss kay gird muqadas tangein
jeesay kahh postiyon kay pehannay -
qadeem kimray kaa sarr
jiss nay azaab kay alfaz kahay:
"bachay tyber parr vovo
maan qabar takk."
ix
jadwaan bachon kay peeche duu aur duu
inn kay qaabil aetemad saathi jaatay haine
chaar aur chalis bahadar aadmi
kalab aur kulhaadi aur kamaan kay saath.
harr taraf harr bastee
apnay khush gawaar hujum kuu baahir nikalta hay
ladkon aur baying katoon kuu cheekhna
aur bachay zoor say huns rahay haine
aur bodhay loag pyaar say ruu rahay haine
jeesay jeesay riyaa kay ladkay guzartay haine
aur nokaranein juu sarr dekhnay kay liye chikhti haine
phir bhee cheekhte huay mazeed qareeb dabayein.
x
chunancha wah jheel kay saath saath aagay badhay.
wah daheer say daheer how kirr aagay badhay
makayi kay kheet aur takistan kay zariye
bodhay kay haal mein.
xi
haal kay darwazay parr keepi beeth gayey
caps bay deed darshan vovo
sarr say paaon takk wah kaanp rehaa thaa
jeesay jeesay romols qareeb aataa gayaa.
aur iss kay patlay safed baal khaday how gayey
aur iss kii aankhon mein aag bhadak uthee:
"salaam! hairat angez nars kaa razayi bachah!
salaam! hairat angez saahib kay betay!"
xii
"leakin tamm-tamm yahaan kiyaa kartay how?
bodhay kay parr aman haal mein?
cope mein aqaab kuu kiyaa hotaa hay
stall mein bhens?
humara makayi behat say garneeron kuu bhar deeta hay.
hamaari bailon nay behat say darkhaton kuu pakad liyaa hay.
behat see pahadiyon parr hamaray rewad safed haine:
leakin yaha aap kay liye nahein haine.
xiii
"teeray liye koyee khazanah nahein paktaa.
tartsi kaan mein vovo
aap kay liye koyee jehaaz qeemati gaanth nahein laataa
labiyayi namkeen kay paar vovo
tamm ambar say nahein piyo gay.
tamm neechey aaraam nahein crow gay vovo
arab teeray taalay nahein baandhay gaa
aur naha hyee apnay labaas kuu alg karein.
xiv
"sonaa gandhak aur zewaraat chhod duu.
bharpur meez aur naram bastar
inn kay liye juu ansaan kii nasal say paida hotay haine
jiss kuu aurat kaa dodh khilaya hay.
tamm lokar kay liye nahein banaye gayey thay
khushi kay liyay naha aaraam kay liye vovo
thoo wah juu jangi khadaa kii kamar say nikla hay
aur iss nay bhediye kay seenay kuu kheencha.
xv
"taloo aaftaab say gharub aaftaab takk
saaree zameen teeri shahrat sunay gee:
eek shandar shehar jasay tuu banaye gaa
aur asay apnay naam say pakaro:
aur wahaan sadiyon say ghair mutzilzal
jeesay banista kii muqadas aag
teeri nars kii rooh zindah rahay gee
aap kay saahib kii rooh.
xvi
"bail khambe say guzar kirr mahnat kartaa hay
bakri kii ataat karnaa vovo
mareez kii gadaa phislan waalay raaston parr
apnay thakay hoay bojh kay saath pulds:
cheekh woo pakaar kay saath aur spinial kuu baandh kirr
iss kay maalik kii seaty sunti hay vovo
aur bhedein asay sabar say janam deeti haine
zoor say chamaknay waali katron takk.
xvii
"leakin teeri nars kasee maalik kii nahein sunay gee
teeri nars koyee bojh bardasht nahein karay gee.
aur afsoos inn parr juu asay kaattay haine
aur inn parr afsoos hay juu iss koday haine!
jabb saara peek zoor say bujj rehaa how
iss kii khonreez gahatiyan gahiray hoay haine
wah khamushi say marti hay sakht kaatti hay
marnay waalay shikariyon kay darmiyan.
xviii
"pomona baagh say mohabat kartaa hay vovo
aur aazaad wand kuu pasand kartaa hay vovo
aur peels kuu tankay say banay sheed say mohabat hay
keenn kii saans kay saath garm vovo
aur wens kuu srgoshi pasand hay
badd haal naujawanon aur nokarani kaa
apreel kay haathi daanat kii chaandani mein
chist nutt kay saayah kay neechey.
xix
"leakin aap kay waalid kuu tasadam pasand hay.
chodi talwaar aur dahaal kaa:
asay wah bhaap peena pasand hay juu reek kartaa hay
taazah medaan jung say:
wah maskarata hay aur ziyadah khufnaak maskarata hay
iss kii apnee khufnaak ghasah say bhee ziyadah
jabb wah dhoyein kay gahnay kaalay baadil kuu dekhta hay
fatah shadah shehar say oopar jayein.
XX
"aur jaisa kahh jangi khadaa hay
aap kii line kay masnaf
aur jeesay wah jiss nay tamm kuu choos liyaa
yahaan takk kahh aap aur aap kay bhee aisey hyee hoan.
naram campin kay paas chhod dain
iss kay ghasal aur iss kay khushbo vovo
tyre kii shararti dodh parr chhod dain
inn kay rangnay waalay kapday aur karghay vovo
karthaj kay beton kuu chhod dain
padar aur chapo vovo
iss kay sing marmar kay nanhee bachiyon kuu yunani parr chhod dain
aur lafzi daastaan kay tomaar.
xxi
"teeraa roman plum hay:
aey roman talwaar teeri hay
baraabar khandaq barangay tailay
lashkar kii tartib shadah line vovo
aur fatah kay pahiyon cow
juu inn kii lorled train kay saath hay
cheekh cheekhney waali galiyon kuu aahista aahista oopar lay jayein
jove kay abdi sholay kay liye.
xxii
"aap kay joye kay neechey wolsaeen hay
iss kii buland bhuli kuu jhoonpadaae gaa.
naram keepwa kay gharaa hawaa khush kunn
iss say pehley kahh aap kii karsiyan jhak jayein:
aarans kay locomos
dekhnay kay liye teeri salakhon kuu hilla day gaa.
aur fakhar mund saamnet kaa steel kaa dall
sarf aap kay saamney paishgi how gaa.
xxiii
"gaal teeray khalaaf aayey gaa.
barf aur raat kii sarzamin say vovo
tamm iss kii khubsurat baalon waali faujon kuu duu gay
kaway aur patang kay liye.
XXIV
"yunani teeray khalaaf aayen gay.
mashriq kaa faatah.
iss kay paas jung kay liye khadaa hay
zameen kuu hilla deenay waala badaa janwar
wah janwar jiss parr qalah hay
iss kay tamaam muhafizon kay saath khaday haine
wah janwar jiss kii aankhon kay darmiyan hay
eek haath kay liye saanp.
pehley bould apparotes kuu maarch karein
dahaal aur nezah say bund kirr diyaa gayaa
aur jhootay terrantum kii safon
peeche say chamak rahay haine.
XXV
"jhootay terrantum kii safon
shikaar shadah bhedon kii tarah uday gee:
bay sood bould apparotes
inn kay mayaraat khatam how jayein gay:
aur appenine kay sarmayi gadh
eek emdah daawat hogi
charbi aur aankhon parr
zameen kuu halatay hoay iss baday janwar kaa.
XXVI
"hurah! achhay hathiyaron kay liye
juu jangi khadaa kii sarzamin kuu barqarar rakhti hay.
hurah! room kay mazboot plaim kay liye
eek mazboot roman haath mein.
hurah! room kii mukhtasir chodi talwaar kay liye
kahh motee sif kay zariye
baraabar nezon aur seerd sheldon kaa
apnay khufnaak raastay kuu gehra kartaa hay.
XXVIi
"hurah! azeem fatah kay liye
yaha kayee meel takk phaila hawaa hay.
hurah! waan qaidiyon kay liye
wah lamtanahi fayel mein guzarta hay.
how! bould apparotes jehaan kahein
kiyaa sarkh baadshah nay adaan bharee hay?
how! jhootay terrantum kay katay
kiyaa labaas safed nahein dhoya gayaa hay?
XXVIII
"hurah! azeem fatah kay liye
yaha kayee meel takk phaila hawaa hay.
hurah! tyre kay bharpur rung kay liyay
aur neel kaa emdah jaal
helmat jinn mein pankh hotay haine
teechh kay paroon say phatt gayaa
bellet starry manee say motee hoti haine
juu hindustani baadshahon parr chamakta thaa
baday paimanay parr chaandi kay bartan
gold kay saath khardari gold
behat rangon kii goliyan roshan haine
praani mohabaton aur jangon kay saath
wah pathar juu saans leeta hay aur jadujahad kartaa hay
paital juu bolta dikhayi deeta hay vovo -
aisey chalaak juu oonche maqaam parr rehtay haine
yunaniyon kuu day diyaa hay.
XXX
"hurah! anmaad kay liyay
room kaa bahadar tareen betaa
teen baar intehayi zarurat kay mutabiq bheja gayaa
teen baar jeeth kay gahar mein draa hawaa.
anmaad kay liye banayi banayi
teesra kadhayi waala labaas:
teesri oonchi gaadi tayaar crow
aur teesra sabz taaj baandh dain.
aur gulaab kay ghodon kuu joye mein ddaal dain
gardanon kay saath jeesay eek jhaki hoyee kamaan
aur mewaniya kay bail kuu deek karein
bail barf kii tarah safed hay.
XXX
"roman kuu teen baar aur teen baar mubarik kahoo.
juu room kaa roshan tareen dunn dekhta hay
iss taweel faatah shaan woo shokat kuu coone dekhta hay
muqadas raah kuu bund kirr dow
aur beloing forum kay zariye
aur supplier kay baagh kuu gahiray
abdi darwazon takk
capitlin jove.
XXXI
"phir kahaan duu roshan panah gaahein
karanth kay towers kii bhagwan vovo
jehaan dunn kaa behat badaa baadshah
iss kay apnay hyee ghodon parr neechey dekhta hay vovo
jehaan auronts aksar badbadate haine
laural sheeds kay neechey vovo
jehaan neel lamtanahi lambayi kii akaasi kartaa hay
gehrey sarkh colvend vovo
jehaan ubhee takk gehrey paani mein
lehron aur dhamaakon say mahfuz
dhandla jangal
bersa kay hazaar mastulon mein say vovo
jehaan khaal pehney shikaari ghoomtay haine
shamali barf kay darmiyan vovo
jehaan sabah kii reet kay zariye
oont masaliha bardasht kartaa hay vovo
jehaan atlas apnaa saayah adaata hay
maghrabi jhaag say door
sunnay waalon kuu behat khoof hoga
room kaa taqatwar naam." |
0004e67afce8ebf271f2eeeaca348618b1acc3552e5c26ed8b842ea0c4ddfbf6 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64329520 | 1946–47 Rochdale A.F.C. season |
1946–47 Rochdale A.F.C. season
Rochdale 1946–47 football season
The 1946–47 season saw Rochdale compete for their 19th season in the Football League Third Division North, and the first after World War 2. The schedule was identical to the abandoned 1939–40 season.
Competitions.
Football League Third Division North.
F.A. Cup.
Lancashire Cup.
References.
<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />
| 1946-47 rosdale e.ef.chi. ritu
1946-47 sijonot rosdale teulukor teulukor sijonor baabe football leegor tritiyo bibhag uttorot protidondita korisil, aaru dwitiyo biswojudhor pisot prothomtu. xomoixusitu porityokto 1939-40 sijonor xoite eke aasil.
protijugitaxomuh.
football leeg tritiyo bibhag uttor.
ef.e. kaap.
lankaswayar kaap.
| 1946-47 rockdale ayee.eff.shee. ritu
1946-47 morshume roachdale taader taader morshumer jonno football liger tritiya bibhag uttore ebong dwitiya bishwojuddher porey prothom morshume protidwondita korte dekhechilo. samaysuchiti porityokto 1939-40 morshumer anurup chhilo.
protijogita.
football leeg tritiya bibhag uttor.
eff.ayee. cup.
lancashire cup.
|
1946-47 roachdale aee.aef.see. mosam
1946-47 seasonma roachdale temnee 19mee season maate football leegnaa trija vibhagma aneey beeja vishvyuddh pachhini pratham seasonma bhaag leto jovaa malyo hato. schedule tyajee devaayelee 1939-40 season jevu jaj hatoo.
spardhao.
football leag trija vibhag uttar.
aef.aee. cup.
lankshire cup. | 1946-47 rockdale aeye.aff.see. mausam
1946-47 season mein roachdale ney football leag thurd division north mein apane 19vein season key liye pratispardha kii, aur dwiteeya vishva yuddh key baad pahala. karyakram parityakt 1939-40 season key samaan thaa.
pratiyogitaaen.
football leag tritiya prabhaag uttar.
aff.aeye. cup.
lancashire cup.
|
1946-47 roachdale a.eff.sii. rtumaana
1946-47 rtuvinalli roachdale tamma 19neey rtuvinalli football leigh moorane vibhaga uttaradalli spardhisidaru, mattu vishwa samara 2rahra nantarada modalaneyadu. velapattiyu parityakta 1939-40 rtuvige holuttittu.
spardhegalu.
football leigh moorane vibhaga uttara.
eff.aa. cup.
lancashire cup.
| 1946-47 roachdell a.eph.sii. season
1946-47 seasonil roachdell avarude 19-aamm seasonil football leag moonnaam division nortthilum randaam lokamahaayudhathinu sheshamulla aadya seasonilum malsarichu. shedule upekshikkappetta 1939-40 seasoninu samanamaayirunnu.
malsarangal.
football leag moonnaam division north.
eph.eiii. kapp.
lankshare kapp.
| 1946-47 rochdale aaa.eff.see. rutoo
1946-47 hangamat rochadelane tyanchya tyanchya hangamasathi football leegchya leegchya vibhagat uttarela aanee aanee mahayuddhanantarchya pahilya hangamat spardha kelee. velapatrak sodoon dilelya 1939-40 hangamasarkhech hote.
spardha.
football leag tisra vibhag uttar.
eff.aaa. cup.
lancashire cup.
|
1946-47 rochdale ae.ef.see. mausam
1946-47 sijanle rochadellai football ligg tesro division uttarma afno 19 aun sijanka lagi pratispardha gareko dekhyo, rar dosro vishwayudha pachhiko pahilo. talika parityag garieko 1939-40 sijansanga mildojuldo thiyo.
pratiyogitaharu.
football ligg tesro division uttar.
ef.ae. cup.
lancasire cup. |
1946-47 rockdale a.aif.sii. rutu
1946-47 ruture rochdale semanankara 19tama rutu paain football ligg truteeja divijana uttarare ebong dwiteeja biswajudha parey pratham thara paain pratidwandita karithile. karjyasuchi parityakta 1939-40 rutu sahita samaana thila .
pratijogita.
football ligg truteeja divijana uttara.
aif.aii. cop.
lankasajara cop. |
1946-47 rochdale aii.eff.see. season
1946-47 season witch rochdale neey aapne 19ven season laee football leeg dee tiji division uttar witch mukabala keeta, atey dooje vishav yuddh toon baad pahila. anusuchi chhadd ditte gaye 1939-40 season dey samaan see.
mukabale.
football leeg tiji division uttar
eff.aii. kapp.
lankashire kapp. | 1946-47 rockdale a.cha.sii. rutuhu.
1946-47 kreedaarutuve rochdale ityayam swasya 19 tamasya kreedaarutuvebhyah uttardishi football leag-truteeyavibhaage, dwiteeyawishwayuddhaanar prathamasya cha spardhaam krutavaan. kaaryakramah parityaktaa 1939-40 kreedaarutuve iva aasit.
spardhaah.
football leag truteeyavibhaagah uttara.
cha.a. kapah.
lankashaiyar cup.
| 1946-47 rochtale a.eff.chii. paruvam
1946-47 season rochtale avarkalin 19 vadhu seesanukku kaalpandhu leak moontraam pirivu vadakkil poattiyiduvathaik kandadhu, maelum ulagap poarukkup pinththaiya muthal. attavanai kaividappatta 1939-40 seesanukku oththirunthathu.
poattikal.
kaalpandhu leak moontraam pirivu vadakku.
eff.auuu. kapp.
lancessire kapp.
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1946-47 roach dayle a.eff.sii. season
1946-47 seasonlo roachdale vaari 19va season kosam football leag moodava division uttaraana, mariyu rendava prapancha yuddham taruvaata modati seasonlo pootii paddadu. schedule vadiliveyabadina 1939-40 seasonku samanamga undedi.
pootiilu.
football leag moodava vibhagam uttara.
eff.eah. kappu.
lancashire cup. | 1946-47 rockdail aey.aif.see. mosam
1946-47 seezan mein rochdil nay apnay 19 wein seezan kay liye fitt baal leeg thard devision naarth mein muqabilah kiyaa aur dosri jung azeem kay baad pehla. sheedol turk shadah 1939-40 seezan say milta jaltaa thaa.
muqabilay.
fitt baal leeg thard devision naarth.
aif.aey. cup.
lankishire cup.
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0004e7443bc6dee9abf74f3576bd2a1f9a7882d72ddd893e859c4e61a475731a | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62994984 | Abdur Rahim Khan (governor) |
Abdur Rahim Khan (governor)
Abdur Rahim Khan (عبدالرحیم خان) was an Afghan governor of Herat. He was born in 1886 in Kohistan. He served as the commander of Habibullah Khan's bodyguard from age 16. In 1921 he was promoted to brigadier. During the Afghan Civil War of 1928-1929 he joined the Saqqawists and was sent to Mazar-i-Sharif to organize a revolution. In September 1932 he was appointed by Mohammed Nadir Shah as governor of Herat. Also in 1932, he prevented a mutiny in Herat. He was appointed head of Perso-Afghan Boundary Commission in September 1934. In January 1946, he was arrested for suspected complicity with the Safi during the Afghan tribal revolts of 1944–1947, together with his son-in-law Khalilullah Khalili. He was released in 1948.
In a book that was written by Abdul K. Safi, it states; "Late professor Ustad Khalili, writes about the event of capturing Herat. "Abdul Rahim Khan captured Herat without bloodshed. The garrison of Herat surrendered as soon as they heard Abdul Rahim Khan's name." He was a symbol of loyalty and peace. He was the minister of public work and deputy Prime Minister. One of Abdur Rahim Khan's sister was Khalilullah Khalili's mother. Later on Abdur Rahim Khan's daughter married Khalilullah Khalili.
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obdur rohim khaan (obodolrohim khaan) herator ejon afghan rajyopal aasil. 1886 sonot kuhistanot teur jonmo hoisil. teu 16 bosor boyoxor poraa habibullah khaanor ongorokhyokor xenapoti hisape xewa aagborhaisil. 1921 sonot teuk brigediyar hisape podunnoti diya hoisil. 1928-1929 ror afghan grihojudhor xomoyot teu xokakawbadixokolor xoite jugdan korisil aaru ek biplob xongothito koriboloi maajar-ee-sworifoloi preron koraa hoisil. 1932 sonor septembor maahot mohommod naadir swahe teuk herator rajyopal hisape nijukti disil. 1932 sonot teu heratot ek bidruh protirudh korisil. 1934 sonor septembor maahot teuk parchu-afghan xeema aayugor murobbi hisape nijukti diya hoisil. 1946 sonor januaryt, teuk teur jamata kholilullah khalilir xoite 1944-1947 ror afghan jonojatiyo bidruhor xomoyot safir xoite jorito thokar xondehor baabe greptar koraa hoisil. 1948 sonot teuk mukti diya hoisil.
aabdul key-ror dwara likha ekhon grontho. safi, iyat kuwa hoise; "proyat odhyapok ustad khaliliye herat bondi korar ghotonar bixoye likhise. "aabdul rohim khaane roktopat nuhuwakoi herat bondi korisil. herator xoinyobahiniye aabdul rohim khaanor naam xuniboloi puwar loge loge aatmoxomorpon kore."teu anugotyo aaru xantir protik aasil. teu rajohuwa kormo montri aaru upo-prodhanmontri aasil. aabdul rohim khaanor bhognixokolor bhitorot egoraki aasil kholilullah khalilir maatri. pisoloi aabdur rohim khaanor konyai kholilullah khalilir xoite bibahpaxot aabodho hoy.
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abdur rahim khaan (rajyapal)
abdur rahim khaan (عبدل rahim khaan) herater ekjon afghan rajyapal chhilen. 1886 saale tini kohistane jonmogrohon corren. tini 16 bochor boyce theke habibullah khaaner dehorokkhir senapati hisebe dayitto palon corren. 1921 saale tini brigadier podey unnito hohn. afghan grihojuddher somoy tini sakaoistder saathe jog deena ebong ekti biplob sangathito korar jonno taanke mazar-ee-sharife pathano hoy. 1932 saaler septembore mahammad nadir shaah taanke herater rajyapal hisebe nijukto corren. 1932 saleo tini herate bidroh protirodh corren. 1934 saaler septembore tini perso-afghan seemana kamishaner prodhan nijukto hohn. 1946 saaler januaryte, taanr jamata khalilullah khalilir saathe afghan upojati bidroher somoy safir saathe jorito thucker sandehe taanke greptar koraa hoy. 1948 saale tini mukti paan.
ekti boi jaa abdul keey likhechen. safai, etty boley; "prayat adhyapak ustad khalili, herat dokholer ghotona somporke likhechen. "abdul rahim khaan raktapat chharai herat dokhol corren. herater sainyara abdul rahim khaaner naam shonara sange sange atmosomorpon korey."tini chhilen anugatya oo shantir protik. tini chhilen ganopurto montri ebong upo-prodhanmontri. abdur rahim khaaner bonder modhye ekjon chhilen khalilullah khalilir maa. porey abdur rahim khaaner konna khalilullah khalilike biye corren. |
abdur raheem khaan (governor)
abdur raheem khaan (عبد الرہیم khaan) heraatnaa afghan governor hataa. temno janm 1886maan kohistaanmaa thayo hato. temane 16 varshnee umarthi habibullah khaannaa angarakshaknaa senapati tareeke sevaa aapee hatee. 1921maan temne brigadier tareeke badhatee aapvama aavee hatee. 1928-1929 naa afghan gruh yuddh darmiyan teo sakavistsamaa jodaya aneey krantina aayojan maate temne majaar-aee-sharif mokalvaamaa aavyaa. september 1932maan temne mohammed nadeer shaah dwara heraatnaa governor tareeke niyukt karvaamaa aavyaa hataa. 1932maan pann temane heraatmaa badvaane atkaavyo hato. september 1934maan temne purse-afghan seema aayogna vadaa tareeke niyukt karvaamaa aavyaa hataa. january 1946maan, temnaa jamaai khalilullah khaleeli saathe maleene, 1944-1947 naa afghan adivasi badvaa darmiyan safee saathe shankaspad sandovani badal temnee dharapkad karvaamaa aavee hatee. temne 1948maan mukt karvaamaa aavyaa hataa.
aek pustakma jeey abdul keey dwara lakhvaamaa aavyu hatoo. teey janaave chhe keey, "svargeey prophesara ustaad khaalili, heraat kabaje karvaanee ghatnaa vishe lakhe chhe. "abdul raheem khaane lohiluhan thayaa vinaa heraat kabaje curry leedhi. jyaare teoae abdul raheem khaannu naam saambhalyu tyaare heraatnaa sainyadale aatmasamarpan karyoo hatoo."teo vafadari aneey shaantinu prateek hataa. teo jaaher kaary mantree aneey nayab pradhaanmantri hataa. abdur raheem khaannee aek bahen khalilullah khalilini maataa hatee. baadmaa abdur raheem khaannee dikariae khalilullah khaalili saathe lagna karyaa. | abdur raheem khaan (rajyapal)
abdur raheem khaan (عبد الرہیم khaan) herat key ack afghan governor they. unakaa janm 1886 mein kohistan mein huaa thaa. unhone 16 saal kii umr seey habibullah khaan key angarakshak key commander key roop mein kaary kiya. 1921 mein unhein brigadier key roop mein padonnat kiya gayaa. 1928-1929 key afghan grihyuddh key dauran vaha sakaviston mein shamil hoe gayaa aur ack kranti aayojit karane key liye usey majaar-aeye-sharif bheja gayaa. sitambar 1932 mein unhein muhammad nadir shaah dwara herat key rajyapal key roop mein niyukt kiya gayaa thaa. 1932 mein bhee unhone herat mein vidroh koo rokaa. unhein sitambar 1934 mein purse-afghan seema aayog kaa pramukh niyukt kiya gayaa thaa. janwari 1946 mein, unhein apane damad khalilulla khalili key saath milkar, 1944-1947 key afghan adiwasi vidrohon key dauran safee key saath sandigdh milibhugat key liye giraftar kiya gayaa thaa. unhein 1948 mein riha curr diyaa gayaa thaa.
ack pustak mein joe abdul key dwara likhi gaee thee. saafi, yeh kahata haye; "swargiya professor ustaad khalili, herat koo pakadane kii ghatana key baare mein likhate hain. "abdul raheem khaan ney binaa raktapaat key herat parr kabja curr liya. jaba unhone abdul raheem khaan kaa naam sunaa tou herat key sainya dall ney aatmasamarpan curr diyaa."way nishtha aur shaanti key prateek they. way lock kaary mantri aur upa pradhaanmantri they. abdur raheem khaan kii ack bahan khalilulla khalili kii maan thee. baad mein abdur raheem khaan kii betty ney khalilulla khalili seey shaadi kii.
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abdur raheem khaan (governor)
abdur raheem khaan (abdul raheem khaan) heratna afghan rajyapalaragiddaru. avaru 1886ralli koohistaanadalli janisidaru. aata 16neey vayassininda habbullah khaan avara angaraksakana commander aagi seve sallisidaru. 1921ralli brigadier aagi badti padedaru. afghan antaryuddhada samayadalli aata sakavistgalige seridaru mattu kraantiyannu sanghatisalu mazar-ii-sharifge kaluhisalpattaru. 1932rahra septembernalli avarannu mohammed nadir shaa avaru heratna rajyapalaragi nemisidaru. 1932ralliyu aata heratnalli dangeyannu tadedaru. 1934rahra septembernalli avarannu perso-afghan gadi aayogada mukhyastharaagi nemisalaayitu. 1946rahra janavariyalli, avara aliya khalilullah khaliliyondige saeri, aidi1naa afghan budakattu dangegala samayadalli safiyondige shaamilaagiddanendu shankisi avarannu bandhisalaayitu. aata 1948ralli bidugadeyaadanu.
abdul keey bareda pustakadalli. safi, adhu heluttade; "diwangata professor ustad khalili, herat annu serehidiyuva ghataneya bagge bareyuttaare. "abdul raheem khaan raktapaatavillade heratannu vashapadisikondanu. abadul raheem khaan avara hesarannu kelida takshana heratna kaavalu padegalu sharanaadavu."aata nishte mattu shaantiya sanketavagiddaru. avaru saarvajanika kaarya mattu upa pradhana mantriyagiddaru. abdur raheem khaan avara sahodariyalli obbaru khalilullah khalilia taayi. nantara abdur raheem khaan avara magalu khalilullah khaliliyannu vivaahavaadalu. | null | abdur raheem khaan (rajyapal)
abdur raheem khaan (abdul raheem khaan) haah heratcha afghan rajyapal hota. tyancha janm 1886 madhye kohistanmadhye jhaala. vayachya 16 vya varshapasoon tyanni habibullah khanchya angarakshakache commander mhanoon kaam kele. 1921 madhye tyanna brigadier mhanoon badhati denyat aalee. 1928-1929 chya afghan yadavi yuddhadarmyan too sakavistanmadhye sameel jhaala aanee kranti aayojit karnyasathi tyala majar-aii-sharif yethe pathvanyat aale. september 1932 madhye mohammed nadir shaah yanni tyanchi heratcha rajyapal mhanoon niyukti kelee. 1932 madhyehi tyane heratmadhil bund rokhale. september 1934 madhye tyanchi pertian-afghan seema aayogachya pramukhpadi niyukti karnyat aalee. janewari 1946 madhye, tyanna tyanche javai khalilullah khalili yanchyasah, yanchyasah chya afghan aadivasi bandadarmyan safisah sanshayaspad sahbhagabaddal atak karnyat aalee. 1948 madhye tyanchi sutka jhaali.
abdul keey yanni lihilelya pustakat. tyat mhatale aahe qee, 'divangat pradhyapak ustad khalili, herat tabyat ghenyachya ghatanebaddal lihitat. "abdul raheem khanane raktapat naan karata herat tabyat ghetale. abdul raheem khanche naav aikalyanantar heratchya chhavanine aatmasamarpan kele."teey nishtha aanee shantateche prateek hote. teey sarvajanik bandhkam mantri aanee upapantpradhan hote. abdur raheem khanchya bahininpaiki eka khalilullah khalilichi aaee hotee. nantar abdur raheem khanchya muleene khalilullah khalilishi lagn kele.
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abdur raheem khaan (rajyapal)
abdur raheem khaan (abdul raheem khaan) heratka afghan governer thie. unko janma sann 1886 maa kohistanma bhaeko thiyo. unle 16 warshako umerdekhi habibullah khanko angarakshakko commanderko rupma sewa gare. sann 1921 maa unlai brigadierma padonnati gariyo. 1928-1929 ko afghan grihayudhako samayama uni sakawistaharuma samel bhae rar krantiko ayojana garna mazar-ae-sarifma pathaiyo. september 1932 maa unlai mohammad nadira shahle heratko gabharnarka rupma niyukta gareka thie. sann 1932 maa pani unle heratma bhaeko vidrohalai rokeka thie. september 1934 maa unlai person-afghan sima ayogko pramukh niyukta garieko thiyo. janawari 1946 maa, unlai unka jwain khalilulla khalilisanga 1944-1947 ko afghan adiwasi vidrohako samayama safisanga sanlagnatako shankama pakrau garieko thiyo. uni sann 1948 maa riha bhae.
abdul key dwara lekhieko pustakma. safi, yasama bhanieko chha; "swargiya pradhyapak ustad khalilile herat kabja garne ghatanako barema lekhchan. "abdul raheem khanle raktapat nagari herat kabja gare. abdul raheem khanko naam sunepachhi heratko gyarisanle atmasamarpan gyoa."uni wafadari rar shantiko pratik thie. uni janaswasthya mantri rar upapradhanmantri thie. abdur raheem khanki bahiniharu madhye ek khalilullah khaliliki amah thiin. pachhi abdur raheem khanki chhorile khalilulla khalilisanga vivaha garin. |
abdur rahim khaan (rajyapala)
abdur rahim khaan (abdulrahim khaan) jane afghan herat gabharnara thile. shay 1886 masihare kohistanare janmagrahana karithile. shay 16 barsha bajasaru habibullah khannka angarakheenka commander bhabare karjya karithile. 1921 ray tanku brigediar bhabare padonnati diajaithila . 1928-1929 rahr afghan gruhajudha samajare shay sakawistamananka sahita joga deithile ebong eka biplaba ayojan kariba paain mazar-ee-sariphku pathajaithila. 1932 masiha september maasare mahammad nadira shaah tanku heratra rajyapala bhabe nijukta karithile. 1932 masihare madhya shay heratare eka bidrohaku pratihata karithile. 1934 masiha september maasare shay parso-afghan seema aajogara mukhya bhabe nijukta hoithile. 1946 masiha januari maasare, taanka jwain khalilullah khalilinka saha mishi, 'id1' rahr afghan adibasi bidroha samajare safinka saha samprukta thiba sandehare tanku girapha karajaithila. 1948 masihare shay mukta hoithile.
eka pustaka jaahaa abdul kee nka dwara likhita hoithila . saphi, ethire kuhajaichhi; "swargata professor ustada khalili, herat dakhal karibara ghatana bishajare lekhichhanti. "abdul rahim khaan bina raktapatare herat dakhal karithile. abdul rahim khannka naama suniba matre herat rahr sainyabahinee atmasamarpana karithile."shay biswastata ebong shantira pratika thile. shay zohn karjya mantri ebong upa-pradhanamantri thile. abdur rahim khannka bhauneemananka madhyaru jane thile khalilullah khalilinka maaa. parey abdur rahim khannka jhia khalilullah khalilinku bibaha karithile. |
abdur raheem khaan (governor)
abdur raheem khaan (abdulrahm khaan) herat daa ikk afghan governor see. unhan daa janam 1886 witch kohistan witch hoiaa see. unhan neey 16 saal dee umar toon habibullah khaan dey anga rakkhiak dey commander vajon seva nibhai. 1921 witch unhan noon brigedier vajon tarakki ditti gaee. 1928-1929 dey afghan gharelu yuddh dauran uh sakavvadiaan witch shamal hoow giaa atey ikk kranti daa ayojan curran laee mazaar-aii-sharif bhejiaa giaa. satambar 1932 witch uhanan noon mohammad nadir shaah neey herat daa governor niyukat keeta see. sann 1932 witch vee, uss neey herrot witch ikk vidroh noon rokiaa. uss noon satambar 1934 witch farcy-afghan seema commission daa mukhi niyukat keeta giaa see. janwari 1946 witch, uss noon aapne jawai khalilullah khalili naal mill keey aaee. dee. 1 dey afghan kabaili vidrohan dauran safee naal shakki milibhugat dey dosh witch griftar keeta giaa see. uh 1948 witch rihaa hoow giaa see.
ikk kitaab witch joe abdul keey duaara likhi gaee see. safee, ih kahinda haii; "marhoom professor ustad khalili, virasat noon haasal curran dee ghatna baare likhda haii. "abdul raheem khaan neey binan khoon-kharabe dey virasat utte kabza qarr liaa. jiven hii unhan neey abdul raheem khaan daa naam suniaa, virasat dey saina neey aatam samarpan qarr ditta."uh vafadari atey shanti dey prateek sunn. uh lock nirman mantri atey upp pardhan mantri sunn. abdur raheem khaan dee ikk bhainn khalilullah khalili dee maan see. baad witch abdur raheem khaan dee dhee neey khalilullah khalili naal viaah karwa liaa. | abdur raheem khaan (rajyapalaha)
abdur raheem khaan (abdalrahim khaan) ityeshah heraat-nagarasya afghan-deshasya rajyapalaha aasit. tasya janma 1886 tame varshe kohistaan-nagare abhavat. saha 16 vayasi habibullah khaan ityasya angarakshakaroopen sevam akarot. 1921 tame varshe saha brigadier-rupena padonnatah abhavat. 1928-1929 ityasya afghaan-deshasya gruhayuddhasya samaye saha sakaavists-madhye sammilitah, kraantim aayojayitum majaar-e-shareef-nagaram prati preshitah. 1932 september-maase saha muhammad-naadir-shaah ityanena heraat-nagarasya rajyapalatvena niyuktah. 1932 tame varshe api saha heraat-nagare vidroham nivaarayat. 1934 september-maase saha person-afghaan-sima-ayogasya pramukhah niyuktah. 1946 janavaree-maase, saha, tasya jwaain khalilullaa khalili ityanena saha, 1944-1947 ityasya afghaan-adivasi-vidrohe safee ityanena saha sahabhaagitvasya shankayaa gruheetah. saha 1948 tame varshe muktah abhavat.
abdul key ityanena likhitasya pustake. safee iti kathayati; "swa. pradhyapakaha ustaad khalili, heraat-grahanasya ghatanaayaah vishaye likhati. "abdul raheem khaan raktapaatam vinaa heraat-pradesham gruheetavaan. abdul raheem khaan ityasya naam shrutvaa heraat-sainyadalah sharanaagatah abhavat."saha nishtaayaah shaanteh cha prateekah aasit. saha lock-karya-mantrinah, upa-pradhaanamantri cha aasit. abdur raheem khaan ityasya bhaginyam anyatamah khalilullaa khalili ityasya maataa aasit. pashchat abdur raheem khaan ityasya putree khalilullaa khalili ityanaya saha vivaahitaa.
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abdur raheem qaan (aalunar)
abdur raheem qaan (abdal raheem qaan) herathin aapgaaniya aalunaraaka irunthaar. avar 1886 aam aandil kohistanil piranthaar. avar thanathu 16 vayathil irunthu habibullah kaanin meikkaappaalarin thalapathiyaaga paniyaattrinaar. 1921 ill avar pirikaediyaraaga padhavi uyarvu pettraar. 1928-1929 inn aapgaaniya ullnaattup poarin poathu avar sagaavistugaludan saernthaar, maelum oru puratchiyai ozhungamaikka majaara-ii-shareepukku anuppapattaar. 1932 septambaril avar mugamathu naathir shahwal herathin aalunaraaka niyamikkappattaar. 1932 aam aandilum, avar heraattil oru kilarchchiyaith thadutthaar. 1934 septambaril avar paaraseeka-aapgaaniya ellai aanaiyaththin thalaivaraaga niyamikkappattaar. janavari 1946 ill, avar thanathu marumagan kalilullah kaaliliyudan saernthu, 1944-1947 inn aapgaaniya pazhangudi kilarchiyin poathu safiyudan thodarbu kondirundhadhaaga santhekikkappattatharkaaka kaithu seiyappattaar. avar 1948 ill viduvikkappattaar.
abdul kae ezhuthiya oru puththagaththil. safi, adhu koorukirathu; "maraintha paeraasiriyar ustad kaalili, heraththaik kaippattriya nigazhvu pattri ezhuthukiraar. "abdul raheem qaan iraththakkalari illaamal heraththaik kaippatrinaar. abdul raheem kaanin peyaraik kaettavudan herathin kaavarpadai saranadainthathu."avar visuvaasam mattrum amaithiyin adaiyaalamaaga irunthaar. avar podhuppanith thurai amaichcharaagavum, thunaip pirathamaraagavum irunthaar. abdur raheem kaanin cakootharikalil oruvar kalilullah kaaliliyin taayaar aavaar. pinnar abdur raheem kaanin magal kalilullah kaaliliyai mananthaar.
| abdur raheem khaan (governor)
abdur raheem khaan (abadal raheem khaan) herat yokka afghan governor. ayana ayana kohistanlo janminchaaru. athanu 16 samvatsaraala vayassu nundi habibullah khaan bodyguard commanderga panicheesaadu. panicheesaadu athanu brigadierga padoonnati pondaadu. 1928-1929 afghan antaryuddham samayamlo athanu sacavistulalo cheraadu mariyu oka viplavanni nirvahinchadaaniki mazar-ii-sharifku pampabaddaadu. 1932 septembarulo aayananu mahammad nadir shaa herat governorga niyaminchaaru. niyaminchaaru kooda, athanu heratlo tirugubaatunu nirodhinchaadu. 1934 septembarulo athanu purson-afghan sarihaddu commission adhipatigaa niyaminchabaddaadu. 1946 janavarilo, athani alludu khalilullah khalilitho kalisi, 1944-1947 afghan girijana tirugubatla samayamlo safito sahakarinchinatlu anumaaninchinanduku atanni arrestu chesaaru. chesaaru ayana vidudalayyaaru.
abdul keey raasina pustakamlo. safi, idhi ilaa perkondi; "divangata professor ustad khalili, heraatnu swaadheenam chesukunna sanghatana gurinchi raasaaru. "abdul raheem khaan raktapaatam lekunda heraatnu swaadheenam chesukunnadu. abadul raheem khaan paeru vinna ventane herat yokka dalam longipoyindi."ayana vidheyata mariyu saantiki chihnamgaa undevaaru. ayana praja panula mantrigaa, upa pradhaniga panicheesaaru. abdur raheem khaan sodari khalilullah khalili talli. taruvaata abdur raheem khaan kumarte khalilullah khalileeni vivaham chesukundi.
|
abad arraheem khaan (governor)
abad arraheem khaan (abad arraheem khaan) haraat kaa eek afghan governor thaa. wah 1886 mein kohistan mein paida hoay. inhon nay 16 saal kii amar say haibi allah khaan kay muhafiz kay commander kay toor parr khidmaat anjaam dain. 1921 mein inhein brigadier kay ahday parr tarqi dee gayee. 1928-1929 kii afghan khaanah jangi kay doraan wah saqwayon mein shaamil how gayaa aur asay inqilaab kuu manzam karnay kay liye mazaar shareef bheja gayaa. satambar 1932 mein inhein mohammad naadir shaah nay haraat kaa governor muqarar kiyaa. 1932 mein bhee iss nay hiraat mein baghawat kuu rooka. inhein satambar 1934 mein faarsi-afghan sarhadi commission kaa sarbarah muqarar kiyaa gayaa. januri 1946 mein inhein apnay damaad khalji allah khalji kay saath mill kirr aayee ddee 1 kii afghan qabaili baghawaton kay doraan safee kay saath mushtabah toor parr malus honay kay alzaam mein giraftar kiyaa gayaa. inhein 1948 mein rehaa kiyaa gayaa.
eek kitaab mein juu abad alq nay likhee thee. saffi iss mein kahaa gayaa hay vovo "aanjahani professor astaad khalili warasat parr qabzah karnay kay waaqiye kay baaray mein likhtay haine. "abad arraheem khaan nay baghair khunrezi kay haraat parr qabzah kirr liyaa. haraat kii foj nay jeesay hyee abad arraheem khaan kaa naam sunaa hathiyar ddaal diye."wah wafadari aur aman kii alaamat thay. wah awami kaam kay wazeer aur naib wazeer aizam thay. abad arraheem khaan kii behnon mein say eek khalji allah khalji kii maan thee. baad mein abad arraheem khaan kii betty nay khalji allah khalji say shaadi kii. |
0004ef09e0ce60d74694a9d3f3fa659bd23aa6e5b56959de5ad2dfd75b44e63d | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11963550 | Ultra low expansion glass |
Ultra low expansion glass
Ultra low expansion glass (ULE) is a registered trademark of Corning Incorporated. ULE has a very low coefficient of thermal expansion and contains as components silica and less than 10% titanium dioxide. Such high resistance to thermal expansion makes it very resistant to high temperature thermal shock. ULE has been made by Corning since the 1960s, but is still very important to current applications.
Applications.
There are many applications for ULE, but by far the most common is for mirrors and lenses for telescopes in both space and terrestrial settings. One of the most well known examples of the use of ULE is in the Hubble Space Telescope's mirror. Another good example of its application is in the Gemini telescope's mirror bank. This type of material is needed for this application because the mirrors on telescopes, especially very large, high-precision units, cannot bend or lose their shape even slightly. If this were to happen, the telescope would be out of focus. Some other examples and uses of ULE are:
Another newer use for this material that is showing promise is in the semiconductor industry, this again because of the purity and extreme low expansion of ULE glass.
Structure.
The structure of ULE is completely amorphous; because of this it is a glass, not a ceramic. The amorphous structure of the material comes from there being no crystal phases within the structure, so there is no long range order.
Processing.
The way that ULE is made is very different from the standard way that glass is made. Instead of mixing powdered materials together into a batch, melting that batch and pouring out sheets of glass, ULE, being such a high temperature glass, has to be made in a flame hydrolysis process. In this process high purity precursors are injected into the flames, which causes them to react and form TiO2 and SiO2. The TiO2 and SiO2 then fall down and are deposited onto the growing glass.
Properties.
Thermal.
Ultra low expansion glass has an coefficient of thermal expansion of about 10−8/K at 5–35 °C. It has a thermal conductivity of 1.31 W/(m·°C), thermal diffusion of 0.0079 cm2/s, a mean specific heat of 767 J/(kg·°C), a strain point of 890 °C [1634 °F], and an estimated softening point of 1490 °C [2714 °F], an annealing point of 1000 °C [1832 °F].
Mechanical.
Ultra low expansion glass has an ultimate tensile strength of , a Poisson’s ratio 0.17, a density of (), a specific stiffness of (), a shear modulus of (), a bulk modulus of (), and an elastic modulus of ().
Optical.
ULE has a Stress Optical Coefficient of 4.15 (nm/cm)/(kg/cm3) [0.292(nm/cm) psi], and an Abbe number of 53.1.
Other.
ULE has a high resistance to weathering because of its hardness, and is also unaffected by nearly all chemical agents. ULE also shows no changes when quickly cooled from 350 °C.
References.
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| oti nimno xomproxaron kaach
oti nimno xomproxaron kaach (eu. el. ee.) hoise corningor ek ponjiyonkrito trademark. iuler taapiyo xomproxaronor gunangko oti komm aaru iyat upadan hisape silika aaru 10 xotangxotkoi komm titanium daai oxide thaake. taapiyo xomproxaronor proti ene uscho protirudhoi iyak uscho taapmatrar taapiyo xokor proti oti protirudhi kori tule. 1960-ror doxokor poraa corningor dwara iule toiyar koraa hoise, kintu etiyau bortomanor proyugor baabe ee oti guruttopurno.
application.
iuler baabe bohutu proyug aase, kintu etiyaloike ataitkoi xadharontu hoise mohakax aaru stholoj xonghotixomuh duyutate durbikhyon jontror baabe aaina aaru lensor baabe. iuler byoboharor ataitkoi xuporisito udahoronburor bhitorot etaa hoh 'bail space teliscopor aainat aase. iyar proyugor aan etaa bhaal udahoron hoise jemini teliscopor aaina benk. ei proyugor baabe ei dhoronor xamogrir proyujon hoy kaaron durbikhyon jontror ayonabur, bixexkoi oti dangor, uscho-nirdisto ekokbure, olop nomai baa nijor aakriti heruwabo nuware. jodi eitu ghote, tente durbikhyon jontrotu monujugor bahirot thakibo. iuler aan kisuman udahoron aaru byobohar hoh 'loh
ei xamogrir baabe aan etaa notun byobohar ji protisruti dekhuwaise xeya hoise semikondaktor udyugot, eitu punor bixuddhota aaru iule kasor otyadhik nimno xomproxaronor baabe.
gothon.
iuler gothon xompurnorupe rupohin; iyar baabe ee etaa kaas, siramik nohoy. upadanor rupohin gothon gothonor bhitorot kunu sfotik porzay nothokar poraa aahe, xeyehe kunu digholiya porixoror krom naai.
prokriyakoron.
iule toiyar korar poddhotitu kaas toiyar korar maanok poddhotir poraa bohut prithok. gurire toiyar koraa xamogribur etaa gutot ekeloge mihli korar poriworte, xei bestu golai aaru kasor sadorbur dhaali diyar poriworte, iule, ene uscho taapmatrar kaach huwar baabe, xikha jolobidyut prokriyat toiyar koribo lagibo. ei prokriyat uscho bixuddhotar purboxurixokolok juir xikhar bhitorot injection diya hoy, jaar folot xeibure protikriya kore aaru tio "2 aaru chio" 2 gothon kore. tio "2 aaru chio" 2 taar pisot tolot pore aaru briddhi puwa kasot jomaa hoy.
xompoti.
taapiyo.
oti nimno xomproxaron kasor taapiyo xomproxaronor ek gunangko aase pray 10−8/k 5-35 °C too. iyar taapiyo poribahita 1.31 dobliu/(emosori), taapiyo proxaron 0.0079 che. em. 2/che, gorh nirdisto taap 767 je/(kgec), strain point 890°chi [1634°ef], aaru anumanik kumlota bindu 1490°chi [2714°ef], 1000°chi [1832°ef] ror ek aniling point aase.
jantrik.
oti nimno xomproxaron kasor ek suranto tensile xokti aase, etaa poisonor onupat 0.17, () ror ghonotwo, () ror ek nirdisto kothurota, () ror etaa swiyar modulax, () ror etaa balk modulax, aaru () ror etaa sthitisthapok modulax.
optical.
iuler saap optical gunangko 4.15 (nm/che. mii.)/(keji/che. mii. 3) [0.292 (nm/che. mii.) pi. ess. aai], aaru e. bi. ee. xongkhya 53.1.
aan.
kothinotar baabe iuler botoror proti uscho protirudh khyomota aase, aaru ee pray xokolu raxayonik podarthor dwarau probhabito nohoy. 350° selsiyasor poraa drutobhabe thanda korar xomoyot iule kunu poriworton dekhuwai nohoy.
|
oti nimno samprasaran glasses
oti nimno samprasaran cutch (eu. ell. ee) corning-err ekti nibondhito trademark. eule-err tapiya somprosaroner ekti khub qama sahog royeche ebong etey silika upadan ebong 10 shotangsher qama titanium dye oxide royeche. tapiya somprosaroner proti eyi dharaner uchcho protirodher karone etty uchcho tapmatrar tapiya shoker proti khub protirodhi. 1960-err doshok theke corning dwara eule toiri koraa hoyeche, tobey bortoman proyoger jonno ekhono etty khub guruttopurno.
application.
eule-err jonno anekguli prayog royeche, tobey mahakash ebong stholoj ubhoy khettrei ayna ebong telescoper jonno lenser jonno sabcheye sadharan. eule byaboharer sabcheye suporichito udahorongulir modhye ekti holl hubble space telescoper ayna. err proyoger arekti vall udaharan holl jemini telescoper ayna byanke. eyi dharaner upadan eyi proyoger jonno prayojan kaaron telescoper ayna, bishesh korey khub borh, uchcho-nirbhul unitguli, taader akriti samanyao bankate baa harate paare naa. jodi etty ghote, tobey telescopti fokaser baire hoye jaabe. eule-err anyanno kichhu udaharan ebong byabohar holoh
eyi upadantir arekti notun byabohar jaa protishruti dekhay taa holl semiconductor shilpe, etty abar bishuddhota ebong eule glasser charam qama somprosaroner karone.
kathamo.
eule-err kathamo sampurnarupe nirakar; eyi karone etty ekti kaanch, syramic noy. upadantir nirakar kathamoti kathamor modhye konao sphotik porjai naa thucker karone aase, taai konao deergho porisorer krom nei.
prakriyakaran.
jey bhabe eule toiri koraa hoy taa kaanch toiri korar adarsha poddhotir theke khub alada. gundo koraa upokorongulike ekti byache eksange mishiye, seii byachti goliye ebong kacher sheetguli ddhele deoar poriborte, eule, eto uchcho tapmatrar glasses howa, ekti shikha hydrolysis prokriyay toiri korte hobey. eyi prokriyay uchcho bishuddhotar agradutguli aguner shikhatite inajekashana deoa hoy, jaar foley taaraa protikriya korey ebong teo2 ebong sioo2 gathon korey. teo2 ebong sioo2 tarpor niche porey yaay ebong kromobordhoman kacher upor jomaa hoy.
sampatti.
tapiya.
oti nimno samprasaran kacher tapiya somprosaroner ekti sahog royeche jaa 5-35 °C-teey pray 10−8/k. err taap poribahita 1.31 dablu/(emsoki), tapiya bistar 0.0079 semi2/esha, garh nirdishto taap 767 jeey/(kgec), ekti strain point 890 degree celsius [1634 degree fahrenheit], ebong anumanik norom bindu 1490 degree celsius [2714 degree fahrenheit], 1000 degree celsius [1832 degree fahrenheit] ekti annealing point.
jantrik.
oti nimno samprasaran kacher ekti chudanta prosarjo shakti royeche, ekti poisoner anupat 0.17, ekti ghonotto (), ekti nirdishto kathorata (), ekti shear modulus (), ekti balk modulus (), ebong ekti sthitisthapok modulus ().
optical.
eule-err ekti strace optical sahog 4.15 (nm/semi)/(keji/semi3) [0.292 (nm/semi) psi], ebong ekti abbe sankhya 53.1.
onnojon.
kathinatar karone eule abhawar proti uchcho protirodh khomota rakhe ebong pray samasta rasayanik agent dwara probhabito hoy naa. 350 degree celsius theke druto sheetal holey eule konao poriborton dekhay naa. |
ultra loow vistaran kaach
ultra loow expansion glass (ule) aee corningno nondhaayel trademark chhe. ulma thermal vistaranno gunaank khoob ochho hoya chhe aneey temaa ghatako silika aneey 10 takaathi ochho titanium dioxide hoya chhe. thermal vistaran maate aavaa uchch pratikaar tene uchch taapmaan thermal aanchka maate khoob jaj pratirodhak banaave chhe. ul 1960naa daaykaathi corning dwara banavvama aave chhe, parantu teey haju pann vartmaan kaarykramo maate khoob jaj mahatvapurn chhe.
kaarykramo.
yule maate ghanaa upyogo chhe, parantu atyaar sudhimaa sauthee saamanya avkaash aneey parthiv settings bannemaa telescope maate areesao aneey lensa maate chhe. yulena upyognu sauthee jaanitu udaaharan habale spaces telescopena arisaamaa chhe. tenaa upyognu beeju saaru udaaharan ratna durbinnaa arisaanaa keenare chhe. aaa prakaarnee samagri aaa application maate jaroori chhe kaaran keey telescope parnaa areesao, khaas kareene khoob motaa, uchch-choksaiwala aekamo, sahej pann temno aakaar vaadtaa nathee athavaa gumaavee shaktaa nathee. jooe aavu thatu, too telescope dhyanni bahaar hashe. ulna ketlaak anya udaaharano aneey upyogo aaa pramaane chheh
aaa samagri maateno beejo navo upyog jeey vachan darshaave chhe teey semikandaktara udhogma chhe, aaa fareethi shuddhata aneey yule glassna atyant neecha vistarane kaarane chhe.
maalakhu.
yulenu maalakhu sampurnpane aakaarheen chhe; aaa kaarane teey kaach chhe, siramik nathee. saamagreenu aakaarheen maalakhu malkhama koee sphatik tabakkao naa hovathi aave chhe, tethee tyaan koee laambaa shreneeno krama nathee.
prakriyaa.
jeey reete yule banavvama aave chhe teey kaach banaavvaani pramanbhut reethi khoob jaj alag chhe. powder saamgreene aek bechamaa eksaathe mishreet karvaane badale, teey batchne ogadvaa aneey kaachnee sheets redvaane badale, yule, aatala unchaa tapmanna kaach hovathi, jyot jalvichhedan prakriyaamaa banaavvi padey chhe. aaa prakriyaamaa uchch shuddhata purvgaameeone jwalaoma inject karvaamaa aave chhe, jeey temne pratikriyaa aape chhe aneey tii. oo. 2 aneey see. oo. 2 banaave chhe. tii. oo. 2 aneey see. oo. 2 pachhi neeche padey chhe aneey vadhata kaach parr jamaa thaay chhe.
meelakato.
thermal.
ultra loow expansion glassma 5-35 °C parr lagbhag 10−8/k noow thermal expansion gunaank hoya chhe. tenee thermal vaahaktaa 1.31 doubleu/(aemsvee), thermal prasaran <id1> seey. mee. 2/seey., sarerash chokkas garamee 767 jeey/(keey. jisari), taana bindu 890°see [1634°aef] aneey andajit naram bindu 1490°see [2714°aef], 1000°see [1832°aef] noon eniling bindu chhe.
yaantrik.
atee neecha vistaran kaachmaa anteem taana shaktee hoya chhe, poisanno gunottar 0.17, ghanata (), chokkas kathortaa (), shear modulus (), bulk modulus () aneey sthitisthaapak modulus ().
optical.
ulema 4.15 (nm/seey. mee.)/(kejee/seey. mee. 3) [0.292 (nm/seey. mee.) psi] noow stress optical gunaank aneey 53.1 noow abby number chhe.
anya.
yule tenee kathinataane kaarane havaman saame uchch pratikaar dharaave chhe, aneey lagbhag tamaam rasayanik agentothi pann asargrast nathee. jyaare 350° seey thee zadapthi thandu thaay chhe tyaare ul pann koee ferfar bataavto nathee. |
ultra low expension glass
ultra low expension glass (yuu. ell. ee.) corning kaa ack panjikrit trademark haye. yule mein taapiya vistaar kaa gunank bahut cumm hotaa haye aur isamen ghatak silika aur 10 pratishat seey cumm titanium dioxide hotaa haye. taapiya vistaar key liye iss tarah key uchch pratirodh seey yeh uchch tapman taapiya aghaat key liye bahut pratirodhi hoe jaataa haye. yule koo 1960 key dashak seey corning dwara banaaya gayaa haye, lekin abhee bhee vartamaan anuprayogon key liye bahut mahatvapurna haye.
anuprayog.
yule key liye kaee anuprayog hain, lekin abb taka sabse aam antariksh aur sthaliya donon settings mein doorbinon key liye darpan aur lens key liye haye. yule key upayog key sabse prasiddh udaharanon mein seey ack habale space telescope key darpan mein haye. isake anuprayog kaa ack aur achchha udaaharan ratna doorbeen key darpan baink mein haye. iss prakaar kii samagri kii aavashyakta iss anuprayog key liye hoti haye kyonki doorbinon parr darpan, vishesh roop seey bahut badee, uchch-parishuddhata ikaaiyaan, jhuk naheen sakati hain yaa apana aakar thodaa bhee naheen khou sakati hain. yadi aisaa hotaa haye, tou doorbeen dhyaan seey baahar hoe jaayegi. yule key kuchh anya udaaharan aur upayog hainh
iss samagri key liye ack aur nayaa upayog joe vaadaa dikhaa rhaa haye, vaha ardhchaalak udyog mein haye, yeh phir seey shuddhata aur yule glass key atyadhik cumm vistaar key kaaran haye.
sanrachana.
yule kii sanrachana poori tarah seey anakar haye; iss vajah seey yeh ack kaanch haye, syremic naheen. samagri kii anakar sanrachana sanrachana key bheetar koee chrystal charan naheen honey seey aatee haye, isaliye koee lambi seema crum naheen haye.
prasanskaran.
jiss tarah seey yule banaaya jaataa haye vaha maanak tareeke seey banaaya jaataa haye usase bahut alag haye. choorn samagri koo ack samooh mein ack saath milaane key bajaay, usa samooh koo pighlane aur kaanch kii chaadaren daalane key bajaay, yule, itna uchch tapman vaalaa kaanch honey key kaaran, ack lau jall apghatan prakriya mein banaaya jaanaa chaahiye. iss prakriya mein uchch shuddhata vaale agraduton koo lapaton mein inject kiya jaataa haye, jisase way pratikriya karate hain aur tio2 aur sio2 banaate hain. tio2 aur sio2 phir neeche gir jaate hain aur badhate kaanch parr jamaa hoe jaate hain.
guna.
thermal.
atee nimn vistaar kaanch mein 5-35 °C parr lagbhag 10−8/k key taapiya vistaar kaa gunank hotaa haye. isaki taapiya chaalakta 1.31 doubleu/(emasavi), 0.0079 semi2/aiss kaa taapiya prasaar, 767 jey/(kigrasi) kii ack ausat vishisht ooshmaa, 890 degree celsius [1634 degrief] kaa ack tanaav bindu aur 1490 degree celsius [2714 degrief] kaa ack anumaanit naram bindu haye, joe 1000 degree celsius [1832 degrief] kaa ack aniling bindu haye.
yaantrik.
atee nimn vistaar kaanch mein ack antim tanyata shakti hoti haye, ack poison kaa anupaat 0.17, () kaa ghanatva, () kii ack vishisht kathorta, () kaa ack aparoopan mapank, () kaa ack thoke mapank aur () kaa ack lochdaar mapank hotaa haye.
optical.
yule mein 4.15 (nm/semi)/(kigra/semi3) [0.292 (nm/semi) psi] kaa tanaav optical gunank haye, aur 53.1 kii ack abby sankhya haye.
anya.
yule mein isaki kathorta key kaaran mausam key prati uchch pratirodh haye, aur lagbhag sabhi rasayanik agents seey bhee aprabhaavit haye. 350 degree celsius seey jaldi thandaa honey parr bhee yule mein koee badalaav naheen dikhaai detaa haye. |
ultra loow expansion glass
ultra loow expansion glass (ule) corningna nondayita trademark aagide. ul ushna vistaraneya atyanta kadime gunankavannu hondide mattu silica ghatakagalaagi mattu 10 pratishatakkinta kadime titanium dioxide annu hondiruttade. ushna vistaranege antaha hecchina pratirodhavu hecchina taapamaanada ushna aaghaatakke bahala nirodhakavagide. 1960rahra dasakadindaloo ule annu corning tayaariside, aadare prastuta anvayagalige idu innoo bahala mukhyavaagide.
applicationgalu.
ulg aneka anvayikegalive, aadare bahyakasha mattu bhumiya settinggaleradarallu kannadigalu mattu dooradarshakagalige masooragalu atyanta saamaanyavaagive. hubble bahyakasha dooradarshakada kannadiyalliruva ul balakeya atyanta prasiddha udaaharanegalalli ondaagide. ratnada dooradarshakada kannadi dandeyalli idara balakeya mattondu uttama udaaharaneyaagide. ee reetiya vastuvu ee anvayakke agatyavagide ekendare duradarshakagalallina kannadigalu, visheshavaagi bahala dodda, hecchina nikharateya ghatakagalu, bagalu athawa avugala aakaaravannu svalpamattige kaledukollalu sadhyavilla. idu sambhavisidare, dooradarshakavu gamanadinda horaguliyuttade. ule kelavu itara udaaharanegalu mattu upayogagalu heegiveh
ee vastuvina mattondu hosa balakeyu, idu semiconductor udyamadalli bharavaseyannu torisuttide, idu mattomme shuddhate mattu ule gaajina teevra kadime vistaraneyindaagi.
rachane.
ulna rachaneyu sampoornavaagi asphaatikavaagide; ekendare idu gaaju, ceramic alla. vastuvina asphatica rachaneyu ranchaneyolage yaavude sphatika hantagalillada kaarana baruttade, aaddarinda yaavude deergha vyaaptiya kramavilla.
samskarane.
ul annu tayaarisuva vidhaanavu gaajannu tayaarisuva pramanita vidhaanakkinta bahala bhinnavagide. pudimadida vastugalannu ondu byachnalli ottige beresuva badalu, aaa batch annu karagisi gaajina haalegalannu suriyuvudu, ul, antaha hecchina taapamaanada gaaju agiruvudarinda, jwaaleya jalavichhedana prakriyeyalli tayaarisabekaaguttade. ee prakriyeyalli hecchina shuddhateya poorvagaamigalannu jwaalegalolage chuchchalaaguttade, idu avugalannu pratikriyisalu mattu teo2 mattu seo2 annu rupisalu kaaranavaaguttade. teo2 mattu seo2 nantara kelage beeluttave mattu beleyuttiruva gaajina mele jamaa aguttave.
aastigalu.
ushna.
ultra loow expansion glass 5-35 °C nalli sumaru 10−8/k ushna vistaraneya gunankavannu hondide. idu 1.11 doubleu/(emsami) ushna vaahakateyannu hondide, 0.0079 sem2/seey ushna prasarana, 767 zhe/(keey. jisami) sarasari nirdishta shakha, 890 cc [1634 eff] ottadada bindu mattu 1490 cc [2714 eff] andaju mrudutvada binduvannu hondide, 1000 cc [1832 eff] yaya unnealing binduvannu hondide.
yaantrika.
athi kadime vistaraneya gaaju ondu antima karsaka shakti, ondu poyson anupaata 0.17, saandrate (), ondu nirdishta bigita (), ondu shear modulus (), ondu brihat modulus (), mattu ondu sthitisthaapaka modulus () annu hondide.
optical.
ule 4.15 (enm/sem)/(keji/sem 3) [0.292 (enm/sem) isi] ottadada optical gunankavannu hondide, mattu 53.1 rahra abe sankhyeyannu hondide.
itara.
ul tanna gadasutanadindagi havamanakke hecchina pratirodhavannu hondide mattu bahuteka ellah rasayanika agentgalindaloo prabhavitavagilla. 350°sii yinda tvaritavagi tampagisidaga ul yaavude badalaavanegalannu torisuvudilla.
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ultra loow expansion glass
corninginte rajisterdu vyaapaaramudrayaanu ultra loow expansion glass (ule). valare kuranja thapavikasana gunakam ulla yoolil silica gadakangalum 10 sathamaanathil thaazhe titanium dye ooksaidum adangiyirikkunnu. taapa vipuleekaranathodulla uyarnna prathirodham uyarnna thaapanila taapa aaghaathathe valare prathirodhikkaan sahayikkunnu. 1960kall muthal corning aanu yule nirmmikkunnath, pakshe nilavile aaplikkeshanukalkku ippozhum ithu valare pradhaanamaan.
aaplikkeshanukal.
yuleykk niravadhi prayogangalundu, ennaal bahiraakaashathum bhoumaparamaayum dooradarshinikalkkaayulla kannadikalkkum lensukalkkum aanu ettavum saadhaaranamaayath. hubble space telescopinte kannadiyaanu yuleyude upayogathinte ettavum ariyappedunna udaaharanangalilonnu. jemini dooradarshiniyude mirror baankilaanu ithinte prayogatthinte mattoru nalla udaaharanam. dooradarshinikalile kannaadikalkk, prathyekichu valare valuthum uyarnna krithyathayullathumaaya unitukalkku, cheruthaayi valayaano aakruthi nashtappedaano kazhiyaathathinal itharathilulla metteeriyal eee aaplikkeshanaayi aavasyamaanu. ithu sambhavikkukayaanenkil, dooradarshini shradhaakendrathinu purathaayirikkum. yuleyude mattu chila udaaharanangalum upayogangalum ivayaanu
vaagdaanam kaanikkunna eee metteeriyalinte mattoru puthiya upayogam ardhachaalaka vyavasaayathilaan, ithu veendum shudhiyum yul glassinte angeyattam kuranja vipuleekaranavumaanu.
ghadana.
uleyude ghadana poornnamaayum amophus aanu; ekkaaranathaal ithu oru glassanu, seramic allah. gadanaykkullil kristtal gattangal illaathathil ninnaan metteeriyalinte amophus ghadana varunnath, athinaal deerghadoora kramamilla.
prosessing.
ule nirmmikkunna reethi glass nirmmikkunna staanderd reethiyil ninnu valare vyathyasthamaan. podicha vasthukkal oru baachilekku kalarthunnathinupakaram, aaa baachu urukki glass sheettukal ozhikkunnathinupakaram, uyarnna thapanilayulla glass aayathinal, oru flame hydrolysis prakriyayil nirmmikkendathund. eee prakriyayil uyarnna shudhiyulla mungaamikal jwaalakalil kuthivaykkukayum avaa prathikarikkukayum tioo 2, sioo 2 enniva roopappedukayum cheiyunnu. tioo 2, sioo 2 enniva thaazhe veezhukayum valarunna glassilake nikshepikkappedukayum cheiyunnu.
swathukkal.
thapam.
ultra loow expansion glassinu 5-35 °C-ll ekadesham 10−8/k taapa vipuleekarana gunakam undu. ithinu 1.11 dablyu/(emsamami) taapa chalakatha, <aii. dii1> sentmeettarukalude taapa vyaapanam, 767 jeey/(kilogramsi) sharashari nirddishta thapam, 890 digri sental [1634 digri pha] strain pooyint, 1490 digri sental [2714 digri pha], 1000 digri sental [1832 digri pha] aniiling pooyint ennivayundu.
mechanical.
ultra loow expansion glassinu aathyanthika tensile shakti undu, oru poyson anupatham 0.17, saandrata (), oru prathyeka kaadinyam (), oru shear modulus (), oru bulk modulus (), ilaastik modulus ().
opttikkal.
yuleykk 4.15 (nm/cm)/(kilogram/cm3) [0.292 (nm/cm) psi] enna stress opttikkal coffificientum 53.1 enna abeh number undu.
matoraal.
kaadinyam kaaranam uleykk kaalaavasthayodu uyarnna prathirodhamund, koodaathe mikkavarum ellah raasa ejantumaarum ithu baadikkunnilla. 350 digri selshyasil ninnu vegathil thanuppikkumbol yul oru maattavum kanikkunnilla.
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ultra loow expansion glass
ultra loow expansion glass (yuu. ell. eae.) haah corningcha nondanikrut vyaparchinhar aahe. yulemadhye aushnik vistaracha gunank khoop qamee asato aanee tyat ghatak mhanoon silika aanee 10 takkyanpeksha qamee titanium dioxide asato. aushnik vistarala itka uchch pratikar kelyane too uchch tapmanachya aushnik dhakkyala khoop pratirodhak banato. 1960 chya dashakapasun yule heey corningdware tayar kele jaat aahe, parantu sadhyachya anuprayogansathi ajunahi teey khoop mahatvache aahe.
anuprayog.
yoolesathi anek anuprayog aahet, parantu antaral aanee sthaliy asha donhi thikani durbinisathi aarse aanee lensasathi sarvat samanya aahe. yoolechya vaparache sarvat prasiddha udaharan mhanje hubble space telescopechya aarshat aahe. tyachya vaparache aanakhi eka changle udaharan mhanje ratna durbinichya aarshachya kathavar. yaa anuprayogasathi yaa prakarchya samagrichi aavashyakta asate kaaran durbinivaril aarse, visheshtah khoop mothe, uchch-achookata ghatak, vakoo shakat naheet kinwa tyancha aakar kinchitahi gamavoo shakat naheet. jarr asey ghadale tarr durbini laksh kendrachya baher asel. yoolechi itar kahee udaharane aanee upayog pudhilpramane aaheth
yaa sahityacha aanakhi eka naveen vapar joou aashvasak aahe too mhanje semiconductor udhyogat, heey punha yule kachechya shuddhatemule aanee atyant qamee vistaramule.
rachana.
yoolechi rachana purnapane aakarheen aahe; yamule tee eka kaach aahe, syremic nahee. samagrichi aakarheen rachana sanrachanet konatehi sphatik tappe naslyamule yete, tyamule konatihi lamb pallyachi kramvari nasate.
prakriya.
ule tayar karanyachi paddhat hii kaach tayar karnyachya pramanit paddhatipeksha khoop vegali aahe. choorn kelele sahitya eka tukadit ekatra misalanyaivaji, tee tukadi vitalanyaivaji aanee kachechya patraka baher taknyaivaji, itake uchch tapman asalele kaach asalyane, jwala jalvichhedan prakriyet tayar karave lagate. yaa prakriyet uchch shuddhateche agradoot jwalanmadhye takale jaatat, jyamule teey pratikriya detat aanee tii. aay. oo. 2 aanee see. aay. oo. 2 tayar karatat. tii. aay. oo. 2 aanee see. aay. oo. 2 nantar khalee padatat aanee vadhatya kachevar jamaa hotat.
malmatta.
aushnik.
atee qamee vistar kachamadhye 5-35 sase. varr sumare 10−8/keey. tapiy vistar gunank asato. tyachi aushnik chalakata 1.11 doubleu/(emsi), aushnik prasar 0.0079 semee2/seey, sarasari vishisht ushnata 767 jeey/(kgic), taana bindu 890°see [1634°eff] aanee andaje mauu bindu 1490°see [2714°eff], 1000°see [1832°eff] haah eniling bindu aahe.
yantrik.
atee qamee vistar kachamadhye antim taana shakti asate, poisonche gunottar 0.7, ghanata (), vishisht kadakpana (), katarane modulus (), () chey mothya pramanat modulus aanee () chey lavchik modulus asate.
optical.
yulecha taana optical gunank 4.15 (aine. emm./seey. mea.)/(qii. gra./seey. mea. 3) [0.292 (aine. emm./seey. mea.) pii. ess. aay.] aanee ebb kramank 53.1 aahe.
itar.
yulela tyachya kadakpanamule havamanala uchch pratikar aahe aanee jawaljawal serve rasayanik ghatakanchahi tyacha parinam hott nahee. 350°seey. pasoon lavkar thund jhalyavar yule dekhil konatahi badal darshavat nahee. |
ultra lo expansion glass
ultra lo expansion glass (yuelai) karningko darta garieko trademark how. yuelsanga thermal wistarko dherai cum gunanka chha rar yasama silika rar 10 pratishat bhanda cum titanium dioxideko rupma samawesh chha. thermal wistarko yasto uccha pratirodhle yasalai uccha tapman thermal sadma dherai pratirodhi banaunchha. yule sann 1960 ko dashakdekhi karningdwara banaieko chha, tara ajhai pani halko anuprayogharuka lagi dherai mahatwapurna chha.
awedanharu.
tyahan yuelka lagi dherai anuprayogharu chhan, tara ahilesamma sabaibhanda samanya antariksha rar sthaliya settingharuma telescopharuka lagi aina rar lensharuka lagi how. hubble space telescopeko ainama yuleko prayogko sabaibhanda prasidha udaharanharu madhye ek how. yasako prayogko arko ramro udaharan jeminy telescopeko darpan kinarma chha. yass prakarka samagri yass anuprayogka lagi awashyak chha kinbhane telescopeharuma ainaharu, vishesh gari dherai thula, uccha-parishudhata ekaiharu, afno akar alikati pani jharna wa gumauna sakdainan. yadi yasto bhayo bhane, telescope fokasabata bahira hune thiyo. yuelka kehi anya udaharan rar prayogharu hunh
yass samagrika lagi arko nayan prayog jasle pratigya dekhaundaicha ardhachalak udyogma chha, yo feri shuddhata rar yule gilasko charam cum wistarko karan how.
sanrachana.
ulko sanrachana purna rupma akarheen chha; yass karanle yo gillas how, cyremic hoina. samagriko akarheen sanrachana sanrachana bhitra kunai crystal charanharu nabhaeko karan aunchha, tyasaile tyahan kunai lamo dayara kram chhaina.
prashodhan.
yule banaune tarika gillas banaune manak tarikabhanda dherai farak chha. pouder samagrilai ek batchma sangai misaunuko satta, tyo batch paglera gilasko panah khanyaera, yasto uccha tapmanko gillas bhaekale, jwala hydrolysis prakriyama banaunu parchha. yass prakriyama uccha shuddhata purwawartiharulai jwalabhitra inject garinchha, jasle garda tiniharu pratikriya garchhan rar teo2 rar sio2 banaunchhan. teo2 rar sio2 tyasapachhi tall jharchhan rar badhdo gilasma jamma hunchhan.
sampatti.
thermal.
ultra lo expansion glassma 5-35 °C maa lagbhag 10−8/k ko thermal expansionko gunanka hunchha. yasako tapiya chalakta 1.31 w/(msc), 0.0079 semi2/secondko tapiya prasar, 767 jey/(kgac) ko ausat wishishta taap, 890 degree celcius [1634 degree fahrenheit] ko tanawa bindu, rar 1490 degree celcius [2714 degree fahrenheit] ko anumanit naram bindu, 1000 degree celcius [1832 degree fahrenheit] ko annealing bindu chha.
mechanical.
ultra lo expansion glassko antim tensile shakti hunchha, poisanko anupata 0.7, ghanatwa (), wishishta kathorta (), katarani modulus (), thok modulus (), rar lochdar modulus ().
uptical.
yuelko 4.15 (nm/semi)/(keji/semi 3) [0.292 (nm/semi) psi] ko tanawa uptical gunanka chha, rar 53.1 ko eb number chha.
anya.
yuelsanga yasako kathoratako karan mausamko uccha pratirodh chha, rar lagbhag sabai rasayanik agentharudwara pani aprabhawit chha. 350°C batt chaandai chiso hunda yulele kunai pariwartan dekhaundaina. |
ati nimna samprasarana catch
ati nimna samprasarana catch (jayu. ell. ee.) heuchhi karningra eka panjikruta trademark. ulere tapiah samprasaranara gunanka bahuta comm ebong ethire silica ebong 10 pratishataru comm titanium dioxide upadan rahithae. tapiah samprasarana prati ete uccha pratirodha ehaaku uccha tapamatrara tapiah aaghata prati bahuta pratirodhee karithae. 1960 dashakaru karning dwara jule tiari hoichhi, kintu bartamana prajoga paain ehaa atyanta gurutwapurna .
application.
jule paain aneka prajoga achhi, kintu eparjyanta sabutharu sadharana heuchhi ubhaja mahakash ebong bhougolika setingre telescope paain darpana ebong lens . hubble spaces telescopra darpanare jule byabaharara sabutharu janashuna udaharana madhyaru gotie . ehara prajogara aau eka bhal udaharana heuchhi jemini telescopra darpana byankare . ehi prajoga paain ehi prakarara samagri aabasyaka hue kaaran telescopere thiba darpana, bisesh curry bahuta budd, uccha-sathik unit, semananka aakaaraku samanya madhya ghunchai kimba haraipariba naahin . jadi epari hue, tebe telescopati focus bahare rahiba. jule rahr anya keteka udaharana ebong byabahara heuchhih
ehi samagri paain aau eka nutan byabahara jaahaa pratishruti dekhauchhi semikandaktara shilpare, ehaa puni shuddhata ebong jule catch rahr atyadhika comm samprasarana hetu .
dhancha.
ulra gathan sampurna roope akarheen; ehi karanaru ehaa eka catch, syramic nuhen . padarthara akarheen sanrachana gathan madhyare kaunasi sphatika parjyaja naah thibaru asithae, tenu kaunasi dirgha parisara krama naahin .
prakrijakarana.
jeunbhali bhabe jule tiari hoithae, taaha catch tiari heuthiba manaka paddhati thaaru bahuta bhinna. eka byachre pouder samagreeku ekathi mishaiba paribarte, sehi byachku taralaiba ebong catch chadaraku dhalideba paribarte, ule, ete uccha tapamatrara catch hoithibaru, eka shikha jalabichhedana prakrijare tiari karibaku padiba . ehi prakrijare uccha shuddhata purbabartigudika nianre injection diajae, jaahaa semananku pratikrija ebong teo2 ebong sio2 gathan kare. teo2 ebong sio2 taa 'parey talaku khasithae ebong brudhi pauthiba kaachare jamaa hue .
sampatti.
tapiah.
ati nimna samprasarana kaachare 5-35 °C ray praiah 10−8/k tapiah samprasaranara eka gunanka achhi . ehara taap paribahita 1.31 waa/(misabali), tapiah bistara <aai. dii. 1> semi2/shay., harahari nirdista taap 767 jay/(kgac.), eka strain point 890°sii [1634°aif], ebong aanumanika naram bindu 1490°sii [2714°aif], 1000°sii [1832°aif] rahr eka aaniling point .
jantrika.
ati nimna samprasarana kaachare eka chudanta tensile shakti achhi, eka poison anupata 0.17, () rahr ghanatwa, () rahr eka nirdista kathorata, () rahr eka shear modulus, () rahr eka bulk modulus, ebong () rahr eka sthitistapaka modulus .
uptical.
uelra chaap aloka gunanka 4.15 (nm/shay. mea.)/(keji/shay. mea. 3) [<aai. dii. 1> (enn. emm/shay. mea.) pii. ess. aai.], ebong eka aabbe sankhya 53.1 rahichhi.
anyati.
kathinata karanaru jule panipaga prati uccha pratirodha rahichhi, ebong ehaa praiah samasta rasajanika agent dwara madhya prabhabita hue naahin. 350°shay. ru shighra thanda hele madhya jule kaunasi paribartana dekhaiba naahin. |
atie ghatt vistaar glass
atie ghatt vistaar vaala kacch (yuu. aill. ee.) corning daa ikk registered trademark haii. yule witch taapak vistaar daa bahut ghatt gunank hunda haii atey iss witch silika atey 10 pratishat toon ghatt titanium dioxide hunda haii. taap dey vistaar pratee inna ucch pratirodh iss noon ucch tapman dey taap dey sadme pratee bahut rodhak banaunda haii. yule noon 1960 dey dahake toon corning duaara banaiaa giaa haii, parr ajey vee maujuda applicationan laee bahut mahattavpuran haii.
application.
yule laee bahut saariaan applicationan hunn, parr hunn takk sabh toon aam pulad atey dharti deeaan settingan dovan witch durbinan laee shishe atey lenz laee haii. yule dee varton dee sabh toon mashur udaharnan vicchon ikk hubble pulad durbin dey shishe witch haii. iss dee varton dee ikk horr changi udaharan jaimini durbin dey shishe dey kinare witch haii. iss application laee iss kisam dee samaggari dee zaroorat haii kiunki durbinan utte shishe, khaas karke bahut vadde, ucch-shudhta ikaiaan, aapni shakal noon thodah jiha vee modd jaan guaa naheen sakde. jey ajiha hunda haii, taan durbin focus toon bahr hoow javegi. yule deeaan kujh horr udaharnan atey varton hann
iss samaggari laee ikk horr naveen varton joe vaada dikha rahee haii, aradh-conductor udyog witch haii, ih firr toon shudhta atey yule shishe dey bahut ghatt visthar dey caarn haii.
banatar.
yule dee banatar puurii tarahan beey-roop haii; iss caarn ih ikk kacch haii, naa kii ikk vasravik. samaggari dee beey-roop banatar iss laee aaundi haii kiunki banatar dey ander koee chrystal padaa naheen hunde, iss laee koee lambi seema daa kram naheen hunda.
processing.
jiss tarike naal yule banaiaa jaanda haii uh kacch banaun dey standard tarike toon bahut vakkhra haii. ikk samooh witch pounded samaggari noon milaun dee bajaae, uss samooh noon pighlan atey shishe deeaan sheetan noon bahr kaddhan dee bajaae, uley, inna ucch tapman vaala shishe honn karke, ikk laat hydrolysis prakiriaa witch banaiaa jaanha chahida haii. iss prakiriaa witch ucch shudhta vaale puravgamiaan noon agg deeaan laptan witch teeka lagaiaa jaanda haii, jiss caarn uh pratikriaa karde hunn atey teo 2 atey seeo 2 banaunde hunn. teo 2 atey seeo 2 firr hethan digg jaande hunn atey vadh rahey shishe utte jamhan hoow jaande hunn.
jaidadan.
taap.
atie ghatt vistaar vaale shishe witch 5-35 °C utte lagbhag 10−8/k dey taap vistaar daa ikk gunank hunda haii. iss dee taap chalakta 1.11 w/(aimasvi), 0.0079 centimeter/saii dee taap failaa, 767 jey/(kilogramsi) dee ikk ausat vishesh garmi, 890 sasiou [1634 faf] daa ikk tanaa bindu, atey 1490 sasiou [2714 faf] daa ikk anumanat naram bindu haii, 1000 sasiou [1832 faf] daa ikk annealing bindu haii.
mechanical.
atie ghatt vistaar vaale shishe witch ikk antam tanaa shakti hundi haii, ikk poison daa anupat 0.17, () dee ghanta, () dee ikk vishesh kathorta, () daa ikk shear modiools, () daa ikk thoke modiools atey () daa ikk lachkila modiools hunda haii.
optical.
yule daa ikk tanaa optical gunank 4.15 (ainn. aimm./centimeter)/(kilogram/centimeter 3) [0.292 (ainn. aimm./centimeter) psi] haii, atey ikk aibb. bee. number 53.1 haii.
horr.
yule witch iss dee kathorta dey caarn mausam pratee ucch pratirodh haii, atey lagbhag saare rasayanak agentan duaara vee prabhavit naheen hunda haii. jadon 350°C toon tezi naal thanda keeta jaanda haii taan yule witch koee tabdili naheen dikhai dindi. |
ati-nyoon-vistaar-kaachah
ultra-low-expansion-glass (yoole) iti nigamitasya carning ityasya panjeekrutam treadmark asti. yoole ityasya taapeey-vistaarasya gunaamkah atyalpah asti, silica iti ghatakm, 10 pratishatatah nyoonam tatanium-dai-oxad cha bhavati. taapeey-vistaarasya etaavat uccha-pratirodha, uccha-taapeey-aaghaatasy krute ateeva pratirodhakam karoti. 1960 tamaat dashakaat yule carning-dwara nirmitam asti, parantu adyapi vartamaan-upayoganam krute ateeva mahattvapoornam asti.
aavedanaani.
yoole ityasya krute bahavah upayogah santi, parantu etaavatparyantam sarvaadhikam samanyam darpananam, durabikshananam cha lensanam cha krute asti. yoole ityasya upayogasya suprasiddheshu udaaharaneshu anyatam hubble-space-telescopasya darpanam asti. asya prayogasya anyat uttamm udaharanam jeminy-dooradarshakasy darpana-tate asti. asya prayogartham etaadrushee saamagri aavashyakam asti yatah durabineshu darpanaani, visheshatah vishaalaani, uccha-parishuddha-ekakaani, alpam yaavat vakram vaa akaram naa haarayitum vaa shaknuvanti. yadi etat bhavati tarhi dooradarshakah drushtihi viheenah bhavishyati. yoole ityasya anye kechan udaaharanaani, upayogah cha santi.
asya saamagryaah anyah nootanah upayogah yah ashajanakaha asti saha ardhachalak-udyamah asti, etat punah yule-glass ityasya shuddhataayaah, atyantam nyunasya vistaarasya cha karanat.
samrachanaa.
yoole ityasya samrachanaa purnataya aakaraheenam asti; anena karanat saa kaachah asti, syramic naa. padarthasya aakaaraheen-samrachanaa, samrachanaa-madhye chrystal-charanaani naa santi iti karanat bhavati, ataha deergha-paridhi-kramah naasti.
prakramanam.
yoole ityasya nirmanasya paddhatihi, kachasya nirmanasya maanakapaddhatyaah ateeva bhinnah asti. churna-padarthan ekasyaam byaach madhye yojayitvaa, tatt byaach vitrutya, kaachapatraani utsarjayitvaa, ete uccha-taapamaanasy kachasya karanat, jwala-jalavishleshana-prakriyayam yool-ityasya nirmanam kartavyam. asmin prakriyayam ucchashuddhehe poorvavartinah jwaaleshu inject bhavanti, yena te pratikriyam krutvaa teo2 tathaa siyo2 cha nirmeeyante. teo2 tathaa siyo2 cha tatah patante, vardhamana kachasya upari nikshiptaani bhavanti.
sampattih.
taapeeyam.
ati-nyoon-vistaar-kachasya 5-35 °C ityatra praayah 10−8/k taapeey-vistaar-gunaamkah asti. asya ushnachalakata 1.31 doubleu/(meesamee), taapeey-prasaarah 0.0079 se. mee. 2/se., madhya-vishishta-taapah 767 jey/(kii. graasee.), tanaava-binduhu 890°see [1634°ef], tathaa cha 1490°see [2714°ef], 1000°see [1832°ef], aniling-binduhu iti anumaanitam asti.
yaantrikam.
ati-nyoon-vistaar-kachasya antima-tanyata-shakttih, payasan-anupaatah 0.7, ghanatwah (), vishishta-katorataa (), shear-modulus (), bulk-modulus (), elastic-modulus () cha asti.
optical iti.
yoole ityasya chaapa-prakashika-gunaamkah 4.15 (enn. emm./se. mee.)/(kii. graa./se. mee. 3) [<aii. dii. 1> (enn. emm./se. mee.) pee. ess. aii.], tathaa cha eba sankhyaa 53.1 asti.
anyat.
katinataayaah karanat yule ityasya vaayugunasya ucchapratirodhah asti, praayah sarwebhyah rasayanika-kaarakaih api aprabhaawitah asti. 350 mase. taha sheeghram sheetalam bhavati chet yoole api naa parivartanam darshayati. | ultra loow expansion classes
ultra loow expansion classes (ule) enbathu corningin pathivu seiyappatta varththaga muththiraiyaagum. ulae veppa virivaakkaththin migak kuraindha gunagaththaik kondullathu mattrum silica koorugalaagavum 10 sathaveethaththirkum kuraivaana titanium dye accideyum kondullathu. veppa virivaakkaththirku iththagaiya adhiga ethirppu adhiga veppanilai veppa athirchchiyai migavum ethirkkirathu. 1960 kazhil irunthu corning moolam yule thayaarikkappadukirathu, aanaal tharpoothaiya payanpaadugalukku idhu innum migavum mukkiyamaanathu.
payanpaadugal.
yule-kku pala payanpaadugal ullana, aanaal idhuvarai migavum podhuvaanathu vinveli mattrum nila amaippugalil tholainoakkigalukkaana kannaadigal mattrum lenskal aagum. yule payanpaattin migavum pirabalamaana eduththukkaattukalil ondru maiya vinveli tholainoakkiyin kannaadiyil ullathu. adhan payanpaattirku mattroru nalla eduththukkaattu jaemini tholainoakkiyin kannadi vangkiyil ullathu. inththa payanpaattirku inththa vagai porul thaevaippadukirathu, aenenil tholainoakkigalil ulla kannaadigal, kurippaaga migap periya, uyar thulliyamaana alagugal, valaikkavoa allathu avattrin vadivaththai sattru izhakkavoa mudiyaathu. idhu nadanthaal, tholainoakki kavanam seluththaamal irukkum. yuleyin sila eduththukkaattukal mattrum payanpaadugal pinvarumaaru
inththa porulukkaana mattroru puthiya payanpaadu, idhu kuraikkadatthi thozhilthuraiyil ullathu, idhu meendum thooimai mattrum yule kannaadiyin theevira kuraindha virivaakkaththin kaaranamaagum.
amaippu.
yooleyin amaippu muttrilum uruvamattrathu; idhan kaaranamaaga idhu oru kannadi, beengaon alla. porulin uruvamattra amaippu kattamaippirkul endha padiga kattangalum illaathathaal varukirathu, enavae neenda thoora varisai illai.
seyalaakkam.
yule thayaarikkappadum vidham kannadi thayaarikkappadum nilaiyaana muraiyilirunthu migavum vaerupattathu. thool porutkalai ontraaka oru thoguppil kalappatharkup pathilaaka, antha thoguppai urukki, kannadi thaazhgalai veliyae uutrtruvatharkup pathilaaka, ivvalavu adhiga veppanilai konda kannadi enbathaal, oru sudar neeraarpakuppu seyalmuraiyil seiyappada vaendum. inththa seyalpaattil uyar thooimai munnoadigal theeppizhambugalil seluththappadugindrana, ithanaal avai ethirvinaiyaattri deoo 2 mattrum sioo 2 aii uruvaakkukintrana. deoo 2 mattrum sioo 2 pinnar keezhae vilunththu valarnthu varum kannaadiyil deposit seiyappadugindrana.
sothukkal.
veppa.
ultra loow expansion classes 5-35 °C ill sumar 10−8/k veppa virivaakkaththin gunagaththaik kondullathu. idhu 1.11 doublue/(emchi) veppa kadaththuththiran, 0.0079 0.0079 inn veppa paraval, 767 jay/(kiloisi) sarasari kuripitta veppam, 890 digiri cheey [1634 digiri eff] strain pulli mattrum 1490 digiri cheey [2714 digiri eff] mathippidappatta menmaippaduththum pulli, 1000 digiri cheey [1832 digiri eff] oru annealing pulli aagiyavattraik kondullathu.
iyanththiram.
ultra loow expansion classes oru iruthi izhuvisai valimai, oru paaisaanin vigitham 0.17, adarththi (), oru kuripitta viraippu (), oru vettu madulus (), oru moththa madulus (), mattrum oru elastic madulus () aagiyavattraik kondullathu.
oliyiyal.
yule 4.15 (nm/cm)/(kiloo/cm3) [0.292 (nm/cm) psi] endra aluththa oliyiyal gunagaththaiyum, 53.1 endra uptay ennaiyum kondullathu.
mattravai.
yule adhan kadinatthanmai kaaranamaaga vaanilaikku adhiga ethirppaik kondullathu, maelum kittatthatta anaitthu irasaayana mugavargalaalum paathikkappadavillai. 350 digiri celsiusil irunthu viraivaaga kulirvikkumpoathu yule endha maattraththaiyum kaattaathu.
| ultra loe expansion glass
ultra loe expansion glass (ule) anedi corning yokka registered trademark. yule chaalaa takkuva ushna vistarana gunakam kaligi untundi mariyu silikanu bhagaluga mariyu 10 saatam kante takkuva titanium dioxidenu kaligi untundi. ushna vistaranaku ituvanti adhika nirodhakata adhika ushnograta ushna shacku chaalaa nirodhakatanu kaligistundi. 1960la nundi corning dwara yule tayaaru cheyabadindi, conny prastuta anuvartanaalaku ippatikee chaalaa mukhyamainadi.
applications.
yule kosam aneka anuvartanaalu unnaayi, conny chaalaa varaku atyanta saadhaaranamainadi antariksham mariyu bhusambandhamaina amarikalalo telescopela kosam addaalu mariyu katakamulu. habul space telescope yokka addamlo yule vaadakaaniki atyanta prasiddha udaaharanalalo okati. daani anuvartanaaniki maroka manchi udaaharana jemini telescope yokka addam byaankulo undhi. eee application kosam eee rakamaina padaartham avasaram endukante telescoplapy addaalu, mukhyamgaa chaalaa pedda, adhika-khachitamaina unitlu, vangi undavu ledhaa vaati aakaraanni koddigaa kooda kolpovu. idhi jarigithe, telescope drushti kendrikarinchadu. yule yokka konni itara udaaharanalu mariyu upayogaalu
vaagdaanam chuuputunna eee padaarthaaniki maroka kotta upayogam semiconductor parisramalo undhi, idhi mallii swachchata mariyu yule glass yokka teevramaina takkuva vistarana kaaranamgaa.
nirmaanam.
yule yokka nirmaanam puurtigaa nirakaramga untundi; eee kaaranamgaa idhi oka gaaju, syramic kaadu. padaartham yokka nirakara nirmaanam nirmaanam lopala sphatika dasalu lenanduna vastundi, kabatti deergha shreni kramam ledhu.
prosessing.
yule tayaaru cheyabadina vidhanam gaaju tayaaru cheyabadina praamaanika vidhaanaaniki chaalaa bhinnamgaa untundi. podi padaarthaalanu oka batch loki kalapadaniki badulugaa, aaa byaachnu kariginchi, gaaju sheetlanu bayataku poyadam, atuvanti adhika ushnograta gala gaaju kaavadamtho, manta jalavisleshana prakriyaloo tayaaru cheyali. eee prakriyaloo adhika swachchata puurvagaamulu jwaalalaloki inject cheyabadataayi, idhi vaatini pratispandinchi, yerparustundi mariyu mariyu nuu yerparustundi. yerparustundi mariyu mariyu appudu kindaki padi, perugutunna gajupai jama cheyabadataayi.
aastulu.
ushna.
ultra loe expansion glass 5-35 °C vadda sumaru 10−8/k ushna vistarana gunakam kaligi untundi. idhi 1:1 doubleu/(meessi) ushna vaahakatanu kaligi undhi, 0.0079 sem. mea. 2/seey yokka ushna vyaapti, 767 zhe/(kgc) yokka sagatu nirdishta vaedi, 890 masim [1634 efo] yokka ottidi binduvu, mariyu 1490 masim [2714 efo] yokka anchanaa mrudutva binduvu, 1000 masim [1832 efo] yokka annealing binduvu kaligi undhi.
yaantrikam.
athi takkuva vistarana gaaju antima tanyata balam, poison nishpatti 0.17, saandrata (), nirdishta drudhatvam (), kotha modulus (), pedda modulus (), mariyu saage modulus () kaligi untundi.
optical.
ul 4.15 (nm/sem)/(kejee/sem) psi yokka ottidi optical gunakam kaligi untundi, mariyu 53.1 yokka abbe sankhyanu kaligi untundi.
inko.
yule daani kaatinyam kaaranamgaa vaataavaranaaniki adhika nirodhakatanu kaligi undhi, mariyu daadaapu anni rasayana agentlache kooda prabhaavitam kaadu. 350 masim nundi twaragaa challabadinappudu yule kooda etuvanti maarpulanu choopinchadu.
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ultra low extension glaas
ultra low extension glaas (yuu eel ayee) carring kaa eek registard trade maark hay. yulay mein thermal tausia kaa gutanak behat kumm hotaa hay aur iss mein saleka ajzaa aur 10 faisad say kumm titanium daayee oxide hoti hay. thermal tausia kay liye iss tarah kii aalee mazahimat asay aalee darjah hararat kay thermal shaak kay liye behat mazahim banaati hay. youl 1960 kii dahayi say carning kay zariye banaya gayaa hay leakin abb bhee maujudah apply cashions kay liye behat aham hay.
apply cashions.
yulay kay liye behat say istemaal haine leakin abb takk sabb say ziyadah aam khalaa aur zamini tartibaat donon mein doorbinon kay liye aayiney aur lens kay liye hay. yulay kay istemaal kii sabb say mashhur misalon mein say eek hubble spees teeli scope kay aayiney mein hay. iss kay istemaal kii eek aur achhi misaal jaimni dorbeen kay aayiney kay kinaray mein hay. iss apply cashion kay liye iss qasm kay mawaad kii zarurat hoti hay keunkah doorbinon parr mojud aayiney khaas toor parr behat buray aalee sehat say mutaliq yount jhakaa nahein saktay yaa apnee shakal kuu thoda saa bhee nahein khoo saktay. agar aisa hotaa tuu dorbeen taujah say baahir how jaati. youl kii kachh deegar misalein aur istemaal yaha haine:
iss mawaad kaa eek aur neeya istemaal juu ameed zahir kirr rehaa hay seemi conductor industry mein hay yaha dobarah yuli glaas kii pakezgi aur intehayi kumm tausia kii wajah say hay.
saakhat.
yulay kii saakhat makmal toor parr bay saakhta hay vovo iss wajah say yaha eek shishah hay seramic nahein. mawaad kii bay saakhta saakhat iss wajah say aatee hay kahh saakhat kay andar koyee cristal faiz nahein hotay haine iss liye koyee lambi renj arder nahein hay.
processing.
jiss tarah say yulay banaya jaataa hay wah sheeshe kay mayari tareeqe say behat mukhtalif hay. powder shadah mawaad kuu eek beach mein milanay iss beach kuu pighalnay aur sheeshe kii chaadron kuu baahir daalnay kay bajaye yulay atnaa ziyadah darjah hararat waala shishah honay kii wajah say sholah hydrolysis kay amal mein banana padta hay. iss amal mein aalee pakezgi kay paish ruu sholon mein injection kiye jaatay haine jiss kii wajah say wah radh amal zahir kartay haine aur tiyo 2 aur seev 2 banatay haine. tiyo 2 aur seev 2 phir neechey girr jaatay haine aur badhtay hoay sheeshe parr jamaa how jaatay haine.
khususiyat.
thermal.
ultra low extension glaas mein 5-35 °C parr taqriba 10−8/k kii thermal extension kaa gutanak hotaa hay. iss kii thermal chalakta 1.31 dabliyo/(ayem · ° see)yee thermal phailao 0.0079 see ayem 2/aiss ausat makhsus hararat 767 jay/(clogram · ° see)yee tanao kaa naqtah 890 ° see [1634 ° aif]yee aur 1490 ° see [2714 ° aif] kaa takhmina naram karnay kaa naqtah 1000 ° see [1832 ° aif] kaa anneling point hay.
mikani.
ultra low extension glaas mein hatmi tanao kii taaqat hoti hay eek posan kaa tanasib 0.17yee () kii kasaafat () kii makhsus sakhti () kaa sheer modulus () kaa bluck modulus aur () kaa lachakdar modulus.
optical.
yulay kaa tanao optical gutanak 4.15 (aine ayem/see ayem)/(clogram/see ayem 3) [0.292 (aine ayem/see ayem) pee aiss aayee]yee aur eek aibi number 53.1 hay.
dosray.
yulay mein iss kii sakhti kii wajah say mosam kay khalaaf aalee mazahimat hay aur yaha taqriba tamaam kimiyayi agenton say bhee mutasir nahein hotaa hay. 350 digri celsis say jaldi thandaa honay parr bhee yulay mein koyee tabdili nahein dikhayi deeti hay. |
0004ef23078e97ef98ab3f6ba55b74c0a1e1ca1f11f498e32ce679afe2fb50af | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1766939 | Al-Natili |
Al-Natili
Persian physician
Natili. Abu Abdallah Husayn ibn Ibrahim ibn Hasan ibn Khurshid at-Tabari an-Natili ( | Romanization: Abū ʿAbdallāh Ḥusain ibn Ibrāhīm ibn Khūrshīd aṭ-Ṭabarī an-Nātllī), was a Persian physician from Tabaristan.
He flourished in the 10th century, and was a translator of Greek into Arabic. He dedicated, in 990-991AD, an improved translation of Dioscorides' "De Materia Medica" to the Prince Abu Ali al-Samjuri.
| aal-natili
natili. aabu abdallah husai ibon ibrahim ibon hasan ibon khursid aat-tabori aan-natili ( . rumanikoronoh aabu obodallah husai ibon ibrahim ibon khursid aat-tabari aan-natoli), tobaristanor ejon parchi sikitsok aasil.
teu doxom xotikat unnoti laabh korisil aaru greekor aarbi bhaxaloi onubadok aasil. teu 990-991 aarombhonite, diask "ridesor" di materia medica "ror ek unnot onubad rajkumar aabu aali aal-samjurik utxorga korisil.
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all-natili
natili. abu abdullah hussen ibone ibrahim ibone hassan ibone khursheed aato-tabari aana-natili ( . romanization abu abdallah hussen ibno ibrahim ibone khursheed aato-tabari aana-nutley), chhilen tabaristaner ekjon parosyo chikitsak.
tini 10maum shotabdite bikoshito hohn ebong greek bhasar arbi onubadok chhilen. tini 990-991 edee-teey, dioscorider "dii materia medica"-rawr ekti unnoto anubad juboraj abu ally all-samjurike utsarga corren. | all-natili
natili. abu abdullah hussain ibna ibrahim ibna husson ibna khursheed aeta-tabaari aena-natili ( . romankaranah abu abdallah hussain ibna ibrahim ibna khursheed ataa-tabri aena-natali), tabristanna farsi chikitsak hataa.
teo teo sadimaa vikaas pamya hataa aneey grick bhashana arabi bhashama anuvaadak hataa. temane, 990-991 AD maan, dioscoridesna "dii meteriya medica" noon sudhaarelu bhashantar rajkumar abu allie all-samjurine samarpeet karyoo.
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all-natili
natili. aboo abdullah hussain ibn ibrahim ibn hassan ibn khursheed tabri aine-natili ( . romankaranah aboo abdallah hussain ibn ibrahim ibn khurshid att-tabri ack-natali), tabaristan key ack farsi chikitsak they.
vaha 10veen shatabdi mein falaa-phoola aur arabi mein yunani kaa anuvaadak thaa. unhone rajkumar aboo allie all-samjoori koo dioscorides 'dee materia medica' kaa ack behtar anuvaad samarpit kiya. | all-natili
natili. abu abdullah husain ibn ibrahim ibn husson ibn khurshid aut-tabari aun-natili ( | abudhallah husain ibn ibrahim ibn khurshid aut-tabari aun-nutley), tabaristanada pertian vaidyaraagiddaru.
aata 10neey shatamaanadalli pravardhamanakke bandaru mattu greek bhasheyannu arabbige bhashantarisidaru. aata, aata, dioscorides 'dii materia medikaada' sudhaarita anuvaadavannu rajakumara abu allie all-sanjoorige samarpisidaru.
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alle-naattili
naadili. abu abdullah hussain ibnu ibrahim ibnu hassan ibnu khurshid attu-tabari anaan-nathili ( | romanvalkkaranam abu abdallah hussain ibnu ibraheem ibnu khursheed attu-tabari anaan-natley), tabaristhaanil ninnulla oru pershyan vaidyanaayirunnu.
patthaam noottaandil addeham abhivridhi praapikkukayum greak bhasha arabiyilekku vivarthanam cheyyukayum cheythu. edii1 ll addeham dioscorideukalude 'dii metteeriya medica' yude mechappetta vivarthanam abu alii alle-samjoori rajakumaran samarppichu.
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all-natili
natili. aboo abdullah hussain ibn ibrahim ibn husson ibn khursheed att-tabri unn-natili ( . abdallah hussain ibn ibrahim ibn khursheed att-tabri aine-nutley) haah tabaristanmadhil eka pertian vaidya hota.
10 vya shatkat tyachi bharbharat jhaali aanee too greek bhashecha arabi bhashet anuvadak hota. tyane, ii. sha. chya <id1 madhye, dioscorideschya 'dii meteriya medica' chey sudharit bhashantar rajkumar aboo allie all-samajurila samarpit kele. | all-natili
natili. abu abdullah hussen ibna ibrahim ibna hassan ibna khursid att-tabari enn-natili ( . romanikaranah abu abdallah hussaina ibna ibrahim ibna khurshid atat-tabari enn-nutley), tabaristanka ek farsi chikitsak thie.
uni 10 aun shatabdima fastae, rar grick bhashako arabima anuwadak thie. unle, 990-991 edma, dioscoridsko "day meteria medica" ko sudharieko anuwad rajkumar abu alie all-samjurilai samarpit gare.
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all-natili
natili. abu abdallah hussen ibn ebrahim ibn husson ibn khursid ataha-tabari aana-natili ( . romanikaranaha abu abdallah hussen ibn ebrahim ibn khurshid ataha-tabari aana-natali), tabaristanara jane parasya chikitsaka thile.
shay 10maha shatabdire samruddha hoithile ebong greek bhasara arabi anubadaka thile. shay, 990-991 AD ray, deoscorides 'dii meteria medica' rahr eka unnat anubada rajkumar abu aali all-samjureenku utsarga karithile. |
all-natili
natili. aboo abdallah hussain iban ibrahim iban husson iban khursheed att-tabri ainn-natili ( . aboo abdallah hussain iban ibrahim iban khursheed att-tabri ainn-natli), tabristan daa ikk farcy doctor see.
uh 10veen sadee witch prafullat hoiaa atey yunani daa arabi witch anuvadak see. uhanan neey 990-991 AD witch, dioscorides dey "dee materia medica" daa ikk bihtar anuvad rajkumar aboo allie all-samjoori noon samarpit keeta. |
all-natilee
nateel. aboo abdallaa hussain ibn ibraahim ibn husson ibn khursheed att-tabaaree a-natilee ( . aboo abdallaa-hussain ibn ibrahim ibn khursheed-att-tabaree-a-natley), tabaristaan-deshasya kashchan pertian-vaidyah aasit.
saha 10 shataabdyaam vardhamaanah, greek-bhashayaha arabee-bhashayam anuvaadakah cha aasit. saha, AD-madhye, dioscorades-ityasya "dee materia medica" ityasya unnatam anuvaadam rajakumaraya abu allie all-samjuree ityasmai samarpayt. |
all-nadili
naattiyam. abuu abdullah huusain ipnu ibrahim ipnu husson ipnu kurshit add-tabari uunn-nadili ( | romanium abuu abdallah huusain ipnu ibrahim ipnu khursheet add-tabari aann-notley), thabaristhaanaich saerntha oru paaraseeka maruthuvar aavaar.
avar 10 aam noottraandil sezhiththu valarnthaar, maelum kiraekka mozhiyai arabu mozhiyil molipeyarththaar. avar, kibi 1 ill, dioscoridegalin "dii meteria medica" vinn maempatta mozhipeyarppai ilavarasar abuu alii all-samjurikku arppanitthaar. | all-natili
naatili. aboo abdullah hussen ibn ibraheem ibn husson ibn khurshid aut-tabari ann-natili ( | romanikaranah aboo abdallah hussain ibn ibrahim ibn khurshid aut-tabarii aann-notley), tabaristanku chendina pertian vaidyudu.
athanu 10va sataabdamloo abhivruddhi chendaadu mariyu greeku bhashanu arabic bhaashaloki anuvadinchaadu. athanu, AD loe, dioscorides yokka "dii materia medisi" yokka merugaina anuvaadaanni yuvaraju abu allie all-sanjuureeki ankitam chesaadu.
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alnateli
natli. aboo abdullah haseen aban ibraheem aban hasan aban marshad altabari alantli ( | romanization: aboo abad allah haseen aban ibraheem aban kharm aban kharm utt-taabri inn-naatli)yee tabristan say taaluq rakhnay waala eek faarsi tabib thaa.
wah 10 wein sadee mein parwaan chadhaa aur yunani zabaan kaa arbee mein mutarjim thaa. inhon nay 990-991 AD mein deoscorades kay "ddee metriya medica" kaa eek behatar tarjumah shahzadah aboo alee alsamjori kuu waqaf kiyaa. |
0004f6bd4dd255836d7f128266446e493059f7bab6fd1cd09b49f39123e73f13 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12369319 | Salt spoon |
Salt spoon
Kind of spoon
A salt spoon is a miniature utensil used with an open salt cellar for individual service. It is a historical and nostalgic item from a time before table salt was free-flowing, as it is today. The spoon itself ranges from 2 to 3 inches (5 to 7.5 cm) long and has a circular bowl measuring approximately 0.5 to 0.75 inches (1.25 to 2 cm). They can be found in a wide range of materials including glass, Sterling silver, plastic, wood, ivory, bone and shell.
As a unit of measurement in old recipes, 1 salt spoon ("ssp") = 0.25 teaspoon, or slightly more than 1 ml.
History.
The salt spoons are quite new and apparently were not used until the 18th century. Design of these small spoons closely followed the design of the table spoons. The bowls tended to be of the round shape, with the exception of the cases where the bowl was unusual to accommodate some fantastic form of the overall spoon design.
Salt absorbs moisture from its surroundings, and had a tendency to clump together into one large lump. The head of the household usually presided over the distribution of salt at the dining table. This lump of salt was placed into a small dish, called by various names - open salt, salt cellar, table salt. Today we also refer to these as Master salts. It was then broken up with a knife handle or other utensil and placed into smaller, individual salt cellars, often matching the larger one in design. Since salt was such a precious seasoning, only small portions were given to each person at the table. Diners could either dip food into their individual salt cellars or use a small salt spoon to sprinkle the seasoning over their food.
In the early 1930s, a process was developed which coats each grain of salt with the anti-caking agent and keeps them from sticking together. Due to these changes in the processing of salt for consumer use, the open salt cellar and its accompanying salt spoon have become largely obsolete, having been replaced by the everyday salt shakers. They are, however, a highly collectable item and are still used today on some dining tables, out of a sense of nostalgia.
Notes.
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| nimkhor samus
nimkhor samus hoise byoktigoto xewar baabe mukoli nimkhor vandaror xoite byobohar koraa ek khyudro bason. tebul nimokh muktobhabe boi juwar aagor xomoyor poraa ee ek oitihaxik aaru puroni smritir bostu, ji aajir dore. samustur doirghyo 2ror poraa 3 inchi (5ror poraa 7.5 che. mii.) aaru iyar etaa brittakar baati aase jaar maap pray 0.5ror poraa 0.75 inchi (1.25ror poraa 2 che. mii.). eibur kaas, starling rupali, plastik, kaath, hatidanto, haar aaru khupar dore bibhinno dhoronor xamogrit puwa yaay.
puroni rondhonpronalit porimapor ekok hisape, 1 nimokh samus ("samus") = 0.25 samus, baa 1 militkoi olop besi.
itihax.
nimkhor samusbur jothesto notun aaru 18xo xotikar aagoloike spostokoi byobohar koraa huwa nasil. ei xoru samusburor design tebul samusburor designor xoite ghonisthobhabe onuxoron korisil. batibur gulakar aakritir huwar probonota aasil, xamogrik samusor designor kisuman xundor rup xamori luwar baabe batitu oswabhabik huwa ghotonaburor byotikrom.
nimokhoi iyar sariufalor poraa ardrota xuhi loy, aaru ekeloge etaa dangor gaathir sristi korar probonota aasil. xadharonote poriyalor murobbiye dining tableot nimokh bitoronor xobhapotitwo korisil. ei nimkhor tupulatu etaa xoru tholit rokha hoisil, jaak bibhinno naamere kuwa hoisil-mukoli nimokh, nimkhor bhandar, tebul nimokh. aaji aami eiburok master lowon buliu ullekh koru. taar pisot iyak surir handle baa aan basonor xoite bhangi xoru, byoktigoto nimkhor bhandarot rokha hoisil, praye designot dangortur xoite mill khaisil. jihetu nimokh ek mulyowan mosola aasil, tableot thoka protijon byoktik kewol xoru ongxohe diya hoisil. bhujon koraxokole hoyotu khadyo nijor byoktigoto nimokh bhandarot dubabo paare baa khadyor uporot mosola sotiyabor baabe etaa xoru nimokh samus byobohar koribo paare.
1930-ror doxokor aarombhonite, etaa prokriya bikoxito koraa hoisil ji nimkhor protitu xosyok anticaking agentor xoite aawori raakhe aaru xeibur ekeloge laagi thokar poraa raakhe. grahokor byoboharor baabe nimkhor prokriyakoronor ei poribortonor baabe mukoli nimokh bhandar aaru iyar logot thoka nimkhor samustu pray owonotixil hoi porise, doinondin nimokh xekore iyar sthan loiche. obosye, xeibur ek oti xongrohojugyo xamogri aaru aajiu kisuman dining tableot byobohar koraa hoy, ek nastalgier bhawonar baabe.
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loboner chamoch
loboner chamoch holl ekti khudro basanpatra jaa byaktigato porishebar jonno ekti khola loboner vandarer saathe byabohrito hoy. etty tabil lobon muktovabe probahito howar agey theke ekti oitihasik ebong purano smritichinho, jemonti aaz royeche. chamchti 2 theke 3 inchi (5 theke 7.5 semi) lomba ebong ekti brittakar butty royeche jaar porimap pray 0.5 theke 0.75 inchi (1.25 theke 2 semi). eguli cutch, starling sylver, plastic, kaatth, hatir daant, haad ebong khol soho bivinno dharaner upokoroner modhye pawa yaay.
purno recipigulite porimaper ekok hisabe, 1 lobon chamoch ("ssp") = 0.25 chaa chamoch, baa 1 millilitre samanno beshi.
itihas.
loboner chamchguli besh notun ebong sposhtotoi 18shha shatabdi porjonto byabohrito hoyney. eyi chhoto chhoto chamchogulir naksha tabiler chamchogulir nokshake nibidbhabe anusaran korey. samogrik chamoch nakshar kichhu durdanto rooper jonno batiti aswabhabik chhilo emon khettre byatito, batiguli golakar akarer hotey thaake.
lobon taar charpash theke ardrota shoshan korey ebong ekti borh pinder modhye ekotrito howar probonota chhilo. sadharonoto poribarer prodhan dining tabile lobon bitoroner sovapotitto korten. eyi loboner guchchoti ekti chhoto thaala, jaa bivinno naame porichito-khola lobon, loboner bhandar, tabil lobon-ayee rakha hoyechilo. aaz amra egulike muster solt hisabeo ullekh corry. erpor etty ekti chhuri baa anyanno basanpatra diye venge chhoto, prithak loboner bhandare sthapon koraa hoy, jaa prayashai naksha badtir saathe melle. jehetu lobon eto mulyaban moshla chhilo, taai tabile thaka prottek byaktike cable chhoto chhoto ongsho deoa hoto. bhojkara hoy taader prithak loboner bhandare khabar dubiye ditey paare athoba taader khabarer upor moshla chhitiye deoar jonno ekti chhoto loboner chamoch byabohar korte paare.
1930-err doshoker godar dike, ekti prokriya toiri koraa hoyechilo jaa loboner protiti shosyoke anty-kecking agent diye aboron korey ebong segulike eksange atke rakha theke biroto rakhe. bhoktader byaboharer jonno lobon prokriyakorone eyi poribortongulir karone, khola loboner bhandar ebong err saathe thaka loboner chamchti beshirbhag khettrei oprocholito hoye poreche, daeenandin lobon shekar dwara protisthapito hoyeche. tobey, eguli atyanta sangrahajogya ekti jinis ebong aajo kichhu dining tabile, smritibhrongsho bodher karone byabohrito hoy. |
meethani chamchi
meethaano chamcho aee aek laghuchitra vaasan chhe jeno upyog vyaktigat sevaa maate khulla mithaanaa bhonyarama thaay chhe. table soult mukt reete vahetu hatoo teey pahelana samaythi teey aek aitihasik aneey nostalgic vastu chhe, jaim keey teey aaje chhe. aaa chamchi pote 2 thee 3 inch (5 thee 7.5 seey. mee.) laambi hoya chhe aneey temaa golaakaar baul hoya chhe jenu maap aashre 0.5 thee 0.75 inch (1.25 thee 2 seey. mee.) hoya chhe. teo kaach, sterling silver, plastic, laakadu, hathidant, haadkaan aneey kavach saheetni saamagrini vishaal shreneema malee shake chhe.
juunii vaangiomaa maapnaa aekam tareeke, 1 meethaano chamcho ("spoon") = 0.25 chamchi, athavaa 1 millie kartaa thodo vadhaare.
itihas.
meethani chamchi ekdam navee chhe aneey dekheeti reete 18mee sadee sudhee teno upyog thato naa hato. aaa naanee chamchini rachnaa table chamchini rachnaane najikthi anusare chhe. baul gola aakaarnaa hovaanu valan hatoo, aevaa kissaaomaa apvaad sivaay keey jyaan baul ekandar chamchi designna ketlaak vichitra swaroopne samavva maate asamanya hato.
meethu tenee aaspasna bhejne shoshee leey chhe aneey aek motee gaanthmaa aek saathe jodavanu valan dharaave chhe. gharnaa vadaa saamanya reete dining table parr mithaanaa vitaranni adhyakshta kartaa hataa. meethani aaa gaanthane aek naanee vaangimaa mukvaamaa aavee hatee, jene viveedh namothi odakhvaamaa aave chhe-khullu meethu, mithaanu bhonyaru, table soult. aaje aapane aaney mukhya kshaar tareeke pann odakheeae chhiae. pachhi tene chharina handle athavaa anya vaasanothi todee nakhvama aavyu hatoo aneey naana, vyaktigat mithaanaa bhonyaroma mukvaamaa aavyu hatoo, jeey ghanivaar designma motaa saathe mela khaay chhe. meethu aek mulyavaan masala hovathi, table parr darek vyakteene maatra naana bhaag aapvama aavtaa hataa. bhojan karnaaraao kaan too temnaa vyaktigat mithaanaa bhonyaroma khoraakne dubadi shake chhe athavaa temnaa khoraak parr masala chhantva maate meethani naanee chamchino upyog curry shake chhe.
1930naa daaykaani sharuaatmaa, aek prakriyaa vikasavvama aavee hatee jeey mithaanaa darek daanane anty-caking agent saathe coating karey chhe aneey temne aek saathe chontata raakhe chhe. graahak upyog maate meethani prakriyaamaa aaa ferfaarone kaarane, khullu mithaanu bhonyaru aneey tenee saathenu meethani chamchi motaabhaage aprachalit thaee gayoo chhe, jenu sthaan rojinda mithaanaa shakers dwara levaamaa aavyu chhe. joke, teey aek khoob jaj aektrit curry shakaay tevee vastu chhe aneey aaje pann ketlaak dining table parr nostalgiani bhavnathi teno upyog thaay chhe. |
namak kaa chammach
namak kaa chammach ack laghu bartan haye jiska upayog vyaktigat seva key liye ack khule namak tahakhaane key saath kiya jaataa haye. yeh ack aitihaasik aur purani yaadon seey bharee vastu haye joe table namak key mukt pravaah seey pahale kii thee, jaisa kii aaj haye. chammach swayam 2 seey 3 inch (5 seey 7.5 semi) lamba hotaa haye aur isamen lagbhag 0.5 seey 0.75 inch (1.25 seey 2 semi) kaa ack golakar katora hotaa haye. way kaanch, sterling silver, plastic, lakadi, hathidant, huddy aur khol sahit samagri kii ack vistrit shrinkhala mein paae jaa sakate hain.
purani vyanjanon mein maap kii ack ikai key roop mein, 1 namak chammach ("chammach") = 0.25 chammach, yaa 1 millie seey thodaa adhik.
itihas.
namak key chammach kaafee nae hain aur jahir haye kii 18veen shatabdi taka inca upayog naheen kiya gayaa thaa. inn chhote chammach key design ney table chammach key design kaa bariki seey paalan kiya. katori goal aakar kii hoti thee, una mamalon key apavaad key saath jahaan katori samagr chammach design key kuchh shandar roop koo samaayojit karane key liye asamanya thee.
namak apane aspas kii namee koo avashoshit kartaa haye, aur ack badee gaanth mein ack saath jamaa honey kii pravritti rakhta haye. aam taur parr bhojan kii mez parr namak key vitaran kii adhyakshata ghar key mukhiya karate they. namak kii iss gaanth koo ack chhote seey vyanjan mein rakhaa gayaa thaa, jise vibhinn naamon seey jaanaa jaataa thaa-khula namak, namak tehkhana, table namak. aaj humm inhen master lavan key roop mein bhee sandarbhit karate hain. isake baad ise chaku key handle yaa anya bartan seey toda diyaa gayaa aur chhote, vyaktigat namak tahakhaane mein rakhaa gayaa, joe aksar design mein badey seey mell khaate they. choonki namak itna keemati masala thaa, isaliye mez parr pratyek vyakti koo kewal chhote hisse diye jaate they. bhojan karane vaale yaa tou apane vyaktigat namak tahakhaane mein bhojan koo dubo sakate hain yaa apane bhojan parr masaale kaa chhidkaav karane key liye ack chhote seey namak key chammach kaa upayog curr sakate hain.
1930 key dashak kii shuruat mein, ack prakriya vikasit kii gaee thee joe namak key pratyek daane koo anty-caking agent key saath lepit karati haye aur unhein ack saath chipakane seey rokti haye. upabhokta upayog key liye namak key prasanskaran mein inn parivartanon key kaaran, khula namak tehkhana aur isake saath namak kaa chammach kaafee hudd taka aprachalit hoe gayaa haye, jise rosemarra key namak shakers dwara pratisthaapit kiya gayaa haye. haalaanki, way ack atyadhik sangrahaniya vastu hain aur aaj bhee kuchh bhojan mejon parr purani yaadon kii bhavna seey upayog kii jaati hain.
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uppu chamacha
uppina chamachavu ondu sanna patreyagiddu, idannu tereda uppina nelamaaligeyondige vaiyaktika sevegaagi balasalaaguttade. idu indinante table uppu muktavaagi hariyuva hindina kaaladindalu aitihaasika mattu nastologic vastuvagide. chamachavu 2 rinda 3 inchugalashtu (5 rinda 7.5 sem. mea.) uddaviruttade mattu sumaru 0.5 rinda 0.75 inchugalashtu (1.25 rinda 2 sem. mea.) alateya vrattakarada baul annu hondiruttade. avugalannu gaaju, stirling belli, plaastik, marah, danta, moole mattu chippu seridante vyapaka shreniya vastugalalli kaanabahudu.
haleya pakavidhanagalalli alateya ghatakavagi, 1 uppu chamacha ("spoon") = 0.25 teachmacha, athawa 1 miliginta swalpa hecchu.
itihaasa.
uppina chamachagalu saakashtu hosavu mattu 18neey shatamaanadavaregu balasalaaguttiralilla. ee sanna chamachagala vinyaasavu table chamachagala vinyaasavannu nikatavagi anusarisitu. ottare chamachada vinyaasada kelavu adbhuta roopagalige sarihonduvante baul asaamaanyavaagidda prakaranagalannu horatupadisi, boulgalu dundaada aakaaradalliruttave.
uppu tanna suttamuttalina tevaamshavannu hirikolluttade mattu ondu dodda gantugalaagi ottige seruva pravruttiyannu hondiruttade. samanyavagi maneya mukhyastharu uutada mejina bully uppina vitaraneya adhyakshateyannu vahisuttaare. uppina ee gantugalannu tereda uppu, uppina nelamaaligeya, table uppu-vividha hesarugalinda kareyalaaguva sanna khaadyadalli irisalaagittu. indu naavu ivugalannu master lavanagalu endoo kareyutteve. nantara adannu chakuvina kaichila athawa itara patreyinda wadeyalaayitu mattu sanna, pratyeka uppu nelamaligeyagi irisalaayitu, samanyavagi vinyaasadalli doddadakke hondikeyaguttade. uppannu ashtu amoolyavaada masaaleyaagiddarinda, mejina bully iruva pratiyobba vyaktigoo sanna bhagagalannu maatra nidalaaguttittu. uuta maaduvavaru tamma pratyeka uppina nelamaaligeyalli aahaaravannu mulugisabahudu athawa tamma aahaarada mele masaleyannu chimukisalu sanna uppina chamachavannu balasabahudu.
1930rahra dashakada aarambhadalli, prati dhaanyada uppannu aanti-caking agentnondige lepisuva mattu avugalannu ottige antikolladante tadeyuva prakriyeyannu abhivraddhipadisalaayitu. grahakara balakegagi uppina samskaraneyallina ee badalavanegalindagi, tereda uppina nelamaaligeya mattu adara jotegina uppina chamachavu hechchaagi balakeyallillade, dainandina uppina shekargalinda badalaagide. aadaagyoo, avu hecchu sangrahisabahudaada vastuvagiddu, indigoo kelavu uutada mejugalalli, nastologia bhavadinda balasalpaduttave.
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uppu spoon
vyakthigatha sevanathinaayi thuranna uppu nilavarayodoppam upayogikkunna oru miniyechar paathramaanu uppu spoon. innatheppole table salt swathanthramaayi ozhukunnathinu munbulla oru kaalam muthalulla charitraparavum nostaaljik aaya oru inamaanithu. 2 muthal 3 inch (5 muthal 7.5 centimeter vare) neelamulla eee spooninu ekadesham 0.5 muthal 0.75 inch (1.25 muthal 2 centimeter vare) vare neelamulla oru vrithaakrithiyilulla paathramund. glass, sterling silver, plaastik, maram, anakkombu, asthi, shell ennivayulppede vaividhyamaarnna vasthukkalil avaa kaanapedunnu.
pazhaya pachakakkurippukalile alavinte oru unitaayi, 1 uppu spoon ("spoon") = 0.25 tablespoon, allengil 1 millil alppam kooduthal.
charithram.
uppu spoonukal valare puthiyathum pathinettaam noottaand vare upayogichirunnilla. eee cheria spoonukalude roopakalppana table spoonukalude roopakalppanaye sookshumamaayi pinthudarnnu. mothatthilulla spoon roopakalppanayude chila athisayakaramaaya roopangal ulkkollaan bowl asaadhaaranamaaya saahacharyangal ozhike boulukal vrithaakrithiyilullavayiraayinu.
uppu athinte chuttupaadukalil ninnulla eerppam agiranam cheyyukayum oru valia pindamayi onnichucheraanulla pravanatha kaanikkukayum cheiyunnu. daining table uppu vitharanam cheiyunnathil saadhaaranayaayi kudumbathalavan adhyakshatha vahikkaarund. eee uppu oru cheria vibhavathil vaykkunnu, athu vividha perukalil vilikkunnu-thuranna uppu, uppu sellar, table uppu. innu nammal ivaye maasttar salts ennum vilikkunnu. pinneedu athu oru katthi handle allengil mattu pathrangal upayogichu thakarth cheria, vyakthigatha uppu nilavarakalayi sthaapichu, palappozhum roopakalppanayil valiyavayumayi poruthappedunnu. uppu athrayere vilayeriya sugandhavyanjanamayathinaal, meshappurathulla oro vyakthikkum cheria bhagangal maathrame nalkiyirunnulloo. bhakshanam kazhikkunnavarkk onnukil avarude vyakthigatha uppu nilavarakalil bhakshanam mukkukayo allengil oru cheria uppu spoon upayogichu avarude bhakshanathinu mukalil sugandhangal thalikkukayo cheyyaam.
1930 kalude thudakkathil, oro daanyam uppum aanti-caking ejantu upayogichu pothinju avaa orumichu ottippidikkathirikkaan oru prakriya vikasippichu. upabhokthru upayogathinaayi uppu samskarikkunnathile eee mattangal kaaranam, thuranna uppu nilavarayum athinoppamulla uppu spoon mikkavarum kaalaharanappettathayi mariyirikkunnu, pakaram dainamdina uppu shakerukal upayogikkunnu. ennirunnaalum, avaa valare shekharikkaavunna oru inamaanu, innum chila daining tableukalil nostaaljiyayude bhaavathil upayogikkunnu.
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meeth chamchyane
mithacha chamcho hii eka chhoti bhandi aahe jee vaiyaktik sevesathi khulya mithachya talgharasah vaparali jaate. table meeth muktapane vahanyachya aadhichya kalapasoonchi hii eka aitihasik aanee udaseen vastoo aahe, jashee aaj aahe. chamchyane 2 teey 3 inch (5 teey 7.5 centimeter) lambi asate aanee andaje 0.5 teey 0.75 inch (1.25 teey 2 centimeter) aakarachi golakar vadga asato. teey kaach, sterling chandi, plastic, lakud, hastidant, hadey aanee kavach yasah vividh prakarchya samgrimadhye aadhalu shakatat.
junya pakakrutinmadhye mojamapache ekak mhanoon, 1 meeth chamcho ("spoon") = 0.25 chamcho kinwa 1 milipeksha kinchit jaast.
itihas.
mithache chamchyane agadi naveen aahet aanee 18 vya shatkaparyant teey vaparale jaat navhate. yaa chhotya chamchyanchya rachnenemadhye tablechya chamchyanchya rachaneche barkaine anusaran kele gele. ekoon chamchyavaril rachaneche kahee vilakshan swaroop samavoon ghenyasathi, hii vadgi asamanya hotee, asha prakaranancha apavad vagalata, vadga goal aakaracha asanyacha cull hota.
meeth tyachya sabhovatalacha olava shoshun ghete aanee eka mothya gathimadhye ekatra gumphaleli pravrutti asate. jevanachya tablower meeth vitaranachya adhyakshasthani sahasa gharacha pramukh asato. mithachi hii guthali eka chhotya bhandyat thewali gelee, jyala vividh nave dilee gelee-ughade meeth, mithache talghar, table meeth. aaj aapan hyanna mukhya kshar mhanoon dekhil sambodhato. tyanantar chakuchya hatakhali kinwa itar bhandyane too tutala aanee lahan, vaiyaktik meeth talgharanmadhye thewala gela, jeey bahutekda designmadhye mothya bhandyashi julatat. meeth heey itake maulyavan masale asalyane, tablavaril pratyek vyaktila fakt lahan bhag dile jaat hote. jevan karnare ektar tyanchya vaiyaktik mithachya talgharat ann budavu shakat hote kinwa tyanchya annavar masale shimpadanyasathi mithacha eka lahan chamcho vaparu shakat hote.
1930 chya dashakachya suruvatila, eka prakriya vikasit karnyat aalee jee mithachya pratyek danyala anty-caking agentne aachchhadit karate aanee tyanna ekatra chikatoon rahanyapasun rokhate. grahakanchya vaparasathi mithachya prakriyetil yaa badalanmule, khulya mithachya talghar aanee tyachyabarobarcha mithacha chamcho mothya pramanat aprachalit jhaala aahe, jyachya jaagi rojchya meeth shakerscha vapar keela jaato. tathapi, tee eka atyant gola karnyayogya vastoo aahe aanee aajahi kahee jevanachya tablanvar, udasinatechya bhavnene vaparali jaatat. |
nunko chamcha
nunko chamcha euta sano bhaando how june wyaktigat sewaka lagi khula nun tahkhana prayog garinchha. yo table nun swatantra rupma bagne samayabhanda pahileko ek aitihasik rar purano samjhanako wastu how, june az pani chha. chamcha afai 2 dekhi 3 inch (5 dekhi 7.5 centimeter) lamo hunchha rar yasama lagbhag 0.5 dekhi 0.75 inch (1.25 dekhi 2 centimeter) mapan garne golakar katora hunchha. tiniharu gillas, sterling chaandi, plastic, kath, hattiko daant, haddi rar khol sahit samagriko wistrit shrinkhalama fela parne sakinchha.
purana parikarharuma mapanko ekaiko rupma, 1 nun chamcha ("spoon") = 0.25 chamcha, wa 1 millie bhanda alie badhi.
itihas.
nunka chamcha ekdam nayan chhan rar spashta rupma 18 aun shatabdisamma prayog garieko thiena. yee sanah chamchaharuko designle table chamchako designlai najikbata pachhyauncha. samagra chamcha designko kehi utkrishta ruplai samayojan garna katori asamanya bhaeko kesharuko apawad bahek, katoriharu goal akarka hune prawritti thiyo.
nunle afno warparko ardrata awashoshit gardacha, rar euta thulo ganthama eksath jamma hune prawritti thiyo. samanyataya gharka pramukhle bhojanko tablema nun witaranko adhyakshata garthe. nunko yo gucchalai euta sano parikarma rakhieko thiyo, jaslai vibhinna namharule bhaninchha-khula nun, nun tahkhana, table nun. az hammy yasalai master salt pani bhanchhaun. tyasapachhi yasalai chhuriko handle wa anya bhaandole todieko thiyo rar sanah, wyaktigat nun tahakhaneharuma rakhieko thiyo, prayaha designma thulosanga mildojuldo thiyo. nun yati bahumulya masala bhaekale tablema pratyek wyaktilai sano bhag matra diinthyo. khanama khaneharule yaa tata afno wyaktigat nunko tahakhanama khana dubauna sakchhan wa afno khanama masala chharkan sano nunko chamcha prayog garna sakchhan.
sann 1930 ko dashakko prarambhama, euta prakriya wiksit garieko thiyo jasle nunko pratyek annalai anti-kecking agentle dhakeko thiyo rar tiniharulai sangai tansnabata rokchha. upabhokta prayogka lagi nunko prashodhanma yee pariwartanharuka karan, khula nun tahkhana rar yasako sathama nunko chamcha dherai hadasamma aprachalit bhaeko chha, dainik nun shakersdwara pratisthapit garieko chha. yadyapi, tiniharu ek atyadhik sankalan yogya wastu hun rar az pani kehi dining tableharuma purano samjhanako bhawanabata prayog garinchha. |
luna chamacha
labana chamacha heuchhi eka khudra basanapatra jaahaa byaktigata seba paain eka khola labana bhandara sahita byabahruta hue . tebul luna mukta bhabare prabahita heba purbaru ehaa eka aitihasika ebong puruna smruti bastu, jaahaa aaji madhya achhi . chamchati 2 ru 3 inch (5 ru 7.5 shay. mea.) lamba hoithae ebong ehara eka bruttakara paatra thaae jahara mapa pakhapakhi 0.5 ru 0.75 inch (1.25 ru 2 shay. mea.) hoithae. egudika catch, starling silvar, plastic, kaath, hatidant, haada ebong khol sameth bibhinna prakarara saamagreere dekhibaku milithae.
puruna resipigudikare mapara eka ekaka bhabare, 1 luna chamacha ("spoon") = 0.25 chamacha, kimba 1 mililitaru tike adhika .
itihas.
labana chamachagudika besh nooa ebong 18shaa shatabdi parjyanta byabahara hoinathila. ehi chhot chhot chamachgudikar design tebul chamachgudikar designku ati nibida bhabe anusarana karithila. ehi bahaugudika goal akarara thila, kebala sehi khetrare, jeunthi bahauti samagrika chamacha designer kichhi chamatkara roopaku samil kariba paain aswabhabika thila.
labana ehara aakhapaakharu ardrata shoshan kare, ebong eka budd pindare ekathi hebara prabrutti thila . sadharanatah gharara mukhya bhojan tebulare luna bantanare adhyakhyata karuthile. ehi lunara guchhaku eka chhot khadyare rakhajaithila, jaahaaku bibhinna naamare kuhajae-khola luna, luna bhandara, tebul luna . aaji aame egudiku madhya pramukh labana bolly ullekha karuchhu. ehapare ehaaku eka chhuri handle kimba anya basanapatra dwara bhangi chhot, byaktigata luna bhandarare rakhajaithila, jaahaa prajatah design ray budd sahita mela khauthila . jehetu luna eka mulyabana masala thila, tenu tebulare thiba pratyeka byaktinku kebala chhot chhot ansha diajaithila. bhojanakareemane khadyaku niz byaktigata luna bhandarare budai paribe kimba semananka khadya upare masala chhinchaiba paain eka chhot luna chamacha byabahara kariparibe.
1930 dashkar prarambhare, eka prakriya bikashita hoithila jaahaa pratyeka labanaku anty-kekinga agent sahita lepon kare ebong segudiku ekathi chipakaibare atakaithae . upabhoktanka byabahara paain luna prakrijakaranare ehi paribartana karanaru, khola luna bhandara ebong ehaa sahita thiba luna chamacha prajatah aprachalit hoijaichhi, dainandina luna shaker dwara pratisthapita hoichhi . tebe, segudika eka atyadhika sangrahajogya samagri ebong aaji madhya kichhi daining tebulare puruna smruti bhabanaru byabahruta hue . |
namak daa chamach
ikk namak daa chamach ikk chhota jiha bhande hunda haii joe viaktigat seva laee ikk khulleh namak dey bhandar dey naal vartiaa jaanda haii. ih table loonn dey khulleh-bharey vahin toon pahilan dey samein toon ikk itihasak atey puraniaan yaadan vaali vastuaan hunn, jiven kii ajj haii. chamach aapne aap witch 2 toon 3 inch (5 toon 7.5 centimeter) lamba hunda haii atey iss witch ikk circular katora hunda haii joe lagbhag 0.5 toon 0.75 inch (1.25 toon 2 centimeter) mapada haii. uh kacch, sterling silver, plastic, lakkad, haathi dand, haddiaan atey shell samet samaggari dee ikk vishal shreni witch paae jaa sakde hunn.
purane pakwanan witch maap dee ikk ikai dey roop witch, 1 namak chamach ("aiss. aiss. pee") = 0.25 chamach, jaan 1 millie. toon thodah vaddh.
itihaas.
namak dey chammach kaafi navein hunn atey spasht taur 'teey 18veen sadee takk varte naheen gaye sunn. inhan chhote chappuaan dey design neey table chappuaan dey design daa nediyon paalan keeta. katore goal aakaar dey hunde sunn, uhanan mamlian noon chhadd keey jitthe samuche chamach dey design dey kujh shandar roop noon anukool curran laee katora asdharan see.
namak aapne aale-duaale dee namee noon jazab qarr lainda haii, atey ikk vaddi gandh witch ikkathe honn daa rujhan rakkhda haii. aam taur utte gharr dey mukhi khaane dee mez utte namak dee vandd dee pardhangi karde sunn. namak dee iss gund noon ikk chhote jihe dish witch rakkhiaa giaa see, jiss noon vakkh-vakkh naavan naal janhiaa jaanda see-khullah namak, namak sailar, table loonn. ajj aseen inhan noon maastar sults vee kahinde haan. iss toon baad iss noon chaku dey handle jaan horr bhande naal vandiaa jaanda see atey chhote, viaktigat namak dey bhandaran witch rakkhiaa jaanda see, joe aksar design witch vadde naal mail khaande sunn. kiunki namak ikk keemati masala see, iss laee mez utte harek viakati noon siraf chhote hisse ditte jaande sunn. khaana khaann vaale jaan taan aapne viaktigat namak dey bhandaran witch bhojan dubo sakde hunn jaan aapne bhojan utte masale daa chhidkaa curran laee ikk chhote jihe namak dey chamach dee varton qarr sakde hunn.
1930 dey dahake dey arambh witch, ikk prakiriaa vikast keeti gaee see joe namak dey harek daane noon ainti-caking agent naal coat kardi haii atey uhanan noon ikkathe chipkan toon rokadi haii. khaptkaran dee varton laee loonn dee prakiriaa witch inhan tabdiliaan dey caarn, khullah namak sailar atey iss dey naal namak daa chamach bahut hadd takk aprachalit hoow giaa haii, jiss dee thaan rozana namak hilaun vaale bann gaye hunn. halanki, uh ikk bahut ziaada ikkathi curran yog vastu hunn atey ajj vee kujh dianing tables utte puraniaan yaadan dee bhavna toon bahr varte jaande hunn. |
lavana-spoon
lavana-spoon iti laghu-paatram asti yasya upayogah vyaktigatasevaayaam krute mukta-lavana-prakoshtena saha bhavati. eshaa aitihaasikam, puraatan-vastu asti, yat purvakalat tebul-lavanasya muktaprawaah aasit, adyatve iva asti. spoon-ityasya dirghata 2 taha 3 inch (5 taha 7.5 se. mee.) yaavat bhavati, vruttaakaar-paatrasya parimanam praayah 0.5 taha 0.75 inch (1.25 taha 2 se. mee.) yaavat bhavati. te kaachah, sterling silver, plaastik, kaashtam, hastidantuh, asthihi, kavachah ityadini vistruta-saamagrim praapyante.
puraatane paakakruteshu mapanasya ekakam iti, 1 lavana-spoon ("spoon") = 0.25 spoon, athavaa 1 mili. taha alpam adhikam.
itihaasah.
lavana-spoon ityete atyantam nootanaani santi, 18 shatabdyabhyantare naa prayuktaani iti dnyaayate. eteshaam laghu-spoon-ityeteshaam vinyaasah, tebul-spoon-ityeteshaam vinyaasam nikatayaa anusrutya aasit. etaasu baul ityete golarupena vartante sma, parantu eteshu prakaraneshu, yatra samagra-spoon-vinyaasasya kimapi adbhutam roopam yojayitum baul asamanyam aasit.
lavanam swaparisthitau ardratam shoshayati, tathaa cha ekasmin bruhad-pindarupena militum pravruttehe bhavati. samanyataya bhojan-tabley lavanavitaranasya adhyakshah gruhapramukhah bhavati sma. etat lavanasya pindam, mukta-lavanam, lavana-bhandaarah, table-lavanam iti vividhanaamnaa namna khyaate laghupatrayam sthaapitam. adya vayam etaaha mukhya-lavanaani iti api ullikhaamah. tatah tam chhurikaa-hastena vaa anyaih paatraih vaa vibhajya laghuvidyamaaneshu vyaktigataasu lavana-bhandareshu sthaapitam, praayah vinyaase bruhad-bhandarasya anuroopam. yatah lavanam etaavat bahumoolyam sugandham aasit, ataha tabley pratyekam vyaktim kevalam laghupaatraani eva dattaani. bhojanakartarah swasyaah vyaktigata-lavana-prakoshteshu khaadyam nimajjanam kartum shaknuvanti sma athavaa swabhojanasya upari sugandham chaptum laghu-lavana-spoon upayunjanti sma.
1930 tamasya dashakasy aarambhe, ekam prakriya vikasitam, yat pratyekam lavanasya dhaanyam kecking-virodhee-karakena lepayati, taan ekena saha baddhaat nivaarayati cha. upabhoktru-upayogartham lavanasya samskarane eteshaam parivartanena, mukta-lavana-prakoshtah, tasya sangatah lavana-spoon cha bahudhaa aprachalitaani abhavan, teshaam sthaane nityena lavana-shakers ityetaani sthaapitaani. parantu, taani atyantam sangruhya-vastooni santi, adyapi keshuchit bhojan-tables madhye, nastalgia-bhaawen upayujyante. | uppu spoon
uppu karandi enbathu oru siriya paaththiramaagum, idhu thanipatta sevaikkaaga oru thirantha uppu paathaala araiyudan payanpaduththappadukirathu. idhu intru poalavae, dable uppu suthanthiramaaga paaivatharku munththaiya kaalaththilirunthu oru varalaattru mattrum aekkam niraintha porulaagum. karandi 2 muthal 3 angkulangkal (5 muthal 7.5 semee) neelam varai irukkum mattrum sumar 0.5 muthal 0.75 angkulangkal (1.25 muthal 2 semee) alavidakkoodiya vatta kinnatthaik kondullathu. kannadi, sterling velli, plaastik, maram, thantham, elumbu mattrum shell ullitta parantha alavilaana porutkalil avai kaanappadugindrana.
pazhaiya samaiyal kurippugalil alaveettin oru alagaaga, 1 uppu spoon ("spoon") = 0.25 thekkarandi, allathu 1 millikku sattru athigamaaga.
varalaaru.
uppu karandigal migavum pudhiyavai mattrum 18 aam noottraandu varai payanpaduththappadavillai. inththa siriya karandigalin vadivamaippu mejai karandigalin vadivamaippai nerukkamaagap pinpattriyathu. ottumoththa karandi vadivamaippin sila arputhamaana vadivangkalukku idamalikka kinnam asaathaaranamaaga irunththa santharppangalaith thavira, kinnangal vatta vadivaththil irunththana.
uppu adhan suttruppuraththilirunthu eerappathaththai urinjchi, oru periya kattiyaaga ontraaka inaikkum poakkaik kondirundhadhu. vazhakkamaaga saappaattu maesaiyil uppu viniyoagaththirku kudumbath thalaivar thalaimai thaanguvaar. inththa uppuk kattiyai oru siriya paaththiraththil vaikkappattathu, idhu thirantha uppu, uppu paathaala arai, dable uppu yena palvaeru peyarkalil azhaikkappadukirathu. intru naam ivatrtrai maastar uppugal endrum kurippidugiroam. pinnar adhu oru katthi kaippidiyaalo allathu pira paaththiraththaalo udaikkappattu, siriya, thanipatta uppu paathaala araikalaaka vaikkapattu, perumpaalum vadivamaippil periyavattrudan porunthukirathu. uppu migavum vilaimathippattra suvaiyoottiyaaga irunthathaal, mejaiyil irunththa ovvoru nabarukkum siriya pakuthikal mattumae vazhangkappattana. unavu unnubavargal thangal thanipatta uppu paathaala araikalil unavai nanaikkalaam allathu oru siriya uppu karandiyaip payanpaduththi thangal unavin meethu suvaiyoottalaip thelikkalaam.
thelikkalaam murpaguthiyil, ovvoru thaaniya uppaiyum caking ethirppu mugavar kondu poosum oru seyalmurai uruvaakkappattathu, maelum avai ontraaka ottamal thadukkirathu. nugarvoar payanpaattirkaaga uppai padhappaduththuvathil inththa maattrangkal kaaranamaaga, thirantha uppu paathaala araiyum athanudan inaintha uppu karandiyum perumpaalum vazhakkattrup poaivittana, andraada uppu shekkarkalaal maattrappattullana. iruppinum, avai migavum sekarikkakkoodiya oru porul mattrum intrum sila saappaattu maesaigalil payanpaduththappadugindrana, idhu aekkam unarvil irunthu varukirathu.
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uppu chencha
uppu chencha anedi vyaktigata seva kosam open uppu sellartho upayoginche oka suukshma paatra. table uppu swechchagaa pravahinche mundu kaalam nundi idhi chaaritraka mariyu vyaamoham kaligina vastuvu, idhi netilaage undhi. chencha 2 nundi 3 angulaala (5 nundi 7.5 sem. mea) podavu untundi mariyu sumaru 0.5 nundi 0.75 angulaala (1.25 nundi 2 sem. mea) koliche vruttaakaara ginne kaligi untundi. veetini gaaju, sterling vendi, plaastik, kalapa, dantaalu, emuka mariyu shell vanti vistruta shreni padaarthaalalo chudavachu.
paatha vantakaalalo kolata yokka oka unitga, 1 uppu chencha ("spoon") = 0.25 table spoon, ledhaa 1 millilitre kante konchem ekkuva.
charitra.
uppu chenchaalu chaalaa kottavi mariyu 18va sataabdam varaku upayoginchabadaledu. eee chinna chenchaala roopakalpana table chenchaala roopakalpananu daggaragaa anusarinchindi. mottam chencha roopakalpanalo konni adbhutamaina roopaalaku anugunamgaa ginne asadhaaranamgaa unna sandarbhaalu minaha, ginnelu gundrani aakaaramlo undevi.
uppu daani parisaraala nundi temanu grahistundi mariyu oka pedda muddagaa kalisipoye dhoranini kaligi untundi. saadhaaranamgaa daining table vadda uppu pampinheeki inti adhipati adhyakshata vahistaaru. eee uppu muddanu oka chinna vantakamlo unchaaru, dheenini vividha paerlatoe pilustaaru-open salt, salt sellar, table salt. eee roeju manam veetini master lavanaalu anie kooda pilustaamu. appudu daanini katthi handle ledhaa itara paathratho vichchinnam chesi, chinna, vyaktigata uppu neelamaaligalugaa unchaaru, tarachugaa designlo peddadaanitoe saripolutundi. uppu chaalaa viluvaina masala dinusulu kabatti, table vadda unna prati vyaktiki chinna bhagalu matrame ivvabaddaayi. bhojanaalu chesevaaru tama vyaktigata uppu neelamaaligalloo aaharaanni munchiveyavacchu ledhaa vaari aahaarampai masala dinusulanu challadaniki oka chinna uppu chenchaanu upayoginchavacchu.
1930la praarambhamlo, prati dhanyam uppunu anty-caking agentto pooyinchi, vaatini kalisi undakunda unche prakriya abhivruddhi cheyabadindi. viniyogadaarula upayogam kosam uppunu proses cheyadamlo eee maarpula kaaranamgaa, bahiranga uppu neelamaaliga mariyu daanitoe paatu unna uppu chencha ekkuvagaa vaadukalo laevu, rojuvaaree uppu shekarsto bharti cheyabaddaayi. ayithe, avi chaalaa sekarinchadagina vastuvu mariyu ippatikee konni bhojana pattikallo, vyaamoham kaaranamgaa upayoginchabadutunnaayi. |
namak kaa chamach
namak kaa chamach eek chhota bartan hay juu infiradi khadmat kay liye namak kay khalay tehah khaaney kay saath istemaal hotaa hay. yaha eek tarikhi aur praani yaad kii cheez hay juu iss waqat say pehley kii hay jabb table namak aazadana toor parr behah rehaa thaa jaisa kahh aaj hay. chamach khood 2 say 3 inch (5 say 7.5 centy metter) lamba hotaa hay aur iss mein eek goal katora hotaa hay jiss kii paimaish taqriba 0.5 say 0.75 inch (1.25 say 2 centy metter) hoti hay. wah sheeshe sterling salor plastic lakadi haathi daanat huddy aur khool sameet mawaad kii eek wasee renj mein paaye jaa saktay haine.
praani tarkibon mein paimaish kii akayee kay toor parr 1 namak kaa chamach ("aiss aiss pee") = 0.25 chaye kaa chamach yaa 1 milly latter say thoda ziyadah.
tareekh.
namak kay chamach kaafi nayey haine aur bazahir 18 wein sadee takk istemaal nahein kiye gayey thay. inn chhotay chamchon kaa design meez kay chamchon kay design kay qareeb say peervi kartaa hay. inn suraton kay alawah jehaan katora majmuyi chamach kay design kii kachh shandar shakal kuu adjust karnay kay liye ghair mamuli thaa katora goal shakal kay hotay thay.
namak apnay ard gird kii namee kuu jazb kartaa hay aur iss mein eek bury gaanth mein jamaa honay kaa rajhaan hotaa hay. aam toor parr gahar kay sarbarah khaaney kii meez parr namak kii taqsim kii sadarat kartay thay. namak kii iss gaanth kuu eek chhoti see dish mein rakhaa gayaa thaa jasay mukhtalif naamon say jaana jaataa hay-khilaa namak namak tehah khaanah meez namak. aaj humm inhein maaster saalt bhee kehtay haine. iss kay baad asay chaqo kay handle yaa deegar bartan say toad diyaa jaataa thaa aur chhotay infiradi namak kay tehah khaanon mein rakhaa jaataa thaa juu aksar design mein baday say milta jaltaa hotaa thaa. chonkah namak atnaa qeemati masaliha thaa iss liye meez parr mojud harr shaqs kuu sarf chhotay hasay diye jaatay thay. khaaney waalay yaa tuu apnay infiradi namak kay tehah khaanon mein khaana dabo saktay haine yaa apnay khaaney parr masaliha chhadkao karnay kay liye namak kaa eek chhota chamach istemaal kirr saktay haine.
1930 kii dahayi kay awail mein eek aisa amal tayaar kiyaa gayaa thaa juu namak kay harr daaney kuu ainti caking agent say milata hay aur inhein eek saath chapaknay say rokta hay. saarfin kay istemaal kay liye namak kii processing mein inn tabdiliyon kii wajah say khilaa namak tehah khaanah aur iss kay saath namak kaa chamach bury hadd takk matruk how gayaa hay jiss kii jagah rozmarah namak hilla deenay waalay lay liye gayey haine. tahim wah eek intehayi jamaa karnay kay qaabil cheez haine aur aaj bhee kachh khaaney kii mezon parr praani yaadon kay ahsaas say istemaal hoti haine. |
0004f91a3d8b458c2ed2a0124afd88756b0c9a13e5063942424bc733d6ddebba | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55522489 | Air Patrol Squadron 2 (JMSDF) |
Air Patrol Squadron 2 (JMSDF)
Military unit
(also referred to as VP-2 or Fleet Air Squadron 2) is a unit of the Japanese Maritime Self-Defence Force. It is a part of Fleet Air Wing 4 and is based at JMSDF Hachinohe Air Base in Aomori Prefecture. It is equipped with Lockheed P-3C Orion aircraft.
Squadron structure.
The squadron comprises two flights, both equipped with P-3 aircraft:
References.
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bayu gowexona scowardon 2 (je. em. ess. di. ef)
(bhi. pi-2 baa fleet eyar squadron 2 buliu kuwa hoy) hoise japani xamudrik aatmo-protirokya bahinir etaa ekok. ee fleet eyar wing 4-ror etaa ongxo aaru aumuri proxaxonik oncholor je. em. ess. di. ef. hasinuhe biman ghaatir uporot aadharito. ee lockheed pi-3chi oreon bimanore xojjito.
squardonor gothon.
squardonot dutaa biman aase, duyutai pi-3 bimanore xojjitoh |
aire petrolling squadron 2 (jeey. emm. esha. dii. eff)
(vp-2 baa fleet aire squadron 2 hisabeo ullekh koraa hoy) japani samudrik attorokkha bahinir ekti unit. etty fleet aire wing 4-err ekti ongsho ebong etty aomori prefecturer jmsdf hachinohe biman ghantite abosthito. etty lockheed pii-3shee orion biman diye sajjito.
squadron kathamo.
squadron duti udan niye gothito, ubhayi pii-3 biman diye sajjitah | havaai patrolling squadran 2 (jeey. aema. aesa. dii. aef.)
(vee. pii.-2 athavaa fleet air squadran 2 tareeke pann odakhaay chhe) aee japanese dariyai aatmaraksha dalnu aekam chhe. teey fleet air wing 4 noow aek bhaag chhe aneey omori praantmaa jeey. aema. aesa. dii. aef. hachinohe havaai mathak parr stheet chhe. teey lockheed lockheed orean vimanthi sajj chhe.
squadran maalakhu.
squadronma beey udaanono samaavesh thaay chhe, jeey banne pii-3 vimanthi sajj chheh
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vayu gashti squadron 2 (jey. aim. aiss. dee. aff.)
(vee. pee.-2 yaa fleet air squadron 2 key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye) japani samudri aatmaraksha bull kii ack ikai haye. yeh fleet air wing 4 kaa ack hissa haye aur omori praant mein jey. aim. aiss. dee. aff. hachinohe havaai adde parr sthit haye. yeh lockheed pee-3see orean vimaan seey lais haye.
squadron sanrachana.
squadron mein dou udaanen shamil hain, donon pee-3 vimaan seey lais hainh
| vaayu gastu squadron 2 (zhe. emm. ess. dii. eff)
(vii. pii-2 athawa fleet air squadron 2 endoo kareyalaaguttade) idu japanina kadala swa-raxana padeya ondu ghatakavagide. idu fleet air wing 4rahra ondu bhagavagide mattu idu omori praantyada jmsdf hachinohe vayuneleyalli nelegondide. idu lockheed lockheed orean vimaanavannu hondide.
squadron rachane.
squadron eradu vimaanagalannu olagondide, eradoo pii-3 vimaanagalannu hondiveh
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eyar patrolling schwadron 2 (jeey. emm. ezz. dii. eph)
(vii. pii-2 allengil fleet eyar schwadron 2 ennum ariyappedunnu) japanese maaridaim selph defense fozhsinte oru yoonittaan. fleet eyar wing 4-nte bhagamaaya ithu ayomori prefectureile jmsdf hachinohe eyar bays aasthaanamaakkiyaanu pravartthikkunnathu. lockheed pii-3sii ooriyoon vimaanamaan ithil sajjeekarichirikkunnath.
schwadron ghadana.
schwadronil pii-3 vimaanangalulla rund vimanangal ulppedunnu |
havai gast squadran 2 (jeey. emm. ess. dii. eff.)
(vhee. pii.-2 kinwa fleet air squadran 2 mhanoonahi olakhale jaate) heey japani sagari swa-sanrakshn dalache eka ekak aahe. haah fleet air wing 4 chaa eka bhag aahe aanee omori prantatil jeey. emm. ess. dii. eff. hachinohe havai talavar sthit aahe. heey lockheed pii-3see orean vimanane susajj aahe.
squadran rachana.
squadronmadhye done uddane aahet, donhi pii-3 vimananni susajj aaheth | air petrol squadron 2 (jmsdf)
(bhipi-2 wa fleet air squadron 2 pani bhaninchha) japani samudri atmaraksha balko ek ekai how. yo fleet air wing 4 ko ek bhag how rar omori prantako jmsdf hachinohe air besma adharit chha. yo lockheed lockheed orean vimanle susajjit chha.
squadron sanrachana.
squadronma dui udanharu samawesh chhan, duwai pee-3 vimanle susajjit chhanh
| eyaara patrolling squadron 2 (jay. emm. ess. dii. aif.)
(bhipi-2 kimba flit eyaara squadron 2 bhabare madhya janashuna) japani samudrika aatmarakhya bahineera eka unit . ehaa flit eyaara winga 4 rahr eka ansha ebong aomori prefecturera jay. emm. ess. dii. aif. hachinohe eyaara besare abasthita . ehaa lockheed lockheed orion bimanare sajjit.
squadron sanrachana.
squadranre duiti udaana rahichhi, ubhaja pii-3 bimanare sajjitah
| havaai gashti squadern 2 (jey. aimm. aiss. dee. eff.)
(jiss noon vee. pee.-2 jaan fleet air squadern 2 vee kiha jaanda haii) japani samundari sway-rakkhiaa bull dee ikk ikai haii. ih fleet air wing 4 daa ikk hissa haii atey omori prefecture witch jey. aimm. aiss. dee. eff. hachinohe havaai adde 'teey adharat haii. ih lockheed lockheed orean jahaz naal lais haii.
squadern banatar.
squadern witch doou udanan shamal hunn, doven pee-3 jahazan naal lais hann
| vaayu-gastee-squadron 2 (jey. emm. ess. dee. ef.)
(vee. pee.-2 athavaa fleet-err squadron-2 iti api nirdishyate) japani-samudriya-atmaraksha-balasya ekakam asti. ayam fleet-err-ving-4 ityasya bhaagah asti, tathaa cha amori-prantasya jey. emm. ess. dee. ef. haachinohe-vaayunauke sthitah asti. etat lockheed lockheed orean-vimanena susajjam asti.
squadron-samrachanaa.
squadron madhye vimaanadvayam bhavati, ubhau cha pee-3 vimaanaih sajjau stah.
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vimaana roanthu padaippirivu 2 (jmstf)
(vii. pii-2 allathu kadarpadai vimaanap padaippirivu 2 endrum kurippidappadugiradhu) enbathu japanian kadalsaar tharkaappup padaiyin oru alagu aagum. idhu kadarpadai vimaanap pirivu 4 inn oru paguthiyaagum, maelum idhu oomoari maagaanaththil ulla jmstf hachinohe vimanath thalaththai adippadaiyaagak kondadhu. idhu puuttappatta pii-3chii ooriyan vimaanaththudan poruththappattullathu.
padaippirivu amaippu.
inththa padaippirivu irandu vimaanangkalaik kondullathu, irandilum pii-3 vimaanangkal poruthappattullana
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air petrolling squadron 2 (jmsdf)
(vipi-2 ledhaa fleet air squadron 2 anie kooda pilustaaru) anedi japanese samudra aatmarakshana dalam yokka oka vibhagam. idhi fleet air wing 4loe oka bhaagam mariyu idhi omori prefectureloni jmsdf hachinohe vaimanika sthaavaramlo undhi. idhi lockheed pii-3sii orean vimanamtho amarchabadi untundi.
squadron nirmaanam.
squadronlo rendu vimanalu unnaayi, rendoo pii-3 vimaanaalato amarchabadi unnaih
| aiyar patrol schwadern 2 (jay ayem aiss ddee aif)
(jasay wee pee-2 yaa beday kay hawai schwadern 2 kay toor parr bhee jaana jaataa hay) japani samandari seilf defense force kii eek akayee hay. yaha beday kay aiyar wing 4 kaa eek hasah hay aur yaha omori soobay mein jay ayem aiss ddee aif hachinoh aiyar bees parr waaqa hay. yaha laak head pee-3 see auriyan tayaray say lees hay.
schwadern kaa dahancha.
schwadern duu parwazon parr mushtamil hay donon pee-3 tayaron say lees haine:
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000500eb083ced1c4674b1fedffeaef9dab60c9f405cb66a555945a1127f90cc | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16971391 | 1925–26 Football League |
1925–26 Football League
34th season of the Football League
The 1925–26 season was the 34th season of The Football League.
Final league tables.
The tables below are reproduced here in the exact form that they can be found at The Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation website and in "Rothmans Book of Football League Records 1888–89 to 1978–79", with home and away statistics separated.
Match results are drawn from "Rothmans" for all divisions.
Beginning with the season 1894–95, clubs finishing level on points were separated according to goal average (goals scored divided by goals conceded), or more properly put, goal ratio. In case one or more teams had the same goal difference, this system favoured those teams who had scored fewer goals. The goal average system was eventually scrapped beginning with the 1976–77 season. From the 1922–23 season on, re-election was required of the bottom two teams of both Third Division North and Third Division South.
First Division.
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Second Division.
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Third Division North.
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Third Division South.
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References.
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1925-26 football leeg
1925-26 sijon aasil football leegor 34tomo sijon.
suranto leeg tebul.
tolor talikabur iyat xothik rupot punor prostut koraa hoise jibur xeibur rekot puwa yaay.krira.football porixongkhya foundation website aaru "rothmans book owo football leeg records 1888-89 ror poraa 1978-79", ghor aaru duror porixongkhya prithok koraa.
xokolu bibhagor baabe "rothmans" ror poraa mesor folafol luwa hoy.
sijon 1894-95 ror poraa aarombho kori, pointor storot xomapto koraa klabxomuhok go "lo gorh (go" loxomuh grohon koraa go "loxomuhor dwara bhag koraa go" loxomuh), baa odhik xothikbhabe rokha go "lo onupat onuxori prithok koraa hoisil. jodi etaa baa totudhik dolor eke go 'lor parthokyo thaake, tente ei byowosthatuwe xei dolburor pokhyot aasil jixokole komm go' lo korisil. owoxexot 1976-77 sijonor poraa aarombho kori go "lo gorh byowosthatu baatil koraa hoisil. 1922-23 sijonor poraa, tritiyo bibhag uttor aaru tritiyo bibhag dokhyin duyutar tolor dutaa dolor punor nirbasonor proyujon aasil.
prothom bibhag.
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dwitiyo bibhag.
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tritiyo bibhag uttor.
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tritiyo bibhag dokhyin.
<<// </<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<> | 1925-26 football leeg
1925-26 morshumti chhilo football liger liger morshum.
ligg tabiler chudanta porbo.
neecher tableguli ekhane sothik akare punarutpadan koraa hoyeche jey seguli reeka-ayee pawa jaabe.kheladhula.football porisongkhyan foundationer website ebong "rothmans book off football ligg records 1888-89 theke 1978-79"-ayee, home ebong ayaoye porisongkhyan prithak koraa hoyeche.
samasta bibhager jonno "rothman" theke matcher folafol neoa hoy.
morshumer 1894-95 theke shuru korey, pointer store shesh koraa klabgulike goal garh (golguli grihito goal dwara bivokto koraa), baa arow sathikbhabe rakha, goal anupat onusare prithak koraa hoyechilo. jodi eka baa ekadhik doler goler parthokyo ekoi hoy, tobey eyi byabosthati seii dolgulike samarthan korey jaaraa qama goal korechilo. goal garh byabosthati shesh porjonto 1976-77 morsumer saathe shuru hoyechilo. 1922-23 morshum theke, tritiya bibhag uttor ebong tritiya bibhag dakkhin ubhayi neecher duti doler punornirbachoner prayojan chhilo.
prothom bibhag.
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dwitiya bibhag.
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tritiya bibhag uttor.
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tritiya bibhag dakkhin.
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1925-26 football leag
1925-26 season football leegnee 34mee season hatee.
anteem leag table.
neeche aapela koshtako aheen chokkas swarupma punahutpadit karvaamaa aavyaa chhe jeey teo reek parr malee shake chhe.ramatgamat.sokara statistics foundation website aneey "football leag recordsnaa rothmans book 1888-89 thee 1978-79" maan, ghar aneey durnaa aankadao alag karvaamaa aavyaa chhe.
tamaam vibhago maate "rothmans" maanthi mechnaa parinaamo levaamaa aave chhe.
season 1894-95 thee sharoo kareene, point parr star purn karatee klabone goal everage (goal dwara vibhajit goal svikarvama aavyaa), athavaa vadhu yogya reete mukvaamaa aavela goal ratio anusaar alag karvaamaa aavee hatee. jooe aek athavaa vadhu teamoma samaan goal tafaavat hoya, too aaa pranali aee teamony tarfen karey chhe jemane ochha goal karyaa hataa. goal everage system aakhare 1976-77 seasonthi sharoo thaee hatee. 1922-23 seasonthi, trija vibhag uttar aneey trija vibhag dakshin banneni neecheni beey teamo maate fareethi chuntani jaroori hatee.
pratham vibhag.
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beejo vibhag.
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trijo vibhag uttar.
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trijo vibhag dakshin.
<</Â> |
1925-26 football leag
1925-26 season football leag kaa 34 vaan season thaa.
antim leag taalikaaen.
neeche dee gaee taalikaon koo yahaan sateek roop mein punah prastut kiya gayaa haye kii way rick mein paae jaa sakate hain.khel.socker statistics foundation website aur "rothman book off football leag record 1888-89 seey 1978-79" mein, ghar aur door key aankadon koo alag kiya gayaa haye.
match key parinam sabhi prabhagon key liye "rothmens" seey liye jaate hain.
season 1894-95 seey shuru karate hue, ankon parr antim star parr rahane vaale clubon koo goal ausat (goal koo goal dwara vibhajit karke diye gaye goal), yaa adhik thheek seey rakhe gaye, goal anupaat key anusaar alag kiya gayaa thaa. yadi ack yaa adhik teams key goal mein antar samaan thaa, tou yeh pranali una teams kaa paksh letee thee jinhone cumm goal kiye they. lakshya ausat pranali koo antatah 1976-77 satra key saath shuru kiya gayaa thaa. 1922-23 satra seey, teesare division uttar aur teesare division dakshin donon kii nichali dou teams key liye phir seey chunaav kii aavashyakta thee.
pratham vibhajan.
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dwiteeya vibhajan.
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uttar kaa teesara bhaag.
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tritiya prabhaag dakshin.
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1925-26 football leigh
1925-26 rtuvu football leagna 34neey rtuvagittu.
antima leigh tablegalu.
kelagina koshtakagalannu illi nikharavaada roopadalli punarutpaadisalaagide, avugalannu reknalli kaanabahudu.creede.saakar statistics foundation website mattu "rothmans book off football leigh records 1888-89 ninda 1978-79" nalli, maney mattu doora ankiamshagalannu berpadisalaagide.
ellah vibhagagalige "rothmans" ninda pandyada phalitaamshagalannu tegedukollalaguttade.
rtuvina 1894-95 ninda praarambhisi, ankagala mele mattavannu mugisuva klabgalannu golu sarasari (golugalannu golugalinda bhagisi), athawa hecchu sariyagi hakidaga, golu anupaatada prakara berpadisalaaguttittu. ondu athawa hecchu tandagalu onde golu vyatyaasavannu hondiddare, ee vyavastheyu kadime golugalannu galisida tandagalige anukulakaravagittu. golu sarasari vyavastheyannu antimavagi 1976-77 rtuvinondige praarambhisalaayitu. 1922-23 rtuvininda, uttara mattu dakshinada moorane vibhagada kelagina eradu tandagalige maru-chunawane agatyavittu.
modala vibhaga.
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eradane vibhaga.
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uttarada moorane vibhaga.
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moorane vibhaga daksina.
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| <aii. dii. 1> football leag
football leaginte 34-aamathe seasonaayirunnu aii. dii. 1.
avasana leag tableukal.
chuvadeyulla pattikakal rekkil kandethaan kazhiyunna krithyamaaya roopathilaanu ivide punarnirmmichirikkunnathu.kaayika.socker statistiks foundeshan websaittum "rathmans book oof football leag records 1888-89 muthal 1978-79 vare", hoome, eway sthithivivarakkanakkukal verthirichirikkunnu.
ellah divisionukalilum "rathmansil" ninnaan malsara phalangal varaykkunnathu.
season <aii. dii. 1> muthal, pooyintukalude level poortthiyaakkunna klabbukale goal sharashari (nediya golukal amgeekaricha golukalaal harikkapetta) allengil kooduthal krithyamaayi paranjaal, goal anupatham anusarichu verthirichu. onno athiladhikamo teamukalkk ore goal vyathyaasamundengil, eee samvidaanam kurachu golukal nediya teamukalkk anukoolamaayirunnu. 1976-77 seasonil ninnu goal sharashari samvidaanam oduvil raddaki. <aii. dii. 1> season muthal, moonnaam division north, moonnaam division southu ennee rund teamukaludeyum thaazhathe rund teamukalil veendum thiranjeduppu aavashyamaayirunnu.
onnaam division.
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randaam division.
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moonnaam division vadakku.
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thekk moonnaam division.
<</Â>
| null | 1925-26 football ligg
1925-26 sijan football ligko 34 aun sijan thiyo.
ligko antim talika.
talka talikaharu yahan sahi rupma punah utpadan garieka chhan june tiniharu rekma fela parne sakinchha.khelkud.football tathyanka foundation website rar "rothmans book aff football ligg recordharu 1888-89 dekhi 1978-79" maa, ghar rar tadha tathyankaharu alag garieko chha.
sabai divisionharuka lagi "rothman" batt khelko parinamharu nikalinchha.
sijan 1894-95 batt suru gardai, ankaharuma star samapta garne clubharulai goal ausat (golharu prapta garieka golharu swikar garieka golharudwara vibhajit), wa adhik ramrosanga rakhieka, goal anupata anusar chhutyaieko thiyo. yadi ek wa badhi toliharuko saman goal bhinnata thiyo bhane, yo pranalile cum goal garne toliharulai anukul banayo. goal ausat pranali antatah 1976-77 sijanbata suru garera scrap gariyo. 1922-23 sijandekhi, tesro division uttar rar tesro division dakshin duwaika talka dui toliharuko punah nirvachan awashyak thiyo.
pratham vibhajan.
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dosro vibhajan.
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tesro vibhajan uttar.
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tesro vibhajan dakshin.
<</>>
| 1925-26 football ligg
1925-26 rutu football ligger ligger rutu thila.
antim ligg tebul.
nimnare diajaithiba saraneegudika ethaare sathik roopare punahutpadana karajaichi jaahaa segudika rekre milipariba .krida.football parisankhyana foundation website ebong "rothman book off football ligg records 1888-89 ru 1978-79" ray, ghara ebong bahare parisankhyanaku pruthaka curry .
samasta bibhaga paain "rothman" ru match phalaphal ankita hue .
rutu 1894-95 ru arambha curry, paentare stara samapta karuthiba klabagudika goal harahari (goal sweekara karajaithiba goal dwara bhaga karajaithiba goal), kimba adhika sathik bhabare rakhajaithiba goal anupata anujai pruthaka karajaithila . jadi gotie kimba adhika dalara samaana goal parthakya thaae, tebe ehi byabastha sehi dalagudiku pasanda kare jeunmane comm goal karithile . goal harahari pranali sheshare 1976-77 ruturu arambha hoithila . 1922-23 ruturu, ubhaja truteeja divijana uttara ebong truteeja divijana dakhinara tala duiti dala paain punarbara nirbachana aabasyaka thila .
pratham bibhaga.
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dwiteeja bhaga.
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truteeja bibhaga uttara.
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truteeja bibhaga dakhina.
<Â> </Â>
| 1925-26 football leeg
1925-26 season football leeg daa daa season see.
leeg table final.
hethan dittiaan tables noon itthe sahee roop witch dubara pesh keeta giaa haii joe uh reek witch labbhe jaa sakde hunn.khedan.football ankada foundation dee website atey "rothman dee book aaf football leeg records 1888-89 toon 1978-79" witch, gharr atey door dey ankade vakkh keete gaye hunn.
match dey natije saare divisionan laee "rothmans" toon lae jaande hunn.
season 1894-95 toon shuru hoow keey, ankan dey paddhar noon khatam curran vaale kalabban noon goal ausat (goal keete gaye golan noon savikar keete gaye golan duaara vandiaa giaa), jaan vadhere sahee dhang naal rakkhe gaye, goal anupat dey anusar vakkh keeta giaa see. jacker ikk jaan ikk toon vaddh teaman dey goal witch ikko jiha antar hunda haii, taan ih pranali unhan teaman daa pakkh laindi haii jinhan neey ghatt goal keete sunn. goal ausat pranali noon aakharkar 1976-77 season naal shuru keeta giaa see. season toon, tiji division uttar atey tiji division dakkhan dovan deeaan hethliaan doou teaman laee dubara chonh dee zaroorat see.
pahili division.
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dooja bhaag.
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tiji division uttar.
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dakkhan dee tiji division.
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| 1925-26 football leag
1925-26 kreedaarutuh football-leag ityasya 34 tamah kreedaarutuh aasit.
antima-leag-saaraneeh.
adhah dattaani saaraneeh atra yathaa yathaartharoopen punah nirmitaani santi yathaa te rek ityatra drashtum shaknuvanti.kreedaam.saakar-statistics-foundation-jalaputam tathaa cha "rothmans-book-aaf-football-leag-records-madhye 1888-89 taha 1978-79 paryantam", gruha-door-saankhyikee-pruthak bhavati.
sarveshu vibhaagaanaam krute "rothmans" ityatah kreedaafalaani aahaty bhavanti.
1894-95 iti rutunah aarambhe, ankaanaam staram samaaptam kurwantah club-janaah goal-madhyasya (sveekruta-goal-dwara vibhaktaah goal-), athavaa adhika-samyak sthaapite, goal-anupatasya anusaaram vibhaktaah aasan. yadi ekasyaah vaa adhikanam vaa dalanam goal-bhedah samaanah aasit, tarhi eshaa pranaali teshaam dalanam krute anukoolam aasit ye nyoon-goal-praaptavantah. antatah 1976-77 rutoho aarambhe goal-madhya-pranaali nirastah abhavat. 1922-23 rutoho anantaram, truteeyavibhaagasya uttarasy tathaa truteeyavibhaagasya dakshinasya cha nimna-dwayoh dalayoho punah nirvaachanam aavashyakam aasit.
prathamawibhaagah.
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dwiteeye bhaage.
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truteeyah vibhaagah uttardishi asti.
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truteeyavibhaagah dakshinatah.
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1925-26 kaalpandhu leak
1925-26 season kaalpandhu leakin 34 vadhu seesanaaga irunththathu.
iruthi leak attavanaigal.
keezhae ulla attavanaigal ingkae sariyaana vadivaththil meendum uruvaakkappadugindrana, avai rekkil kaanappadugindrana.vilayaattu.kaalpandhu pullivivara arakkattalai valaiththalam mattrum "rohtmans puuk off kaalpandhu leak records 1888-89 muthal 1978-79 varai", veedu mattrum veliyae pullivivarangkal pirikkappadugindrana.
anaitthu pirivugalukkum "rohtmans" endra poattiyil irunthu poatti mudivugal perappadugindrana.
season 1894-95 ill thodangi, pulligalin mattaththai mudikkum kilappugal cole saraasariyin puddy (koolgal kodukkapatta koolgalaal vagukkappattavai), allathu innum muraiyaaga cole vigithaththin puddy pirikkappattana. ondru allathu adharku maerpatta anigal oray cole vidhyaasaththaik kondirundhaal, inththa amaippu kuraivaana koolgalai adiththa anigalukku saathagamaaga irunththathu. ilakku sarasari amaippu iruthiyil 1976-77 paruvaththudan thodangi agattrappattathu. 1922-23 paruvaththilirunthu, moontraam pirivu vadakku mattrum moontraam pirivu therku aagiya irandin keezh irandu anigalukku maruthaerthal thevaippattathu.
muthal pirivu.
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irandaam pirivu.
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moontraam pirivu vadakku.
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moontraam pirivu therku.
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1925-26 football leag
1925-26 season football leag yokka 34va season.
leag chivari pattikalu.
diguva pattikalu ikkada khachitamaina roopamlo punarutpatti cheyabaddaayi, avi reck vadda kanipistaayi.kreedalu.sacker statistics foundation website mariyu "rothmans book off football leag records 1888-89 nundi 1978-79" loe, inti mariyu dhooramgaa ganaamkaalu vaeru cheyabaddaayi.
anni vibhaagaalaku "rothmans" nundi match phalitaalu teesukobadataayi.
season 1894-95 thoo praarambhinchi, paayintla sthaayini muginche clublu goal sagatu (goals saadhinchina goalsnu goals dwara vibhajinchi), ledhaa marinta sarigga unchina goal nishpatti prakaram vaeru cheyabaddaayi. okati ledhaa anthakante ekkuva jatlu oke goal vyatyaasaanni kaligi unte, eee vyavastha takkuva goals saadhinchina jatlaku anukuulamgaa untundi. goal sagatu vyavastha chivariki 1976-77 season thoo praarambhamai raddu cheyabadindi. 1922-23 season nundi, moodava division uttara mariyu moodava division dakshinam yokka diguva rendu jatlaku tirigi ennika avasaram.
modati vibhagam.
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rendava vibhagam.
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moodava vibhagam uttara.
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moodava vibhagam dakshinam.
<</Â> | 1925-26 fitt baal leeg
1925-26 seezan fitt baal leeg kaa 34 waan seezan thaa.
final leeg tables.
neechey diye gayey jadoolon kuu yahaan asee shakal mein dobarah paish kiyaa gayaa hay kahh wah reek parr mill saktay haine.kheel.fitt baal aidadushmar foundation kii waib saait aur "rothmenz buck aaf fitt baal leeg records 1888-89 say 1978-79" mein gahar aur door kay aidadushmar kuu alg kiyaa gayaa hay.
tamaam devisions kay liye meech kay nataij "roth menz" say akhz kiye jaatay haine.
seezan 1894-95 say sharoo honay waalay points parr satah khatam karnay waalay kalbon kuu goal ausat (score kiye gayey golz kuu tasleem shadah golz say taqsim kiyaa gayaa)yee yaa ziyadah munasib tareeqe say rakhay gayey goal kay tanasib kay mutabiq alg kiyaa gayaa thaa. agar eek yaa eek say ziyadah teamon kay goal mein farq eek jaisa hotaa hay tuu yaha nazaam inn teamon kay liye mozon hay jinhon nay kumm goal kiye thay. goal ausat nazaam kuu balaakhir 1976-77 seezan say sharoo kirr kay khatam kirr diyaa gayaa. 1922-23 seezan say thard devision naarth aur thard devision saoth donon kii nichli duu teamon kay liye dobarah intekhaab zaruri thaa.
pehli taqsim.
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dosra devision.
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teesra devision shamaal.
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teesra devision janub.
<</Â>
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000501864459d8a9adc87c227cc9ff6fdcc6aafb93707a8154cb255bc6320596 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22261273 | Sainte-Praxède, Quebec |
Sainte-Praxède, Quebec
Sainte-Praxède is a parish municipality located in Les Appalaches Regional County Municipality in the Chaudière-Appalaches region of Quebec, Canada. Its population was 363 as of the Canada 2011 Census. It was named after Catholic saint Praxedes.
Demographics.
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Sainte-Praxède had a population of living in of its total private dwellings, a change of from its 2016 population of . With a land area of , it had a population density of in 2021.
References.
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<br>
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| saint-praxede, quibek
saint-praxede hoise kanadar quibekor soudire-appalace oncholor lex appales ancholik county pouroxobhat owosthito ekhon porix pouroxobha. kanadar 2011 sonor lukpiyol onuxori iyar jonoxongkhya aasil 363 john. iyak ketholik saint praxedisor naamere naamkoron koraa hoisil.
jonogathoni.
2021 sonor jonoxongkhyar lukopiyolot kanadar porixongkhya onuxori saint-praxeder muth byoktigoto baxosthanor bhitorot baax koraa jonoxongkhya aasil, ji iyar 2016 sonor jonoxongkhyar poriworton aasil. 2021 sonot iyar jonoxongkhyar ghonotwo aasil.
proxongo.
<bro.>
<bro.>
| sayente-praxeday, cubeck
sayente-praxde kanadar cubecker choudier-appach anchaler leesa appach anchalik county pourosobhai abosthito ekti pyarisha pourosobha. 2011 saaler kanadar jonogonona anujayi err jonosongkha chhilo 363 john. catholic seenta praxedieser naame err namkaran koraa hoyechilo.
jonosongkha.
kanadar porisongkhyan dwara porichalito 2021 saaler adamshumari onusare, sayente-praxeder moat byaktigato basosthaner modhye bosobaskari jonosongkha chhilo, jaa 2016 saaler jonosongkhar theke poribortito hoyeche. 2021 saale err jonosongkhar ghonotto chhilo 1 kotee.
reference.
<bii. arr>
<bii. arr>
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sente-praxeday, cubeck
sente-praxeday aee kenedana kyubeknaa chaudire-appleche pradeshmaa leesa appleche praadeshik kaauntii nagarpalikama stheet aek parganu nagarpalika chhe. kenedani 2011nee vastee ganatari anusaar tenee vastee 363 hatee. tenu naam ketholik sant prexidiesnaa naam parthee rakhvama aavyu hatoo.
vastee vishhayak.
aankada keneda dwara haath dharvaamaa aaveli vastee ganatari 2021maan, sente-prexednee coole khangi rahethanoma rahevani vastee hatee, jeey tenee 2016nee vastee karataa vadhu hatee. 2021maan tenee vastee gichataa jameen vistaar saathe hatee.
sandarbho.
<bii. aar.>
<bii. aar.> |
sente-proxday, quebeck
sente-proxday ack parrish nagarpalika haye joe cubec, kanada key chaudire-appleche kshetra mein less appleche kshetriya county nagarpalika mein sthit haye. kanada 2011 kii janganana key anusaar isaki jansankhya 363 thee. iska naam catholic sant proxidase key naam parr rakhaa gayaa thaa.
jansankhyiki.
kanada key aankadon dwara aayojit 2021 kii janganana mein, sainte-proxday kii kull niji aavason mein rahane vaali aabaadi thee, joe isaki 2016 kii aabaadi seey ack badalaav thaa. 2021 mein isake bhoomi kshetra mein jansankhya ghanatva thaa.
sandarbh.
<bee. aar.>
<bee. aar.>
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saint-proxed, cubec
sente-proxede embudu kenadaada cubechna chaudier-appalach pradeshada less appalach praadeshika kaunti purasabheyalliruva ondu parish purasabheyagide. kenadaada 2011rahra janaganatiya prakara idara janasankhyeyu 363 aagittu. idakke catholic santa proxedes avara hesarannu idalaagide.
janasankhyaashaastra.
ankiamshagala kenadaada 2021rahra janaganatiyalli, saint-proxed tanna ottu khasagi vasatigalalli vasisuva janasankhyeyannu hondittu, idu adara 2016rahra janasankhyeginta badalaagide. 2021ralli idu jansankhyeya saandrateyannu hondiddu, vistirnavu sumaru.
ullekhagalu.
<bii. aarr.>
<bii. aarr.>
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seyant-praxede, cubec
kaanadayile cubeckile chaudiyer-appalachu mekhalayile less appalaches regional kaundi munisippalittiyil sthithicheyyunna oru edavaka munisippaalittiyaan seyante-praxed. 2011 leeii canada sensus prakaram ividuthe janasamkhya 363 aayirunnu. catholica vishudhanaaya praaksidasinte perilaanu ithu ariyappedunnathu.
janasamkhyaashaasthram.
kaanadayile sthithivivarakkanakkukal nadatthiya 2021 leeii sensus prakaram, seyante-praaksedinte motham swakaarya bhavanangalil thamasikkunna janasamkhya 2016 leeii janasamkhyayil ninnu maari. 2021ll janasamkhya saandrata ekadesham oru shathamaanamaayirunnu.
paraamarshangal.
<bii. aarr.>
<bii. aarr.>
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seent-praxday, cubec
sente-praxday hii canadachya kwebekchya chaudire-applaches pradeshatil leesa applaches pradeshik county nagarpaliket sthit eka parrish nagarpalika aahe. canadachya 2011 chya jangananenusar tyachi loksankhya 363 hotee. yala catholic sant praxidies yanche naav denyat aale.
loksankhyashastra.
canadachya aakadevarinusar 2021 chya jangananenusar, seent-praxedchi ekoon khajgi nivassthananpaiki rahanyachi loksankhya hotee, jee 2016 chya loksankhyepeksha badalali aahe. 2021 madhye, jaminichya kshetrafalasaha, tyachi loksankhya ghanata 1 laakh itaki hotee.
sandarbh.
<bii. aar.>
<bii. aar.> | cent-praxday, cubeck
sant-praxday cubeck, canadako chaudier-appalech kshetrako less appalech khetriya county nagarpalikama awasthit ek parish nagarpalika how. canadako 2011 ko janaganaanusar yasako janasankhya 363 thiyo. yasako naam catholic santa praxidisko nambata rakhieko thiyo.
janasankhyiki.
canadako tathyankadwara garieko janasankhyako 2021 ko janaganama, cent-praxdeko kull niji niwasharuma basne janasankhya thiyo, yasako 2016 ko janasankhyako tulanama pariwartan. 2021 maa yasako janasankhya ghanatwa kshetrafalko sath thiyo.
sandarbhaharu.
<bra>
<bra>
|
scient-praxeday, cubec
sajente-praxeday heuchhi kanadara kyubekra chaudiera-appalach anchalara less apalach anchalika county pourasabhare abasthita eka parish municipality . kanada 2011 janganana anujai ehara janasankhya 363 thila. ehara namakarana catholic santha praxidesnka naamare karajaithila.
janasankhyika.
parisankhyana kanada dwara parichalita 2021 janganana anusare, scient-praxedor mote gharoi basagruha madhyaru basabasa karuthiba janasankhya thila, jaahaa ehara 2016 janasankhya thaaru eka paribartana. 2021 masihare ehara janasankhya ghanatwa thila, jahara khetraphala thila 1 koti.
sandarbha.
<bii. aarr.>
<bii. aarr.> | sainte-praxeday, cuback
sainte-praxeday ikk parish municipality haii joe kii cuback, canada dey chaudire-applech khetar witch lais appleches khetri kaoonti municipality witch sathit haii. canada dee 2011 dee mardamshumari anusar iss dee aabadi 363 see. iss daa naam catholic sant praxidies dey naam utte rakkhiaa giaa see.
jansankhiaa.
ankade canada duaara keeti gaee aabadi dee 2021 dee mardamshumari witch, sainte-praxed dee kull nijji rihaishan vicchon rahinn dee aabadi see, joe kii iss dee 2016 dee aabadi naalon badal gaee see. 2021 witch iss dey bhumi khetar dee jansankhiaa ghanta see.
havale.
<bee. aar.>
<bee. aar.>
| syente-proxeday, quebeck
seyinte-proxed iti kanaadaadeshasy cubec-pradeshasya chaudeere-appalech-pradeshe laes appalech-praadeshika-prantiya-nagarapalikayam sthitah paadari-nagarapalika asti. 2011 tame varshe kenada-deshasya janaganananusaram asya janasankhyaa 363 aasit. catholic-sent-proxidies ityasya namna asya namakaranam krutam.
janasaamkhyikee.
kenada-deshasya saankhyikee-dwara aayojite 2021 janaganananusaram, sainte-proxed-deshasya kula-nijee-nivaaseshu nivasantee janasankhyaa aasit, yat tasya 2016-varshasya janasankhyaayaah apekshayaa parivartitaa aasit. 2021 tame varshe asya bhoobhaagasy janasankhyaaghanatvam 2021 tame varshe aasit.
sandarbhah.
<bee. aar.>
<bee. aar.>
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saint-proxet, gwebeg
saint-proxet enbathu kanadaavin kwebekin soudiyar-appalach piraanthiyaththil ulla less appalach piraanthiya kavundi nagaraatchiyil amainthulla oru barish nagaraatchiyaagum. kanada 2011 makkal thogai kanakkeduppinpadi adhan makkal thogai 363 aagum. idhu catholica punidhar proxidasine peyaraal peyaridappattathu.
makkal thogai.
kanadaavin pullivivarangkalaal nadatthappatta 2021 makkal thogai kanakkeduppil, saint-proxet adhan moththa thaniyar kudiyiruppugalil vaazhum makkal thogaiyaik kondirundhadhu, idhu adhan 2016 makkal thogaiyilirunthu oru maattram. nilapparappudan, idhu 2021 aam aandil makkal thogai adarththiyaik kondirundhadhu.
kurippugal.
<pr>
<pr>
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seyint-proxeday, quebeck
seyint-proxed anedi kenadaaloni cubec looni choudiire-appalach praantamloo less appalach praantiiya county munisipaalitiiloo unna oka parish municipality. kenada 2011 janabha lekkala prakaram dheeni janabha 363. dheeniki catholic seyint proxedes paeru pettaru.
janabha.
ganaamkaalu kenada nirvahinchina 2021 janabha gananalo, sciente-proxeday daani mottam private nivasalalo nivasistunna janabhanu kaligi undhi, idhi daani 2016 janabha nundi maarpu. bhoomi vistiirnamtoe, idhi 2021 loe janabha saandratanu kaligi undhi.
suuchanalu.
<br>
<br>
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sent-proxed cuback
centay-proxed eek peerish baldiyah hay juu canada kay cuback kay chodiyar-aplaach kay elaqay mein lees aplaach elaqayi county baldiyah mein waaqa hay. canada 2011 kii mardam shumari kay mutabiq iss kii aabadi 363 thee. iss kaa naam catholic sent proxeds kay naam parr rakhaa gayaa thaa.
aabadi.
aidadushmar canada kay zariah kii gayee 2021 kii mardam shumari mein sent-proxed kii kill najee rehaish gaahon mein rehney waali aabadi thee juu iss kii 2016 kii aabadi say tabdil hoyee. 2021 mein iss kay raqbe kay saath iss kii aabadi kii kasafat 1.0 thee.
hawalah jaat.
<bee aar>
<bee aar> |
000502be569f0a297a207e2d30ad3305e4b81ef2d77171d56452f846180f2371 | https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki?curid=3374270 | fouter |
fouter
English.
Etymology.
From , . Compare .
| ingraji bhaxar kotha. byutpotti. poraa. tulona korok. | ingrezi bhasha. byutpatti. theke,. tulna korun. | angrejeemaa. vyutpatti. thee. sarkhaamani karoo. | angreji kaa paath. vyutpatti. seey,. tulanaa karein. | fouter inglish. vyutpatti. ninda,. holike maadi. | engleesh bhashayil kooduthal. padavyuthpathishaasthram. , muthal. thaarathamyam cheyyuka. | ingrajicha pathlag qaraa. vyutpatti. pasoon. tulana qaraa. | angreji bhasha. wyutpatti. batt,. tulana garnuhos. | ingraji bhasha bhal karantu. byutpatti. ru,. tulana karantu. | angrezi daa bolna. shabdawali. toon,. tulna crow. | fouter aanglam. vyutpattih. ityatah. tulanam karotu. | footer aangkilam. sorpirappiyal. irunthu,. oppidungkal. | fouter inglish. vyutpatti. nundi. polchi chudandi. | angrezi zabaan kaa bolna. siftiyat. say. mawaznah karein. |
00050424a19c10e06c002cecf1be0f041ca09b9651376fdcb710017d58c59809 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19713450 | Comix-ART |
Comix-ART
Russian comics imprint
Comix-ART (, "Komiks-Art") is a comics imprint of Russian book publisher Domino. It serves as a translator and the licensor of graphic novels, manga, manhwa and original English-language manga. Comix-ART, founded in 2008 with headquarters in Saint Petersburg, releases its titles in collaboration with Eksmo, another publishing house, and their books are published under "Eksmo" label. They do not reverse the pages (so called "flopping").
Comix-ART has been repeatedly criticized for the choice of fonts used to display letters inside the word balloons and for the placing of words in bubbles. "AniMag" editor commented on their publication of "Naruto" that a reader cannot distinguish some letters "without a magnifying glass".
References.
<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />
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commics-kolaa
commics-art (, "comics-art") hoise rasian grontho prokaxok dominur ek commics print. ee ejon onubadok aaru graphik uponyax, manga, manowa aaru mool ingraji bhaxar mangar onugyapotrodata hisape kaam kore. 2008 sonot saint pietersburgot mukhyo karzaloyor xoite protistha koraa commics-arte aan ekhon prokax xongstha exmur xohojugitat iyar xirxokxomuh mukoli kore aaru teulukor gronthoxomuh "exmu" labelor odhinot prokax koraa hoy. teuluke pristhabur ulot-paalot nokore (tothakothito "flopping").
belun xobdor bhitorot aakhor prodorxon koriboloi byobohrito fontor basoni aaru budbudburot xobdo rokhar baabe commics-artok baare baare xomaluchona koraa hoise. "animag" xompadoke teulukor "narutu" ror prokaxor uporot montobyo korisil je ejon pathoke "" bibordhok kaach obihone "" kisuman aakhor prithok koribo nuware. | comics-art
comics-art (, "comics-art") holl russian boi prokashok dominor ekti comic chhaap. etty graphika uponyas, manga, manwa ebong mool ingrezi bhasar mangar onubadok ebong licensedata hisabe kaaj korey. seenta pietersberge sodor daftar soho 2008 saale protisthito comics-art, arekti prokashona sangostha exmore sahojogitai err shironam prakash korey ebong taader boiguli "exmo" lebeler adhine prokashito hoy. taaraa pristhaguli biporito korey naa (tothakothito "flopping").
belun shobder vitore akkhar prodorshoner jonno byabohrito fonter pochondo ebong budwude shobdo rakhar jonno comics-art barbar samalochito hoyeche. "animag" sompadok taader "" naruto "" prokasher bishoye montobbo korechilen jey ekjon patthok "" magnifyin glasses chhada "" kichhu akkharer parthokyo korte paren naa.
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comics-aart
comics-aart (, "comics-aart") aee russian pustak prakashak dominoni comics chhaap chhe. teey graphika navalkathaao, mangaa, maanvaa aneey mool angreji bhashani mangaana anuvaadak aneey licensor tareeke kaama karey chhe. comics-aart, jenee sthaapnaa 2008maan saint pietersbergma mukhya mathak saathe thaee hatee, teey anya prakaashan gruh exmona sahyogthi tenaa sheershako prakashit karey chhe aneey temnaa pustako "exmo" label hethal prakashit thaay chhe. teo prushthone ultavta nathee (jene "flopping" kahevaay chhe).
comics-artney vaaramvaar teeka karvaamaa aavee chhe keey shabd fuggaoni andar aksharo pradarshit karvaa maate upyogmaa levaata fontsnee pasandagi aneey parpotama shabdo mukavaa maate. "animag" "sampadake temnaa" "naruto" "naa prakaashan parr tippani curry hatee keey vaachak" "bruhaddarshak kaach vinaa" "ketlaak aksharone alag paadee shakato nathee". |
comics-art
comics-art (, "comics-art") russie pustak prakaashak dominon kii ack comics chhaap haye. yeh ack anuvaadak aur graphic upanyason, mangaa, manwa aur mool angreji bhasha kii mangaa key licenskerta key roop mein kaary kartaa haye. comics-art, jisaki sthaapana 2008 mein sent pietersberg mein mukhyalaya key saath hui thee, ack anya prakaashan ghar exmo key sahyog seey apane shirshakon koo jaari kartaa haye, aur unaki pustaken "exmo" label key tahat prakaashit hoti hain. way prishthon koo ulat naheen karate hain (jise "flop" kahaa jaataa haye).
comics-art kii baar-baar aalochana kii gaee haye kii shabd gubbaron key ander aksharon koo pradarshit karane key liye upayog kiye jaane vaale font aur bulbule mein shabdon koo rakhane key liye. "animag" sampaadak ney "naruto" key unake prakaashan parr tippani kii kii ack paathak "aavardhak kaanch key binaa" kuchh aksharon mein antar naheen curr sakata haye.
| comics-art
comics-art (, "comics-art") embudu rashyaada pustaka prakashaka dominona comics mudreyagide. idu graphic kaadambarigalu, manga, manhwa mattu moola inglish bhasheya mangaagala bhashantarakara mattu paravanagidararagi kaaryanirvahisuttade. saint petersburgnalli pradhana kacheriyannu hondiruva hondiruva sthaapaneyaada comics-art, mattondu prakashana samstheyaada exmo sahayogadondige tanna shirshikegalannu bidugade maaduttade mattu avara pustakagalannu "exmo" label adiyalli prakatisalaaguttade. avu putagalannu himmukhagolisuvudilla ("flopping" endu kareyalpaduttade).
comics-art annu baloonugala padadolage aksharagalannu pradarshisalu balasuva aksarashailiya ayke mattu gullegalli padagalannu irisiddakkaagi padhe padhe tikisalagide. "animag" sampaadakaru avara "" naruto "" prakataneya bagge pratikriyisuttaa, odugarige "" bhootagannadiyillade "" kelavu aksharagalannu pratyekisalu sadhyavilla endu helidaru ".
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comics-art
russian pusthaka prasadhakanaaya dominoyude oru comics mudrayaanu comics-art (, "comics-art"). graphik novalukal, manga, manhwa, orijinal engleesh bhasha manga ennivayude vivarthakanum licensor aayi ithu pravartthikkunnu. 2008ll sent peettezhsbargil aasthaanamaayi sthaapithamaaya comics-art, mattoru prasidheekarana sthaapanamaaya exmoyumaayi sahakarichu athinte sheershakangal purathirakkukayum avarude pusthakangal "exma" labelil prasidheekarikkukayum cheiyunnu. avaa pejukal vipareethamaakkunnilla ("flopping" ennu vilikkappedunnu).
baloonukal enna padatthinullil aksharangal pradarshippikkaan upayogikkunna fondukal thiranjedukkunnathinum kumilakalil vaakkukal sthaapikkunnathinum comics-art aavarthichu vimarshikkappettittundu. "animag" edittar avarude "" narutto "" prasidheekaranathekkurichu abhipraayappettath oru vaayanakkaaran "" magnifying glass illaathe "" chila aksharangal verthirichariyaan kazhiyillennu ".
| comics-aart
comics-aart (, "comics-aart") hii russian pustak prakashak dominonchi comics chhap aahe. tee graphik graphik, manga, manva aanee mool ingraji bhashetil mangasathi anuvadak aanee parvanadharak mhanoon kaam karate. seent pietersberg yetheel mukhyalayasah 2008 madhye sthapan jhalelya comics-artney, exmo yaa aanakhi eka prakashan sansthechya sahkaryane tyachi shirshake prakashit kelee aanee tyanchi pustake "exmo" lebalkhali prakashit kelee jaatat. teey prushthe ulatat naheet (tathakathit 'flop').
fugyanchya shabdatil akshare pradarshit karnyasathi aanee budbudyanmadhye shabd thevanyasathi vaparlya jaanarya aksharanchya nivadisathi comics-artwar varanvar teeka kelee gelee aahe. "enemag" chya sampadakane tyanchya "" naruto "" chya prakashanavar tippani kelee qee vachak kahee aksharanmadhye "" aavardhak kachanshivay "" farak karoo shakat nahee ".
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comics-art
comics-art (, "comics-art") rusi pustak prakashak dominoko commicks chhap how. yasale anuwadak rar graphic upanyas, manga, manawa rar muel angreji bhashako manga ko ijajatpatrako rupma kaam gardacha. cent pietersbergma mukhyalayako sath 2008 maa sthapit comics-artley arko prakashan ghar exmoko sahakaryama yasako shirshakharu jaari gardacha, rar tiniharuka pustakharu "exmo" lebel antargat prakashit hunchhan. tiniharule prishthaharu ultaundainan (jaslai "flopping" bhaninchha).
comics-art shabda belun bhitra aksharharu pradarshan garna prayog garine funtharuko chhanauta rar bulbuleharuma shabdaharu rakhneka lagi barambar alochana garieko chha. "animag" sampadakle uniharuko "" naruto "" ko prakashanma tippani gare kii pathakle "" awardhak gillas bina "" kehi aksharharu chhutyauna sakdaina. | comics-art
comics-art (, "comics-art") heuchhi rushiah pustaka prakashaka dominonka eka kamika chhapa. ehaa jane anubadaka ebong graphic upenyas, manga, manawa ebong moola ingraji bhasara manga paain licences pradanakari bhabare karjya kare . 2008 masihare cent pitarsabargare mukhyalaja sahita pratisthita comics-art, anya eka prakashan sanstha, ecmo sahajogare ehara shirshaka prakash kare, ebong semanankara pustakagudika "ecmo" lebel adheenare prakashita hue . semane prusthagudiku olata karanti naahin (jaahaaku "flapinga" kuhajae).
belun sabda bhitare akhyara pradarshan kariba paain byabahruta akhyarara chayan ebong budwudare sabda rakhiba paain comics-artaku barambar samalochana karajaichi. "animag" sampadaka semananka "" naruto "" prakashan upare mantabya deichhanti je jane pathaka "" bhuta catch bina "" kichhi akhyaraku pruthaka kariparibe naahin.
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comics-aart
comics-aart (, "comics-aart") russie pustak parkashak domino dee ikk comics chhaap haii. ih ikk anuvadak atey graphik nawal, manga, manhava atey mool angrezi bhasha dey manga dey licensor vajon kamm karda haii. comics-aart, jiss dee sathapana 2008 witch cent pietersburg witch headquarter dey naal keeti gaee see, ikk horr parkashan gharr exmo dey sahiyog naal aapne sirlekhan noon jaari kardi haii, atey unhan deeaan kitaban "exmo" label dey tehat prakashit keetiaan jandiaan hunn. uh panniaan noon ulta naheen karde (jiss noon "flopping" kiha jaanda haii).
comics-aart dee vaar-vaar alochna keeti gaee haii kii shabad dey gubare dey ander akkhran noon pradarshit curran laee varte jaanh vaale font dee chonh atey bulbale witch shabdan noon rakkhan laee. "annimag" sampadak neey "naruto" dey unhan dey parkashan utte tippni keeti kii ikk pathak "" ikk vadde shishe toon binan "" kujh akkhran witch farak naheen qarr sakda. | comics-art
comics-art (, "comics-art") iti russian-pustaka-prakaashakah domino ityasya kaamik-mudrikaa asti. etat anuvaadakatven, graphic-upanyasanam, mangaa, manhaa, mool-aangl-bhashayaha mangaa ityetayoho anudnyaapatrakaararoopen cha karyam karoti. 2008 tame varshe sent pietersberg-nagare mukhyaalayen sthaapitam comics-art, anyena prakaashanasamsthaayaah eksmo ityanena sahayogena swasya sheershakaani prakaashayati, teshaam pustakaani "eksmo" iti label-dwara prakaashyante. te prushtaani naa tiryakaani ("flaaping" iti namna namna prasidhaah).
comics-art ityasya, baloon-shabdasya antah aksharanam pradarshanartham prayuktaanaam aksharanam chayanasy krute, budbuteshu shabdanam sthapanasya cha krute, pade pade nindaam krutam asti. "animag" ityasya sampaadakah teshaam "naruto" ityasya prakashanasya vishaye abhimatavaan yat ekaha paathakah "aawardhak-kaach-vinaa" keshuchit akshareshu bhedam kartum naa shaknoti iti.
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comics-ard
comics-ard (, "comics-ard") enbathu russia puththaga veliyeettaalar dominovin comics muththiraiyaagum. idhu oru mozhipeyarppaalaraagavum, graphic naavalkal, manga, manwa mattrum asal aangkila mozhi manga aagiyavattrin urimam pettravaraagavum seyalpadugirathu. saint petersburkai thalaimaiyidamaagak kondu 2008 aam aandil niruvapatta comics-ard, mattroru veliyeettu niruvanamaana exmovuden inainthu adhan thalaippukalai veliyidugirathu, maelum avarkalin puththagangkal "exmo" lablin keezh veliyidappadugindrana. avai pakkankalai thalaikeezhaaga maattruvathillai ("flopping" endru azhaikkappadukirathu).
paloongal endra vaarththaikkul ezhuththukkalaik kaattap payanpaduththappadum ezhuththurukkalaith thaerntheduppatharkum, kumizhigalil vaarththaigalai vaippatharkum comics-ard palamurai vimarsikkappattullathu. "animake" aasiriyar avarkal veliyitta "" narudo "" veliyeettil oru vaasagar "" urupperukki kannadi illaamal "" sila ezhuththukkalai vaerupaduththip paarkka mudiyaathu endru karutthu therivitthaar ".
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comics-art
comics-art (, "comics-art") anedi russian pustaka prachuranakarta domino yokka comics mudra. idhi graphic navalalu, maangaa, manhwa mariyu asalu aangla bhasha mangaaku anuvaadakudigaa mariyu licensorga panichestundi. seyint petersberglo pradhana kaaryaalayamtho 2008loe sthaapinchabadina comics-art, maroka prachurana samstha ayina exmolo sahakaaramtho daani sheershikalanu vidudala chestundi mariyu vaari pustakaalu "exmo" label kinda prachurinchabadataayi. avi paejeelanu tippavu ("flopping" anie pilavabadevi).
beloonlu anae padam lopala aksharaalanu pradarsinchadaaniki upayoginche faantla empika kosam mariyu budagallo padaalanu unchadaaniki comics-art padepade vimarsinchabadindi. "animage editor vaari" "naruto" "prachuranapai vyaakhyaanistuu, oka paatakudu" "bhootaddam lekunda" "konni aksharaalanu vaeru cheyaledani vyakhyaaninchaadu". |
komaks aart
komaks aart (yee "komaks aart") rosee kitaab naashir domino kaa eek mazahiya imprent hay. yaha eek mutarjim aur graphik naawalon mangaa manha aur asl angrezi zabaan kay mangaa kay license dehandah kay toor parr kaam kartaa hay. komaks aart jiss kii bunyaad 2008 mein sent pattersburg mein sadr daftar kay saath rakhee gayee thee eek aur publishing house exmo kay taawan say apnay enwanat jaari kartaa hay aur inn kii kitabein "exmo" leebal kay tahat shaye hoti haine. wah safhaat kuu altaa nahein kartay (jasay "flopping" kahaa jaataa hay).
lafz ghabaron kay andar haroof kuu zahir karnay kay liye istemaal honay waalay font kay intekhaab aur alfaz kuu bulbulon mein rakhnay parr komaks aart kuu baar baar tanqeed kaa nishanah banaya gayaa hay. "anaemag" editor nay inn kii "" naroto "" kii ashaat parr tabsarah kiyaa kahh eek qaari "" magnifying glaas kay baghair "" kachh haroof mein farq nahein kirr saktaa. |
0005072c6ec814c6e1f37276bc029167272367fd63f5054bfdf0b2beaf43a975 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56348939 | 2005–06 Croatian First League |
2005–06 Croatian First League
2005–06 Croatian First League was the 16th season of the Croatian handball league since its independence and the fifth season of the First League format.
Second phase.
Championship play-offs.
Intermediate results from the first part are transferred, and the clubs play two more games with teams from the same group and four with teams from the second group of the first part of the championship (16 in total, in the table of 20 matches).
Relegation play-offs.
Play-offs to stay in the First league or to be demoted to the Second League for teams from 7 to 16 place.
References.
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| 2005-06 cruatian prothom leeg
cruatian prothom leeg aasil cruatian handball leegor swadhinotar pisore poraa poraa sijon aaru prothom leeg formator ponchom sijon.
dwitiyo porzay.
championswip play-off.
prothom ongxor poraa modhyoworti folafol sthanantorito koraa hoy, aaru clubxomuhe eketa gutor dolor xoite aaru championswipor prothom ongxor dwitiyo gutor dolor xoite sarita khel khele (muth 16 khon, khon mesor tableot).
proityakhyan play-off.
prothom leegot thakiboloi baa dolxomuhor baabe dwitiyo leegot 7-ror poraa 16 sthanoloi owonomito koriboloi play-off.
| 2005-06 croatier prothom leeg
kroyeshiya prothom leeg chhilo swadhinotar porr theke kroyeshiya handball liger liger morshum ebong prothom leeg formatter pancham morshum.
dwitiya porjai.
championship play-off.
prothom ongsher modhyoborti folafol sthanantorito hoy ebong clubguli ekoi grouper dalgulir saathe arow duti khela ebong championshiper prothom ongsher dwitiya grouper dalgulir saathe charti (moat 16tii, 20tii matcher tabile) khele.
abanman play-off.
prothom leagay thucker jonno athoba 7 theke 16 sthane thaka dalgulir jonno dwitiya leagay abonomito howar jonno play-off.
| 2005-06 croatian first leag
croatian handball leegnee aazadi pachhini pachhini season aneey pratham leag formatnee paanchmee season croatian handball leegnee pratham leag hatee.
beejo tabakko.
championship play-offs.
pratham bhagmathi madhyavarti parinaamo sthaanaantarit karvaamaa aave chhe, aneey clubo aek jaj juthnee teamo saathe vadhu beey ramato ramey chhe aneey champiyanshipna pratham bhaagnaa beeja juthnee teamo saathe chaar (coole 16,20 mechonaa koshtakma).
relegation play-offs.
pratham leegma rahevaa maate athavaa teamo maate 7 thee 16 sthaan maate beejee leegma padbhrasht thavaa maate play-off.
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2005-06 croatian pratham leag
croatian pahali leag apani swatantrata key baad seey croatian handball leag kaa 16vaan satra thaa aur pahale leag praarup kaa paanchvaan satra thaa.
doosara charan.
championship play-off.
pahale bhaag key madhyavarti parinam sthanantarit kiye jaate hain, aur club ack hii samooh kii teams key saath dou aur khel khelate hain aur championship key pahale bhaag key dusare samooh kii teams key saath chaar (kull 16,20 maichon kii talika mein).
nirvaasan play-off.
play-off mein pahale leag mein baney rahane key liye yaa teams key liye dusare leag mein 7 seey 16 sthaan taka padchyut honey key liye.
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2005-06 croatian modala leigh
croatian modala leigh tanna swatantryada nantara croatian handball leagna 16neey season mattu modala leigh svaroopada aidane season aagittu.
eradane hanta.
championship play-aafgalu.
modala bhagada madhyantara phalitaamshagalannu vargaayisalaaguttade, mattu klabgalu onde gumpina tandagalondige innoo eradu aatagalannu aaduttave mattu championshipna modala bhagada eradane gumpina tandagalondige naalku (ottu 16,20 pandyagala tablenalli) aaduttave.
play-aafgalannu gadiparu maaduvudu.
modala leagnalli uliyalu athawa tandagalige 7 rinda 16 sthaanagalige eradane leagge kelagilisalu play-aafgalu. | <aii. dii. 1> croatian phastt leag
croatian handball leaginte swaathanthryaanantharam nadanna 16-aamathe season aadya leag formaattinte anchaam seasonumaayirunnu croatian phastt leag.
randaam ghattam.
chaambyanshippu play oofukal.
aadya bhaagathil ninnulla intermediat phalangal kaimaattam cheyyappedukayum clubbukal ore groupil ninnulla teamukalumaayi rund geyimukalum chaambyanshippinte aadya bhaagatthinte randaam groupil ninnulla teamukalumaayi naalu kalikalum (motham 16,20 malsarangalude pattikayil) kalikkukayum cheiyunnu.
relagation play-oof.
aadya leagil thudaraano teamukalkk randaam leagylake 7-ll ninnu 16 sthaanathekku tharamthaazhthaano ulla play-oof.
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2005-06 croatian first leag
croatian handball leegcha swatantryapasuncha 16 vaa hangam aanee pahilya leag swarupacha pachva hangam haah croatian pahila leag hota.
dusra tappa.
championship play-auph.
pahilya bhagache madhyavarti nikal hastantarit kele jaatat aanee sangh ekach gatatil sanghansah aanakhi done samne khelatat aanee ajinkyapad spardhechya pahilya bhagachya dusya gatatil sanghansah chaar (ekoon 16,20 samnyanchya tablemadhye).
nirvasana play-auph.
pahilya leegmadhye rahnyasathi kinwa sanghansathi 7 teey 16 sthananvar dusya leegmadhye padchyut karnyasathi play-auph. |
2005-06 croatialy pahilo ligg
croatialy pahilo ligg yasako swatantrata pachhi croatialy handball ligko 16 aun sijan thiyo rar pahilo ligg dhanchako panchaun sijan thiyo.
dosro charan.
championship play-aff.
pahilo bhagbata madhyawarti parinamharu sthanantaran garinchha, rar clubharule eutai samuhaka toliharusanga thap dui khelharu khelchhan rar championshipko pahilo bhagko dosro samuhaka toliharusanga chaar khelharu (kull 16,20 khelharuko talikama) khelchhan.
nirvasana play-afharu.
play-afharu pahilo ligma rahan wa toliharuka lagi dosro ligma 7 dekhi 16 sthanma tall jharnaka lagi. | 2005-06 croasian pratham ligg
croasian handball ligg swadheenata paratharu croasian handball ligra 16 tama rutu ebong pratham ligg formatter pancham rutu thila .
dwiteeja parjyaja.
championship play-off.
pratham bhagaru madhyabarti phalaphal sthanantarita hue, ebong klabagudika samaana grouper dala sahita aau duiti khela khelanti ebong championshipra pratham bhagara dwiteeja grouper dala sahita charoti (mote 16,20 match tebulare) .
pratyarpana play-off.
pratham ligre rahiba paain kimba dalagudika paain dwiteeja ligg ku 7 ru 16 sthanaku abnamit heba paain play-off .
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croatia dee pahili leeg
croatian handball leeg dee aazadi toon baad croatian handball leeg daa 16vaan season atey pahile leeg format daa panjwan season see.
dooja padaa.
championship playf.
pahile hisse dey vichkarle natije tabdil keete jaande hunn, atey club ikko samooh deeaan teaman naal doou horr games khedade hunn atey championship dey pahile hisse dey dooje samooh deeaan teaman naal chaar (kull milaa keey 16,20 maichan dee saarnee witch).
playf noon waps liauna.
playf pahile leeg witch rahinn laee jaan teaman laee dooje leeg witch 7 toon 16 sathaan takk hethan utaran laee. |
2005-06 croatian prathama-leag
croatian-prathama-leag iti svatantryat aarabhy croatian-hyaand-baal-leag ityasya 16 tama-creedaa-rutuhu aasit, prathama-leag-praaroopasy panchamah creedaa-rutuhu cha aasit.
dwiteeyah charanah.
championship-play-aaf-kridaayaam.
prathamabhaagasy madhyavartinah parinaamaah sthaanaantaritaah bhavanti, tathaa cha club-ityete api cha samaanasamoohasy dalaihi saha dwau kreedau kreedanti, tathaa cha chaampiyanship-prathamabhaagasy dwiteeyasamoohasya dalaihi saha chatwaarah kreedakaah (aahaty, 20 spardhanam saranimadhye 16) kreedanti.
nirvaasan-play-aaf.
prathama-leag-madhye sthaatum athavaa 7 taha 16 sthaanaparyantam dalanam krute dwiteeya-leag-madhye padachyutaah bhavitum play-aaf-kreedaayaah ayojanam. |
2005-06 groashiya muthal leak
groashiya muthal leak enbathu groashiya kaippandhu leakin suthanthiraththirkup piragu adhan 16 vadhu seesanaagavum, muthal leak vadivaththin ainthaavathu seesanaagavum irunththathu.
irandaam kattam.
saambiyanship pilae-off.
muthal paguthiyin idainilai mudivugal maattrappadugindrana, maelum kilappugal oray kuzhuvaich saerntha anigaludan maelum irandu aattangkalaiyum, saambiyanshippin muthal paguthiyin irandaavathu kuzhuvaich saerntha anigaludan naanku aattangkalaiyum vilaiyaadugindrana (moththam 16,20 poattikalin attavanaiyil).
veliyaettra pilae-off.
muthal leakil nilaitthirukka allathu anigalukkaana irandaavathu leekkirku 7 muthal 16 idangkalukku tharamirakkappada pilae-off.
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2005-06 croatian modati leag
croatian modati leag anedi swaatantryam vachinappati nundi croatian handball leag yokka 16va season mariyu modati leag formatt yokka aidava season.
rendava dasha.
championship play-offs.
modati bhaagam nundi madhyantara phalitaalu badilee cheyabadataayi, mariyu clublu oke samuuham nundi jatlatho maroe rendu atalanu aadataayi mariyu championship yokka modati bhaagam yokka rendava samuuham nundi jatlatho naalugu (mottam 16,20 matchla pattikalo) aadataayi.
bahishkarana play-offs.
modati leaglo konasaagadaaniki ledhaa jatlaku 7 nundi 16 sthaanaalaku rendava leagku digajaarchadaaniki play-offs.
| 2005-06 karoshiyayi pehli leeg
karoshiyayi pehli leeg apnee aazadi kay baad say karoshiyayi hanned baal leeg kaa 16 waan seezan aur pehli leeg formate kaa panchwan seezan thaa.
dosra marhalah.
champine ship play aaf.
pehley hasay kay intermediate kay nataij muntaqil kiye jaatay haine aur kalb eek hyee grop kii teamon kay saath mazeed duu kheel kheltay haine aur champine ship kay pehley hasay kay dosray grop kii teamon kay saath chaar (majmuyi toor parr 16yee 20 meechon kii meez mein).
relegation play aaf.
pehli leeg mein rehney kay liye yaa teamon kay liye dosri leeg mein 7 say 16 maqaam takk kamee kay liye play aaf.
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000509c732354083a71e16a769cc152eeb58d075bc2aa691a7c913331a48ce07 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2256595 | Noname Jane |
Noname Jane
American pornographic actress
Noname Jane is an American pornographic actress. In the majority of the pornographic films in which she appeared, she used the stage name Violet Blue. In October 2007, a lawsuit brought by the author Violet Blue charged that Jane had adopted the author's name and persona, prompting Jane to change her stage name to Violetta Blue, and then to Noname Jane, in response to an injunction in the case.
Early life.
Jane was born in Aberdeen, Washington and she is of Cherokee, Dutch, English, and French descent. She stated that she began "messing around with boys" at around age seven and that she had sexual intercourse for the first time at age 13 while her parents were out playing bingo. She began studying magick and witchcraft at the age of 16 and was initiated into Ordo Templi Orientis, a Thelemic religious organization, at age 21.
Career.
Prior to making pornographic films, she claimed, in an interview, to have worked as a stripper in Salt Lake City, Utah, and she only started acting in pornographic movies in Los Angeles after pornographic magazines were not interested in her. She appeared in over 300 pornographic films under the name "Violet Blue".
Retirement.
In April 2005, Noname Jane announced that in May, she would return to her home state of Washington and that her husband would stay in Los Angeles to continue working for pornographer Stoney Curtis. Her mother had bought a house for her to live in.
In August 2006, Noname Jane announced by email that she would no longer perform in pornographic scenes with men, stating her reasons as a desire to be monogamous with her boyfriend, Dick Danger. She gave birth to her second child, a girl whom she named "Clover", in May 2007. She also hosts an Internet radio show called "Recipes for Sex" on KSEX. In July 2007, she announced a "memorabilia sale", offering the clothing she had worn and sex toys that she had used in photo shoots and films.
In January 2009, Noname Jane announced on her Myspace blog that she would resume working with male talent. In August 2010, Noname Jane announced on her MySpace blog that she would only be performing with one male actor, Dick Danger, and that, in spite of her earlier announcement, she had not subsequently worked with any other male talent.
Trademark infringement issue.
In October 2007, author Violet Blue filed suit in federal court alleging trademark violation and dilution, as well as unfair business practices with author Blue's persona and belatedly-trademarked name being used. The pornographic actress had used the name since 2000 and was financially unable to properly defend herself. The court issued a preliminary injunction that forced her to stop using the name "Violet Blue" or anything confusingly similar; the stage name Noname Jane was adopted instead.
References.
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nonome zen
nonome zen egoraki aamerikan pornographik obhinetri. teu obhinoy koraa besibhag pornugraphik sobit teu monchor naam violet blue byobohar korisil. 2007 sonor octobor maahot lekhok violet blur dwara utthapon koraa ekhon gusorot obhijug utthapon koraa hoisil je jine lekhokjonor naam aaru byoktitwo grohon korisil, jaar folot jene teur monchor naam violeta bluloi xoloni koriboloi preron korisil, aaru taar pisot gusortur ek nixedhagyar proti xohari hisape nonome jenoloi.
prarombhik jiwan.
jenor jonmo hoisil waswingtonor abardinot aaru teu seruki, dusch, ingraji aaru forasi bongxudbhut. teu koichil je teu pray xaat bosor boyoxot "lo" raar xoite khelimeli koriboloi "aarombho korisil aaru teur pitri-matriye bingu kheli thokar xomoyot 13 bosor boyoxot prothombaror baabe jouno xomporko sthapon korisil. teu 16 bosor boyoxot jadukor aaru dakinibidya odhyoyon koriboloi aarombho korisil aaru 21 bosor boyoxot ordu temply orientis naamor ek thelemic dhormiyo xongothonot prowex korisil.
keriyar.
pornographik solositro nirmanor purbe, teu etaa xakhyatkarot daabi korisil je teu utahor solt lek sitir stripper hisape kaam korisil, aaru pornographik alusonibure teur proti aagrohi nuhuwar pisote teu kewol los angelsot pornographik solositrot obhinoy koriboloi aarombho korisil. teu "violet blue" naamere 300ru odhik pornographik sobit obhinoy korisil.
owoxor.
2005 sonor aprilot, nonam jine ghuxona korisil je mey 'maahot, teu nijor griho rajyo waswingtonoloi ubhoti ahibo aaru teur swami pornugrapher stony cartisor baabe kaam obyahot rakhiboloi los angelsot thakibo. taair maake taair thakiboloi etaa ghor kinisil.
2006 sonor aagosto maahot, nonome jene emailor joriyote ghuxona korisil je teu aaru puruxor xoite pornographik drishyot obhinoy nokoribo, teur premika, dick bipodaxongkar xoite ekbibah korar issa hisape teur kaaron ullekh korisil. 2007 sonor mey "maahot taair dwitiyo xontan jonmo hoisil, jaar naam teu" clover "rakhisil. taai kesekot" resipis for xex "naamor etaa internet readyo 'swo' ru aayujon korisil. 2007 sonor julyte teu ekhon "smritisihno bikri" ghuxona korisil, zo "too teu pindhi thoka kapur aaru photu swut aaru solositrot byobohar koraa jouno khelnar prodan korisil.
2009 sonor januaryt, nonam jine teur maispes blogoto ghuxona korisil je teu purux protibhar xoite kaam koriboloi aarombho koribo. 2010 sonor aagosto maahot, nonam jine teur maispes blogoto ghuxona korisil je teu kewol ejon purux obhineta, dick rejaror xoitehe obhinoy koribo, aaru teur aagor ghuxonar pisotu, poroborti xomoyot teu aan kunu purux protibhar xoite kaam koraa nasil.
trademark ulonghonor xomosya.
2007 sonor octobor maahot lekhok violet blue federal aadalotot trademark ulonghon aaru paatol korar logote lekhok blur byoktitwo aaru bilombito-trademark koraa naam byobohar korar xoite onyay byowoxayik onuxilonor obhijug utthapon korisil. pornographik obhinetrigorakiye 2000 sonor poraa ei naamtu byobohar korisil aaru aarthikbhabe nijoke xothikbhabe protirokya koriboloi okhyom aasil. aadalote ek prathomik nixedhagya jaari korisil jiye teuk "violet blue" naam baa bibhrantimulokbhabe ekedhoronor jikunu naam byobohar koraa bondho koriboloi badhyo korisil; iyar poriworte monchor naam nonam zen grohon koraa hoisil. |
nonam zena
nonam zena ekjon markin pornographic abhinetri. beshirbhag pornographic chhobite tini moncher naam violet blue byabohar korechilen. 2007 saaler octobore, lekhok violet blue dwara aanaa ekti mamla abhijog koraa hoy jey zena lekhoker naam ebong byaktitto grohon korechen, jaa jenke taar moncher naam poriborton korey violetta blue ebong tarpore nonome zena korte prorochito korey, mamler ekti adesher protikriyay.
prathomik jeebon.
zena washingtoner abordine jonmogrohon corren ebong tini cheroki, dutch, ingrezi ebong farasi bongshodbhuto. tini bolechilen jey tini pray shaat bochor boyse chheleder saathe "gondogol" shuru korechilen ebong taar baba-maa bingo khelte berr howar somoy 13 bochor boyse tini prothom jouno millon korechilen. tini 16 bochor boyse jadubidya ebong jadubidya adhyayan shuru corren ebong 21 bochor boyse ekti thelemic dharmiya sangathan ordo temply orientice dikkhito hohn.
pesha.
pornographic cholochchitro nirmaner agey, tini ekti sakkhatkare daabi korechilen jey, tini utaher solt lake sitite stripper hisabe kaaj korechilen ebong pornographic magazinguli taanr proti agrahi naa howar porey tini loss angelese pornographic cholochchitre abhinoy shuru korechilen. tini "violet blue" naame 300 tiro beshi pornographic chhobite abhinoy korechen.
abosar grohon.
2005 saaler aprile, nonam zena ghoshana corren jey meey maase, tini taar nijer rajyo washingtone firey asben ebong taar swami pornographer stonny cartiser jonno kaaj chaliye yawar jonno loss angelese thakben. taar maa taar thucker jonno ekti baadi kinechilen.
2006 saaler auguste, nonam zena imeler madhyome ghoshana corren jey tini arr purushder saathe pornographic drishye abhinoy korben naa, taar karonguli taar premiker saathe ekbibaher ichcha hisabe ullekh korey, shishno bipod. tini 2007 saaler meey maase taar dwitiya santaner jonmo deena, ekti meye jaar naam tini "clover" rakhen. tini kessex-ayee "recipe phara seksa" naame ekti internet redio showo hosta corren. 2007 saaler julai maase, tini ekti "smaraniya jinispatra bikroy" ghoshana corren, jekhane tini jey poshak porechilen ebong photoshoot ebong cholochchitre jey jouno khelnaguli byabohar korechilen taa pradan corren.
2009 saaler januaryte, nonam zena taar myspace blogge ghoshana corren jey tini purush protibhar sange kaaj shuru korben. 2010 saaler auguste, nonam zena taar myspace blogge ghoshana korechilen jey tini cable ekjon purush abhineta, dick diser saathe abhinoy korben ebong taar ager ghoshana sotteo, tini porobortikale onno konao purush protibhar saathe kaaj korenni.
trademark longghoner samasya.
2007 saaler octobore, lekhok violet blue trademark langghan ebong durbolkoroner pashapashi lekhok neeler byaktitto ebong bilambito-trademark naam byabohar korar saathe anyajya byabasayik onushiloner abhijoge federal adalte mamla dayer corren. pornographic abhinetri 2000 saal theke namti byabohar korechilen ebong arthikbhabe nijeke sathikbhabe rakkha korte akkham chhilen. adalat ekti prathomik nishedhagga jaari korey jaa taake "beguni neel" naam baa bibhrantikarbhabe anurup kichhu byabohar koraa bondho korte badhyo korey; poriborte moncher naam nonam zena grohon koraa hoyechilo. |
nonam jaine
nonam jaine aek american pornographic abhinetri chhe. motabhagni ashleel feelmoma, jemaa teo dekhaaya hataa, temane stage naam violet blueno upyog karyo hato. october 2007maan, lekhak violet blue dwara lavvama aavela mukadmama aarop mukvaamaa aavyo hato keey jenae lekhaknu naam aneey vyaktitva apnaavyu hatoo, jenaa kaarane jenane tenaa manchanu naam violetta bluema badalvaa maate aneey pachhi nonam jaine karvaa maate prereet karvaamaa aavyu hatoo, aaa kesamaa aek hukamnaa javabma.
praarambhik jeevan.
jenano janm washingtonna aberdinema thayo hato aneey teey cheroki, dutch, angreji aneey french mulnee chhe. teneeae janaavyu hatoo keey teneeae lagbhag saat varshnee ummare chhokarao saathe "gadbad karvaanu" sharoo karyoo hatoo aneey teneeae 13 varshnee ummare pratham vakhat jaatiy sambhog karyo hato jyaare tenaa matapita bahaar bingo ramee rahyaa hataa. temane 16 varshnee ummare jaadu aneey melividhyano abhyaas karvaanu sharoo karyoo aneey 21 varshnee ummare ordo temply orientice, aek thalamic dhaarmik sanstha tareeke temnee sharuaat thaee.
karkirdi.
ashleel filmo banaavtaa pahelaa, teneeae aek mulakatma daavo karyo hato keey tene soult leeka ciity, utaahmaa stripper tareeke kaama karyoo hatoo aneey ashleel saamyikone tenimaa rus naa hato teey pachhi tene losa angelsmaa ashleel feelmoma abhinay karvaanu sharoo karyoo hatoo. tenee "violet blue" naam hethal 300 thee vadhu ashleel feelmoma jovaa malee hatee.
nivrutti.
april 2005maan, nonam janey jaaherat curry hatee keey meey maheenama, teey tenaa gruh raajy washington parat farshe aneey tenaa patee pornographer stoney curtis maate kaama karvaanu chaalu raakhvaa maate losa angelisma raheshe. tenee maatae tenaa rahevaa maate aek ghar khareedhyu hatoo.
august 2006maan, nonam janey email dwara jaaherat curry hatee keey teey havey purusho saathe ashleel drashyomaa pradarshan karashe nahee, tenaa kaaranone tenaa boyfriend, dick riska saathe aekpatnee banvani ichcha tareeke darshaavtaa. teneeae meey 2007maan tenaa beeja baadakne janm aapyo, aek chhokari jenu naam teneeae "clover" raakhyu. tenee cassex parr "seqsa maateni vaangeeo" naamnaa internet rediyo shone pann hoosta karey chhe. julai 2007maan, temane "yaadgaar vastuo vechavaani" jaaherat curry hatee, jemaa temane paherelaa kapadaa aneey photo shhoot aneey feelmoma upyogmaa levaata seqsa ramkadaa rajoo karyaa hataa.
january 2009maan, nonam janey tenaa myspace blooga parr jaaherat curry hatee keey teey purush pratibha saathe kaama karvaanu pharii sharoo karashe. august 2010maan, nonam janey tenaa myspace blooga parr jaaherat curry hatee keey teey maatra aek purush abhineta, dick riska saathe jaj abhinay karashe, aneey tenee agaauni jaaherat chhataa, tene pachhithi anya koee purush pratibha saathe kaama karyoo naa hatoo.
trademark ullanghanno muddo.
october 2007maan, lekhak violet blue federal courtma trademarkna ullanghan aneey mandata temaj lekhak bluena vyaktitva aneey vilambit-trademark naamnaa upyog saathe ayogya vyavsayik prathaaono aarop lagaaveene daavo dakhal karyo hato. pornographic abhinetri 2000 thee aaa naamno upyog karyo hato aneey aarthik reete potaano yogya reete bachaav karvaamaa asamarth hatee. adalate praarambhik hukam jaaree karyo jene teneene "violet blue" naam athavaa gunchavanbhari reete samaan koipan vastuno upyog karvaanu bundh karvaanee faraj paadee; tenaa badale manchanu naam nonam jaine apnavvama aavyu hatoo. |
nonam jaine
nonam jaine ack americi ashleel abhinetri hain. adhikansh ashleel filmon mein, jinamen vaha dikhaai deen, unhone munch naam violet blue kaa upayog kiya. octuber 2007 mein, lekhak violet blue dwara laae gaye ack mukadame mein aarop lagaaya gayaa kii jaine ney lekhak key naam aur vyaktitva koo apanaaya thaa, jisase jaine koo mamle mein ack nishedhagya key jawab mein apane munch kaa naam badalkar violetta blue aur phir nonam jaine karane key liye prerit kiya gayaa.
praarambhik jeevan.
jaine kaa janm aberdeen, washington mein huaa thaa aur vaha cheroki, dutch, angreji aur francisi mool kii hain. usane kahaa kii usane lagbhag saat saal kii umr mein ladakon key saath khilwad karna shuru curr diyaa thaa aur usane 13 saal kii umr mein pahali baar yaun sambandh banaae jaba usake maataa-pitaa baahar bingo khel rahey they. unhone 16 saal kii umr mein jaadoo aur jaadoo-tona kaa adhyayan karna shuru curr diyaa aur 21 saal kii umr mein ack thalamic dhaarmik sangathan, ordo temply orientis mein pravesh liya.
carrier.
ashleel filmein banaane seey pahale, unhone ack sakshatkar mein daavaa kiya kii unhone salt lake city, utaah mein ack stripper key roop mein kaam kiya thaa, aur unhone kewal loss angils mein ashleel filmon mein abhinay karna shuru kiya jaba ashleel patrikaon koo unamen ruchi naheen thee. vaha "violet blue" key naam seey 300 seey adhik ashleel filmon mein dikhaai deen.
sevaanivritti.
aprail 2005 mein, nonam jaine ney ghoshana kii kii maee mein, vaha apane grih raajya washington laut aaengi aur unake pati pornographer stoney curtis key liye kaam karna jaari rakhane key liye loss angils mein rahenge. usaki maan ney usake rahane key liye ack ghar kharida thaa.
agast 2006 mein, nonam jaine ney email dwara ghoshana kii kii vaha abb purushon key saath ashleel drishyon mein pradarshan naheen karengi, apane premi, dick khatare key saath ekvivaahit honey kii ichcha key roop mein apane karanon koo bataate hue. unhone maee 2007 mein apane dusare bachche koo janm diyaa, ack ladki jiska naam unhone "clover" rakhaa. vaha casex parr "sex key liye vyanjan" naamak ack internet radio show kii mejbani bhee karati hain. julaai 2007 mein, unhone ack "yadgar vastuon kii bikri" kii ghoshana kii, jisamen unhone pahane hue kapadon aur photo shoot aur filmon mein upayog kiye gaye yaun khilaunon kii peshkash kii.
janwari 2009 mein, nonam jaine ney apane myspace blogg parr ghoshana kii kii vaha purush pratibha key saath kaam karna phir seey shuru karengi. agast 2010 mein, nonam jaine ney apane myspace blogg parr ghoshana kii kii vaha kewal ack purush abhineta, dick risk key saath pradarshan karengi, aur apani pahale kii ghoshana key bavjood, unhone baad mein kissy anya purush pratibha key saath kaam naheen kiya thaa.
trademark ullanghan mudda.
octuber 2007 mein, lekhak violet blue ney sanghiya adalat mein trademark ullanghan aur kamjor karane key saath-saath lekhak blue key vyaktitva aur dair seey trademark kiye gaye naam kaa upayog karane key saath anuchit vyaavsaayik prathaon kaa aarop lagaate hue mukadama daayar kiya. ashleel abhinetri ney 2000 seey iss naam kaa istemal kiya thaa aur aarthik roop seey apana bachaav karane mein asamarth thee. adalat ney ack praarambhik nishedhagya jaari kii jisane usey "baingani neela" naam yaa bhramit karane vaali tarah seey kuchh bhee samaan naam kaa upayog karna bund karane key liye majboor kiya; isake bajaay munch naam nonam jaine koo apanaaya gayaa. |
nonem jaine
nonem jaine obba american ashleela nutty. aake kanisikonda bahupalu ashleela chitragalalli, avaru rangabhumiya hesaru violet blue annu balasidaru. october 2007ralli, lekhaka violet blue avaru mandisida mokaddameyondaralli jaine lekhakara hesaru mattu vyaktitvavannu alavadisikondiddaale endu aaropisi, jaine tanna vedikeya hesarannu violetta blue endu badalaayisalu prerepisitu, mattu nantara aaa prakaranada tadeyaagnege pratikriyeyagi jaine avarannu naaname jaine endu badalaayisalaayitu.
arambhika jeevana.
jaine washington aberdinnalli janisidaru mattu avaru cheroki, dutch, inglish mattu french muladavaraagiddaare. taanu elu varshadavalagiddaga "hudugarondige jagalavadalu" praarambhisiddene mattu tanna poshakaru bingo aadalu horagiruvaaga 13neey vayassinalli modala baarige laingika sambhogavannu nadesiddene endu aake helidaru. aake tanna 16neey vayassinalli mantrikate mattu maatagaatigalannu adhyayana maadalu praarambhisidalu mattu 21neey vayassinalli thelemic dharmika samstheyaada ardo temply oriyantisge deekshe padedalu.
vrattijeevana.
ashleela chalanachitragalannu maaduva modalu, aake sandarshanavondaralli, utahna salt lake cityalli stripper aagi kelasa maadiddene mattu ashleela niyatakaalikegalu tanna bagge asakti hondirada nantara laas angelisnalli ashleela chalanachitragalalli natisalu praarambhisidaru endu heliddaare. aake "violet blue" emba hesarinalli 300kkoo hecchu ashleela chalanachitragalalli kanisikondiddare.
nivrutti.
2005rahra aprilnalli, nonem jaine avaru mayee tingalalli tamma tavaru raajyavaada washingtonge maraluvudaagi mattu ashleela chitragala tayaaraka stoiny kartisgagi kelasa maaduvudannu munduvarisalu tamma pathi laas angelisnalli uliyuttaare endu ghoshisidaru. aakeya taayi aake vaasisalu ondu maneyannu khareedisiddaru.
august 2006ralli, naaname jaine taanu innu munde purusharondige ashleela drashyagalalli pradarshana niiduvudilla endu imail moolaka ghoshisidalu, tanna kaaranagalannu tanna geleya, dick apaayadondige eka sangaatiyaaguva bayake endu tilisidalu. aake 2007rahra mayee tingalalli tanna eradane maguvannu hettalu, aakege clover endu hesarittalu. aake kesexnelli "recipe phaar sex" emba antarjala radeo kaaryakramavannu saha ayojisuttale. 2007rahra julainalli, aake taanu dharisidda battegalannu mattu photo shootgalu mattu chalanachitragalalli balasida laingika aatikegalannu needuva "smaraneeya vastugala marata" vannu ghoshisidaru.
2009rahra janavariyalli, nonem jaine avaru tamma myspace blagnalli taavu purusha pratibhegalondige kelasa maaduvudannu punararambhisuvudagi ghoshisidaru. august 2010 ralli, nonem jaine tanna myspace blagnalli taanu dick risk emba obba purusha natanondige maatra pradarshana niiduvudaagi ghoshisidaru mattu aakeya hindina prakataneya horataagiyoo, avaru taruvaaya bere yaavude purusha pratibhegalondige kelasa madilla.
trademark ullanganeya samasye.
october 2007ralli, lekhaka violet blue, trademark ullanghane mattu durbalagolisuvike, jotege lekhaka blue avara vyaktitva mattu tadavagi vyapara gurutu haakida hesarannu balasuvudarondige anyaayada vevahaara paddhatigalannu aaropisi federal nyaayaalayadalli mokaddameyannu hooditu. ashleela nutty 2000 rinda ee hesarannu balasuttiddaru mattu aarthikavaagi tannannu taanu sariyagi raksisikollalu sadhyavagalilla. nyaayaalayavu praathamika tadeyaagneyannu horadisitu, adhu aakeyannu "nerale neeli" athawa gondalamayavagi holuva yaavudannaadaru balasuvudannu nillisuvante maaditu; badalige ranganama nonem jaine annu alavadisikollalaayitu. | null | nonam jaine
nonam jaine hii eka american ashleel abhinetri aahe. tee jyaa ashleel chitrapatanmadhye disali, tyateel bahutansh chitrapatanmadhye tine rangbhumivar violet blue heey naav vaparale. aktoobar 2007 madhye, lekhak violet bluene aanalelya khatalyat aarop keela qee jenane lekhakache naav aanee vyaktimatva sweekarle hote, jyamule yaa prakaranatil aadeshala pratisad mhanoon jenane tiche munch naav violetta blue aanee nantar nonam jaine asey badalanyas pravrutt kele.
prarambhik jeevan.
jenacha janm washingtonmadhil eberdeen yethe jhaala aanee tee cheroki, dutch, ingraji aanee french vanshachi aahe. tine sangitale qee tine vayachya satvya varshi mulanshi gondhal ghalanyas suruvat kelee aanee tiche aaee-vadil baher bingo khelat asatana tine vayachya 13 vya varshi prathamach laingik sambandh thewale. tine vayachya 16 vya varshi jadutona aanee jadutona shikanyas suruvat kelee aanee vayachya 21 vya varshi ordo temply orientis yaa thelemic dharmik sansthet pravesh ghetala.
karkird.
ashleel chitrapat banavnyapurvi, tine eka mulakhatit dawa keela qee tine yutahchya salt lake citymadhye stripper mhanoon kaam kele hote aanee ashleel masikanna tichyat rus naslyamule tine losses angelisemadhye ashleel chitrapatanmadhye abhinay karnyas suruvat kelee. tee 'violet blue' yaa navane 300 hoon adhik ashleel chitrapatanmadhye disali.
nivrutti.
april 2005 madhye, nonam jenane jaheer kele qee meey mahinyat tee tichya mool rajya washingtonla parat yeil aanee ticha patee ashleel chhayachitrakar stoney kartisasathi kaam karane suru thevanyasathi losses angelisemadhye raheel. tichya aaeene tichyasathi rahnyasathi ghar vikat ghetale hote.
august 2006 madhye, nonam jenane imeldware jaheer kele qee tee yapudhe purushansobat ashleel drushyanmadhye kaam karnar nahee, tichi karane tichya priyakarasobat ekvelechi ichcha mhanoon namood kelee. tine meey 2007 madhye tichya tichya mulala janm deela, jyaa muleela tine 'clover' asey naav dile. tee kesexwor 'recipes phaur seeks' navacha internet redio karyakram dekhil aayojit karate. julai 2007 madhye, tine paridhan kelele kapade aanee tine chhayachitran aanee chitrapatanmadhye vaparleli laingik khelani deu karat, 'smaranarth vastoo vikri' chee ghoshana kelee.
janewari 2009 madhye, nonam jenane tichya myspace blogver jaheer kele qee tee purush pratibhansobat punha kaam karnar aahe. august 2010 madhye, nonam jenane tichya myspace blogver ghoshana kelee qee tee fakt eka purush abhinetyasobat kaam karnar aahe, dick risk aanee tichya aadhichya ghoshanenantarhi tine nantar itar konatyahi purush pratibhesobat kaam kele nahee.
trademark ullanghanacha muddah.
aktoobar 2007 madhye, lekhak violet bluene federal nyayalayat trademarkche ullanghan aanee patalpana, tasech lekhak blueche vyaktimatva aanee vilambit vyaparchinhache naav vaparlya jaat asalyachya anuchit vyavsayik paddhatincha aarop karat khatala dakhal keela. ashleel abhinetrine 2000 pasoon heey naav vaparale hote aanee aarthikdrushtya swatahla yogyaritya bachavanyat asamarth hotee. nyayalayane eka prathamik aadesh jaaree keela jyamule teela 'violet blue' kinwa gondhalat takanare tatsam kahihi naav vaparane thambavave lagale; tyaeivaji rangmanchavaril naav nonam jaine sweekarle gele.
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nonam zen
nonam zen ek americi ashleel abhinetri hun. uni dekha pareka adhikansh ashleel chalchitraharuma unle stage naam bhayolet blue prayog garin. october 2007 maa, lekhak bhayolet bluele lyaeko muddale jenle lekhakko naam rar wyaktitwa apanaeko arop lagayo, jasle jenlai unko stage naam bhayoleta bluma pariwartan garna prerit gyoa, rar tyasapachhi nanam jenma, yass mamilama ek adeshko jawafma.
prarambhik jiwan.
jenko janma aberdine, wassingtonma bhaeko thiyo rar uni cheroki, douch, angreji rar francelli mulki hun. unle saat warshako umerma ketaharusanga "gadbadi" garna thale rar 13 warshako umerma pahilo patak yauna sambandha rakheko bataeki thiin jab unka amababu bingo kheliraheka thie. unle 16 warshako umerma jadu rar jaduko adhyayan garna thalin rar 21 warshako umerma ordo temply orientis, ek thelemic dharmik sangathanma prawesh garin.
currier.
ashleel chalchitraharu banaunuaghi, unle ek antarwartama salt lake city, utahama striperko rupma kaam gareko dabi garin, rar ashleel patrikaharule unlai ruchi nadiepachhi unle lus angelesma ashleel chalchitraharuma abhinaya garna thale. uni "bhayolet blue" namko 300 bhanda badhi ashleel chalchitraharuma dekha parin.
sewaniwritti.
april 2005 maa, nonam jenle ghoshana gare kii mey mahinama, uni afno griha rajya wassington farkanechhin rar unka pati pornographer stoney curtiska lagi kaam jaari rakhna lus angelsma basnechin. unaki amale unko basne ghar kineki thiin.
august 2006 maa, nonam jenle imeldwara ghoshana garin kii uni ab purushharusanga ashleel drishyaharuma pradarshan gardinan, unko premi, dick khatarasanga ekwiwahit hune ichchhako rupma unko karanharu batae. unle mey 2007 maa afno dosro bachcha, aut ketilai janma diin, jaslai unle "clover" naam dieki thiin. unle keseksma "recipies ferr sex" namak internet radio karyakram pani host garchhin. july 2007 maa, unle afule lagaeka luga rar foto suit rar chalchitraharuma prayog gareko yauna khelaunaharu prastawa gardai "smaraniya wastu bikri" ko ghoshana garin.
janawari 2009 maa, nonam jenle afno myspace blagma ghoshana garin kii unle purush pratibhasanga kaam garna punah suru garchhin. august 2010 maa, nonam jenle afno myspace blagma ghoshana garin kii unle kewal ek purush abhineta, dick riskasanga pradarshan garnechin, rar unko pahileko ghoshanako bawajud, unle pachhi kunai anya purush pratibhasanga kaam gareki thiinan.
trademark ullanghanko mudda.
october 2007 maa, lekhak bhayolet bluele trademark ullanghan rar kamjor parney, sathai lekhak blueko wyaktitwa rar dhilo-trademark garieko naam prayog garieko anuchit wyapar abhyasharuko arop lagaundai sanghiya adalatma mudda dayar gare. pornographic abhinetrile sann 2000 dekhi yo naam prayog gardai aeki thiin rar arthik rupma afno raksha garna asamartha thiin. adalatle prarambhik adesh jaari garyo jasle unlai "bhayolet blue" wa bhramit rupma mildojuldo kunai pani naam prayog garna rokna badhya tulyayo; yasako satta stage naam nonam zen apanaieko thiyo. |
nonam jaine
nonam jaine jane americae pernographic abhinetri. shay jeun pernographic chalachitrare abhinai karithile, shay mancha naama violet blue byabahara karithile. october 2007 ray, lekhaka violet blunka dwara anajaithiba eka makaddama abhijoga karithila je zen lekhakanka naama ebong byaktitwa grahan karithile, jaahaa jennku taanka mancha naamaku violet blue ebong taa 'parey nonam jenku paribartana karibaku prabartaithila, ehi mamalare eka nirdeshara pratikrija bhabare .
prarambhika zeeban.
zen washingtonara aberdin thaare janmagrahana karithile ebong shay cheroki, douch, ingraji ebong french banshodbhaba. shay kahithile je shay praiah saata barsha bajasare puamananka sahita gandagola kariba arambha karithile ebong taanka pitamata bahare bingo kheluthiba samajare 13 barsha bajasare shay pratham thara paain jouna samparka rakhithile. shay 16 barsha bajasare jaadu ebong jadubidya adhyajana arambha karithile ebong 21 barsha bajasare eka thelemic dharmika sangathana ordo temply orientisare arambha hoithile.
kyariyara.
pernographic chalachitra nirmana kariba purbaru, shay eka sakhyatakarare daabi karithile je shay sult lake city, utaare stripper bhabare kaama karithile, ebong pernographic magazin taanka prati agrahi naah thiba parey shay kebala lus enjelasare pernographic chalachitrare abhinai arambha karithile. shay "violet blue" naamare 300 ru adhika ashlila chalachitrare abhinai karithile.
absar grahan.
2005 masiha april maasare, nonam jaine ghoshana karithile je meey maasare shay taanka niz rajya washingtonku pheribe ebong taanka swamee pernographer stoney kartisanka paain kaama jaari rakhiba paain lus enjelasare rahibe. taanka maaa taanka rahiba paain eka ghara kinithile.
august 2006 ray, nonam zen email dwara ghoshana karithile je shay aau purushanka sahita ashlila drushyare pradarshan karibe naahin, taanka premika, dick bipada sahita ekabibaha hebara ichha bhabare taanka kaaran darshaithile . shay tankara dwiteeja santanaku janma deithile, eka jhia jahara naama shay meey 2007 ray "clover" rakhithile. shay keseksare "recipe pharr sex" namaka eka internet redio shoe madhya host karanti . july 2007 ray, shay eka "smaraki bikrai" ghoshana karithile, jeunthire shay pindhithiba poshaka ebong phato suit ebong chalachitrare byabahara karithiba jouna khelana pradan karithile.
januari 2009 ray, nonam jaine taanka myspace blagare ghoshana karithile je shay purush pratibhanka saha kaama kariba arambha karibe. august 2010 ray, nonam zen taanka myspace blagare ghoshana karithile je shay kebala jane purush abhineta, dick bipada sahita abhinai karibe, ebong taanka purba ghoshana satwe, shay parabarti samajare anya kaunasi purush pratibha sahita kaama karinathile.
trademark ullanghana prasanga.
october 2007 ray, lekhaka violet blue treadmark ullanghana ebong patala kariba abhijoga curry federal kortare makaddama dair karithile, ebong lekhaka blunka byaktitwa ebong bilambare treadmark hoithiba naama byabahara sahita anyaya byabasai abhyasa madhya karithile. parna abhinetri 2000 masiharu ehi naama byabahara karuthile ebong arthika drustiru nijaku sathik bhabare rakhya karibare asamartha thile. adalat eka prathamika nirdesh jaari karithile jaahaa tanku "violet blue" naama kimba bibhrantikara bhabare anuroopa kichhi byabahara karibaku badhya karithila; ehaa paribarte mancha naama nonam jaine grahan karajaithila . | nonem jaine
nonam jaine ikk amriki pornographic abhinetri haii. ziaadaatar ashleel filman witch jiss witch uh dikhai ditti, usne stage naam violet blue dee varton keeti. aktubar 2007 witch, lekhak violet blue duaara liaande gaye ikk mukkadme witch dosh lagaiaa giaa kii jaine neey lekhak dey naam atey shakhsiat noon apnaiaa see, jiss naal jaine noon aapne stage daa naam badal keey violta blue curran laee prerit keeta giaa see, atey firr mamle witch ikk adesh dey jawab witch, nanam jaine curran laee prerit keeta giaa see.
mudhla jeevan.
jaine daa janam eberdeen, washington witch hoiaa see atey uh cheroki, dutch, angrezi atey franch mool dee haii. uss neey kiha kii uss neey lagbhag satt saal dee umar witch "mundiaan naal gadbad karna" shuru qarr ditta see atey uss neey 13 saal dee umar witch pahili vaar jinsi sambandh banaae sunn jadon uss dey maape bahr bingo khed rahey sunn. uss neey 16 saal dee umar witch jaadu atey jadugari daa adhiaen karna shuru qarr ditta atey 21 saal dee umar witch ikk thalamic dharmik sangathan, ordo temply orientis witch shuruat keeti gaee.
carrier.
ashleel filman banaun toon pahilan, uss neey ikk interview witch daava keeta kii usne salt lake city, utaah witch ikk stripper vajon kamm keeta see, atey usne siraf laas angels witch ashleel filman witch kamm karna shuru keeta jadon ashleel rasaliaan noon uss witch dilchaspi naheen see. uh "violet blue" dey naam heth 300 toon vaddh ashleel filman witch dikhai ditti.
retirement.
aprail 2005 witch, nonem jaine neey ailaan keeta kii maee witch, uh aapne grahi raaj washington waps aaa javegi atey uss daa patee pornographer stoney curtis laee kamm karna jaari rakkhan laee laas angels witch rahega. uss dee maan neey uss laee rahinn laee ikk gharr kharidiaa see.
agast 2006 witch, nonam jaine neey eemel duaara ailaan keeta kii uh hunn mardan naal ashleel drishan witch pardarshan naheen karegi, uss dey kaarnan noon aapne premi, dick khatre naal ikk-viaahuta honn dee ichha vajon dassiaa. uss neey maee 2007 witch aapne dooje bacche noon janam ditta, ikk ladki jiss daa naam uss neey "culver" rakkhiaa see. uh ikk internet radio shoa dee mezbani vee kardi haii jiss noon "recipes phaar saiks" kiha jaanda haii. julai 2007 witch, uss neey ikk "yadgari cheezan dee vikri" daa ailaan keeta, jiss witch uss neey aapne pahine hoye kappde atey jinsi khidone pesh keete joe uss neey foto shhoot atey filman witch varte sunn.
janwari 2009 witch, nonem jaine neey aapne micepace blogg utte ailaan keeta kii uh purash pratibha naal kamm karna dubara shuru karegi. agast 2010 witch, nonam jaine neey aapne micepace blogg utte ailaan keeta kii uh siraf ikk marad adakar, dick durs naal pardarshan karegi, atey ih kii, uss dey pahile ailaan dey bavjood, uss neey baad witch kise horr purash pratibha naal kamm naheen keeta see.
trademark ulanghna daa mudda.
aktubar 2007 witch, lekhak violet blue neey sanghi adalat witch trademark dee ulanghna atey kamzor curran dey naal-naal lekhak blue dee shakhsiat atey dair naal trademark keete naam dee varton dey naal annuchit vaparak abhiaasan daa dosh lagaunde hoye mukaddama daair keeta. pornographic abhinetri neey 2000 toon iss naam dee varton keeti see atey uh vitti taur 'teey aapna bachaa curran witch asamrath see. adalat neey ikk shuruati hukam jaari keeta jiss neey uss noon "violet blue" naam jaan ulajhan vaali koee vee cheez dee varton bnd curran laee majbur keeta; iss dee bajaae stage naam nonem jaine noon apnaiaa giaa see.
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nonem zen
nonaam zen ityeshaa amerikaadeshasy pornographic-abhinetree asti. yatrashu adhikaamsheshu ashleelachalachitreshu saa abhyanayt, teshu violet bloo iti manchanama upayujyate sma. 2007 october-maase, lekhakah violet bloo ityanena aaneetasy davayam aaropah krutah yat zen ityayam lekhakasy naam, vyaktitvam cha sveekrutavaan iti, yena zen ityeshaa tasyaah manchanama violet bloo iti parivartayitum preritaa, tatah prakaranasya aadeshasy pratikriyaaroopen nonaam zen iti cha.
praarambhikajeevanam.
zen ityeshaa washington-nagarasya eberdeen-nagare ajayata, saa cha cheroki, dutch, aangl, french-vamshasya asti. saa avadat yat saa praayah saptavarshe eva "baalakaih saha saha melanam" aarabdhavatee, 13 varshe cha yadaa tasyaah maataapitarau bahihi bingo-kreedaam abhyanayn tadaa saa prathamavaaram yaunamilanam akarot iti. saa 16 vayasi jaaduvidyaayaah, mantravidyaayaah cha adhyayanm aarabdhavatee, 21 vayasi ordo temply orientis iti thelemic-dhaarmik-samsthaayaam diksham praapnot.
vruttihi.
ashlilachalacchitranam nirmanat poorvam saa ekasmin sakshatkare, saltlake city, utaah ityatra stripper-rupena karyam krutavatee iti akathayat, tathaa cha kevalam laas-angelies-nagare ashleelachalachitreshu abhinayam aarabdhavatee yadaa ashleel-patrikaasu tasyaah ruchihi naseet. saa "violet bloo" iti namna 300 taha adhikeshu ashleelachalachitreshu abhyanayt.
nivruttah.
2005 april-maase, nonaam zen ityeshaa ghoshayat yat mey-maase saa swaraajyam washington-nagaram pratyaagatavatee, tasyaah patihi laas-angelies-nagare eva nivasati sma, yena cha saha ashleel-chitrakaarasya stoney curtis ityasya krute karyam anuvartayet iti. tasyaah maataa tasyaah nivasaya gruham kreenaati sma.
2006 tame varshe august-maase, nonaam zen ityeshaa eemel-dwara ghoshayat yat saa purushaihi saha ashleel-drushyeshu naa pradarshanm karishyati iti, swapriyohitena saha ekavivaahasya icchaayaah karanan avadat, dick-risk iti. saa 2007 tame varshe mey-maase swasyaah dwiteeya-shishum, yaa balikayaha naam "clover" iti dattavatee, janma dattavatee. saa key-sex ityatra "recipes faar sex" iti antarjaala-radio-karyakramanam api aayojayati. 2007 julai-maase saa "smaraneey-vikrayanam" iti ghoshayat, yasmin saa paridhaanaani vastraani, chaayaachitra-chitreekaraneshu chalacchitreshu cha prayuktaani yauna-kreedakaah cha pradadaati.
2009 janavaree-maase, nonaam zen ityeshaa swamaispes-blagg-madhye udghoshayat yat saa purusha-pratibhaasambaddhen saha punah karyam karishyati iti. 2010 august-maase, nonaam zen ityeshaa swamaispes-blagg-madhye udghoshayat yat saa kevalam ekaa purusha-abhinetraa, dick-risk ityanena saha eva abhinayam karishyati, tathaa cha tasyaah purvaghoshana satsu api saa anyaa purusha-pratibhayaa saha naa karyam krutavatee iti.
treadmark-ullamghanasya samasyaa.
2007 october-maase lekhakah violet bloo ityayam treadmark-ullamghanasya, durbalataayaah cha aropam krutvaa federal-nyayalaye vaadam pravishtavaan, tathaiva lekhakasy bloo ityasya vyaktitvasya, vilambena treadmark-namasya cha prayogena anuchita-vyaapaar-abhyaasaah cha aropitavan. ashleel-abhinetree 2000 tamaat varshaat asya namasya upayogam krutavatee, arthikadrushtya cha swasamrakshanaartham asamarthah aasit. nyayalayaha prarambhikam aadesham pradadat yena saa "violet bloo" athavaa anyat anyat anyat naamnah prayogam naa kartum baadhyah abhavat; tasya sthaane manchanama nonaam zen iti sweekrutam. |
noanaam jaine
noanaam jaine oru amerikkap penn thiraippada nadigai aavaar. avar thoantriya perumpaalaana ashleela padangkalil, avar violet blue endra maedaip peyaraip payanpaduththinaar. october 2007 ill, ezhuththaalar violet blue kondu vantha oru vazhakku, jaine aasiriyarin peyar mattrum aalumaiyai aetrtrukkondathaaka kuttram saattiyathu, jaine thanathu maedaip peyarai violetta blue endrum, pinnar jaine endru azhaikkaathavar endrum maattrath thoondiyathu, inththa vazhakkil oru thadai uttaravukku pathilaliththathu.
aarambagaala vaazhkkai.
jaine washington aberteinil piranthaar, avar serogi, duchu, aangkilam mattrum pirenchu vamsaavaliyaich sernthavar. aezhu vayathil thaan "siruvarkaludan kuzhappamadaiyath thodanginaen" endrum, thanathu pettroar bingo vilaiyaadik kondirunthapoathu 13 vayathil muthal muraiyaaga udaluravu kondathaagavum avar koorinaar. avar thanathu 16 vayathil mandhiravaatham mattrum sooniyak kalai aagiyavattraip padikkath thodangkinaar, maelum 21 vayathil oordoa dembly ooriyandis endra thelemic madha amaippil saernthaar.
thozhil.
oru nerkaanalil, avar oru nerkaanalil, udaavin salt lake sittiyil stripparaaga paniyaattriyathaagavum, losses aenchalsil ulla pornographic paththirigaigal avar meethu aarvam kaattaathathaal mattumae avar pornographic thiraippatankalil nadikkath thodangkinaar endrum koorinaar. avar "violet blue" endra peyaril 300 kkum maerpatta ashleela padangkalil thoantrinaar.
oaivu.
aepral 2005 ill, noanaam jaine mae maathaththil, avar thanathu sontha manilamaana washingtonukkuth thirumbuvaar endrum, avarathu kanavar losses aenchalsil thangki, thodarnthu pornographer stoney kardisukkaaga paniyaattruvaar endrum arivitthaar. aval thangkuvatharkaaga avaludaiya amma oru veettai vaankinaar.
august 2006 ill, noanaam jaine inii aangaludan paaliyal kaatchigalil nadikka matten endru minnanjal moolam arivitthaar, thanathu kaathalanudan ottraith thirumanamaaga irukka vaendum endra virupaththai thanathu kaaranangalaik koorinaar, tick aabaththu. avar thanathu irandaavathu kuzhandhaiyaip petrtreduththaar, avarukku mae 2007 ill "clover" endru peyarittaar. avar sex meethu "sexkaana samaiyal" endra inaiya vanoli nigazhchchiyaiyum nadaththukiraar. juulai 2007 ill, avar aninthiruntha aadaikal mattrum pugaippada padappidippugal mattrum thiraippatankalil payanpaduththiya paaliyal pommaigalai vazhangki, "ninaivuchchinnangal virpanai" ontrai arivitthaar.
janavari 2009 ill, noanaam jaine thanathu myspace valaippathivil aann thiramaikaludan meendum paniyaattruvathaaka arivitthaar. august 2010 ill, noanaam jaine thanathu myspace valaippathivil, tick ruster endra oru aann nadigarudan mattumae nadippathaaga arivitthaar, maelum avarathu munththaiya arivippu irunththapoathilum, avar pinnar vaeru endha aann thiramaikaludan paniyaattravillai.
varththaga mutthirai meeral prachchinai.
october 2007 ill, ezhuththaalar violet blue varththaga mutthirai meeral mattrum neerththal, athae poal aasiriyar bluevin aalumai mattrum thaamathamaaga varththaga mutthirai kutthappatta peyar payanpaduththappaduvathaal niyaayamattra vaniga nadaimuraigal endru kuttram saatti koottaatchi neethimandraththil vazhakku thodarnthaar. 2000 aam aandu muthal inththa peyaraip payanpaduththiya antha paaliyal nadigai, nidhi reethiyaaga thannaip paathukaakka mudiyavillai. neethimandram oru aaramba thadai uththaravai pirappiththathu, idhu "violet blue" allathu kuzhappamaana oththa ethaiyum payanpaduththuvathai niruththumpadi kattaayappaduththiyathu; adharku pathilaaka maedaip peyar noanaam jaine aetrtrukkollappattathu.
| nonem jaine
nonem jaine oka american asleela nati. aame kanipinchina chaalaa asleela chitraalalo, aame rangasthala paeru violet blue nuu upayoginchindi. october october, rachayita violet blue teesukuvacchina oka daavaa jaine rachayita paeru mariyu vyaktitvaanni sweekarinchaadani aaropinchindi, eee kesulo oka nishedhaagnaku pratispandanagaa jaine thana rangasthala paerunu vailetta bluega maarchadaaniki, aapai jaine paeru maarchadaaniki prerepinchindi.
prarambha jeevitam.
jaine washingtonloni aberdeenlo janminchindi mariyu aame cheroki, dutch, inglish mariyu french santatiki chendinadi. aame edu samvatsaraala vayassulo "abbaayilatoe godava padatam" praarambhinchindani, aame tallidandrulu bingo aadutuu bayataku vellinappudu 13 samvatsaraala vayassulo modatisaari laingika sambandham pettukunnamani perkondi. aame 16 samvatsaraala vayassulo maantrikata mariyu mantravidyanu adhyayanam cheyadam praarambhinchindi mariyu 21 samvatsaraala vayassulo ordo temply orientis anae thelemic matha samsthalo pravesinchindi.
vrutti.
asleela chitraalu cheyadaaniki mundu, aame oka interviewlo, utaalooni salt lake citylo stripperga panicheesaanani, asleela patrikalu aamepai aasakti chuupana tarvaata laas angelslo asleela chitraalalo natinchadam praarambhinchaanani perkondi. aame "violet blue" paerutoe 300 kii paiga asleela chitraalalo kanipinchindi.
padavee viramana.
2005 eprillo, nonam jaine mae nelaloo, aame thana sonta raashtramaina washingtonku tirigi vastaanani, thana bhartha asleela chitraala rachayita stoney curtis kosam panini konasaaginchadaaniki laas angelslo untaarani prakatinchaaru. aame talli aame nivasinchadaaniki oka intini konugolu chesindi.
aagashtu aagashtu, nonem jaine ikapai purushulatho asleela drushyaalalo natinchanani email dwara prakatinchindi, thana priyudu dick pramaadamtoe ekaswaamyamgaa undaalane korikanu aame kaaranaalanu perkondi. aame thana rendava biddaku, mae october "clover" anie paeru pettina ammayiki janmanichindi. aame kesexlo "recipes pharr sex" anae internet radeo shonu kooda nirvahistundi. juulai october, aame dharinchina dustulu mariyu photo shootlu mariyu chitraalalo upayoginchina laingika bommalanu andistuu "ghnaapakaala ammakam" nuu prakatinchindi.
2009 janavarilo, nonam jaine thana myspace blaglo taanu purusha pratibhaavantulatoe panicheyadam tirigi praarambhistaanani prakatinchindi. aagashtu aagashtu, nonam jaine thana myspace blaglo taanu dick risk anae oka maga natuditho matrame natistaanani, aame munupati prakatana unnappatikee, aame taruvaata yea itara maga pratibhatho kalisi panicheyaledani prakatinchindi.
trademark ullanghana samasya.
october october, rachayita violet blue trademark ullanghana mariyu paluchana, alaage rachayita blue vyaktitvam mariyu aalasyamgaa trademark cheyabadina paerunu upayoginchadam vanti anyaayamaina vyapara paddhatulanu aaropistuu federal kortulo daavaa vaesaadu. asleela nati 2000 nundi eee paerunu upayoginchindi mariyu aardhikamgaa tananu taanu sarigga rakshinchukolekapoyindi. kortu oka praathamika uttarvu jaarii chesindi, idhi aamenu "violet blue" ledhaa gandaragolamgaa saaruupyamaina deeninainaa upayoginchadaanni nilipiveyavalasi vachindi; badulugaa rangasthala paeru nonem jaine sweekarinchabadindi.
| nonam jaine
nonam jaine eek americi fahash adakarah haine. jinn fahash filmon mein wah nazar aayen inn mein say beshtar mein inhon nay stage kaa naam violet blue istemaal kiyaa. aktobar 2007 mein masnaf violet blue kii taraf say laaye gayey eek moqhadhime mein alzaam lagaya gayaa kahh jaine nay masnaf kaa naam aur shaqsiyat kuu apnaa liyaa hay jiss say jaine kuu iss muamile mein eek hakam naamay kay jawaab mein apnay stage kaa naam badal kirr violeta blue aur phir naan neem jaine karnay parr aamadah kiyaa gayaa.
ibtadayi zindagi.
jaine abardin washington mein paida hoyee thein aur inn kaa taaluq cheroki dich angrezi aur francisi nasal say hay. iss nay bataya kahh iss nay taqriba saat saal kii amar mein "ladkon kay saath garbad karnaa" sharoo kirr dee thee aur iss nay 13 saal kii amar mein pehli baar jansi taluqat qayem kiye jabb iss kay waldeen bango kheel rahay thay. iss nay 16 saal kii amar mein jaado aur jadogri kaa mutalah karnaa sharoo kiyaa aur 21 saal kii amar mein eek thalimi mazhabi tanzeem ardo temply orients mein shamoliyat akhtiyar kii.
carrier.
fahash filmein bananay say pehley iss nay eek intervieve mein daawi kiyaa kahh iss nay saalt leek stee yutah mein stripper kay toor parr kaam kiyaa thaa aur iss nay sarf laas angeles mein fahash filmon mein adakari sharoo kii jabb fahash rasayal kuu iss mein dilchaspi nahein thee. wah "violet blue" kay naam say 300 say ziyadah fahash filmon mein nazar aayen.
retirement.
apreel 2005 mein nonam jaine nay aalaan kiyaa kahh mayee mein wah apnee aabayi riyasat washington waps aayen gee aur iss kaa shohar fahashi nigaar stony crits kay liye kaam jaari rakhnay kay liye laas angeles mein rahay gaa. iss kii maan nay iss kay rehney kay liye eek gahar kharida thaa.
agast 2006 mein naanam jaine nay ayee meel kay zariye aalaan kiyaa kahh wah abb mardon kay saath fahash munazir mein perform nahein karein gee iss kii wajuhaat apnay bawaae friend dakk raskar kay saath yakk zojgi kii khwahish kay toor parr biyaan karti haine. iss nay mayee 2007 mein apnay dosray bachay kuu janam diyaa eek ladki jiss kaa naam iss nay "klover" rakhaa. wah kay seks parr "recipez faar seks" kay naam say eek internet redio show kii mezbani bhee karti hay. jolayi 2007 mein iss nay "yaadgaar ashyaa kii farokhat" kaa aalaan kiyaa jiss mein iss nay juu kapday pehney thay aur jansi khilonay paish kiye juu iss nay foto shoat aur filmon mein istemaal kiye thay.
januri 2009 mein nonam jaine nay apnay mayee spees blog parr aalaan kiyaa kahh wah mard telent kay saath kaam karnaa dobarah sharoo karein gee. agast 2010 mein nonam jaine nay apnay mayee spees blog parr aalaan kiyaa kahh wah sarf eek mard adaakaar dakk rasjar kay saath perform karein gee aur yaha kahh apnay pehley aalaan kay bawajood iss nay baad mein kasee dosray mard telent kay saath kaam nahein kiyaa thaa.
trade maark kii khalaaf warzi kaa masilah.
aktobar 2007 mein masnaf violet blue nay wafaqi adaalat mein trade maark kii khalaaf warzi aur kamzor karnay kay saath saath masnaf blue kii shaqsiyat aur deer say trade maark shadah naam kay istemaal kay saath ghair munsifana karobari tareeqon kaa alzaam lagatay hoay moqhadhima dayer kiyaa. fahash adakarah nay 2000 say yaha naam istemaal kiyaa thaa aur wah maali toor parr apnaa munasib dafaa karnay say qaasir thee. adaalat nay eek ibtadayi hakam naamah jaari kiyaa jiss nay asay "violet blue" naam yaa aljhan mein daalnay waali kasee bhee cheez kaa istemaal bund karnay parr majbur kiyaa. iss kay bajaye stage kaa naam nonam jaine apnaya gayaa.
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000512082eb6072b63fc938c0388fa6d376ac4d6ca19a6eedbc772bac1baf8ec | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=521961 | Nierstein-Oppenheim |
Nierstein-Oppenheim
Nierstein-Oppenheim is a former "Verbandsgemeinde" ("collective municipality") in the district Mainz-Bingen (Rheinhessen) in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It is situated on the left bank of the Rhine, approx. 15 km south-east of Mainz. On 1 July 2014 it merged into the new "Verbandsgemeinde" Rhein-Selz.
The "Verbandsgemeinde" consisted of the following eleven "Ortsgemeinden" ("local municipalities"):
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neorstein-oh 'penheim
niyerstein-oh 'penheim hoise germanyr reinland-pelletinetor mainz-bingen (rainhesen) jilaar etaa purbor "verbandsjemainde" ("xamuhik pouroxobha"). ee gorur baau paarot owosthito, pray. mainzor poraa 15 kilometer dokhyin-pubo. 2014 sonor 1 julyte ee notun "verbandsjaminde" rain-cheljot ekotrito hoy.
verbandsjemainde" too nimnolikhito egharta "ortsjemainden" ("sthaniyo pouroxobha") aasiloh | nearstein-oppenheim
nearstein-oppenheim germanyr reinland-palatinater mainz-bingen (rainesena) jelara ekti praktan "verbandsgemainde" ("somostigoto pourosobha"). etty gondarer baam teere abosthito, pray. meinz theke 15 kilometres dakkhin-purbo. 2014 saaler 1 julai etty notun "verbandsgemainde" raine-selje ekibhuto hoy.
verbandsgemainde" nimnolikhito egaroti "" ortsgemainden "" ("" sthaniya pourosobha "") niye gathitoh
| nearstein-oppenheim
nearstein-oppenham aee germanyna reinland-pelletinetmaa jilla mains-binjen (reinhessen) maan bhutpurv "worbandsgaminde" ("saamuhik nagarpalika") chhe. teey gendaana daaba kaanthe aavelu chhe, aashre. mainzthee 15 kimee dakshin-purvamaa. 1 julai julai roj teey navaa "worbandsgaminde" raine-salesmaa bhalee gayoo.
worbandsgemainde" maan neechena ageeyar "ortsgemainden" ("sthaaneek nagarpalikao") noow samaavesh thato hatoh
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nearstein-oppenheim
nearstein-oppenheim germany key reinland-palatinate mein jilaa menz-bingen (reinhessen) mein ack poorv "worbandsgamainde" ("saamoohik nagarpalika") haye. yeh lagbhag raain key baaen tata parr sthit haye. mains seey 15 kimmy dakshin-poorv. 1 julaai 2014 koo yeh nae "worbandsgaminde" raain-cells mein vilay hoe gayaa.
worbandsgaminde" mein nimnalikhit gyaarah "ortsgaminden" ("sthaaniya nagarpaalikaaen") shamil theh
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neerstein-oppenheim
nirestein-oppenheim germany reinland-pyaalatinetnalliruva mainz-bingen (rainhessen) jilleyalliruva hindina "worbandsgemaind" ("saamuhika purasabhe") aagide. idu sumaru rainna eda dandeyallide. mainjninda agneyakke 15 kii. mea. 2014rahra julai 1randu idu hosa "worbandsgameinde" raine-seljge vileenagonditu.
worbandsgaminde" ee kelagina hannondu "ortsgeminden" ("sthaliya purasabhegalu") galannu olagondittuhu |
nearstein-openheim
germmaniyile reinland-paalattinettile mains-bingan (reinhezen) jillayile oru muun "werbandsjeminde" ("koottaaya munisippaalitti") aanu nearstein-openheim. kaandaamrigatthinte idathu theerathaanu ithu sthithi cheiyunnathu. mainsil ninnu 15 kilometer thekk-kizhakk. 2014 juulai 1 nuu ithu puthiya "werbandsjeminde" raine-selsilekk layichu.
werbandsjeminde" yill inipparayunna pathinonnu "oortsjeminden" ("praadeshika munisippaalittikal") ulppedunnu |
nearstein-oppenheim
nearstein-oppenheim hii germanytil reyanland-paletinetmadhil mainz-bingen (rayanhesen) jilhyatil purvichi 'verbandsgaminde' ('samoohik nagarpalika') aahe. heey gendyachya davya kathavar andaje aahe. mainzpasoon 15 kiimii aagney. 1 julai 2014 roji teey naveen 'verbandsgaminde' raine-selzmadhye villin jhaale.
worbandsgeminde' madhye khaleel akra 'ortsgeminde' ('sthanik nagarpalika') samavisht hoteh |
nearstein-openheim
nearstein-oppenheim germanyko reinland-pyaletinetko zilla menz-binjen (rhinesen) maa raheko purva "bharbandsjeminde" ("samuhik nagarpalika") how. yo lagbhag gandaako bayan kinarma awasthit chha. menzbata 15 kilometer dakshin-purva. 1 july 2014 maa yo nayan "bharbandsjeminde" rain-selzma merge bhayo.
verbandsjemainde" maa nimna eghar "ortsgemainden" ("sthaniya nagarpalika") samawesh thieh | nearstein-openheim
nearstein-oppenheim heuchhi germanyra reinland-palatinet jillara menz-bingen (reinhesen) rahr eka purbatana "bharbandasjeminde" ("samuhika municipality") . ehaa gandhara baama koolare abasthita, pakhapakhi. mainz thaaru 15 kii. mea. dakhina-purbare. 1 july 2014 ray ehaa nutan "bharbandasjeminde" raine-selz ray mishigala .
bharbandasjemeinde" nimnalikhita egarati "" ortsgemainden "" ("" sthaniah pourapalika "") ku nei gathita .
| nearstein-oppenheim
nearstein-oppenheim germany dey reinland-palatinate witch zilha mains-binjen (reinhesson) witch ikk sabka "worbandsgaminde" ("samoohak municipality") haii. ih gandh dey khabbe kandhe utte sathit haii, lagbhag. mains toon 15 kilometer dakkhan-purab vall. 1 julai 2014 noon ih navein "worbandsgaminde" raine-cells witch milaa ditta giaa.
worbandsgaminde" witch heth likhe giaaran "ortsgaminden" ("sathanak mioonspeltiaan") shamal sanauu
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neersteen-openham
neersteen-openham iti jarmaneedeshasy rain-palatinate-nagarasya mains-bingen (rainhesen) mandale poorvam "warbaandsgeminde" ("saamoohik-nagarapalika") asti. ayam rain ityasya vaamatate praayah sthitah asti. mains-nagaraat 15 kii. mee. dakshinapoorvadishi asti. 2014 julai 1 dinaanke nootanam "warbaandsgeminde" rain-selz ityasmin vileenam jaatam.
warbaandsgeminde" ityasmin agrimeshu ekaadasha "ortsgaminden" ("sthaniya-nagarapalikaha") ityete aasanh |
nearstein-obenheim
nearstein-obenheim enbathu germanyin rainland-palatinatil ulla mines-bingan (rainhesen) maavattaththil ulla oru munnaal "werbandsjeminde" ("koottu nagaraatchi") aagum. idhu kaandaamirugaththin idathu karaiyil amainthullathu, thoaraayamaaga. meyinsilirunthu thenkizhakkae 15 kii. mee. juulai 1,2014 andru idhu puthiya "werbandsjeminde" raine-selsil inainthathu.
werbandsjeminde" pinvarum pathinoru "ardsgeminton" ("ulloor nagaraatchigal") aik kondirundhadhu
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neerstein-oppenheim
neerstein-oppenheim anedi germanyloni reinland-palatinetloni mainz-bingen (rainhessen) jillaalo unna maajee "werbandsgemindy" ("saamuuhika municipality"). idhi khadgamrugam yokka edama odduna sumaruga undhi. mainz kuu aagneyamgaa 15 kii. mea. la dhooramlo undhi. 2014 juulai 1naa idhi kotta "werbandsgaminde" raine-selz loe vileenam ayyindi.
verbandsgeminde" loe eee krindi padakondu "ortsgeminden" ("sthaanika munisipaalitiilu") unnaih
| nearstein-openheim
nearstein-openheim germani kay raain lend-palitinate mein zalaa menz-benan (raain hasson) mein eek sabqah "warbandzgimende" ("ijtemayi baldiyah") hay. yaha gainday kay bayein kinaray parr waaqa hay taqriba. menz say 15 chlometer janub mashriq mein. 1 jolayi 2014 kuu yaha nayey "warbandzgimende" raain seils mein zam how gayaa.
warbandzgimende" mandarjah zeel gayarah "artsgimenden" ("maqami baldiyaat") parr mushtamil hay:
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00051a5f13e8d3fec9f1730c876e9e1b4f80fa1172411455a2949313e6e6b03f | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44437695 | List of United States senators in the 45th Congress |
List of United States senators in the 45th Congress
This is a complete list of members of the United States Senate during the 45th United States Congress listed by seniority, from March 4, 1877, to March 3, 1879.
Order of service is based on the commencement of the senator's first term. Behind this is former service as a senator (only giving the senator seniority within his or her new incoming class), service as vice president, a House member, a cabinet secretary, or a governor of a state. The final factor is the population of the senator's state.
Senators who were sworn in during the middle of the Congress (up until the last senator who was not sworn in early after winning the November 1878 election) are listed at the end of the list with no number.
Notes.
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45tomo congressot aamerika juktorastror xenetaror talika
eitu 1877 sonor 4 marchor poraa 1879 sonor 3 marcholoike jyesthotar bhittit talikabhukto 45 xongkhyok aamerika juktorastror congressor xomoyot aamerika juktorastror sinetor xodosyoxokolor xompurno talika.
xewar aadex xenetaror prothom karjokal aarombho huwar uporot aadharito. iyar aarot aase xenetar hisape purbor xewa (kewol notun aagot ohaa shrenir bhitorot xenetarok jyesthota prodan koraa), upo-rastropoti, xodonor xodosyo, kebinet xosibo, baa rajyor rajyopal hisape xewa. suranto karoktu hoh 'lo xenetar rajyor jonoxongkhya.
congressor majbhagot xopot grohon koraa xenetarxokolok (1878 sonor novembor nirbasonot joyee huwar pisot prarombhikbhabe xopot grohon nokora xexorjon xenetaroloike) talikar xexot kunu xongkhya nothoka hisape talikabhukto koraa hoy. | talikabhukto congresse markin juktorashtrer cinetorder talika
etty 1877 saaler 4thhaa march theke 1879 saaler 3raa march porjonto jyesthotar vittite talikabhukto talikabhukto markin juktorashtrer congresser somoy markin juktorashtrer sineter sadasyader ekti sampurna talika.
porishebar adesh senator prothom meyad shurur upor vitti korey. err pichhone royeche sinetara hisabe praktan porisheba (shudhumatra sinetorke taar notun agoto shrenir modhye jyesthota deoa), soho-rashtrapati, house sadasya, montriporishod sachib baa konao rajyer governor hisabe porisheba. chudanta kaaron holl senator rajyer jonosongkha.
congresser majhamajhi somoye shopoth neoa cinetorder (1878 saaler novemborer nirbachone jetar porr jey shesh sinetara shopoth nenni) konao sankhya chharai talikar sheshe talikabhukto koraa hoy.
| soochibaddh kongresamaa united statesnaa senetaroni yaadee
4 march, march 3 march, 1879 sudhee varishthataa dwara soochibaddh soochibaddh united states congress darmiyan united states senetnaa sabhyoni aaa sampoorn soochi chhe.
sevaano krama senatornaa pratham kaarykaalni sharuaat parr aadharit chhe. aanee paachhal senator tarikeni bhutpurv sevaa (maatra senatorne tenaa athavaa teneena navaa aavtaa vargmaa varishthataa aapvi), uprashtrapati, gruh sabhy, cabinet sacheev athavaa rajyanaa governor tarikeni sevaa chhe. anteem pareebal senatorni raajyani vastee chhe.
kongresnaa madhyamaa shapath lenara senetaro (november (november chuntani jeetya pachhi sharuaatmaa shapath naa lenar chhella senator sudhee) koee sankhyaa vinaa soochina ante soochibaddh karvaamaa aave chhe.
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45veen congress mein sanyukt raajya america key senators kii soochi
yeh 4 march, 1877 seey 3 march, 1879 taka varishthata dwara soochibaddh 45veen sanyukt raajya congress key dauran sanyukt raajya senate key sadasyon kii ack poori soochi haye.
seva kaa adesh senator key pahale karyakal key praarambh parr adharit hotaa haye. isake peechhe ack senator key roop mein poorv seva (kewal senator koo usake nae aaney vaale varg key bheetar varishthata denaa), upaadhyaksh, ack sadan sadasya, ack cabinet sachiv, yaa ack raajya key rajyapal key roop mein seva haye. antim kaarak senator key raajya kii jansankhya haye.
congress key beach mein shapath lene vaale senator (antim senator taka joe navambar 1878 kaa chunaav jeetane key baad jaldi shapath naheen leey rahey they) soochi key anta mein soochibaddh hain, jinamen koee sankhya naheen haye. |
45neey kangresnalli united states senetargala patti
idu 1877rahra march 4rinda 1879rahra march 3ravarege hiritanadinda patti maadalaada 45neey united states congressina united states senetna sadasyara sampoorna pattiyagide.
senatorn modala avadhiya praarambhavannu seveya kramavu aadhariside. idara hinde senator aagi hindina seve (senatorge avana athawa avala hosa olabaruva vargadolage hiritanavannu maatra niiduttade), upadhyaksharagi, house sadasyaraagi, cabinet karyadarshiyagi athawa rajyada governor aagi seve sallisuvudu. antima amshavendare senator rajyada janasankhye.
congressina madhyadalli pramana vachana sweekarisida senetargalannu (1878rahra november chunavaneyalli gedda nantara pramana vachana sweekarisada koneya senator tanaka) yaavude sankhyeyillade pattiya koneyalli patti maadalaaguttade.
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45-aamath kongrasile yunaittad stetts senattarmaarude pattika
1877 march 4 muthal 1879 march 3 vare seeniyarity prakaram pattikappedutthiya 45-aamath yunaittad stetts kongrasil yunaittad stetts senattile amgangalude poornna pattikayaanith.
senattarude aadyakaala bharanakaalatthinte thudakkathe adisthaanamaakkiyaanu sevanakramam. oru senattar enna nilayilulla muun sevanam (senattarkk avarude puthiya varaanirikkunna vibhagathinullil seeniority nalkuka maathram), vais president, house amgam, kaabinat sekrattari allengil oru samsthaana govarnor ennee sevanangalaan ithinu pinnil. senattarude samsthaanathinte janasamkhyayaanu avasana ghadakam.
kongrassinte madhyathil sathyaprathinja cheytha senattarmaare (1878 november thiranjeduppil vijayichu neratthe sathyaprathinja cheyyaatha avasana senattar vare) pattikayude avasaanathil oru samkhyayumillaathe pattikappedutthunnu. | kelelya congressmadhil united states sinetarsachi yadee
4 march 1877 teey 3 march 1879 yaa kalavadhit jyeshthatenusar soochibaddha kelelya kelelya united states congressdermyanchya united states sinetchya sadasyanchi hii sampoorn yadee aahe.
sevecha kram haah senatorchya pahilya karyakal suru honyavar aadharit asato. yaa mage senator mhanoon purvichi seva (keval tyachya kinwa tichya naveen naveen vargat cineterla jyeshthatva dene), upadhyaksh, sabhagruh sadasya, cabinet sachiv kinwa rajyache rajyapal mhanoon seva aahe. antim ghatak mhanje senator rajyachya loksankhyecha.
congresschya madhyabhagi shapath ghetalelya cinetersna (november 1878 chee nivadanuk jinkalyanantar lavkar shapath naan ghetalelya shevatchya sinetparyant) yadichya shevati sankhyabal nasalele soochibaddha kele jaate.
| 45 aun congressma sanyukta rajya americaka sinetarharuko suchi
yo 4 march 1877 dekhi 3 march 1879 samma warishthata dwara suchibadha 45 aun sanyukta rajya americako congressko samayama sanyukta rajya cineteka sadasyaharuko purna suchi how.
sewako kram cineterko pahilo karyakalko prarambhama adharit hunchha. yasako pachhadi cineterko rupma purva sewa (kewal cineterlai usako nayan agaman warga bhitra warishthata dindai), uparashtrapati, sadan sadasya, cabinet sachiva, wa rajyako gabharnarko rupma sewa chha. antim karak cineter rajyako janasankhya how.
congressko bichma shapath line sinetarharu (november 1878 ko chunawa jitepachhi chaandai shapath naline antim cinetersamma) kunai sankhya bina suchiko antyama suchibadha hunchhan.
| heuchhi kangresare juktarastra americara sinetaranka talika
ehaa heuchhi heuchhi juktarastra america congress samajare baristhata dwara talikabhukta juktarastra america cinetra sadasyamananka eka sampurna talika, march 4,1877 ru march 3,1879 parjyanta.
seba adesh sinetaranka pratham karjyakala arambha upare aadharita . ehaa pachare jane sinetara bhabe purbatana seba (kebala sinetaranku taanka nooa asuthiba berg madhyare baristhata pradan kariba), uparastrapati, gruha sadasya, cabinet sachiba kimba rajyara rajyapala bhabe seba rahichhi. antim kaaran heuchhi sinetaranka rajyara janasankhya.
congress majhire shapath neithiba cinetermane (shesh sinetara jie navember 1878 nirbachanare jitiba parey shighra shapath grahan karinathile) kaunasi sankhya bina talika sheshare talikabhukta hoichhanti.
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45veen congress witch sanyukat raaj dey senatoran dee suchi
ih 4 march, 1877 toon 3 march, 1879 takk, 45veen sanyukat raaj congress dauran seniorta duaara suchibadh sanyukat raaj dee senate dey memberan dee puurii suchi haii.
seva daa adesh senator dey pahile karajkal dee shuruat 'teey adharat hunda haii. iss dey pichhe ikk senator dey roop witch sabka seva (siraf senator noon uss dee naveen aaunn vaali shreni dey ander seniorta denna), upp rashtarpati, ikk sadan member, ikk mantri mandal sakattar, jaan ikk raaj dey governor dey roop witch seva haii. antim kaarak senator raaj dee aabadi haii.
congress dey maddh witch sahun chukkan vaale senatoran (aakhri senator, jiss neey navambar 1878 deeaan chonhan jittan toon baad jaldi sahun naheen chukki see) noon suchi dey ant witch suchibadh keeta giaa haii, jiss witch koee ginti naheen haii. | 45 tame kaangres madhye samyuktarajyamerika-deshasya senator-ityeteshaam soocheeh
1877 maarch 4 taha 1879 maarch 3 paryantam, varishtataa-dwara suchibaddhasya 45 tame samyuktarajyamerika-kaangres-madhye samyuktarajyamerika-seenet-sadasyanam sampornasoochi asti.
sevaa-adeshah senator ityasya prathama-kaaryakaalasy aarambhe aadhrutah bhavati. asya prushthe senator-rupena poorvasevaa (kevalam nootan-aagaman-varge senator-varyasya varishtataam pradadaati), uparaashtrapatih, sadanasya sadasyah, mantriparishada-sachivah, athavaa rajyasya rajyapalaha iti sevaa asti. antimam kaarakam senator-rajyasya janasankhyaa asti.
kaangres-pakshasya madhyabhaage shapatham sweekrutaah senator-janaah (1878 tame varshe november-maase nirvaachane vijayam praptva poorvamev shapatham naa sweekrutaah antimah senator-sadasyah) suchyam ante sankhyaaviheenaan suchyam kurvanti.
| congressil america senattarkalin pattiyal
idhu maarch 4,1877 muthal maarch 3,1879 varai mudhunilai adippadaiyil pattiyalidappatta 45 vadhu america congressin poathu america senat uruppinargalin muzhumaiyaana pattiyal aagum.
senattarin muthal pathavikkaalaththin thodakkaththai adippadaiyaagak kondu saevai varisaippaduththappadukirathu. idharku pinnaal senattaraaga munnaal saevai (senattarukku avarathu puthiya ulvarum vaguppirkul moothaththuvaththai mattumae valangkukirathu), thunaith thalaivar, oru havus uruppinar, oru amaicharavai seyalaalar allathu oru maanilaththin aalunar aagiya pathavikal ullana. iruthik kaarani senattar maanilaththin makkal thogai aagum.
congressin naduvil pathaviyaettra senattarkal (navambar 1878 therthalil vettri pettra piragu munkoottiyae pathaviyaerkaatha kadaisi senattar varai) pattiyalin mudivil endha ennikkaiyum illaamal pattiyalidappadugiraargal.
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45va congresslo united states senatorla jabita
idhi 1877 marchi 4 nundi 1879 marchi 3 varaku seniority dwara jabita cheyabadina 45va united states congress samayamlo united states senate sabhyula puurti jabita.
senator modati padaveekaalam praarambhampai seva kramam aadharapadi untundi. dheeni venuka senatorga maajee seva (senatorku athani ledhaa aame kotta incoming classlo seeniyaaritiini matrame ivvadam), upadhyakshudiga, house memberga, cabinet sekratareegaa ledhaa rashtra governorga seva cheyadam. senator rashtra janabha anedi chivari amsam.
congress madhyalo pramaana sweekaaram chesina senatorlu (november 1878 ennikalaloo gelichina taruvaata mundugaane pramaana sweekaaram cheyani chivari senator varaku) sankhya lekunda jabita chivarilo jabita cheyabaddaaru.
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45 wein congress mein riyasathaye muthadah kay senitors kii fehrist
yaha 4 maarch 1877 say 3 maarch 1879 takk seniority kay lahaaz say darj 45 wein united steats congress kay doraan riyasathaye muthadah kii senate kay arakeen kii makmal fehrist hay.
arder aaf saros senitor kii pehli madat kay aaghaz parr mubni hoti hay. iss kay peeche batoor senitor sabqah khidmaat (sarf senitor kuu iss kay nayey aaney waalay tabqe mein sunyarti deena)yee naib sadr aiwan kay rakan kabinah screetry yaa riyasat kay governor kii haisiyat say khidmaat haine. hatmi ansar senitor kii riyasat kii aabadi hay.
congress kay wast mein halaf leenay waalay senitors (aakhri senitor takk juu nomber 1878 kay intekhabat jeetnay kay baad jald halaf nahein lay sakay thay) fehrist kay aakhir mein darj haine jinn kii koyee taadad nahein hay. |
00051a688f3fae0e9cbb069036d3d73cef7f35758b34387843a1c1f8b2d2655b | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35585802 | British Columbia Penitentiary |
British Columbia Penitentiary
The British Columbia Penitentiary (BC Penitentiary, commonly referred to as the BC Pen and the Pen) was a federal maximum security prison located in New Westminster, British Columbia, Canada. The BC Penitentiary operated for 102 years, from 1878 until it was decommissioned in 1980. It was the first federal penal institution west of Manitoba.
The Gatehouse was sold on September 8,2021 and was renamed Governors Castle by new owners.
Colliers international Appraised the Building at $8,950,000, additional open space for $4,500,00, totalling $13,450,000 at time of purchase by Governors Court Inc.
History.
After British Columbia joined confederation in 1871 and with the population of western Canada increasing, the need for a federal prison in western Canada became apparent. The fact that the transcontinental railroad had not yet been constructed made transporting prisoners long distances east to other federal institutions costly and difficult, which further exacerbated this need.
Planning and construction for the BC Penitentiary began in 1874. The site selected was a hillside overlooking the Fraser River in the Sapperton neighbourhood of New Westminster. The prison received its first inmates in 1878 and opened without fanfare.
The buildings and structures that made up the BC Penitentiary site were added gradually. The original complex comprised the main gate house and a few brick and wooden buildings. The large cell blocks, which housed most of the inmates, were constructed between 1904 and 1914.
BC Penitentiary was replete with structural problems when it opened, including flooding of the basement, faulty plumbing and heating, bars either missing from windows or not properly affixed to the walls, and the lack of proper medical facilities. Major repairs and renovations were conducted over several years to remedy these issues, with most of the work performed by inmate work crews.
The site was initially fenced by a wooden fence, which was soon upgraded to 30-foot rock walls, and finally 40-foot concrete walls. Guard towers were located on each corner.
Until 1961, the prison incorporated a farm, located across the street from the penitentiary, where some inmates would be assigned to work. The farm produced a sizeable portion of the food used use in the institution's kitchen. The farm was economically viable into the late 1950s. However, increasing costs of its operation, decreasing costs of buying food from outside sources, the perceived decline in the usefulness of providing agricultural training to inmates, and the increasing urbanization of the surrounding area, led to the decision to close the farm and sell the farmland to the City of New Westminster.
Staffing requirements increased over time in accordance with standards dictated by the Canadian Penitentiary Service. They were 171 in the mid-1950s, and had increased to 363 in 1976, despite a decrease in the prison population during this period.
BC Penitentiary experienced severe overcrowding starting in the 1950s holding as many as 765 prisoners in 1958. The Canadian Penitentiary Service attempted to alleviate this by transferring inmates to other institutions, such as the recently opened William Head Institution. By the mid-1960s, the population had been reduced to around 500 inmates. However, this did not prevent the series of violent riots and hostage-takings that plagued BC Penitentiary in its final years.
On March 12, 1979, Correctional Service of Canada announced that British Columbia Penitentiary would close. Inmates were gradually transferred to Kent Institution, with the last inmate leaving on February 15, 1980. For two weeks in May, 1980, the prison was opened to the public for the first time; over 80,000 attended the open house. Although BC Penitentiary had opened with no ceremony or fanfare whatever 102 years earlier, a formal ceremony, attended by various dignitaries, was held to mark its closing on May 10, 1980.
Most of the buildings on the former BC Pen site have been demolished and replaced by residential housing and parkland. Only four parts of the original prison still remain: the Gatehouse (which is now a sports bar), the Coal House, the original Centre Block (which has been converted to offices), and the cemetery.
Daily routine.
In its latter years of operation, the daily routine for inmates in the general population was as follows: rise at 7:00 am; clean cell, shave and wash-up; get breakfast from the kitchen and eat it in the cell; report for work at 8:00 am; leave work at 11:30 am; pick-up lunch and return to cell for count and lock-up; eat lunch in the cell; work from 1:00 pm until 3:30 pm; collect dinner from kitchen; return to cell for count and lock-up; eat dinner in cell; leisure period from 6:00 pm until 9:00 pm in winter/10:00 pm in summer; must be back in cell block at 11:00 pm.
Facilities.
BC Penitentiary contained the standard features of a maximum security prison of its era. These included, among other things, cell blocks, offices, a hospital, a kitchen, work and school facilities, and two chapels (one Catholic, one Protestant). One peculiarity was that there was no dining hall; the inmates thus had to eat their meals in their cells.
Cemetery.
The BC Penitentiary site included a prison cemetery called Boot Hill. The remains of most inmates who died at BC Penitentiary were claimed by their families; those that were not were buried at Boot Hill. All work relating to the cemetery such as digging graves, site maintenance, and the construction of grave markers and coffins, was performed by inmates. The cemetery officially opened in 1913, but was probably in use in 1912.
The remains of approximately 50 inmates are still buried there. During the cemetery's early years, records were not carefully taken or preserved, and are unreliable. Most graves are marked by small concrete gravestones engraved only with the inmate's prison number. Some inmates are buried in unmarked graves.
Although most of the prison has since been demolished, the cemetery still remains () in what is now Glenbrook Ravine Park. After BC Penitentiary closed, the federal government ceded the cemetery to the City of New Westminster. Very few people know that the cemetery is there, it is maintained by the City of New Westminster and has an information plaque with prisoner grave information. The cemetery is mentioned in the history section of Glenbrook Ravine Park.
The Doukhobors.
BC Penitentiary was heavily involved in government conflict with the Sons of Freedom sect of British Columbia Doukhobors in the mid 20th century. Throughout this period, the Sons of Freedom protested against perceived government interference or injustice through acts of public nudity and arson; as a result they were frequently subject to mass arrests, which resulted in mass convictions.
In 1931, over 600 BC Doukhobors were sentenced to three-year prison terms for public nudity. BC Penitentiary was unable to handle such a spike in the inmate population, so a satellite prison under the authority of the BC Penitentiary was constructed on Piers Island specifically to house these prisoners. When the majority of these sentences expired, the prison camp was closed and the remaining Doukhobor inmates were transferred to the main penitentiary.
In 1950, there was another mass-conviction of Doukhobors relating to arsons. In response, BC Penitentiary set up a self-contained compound for these prisoners adjacent to the main penitentiary. Whereas the experience on Peirce Island was mostly peaceful, this time things were different. The prisoners set the compound on fire twice in 1951, the latter time mostly destroying it. The Doukhobor prisoners were then moved to the main prison, where they participated in a 35-day hunger strike that ended with forced-feedings.
Another mass conviction occurred in 1953 relating to another arson and public nudity incident. New huts were constructed at BC Penitentiary, but this time they were used to house members of the general prison population in order to free up space to move the Doukhobors into fire-proofed cells in the main cellblocks.
Another round of arsons in 1961 and 1962 prompted the creation of the Agassiz Mountain Prison as a satellite of BC Penitentiary. This prison was specifically designed to house Doukhobor prisoners. Since the Doukhobors refused to do any work while incarcerated, there were no work programs and no privileges for the inmates at the new institution. The entire prison was designed to avoid incendiarism, with everything, including furniture, being made of concrete or metal. All fabrics, such as clothing and bedding, were fireproofed. The leaders of the Sons of Freedom were kept segregated, as were the younger men. The inmates began a hunger strike in August 1962, which carried on for over a year and resulted in one death due to malnutrition, despite forced-feedings.
The last Doukhobor prisoner was released in 1970. Agassiz Mountain Prison was turned into a prison for elderly inmates from BC penitentiary, and eventually split off as a separate medium security institution.
Discipline and punishment.
Methods of punishment for violations of prison rules employed within BC Penitentiary evolved along with the times. Corporal punishment was initially the preferred method for a number of infractions, with flogging being the most common. Corporal punishment was gradually phased out until it was banned outright in 1972. Other common form of punishment included working on the chain gang, punitive diets of bread and water, and solitary confinement.
In BC Penitentiary's more modern incarnation, punishments tended to be much more bureaucratically managed. The most common forms of punishment were loss of privileges, and solitary confinement.
Solitary confinement.
Solitary confinement (officially called "dissociation"; commonly referred to as "segregation") was a common form of punishment at BC Penitentiary. Prisoners could be placed in segregation for three reasons: at their own request; as punishment for up to 30 days; or for administrative purposes for an unlimited amount of time. In practice, administrative segregation was often used to punish prisoners; controls on the use of administrative segregation were extremely discretionary and thus open to misuse. It was common for prisoners to be kept in solitary confinement for months or even years at a time. For example, an inmate named Jack McCann spent 1421 days – 754 of those consecutive – in solitary confinement between 1970 and 1974.
Formally known as the Special Correction Unit (SCU), the solitary confinement cells were commonly called "the Penthouse" by inmates and staff, partly due to their location on the top floor of one of the cell blocks. (The Penthouse had been built in 1963 to replace the old solitary confinement cells that were in the basement, which were known as "the Hole".) BC Penitentiary's solitary confinement cells were known as being particularly brutal for a modern prison.
The cells were extremely small, with three concrete walls with no windows, and a solid steel door with a five-inch square window facing the corridor. The cells contained only a wash basin/toilet combination (cold water only), and a radio selector (there were two channels), and a concrete pad covered with a sheet of plywood four inches off the floor on which the inmates slept. Inmates could not control the volume of the radio nor the temperature of the cell. The lights in the cell remained on 24 hours a day, but were dimmed to 25 watts at night.
Inmates who were in the SCU for disciplinary or administrative reasons would be confined to their cells for 23.5 hours per day. They would be given half an hour of exercise, which consisted of walking alone in the corridor between cells in the SCU. A rubber pad and blanket would be delivered in the evening and collected each morning. The inmates would not have any opportunity to see the outdoors. Inmates who were in the SCU for protective custody would be allowed to retain the rubber pad and blanket throughout the day, and would sometimes be permitted to exercise outdoors for half an hour per day. Inmates were not permitted to speak to one another, work, attend school, visit the library, watch TV, or engage in any other interactive activities.
In addition to the harsh conditions, harassment and abuse by the guards in the SCU was widespread and endemic.
Executions.
Only one execution was ever carried out at BC Penitentiary. Before the abolition of the death penalty in Canada, executions were carried out at provincial gaols rather than federal prisons. An exception was made in the case of Joseph Smith, aged 24, who was executed by hanging on January 31, 1913.
Smith and another inmate at BC Penitentiary, Herman Wilson, killed a guard during an escape attempt on October 5, 1912. Wilson was injured during the attempt and died from his injuries before his trial; Smith was tried and convicted of murder.
The official reasoning for conducting the execution at BC Penitentiary was that it was easier to continue to house Smith there rather than transfer him to a provincial institution. However, it is likely that this was intended to serve as an example to the other inmates at BC Penitentiary. A scaffold was specially constructed for the execution, near the spot where the guard had been killed during the failed escape attempt. Smith was interred in the prison cemetery.
Riots and hostage-takings.
Like most maximum security prisons of its vintage, BC Penitentiary experienced a number of inmate suicides, self-mutilations, assaults, stabbings, escape attempts and murders throughout its history. In its later years, BC Penitentiary became known for its riots and hostage-takings.
BC Penitentiary had few major violent incidents in its early history. It did not experience its first riot until 1934, its 56th year of operation. However, it began to experience exponentially more of these major incidents as the facility aged and became less suitable as a modern prison. Most of BC Penitentiary's major violent incidents occurred in its final 10 years of operation in the 1970s. During the 1970s, BC Penitentiary was one of the most violent federal institutions in Canada. The worsening of conditions and increasing number of violent incidents at BC Pen contributed to its decommissioning in 1980.
1934 riot.
Rioting began on September 1, 1934, when seven prisoners refused to do their assigned work. By September 10, 73 prisoners were striking. Furniture and toilets were smashed, as well as 182 windows. The riot ended on September 12 when its leaders were paddled. The inmates were protesting generally poor conditions, and were also demanding that they be paid for the work that they did. The riot was instrumental to the Canadian government implementing a policy of paying its federal inmates five cents per day.
1963 riot and hostage-taking.
On April 20, 1963, a guard found three prisoners attempting to escape. The guard fired at the prisoners and they responded by throwing Molotov cocktails. The three inmates, led by inmate Gerry Casey, took guard Pat Dennis hostage and, along with 15 other inmates, locked themselves in the auditorium. Other prisoners then began starting fires and destroying the prison.
The inmates insisted on negotiating through local broadcaster Jack Webster. "The mad ringleader, Gerry Casey, his lean face suffused with anger, struck the knife against Dennis' throat and screamed at me," Webster wrote in a story for the Vancouver Sun. "Tell Warden Tom Hall if the bulls break in here, the guard dies first. You'll die too Webster! We all die. Get on that telephone!"
Royal Canadian Mounted Police and the Canadian Army restored order to the prison, except for the auditorium. The hostage-takers' only demand was that they be transferred out of BC Pen; the incident ended after this demand was acceded to.
1973 riot.
A three-day riot started on October 5, 1973. Twenty-three cells were destroyed.
1975 hostage-takings.
In February 1975, a staff member was held hostage for four hours.
On June 9, 1975, at approximately 8:00 am, 15 prison staff were taken hostage by three inmates. The incident lasted until June 11 at 1:00 am, a total of 41 hours, when an armed tactical squad of prison officers stormed the prison. One of the inmates, convicted murderer Andy Bruce, grabbed a hostage, classification officer Mary Steinhauser, to use as a human shield. The 32-year-old Steinhauser was killed by friendly fire, while Bruce was shot twice, but survived. A Commission of Inquiry was appointed to determine the causes of the incident. Its findings included:
On July 4, a prison staff member was held hostage by one prisoner for eight hours.
1976 riot and hostage-takings.
In February, three prisoners took three guards hostage for almost 15 hours.
In April, four prisoners took three guards hostage for 13 hours. Two prisoners were also found dead that month.
In June, prisoners attempted to take two guards hostage; they escaped with minor injuries.
On August 31, one prisoner briefly took a guard hostage.
Starting September 9, there was a 12-day state of emergency when guards refused to work overtime. Three inmates died during this period.
The largest major incident in BC Penitentiary's history started on September 27, 1976. A large percentage of the inmate population started rioting as they were released from their cells for showers. Over the next few days, the inmates destroyed most of the cellblocks and several other parts of the prison. They destroyed the internal walls between cell blocks – which had stood for nearly a century – in many cases with their hands. The principal complaints were abuse by the guards, and the refusal by the guards to follow new, more humane directives. Two guards were taken hostage. Police riot control squads, and Canadian Army soldiers surrounded the perimeter of the prison. After the newly formed Citizens' Advisory Committee arrived on site and began participating in negotiations, the hostage-takers released one hostage in a show of good faith, and a nine-point deal was eventually struck on October 2, peacefully ending the riot and hostage-taking.
References.
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britis columbier bondigriho
britis kolombiya penitensiyori (khristopurbor penitensiyori, xadharonote bi. chi. penn aaru penn buli kuwa hoy) kanadar britis columbier niu westminstarot owosthito ek federal xorbadhik nirapotta karagar aasil. 1878 sonor poraa 1980 sonot iyak baatil koraa porjonto 102 bosor dhori ei bi. chi. karagartu soli aasil. ee aasil monitubar poschimot thoka prothom federal penal protisthan.
gatehousetu 8 septembor, 2021-too bikri koraa hoisil aaru notun malikxokole iyak gowornor kesel buli punor naamkoron korisil.
colliers international-e bhowontur mulyo $8,950,000, otirikto mukoli thair mulyo $4,500,00, gowornor aadalot inok-ror dwara kroy korar xomoyot muth $13,450,000 buli mulyayon korisil.
itihax.
1871 sonot britis kolombiyai confederationot jugdan korar pisot aaru poschim kanadar jonoxongkhya briddhi huwar loge loge poschim kanadat federal karagaror proyujoniyota sposto hoi porisil. antohmohadexiyo railpoth etiyau nirman koraa huwa nasil buli koi koi koidixokolok pube aan federal protisthanoloi digholiya durotwoloi loi juwatu byoybohul aaru kothin kori tulisil, jaar folot ei proyujoniyota aaru odhik briddhi paisil.
1874 sonot khristopurbor bondigrihor baabe porikolpona aaru nirman aarombho hoisil. nirbasito sthantu niu westminsteror saperton suburit frazer nodir uporot soku thoka etaa paharor kaax aasil. 1878 sonot karagarkhone iyar prothom bondi laabh korisil aaru kunu dhoronor dhorna-dhemali nuhuwakoi khula hoisil.
khristopurbor bondigrihor sthan gothon koraa ottalika aaru gathonibur kromanwoye jug koraa hoisil. mool porikhetrotut mool get house aaru keitaman itaa aaru kaathor ottalika aasil. brihot kux khondobur, zo 'too besibhag bondiye baax korisil, 1904 sonor poraa 1914 sonor bhitorot nirman koraa hoisil.
khristopurbor bondigrihokhon khular xomoyot gathonigot xomosyaxomuhore bhori aasil, jaar bhitorot aasil basementor banpani, trutipurno plumbing aaru heating, khirikir poraa barxomuh nuhuwa baa dewalot xothikbhabe loguwa huwa nasil, aaru xothik sikitsa xubidhar obhab. ei xomosyaburor xomadhanor baabe keiba bosor dhori guruttopurno meramoti aaru nobikoron koraa hoisil, besibhag kaam bondi kormir dwara koraa hoisil.
ei sthantuk prothomote etaa kaathor berere ber loguwa hoisil, jitu xunkalei 30 fut xilor dewaloloi unnit koraa hoisil, aaru xexot 40 fut concretor dewaloloi unnit koraa hoisil. protitu kunot gaard tawar sthapon koraa hoisil.
1961 sonoloike karagarkhonot karagaror poraa rastar uporot owosthito etaa firm ontorbhukto koraa hoisil, zo 'too kisuman bondik kaam koriboloi nijukto koraa hoisil. protisthanor pakghorot byobohar koraa khadyor ek brihot ongxo kheti potharot utpadon koraa hoisil. 1950-ror doxokor xexor faale ei kheti potharkhon orthonoitikbhabe labhjonok aasil. obosye, iyar karjyokolapor byoy briddhi, baahiror utxor poraa khadyo kroy korar byoy hraax, bondixokolok krixi proxikhyon prodan korar upojugita hraax puwa aaru aaxe-paxe thoka oncholor bordhito nogorikoronor folot kheti pothartu bondho kori notun westminster sohoroloi krixijomi bikri korar xiddhanto luwa hoisil.
kanadian karagar xewar dwara nirdharito mandondo onuxori xomoyor loge loge kormosarir proyujoniyota briddhi paisil. 1950-ror doxokor majbhagot teulukor xongkhya aasil 171, aaru ei xomoisuwat karagaror jonoxongkhya hraax huwar swotweu 1976 sonot 363 loi briddhi paisil.
1950ror doxokor poraa aarombho kori 1958 sonot 765 john bondir xoite khristopurbor karagarot tibro bhir hoisil. kanadian karagar xewai karabaxixokolok aan protisthanoloi sthanantor kori iyak hraax korar chesta korisil, jene xehotiyakoi khula uilium head protisthan. 1960-ror doxokor majbhagoloike jonoxongkhya pray 500 john bondik hraax paisil. obosye, ee hingxatmok xonghorxo aaru jimmi korar dharabahikota rudh koraa nasil jiye khristopurbor xex bosorburot karagarok akranto korisil.
1979 sonor 12 marchot kanadar xongxudhonmulok xewai ghuxona korisil je britis columbier bondigriho bondho hoi jaabo. bondixokolok kromanwoye kent protisthanoloi sthanantor koraa hoisil, xexor koyedijon 1980 sonor 15 februaryt guchi goisil. 1980 sonor mey "maahot duxoptahor baabe karagarkhon prothombaror baabe jonoxadharonor baabe mukoli koraa hoisil; 80,000ru odhik luke mukoli ghorot uposthito aasil. jodiu 102 bosor purbe kunu onusthan baa jakjomok nuhuwakoi khristopurbor bondigriho khula hoisil, 1980 sonor 10 mey 'too iyar xomapti upoloxe bibhinno gonyomanyo byoktiye ongxogrohon koraa ek anusthanik onusthan onusthito hoisil.
purbor khristopurbor kolomor sthanor besibhag ottalika dhongxo koraa hoise aaru iyar thait awaxik aawax aaru udyanbhumi sthapon koraa hoise. mool karagaror maatro sarita ongxo etiyau baaki aaseh gatehouse (ji etiya etaa krira baar), koyola ghor, mool kendro block (jaak karzaloyoloi rupantorit koraa hoise), aaru koborsthan.
doinondin rutin.
iyar karjyokolapor xexor bosorburot, xadharon jonoxongkhyar bondixokolor doinondin rutin aasil enedhoronoroh puwa 7 bojat briddhi; poriskar kokhyo, khyour aaru dhui peluwa; pakghoror poraa ratipuwar aahar louk aaru iyak kuthat khauk; puwa 8 bojat kaamor baabe protibedon diyok; 11:30 too kaam eri jauk; duporiyar aahar tuli gonona aaru lok-aapor baabe kuthaloi ghuri jauk; kuthat duporiyar aahar khauk; 1 bojar poraa 3 bojaloike kaam korok; pakghoror poraa raatir aahar xongroho korok; gonona aaru lok-aapor baabe kuthaloi ghuri jauk; kuthat raatir aahar khauk; xitkalot xondhiya 6 bojar poraa 9 bojaloike owoxoror xomoy/grishmokalot 10:00 bajiloi; 11:00 bajiloi kux blokoloi ubhoti ahibo lagibo.
xubidha.
khristopurbor karagarot iyar jugor xorbadhik nirapottar karagaror maanok boixistyo aasil. iyar bhitorot onyanyo bixoyor bhitorot, kux block, karzaloy, ekhon sikitsaloy, ekhon pakghor, kormo aaru bidyaloyor xubidha, aaru dutaa sepol (etaa ketholik, etaa protestent) ontorbhukto aasil. etaa bixexotwo aasil je taat kunu dining holl nasil; xeyehe bondixokole teulukor kuthat teulukor khadyo khaabo logaa hoisil.
xomadhikhyetro.
khristopurbor karagar sthantut boot hill naamor etaa karagar koborsthan ontorbhukto aasil. khristopurbor karagarot mrityu huwa besibhag bondir owoxisto teulukor poriyalor dwara daabi koraa hoisil; jixokoloke boot hilot xomadhistho koraa huwa nasil. kobor khonon, sthanor rokhyonabekhyon, aaru kobor marker aaru kofin nirmanor dore kobortur xoite xomporkito xokolu kaam bondixokole korisil. 1913 sonot anusthanikbhabe ei xomadhikhyetrokhon mukoli koraa hoisil, kintu xombhobotoh 1912 sonot iyar byobohar hoisil.
pray 50 john bondir owoxisto etiyau taat xomadhistho koraa hoise. xomadhikhyetror prarombhik bosorburot, obhilekhbur xabodhane luwa huwa nasil baa xongrokhyon koraa huwa nasil, aaru xeibur obiswosto. besibhag koborot kewol bondir karagaror nomborere khudit xoru concretor koborore sinhito koraa hoy. kisuman bondik osinhito koborot xomadhistho koraa hoy.
jodiu tetiyar poraa karagaror besibhag ongxo dhongxo koraa hoise, tothapiu xomadhikhyetrotu etiyau () bortoman glenbrook revine parkot aase. khristopurbor bondigriho bondho huwar pisot federal sorkare ei koborsthantu niu westminster sohoroloi xomorpon korisil. oti komm lukehe jaane je xomadhikhyetrotu aase, iyar rokhyonabekhyon niu westminster sohore kore aaru iyat bondir xomadhir tothyor xoite etaa tothyo folok aase. glenbrook revine parkor itihax khondot ei xomadhikhyetror kotha ullekh koraa hoise.
dukhuborxokol.
bingxo xotikar majbhagot britis kolombiya dokhuborsor swadhinota xomprodayor putror xoite sorkari xonghorxot khristopurbor karagar byapokbhabe jorito aasil. ei xomoisuwat swadhinotar xontanxokole rajohuwa nognota aaru ognixongzugor karjyor joriyote sorkaror hostokhyep baa onyayor biruddhe protibad korisil; pholsworupe teulukok xoghonai gono greptaror xonmukhin hoh 'bologiya hoisil, jaar folot byapokbhabe duxi xabyosto hoisil.
1931 sonot, 600 khristopurbor odhik dukhuborok rajohuwa nognotar baabe tini bosoror karadondor xasti diya hoisil. khristopurbor karagare bondir xongkhyar ene briddhi niyontron koriboloi okhyom aasil, xeyehe khristopurbor karagar kortripokhyor odhinot piyars dipot bixexbhabe ei bondixokolok rakhiboloi etaa upogroho karagar nirman koraa hoisil. jetiya ei dondor besibhagor myad xex hoisil, karagar xibirtu bondho kori diya hoisil aaru baaki thoka dukhubor bondixokolok mool karagaroloi sthanantor koraa hoisil.
1950 sonot aarsonor xoite xomporkito dukuborxokolor aan etaa gono-duxi xabyosto koraa hoisil. iyar protikriyat, khristopurbor bondixalai mool bondixalor kaxot thoka ei bondixokolor baabe ek swoyongxompurno poriwex sthapon korisil. jodiu pirch dipor obhigyota besibhag xantipurno aasil, eibar bostubur beleg aasil. bondixokole 1951 sonot dubarkoi poriwextut jui logaisil, pisor xomoyot iyak besibhag dhongxo korisil. iyar pisot dukhubor bondixokolok mool karagaroloi sthanantor koraa hoisil, zo 'too teuluke 35 diniya onoxonot ongxogrohon korisil ji bolpurbok aahar diyar xoite xomapto hoisil.
1953 sonot aan etaa ognixongzug aaru rajohuwa nognotar ghotonar xondorbhot aan etaa gono duxi xabyosto koraa hoisil. khristopurbor karagarot notun kuwoli nirman koraa hoisil, kintu eibar xeibur xadharon karagaror jonoxadharonor xodosyoxokolok rakhiboloi byobohar koraa hoisil jaate mool kuxor blockburor dukhuborbur ogni-proof kuxere sthanantor koriboloi thaai mukoli koraa hoy.
1961 aaru 1962 sonot aarsonor aan etaa porjyaye khristopurbor bondigrihor upogroho hisape agasij porbotmalar karagar sristi koriboloi prerona jugaisil. ei karagartu bixexbhabe dukhubor bondixokolok rokhar baabe design koraa hoisil. jihetu dukhuborxokole karagarot thokar xomoyot kunu kaam koriboloi oswikar korisil, xeyehe notun protisthanot kunu kormoxusi aaru bondixokolor baabe kunu bixex xubidha nasil. xomogro karagartu jwolonor poraa haat xariboloi design koraa hoisil, zo "too aasbabo-xamogrike dhori xokolu concret baa dhature nirmito aasil. xokolu kapur, jene kapur aaru bisana, ognirudhok aasil. swadhinotar putror netaxkolok, juwok-jubotixokolor dore prithok kori rokha hoisil. bondixokole 1962 sonor aagosto maahot onoxon aarombho korisil, jitu ebosorotkoiu odhik xomoy dhori solisil aaru iyar folot bolpurbok aahar diyar pisotu opustir folot ejonor mrityu hoisil.
1970 sonot xexor dodd 'khubor bondijonok mukoli koraa hoisil. agasij pahariya karagarok khristopurbor karagaror boyujyestho karabaxixokolor baabe karagaroloi rupantorit koraa hoisil, aaru owoxexot iyak ek prithok modhyomiya nirapotta protisthan hisape bibhokto koraa hoisil.
onuxaxon aaru xasti.
khristopurbor karagaror bhitorot byobohrito karagaror niyom ulonghonor baabe xastir poddhoti xomoyor xoite bikoxito hoisil. prothomote keibatau ulonghonor baabe xaririk xasti posondor poddhoti aasil, zo "too kurure kuratu ataitkoi xadharon aasil. 1972 sonot xompurnorupe nixidho nuhuwaloike xaririk xasti kromanwoye porjyaykrome aatorai diya hoisil. aan xadharon dhoronor xastir bhitorot aasil sringkhol dolor uporot kaam koraa, ruti aaru panir xastimulok aahar, aaru ekanto karagar.
khristopurbor bondigrihor odhik aadhunik owotarot, xasti odhik aamolatantrikbhabe porisalona korar probonota aasil. xastir ataitkoi xadharon rupbur aasil bixexadhikar heruwa, aaru nirjon karagar.
ekakitwor bonditwo.
ekaki bonditwo (anusthanikbhabe "bischinnota" buli kuwa hoy; xadharonote "prithokikoron" buli kuwa hoy) khristopurbor karagarot xastir ek xadharon rup aasil. bondixokolok tinita karonot prithokikrito koribo paarih teulukor nijor onurudhot; 30 dinoloike xasti hisape; baa ximahin xomoyor baabe proxaxonik uddesyor baabe. prokriyat, proxaxonik prithokikoron praye bondixokolok xasti diboloi byobohar koraa hoisil; proxaxonik prithokikoronor byoboharor uporot niyontron otyonto bibesonamulok aasil aaru xeyehe opobyoboharor baabe mukoli aasil. bondixokolok ebarot maah baa aanoki bosor dhori ekanto karagarot rokhatu xadharon kotha aasil. udahoronsworupe, jek mccain naamor ejon bondiye 1970 sonor poraa 1974 sonor bhitorot 1421 dinn-ekerahe 754 dinn-nirjon karagarot kotaisil.
anusthanikbhabe bixex xongxudhon gutt (ess. chi. eu.) naamere jonajat, ekanto bondigrihoxomuhok xadharonote bondi aaru kormosarixokole "penthouse" buli koichil, angxikbhabe kux khondor uporor moholat teuluk owosthito huwar baabe. (penthousetu 1963 sonot basementot thoka puroni nirjon bondigrihor sthan lo "boloi nirman koraa hoisil, jaak" dyo hul "buli jonaa goisil.) khristopurbor karagaror ekanto karagartu aadhunik karagaror baabe bixexbhabe nisthur buli jonaa goisil.
kuthabur oti xoru aasil, zo 'too kunu khiriki nothoka tinita concretor dewal aasil, aaru corridortur faale mukh kori paas inchi borgakar khiriki thoka etaa kothin ispator duwar aasil. kuthaburot kewol etaa dhuwa owobahika/xousagaror xongmisron (kewol thanda paanee), aaru etaa readyo 'nirbasok (dutaa senel aasil), aaru mojiyar poraa chaari inchi pliudor xitere abrito etaa concret paded aasil zo' too bondixokole xui aasil. bondixokole readyo 'ror volume baa kuxor usnota niyontron koribo nuwarile. kuthat thoka lightbur dinot 24 ghonta jwole aasil, kintu raati 25 watoloi mlaan koraa hoisil.
onuxaxonik baa proxaxonik karonot sku-too thoka bondixokolok protidine 23.5 ghontar baabe teulukor kuthat aabodho koraa hoh 'bob. teulukok aadha ghonta byayam koraa hoh "bob, zo" too skur kuxxomuhor maajor corridorot okole khuj kaarhi juwatu ontorbhukto aasil. xondhiya etaa roboror paded aaru kombol prodan koraa hoh 'bob aaru protidine ratipuwa xongroho koraa hoh' bob. bondixokole bahirot saboloi kunu xujug napabo. xurokhyamulok hefajotor baabe sku-too thoka bondixokolok gutei dintu roboror paded aaru kombol rakhiboloi onumoti diya hoh 'bob, aaru ketiyaba protidine aadha ghonta baahiror byayam koriboloi onumoti diya hoh' bob. bondixokolok ijone xijonor xoite kotha patiboloi, kaam koriboloi, bidyaloyoloi jaboloi, puthibhoraloloi jaboloi, tibhi saboloi baa aan kunu moto binimoymulok karzokolapot jorito hoh 'boloi onumoti diya huwa nasil.
kothur poristhitir uporiu, skur rokhyokxokolor dwara hoyrani aaru nirzaton byapok aaru sthaniyo aasil.
mrityudondo.
khristopurbor karagarot kewol etahe mrityudondo diya hoisil. kanadat mrityudondo bilupto huwar aagote federal karagaror poriworte pradexik gaulot mrityudondo diya hoisil. 24 bosoriya juxef smithor khetrot etaa byotikrom koraa hoisil, jaak 1913 sonor 31 januaryt fasi di mrityudondo diya hoisil.
1912 sonor 5 octoborot smith aaru bi. chi. ror karagaror aan ejon bondi harmen uilsone polayonor prochestar xomoyot ejon rokhyikak hotya korisil. uilson ei prochestar xomoyot aahot hoisil aaru bisaror purbe aaghator folot mrityu hoisil; smithor gusor ruju koraa hoisil aaru hotyar baabe duxi xabyosto koraa hoisil.
khristopurbor karagarot mrityudondor karjyokolapor sorkari jukti aasil je smithok etaa pradexik protisthanoloi sthanantor korar poriworte taat teuk rokhatu xohoj aasil. obosye, xombhobotoh ee khristopurbor karagaror aan bondixokolor baabe ek udahoron hisape kaam korar uddesye koraa hoisil. polayonor bifol prochestar xomoyot rokhyokjon nihot huwa sthanor usorot mrityudondor baabe bixexbhabe etaa scafe 'ld nirman koraa hoisil. smithok karagaror koborsthanot xomadhistho koraa hoisil.
xonghorxo aaru jimmito rokhar kaam.
iyar puroni xomoyor besibhag xorbadhik xurokhya karagaror dore, bi. chi. karagareu iyar xomogro itihaxot keibatau bondir atmohoitya, aatmo-bikriti, aakromon, surire aaghat, polayonor chesta aaru hotyar xonmukhin hoisil. iyar poroborti bosorburot, khristopurbor karagar iyar xonghorxo aaru jimmito rokhar baabe jonajat hoi porisil.
khristopurbor prarombhik itihaxot karagarot keitaman guruttopurno hingxatmok ghotona xonghotit hoisil. 1934 sonoloike, iyar kaam-kaajor 56tomo bosoroloike ee prothom dormantor xonmukhin huwa nasil. obosye, ei xubidhatur boyox briddhi huwar loge loge aaru aadhunik karagar hisape komm upojukto huwar loge loge ee ei guruttopurno ghotonaburor odhik porimanor obhigyota laabh koriboloi aarombho korisil. khristopurbor karagaror besibhag dangor hingxatmok ghotona 1970-ror doxokot iyar ontim 10 bosoror obhijanor xomoyot xonghotit hoisil. 1970-ror doxokot, khristopurbor karagar kanadar ataitkoi hingxatmok federal protisthanxomuhor bhitorot onyotomo aasil. poristhitir owonoti aaru khristopurbor hingxatmok ghotonar xongkhya briddhir folot 1980 sonot iyak bondho korar orthe orihona jugaisil.
1934 sonor xonghorxo.
1934 sonor 1 septemborot xatjon bondiye teulukor nirdharito kaam koriboloi oswikar korar folot dorxon aarombho hoisil. 10 septemboroloike 73john bondiye dhorna korisil. aasbabo aaru xousagaror logote 182taa khiriki bhangi peluwa hoisil. 12 septemborot iyar netaxkolok kuchkawaz korar loge loge ei xonghorxor onto porisil. bondixokole xadharonote durbol poristhitir birudhita kori aasil, aaru teuluke koraa kaamor baabe teulukok beton diyar dabiu korisil. ei danga kanada sorkare iyar federal bondixokolok protidine paas chent porixudh korar niti rupayan korat guruttopurno bhumika paalon korisil.
1963 sonor danga aaru jimmito luwa.
1963 sonor 20 aprilot ejon rokhyoke tinijon bondik polayon koriboloi chesta kori thoka dekha paisil. rokhyoke bondixokolok lokhyo kori gulisalona korisil aaru teuluke molutov koktel nikhyep kori protikriya prokax korisil. bondi geree kesir netritwot tinijon bondiye rokhyok pett denisok jimmat loisil aaru aan 15 john bondiyere nijoke auditoriumot bondho kori rakhisil. taar pisot aan bondixokole jui aarombho kori karagar dhongxo koriboloi aarombho korisil.
bondixokole sthaniyo xomprosarok jek websteror joriyote alusona koriboloi jure disil. "unmad ringlider, geree kesi, teur paatol mukhkhon khongre bhori porisil, denisor dingito suri marisil aaru mur faale siyori koo 'ley", webstare venkuvar saanor baabe etaa kahineet likhisil. "warden tomm holok kouk jodi xarbur iyate ghuri aahe, rokhyokjon prothome more. aapuni oti besi webster hoi moribo! aami xokolu mori jaau. xei phuntu louk!"
royel kanadian mounted aarokhyi aaru kanadian xenai auditoriumor baahire karagarot sringkhola punoruddhar korisil. jimmi luwaxokolor ekmatro daabi aasil je teulukok khristopurbor kolomor poraa sthanantor koraa hoh 'bob; ei daabi maani luwar pisot ghotonatu xomapto hoisil.
1973 sonor dorxon.
1973 sonor 5 octoborot tinidiniya xonghorxo aarombho hoisil. teixota kuthali dhongxo koraa hoisil.
1975-dhorxon-prosar.
1975 sonor februaryt ejon kormosarik chaari ghontar baabe bondhok rokha hoisil.
1975 sonor 9 junot puwa pray 8 bojat karagaror 15 john kormosarik tinijon bondiye jimmat loisil. ghotonatu 11 junor puwa 1 bojaa loike solisil, muth 41 ghonta, jetiya karagaror bixoyaxokolor ek xoxostro kouxologot dole karagarot aakromon korisil. bondixokolor bhitorot ejon, duxi xabyosto hotyakari andie bruche, manob dhaal hisape byobohar koriboloi shrenibibhajon bixoya meree stanhouserok jimmito loisil. 32 bosoriya steinhouserjon bondhutwopurno gulisalonar folot nihot hoisil, aanhate bruch dubar gulibiddho hoisil, kintu jiyai aasil. ghotonar kaaron nirnoy koriboloi todonto aayug gothon koraa hoisil. iyar folafolxomuhor bhitorot aasiloh
4 julyte ejon karagaror kormosarik ejon bondiye aath ghontar baabe bondhok rakhisil.
1976 sonor danga aaru jimmito rokhar ghotona.
februaryt tinijon bondiye pray 15 ghonta dhori tinijon rokhyokok bondhok rakhisil.
aprilot sarijon bondiye tinijon rokhyokok 13 ghontar baabe bondhok rakhisil. xei maahot dujon bondiku mrito owosthat uddhar koraa hoisil.
june maahot bondixokole dujon rokhyokok bondhok kori rakhiboloi chesta korisil; teuluk xamanyo aaghator xoite polayon korisil.
31 aagostot ejon bondiye ejon rokhyokok kichu xomoyor baabe bondhok rakhisil.
9 septemboror poraa aarombho kori, 12 diniya jorurikalin owostha aasil jetiya rokhyixokole odhik xomoy kaam koriboloi oswikar korisil. ei xomoisuwat tinijon bondir mrityu hoisil.
khristopurbor karagaror itihaxor ataitkoi dangor ghotonatu 1976 sonor 27 septemborot aarombho hoisil. bondi jonoxongkhyar ek brihot xotangxok panir baabe teulukor kuthalir poraa mukoli korar baabe danga aarombho hoisil. poroborti keidinmanor bhitorot, bondixokole besibhag kuxor block aaru karagaror aan keibatau ongxo dhongxo korisil. teuluke kux blokor maajor abhyontorin dewalbur dhongxo korisil-ji pray ek xotika dhori aasil-bohu khetrot teulukor haatere. mool obhijugbur aasil rokhyokxokole opobyobohar koraa, aaru rokhyokxokole notun, odhik manobiyo nirdexona onuxoron koriboloi oswikar koraa. dujon rokhyokok jimmat luwa hoisil. aarokhyir danga niyontron doll aaru kanadian xenar juwanxokole karagaror porixortu aaguri dhorisil. nobogothito nagorikor poramorxodata xomitikhon sthanot uposthito hoi alusonat ongxogrohon korar pisot, ponobondi-grohonkarixokole xot biswaxor prodorxon kori ejon ponobondik mukoli kori disil, aaru owoxexot 2 octoborot ek noo dofa sukti koraa hoisil, jaar folot xantipurnobhabe danga aaru ponobondi korar onto porisil. | british kalambia karagar
british kalambia karagar (bisi karagar, sadharonoto bisi kolom ebong kolom hisabe porichito) kanadar british columbier neu westminstere abosthito ekti federal sorbochcho nirapatta karagar chhilo. bisi karagarti 1878 saal theke 1980 saale etty batil naa haoya porjonto 102 bochor dhorey porichalito hoyechilo. etty monetobar poschime prothom federal penal protisthan chhilo.
gatehousety 8ee septembara, 2021-ayee bikri koraa hoyechilo ebong notun malikder dwara governor durger namkaran koraa hoyechilo.
colliers international bhabantir mulya nirdharan korey $8,950,000, atirikto khola jaigar mulya $4,500,00, governor court incorporated dwara kenara somoy moat $13,450,000.
itihas.
1871 saale british kalambia confederatione jogdaner porr ebong poschim kanadar jonosongkha briddhir saathe saathe poschim kanada ekti federal karagarer prayojaniyata sposhto hoye othe. antahmahadeshiya railpothti ekhono nirmito naa howa purbo dike anyanno yuktarashtriya protisthane bondider poribohon koraa byabahul ebong kathin hoye porechilo, jaa eyi prayojaniyatake arow baadiye toley.
1874 saale bisi karagarer parikalpana oo nirman shuru hoy. nirbachito sthanti neu westminster sapperton paday frazer nadeer dike ekti pahader dick chhilo. 1878 saale karagarti prothom bondider grohon korey ebong konao jankjomok chharai khola hoy.
khristopurbo karagarer sthan gathankari bhobon oo kathamo dheere dheere jukto koraa hoyechilo. mool prangane prodhan probeshdwar ebong koyekti itt oo kaather bhobon chhilo. borh seela blockguli, jekhane beshirbhag bondee chhilo, 1904 theke 1914 saaler modhye nirmito hoyechilo.
bisi karagarti kholar somoy kathamogoto samasya purno chhilo, jaar modhye chhilo basementer bonna, trutijukto plumbing ebong heating, barguli hoy janala theke onuposthito baa deyale sathikbhabe sangjukto noy ebong jothajotho chikitsa subidhar abhab. eyi samasyagulir samadhaner jonno besh koyek bochor dhorey borh meramat ebong sangoskar koraa hoyechilo, beshirbhag kaaj bondee karmider dwara sampadito hoyechilo.
saitti prathomikbhabe ekti kaather bedaa dwara beshtito chhilo, jaa shighroi 30 foot pathorer deyale unnito hoyechilo ebong abosheshe 40 foot kongkriter deyale unnito hoyechilo. protiti koney guard tower abosthito chhilo.
1961 saal porjonto, karagarer rastar opare abosthito ekti khamar antarbhukta koraa hoyechilo, jekhane kichhu bondike kaaj korar jonno nijukto koraa hoto. protisthaner rannaghare byabohrito khabarer ekti borh ongsho khamarti utpadon koroto. 1950-err doshoker shesher dike eyi khamarti orthonoitikbhabe teksoi chhilo. tobey, err porichalonar kromobordhoman kharach, bairer utso theke khaddo kenara kharach hrass, bondider krishi proshikkhon prodaner upojogita hrass ebong ashepasher anchaler kromobordhoman nagarayaner foley khamarti bondho korey deoar ebong krishijami neu westminster shohore bikri korar siddhanta neoa hoy.
kanadian karagar porisheba dwara nirdharito maan anujayi somoyer saathe saathe karmider prayojaniyata briddhi peyeche. 1950-err doshoker majhamajhi somoye taader sankhya chhilo 171, ebong eyi somoye karagarer jonosongkha hrass pawa sotteo 1976 saale taa bede 363-ayee danda.
1950-err doshok theke shuru korey 1958 saale 765 john bondike bondee korey khristopurbo karagar teebro bhider sammukhin hoy. kanadian karagar porisheba samprati khola uilium heeda protisthaner moto anyanno protisthane bondider sthanantar korey etty hrass korar chesta korechilo. 1960-err doshoker majhamajhi somoye, jonosongkha pray 500 bondi hoye giechilo. tobey, etty dharabahikbhabe hingsattok danga ebong jimmi-uddogke badha deyoni jaa khristopurber shesh bochorgulite karagarke jorjorito korechilo.
1979 saaler 12ee march kanadar sangshodhanmulak porisheba ghoshana korey jey british kalambia karagar bondho hoye jaabe. bondider dheere dheere kent protisthane sthanantorito koraa hoy, shesh bondee 1980 saaler 15ee february choley yaay. 1980 saaler meey maase dui saptaher jonno karagarti prothombarer moto jonosadharoner jonno khola hoy; 80,000-ero beshi looka unmukto sabhay uposthito chhilo. jodio 102 bochor agey konao anusthan baa jankjomok chharai bisi karagar khola hoyechilo, tobey 1980 saaler 10ee meey bivinno bishishto byakti uposthito thucker jonno ekti anusthanik anusthan onusthito hoyechilo.
praktan bisi kolom saiter beshirbhag bhobon venge deoa hoyeche ebong abasik abason ebong parkland dwara protisthapito hoyeche. mool karagarer matro charti ongsho ekhono aboshishto royeche gatehouse (jaa ekhon ekti sportasa barr), koyla house, mool center block (jaa office rupantarita hoyeche) ebong kabarasthan.
daeenandin rutin.
err karjokaritar shesh bochorgulite, sadharan jonogoner bondider daeenandin rutin chhilo nimnarupah sokal sokal uthun; seela porishkar korun, shave korun ebong dhue felun; rannaghar theke sokaler nasta korun ebong seela-ayee etty khaan; sokal sokal kaajer jonno report korun; 11:30 ayee kaaj chhede deane; dupur khabar tuley neen ebong kaunta ebong lock-aper jonno seela-ayee firey asun; sele dupur khabar khaan; dupur 1taa theke bickel 3taa porjonto kaaj korun; rannaghar theke raater khabar sangraha korun; ganana ebong lock-aper jonno sele firey asun; sele raater khabar khaan; shitkale sandhya 6taa theke raat 9taa porjonto abosar samaykal/grisse 10:00; aboshyoi 11:00 ayee seela blocke firey aste hobey.
sujog-subidha.
khristopurber karagare taar juger sorbochcho nirapatta karagarer adarsha baisishtya chhilo. err modhye anyanno bishoyer modhye royeche, seela block, offices, ekti hospital, ekti rannaghar, kaaj ebong bidyalayer subidha ebong duti chappel (ekti catholic, ekti protestant). ekti biseshotto chhilo jey sekhane konao dining holl chhilo naa; taai bondider taader ghore khabar khete hoto.
kabarasthan.
khristopurber karagarer sthantite boot hill naame ekti karagarer kabarasthan antarbhukta chhilo. khristopurbo karagare maaraa yawa beshirbhag bondir dehaboshesh taader poribar daabi korechilo; jaader boot hille somahito koraa hoyney. kobor khonon, sthan rakkhanabekkhan ebong kobor chinnitkari oo coffeen nirmaner moto kabarasthan somporkito samasta kaaj bondider dwara sampadito hoto. kabarasthanti anusthanikbhabe 1913 saale khola hoyechilo, kintu sombhoboto 1912 saale byabohrito hoyechilo.
pray 50 john bondir dehaboshesh ekhono sekhane somahito royeche. koborsthaner prathomik bochorgulite, nathiguli jotno sahokare neoa baa sanrakkhan koraa hoyney ebong abishwasto. beshirbhag kabarguli shudhumatra bondir karagarer nambar khodai koraa chhoto kongkriter kobor diye chinnito koraa hoy. kichhu koyedike achinnito kobore somahito koraa hoy.
jodio karagarer beshirbhag ongsho venge fela hoyeche, tobuo kabarasthanti ekhono glenbrook revine parke roye geche. khristopurber karagar bondho howar porr, federal sarkar kabarasthanti neu westminster shohorer kachhe hastantar korey. khub qama lokyi jaanen jey kabarasthanti sekhane royeche, etty neu westminster shohor dwara rakkhanabekkhan koraa hoy ebong bondider koborer tothyo soho ekti tothyo folock royeche. glenbrook revine parker itihas bibhage koborsthantir ullekh royeche.
dukhoborra.
bingsho shatabdir majhamajhi somoye british kalambia dokhoborser swadhinota sampradayer putroder saathe sarkari dwandwe khristopurbo karagar byapokbhabe jorito chhilo. eyi somoy judey, swadhinotar putrora jonosadharoner nagnata ebong agnisanjoger madhyome sarkari hostokkhep baa abicharer biruddhe protibad korechilo; falaswarup taaraa prayashai gono greptarer shicker hoyechilo, jaar foley gono doshi sabbosto hoyechilo.
1931 saale, 600 khristopurbabdero beshi dukhoborke prokashye nognotar jonno tinn bochorer karadanda deoa hoy. khristopurbo karagar bondider sankhya briddhir vishayti samlate pareni, taai bishesh korey eyi bondider thucker jonno pears dweepe khristopurbo karagarer kortritter adhine ekti upo-karagar nirman koraa hoyechilo. eyi sajagulir beshirbhager meyad shesh hoye gele, karagar shibirti bondho korey deoa hoy ebong bucky dukhobor bondider prodhan karagare sthanantorito koraa hoy.
1950 saale, arson somporkito dukhoborder arekti gono-doshi sabbosto koraa hoyechilo. err protikriyay, bisi karagar prodhan karagar sanglagna eyi bondider jonno ekti swayangsampurna prangan sthapon korey. jodio pears dweeper obhiggota beshirbhag shantipurno chhilo, tobey ebar vishayguli vinno chhilo. bandira 1951 saale doo 'barr prangane agun dhoriye deyo, porer barr beshirbhag somoy etty dhongso korey deyo. erpor dukhobor bondider prodhan karagare sthanantorito koraa hoy, jekhane taaraa 35 diner onoshon dhormoghote ongsho neyo jaa jorpurbak khawanor madhyome shesh hoy.
1953 saale arekti agnisanjog ebong prokashye nognotar ghotona somporkito arekti gono doshi sabbosto hoy. khristopurbo karagare notun kundeghar nirman koraa hoyechilo, tobey ebar seguli sadharan karagarer sadasyader thucker jonno byabohar koraa hoyechilo jaate prodhan seela blokgulite dukhoborgulike agni-protirodhi koshe sariye neoar jonno jaiga khaali koraa yaay.
1961 ebong 1962 saale arekti dapha arson khristopurbo karagarer upogroho hisabe agassiz porboto karagar toiri korte prorochito korey. eyi karagarti biseshbhabe dukhobor bondider thucker jonno toiri koraa hoyechilo. jehetu dokhobarra kararuddho thakakalin konao kaaj korte aswikar korechilo, taai notun protisthane bondider jonno konao kaajer karmasuchi ebong konao biseshadhikar chhilo naa. puro karagarti jalatan edanor jonno toiri koraa hoyechilo, asbabpatra soho sabkichu concrete baa dhatu diye toiri koraa hoyechilo. samasta kapad, jemon poshak ebong bichhana, agnirodhi chhilo. swadhinota-putroder netader, jemon torunder, alada korey rakha hoyechilo. bandira 1962 saaler auguste onoshon shuru korey, jaa eka bochorero beshi somoy dhorey choley ebong jorpurbak khawano sotteo apushtir karone ekjoner mrityu hoy.
shesh dukhobor bondee 1970 saale mukti paay. agassiz porboto karagarke bisi karagarer boyosko bondider jonno karagare porinoto koraa hoy ebong shesh porjonto ekti prithak majhari nirapatta protisthan hisabe bivokto koraa hoy.
srinkhala oo shasti.
khristopurbo karabaser modhye byabohrito karabas niyam longghoner jonno shastir poddhoti somoyer saathe saathe bikoshito hoyeche. prathomikbhabe besh koyekti longghoner jonno sharirik shasti pochonder poddhoti chhilo, jekhane chabuk maaraa sabcheye sadharan chhilo. 1972 saale sampurna nishiddho naa haoya porjonto sharirik shasti dheere dheere porjaykrome baad deoa hoy. anyanno sadharan shastir modhye chhilo chein gyang-ayee kaaj koraa, ruty oo joler shastimulok khaddo ebong nirjan karabas.
khristopurber karagarer arow adhunik abotare, shastir probonota onek beshi amlatantrikbhabe porichalito hoto. shastir sabcheye sadharan roop chhilo biseshadhikar harano ebong nirjan karabas.
nirjan karabas.
nirjan karabas (anusthanikbhabe "bichchinnota" naame porichito; sadharonoto "prithakikaran" hisabe porichito) chhilo khristopurbo karagare shastir ekti sadharan roop. bondider tinti karone prithak koraa jete paareh taader nijaswa anurodhe; 30 deane porjonto shasti hisabe; baa seemahin somoyer jonno proshashonik uddeshye. bastobe, bondider shasti deoar jonno prayashai proshashonik prithakikaran byabohar koraa hoto; proshashonik prithokikoroner byaboharer upor niyantran atyanta bibechonar vittite koraa hoto ebong taai apobyoboharer jonno unmukto chhilo. bondider ekbare koyek maas baa emonki bochor dhorey nirjan karabase rakha sadharan vishay chhilo. udahoronsorup, jack macan naame ekjon bondee 1970 theke 1974 saaler modhye 1421 deane-jaar modhye 754 deane porpor keteche-nirjan karabase katiechen.
anusthanikbhabe bishesh sangshodhan unit (esha. shee. eu) naame porichito, nirjan karabas koshgulike sadharonoto bondee ebong karmira "penthouse" boley abhihito korten, angshikbhabe taader ekti kosh blocker uporer tolay abosthaner karone. (1963 saale penthousety basemente thaka purano nirjan karabas kokkhogulike protisthaponer jonno nirmito hoyechilo, jaa "gorto" naame porichito chhilo.) bisi karagarer nirjan karabas kokkhoguli adhunik karagarer jonno biseshbhabe nisthur hisabe porichito chhilo.
kokkhoguli atyanta chhoto chhilo, tinti kongkriter deyal chhilo jaar konao janala chhilo naa ebong corridor dike mukh korey panch inchi borgakar janala soho ekti shokto ispat darja chhilo. kokkhogulite cable ekti wash besin/shouchagarer sangmishran (shudhumatra thhanda joll), ebong ekti redio nirbachok (duti channel chhilo), ebong mejhe theke chaar inchi pliuder ekti sheet diye achchadito ekti concrete pyada chhilo jaar upor bandira ghumat. bandira betarer ayton baa kosher tapmatra niyantran korte paroto naa. seler alo diney 24 ghanta jolchilo, kintu raate 25 watte mlan koraa hoyechilo.
jey samasta bondee srinkhala baa proshashonik karone scoote chhilen, taander protidin 23.5 ghanta taader koshe atke rakha hoto. taader aadh ghanta byayam deoa hobey, jaar modhye chhilo scoor koshgulir modhye corridore ekaa haanta. sandhyay ekti rabar pyada ebong comble sarbaraha koraa hoto ebong protidin sokale sangraha koraa hoto. bandira baire dekhar konao sujog paabe naa. jey samasta bandira surakkhamulak hefazte thucker jonno scoote chhilen, taander saradin rabar pyada ebong comble rakhar anumati deoa hoto ebong kokhono kokhono protidin aadh ghanta baire byayam korar anumati deoa hoto. bondider eke oporer saathe kotha bolla, kaaj koraa, schoole yawa, gronthagare yawa, tibhi dekha baa onno konao interactive kriyakalape jorito howar anumati chhilo naa.
kathor poristhiti chharao, scoor rakkhider dwara hoyrani ebong apobyobohar byapok ebong sthaniya chhilo.
mrityudanda.
khristopurbo karagare cable ekti mrityudanda karjokor koraa hoyechilo. kanada mrityudanda biluptir agey, federal karagarer poriborte pradeshik gaolgulite mrityudanda karjokor koraa hoto. 24 bochor vayasi josepha smither khettre ekti byatikram koraa hoyechilo, jaake 1913 saaler 31shhey januari fansi diye mrityudanda deoa hoyechilo.
1912 saaler 5ee octobor smith ebong bisi karagarer arekjon bondee, herman willson, palanor prochestar somoy ekjon rakkhike hotya corren. willson eyi prochestar somoy ahoto hohn ebong bicharer agey taanr aghater karone maaraa zaan; smither bitcher hoy ebong hotyar daye doshi sabbosto hohn.
khristopurbo karagare mrityudanda karjokor korar anusthanik kaaron chhilo jey, smithke konao pradeshik protisthane sthanantar korar poriborte sekhane taanke rakha sahaj chhilo. tobey, sombhoboto etty khristopurbo karagarer anyanno bondider jonno ekti udaharan hisabe kaaj korar uddeshye koraa hoyechilo. palanor byartho prochestar somoy jey sthane rakkhi nihoto hoyechilo, taar kachhe mrityudanda karjokor korar jonno biseshbhabe ekti kathamo toiri koraa hoyechilo. smithke karagarer koborsthane somahito koraa hoy.
danga ebong jimmi korar kaaj.
prachinkaler beshirbhag nirapatta karagarer moto, bisi karagarti taar itihas judey besh koyekti bondee atmohotta, atmo-bikriti, akraman, chhurikaghato, palanor prochesta ebong hotyar obhiggota orjon koreche. poroborti bochorgulite, khristopurbo karagar taar danga ebong jimmi-uddoger jonno porichito hoye othe.
khristopurber karagarer prathomik itihase koyekti borh dharaner sohingso ghotona ghotechilo. 1934 saal porjonto, arthat taader karjokaritar karjokaritar bochor porjonto, etty prothom dangar sammukhin hoyney. tobey, eyi subidhati purano hoye yawar saathe saathe adhunik karagar hisabe qama upojukto hoye othar saathe saathe etty eyi borh ghotonagulir modhye arow beshi obhiggotar sammukhin hotey shuru korey. khristopurbo karagarer beshirbhag borh hingsattok ghotona 1970-err doshke err shesh 10 bochorer operatione ghotechilo. 1970-err doshke, khristopurbo karagar kanadar onnotomo sohingso yuktarashtriya protisthan chhilo. abosthar abonoti ebong bisi peena-ayee kromobordhoman sohingso ghotona 1980 saale err biluptite abodan rakhe.
1934 saaler danga.
1934 saaler 1laa septembara satjon bondee taader nirdharito kaaj korte aswikar korle danga shuru hoy. 10ee september modhye 73 john bondee dharmaghata korechilo. asbabpatra oo shouchagarer pashapashi 182tii janala venge deoa hoy. 12ee septembara danga shesh hoy jokhon err netader paddle koraa hoy. bandira sadharonoto kharap abosthar protibad korchilo ebong taaraa jey kaaj korechilo taar jonno taader beton deoar dabio korchilo. eyi danga kanadian sarkarer federal bondider protidin panch seenta prodaner neeti bastobayoner khettre sahayak chhilo.
1963 danga ebong jimmi-grohon.
1963 saaler 20shhey april ekjon rakkhi tinjan bondike palanor chesta korte dekhen. rakkhira bondider dike gully chaalaay ebong taaraa molotov cocktell nikkhep korey protikriya jaanaay. bondee jerry cassir netritte tinjan bondee rakkhi pyata deniske jimmi korey ebong onno 15 john bondee soho nijerderke milnayatane atke rakhe. erpor anyanno bandira agun dhoriye deyo ebong karagar dhongso korte shuru korey.
bandira sthaniya somprocharok jack webster madhyome alochonar upor jore deyo. "pagal ringleader, jerry kessy, taar durbal mukh raage bhore giechilo, deniser golay chhuri merechilo ebong amar dike chitkar korechilo", webster vancouver saaner jonno ekti golpe likhechilen. "warden tomm holke bolun jodi shandguli ekhane ddhuke porey, tobey rakkhi prothome maaraa yaay. upney khub beshi webster maaraa jaben! amra sobai maaraa jaai. seii phone kotha bolun!"
rayyal kanadian mounted pulish ebong kanadian senabahini milnayatan chhada karagare srinkhala punoruddhar korey. jimmi-grohonkarider ekmatro daabi chhilo jey taader bisi kolom theke sthanantorito koraa hoke; eyi daabi meney neoar porey ghotonati shesh hoy.
1973 saaler danga.
1973 saaler 5ee octobor tinn diner danga shuru hoy. teishti kokkho dhongso koraa hoy.
1975 jimmi-uddog.
1975 saaler februaryte ekjon karmike chaar ghantar jonno jimmi korey rakha hoy.
1975 saaler 9ee june sokal sokal dike tinjan bondee 15 john karabandike jimmi korey. ghotonati 11ee june sokal 1taa porjonto, moat 41 ghanta porjonto sthayi hoy, jokhon karagar kormokortader ekti soshostro kaushalgata doll karagare hamla chaalaay. bondider modhye ekjon, doshi sabbosto khuni andy bruce, manob ddhaal hisabe byabohar korar jonno ekjon jimmi, shrenibibhag kormokorta merry steinhouserke dhorey feley. 32 bochor vayasi steinhouser bondhuttopurno gulite nihoto hohn, ebong brooske dubar gully koraa hoy, kintu benche zaan. ghotonar kaaron nirdharoner jonno ekti todonto kamishana gathon koraa hoy. err folafoler modhye royeche
4thhaa julai ekjon karabandi ekjon kararokkhike aatt ghanta dhorey jimmi korey rakhe.
1976 danga oo jimmi-uddog.
februaryte tinjan bondee pray 15 ghanta dhorey tinjan rakkhike jimmi korey rakhe.
april maase charjan bondee 13 ghantar jonno tinn rakkhike jimmi korey rakhe. seii maase dui bondikeo mrito abosthai pawa yaay.
june maase, bandira dui rakkhike jimmi korar chesta korey; taaraa samanno aghat niye paliye yaay.
31shhey august, ekjon bondee sangkhipto somoyer jonno ekjon rakkhike jimmi korey rakhe.
9ee septembara theke, 12 diner joruri abostha chhilo jokhon rakkhira atirikto somoy kaaj korte aswikar korechilo. eyi samaykale tinjan bondee maaraa zaan.
1976 saaler 27shhey septembara khristopurbo karagarer itihaser sabcheye borh ghotona shuru hoy. bondider ekti borh ongsho taader jeela theke brishtir jonno chhede deoar porr danga shuru korey. poroborti koyek diner modhye, bandira karagarer beshirbhag seela block ebong anyanno besh koyekti ongsho dhongso korey deyo. taaraa kosh blocker modhye abhyantarin deyal dhongso korey-jaa pray eka shatabdi dhorey dandiye chhilo-onek khettre taader haat diye. prodhan abhijogguli chhilo rakkhider dwara apobyobohar ebong rakkhider dwara notun, arow manobik nirdeshaboli anusaran korte aswikar koraa. dui rakkhike jimmi korey rakha hoy. pulish danga niyantran squade ebong kanadian senabahinir sainyara karagarer poridhi ghire feley. nobogothito nagrikder upodeshta committy ghotonasthole pouche ebong alochonai ongsho nitey shuru korar porey, jimmi-grohonkarira sott biswaser prodorshone ekjon jimmi keey mukti deyo ebong abosheshe 2 octobor ekti noy dapha chukti hoy, jaa shantipurnobhabe danga ebong jimmi-grohon shesh korey.
| british kolambiya jail
british kolambiya jail (bii. see. jail, jene saamanya reete bii. see. payne aneey payne tareeke odakhvaamaa aave chhe) aee kenedana british columbiana nyu westminstermaa stheet federal mahattam suraksha jail hatee. bii. see. jailkhana jailkhana sankhyaae tene nishkreey karvaamaa aavyu tyaan sudhee 102 varsh sudhee kaaryarat rahee. teey manitobani pashchimma aaveli pratham sangheey dandaatmak sanstha hatee.
aaa praveshdwaar 8 september, september roj vechvaamaa aavyu hatoo aneey navaa maliko dwara tenu naam badaline governor killo rakhvama aavyu hatoo.
colliers international dwara aaa imaaratnu mulyankan $8,950,000, $4,500,00 maate vadhaaraani khulli jagya, governor court ink dwara khareedi samaye coole $13,450,000 hatoo.
itihas.
itihas british kolambiya sanghamaa jodaya pachhi aneey pashchim kenedani vastee vadhvani saathe, pashchim kenedama sangheey jailni jaruriyaat spasht thaee. aantarkhandiy railroadnu nirmaan haju sudhee thayu naa hatoo teey hakeekatne kaarane purvamaa laambaa antar sudhee anya sangheey sansthaoma kedeeonu parivahan kharchaal aneey mushkel banyu hatoo, jene aaa jaruriyaatne vadhu teevra banaavi hatee.
ee. saes. purveni jail maate aayojan aneey bandhkam bandhkam sharoo thayu hatoo. pasand karel sthal nyu westminsternaa saperton padoshmaa fraser nadeeni saame aek tekri hatee. hatee jailne tenaa pratham kedeeo malyaa aneey dhamdhum vagar kholvaamaa aavee.
ee. saes. purve jailni jagya banaavati imaarato aneey maalkhaao dheeme dheeme umervaamaa aavee hatee. mool sankulma mukhya dwaar gruh aneey ketalik int aneey lakadani imaarato hatee. motaa seela bloqa, jemaa motabhagna kedeeo raheta hataa, teey 1904 aneey 1914 nee vachche bandhvama aavyaa hataa.
ee. saes. purve jyaare jail kholvaamaa aavee tyaare teey malkhakiy samsyaothi bharelee hatee, jemaa bhonyarama puur, khaamiyukt plumbing aneey heating, bariomathi baar khoote chhe athavaa diwalo parr yogya reete lagaavel nathee, aneey yogya tabibi suvidhaaono abhaav saamel chhe. aaa samsyaona ukel maate ghanaa varshothi motaa samarkam aneey navinikaran haath dharvaamaa aavyaa hataa, jemaa motaabhaagnu kaama kedeeona karmchaarionaa sabhyo dwara karvaamaa aavtu hatoo.
aaa sthalne sharuaatmaa lakadani vaad dwara vaad lagavvama aavee hatee, jene toonk samayma 30 foot khadakni diwalo aneey ante 40 foot konkritnee divaloma upgraded karvaamaa aavee hatee. darek khunaamaa rakshak tower aavela hataa.
1961 sudhee, jailma jailni shereeni bajuma aek khetar hatoo, jyaan ketlaak kedeeone kaama sonpavama aavtu hatoo. aaa khetar sansthaana rasodama upyogmaa levaata khoraakno moto hisso utpann karatu hatoo. jailkhanama daykana anta sudhee aaa khetar aarthik reete saksham hatoo. jooe keey, tenaa sanchalanna vadhata kharch, bahaarnaa strotomathi khoraak khareedvaanaa kharchamaa ghataado, kedeeone krushee taaleem aapvani upyogitama katheet ghataado aneey aaspasna vistaarnaa vadhata shaherikaranne kaarane khetar bundh karvaano aneey kheteeni jameenne nyu westminster shaherma vechvaano nirnay levaamaa aavyo.
kenediyan jail sevaa dwara nirdharit dhorano anusaar samay jataa karmcharioni jaruriyaatomaa vadhaaro thayo. jailkhanama daykana madhyamaa teo 171 hataa aneey aaa samaygaalaa darmiyan jailni vastimaa ghataado thayo hovaa chhataa chhataa vadheene 363 thaee gayaa hataa.
ee. saes. purveni jailkhanama jailkhanama daaykaani sharuaatthi bhaare bheedno anoobhav thayo hato, jemaa jemaa 765 jetla kedeeo hataa. kenediyan jailkhanani sevaae kedeeone anya sansthaoma sthaanaantarit kareene aaney ghataadvaano prayaas karyo hato, jaim keey taajetarma kholvaamaa aaveli veeliyam heeyd sanstha. sanstha daykana madhya sudhimaa, vastee ghateene lagbhag 500 kedeeo thaee gaee hatee. jooe keey, aaa hinsak ramkhaano aneey bandhak banaavnee shreneene atkavi shakyu naa hatoo, jene tenaa anteem varshomaa ee. saes. purveni jailne gheree leedhi hatee.
12 march, march roj, kenedani sudharatmak sevaae jaaherat curry keey british kolambiya jail bundh thaee jashe. kedeeone dheeme dheeme qenta sansthama sthaanaantarit karvaamaa aavyaa hataa, jemaa chhella kedee 15 februari, meey roj ravaana thayaa hataa. meey, sankhyaae beey athvadiya maate, jail pratham vakhat jaaher janata maate kholvaamaa aavee hatee; hatee; vadhu lokoae open housema haajari aapee hatee. 102 varsh pahelaa ee. saes. purve koee samaroh keey dhamdhum vagar jailni sharuaat thaee hovaa chhataa, 10 meey, meey roj tenaa samapanne chinhit karvaa maate viveedh mahanubhavoni hajarima aek aupcharik samaroh yojaayo hato.
ee. saes. purvenaa bhutpurv payne site parnee motabhagni imaaratone todee padvama aavee chhe aneey rahenank aavaas aneey parkland dwara badalvama aavee chhe. mool jailnaa maatra chaar bhaago haju pann baakee chheh praveshdwaar (jeey havey sports baar chhe), kolsa ghar, mool kendra bloqa (jene kachereeomaa rupantarit karvaamaa aavyo chhe) aneey kabrastan.
rojinda rutin.
tenaa kaamgirina pachhinaa varshomaa, saamanya vastimaa kedeeo maate rojinda dincharya neeche mujab hateeh savaare 7 vaagye vadhaaro; swachchh seela, shave aneey dhovaa; rasodamathi naasto karoo aneey tene selamaa khaao; savaare 8 vaagye kaama maate report karoo; 11:30 vaagye kaama chhodo; bapornu bhojan loow aneey ganatari aneey loqa-up maate selamaa paachha aavo; selamaa bapornu bhojan karoo; bapore 1 vagyathi bapore 3 vaagyaa sudhee kaama karoo; rasodamathi ratribhojan aektrit karoo; ganatari aneey loqa-up maate selamaa paachha aavo; selamaa ratribhojan khaao; unalama sanje 6 vagyathi raatre 9 vaagyaa sudhee/10:00 aaraamno samaygaalo; seela blokmaa 11:00 vaagye paachha farvu aavashyak chhe.
suveedhao.
ee. saes. purveni jail tenaa yugnee mahattam suraksha dharaavati jailni pramanbhut lakshaniktao dharaave chhe. aamaa anya vastuoni saathe seela bloqa, kachereeo, aek hospital, aek rasodu, kaarysthal aneey shaalaani suveedhao aneey beey chappel (aek ketholik, aek protestant) noow samaavesh thaay chhe. aek visheshta aee hatee keey tyaan koee dining holl nahoto; tethee kedeeoae temnaa koshomaa bhojan karavu padatu hatoo.
kabrastan.
ee. saes. purveni jailni jagyama boot hill naamnaa jail kabrastaanno samaavesh thato hato. ee. saes. purve jailma mrutyu pamela motabhagna kedeeona avshesho temnaa parivaaro dwara daavo karvaamaa aavyaa hataa; jeo naa hataa temne boot hill parr dafnavvama aavyaa hataa. kabrastanne lagata tamaam kaaryo jaim keey kabaro khodvi, sthalnee jaalvani aneey kabarnaa chihno aneey shabpetionu nirmaan kedeeo dwara karvaamaa aavtu hatoo. kabrastan sattavaar reete reete kholvaamaa aavyu hatoo, parantu kadaach kadaach upyogmaa hatoo.
lagbhag 50 kedeeona avshesho haju pann tyaan dafnavvama aavyaa chhe. kabrastaannaa sharuaatnaa varsho darmiyan, dastavejo kaljipurvak levaamaa aavyaa naa hataa athavaa sachavvama aavyaa naa hataa, aneey avishvasneey hataa. motabhagni kabaro maatra kedeena jail number saathe kotarvaamaa aavela naana konkritnaa kabaro dwara chinhit thayel chhe. ketlaak kedeeone achihnit kabaromaa dafnavvama aave chhe.
joke motabhagni jailne todee padvama aavee chhe, tema chhataa kabrastan haju pann () glenbrook kotar parkma chhe. ee. saes. purve jail bundh thayaa pachhi, sangheey sarkaare kabrastanne nyu westminster shaherne sonpee didhu. bahoo ochha loko jaane chhe keey kabrastan tyaan chhe, tenee jaalvani nyu westminster shaher dwara karvaamaa aave chhe aneey temaa kedeeoni kabarnee maahitee saathe maahitee taktee chhe. glenbrook kotar udhyanna itihas vibhagma kabrastaanno ullekh karvaamaa aavyo chhe.
dokhobors.
ee. saes. purveni jail jail sadeena madhyamaa british kolambiya daukhoborsna svatantrataa sampradayna putro saathe sarkari sangharshma bhaare saamel hatee. aaa samagr samaygaalaa darmiyan, svatantratana putroae jaaher nagnata aneey aagajanina krutyo dwara katheet sarkari dakhalgiri athavaa anyaay saame veerodh karyo hato; parinaame teo vaaramvaar saamuhik dharapkadno bhog banyaa hataa, jenaa parinaame saamuhik dosheet theravama aavyaa hataa.
hataa, ee. saes. purve purve vadhu daukhoborsne jaaher nagnata maate trana varshnee jailni sajaa fatkarvama aavee hatee. ee. saes. purveni jail kedeeoni vastimaa aavaa vadharane niyantrit karvaamaa asamarth hatee, tethee ee. saes. purveni jailni sattaa hethal aek upgraheey jail khaas kareene aaa kedeeone raakhvaa maate piers taapu parr bandhvama aavee hatee. jyaare aamaani motabhagni sajaao samaapt thaee gaee, tyaare jail camp bundh karvaamaa aavyo hato aneey baakinaa daukhobor kedeeone mukhya jailma transfer karvaamaa aavyaa hataa.
hataa, arsen sambandhit dakhoborsnee vadhu aek saamuhik-sajaa thaee hatee. javabma, ee. saes. purveni jailkhanama mukhya jailkhanani bajuma aaa kedeeo maate aek swa-samavisht parisarni sthaapnaa karvaamaa aavee hatee. jyaare piirs taapu parno anoobhav motaabhaage shaantipurn hato, aaa vakhate vastuo alag hatee. kedeeoae kedeeoae beey vaar parisarne aag chaampi hatee, baadmaa motaabhaage teno naash karyo hato. tyarbad daukhobor kedeeone mukhya jailma khasedvama aavyaa hataa, jyaan teoae 35 divasni bhookh hadtaalmaa bhaag leedho hato, jeey baljabarithi khavdavva saathe samaapt thaee hatee.
hatee anya aek saamuhik dosheet theravama aavyo hato, jeey anya aek aagajni aneey jaaher nagnata ghatanaane lagatee hatee. ee. saes. purveni jailma navee zupadio bandhvama aavee hatee, parantu aaa vakhate teno upyog saamanya jailni vasteena sabhyone raakhvaa maate karvaamaa aavyo hato jethee mukhya seela blokmaa dakhoborsne agnee-pratirodhak koshomaa khasedva maate jagya khaalee curry shakaay.
1961 aneey august shastragarna anya aek tabakke ee. saes. purveni jailnaa upgrah tareeke agasses parvateey jailni rachnaa karvaamaa aavee hatee. aaa jail khaas kareene daukhobor kedeeone raakhvaa maate banavvama aavee hatee. dukhoborse jailma raheene koee pann kaama karvaano incar karyo hovathi, navee sansthama kedeeo maate koee kaary kaarykramo aneey koee visheshaadhikaaro nahota. samagr jailni rachnaa aagne taalvaa maate karvaamaa aavee hatee, jemaa furniture saheet badhu concrete athavaa dhaatuthi banelu hatoo. kapadaa aneey pathaari jevaa tamaam kaapad agneerodhak hataa. yuvan purushoni jaim svatantratana putronaa netaaone pann alag rakhvama aavyaa hataa. kedeeoae august august bhookh hadtaal sharoo curry hatee, jeey aek varshthi vadhu samay sudhee chaali hatee aneey baljabarithi bhojan aapvaa chhataa kuposhanne kaarane aek vyaktinu mrutyu thayu hatoo.
chhella daukhobor kedeene kedeene mukt karvaamaa aavyo hato. agasses parvateey jailne ee. saes. purveni jailnaa vruddh kedeeo maate jailma feravaamaa aavee hatee, aneey aakhare aek alag madhyam suraksha sanstha tareeke vibhajit karvaamaa aavee hatee.
sheest aneey sajaa.
ee. saes. purveni jailni andar upyogmaa levaata jailnaa niyamonu ullanghan karvaa badal sajaani paddhateeo samaynee saathe vikaseet thaee. shaaririk sajaa sharuaatmaa sankhyaabandh ullanghan maate pasandagini paddhati hatee, jemaa kogalaa sauthee saamanya hatee. shaaririk sajaa dheeme dheeme dheeme sampoorn reete pratibandhit naa thaay tyaan sudhee tabakkavar door karvaamaa aavee hatee. sajaana anya saamanya swarupma saankal geng parr kaama karavu, rotali aneey paaninaa shikshaatmak aahaar aneey ekantvasno samaavesh thaay chhe.
ee. saes. purve jailnaa vadhu aadhunik avtaarmaa, sajaaonu sanchalan vadhu amaldarshahithi karvaamaa aavtu hatoo. sajaana sauthee saamanya swarupo visheshaadhikaar gumaavvaanu aneey ekantvas hataa.
ekantvas.
ekant caravas (sattavaar reete "vichchhed" tareeke odakhaay chhe; saamanya reete "algataane" tareeke odakhvaamaa aave chhe) ee. saes. purveni jailma sajaanu aek saamanya swaroop hatoo. kedeeone trana kaaranosar alag curry shakaay chheh temnee potaani vinanti parr; 30 divas sudhini sajaa tareeke; athavaa amaryadit samay maate vahivati hetuo maate. vyavhaarmaa, vahivati algataano upyog ghanivaar kedeeone sajaa aapvaa maate thato hato; vahivati algataanaa upyog parnaa niyantrano atyant vivekadhin hataa aneey aama durupyog maate khulla hataa. kedeeone maheenao keey varsho sudhee ekantvasma raakhvaa saamanya baabat hatee. udaaharan tareeke, jeeka mccain naamnaa kedeeae 1970 aneey aneey vachche 1421 divas-temathi 754 divas-ekantvasma gaadyaa hataa.
aupcharik reete vishesh sudhaarana aekam (aesa. see. yuu.) tareeke odakhaata, ekant caravas koshone saamanya reete kedeeo aneey karmchaareeo dwara "painthouse" kahevama aavtaa hataa, anshatah koshh blokmaanaa aeknaa uparnaa maale temnaa sthaanne kaarane. (painthouse (painthouse bhonyarama rahela junaa ekant karavasna koshone badalvaa maate banavvama aavyu hatoo, jeey "chhidra" tareeke odakhaata hataa.) ee. saes. purveni jailni ekant kednee kothareeo aadhunik jail maate khaas kareene kroor tareeke jaaniti hatee.
kosho atyant naana hataa, jemaa trana konkritnee diwalo hatee jemaa koee baaree nahoti, aneey corridorni saame paanch inchnee choras baaree saathe nakkar steelno darvaajo hato. aaa koshomaa maatra dhovana tatpradesh/shauchaalaynu sanyojan (maatra thandu paanee) aneey aek rediyo pasandgikar (beey chenalo hatee) aneey aek concrete paid hatoo, jeey florethi chaar inch door plywoodnee chaadarthi dhankayelu hatoo, jenaa parr kedeeo sootaa hataa. kedeeo rediyonaa avaajne keey koshnaa taapmaanne niyantrit curry shaktaa naa hataa. selamaa light divasnaa 24 kalaak chaalu rahetee hatee, parantu raatre 25 voota sudhee manda karvaamaa aavtee hatee.
jeey kedeeo sheest athavaa vahivati kaaranosar schoolma hataa temne darroj 23.5 kalaak maate temnaa selamaa maryadit rakhvama aavashe. temne adadho kalaaknee kasrat aapvama aavashe, jemaa skumaa kosho vachchena corridorma ekalaa chaalvaano samaavesh thato hato. sanje rabarnu paid aneey dhaabalo pahonchadvama aavto hato aneey darroj savaare aektrit karvaamaa aavto hato. kedeeone bahaar jovani koee taka malatee naa hatee. jeey kedeeo rakshanatmak custody maate skumaa hataa temne aakho divas rubber paid aneey dhaabalo rakhvani manjuri aapvama aavashe, aneey ketalikvaar temne darroj adadho kalaak bahaar kasrat karvaanee manjuri aapvama aavashe. kedeeone aekbeeja saathe vaat karvaanee, kaama karvaanee, shaalaama javaani, pustakaalayni mulakat levani, tivi jovani athavaa anya koee samvadatmak pravruttiomaa jodavani manjuri nahoti.
kathor paristhitio upraant, schooma rakshako dwara satamani aneey durvyavhaar vyaapak aneey sthaaneek hato.
fansini sajaa.
ee. saes. purve jailma maatra aek jaj faansi aapvama aavee hatee. kenedama mrutyudandni nabudi pahelaa, sangheey jailone badale praantiy gauloma fansini sajaa aapvama aavtee hatee. 24 varshnaa joseph smeethnaa kissaamaa apvaad banavvama aavyo hato, jene 31 january, january roj faansi aapeene faansi aapvama aavee hatee.
smith aneey bii. see. jailnaa anya kedee, herman veelsane 5 october, october roj bhaagi javaana prayaas darmiyan aek rakshakne maaree nakhyo hato. willson prayaas darmiyan ghaayal thayo hato aneey tenee sunavani pahelaa tenee ijaothi mrutyu paamyo hato; smith parr cases chalavvama aavyo hato aneey hatyaano dosheet theravama aavyo hato.
ee. saes. purveni jailma fansini sajaa karvaa maatenu sattavaar kaaran aee hatoo keey smeethne praantiy sansthama sthaanaantarit karvaane badale tyaan tene raakhvaanu chaalu raakhvu saral hatoo. jooe keey, sambhav chhe keey aano hetu ee. saes. purvenaa anya kedeeo maate aek udaaharan tareeke kaama karvaano hato. faansi aapvaa maate khaas kareene aek scaffold banavvama aavyu hatoo, jeey sthalnee najik jyaan nishfal bhaagi javaano prayaas darmiyan rakshak maarya gayaa hataa. smeethne jail kabrastaanmaa dafnavvama aavyo hato.
ramkhaano aneey bandhak banaav.
tenee juunii motabhagni suraksha jailoni jaim, ee. saes. purveni jeloae tenaa samagr itihaasmaa sankhyaabandh kedeeoni aatmahatya, aatm-angachchhed, humla, chharina ghaa, bhaagi javaana prayaaso aneey hatyaano anoobhav karyo hato. tenaa pachhinaa varshomaa, ee. saes. purveni jail tenaa ramkhaano aneey bandhak banavvana kaaryo maate jaaniti bunny hatee.
ee. saes. purveni jailnaa praarambhik itihaasmaa ketalik motee hinsak ghatanao bunny hatee. 1934 sudhee, tenaa sanchalanna sanchalanna varsh sudhee tene tenaa pratham ramkhaanono anoobhav karyo naa hato. jooe keey, aaa suveedha juunii thaee gaee aneey aadhunik jail tareeke ochhi yogya bunny gaee hovathi temaa aaa motee ghatanaaono vadhu anoobhav thavaa laagyo. ee. saes. purveni jailni motabhagni motee hinsak ghatanao hatee daykama tenaa anteem 10 varshnaa operationma bunny hatee. hatee daaykaa darmiyan, ee. saes. purveni jail kenedani sauthee hinsak sangheey sansthaomani aek hatee. paristhitio bagadvaa aneey ee. saes. purveni hinsak ghatanaaoni vadhati sankhyaae sankhyaae tene nishkreey karvaamaa faalo aapyo hato.
september ramkhaano.
ramkhaano 1 september, september roj sharoo thayaa hataa, jyaare saat kedeeoae temnu sonpaayelu kaama karvaano incar karyo hato. 10 september sudhimaa 73 kedeeo hadtaal parr utaryaa hataa. furniture aneey shauchaalayo temaj 182 baareeo todee padvama aavee hatee. 12 septembernaa roj jyaare tenaa netaaone pakadvama aavyaa tyaare ramkhaanono anta aavyo hato. kedeeo saamanya reete nabalee paristhitino veerodh curry rahyaa hataa aneey teo jeey kaama karey chhe tenaa maate temne pagaar aapvani pann maang curry rahyaa hataa. aaa ramkhaano kenediyan sarkaare tenaa sangheey kedeeone darroj paanch saint chukavavani neetee laagu karvaa maate mahatvapurn hataa.
april ramkhaano aneey bandhak banavvana banaavo.
20 april, april roj, aek rakshake trana kedeeone bhaagi javaano prayaas kartaa joyaa. rakshakoae kedeeo parr golibaar karyo aneey teoae molotov koktel fenkine javaab aapyo. kedee jairie keseeni aagevanima trana kedeeoae gaard payt denisne bandhak banaavi leedha aneey anya 15 kedeeo saathe potaane sabhagruhma bundh curry deedhaa. tyarbad anya kedeeoae aag lagaadvaanu aneey jailno naash karvaanu sharoo karyoo.
kedeeoae sthaaneek prasaarankartaa jeeka webster dwara vataghato karvaano aagrah raakhyo hato. "pagal ringleader, jairie kesee, teno paatalo chahero gussaamaa bharai gayo, denisnaa galaamaa chhari maaree aneey maaree saame boomo paadee", webstere vancouver sunn maate aek vaartaama lakhyu hatoo. "jooe balado aheen aave too rakshak tooma holane kaho, too rakshak pahelaa mrutyu paame chhe. tame webster tareeke murry jasho! aapane badhaa mareeae chhiae. teey phone parr aavo!"
shaahee kenediyan ashvaarohi police aneey kenediyan senaae sabhagruh sivaay jailma vyavastha punsthapit curry. bandhak banaavnaarni ekmatra maang hatee keey temne ee. saes. purve kalammathi sthaanaantarit karvaamaa aave; aaa maangne sweekarya pachhi aaa ghatnaa samaapt thaee.
october ramkhaano.
5 october, october roj trana divaseey ramkhaano sharoo thayaa hataa. tevees kosho naash pamya hataa.
1975 bandhak banavvana prayaaso.
februari februari, aek karmchaareene chaar kalaak maate bandhak banavvama aavyo hato.
9 juuna, juuna roj savaare lagbhag 8 vaagye trana kedeeo dwara jailnaa 15 karmcharione bandhak banavvama aavyaa hataa. aaa ghatnaa 11 junanaa roj savaare 1 vaagyaa sudhee chaali hatee, coole 41 kalaak sudhee, jyaare jail adhikarioni sashastr vyuhaatmak tukadiae jail parr humalo karyo hato. kediomathi aek, dosheet khooni endee bruce, manav dhhaal tareeke upyog karvaa maate, aek bandhak, vargikaran adheekari meerii steinhouserne pakadi leedho. 32 varsheey steinhouser maitripurn golibaarmaa mrutyu paamyo hato, jyaare brusene beey vaar golee vaagee hatee, parantu teey bachee gayo hato. ghatanana kaarano nakki karvaa maate tapaas panchnee nimanook karvaamaa aavee hatee. tenaa taaranoma nichenaano samaavesh thaay chheh
4 julyna roj, aek kedeeae jailnaa karmchaareene aath kalaak maate bandhak banaavyo hato.
september ramkhaano aneey bandhak banaav.
februaryma, trana kedeeoae trana rakshakone lagbhag 15 kalaak sudhee bandhak banaavya hataa.
aprilma, chaar kedeeoae trana rakshakone 13 kalaak maate bandhak banaavya hataa. teey maheene beey kedeeo pann mrut haalatmaa malee aavyaa hataa.
junamaa, kedeeoae beey rakshakone bandhak banaavvaano prayaas karyo; teo naanee-motee ijaao saathe bachee gayaa.
31 augustna roj, aek kedeeae thodaa samay maate aek rakshakne bandhak banaavyo.
9 septemberthi, jyaare rakshakoae overtime kaama karvaano incar karyo tyaare 12 divasni katokatini sthitee hatee. aaa samaygaalaa darmiyan trana kedeeo mrutyu pamya hataa.
ee. saes. purveni jailnaa itihaasmaa sauthee motee ghatnaa 27 september, september roj sharoo thaee hatee. kedeeoni vasteeni motee takaavaariae ramkhaano sharoo karyaa hataa kaaran keey temne varsaad maate temnaa koshomathi mukt karvaamaa aavyaa hataa. pachhinaa ketlaak divasomaa, kedeeoae motabhagna seela bloqa aneey jailnaa anya ketlaak bhagono naash karyo. teoae koshh bloqa vachcheni aantarik divaalono naash karyo-jeey lagbhag aek sadithi hatee-ghanaa kissaaomaa temnaa haaththee. mukhya fariyaado rakshako dwara durupyog aneey rakshako dwara navaa, vadhu manveey nirdeshonu paalan karvaano incar hato. beey rakshakone bandhak banavvama aavyaa hataa. police ramkhaano niyantran tukadio aneey kenediyan senaana sainikoae jailni paridhine gheree leedhi hatee. navee rachaayeli nagrikoni salaahkaar sameeti sthal parr pahonchi aneey vataghatoma bhaag levaanu sharoo karyoo, bandhak banaavnaar lokoae sadbhaavnaa darshaavtaa aek bandhakne mukt karyo, aneey aakhare 2 octobernaa roj nava muddaano sodo karvaamaa aavyo, jenaathi ramkhaano aneey bandhak banaavvaano shaantipurn anta aavyo.
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british kolambiya jail
british columbia jelkhana (bee. see. jelkhana, jise aamtaur parr bee. see. paine aur paine key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye) nyu westminster, british columbia, kanada mein sthit ack sanghiya adhikatam suraksha jail thee. bee. see. jelkhana 1878 seey 1980 mein sevamukt honey taka 102 varshon taka sanchaalit rhaa. yeh manitoba key paschim mein pahala sanghiya dandaatmak sansthaan thaa.
gatehouse koo 8 sitambar, 2021 koo becha gayaa thaa aur nae maalikon dwara iska naam badalkar governor mahal curr diyaa gayaa thaa.
colliers international ney imarat kaa mulyankan $8,950,000 parr kiya, $4,500,00 key liye atirikt khuli jagah, governor court ink dwara khareed key samay kull $13,450,000.
itihas.
1871 mein british kolambiya key sangh mein shamil honey key baad aur paschimi kanada kii badhati aabaadi key saath, paschimi kanada mein ack sanghiya jail kii aavashyakta spasht hoe gaee. yeh tathya kii antarmahadvipiya rail maarg kaa nirmaan abhee taka naheen kiya gayaa thaa, poorv mein anya sanghiya sansthanon mein lambi doori taka kaidiyon koo leey jaane key liye mahanga aur kathin banaa diyaa gayaa thaa, jisane iss aavashyakta koo aur badhaa diyaa.
bee. see. jelkhaane key liye yojana aur nirmaan 1874 mein shuru huaa. chayanit sthal nyu westminster key sapperton pados mein fraser nadee koo dekhane vaalaa ack pahaadi thaa. jail koo 1878 mein apane pahale kaidiyon koo praapt huaa aur binaa dhumdham key khola gayaa.
bee. see. jail sthal banaane vaali imaraton aur sanrachanaon koo dheere-dheere jodaa gayaa. mool parisar mein mukhya dwaar ghar aur kuchh eent aur lakadi kii imaaraten theen. badey cell block, jinamen adhikansh kaidi they, 1904 aur 1914 key beach banaae gaye they.
jaba yeh khola gayaa tou bee. see. jail sanrachanaatmak samasyaon seey bharee hui thee, jisamen tahakhaane kii baadh, doshpurna nalsaji aur heating, khidakiyon seey gayab yaa divaaron parr thheek seey chipkai naheen gaee, aur uchit chikitsa suvidhaon kii kamee shamil thee. inn muddon koo hull karane key liye kaee varshon mein pramukh marammat aur navinikaran kiye gaye, jisamen adhikansh kaam kaidi kaary dall dwara kiya gayaa.
iss sthal koo shuru mein ack lakadi kii baad seey gher liya gayaa thaa, jise jald hii 30 phut chattan kii divaaron mein upgraded kiya gayaa thaa, aur anta mein 40 phut concreet kii divaaron koo. pratyek koney mein gaard tower sthit they.
1961 taka, jail mein jail seey sadak key paar sthit ack khet shamil thaa, jahan kuchh kaidiyon koo kaam karane key liye saunpa jaataa thaa. sansthaan kii rasoi mein upayog kiye jaane vaale bhojan kaa ack badaa hissa khet mein paida hotaa thaa. 1950 key dashak key anta taka yeh khet aarthik roop seey vyavharya thaa. haalaanki, isake sanchaalan kii badhati laagat, baahari sroton seey bhojan khareedane kii laagat mein kamee, kaidiyon koo krishi prashikshan pradaan karane kii upayogita mein kathit girawat aur aspas key kshetra key badhate shaharikaran key kaaran, khet koo bund karane aur naee westminster shahar koo krishi bhoomi bechane kaa nirnay liya gayaa.
kanadai jail seva dwara nirdhaarit manakon key anusaar samay key saath karmchaariyon kii aavashyaktaaen badh gaeen. 1950 key dashak key madhya mein way 171 they, aur iss avadhi key dauran jail kii aabaadi mein kamee key bavjood 1976 mein badhkar 363 hoe gaye they.
1950 key dashak mein shuru hui bheeshan bheed kaa anubhav karane vaali jail ney 1958 mein 765 kaidiyon koo rakhaa. kanadai jail seva ney kaidiyon koo anya sansthanon mein sthanantarit karke ise cumm karane kaa prayaas kiya, jaise kii haal hii mein kholi gaee villium pramukh sanstha. 1960 key dashak key madhya taka, aabaadi ghatkar lagbhag 500 kaidiyon taka reh gaee thee. haalaanki, yeh hinsak dangon aur bandhak banaane kii shrinkhala koo naheen roque sakaa, jisane apane antim varshon mein eesaa poorv kii jail koo trast curr diyaa.
12 march, 1979 koo kanada kii sudhaar seva ney ghoshana kii kii british kolambiya jail bund hoe jaayegi. kaidiyon koo dheere-dheere kent sansthaan mein sthanantarit curr diyaa gayaa, antim kaidi 15 farwari, 1980 koo chalaa gayaa. maee, 1980 mein dou saptah key liye, jail koo pahali baar janata key liye khol diyaa gayaa; 80,000 seey adhik logon ney khule ghar mein bhaag liya. haalaanki bee. see. jelkhana 102 saal pahale binaa kissy samaroh yaa dhumdham key khola gayaa thaa, lekin 10 maee, 1980 koo isake samaapan koo chihnit karane key liye ack aupchaarik samaroh aayojit kiya gayaa thaa, jisamen vibhinn ganmaanya vyakti shamil they.
poorv bee. see. kalam sthal parr adhikansh imaraton koo dhwast curr diyaa gayaa haye aur aavaasiya awas aur udyaan bhoomi dwara pratisthaapit kiya gayaa haye. mool jail key kewal chaar bhaag abhee bhee bache hainh gatehouse (joe abb ack sports baar haye), koyla ghar, mool kendra block (jise karyalayon mein parivartit curr diyaa gayaa haye), aur kabristan.
dainik dincharya.
apane sanchaalan key baad key varshon mein, aam aabaadi mein kaidiyon key liye dainik dincharya iss prakaar theeh subah 7 baje uthanaa; kaksh koo saaf karna, mundan karna aur dhona; rasoi seey nashta praapt karna aur kaksh mein khaana; subah 8 baje kaam key liye report karna; subah 11:30 parr kaam chhodana; dopahar kaa bhojan lena aur ginati aur taalaa lagaane key liye kaksh mein lautana; kaksh mein dopahar kaa bhojan karna; dopahar 1 baje seey dopahar kaa bhojan karna; kaksh seey raat kaa bhojan lena; ganana aur taalaa lagaane key liye kaksh mein vaapas jaanaa; kaksh mein raat kaa bhojan karna; garmiyon mein shaam 6 baje seey raat 9 baje taka avkash avadhi/10:00 baje taka; kaksh mein vaapas aanaa chaahiye.
suvidhaaen.
bee. see. jail mein apane yug kii adhikatam suraksha jail kii maanak visheshtaen theen. inmein anya cheejon key alawa, cell block, karyalaya, ack aspatal, ack rasoighar, kaam aur school kii suvidhaaen aur dou chappel (ack catholic, ack protestant) shamil they. ack visheshta yeh thee kii vahaan koee bhojan kaksh naheen thaa; iss prakaar kaidiyon koo apani kothri mein apana bhojan karna padata thaa.
kabristan.
eesaa poorv key jail sthal mein boot hill naamak ack jail kabristan shamil thaa. adhikansh kaidiyon key avashesh joe eesaa poorv jail mein maare gaye they, unake parivaaron dwara daavaa kiya gayaa thaa; joe boot hill mein dafanaae naheen gaye they. kabron kii khudai, sthal key rakharkhaav aur kabr key nishan aur taabuton key nirmaan jaise kabristan seey sambandhit sabhi kaam kaidiyon dwara kiye gaye they. kabristan aadhikarik taur parr 1913 mein khola gayaa thaa, lekin shayed 1912 mein upayog mein thaa.
lagbhag 50 kaidiyon key avashesh abhee bhee vahaan dabey hue hain. kabristan key shuruati varshon key dauran, abhilekhon koo saavdhaanipoorvak naheen liya gayaa thaa yaa sanrakshit naheen kiya gayaa thaa, aur yeye avishvasaniya hain. adhikansh kabron koo kewal kaidi key jail number key saath utkeern chhote thhos kabron dwara chihnit kiya jaataa haye. kuchh kaidiyon koo achihnit kabron mein dafnaya jaataa haye.
haalaanki adhikansh jail taba seey dhwast hoe chuki haye, kabristan abhee bhee () glenbrook ravine park mein haye. eesaa poorv jail bund honey key baad, sanghiya sarkaar ney kabristan koo nyu westminster shahar koo saunp diyaa. bahut cumm loga jaanate hain kii kabristan vahaan haye, iska rakharkhaav nyu westminster shahar dwara kiya jaataa haye aur isamen kaidiyon kii kabr kii jaankaari key saath ack soochana pattika haye. glenbrook ravine park key itihas khand mein kabristan kaa ullekh haye.
daukhobars.
20veen shatabdi key madhya mein british kolambiya daukhobars key swatantrata sampradaay key putron key saath sarkari sangharsh mein bee. see. jail bahut adhik shamil thee. iss avadhi key dauran, swatantrata key putron ney saarvajanik nagnata aur aagajani key krityon key madhyam seey kathit sarkari hastakshep yaa anyaay key khilaf virodh kiya; parinamswarup way aksar saamoohik giraftari key adheen they, jisake parinamswarup saamoohik roop seey doshasiddhi hui.
1931 mein, 600 seey adhik eesaa poorv daukhobars koo saarvajanik nagnata key liye teen saal kii jail kii sajaa sunai gaee thee. bee. see. jail bandee kaidiyon kii aabaadi mein iss tarah kii vriddhi koo sambhaalane mein asamarth thee, isaliye bee. see. jelkhaane key adhikaar key tahat ack upgrah jail kaa nirmaan vishesh roop seey inn kaidiyon koo rakhane key liye ghaat dweep parr kiya gayaa thaa. jaba inmein seey adhikansh sajaaen samaapt hoe gaeen, tou jail shivir bund curr diyaa gayaa aur shesh daukhobor kaidiyon koo mukhya jail mein sthanantarit curr diyaa gayaa.
1950 mein, arsen seey sambandhit daukhobars kii ack aur saamoohik-sajaa thee. isake jawab mein, bee. see. jail ney mukhya jail seey satey inn kaidiyon key liye ack swa-nihit parisar sthaapit kiya. jabaki peers dweep parr anubhav jyaadaatar shantipurna thaa, iss baar cheejen alag theen. kaidiyon ney 1951 mein dou baar parisar mein aag lagaa dee, baad mein jyaadaatar ise nasht curr diyaa. daukhobor kaidiyon koo taba mukhya jail mein leey jaaya gayaa, jahan unhone 35 dinon kii bhookh hadtaal mein bhaag liya joe jabaran bhojan key saath samaapt hui.
1953 mein ack aur saamoohik doshasiddhi ack aur aagajani aur saarvajanik nagnata kii ghatana seey sambandhit hui. eesaa poorv jail mein naee jhopadiyon kaa nirmaan kiya gayaa thaa, lekin iss baar unakaa upayog mukhya cell block mein dakhobars koo agnirodhi kakshon mein sthanantarit karane key liye jagah khaali karane key liye samanya jail aabaadi key sadasyon koo rakhane key liye kiya gayaa thaa.
1961 aur 1962 mein ack aur daur key shastragar ney bee. see. jail key upgrah key roop mein agasses pahaadi jail key nirmaan koo prerit kiya. iss jail koo vishesh roop seey dukhobor kaidiyon koo rakhane key liye banaaya gayaa thaa. choonki dukhobars ney kaid key dauran koee bhee kaam karane seey incar curr diyaa thaa, isaliye naee sanstha mein kaidiyon key liye koee kaary karyakram aur koee visheshaadhikaar naheen they. poore jail koo aagajani seey bachane key liye design kiya gayaa thaa, jisamen furniture sahit sub kuchh concreet yaa dhaatu seey banaa thaa. sabhi kapade, jaise kapade aur bistar, agnirodhak they. swatantrata key putron key netaaon koo alag rakhaa gayaa thaa, jaise kii yuva purushon koo. kaidiyon ney agast 1962 mein bhookh hadtaal shuru kii, joe ack saal seey adhik samay taka chully aur jabaran bhojan key bavjood kuposhan key kaaran ack kii maut hoe gaee.
antim daukhobor kaidi koo 1970 mein riha curr diyaa gayaa thaa. agasses pahaadi jail koo eesaa poorv jail key bujurg kaidiyon key liye ack jail mein badal diyaa gayaa thaa, aur antatah ack alag madhyam suraksha sansthaan key roop mein vibhajit curr diyaa gayaa thaa.
anushasana aur sajaa.
eesaa poorv jail key bheetar niyojit jail niyamon key ullanghan key liye sajaa key tareeke samay key saath vikasit hue. shaaririk dund shuru mein kaee ullanghanon key liye pasandida tarika thaa, jisamen kode maarnaa sabse aam thaa. shaaririk dund koo dheere-dheere taba taka samaapt curr diyaa gayaa jaba taka kii 1972 mein ise poori tarah seey pratibandhit naheen curr diyaa gayaa. dund key anya samanya roopon mein chain gaing parr kaam karna, rotty aur paani kaa dandaatmak aahar aur ekant karawas shamil they.
eesaa poorv key adhik aadhunik avtaar mein, dandon koo bahut adhik naukarshahi dwara prabandhit kiya jaataa thaa. sajaa key sabse aam roop visheshadhikaron kaa nuksan aur ekant karawas they.
ekant karawas.
ekant karawas (aadhikarik taur parr "vighatan" kahaa jaataa haye; aamtaur parr "algaav" key roop mein sandarbhit) bee. see. jail mein sajaa kaa ack samanya roop thaa. kaidiyon koo teen karanon seey alag rakhaa jaa sakata haih unake apane anurodh parr; 30 dinon taka kii sajaa key roop mein; yaa aseemit samay key liye prashaasnik uddeshyon key liye. vyavhaar mein, prashaasnik algaav kaa upayog aksar kaidiyon koo dandit karane key liye kiya jaataa thaa; prashaasnik algaav key upayog parr niyantran behad vivekadhin they aur iss prakaar durupyog key liye khule they. kaidiyon koo maheenon yaa ack samay mein varshon taka ekant karawas mein rakhna aam baat thee. udaaharan key liye, jack mccain naamak ack kaidi ney 1970 aur 1974 key beach 1421 dinn-una lagaatar 754-ekant karawas mein bitaaye.
aupchaarik roop seey vishesh sudhaar ikai (aiss. see. yuu.) key roop mein jaani jaane vaali, ekant karawas kakshon koo aamtaur parr kaidiyon aur karmchaariyon dwara "painthouse" kahaa jaataa thaa, aanshik roop seey cell blocks mein seey ack kii oopari manjil parr unake sthaan key kaaran. (painthouse koo 1963 mein puraane ekant karawas kakshon koo badalane key liye banaaya gayaa thaa joe tahakhaane mein they, jinhen "chhed" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa thaa.) bee. see. jail kii ekant karawas kakshon koo aadhunik jail key liye vishesh roop seey kroor honey key roop mein jaanaa jaataa thaa.
kaksh bahut chhote they, teen concreet kii divaaron key saath binaa khidakiyon key, aur ack thhos steel kaa darwaja jisamen galiyare key saamane paanch inch kii vargakar khidki thee. kakshon mein kewal ack wash besin/shauchalaya sanyojan (kewal thandaa paani), aur ack radio chayankarta (dou channel they), aur ack concreet paid thaa joe farsh seey chaar inch kii plywood kii chaadar seey dhakaa huaa thaa, jiss parr kaidi sote they. kaidi radio kii matra aur naa hii kaksh key tapman koo niyantrit curr sakate they. kaksh mein roshni dinn mein 24 ghante chalati rahee, lekin raat mein 25 vaat taka mund curr dee gaee.
joe kaidi anushasanatmak yaa prashaasnik karanon seey school mein they, unhein prati dinn 23.5 ghante key liye apani kothri mein seemit rakhaa jaayega. unhein aadhe ghante kaa vyayam diyaa jaayega, jisamen scoo mein kakshon key beach key galiyare mein akele chalana shamil thaa. shaam koo ack rabad kaa paid aur kambal diyaa jaataa thaa aur harr subah ekatra kiya jaataa thaa. kaidiyon koo baahar dekhane kaa koee avsar naheen milega. joe kaidi surakshaatmak abhiraksha key liye scoo mein they, unhein poore dinn rubber paid aur kambal rakhane kii anumati hogi, aur kabhi-kabhi unhein prati dinn aadhe ghante key liye baahar vyayam karane kii anumati hogi. kaidiyon koo ack dusare seey baat karane, kaam karane, school jaane, pustakalaya jaane, tv dekhane yaa kissy anya samvaadaatmak gatividhiyon mein shamil honey kii anumati naheen thee.
kathor paristhitiyon key alawa, scoo mein guards dwara utpeedan aur durvyavahar vyaapak aur sthaanik thaa.
nishpaadan.
bee. see. jail mein kewal ack fansi dee gaee thee. kanada mein mrityudand key unmoolan seey pahale, sanghiya jailon key bajaay praantiya gaulon mein fansi dee jaati thee. 24 varsheeya joseph smith key mamle mein ack apavaad banaaya gayaa thaa, jise 31 janwari, 1913 koo fansi dekar maar diyaa gayaa thaa.
smith aur bee. see. jail mein ack anya kaidi, herman willson ney 5 octuber, 1912 koo bhaagne key prayaas key dauran ack gaard koo maar daala. willson prayaas key dauran ghayal hoe gayaa thaa aur usake mukadame seey pahale usaki choton seey mrityu hoe gaee thee; smith parr mukadama chalaaya gayaa aur usey hatyaa kaa doshi thaharaaya gayaa thaa.
bee. see. jail mein fansi dene kaa aadhikarik kaaran yeh thaa kii usey praantiya sansthaan mein sthanantarit karane key bajaay vahaan smith koo rakhna jaari rakhna aasaan thaa. haalaanki, yeh sambhavana haye kii yeh bee. see. jail mein anya kaidiyon key liye ack udaaharan key roop mein kaam karane kaa irada thaa. fansi key liye vishesh roop seey ack machaan kaa nirmaan kiya gayaa thaa, usa sthaan key paas jahaan asafal bhaagne key prayaas key dauran gaard maaraa gayaa thaa. smith koo jail kabristan mein dafnaya gayaa thaa.
dange aur bandhak banaane key kaary.
apane puraane samay kii adhikansh suraksha jailon kii tarah, bee. see. jail ney apane poore itihas mein kaee kaidiyon kii aatmahatya, aatm-angachhed, hamale, chhura ghonpane, bachane key prayason aur hatyaon kaa anubhav kiya. baad key varshon mein, bee. see. jail apane dangon aur bandhak banaane key liye jaani jaane luggy.
bee. see. jail key praarambhik itihas mein kuchh badee hinsak ghatanaaen huin. isane 1934 taka apane pahale dange kaa anubhav naheen kiya, joe isake sanchaalan kaa 56vaan varsh thaa. haalaanki, yeh inn pramukh ghatnaaon mein seey adhik kaa anubhav karane lagaa kyonki yeh suvidha purani hoe gaee aur ack aadhunik jail key roop mein cumm upayukt hoe gaee. bee. see. jail kii adhikansh pramukh hinsak ghatanaaen 1970 key dashak mein isake antim 10 varshon key sanchaalan mein huin. 1970 key dashak key dauran, bee. see. jail kanada mein sabse hinsak sanghiya sansthanon mein seey ack thaa. sthiti key bigadane aur bee. see. paine mein hinsak ghatnaaon kii badhati sankhya ney 1980 mein ise bund karane mein yogdan diyaa.
1934 kaa danga.
dange 1 sitambar, 1934 koo shuru hue, jaba saat kaidiyon ney apana kaam karane seey incar curr diyaa. 10 sitambar taka 73 kaidi hadtaal curr rahey they. furniture aur shauchalayon key saath-saath 182 khidakiyan bhee toda dee gaeen. dange 12 sitambar koo samaapt hue jaba isake netaaon koo paddle kiya gayaa. kaidi aam taur parr kharaab paristhitiyon kaa virodh curr rahey they, aur yeh bhee maang curr rahey they kii unhein usa kaam key liye bhugtan kiya jaae joe unhone kiya thaa. kanadai sarkaar dwara apane sanghiya kaidiyon koo prati dinn paanch sent kaa bhugtan karane kii neeti koo lagu karane mein dange kaa mahatvapurna yogdan thaa.
1963 dange aur bandhak banaana.
20 aprail, 1963 koo ack gaard ney teen kaidiyon koo bhaagne kaa prayaas karate hue paaya. gaard ney kaidiyon parr golibari kii aur unhone molotov cocktail fenkkar jawab diyaa. kaidi jairi cassie key netritva mein teen kaidiyon ney gaard pait dennis koo bandhak banaa liya aur 15 anya kaidiyon key saath khud koo sabhagar mein bund curr liya. anya kaidiyon ney taba aag lagaana shuru curr diyaa aur jail koo nasht curr diyaa.
kaidiyon ney sthaaniya prasarak jack webster key madhyam seey baatchit karane parr jore diyaa. "pagal ringleader, jairi cassie, uska dubla chehra gusse seey bhar gayaa, dennis key galey parr chaku seey maaraa aur mujh parr chillaya", webster ney vancouver sunn key liye ack kahani mein likhaa. "warden tomm holl koo bataayen kii aggar bail yahaan ghusate hain, tou gaard pahale marr jaataa haye. aap bahut webster marr jaayenge! humm sub marr jaate hain. usa phone parr jaao!"
shaahi kanadai ghudsavaar pulis aur kanadai senaa ney sabhagar koo chhodkar jail mein vyavastha bahaal curr dee. bandhak banaane vaalon kii ekmatra maang thee kii unhein bee. see. kalam seey sthanantarit kiya jaae; iss maang koo sweekaar karane key baad ghatana samaapt hoe gaee.
1973 kaa danga.
5 octuber, 1973 koo teen divasiya dange shuru hue. 23 kaksh nasht curr diye gaye.
1975 bandhak-nirmaan.
farwari 1975 mein, ack karmchari sadasya koo chaar ghante key liye bandhak banaa liya gayaa thaa.
9 juuna, 1975 koo lagbhag 8 baje, jail key 15 karmchaariyon koo teen kaidiyon dwara bandhak banaa liya gayaa thaa. yeh ghatana 11 juuna koo subah 1 baje taka chully, kull 41 ghante, jaba jail adhikaariyon key ack sashastr saamarik daste ney jail parr dhawa boll diyaa. kaidiyon mein seey ack, doshi hatyara aur broose, ney maanav dhaal key roop mein upayog karane key liye ack bandhak, vargeekaran adhikaari mairi steinhauser koo pakad liya. 32 varsheeya steinhauser dostana aag seey maare gaye they, jabaki broose koo dou baar goli luggy thee, lekin vaha butch gaye. ghatana key karanon kaa pataa lagaane key liye ack jaanch aayog niyukt kiya gayaa thaa. isake nishkarshon mein shamil hainh
4 julaai koo, ack kaidi ney jail key ack karmchari koo aathh ghante key liye bandhak banaa liya thaa.
1976 dange aur bandhak banaane key kaary.
farwari mein, teen kaidiyon ney lagbhag 15 ghante taka teen guards koo bandhak banaa liya.
aprail mein, chaar kaidiyon ney 13 ghante key liye teen guards koo bandhak banaa liya. usa maheene dou kaidi bhee mrit paae gaye they.
juuna mein, kaidiyon ney dou guards koo bandhak banaane kaa prayaas kiya; way mamuli choton key saath butch gaye.
31 agast koo, ack kaidi ney kuchh samay key liye ack gaard koo bandhak banaa liya.
9 sitambar seey, 12-divasiya apatkal kii sthiti thee jaba guards ney overtime kaam karane seey incar curr diyaa. iss avadhi key dauran teen kaidiyon kii mrityu hoe gaee.
eesaa poorv key jail key itihas mein sabse badee ghatana 27 sitambar, 1976 koo shuru hui. kaidiyon kii aabaadi key ack badey pratishat ney dange karna shuru curr diyaa kyonki unhein barish key liye apani kothri seey riha curr diyaa gayaa thaa. agale kuchh dinon mein kaidiyon ney jail key adhikansh khandon aur kaee anya hisson koo nasht curr diyaa. unhone koshika khandon key beach kii aantarik divaaron koo nasht curr diyaa-joe lagbhag ack sadee seey khadee thee-kaee mamalon mein apane haathon seey. mukhya shikaayaten gaard dwara durvyavahar aur gaard dwara nae, adhik maanviya nirdeshon kaa paalan karane seey incar karna thaa. dou guards koo bandhak banaa liya gayaa. pulis danga niyantran daste aur kanadai senaa key sainikon ney jail kii paridhi koo gher liya. navgathit nagrikon kii salaahkaar samiti key sthal parr pahunchane aur baatchit mein bhaag lene key baad, bandhak-lene vaalon ney sadbhavana key pradarshan mein ack bandhak koo riha curr diyaa, aur antatah 2 octuber koo nau sutri sauda kiya gayaa, jisase shantipurna tareeke seey dange aur bandhak banaane kaa anta huaa. |
british columbia seremane
british columbia seremaneyu (cree. poo. seremaneyannu samanyavagi cree. poo. penn mattu penn endu kareyalaaguttade) kenadaada british kolambiyaada nyoo westminsternalliruw federal garishta bhadrata kaaraagruhavaagittu. bii. sii. seremaneyu 1878rinda 1980ralli adannu seveyinda tegeduhaakuvavarege 102 varshagala kaala kaaryanirvahisitu. idu manitobaada pashchimadalliruva modala samyukta dandaneya samstheyaagide.
gate house annu september 8,2021 randu marata maadalaayitu mattu hosa malikaru idannu governor kote endu marunamakarana maadidaru.
colliers international kattadavannu $8,950,000 endu moulyamaapana maaditu, hechchuvari tereda jagavu $4,500,00 ge, governor nyaayaalayavu khareedisuva samayadalli ottu $13,450,000 aagittu.
itihaasa.
1871ralli british columbia okkootakke serida nantara mattu paschima kenadaada janasankhyeyu hechchaadante, paschima kenadaadalli samyukta kaaraagruhada agatyavu spashtavaayitu. khandaantara railumaargavannu innoo nirmisalaagilla emba amshavu purvakke doorada kaidigalannu itara samyukta samsthegalige saagisuvudannu dubaariyaagisitu mattu kashtakaravagisitu, idu ee agatyavannu mattashtu ulbanagolisitu.
cree. poo. seremaneya yojane mattu nirmaanavu 1874ralli praarambhavaayitu. nyoo westminstern sapterton nerehoreyalli fraser nadiya meliruva bettada pakkavannu ayke maadalaayitu. 1878ralli ee seremaneyu tanna modala kaidigalannu sweekarisitu mattu yaavude sambhramavillade tereyitu.
cree. poo. seremaneya sthalavannu nirmisida kattadagalu mattu ranchanegalannu kramena serisalaayitu. moola sankeernavu mukhya dwaarada maney mattu kelavu ittige mattu marada kattadagalannu olagondittu. hecchina kaidigalige vasati kalpisidda dodda sell blaakgalannu 1904 mattu 1914rahra naduve nirmisalaayitu.
cree. poo. jailannu teredaaga nelamaaligeya pravaaha, doshapoorita kolayi mattu taapana, kitakigalinda kaaneyaada baargalu athawa godegalige sariyagi antisadiruvudu mattu sariyaada vaidyakeeya soulabhyagala korate seridante rachanaatmaka samasyegalinda tumbittu. ee samasyegalannu pariharisalu halavaaru varshagalinda pramukha durasti mattu navikaranagalannu nadesalaayitu, hecchina kelasavannu kaidigala kelasada sibbandigalu nirvahisidaru.
ee stalakke aarambhadalli marada bayley haakalaagittu, idannu shighradalle 30 addi kallina godegalagi mattu antimavagi 40 addi concrete godegalagi meldarjegerisalaayitu. prati mooleyalliyu kaavalu gopuragalannu sthaapisalaagittu.
1961ravarege, seremaneyu jailukhaneya beediya addalaagi ondu totavannu olagondittu, allie kelavu kaidigalannu kelasa maadalu niyojisalaguttittu. samstheya adugemaneyalli balasuva aahaarada gananeeya bhagavannu ee totavu utpaadisuttittu. 1950rahra dashakada antyadavaregu ee krishi bhumiyu aarthikavaagi laabhadaayakavaagittu. aadaagyoo, adara karyacharaneya vechchagalu hechchaguvudu, horagina moolagalinda aahaaravannu khareedisuva vechchagalu kadimeyaguvudu, kaidigalige krishi tarabetiyannu odagisuva upayuktateyallina grahisida kusita mattu suttamuttalina pradeshada hechchuttiruva nagarikaranavu, form annu muchchuva mattu krishi bhoomiyannu nyoo westminster nagarakke marata maaduva nirdhaarakke kaaranavaayitu.
kenadaada seremaneya seveyu nirdeshisida manadandagalige anugunavagi kaalaanantaradalli sibbandi avashyakategalu hechchaadavu. 1950rahra dashakada madhyabhaagadalli avaru 171rashtiddaru mattu ee avadhiyalli jailugala sankhye kadimeyagiddaroo, 1976ralli 363kke airide.
cree. poo. seremaneyu 1950rahra dasakadalli aarambhagondu 1958ralli 765 kaidigalannu hondidda teevra janadattaneyannu anubhavisitu. kenadaada seremaneya seveyu ittichege tereyalaada vilium head institutionantaha itara samsthegalige kaidigalannu vargaayisuva moolaka idannu nivaarisalu prayatnisitu. 1960rahra dashakada madhyada velege, janasankhyeyu sumaru 500 kaidigalige iliyitu. aadaagyoo, idu cree. poo. yaya koneya varsagalalli seremaneyannu badhisida himsaatmaka galabhegalu mattu otteyaalugala saraniyannu tadeyalilla.
march 12,1979 randu, kenadaada tiddupadi seveyu british columbia seremaneyannu muchchuvudaagi ghoshisitu. kaidigalannu kramena kent samsthege vargaayisalaayitu, koneya kaidi phebravari 15,1980 randu horatuhodanu. mayee 1980 ralli eradu vaaragala kaala, jailina modala baarige saarvajanikarige tereyalaayitu; 80,000 kkoo hecchu janaru open housege haajaraagiddaru. 102 varshagala hinde yaavude samarambha athawa sambhramavillade cree. poo. jailannu tereyalaagiddaroo, vividha ganyaru bhagavahisidda oupachaarika samaarambhavannu 1980rahra mayee 10randu adara muktaayavannu gurutisalu nadesalaayitu.
hindina cree. poo. penn saitnalliruva hecchina kattadagalannu kedavalaayitu mattu vasati vasati mattu udyaanavanagalinda badalaayisalaayitu. moola seremaneya kevala naalku bhagagalu maatra ulidiveh gate house (eega creeda baar), kalliddalu maney, moola center block (idannu kacherigalaagi parivartisalaagide), mattu smashana.
dainandina dinachari.
adara karyacharaneya nantarada varsagalalli, saamaanya janasankhyeyalli kaidigala dainandina dinachariyu ee kelaginantittuhu beligge 7 gantege eruvudu; clean sell, kshoura mattu toleyuvudu; adugemaneyinda belagina upaahaaravannu tegedukondu adannu kooneyalli tinnuvudu; beligge 8 gantege kelasakke varadi maaduvudu; 11:30 gantege kelasadinda horahoguvudu; madhyaahnada uutavannu tegedukondu enike mattu lock-apgagi koshakke hintiruguvudu; kooneyalli madhyahna 1 ganteyinda madhyahna 3 ganteyavarege kelasa maaduvudu; adugemaneyinda uutavannu sangrahisuvudu; enike mattu lock-apgagi koshakke hintiruguvudu; koshadalli uuta maaduvudu; chaligaaladalli sanje 6 ganteyinda ratri 9 ganteyavarege virama awadhi/besigeyalli 10:00; sell blacknelli 11:00 kke hintirugabeku.
soulabhyagalu.
cree. poo. seremaneyu adara yugada garishta bhadrata kaaraagruhada pramanita laksanagalannu hondittu. ivugalalli, itara vishayagala jotege, sell blaakgalu, kacherigalu, aspatre, adugemane, kelasa mattu shaala soulabhyagalu mattu eradu chapelgalu (ondu catholic, ondu protestant) seriddavu. ondu visheshavendare allie uutada kooneyiralilla; heegaagi kaidigalu tamma uutavannu tamma konegalalli tinnabekaagittu.
smashana.
cree. poo. yaya seremaneya taanavu boot hill emba jailu smashaanavannu olagondittu. cree. poo. jailinalli marana hondida hecchina kaidigala avasheshagalannu avara kutumbagalu hakku saadhisiddavu; illadavarannu boot hilnalli samadhi maadalaayitu. samadhigalannu ageyuvudu, sthalada nirvahane mattu samadhi gurutugalu mattu shavapettigeya nirmaanadantaha smashanakke sambandhisida ellah kelasagalannu kaidigalu nirvahisidaru. ee smashaanavannu adhikrutavaagi 1913ralli tereyalaayitu, aadare bahushah 1912ralli balakeyallittu.
sumaru 50 kaidigala avasheshagalu egaloo alliye samadhigondive. smashaanada arambhika varsagalalli, daakhalegalannu echcharikeyinda tegedukollalaagiralilla athawa samrakshisalaagiralilla mattu avu vishvasarhavalla. hecchina samadhigalannu sanna concrete samadhigalinda gurutisalaagide, kaidigala jailu sankhyeyannu maatra kettalaagide. kelavu kaidigalannu gurutu haakada samadhigalalli samadhi maadalaagide.
jailina hecchina bhagavannu kedavalaagiddaroo, smashaanavu egaloo glenbrook kanive udyaanavanadalli ulidide. cree. poo. jailannu muchchida nantara, federal sarkaaravu smashaanavannu nyoo westminster nagarakke bittukottitu. smashaanavide, idannu nyoo westminster nagaravu nirvahisuttade mattu khaidigala samadhi maahitiyondige mahiti phalakavannu hondide endu bahala kadime janarige tilidide. glenbrook kanive udyaanavanada itihaasa vibhagadalli ee smashaanavannu ullekhisalaagide.
doukhobargalu.
cree. poo. 20neey shatamaanada madhyabhaagadalli british columbia doukhobarsna swatantrya panthada makkalondige sarkari sangharshadalli seremaneyu hecchu todagisikondittu. ee avadhiyuddakkoo, swatantryada putraru saarvajanika nagnate mattu agnisparshada krutyagala moolaka sarkaarada hastakshepa athawa anyaayada viruddha pratibhatisidaru; idara parinaamavaagi avaru aagaagge saamuhika bandhanagalige olagaaguttiddaru, idu saamuhika aparaadhagalige kaaranavaayitu.
1931ralli, cree. poo. 600kkoo hecchu doukhobargalige saarvajanika nagnategaagi mooru varshagala jailu shikshe vidhisalaayitu. cree. poo. seremaneyu kaidigala sankhyeyalli antaha hechchalavannu nibhayisalu sadhyavagalilla, aaddarinda ee kaidigalige vasati kalpisalu nirdishtavagi piers dweepadalli cree. poo. seremaneya adhikaarada adiyalli upagraha seremaneyannu nirmisalaayitu. ee sikshegalalli bahupalu awadhi mugida nantara, jailu shibiravannu muchchalaayitu mattu ulida daukhobar kaidigalannu mukhya seremanege vargaayisalaayitu.
1950ralli, aarsangalige sambandhisida doukhobargala mattondu saamuhika-aparadha nirnayavu nadeyitu. idakke pratikriyeyagi, cree. poo. yaya seremaneyu mukhya seremaneya pakkadalli ee kaidigaligaagi swayam-olagonda aavaranavannu sthaapisitu. piers dweepadallina anubhavavu bahuteka shaantiyutavaagiddaru, ee baari vishayagalu vibhinnavaagiddavu. 1951ralli kaidigalu eradu baari aavaranakke benki hachchidaru, nantarada baari hechchaagi adannu naashapadisidaru. nantara daukhobor kaidigalannu mukhya jailige sthalaantarisalaayitu, allie avaru 35 dinagala upavaasa satyagrahadalli bhagavahisidaru, adhu balavantada aahaaradondige konegonditu.
1953ralli mattondu saamuhika aparadha nirnayavu mattondu agnisparsha mattu saarvajanika nagnateya ghatanege sambandhisidante sambhavisitu. cree. poo. jailinalli hosa gudisalugalannu nirmisalaayitu, aadare ee baari avugalannu mukhya koshada blaakgalallina agni-nirodhaka koshagalige dakhobargalannu sthalaantarisalu jagavannu muktagolisuva saluvaagi saamaanya jailu jansankhyeya sadasyarige sthalavakasha needalu balasalaayitu.
1961 mattu 1962ralli mattondu suttina shastraastragalu agassiz parvata seremaneyannu cree. poo. seremaneya upagrahavaagi rachisalu prerepisidavu. ee seremaneyannu nirdishtavagi daukhobar kaidigalige vasati kalpisalu vinyaasagolisalaagide. jailinalliddaaga doukhobargalu yaavude kelasavannu maadalu nirakarisiddarinda, hosa samstheyalli yaavude kelasada kaaryakramagalu mattu kaidigalige yaavude savalattugaliralilla. idee seremaneyannu benkiyannu tappisalu vinyaasagolisalaagittu, pithopakaranagalu seridante ellavannoo concrete athawa lohadinda tayaarisalaagittu. batte mattu haasigeyantaha ellah battegalannu agni nirodhakavaagidalaagittu. swatantryada putrara nayakarannu, yuvakarante pratyekavaagidalaayitu. kaidigalu 1962rahra augustinalli upavaasa satyagrahavannu praarambhisidaru, idu ondu varshakkoo hecchu kaala nadeyitu mattu balavantada aahaarada horataagiyoo apoushtikateyinda ondu saavu sambhavisitu.
koneya daukhobar khaidiyannu 1970ralli bidugade maadalaayitu. agassiz parvata seremaneyannu cree. poo. seremaneya hiriya kaidigalige jailinannagi parivartisalaayitu mattu antimavagi pratyeka madhyama bhadrata samstheyaagi vibhajisalaayitu.
shistu mattu shikshe.
cree. poo. jailinalli balasalaada jailu niyamagala ullanghanegaagi siksheya vidhaanagalu kaaladondige vikasanagondavu. daihika siksheyu aarambhadalli halavaaru ullanghanegalige aadyateya vidhaanavaagittu, koolu hodeyuvudu atyanta saamaanyavaagittu. 1972ralli sampoornavaagi nishedhisuvavaregu daihika siksheyannu hanta hantavagi tegeduhaakalaayitu. itara saamaanya vidhada sikshegalalli sarapali tandadalli kelasa maaduvudu, rotti mattu neerina dandanaatmaka aahaaragalu mattu ekaanta bandhanagalu serive.
cree. poo. seremaneya hecchu aadhunika avataaradalli, sikshegalannu hecchu adhikarashahi vyavastheyinda nirvahisalaaguttittu. siksheya atyanta saamaanya roopagalendare savalattugala nashta mattu ekaanta bandhana.
ekaangi bandhana.
ekaangi bandhanavu (adhikrutavaagi "pratyekate" endu kareyalpaduttade; samanyavagi "pratyekate" endu kareyalaaguttade) cree. poo. jailinalli siksheya saamaanya roopavaagittu. kaidigalannu mooru karanagaligagi pratyekavagi irisabahuduh avara swanta korikeya merege; 30 dinagalavarege shiksheyaagi; athawa aadalitaatmaka uddeshagaligaagi aniyamita samayadavarege. acharaneyalli, kaidigalannu sikshisalu aadalitaatmaka pratyekateyannu hechchaagi balasalaaguttittu; aadalitaatmaka pratyekateya balakeya melina niyantranagalu atyanta vivechanaasheelavaagiddavu mattu aaddarinda durupayogakke muktavaagiddavu. kaidigalannu tingalugala kaala athawa varshagala kaala ekangiyagi irisuvudu saamaanyavaagittu. udaaharanege, jack mccon emba khaidi 1970 mattu 1974rahra naduve 1421 dinagala kaala-avugalalli 754 dinagalu-ekaanta bandhanadalli kaledaru.
oupachaarikavaagi vishesha tiddupadi ghataka (ess. sii. yuu) endu kareyalaaguva, ekaangi bandhana koshagalannu kaidigalu mattu sibbandigalu samanyavagi "pent house" endu kareyuttiddaru, bhagashah avu koshada blaakgala melina mahadiyalli iruvudarinda. (nelamaaligeyalliruva haleya ekaanta bandhana koshagalannu badalisalu 1963ralli pent house annu nirmisalaayitu, ivugalannu "randhra" endu kareyalaaguttittu.) cree. poo. seremaneya ekaangi bandhana koshagalu aadhunika seremanege visheshavaagi krooravendu kareyalpaduttiddavu.
kitakigalillada mooru concrete godegalu mattu kaaridaarge eduraagiruva aidu inchina chaukaakaarada kitakiyondige ghana ukkina baagilannu hondiruva koshagalu atyanta chikkadaagiddavu. aaa konegalalli kevala ondu toleyuva jalanayana/shauchalaya samyojane (tampaada neeru maatra), mattu ondu radeo selector (eradu kaaluvegalu iddavu), mattu neladinda naalku inchugalashtu plywood haalegalinda muchchida concrete pyaad maatra iddavu, adara mele kaidigalu malagiddaru. kaidigalige rediyoda parimaanavannu athawa koshada ushnaamshavannu niyantrisalu sadhyavagalilla. kooneyallina deepagalu dinada 24 ganteyoo uriyuttiddavu, aadare ratriyalli 25 vyaatgalige mandagolisalaaguttittu.
shistu athawa aadalitaatmaka karanagaligagi skunallidda kaidigalannu dinakke 23.5 gantegala kaala tamma konegalalli simitagolisalaguttittu. avarige ardha ghanteya vyaayaamavannu nidalaaguttittu, idaralli skuvinalliruva koshagala naduvina caridarnalli obbare nadeyuvudu olagondittu. rabbar pyaad mattu kambaligalannu sanje vitarisalaaguttittu mattu pratidina beligge sangrahisalaaguttittu. kaidigalige horaanganavannu nodalu yaavude avakaashaviruvudilla. rakshanaatmaka rakshanegaagi skunallidda kaidigalige dinavidi rabbar pyaad mattu kambaliyannu hidididalu avakasha nidalaaguttittu mattu kelavomme dinakke ardha gante horage vyayama maadalu avakasha nidalaaguttittu. kaidigalige obbarigobbaru maatanaadalu, kelasa maadalu, shaalege hogalu, granthaalayakke bheti needalu, tv vikshisalu athawa yaavude samvadatmaka chatuvatikegalalli todagalu anumati iralilla.
kathina paristhitigala jotege, skunallina kaavalugaararinda kirukula mattu nindane vyaapakavaagittu mattu sthaliyavagittu.
maranadandane.
cree. poo. jailinalli kevala ondu maranadandaneyannu maatra nadesalaayitu. kenadaadalli maranadandaneyannu raddugolisuva modalu, federal jailugaliginta praantiya goulgalalli maranadandanegalannu nadesalaaguttittu. 24 varshada joseph smith avara prakaranadalloo idakke vinayiti nidalaagittu, aatanige 1913rahra janavari 31randu galligerisalaayitu.
smith mattu bii. sii. seremaneya mattobba khaidi, herman willson, october 5,1912 randu tappisikolluva prayatnada samayadalli obba kaavalugaaranannu konduhaakidaru. willson ee prayatnada samayadalli gayagondaru mattu avara vichaaraneya modalu avara gayagalinda maranahondidaru; smith avarannu vichaaranege olapadisalaayitu mattu koleya aparaadhiyendu ghooshisalaayitu.
cree. poo. jailinalli maranadandaneyannu nadesalu adhikruta kaaranavendare, avanannu praantiya samsthege vargaayisuva badalu allie avanannu irisuvudu sulabhavaagittu. aadaagyoo, idu cree. poo. jailinallidda itara kaidigalige udaharaneyagi kaaryanirvahisuva uddeshavannu hondirabahudu. tappisikolluva prayatna viphalavaadaaga kaavalugaaranu saavannappida sthalada bully maranadandanegagi visheshavaagi scaffold annu nirmisalaayitu. smith avarannu jailu smashaanadalli samadhi maadalaayitu.
galabhegalu mattu otteyaalugala krutyagalu.
tanna haleya kaalada bahuteka bhadrata karagruhagalante, cree. poo. jailinalli halavaaru kaidigala atmahatye, swayam-angachchedana, daaligalu, iri, tappisikolluva prayatnagalu mattu kolegalu adara itihaasaduddakku sambhavisive. adara nantarada varsagalalli, cree. poo. jailuvaasavu tanna galabhegalu mattu otteyaalu-krutyagalige hesaruvaasiyaayitu.
cree. poo. seremaneyu adara arambhika itihaasadalli kelavu pramukha himsaatmaka ghatanegalannu hondittu. idu tanna karyacharaneya 56neey varshavaada 1934ravarege tanna modala galabheyannu anubhavisalilla. aadaagyoo, soulabhyavu haleyadaguttiddante mattu aadhunika seremaneyagi kadime suktavaguttiddante idu ee pramukha ghatanegalannu hecchu anubhavisalu praarambhisitu. cree. poo. jailinalli nadeda hecchina pramukha himsaatmaka ghatanegalu 1970rahra dasakadalli adara koneya 10 varshagala karyacharaneyalli sambhavisidavu. 1970rahra dasakadalli, cree. poo. seremaneyu kenadaada atyanta himsaatmaka samyukta samsthegalalli ondaagittu. paristhitigalu hadageduvudu mattu cree. poo. pennallina himsaatmaka ghatanegala hechchuttiruva sankhyeyu 1980ralli adannu sthagitagolisalu kaaranavaayitu.
1934rahra galabhe.
1934rahra september 1randu elu kaidigalu tamage nigadipadisida kelasavannu maadalu nirakarisidaga galabhegalu praarambhavaadavu. september 10rahra velege 73 kaidigalu mushkara nadesuttiddaru. pithopakaranagalu mattu shouchaalayagalu mattu 182 kitakigalu odedive. september 12randu adara nayakarannu hodedurulisidaaga galabhe konegonditu. kaidigalu samanyavagi kalape paristhitigalannu pratibhatisuttiddaru mattu avaru maadida kelasakke vetanavannu niidabeeku endu ottayisuttiddaru. kenadaada sarkaaravu tanna federal kaidigalige dinakke aidu sentgalannu pavatisuva nitiyannu jaarige taralu galabheyu pramukha patra vahisitu.
1963rahra galabhe mattu otteyaalugala bandhana.
1963rahra april 20randu, moovaru kaidigalu tappisikollalu prayatnisuttiruvudannu kavalugaranobba kandanu. kaavalugaararu kaidigala mele gundu haarisidaru mattu avaru molotov kaktelgalannu eseyuva moolaka pratikriyisidaru. khaidi jerri kesi netrutvadalli moovaru kaidigalu, kavalugara pyaat dennis avarannu otteyaalaagi tegedukondaru mattu itara 15 kaidigalondige, sabhaanganadalli tammannu taavu bandhisikondaru. nantara itara kaidigalu benki hacchalu praarambhisidaru mattu seremaneyannu naashapadisidaru.
kaidigalu sthaliya prasaraka jack webster moolaka matukate nadesalu ottayisidaru. "huchhu ringleader, gerri kesi, avana tellagina mukhavu koopadinda tumbittu, dennisna gantaluge chakuvannu hodedu nannatta koogitu" endu webster vancouver sangagi ondu katheyalli barediddaare. "gooligalu illi praveshisidare, kavalugara modalu saayuttaane endu warden tomm haalge tilisi. neevu tumba webster sayuttiri! navellaroo saayutteve. aaa phoneinalli keli!"
raayal kenadian mounted polisaru mattu kenadian seeneyu sabhaanganavannu horatupadisi, jailige suvyavastheyannu punahsthaapisitu. otteyaalugala ekaika bedikeyu avarannu cree. poo. penninda vargaayisabekendu; ee bedikeyannu oppikonda nantara ee ghatane konegonditu.
1973rahra galabhe.
mooru dinagala galabhe 1973rahra october 5randu praarambhavaayitu. ippattamuru koshagalannu naashapadisalaayitu.
1975 otteyaalu-vyavahaaragalu.
1975rahra phebravariyalli, sibbandiyobbanannu naalku gantegala kaala otteyaalaagidalaayitu.
1975rahra zoon 9randu, sumaru 8 gantege, 15 jailu sibbandiyannu moovaru kaidigalu otteyaalaagi tegedukondaru. ee ghataneyu zoon 11rahra beligge 1 ganteyavarege, andare ottu 41 gantegala kaala nadeyitu, aaga jailu adhikaarigala sashastra yuddhatantrada tandavu jailina mele daali maaditu. kaidigalalli obbanaada, aparadhi kolegaara andy broose, manava guraniyagi balasalu otteyaalu, vargeekarana adhikari merrie steinhouser avarannu hididanu. 32 varshada steinhouser snehapara gundina daaliyinda saavannappidaru, aadare moogetige eradu baari gundu haarisalaayitu, aadare badukulidaru. ghataneya kaaranagalannu kanduhidiyalu tanikha aayogavannu nemisalaayitu. adara samshoodhanegalu ee kelaginavugalannu olagondiveh
julai 4randu, jailu sibbandiyobbanannu obba khaidi entu gantegala kaala otteyaalaagittukondidda.
1976rahra galabhegalu mattu otteyaalugala krutyagalu.
phebravariyalli, moovaru kaidigalu sumaru 15 gantegala kaala moovaru kaavalugaararannu otteyaalaagi tegedukondaru.
aprilnalli, naalvaru kaidigalu moovaru kaavalugaararannu 13 gantegala kaala otteyaalaagi tegedukondaru. aaa tingalalli ibbaru kaidigalu saha saavannappiddaru.
joonnalli, kaidigalu ibbaru kaavalugaararannu otteyalugalannagi tegedukollalu prayatnisidaru; avaru sannaputta gayagalondige paaraadaru.
august 31randu, obba khaidiu swalpa samayadavarege kaavalugaaranannu otteyaalaagi tegedukondanu.
september 9rinda, kaavalugaararu adhikavadhi kelasa maadalu nirakarisidaga 12 dinagala turtu paristhiti untaayitu. ee avadhiyalli moovaru kaidigalu saavannappiddaru.
cree. poo. seremaneya itihaasadalli atidodda pramukha ghataneyu 1976rahra september 27randu praarambhavaayitu. kaidigala jansankhyeya hecchina shekadaavaaru janaru tamma koonegalinda malegaagi bidugadeyadaga galabhe maadalu praarambhisidaru. mundina kelavu dinagalli, kaidigalu bahuteka sellblaakgalannu mattu seremaneya halavaaru itara bhagagalannu naashapadisidaru. avaru sumaru ondu shatamaanadinda astitvadallidda jivakoshada blaakgala naduvina aantarika godegalannu aneka sandarbhagalalli tamma kaigalinda naashapadisidaru. kaavalugaararu durupayogapadisikolluvudu mattu hosa, hecchu manaviya nirdeshanagalannu anusarisalu kaavalugaararu nirakarisuvudu mukhya doorugalaagiddavu. ibbaru kaavalugaararannu otteyaalaagi tegedukollalaayitu. police galabhe niyantrana tandagalu mattu kenadaada seeneya sainikaru jailina paridhiyannu suttuvaridaru. hosadaagi rachisalaada nagarikara salaha samitiyu stalakke agamisi matukategalalli bhagavahisalu praarambhisida nantara, otteyaalugalannu tegedukolluvavaru uttama nambikeya pradarshanadalli obba otteyaalugalannu bidugade maadidaru mattu antimavagi october 2 randu ombattu amshagala oppandavannu maadikollalaayitu, idu galabhe mattu otteyaalugalannu shaantiyutavaagi konegolisitu.
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britiish columbia jayil
britiish columbia jayil (bisi penittanshyari, saadhaaranayaayi bisi penum penum ennu vilikkunnu) kaanadayile britiish kolambiyayile nyoo westminstaril sthithicheyyunna oru federal paramavadhi suraksha jayilayirunnu. 1878 muthal 1980ll pirichuvidunnathuvare 102 varshatholam bii. sii. jayil pravarthichu. manittobaykk padinjaaru sthithicheyyunna aadyathe federal shiksha sthaapanamaayirunnu ithu.
gettu house 2021 septambar 8 nuu vilkkukayum puthiya udamakal govarnor kotta ennu punarnaamakaranam cheyyukayum cheythu.
koliyezhs internaashanal kettidatthe $8,950,000, $4,500,00 enna adhika thuranna sthalathinu, govarnor kodathi ink vaangumbol motham $13,450,000 aayi vilayiruthi.
charithram.
1871ll britiish columbia konfedareshanil chernnathinum padinjaaran kaanadayile janasamkhya vardhikkunnathinumoppa padinjaaran kaanadayil oru federal jayilinte aavasyakatha vyakthamaayi. bhookhandaanthara railway ithuvare nirmmichittillenna vastutha thadavukaare kizhakk mattu federal sthaapanangalilekku valare dooram kondupokunnathu chelaveriyathum budhimuttullathumaakki, ithu eee aavasyakatha kooduthal vashalakki.
1874ll bii. sii. jayilinulla aasoothranavum nirmmanavum aarambhichu. nyoo westminstarinte saaparttan parisarathulla fraser nadikku abhimukhamaayi oru kunninpuramaayirunnu thiranjeduttha sthalam. 1878ll aadyathe thadavukaar labhicha jayil bahalamillathe thurannu.
bii. sii. jayil sthalam nirmmicha kettidangalum gadanakalum kramena chertthu. pradhana gettu hausum kurachu ishtikayum thadiyum kondu nirmmicha kettidangalum ulppettathaayirunnu yadhaartha samuchayam. thadavukaaril bhooribhaagavum thaamasichirunna valia sell blokkukal 1904 num 1914 num idayilaanu nirmmichathu.
bii. sii. jayil thurakkumbol adithattile vellapokkam, thettaaya plumbing, heating, janaalakalil ninnu baarukal illaathaakukayo mathilukalil shariyaayi gadippikkaathirikkukayo cheyyuka, sariyaaya medical soukaryangalude abhavam ennivayulppede gadanaaparamaaya prasnangal niranjirunnu. eee prasnangal pariharikkunnathinayi niravadhi varshangalayi pradhana attakuttappanikalum naveekaranangalum nadatthi, bhooribhaagam jolikalum thadavukaaraaya varkk crewanu nadathiyathu.
thudakkathil eee sthalathinu oru thadi veli sthaapichirunnu, athu taamasiyaathe 30 adii paara mathilukalaayum oduvil 40 adii konkreett mathilukalaayum naveekarichu. oro moolayilum kaaval gopurangal sthaapichittundu.
1961 vare, jayilil jayilil ninnu theruvinu kuruke sthithi cheiyunna oru phaam ulppeduthi, avide chila thadavukaare jolic niyogikkum. sthaapanathinte adukkalayil upayogikkunna bhakshanathinte ganyamaaya bhagam phaam uthppaadippichu. 1950kalude avasaanam vare eee phaam saambathikamaayi laabhakaramaayirunnu. ennirunnaalum, athinte pravarthanachelavu vardhikkuka, purathuninnulla srothassukalil ninnu bhakshanam vaangunnathinulla chelavu kurayuka, thadavukaarkku kaarshika pariseelanam nalkunnathinte upayogathil undaaya kuravu, chuttumulla pradeshatthinte vardhichuvarunna nagaravalkkaranam enniva phaam adachupoottaanum puthiya westminstar nagarathinu krishibhoomi vilkkanumulla theerumaanathilekku nayichu.
canaden jayil sevanam nirddeshikkunna maanadandangalkkanusrithayi kaalakramena jeevanakkaarude aavasyakathakal vardhichu. 1950kalude madhyathil avaa 171 aayirunnu, eee kaalayalavil jayil janasamkhyayil kuravundaayittum 1976ll athu 363 aayi uyarnnu.
1950kalil aarambhicha bii. sii. jayilil 1958ll 765 thadavukaar undaayirunnu. aduthide thuranna vilyam head instittyoott polulla mattu sthaapanangalilekku thadavukaare maattunnathiloode canaden jayil sevanam ithu laghookarikkaan shramichu. 1960kalude madhyathode janasamkhya 500 thadavukaaraayi kuranju. ennirunnaalum, bii. sii. yude avasana varshangalil thadankalppaalayathe baadhicha akramasakthamaaya kalaapangaludeyum bandikalaakkal nadapadikaludeyum parambaraye ithu thadanjilla.
1979 march 12nuu britiish columbia jayil adachupoottumennu kaanadayile thiruthal sevanam prakhyaapichu. thadavukaar kramena kent sthaapanathilekku mattappettu, avasaanathe thadavukaaran 1980 februvari 15 nuu pooyi. 1980 meyy maasathil randaazhchathekku jayil aadyamaayi pothujanangalkkayi thurannu; 80,000-thiladhikam perr ooppan hausil pankedutthu. 102 varsham munbu oru chadango aakhoshamo illaathe bii. sii. jayil thurannirunnenkilum, vividha vishishtaathidhikal pankeduttha oru aupachaarika chadangu 1980 meyy 10 nuu athinte samaapanathodanubandhichu nadannu.
muun bii. sii. pena saittile mikka kettidangalum polichumaattukayum pakaram paarkk land paarkk land sthaapikkukayum cheythu. yadhaartha jayilinte naalu bhagangal maathrame ippozhum avasheshikkunnullu gettu house (ippol oru sports baar), kalkari veedu, yadhaartha sentar block (offeesukalaayi parivartthanam cheythirikkunnu), semiteri.
dainamdina pathiv.
athinte avasana varshangalil, saadhaarana janasamkhyayile thadavukaarkkulla dainamdina dinacharya iprakaaramaayirunnu raavile 7 manikk uyaruka; sell vrithiyaakkuka, shave cheyyuka, kazhukuka; adukkalayil ninnu prabhaathabhakshanam eduthu sellil kazhikkuka; raavile 8 manikk jolic report cheyyuka; raavile 11:30 ll jolie upekshikkuka; uchabhakshanam eduthu kaundinum loock apinum sellilekku madanguka; sellil uchabhakshanam kazhikkuka; uchaykku 1 muthal 2.30 vare jolie cheyyuka; adukkalayil ninnu athaazham shekharikkuka; kaundinum loock apinum sellilekku madanguka; sellil athaazham kazhikkuka; shaithyakaalath vaikunneram 6 muthal ratri 9 vare/venalkkaalath 10:00 vare ozhivusamayangal; sell blockil 11:00 nuu madanganam.
soukaryangal.
bii. sii. jayilil athinte kaalaghattatthile paramavadhi suraksha jayilinte saadhaarana savisheshathakal adangiyirunnu. sell blokkukal, offeesukal, oru ashupatri, oru adukkala, jolie, school soukaryangal, rund chaappalukal (oru catholica, oru protestant) enniva ithil ulppedunnu. oru prathyekatha daining haal illaayirunnu; athinaal thadavukaarkku avarude cellukalil bhakshanam kazhikkendivannu.
semiteri.
bii. sii. jayil saittil boot hill enna jayil semiteri ulppedunnu. bii. sii. jayilil maricha mikka thadavukaarudeyum avashishtangal avarude kudumbangal avakaashappettirunnu; illaathavare boot hillil kuzhichittirunnu. shavakudeerangal kuzhikkal, sthala paripalanam, shavakudeera adayaalangaludeyum shavakudeerangaludeyum nirmmaanam thudangiya semitheriyumaayi bandhapetta ellah jolikalum thadavukaar nadathiyirunnu. 1913ll semiteri audyogikamaayi thurannuvenkilum 1912ll ithu upayogathilundaakam.
ekadesham 50 thadavukaarude avashishtangal ippozhum avide kuzhichittirikkukayanu. semiteriyude aadya varshangalil, rekhakal shradhaapoorvvam edukkukayo samrakshikkukayo cheythitilla, avaa vishwasaneeyamalla. mikka shavakudeerangalilum thadavukaarude jayil nambar maathram kothivacha cheria konkreett kallarakal adayaalappeduthiyittundu. chila thadavukaar adayaalappeduthaatha shavakudeerangalil samskarikkappedunnu.
jayilinte bhooribhaagavum polichumaattiyenkilum, semiteri ippozhum glenbrook raayn paarkkilaan () avasheshikkunnath. bii. sii. jayil adachathinushesham, federal sarkkar semiteri nyoo westminstar nagarathinu kaimari. semiteri avideyundennu valare kurachu aalukalkk maathrame ariyoo, ithu nyoo westminstar nagaramaan paripaalikkunnath, koodaathe thadavukaarante shavakudeera vivarangalulla oru vivara phalakavumundu. glenbrook raayn paarkkinte charitra vibhaagathil eee semitheriyekkurichu paraamarsikkunnundu.
dakhoborukal.
irupathaam noottaandinte madhyathil britiish columbia dakhobors enna swaathanthryavibhaagathin makkalumaayi bii. sii. jayil sarkkar samgharshathil valareyadhikam ulppettirunnu. eee kaalayalaviludaneelam, pothu nagnathayiloodeyum theeveppiloodeyum sarkkar edapedalo anitio undennu karuthiyathil swaathanthryaputhranmaar prathishedhichu; thalphalamaayi avar idaykkide kootta arast cheyyappedukayum athu kootta shikshaavidhikk kaaranamaakukayum cheythu.
1931ll bii. sii. 600-ladhikam dakhoborukalkku pothu nagnathaykku moonnu varshathe thadavu shiksha vidhichu. thadavukaarude ennathil ithrayum vardhanavu kaikaaryam cheyyaan bii. sii. jayilshaalakk kazhinjilla, athinaal eee thadavukaare paarppikkunnathinaayi bii. sii. jayilinte adhikaarathin keezhil piyezhs dveepil oru saattalait jayil nirmmichu. eee shikshaavidhikalil bhooribhaagavum avasaanichappol, jayil camp adaykkukayum bakkiyulla dakhobor thadavukaare pradhana jaililekku maattukayum cheythu.
1950ll aarsansumaayi bandhapetta dakhoborukalkku mattoru kootta shikshavidhi labhichu. ithinu marupadiyaayi, bii. sii. jayil pradhana thadavarayodu chernnu eee thadavukaarkkaayi oru svayam niyantritha samuchayam sthaapichu. peezhs dveepile anubhavam kooduthalum samaadhaanaparamaayirunnuvenki ithavana karyangal vyathyasthamaayirunnu. 1951ll thadavukaar randuthavana komboundu agnikkirayaakkukayum pinneedu kooduthalum nasippikkukayum cheythu. daukhobor thadavukaare pinneedu pradhana jaililekku maatti, avide avar 35 divasathe nirahara samarathil pankedutthu, athu nirbandhitha bhakshanathode avasaanichu.
1953ll mattoru theepidutthavum pothu nagnathayum sambandhicha sambhavavumayi bandhappett mattoru kootta shikshavidhi sambhavichu. bii. sii. jayilil puthiya kudilukal nirmikkappettu, ennaal ithavana pradhana sell blokkukalile fayar proof cellukalilekku dakhobarukal neekkaan idam anuvadikkunnathinaayi pothu jayil janasamkhyayile amgangale paarppikkan avaa upayogichirunnu.
1961lum 1962lum mattoru aarsan raundu bii. sii. jayilukalude upagrahamaayi agassis parvatha jayil srishtikkaan prerippichu. dakhobor thadavukaare paarppikkaanaanu eee jayil prathyekamaayi roopakalppana cheythirikkunnathu. thadavilaayirikkumbol daukhoborukal oru joliyum cheyyaan visammathichathinal, puthiya sthaapanathil thozhil paripaadikaloo thadavukaarkku aanukoolyangalo undaayirunnilla. furnitureukal ulppede ellaam konkreetto lohamo kondaanu nirmmichirikkunnathu, theepiduttham ozhivaakkaanaan muzhuvan jailum roopakalppana cheythirikkunnathu. vasthrangalum kidakkakalum polulla ellah thunitharangalum theepiduttham thadayunnavayaayirunnu. cheruppakkaareppole swaathanthryaputhrenmaadu nethaakkalum verpirinjirunnu. 1962 augustil thadavukaar nirahara samaram aarambikkukayum athu oru varshathilereyaayi thudarukayum nirbandhithamaayi bhakshanam nalkiyittum poshakaahaarakkurav moolam oru maranam sambhavikkukayum cheythu.
avasaanathe dakhobor thadavukaaran 1970-ll mochithanaayi. agassis parvatha jayil bii. sii. jayilil ninnulla prayamaaya thadavukaarkkulla oru jayilayi maattukayum oduvil oru prathyeka idatharam suraksha sthaapanamaayi vibhajikkappedukayum cheythu.
achadakkavum sikshayum.
bii. sii. jayilil upayogichirunna jayil niyamangal lamghikkunnathinulla sikshaareethikal kaalathinanusarichu vikasichu. shaareerika shiksha thudakkathil niravadhi lamghanangalkku mungananayulla reethiyaayirunnu, chaattavaaradiyaayirunnu ettavum saadhaaranam. 1972ll poornnamaayum nirodhikkappedunnathuvar shaareerika shiksha kramena ghattamghattamaayi nirthalaakkappettu. mattu saadhaarana shikshaavidhikalil changala samghathil pravartthikkuka, appavum vellavum kazhikkuka, eakaantha thadavu enniva ulppedunnu.
bii. sii. jayilinte kooduthal aadhunika avathaarathil, shikshakal kooduthal bureaucratic reethiyil kaikaaryam cheyyappedumaayirunnu. adikaarangal nashtappedunnathum eakaantha thadavushikshayumaayirunnu ettavum saadhaaranamaaya sikshaareethikal.
eakaantha thadavu.
eakaantha thadavu (audyogikamaayi "dissociation" ennu vilikkunnu; saadhaaranayaayi "segregation" ennu vilikkunnu) bii. sii. jaile oru saadhaarana shikshayaayirunnu. thadavukaare moonnu kaaranangalal verthirikkaam avarude swantham abhyarthana prakaram; 30 divasam vare shikshayaayi; allengil paridhiyillaattha samayathekku bharanaparamaya aavasyangalkkaayi. praayogikamaayi, thadavukaare shikshikkaan administrative segregation palappozhum upayogichirunnu; administrative segregation upayogikkunnathinulla niyanthranangal angeyattam vivechanadhikaaramullathum durupayogathinu thurannathumaanu. thadavukaare maasangalo varshangalo eakaantha thadavil paarppikkunnath saadhaaranamaayirunnu. udaaharanathinu, jacq mccan enna thadavukaaran 1970num 1974num idayil 1421 divasam-athil 754 divasam-eakaantha thadavil chelavazhichu.
special karakshan yoonit (scoo) ennariyappedunna eakaantha thadankal cellukale thadavukaarum jeevanakkarum saadhaaranayaayi "pentt house" ennu vilichirunnu, bhaagikamaayi avaa sell blokkukalilonninte mukalilathe nilayil sthithicheyyunnathinaal. ("dwaaram" ennariyappettirunna basementilulla pazhaya eakaantha thadankal sellukalkk pakaramaayi 1963laanu pentt house nirmmichathu.) bii. sii. jayilinte eakaantha thadankal cellukal oru aadhunika jayilinu prathyekichum krooramaanennu ariyappettirunnu.
janaalakalillaatha moonnu konkreett mathilukalum idanaazhiye abhimukeekarikkunna anchu inch chathuraakrithiyilulla janalayulla oru khara urukk vaathilum ulla cellukal valare cheruthaayirunnu. cellukalil oru vaash basin/toylet kompineshan (thanutha vellam maathram), oru radio selector (rund chaanalukal undaayirunnu), thadavukaar urangunna tharayil ninnu naalu inch akale plywood sheett kondu pothinja oru konkreett paadu enniva maathrame undaayirunnulloo. thadavukaarkku radioyude voliyamo sellinte thaapanilayo niyantrikkaan kazhinjilla. sellile laittukal divasathil 24 manikkoor oonaakkiyirunnuvenkilum raathriyil 25 vaatt aayi mangi.
achadakkaparamo bharanaparamo aaya kaaranangalal scoovil undaayirunna thadavukaare prathidinam 23.5 manikkoor avarude cellukalil othukkum. avarkk araa manikkoor vyayaamam nalkum, athil skuvile sellukalkkidayilulla idanaazhiyil ottaykku nadakkuka ulppedunnu. vaikunneram oru rubber padum puthapum vitharanam cheyyukayum ellah divasavum raavile shekharikkukayum cheyyum. thadavukaarkku purathu kaanaan avasaram labikkilla. samrakshanathinaayi skuvil undaayirunna thadavukaarkku divasam muzhuvan rubber padum puthapum sookshikkaan anuvaadamundu, chilappol prathidinam araa manikkoor purathu vyayaamam cheyyaan anuvaadamundu. thadavukaarkku parasparam samsaricano jolie cheyyaano schoolil pocano library sandarshikkaano tivi canano mattethenkilum samvedanaathmaka pravarthanangalil earppedaano anuvaadamundaayirunnilla.
kadinamaaya saahacharyangalkk purame, skuvile gaardukalude peedanavum durupayogavum vyaapakavum praadeshikavumaayirunnu.
vadhasiksha.
bii. sii. jayilil oru vadhasiksha maathrame ithuvare nadappaakkiyittulloo. kaanadayil vadhasiksha nirthalaakkunnathinu munbu, federal jayilukalekkaal pravishya golukalilaanu vadhasiksha nadappaakkiyirunnathu. 1913 januvari 31nuu thookkikkollappetta 24 kaaranaya joseph smithinte kaaryatthilum oru apavaadam undaayi.
smith bii. sii. jaile mattoru thadavukaaranaaya herman willson 1912 october 5 nuu rakshappedaanulla shramathinide oru kaavalkkaarane kolappedutthi. shramathinide vilson parikkelkkukayum vichaaranaykk munbu parikkukal moolam marikkukayum cheythu; smithine vichaarana cheyyukayum kolapaathakakkuttam vidhikkukayum cheythu.
bii. sii. jayilil vadhasiksha nadappakkunnathinulla audyogika kaaranam smithine oru pravishya sthaapanathilekku maattunnathinekkaal avide thaamasippikkunnath eluppamaayirunnu ennathaanu. ennirunnaalum, bii. sii. jaile mattu thadavukaarkku oru maathrkayaayi ithu pravartthikkaan uddeshichullathaayirikkam. rakshappedaanulla sramam paraajayappettappol kaavalkkaaran kollapetta sthalathinu sameepam vadhashikshaykaayi prathyekamaayi oru charutha nirmmichirunnu. jailinte semitheriyil smithine samskarichu.
kalaapangalum bandikalaakkal pravartthanangalum.
bii. sii. jayilinte charithrathiludaneelam athinte ettavum valia suraksha jayilukaleppole niravadhi thadavukaar athmahathyakal, svayam murivelppikkal, akramanangal, kuthelppikkal, rakshappedaanulla sramangal, kolapathakangal enniva nerittu. bii. sii. yude pilkkala varshangalil, thadavara kalapangalkkum bandikalaakkal pravarthanangalkkum perukettathaayi maari.
bii. sii. jayilinte aadyakaala charithratthil valia akrama sambhavangal kuravaayirunnu. pravartthanatthinte 56-aamm varshamaaya 1934 vare ithu aadyathe kalapam anubhavichilla. ennirunnaalum, eee soukaryam pazhayathum aadhunika jayil enna nilayil anuyojyamallaathathumaayi eee pradhana sambhavangal ganyamaayi anubhavappedaan thudangi. bii. sii. jaile pradhana akramasambhavangalil bhooribhaagavum 1970kalile athinte avasana 10 varshathe pravarthanatthilaanu nadannathu. 1970kalil kaanadayile ettavum akramasakthamaaya federal sthaapanangalilonnaanu bii. sii. jayil. sthithigathikal vashalaakunnathum bii. sii. penayile akramasambhavangalude vardhichuvarunna ennavum 1980-ll athu nirthalaakkaan kaaranamaayi.
1934leeii kalapam.
1934 septambar 1nuu ezhu thadavukaar avarude jolie cheyyaan visammathichathodeyaanu kalapam aarambhichath. septambar 10 aayappozhekkum 73 thadavukaar panimudakki. furnitureukalum toylattukalum 182 janalukalum thakarnnu. septambar 12nuu nethaakkale paddle kayattiyathode kalapam avasaanichu. thadavukaar pothuve mosham avasthayil prathishedhikkukayum avar cheytha jolic shambalam nalkanamennum aavasyappedukayum cheythu. federal thadavukaarkku prathidinam anchu sent nalkunna nayam canaden sarkkar nadappaakkunnathil kalapam nirnaayakamaayirunnu.
1963leeii kalapavum bandikalaakkalum.
1963 epril 20nuu oru kaavalkkaaran moonnu thadavukaar rakshappedaan sramikkunnathaayi kandethi. kavalkkar thadavukaarkku nere vediyuthirkkukayum avar molotov kokdeyilukal erinjukondu prathikarikkukayum cheythu. thadavukaaranaaya jerry kesiyude neethrthwathil moonnu thadavukaar gaard paatt dennisine bandikalaakkukayum mattu 15 thadavukaarkkoppam audittoriyathil poottukayum cheythu. thudarnnu mattu thadavukaar theekoluthukayum jayil nasippikkukayum cheythu.
praadeshika broadcaster jacq webstar vazhi charchakal nadatthaan thadavukaar nirbandhichu. "bhranthanaaya ringleader, jerry kesi, avante melinja mukham kopam kondu niranju, dennisinte thondayil katthi adichu enne nokki nilavilichu", webstar vancouver sanninu vendiyulla oru kathayil ezhuthi. "kaalakal ivide athikramichu kayarukayaanengil aadyam kaavalkkaaran marikkumennu warden toom halinode parayuka. ningal webstar aayi marikkum! nammalellaavarum marikkunnu. aaa phonil vilikkuka!"
royal canadian kuthirapadayum police canadian sainyavum audittoriyam ozhikeyulla jayilukalil kramasamadhanam punasthaapichu. bandikalaakkiyavarude eaka aavasyam avare bii. sii penayil ninnu maattuka ennathaayirunnu; eee aavasyam amgeekarichathinethudarnna sambhavam avasaanichu.
1973leeii kalapam.
1973 october 5nuu moonnu divasathe kalapam aarambhichu. irupathimoonnu cellukal nasippikkappettu.
1975-leeii bandikal.
1975 februvariyil oru jeevanakkaarane naalu manikkoor bandiakki.
1975 juun 9nuu raavile 8 maniyode 15 jayil jeevanakkaare moonnu thadavukaar bandikalaakki. juun 11 nuu pularche 1 munny vare, motham 41 manikkoor, jayil udyogastharude sayudha thanthraparamaaya samgham jayilil athikramichu kayarunnathuvare sambhavam neenduninnu. thadavukaaril oralaaya kolayali andy broose, oru manushya parichayayi upayogikkaan vargeekarana udyogasthayaaya merii stainhousere bandiakki. 32 kaaranaya stainhouser souhrudaparamaaya vedivayppil kollappedukayum broosine rund thavana vedivachenkilum athijeevichu. sambhavathinte kaaranagal nirnnayikkaan oru anweshana kammeeshane niyogichu. athinte kandethalukal ulppedunnu
juulai 4nuu oru jayil jeevanakkaarane oru thadavukaaran ettu manikkoor bandiakki.
1976leeii kalaapangalum bandikalaakkal pravartthanangalum.
februvariyil moonnu thadavukaar moonnu kaavalkkaare ekadesham 15 manikkoor bandikalaakki.
eprilil naalu thadavukaar moonnu kaavalkkaare 13 manikkoor bandikalaakki. aaa maasam rund thadavukaare maricha nilayil kandethi.
juunil, thadavukaar rund kaavalkkaare bandikalaakkaan shramichu; avar cheria parikkukalode rakshapettu.
august 31nuu oru thadavukaaran oru kaavalkkaarane hrasvamaayi bandiakki.
septambar 9 muthal, kavalkkar adhikaneram jolie cheyyaan visammathichathine thudarnnu 12 divasathe adiyantharaavasthayundaayi. eee kaalayalavil moonnu thadavukaar marichu.
bii. sii. jayil charithratthile ettavum valia sambhavam 1976 septambar 27 nuu aarambhichu. thadavukaarile valiyoru sathamaanam janangalum mazhaykkayi avarude cellukalil ninnu mochippikkappettathil kalapam aarambhichu. adutha kurachu divasathinullil thadavukaar sell blokkukalum jayilinte mattu niravadhi bhaagangalum nashippichu. oru noottaandolam nilaninnirunna sell blokkukalkkidayilulla aantharika mathilukal avar pala kesukalilum kaikal kondu nashippichu. gaardukalude durupayogavum puthiyathum kooduthal maanushikavumaya nirddeshangal palikkaan gaardukal visammathichathumaayirunnu pradhana paraathikal. rund kaavalkkaare bandikalaakki. police kalapa niyanthrana schwadukalum canadian sainikarum jayilinte chuttalav valanju. puthuthayi roopeekaricha pouranmaarude upadeshaka samiti sthalathethukayum charchakalil pankedukkaan thudangukayum cheytha sesham, bandikalaakkiyavar nalla vishwaasam prakadippichu oru bandiye vittayakkukayum oduvil october 2 nuu onpathu pooyint karar undaakkukayum kalapam samaadhaanaparamaayi avasanippikkukayum bandikalaakkukayum cheythu. | british kolambiya turung
british kolambiya turung (ii. sha. puu. turung, jyala samanyatah ii. sha. puu. paine aanee paine asey mhanatat) haah canadatil british kolambiyachya nyu westminster yethe sthit eka sanghiy kamal suraksha asalela turung hota. ii. sha. puu. madheel turung 102 varshe, 1878 pasoon 1980 madhye bund hoiparyant karyarat hote. hii manitobachya paschimes asaleli pahili sanghiy dandatmak sanstha hotee.
praveshdwar 8 september 2021 roji vikale gele aanee naveen malakanni tyache governor casal asey namkaran kele.
colliers internationalne imaratiche moolyankan $8,950,000, atirikt mokali jaaga $4,500,00, governor court ink. neey kharedi kartana ekoon $13,450,000 asey kele.
itihas.
1871 madhye british kolambiya sangharajyat sameel jhalyanantar aanee paschim canadachi loksankhya vadhalyane, paschim canadamadhye federal turungachi garaj spasht jhaali. aantarkhandiy railwaymarg adyap bandhala gelela navhata, tyamule kaidyanna purvekadoon itar sanghiy sansthanmadhye lambchya antaravar nene mahag aanee katheen jhaale, jyamule hii garaj aanakhi vadhali.
ii. sha. puu. chya turungasathiche niyojan aanee bandhkam 1874 madhye suru jhaale. nivadalele thikan nyu westminsterchya sapperton shejarchya fracer nadikade pahanare tekadiche thikan hote. 1878 madhye yaa turungat pahile kaidi aale aanee teey gardishivay ughadale gele.
ii. sha. puu. madheel turungsthal asalelya imarati aanee sanrachana haloohaloo jodalya gelya. mool sankulat mukhya praveshdwar aanee kahee vitanchya aanee lakadi imaratincha samavesh hota. bahutansh kaidyanna rahat asalele mothe seela blocks 1904 teey 1914 darmyan bandhanyat aale hote.
ii. sha. puu. madhye talmajalyavar puur, sadosh nall aanee garam karane, khidkyanmadhun baar gayab hone kinwa bhintinvar yogyaritya chikatalele nasane aanee yogya vaidyakeey suvidhancha abhav yasah sanrachanatmak samasyanni turung bharalele hote. yaa samasyanvar todga kadhanyasathi anek varshe mothya durusti aanee nutanikaran karnyat aale, jyat bahutansh kaame kaidyanchya kaidyanchya kelee gelee.
yaa thikanala suruvatila lakadi kumpanane vedha lavnyat aala hota, jeey lavkarach 30 phoot dagadi bhinti aanee shevati 40 phoot konkreetchya bhintinmadhye upgraded karnyat aale. pratyek pratyek snrakshak manore hotee.
1961 paryant, turungat turungapasun rastyachya bajula eka shet hote, jithe kahee kaidyanna kaam karnyasathi niyukt kele jayache. sansthechya svayampakgharat vaparlya olakhalya annacha motha bhag shetatoon tayar keela jaat asey. 1950 chya dashakachya uttaradhat heey shet aarthikdrushtya vyavharya hote. tathapi, tyachya kamkajacha vadhata kharch, bahereel strotankadun ann kharedicha kharch qamee hone, kaidyanna krishi prashikshan denyachya upayuktatet jhaleli ghat aanee aaspaschya kshetrache vadhate shaharikaran yamule shet bund karnyacha aanee shetjameen nyu westminster shaharala vikanyacha nirnay ghenyat aala.
canadachya turung sevene nirdharit kelelya mankannusar kalantarane kalantarane garja vadhalya. puu dashakachya madhyat teey 171 hote aanee yaa kalat turunganchi sankhya qamee hounahi hounahi teey 363 paryant vadhale hote.
ii. sha. puu. puu dashakapasun suru jhalelya turungat tivra gardicha anubhav aala, jyat jyat 765 kaidi hote. canadachya turung sevene kaidyanna alikadech ughadanyat aalelya william pramukh sansthesarkhya itar sansthanmadhye hastantarit karoon heey qamee karnyacha prayatna keela. 1960 chya dashakachya madhyaparyant, loksankhya sumare 500 kaidyanparyant qamee jhaali hotee. tathapi, yamule hinsak dangli aanee olis thevanyachya prayatnanchi malika rokhata aalee nahee, jyamule ii. sha. puu. chya shevatchya varshant turungala tras jhaala.
12 march 1979 roji canadachya sudharatmak sevene jaheer kele qee british kolambiya turung bund hoil. 15 februwari 1980 roji shevatcha kaidi sodoon gela. meey 1980 madhye done aathvadyansathi turung prathamach janatesathi khula karnyat aala; 80,000 hoon adhik kaidi khulya sabhagruhat upasthit hote. jaree ii. sha. puu. madheel turung 102 varshanpurvi konatahi samarambh kinwa jallosh naan hota ughadale gele asale, taree 10 meey 1980 roji tyache samapan karnyasathi vividh manyavaranchya upasthitit eka aupcharik samarambh aayojit karnyat aala hota.
purvichya ii. sha. puu. paine sitevaryl bahutek imarati padalya gelya aahet aanee tyanchya jaagi nivasi ghare aanee udyanbhoomi aalee aahe. mool turungache keval chaar bhag ajunahi shillak aaheth praveshdwar (jeey aata eka sports baar aahe), kolasa ghar, mool madhyavarti block (jeey karyalayanmadhye rupantarit kele gele aahe) aanee smashanbhoomi.
dainandin dincharya.
tyachya kamkajachya uttaradhat, samanya loksankhyetil kaidyanchi dainandin dincharya khalilpramane hotih sakali 7 vajata vadhane; swachchh kaksh, mundan aanee dhune; svayampakgharatun nashta karoon too kakshat khane; sakali 8 vajata kamasathi ahwal dene; sakali 11:30 varr kaam sodoon jaane; duparche jevan gheuun aanee bandist karnyasathi kakshat parat yene; kakshat duparche jevan khane; dupari 1 teey dupari 3 vajeparyant kaam karane; svayampakgharatun ratriche jevan gola karane; ganana aanee kulupband karnyasathi kakshat parat yene; kakshat ratriche jevan khane; hivalyat sandhyakali 6 teey 9 vajeparyantcha vishranticha kalavadhi/unhalyat 10:00; dupari 11:00 varr seela blockmadhye parat yene aavashyak aahe.
suvidha.
ii. sha. puu. chya turungat tyachya kalatil jastit jaast suraksha asalelya turungachi manak vaishishtye hotee. yamadhye itar goshtimbarobarach, seela blocks, karyalaye, eka rugnalay, eka swayampakghar, kaam aanee shalechya suvidha aanee done chapples (eka catholic, eka protestant) yancha samavesh hota. eka vaishishtya mhanje tithe jevanache sabhagruh navhate; tyamule kaidyanna tyanche jevan tyanchya kothaditach karave lagat hote.
smashanbhoomi.
ii. sha. puu. chya turungastha sthali boot hiill navachya turungatil smashanbhumicha samavesh hota. ii. sha. puu. turungat maran pavalelya bahutansh kaidyanche avashesh tyanchya kutumbiyanni dawa kele hote; jyanna boot hilmadhye puranyat aale navhate. kabari khodane, jaagechi dekhbhal aanee kabariche chinh aanee shavpeti bandhane yasarkhi smashanbhumishi sambandhit serve kaame kaidyandware kelee jaat hotee. heey dafanbhoomi adhikrutpane 1913 madhye ughadanyat aalee, parantu bahudha 1912 madhye tee vaparat hotee.
sumare 50 kaidyanche avashesh ajunahi tethe purale aahet. smashanbhumichya suruvatichya kalat, nondi kaljipurvak ghetalya gelya naheet kinwa jatan kelya gelya naheet aanee tyaa avishvasaniy aahet. bahutek kabarinvar keval kaidyanchya turung kramankashi koralelya chhotya konkreetchya kabarinni chinhankit kele aahe. kahee kaidyanna chinhankit naan kelelya kabarinmadhye puranyat aale aahe.
jaree turungatil bahutansh bhag padnyat aala asala taree, dafanbhoomi ajunahi () aata glenbrook revine parkmadhye aahe. ii. sha. puu. madheel turung bund jhalyanantar, sanghiy sarkarne heey smashan nyu westminster shaharala dile. phaar qamee lokanna maheet aahe qee smashanbhoomi tithe aahe, tyachi dekhbhal nyu westminster shahar karate aanee tyat kaidyanchya kabarichi mahitee asaleli mahitee falak aahe. glenbrook ravine parkchya itihas vibhagat yaa smashanbhumicha ullekh aahe.
dokhobors.
dokhobors shatkachya madhyat british kolambiya daukhobarsachya swatantrya panthachya mulanshi sarkari sangharshat ii. sha. puu. turung mothya pramanat sameel hote. yaa sampoorn kalat, swatantryachya putranni sarvajanik nagnata aanee jaalpolichya krutyandvare kathit sarkari hastakshep kinwa anyayaviruddha nishedh keela; parinami tyanna varanvar samoohik atak karnyat aalee, jyamule samoohik doshasiddhi jhaali.
1931 madhye, ii. sha. puu. 600 hoon adhik daukhobarsana sarvajanik nagnatesathi teen varshanchya turungvasachi shiksha sunavanyat aalee. ii. sha. puu. madheel turungatil kaidyanchya loksankhyetil itaki vaadh hatalanyat turung asamarth hote, mhanoon visheshtah yaa kaidyanna thevanyasathi pierz betavar ii. sha. puu. chya turungatil adhikarakhali eka upkhandiy turung bandhanyat aala. yapaiki bahutansh shikshanchi mudat sampali tevha turung chhawani bund karnyat aalee aanee urvarit daukhobor kaidyanchi mukhya turungat badali karnyat aalee.
1950 madhye, arsenshee sambandhit dakhoborsachi aanakhi eka samoohik shiksha jhaali. yala pratisad mhanoon, ii. sha. puu. chya turungane mukhya turungala lagoon asalelya yaa kaidyansathi eka swayam-samavisht parisar sthapan keela. piercey betavaril anubhav bahutek shantatapurn hota, parantu yaveli goshti vegalya hotya. kaidyanni 1951 madhye donada aavarala aag lavali, nantarchya velee bahutek vela too nasht keela. tyanantar daukhobor kaidyanna mukhya turungat halavanyat aale, jithe tyanni 35 divasanchya uposhanat bhag ghetala, joou jabardastine aahar deuun sampala.
1953 madhye aanakhi eka samoohik shiksha jhaali, jee aanakhi eka jaalpol aanee sarvajanik nagnatechya ghataneshi sambandhit hotee. ii. sha. puu. chya turungat naveen zopadya bandhalya gelya, parantu yaveli mukhya seela bloxmadheel agnirodhak kakshanmadhye dakhobars halavanyasathi jaaga mokali karnyasathi samanya turungatil sadasyanna thevanyasathi tyancha vapar keela gela.
1961 aanee 1962 madhye shastranchya aanakhi eka ferimule ii. sha. puu. turungsthalacha upgrah mhanoon agasses parvatiy turung tayar karnyas pravrutt jhaale. yaa turungachi rachana visheshtah daukhobor kaidyanna thevanyasathi karnyat aalee hotee. turungat asatana daukhobarsne konatehi kaam karnyas nakar dilyane, naveen sansthet kaidyansathi konatehi kamache karyakram aanee visheshadhikar navhate. sampoorn turungachi rachana, aag vizavane talhanyasathi karnyat aalee hotee, jyat furnitures serve kahee concrete kinwa dhatupasoon banavalele hote. kapade aanee bichhana yasarkhe serve kapad agnirodhak hote. tarun purushanpramanech swatantrya putranchya netyanna vegale thevanyat aale. kaidyanni august 1962 madhye uposhan suru kele, jeey eka varshahoon adhik kaal chalale aanee jabardastine aahar deunahi kuposhanashi nigadit ekacha mrutyu jhaala.
shevatcha daukhobor kaidi 1970 madhye sodanyat aala. agasses parvatiy turung ii. sha. puu. turungatil vruddha kaidyansathi turungat rupantarit karnyat aala aanee akheris eka swatantra madhyam suraksha sanstha mhanoon vibhagala gela.
shist aanee shiksha.
ii. sha. puu. turungat vaparlya olakhalya turung niyamanchya ullanghanasathi shikshechya paddhati kalanusar vikasit jhalya. sharirik shiksha hii suruvatila anek ullanghanansathi pasantichi paddhat hotee, jyat colhey marane hii sarvat samanya paddhat hotee. 1972 madhye sharirik shiksha purnapane bandee hoiparyant tee haloohaloo tappyatappyane kadhoon taknyat aalee. shikshechya itar samanya prakaranmadhye sakhali tolivar kaam karane, bhakari aanee panyache dandatmak aahar aanee ekaki karavas yancha samavesh hota.
ii. sha. puu. chya turungatil adhik aadhunik avtarat, shikshanche vyavasthapan adhik nokarshahi paddhatine kele jaat asey. shiksheche sarvat samanya prakar mhanje visheshadhikar gamavane aanee ekaki karavas.
ekaki karavas.
ekaki karavas (adhikrutpane 'pruthakkaran' mhanoon olakhale jaate; samanyatah 'pruthakkaran' mhanoon olakhale jaate) haah ii. sha. puu. turungatil shikshecha eka samanya prakar hota. kaidyanna teen karanansathi vegale thewale jaau shakateh tyanchya swatachya vinantinusar; 30 divasanparyantchi shiksha mhanoon; kinwa amaryadit kalavadhisathi prashasakeey karanansathi. vyavharat, kaidyanna shiksha denyasathi prashasakeey pruthakkaran vaparale jaat asey; prashasakeey pruthakkaran vaparnyavarche niyantran atyant vivekadhin hote aanee tyamule tyacha gairavapar houu shakato. kaidyanna eka velee mahine kinwa agadi varshehi ekantvasat thevane samanya hote. udaharanarth, jacq mccain navachya kaidyane 1970 teey 1974 yaa kalat 1421 divas-tyapaiki salag 754-ekantvasat ghalavale.
aupcharikpane vishesh sudharana ekak (ess. see. yuu.) mhanoon olakhalya olakhalya ekantvasachya kakshanna kaidi aanee karmchari samanyatah 'penthouse' mhanat asat, anshatah tyanchya eka peshi khandachya varchya majlyavarchya sthanamule. (talgharatil junya nirjan bandivasanchya kakshanchya jaagi 1963 madhye penthouse bandhanyat aale hote, jyanna 'daad hole' mhanoon olakhale jaat hote.) ii. sha. puu. madheel turungatil ekantvas kaksh aadhunik turungasathi visheshtah kroor mhanoon olakhale jaat hote.
kholya atyant lahan hotya, jyat khidakya nasalelya teen konkreetchya bhinti hotya aanee eka steelcha bhakkam darvaja hota, jyachya khidakila paach inch chauras khidaki hotee. kholyanmadhye keval eka wash besin/shauchalay sanyojan (fakt thund paanee) aanee eka redio nivadak (done vahinya hotya) aanee eka concrete padd hota jyavar kaidi zopat hote tyaa majalyavarun chaar inch antaravar plywoodchya patryane jhakalele hote. kaidi rediochya aavajavar kinwa peshichya tapmanavar niyantran thevu shakat navhate. kakshatil dive divasache 24 taas chaloo asat, parantu ratri 25 whatsparyant mand kele jaat asat.
shist kinwa prashasakeey karananmule shalet asalelya kaidyanna darroj 23.5 taas tyanchya kothadit bandist kele jayache. tyanna ardha taas vyayam deela jaeel, jyamadhye scumadhil peshinmadhil margikevar ektyane chalane samavisht hote. sandhyakali rubber padd aanee kambal vitarit kele jaat asey aanee darroj sakali gola kele jaat asey. kaidyanna baherchi jaaga pahanyachi sandhee milanar nahee. snrakshak kothadit asalelya kaidyanna divasbhar rubber padd aanee kambal thevanyachi parvanagi dilee jaat asey aanee kadhikadhi tyanna darroj ardha taas gharabaher vyayam karanyachi parvanagi dilee jaat asey. kaidyanna ekmekanshi bolanyachi, kaam karanyachi, shalet jaanyachi, granthalayala bhet denyachi, durchitravani pahanyachi kinwa itar konatyahi sanvadatmak upkramanmadhye sahbhagi honyachi parvanagi navhati.
kathor paristhitivyatirikt, skoomadhil rakshakancha chhal aanee gairvartan vyapak aanee sthanik hote.
fashi.
ii. sha. puu. chya turungat keval ekach fashi denyat aalee. canadamadhye fashichi shiksha radd karnyapurvi, federal turunganaivaji prantiy gavanmadhye fashi dilee jaat asey. joseph smithchya babatit apavad karnyat aala, joou 24 varshancha hota, jyala 31 janewari 1913 roji fashi deuun fashi denyat aalee.
smith aanee bii. see. turungatil aanakhi eka kaidi, herman willson yanni 5 aktoobar 1912 roji paloon jaanyachya prayatnat eka rakshakachi hatya kelee. willson yaa prayatnat jakhami jhaala aanee tyachya khatalyapurvi tyachya jakhmanmule tyacha mrutyu jhaala; smithwar khatala chalavanyat aala aanee tyala hatyecha doshi tharvanyat aale.
ii. sha. puu. turungat fashiche aadesh denyacha adhikrut kaaran mhanje smithala prantiy sansthet hastantarit karnyaivaji tethe tyala thevane sope hote. tathapi, ii. sha. puu. madheel turungatil itar kaidyansathi eka udaharan mhanoon kaam karnyacha yacha hetu asanyachi shakyata aahe. paloon jaanyacha ayashasvi prayatna kartana jyaa thikani paharekari marla gela hota tyaa thikanajaval, fashisathi eka farshi khas bandhanyat aalee hotee. smithala turungatil smashanbhumit daphan karnyat aale.
dangli aanee olis thevanyache krutya.
tyachya junya kalatil bahutansh suraksha asalelya turunganpramanech, ii. sha. puu. chya turungat tyachya sampoorn itihasat kaidyanchya aatmahatya, aatm-angachhed, halle, chakoone vaar, paloon jaanyache prayatna aanee hatya asha anek ghatana ghadalya. tyachya nantarchya varshanmadhye, ii. sha. puu. madheel turung tyachya dangli aanee olis thevanyachya krutyansathi prasiddha jhaale.
ii. sha. puu. chya turungat tyachya suruvatichya itihasat kahee mothya hinsak ghatana ghadalya. 1934 paryant, mhanjech tyachya 56 vya varshaparyant, tyane pahili dangal anubhavali nahee. tathapi, hii suvidha junie hott gelee aanee aadhunik turung mhanoon qamee yogya hott gelee mhanoon yaa mothya ghatanancha tyat zapatyane anubhav yeu lagla. ii. sha. puu. madheel turungatil bahutansh mothya hinsak ghatana 1970 chya dashkatil tyachya shevatchya 10 varshanchya karvait ghadalya. 1970 chya dashakat, ii. sha. puu. madheel turung hii canadatil sarvat hinsak sanghiy sansthanpaiki eka hotee. paristhiti bighadane aanee ii. sha. puu. madheel hinsak ghatananchi vadhati sankhya yamule 1980 madhye tee bund karnyat madat jhaali.
1934 madheel dangal.
1 september 1934 roji dangli suru jhalya, jevha saat kaidyanni tyanche niyukt kelele kaam karnyas nakar deela. 10 septemberparyant 73 kaidi sampavar hote. furniture aanee shauchalaye tasech 182 khidakya fodanyat aalya. 12 september roji dangalicha shevat jhaala jevha tyanchya netyanna padnyat aale. kaidi samanyatah kharab paristhitila virodh karat hote aanee tyanni kelelya kamasathi tyanna paise dyave ashee maganihi karat hote. canadachya sarkarne aaplya sanghiy kaidyanna darroj paach seent denyache dhoran amalat aananyat yaa dangalicha motha vaataa hota.
1963 dangal aanee olis thevane.
20 april 1963 roji eka rakshakala teen kaidi paloon jaanyacha prayatna kartana aadhalale. rakshakankadun kaidyanvar golibar jhaala aanee tyanni molotov cocktell fekoon pratyuttar dile. kaidi jairie kesichya netrutvakhali teen kaidyanni guard patt denisla olis thewale aanee itar 15 kaidyansah swatahla sabhagruhamadhye bandist kele. tyanantar itar kaidyanni aag lavnyas aanee turung nasht karnyas suruvat kelee.
kaidyanni sthanik prasarak jacq websterchya madhyamatoon vataghati karnyacha aagrah dharala. "veda ringleader, jairie cassie, tyacha dubala chehara ragane bharoon gela, denischya galyavar chakoo marla aanee majhyakade oradala", asey websterne vancouver sansathichya eka kathet lihile. "warden tomm halla sanga qee bail ithe ghusale tarr paharekari pratham marto. tumhi khoop webster maral! aapan sagale marto. tyaa phonever jaa!"
shahee canadian ghudsavar polis aanee canadian sainyane sabhagruh vagalata turungat suvyavastha punarsanchayit kelee. olis olis ekmev magani hotee qee tyanchi eae. sha. puu. penmadhun badali kelee jaavi; hii magani manya jhalyanantar hii ghatana sampali.
1973 madheel dangal.
5 aktoobar 1973 roji teen divasancha dangal suru jhaala. tevis kholya nasht karnyat aalya.
1975 bandhak-upkram.
februwari 1975 madhye eka eka chaar taas olis thevanyat aale.
9 juuna 1975 roji sakali andaje 8 vajata turungatil 15 15 teen kaidyanni olis thewale. hii ghatana 11 juuna roji sakali 1 vajeparyant, mhanje ekoon 41 tasanparyant chalali, jevha turung turung sashastr samarik pathkane turungavar hallah keela. kaidyanpaiki eka, doshi khuni andy brusney, manvi dhaal mhanoon vaparnyasathi, vargikaran adhikari merrie steinhauser yaa bandhkala pakadale. 32 varshiy steinhauser maitripurna golibarat marla gela, tarr broosla donada golya lagalya, parantu too vachala. ghatanechi karane shodhanyasathi chaukashi aayogachi niyukti karnyat aalee. tyachya nishkarshanmadhye heey samavisht aaheh
4 julai roji, eka kaidyane turungatil eka eka aath taas olis thewale.
1976 dangal aanee olis thevanyache krutya.
februvarimadhye teen kaidyanni teen rakshakanchi jawalpas 15 taas olis thewali.
eprilmadhye chaar kaidyanni teen rakshakanchi 13 tasansathi olis thewali. tyaa mahinyat done kaidihi mrutavasthet aadhalale.
junmadhye, kaidyanni done rakshakans olis thevanyacha prayatna keela; teey kirkol dukhapatinsah bachavale.
31 august roji eka kaidyane eka rakshakala kahee kalasathi olis thewale.
9 septemberpasoon, 12 divasanchi aanibani hotee jevha rakshakankadun jaast vel kaam karnyas nakar denyat aala. yaa kalat teen kaidyancha mrutyu jhaala.
ii. sha. puu. chya turungatil itihasatil sarvat mothee ghatana 27 september 1976 roji suru jhaali. kaidyanchya loksankhyechya mothya takkevarine dangal suru kelee kaaran tyanna tyanchya kothadyanmadhun pavasachya velee sodanyat aale hote. pudhil kahee divasant kaidyanni bahutek kothadiche adthale aanee turungache itar anek bhag nasht kele. tyanni peshichya thokalyanmadhil antargat bhinti-jyaa jawaljawal eka shatkapasoon ubhya hotya-anek prakarananmadhye tyanchya hatanni nasht kelya. mukhya takrari hotya, rakshakancha gairavapar aanee rakshakankadun naveen, adhik manvi nirdeshanche palan karnyas nakar dene. done rakshakans olis thevanyat aale. polis dangal niyantran pathake aanee canadachya sainyachya sainikanni turungachya parighala vedha ghatala. navyane sthapan jhaleli nagrik sallagar samitee ghatanasthali pohochali aanee vataghatimadhye sahbhagi houu lagali, tevha olis olis sadbhavna darshavat eka olis olis sutka kelee aanee akheris 2 aktoobar roji nauu kalamee karar jhaala, jyamule dangal shantatet sampali aanee olis thevane.
| britis columbia zell
britis columbia zell (iswi sanwat purva zell, jaslai samanyataya iswi sanwat purwako kalam rar kalam bhaninchha) nayan westminster, britis columbia, canadama awasthit euta sanghiya adhikatam suraksha zell thiyo. sann 1878 dekhi sann 1980 maa yasalai sewamukta nagaresamma isapurvako karagar 102 warshasamma sanchalan bhaeko thiyo. yo manitobako paschimma raheko pahilo sanghiya dandatmak sanstha thiyo.
gatehouse september 8,2021 maa bechieko thiyo rar nayan malikharule governer mahalko naam pariwartan gare.
colliers internationalle bhawanko mulyankan $8,950,000 maa garyo, $4,500,00 kaa lagi atirikta khula thaaun, governer court inkdwara kharidko samayama kull $13,450,000.
itihas.
sann 1871 maa britis columbia confederationma samel bhaepachi rar paschimi canadako janasankhya badhdai jaanda, paschimi canadama sanghiya karagarko awashyakta spashta bhayo. transcontinental railroad ajhai nirman nagarieko tathyale kaidiharulai purvama anya sanghiya sansthaharuma lamo durisamma dhuwani garna mahango rar gahro banayo, jasle yass awashyaktalai ajha badhaeko thiyo.
isapurva karagarko yojana rar nirman sann 1874 maa suru bhayo. chayan garieko sthan nayan westminsterko sapperton chhimekma fraser nadiko pahadma raheko thiyo. jaille sann 1878 maa pahilo kaidiharu prapta akraman rar kunai dhumdham bina kholiyo.
isapurvako karagarko sthan banaune bhawan rar sanrachanaharu bistarai thapie. muel parisarma mukhya gett house rar kehi inta rar kathka bhawanharu thie. thula cell blakharu, jasma adhikansh kaidiharu thie, 1904 rar 1914 ko bichma nirman garieko thiyo.
bisi zell kholda sanrachanatmak samasyaharule bharieko thiyo, jasma tahkhana badhi, doshpurna nalasaji rar tataune, jhyalbata barharu haraeko wa parkhalharuma ramrosanga taansieko thiena, rar uchit chikitsa suwidhaharuko abhawa samawesh thiyo. yee samasyaharuko samadhan garna dherai warshaharuma pramukh marmat rar nawikaranharu sanchalan gariyo, adhikansh kaam kaidi karya dalharudwara garieko thiyo.
sitelai suruma kathko badle gherieko thiyo, jaslai chaandai 30 fitt chattanko parkhalma rar antatah 40 fitt concreetko parkhalma upgraded garieko thiyo. gard tawarharu pratyek kunama awasthit thie.
sann 1961 samma, jailma karagarko sadakko chheuma awasthit euta farm samawesh garieko thiyo, jahaan kehi kaidiharulai kaam garna tokieko thiyo. sansthako bhansama prayog hune khanako thulo hissa khetle utpadan garthyo. 1950 ko dashakko antyasamma yo farm arthik rupma wyawaharya thiyo. yadyapi, yasako sanchalanko badhdo lagat, bahiri srotabata khana kharid garne lagat ghatnu, kaidiharulai krishi prashikshan pradan garne upayogitama kathit girawat rar warparko kshetrako badhdo saharikaranle farm banda garne rar nayan westminster saharma khetiko jagga bechne nirnayalai nimtyayo.
canadali karagar sewa dwara nirdharit mapdandharu anusar samayasangai karmachari awashyaktaharu badhe. sann 1950 ko dashakko madhyama yo sankhya 171 thiyo rar yass awadhima jailko janasankhya ghateko bhae tapani sann 1976 maa badhera 363 pugeko thiyo.
sann 1950 ko dashakma suru bhaeko sann 1958 maa 765 kaidiharu rakheko bela, isapurvako karagarle gambhir bhidbhadko anubhav akraman. canadali karagar sewale kaidiharulai anya sansthaharuma sthanantaran garera yasalai cum garne prayas akraman, jastai bharkharai kholieko william head sanstha. sann 1960 ko dashakko madhyasamma janasankhya ghatera karib 500 kaidima jhareko thiyo. yadyapi, yasale hinsatmak danga rar bandhak banaune karyaharuko shringkhalalai rokeko chhaina jasle yasako antim warshaharuma isapurva jelalai sataeko thiyo.
march 12,1979 maa, canadako sudharatmak sewale britis columbia zell banda hune ghoshana garyo. kaidiharulai bistarai kent sansthanma sthanantaran gariyo, antim kaidi february 15,1980 maa chhodera gae. mey, 1980 maa dui haptaka lagi zell pahilo patak janataka lagi kholieko thiyo; 80,000 bhanda badhile khula gharma bhag lie. yadyapi isapurvako karagar 102 warsha pahile kunai samaroha wa dhumdham bina kholieko thiyo, vibhinna ganyamanya wyaktiharule bhag lieko aupacharik samaroha 10 mey 1980 maa yasako samapanko chinha lagauna ayojit garieko thiyo.
purva isa purva kalam sthalma raheka adhikansh bhawanharu dhwasta parieka chhan rar awasiya awas rar parklandle pratisthapan gareka chhan. muel zelka chaar bhag matra ajhai baanki chhanh gatehouse (june ahile sports barr how), koila ghar, muel centre block (jaslai karyalayaharuma rupantaran garieko chha), rar kabristan.
dainik dincharya.
yasako sanchalanko pachhillo warshaharuma, samanya janasankhyama kaidiharuko dainik dincharya nimna thiyoh bihan 7 baje uthnuhos; cell safa garnuhos, kapal katnuhos rar dhunuhos; bhansama bihanko khaja linuhos rar selma khanuhos; bihan 8 baje kamko lagi report garnuhos; 11:30 maa kaam chhodnuhos; khaja linuhos rar ganana rar lakapka lagi selma farkanuhos; kakshama diunso 1 baje dekhi diunso 3 baje samma kaam garnuhos; bhansamabata ratko khana linuhos; ganana rar lakapka lagi kakshama farkanuhos; kakshama ratko khana khaan; jadoma sanjha 6 baje dekhi 9 baje sammako fursad awadhi/garmima 10:00 baje samma; cell blakma 11:00 baje farkanu parchha.
suwidhaharu.
isapurvako karagarma yasako yugko adhikatam suraksha jailko manak suwidhaharu samawesh thie. yasama anya kuraharuka sathai cell block, karyalaya, aspatal, bhansakotha, karyasthal rar vidyalaya suwidhaharu, rar duiwata chapelharu (euta catholic, euta protestant) samawesh thie. euta visheshta yo thiyo kii tyahan bhojan kaksha thiena; kaidiharule afno kothama khana khanuparne thiyo.
kabristan.
isapurvako karagar sthalma boot hill bhanine zell kabristan samawesh thiyo. isapurvako karagarma mareka adhikansh kaidiharuko awasheshharu uniharuko pariwarle davi gareka thie; jo boot hilma gadieka thienan. chihanharu khodne, sthal marmat, rar chihan chinha rar kafinharuko nirman jasta chihansanga sambandhit sabai kamharu kaidiharule gareka thie. chihan adhikarik rupma sann 1913 maa kholieko thiyo, tara sambhawatah sann 1912 maa prayogma thiyo.
lagbhag 50 zana kaidika awasheshharu ajhai pani tyahan gadieka chhan. kabristanko prarambhik warshaharuma, abhilekhharu sawadhanipurwak liieka wa sanrakshit garieko thiena, rar awishwasaniya thie. dheraijaso chihanharuma kaidiko zell number matra kundieka sanah thosa chihanharu chhan. kehi kaidiharulai achihnit chihanma gadiyo.
yadyapi jailko adhikansh bhag tabdekhi dhwasta bhaeko chha, chihan ajhai pani () ahile glenbrook rewine parkma chha. isapurvako karagar banda bhaepachi, sanghiya sarkarle kabristanlai nayan westminster saharlai hastantaran akraman. dherai thorai manisharulai chihan tyahan chha bhanera thaha chha, yo nayan westminster sahardwara marmat garinchha rar kaidiko chihan jankariko sath suchana pattika chha. glenbrook revine parkko itihas khandama kabristanko ullekha garieko chha.
ducobors.
isapurvako karagar 20 aun shatabdiko madhyama britis columbia dakhoborsko swatantrata sampradayaka chhoraharusanga sarkari dwandwama dherai sanlagna thiyo. yass awadhima, swatantrataka chhoraharule sarvajanik nagnata rar agnisanyogka karyaharu marfat kathit sarkari hastakshep wa anyayako virodh gare; falaswarup tiniharu prayaha samuhik giraftariko adhinma thie, jasko parinamswarup samuhik dandako sajaya bhayo.
sann 1931 maa, 600 bhanda badhi isapurva dukhobarsalai sarvajanik nagnataka lagi tean warshako zell sajaya sunaieko thiyo. isapurvako karagar kaidiharuko janasankhyama yasto spikelai handle garna asamartha thiyo, tyasaile yee kaidiharulai rakhnaka lagi vishesh gari pears tapuma isapurvako karagarko adhikarantargat euta upagraha karagar nirman garieko thiyo. jab yee adhikansh sajayaharu samapta bhae, zell shivir banda gariyo rar baanki dukhobor kaidiharulai mukhya karagarma sthanantaran gariyo.
sann 1950 maa, arsonsanga sambandhit dukhoborharuko arko samuhik-doshasidhi thiyo. yasako pratikriyama, isapurvako karagarle mukhya karagarko chheuma raheka yee kaidiharuka lagi swa-nihit parisar sthapana akraman. jabki pierce tapuko anubhav prayaha shantipurna thiyo, yass patak kuraharu farak thie. bandiharule sann 1951 maa dui patak parisarma ago lagae, pachhillo patak yasalai prayaha nashta gare. tyasapachhi dukhobor kaidiharulai mukhya karagarma sarieko thiyo, jahaan uniharule 35 dinko bhok hadatalma bhag lieka thie june jabarjasti khanale samapta bhayo.
sann 1953 maa arko samuhik sajaya arko agnisanskar rar sarvajanik nagnata ghatanako sambandhama bhayo. isapurvako karagarma nayan jhupadiharu nirman garieko thiyo, tara yass patak tiniharulai mukhya cell blockharuma dukhoborharulai ago-pratirodhi kakshaharuma sarna thaaun khali garna samanya zelka sadasyaharulai rakhna prayog garieko thiyo.
sann 1961 rar 1962 maa arko roundko arsonle isapurva jailko upagrahako rupma agassiz pahadi jailko sirjana garna prerit akraman. yo zell vishesh gari dukhobor kaidiharulai rakhnaka lagi design garieko thiyo. dukhoborharule jailma rahanda kunai pani kaam garna aswikar gare, nayan sansthanma kaidiharuka lagi kunai karya karyakram rar kunai visheshadhikarharu thienan. sampurna zell ago lagnubata bachna design garieko thiyo, furnituresahit sabai kura concreet wa dhatuko baneko thiyo. kapada rar ochhyan jasta sabai kapada agnirodhak thie. swatantrata santanka netaharulai pani, yuwa purushharu jastai, alag rakhieka thie. kaidiharule august 1962 maa bhok hadtal suru gare, june ek warshabhanda badhi samayasamma chalyo rar jabarjasti khanako bawajud kuposhanka karan ek janako mrityu bhayo.
antim dukhobor kaidilai sann 1970 maa riha garieko thiyo. agassiz pahadi jelalai isapurva karagarka wriddha kaidiharuka lagi jailma parinat garieko thiyo, rar antatah chhuttai madhyam suraksha sansthako rupma vibhajit bhayo.
anushasana rar danda.
isapurvako karagarbhitra prayog garieko zell niyamharuko ullanghanka lagi sajayaka vidhiharu samayasangai wiksit bhae. sharirik sajaya suruma dherai ullanghanharuka lagi prathamik vidhi thiyo, jasma kodako prahar sabaibhanda samanya thiyo. sann 1972 maa purna rupma pratibandha nabhaesamma sharirik sajaya bistarai charanbadha rupma hataiyo. sajayako anya samanya rupharuma chenn girohama kaam garne, roti rar paniko dandatmak ahar, rar ekanta karawas samawesh thiyo.
isapurvako karagarko adhik adhunik awatarma, dandaharu dherai adhik naukarshahi rupma wyawasthit hune prawritti thiyo. dandako sabaibhanda samanya rupharu wisheshadhikarko hani, rar ekanta karawas thie.
ekanta karawas.
ekanta karawas (adhikarik rupma "prithakkaran" bhaninchha; samanyataya "prithakkaran" bhanera chininchha) isapurva karagarma sajayako ek samanya roop thiyo. kaidiharulai tinawata karanle prithakkaranma rakhna sakinchhah tiniharuko afnai anurodhma; 30 dinasamma sajayako rupma; wa asimit samayako lagi prashasanik uddeshyaka lagi. wyawaharma, prashasanik prithakkaran prayaha kaidiharulai sajaya dina prayog garinthyo; prashasanik prithakkaranko prayogma niyantranharu atyanta vivekadhin thie rar yasaile durupayogka lagi khula thie. kaidiharulai ek patakma mahina wa warshaunsamma ekanta karawasma rakhnu samanya kura thiyo. udaharanka lagi, jack mccan namak ek kaidile sann 1970 rar 1974 ko bichma 1421 dina-tee lagatar 754-ekanta karawasma bitae.
aupacharik rupma vishesh sudhar ekai (ess. sii. yu) bhanera chinine, ekanta karawas kakshaharulai kaidiharu rar karmachariharudwara samanyataya "penthouse" bhaninthyo, anshik rupma cell blakharu madhye ekko mathillo talama tiniharuko sthanko karan. (penthouse 1963 maa tahakhanema raheko purano ekanta karawas kothaharu pratisthapan garna nirman garieko thiyo, jaslai "pwal" bhanera chininthyo.) isapurvako karagarko ekanta karawas kothaharu adhunik karagarka lagi vishesh gari krur bhaeko rupma chininthyo.
kothaharu atyanta sanah thie, tinawata concreet parkhalharu bina jhyalharu, rar corridorko anuharma paanch inch wargakar jhyal bhaeko thosa stilko dhoka thiyo. kakshaharuma kewal dhune besin/shauchalaya sanyojan (chiso pani matra), rar ek radio chayankarta (tyahan dui channelharu thie), rar ek concreet pyad floorbata chaar inch plywodko panale dhakieko thiyo jasma kaidiharu sutiraheka thie. kaidiharule radioko matra rar kakshako tapakram niyantran garna sakenan. kakshama battiharu dinko 24 ghanta chalchhan, tara ratma 25 watsamma misieka thie.
anushasanatmak wa prashasanik karanle schoolma raheka kaidiharulai dainik 23.5 ghantaka lagi afno kakshama simit garinechha. uniharulai adha ghantako wyayam diinechha, jasma scuko kakshaharu bichko corridorma eklai hindnu samawesh thiyo. euta robber pyad rar kambal sanjhama delivery garinthyo rar harek bihan sankalan garinthyo. kaidiharule bahira herne kunai awasar paune chhainan. surakshatmak hirasatka lagi schuma raheka kaidiharulai dinbhari rabarko pyad rar kambal rakhna anumati diinchha, rar kahilekaahin prati dina adha ghanta bahira wyayam garna anumati diinchha. kaidiharulai ekarkasanga kura garna, kaam garna, schol zahn, pustakalayama zahn, tivi hern wa anya kunai antarkriyatmak gatiwidhiharuma sanlagna huna anumati thiena.
kathora awasthaka atirikta, schuma gardharudwara utpidan rar durwyawahar wyapak rar sthaniya thiyo.
mrityudanda.
isapurvako karagarma kewal euta mrityudanda diieko thiyo. canadama mrityudandako unmulan hunuaghi, sanghiya jailharuko satta prantiya gaulharuma mrityudanda diinthyo. 24 warshiya josef smithko mamalama apawad banaieko thiyo, jaslai janawari 31,1913 maa faansi diera mrityudanda diieko thiyo.
smith rar isa purwako karagarma arka kaidi, herman wilsonle october 5,1912 maa bhagne prayasko kramama ek gardko hatya gare. wilson prayasko kramama ghaite bhae rar unko mudda aghi nai unko chotle garda mrityu bhayo; smithlai hatyako mudda chalaiyo rar doshi thahar gariyo.
isapurvako karagarma mrityudandako aupacharik karan yo thiyo kii smithlai prantiya sansthama sthanantaran garnuko satta tyahan ghar rakhna sajilo thiyo. yadyapi, yo sambhawatah isapurva karagarka anya kaidiharuka lagi udaharanko rupma sewa garne uddeshyale garieko thiyo. bhagne asafal prayasko kramama gard marieko sthan najikai mrityudandaka lagi vishesh rupma euta machan nirman garieko thiyo. smithlai jailko kabristanma gadiyo.
danga rar bandhak banaune karya.
yasako purano samayaka adhikansh adhikatam suraksha jelharu jastai, isapurvako jaille yasako itihasbhari dherai kaidi atmahatya, atma-angachhed, akraman, chhura prahar, bhagne prayas rar hatyako anubhav gareko thiyo. yasako pachhilla warshaharuma, isapurvako zell yasako danga rar bandhak-karyaharuka lagi parichit bhayo.
prarambhik itihasma isapurvako karagarma kehi thula hinsatmak ghatanaharu thie. yasale afno 56 aun warsha sann 1934 samma afno pahilo danga anubhav gareko thiena. yadyapi, yo suwidha purano hundai adhunik jailko rupma cum upayukta hundai jaanda yasale yee pramukh ghatanaharuko druta rupma anubhav garna thalyo. isapurva karagarka adhikansh pramukh hinsatmak ghatanaharu sann 1970 ko dashakma yasako antim 10 warshako aparesanma bhaeka thie. sann 1970 ko dashakma, isapurvako karagar canadako sabaibhanda hinsatmak sanghiya sansthaharu madhye ek thiyo. awastha bigrandai gaeko rar isapurva kalamma hinsatmak ghatanaharuko badhdo sankhyale sann 1980 maa yasalai banda garnama yogdan puryayo.
sann 1934 ko danga.
september 1,1934 maa danga suru bhayo, jab saat kaidiharule afno tokieko kaam garna aswikar gare. september 10 sammama 73 zana kaidiharule hadtal gariraheka thie. furniture rar shauchalayaka sathai 182 wata jhyalharu dhwasta bhaeka thie. september 12 maa yasaka netaharulai paddle garda danga samapta bhayo. kaidiharule samanyataya kharab awasthako virodh gariraheka thie, rar uniharule gareko kamko lagi uniharulai bhuktan garna pani mag gariraheka thie. yo danga canada sarkarle afna sanghiya kaidiharulai dainik paanch cent dine niti karyanwayan garnama mahatwapurna bhumika kheleko thiyo.
sann 1963 ko danga rar bandhak banaune karya.
april 20,1963 maa, ek gardle tinjana kaidiharu bhagna khojiraheko bhettae. gardle kaidiharuma goli hane rar uniharule molotov kakatelharu fyaankera jawaf die. kaidi jery kesiko netritwama tinn kaidiharule gard pyat denislai bandhak banae rar anya 15 zana kaidiharusangai afulai sabhagarma banda gare. tyasapachhi anya kaidiharule ago lagauna rar jelalai nashta garna thale.
kaidiharule sthaniya prasarankarta jack webstermarfat warta garna jode die. "pagal ringlider, jery kessy, unko dubla anuhar risle bharieko thiyo, denisko ghantima chhuri prahar akraman rar malai chichyae", websterle bhyankuwar sanka lagi euta kathama lekhe. "warden tom halalai bhannuhos yadi saandheharu yahan bhitra pase bhane, gard pahile marchha. tapain websterko rupma pani marne hunuhunchha! hammy sabai marchhaun. tyo fonema januhos!"
shahi canadian ghudsawar police rar canadian senale aditorium bahek jailma wyawastha punarsthapit akraman. bandhak banauneharuko ek matra mag uniharulai isapurva kalambata sthanantaran garne thiyo; yo mag swikar bhaepachi ghatana samapta bhayo.
sann 1973 ko danga.
october 5,1973 maa tean dine danga suru bhayo. teisawata kothaharu nashta bhae.
sann 1975 bandhak banaune karyaharu.
february 1975 maa ekjana karmachari sadasyalai chaar ghantasamma bandhak banaiyo.
june 9,1975 maa, lagbhag 8 baje, 15 zana zell karmachariharulai tinn kaidiharule bandhak banae. ghatana june 11 ko bihan 1 baje samma chalyo, kull 41 ghanta, jab zell adhikariharuko sashastra rannitik tolile jailma akraman akraman. kaidiharu madhye ek, doshi hatyara andie brusle manav dhalko rupma prayog garna bandhak, wargikaran adhikari merry stinhouserlai samate. 32 warshiya steinhouser maitripurna goli hanera marieka thie bhane bruslai dui patak goli lageko thiyo tara bancheka thie. ghatanako karan patta lagauna anusandhan ayog gathan garieko thiyo. yasako nishkarshaharuma samawesh chhah
july 4 maa, ek kaidile zelka ek karmachari sadasyalai atha ghantasamma bandhak banae.
sann 1976 ko danga rar bandhak banaune karya.
februaryma tinjana kaidile tinjana gardlai lagbhag 15 ghantasamma bandhak banae.
aprilma charjana kaidile tinjana gardlai 13 ghantasamma bandhak banae. tyas mahina duijana kaidi pani mrit awasthama fela pareka thie.
junema, kaidiharule dui gardlai bandhak banaune prayas gare; tiniharu sano chotka sath bhagera bhage.
august 31 maa, ekjana kaidile kehi samayaka lagi gardlai bandhak banae.
september 9 dekhi, gardharule overtime kaam garna aswikar garda 12 dinko apatkalko awastha thiyo. yass awadhima tinn kaidiko mrityu bhayo.
isapurvako karagarko itihasma sabaibhanda thulo ghatana september 27,1976 maa suru bhayo. kaidiharuko thulo pratishatle danga suru gare kinbhane uniharulai panika lagi afno kothaharubata riha gariyo. pachhilla kehi dinma kaidiharule karagarka adhikansh cell block rar anya dherai bhagharu nashta gare. tiniharule cell blakharu bichko antarik parkhalharu nashta gare-june lagbhag ek shatabdidekhi ubhieko thiyo-dherai awasthama uniharuko hatle. mukhya ujuriharu gardharudwara durwyawahar, rar gardharudwara nayan, adhik manawiya nirdeshanharu palana garna aswikar garnu thiyo. dui zana gardlai bandhak banaiyo. police danga niyantran tolly rar canadali senaka sipahiharule jailko paridhi ghere. nawagathit nagarik sallahakar samiti ghatanasthalma aipugepachhi rar wartama bhag lyne thalepachhi, bandhak-lineharule sadbhawana pradarshanma ek bandhaklai riha gare, rar antatah october 2 maa nau-sutri samjhauta bhayo, jasle shantipurna rupma danga rar bandhak banaune samapta bhayo.
| british kalambia karagara
british kalambia karagara (bisi karagara, sadharanatah bisi kalam ebong kalam bhabare janashuna) kanadara british columbiar nyu westminsterare abasthita eka sangheeah sarbadhika surakhya karagara thila . 1878 masiharu 1980 masihare ehaaku nishkriya karajiba parjyanta, bii. sii. karagara 102 barsha dhari karjya karithila. ehaa manitobara paschimare thiba pratham sangheeah danda anusthana thila.
ehi gatehouse september 8,2021 ray bikri hoithila ebong nutan malikamananka dwara ehaaku gabharnara casal bhabare punahnamakarana karajaithila.
colliers international ehi kothara mulya $8,950,000, $4,500,00 paain atirikta khola sthana, gabharnara court incorporated dwara kraiah samajare mote $13,450,000 bolly akalana karithila.
itihas.
1871 masihare british kalambia sanghare jogadeba parey ebong paschima kanadara janasankhya brudhi paiba sahita, paschima kanadare eka sangheeah karagarara abashyakata spust hoigala . aantahmahadesheeja relpath eparjyanta nirmana hoinathibaru purba digaru anya sangheeah anusthanaku dirgha doora parjyanta bandeemananku paribahana kariba byajabahula ebong kastakara hoigala, jaahaa ehi aabashyakataaku ahuri badhai deithila.
1874 masihare bii. sii. karagara paain yojana ebong nirmana arambha hoithila. chayan karajaithiba sthanati nyu westminster sapperton padoshire fraser nadeeku dekhuthiba eka pahad thila . 1878 masihare ehi karagara ehara pratham kaedeemananku grahan karithila ebong bina kaunasi dhumdhamare kholithila.
khreestapoorba karagara sthalaku gathan karithiba kotha ebong dhanchagudiku dheere dheere jodajaithila. moola complexeray mukhya fataka ghara ebong kichhi ita ebong kaath kotha thila . adhikansha kaedeenku rakhuthiba budd cell blockgudika 1904 ru 1914 madhyare nirmita hoithila .
jetebele ehaa kholajaithila, setebele karagarati dhanchagata samasyare paripurna thila, jeunthire talabhumira banya, trutipurna plumbing ebong uttapa, jharaka gudikare baragudika anupasthita kimba kanthare sathik bhabare sanlagna hoinathila, ebong upajukta chikitsa subidhara abhaba antarbhukta . ehi samasyagudikara samadhan paain aneka barsha dhari pramukh maramati ebong nabikarana karajaithila, adhikansha karjya bandi karjya karmacharinka dwara karajaithila .
ehi sthanati prathame eka kaath baada dwara bestita hoithila, jaahaa shighra 30 phuta pathara kanthaku unneet hoithila, ebong sheshare 40 phuta concret kanth . pratyeka konare gard tawaragudika abasthita thila .
1961 masiha parjyanta, karagarare eka farm antarbhukta thila, jaahaa karagararu rasta parsware abasthita, jeunthare kichhi kaedeenku kaama karibaku nijojita karajiba . anusthanara roshei ghare byabahruta khadyara eka budd ansha ehi farm utpadana karuthila. 1950 dashkar seshabhaga parjyanta ehi pharmati arthika drustiru labhprad thila. tebe, ehara parichalana kharcha brudhi, bahya utsaru khadya kraiah kharcha hrass, kaedeemananku krushi talim pradan karibara upajogitare anubhuta hrass ebong akhpakh anchalara bardhita saharikarana, pharmaku banda curry nutan westminster saharaku krushijami bikri karibara nishpatti neijaithila.
canadia karagara seba dwara nirdharita manaka anujai samai sahita karmacharinka abashyakata brudhi paila . 1950 dashkar madhyabhagare ehaa 171 thila, ebong ehi samajare karagarara janasankhya hrass paiba satwe september ehaa ehaa brudhi paithila.
1950 dashakaru arambha curry 1958 masihare 765 john kaedeenku bandi curry bandeegruhare prabala bhida hoithila. kanadara karagara seba nikatare kholajaithiba william mukhya anusthana bhali anya anusthanaku bandeemananku sthanantara curry ehaaku hrass karibaku chesta karithila. 1960 dashkar madhyabhaga suddha, janasankhya praiah 500 kaedeenku hrass paithila. tebe, ehaa hinsatmaka danga ebong panabandi karjyakalapaku rokie parinathila jaahaa khreestapoorba shesh barshagudikare karagaraku grass karithila.
1979 masiha march 12 tarikhare kanadara sanshodhana seba ghoshana karithila je british kalambia karagara banda hoijiba. antebaseemananku dheere dheere kent anusthanaku sthanantara karajaithila, shesh kaedee februari 15,1980 ray chaali jaithile. meey, 1980 ray dui saptaha paain karagaraku pratham thara paain janasadharananka paain kholajaithila; 80,000 ru adhika lock open hausare joga deithile. jadio 102 barsha purbe kaunasi samaroha kimba dhumdham bina khreestapoorba karagara kholithila, eka aanusthanika samaroha, jeunthire bibhinna manyaganya byakti joga deithile, meey 10,1980 ray ehara samapanaku chinhita karibaku anusthita hoithila .
purbatana bisi kalam citer adhikansha attalika bhangi diajaichhi ebong abasic abas ebong parkland dwara pratisthapita hoichhi . moola karagarara kebala charoti ansha ebe bii baaki rahichhih gatehouse (jaahaa bartamana eka sports baar), koila house, moola centre block (jaahaaku officere rupantarita karajaichi), ebong kabarasthana.
dainandina karjya.
ehara karjyara shesh barshagudikare, sadharana janasankhyare kaedeemananka paain dainandina karjyasuchi nimnare diagalah sakaala sakaala badhiba; sapha kothari, munda katiba ebong dhoideba; roshei gharu jalakhiaa niantu ebong kothareere khaantu; sakaala sakaala kaama paain report karantu; 11:30 ray kaama chhadantu; madhyahna bhojan uthantu ebong ganana ebong taalaa paain kothareeku pherantu; kothareere madhyahna bhojan khaantu; aparanha aparanha aparanha aparanha parjyanta kaama karantu; roshei ghararu ratribhojana sangraha karantu; ganana ebong taalaa paain kothareeku pherantu; kothareere ratri bhojan karantu; kothareere ratri bhojan karantu; sheetadine sandhya sandhya raati raati parjyanta absar samai/grishma ruture 10:00; 11:00 aparaahnare kothari blakaku pherijibaku padiba.
subidha.
khreestapoorba karagarare ehara samaira sarbadhika surakhya karagarara manaka baisistya rahithila. ethire, anya jinisagudika madhyare, cell block, karjyalaja, eka daktarakhana, eka roshei ghara, karjya ebong bidyalaja subidha, ebong duiti chappel (jane catholic, jane protestant) antarbhukta thila . gotie biseshatwa thila je sethare kaunasi bhojan kaxa nathila; tenu bandeemananku semananka kothareere khadya khaibaku paduthila.
kabarasthana.
khreestapoorba karagarare boot hill namaka eka karagara kabarasthana antarbhukta thila . khreestapoorba karagarare mrutyubarana karithiba adhikansha kaedeenka abasistangsha semananka paribara dwara daabi karajaithila; jeunmane nathile semananku boot pahadare kabara diajaithila . kabara khanan, sthana rakhyanabekhyana, ebong kabara marker ebong kaphina nirmana bhali kabarasthana sambandheeah samasta karjya kaedeemananka dwara karajaithila. ehi kabarasthanati sarkari bhabe 1913 masihare kholajaithila, kintu sambhabatah 1912 masihare ehaa byabahruta heuthila.
pakhapakhi 50 john kaedeenka abashesh ebebi sethare poti diajaichhi. kabarasthanara prarambhika barshagudikare, rekardagudiku jatnapurbaka niajainathila kimba sanrakhita karajainathila, ebong segudika abiswasaneeja thila. adhikansha kabarare kebala kaedeenka karagara sankhya khodita chhot concret kabara pathara dwara chinhita . keteka kaedeenku achinha kabarare kabara diajaichhi.
jadio karagarara adhikansha anshaku bhangi diajaichhi, tathapi kabarasthanati ebe bii glenbrook rewine parkre rahichhi. khreestapoorba karagara banda heba parey, sangheeah sarkar kabarasthanaku nyu westminster saharaku hastantara karithile. bahuta comm lock jananti je kabarasthana sethare achhi, ehaa nyu westminster sahara dwara rakhyanabekhyana karajae ebong bandeenka kabara suchana sahita eka suchana phalaka achhi . glenbrook revine parker itihas bibhagare ehi kabarasthanara ullekha rahichhi.
duchobers.
binsha shatabdir madhyabhagare british kalambia dakhobarsanka swadheenata sampradayara putramananka sahita sarkari sangharshare khreestapoorba karagara byapaka bhabare jadita thila . ehi samai madhyare, swadheenatara putramane sarbajaneena nagnata ebong agnisanjoga karjya madhyamare sarkari hastakhyepa kimba anyaya biruddhare pratibada karithile; phalaswaroopa semane barambar gana giraphadareera shikara hoithile, jahara phalaswaroopa samuhika dandadesh hoithila .
1931 masihare, 600 khreestapoorbaru adhika dukhobarsanku sarbajaneena nagnata paain tini barshar jail dandadesh diajaithila. khreestapoorba karagara bandeenka sankhyare ebhali brudhi sambhalibare asamartha thila, tenu ehi bandeemananku rakhiba paain bisesh curry pierce dwepare khreestapoorba karagara kartupakhyanka adheenare eka upgraha karagara nirmana karajaithila. jetebele ehi dandadeshara adhikansha abadhi samapta helah, karagara shibir banda hoijaithila ebong abasista dakhobora kaedeemananku mukhya karagaraku sthanantara karajaithila.
1950 masihare, arsen sambandheeah dakhobaranka upare aau eka gana-dandadesh hoithila. ehara pratikrijare, bii. sii. karagara mukhya karagara nikatare ehi bandeemananka paain eka swajangsasita parisara pratistha karithila. jetebele kii pires dwepare abhigyata mukhyatah shantipurna thila, ether paristhiti bhinna thila . bandimane 1951 masihare duithara kampaundare niaan lagai deithile, parabarti samajare adhikansha ehaaku nust karideithile. ehapare dakhobora bandeemananku mukhya karagaraku sthanantara karajaithila, jeunthare semane 35 dinia anashanare anshagrahana karithile jaahaa balapurbaka khuaiba sahita shesh hoithila.
1953 masihare anya eka agnisanjoga ebong sarbajaneena nagnata ghatana sahita jadita anya eka gana dandadesh hoithila. khreestapoorba karagarare nutan jhupadi nirmana karajaithila, kintu ether segudika sadharana karagara janasankhyara sadasyamananku rakhiba paain byabahruta hoithila jaahaa dwara mukhya cell blakare dakhobaramananku agni-pratirodhaka kothareere sthanantara kariba paain sthana khaali karajaithila .
1961 ebong 1962 masihare aau eka parjyaja arsen khreestapoorba karagarara eka upgraha bhabare agacies parbatyanchala karagara srusti karibaku prerita karithila . ehi karagarati bisesh bhabe dukhobora bandeemananku rakhiba paain prastuta karajaithila. jehetu bandi thiba samajare dakhobaramane kaunasi kaama karibaku manah karideithile, tenu nutan anusthanare kaunasi karjya karjyakram nathila ebong kaedeemananka paain kaunasi bisheshadhikara nathila. samagra karagaraku niaan lagibaru rakhya kariba paain prastuta karajaithila, asababapatra sameth samasta jinish concret kimba dhature tiari hoithila . poshaka ebong shajya bhali samasta bastra agnirodhi thila. swadheenata putramananka netamananku, jubakamananka bhali, alga rakhajaithila. bandimane august 1962 ray eka anashan dharmaghata arambha karithile, jaahaa eka barsharu adhika samai dhari chalithila ebong balapurbaka khuaiba satwe apapusti karanaru janankara mrutyu ghatithila.
shesh dukhobara kaedee 1970 ray mukta hoithile. agacies parbatyanchala karagaraku bisi karagarara bayaska kaedeenka paain eka karagarare parinata karajaithila, ebong sheshare eka pruthaka madhyama surakhya anusthana bhabare bibhakta hoithila .
shrunkhala ebong danda.
khreestapoorba karagarare byabahruta karagara niamer ullanghana paain dandara paddhati samai sahita bikashita hoithila . sharirika danda prathame aneka ullanghana paain pasandajogya paddhati thila, jeunthire chabuka maribara sarbadhika sadharana thila . 1972 masihare sampurna bhabe nishidha heba parjyanta sharirika dandaku dheere dheere samapta karajaithila. anya sadharana prakarara dandare shrunkhalakara gyangare kaama kariba, ruti ebong panira dandatmaka khadya ebong nirjan carabas antarbhukta thila .
khreestapoorba karagarara adhika adhunika abatara, dandagudika adhika amalatantrika bhabare parichalita hebara prabrutti thila . dandara sabutharu sadharana roop thila bisheshadhikarara khyati, ebong nirjan carabas .
ekaki bandeetwa.
ekaki carabas (aanusthanika bhabare "bichinnata" kuhajae; sadharanatah "pruthakeekarana" bhabare janashuna) khreestapoorba karagarare dandara eka sadharana roop thila . bandeemananku tinoti karanaru alga rakhajaipareh semananka niz anurodhare; 30 deane parjyanta danda bhabare; kimba aseemita samai paain prashasanika uddeshyare . aacharanare, bandeemananku dandita kariba paain prashasanika pruthakeekaranara byabahara prajatah karajauthila; prashasanika pruthakeekaranara byabahara upare nijantrana atyanta swechacharitapoorna thila ebong tenu ehara apabyabahara paain unmukta thila. bandeemananku gotie samajare maasa kimba epariki barsha barsha dhari ekanta karabasare rakhiba sadharana kathaa thila. udaharana swaroopa, jack mccan namaka jane kaedee 1970 ru 1974 madhyare 1421 deane-kramagata 754 deane-nirjan karabasare bitaithile.
aanusthanika bhabe swatantra sanshodhana unit (ess. sii. jayu.) bhabare janashuna, ekaki carabas kothareeku sadharanatah kaedee ebong karmacharinka dwara "penthouses" kuhajauthila, aanshika bhabare eka cell blocker upara mahalare semanankara abasthana hetu . (ehi penthouses 1963 masihare nirmita hoithila, jaahaa tala mahalare thiba puruna nirjan karagara kothareeku badalaiba paain, jaahaaku "chhidra" kuhajauthila.) khreestapoorba karagarara ekanta karagara kothari eka adhunika karagara paain bisesh bhabare nisthura bhabare janashuna .
kothareegudika atyanta chhot thila, jeunthire tinoti concret kanth thila jeunthire kaunasi jharaka nathila, ebong karidaraku muhn curry pancha inch bargakara jharaka sahita eka kathina ispat dwara thila . kothareegudikare kebala eka dhoiba besin/shouchalaja mishran (kebala thanda paani), ebong eka redio chajanakaree (duiti channell thila), ebong eka concret padd thila jaahaa floraru chaari inch plyud sheet dwara aachadita thila jeunthire kaedeemane soithile . kaedeemane radiora ayatan kimba selara tapmatra nijantrana kariparinathile. kothareere thiba aloka dinara 24 ghanta chaalu rahithila, kintu raatire 25 wataku mlan hoijaithila .
shrunkhala kimba prashasanika karanaru scure thiba kaedeemananku dainika 23.5 ghanta paain semananka kothareere seemita rakhajiba. semananku adha ghanta byayam diajiba, jeunthire skura kothari madhyare thiba karidarare ekutia chaliba antarbhukta . sandhyare eka rabar padd ebong kambala bitarana karajiba ebong pratidina sakale sangraha karajiba. bandeemananku bahare dekhibara kaunasi sujoga miliba naahin. surakhya paain skure thiba kaedeemananku dinasara rabar padd ebong kambala rakhibaku anumathi diajiba, ebong belebele pratidina adha ghanta bahare byayam karibaku anumathi diajiba. kaedeemananku paraspara saha kathaa hebaku, kaama karibaku, bidyalajaku jibaku, laibrereeku jibaku, tibhi dekhibaku kimba anya kaunasi bhaaba binimai karjyakalapare nijojita hebaku anumathi nathila.
kathore paristhiti byatita, skura gardamananka dwara nirjyatana ebong durbyabahara byapaka ebong sthaniah thila .
fashi.
khreestapoorba karagarare kebala gotie fashi diajaithila. kanadare mrutyudanda uchheda heba purbaru, sangheeah karagara paribarte pradeshika gaolare fashi diajaithila. 24 barsha bayaska joseph smithanka mamalare eka byatikrama karajaithila, jahanku 1913 januari 31 ray fashi diajaithila.
smith ebong bisi karagarara anya jane kaedee, herman wilson, 5 october, 1912 ray palajana udyama samajare jane gardanku hatya karithile. wilson ehi prayasa samajare ahata hoithile ebong taanka bichara purbaru taanka aghataru mrutyubarana karithile; smithnku hatya paain bichara karajaithila ebong doshi sabyasta karajaithila.
khreestapoorba karagarare fashi deba paain sarkari kaaran thila je smithnku eka pradeshika anusthanaku sthanantara kariba paribarte sethare gruha jaari rakhiba sahaja thila . tebe, sambhabatah ehaa khreestapoorba karagarare thiba anya kaedeemananka paain eka udaharana bhabe karjya kariba uddeshyare karajaithila. jeun sthanare khasi palaibara biphal prayasa samajare gard nihata hoithile, sehi sthana nikatare fashi paain eka scafhold swatantra bhabare nirmana karajaithila. smithnku karagara kabarasthanare kabara diajaithila.
danga ebong panabandi karbar.
ehara puruna samaira adhikansha sarbadhika surakhya karagara pari, bisi karagara ehara itihasare aneka kaedee aatmahatya, aatma-bikruti, aakraman, chhuri chalana, palajana prayasa ebong hatya anubhaba karithila . ehara parabarti barshagudikare, khreestapoorba karagara ehara danga ebong panabandi-karjyakalapa paain janashuna hoithila .
khreestapoorba karagarara prarambhika itihasare alpa kichhi budd hinsatmaka ghatana ghatithila. ehara karjyara karjyara barsha, 1934 masiha parjyanta ehaa pratham danga anubhaba karinathila. tebe, ehi subidhati puruna heba saha adhunika karagara bhabe comm upajukta heba sahita ehaa ehi pramukh ghatnagudikara druta gatire adhika anubhaba karibaku lagila. khreestapoorba karagarara adhikansha pramukh hinsatmaka ghatana 1970 dashakare ehara shesh 10 barshar aparesanare ghatithila. 1970 dashakare, khreestapoorba karagara kanadara sabutharu hinsatmaka sangheeah anusthana madhyaru gotie thila . sthiti kharap heba ebong bisi penare hinsatmaka ghatana sankhya brudhi 1980 ray ehaaku nishkriya karibare yogdan karithila .
1934 danga.
1934 masiha september 1 tarikhare danga arambha hoithila, jetebele saata john kaedee semananka nirdharita karjya karibaku manah karideithile. september 10 suddha 73 john kaedee dharmaghata karuthile. asababapatra ebong shouchalaja, ebong ebong jharaka bhangi diajaithila. september 12 tarikhare danga shesh hoithila, jetebele ehara netamananku padaaku theli diajaithila. bandimane sadharanatah kharap paristhitiku birodha karuthile, ebong semane karithiba karjya paain semananku darma debaku madhya daabi karuthile. kanada sarkar ehara sangheeah bandeemananku dainika pancha cent pradan karibara neeti karjyakaree karibare danga sahajaka hoithila .
1963 danga ebong panabandi-grahan.
1963 masiha april 20 tarikhare jane surakhyakarmee tini john kaedeenku khasi palaibaku udyama karuthiba dekhithile. gardmane bandeemananka upare guli chalaithile ebong semane molotov coctail phingi zabab deithile. bandi jairie kesinka netrutware tini john kaedee gard patt denisnku panabandi curry neithile ebong anya 15 john kaedeenka saha nijaku auditoriyamare banda karideithile. ehapare anya kaedeemane niaan lagai jelku dhwansa kariba arambha karithile.
kaedeemane sthaniah prasaranakari jack webstaranka jariaare alochana kariba paain zid dharithile. "pagala ringlidara, jairie kesi, taanka durbala muhn krodhare paripurna, denisnka galare chhuri maari moe aadaku chitkara kallah", webster bhanakyuvar surya paain eka kahanire lekhithile. "warden tomm halku kuhantu jadi shandhamane ethaare prabesha karanti, tebe gard prathame mrutyubarana karanti . apana bahuta adhika webster marijibe! aame samaste maribu. sehi phonere jaantu!"
rajkiah canadia mount police ebong canadia sena auditorium byatita karagarare shrunkhala punaruddhara karithile. panabandi-grahanakareenka ekamatra daabi thila je semananku bisi kalamaru sthanantara karajiba; ehi daabi sweekara heba parey ghatanati samapta hoithila .
1973 danga.
1973 masiha october 5 tarikhare tini dinia danga arambha hoithila, jeunthire teishati prakostha dhwansa hoithila.
1975 panabandi-karbar.
1975 masiha februari maasare jane karmachari sadasyanku chaari ghanta paain panabandi curry rakhajaithila.
1975 masiha juna 9 tarikhare sakaala praiah praiah bele 15 john jail karmacharinku tini john kaedee bandi curry rakhithile. ehi ghatana june 11 tarikh sakaala sakaala parjyanta, mote 41 ghanta parjyanta chalithila, jetebele karagara adhikarinka eka sashastra kaushala squad karagarare aakraman karithila. bandeemananka madhyaru jane, doshi sabyasta hoithiba hatyakari andi bruce, manab dhala bhabare byabahara kariba paain jane panabandi, bargikarana adhikari merrie stainhouseranku dharithile. 32 barsha bayaska steinhouser bandhutwapurna guli binimajare mrutyubarana karithibabele, bruscu duithara guli karajaithila, kintu shay banchi jaithile. ghatanara kaaran nirdharana kariba paain eka tadanta aajoga nijukta karajaithila. ehara phalaphalagudika madhyare antarbhukta thilah
july 4 tarikhare jane jail karmachari jane kaedeenka dwara aatha ghanta dhari panabandeere rakhajaithila.
1976 danga ebong panabandi-karjyakalapa.
phebruaareere, tini john kaedee tini john gardanku praiah 15 ghanta paain panabandi curry rakhithile.
april maasare chaari john kaedee tini john gardanku 13 ghanta paain panabandi curry rakhithile. sehi maasare dui john kaedee madhya mruta abasthare milithila.
june maasare, bandimane dui john gardanku panabandi karibaku chesta karithile; semane samanya aaghata saha khasi palaithile.
august 31 tarikhare, jane kaedee alpa samai paain jane surakhya karmeenku panabandi curry rakhithile.
september 9 ru, 12 dinia jarureekaleena paristhiti thila jetebele gardmane overtime kaama karibaku manah karideithile. ehi samai madhyare tini john kaedeenka mrutyu hoithila.
khreestapoorba 27 september, september karagara itihasara sabutharu budd ghatana arambha hoithila. bandi janasankhyara eka budd pratishata barsha paain semananka kothareeru mukta heba parey danga arambha karithile. parabarti kichhi deane madhyare, kaedeemane karagarara adhikansha cell block ebong anyanya aneka anshaku dhwansa karideithile. semane kosh khandagudika madhyare thiba aabhyantareen prachiraku dhwansa karideithile-jaahaa praiah eka shatabdi dhari rahithila-aneka khetrare semananka haatare. mukhya abhijogagudika thila gardamananka dwara durbyabahara, ebong gardamananka dwara nutan, adhika manabika nirdeshabali anusarana karibaku manah kariba . dui john gardanku bandi curry rakhajaithila. police danga nijantrana squad ebong canadia sena sainikamane karagarara paridhi gheri rahithile. nabagathita nagarika paramarshadata kamiti ghatana sthalare pahanchiba parey ebong alochanare anshagrahana kariba parey, panabandi-grahanakareemane sadbhabanara pradarshanare jane panabandeenku mukta karithile, ebong october 2 ray eka naaa-sutri chuktinama hoithila, jaahaa shantipurna bhabare danga ebong panabandi-grahan samapta hoithila .
| british columbia jailh
british columbia jailh (bee. see. jailh, aam taur utte bee. see. kalam atey kalam vajon jaanhi jaandi haii) ikk sanghi vaddh toon vaddh surakhiaa jailh see joe nioo westminster, british columbia, canada witch sathit see. bee. see. jailh neey 1878 toon lae keey 1980 witch iss noon bnd keete jaanh takk 102 saalan takk kamm keeta. ih manitoba dey pachham witch pahili sanghi sazaa sanstha see.
gatehouse 8 satambar, 2021 noon wetch ditta giaa see atey navein malkan duaara isda naam badal keey governors casal rakkhiaa giaa see.
colliers international neey governors court ink duaara khareed dey samein $8,950,000, $4,500,00 laee vadhu khullhi jagha, kull $13,450,000 imaarat daa mullankan keeta.
itihaas.
british columbia dey 1871 witch sangh witch shamal honn toon baad atey pachmi canada dee vadhadi aabadi dey naal, pachmi canada witch ikk sanghi jailh dee zaroorat spasht hoow gaee. ih tatth kii antar-mahandeepi railmarg daa nirman ajey takk naheen keeta giaa see, neey kaidiaan noon purab vall horr sanghi sansthavan takk lambi doori takk lijaan noon mahinga atey mushkal bnaa ditta, jiss neey iss zaroorat noon horr vadha ditta.
bee. see. jailh laee yojnabandi atey nirman 1874 witch shuru hoiaa. chunhiaa giaa sathaan nioo westminster dey sepperton guaandh witch fraser nadee noon vekhan vaala ikk pahadi see. jailh noon 1878 witch aapna pahila kaidi miliaa atey binan kise dhumdham dey kholhiaa giaa.
imaratan atey dhanchiaan noon hauli-hauli jodiaa giaa joe bee. see. jailh vaali jagha banaunde sunn. mool complexes witch mukkh gett haaoos atey kujh ittaan atey lakkad deeaan imaratan shamal sunn. vadde saill block, jinhan witch ziaadaatar kaidi rahinde sunn, 1904 atey 1914 dey vichkaar banaae gaye sunn.
jadon ih khulhiaa taan bee. see. jailh dhanchagat samassiaavan naal bharee hoee see, jiss witch basement daa hadah, nukasdar plumbing atey heating, baar jaan taan khidkiaan toon gaib hunn jaan kandhan naal sahee tarahan naheen jude hoye hunn, atey sahee medical sahulatan dee ghaat shamal haii. inhan muddiaan noon hall curran laee kaee saalan witch vaddiaan murammatan atey navinikaran keete gaye sunn, ziaadaatar kamm kaidi kaaraj amale duaara keete gaye sunn.
iss sathaan noon shuru witch ikk lakkad dee vaad duaara gheriaa giaa see, jiss noon jaldi hii 30 futt chattan deeaan kandhan atey ant witch 40 futt concreet deeaan kandhan witch upgraded keeta giaa see. harek coney utte gaard tower sathit sunn.
1961 takk, jailh witch ikk farm shamal see, joe jailh toon sadak dey paar sathit see, jitthe kujh kaidiaan noon kamm curran laee niyukat keeta jaanda see. farm neey sanstha dee rasoi witch varte jaanh vaale bhojan daa ikk vadda hissa paida keeta. ih farm 1950 dey dahake dey akheer takk aarthik taur utte vivharak see. halanki, iss dey sanchalan deeaan vadhdiaan lagtan, baahari sarotan toon bhojan kharidan deeaan ghattdiaan lagtan, kaidiaan noon khetibadi sikhlai pardan curran dee upyogta witch kathit girawat atey aale duaale dey khetar dey vadh rahey shehrikaran neey farm noon bnd curran atey khetibadi zameen noon nioo westminster shehar noon vechan daa faisla liaa.
canadian jailh seva duaara nirdharat mapdandan dey anusar samein dey naal staff deeaan zaruratan witch vaadha hoiaa. 1950 dey dahake dey maddh witch ih ginti 171 see atey iss samein dauran jelhan dee aabadi witch qamee dey bavjood 1976 witch ih vadh keey 363 hoow gaee see.
1950 dey dahake witch shuru hoee sann 1958 witch 765 kaidiaan dee bhaari bheed daa anubhav keeta giaa see. canadian jailh seva neey kaidiaan noon horr sansthavan witch tabdil karke iss noon ghatt curran dee koshish keeti, jiven kii haal hii witch kholhi gaee viliam head sanstha. 1960 dey dahake dey addh takk, aabadi lagbhag 500 kaidiaan takk ghatt hoow gaee see. halanki, ih hinsk dangiaan atey bndhak banaun dey kamman dee luddy noon naheen roque sakiaa jiss neey aapne antim saalan witch ee. poo. jailh noon sataa ditta see.
12 march, 1979 noon canada dee sudhar seva neey ailaan keeta kii british columbia jailh bnd hoow javegi. kaidiaan noon hauli-hauli cant sanstha witch tabdil qarr ditta giaa, aakhri kaidi 15 farvari, 1980 noon ravana hoiaa. maee, 1980 witch doou haftiaan laee, jailh noon pahili vaar janata laee kholhiaa giaa see; 80,000 toon vaddh neey open haaoos witch hissa liaa. bhaven kii 102 saal pahilan ee. poo. jailh binan kise samaroh jaan dhumdham dey khullhi see, parr 10 maee, 1980 noon iss dey ant noon darsaun laee ikk rasmi samaroh aayojit keeta giaa see, jiss witch vakkh-vakkh patwantiaan neey hissa liaa see.
sabka bee. see. paen site deeaan ziaadaatar imaratan noon dhaah ditta giaa haii atey rihaishi rihaishi atey parkland duaara badliaa giaa haii. asal jailh dey siraf chaar hisse ajey vee bache hann gatehouse (joe hunn ikk sports baar haii), colla gharr, asal center block (jiss noon daftaran witch badliaa giaa haii), atey kabarstan.
rozana rutein.
iss dey sanchalan dey baad dey saalan witch, aam aabadi witch kaidiaan laee rozana rutein iss tarahan seeuuu savere 7 vaje utthana; saill saaf karna, shave karna atey dhona; rasoi toon sware daa khaana prapat karna atey saill witch khaana; savere 8 vaje kamm laee report karna; savere 11:30 'teey kamm chaddna; duphir daa khaana chukkna atey ginti atey laak-upp laee saill witch waps jaanha; saill witch duphir daa khaana khaana; duphir 1 vaje toon duphir 3 vaje takk kamm karna; rasoi toon raat daa khaana ikkatha karna; ginti atey laak-upp laee saill witch waps jaanha; saill witch raat daa khaana khaana; sardiaan witch shaam 6 vaje toon raat 9 vaje takk/garmiaan witch 10:00 vaje takk manoranjan dee miaad; saill block witch waps aauna chahida haii.
sahulatan.
bee. see. jailh witch aapne yugg dee vaddh toon vaddh surakhiaa vaali jailh deeaan miaari visheshtavan shamal sunn. inhan witch horr cheezan dey naal-naal, saill block, daftar, ikk hospital, ikk rasoi, kamm atey school deeaan sahulatan atey doou chappel (ikk catholic, ikk protestant) shamal sunn. ikk visheshta ih see kii itthe koee dianing haal naheen see; iss laee kaidiaan noon aapne saillan witch khaana painda see.
kabarstan.
bee. see. jailh vaali jagha witch ikk jailh kabarstan shamal see jiss noon boot hill kiha jaanda see. ziaadaatar kaidiaan dey avshesh joe bee. see. jailh witch maare gaye sunn, unhan dey parivaran duaara daava keeta giaa see; jinhan noon boot hill witch dafnaiaa naheen giaa see. kabarstan naal sabandhat saare kamm jiven kii kabran dee khudai, site dee saambh-sambhal atey kabar dey nishan atey tabutan daa nirman kaidiaan duaara keeta giaa see. kabarstan adhikarat taur utte 1913 witch kholhiaa giaa see, parr shayed 1912 witch varton witch see.
lagbhag 50 kaidiaan deeaan avsheshan ajey vee utthe dafnaiaan gaeeaan hunn. kabarstan dey shuruati saalan dauran, ricard dhiaan naal naheen lae gaye sunn jaan surakhiat naheen keete gaye sunn, atey ih bharoseyog naheen sunn. ziaadaatar kabran noon chhote concreet kabran duaara chinhit keeta giaa haii joe siraf kaidi dey jailh number naal ukkre hoye hunn. kujh kaidiaan noon ann-chinhit kabran witch dafnaiaa jaanda haii.
halanki ziaadaatar jailh noon udon toon dhaah ditta giaa haii, kabarstan ajey vee () witch haii joe hunn glenbrook ravin park haii. bee. see. jailh bnd honn toon baad, sanghi sarkaar neey kabarstan noon nioo westminster shehar noon saunp ditta. bahut ghatt lock janade hunn kii kabarstan utthe haii, iss dee saambh-sambhal nioo westminster shehar duaara keeti jaandi haii atey iss witch kaidiaan dee kabar dee jankari dey naal ikk jankari takhti haii. kabarstan daa zikar glenbrook ravin park dey itihaas bhaag witch keeta giaa haii.
dokhobors.
dokhobors sadee dey maddh witch british columbia dokhobors dey sutantarta samparda dey puttran naal sarkari sanghrash witch bee. see. jailh bahut ziaada shamal see. iss poore arse dauran, aazadi dey puttran neey jantak naganta atey aggajani deeaan karvaiaan raahin kathit sarkari dakhalandazi jaan aniaan daa virodh keeta; natije vajon uh aksar samoohak griftariaan dey adheen hunde sunn, jiss dey natije vajon samoohak sazaa ditti jaandi see.
sann 1931 witch, 600 toon vaddh ee. poo. dokhobors noon jantak naganta laee tinn saal dee qaid dee sazaa sunayi gaee see. bee. see. jailh kaidiaan dee aabadi witch inne vaadhe noon sambhalan witch asamrath see, iss laee bee. see. jailh dey adhikar adheen ikk satellite jailh daa nirman peers tapu utte vishesh taur utte inhan kaidiaan noon rakkhan laee keeta giaa see. jadon inhan vicchon ziaadaatar sazavan dee miaad khatam hoow gaee, taan jailh camp bnd qarr ditta giaa atey baaki daukhobor kaidiaan noon mukkh jailh witch tabdil qarr ditta giaa.
1950 witch, arsen naal sabandhat dokhobors dee ikk horr samoohak-sazaa see. iss dey jawab witch, bee. see. jailh neey mukkh jailh dey naal laggde inhan kaidiaan laee ikk sway-niyantrit compound sathapat keeta. halanki peers tapu daa tajraba ziaadaatar shantipuran see, iss vaar cheezan vakkhariaan sunn. kaidiaan neey 1951 witch doou vaar iss complexes noon agg lagaa ditti see, baad witch ziaadaatar iss noon nasht qarr ditta see. firr daukhobor kaidiaan noon mukkh jailh witch lijaiaa giaa, jitthe unhan neey 35 dinan dee bhukh hadtal witch hissa liaa joe zabardasti khaana khaann naal khatam hoee.
1953 witch ikk horr aggajani atey jantak naganta dee ghatna naal sabandhat ikk horr samoohak sazaa hoee. ee. poo. jailh witch naviaan jhaunpdiaan daa nirman keeta giaa see, parr iss vaar uhanan dee varton aam jailh dee aabadi dey memberan noon rakkhan laee keeti gaee see taan joe dokhobors noon mukkh saill blakan witch agg-rodhak saillan witch lijaan laee jagha khaali keeti jaa sake.
1961 atey 1962 witch arsen dey ikk horr daur neey bee. see. jailh dey upgrah vajon agassies pahadi jailh dee sirjana noon prerit keeta. ih jailh vishesh taur utte daukhobor kaidiaan noon rakkhan laee tiaar keeti gaee see. kiunki daukhoboran neey qaid dauran koee kamm curran toon inkaar qarr ditta see, iss laee naveen sanstha witch kaidiaan laee koee kamm program atey koee vishesh adhikar naheen sunn. saaree jailh noon agni toon bachann laee tiaar keeta giaa see, jiss witch furniture samet harr cheez concreet jaan dhaat dee bnee hoee see. saare kappde, jiven kii kappde atey bistra, agg toon bachaa sunn. aazadi dey puttran dey netavan noon alagg rakkhiaa giaa see, jiven kii naujwan aadmi sunn. kaidiaan neey agast 1962 witch bhukh hadtal shuru keeti, joe ikk saal toon vaddh samein takk challi atey zabardasti khaana khaann dey bavjood kuposhan caarn ikk dee maut hoow gaee.
aakhri daukhobor kaidi noon 1970 witch rihaa keeta giaa see. agassies pahadi jailh noon bee. see. jailh dey bazurg kaidiaan laee ikk jailh witch badal ditta giaa see, atey aakharkar ikk vakkhari darmiani surakhiaa sanstha vajon vandiaa giaa see.
anushasana atey sazaa.
ee. poo. jailh dey niyaman dee ulanghna laee sazaa dey dhang samein dey naal vikast hoye. sarirak sazaa shuru witch kaee ulanghnavan laee tarjihi tarika see, jiss witch kode marna sabh toon aam see. sarirak sazaa noon hauli-hauli udon takk khatam qarr ditta giaa jadon takk kii 1972 witch iss utte puurii tarahan pabandi naheen lagaa ditti gaee see. sazaa dey horr aam roopan witch chenn gaing utte kamm karna, rotty atey paanee dee sazaa denh vaali khurak atey ikant qaid shamal see.
ee. poo. jailh dey vadhere aadhunik avtaar witch, sazavan noon bahut ziaada naukarshahi naal parbandhit keeta jaanda see. sazaa dey sabh toon aam roop vishesh adhikaran daa nuksan atey ikant qaid sunn.
ikant qaid.
ikant qaid (adhikarat taur utte "vakkh karna" kiha jaanda haii; aam taur utte "vakkh karna" kiha jaanda haii) eesa purav jailh witch sazaa daa ikk aam roop see. kaidiaan noon tinn kaarnan karke alagg keeta jaa sakda haiyav unhan dee aapni benati 'teey; 30 dinan takk dee sazaa vajon; jaan beant samein laee parshaski udeshan laee. abhiaas witch, parshaski vakkh-vakhta dee varton aksar kaidiaan noon sazaa denh laee keeti jaandi see; parshaski vakkh-vakkh varton utte niyantaran bahut hii vivekpuran sunn atey iss tarahan durvarton laee khulleh sunn. kaidiaan noon ikk vaar witch mahiniaan jaan saalan takk ikantvas witch rakkhna aam gall see. udaharan dey laee, jaik mccain naam dey ikk kaidi neey 1970 atey 1974 dey vichkaar 1421 dinn-lagatar 754-ikant qaid witch bitaae.
rasmi taur utte vishesh sudhar ikai (aiss. see. yuu.) vajon jaane jaande, ikant qaid saillan noon aam taur utte kaidiaan atey staff duaara "penthouse" kiha jaanda see, kujh hadd takk saill blakan vicchon ikk dee uparli manzal utte uhanan dee sathiti dey caarn. (ih penthouse 1963 witch basement witch purane ikant qaid saillan noon badlan laee banaiaa giaa see, jinhan noon "chhek" vajon janhiaa jaanda see.) bee. see. jailh dey ikant qaid saillan noon ikk aadhunik jailh laee vishesh taur 'teey berhimi vajon janhiaa jaanda see.
saill bahut chhote sunn, tinn concreet deeaan kandhan binan khidkiaan dey, atey ikk thos steel daa darwaza jiss witch panj inch vargakar khidki corridor dey sahmane see. saillan witch siraf ikk dhonn daa besin/tilet daa sumel (siraf thanda paanee), atey ikk radio selector (doou channel sunn), atey ikk concreet paed see jiss witch farsh toon chaar inch dee plywod dee sheet see jiss utte kaidi saunde sunn. kaidi radio dee matra atey naa hii saill dey tapman noon niyantrit naheen qarr sakde sunn. saill witch lightan dinn witch 24 ghante chalu rahindiaan sunn, parr raat noon 25 vaat takk madham qarr dittiaan jandiaan sunn.
anushasani jaan parshaski kaarnan karke saku witch rahinn vaale kaidiaan noon pratee dinn 23.5 ghante aapne saillan witch seemat rakkhiaa javega. unhan noon addha ghanta kasrat ditti javegi, jiss witch saku witch saillan dey vichkaar galiaare witch ikalle turna shamal see. shaam noon ikk rubbed daa paed atey kambal ditta jaanda see atey harr sware ikkatha keeta jaanda see. kaidiaan noon bahr dekhan daa koee mauka naheen milega. surakhiaa hirasat laee saku witch maujood kaidiaan noon saara dinn rubbed daa paed atey kambal rakkhan dee aagiaa hovegi, atey kaee vaar pratee dinn addha ghanta bahr kasrat curran dee aagiaa hovegi. kaidiaan noon ikk dooje naal gall curran, kamm curran, school jaanh, library jaanh, tii. vee. dekhan jaan kise horr gallbat deeaan gatividhiaan witch shamal honn dee aagiaa naheen see.
sakhat sathitiaan toon ilava, saku witch gaardan duaara tang preshan karna atey durvivhar viaapak atey sathanak see.
fansi.
bee. see. jailh witch siraf ikk fansi ditti gaee see. canada witch maut dee sazaa dey khatme toon pahilan, fansi sanghi jelhan dee bajaae subai gaulan witch ditti jaandi see. 24 saal dey joseph smith dey mamle witch ikk apvaad banaiaa giaa see, jiss noon 31 janwari, 1913 noon fansi dey keey fansi dey ditti gaee see.
smith atey bee. see. jailh dey ikk horr kaidi, herman wilson neey 5 aktubar, 1912 noon bhajjan dee koshish dauran ikk gaard noon maar ditta see. wilson koshish dauran zakhmi hoow giaa see atey uss dey mukkadme toon pahilan uss deeaan sattan caarn uss dee maut hoow gaee see; smith noon katal daa mukaddama chalaiaa giaa see atey doshi thahiraiaa giaa see.
bee. see. jailh witch fansi denh daa adhikarat caarn ih see kii smith noon kise subai sanstha witch tabdil curran dee bajaae utthe uss noon rakkhna jaari rakkhna assan see. halanki, ih sambhavna haii kii iss daa udesh bee. see. jailh dey horr kaidiaan laee ikk udaharan vajon kamm karna see. fansi laee vishesh taur 'teey uss sathaan dey nede ikk manje daa nirman keeta giaa see, jitthe gaard bhajjan dee asfal koshish dauran maariaa giaa see. smith noon jailh kabarstan witch dafnaiaa giaa see.
dange atey bndhak banaun dey kamm.
aapne purane samein deeaan ziaadaatar surakhiaa jelhan dee tarahan, bee. see. jailh neey aapne poore itihaas dauran kaee kaidiaan deeaan aatam hattiaavan, sway-vigaad, hamle, chaku naal kuttan, bhajjan deeaan koshishan atey katal daa anubhav keeta. aapne baad dey saalan witch, bee. see. jailh aapne dangiaan atey bndhak banaun dey kamman laee jaanhi jaandi see.
iss dey shuruati itihaas witch bee. see. jailh witch kujh vaddiaan hinsk ghatnavan vapariaan sunn. iss neey 1934 takk, aapne sanchalan dey dey saal takk, aapne pahile dangiaan daa anubhav naheen keeta see. halanki, ih sahulat purane honn atey aadhunik jailh dey roop witch ghatt dhukvin honn dey naal inhan vaddiaan ghatnavan daa tezi naal anubhav karna shuru qarr ditta. bee. see. jailh deeaan ziaadaatar vaddiaan hinsk ghatnavan 1970 dey dahake witch iss dey aakhri 10 saalan dey appression witch vapariaan sunn. 1970 dey dahake dauran, bee. see. jailh canada witch sabh toon hinsk sanghi sansthavan vicchon ikk see. halat wigdon atey bee. see. paen vikhe hinsk ghatnavan dee vaddh rahee ginti neey 1980 witch iss noon bnd curran witch yogdan paaiaa.
1934 daa danga.
dange 1 satambar 1934 noon shuru hoye jadon satt kaidiaan neey aapna nirdharat kamm curran toon inkaar qarr ditta. 10 satambar takk 73 kaidi hadtal qarr rahey sunn. furniture atey pakhane dey naal-naal 182 khidkiaan vee tutt gaeeaan. dange 12 satambar noon khatam hoye jadon iss dey netavan noon paedal keeta giaa. kaidi aam taur utte maadi sathiti daa virodh qarr rahey sunn, atey ih vee mung qarr rahey sunn kii unhan noon uss kamm laee tankhah ditti jaave joe unhan neey keeta see. dangiaan neey canadian sarkaar laee aapne sanghi kaidiaan noon pratee dinn panj saint daa bhugtan curran dee neeti noon lagu curran witch mahattavpuran bhumika nibhai.
1963 dey dange atey bndhak banaun.
20 aprail, 1963 noon ikk gaard neey tinn kaidiaan noon bhajjan dee koshish karde hoye paaiaa. gaard neey kaidiaan utte golibari keeti atey unhan neey molotov coctail sutt keey jawab ditta. kaidi gairi cassie dee agvai witch tinn kaidiaan neey gaard pait danis noon bndhak bnaa liaa atey 15 horr kaidiaan naal mill keey aapne aap noon auditorium witch bnd qarr liaa. horr kaidiaan neey firr agg lagauni shuru qarr ditti atey jailh noon tabah qarr ditta.
kaidiaan neey sathanak parsarak jaik webster raahin gallbat curran 'teey zor ditta. "webster neey vancouver sunn laee ikk kahani witch likhiaa, "pagal ringleader, gairi cassie, uss daa kamzor chihra gusse naal bharr giaa, danis dey galey witch chaku maariaa atey merey vall chikiaa. "warden tomm haal noon dasso kii jey balad itthe aaa jaande hunn, taan gaard pahilan marr jaanda haii. tusin bahut ziaada webster marr javoge! aseen saare marr jaande haan. uss phone utte jaao!"
shaahi canadian ghudswar pulis atey canadian fauj neey auditorium noon chhadd keey jailh witch vivastha bahaal qarr ditti. bndhak banaun valiaan dee ikko-ikk mung see kii unhan noon bee. see. kalam toon bahr tabdil keeta jaave; iss mung noon savikar curran toon baad ghatna khatam hoow gaee.
1973 daa danga.
5 aktubar, 1973 noon tinn dinan daa danga shuru hoiaa see. 23 saillan noon tabah qarr ditta giaa see.
1975 bndhak banaun dey kamm.
farvari 1975 witch, ikk staff member noon chaar ghante laee bndhak bnaa keey rakkhiaa giaa see.
9 juun, 1975 noon savere karib 8 vaje tinn kaidiaan neey jailh dey 15 karamchariaan noon bndhak bnaa liaa see. ih ghatna 11 juun noon savere 1 vaje takk challi, kull 41 ghante, jadon jailh adhikariaan dey ikk hathiaarband rannitak daste neey jailh utte hamla qarr ditta. kaidiaan vicchon ikk, doshi kaatal aindi broos neey manukkhi dhaal vajon vartan laee ikk bndhak, vargikaran adhikari mairi steinhouser noon fadd liaa. 32 saala steinhouser dostana golibari naal maariaa giaa see, jadon kii satt noon doou vaar goli laggi see, parr uh bach giaa. ghatna dey kaarnan daa pataa lagaun laee ikk jaanch commission niyukat keeta giaa see. iss dey natijiaan witch shamal hann
4 julai noon ikk kaidi neey ikk jailh staff member noon atth ghante laee bndhak bnaa liaa see.
1976 dey dange atey bndhak banaun dey kamm.
farvari witch tinn kaidiaan neey tinn gaardan noon lagbhag 15 ghante laee bndhak bnaa liaa see.
aprail witch chaar kaidiaan neey tinn gaardan noon 13 ghante laee bndhak bnaa liaa see. uss maheene doou kaidi vee mritak paae gaye sunn.
juun witch, kaidiaan neey doou gaardan noon bndhak banaun dee koshish keeti; uh mamuli sattan laggan naal bach gaye.
31 agast noon, ikk kaidi neey ikk gaard noon sankhep witch bndhak bnaa liaa.
9 satambar toon, 12 dinan dee emergency dee sathiti see jadon gaardan neey overtime kamm curran toon inkaar qarr ditta see. iss dauran tinn kaidiaan dee maut hoow gaee.
27 satambar, 1976 noon kaidkhane dey itihaas dee sabh toon vaddi ghatna shuru hoee see. kaidiaan dee aabadi dee ikk vaddi pratishatata neey dange shuru qarr ditte kiunki unhan noon varkha laee unhan dey saillan toon rihaa qarr ditta giaa see. agle kujh dinan witch kaidiaan neey jailh dey ziaadaatar saill block atey kaee horr hissiaan noon tabah qarr ditta. unhan neey saill blakan dey vichkaar andruni kandhan noon nasht qarr ditta-joe kii lagbhag ikk sadee toon khadhiaan sunn-bahut saare mamlian witch aapne hatthan naal. mukkh shikaitan gaardan duaara durvivhar atey gaardan duaara navein, vadhere manukkhi nirdeshan dee palna curran toon inkaar karna see. doou gaardan noon bndhak bnaa liaa giaa. pulis danga controll squade atey canadian fauj dey sainikan neey jailh dey ghere noon gher liaa. jadon naveen bnee nagrik salahkar kameti mauke 'teey pahunchi atey gallbat witch hissa laina shuru keeta, taan bndhak banaun valiaan neey change iraade naal ikk bndhak noon rihaa qarr ditta, atey ant witch 2 aktubar noon ikk naun nukati samjhauta keeta giaa, jiss naal shantipuran dhang naal dange atey bndhak banaun daa ant hoiaa.
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british-columbia-kaaraagaarah
british-columbia-kaaraagaarah (BC-kaaraagaarah, samanyataya BC-pena tathaa pena iti nirdishyate) kenada-deshasya british-columbia-deshasya nyoo-westminster-nagare sthitah sangheey-adhikatam-surakshaa-kaaraagaarah aasit. saa. sha. poo.-kaaraagaarah, 1878 taha 1980 tame varshe sevaamuktam yaavat 102 varshaani yaavat karyam krutavaan. manitobaa-nagarasya paschimadishi prathamaa sangheey-danda-samsthaa aasit.
2021 september 8 dinaanke dwaaragruham vikreeya nootan-swaaminah governor-kessel iti punah namakaranam krutavantah.
colliers-antarashtriya-samsthaa bhavanasya $8,950,000 iti mulyankanam krutavatee, $4,500,00 krute atiriktam muktasthaanam, governor-nyayalayena ink ityanena krayanasamaye $13,450,000 iti kulam.
itihaasah.
1871 tame varshe british-columbia-deshah sanghe sammilitah, pashchim-kenada-deshasya janasankhyaa vardhamana cha, pashchim-kenada-deshe sangha-karagarasya aavashyakataa spashtaa abhavat. antaramahaadweepeey-relamaargasy nirmanam adyaapi naa krutam iti tathyam poorvadishi anyaan sangheey-samsthaan prati suduran bandinah parivahanam mahyam kathinam cha krutavaan, yena eshaa aavashyakataa itoapi teevrataa abhavat.
saa. sha. poo. karagarasya yojanaa, nirmaanam cha 1874 tame varshe aarabdham. nyoo westminster ityasya sapperton-parisarasya fraser-nadyaah paarshve parwatah cha chitam sthalam aasit. 1878 tame varshe kaaraagaarah prathamam kaidyam praapnot, tathaa cha anaavrutayaa udghaatitam.
saa. sha. poo. karagarasthalasya nirmaanaani bhavanaani samrachanaah cha kramena yojitaah. mool-parisare mukhya-dwaaragruham, katipayaani itica-kaashta-bhavanaani cha aasan. bruhad-prakoshta-khandaah, yatra adhikaamshaah antewaasinah aasan, 1904 taha 1914 paryantam nirameetaah aasan.
saa. sha. poo.-madhye karagarasya udghaatane samrachanaatmak-samasyaih pooritam aasit, yathaa-aadhaarastambhasy jalapralayah, doshapoorn-plumbing, heating, jalikabhihi baarah naa santi athavaa bhittisamoohe samyak naa sanlagnaani santi, uchita-chikitsaa-suvidhaanaam abhaawah cha. eteshaam samasyanam nivaaranaartham anekavarsheshu pramukhah marammataani naveekaranaani cha krutaani, adhikaamshaah karyani kaidyah kaaryadalaih nishpaadyanta.
praarambhe asya sthale kaashta-veshtanena veshtanam krutam aasit, yat sheeghramev 30-paada-shilaa-bhittim yaavat, ante 40-paada-drudha-bhittim yaavat cha unnateekrutam. pratyekam kone rakshaadal-stambhaah aasan.
1961 tamavarshaparyantam, karagarasya karagarat margasya param ekam krushikshetram aasit, yatra kechan kaidyah karyartham niyuktaah aasan. samsthaayaah pakashalayam prayuktasya bhojanasya mahattvapoornam bhaagam krushikshetram utpaadayat. 1950 tamasya dashakasy ante yaavat krushikshetram arthikadrushtya vyavahaaryam aasit. parantu, tasya prachaalanasy vardhamaanah vyayah, baahyasrotaambhyah khaadyasya krayanasya vyayah nyooneebhavati, antevasinam krushi-prashikshanasy upayogitaayaam nyunata prateeyate, tathaa cha pariveshtitakshetrasya vardhamaan-nagareekaranam cha, krushikshetram bandhayitum, krushikshetram nyoo-westminster-nagare vikreetum nirnayam akurvan.
kalantare kenada-deshasya karagara-sevaya nirnitanam manakanam anugunam karmachaari-aavashyakataah vardhamaanaah abhavan. 1950 tamasya dashakasy madhyabhaage te 171 aasan, tathaa cha 1976 tame varshe 363 yaavat vardhitaah aasan, yadyapi asmin kaale karagarasya janasankhyaa nyunikrutam aasit.
saa. sha. poo.-karagare 1950 tamaat dashakaat aarabhy 1958 tame varshe 765 kaidyaan dhaaranam krutvaa teevra-janasammarda anubhawitah. kenada-deshasya karagaraseva, antewaasinah anyeshu samsthaasu, yathaa sadyah udghatita vilium-head-samsthaa-prati sthanantaram krutvaa, etat nivaarayitum prayatatam. 1960 tamasya dashakasy madhyabhaagaparyantam, janasankhyaa praayah 500 kaidyah yaavat nyunikrutam aasit. parantu, anena himsatmakanam dangaah, bandhakanam cha kramaani naa rodhitaah, ye saa. sha. poo.-ante varsheshu karagaram badhayan aasan.
1979 maarch 12 dinaanke, kenada-deshasya sudhaar-sevaa, british-columbia-karagaram bandhitam bhavishyati iti ghoshayat. antewaasinah kramena kent-samsthaam prati sthaanaantaritaah, antimah antewaasinah 1980 tamasya varshasya februvari-masasya 15 dinaanke nishkaasitaah. 1980 tamasya varshasya mey-maase saptaahadwayebhyah prathamavaaram kaaraagaarah janaanaam krute udghaatitah; 80,000 taha adhikaah janaah muktagruham prati upasthitavantah. yadyapi 102 varshaanaam poorvam saa. sha. poo.-karagare samarohah vaa aarabhah vaa vinaa udghaatitah aasit, tathaapi 1980 mey 10 dinaanke tasya samapanartham, vividhaihi ganyaih saha aupachaarikah samarohah aayojitah.
poorva-saa. sha. poo.-pena-sait-madhye adhikaamshaani bhavanaani dhvamsaani, niwaas-aawaas-udyaana-bhoomih cha pratisthapitaha. mool-karagarasya kevalam chatwaarah bhagaha eva adyaapi avashishtaah santi-dwaaragruham (yat adhunaa creedaa-baar asti), angaaragruham, mool-kendra-khandah (yah karyalayarupena parivartitah asti), tathaa cha kabristaanam.
nityakarma.
tasya karyasya antimavarsheshu, samanyajanasankhyayam kaidyaanaam dinacharyayaha kramah nimnavat aasit-praatah 7 vaadane vardhate; prakoshtasya swaccham, kshauram, snaanam, pakashalayaha praatahbhojanam krutvaa prakoshte khaadate; praatah 8 vaadane karyasya prativedanam karoti; praatah 11:30 samaye karyat nishkaasate; madhyaahnabhojanam krutvaa gananaay tathaa gruhapraveshaartham prakoshtam prati pratyaagamati; prakoshte madhyaahnabhojanam khaadati; aparaahne 1 vaadanebhyah saayam 3 vaadanebhyah karyam karoti; pakashalataha ratribhojanam sangruheeyate; gananaay tathaa gruhabandhanaaya prakoshte pratyaagamati; prakoshte ratribhojanam khaadati; shitakale saayam 6 vaadanebhyah raatrih 9 vaadanebhyah/grishmakaale 10:00 vaadanebhyah viraamakaalah; saayam 11:00 samaye prakoshta-prakoshte punah aagacchatu.
suvidhaah.
saa. sha. poo.-karagare tasya yugasya adhikatamasurakshayaha karagarasya maanakavisheshataah aasan. eteshu anyeshu vastushu, prakoshta-khandaah, karyalayaha, chikitsaalayah, pakashalaha, kaaryasthal-vidyaalaya-suvidhaah, dwau chyaapel-kshetrau (ekaha catholic, ekaha protestant) cha aasan. ekaha vishishtah vishayah aasit yat bhojanalaya naseet; ataha antewaasinah swakosheshu bhojanam kartum arhanti sma.
samaadhih.
saa. sha. poo.-karagare boot hill iti karagarasya kabristambhah aasit. saa. sha. poo. karagare mrutaanaam adhikamshanam kaidyaanaam avasheshaanaam krute teshaam kutumbeh daavaah krutah; ye naa aasan te boot-parvatasya upari samaadhisthaah. samaadhi-khananm, sthala-rakshanm, samaadhi-chihnanam shavapetikaanaam cha nirmanam ityadini sarvaani karyani antewaasinah krutavantah. 1913 tame varshe idam shmashanam aadhikaarikaroopen udghaatitam, parantu sambhawatah 1912 tame varshe prayuktam aasit.
praayah 50 kaidyoho avasheshaah adyaapi tatra samadhitaha santi. smashanasya praarambhikavarsheshu abhilekhaah naa savadhanataya gruheetaah, naa samrakshitaah, naa cha avishrayaah santi. adhikaamshaah samaadhih kevalam kaidyasya karagara-sankhyayaa utkeernaih laghuvrukshaah shilalekhaha santi. kechan kaidyah achihnita-samaadhishu samadhitaha santi.
yadyapi tatah param karagarasya adhikaamshah bhaagah dhwamsah abhavat, tathaapi adhunaa glenbrook-revain-udyaane () iti smashanasthanam asti. saa. sha. poo. karagarasya bandhanaat param, sangha-sarwakaarah nyoo-westminster-nagaraya smashanasthanam samarpayt. tatra smashanasthanam asti iti atyalpaah janaah jaananti, tasya rakshanm nyoo-westminster-nagare bhavati, tathaa cha tasya soochanaafalakah asti yasmin kaidyaanaam samaadhi-soochanaah asti iti. glenbrook-revain-paark ityasya itihasa-khande asya shmashaaneh ullekhah asti.
daukhobors iti.
20 shataabdyaah madhyabhaage british-columbia-daukhobors ityasya swatantra-sampradaayasy putrena saha sarvakaareey-sangharshe saa. sha. poo.-karagare bahudhaa samlagnaa aasit. asmin kaale, swaatantryaah putraah saarwajanik-nagnataa-agnisamyog-kriyaam krutvaa sarvakaareey-hastakshepasya athavaa anyayaha viruddham virodham krutavantah; parinaamatah te bahudhaa saamoohik-bandhane paryavartitaah aasan, yasya parinaamen saamoohik-dandah abhavat.
1931 tame varshe, saa. sha. poo. 600 taha adhikaah daukhobors-janaah saarwajanik-nagnataayaah karanat trivarsheeya-kaaraavaasasy dande danditaah abhavan. saa. sha. poo. kaaraagaarah kaidyaanaam janasankhyaayaah etaadrusham vruddhihi niyantrayitum asamarthah aasit, ataha saa. sha. poo. karagarasya adhikaare, visheshatah eteshaam kaidyaanaam nivaasaartham piers-dweepe upagraha-karagarasya nirmanam krutam. yadaa eteshu adhikamshanam dandanam avadhihi samapta abhavat, tadaa karagara-shibiram bandhitam abhavat, sheshaah daukhobor-antewaasinah mukhya-karagaram prati sthaanaantaritaah abhavan.
1950 tame varshe, arsen-sambadhaanaam daukhobors-ityeteshaam anyah saamoohik-dandah abhavat. pratyutare, saa. sha. poo.-karagare mukhya-karagarasya sameepe eteshaam kaidyaanaam krute swa-niyantrita-parisarah sthaapitah. yadyapi peers-dweepe anubhawah praayah shaantiyutah aasit, asmin samaye vishayeshu bhinnata aasit. kaidyah 1951 tame varshe dwayoh dvivaaram parisarasya agnihi praavartayan, pashchat praayah tasya naasham akurvan. tatah daukhobor-bandinah mukhya-karagaram prati sthaanaantaritaah, yatra te 35-divasanam upaahaar-karmasu bhaagam agruhnan, yat balaat aahaaren samaapyat.
1953 tame varshe anyasmin agnisamyogasya, saarwajanik-nagnataa-ghatanaayaah cha vishaye anyat saamuhikam dandah abhavat. saa. sha. poo. karagare nootanaani kuteeraah nirmitaani, parantu asmin samaye mukhyakoshikaawirodhak-prakoshteshu agni-proofed-kosheshu daukhobor-ityetaan sthaanaantarayitum sthaanam rikttam kartum samanya-karagara-janaanaam sadasyanam nivaasaartham teshaam upayogah krutah.
1961 tathaa 1962 tame varshe arsen ityasya anyah chakrah agacies parvata-karagarasya nirmaanaay preritah, yat saa. sha. poo. karagarasya upagrah aasit. etat karagaram visheshatah daukhobor-bandinaam nivaasaartham parikalpitam aasit. yatah dokhobor-janaah kaaraavaase kasyaapi karyam kartum niraakrutaah, ataha nutanasamsthayam kaidyaanaam krute naa karya-kaaryakramah aasit, naa visheshaadhikaarah aasit. sampoornam karagaram agnidahat nivaarayitum parikalpitam aasit, yatra peetopakaranaani cha sarvam, concret-dhaatubhih vaa nirmitam aasit. vastraani, shayan-yantraani cha ityaadayah sarvaani vastraani agnirodhakaani aasan. svatantraputranam netaarah, yuvakaah api pruthak rakshitaah. antewaasinah 1962 august-maase upaahaar-andolanam aarabhant, yat ekavarshaat api adhikam yaavat anwawartat, yasya parinaamen balaat aaharam api dattvaa, kuposhanasya karanat ekaha mrutyuhu abhavat.
antimah daukhobor-bandee 1970 tame varshe muktah abhavat. agacies-parvata-kaaraagaarah saa. sha. poo. karagarasya vruddha-kaidyaanaam krute kaaraagaararoopen parivartitah, ante cha pruthak madhyam-surakshaa-samsthaaroopen vibhaktaa.
anushaasanam dandam cha.
saa. sha. poo. karagare prayuktaanaam karagaraniyamanam ullanghananam dandasya vidhaanaani kaalakramen vikasitaani. shaareerik-dandah praarambhe anekeshaam ullamghanaam krute adhimanyata vidhihi aasit, yatra kopaa sarvaadhikam samanyam aasit. 1972 tame varshe yaavat sharirikam dandam purnataya nishedhitam naa abhavat taavat sharirikam dandam kramena samaaptam jaatam. anyeshu samanya-dandeshu shrunkhalaayaam karyam, rutee-jalasya dandaatmak-aharaha, ekaantavaasah cha antarbhavanti sma.
saa. sha. poo.-nagarasya karagarasya adhika-aadhunik-avataarasya dandah adhikatayaa adhikaari-vyavasthayaa vyavasthaapitah aasit. dandasya samanyatamani roopaani visheshaadhikaarasy haanih, ekaantavaasah cha aasan.
ekaantavaasah.
ekaantavaasah (aadhikaarikaroopen "pruthakkaranam" iti kathyate; samanyataya "pruthakkaranam" iti nirdishyate) saa. sha. poo. karagare dandasya samanyaha prakaarah aasit. bandeeh tribhihi kaaranaih pruthakkaare sthaapayitum shakyante-swa-anurodhena; 30 dinaparyantam dandarupena; athavaa aparimita-kaalaparyantam prashaasanik-prayojanartham. vyavahaare, kaidyaan shikshayitum praayah prashaasanik-pruthakkaranasya upayogah krutah; prashaasanik-pruthakkaranasya upayogasya niyantranam atyantam vivekaadheenam aasit, ataha durupayogaay muktam aasit. kaidyah ekavaaram massan varshaan api vaa ekaantavaase sthaapitaah iti samanyam aasit. yathaa, jyaak mccan naamakah kaidee 1970 taha 1974 paryantam 1421 dinaani-teshu 754 dinaani-ekaantavaase vyateetavaan.
aupachaarikaroopena vishesha-samshodhana-ghatakah (ess. see. yoo.) iti namna prasidhah, ekaanta-karavasa-kakshah samanyataya kaidyaih, karmachaaribhih cha "pent-house" iti namna prasidhah aasit, aamshikaroopena teshaam sthanasya karanat yat ekaa kosha-khandasya uparibhaage asti. (pent-house 1963 tame varshe, "da-hole" iti namna prasiddhanaam, bhutalasthanam puraatanaam ekaanta-karavasa-kakshanam sthanartham nirmitam aasit.) saa. sha. poo. karagarasya ekaanta-karavasa-prakoshtaah aadhunik-karagarasya krute visheshatah kroorah iti prasidhaah aasan.
kakshaah atyantam laghavah aasan, yatra treeni prakara-bhittayah aasan, yatra kinchan jalika naseet, tathaa cha pancha-inch-varga-jalika yuktah drudah ispaatah-dwaarah cha carridar-prati abhimukhah aasit. kaksheshu kevalam vaash-besin/shauchaalaya-samyojanam (kevalam sheetalam jalam), radio-chayanakah (vahinyabhyam dwau cha), tathaa cha prushtatah chaturvimshataha playwood-sheet ityanena aacchaaditam concreet-pyaad aasit, yasmin antewaasinah nidrante sma. antewaasinah radio-ityasya parimanam vaa kakshasya taapamaanam vaa niyantrayitum naa shaktavantah. prakoshtasya deepaani dine 24 ghantaah prajwalitaani aasan, parantu raatrau 25 vyaat yaavat mlanani aasan.
anushasanatmaka-prashaasanik-kaaranaih vaa ye kaidyah skoo-madhye aasan te pratidinam 23.5 ghantaah swakosheshu eva seemitaah bhavanti sma. teshaam ardhaghantaayaah vyayamaha deeyate, yasmin skyoo-madhye koshikanam madhye margasya madhye ekaakim chalanam bhavati sma. sayankale rabbar-pyaad, kambalah cha pradattam, pratidinam praatahkaale cha sangruhitam bhavati sma. antewaasinah bahihi drashtum naa avasarah prapnuyat. rakshartham skyoo-madhye sthitaan kaidyah sampoorne dine rabbar-pyaad, kambalashch dhaarayitum anumataah bhavanti sma, kadaachit pratidinam ardhaghantaam yaavat bahihi vyaayaamam kartum anumataah bhavanti sma. antewaasinah parasparm vakttum, karyam kartum, vidyaalayam gantum, pustakaalayam drashtum, dooradarshanam drashtum, anyeshu keshuchit samvaadaatmak-kaaryeshu bhaagam graheetum vaa naa anumataah aasan.
kathor-paristhitayah atirichya, skoo-madhye rakshakaih utpeedanam durwyawahaarah cha vyaapakah, sthaanikah cha aasit.
mrutyudandah.
saa. sha. poo. karagare kevalam ekasyaah mrutyudandasya kaaryam abhavat. kenada-deshe mrutyudandasya nirmulanaat poorvam, sangheey-karagaranam apekshayaa prantiya-gaul-nagareshu mrutyudandah dattah aasit. 24 varsheeyasya joseph smit ityasya vishaye apavaadah krutah, yah 1913 janavaree 31 dinaanke faanseedwaaraa mrutyudanditah.
smith, bee. see. karagarasya anyah kaidee herman willson cha 1912 october 5 dinaanke palayanaprayase rakshikaam maaritavantah. willson, prayasasya samaye vranitah abhavat, tasya vichaaranaat poorvam tasya vranaat cha mrutah; smith ityasya vichaaranaam krutvaa hatyayaha doshaaropanam cha krutam.
saa. sha. poo. karagare mrutyudandasya adhikarikam karanam yat, tasya prantiyasamstham sthanantarasya apekshayaa, tatra smith ityasya nivaasah anuvartayitum sulabhah aasit iti aasit. parantu, sambhawatah etat saa. sha. poo. karagarasya anyaan kaidyaan udaaharanaroopen darshayitum uddeshitam aasit. nishpadanartham, yatra asafalasya palayanaprayase rakshaka maaritah aasit, tasya sameepe, ekam paritah visheshatayaa nirmitam aasit. smit karagarasya shmashaane samaadhisthah.
dangaah bandhakanam cha kaaryam.
swasya praacheenakaalasy adhikaamsha-surakshaa-karagaran iva, saa. sha. poo.-karagare api sampoorne itihaase anekaani kaidya-atmahatyani, aatma-vikruteekaranaani, aakramanaani, churikaaghaatah, palaayanaprayaasah, hatyaah cha abhavan. tasya uttaravarsheshu, saa. sha. poo.-karagare, tasya dangaah, bandhaka-karyani cha prasidhaah abhavan.
saa. sha. poo. karagarasya praarambhik-itihaase kechan pramukhah himsaatmak-ghatanaah aasan. 1934 tamavarshaparyantam, tasya karyasya 56 tamavarshaparyantam, tasya prathamam dangaa naa abhavat. parantu eteshaam pramukhah ghatanaah adhikatayaa anubhavitum aarabdhaani, yatah eshaa suvidhaa vruddhaa abhavat, aadhunik-kaaraagaararoopen api nyoon-upayuktaa abhavat. saa. sha. poo. karagarasya adhikaamshaani pramukhah himsaatmakaani ghatanaah 1970 tame dashake tasya antima-dashavarsheshu karyakale abhavan. 1970 tame dashake, bee. see. kaaraagaarah kenada-deshasya sarvaadhika-himsaatmak-sangheey-samsthaasu anyatamah aasit. sthitihi vikaraalah, bee. see. penn ityatra himsaatmak-ghatanaah cha 1980 tame varshe tasya nishkaasane yogadam dattavantah.
1934 tame varshe vidroham jaatam.
1934 tamasya varshasya september-masasya 1 dinaanke dangaa arabdha, yadaa sapta kaidyah swaniyuktam karyam kartum niraakrutavantah. september 10 paryantam 73 kaidyah praharam kurwantah aasan. peetopakaranaani, shauchaalayaani cha, 182 kitikaah cha bhagnaani abhavan. september 12 dinaanke yadaa tasya netaarah padachalitaha tadaa dangaa samapta. antewaasinah samanyataya durdashaayaah sthitim prati aandolanam kurwantah aasan, tathaa cha teshaam krutakarmanaam krute vetanam daatum cha yachanam akurvan. kenada-deshasya sarvakaarena swasya sangheey-kaidyaanaam krute pratidinam pancha sents-vetanasya neetim pravartayitum dangaa mahattwapoornah aasit.
1963 tame varshe dangaa, bandhakatvam cha.
1963 april 20 dinaanke ekaha rakshaka, trayam baddhim palaayanam kartum prayatatam drushtavaan. rakshakaah bandinah upari agniprahaaram krutavantah, te molotov-coctails-ityetaan praharan pratyuttarm dattavantah. ante bandee-jeree-kesee ityasya netrutve trayah antewaasinah, rakshakaah pyaat denis ityetam bandhakam krutvaa anyaih 15 kaidyaih saha sabhaagruhe baddhavantah. tatah anye kaidyah agniprajwalanam aarabhy karagarasya vinaasham cha akurvan.
antewaasinah sthaniya-prasarakasya jyaak-webster ityasya madhyamena vaartaalaapam kartum aagraham akurvan. "unmattah ringleader, jeree kesee, tasya ksheenah mukham krodhena nikshiptah, dennis ityasya kanthasya upari chhurikaa praharam krutvaa mama upari chitavaan" iti webster, vaanakoovar-sunn ityasya kathayam alikhat. "warden taam haal ityasmai vadatu yadi atra shaaloh praavartante tarhi rakshaka prathamam mriyati. bhavaan ati-webster iti mriyati. vayam sarve mriyaamah. tatt durabhasham prapnuyat!"
rayal-kanadian-ashwaarohee-aarakshakaah, kenadian-senaa cha karagarasya vyavasthaam punahsthaapayan, sabhamandapam vihaay. bandhakanam ekamaatrah aagrah aasit yat te saa. sha. poo. lekhaapatraat bahihi sthanantaritavyani iti; eshaa yachana sveekrutvaa eshaa ghatana samapta.
1973 tame varshe dangaa abhavat.
1973 october 5 dinaanke tridivasasya dangaa aarabhat. trishatakm prakoshtam nashtam abhavat.
1975 tame varshe bandhakanam karyam.
1975 februvari-maase ekaha karmachaari sadasyah chaturvaaram prati ghantaah bandhakatvena nyastah.
1975 joon 9 dinaanke praatah praayah 8 vaadane 15 kaaraagruheshu karmachaarinah trayah kaidyah bandhitaah abhavan. eshaa ghatana joon-masasya 11 dinaanke praatah 1 vaadane yaavat, aahaty 41 ghantaah yaavat, yaavat anwawartat, yadaa karagara-adhikarinam sashastra-saamarik-dalah karagaram aakramayat. anteshu ekaha, doshee hantakah andie broosah, maanav-rakshaakavacharoopen upayoktum bandhakah, vargeekaran-adhikaarinah merry stanhouser ityenam gruheetavaan. 32 varsheeyah steinhouser mitravat agnyuaa maaritah, broosah dvivaaram golikayaa maaritah, parantu jeevitah. ghatanaayaah kaaranaani nirnetum anveshana-ayogah niyuktah. tasya nishkarsheshu antarbhavanti.
julai 4 dinaanke, ekaha karagarasya karmachaari sadasyah, ekena kaidyena ashtaghantaam yaavat bandhakatvena gruheetah.
1976 tame varshe dangaah bandhakanam cha kaaryam.
februvari-maase, trayah bandinah praayah 15 ghantaah yaavat trayah rakshakaah bandhakaan gruheetavantah.
april-maase, chatwaarah bandinah 13 ghantaah yaavat trayah rakshakaah bandhakaan gruheetavantah. tasmin maase dwau kaidyau api mrutau drushtau.
joon-maase, bandinah rakshakarau dwau bandhakam graheetum prayatanta; te laghuvrukshaihi saha palaayitaah.
august 31 dinaanke ekaha kaidihi alpakalam yaavat rakshakam bandhakam krutavaan.
september 9 dinaankaat aarabhy, 12 divasanam apatkalaha aasit yadaa rakshakaah adhikakalam karyam kartum niraakrutavantah. asmin kaale trayah bandinah mrutaah.
saa. sha. poo. karagarasya itihaase bruhattamaa pramukhaa ghatana 1976 tamasya varshasya september-masasya 27 dinaanke arabdha. antevasinam janasankhyaayaah ekaha bruhat bhaagah, yadaa te swagruhaat varshanaartham mukttaah abhavan, tadaa dangaah aarabhant. agrimeshu katipayeshu dineshu kaidyah adhikamshan prakoshtaan, karagarasya anyaan api bhagan cha dhwamsawantah. te praayah ekashataabdyaah poorvam kosha-khandanam madhye sthitaani aantarik-bhittayah bahushu sandarbheshu swahastaih nashtavantah. rakshakaih durwyawahaarah, rakshakaih nootanaani, adhikaani manaviyani nirdeshaani anusaranam kartum asweekrutam cha iti pramukhah abhiyogaah aasan. rakshakaah dwau bandhitaah abhavan. arakshakanam dangaa-niyantrana-dastakaah, kenadaadeshasy senaah cha karagarasya paridhim pariveshtitavantah. navagathitasya nagarika-paraamarsh-samitihi sthaane aagaty vaartaalaapeshu bhaagam graheetum aarabhat, bandika-graheetaah sadbhavanaya ekam bandhakam muktavantah, ante october 2 dinaanke navasoochanaah sandhihi abhavat, yena shaantipoorvakam dangaa, bandhaka-grahanam cha samaaptam abhavat. | british kolambiya siraichaalai
british kolambiya siraichaalai (kii. muuu. siraichaalai, podhuvaaga kii. muuu. paenaa mattrum paenaa endru kurippidappadugiradhu) kanadaavin british kolambiyaavin neu westminsteril amainthulla oru koottaatchi adhigapatcha paathukaappu siraichaalai aagum. kimu siraichaalai 1878 muthal 1980 ill panineekkam seiyappadum varai 102 aandugal seyalpattathu. idhu manidoapaavukku maerkae ulla muthal koottaatchi thandanai niruvanamaagum.
nuzhaivaayil septumber 8,2021 andru virkappattathu mattrum puthiya urimaiyaalargalaal covernor koattai endru marupeyaridappattathu.
colliers international kattidaththai $8,950,000 aaga mathippittathu, koodudhal thiranthavezhi $4,500,00 aaga irunththathu, covernor neethimandram ink vaangkum neraththil moththam $13,450,000 aaga irunththathu.
varalaaru.
varalaaru british kolambiya koottamaippil inaintha piragu, maerku kanadaavin makkal thogai athikariththathaal, maerku kanadaavil oru koottaatchi siraichaalai thaevai enbathu velippadaiyaagath thoantriyathu. kandam vittu kandam sellum irayil paathai innum kattappadavillai endra unmai, kizhakkae neenda thoora kaithigalai mattra koottaatchi niruvanangalukku kondu selvathu vilai uyarnththathaakavum kadinamaagavum irunththathu, idhu inththa thevaiyai maelum athikariththathu.
kimu siraichchaalaiyin thittamidal mattrum kattumanam 1874 aam aandil thodangiyathu. thernthedukkappatta thalam neu westminsterin saapartan suttruppuraththil ulla fraser aattraik kaanum oru malaippaguthi. 1878 aam aandil sirai adhan muthal kaithigalaip pettrathu mattrum aaravaram illaamal thirakkappattathu.
kimu siraichaalai thalaththai uruvaakkiya kattidangal mattrum kattamaippugal padippadiyaaga serkkappattana. asal valaagam pirathaana vaail illam mattrum oru sila sengal mattrum maraa kattidangalaik kondirundhadhu. perumpaalaana kaithigal thangkiyiruntha periya siraith thoguthigal 1904 mattrum 1914 kku idaiyil kattappattana.
kimu siraith thalam thirakkappattapoathu, adiththalaththil vellam, thavaraana plumbing mattrum heating, jannalgalil irunthu paarkal kaanaamal poanathu allathu suvarkalil sariyaaga ottappadavillai, muraiyaana maruththuva vasathigal illaathathu ullitta kattamaippu sikkalkal nirainthirunthana. inththa pirachchanaikalaith theerppatharkaaga pala aandugalaaka periya pazhuthupaarppugal mattrum pudhuppiththal nadaththappattana, perumpaalaana vaelaigal kaithi panikkulukkalaal seiyappattana.
inththa thalam aarambaththil oru maraa vaeliyaal vaeli vaikkappattathu, idhu viraivil 30 addii paarai suvarkalaagavum, iruthiyaaka 40 addii concreed suvarkalaagavum maempaduththappattathu. ovvoru moolaiyilum kaavalar koopurangal amaikkappattirunthana.
1961 varai, siraichaalaiyil oru pannai irunththathu, idhu siraichchaalaiyilirunthu theruvin kurukkae amainthullathu, angku sila kaithigal vaelai seiya niyamikkappaduvaargal. niruvanaththin samaiyalaraiyil payanpaduththappadum unavup porutkalil kanisamaana paguthiyai pannai urpaththi seithathu. athikariththana pirpaguthiyil inththa pannai porulaathaara reethiyaaga saathiyamaanathaaga irunththathu. iruppinum, adhan seyalpaattu selavugal athikarippathu, veli moolangkalilirunthu unavu vaangkuvatharkaana selavugal kuraivathu, kaithigalukku vivasaayap payirchiyai vazhangkuvathan payanil aerpatta veelchchi mattrum suttriyulla paguthiyin nagarppuramayamaakkal aagiyavai pannaiyai moodi puthiya westminster nagaraththirku vivasaaya nilangkalai virka mudivu seiya vazhivaguththathu.
kanadiya siraichaalai sevaiyaal kattalaiyidappatta tharanilaikalinpadi kaalappoakkil oozhiyargalin thaevaigal athikariththana. athikariththana naduppaguthiyil avai 171 aaga irunththana, inththa kaalakattathil siraivaasigalin ennikkai kuraindha poathilum, poathilum avai 363 aaga uyarnththana.
kimu kimu thodangi thodangi 765 kaithigalaik konda siraichaalai kadumaiyaana koottaththai santhiththathu. sameepaththil thirakkapatta villiyam thalaimai niruvanam poantra pira niruvanangalukku kaithigalai maattruvathan moolam kanediya siraichaalai saevai idhaith thanikka muyantrathu. muyantrathu naduppaguthiyil, makkal thogai sumar 500 kaithigalaagak kuraikkappattathu. iruppinum, kimu siraichchaalaiyin iruthi aandugalil thodarnthu nadantha vanmurai kalavarangal mattrum pinaikkaithikal nadavadikkaikalukku idhu idamalikkavillai.
maarch 12,1979 andru, kanadaavin seerthiruththa saevai british kolambiya siraichaalai moodappadum endru ariviththathu. kaithigal padippadiyaaga kent niruvanaththirku maattrappattanar, kadaisi kaithi pipravari 15,1980 andru purapattaar. mae 1980 ill irandu vaarangkalukku, sirai muthal muraiyaaga pothumakkalukkaaga thirakkappattathu; 80,000 kkum maerpattoar thirantha veliyil kalandhu kondanar. kimu 102 aandugalukku munbu endha vilaavoa aaravaaramo illaamal siraichaalai thirakkappattirunthaalam, palvaeru piramugargal kalandhu konda oru muraiyaana vizhaa, mae 10,1980 andru adhan niraivaik kurikkum vagaiyil nadaipettrathu.
kimu munnaal paenaa thalaththil irunththa perumpaalaana kattidangal idikkappattu, adharku pathilaaka kudiyiruppu veedugal mattrum poongkaakkal amaikkappattullana. asal siraichchaalaiyin naanku pakuthikal mattumae innum ullanah nuzhaivaayil (idhu ippoathu oru vilayaattu pattaiyaaka ullathu), nilakkari illam, asal maiyath thoguthi (idhu aluvalagangkalaaka maattrappattullathu) mattrum kallarai.
andraadam seiyum vazhakkam.
adhan seyalpaattin pirpaguthiyil, podhu makkalil kaithigalin andraada vazhakkam pinvarumaaru irunthathu kaalai 7 manikku ezhuthal; sutthamaana chell, shave mattrum kazhuvudhal; samaiyalaraiyil irunthu kaalai unavaip pettru, adhai araiyil saappidungal; kaalai 8 manikku vaelaikkuch sellungal; kaalai 3 manikku vaelaiyai vittu veliyaerungkal; mathiya unavai eduththu, ennikkai mattrum poottuthalukkaaga chell thirumbavum; chell mathiya unavu saappidungal; mathiyam 1 manii muthal pirpakal 3 manii varai vaelai seiyungal; samaiyalaraiyil irunthu iravu unavaich sekarikkavum; ennikkai mattrum poottuthalukkaaga chell thirumbavum; chell iravu unavu saappidavum; kulirkaalaththil maalai 6 manii muthal iravu 9 manii varai oaivu kaalam/koadai kaalaththil aii. dii. 2> manii varai; chell blackil <aii. dii. 1> manikku thirumba vaendum.
vasathigal.
kimu siraichaalai adhan sagaapthaththin adhigapatcha paathukaappu siraichchaalaiyin nilaiyaana amsangkalaik kondirundhadhu. ivatrtril, mattravattrudan, chell pilaakkugal, aluvalagangkal, oru maruthuvamanai, oru samaiyalarai, vaelai mattrum palli vasathigal mattrum irandu devaalayangal (oru catholicar, oru protestant) aagiyavai adangkum. oru thanitthuvam ennaventraal, angku saappaattu arai illai, enavae kaithigal thangal araikalil thangal unavai saappida vaendiyirunththathu.
kallarai.
kimu siraichaalai thalaththil puut hiill endra sirai kallarai irunththathu. kimu siraiyil iranththa perumpaalaana kaithigalin echchangkal avarkalin kudumbangalaal urimai koorappattana; illaathavarkal puut hillil pudhaikkappattanar. kallaraigalai thoanduthal, thazha paramarippu mattrum kallarai kurippaangal mattrum savappettikal kattudhal poantra kallarai thodarpaana anaitthu vaelaigalum kaithigalaal seiyappattana. inththa kallarai 1913 aam aandil athikaarappoorvamaaga thirakkappattathu, aanaal anegamaaga 1912 aam aandil payanpaattil irunththathu.
sumar 50 kaithigalin echchangkal innum angku pudhaikkappattullana. kallaraiyin aaramba aandugalil, pathivukal kavanamaaga edukkappadavillai allathu paathukaakkappadavillai, maelum avai nambaththagunthavai alla. perumpaalaana kallaraigal kaithigalin sirai ennudan mattumae porikkapatta siriya concreed kallaraigalaal kurikkappadugindrana. sila kaithigal kurikkappadaadha kallaraigalil adakkam seiyappattullanar.
siraichchaalaiyin perumbaguthi idikkappattirunthaalam, kallarai innum ippoathu clenbrook pallatthaakku poongkaavaaga irukkum idaththil ullathu. kimu siraichaalai moodappatta piragu, matthiya arasu kallaraiyai neu westminster nagaraththirku oppadaiththathu. kallarai angku ullathu, idhu neu westminster nagaraththaal paraamarikkappadukirathu mattrum kaithigalin kallaraith thagavalkaludan oru thagaval thagadu ullathu enbathu migak kuraindha makkalukkuth theriyum. clenbrook pallatthaakku poongaavin varalaattru pirivil inththa kallarai kurippidappattullathu.
tookoapoargal.
kimu 20 aam noottraandin naduppaguthiyil british kolambiya tucoporsin suthanthirap pirivin magangaludan arasaangka moathalkalil siraichaalai perithum eedupattathu. inthak kaalakattathil, suthanthiraththin magangal podhu nirvaana mattrum theevaippu seyalkalin moolam arasaangka thalayeedu allathu aneethikku ethiraaga ethirppu theriviththanar; idhan vilaivaaga avarkal adikkadi vegujana kaithukalukku utpaduththappattanar, idhan vilaivaaga vegujana thandanaigal aerpattana.
1931 aam aandil, kimu 600 kkum maerpatta dugoporgalukku podhu nirvaanaththirkaaga moontru aandu siraiththandanai vithikkappattathu. kimu siraichaalaiyaal kaithigalin ennikkaiyil iththagaiya athikarippaik kaiyaala mudiyavillai, enavae kimu siraichchaalaiyin athikaaraththin keezh oru seyarkaikkoal siraichaalai bears theevil kurippaaga inththa kaithigalai thanga vaippatharkaaga kattappattathu. inththa thandanaigalil perumbaalaanavai kaalaavathiyaagivittapoathu, sirai mugaam moodappattathu mattrum meethamulla tugopore kaithigal pirathaana siraichaalaikku maattrappattanar.
1950 aam aandil, aarsangal thodarpaana toogopoargalukku mattroru vegujana thandanai vazhangkappattathu. idharku pathilalikkum vithamaaga, kimu siraichaalai mukiya siraichaalaikku arugil inththa kaithigalukku oru thanniraivu konda valaagaththai amaiththathu. bears theevil anubavam perumpaalum amaithiyaaga irunththapoathilum, inththa murai vishayangkal viththiyaasamaaga irunththana. kaithigal 1951 aam aandil irandu murai valaakaththirku thee vaiththanar, pinththaiya murai perumpaalum adhai azhiththanar. tugobor kaithigal pinnar pirathaana siraikku maattrappattanar, angku avarkal 35 naall unnaaviraththil pankettranar, adhu kattaaya unavudan mudivadainthathu.
1953 aam aandil mattroru theevaippu mattrum podhu nirvaana sambavam thodarbaaga mattroru vegujana thandanai aerpattathu. kimu siraichaalaiyil puthiya kudisaigal kattappattana, aanaal inththa murai avai podhu siraivaasigalin uruppinargalai thanga vaikkap payanpaduththappattana, ithanaal mukiya chell pilaakkugalil ulla thee-thaduppu araikalukkul toogobargalai nagarththuvatharku idam odhukkappattathu.
1961 mattrum 1962 aam aandugalil mattroru suttru arsen kimu siraichchaalaiyin seyarkaikkoalaaga acassis malai siraichaalai uruvaakkath thoondiyathu. inththa siraichaalai kurippaaga tugopore kaithigalai thanga vaikkum vagaiyil vadivamaikkappattathu. siraiyil irukkumpoathu tookoaparkal endha vaelaiyaiyum seiya maruthathaal, puthiya niruvanaththil kaithigalukku vaelaith thittangal mattrum salugaigal ethuvum illai. muzhu siraichchaalaiyum theeppidippathaith thavirkkum vagaiyil vadivamaikkappattathu, thalapaadangal udpada anaiththum concreed allathu uloagaththaal seiyappattana. aadai mattrum padukkai poantra anaitthu thunigalum theeppizhampattravaiyaaka irunththana. sudhanthira magangalin thalaivarkalum, ilaiya aangalum pirikkappattanar. kaithigal august 1962 ill unnaaviraththaith thodangkinar, idhu oru varudaththirkum maelaaga thodarnthathu, idhan vilaivaaga uuttachchaththu kuraipaattaal oruvar iranthaar, kattaayamaaga unavaliththa poathilum.
kadaisi tugobor kaithi 1970 ill viduvikkappattaar. kimu siraichaalaiyaich saerntha vayathaana kaithikalukkaana siraichchaalaiyaaga acassis malaich sirai maattrappattathu, iruthiyil oru thanii naduththara paathukaappu niruvanamaaga pirikkappattathu.
ozhukkamum thandanaiyum.
kimu siraichchaalaikkul payanpaduththappadum sirai vithigalai meeruvatharkaana thandanai muraigal kaalappoakkil uruvaagina. aarambaththil pala meeralgalukku udal thandanai thaan viruppamaana muraiyaaga irunththathu, idhil adippathu migavum podhuvaanathu. podhuvaanathu muttrilum thadaiseiyappadum varai udal reethiyaana thandanai padippadiyaaga neekkappattathu. sangkili kumbalil vaelai seivathu, rotti mattrum thanneerin thandanaiyaana unavugal mattrum thanimaiyil adaiththu vaippathu aagiyavai pira podhuvaana thandanaigalin vadivangkalil adangkum.
kimu siraichchaalaiyin migavum naveena avathaaraththil, thandanaigal migavum athikaaraththuva reethiyaaga nirvagikkappattana. migavum podhuvaana thandanaigalin vadivangkal salugaigalai izhappathu mattrum thanimaiyil adaikkappaduvathu aagum.
thanimaiyil adaikkappattavar.
thanimaiyil adaikkappaduvathu (athikaarappoorvamaaga "pirivinai" endru azhaikkappadukirathu; podhuvaaga "pirivinai" endru kurippidappadugiradhu) kii. muuu. siraichaalaiyil oru podhuvaana thandanai vadivamaagum. kaithigal moontru kaaranangalukkaaga prikkappadalaam avarkalin sontha vaendukoalin paeril; 30 naatkal varai thandanaiyaaga; allathu varampattra neeraththirku nirvaaga nokkangkalukkaaga. nadaimuraiyil, nirvaagap pirivinai perumpaalum kaithigalaith thandikkap payanpaduththappattathu; nirvaagap pirivinaiyaip payanpaduththuvatharkaana kattuppaadugal migavum viruppappadi irunththana, enavae avai thavaraagap payanpaduththappaduvatharkuth thiranthirunthana. kaithigal oru neraththil maathangkal allathu aandugal kooda thanimaiyil adaikkappaduvathu podhuvaanathaaga irunththathu. uthaaranamaaga, jaak mccan endra kaithi kaithi 1970kkum idaiyil 1421 naatkal-athaavathu thodarchchiyaaga 754 naatkal-thanimaiyil kaliththaar.
muraippadi sirappu thiruththa alagu (scoo) endru azhaikkappadum, thanimaippaduthappatta siraichaalai podhuvaaga kaithigal mattrum oozhiyargalaal "bendhouse" endru azhaikkappattathu, oralavu avai chell thoguthigalil ontrin mael maadiyil amainthiruppathaal. ("thulai" endru alaikkappatta adiththalaththil irunththa pazhaiya thanimaiyil adaikappatta araikalukku pathilaaka 1963 aam aandil bendhouse kattappattathu.) kimu siraichchaalaiyin thanii siraichaalai oru naveena siraichaalaikku kurippaaga mirugaththanamaaga ariyappattathu.
jannalgal illaatha moontru concreed suvarkal mattrum nadaipaathaiyai ethirkollum ainthu angkula sathura jannaludan oru thidamaana efku kadhavu konda araikal migavum siriyathaaga irunththana. antha araikalil oru kazhuvudhal vadinilam/kazhipparai kalavai (kulirntha neer mattum), oru radio thaervaalar (irandu kaalvaaigal irunththana), kaithigal thoongkum tharaiyil irunthu naanku angkula thooraththil oru plywood thaazh konda concreed paet mattumae irunththana. kaithigalaal radiovin oliyaiyo kalaththin veppanilaiyaiyoa kattuppaduttha mudiyavillai. araiyil ulla vilakkugal oru naalaikku 24 manii neramum irunththana, aanaal eravil 25 vaat varai mangkalaaka irunththana.
ozhungku allathu nirvaaga kaaranangalukkaaga schoovill irunththa kaithigal oru naalaikku 23.5 manii neram thangal araikalil adaikkappaduvaargal. avarkalukku arai manii naera udarpayirchi vazhangkappadum, idhil schwill ulla selkalukku idaiyilaana nadaipaathaiyil thaniyaaga nadanthu selvathu adangkum. maalaiyil oru rubber paet mattrum poarvai delivery seiyappattu ovvoru kaalaiyilum sekarikkappadum. kaithigal velippuratthaip paarkka endha vaaippum irukkaathu. paathukaappuk kaavalukkaaga schoovill irunththa kaithigal naall muzhuvathum rubber paet mattrum poarvaiyai vaiththiruka anumathikkappaduvaargal, maelum sila nerangalil oru naalaikku arai manii neram veliyil udarpayirchi seiya anumathikkappaduvaargal. kaithigal oruvarukkoruvar paesavoa, vaelai seiyavo, pallikkuch cellavo, noolagaththirkuch cellavo, tholaikaatchiyaip parkavo allathu vaeru endha uraiyaadal nadavadikkaigalilum eedupadavoa anumathikkappadavillai.
kadumaiyaana nilaimaigalukku koodudhalaaga, schoovill ulla kaavalargalaal thunburuththal mattrum dushprayogam paravalaakavum paravalaakavum irunththathu.
marana thandanaigal.
kii. muuu. siraiyil oray oru maranathandanai mattumae niraivaettrappattathu. kanadaavil marana thandanai rathu seiyappaduvatharku munbu, koottaatchi siraigalai vida maagaana kaavalgalil maranathandanaikal niraivaettrappattana. 24 vayathaana josaph smith vazhakkil oru vithivilakku seiyappattathu, avar janavari 31,1913 andru thookkilidappattaar.
kimu siraichaalaiyil smiththum mattroru kaithiyumaana herman vilsanum october 5,1912 andru thappikkum muyarchiyin poathu oru kaavalaraik kondranar. willson inththa muyarchiyin poathu kaayamadaindhaar mattrum avarathu visaaranaikku munnar avarathu kaayangalaal iranthaar; smith kolai vazhakkil visaarikkappattu kuttravaali yena theerppalikkappattaar.
kimu siraichaalaiyil maranathandanai niraivaettruvatharkaana athikaarappoorva kaaranam ennaventraal, avarai oru maagaana niruvanaththirku maattruvathai vida angku thodarnthu smitthai thanga vaippathu elithaanathu. iruppinum, idhu kimu siraiyil ulla mattra kaithigalukku oru munmaathiriyaaga seyalpadum nokkaththudan irunthirukkalaam. thappikkum muyarchiyil thoalviyadaintha kaavalar kollapatta idaththirku arugil, maranathandanai niraivaettruvatharkaaka oru sarakkattu sirappaaga kattappattathu. smith siraik kallaraiyil adakkam seiyappattaar.
kalavarangal mattrum pinaik kaithigal.
adhan vindej kaalaththin perumpaalaana adhigapatcha paathukaappu siraigalaip poalavae, kimu siraichchaalaiyum adhan varalaaru muzhuvathum pala kaithigal thartkolaikal, suya-sithaivugal, thaakkuthalkal, katthiyaal kuththuthal, thappikkum muyarchigal mattrum kolaigal aagiyavattrai anubaviththathu. adhan pirkaala aandugalil, kimu siraichaalai adhan kalavarangal mattrum pinaikkaithikal nadavadikkaikalukku peyar pettrathu.
kimu siraichaalai adhan aaramba varalaattril sila periya vanmurai sambavangalaik kondirundhadhu. adhan seyalpaattin 56 vadhu aandaana 1934 varai adhan muthal kalavaratthai adhu anubavikkavillai. iruppinum, inththa vasathi pazhaiyathaagi, naveena siraichchaalaiyaaga kuraivaana poruththamaaga maariyathaal, inththa periya sambavangalai idhu athivaekamaaka anubavikkath thodangiyathu. kimu siraichchaalaiyin perumpaalaana mukiya vanmurai sambavangal 1970 kazhil adhan kadaisi 10 aandu nadavadikkaiyil nigazhnththana. nigazhnththana, kimu siraichaalai kanadaavil migavum vanmuraiyaana koottaatchi niruvanangalil ontraaka irunththathu. nilaimaigal moasamadaivathum, kimu paenaavil adhigariththu varum vanmurai sambavangalum 1980 ill adhai panineekkam seiya pankaliththana.
1934 kalavaram.
septumber 1,1934 andru aezhu kaithigal thangalukku odhukkappatta vaelaiyaich seiya maruththapoathu kalavaram thodangiyathu. septumber septumber thaethikkul 73 kaithigal vaelainiruththam seithanar. thalapaadangal mattrum kazhipparaigal, 182 jannalgal aagiyavai idikkappattana. septumber 12 andru adhan thalaivarkal mithikkappattapoathu kalavaram mudivukku vanthathu. kaithigal podhuvaaga moasamaana nilaimaigalai ethirththu arppaattam seithanar, maelum avarkal seitha vaelaikku uuthiyam vazhangkappada vaendum endrum koarinar. kanediya arasaangkam thanathu koottaatchi kaithigalukku oru naalaikku ainthu sent seluththum kolgaiyai amalpaduththiyathil inththa kalavaram mukiya pangku vagiththathu.
1963 kalavaram mattrum pinaik kaithigal eduththal.
aepral 20,1963 andru, oru kaavalar moontru kaithigal thappikka muyantrathaik kandaar. kaavalargal kaithigal meethu thuppaakkich soodu nadaththinar, avarkal molodov kaakteylgalai veechi pathiladi koduththanar. kaithi jerri casey thalaimaiyilaana moontru kaithigalum, kaavalar paat dennisai pinaik kaithigalaaga alaiththuch sendranar, maelum 15 kaithigaludan, auditoriyaththil thangalai puuttinar. pinnar mattra kaithigal thee vaiththu siraichchaalaiyai alikkath thodangkinar.
ulloor oliparappaalar jaak wepster moolam pechchuvaarththai nadaththa kaithigal valiyuruththinar. "paiththiyakkaara ringleader, jerri casey, avarathu olliyana mugam gopaththaal nirambi, dennisin thondaiyil kaththiyai adiththu ennaip paarththu katthinaar" endru wepster vancouver suunn kadhai ondril ezhuthinaar. "ingku kaalaigal nuzhainthaal, kaavalar muthalil iranthuviduvaar endru warden daam haalidam sollungal. neengkal wepster migavum irakka vaendum! naam anaivarum irakkap poakiroam. antha tholaipaesiyil poa!"
arasa kanadiya iraanuvamum, kaavalargalum siraichaalaiyil ozhungkai meetteduththanar, auditorium thavira. pinaik kaithigal pidippavargalin oray koorikkai ennaventraal, avarkal kimu paenaavilirunthu maattrappada vaendum; inththa koorikkai aetrtrukkollappatta piragu sambavam mudivukku vanthathu.
1973 kalavaram.
moontru naall kalavaram october 5,1973 andru thodangiyathu. irupaththi moontru araikal azhikkappattana.
1975 pinaik kaithigal.
pipravari 1975 ill, oru oozhiyar naanku manii neram pinaik kaithiyaaga vaikkappattaar.
juun 9,1975 andru, sumar kaalai 8 manikku, 15 sirai oozhiyargal moontru kaithigalaal pinaik kaithigalaaga alaiththuch chellappattanar. inththa sambavam juun 11 aam thaethi athikaalai 1 manii varai neediththathu, moththam 41 manii neram, sirai athikaarigalin aayuthamaenthiya thandroabaayak kuzhu siraichaalaiyaith thaakkinar. kaithigalil oruvaraana kolaiyaali aandi broose, manithak kavasamaagap payanpaduththuvatharkaaka oru panayakkaithi, vagaippaadu adhigaari maeri steinhouseripe pidiththaar. 32 vayathaana steinhouser natpu thuppaakkich soottil kollapattaar, athae neraththil broose irandu murai suttuk kollapattaar, aanaal uyir thappinar. sambavaththirkaana kaaranangalai kandariya visaaranai aanaiyam niyamikkappattathu. adhan kandupidippugal pinvarumaaru
juulai 4 andru, sirai oozhiyar oruvarai oru kaithi ettu manii neram pinaik kaithiyaaga vaiththirunthaar.
1976 kalavaram mattrum pinaik kaithigal nadavadikkaikal.
pipravariyil, moontru kaithigal moontru kaavalargalai kittatthatta 15 manii neram pinaik kaithigalaaga vaiththanar.
aepral maathaththil, naanku kaithigal moontru kaavalargalai 13 manii neram pinaik kaithigalaaga vaiththanar. antha maathaththil irandu kaithigalum iranththu kidanthathu kandupidikkappattathu.
juun maathaththil, kaithigal irandu kaavalargalai pinaik kaithigalaaga alaiththuch sella muyantranar; avarkal siru kaayangaludan thappinar.
august 31 andru, oru kaithi oru kaavalar oruvarai surukkamaaga pinaik kaithiyaaga eduththaar.
septumber 9 muthal, kaavalargal adhiga neram vaelai seiya maruththapoathu 12 naall avasarakaala nilai aerpattathu. inthak kaalakattathil moontru kaithigal iranththanar.
kimu siraichchaalaiyin varalaattril migapperiya periya sambavam septumber 27,1976 andru thodangiyathu. kaithigal makkalil oru periya sathaveetham paer mazhaikkaaga thangal araikalil irunthu viduvikkappattathaal kalavaram seiyath thodangkinar. aduththa sila naatkalil, kaithigal perumpaalaana siraith thoguthigalaiyum siraichchaalaiyin pala paguthigalaiyum azhiththanar. kittatthatta oru noottraandu kaalamaaga irunththa chell thoguthigalukku idaiyilaana ull suvarkalai avarkal azhiththanar-pala santharppangalil thangal kaikalaal. kaavalargalaal dushprayogam seiyappattathaagavum, puthiya, manithaapimaanamaanamaana uththaravugalaip pinpattra kaavalargal maruththathaakavum mukiya pukaarkal irunththana. irandu kaavalargal pinaik kaithigalaaga alaiththuch chellappattanar. bolees kalavarak kattuppaattuk kuzhukkalum kanediya iraanuva veerargalum siraichchaalaiyin suttralavaich soozhnthanar. puthithaaga uruvaakkappatta kudimakkalin aaloasanaik kuzhu antha idaththirku vandhu paechchuvaarththaigalil pankerkath thodangiya piragu, pinaik kaithigal nalla nambikkaiyaik kaatti oru pinaik kaithi viduvikkappattanar, iruthiyil october 2 aam thaethi onbathu amsa oppantham seiyappattathu, kalavaram mattrum pinaik kaithigal eduppathu amaithiyaaga mudivukku vanthathu.
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british columbia jailu
british columbia jailu (BC jailu, saadhaaranamgaa BC penn mariyu penn anie pilustaaru) kenadaaloni british kolambiyaaloni nyuu westminsterlo unna samakhya garishta bhadrata jailu. 1878 nundi 1980loe upasamharinchabade varaku 102 samvatsaraalu panichesina eee cree. puu. jailu, manitobaku paschimaana unna modati samakhya sikshaasamstha.
gatehouse september 8,2021naa vikrayinchabadindi mariyu kotta yajamaanulu dheeniki governor koota anie paeru marcharu.
calliers international eee bhavananni $8,950,000, adanapu bahiranga sthalaanni $4,500,00, governorla kortu konugolu chesetappudu mottam $13,450,000 gaa anchanaa vesindi.
charitra.
1871loe british columbia samakhyalo cherina taruvaata, paschima kenada janabha peragadamtho, paschima kenadaalo samakhya jailu avasaram spashtamgaa kanipinchindi. khandantara railroad inca nirminchabadaledu anae vaastavam khaideelanu thoorpuna itara samakhya samsthalaku chaalaa dhooram ravana cheyadam khareedainadigaa mariyu kashtataram chesindi, idhi eee avasaranni marinta teevrataram chesindi.
cree. puu. jailuku pranaalika mariyu nirmaanam 1874loe praarambhamaindi. nyuu westminster parisaraallooni fraser nadiki edurugaa unna kondapai eee pradaesam enchukobadindi. 1878loe eee jailu modati khaideelanu andukundi mariyu etuvanti aadambaram lekunda praarambhinchabadindi.
cree. puu. jailu sthalaanni tayaaru chesina bhavanalu mariyu nirmaanaalu kramamga jodinchabaddaayi. asalu samudaayamlo pradhana dwaaram mariyu konni itukalu mariyu chekka bhavanalu undevi. chaalaa mandhi khaideelaku vasati kalpinchina pedda sell blaakulu 1904 mariyu 1914 madhya nirminchabaddaayi.
cree. puu. jailunu terichinappudu neelamaaliga varadalu, lopabhuishta plumbing mariyu taapana, kitikeela nundi baarlu kanipinchakapovadam ledhaa godalaku sarigga atikinchakapovadam mariyu saraina vaidya soukaryaalu lekapovadam vanti nirmaanaatmaka samasyalatho nindi undhi. eee samasyalanu parishkarinchadaaniki aneka samvatsaraalugaa pedda marammatulu mariyu punaruddharanalu jarigaayi, chaalaa varaku panini khaideela pani sibbandi nirvahinchaaru.
eee pradaesaaniki praarambhamlo chekka kanchetho kanche veyabadindi, idhi tvaralo 30 adugula raathi godalaku, chivaraku 40 adugula concreat godalaku upgraded cheyabadindi. prati muulaloe gaardu towerlu undevi.
1961 varaku, jailulo jailu nundi veedhiki addamgaa unna oka polam undedi, ikkada kontamandi khaideelanu pani cheyadaaniki niyaminchevaaru. samstha vantagadilo upayoginche aahaaramlo gananeeyamaina bhaganni eee polam utpatti chesindi. 1950la chivari varaku eee vyavasaya kshetram aardhikamgaa labhadayakamga undedi. ayithe, daani nirvahana kharchulu peragadam, bayati vanarula nundi aaharaanni konugolu chese kharchulu taggadam, khaideelaku vyavasaya sikshana ivvadam valla upayogam taggadam mariyu chuttupakkala praantam yokka perugutunna pattaneekarana, polaanni moosivesi vyavasaya bhoomini nyuu westminster nagaraniki vikrayinchaalane nirnayaaniki daariteesaayi.
kenadian jailu seva nirdesinchina pramaanaalaku anugunamgaa kalakramena sibbandi avasaralu perigayi. 1950la madhyalo vaari sankhya 171gaa undagaa, eee kaalamlo jailu janabha tagginappatikee 1976loe 363kii perigindi.
cree. puu. jailulo 1950la nundi 1958loe 765 mandhi khaideelanu unchadam praarambhinchi teevramaina raddeeni edurkondi. kenadian jailulo unna seva khaideelanu iteevala praarambhinchina vilium head institute vanti itara samsthalaku badilee cheyadam dwara dheenini tagginchadaaniki prayatninchindi. 1960la madhya natiki, janabha daadaapu 500 mandhi khaideelaku taggindi. ayithe, idhi cree. puu. chivari samvatsaraallo jailunu peedistunna himsaatmaka allarlu, bandeelugaa unche charyalanu nirodhinchaledu.
marchi 12,1979naa, kenada yokka diddubaatu seva british columbia jailunu moosivestunnatlu prakatinchindi. khaideelanu kramamga kent samsthaku badilee chesaaru, chivari khaidi fibravari 15,1980naa bayaludaeraadu. mae, 1980loe rendu vaaraala paatu, jailu modatisaarigaa prajala kosam teravabadindi; 80,000 mandiki paiga bahiranga sabhaku hajarayyaru. 102 samvatsaraala kritam etuvanti veduka ledhaa aadambaram lekunda cree. puu. jailu praarambhamainappatiki, vividha pramukhulu haajaraina adhikaarika veduka 1980 mae 10naa mugisindi.
puurvapu cree. puu. penn sait looni chaalaa bhavanalu koolchiveyabaddaayi mariyu nivaasa gruhalu mariyu udyaanavanaalato bharti cheyabaddaayi. asalu jailulo naalugu bhagalu matrame ippatikee migili unnaih gatehouse (idhi ippudu sports baar), boggu illu, asalu center block (idhi karyalayaluga maarchabadindi) mariyu smasaanavaatika.
rojuvaaree rotein.
daani karyakalapala chivari samvatsaraallo, saadhaarana janabhalo khaideela rojuvaaree dinacharya eee krindi vidhamgaa undih udayam 7 gantalaku peragadam; sell subhram cheyadam, kshouram cheyadam mariyu kadukkovadam; vantagadi nundi alpaharam teesukoni gadilo tinadam; udayam 8 gantalaku pani kosam nivedinchadam; udayam 11:30 vadda pani vadiliveyadam; bhojanam teesukoni lekkimpu mariyu lock-up kosam gadiki tirigi ravadam; gadilo bhojanam tinadam; madhyahnam 1 gantala nundi madhyahnam 3 gantala varaku pani cheyadam; vantagadi nundi vindu sekarinchadam; lekkimpu mariyu lock-up kosam gadiki tirigi ravadam; gadilo bhojanam tinadam; sheethaakaalamlo saayantram 6 gantala nundi raatri 9 gantala varaku vishraanti kaalam/vesavilo 10:00; sell blacklo 11:00 vadda tirigi undaali.
soukaryaalu.
cree. puu. jailulo daani sakamlooni garishta bhadrata jailu yokka praamaanika lakshanaalu unnaayi. veetilo, itara vishayaalatoepaatu, sell blocks, karyalayalu, oka aasupatri, oka vantagadi, pani mariyu paatasaala soukaryaalu mariyu rendu chappels (oka catholic, oka protestant) unnaayi. oka pratyekata emitante, bhojanasala ledhu; anduvalla khaideelu tama bhojanaanni tama gadullone tinavalasi vachindi.
smasaanavaatika.
cree. puu. jailu sthalamlo boot hill anae jailu smasaanavaatika undhi. cree. puu. jailulo maraninchina chaalaa mandhi khaideela avasheshaalanu vaari kutumbaalu swaadheenam chesukunnayi; kaani vaarini boot hill vadda khananam chesaaru. samaadhulanu travvadam, sthala nirvahana, samadhi gurtulu, savapetikala nirmaanam vanti smasaanavaatikaku sambandhinchina anni panulanu khaideelu nirvahinchaaru. eee smasaanavaatika adhikarikamga 1913loe praarambhinchabadindi, conny bahusha 1912loe upayogamlo undedi.
daadaapu 50 mandhi khaideela avasheshaalu ippatikee akkade khananam cheyabaddaayi. smasaanavaatika prarambha samvatsaraallo, recordulu jagrattagaa teesukoledu ledhaa samrakshinchabadaledu mariyu nammadaganivi. chaalaa samadhulu khaidi jailu sankhyatho matrame chekkabadina chinna concreat samaadhulatoe gurtinchabaddaayi. kontamandi khaideelanu gurtinchabadani samaadhulalo khananam chestaaru.
appati nundi jailulo chaalaa bhaagam koolchiveyabadinappatiki, smasaanavaatika ippatikee ippudu glenbrook raine paarkulo undhi. cree. puu. jailunu moosivesina taruvaata, samakhya prabhutvam smasaanavaatikanu nyuu westminster nagaraniki appaginchindi. smasaanavaatika akkada undani, dheenini nyuu westminster nagaram nirvahistundani, khaideela samadhi samaachaaramtho samachara phalakam undani chaalaa takkuva mandiki telusu. glenbrook loya udyaanavanamlooni charitra vibhaagamlo eee smasaanavaatika prastaavana undhi.
doukhobers.
20va sataabdam madhyalo british columbia doukhobors yokka swaatantrya saakha kumaarulato prabhutva sangharshanhalo cree. puu. jailu ekkuvagaa paalgonnadi. eee kaalamlo, swechcha putrulu bahiranga nagnatvam mariyu dahana charyala dwara prabhutva jokyam ledhaa anyaayaaniki vyatiraekamgaa nirasana vyaktam chesaaru; phalitamgaa vaaru tarachugaa saamuuhika arrestlaku gurayyaru, dheeni phalitamgaa saamuuhika neraropanalu jarigaayi.
1931loe, kristupurvam 600kii paiga doukhoborlaku bahiranga nagnatvaaniki moodu samvatsaraala jailu siksha vidhinchabadindi. khaideela janabhalo intha perugudalanu cree. puu. jailu nirvahinchalekapoyindi, kabatti eee khaideelanu unchadaaniki pratyaekamgaa piers dveepamlo cree. puu. jailu adhikaram krinda oka upagraha jailu nirminchabadindi. eee sikshalalo ekkuva bhaagam gaduvu mugisinappudu, jailu sibiraanni muusivaesaaru mariyu migilina doukhobor khaideelanu pradhana jailuku badilee chesaaru.
1950loe, aarsanlaku sambandhinchina doukhoborlapai maroe saamuuhika siksha vidhinchabadindi. dheeniki pratispandanagaa, cree. puu. jailu pradhana jailu prakkane eee khaideela kosam swayam-niyantrita praamganaanni erpaatu chesindi. piers dveepamlo anubhavam chaalaa varaku saantiyutamgaa unnappatikee, esaari paristhitulu bhinnamgaa unnaayi. khaideelu 1951loe rendusaarlu praamganaaniki nippu pettaru, taruvaati saari ekkuvagaa daanini naasanam chesaaru. doukhobor khaideelanu pradhana jailuku taralinchaaru, akkada vaaru 35 rojula nirahara deekshalo palgonnaru, adhi balavantamgaa tinipinchadamto mugisindi.
1953loe maroka saamuuhika neraropana maroka agnipramaadam mariyu bahiranga nagnatva sanghatanaku sambandhinchi jarigindi. cree. puu. jailulo kotta gudiselu nirminchabaddaayi, conny esaari pradhana sell blacklaloni agni nirodhaka kanaalloki doukhobarsnu taralinchadaaniki sthalaanni khaalii cheyadaaniki saadhaarana jailu janaabhaalooni sabhyulaku vasati kalpinchadaaniki vaatini upayoginchaaru.
1961 mariyu 1962loe maroe round arsons BC jailu yokka upagrahamgaa agasses parvata jailunu srushtinchadaaniki prerepinchindi. eee jailu pratyaekamgaa doukhobor khaideelanu unchadaaniki roopondinchabadindi. khaidu cheyabadinappudu doukhobarlu yea pani cheyadaaniki niraakarinchinanduna, kotta samsthalo khaideelaku pani karyakramalu mariyu hakkulu laevu. mottam jailu mantalanu nivaarinchadaaniki roopondinchabadindi, furniture thoo sahaa pratidee concreetu ledhaa lohamto tayaaru cheyabadindi. dustulu mariyu parupu vanti anni battalu agni nirodhakata kaligi undevi. yuvata maadirigaane swaatantyra kumaarula nayakulanu kooda vaeru chesaaru. khaideelu 1962 augustulo nirahara deekshanu praarambhinchaaru, idhi oka samvatsaraaniki paiga konasaagindi, balavantamgaa tinipinchinappatikii poeshakaahaara lopam kaaranamgaa oka maranam sambhavinchindi.
chivari doukhobor khaidi 1970loe vidudala cheyabaddaadu. agasses parvata jailu cree. puu. jailu nundi vruddha khaideela kosam jailugaa maarchabadindi, chivariki pratyeka madhya taraha bhadrata samsthagaa vibhajinchabadindi.
kramasikshana mariyu siksha.
cree. puu. jailulo upayoginchina jailu niyamaala ullanghanalaku shikshinche paddhatulu kaalamtho paatu abhivruddhi chendaayi. saareeraka siksha praarambhamlo aneka ullanghanalaku ishtapade paddhati, koradaalato kottadam atyanta saadhaaranamainadi. 1972loe puurtigaa nishedhinchabade varaku saareeraka siksha kramamga tolaginchabadindi. golusu mutaapai panicheyadam, rotte mariyu neeti sikshaatmaka aaharaalu mariyu ekanta nirbandham vanti itara saadhaarana sikshalu unnaayi.
cree. puu. jailu yokka marinta aadhunika avataaramlo, sikshalu chaalaa ekkuva adhikara vyavastha dwara nirvahinchabadataayi. atyanta saadhaarana sikshalu adhikaaraalanu kolpovadam, ekanta nirbandham.
ekanta nirbandham.
ekanta nirbandham (adhikarikamga "vibhajana" anie pilustaaru; saadhaaranamgaa "vibhajana" anie pilustaaru) anedi cree. puu. jailulo siksha yokka saadhaarana roopam. khaideelanu moodu kaaranaala valla vaeru cheyavachuhu vaari swantha abhyardhana meraku; 30 rojula varaku sikshagaa; ledhaa aparimita samayam varaku paripalana prayojanaala kosam. aacharanalo, khaideelanu sikshinchadaaniki paripalana vibhajana tarachugaa upayoginchabadindi; paripalana vibhajana vaadakampai niyantranalu chaalaa abheeshtaanusaaram undevi, anduvalla durviniyogaaniki teravabaddaayi. khaideelanu nelalu ledhaa samvatsaraalu kooda ekanta nirbandhamlo unchadam sarvasaadhaaranam. udaaharanaku, jaak makkan anae khaidi 1970 mariyu 1974 madhya 1421 rojulu-varusaga 754 rojulu-ekanta nirbandhamlo gadipadu.
adhikarikamga pratyeka diddubaatu vibhagam (scoo) gaa piluvabade, ekanta nirbandha kanaalanu khaideelu mariyu sibbandi saadhaaranamgaa "pent house" anie pilicheevaaru, kontavaraku avi sell blacklalo okadaani paie antastulo unnanduna. (neelamaaligaloo unna paatha ekanta nirbandha gadulanu bharti cheyadaaniki 1963loe pent house nirminchabadindi, veetini "randhram" anie pilicheevaaru.) cree. puu. jailu yokka ekanta nirbandha gadulu aadhunika jailuku mukhyamgaa krooramainavigaa piluvabaddayi.
kitikeelu laeni moodu concreat godalu, carridar vaipu aidu angulaala chadarapu kitikeetho kuudina ghana ukku talupu gala gadulu chaalaa chinnaviga undevi. gadullo wash besin/toilet kalayika (challati neeru matrame), mariyu radeo selector (rendu chaanallu undevi), mariyu khaideelu nidristunna naela nundi naalugu angulaala plywood sheetto kappabadina concreat pyaad matrame undevi. khaideelu radeo yokka parimaanaanni ledhaa kanam yokka ushnogratanu niyantrinchalekapoyaru. gadilooni laitlu rojuku 24 gantalu veligistuu undevi, conny raatri samayamlo 25 vaatlaku masakabarai.
kramasikshanaa ledhaa paripalana kaaranaala valla schoolo unna khaideelanu rojuku 23.5 gantala paatu vaari gadullone unchutaaru. vaariki araganta vyayamam ivvabadutundi, indulo skulooni kanaala madhya carridar loe ontarigaa nadavadam untundi. saayantram oka rabbaru pyaad mariyu duppati pampinhee cheyabadi, prati udayam sekarinchabadutundi. khaideelaku bayata chuudataaniki avakaasam undadu. rakshana kosam schoolo unna khaideelu rojanta rabbaru pyaad mariyu duppatini unchukoovadaaniki anumatinchabadataaru, mariyu konnisaarlu rojuku araganta paatu bayata vyayamam cheyadaaniki anumatinchabadataaru. khaideelu okaritho okaru matladukovadaniki, pani cheyadaaniki, paatasaalaku velladaaniki, libraryni sandarsinchadaaniki, tv chuudataaniki ledhaa itara paraspara karyakalapalalo paalgonadaaniki anumatinchabadaledu.
kathinamaina paristhithulatho paatu, schoolooni gaardula vaedhimpulu mariyu durviniyogam vistrutamgaa mariyu sthaanikamgaa undedi.
maranasikshalu.
cree. puu. jailulo oke oka urisiksha matrame amalu cheyabadindi. kenadaalo maranasikshanu raddu cheyadaaniki mundu, samakhya jaillalo kakunda praantiiya gollalo maranasikshalu amalu cheyabaddaayi. 24 yella joseph smith vishayamlo minahaayimpu ivvabadindi, atanni 1913 janavari 31naa uriteesaaru.
smith mariyu cree. puu. jailulooni maroka khaidi, herman willson, aktobaru 5,1912naa tappinchukune prayatnamlo oka gaardunu champaru. willson eee prayatnamlo gayapaddadu mariyu athani vichaaranaku mundu athani gaayaalato maraninchaadu; smith vichaaranaku gurai hatyaku doshigaa nirdhaarinchabaddaadu.
cree. puu. jailulo urisikshanu nirvahinchadaaniki adhikaarika kaaranam emitante, smithnu praantiiya samsthaku badilee cheyadam kante akkada unchadam sulabham. ayithe, idhi cree. puu. jailulooni itara khaideelaku oka udaaharanagaa upayogapadataaniki uddesinchabadindi. tappinchukune prayatnam viphalamainappudu gaardu champabadina pradaesaaniki sameepamlo uri teeyadaaniki pratyaekamgaa paranjaanu nirminchaaru. smithnu jailu smasaanavaatikalo khananam chesaaru.
allarlu mariyu bandeelugaa pettukune panulu.
daani puraatana kaalamlooni atyanta bhadrata jailla maadirigaane, cree. puu. jailu daani charitra antataa aneka khaideela aatmahatyalu, sweeya-angachhedaalu, daadulu, kattipotlu, tappinchukune prayatnaalu mariyu hatyalanu edurkondi. daani taruvaati samvatsaraallo, cree. puu. jailu daani allarlaku mariyu bandee-charyalaku prasiddhi chendindi.
cree. puu. jailulo daani prarambha charitralo konni pradhana himsaatmaka sanghatanalu jarigaayi. idhi 1934 varaku, daani 56va samvatsaram operation varaku, daani modati allarlanu anubhavinchaledu. ayithe, eee soukaryam paatadigaa mariyu aadhunika jailugaa takkuva anukuulamgaa maaradamtho idhi eee pradhana sanghatanalanu vipareetamgaa anubhavinchadam praarambhinchindi. cree. puu. jailulo jarigina pradhana himsaatmaka sanghatanalu chaalaavaraku 1970laloe daani chivari 10 samvatsaraala operationlo jarigaayi. 1970laloe, cree. puu. khaideela gruham kenadaalo atyanta himsaatmaka samakhya samsthalalo okatigaa undedi. paristhitulu marinta digajaradam mariyu cree. puu. penn vadda perugutunna himsaatmaka sanghatanalu 1980loe daani upasamharanaku dohadapaddayi.
1934 allarlu.
1934 septembaru 1naa eduguru khaideelu tamaku ketaayinchina panini cheyadaaniki niraakarinchadamtho allarlu prarambhamayyayi. september 10 natiki 73 mandhi khaideelu samme chesaaru. furniture, marugudodlu, alaage 182 kitikeelu dhvamsamayyaayi. september 12naa daani nayakulanu teppinchinappudu allarlu mugisai. khaideelu saadhaaranamgaa paelavamaina paristhitulanu nirasistuu, vaaru chesina paniki vetanam chellinchaalani kooda demand chesaaru. kenada prabhutvam thana samakhya khaideelaku rojuku aidu sentlu chellinche vidhananni amalu cheyadaaniki eee allarlu keelaka paatra poeshinchaayi.
1963 allarlu mariyu bandeelu.
1963 april 20naa, mugguru khaideelu tappinchukovadaaniki prayatnistunnatlu oka kaapalaadaarudu kanugonnadu. gaardu khaideelapai kaalpulu jaripaaru, vaaru molotov cactails visiri pratispandinchaaru. khaidi gerry kesi netrutvamloni mugguru khaideelu gaardu pott dennisnu bandeelugaa teesukoni, maroe 15 mandhi khaideelatoo kalisi tamanu taamu auditoriumlo bandhinchukunnaaru. itara khaideelu kaalpulu praarambhinchi jailunu dhvamsam cheyadam praarambhinchaaru.
khaideelu sthaanika broadcaster jaak webster dwara charchalu jarapalani pattubattaru. "verri ringleader, gerry kesi, athani sannani mukham kopamtho nindipoyindi, dennis gontuku kattitoe kotti, nannu chuusi arichindi" anie webster vancouver sunn kosam oka kathalo raasaadu. "eddulu ikkadiki pravesiste, gaardu modata maraniste, warden tomm haalku cheppandi. meeru chaalaa webasterga chanipotaru! manamandaram chachipotam. aaa phonelo matladandi!"
raayal kenadian mounted pooliisulu mariyu kenadian sainyam auditorium minaha jailulo kramaanni punaruddharinchayi. bandeelugaa teesukunna vaari ekaika demand emitante, vaarini bisi penn nundi badilee cheyalanedi; eee demandnu angeekarinchina taruvaata sanghatana mugisindi.
1973 allarlu.
1973 aktobaru 5naa moodu rojula allarlu prarambhamayyayi. iravai moodu gadulu dhvamsamayyaayi.
1975 bandeelugaa pettadam.
1975 fibravarilo oka sibbandini naalugu gantala paatu bandeelugaa unchaaru.
juun 9,1975naa, sumaru udayam 8 gantalaku, 15 mandhi jailu sibbandini mugguru khaideelu bandeelugaa teesukunnaru. eee sanghatana juun 11 udayam 1 gantala varaku konasaagindi, mottam 41 gantalu, jailu adhikaarula saayudha vyuuhaatmaka brundam jailupai daadi chesindi. khaideelalo okaru, doshigaa nirdhaarinchabadina hantakudu aandii broose, maanava kavachamgaa upayoginchadaaniki bandee, vargeekarana adhikari maerii steinhousernu pattukunnadu. 32 yella steinhouser snehapoorvaka kaalpulatoe maraninchagaa, broospy rendusaarlu kaalpulu jaripaaru, conny praanaalatoe bayatapaddaru. eee ghatanaku gala kaaranaalanu telusukovadaaniki oka vichaarana kamishannu niyaminchaaru. daani phalitaalalo ivi unnaih
juulai 4naa, oka jailu sibbandini oka khaidi enimidi gantala paatu bandeegaa unchaadu.
1976 allarlu mariyu bandeelu-daadulu.
fibravarilo mugguru khaideelu mugguru gaardulanu daadaapu 15 gantala paatu bandeelugaa chesukunnaru.
eprillo naluguru khaideelu mugguru gaardulanu 13 gantala paatu bandeelugaa teesukunnaru. aaa nelaloo iddaru khaideelu kooda chanipoyi kanipinchaaru.
juunloo, khaideelu iddaru gaardulanu bandeelugaa teesukoovadaaniki prayatninchaaru; vaaru swalpa gaayaalato tappinchukunnaaru.
augustu 31naa, oka khaidi kontakaalam paatu oka kaapalaadaaruni bandeegaa teesukunnadu.
septembaru 9 nundi, gaardulu ovar time pani cheyadaaniki niraakarinchinappudu 12 rojula atyavasara paristhiti erpadindi. eee kaalamlo mugguru khaideelu maraninchaaru.
cree. puu. jailu charitralo atipedda sanghatana 1976 septembaru 27naa praarambhamaindi. khaideela janabhalo pedda saatam mandhi jallula kosam vaari gadula nundi vidudala cheyabadinanduna allarlu praarambhinchaaru. taruvaati konni rojullo, khaideelu chaalaa varaku sell blacklanu mariyu jailulooni aneka itara bhaagaalanu dhvamsam chesaaru. daadaapu oka sataabdam paatu nilabadi unna sell blackla madhya antargata godalanu vaaru tama chetulato naasanam chesaaru. pradhana firyadulu gaardulu durviniyogam cheyadam, mariyu kotta, marinta maanaveeya aadesaalanu anusarinchadaaniki gaardulu niraakarinchadam. iddaru gaardulanu bandeelugaa teesukunnaru. pooliisu allarla niyantrana brundaalu, kenadian armi sainikulu jailu chuttupakkala chuttumuttaru. kottagaa erpadina pourula salaha kamitee aaa pradaesaaniki cherukuni, charchallo palgonadam praarambhinchina taruvaata, bandeelu-teesukunevaaru manchi vishwaasaanni pradarsistuu oka bandeeni vidudala chesaaru, chivariki october 2naa tommidi amsaala oppandam kudirindi, idhi allarlaku saantiyuta mugimpu palikindi.
| bartanvi columbia kii jail
bartanvi columbia jail khaanah (bee see jail khaanah jasay aam toor parr bee see peen aur peen kahaa jaataa hay) neo vest minister bartanvi columbia canada mein waaqa eek wafaqi ziyadah say ziyadah hifazati jail thee. bee see jail khaanah 1878 say 1980 mein asay khatam kiye jaanay takk 102 saal takk kaam kartaa rehaa. yaha minetoba kay maghrab mein pehla wafaqi tazirati idaarah thaa.
gait house 8 satambar 2021 kuu farokhat kiyaa gayaa thaa aur nayey maalkaan nay iss kaa naam badal kirr governors kesal rakh diyaa thaa.
colliers international nay emarat kii qeemat $8,950,000 batayi izaafi khalee jagah $4,500,00 mein governors court incorporated kay zariah kharidari kay waqat kill $13,450,000 thee.
tareekh.
1871 mein bartanvi columbia kay confeedration mein shaamil honay kay baad aur maghrabi canada kii badhti hoyee aabadi kay saath maghrabi canada mein wafaqi jail kii zarurat waazah how gayee. haqeeqat yaha hay kahh beenn albarazmi railway ubhee takk tameer nahein kii gayee thee jiss kii wajah say qaidiyon kuu mashriq mein dosray wafaqi idaaron takk taweel fasilay takk lay jaana mahunga aur mashkal how gayaa jiss nay iss zarurat kuu mazeed badhaa diyaa.
bee see jail kii mansubah bundi aur tameer 1874 mein sharoo hoyee. muntakhib kardah jagah neo vest minister kay seperton pados mein freezer nadee kuu dekhnay waali eek pahaadi thee. jail kuu 1878 mein apnay pehley qaidi milay aur asay baghair kasee dhoom dhaam kay khool diyaa gayaa.
inn emaraton aur dahanchon kuu juu qabal maseeh kii jail kii jagah banatay thay batadreej shaamil kiyaa gayaa. asl complex markazi gait house aur chand ainton aur lakdi kii emaraton parr mushtamil thaa. baday sail blocks jinn mein ziyadah tarr qaidi rehtay thay 1904 aur 1914 kay darmiyan tameer kiye gayey thay.
bee see jail jabb kholi gayee tuu saakhti masail say bharee hoyee thee bashmol tehah khaaney kaa sailaab naqis plumbing aur heating baar yaa tuu khadkiyon say ghaib haine yaa dewaron say munasib tareeqe say mansalk nahein haine aur munasib tabee sahuliyaat kaa faqdan. inn masail kuu hall karnay kay liye kayee saalon mein bury marmat aur tazyeen woo aaraish kii gayee jiss mein ziyadah tarr kaam qaidiyon kay amley kay zariye anjaam diyaa gayaa.
iss jagah parr ibtadayi toor parr lakdi kii baad lagayi gayee thee jasay jald hyee 30 fitt chataan kii dewaron aur aakhir mein 40 fitt concret kii dewaron mein app grade kirr diyaa gayaa. harr konay parr gaard towers waaqa thay.
1961 takk jail mein eek faarm shaamil thaa juu jail say sadak kay iss paar waaqa thaa jehaan kachh qaidiyon kuu kaam karnay kay liye tafviz kiyaa jaataa thaa. faarm nay idaarey kay bawarchi khaaney mein istemaal honay waalay khaaney kaa eek badaa hasah tayaar kiyaa. 1950 kii dahayi kay aakhir takk yaha faarm maashi toor parr qaabil amal thaa. tahim iss kay kaam karnay kay badhtay hoay akhrajat beruni zaraye say khuraak khareedne kay ikhrajat mein kamee qaidiyon kuu zarayi tarbiyat farahim karnay kii afadiyat mein kamee aur aas paas kay elaqay kii badhti hoyee shehri kaaree faarm kuu bund karnay aur kheet kuu neo vest minister shehar kuu farokhat karnay kay faislay kaa baais bunny.
canada kii jail saros kay muqarar kardah mayaraat kay mutabiq waqat kay saath amley kii zaruriyat mein izafah hawaa. 1950 kii dahayi kay wast mein yaha taadad 171 thee aur iss arsey kay doraan qaidiyon kii aabadi mein kamee kay bawajood 1976 mein yaha badh kirr 363 how gayee thee.
1950 kii dahayi mein sharoo honay waalay 1950 kii dahayi mein qaid khaaney mein shadeed bhed bhaad kaa saamna karnaa padaa jiss mein 1958 mein 765 qaidi thay. canadian jail saros nay qaidiyon kuu dosray adaaron jeesay haal hyee mein kholay gayey waleem head insity teut mein muntaqil karkay iss kuu kumm karnay kii koshish kii. 1960 kii dahayi kay wast takk aabadi kumm how kirr taqriba 500 qaidiyon takk rahh gayee thee. tahim iss say pratashdad fasadaat aur yarghumaliyon kay iqdamat kay silsilay kuu rooka nahein jaa sakaa jinhon nay apnay aakhri saalon mein qabal maseeh kii jail kuu dochaar kiyaa.
12 maarch 1979 kuu canada kii aslahi khadmat nay aalaan kiyaa kahh bartanvi columbia kii jail bund how jaaye gee. qaidiyon kuu batadreej kent idaarey mein muntaqil kirr diyaa gayaa aakhri qaidi 15 faroori 1980 kuu rawanah hawaa. mayee 1980 mein duu hafton kay liye jail kuu pehli baar awaam kay liye khool diyaa gayaa. 80,000 say ziyadah afraad nay open house mein sharkat kii. agarcha 102 saal pehley qabal maseeh kii jail baghair kasee taqrib yaa dhoom dhaam kay kholi gayee thee leakin 10 mayee 1980 kuu iss kay ikhtatam kay moqaa parr eek rasmi taqrib munaqid kii gayee thee jiss mein mukhtalif muazzin nay sharkat kii thee.
qabal maseeh kay sabqah peen saait parr ziyadah tarr emaraton kuu manhadam kirr diyaa gayaa hay aur inn kii jagah rehaishi rehaish aur paark lend lay liyaa gayaa hay. asl jail kay sarf chaar hasay abb bhee baaqi haine: gait house (juu abb eek sports baar hay)yee koilah hows asl center block (jasay dafatir mein tabdil kirr diyaa gayaa hay)yee aur qabristan.
rozmarah kaa mamul.
apnay amal kay aakhri saalon mein aam aabadi mein qaidiyon kaa rozmarah kaa mamul iss tarah thaa: sabah 7 bajay uthna vovo sail saaf karnaa mondna aur dhona vovo bawarchi khaaney say naashtah leena aur sail mein khaana vovo sabah 8 bajay kaam kay liye report karnaa vovo sabah 11:30 parr kaam chhodna vovo dopahar kaa khaana uthana aur ganti aur laak app kay liye sail mein waps aanaa vovo sail mein dopahar kaa khaana khaana vovo dopahar 1 bajay say dopahar 3 bajay takk kaam karnaa vovo bawarchi khaaney say raat kaa khaana jamaa karnaa vovo ganti aur laak app kay liye sail mein waps jaana vovo sail mein raat kaa khaana khaana vovo mosam sarma mein shaam 6 bajay say 9 bajay takk/mosam garma mein 10:00 bajay takk faarig waqat vovo sail block mein 11:00 bajay waps aanaa zaruri hay.
sahuliyaat.
bee see jail mein apnay door kii ziyadah say ziyadah hifazati jail kii mayari khususiyat mojud thein. inn mein deegar cheezon kay alawah sail blocks dafatar eek hospital eek bawarchi khaanah kaam aur school kii sahuliyaat aur duu cheepal (eek catholic eek protestant) shaamil thay. eek khususiyat yaha thee kahh wahaan koyee khaaney kaa haal nahein thaa vovo iss tarah qaidiyon kuu apnay khaliyon mein khaana padta thaa.
qabristan.
qabal maseeh kay jail kay maqaam mein boat hull naami eek jail qabristan shaamil thaa. qabal maseeh kii jail mein marnay waalay ziyadah tarr qaidiyon kii baqiyat kaa daawi inn kay ahal khaanah nay kiyaa thaa vovo juu nahein thay inhein boat hull mein dafan kiyaa gayaa thaa. qabristan say mutaliq tamaam kaam jeesay qabrein khoodna jagah kii deekh bhaal aur qabar kay nishanaat aur tabuton kii tameer qaidiyon kay zariye anjaam dee jaati thee. qabristan kaa bazabtah iftatah 1913 mein hawaa thaa leakin ghaliba 1912 mein istemaal mein thaa.
taqriba 50 qaidiyon kii baqiyat abb bhee wahaan dafan haine. qabristan kay ibtadayi saalon kay doraan record kuu ahtiyaat say nahein liyaa gayaa thaa yaa mahfuz nahein kiyaa gayaa thaa aur yaha naqabil aetemad haine. ziyadah tarr qabron parr chhotay thoos qabron kii nashaan dahee kii jaati hay jinn parr sarf qaidi kay jail number kay saath kandah kiyaa jaataa hay. kachh qaidiyon kuu ghair nashaan zad qabron mein dafan kiyaa jaataa hay.
agarcha iss kay baad say ziyadah tarr jail kuu manhadam kirr diyaa gayaa hay leakin qabristan abb bhee () iss mein baaqi hay juu abb gleen brok reun paark hay. qabal maseeh kii jail bund honay kay baad wafaqi hukumat nay qabristan neo vest minister shehar kay hawalay kirr diyaa. behat kumm loag jaantay haine kahh qabristan wahaan hay iss kii deekh bhaal neo vest minister shehar kartaa hay aur iss mein qaidiyon kii qabar kii malumat kay saath eek itlaati takhti hay. qabristan kaa zakar gleen brok reun paark kay tareekh kay hasay mein hay.
dokhubur.
bee see jail 20 wein sadee kay wast mein bartanvi columbia dokhubas kay aazadi kay farqay kay beton kay saath hukumati tanazaat mein behat ziyadah malus thee. iss puray arsey kay doraan beton aazadi nay awami aryaan aur aatish zanee kii karwaiyon kay zariye hukumati madakhilat yaa naa insaaf kay khalaaf ahtajaj kiyaa vovo iss kay natijay mein inhein aksar baday paimanay parr giraftariyon kaa saamna karnaa padta thaa jiss kay natijay mein baday paimanay parr sazaon kaa saamna karnaa padta thaa.
1931 mein 600 qabal maseeh say ziyadah dokhuburz kuu awami aryaan honay kay jarm mein teen saal qaid kii sazaa sanayi gayee. bee see kii jail qaidiyon kii aabadi mein iss tarah kay izaafe kuu sanbhalne mein nakaam rahee iss liye bee see kii jail kay akhtiyar mein eek satellite jail khaas toor parr inn qaidiyon kuu rakhnay kay liye pairz jazeeray parr tameer kii gayee. jabb inn mein say ziyadah tarr sazaon kii meaad khatam how gayee tuu jail camp bund kirr diyaa gayaa aur baaqi dokhubur qaidiyon kuu markazi jail mein muntaqil kirr diyaa gayaa.
1950 mein aarsan say mutaliq dokhubarz kii eek aur ijtemayi sazaa hoyee. jawaab mein bee see jail nay markazi jail say mutsil inn qaidiyon kay liye eek khood mukhtar ahatah qayem kiyaa. agarcha pairs jazeeray kaa tajarbah ziyadah tarr praman thaa iss baar cheezein mukhtalif thein. qaidiyon nay 1951 mein duu baar ahaatay kuu aag lagaa dee baad mein ziyadah tarr asay tabaah kirr diyaa. iss kay baad dokhubur qaidiyon kuu markazi jail muntaqil kirr diyaa gayaa jehaan inhon nay 35 rozah bhok hadtaal mein hasah liyaa juu zabardasti khaana khilanay kay saath khatam hoyee.
eek aur ijtemayi sazaa 1953 mein aatish zadgi aur awami aryaan kay waaqiye say mutaliq hoyee. qabal maseeh kii jail mein nayee jhunpadiyan tameer kii gayein leakin iss baar inhein aam jail kii aabadi kay arkaan kuu rakhnay kay liye istemaal kiyaa gayaa taakah dokhubarz kuu markazi sail blocks mein aag say bachnay waalay khaliyon mein muntaqil karnay kay liye jagah khaali kii jaa sakay.
1961 aur 1962 mein aarsan kay eek aur door nay qabal maseeh kii jail kay satellite kay toor parr agasiz pahaadi jail kii tashkil kuu janam diyaa. yaha jail khaas toor parr dokhubur qaidiyon kuu rakhnay kay liye design kiyaa gayaa thaa. chonkah dokhubarz nay qaid kay doraan koyee kaam karnay say ankaar kirr diyaa thaa iss liye nayey idaarey mein qaidiyon kay liye koyee kaam kay prograam aur maraat nahein thein. poori jail kuu aag bhadkanay say bachnay kay liye design kiyaa gayaa thaa jiss mein furniture sameet harr cheez concret yaa dhaat say bunny thee. tamaam kapday jeesay kapday aur bastar aag say paak thay. beton aazadi kay qaideen kuu alg rakhaa gayaa jaisa kahh naujawan mardon kuu thaa. qaidiyon nay agast 1962 mein bhok hadtaal sharoo kii juu eek saal say ziyadah arsey takk jaari rahee aur iss kay natijay mein jabri khuraak kay bawajood ghazaiyat kii wajah say eek moth waaqa hoyee.
aakhri dokhubur qaidi kuu 1970 mein rehaa kiyaa gayaa thaa. agasiz pahaadi jail kuu bee see jail kay buzurg qaidiyon kay liye jail mein tabdil kirr diyaa gayaa thaa aur balaakhir asay eek alaihdah darmiyane darjay kay hifazati idaarey kay toor parr taqsim kirr diyaa gayaa thaa.
nazam woo zabt aur sazaa.
qabal maseeh kii jail kay andar istemaal honay waalay jail kay qawanin kii khalaaf warziyon kay liye sazaa kay tareeqe waqat kay saath saath tayaar hoay. jasmani sazaa ibtadayi toor parr mutadid khalaaf warziyon kay liye tarjihi tariqah thaa jiss mein koday maarna sabb say aam thaa. jasmani sazaa kuu aahista aahista khatam kirr diyaa gayaa jabb takk kahh 1972 mein iss parr makmal pabandi nahein lagaa dee gayee. sazaa kii deegar aam shaklon mein zanjiron parr kaam karnaa roty aur paani kii taaziri ghazaa aur tanhayi mein qaid shaamil thay.
qabal maseeh kay jail kay ziyadah jadeed autaar mein sazaon kaa intezam bureaucratic toor parr behat ziyadah hotaa thaa. sazaa kii sabb say aam shaklein maraat kaa naqsaan aur tanhayi qaid thein.
tanhayi qaid.
tanhayi qaid (jasay sarkaari toor parr "alaihadgi" kahaa jaataa hay vovo jasay aam toor parr "alaihadgi" kahaa jaataa hay) qabal maseeh kii jail mein sazaa kii eek aam shakal thee. qaidiyon kuu teen wajuhaat kii banaa parr alg rakhaa jaa saktaa hay: inn kii apnee darkhwast parr vovo 30 dunn takk kii sazaa kay toor parr vovo yaa lamahdud waqat kay liye intezami maqasid kay liye. emli toor parr intezami alaihadgi aksar qaidiyon kuu sazaa deenay kay liye istemaal kii jaati thee. intezami alaihadgi kay istemaal parr control intehayi sawabdidi thaa aur iss tarah iss kay ghalat istemaal kay liye khilaa thaa. qaidiyon kuu eek waqat mein maheenon yaa yahaan takk kahh saalon takk tanhayi mein rakhna aam baath thee. misaal kay toor parr jeek mackin naami eek qaidi nay 1970 aur 1974 kay darmiyan 1421 dunn-inn mein say 754 muslisil-tanhayi mein guzaray.
rasmi toor parr khususi aslahi yount (aiss see yuu) kay naam say jaana jaataa hay tanhayi qaid khaanon kuu aam toor parr qaidiyon aur amley kay zariah "paint house" kahaa jaataa thaa jazwi toor parr sail blocks mein say eek kii opri manzal parr inn kay maqaam kii wajah say. (paint house 1963 mein tehah khaaney mein mojud paraaney tanhayi qaid khaanon kuu tabdil karnay kay liye banaya gayaa thaa jinhein "surakh" kahaa jaataa thaa.) qabal maseeh kii qaid khaaney kay qaleel qaid khaaney jadeed jail kay liye khaas toor parr sfakana honay kay toor parr jaanay jaatay thay.
khalyaat intehayi chhotay thay jinn mein teen concret kii dewarein thein jinn mein koyee khidkiyan nahein thein aur eek thoos steel kaa darwazah jiss mein paanch inch marbaa khidki coredor kii taraf thee. khaliyon mein sarf eek waash besan/twilet kaa majmuah (sarf thandaa paani)yee aur eek redio slector (duu chinal thay)yee aur farsh say chaar inch kay fasilay parr plywod kii sheet say dahkaa eek concret peed thaa jiss parr qaidi sotay thay. qaidi redio kay hajm aur naha hyee sail kay darjah hararat kuu control nahein kirr saktay thay. sail mein dunn mein 24 ghantay lights aann rehti thein leakin raat kuu 25 waat takk kumm kirr dee jaati thein.
juu qaidi tadibi yaa intezami wajuhaat kii banaa parr scoo mein thay inhein rozanah 23.5 ghantay takk apnay sailon mein mahdud rakhaa jaaye gaa. inhein aadhay ghantay kii warzish dee jaaye gee jiss mein scoo mein khaliyon kay darmiyan gulyaray mein akilay chalna shaamil hotaa hay. rabad kaa peed aur kambal shaam kuu pahunchaya jaataa aur harr sabah jamaa kiyaa jaataa. qaidiyon kuu baahir dekhnay kaa koyee moqaa nahein milay gaa. hifazati tahweel kay liye scoo mein mojud qaidiyon kuu dunn bhar rabad kaa peed aur kambal rakhnay kii ajazat hogi aur baaz auqaat inhein rozanah aadhay ghantay kay liye baahir warzish karnay kii ajazat hogi. qaidiyon kuu eek dosray say baath karnay kaam karnay school jaanay library jaanay tye wee dekhnay yaa kasee dosri taamli sargarmiyon mein mashghul honay kii ajazat nahein thee.
sakht halaat kay alawah scoo mein muhafizon kii taraf say haraasaan karnaa aur badsaloki wasee paimanay parr aur maqami thee.
sazaye moth.
qabal maseeh kii jail mein sarf eek phansi dee gayee thee. canada mein sazaye moth kay khaatime say pehley wafaqi jailon kay bajaye soobayi gaalon mein sazaye moth dee jaati thee. 24 saalah jozaf samath kay muamile mein eek riayat dee gayee thee jasay 31 januri 1913 kuu phansi day kirr phansi day dee gayee thee.
samath aur bee see kii jail mein eek aur qaidi harmeen walasan nay 5 aktobar 1912 kuu faraar kii koshish kay doraan eek muhafiz kuu halaak kirr diyaa. walasan koshish kay doraan zakhmi how gayaa aur moqhadhime say qabal hyee iss kay zakhmon kii wajah say marr gayaa. samath parr moqhadhima chalaya gayaa aur asay qatal kaa mujaram qaraar diyaa gayaa.
qabal maseeh kii jail mein phansi deenay kii sarkaari wajah yaha thee kahh asmath kuu kasee soobayi idaarey mein muntaqil karnay kay bajaye wahaan asay rakhna aasaan thaa. tahim yaha amkaan hay kahh iss kaa maqsad qabal maseeh kii jail mein mojud deegar qaidiyon kay liye eek misaal kay toor parr kaam karnaa thaa. phansi kay liye eek takhtah khaas toor parr iss jagah kay qareeb banaya gayaa thaa jehaan faraar kii nakaam koshish kay doraan muhafiz maaraa gayaa thaa. samath kuu jail kay qabristan mein dafan kiyaa gayaa.
fasadaat aur yarghumal bananay kay iqdamat.
apnee praani ziyadah tarr hifazati jailon kii tarah bee see kii jail nay apnee poori tareekh mein mutadid qaidiyon kii khudkashi khood kashee hamlay chharaa ghonpnay faraar kii koshishon aur qatal kaa saamna kiyaa. apnay baad kay saalon mein bee see kii jail apnay fasadaat aur yarghumaliyon kay kaamon kay liye mashhur how gayee.
qabal maseeh kii jail mein iss kii ibtadayi tareekh mein chand baday pratashdad waaqiaat hoay. iss nay 1934 takk juu iss kay operation kaa 56 waan saal thaa apnay pehley fasadaat kaa tajarbah nahein kiyaa. tahim yaha sahulat praani honay aur jadeed jail kay toor parr kumm mozon honay kay saath saath iss mein inn baday waaqiaat kaa teezi say ziyadah tajarbah honaa sharoo hawaa. qabal maseeh kii jail kay ziyadah tarr baday pratashdad waaqiaat 1970 kii dahayi mein iss kay aakhri 10 saalon kay operation mein paish aayey. 1970 kii dahayi kay doraan bee see jail canada kay sabb say pratashdad wafaqi idaaron mein say eek thaa. halaat kay bigartay hoay aur bee see peen parr pratashdad waaqiaat kii badhti hoyee taadad nay 1980 mein iss kii bartarfi mein aham kirdaar adaa kiyaa.
1934 kay fasadaat.
fasadaat kaa aaghaz yakam satambar 1934 kuu hawaa jabb saat qaidiyon nay apnaa muqarrah kaam karnay say ankaar kirr diyaa. 10 satambar takk 73 qaidi hadtaal kirr rahay thay. furniture aur beeth alkhala kay saath saath 182 khidkiyan bhee toot gayein. fasadaat 12 satambar kuu iss waqat khatam hoay jabb iss kay rehnumaon kuu peedal kiyaa gayaa. qaidi aam toor parr kharaab halaat parr ahtajaj kirr rahay thay aur yaha bhee mutalibah kirr rahay thay kahh inhein iss kaam kay liye tankhwah dee jaaye juu inhon nay kiyaa thaa. iss fasaad nay canada kii hukumat kay liye apnay wafaqi qaidiyon kuu rozanah paanch sent adaa karnay kii palisi naafiz karnay mein aham kirdaar adaa kiyaa.
1963 fasadaat aur yarghumal banana.
20 apreel 1963 kuu eek muhafiz nay teen qaidiyon kuu faraar honay kii koshish kartay hoay paaya. muhafizon nay qaidiyon parr firing kii aur inhon nay molotof kaak tail phaink kirr jawaab diyaa. qaidi geeri kisay kii qayadat mein teenon qaidiyon nay gaard pait dense kuu yarghumal banaa liyaa aur 15 deegar qaidiyon kay saath khood kuu auditorium mein bund kirr liyaa. iss kay baad dosray qaidiyon nay aag lagaana aur jail kuu tabaah karnaa sharoo kirr diyaa.
qaidiyon nay maqami nashriyati idaarey jeek webster kay zariye baath cheet parr asraar kiyaa. "webster nay venkovar sunn kay liye eek kahaani mein likhaa "paagal rung leader geeri kisay iss kaa dabli patli chehrah ghasey say bhar gayaa dense kay gulay parr chaqo say maaraa aur majh parr cheekhney lagaa. "warden tomm haal kuu batayein kahh agar bail yahaan daakhil hotay haine tuu muhafiz pehley marr jaataa hay. aap behat ziyadah marr jayein gay! humm sabb marr jaatay haine. iss phone parr chull!"
shaahi canadian sawaar police aur canadian foj nay auditorium kay elawah jail mein nazam woo zabt bahaal kiyaa. yarghumal bananay waalon kaa waahid mutalibah thaa kahh inhein bee see qalam say muntaqil kiyaa jaaye vovo iss mutalibe kuu qabool karnay kay baad waaqiah khatam hawaa.
1973 kaa fasaad.
5 aktobar 1973 kuu teen rozah fasadaat sharoo hoay. tayees khalyaat tabaah how gayey.
1975 yarghumal bananay kay iqdamat.
faroori 1975 mein eek amley kay rakan kuu chaar ghantay kay liye yarghumal banaa liyaa gayaa.
9 joone 1975 kuu sabah taqriba 8 bajay jail kay 15 amley kuu teen qaidiyon nay yarghumal banaa liyaa. yaha waaqiah 11 joone kuu sabah 1 bajay takk jaari rehaa kill 41 ghantay jabb jail afsaran kay maslah taktiki dastay nay jail parr dhawa boul diyaa. qaidiyon mein say aike mujaram qaatil aindi brose ney eek yarghumal darjah bundi afsar meeri steen houser kuu insani dahaal kay toor parr istemaal karnay kay liye pakad liyaa. 32 saalah steen houser dostana firing say halaak how gayaa jabkah brose kuu duu baar golee maari gayee leakin wah bach gayaa. waaqiye kii wajuhaat kaa tayeen karnay kay liye eek commission aaf inquiree muqarar kiyaa gayaa. iss kay nataij mein shaamil haine:
4 jolayi kuu jail kay amley kay eek rakan kuu eek qaidi nay aath ghantay takk yarghumal banaa rakhaa thaa.
1976 kay fasadaat aur yarghumal bananay kay waaqiaat.
faroori mein teen qaidiyon nay teen muhafizon kuu taqriba 15 ghantay takk yarghumal banaa liyaa.
apreel mein chaar qaidiyon nay teen muhafizon kuu 13 ghantay kay liye yarghumal banaa liyaa. iss mahinay duu qaidi bhee mardah paaye gayey.
joone mein qaidiyon nay duu muhafizon kuu yarghumal bananay kii koshish kii. wah mamuli chooton kay saath bach gayey.
31 agast kuu eek qaidi nay eek muhafiz kuu mukhtasir toor parr yarghumal banaa liyaa.
9 satambar say sharoo honay waali 12 rozah hungami surathaal iss waqat thee jabb muhafizon nay auvar tyme kaam karnay say ankaar kirr diyaa thaa. iss arsey kay doraan teen qaidiyon kii moth how gayee.
bee see jail kii tareekh kaa sabb say badaa waaqiah 27 satambar 1976 kuu sharoo hawaa. qaidiyon kii aabadi kaa eek badaa hasah fasadaat karnay lagaa keunkah inhein baarish kay liye apnay khalaa say rehaa kiyaa gayaa thaa. aglay chand dunon mein qaidiyon nay jail kay ziyadah tarr sail blocks aur kayee deegar hasoon kuu tabaah kirr diyaa. inhon nay sail blocks kay darmiyan androni dewaron kuu tabaah kirr diyaa-juu taqriba eek sadee say khadee thee-behat say muamilat mein apnay haathon say. bunyadi shikayaat muhafizon kii taraf say badsaloki aur muhafizon kii taraf say nayee ziyadah insani hidayaat parr amal karnay say ankaar thein. duu muhafizon kuu yarghumal banaa liyaa gayaa. police fasadaat control schwadz aur canadian foj kay fojiyon nay jail kay dairay kuu gahiray mein lay liyaa. jabb noow tashkil shadah shahriyon kii mashawarti committy jaaye waqoo parr pahunchi aur mazakirat mein hasah leena sharoo kiyaa tuu yarghumal bananay waalon nay neek neeti kay izhaar mein eek yarghumal kuu rehaa kirr diyaa aur balaakhir 2 aktobar kuu noow nikati muahidah kiyaa gayaa jiss say praman tareeqe say fasadaat aur yarghumaliyon kuu khatam kiyaa gayaa.
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00051d669c901e7ab3e2adc3055b86cf9b5c3bd784b421f3c99b38773bdef42f | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19209465 | GSK-189254 |
GSK-189254
Chemical compound
GSK-189,254 is a potent and selective H3 histamine receptor inverse agonist developed by GlaxoSmithKline. It has subnanomolar affinity for the H3 receptor (Ki = 0.2nM) and selectivity of over 10,000x for H3 over other histamine receptor subtypes. Animal studies have shown it to possess not only stimulant and nootropic effects, but also analgesic action suggesting a role for H3 receptors in pain processing in the spinal cord. GSK-189,254 and several other related drugs are currently being investigated as a treatment for Alzheimer's disease and other forms of dementia, as well as possible use in the treatment of conditions such as narcolepsy, or neuropathic pain which do not respond well to conventional analgesic drugs.
References.
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gske-189254
gske-189,254 hoise glacks 'mithclineor dwara bikoxito ek xoktixali aaru nirbasito eis3 histamine receptor inverse agonist. iyar eis3 receptoror (ki = 0.2nm) baabe upo-nomulor xomporko aase aaru onyanyo histamine receptoror upoprokarotkoi eis3 ror baabe 10,000x tokoi odhik nirbasonxilota aase. poxu odhyoyonxomuhe dekhuwaise je ee kewol uddipok aaru nutropik probhaboi nohoy, merurojjur bix prokriyat eis3 receptoror baabe ek bhumikar poramorxo diya analgegic karjyou aase. gske-189,254 aaru aan keibatau xomporkiyo ouxodh bortoman eljaimar rug aaru onyanyo dhoronor smritibhrongxor sikitsa hisape onuxondhan koraa hoise, logote narcholepsy, baa niur "pethik bixor dore owosthar sikitsat xombhobpor byobohar koraa hoise jiye poromporagot analgesic ouxodhor proti bhaldore xohari nidiye. | zii. esha. keey-189254
zii. esha. keey-189,254 holl glaxosmithclin dwara bikoshito ekti shaktishali ebong nirbachito prokriyakorone histamine receptor biporito agonist. prokriyakorone receptor (kii = 0.2nm)-err jonno err subnanomolar affinity royeche ebong anyanno histamine receptor upoprokarer tulna tulna jonno 10,000x-err beshi selectivity royeche. prani gobeshonai dekha geche jey etty cable uddipok ebong notropic probhabi dharon korey naa, borong merudonder byatha prokriyakorone prokriyakorone receptorgulir jonno ekti bhumika nirdesh korey byathanashak kriao royeche. bortomane zii. esha. keey-189,254 ebong anyanno somporkito oshudhguli aljhaimar roga ebong anyanno dharaner smritibhrongsho roger chikitsa hisabe todonto koraa hachche, pashapashi narcolepsy baa neuropathic byathar moto abosthar chikitsai sombhabbo byabohar jaa procholito byathanashak oshudhgulite vall saadaa deyo naa.
| jee. aesa. keey.-189254
jee. aesa. keey.-189,254 aee glaxosmithcline dwara vikasavvama aavel aek shaktishaali aneey pasandgiyukt prakriyaamaa histamine receptor inverse agonist chhe. teey prakriyaamaa receptor (qee = 0.2nm) maate subnanomolar aakarshan dharaave chhe aneey anya histamine receptor petaa prakaaro parr prakriyaamaa maate 10,000x thee vadhu pasandagi dharaave chhe. praniona abhyasoae darshaavyu chhe keey teey maatra uttejak aneey nutropic asaro jaj nathee dharaavtu, parantu karodarajjumaa pidaa prakriyaamaa prakriyaamaa receptors maate bhoomika soochavati analgesic kriyaa pann dharaave chhe. jee. aesa. keey.-189,254 aneey anya ketalik sambandhit davaaoni haalmaa alzheimer rooga aneey dementiana anya swaruponi saarvaar tareeke tapaas karvaamaa aavee rahee chhe, temaj narcolepsy athavaa neuropathic pidaa jevee paristhitioni sarvarma sambhaveet upyog jeey paramparagat analgesic davaaone saaro pratisaad aapto nathee.
| jee. aiss. key.-189254
jee. aiss. key.-189,254 ack shaktishali aur chayanaatmak mein histamine receptor inverse agonist haye jise glaxosmithcline dwara vikasit kiya gayaa haye. isamen mein receptor (kii = 0.2nm) key liye subnomolar affinity haye aur anya histamine receptor upprakaron parr mein key liye 10,000x seey adhik kii chayanaatmaktaa haye. pashu adhyayanon seey pataa chalaa haye kii isamen naa kewal uttejak aur nutropic prabhaav hotey hain, balki reedh kii huddy mein dard prasanskaran mein mein receptors key liye ack bhoomika kaa sujhaav dene vaali analgesic kaarravaai bhee hoti haye. jee. aiss. key.-189,254 aur kaee anya sambandhit davaaon kii vartamaan mein alzheimer roga aur dementia key anya roopon key upchaar key roop mein jaanch kii jaa rahee haye, saath hii saath narcolepsy, yaa neuropathic dard jaisi sthitiyon key upchaar mein sambhaavit upayog joe paaramparik analgesic davaaon key liye achchi pratikriya naheen dete hain.
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gs keey-189254
gsk-189,254 embudu glaxosmithcline abhivraddhipadisida prabala mattu aayda etch3 histamine grahaka viloma agonist aagide. idu etch3 grahakakke (kii = 0.2nm) sabnanomolar sambandhavannu hondide mattu itara histamine grahaka upavidhagaliginta etch3ಗeeii 10,000x ginta hecchina aaykeyannu hondide. pranigala adhyayanagalu idu uttejaka mattu nootropic parinaamagalannu matravallade bennuhuriyallina novu samskaraneyalli etch3 grahakagalige ondu patravannu soochisuva novu nivaaraka kriyeyannu saha hondide endu torisive. gs keey-189,254 mattu itara halavaaru sambandhita aushadhigalannu prastuta aljhaimarna kaayile mattu itara reetiya buddhimaandyateya chikitseyagi tanikhe maadalaaguttide, jotege narcolepsy athawa nararogadantaha paristhitigala chikitseyalli sambhaavya balakeyu saampradaayika novu nivaaraka aushadhigalige uttamavaagi pratikriyisuvudilla.
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jii. ezz. keey-189254
glaxosmithkline vikasippichedutha shakthavum selective aayathumaaya echu3 histaamain risapttar invezhs agonistaanu gsk-189,254. ithinu echu3 resepterinode (kii = <aii. dii. 1>) sabnanomolar affinityum mattu histaamain risapttar upavibhaagangale apekshichu echu3-nuu 10,000x-ll kooduthal selectivityum undu. mruga padanangal ithu uthejakavum nootropic efakttukalum mathramalla, sushumna nadiyile vedana prosessingil echu 3 resepterukalkku oru punk soochippikkunna vedanasamhaara pravartthanavum undennu theliyichittundu. jii. ezz. keey-189,254 umm mattu niravadhi anubandha marunnukalum nilavil alsheimer rogathinum mattu tharatthilulla demensiaykkum chikilsayaayi anweshikkappedunnu, athupole thanne narcolepsy allengil neuropathic vedana polulla avasthakalude chikilsayil saadhyamaaya upayogavum parambaraagatha vedanasamhaarikalkku nannayi prathikarikkunnilla. | jee. ess. keey.-189254
jee. ess. keey.-189,254 haah glaxosmithcline vikasit kelela eka shaktishali aanee nivadak vedanaprakriyet histamine receptor inverse agonist aahe. tyat vedanaprakriyet receptorsathi (qee = 0.2nm) subnanomolar sambandh aahe aanee itar histamine receptor upprakaranpeksha upprakaranpeksha 10,000x peksha jaast nivadakta aahe. pranyanchya abhyasatoon asey disun aale aahe qee tyat keval uttejak aanee nutropic prabhav nasatat, tarr pathichya kanyatil vedanaprakriyet vedanaprakriyet receptorsasathi bhoomika suchavinari vedanshamak kriya dekhil asate. jee. ess. keey.-189,254 aanee itar anek sambandhit aushadhanchi sadhya alzheimer rog aanee smrutibhransh itar prakaransathi upchar mhanoon tapasani kelee jaat aahe, tasech narcolepsy kinwa neuropathic vedna yasarkhya paristhitinchya upcharanmadhye sambhavya vapar keela jaat aahe, jeey paramparik vedanshamak aushadhanna changla pratisad dett naheet.
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jieske-189254
gsk-189,254 ek shaktishali rar chayanatmak etch 3 histamine receptor inverse agonist how june glaxosmithklinedwar wiksit garieko how. yasama etch3 receptor (key = 0.2nm) kaa lagi sabanomolar atmiyata chha rar anya histamine receptor upaprakarharuma etch3 kaa lagi 10,000x bhanda badhi chayanshilta chha. pashu adhyayanharule yasale uttejak rar notropic prabhawharu matra nabhai merudandama dukhai prashodhanma etch 3 receptorharuko lagi bhumika sujhaune analgesic karya pani bhaeko dekhaeko chha. gsk-189,254 rar dherai anya sambandhit aushadhiharu hall alzheimer rog rar demenciaca anya rupharuko upcharko rupma anusandhan bhairaheko chha, sathai narcolepsy, wa neuropathic dukhai jasta awasthaharuko upcharma sambhawit prayog june paramparagat analgesic aushadhiharulai ramrosanga pratikriya dindaina. | jii. ess. kee.-189254
jii. ess. kee.-189,254 heuchhi eka shaktishali ebong chajanatmaka echa. 3. histamine receptor inverse agonist, jaahaa glaxosmithcline dwara bikashita. ehara prakrijakaranare receptor (kii = <aai. dii. 1>) paain sabnanomolar sambandha rahichhi ebong anya histamine receptor upaprakara tulanare prakrijakaranare paain 10,000x ru adhika chayan khyamata rahichhi. pashu adhyajanaru janapadichhi je ehaa kebala uttejaka ebong notropic prabhaba dhaaran kare naahin, barang merudandare jantrana prakrijakaranare prakrijakaranare receptor paain eka bhumika paramarsha deuthiba jantrana upashamakaree karjya madhya kare . jii. ess. kee.-189,254 ebong anyanya sambandhita oushadhagudikara bartamana alzheimer roga ebong anyanya prakarara demencia paain eka chikitsa bhabare anusandhana karajauchhi, ebong narcolepsy, kimba neuropathic jantrana bhali abasthara chikitsare sambhabya byabahara jaahaa paramparika analgesic oushadha prati bhal pratikrija kare naahin .
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gsk-189254
gsk-189,254 ikk shaktishali atey chonvan aich3 histamine receptor inverse agonist haii joe glaxomethclin duaara vikast keeta giaa haii. iss witch aich3 receptor (qee = 0.2nm) laee subnanomolar sabb-typee haii atey horr histamine receptor sabb-types dee tulna witch aich3 laee 10,000x toon vaddh dee chonh haii. janwaran dey adhiaenan neey dikhaiaa haii kii iss witch naa siraf utejak atey nutropic prabhav hunde hunn, balki reedh dee haddi witch darad prakiriaa witch aich 3 receptoran laee ikk bhumika daa sujhaa denh vaali analgesic karvai vee hundi haii. gsk-189,254 atey kaee horr sabandhat davaiaan dee jaanch iss vele alzheimer rogg atey dementia dey horr roopan dey ilaaj dey naal-naal narcolepsy, jaan neuropathic darad vargiaan sathitiaan dey ilaaj witch sambhav varton dey taur teey keeti jaa rahee haii joe ravaiti analgesic davaiaan pratee changa jawab naheen dindiaan. | jii. ess. key.-189254
jee. ess. key.-189,254 iti glaxosmithclan ityanena vikasitah ekaha prabalah chayanaatmakah cha apekshayaa histman receptor inverse agonist asti. asya apekshayaa receptor ityasya (kee = 0.2nm) krute sabnanomolar-aatmiyataam asti, anyeshu histamine receptor-upaprakaranam apekshayaa apekshayaa ityasya krute 10,000x taha adhikasya chayanakshamata cha asti. pashunam adhyayanaani naa kevalam uttejakaanaam nootropic-prabhaavaanaam cha lakshanani darshayanti, apitu majjaatantuveh majjaatantuveh वेदनप्रक्रियायां receptors ityasya bhumika soochayati. samprati jii. ess. key-189,254 tathaa anyaani anekaani sambaddhaani aushadhaani alzheimer-rogasya tathaa anyarupanam dementia ityasya chikitsaaroopen, tathaa cha narcolepsy athavaa neuropathic-pidaayaah chikitsaaroopen sambhaavya-upayogam cha anveshtum shaknuvanti, ye cha paaramparika-vedanaanilakshan-aushadhanam krute samyak pratikriyam naa kurvanti.
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jii. ess. kae-189254
jii. ess. kae-189,254 enbathu claxosmithclinal uruvaakkappatta oru sakthivaaintha mattrum thernthedukkappatta ech3 hystemine aerpi thalaikeezh agonist aagum. idhu ech3 aerpikku (kii = 0.2nm) sabnomolar thodarbaiyum, mattra hystemine aerpi thunai vagaikalai vida ech3 kku 10,000x kkum athigamaana thaernthedukkum thanmaiyaiyum kondullathu. vilangku aaivugal idhu thoonduthal mattrum nutropic vilaivugalai mattumallaamal, muthukelumbu valii seyalaakkaththil ech 3 aerpikalukku oru pangaik kurikkum valii nivaarani nadavadikkaiyaiyum kondiruppathaik kaattugindrana. jii. ess. kae-189,254 mattrum pala thodarpudaiya marunththugal tharpoothu alsimer noai mattrum pira vagaiyaana demensiavukkaana sigichchaiyaaga arayapattu varukintrana, athae poal narcolepsy allathu narambiyal valii poantra nilaimaigalin sigichchaiyil payanpaduththappadalaam, idhu valakkamaana valii nivarana marunthugalukku sariyaaga pathilalikkaathu.
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gs keey-189254
gsk-189,254 anedi glaxosmithcline abhivruddhi chesina saktivantamaina mariyu empika chesina hetch3 histamine grahaka viloma agonist. idhi hetch3 graahakaaniki (kii = 0.2nm) sabnanomolar anubandhaanni kaligi untundi mariyu itara histamine grahaka uparakaalapai hetch3కii 10,000x kante ekkuva empikanu kaligi untundi. janthu adhyayanalu idhi uddeepana mariyu nootropic prabhavalanu matrame kakunda, vennupaamulo noppi prosessinglo hetch3 graahakaalaku paatranu soochinche analgesic charyanu kooda kaligi undani choopinchaayi. gsk-189,254 mariyu aneka itara sambandhita mandulu prastutam algimers vyaadhi mariyu itara rakaala chittavaikalyam chikitsagaa, alaage narcolepsy ledhaa sampradaaya analgesic aushadhaalaku baga spandinchani neuropathic noppi vanti paristhitula chikitsalo saadhyamayye upayogam kosam parisoedhinchabadutunnaayi. | jee aiss kay-189254
jee aiss kay-189,254 eek taqatwar aur intekhabi aich 3 histamine receptor anwars agonist hay jasay glacksosmithcline nay tayaar kiyaa hay. iss mein aich 3 receptor (kii = 0.2nm) kay liye sabb nanomalar waabistagi hay aur deegar histamine receptor zeeli aqsaam kay muqabilay mein aich 3 kay liye 10,000x say ziyadah kii slectivaty hay. janwaron kay mutaliat say patah chalta hay kahh yaha naha sarf moharrik aur notropic asraat rakhta hay balkah reedh kii huddy mein dard kii processing mein aich 3 receptors kay liye eek kirdaar kii tajweez karnay waali analgisk action bhee rakhta hay. jee aiss kay-189,254 aur kayee deegar mutaliqah adviyaat kii phee alhaal alzaemar kii bemari aur dementia kii deegar shaklon kay alaaj kay saath saath narcholepsy yaa neuro paithak dard jeesay halaat kay alaaj mein mamkanah istemaal kay toor parr tehqiqat kii jaa rahee haine juu rawayati analgesic adviyaat kaa achhaa jawaab nahein deetay haine.
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00051e08a81205f9b8f37d874b0a9e31efdb080f386af1c0cfb209115e6d810b | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38203186 | Roberto Hernández Vélez |
Roberto Hernández Vélez
Puerto Rican politician
Roberto Hernández Vélez is a Puerto Rican politician and former mayor of Corozal. Hernández is affiliated with the New Progressive Party (PNP) and served as mayor from 2001 to 2013.
References.
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| null | null | roobertoo hernandez vallays
roobertoo hernandez vallays aek puerto rican rajkarani aneey corosalnaa bhutpurv mayer chhe. hernandez navaa pragatisheel paksh (pii. aena. pii.) saathe sankalaayela chhe aneey 2001 thee 2013 sudhee mayer tareeke sevaa aapee hatee.
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roberto hernandez wellays
roberto hernandez wellays ack puerto rican rajneta aur corosal key poorv mahapour hain. hernandez naee pragatisheel party (pee. aine. pee.) seey sambaddh hain aur 2001 seey 2013 taka mahapour key roop mein kaary kiya. |
rabarto hernandez velez
rabarto hernandez velez avaru porto rican rajakarani mattu korojalna maaji mayer agiddare. hernandez hosa pragatipara pakshada (pii. enn. pii) jote sambandha hondiddaare mattu 2001rinda 2013ravarege mayer aagi seve sallisiddaare. | null | roberto hernandez velez
roberto hernandez velez heey puerto rican rajkarani aanee corosalche majee mahapour aahet. hernandez heey naveen purogami pakshashi (pii. aine. pii.) sanlagn aahet aanee tyanni 2001 teey 2013 paryant mahapour mhanoon kaam kele.
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roberto harnandez velej
roberto harnandez velej jane puerto rican rajneta ebong korojalara purbatana meyer . harnandez nutan pragatiseela dala (pii. enn. pii.) sahita anubandhita ebong 2001 ru 2013 parjyanta meyer bhabare karjya karithile. | roberto hernandez villays
roberto hernandez villays ikk porto rican siasatdan atey corosal daa sabka mayer haii. hernandez naveen pragtishil party (pee. ainn. pee.) naal judee hoee haii atey 2001 toon 2013 takk mayer rahee.
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roberto hernandez velez
raberto hernandez velez ityeshah puerto-rican-deshasya raajaneetidnyah, corosal-nagarasya poorwah mahaapaurah cha asti. hernandez ityeshah nootan-pragatisheel-pakshena (pi. enn. pi.) saha sambadhah asti, 2001 taha 2013 paryantam mahaapauratvena karyam krutavaan. |
rabardo hernandes velas
rabardo hernandes velas oru puerto rican arasiyalvaathiyum, corosaline munnaal maeyarum aavaar. hernandes puthiya murpoakku katchiyudan (pii. enn. pii) inaikkappattullaar mattrum 2001 muthal 2013 varai maeyaraaga paniyaattrinaar.
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00051f9fb6d6966cdc88387412f2824eb8c2172eecb0646835c9cee065973f6b | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34017661 | 1881 Greek legislative election |
1881 Greek legislative election
Parliamentary elections were held in Greece on 20 December 1881. Supporters of Charilaos Trikoupis emerged as the largest bloc in Parliament, with 125 of the 245 seats. Trikoupis became Prime Minister on 15 March 1882.
As the first election to take place after the annexation of Thessaly, by the terms of the Convention of Constantinople, the resulting parliament was the first to feature two Muslim MPs, representing the region's sizeable Muslim minority. Nevertheless, despite the political equality guaranteed to them officially, several Muslim and Jewish citizens in Thessaly complained to the authorities that they were prevented from voting, either by being denied access to the voting stations, or not being registered in the electoral lists. The situation was further confused since the Muslim inhabitants of the area were not necessarily Greek citizens, with many opting to retain their Ottoman citizenship. In addition, according to press reports, the Ottoman authorities announced that any Muslim running for office in the elections would automatically lose their citizenship.
References.
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1881 greek bidhanxobha nirbason
1881 sonor 20 disemborot greechot xongxodiyo nirbason onusthito hoisil. 245 khon aaxonor bhitorot 125 khon aaxonor xoite sarilas trikupisor xomorthokxokol xongxodor xorbobrihot gutt hisape aatmoprokax korisil. 1882 sonor 15 marchot trikupis prodhanmontri hoisil.
thesalir xongzuktir pisot onusthito huwa prothom nirbason hisape, constantinupolor conventionor sorto onuxori, iyar folot xongxodot prothombaror baabe dujon musolman em. pi. aasil, jiye oncholtur jothesto xongkhyok musolman xongkhyaloghur protinidhitwo korisil. tothapiu, anusthanikbhabe teulukok rajnoitik xomotar nischoyota diya swotweu, thesalir keibajonu musolman aaru ihudi nagorike kortripokhyor usorot obhijug korisil je teulukok bhutdan kendroxomuhot prowexor poraa bonchito korar folot baa nirbasoni talikat ponjiyon nokorar baabe bhutdan korat baadha diya hoisil. poristhititu aaru odhik bibhranto hoisil kiyonu oncholtur musolman baxindaxokol greek nagorik huwar proyujon nasil, bohute teulukor automan nagorikotwo bojai rokhar bikolpo baasi loisil. iyar uporiu, xongbad madhyomor protibedon onuxori, automan kortripokhyoi ghuxona korisil je nirbasonot karzaloyor baabe protidondita koraa jikunu musolmanoi swoyongkriyobhabe teulukor nagorikotwo heruwabo. | 1881 greek ainsabha nirbachan
1881 saaler 20shhey december grisse sangsadiya nirbachan onusthito hoy. 245tii asoner modhye 125tii asson niye charilos trikupiser somorthokra sangsader brihottomo block hisabe abirbhuto hoy. 1882 saaler 15 march trikupis prodhanmontri hohn.
thessalyr sangjuktir porr prothom nirbachan hisabe, constantinople conventioner shortaboli onusare, falaswarup sangsadti prothom duti muslim mp chhilo, jaa eyi anchaler ullekhjoggo muslim sankhyalaghuder protinidhitto korey. taa sotteo, anusthanikbhabe taader rajnaitik somotar nischayata deoa sotteo, thessalyr besh koyekjon muslim oo ihudi nagrik kortripokkher kachhe abhijog korechilen jey, hoy bhotakendre probesh theke bonchito howar karone athoba nirbachoni talika nibondhito naa howar karone taader bhot ditey badha deoa hoyechilo. poristhiti arow bibhrantikar hoye porechilo kaaron eyi anchaler muslim basindara agatya greek nagrik chhilen naa, oneke taader automan nagorikotto bojay rakhte pochondo korechilen. echhadao, sangbadpatrer protibedon anujayi, automan kortripokkho ghoshana korechilo jey nirbachone protidwondita koraa jey konao musalman swayangkriyabhabe taader nagorikotto harabe.
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1881 grick vidhansabhani chuntani
greesma 20 december 1881naa roj sansadeey chuntanio yojai hatee. 245 bethakomathi 125 bethako saathe charilos trikopisnaa samarthako sansadma sauthee motaa jooth tareeke ubharee aavyaa hataa. tricoupis 15 march 1882naa roj vadapradhan banyaa hataa.
thessalyna jodaan pachhi thanari pratham chuntani tareeke, constantinopalna sammelanni sharato dwara, parinami sansadma beey muslim aema. pii. aesa. darshavvama aavyaa hataa, jeey aaa pradeshnaa nondhpaatra muslim laghumateenu pratinidhitva karey chhe. tema chhataa, temne sattavaar reete raajkeey samaantaani banydhari aapvama aavee hovaa chhataa, thesalimaa ketlaak muslim aneey yahudi nagrikoae adheekarione fariyad curry hatee keey temne matdaan mathakomaa praveshthi vancheet rakheene athavaa chuntani yaadimaa nondhani naa karaaveene matdaan karvaathi rokvaamaa aavyaa hataa. paristhiti vadhu munjhavanma mukai gaee hatee kaaran keey aaa vistaarnaa muslim rahevasio grick nagriko hovaa jaroori naa hataa, ghanaa lokoae temnee ottoman nagrikta jaalvi raakhvaanu pasand karyoo hatoo. vadhumaa, akhbari ahevaalo anusaar, ottoman sattavalaoae jaaherat curry hatee keey chuntanima hoddo sambhaalnaar koipan muslim aapmele temnee nagrikta gumavshe. |
1881 yunani vidhaayi chunaav
20 disambar 1881 koo grees mein sansadiya chunaav hue they. 245 seeton mein seey 125 key saath charilos tricoupis key samarthak sansad mein sabse badey gutt key roop mein ubhare. tricoupis 15 march 1882 koo pradhaanmantri baney.
thessaly key vilay key baad honey vaale pahale chunaav key roop mein, constantinople key sammelan kii sharton key anusaar, parinami sansad mein dou muslim aim. pee. aiss. they, joe kshetra key badey muslim alpasankhyak kaa pratinidhitva karate they. phir bhee, aadhikarik roop seey unhein raajneetik samaantaa kii guaranti key bavjood, kaee muslim aur yahudi nagrikon ney adhikaariyon seey shikayat kii kii unhein matdan kendron taka pahunch seey vanchit karke yaa chunavi soochiyon mein panjikrit naheen honey seey matdan karane seey roque diyaa gayaa thaa. sthiti aur adhik bhramit thee kyonki kshetra key musalman nivasi aavashyak roop seey yunani nagrik naheen they, kaee logon ney apani ottoman nagrikta banaae rakhane kaa vikalp chunaa. isake alawa, press reports key anusaar, ottoman adhikaariyon ney ghoshana kii kii chunaav mein pada key liye daudane vaalaa koee bhee musalman apani nagrikta khou dega. |
1881rahra greek shasakanga chunawane
1881rahra december 20randu greesnalli samsadeeya chunavanegalu nadedavu. 245 sthaanagala paiki 125 sthaanagalannu hondiruva charylos trikupisna bembaligaru samsattinalli atidodda banavagi horahommidaru. 1882rahra march 15randu trikupis pradhaaniyaadaru.
thessaly swadhinada nantara nadeda modala chunavaneyagi, constantinople samaveshada niyamagala prakara, parinaamavaagi samsattu ee pradeshada gananeeya pramanada muslim alpasankhyaatarannu pratinidhisuva eradu muslim emm. pii. galannu olagonda modala chunavaneyagide. aadaagyoo, rajakiya samaanateya khatriya horataagiyoo, thessaly halavaaru muslim mattu yahoodi nagarikaru, matagattegalige pravesha nirakarisuva moolaka athawa chunawana pattiyalli nondayisadiruva moolaka tammannu matadaanadinda tadeyalaagide endu adhikaarigalige dooru niididaru. ee pradeshada muslim nivasigalu greek nagarikaragirabekagidarlavi paristhitiyu mattashtu gondalakkolagaayitu, anekaru tamma ottoman pouratvavannu ulisikollalu nirdharisidaru. idallade, patrika varadigala prakara, chunavaneyalli spardhisuva yaavude muslim tanna pouratvavannu svayamchaalitavaagi kaledukolluttaane endu ottoman adhikaarigalu ghoshisidaru.
| 1881-leeii greak niyamasabha thiranjeduppu
1881 desember desember greasil paarlamentari thiranjeduppu nadannu. 245 seettukalil 125 ennavumaayi charylos trikoopisinte anuyaayikal paarlamentile ettavum valia blocayi uyarnnuvannu. 1882 march march trikupis pradhaanamanthriyaayi.
tesali pidichadakkiyathinusesham nadakkunna aadyathe thiranjeduppu enna nilayil, constantinoppil kanvenshante nibandhanakal anusarichu, falamaayundaaya paarlamentil eee mekhalayile ganyamaaya muslim nyoonapakshathe prathinidheekarikkunna rund musleem empimar aadyamaayi avatharippichu. ennirunnaalum, thangalkk audyogikamaayi rashtreeya samathvam urappunalkiyittum, tessaliyile niravadhi musleem, jootha pouranmaar, onnukil votting steshanukalilekku praveshanam nishedhikkappettathukondo allengil thiranjeduppu pattikayil rajisttar cheyyaathathukondo thanne vottu cheiyunnathil ninnu thadanjathaayi adikaarikalodu parathippettu. pradeshathe musleem nivaasikal greak pouranmaarallaathathinaal palarum avarude automan pourathvam nilanirthaan theerumaanichathinaal sthithi kooduthal aashayakkuzhappathilayi. koodaathe, pathra reportukal prakaram, thiranjeduppil malsarikkunna eathoru musleethinum avarude pourathvam swamedhayaa nashtappedumennu automan adhikaarikal prakhyaapichu.
| 1881 greek vidhimandalachi nivadanuk
greesmadhye 20 december 1881 roji sansadiy nivadanuka jhalya. 245 paiki 125 jagansah charilos trikupisache samarthak sansadetil sarvat motha gut mhanoon udayas aale. 15 march 1882 roji trikupis pantpradhan jhaale.
thesalichya vilinikaranantar honari pahili nivadanuk mhanoon, constantinopalachya adhiveshanachya atinnusar, parinami sansadet done muslim khasdar hote, jeey yaa pradeshatil mothya pramanat muslim alpasankhyakanche pratinidhitva karatat. tarisuddha, tyanna adhikrutpane rajkiy samanatechi hummy asoonahi, thessalymadhil anek muslim aanee jyoo nagarikanni nagarikanni takrar kelee qee, ektar matdan kendranmadhye pravesh nakarlyamule kinwa nivadanuk yadeet nondani naan kelyamule tyanna matdan karnyapasoon rokhanyat aale. yaa bhagatil muslim rahivasi greek nagrik asane aavashyak naslyamule paristhiti aanakhi gondhalat padali, aanee anekanni tyanche ottoman nagrikatva kayam rakhane pasant kele. yavyatirikt, vruttapatranchya ahavalanusar, ottoman ottoman jaheer kele qee nivadanukit padasathi ladhanara konatahi muslim aapoaap tyanche nagrikatva gamavel.
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sann 1881 ko griseli vidhayi nirvachan
20 december 1881 maa grissma sansadiya chunawa bhaeko thiyo. 245 sitmadhye 125 sitsahit charilos trikupiska samarthakharu sansadma sabaibhanda thulo blakaka rupma dekha pare. trikupis 15 march 1882 maa pradhanmantri bane.
thesaliko vilayapachhi hune pahilo chunawako rupma, constantinopleko adhiweshanka sartaharudwara, parinamswarup sansad yass kshetrako thulo muslim alpasankhyakko pratinidhitwa garne dui muslim sansadharu prastut garne pahilo sansad thiyo. yadyapi, uniharulai adhikarik rupma rajnitik samantako guarantee bhae tapani, thesalika dherai muslim rar yahudi nagarikharule adhikariharulai gunaso gare kii uniharulai matadan kendraharuma pahunchabata banchit garera wa chunawi suchima darta nagari matadan garnabata rokiyo. yass kshetraka muslim basindaharu grick nagarik hunu awashyak nabhaeko karan sthiti thap bhramit bhayo, dheraile afno ottoman nagarikta kayam rakhna rojchhan. yasabahek, press reportka anusar, ottoman adhikariharule chunawama padaka lagi daudiraheka kunai pani muslimle swachalit rupma afno nagarikta gumaune ghoshana gare. | 1881 greek bidhanasabha nirbachana
20 december 1881 ray greesare sansadeeah nirbachana anusthita hoithila. 245 tii aasana madhyaru 125 tii aasana sahita charylos trikupis rahr samarthakamane sansadare sarbabruhata block bhabare ubha hoithile . trikupis 1882 masiha march 15 tarikhare pradhanamantri hoithile.
thessalyra mishran parey hebaku thiba pratham nirbachana bhabare, constantinoplra sammilanira sartabali anujai, phalaswaroopa sansada pratham thila jeunthire dui john musalman emm. pii. ess. thile, jeunmane ehi anchalara bruhata musalman sankhyalaghunku pratinidhitwa karuthile . tathapi, semananku sarkari bhabe rajanaitika samanata sunishchita karajiba satwe, thessalyra aneka musalman ebong ihudi nagarika kartupakhyanka nikatare abhijoga karithile je semananku matadana kendragudiku prabesharu banchita karajai kimba nirbachana talikare panjikruta nahoi matadanaru barana karajaithila. ehi anchalara musalman adhibasimane greek nagarika naah thibaru paristhiti ahuri dwandwapurna hoijaithila, aneka semananka automan nagarikatwa bajaiah rakhibaku pasanda karithile. ehaa byatita, press report anujai, automan kartrupakhya ghoshana karithile je nirbachanare pada paain pratidwandita karuthiba jekaunasi musalman swajanchalita bhabare semanankara nagarikatwa haraibe.
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1881 yunani vidhan sabha chonhan
yunan witch 20 dasambar 1881 noon sansadi chonhan hoiaan sunn. charilos tricoupis dey samarthak 245 seetan vicchon 125 seetan naal sansad witch sabh toon vadde samooh vajon ubbhare sunn. tricoupis 15 march 1882 noon pardhan mantri baney.
theesli dey raleven toon baad honn valiaan pahiliaan chonhan dey roop witch, constantinople dey sammelan deeaan shartan duaara, natije vajon sansad witch doou muslim aimm. pee. sunn, joe iss khetar dee vaddi muslim ghatt ginti dee numaindagi karde sunn. firr vee, adhikarat taur utte uhanan noon ditti gaee rajneetak barabari dee grunty dey bavjood, theesli witch kaee musalman atey yahudi nagrikan neey adhikariaan noon shikait keeti kii uhanan noon voting stationan takk pahunch toon vanjhe rakkhan jaan chonh suchiaan witch register naa keete jaanh caarn vott paunh toon rokiaa giaa see. sathiti horr ulajhan witch pae gaee kiunki iss khetar dey musalman vasneek zaruri taur 'teey yunani nagrik naheen sunn, bahut saare lokan neey aapni ottoman nagrikta noon barkarar rakkhan dee chonh keeti. iss toon ilava, presses reportan dey anusar, ottoman adhikariaan neey ailaan keeta kii chonhan witch ahude laee daudan vaala koee vee musalman aapne aap aapni nagrikta guaa lavega. |
1881 greek-vidhaayee-nirvaachanam
grees-deshe 20 december 1881 dinaanke samsadeeya-nirvaachanam jaatam. 245 madhye 125 sthaanaih, chaarilos-trikoopis ityasya samarthakaah samsade bruhattama-samoharoopen udabhavan. trikoopis 1882 maarch 15 dinaanke pradhaanamantri abhavat.
thessaly-ityasya vileeneekaranaantaram prathama-nirvaachanaroopen, constantinople-sammelanasy niyamaabhih, tasya parinaamen samsade prathamam muslim-emm. pi.-dwau upasthitaah, ye cha asya pradeshasya mahatee muslim-alpasankhyak-samudaayasy pratinidhitvam kurvanti sma. tathaapi, aadhikaarikaroopen raajanaitikasamatvam pratyaayojitam satsu api, thessaly-nagarasya bahavah muslima-yahoodee-naagarikaah adhikaaribhyah aavedanam krutavantah yat, matadanakendranam praveshah nishedhitah, athavaa nirvachakasoochyam panjeekrutah naa bhutva vaa te matadanat vilakshitavantah iti. asya pradeshasya muslim-nivaasinah greek-naagarikaah naa aasan, bahavah swasyaah ottoman-nagarikatam dhaarayitum icchanti sma iti karanat sthitihi itoapi bhramitaa abhavat. etadatirichya, patrikaa-prativedanaanusaaram, ottoman-adhikaarinah, nirvaachaneshu padasya krute spardhamaanah yah api muslimah swachalitayaa naagarikatvam haarayishyati iti ghoshayan. |
1881 kiraekka sattappaeravaith thaerthal
kiraekkaththil 1881 disambar 20 andru naadaalumandrath thaerthalkal nadaipettrana. 245 idangkalil 125 idangkaludan, sarilos tricubisin aatharavaalarkal naadaalumandraththil migapperiya kuzhuvaaga uruveduththanar. 1882 maarch 15 andru trigubis pirathamaraanaar.
thesali inaikappatta piragu nadaipettra muthal thaerthalaaga, constantinople maanattin vithimuraigalinpadi, adhan vilaivaaga aerpatta naadaalumandraththil muthanmuthalil irandu musleem emm. pii. kkal idampettranar, idhu piraanthiyaththin kanisamaana musleem sirupaanmaiyinarai pirathinithiththuvappaduththu. iruppinum, thangalukku athikaarappoorvamaaga arasiyal samathuvam uththaravaatham alikkapatta poathilum, thesali naattil ulla pala musleem mattrum yootha kudimakkal, vaakkuch saavadigalukkuch sella anumathi marukkappattathaalum allathu thaerthal pattiyalil pathivu seiyappadaamalum vaakkalikkath thadukkappattathaaga athikaarigalidam bugar seithanar. ippaguthiyil vasikkum muslimgal kiraekka kudimakkal alla enbathaal, palar thangal oottoamaan kudiyurimaiyaith thakkavaitthuk kolla virumbiyathaal nilaimai maelum kuzhappamadaindhadhu. koodudhalaaga, uudaga arikkaikalinpadi, therthalil pathavikku poattiyidum endhavoru muslimum thaanaagavae thangal kudiyurimaiyai izhakka neridum endru oottoamaan athikaarikal ariviththanar.
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1881 greeku saasana ennikalu
greeslo 1881 december 20naa parliamentary ennikalu jarigaayi. 245 seetlalo 125 seetlatho charylos trikupis maddatudaarulu paarlamentulo atipedda kuutamigaa avatarinchaaru. 1882 marchi 15naa trikupis pradhaanamantri ayyaru.
thessaly vileenam taruvaata jarigina modati ennikalagaa, constantinople convention nibandhanala prakaram, phalitamgaa erpadina paarlamentu eee praantamlooni gananeeyamaina muslim minorityki praatinidhyam vahistunna iddaru muslim empeelanu kaligi unna modatidi. ayinappatikee, tamaku adhikarikamga raajakeeya samaanatvam haamii ichinappatikii, thessalyloni aneka mandhi muslim mariyu yoodu pourulu oating stationlaku pravesam niraakarinchadam dwara ledhaa ennikala jaabitaalo namodu cheyakapovadam dwara tamanu ootu veyakunda nirodhinchaarani adhikaarulaku firyadu chesaaru. eee praantamlooni muslim nivaasulu greeku pourulu kaananduna, chaalaa mandhi tama ottoman pourasatvaanni konasaaginchaalani enchukovadamtho paristhiti marinta gandaragolaniki guraindi. adanamgaa, patrika nivedikala prakaram, ennikalaloo padavi kosam pootii chese yea muslim ayina tama pourasatvaanni svayamchaalakamgaa kolpotarani ottoman adhikarulu prakatinchaaru. | 1881 yunani qanoon saaz intekhabat
yunaan mein 20 dasambar 1881 kuu parlimani intekhabat hoay. charilos tricopus kay haami 245 nashaston mein say 125 kay saath parliament mein sabb say baday block kay toor parr ubhray. trikopas 15 maarch 1882 kuu wazeer aizam banay.
thaslay kay alhaaq kay baad honay waalay pehley intekhabat kay toor parr constantinople convention kii sharaet kay mutabiq iss kay natijay mein honay waali parliament mein sabb say pehley duu muslim ayem pee thay juu khatay kii bury muslim aqliyat kii numaindagi kartay thay. iss kay bawajood sarkaari toor parr seyasi masawaat kii zamanat kay bawajood thaslay mein kayee musliman aur yahudi shahriyon nay hakaam say shikayat kii kahh inhein voting stationon takk rasayi say ankaar karnay yaa intekhabi fehriston mein register naha honay kii wajah say woat daalnay say rook diyaa gayaa. surathaal mazeed aljhan mein parh gayee keunkah elaqay kay musliman baashinde lazmi toor parr yunani shehri nahein thay behat say logon nay apnee usmani shahriyat barqarar rakhnay kaa intekhaab kiyaa. iss kay alawah prais reports kay mutabiq usmani hakaam nay aalaan kiyaa kahh intekhabat mein ahday kay liye dodnay waala koyee bhee musliman khood bakhud apnee shahriyat khoo day gaa.
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00052219eca4e4f9b1956c0b71423f82848130781f434a1177c9ac249145b24d | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59700194 | Rasmussen's gecko |
Rasmussen's gecko
Species of lizard
Rasmussen's gecko (Urocotyledon rasmusseni) is a species of lizard in the family Gekkonidae. The species is endemic to the Udzungwa Mountains in Tanzania.
Etymology.
The specific name, "rasmusseni", is in honor of Danish herpetologist .
Reproduction.
"U. rasmusseni" is oviparous.
References.
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| rasmusenor gekku
rasmusenor gekku (eur "cotyledon rasmuseni) hoise gacconidae poriyalor ek projatir tiktiki. ei projatitu tanjaniyar udjongwa porbotmalar sthaniyo.
byutpotti.
denis harpet "logistor xonmanot nirdisto naam" rasmuseni "rokha hoise.
projonon.
"eu. raxmuseni "dimbakritir.
| rasmussener geko
rasmussener gekko (eurocotyldon rasmusseni) holl gekkonidi poribarer ekti girgiti prajati. projatiti tanzania udjangwa porbotmalar sthaniya.
byutpatti.
nirdishto naam, "rasmusseni", dannish bheshoj biseshogger sommane.
prajanan.
"eu. rasmusseni "dimbakriti.
| rasmussenno geko
rasmussen gekko (eurotyldon rasmuseni) aee gacconidae kutumbamaa garolini aek prajaati chhe. aaa prajaati tanzaniama udzungwa parvato maate sthaaneek chhe.
vyutpatti.
chokkas naam, "rasmuseni", dennish herpatologistna maanmaa chhe.
prajanan.
"yuu. rasmuseni "andakar chhe.
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rasmussen kaa geko
rasmussen geko (eurocotyldon rasmusseni) gaconidae parivaar mein chhipakali kii ack prajaati haye. yeh prajaati tanzania mein udjungwa pahaadon key liye sthaanik haye.
vyutpatti.
vishisht naam, "rasmusseni", dennish herpatologist key sammaan mein haye.
prajanan.
"yuu. rasmusseni "andashay haye. |
rasmussen avara gekko
rosmussence gekko (eurotyldon rasmusseni) embudu gekkonide kutumbada ondu jaatiya halli. ee prabhedavu tanjaniyada udjungwa parvatagalige sthaliyavaagide.
vyutpatti.
nirdishta hesaru, "rasmusseni", danish herpetologist gouravaarthavaagide.
santanotpatti.
"yuu. rasmusseni andaakaaravaagide. |
rasmussente geco
rasmussense geco (eurocodiledon rasmusseni) geconidae kudumbatthile oru palliyaan. tansaniayile udsunghwa parvathanirakalil eee inam thaddesheeyamaanu.
padavyuthpathishaasthram.
danish herpattolajistinte bahumaanaartham "rasmusseni" enna prathyeka peru nalkiyittundu.
punarnirmmaanam.
"yuu. rasmusseni "andotpaadanam aanu.
| rasmusenacha geko
rasmussen gekko (eurotyldon rasmusseni) hii gekkonide kutumbatil sardyachi eka prajati aahe. hii prajati tanzaniyamadhil udzungwa parvatanmadhye sthanik aahe.
vyutpatti.
rasmusseni" heey vishisht naav danish vanaushadhishastradnyachya sanmanarth aahe.
punarutpadan.
"yuu. rasmusseni 'heey andakoshiy asate.
| rasmusenko geko
rasmusenko gekko (eurotyliden rasmusseni) gekkonide pariwarma raheko jhumsiko euta prajati how. yo prajati tanzaniako udjungwa parwatharuma sthaniya chha.
wyutpatti.
vishesh naam, "rasmusseni", denis herpetologistko sammanma how.
prajanan.
"yu. rasmusseni "dimbgranthi how.
| rasamusenanka geko
rasmussen gekko (eurocotylidon rasmusseni) heuchhi gekkonide paribarara eka prajatira jhitipiti. ehi prajati tanjaniasthita udajungawa parbatamalara sthaniah prajati.
byutpatti.
nirdista naama, "rasmusseni", denish herpetologistnka sammanare .
prajnan.
"jayu. rasmusseni "dimbakruti.
| rasmussen daa geko
rasmussen daa geko (eurocotylden rasmusseni) geconidae parivaar witch kirli dee ikk prajati haii. ih prajati tanzania witch udzungwa pahadan laee sathanak haii.
shabdawali.
vishesh naam, "rasmusseni", denmarky herpatologist dey sanman witch haii.
prajanan.
"yuu. rasmusseni "andkosh haii.
|
rasamusenasya gekko
rasmussence gekko (eurotaildon rasmuseni) iti gekkonide-parivaarasya ekam prakshaalih prajaatih asti. eshaa prajaatih tanzania-nagarasya udjungvaa-parvateshu sthaanikah asti.
vyutpattih.
rasmuseni" iti vishishtam naam denish-herpetologist ityasya sammanartham asti.
punarutpaadanam.
"yu. rasmusseni "andaakaarah asti. |
rasmussen kecko
rosmussence kecko (urukoadailtan rasmusseni) enbathu keconidae kudumbaththaich saerntha palliyin oru inamaagum. inththa inam thaansaaniyaavil ulla udsunghwa malaikalil mattumae kaanappadugiradhu.
sorpirappiyal.
rasmusseni" endra kuripitta peyar, danish mooligai maruthuvarin ninaivaaga ullathu.
inapperukkam.
"yuu. rasmusseni "andappaguthi kondadhu.
| rasmussen yokka gekko
rasmussense gekko (eurotyldon rasmusseni) anedi gekkonide kutumbaaniki chendina balli jaathi. eee jaathi tanzanialoni udjungwa parvataalaku sthaanikamainadi.
vyutpatti.
nirdishta paeru, "rasmusseni", danish herpetologist gouravaartham.
punarutpatti.
"yuu. rasmusseni "andaakaaramu.
| rasmosan kaa giko
rasmosan kaa giko (eurocotidaldan rasmosini) chhapkali kii eek nooa hay juu giconady khaandaan mein hay. yaha nooa tanzania mein adzongwa pahaadon kii maqami hay.
siftiyat.
makhsus naam "rasmosini"yee densh herpatologist kay aizaz mein hay.
tolidi.
"aap. rasmosini "ovipers hay.
|
000528f2adeda6077b43495443ed6df42b6f6901eab47a5a7fa02addf75e9eb9 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40779425 | Same-sex marriage in Oklahoma |
Same-sex marriage in Oklahoma
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Same-sex marriage has been legal in Oklahoma since October 6, 2014, following the resolution of a lawsuit challenging the state's ban on same-sex marriage. On that day, following the U.S. Supreme Court's refusal to review "Bishop v. Smith", a case that had found the ban unconstitutional, the Tenth Circuit Court of Appeals ordered Oklahoma to recognize same-sex marriages. On January 14, 2014, Judge Terence C. Kern of the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Oklahoma declared the state's statutory and constitutional same-sex marriage bans unconstitutional. The case, "Bishop v. Smith" (formerly "Bishop v. Oklahoma" and "Bishop v. United States"), was stayed pending appeal. On July 18, 2014, a panel of the Tenth Circuit upheld Kern's ruling overturning Oklahoma's same-sex marriage ban. However, the panel put its ruling on hold pending disposition of a petition for "certiorari" by the U.S. Supreme Court. On October 6, 2014, the U.S. Supreme Court rejected the request for review, leaving the Tenth Circuit Court's ruling in place. State officials responded by implementing the Tenth Circuit's ruling, recognizing same-sex marriage in the state.
Legal history.
Restrictions.
In 1975, the Oklahoma Legislature passed its first statute defining marriage as between "one man and one woman". In 1996, the Oklahoma Legislature passed another piece of legislation, defining marriage as between "one man and one woman" and prohibiting same-sex marriages performed out-of-state from being recognized in Oklahoma.
In April 2004, the Oklahoma Senate, by a vote of 38 to 7, and the Oklahoma House of Representatives, by a vote of 92 to 4, approved a constitutional amendment banning same-sex marriage. On November 2, 2004, Oklahoma voters approved the ban as Question 711. The amendment added a ban on same-sex marriage and any "legal incidents thereof be conferred upon unmarried couples or groups", such as civil unions or domestic partnerships, to the Constitution of Oklahoma.
Non-binding resolution.
In April 2013, the Oklahoma House of Representatives passed "HCR 1009", a non-binding resolution reaffirming marriage as "between one man and one woman", and urging the U.S. Supreme Court to uphold Section 3 of the "Defense of Marriage Act" (DOMA) and the right of states to regulate marriage. It passed 84–0, with 71 Republicans and 13 Democrats voting in favor. 16 Democrats walked out of the chamber in protest rather than vote. The Oklahoma Senate approved the resolution later that same month. The U.S. Supreme Court struck down Section 3 of DOMA in "United States v. Windsor" on June 26, 2013.
"Bishop v. Smith".
Background.
On November 3, 2004, the day after Oklahoma voters overwhelmingly approved a constitutional amendment banning same-sex marriage, two lesbian couples, Mary Bishop and Sharon Baldwin, and Susan Barton and Gay Phillips, filed a challenge in federal district court in Tulsa. The first couple had been denied a marriage license by the Tulsa County Clerk, Sally Howe Smith, while the latter couple had formed a Vermont civil union in 2001 and married in British Columbia in 2005 while deliberations were pending. They were represented by Holladay and Chilton, an Oklahoma City law firm. Smith was represented by Tulsa County's district attorney and the Alliance Defending Freedom, a non-profit Christian advocacy organization. The case was "Bishop v. Oklahoma". The defendants were the Attorney General of Oklahoma, Drew Edmondson, Governor Brad Henry, the U.S. Attorney General, John Ashcroft, and President George W. Bush. The couples sought "inter alia" a declaration that the Oklahoma Amendment was unconstitutional under the Due Process, Equal Protection, Full Faith and Credit and Privileges and Immunities clauses of the U.S. Constitution. They also challenged the federal "Defense of Marriage Act" (DOMA), passed in 1996. The state sought to dismiss, arguing that the couples lacked standing and their suit was barred by the Eleventh Amendment.
On July 20, 2006, Judge Terence C. Kern issued a partial victory to the plaintiffs, holding that they could litigate various challenges to the state constitutional amendment; however, he reduced the scope of the case by eliminating certain legal theories from consideration. Citing "Smelt v. Orange County", a California case, he ruled that the couples lacked standing to challenge DOMA as neither had entered into a legal marriage in the United States. Kern ruled that Bishop and Baldwin lacked standing to challenge the portion of DOMA that excluded same-sex marriage from being recognized by the federal government because they were not married. However, he ruled that Barton and Philips did have standing, as the couple had married in Canada and entered into a civil union in Vermont, and so determined that it would be premature to dismiss their claims. Kern found that both couples had standing to challenge the state amendment prohibiting same-sex marriage, since both were interested in being legally married in Oklahoma. State officials appealed to the Tenth Circuit Court of Appeals. The Tenth Circuit issued an unpublished decision on June 5, 2009, reversing the district court's failure to dismiss the claims against the Oklahoma officials, and dismissed the plaintiffs' claims for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction. The remaining defendants, Smith and the United States, filed a motion to dismiss on October 13, 2009.
On February 25, 2011, prior to the court issuing a decision on the motions to dismiss, the United States notified the court that it would cease defending the constitutionality of Section 3 of DOMA. The Bipartisan Legal Advisory Group of the U.S. House of Representatives sought to intervene to defend DOMA. On June 26, 2013, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in "United States v. Windsor" that Section 3 of DOMA violated the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment. That same day, the court also ruled in "Hollingsworth v. Perry", allowing same-sex marriages to resume in California.
District court decision.
On January 14, 2014, Judge Kern granted summary judgement to the plaintiffs and ruled in the case, now "Bishop v. United States", that Oklahoma's ban on same-sex marriage was unconstitutional under the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. He issued an order permanently enjoining enforcement of the state's same-sex marriage ban, but stayed enforcement of his judgement pending appeal, citing the U.S. Supreme Court's issuance of a stay in a nearly identical case in Utah, "Kitchen v. Herbert". Kern wrote that the U.S. Supreme Court's dismissal of a similar case, "Baker v. Nelson", in 1972 was not binding precedent because "there have been significant doctrinal developments in Supreme Court jurisprudence since 1972 indicating that these issues would now present a substantial question". He found that two of the plaintiffs, Barton and Phillips, lacked standing to challenge Section 2 of DOMA because the federal officials they named as defendants had no responsibility for its enforcement and the record did not show that Oklahoma officials had failed to recognize Barton and Phillips' marriage in other jurisdictions. He noted that the couple "ha[d] played an important role in the overall legal process leading to invalidation of Section 3 of DOMA" and praised them and their attorneys "for their foresight, courage, and perseverance". Kern agreed with Bishop and Baldwin that the Oklahoma constitutional amendment banning same-sex marriage violated the Equal Protection Clause. He applied rational basis review and found the state's justifications, including encouraging responsible procreation, optimal child-rearing and the impact on the institution of marriage, "inadequate". Kern ruled that the constitutional amendment was "an arbitrary, irrational exclusion of just one class of Oklahoma citizens from a governmental benefit". Of the Supreme Court's jurisprudence on the issue of discrimination based on sexual orientation and equal protection, the decision said: "The Supreme Court has not expressly reached the issue of whether state laws prohibiting same-sex marriage violate the U.S. Constitution. However, Supreme Court law now prohibits states from passing laws that are born of animosity against homosexuals, extends constitutional protection to the moral and sexual choices of homosexuals, and prohibits the federal government from treating opposite-sex marriages and same-sex marriages differently. There is no precise legal label for what has occurred in Supreme Court jurisprudence beginning with "Romer" in 1996 and culminating in "Windsor" in 2013, but this Court knows a rhetorical shift when it sees one."
Governor Mary Fallin responded to the decision by stating, "I support the right of Oklahoma's voters to govern themselves on this and other policy matters. I am disappointed in the judge's ruling and troubled that the will of the people has once again been ignored by the federal government." Attorney General Scott Pruitt called the decision "troubling" and said that the Supreme Court would have to decide the constitutionality of state bans on same-sex marriage.
Appeal to the Tenth Circuit Court of Appeals.
Smith filed a notice of appeal with the Tenth Circuit Court of Appeals on January 16, and asked the court to expedite the appeal process and hear the case along with "Kitchen v. Herbert". The same 3-judge panel of the Tenth Circuit that heard oral arguments in "Kitchen" on April 10 heard oral arguments in "Bishop v. Smith" on April 17. On July 18, the court upheld the district court's ruling in a 2–1 decision, concluding that Oklahoma's same-sex marriage ban violated the U.S. Constitution, though it immediately stayed its ruling pending disposition of a petition for "certiorari" by the U.S. Supreme Court. Jeffrey L. Fisher, a law professor at Stanford University and an experienced Supreme Court litigator, joined as lead counsel for those challenging Oklahoma's denial of marriage rights to same-sex couples in August. The Supreme Court rejected Oklahoma's appeal on October 6, 2014, and the Tenth Circuit's ruling subsequently went into effect, thus legalizing same-sex marriage in Oklahoma.
Governor Fallin sharply criticized the Supreme Court's action, but announced that the state would comply and begin licensing and recognizing same-sex marriages. Representative Sally Kern, who had in the past stated that homosexuality was a greater threat to national security than terrorism, decried the court decision, "Oklahoma, or any state for that matter, should not have unelected judges who are not accountable to the people deciding what the laws will be." Scott Hamilton, executive director of a local LGBT group, said "We will be treated the same way as any other couple. And, the property that I have or that he [Hamilton's spouse] has when one of us passes will not be the same rigorous process that an inheritance might. To say that it's a big relief would be an understatement". The Oklahoma County Court Clerk, Tim Rhodes, said in the early afternoon of October 6 that his office was "bustling with activity". Mary Bishop and Sharon Baldwin were the first same-sex couples to receive a marriage license in Oklahoma, doing so at the Tulsa County Courthouse on Monday, October 6 at 1:20 p.m. Kristen and Heather Dickey were the first couple to receive a license in Cleveland County on October 6.
Native American nations.
Same-sex marriage is legal on the reservations of the Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes, the Cherokee Nation, the Chickasaw Nation, the Choctaw Nation, and the Osage Nation. The Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes were the first Native American tribe in Oklahoma to legalize same-sex marriage. In October 2013, Jason Pickel and Darren Black Bear were issued a marriage license at the tribal courthouse in Concho. While this was the first public same-sex marriage performed on the reservation, tribal officials confirmed that two other same-sex couples had married prior to this. According to tribal law, parties who wish to marry must do so on sovereign land and one party must be a member of the tribes, but the Tribal Code does not specify the gender of the couple. Same-sex marriage is explicitly banned in the Citizen Potawatomi Nation, the Muscogee (Creek) Nation, and the Seminole Nation.
The Cherokee Nation legalized same-sex marriage on December 9, 2016. In May 2004, a lesbian couple from Owasso, Dawn McKinley and Kathy Reynolds, were issued a marriage license by a tribal court deputy clerk. The tribe quickly placed a moratorium on additional same-sex marriages. On June 14, the Tribal Council passed a law banning same-sex marriage, and the Tribal Council Attorney, Todd Hembree, filed a petition on June 16 in court to nullify the marriage license issued to McKinley and Reynolds. On August 3, 2005, the Judicial Appeals Tribunal in Tahlequah ruled that Hembree lacked standing to sue and could not show that he suffered any harm from the legal recognition of the marriage. In December 2005, the tribunal rejected a second lawsuit challenging the validity of the marriage. In January 2006, the Cherokee Court Administrator, Lisa Fields, responsible for recording marriage licenses, filed a third lawsuit challenging the validity of the marriage. The petition remained unanswered. On December 9, 2016, the Attorney General of the Cherokee Nation, Todd Hembree, who had originally challenged the marriage of McKinley and Reynolds back in 2004, issued an opinion that the same-sex marriage ban was unconstitutional under the Cherokee Nation Constitution, legalizing same-sex marriage in the tribe. Chad Smith, who had served as principal chief of the Cherokee in 2004, welcomed Hembree's opinion, saying, "It as adhering to past Cherokee law. But our constitution incorporates the provisions of the US Constitution, and the Supreme Court (of the United States) has since made its ruling.", referencing the U.S. Supreme Court's decision in "Obergefell v. Hodges", which legalized same-sex marriage nationwide in the United States. As a result, McKinley and Reynolds were the first married same-sex couple in the Cherokee Nation. The Osage Nation held a referendum on March 20, 2017 on whether to legalize same-sex marriage on tribal land, and the measure passed with a 52% majority.
The Chickasaw Code was amended on April 18, 2022 to allow marriage between any two individuals and to repeal language barring recognition of marriages between persons of the same gender. The definition of marriage now reads: "'Marriage' means a personal relation arising out of a civil contract between two individuals to which the consent of parties legally competent of contracting and of entering into it is necessary, and the Marriage relation shall be entered into, maintained or abrogated as provided by law." On May 23, 2023, the Constitutional Court of the Choctaw Nation ruled that same-sex couples have a constitutional right to marry and allowed a couple, Kennedy and Chelcie Barker, to adopt their 10-year-old girl. Chief Gary Batton welcomed the ruling and said, "Based on this decision, we will review our Codes to see what changes need to be made. We offer our love and support to the family involved in this case."
In addition, the Bureau of Indian Affairs operates courts established throughout the U.S. under the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), and "until such time as a particular Indian tribe establishes their own tribal court, the Court of Indian Offenses will act as a tribe's judicial system". Same-sex marriages can thus be performed in these federal CFR courts for members of the Apache Tribe of Oklahoma, the Caddo Nation of Oklahoma, the Comanche Nation, the Delaware Nation, the Fort Sill Apache Tribe, the Kiowa Indian Tribe of Oklahoma, the Otoe–Missouria Tribe of Indians, the Wichita and Affiliated Tribes, the Eastern Shawnee Tribe of Oklahoma, the Modoc Nation, the Ottawa Tribe of Oklahoma, the Peoria Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma, and the Seneca–Cayuga Nation.
Two-spirit marriages.
While there are no records of same-sex marriages as understood from a Western perspective being performed in Native American cultures, there is evidence for identities and behaviours that may be placed on the LGBT spectrum. Many of these cultures recognized two-spirit individuals who were born male but wore women's clothing and performed everyday household work and artistic handiwork which were regarded as belonging to the feminine sphere. This two-spirit status allowed for marriages between two biological males or two biological females to be performed among some of these tribes. In Cheyenne culture, two-spirit people are known as (), and filled an important role in Cheyenne society as a third gender. They were revered as warriors, directed the traditional scalp dances, were believed to be able to talk to coyotes, and were known for their skills in matchmaking, particularly for young, unmarried men who sought to impress young women. The "he'émáné'e" often served as a second wife in a married man's polygynous household. Arapaho culture has traditionally recognized two-spirit people who wore women's clothing and were regarded as "esteemed persons with special spiritual powers". They are known as (, plural: ) in the Arapaho language. Many married cisgender men without indication of polygyny. The Ponca people of the Ponca Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma refer to two-spirit people as (). They were believed to have been "instructed by the Moon", and would sometimes take men as partners. Among the Osage, two-spirit individuals, known as (), "talked like women", wore women's clothing, but continued to fulfill an essentially masculine gender role, and they married women. They are known as () in the Quapaw language, () in the Kansa language, and () in the Chiwere language. "The "mihxóge" were respectfully treated as a special class of religious leaders. Among the late Baxoje, Jiwére-Ñút'achi elders, the "mihxóge" were still regarded with awe for their spiritual connection and consecrated role in harmony with the Holy Grandfather spirits." Among all these Siouan-speaking peoples, two-spirit people had "visions of female deities or the Moon that served to endorse their identity".
Sauk two-spirit individuals, known as (), also characterized their gender role change as "an unfortunate destiny which they cannot avoid, being supposed to be impelled to this course by a vision from the female spirit that resides in the Moon." They were sacred and honored annually with a dance in which only those men who had had sexual intercourse with an "ayakwa" were allowed to participate. The Potawatomi (, plural: "mnedokwék") "sought out female company" from an early age, possessed the "work skills" of both sexes, "talked like women", and were regarded as "esteemed persons with special spiritual powers". The Lenape, who were displaced to present-day Caddo County in the 1860s, refer to two-spirit individuals as (). Among the Miami people, today living on the reservation of the Miami Tribe of Oklahoma, two-spirit people are referred to as (), and the Pawnee people call them (). The Modoc people, exiled to modern-day Ottawa County after the Modoc War, call two-spirit individuals (). The "tʼwiniˑqʼ" wore women's clothing and "behaved as women". They married cisgender men, usually took the role of a shaman and were credited with great spirit power. The Seneca people refer to two-spirit individuals as (), and the Cayuga people refer to them as (). In the Mescalero-Chiricahua language, two-spirit people are known as (), and in the Plains Apache language as ().
Literature about two-spirit individuals among the Cherokee, Chickasaw and Choctaw is more limited. It is likely that these societies did have a designation like two-spirit, but a lot of traditional knowledge was lost during the Trail of Tears and the adoption of Christianity. Among the Cherokee, ("asegi udando"; ) refers to people who either fall outside of men's and women's roles or who occupy both men's and women's roles. In the Choctaw language, two-spirit people are known as (), though the term is relatively modern. Choctaw author LeAnne Howe stated in a 2022 book, "Often they weren't just involved with other men but had many levels of relationships. They were also involved with our community in very special ways. They could be healers. They're people that protected our children because they embodied more than one thing. And what is part of Choctawan aesthetics is that we revere things that are unusual. Different. When you look at the spirit that's connected in ["ohoyo holba"], and when they put on that dress in olden times, they are saying 'the embodiment of many'." Some female-bodied two-spirit individuals use the term (). In the Chickasaw language, the term is (). Among the Alabama people, they are known as (), and in Muscogee as (). These modern terms usually tend to mean a gay, lesbian, or transgender person, though some two-spirit people do identify with them. In the Yuchi language, two-spirit people are referred to as (), and in Natchez as (), meaning "chief of the women".
Demographics and marriage statistics.
Data from the 2000 U.S. census showed that 5,763 same-sex couples were living in Oklahoma. By 2005, this had increased to 8,159 couples, likely attributed to same-sex couples' growing willingness to disclose their partnerships on government surveys. Same-sex couples lived in all counties of the state, except Cimarron, and constituted 0.7% of coupled households and 0.4% of all households in the state. Most couples lived in Oklahoma, Tulsa and Cleveland counties, but the counties with the highest percentage of same-sex couples were Roger Mills (0.70% of all county households) and Pushmataha (0.65%). Same-sex partners in Oklahoma were on average younger than opposite-sex partners, and more likely to be employed. However, the average and median household incomes of same-sex couples were lower than different-sex couples, and same-sex couples were also far less likely to own a home than opposite-sex partners. 26% of same-sex couples in Oklahoma were raising children under the age of 18, with an estimated 4,075 children living in households headed by same-sex couples in 2005.
Data from the United States Census Bureau showed that there were 5,006 married same-sex couples in Oklahoma in 2020, including 3,149 female couples and 1,857 male couples. Married couples accounted for 56.3% of all same-sex couples living in the state. Married same-sex spouses were on average younger than different-sex spouses and typically had higher incomes.
References.
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| ukolahumat xomolingo bibah
xomolingo bibahor uporot rajyor nixedhagya proityahban jonuwa gusoror nispottir pisot 2014 sonor 6 octoboror poraa ukolahumat xomolingo bibah boidho hoi aahise. xei dinaa, eu-koo onuxoron kori.ess. uschotom nyayaloyor "bixop bonam" punorikhyon koriboloi oswikar koraa. smith, "nixedhagya oxangbidhanik buli bisari puwa etaa gusor, doxom charkit aadalotor aapile ukolahumak xomolingo bibahok swikriti diboloi nirdex disil. 2014 sonor 14 januaryt nyayadhix terrence chi. kerno owo dyo eu.ess. oh 'kolahumar uttor jilaar jilaa aadalote rajyokhonor bidhibodho aaru xangbidhanik xomolingo bibah nixidhok oxangbidhanik buli ghuxona korisil. gusortu, "bixop bhi. smith "(purbote" bixop bhi. ukolahuma "aaru" bixop bhi. aamerika juktorastro), aapeelor baabe sthogito rokha hoisil. 2014 sonor 18 julyte doxom charkitor etaa penele kernor ukalahumar xomolingo bibahor nixedhagya baatil korar xiddhantok xomorthon korisil. obosye, penele eur dwara "chartiorari" ror baabe aabedon ekhonor nispotti nuhuwakoi iyar raay sthogito rakhisil.ess. uschotom nyayaloy. 2014 sonor 6 octoborot, eu.ess. uschotom nyayaloye doxom charkit aadalotor raidanor sthan eri punorikhyonor onurudh nakoch korisil. rajyik bixoyaxokole doxom sokror raay rupayan kori rajyokhonot xomolingo bibahok swikriti di protikriya prokax korisil.
aainee itihax.
ximabodhota.
1975 sonot, ukolahuma bidhanxobhai iyar prothom aain grihit kori "ejon purux aaru egoraki mohilar maajot bibah" buli xongyayito korisil. 1996 sonot, ukolahuma bidhanxobhai aan etaa aain grihit kore, zo 'too bibahok "ejon purux aaru egoraki mohilar maajot" buli xongyayito koraa hoy aaru ukolahumat rajyor bahirot xomponno koraa xomolingo bibahok swikriti diyar poraa nixidho koraa hoy.
2004 sonor aprilot, ukolahuma chinet, 38-ror poraa 7 bhutot, aaru ukolahuma house owo protinidhi, 92-ror poraa 4 bhutot, xomolingo bibah nixidho koraa ek xangbidhanik xongxudhoni onumudon kore. 2004 sonor 2 novemborot, oh 'kolahumar voterxokole ei nixedhagya prosno 711 hisape onumudon kore. xongxudhonitut xomolingo bibahor uporot nixedhagya aaru oh' kolahumar xongbidhanot "obibahito dompoti baa gutor uporot iyar jikunu aainee ghotona", jene oxamorik xongho baa ghoruwa ongxidaritwo, prodan koraa hoh 'bob.
oh-badhyotamulok xomadhan.
2013 sonor aprilot, ukolahuma house owo protinidhir dwara "aiscr 1009" grihit hoisil, ji hoise ek badhyotamulok nuhuwa prostab ji bibahok "ejon purux aaru egoraki mohilar maajot" buli punor nischito korisil aaru eu. koo aahban jonaisil.ess. uschotom nyayaloye "bibahor protirokya aain" (duma) ror dhaara 3 aaru bibah niyontron korar rajyoxomuhor odhikar xomorthon koribo. ee 84-0 grihit kore, 71 john republican aaru 13 john demkretore pokhyot bhutdan kore. 16 john demkret protibad kori bhutdan korar poriworte chamberor poraa ulai aahisil. xei maahor xexor faale oh 'kolahuma sinetor dwara ei prostawot onumudon jonuwa hoisil. eu.ess. uschotom nyayaloye "aamerika juktorastro bonam" too domar 3 nong dhaara baatil korisil. windsor "26 june, 2013 tarikhe.
"bixop bhi. smith ".
potobhumi.
2004 sonor 3 novemborot, oh 'kolahumar voterxokole xomolingo bibah nixidho koraa ek xangbidhanik xongxudhonik byapokbhabe onumudon jonuwar pisdina, dujon lesbian dompoti, meree bixop aaru sweron baldwin, aaru susan barton aaru ge philipse tulsar federal jilaa aadalotot ek proityahban daakhil korisil. prothom dompotihalok tulsa county clerk cheli huwe smithor dwara bibahor onugyapotro oswikar koraa hoisil, aanhate pisor dompotihale 2001 sonot vermont sibhil union gothon korisil aaru 2005 sonot britis kolombiyat bibahpaxot aabodho hoisil jodiu alusonaxomuh baaki aasil. teulukor protinidhitwo korisil hoh 'laade aaru siltone, ek oh' kolahuma sohoror aain protisthan. smithok tulsa countyr jilaa odhibokta aaru swadhinota rokhya koraa mitrota, ek olabhjonok khristan advocacy xongsthar dwara protinidhitwo koraa hoisil. gusortu aasil "bixop bhi. ukolahuma. birudhixokol aasil ukolahumar etornee general, admondson, gowornor bread henori, eu.ess. etornee general john escroft aaru rastropoti jorjo dobliu. buswo. dompotihale "aan bixoyor logote" ghuxona bisarisil je oh 'kolahuma xongxudhonitu upojukto prokriya, xoman xurokhya, xompurno biswax aaru krititwo aaru eur bixexadhikar aaru rehair dofar odhinot oxangbidhanik aasil.ess. xongbidhan. teuluke 1996 sonot grihit federal "defence owo myarej act" (duma) koo proityahban jonaisil. rajyokhone ei jukti di nakoch koriboloi bisarisil je dompotihalor thiyo huwar obhab aasil aaru ekadox xongxudhonir dwara teulukor gusor nixidho koraa hoisil.
2006 sonor 20 julyte nyayadhix terrence chi. kerne badixokolok aangxik bijoy prodan kori koy je teuluke rajyik xangbidhanik xongxudhonir proti bibhinno proityahban utthapon koribo paare; obosye, teu kisuman aainee totwo bibesonar poraa aatorai gusoror porixor hraax korisil. smelt bhi" buli ullekh koraa hoise. orengjo county", californier etaa gusorot, teu raay disil je dompotihalor dodd 'maak proityahban jonuwar baabe thiyo huwar obhab aasil kiyonu duyuwe aamerikat aainee bibahot prowex koraa nasil. kerne raay disil je bixop aaru baldwine xomolingo bibahok federal sorkaror dwara swikriti diyar poraa baad diya domar ongxotuk proityahban jonuwar baabe thiyo huwar obhab aasil kaaron teuluk bibahito nasil. obosye, teu raay disil je barton philipsor sthiti aase, kiyonu dompotihale kanadat biyaa hoisil aaru bharmontot ek oxamorik xonghot prowex korisil, aaru xeyehe teulukor daabi nakoch koratu okal hoh 'bob buli drirho xongkolpo loisil. kerne gom paisil je duyu dompotiye xomolingo bibah nixidho koraa rajyik xongxudhonik proityahban jonaboloi thiyo disil, kiyonu duyujone oh 'kolahumat aaineebhabe bibahito hoh' boloi aagrohi aasil. rajyik bixoyaxokole doxom charkit aadalotor aabedon daakhil korisil. doxom charkitoi 2009 sonor 5 junot ek oprokaxito xiddhanto jaari korisil, zo 'too ukolahuma bixoyor bixoyaxokolor biruddhe koraa dabixomuh nakoch korat jilaa aadalotor bifolotar kotha polti diya hoisil, aaru bixoy-bixoyor odhikaror obhawor baabe badixokolor dabixomuh nakoch koraa hoisil. baaki bibadi, smith aaru aamerika juktorastroi 2009 sonor 13 octoborot borkhasto korar baabe ek prostab daakhil korisil.
2011 sonor 25 februaryt aadalote nakoch korar prostawxomuhor uporot xiddhanto jaari korar purbe aamerika juktorastroi aadalotok janoni disil je ee domar dhaara 3 ror xangbidhanikota rokhya koraa bondho koribo. aamerika juktorastror protinidhi xobhar dwidoliyo aainee upodesta dole dumak rokhya koriboloi hostokhyep koriboloi bisarisil. 2013 sonor 26 junot eu.ess. uschotom nyayaloye "aamerika juktorastro bonam. windsor "domar xei dhaara 3-e ponchom xongxudhonir upojukto prokriya dofa ulonghon korisil. xei dintute aadalote "hollingsworth bonam" ror khetrotu raay disil. peree, "californiat xomolingo bibah punor aarombho korar onumoti diya.
jilaa aadalotor xiddhanto.
2014 sonor 14 januaryt nyayadhix kerne badixokolok xongkhipto raidan kore aaru gusortut raidan kore, "etiya bixop bonam. aamerika juktorastro, "souddotom xongxudhonir xoman xurokhya dofar odhinot xomolingo bibahor uporot ukolahumar nixedhagya oxangbidhanik aasil. teu rajyokhonor xomolingo bibah nixedhagya sthayibhabe bolbot korar nirdex di ek nirdex jaari korisil, kintu eu. e.-ror uddhriti di aapeelor baabe teur rayor karzokorikoron sthogito rakhisil.ess. uschotom nyayaloye utahor pray eke dhoronor gusorot sthogitadex jaari korise, "randhoni bhori. harbert. kerne likhisil je eu.ess. uschotom nyayaloye ekedhoronor gusortu nakoch korise, "bekaar bonam. nelson, "1972 sonot badhyotamulok purboxurti nasil kaaron" 1972 sonor poraa uschotom nyayaloyor aainxastrot guruttopurno motadorxogot bikax hoise ji xusay je ei bixoixomuhe etiya ek guruttopurno prosno utthapon koribo. teu gom paisil je baadi dujon, barton aaru philipse, domar dhaara 2koo proityahban jonuwar baabe thiyo diyar obhab aasil kaaron teuluke birudhi hisape naam diya federal bixoyaxokolor iyar bolowot korar baabe kunu dayitwo nasil aaru recorde dekhuwai nasil je ukolahuma bixoyaxokole barton aaru philipsor bibahok swikriti diboloi byortho hoisil. teu ullekh korisil je dompotihale "haa [di]" xamogrik aainee prokriyat ek guruttopurno bhumika paalon korisil jaar folot domar 3 nong dhaara oboidho hoi porisil "aaru teulukok aaru teulukor odhiboktaxokolok" teulukor durodorxon, xahox aaru odhyoboxayor baabe "proxongxa korisil. kerne bixop aaru baldwinor xoite ekmot hoisil je xomolingo bibah nixidho koraa ukolahuma xangbidhanik xongxudhoniye xoman xurokhya dofa ulonghon korise. teu juktixongot aadharot porzaluchona proyug korisil aaru dayitwoxil projonon, xorbuttom xontan-paalon aaru bibah protisthanor uporot probhawok utxahito korake dhori rajyokhonor juktixomuhok "oporzapto" buli bisarisil. kerne raay disil je xangbidhanik xongxudhonitu "sorkari xubidhar poraa okolahumar nagorikor maatro etaa shrenir ek sessasari, ojouktik baad diya" aasil. jouno obhimukh aaru xoman xurokhyar uporot aadharito boixomyor bixoyot uschotom nyayaloyor aainxastrot xiddhantotut kuwa hoiseh "xomolingo bibah nixidho koraa rajyik aainxomuhe eu. chi.-koo ulonghon kore ney naai xei bixoyot uschotom nyayaloye spostobhabe uponeet huwa naai.ess. xongbidhan. obosye, uschotom nyayaloyor aaine etiya rajyoxomuhok xomokamixokolor biruddhe bidruhor poraa jonmo huwa aainxomuh grihit korat nixedhagya aarup korise, xomokamixokolor noitik aaru jouno posondoxomuholoi xangbidhanik xurokhya prodan korise, aaru federal sorkarok biporit-lingo bibah aaru xomolingo bibahok beleg dhorone byobohar korat nixedhagya aarup korise. 1996 sonot "rumar" ror poraa aarombho hoi 2013 sonot "winds" ror porzayot uponeet huwa uschotom nyayaloyor aainxastrot ki ghotisil taar kunu xothik aainee label naai, kintu ei aadalote jetiya etaa dekhe tetiya ek olongkargot poriworton jaane."
gowornor meree feline ei xiddhantor protikriya jonai koy, "moi ei aaru onyanyo nitigoto bixoyot nijoke xaxon korar baabe ukolahumar voterxokolor odhikarok xomorthon koru. nyayadhixgorakir raitut moi hotax aaru jonoxadharonor issak federal sorkare punor ebaar upekhya korar baabe moi bisolito."etornee general scott pruite ei xiddhantok" "udwegjonok" "buli obhihito kori koy je uschotom nyayaloye xomolingo bibahor uporot rajyik nixedhagyar xangbidhanikotar xiddhanto lo 'bob lagibo.
doxom charkit aadalotor aabedon daakhil korok.
smithe 16 januaryt doxom charkit aadalotor aapeelot aapeelor janoni daakhil korisil aaru aadalotok aapil prokriya tworanwito koriboloi aaru "rondhonxala bonam" ror xoite gusortur xunani lo 'boloi koichil. harbert. doxom charkitor eketa 3 john nyayadhixor penele 10 aprilot "pakghorot" moukhik jukti xunisil "bixop bonam" too moukhik jukti xunisil. 17 aprilot smith "18 julyte aadalote jilaa aadalotor 2-1 ror xiddhantot raay xomorthon kori ei xiddhantot uponeet hoy je ukolahumar xomolingo bibahor nixedhagyai eu. chi.-koo ulonghon korise.ess. xongbidhan, jodiu ee eur dwara "chartio" raari "ror baabe aabedonor nispotti nuhuwaloike totkhyonat iyar raay sthogito rakhisil.ess. uschotom nyayaloy. jeffrey el. stanford biswobidyaloyor aainor odhyapok aaru uschotom nyayaloyor egoraki obhigyo mukordoma koraa fisare aagosto maahot ukolahumar xomolingo dompotir bibahor odhikar oswikarok proityahban jonuwaxokolor baabe mukhyo poramorxodata hisape jugdan korisil. uschotom nyayaloye 2014 sonor 6 octoborot ukolahumar aabedon nakoch kore aaru poroborti xomoyot doxom charkitor raay karzokor hoy, enedore ukolahumat xomolingo bibah boidho kore.
gowornor foline uschotom nyayaloyor podokhyepok tibro xomaluchona korisil, kintu ghuxona korisil je rajyokhone xomolingo bibahor onugyapotro aaru swikriti prodan koraa aarombho koribo. protinidhi cheli kerne, jiye purbote koichil je xomokamita xontraxbadotkoi rastriyo nirapottar baabe ek dangor bhabuki aasil, aadalotor xiddhantok ninda korisil, "ukolahuma, baa xei bixoyor baabe jikunu rajyot nirbasito nyayadhix thokatu usit nohoy ji aain ki hoh 'bob xeitu xiddhanto luwar baabe jonoxadharonor proti daybodho nohoy."sthaniyo el. ji. bi. ti. gutor karzobahi xonsalok scott hamiltone koy", "aamar xoite aan jikunu dompotir dore eke dhoronor byobohar koraa hoh 'bob. aaru, mur ji xompoti aase baa teur (hamiltonor potni) ji xompoti aase jetiya aami ejon paar hoi jaau xeitu uttoradhikaror dore eke kothur prokriya noho 'bob. eitu etaa dangor aaram buli kuwatu etaa komkoi kuwa hoh 'bob. ukolahuma county aadalotor clerk team rodese 6 octoboror duporiyar aarombhonite koichil je teur karzaloy "karzokolapere byosto" aasil. meree bixop aaru sweron baldwin aasil ukolahumat bibahor onugyapotro laabh koraa prothom xomokami dompoti, jiye xumbar, 6 octobor, duporiya 1:20 bojat tulsa county aadalotot ene korisil.em.. christen aaru hithaar diki 6 octoborot cleveland countyt onugyapotro laabh koraa prothom dompoti aasil.
aamerikar sthaniyo rastroxomuh.
sweyen aaru arapahu jonojati, seruki rastro, sikaxau rastro, cho 'ktaa' rastro aaru oh 'chaze rastror xongrokhyonor khetrot xomolingo bibah boidho. sweyen aaru arapahu jonojati aasil xomolingo bibahok boidhota diya oh 'kolahumar prothom sthaniyo aamerikan jonojati. 2013 sonor octobor maahot, jeson pickel aaru daren black biyorok konkur jonojatiyo aadalotot bibahor onugyapotro jaari koraa hoisil. jodiu eitu xongrokhyonor uporot xomponno koraa prothom rajohuwa xomolingo bibah aasil, jonojatiyo bixoyaxokole nischito korisil je iyar aagote aan dujon xomolingo dompotiye bibahpaxot aabodho hoisil. jonojatiyo aain onuxori, bibah koribo bisora pokhyoxomuhe xarbobhoumo maatit bibah koribo lagibo aaru etaa pokhyo jonojatir xodosyo hoh 'bob lagibo, kintu jonojatiyo xonghitat dompotihalor lingo nirdisto koraa naai. nagorik potawatumi rastro, moskugi (khaari) rastro aaru seminul rastrot xomolingo bibah spostobhabe nixidho koraa hoise.
seruki rastroi 2016 sonor 9 disemborot xomolingo bibahok boidhota prodan kore. 2004 sonor mey "maahot owasur egoraki lesbian dompoti, dodd 'noo' noo mckinly aaru kethi rainoldsok jonojatiyo aadalotor upo-karikoriye bibahor onugyapotro jaari korisil. jonojatiye otirikto xomolingo bibahor uporot oti xunkale sthogitadex prodan korisil. 14 junot jonojatiyo porixode xomolingo bibah nixidho koraa aain pronoyon kore aaru jonojatiyo porixodor odhibokta todd hembriye 16 junot aadalotot mackinole aaru rainoldsok jaaree koraa bibahor onugyapotro baatil koriboloi aabedon daakhil kore. 2005 sonor 3 aagostot tahlekuwar nyayik aapil nyayadhikorone raay disil je hembrir gusor ruju koriboloi thiyo diyar obhab aase aaru bibahor aainee swikritir folot teu kunu khyoti korise buli dekhuwabo nuware. 2005 sonor disembor maahot bisarpithe bibahor boidhotak proityahban jonuwa dwitiyokhon gusor nakoch kore. 2006 sonor januaryt, bibahor onugyapotro record korar baabe daybodho seruki aadalotor proxaxok lisa fielde bibahor boidhotak proityahban jonai tritiyokhon gusor daakhil korisil. abedontu uttorbihin hoi thakil. 2016 sonor 9 disemborot, mulote 2004 sonot mckinnole aaru rhinoldsor bibahok proityahban jonuwa seruki rastror etornee general todd hembriye etaa motamot jaari korisil je seruki rastror xongbidhanor odhinot xomolingo bibah nixedhagya oxangbidhanik aasil, ji jonojatit xomolingo bibahok boidhota disil. 2004 sonot serukir prodhan murobbi hisape karzonirbah koraa sed smithe hembrir motamotok aadoroni jonai koy, "ee otitor seruki aain maani soli thoka buli. kintu aamar xongbidhane aamerika juktorastror xongbidhanor byowosthaxomuh ontorbhukto kore, aaru tetiyar poraa uschotom nyayaloye (aamerika juktorastror) iyar xiddhanto loiche.", eu-koo ullekh kori.ess. oh" barzfel bonam "too uschotom nyayaloyor xiddhanto. hoh 'jes, "jiye aamerika juktorastrot dexjuri xomolingo bibahok boidhota prodan korisil. pholsworupe, mackinole aaru rainolds seruki rastror prothom bibahito xomolingo dompoti aasil. oh 'chaze rastroi 2017 sonor 20 marchot jonojatiyo maatit xomolingo bibah boidho koribo ney nuwaribo xei xondorbhot ek gonobhut onusthito korisil aaru ei byowosthatu 52 xotangxo xongkhyagoristhotare grihit hoisil.
jikunu dujon byoktir maajot bibahor onumoti diboloi aaru eke lingor byoktir maajot bibahor swikriti prodan korat baadha diya bhaxa baatil koriboloi 2022 sonor 18 aprilot sikaxa code xongxudhon koraa hoisil. bibahor xongyat etiya kuwa hoiseh 'bibah' maane dujon byoktir maajot huwa ek dewani suktir poraa udbhob huwa ek byoktigoto xomporko zo 'too sukti koriboloi aaru taat prowex koriboloi aaineebhabe xokhyom pokhyoxomuhor xonmoti proyujoniyo, aaru bibah xomporko aainor dwara prodan koraa onuxori prowex koraa, rokhyonabekhyon koraa baa baatil koraa hoh' bob."2023 sonor 23 mey" too cho 'ktaa' rastror xangbidhanik aadalote raay disil je xomolingo dompotir biyaa huwar xangbidhanik odhikar aase aaru kenedi aaru chelsi barker dompotik teulukor 10 bosoriya suwalik dottok luwar onumoti disil. sif geree betone ei xiddhantok aadoroni jonai koy, "ei xiddhantor bhittit aami aamar kudxomuh porzaluchona kori ki ki poriworton koribo lagibo saboloi jaam. aami ei gusoror xoite jorito poriyalok aamar prem aaru xomorthon prodan koru."
iyar uporiu, bharotiyo porikroma byur "ee xomogro eu. e. too protistha koraa aadalotxomuh porisalona kore.ess. federal niyomawolir xonghita (chi. ef. aar.) ror odhinot, aaru "jetiyaloike kunu nirdisto bharotiyo jonojatiye teulukor nijor jonojatiyo aadalot protistha nokore, tetiyaloike bharotiyo oporadhor aadalote jonojatir nyayik byowostha hisape kaam koribo". eidore ei federal chi. ef. aar. aadalotxomuhot xomolingo bibahxomuh oh 'kolahumar epasi jonojati, oh' kolahumar kedu jaati, kumancho jaati, delawer jaati, pho 'rt chill epasi jonojati, oh' kolahumar kiuwa indian jonojati, bharotiyoxokolor oh 'tu-misouriya jonojati, uisita aaru aanuxongik jonojati, oh' kolahumar pubo swani jonojati, moo 'dodd' koo jaati, oh 'kolahumar oh' taawa jonojati, oh 'kolahumar bharotiyoxokolor pey' riya jonojati aaru cheneka-kaiuga jaatir xodosyoxokolor baabe xomponno koribo paari.
dui aatmar bibah.
bohutu sthaniyo aamerikan jonojatit purux hisape jonmogrohon koraa kintu mohilar puchak pindha aaru doinondin ghoruwa kaam aaru kolatmok hostoxilpo poriwexon koraa du-aatmar byoktir porompora aase jaak naari khyetror ontorgoto buli gonyo koraa hoisil. ei dwi-aatmar sthitiye dujon joibik purux baa dujon joibik mohilar maajot ei jonojatir kisumanor maajot bibah xomponno korar onumoti disil. cheyen xongoskritit, dwi-aatmar lukoxokolok () buli jonaa yaay, aaru tritiyo lingo hisape cheyen xomajot ek guruttopurno bhumika paalon kore. teulukok juddha hisape xonman jonuwa hoisil, poromporagot sculp nrityo nirdexito koraa hoisil, koy 'tor xoite kotha patiboloi xokhyom buli biswax koraa hoisil, aaru mesmakingor khetrot teulukor dokhyotar baabe jonajat aasil, bixexkoi juboti, obibahito puruxxokolor baabe jixokole jubotixokolok probhabito koriboloi bisarisil. hih 'emene" ee praye ejon bibahito puruxor bohubibah poriyalor dwitiyo potni hisape xewa aagborhaisil. arapahu xongoskritiye poromporagotobhabe mohilar puchak pindha aaru "bixex adhyatmik xokti thoka xonmaniyo byokti" hisape gonyo koraa du-aatmar lukoxokolok swikriti dise. xeiburok arapahu bhaxat (, bohubosonoh) buli jonaa yaay. bohubibahor lokhyon nuhuwakoi bohutu bibahito sixgender purux. oh 'kolahumar bharotiyoxokolor punka jonojatir punka lukoxokole dui-aatmar lukoxokolok () buli ullekh kore. teuluke "chondror dwara nirdexito" aasil buli biswax koraa hoisil, aaru ketiyaba manuhok ongxidar hisape loisil. oh 'sejor maajot, "mohilar dore kotha kuwa" buli jonajat () naamor dui-aatmar byoktixokole mohilar puchak pindhisil, kintu ek mulotoh puruxor lingor bhumika paalon kori thakil, aaru teuluke mohilak biyaa koraisil. xeiburok kuwapau bhaxat (), kongxo bhaxat () aaru siwere bhaxat () buli jonaa yaay. "mihokxujok" dhormiyo netaxokolor ek bixex shreni hisape xonmanore gonyo koraa hoisil. proyat bokxuje, jibhere-nott 'aasir boyujyesthoxokolor maajot, "mihokxuj" koo etiyau teulukor adhyatmik xomporko aaru pobitro kokak aatmar xoite xamonjosyo raakhi pobitro bhumikar baabe bismoyere gonyo koraa hoisil."ei xokolu siuyan bhaxi lukoxokolor bhitorot, dwoito-aatmar lukoxokolor" "mohila debota baa chondror dorxon aasil jiye teulukor porisoyok xomorthon korat xohay korisil.
() naamere jonajat dui-aatmar byoktixokole teulukor lingo bhumika poribortonok "etaa durbhagyojonok bhagyo jaak teuluke erai jaabo nuware, sondrot baax koraa mohila aatmar dristir dwara ei gotipotholoi prerito huwar kotha."teulukok proti bosore etaa nrityor joriyote pobitro aaru xonmanito koraa hoisil zo 'too kewol xei puruxxokolokhe ongxogrohon koriboloi onumoti diya hoisil jixokole" "ayokowa" "ror xoite jouno xomporko sthapon korisil. potawatumi (, bohubosonoh "mnedukwek")-ye komm boyoxor porai "mohilar xongo bisarisil", ubhoy lingor "kormo dokhyota" ror odhikari aasil, "mohilar dore kotha koichil", aaru "bixex adhyatmik xokti thoka xonmaniyo byokti" hisape gonyo koraa hoisil. 1860-ror doxokot bortomanor kedu countiloi sthanchyut huwa lenapeye dui-aatmar byoktixokolok () buli ullekh kore. mayami lukoxokolor maajot, aaji oh 'kolahumar mayami jonojatir xongrokhyonot baax koraa, dwoito-aatmar lukoxokolok () buli kuwa hoy, aaru pawoni lukoxokole teulukok () buli koy. moo 'dodd' koo juddhor pisot aadhunik oh 'taawa countiloi nirbaxito moo' dodd 'koo lukoxokole dui-aatmar byoktixokolok () buli koy. ti 'uiniku"-e mohilar puchak pindhisil aaru "mohilar dore aasoron korisil. teuluke sixgender puruxxokolok biyaa koraisil, aaru xadharonote ejon xamonor bhumika paalon korisil aaru mohan aatma xoktir baabe krititwo laabh korisil. xeneka lukoxokole dui-aatmar byoktixokolok () buli koy, aaru kaiuga lukoxokole teulukok () buli koy. mescaleru-sirikahuwa bhaxat, dwi-aatmar lukoxokolok (), aaru xomobhumit epasi bhaxat () buli jonaa yaay.
seruki, sikaxa aaru soct 'ror maajot thoka dui-aatmar byoktir bixoye xahityo odhik ximito. xombhobotoh ei xomajburor dutaa aatmar dore podobi aasil, kintu sokupanir poth aaru khristan dhormo grohonor xomoyot bohutu poromporagot gyan herai goisil. serukir maajot, ("axegi udandu";) maane purux aaru mohilar bhumikar bahirot thoka baa purux aaru mohila duyure bhumika dokhol koraa lukoxokolok bujay. cho 'ktaa bhaxat, dui-aatmar manuhok () buli jonaa yaay, jodiu xobdotu tulonamulokbhabe aadhunik. cho 'kotaa' ror lekhika linn huwe 2022 sonor ekhon gronthot koichil, "praye teuluk kewol aan puruxor xoite jorito nasil kintu teulukor bohu storor xomporko aasil. teulukeu aamar xomprodayor xoite oti bixex dhorone jorito aasil. teuluk sikitsa koruta hoh "bob paare. teuluk ene manuh jiye aamar xontanok xurokhito korisil kaaron teuluke etatkoi odhik bostur murtikoron korisil. aaru soctwan nandonikotar ongxotu hoh 'lo aami oswabhabik bostuburok xonman koru. beleg. jetiya aapuni ["uhoyu hulba"] too xongzukto aatmatu dekhe, aaru jetiya teuluke puroni xomoyot xei puchaktu pindhisil, tetiya teuluke 'bohutur murti' buli koiche."kisuman mohila-xoriror dimatrik byoktiye () xobdotu byobohar kore. sikaxa bhaxat, xobdotu hoise (). alabama bhaxat, xeiburok (), aaru moskugit () buli jonaa yaay. ei aadhunik xobdoburor ortho xadharonote ejon xomokami, lesbian baa trensgender byokti buli hoy, jodiu kisuman dwoito-aatmar manuhe ei xobdoburor xoite sinakto kore. euchi bhaxat, dwi-aatmar onubad koraa hoy (), aaru nasejor ortho hoise (), jaar ortho hoise "mohilar prodhan".
jonogathoni aaru bibahor porixongkhya.
2000 eu-ror tothyo.ess. lukopiyole dekhuwaise je 5,763 john xomolingo dompotiye ukolahumat baax korisil. 2005 sonor bhitorot, ei xongkhya 8,159 dompotik briddhi paisil, xombhobotoh xomolingo dompotiye sorkari joripxomuhot teulukor ongxidaritwo prokax korar baabe bordhito issar baabe dayee. simaronor baahire rajyokhonor xokolu countyt xomokami dompotixokole baax korisil aaru rajyokhonor xokolu poriyalor 0.7% aaru 0.40% aasil. besibhag dompotiye ukolahuma, tulsa aaru cleveland countyt baax korisil, kintu xomolingo dompotir xorbadhik xotangxo thoka countibur aasil ror 'gaar mill (xokolu county poriyalor 0.70%) aaru puxmataha (0.65%). oh 'kolahumat xomolingo xongixokol biporit lingor xongixokolotkoi gorh hisapot komm boyoxiya aasil, aaru sakori korar xombhawona odhik aasil. obosye, xomolingo dompotir gorh aaru modhyomiya ghoruwa aay bibhinno lingor dompotitkoi komm aasil, aaru xomolingo dompotiburor biporit lingor ongxidarotkoi ghor thokar xombhawonau bohut komm aasil. oh 'kolahumar 26 xotangxo xomolingo dompotiye 18 bosoror tolor xixuk dangor kori aasil, 2005 sonot anumanik 4,075 xixuwe xomolingo dompotir netritwot poriyalxomuhot baax korisil.
aamerika juktorastror lukpiyol byurur tothyo onuxori 2020 sonot ukolahumat 5,006 john bibahito xomolingo dompoti aasil, jaar bhitorot 3,149 goraki mohila dompoti aaru 1,857 goraki purux dompoti aasil. rajyokhonot baax koraa xokolu xomolingo dompotir bhitorot bibahito dompotir xongkhya aasil 56.3%. bibahito xomolingor swami-potni bibhinno lingor swami-potnitkoi gore komm boyoxor aasil aaru xadharonote odhik uparjon korisil.
| oklahoma samakami bibah
samakami bibaher upor rajyer nishedhaggake challenge korey ekti mamler nishpotti howar porey, 6ee octobor, 2014 theke oklahoma samakami bibah boidho hoyeche. sedin, eu-keey anusaran korey.esha. supreme courter "bishop bonam" porjalochona korte aswikar. smith, "ekti mamla jaa nishedhaggake asangbidhanik boley money korechilo, dasham sarkita apil adalat oklahoma-keey samakami bibahke swikriti deoar nirdesh deyo. 2014 saaler 14ee januari bicharok terrens shee. eu err curn.esha. oklahoma rajyer uttaranchaliya jelara zela adalat rajyer sangbidhibaddha ebong sangbidhanik samakami bibah nishedhaggake asangbidhanik ghoshana koreche. mamlati, "bishop bonam. smith "(purbe" bishop bonam. oklahoma "ebong" bishop bonam. markin juktorashtro), apiler jonno sthogito koraa hoyechilo. 2014 saaler 18ee julai, dasham sarkiter ekti panel oklahomar samakami bibah nishedhagga batil korey curn-err raike bohal rakhe. tobey, panelti eu dwara "certiorary"-rawr jonno ekti abedoner nishpotti naa haoya porjonto taar raay sthogito rakhe.esha. supreme court. 2014 saaler 6ee octobor, eu.esha. supreme court dasham sarkita adaloter raike bohal rekhe porjalochonar anurodh prottakhyan korey. rajyer kormokortara rajye samakami bibahke swikriti diye dasham sarkiter raay bastobayoner madhyome protikriya janiyechilen.
aini itihas.
bidhinishedh.
1975 saale, oklahoma ainsabha taar prothom aain pusses korey jaa "ekjon purush ebong ekjon mohilar modhye" bibahke sangyayita korey. 1996 saale, oklahoma ainsabha arekti aain pusses korey, jaa bibahke "eka purush ebong eka mohilar modhye" hisabe sangyayita korey ebong oklahoma rajyer baire sampadito samakami bibahke swikriti deoa theke nishiddho korey.
2004 saaler aprile, oklahoma sineta, 38 theke 7 bhote ebong oklahoma house off representatives, 92 theke 4 bhote, samakami bibah nishiddho korar ekti sangbidhanik sangshodhani anumodan korey. 2004 saaler 2raa navembar oklahomar bhotarra 711 nong proshno hisabe nishedhaggatike anumodan corren. sangshodhaniti samakami bibaher upor nishedhagga jukto korey ebong oklahomar sangbidhane abibahito dampati baa gosthike jey konao "aini ghotona", jemon civille union baa gharoa angshidaritter upor nishedhagga jukto korey.
aaa-badhyotamulok samadhan.
2013 saaler aprile, oklahoma house off representatives "eich. shee. arr 1009" pusses korey, ekti aaa-badhyotamulok prostab jaa "ekjon purush ebong ekjon mohilar modhye" hisabe bibahke punra nischito korey ebong eu-keey anurodh korey.esha. supreme court "bibah protirokkha aain" (doma)-err domer dhara ebong bibah niyantraner jonno rashtrogulir adhikarke bohal rakhbe. etty pusses korey, 71 john republican ebong 13 john democrat pokkhe bhot deyo. 16 john democrat protibad janiye bhot deoar poriborte chembar theke wackout corren. oklahoma senate ekoi maaser shesher dike prostabti anumodan korey. eu.esha. supreme court domer 3 nong dhara batil korey "markin juktorashtro bonam. windsor "june 26,2013.
"bishop vee. smith.
patabhumi.
2004 saaler 3raa navembar, oklahomar bhotarra samakami bibah nishiddho korar jonno ekti sangbidhanik sangshodhani anumodan korar porer deane, dui samakami dampati, merry bishop ebong sharron baldowin ebong sujan barton ebong geey phillips, tulsar federal zela adalte ekti challenge dayer corren. prothom dompotike tulsa county kerani sally hoe smith bibaher licenses ditey aswikar korechilen, onnodike porer dampati 2001 saale ekti vermont civille union gathon korechilen ebong 2005 saale british columbia biye korechilen jokhon alochanaguli multubi chhilo. taader protinidhitto korechilen oklahoma shohorer ekti aain sangostha hollade ebong chilton. smither protinidhitto korechilen tulsa kauntir zela attorney ebong ekti olabhjonok khristan advocacy sangostha, swadhinota rakkhakari joat. mamlati chhilo "bishop bonam. oklahoma. bibadira chhilen oklahomar attorney general, edmondson, governor bradd henry, eu.esha. attorney general, john ashcroft ebong presidenta george dobleeu. bush. dampatira "anyanno bishoyer saathe" ekti ghoshana cheyechilen jey oklahoma sangshodhani jothajotho prokriya, soman surakkha, purno biswas ebong krititto ebong eu-err biseshadhikar ebong chhaad dharar adhine asangbidhanik chhilo.esha. sangbidhan. taaraa 1996 saale pusses haoya federal "defence off marage act" (doma)-keey challenge jaanaay. rajyoti eyi jukti diye khariz korte cheyechilo jey dampatira dandiye nei ebong taader mamla ekadosh sangshodhani dwara nishiddho koraa hoyechilo.
20shhey julai, 2006 tarikhe bicharok terrens shee. curn badider ekti angshik bijoy jaari corren, eyi boley jey taaraa rashtriya sangbidhanik sangshodhanir bivinno chyalenjer biruddhe mamla korte paare; tobey, tini bibechona theke kichhu aini tottoke baad diye mamler poridhi hrass korechilen. smellt v" ullekh korey. orange county, "californier ekti mamla, tini raay diyechilen jey dampatira domake challenge korar jonno dandiye nei kaaron taaraa keui markin juktorashtre boidho biyete probesh koreni. curn raay diyechilen jey bishop ebong baldwiner domer ongshoke challenge korar jonno dandiye thucker abhab royeche jaa samakami bibahke federal sarkar dwara swikrito haoya theke baad diyeche kaaron taaraa bibahito chhilo naa. zaihok, tini raay diyechilen jey barton phillipser abosthan royeche, kaaron eyi dampati kanada biye korechilen ebong vermonte ekti nagrik unione probesh korechilen, ebong taai dridhapratigya chhilen jey taader dabiguli khariz koraa akal hobey. curn dekhte paan jey ubhoy dampati samakami bibah nishiddho korar rashtriya sangshodhanike challenge korar jonno dandiyechilen, kaaron dujonei oklahoma ainoto bibahito hotey agrahi chhilen. rajyer kormokortara dasham sarkita apil adalte apil corren. dasham sarkita 5ee june, 2009-ayee ekti aprokashito siddhanta jaari korey, oklahoma kormokortader biruddhe daabi khariz korte zela adaloter byarthotake biporito korey ebong vishay-bishoyer ekhtiar abhaber jonno badider daabi khariz korey deyo. bucky asami, smith ebong markin juktorashtro, 13ee octobor, 2009-ayee borkhasto korar jonno ekti prostab dakhil korey.
25shhey february, 2011 tarikhe, adalat khariz korar prostaber bishoye ekti siddhanta jaari korar agey, markin juktorashtro adalotke abohito korey jey etty domer domer dharar sangbidhanikotake rakkha koraa bondho korey debe. markin juktorashtrer protinidhi porishder dwidaliya aini upodeshta gosthi doma rakkhar jonno hostokkhep korte cheyechilo. june 26,2013, eu.esha. supreme court raay diyeche "markin juktorashtro bonam. windsor "jey domer 3 nong dhara pancham sangshodhanir jothajotho prokriya dhara langghan koreche. ekoi diney, adalat hollingsworth bonam-ayee raay deyo. perry, "california samakami bibah punra shuru korar anumati deyo.
zela adaloter raay.
2014 saaler 14ee januari bicharok curn badider sangkhipto raay deena ebong eyi mamla raay deena, "ekhon bishop bonam. markin juktorashtro, "chaturdash sangshodhanir soman surakkha dharar adhine oklahomar samakami bibaher upor nishedhagga asangbidhanik chhilo. tini rajyer samakami bibah nishedhaggar sthayi proyoger nirdesh diye ekti adesh jaari korechilen, tobey eu-keey uddhrito korey apiler jonno taanr raer prayog sthogito rekhechilen.esha. sorbochcho adaloter pray abhinno mamla sthogitadesh jaari koraa, "rannaghar bonam. harbert. curn likhechen jey eu.esha. supreme courter anurup ekti mamla khariz koraa, "becker bonam. nelson bollen, "1972 saale etty badhyotamulok nojir chhilo naa kaaron" 1972 saal theke supreme courter aainshastre ullekhjoggo motadorshogoto unnayan hoyeche jaa ingito korey jey eyi vishayguli ekhon ekti ullekhjoggo proshno uposthapon korbe. tini dekhte paan jey dui baadee, barton ebong phillips, domar domar dharake challenge korar jonno dandiye nei kaaron taaraa jey federal kormokortader bibadi hisabe naam diyeche taader err proyoger jonno konao dayabaddhata chhilo naa ebong recordti dekhayani jey oklahoma kormokortara anyanno ekhtiare barton ebong phillipser bibahke swikriti ditey byartho hoyechilo. tini ullekh corren jey eyi dampati "haha [dii] samogrik aini prokriyay guruttopurno bhumika palon korechilen jaar foley domer 3 nong dharati batil hoye yaay" ebong taader ebong taader attornider "taader durodorshita, sahos ebong adhyavasayer jonno" proshongsha corren. curn bishop ebong baldwiner saathe ekmat hoyechilen jey oklahoma sangbidhanik sangshodhani samakami bibah nishiddho korey soman surakkha dhara langghan koreche. tini juktisangato vittite porjalochona prayog corren ebong dayittoshil projononke utsahito koraa, sarbottama santan-palon ebong bibaher protisthaner upor prabhab soho rashtrer jouktikota "aporjapto" boley money corren. curn raay diyechilen jey sangbidhanik sangshodhaniti "sarkari subidha theke oklahoma nagrikder matro ekti shrenir ekti nirbichare, ajouktik borjon". jouno abhimukh ebong soman surakkhar upor vitti korey baisamyer bishoye supreme courter aainshastrer bishoye siddhante bolla hoyeche "samakami bibah nishiddhokari rashtriya aain markin aain langghan korey kina seey bishoye supreme court sposhtobhabe pouchayani.esha. sangbidhan. zaihok, supreme courter aain ekhon somokamider biruddhe shatruta theke jonmo neoa ainguli pusses korte rajyogulike nishiddho korey, somokamider noitik oo jouno pochondogulike sangbidhanik surakkha pradan korey ebong federal sarkarke biporito-ling bibah ebong samakami bibahke bhinnobhabe acharan korte nishedh korey. 1996 saale "romer" diye shuru hoye 2013 saale "windsor"-ayee shesh haoya supreme courter aainshastre jaa ghoteche taar konao sunirdishto aini lebel nei, tobey eyi adalat jokhon ekti dekhe tokhon ekti olongkarik poriborton jaane."
governor merry fallin eyi siddhanter protikriya janiye bolechilen, "aami oklahomar bhotarder eyi ebong anyanno nitigoto bishoye nijeder shasson korar adhikarke samarthan corry. aami bicharoker raye hotash ebong udwigno jey jonogoner ichchake abar federal sarkar upekkha koreche."attorney general scott pruit eyi siddhantoke 'udwegjonok' boley abhihito korechen ebong bolechen jey supreme courtke samakami bibaher upor rashtriya nishedhaggar sangbidhanikatar siddhanta nitey hobey.
dasham sarkita apil adalte apil korun.
smith 16ee januari dasham sarkita apil adalte apiler notisha dakhil corren ebong adalotke apil prokriya twarannito korte ebong "rannaghar bonam" soho mamler shunani korte bollen. harbert. dasham sarkiter ekoi 3-bicharok panel jey 10ee april "rannaghar"-ayee moukhik jukti shunechilo "bishop bonam moukhik jukti shunechilo. smith 17ee april 18ee julai, adalat 2-1 siddhante zela adaloter raay bohal rekhe eyi siddhante uponeeto hoy jey oklahomar samakami bibah nishedhagga markin aain langghan koreche.esha. sangbidhan, jodio etty abilambe taar raay sthogito korey eu dwara "certiorary"-rawr jonno ekti abedoner nishpotti naa haoya porjonto.esha. supreme court. jeffrey ell. stanford bishwobidyaloyer aainer adhyapak ebong supreme courter ekjon obhiggo mamla mokaddamakari fisher auguste oklahomar samakami dampatir bibaher adhikar aswikarke challenge koraa byaktider prodhan poramorshodata hisabe jog diyechilen. supreme court 2014 saaler 6ee octobor oklahomar abedon prottakhyan korey ebong dasham sarkiter raay porobortikale karjokor hoy, eibhabe oklahoma-teey samakami bibahke boidho korey.
governor fallin supreme courter podokkheper teebro samalochana korechilen, tobey ghoshana korechilen jey rajyoti meney nebe ebong samakami bibaher licenses ebong swikriti deoa shuru korbe. protinidhi sally curn, jini atite bolechilen jey santrasbader cheye samakamita jatiya nirapottar jonno ekti borh humki, adaloter siddhanter ninda korey, "oklahoma baa seii bishoye konao rajyer anirbachito bicharok thaka uchito noy jaaraa jonogoner kachhe dayabaddha noy aain qee hobey taa nirdharan koraa."sthaniya ell. zii. bii. tii grouper nirbahi porichalok scott hamilton bollen," "amader sange onno jey konao dampatir moto ekoi acharan koraa hobey. ebong, amader modhye ekjon pusses korle amar jey sampatti baa taar [hamiltoner stree] jey sampatti thakbe taa uttoradhikarer moto ekoi kathor prokriya hobey naa. etaa bolla jey ekti borh swasti hobey taa ekti qama bolla hobey. oklahoma county adaloter kerani team roads 6ee octobor bikele bolechilen jey taanr offices "kriyakalape byasto" chhilo. merry bishop ebong sharron baldowin chhilen prothom samakami dampati jaaraa oklahoma biyer licenses peyechilen, sombar, 6 octobor dupur 1taa 20 minute tulsa county adalte etty korechilen.emm.. christen ebong heather dicky prothom dampati jaaraa 6ee octobor cleveland kauntite licenses peyechilen.
sthaniya markin desh.
sheyen ebong arapaho upojati, cheroki jaati, chikasa jaati, chaktou jaati ebong ocez jaatir sanrakkhaner khettre samakami bibah boidho. sheyen ebong arapaho upojatira chhilo oklahomar prothom sthaniya american upojati jaaraa samakami bibahke boidho korechilo. 2013 saaler octobore, jesson pickel ebong darren black bearke kanchor upojati adalte biyer licenses deoa hoyechilo. jodio etty chhilo sanrakkhaner vittite sampadito prothom prokassho samakami bibah, upojatiyo kormokortara nischito korechen jey err agey arow duti samakami dampati biye korechilen. upojati aain onusare, jey pokkhoguli biye korte chaay taader aboshyoi sarbobhoumo jomite taa korte hobey ebong ekti pokkhoke aboshyoi upojatir sadasya hotey hobey, tobey upojati bidhimala dampatir ling nirdishto korey naa. nagrik patawatomi desh, moskogi (khandi) desh ebong seminol deshe samakami bibah sposhtobhabe nishiddho.
cheroki jaati 9ee december, 2016-ayee samakami bibahke boidho korey. 2004 saaler meey maase, owaso, donn mckinley ebong cathy reinoldser eka samakami dompotike ekti upojati adaloter deputi kerani dwara bibaher licenses jaari koraa hoyechilo. upojatira druto atirikto samakami bibaher upor sthogitadesh jaari korey. 14ee june, upojati porishod samakami bibah nishiddho korar ekti aain pusses korey ebong upojati counciler attorney, todd hembri, 16ee june adalte mckinley ebong reinoldske jaari koraa bibaher licenses batil korar jonno ekti petition dayer corren. 2005 saaler 3raa august tahlequar bitcher bibhagiya apil tribunel raay deyo jey, hembri mamla korar jogyo noy ebong biyer aini swikriti theke taar konao khoti hoyeche kina taa dekhate paare naa. 2005 saaler decembere, tribunel biyer boidhotake challenge korey dwitiya mamla khariz korey deyo. 2006 saaler januaryte, biyer licenses record korar jonno dayee cheroki adaloter proshashok, lissa fields, biyer boidhotake challenge korey tritiya mamla dayer corren. abedonti amimangsito theke yaay. 2016 saaler 9ee december, cheroki jaatir attorney general, todd hembri, jini mulat 2004 saale mckinley ebong reinoldser biyeke challenge korechilen, ekti motamot jaari korechilen jey cheroki jaatir sangbidhaner adhine samakami bibah nishedhagga asangbidhanik chhilo, upojatite samakami bibahke boidho korey. chyada smith, jini 2004 saale cherokir prodhan prodhan hisabe dayitto palon korechilen, hembrir motamotke swagoto janiye bolechilen, "etty atiter cheroki aain meney chola. kintu amader sangbidhane markin sangbidhaner bidhanguli antarbhukta koraa hoyeche ebong supreme court (markin juktorashtrer) tokhon theke taar raay diyeche.", eu-keey ullekh korey.esha. obergafel bonam"-ayee supreme courter siddhanta. hozs, "jaa markin juktorashtre deshbyapi samakami bibahke boidho koreche. falaswarup, mckinley ebong rainolds chhilen cheroki jaatir prothom bibahito samakami dampati. upojatiyo jomite samakami bibahke boidho koraa hobey kina seey bishoye osaz jaati 20 march, 2017-ayee ekti ganabhot onusthito korey ebong eyi byabosthati 52 shotangsho sankhyagarishthata niye pusses hoy.
chikasa kodti 18ee april, 2022-ayee sangshodhan koraa hoyechilo jaate jey konao dui byaktir modhye bibaher anumati deoa hoy ebong ekoi linger byaktider modhye bibaher swikriti nishiddho bhasha batil koraa hoy. bibaher sangyay ekhon bolla hoyeche 'bibah' maane dui byaktir modhye ekti dewani chukti theke udbhuto ekti byaktigato somporko jaar jonno chukti korte ebong etey probesh korte ainoto sokkhom pokkhogulir sammati prayojan ebong bibaher samparkati aain dwara prodotto hisabe probesh koraa, rakkhanabekkhan koraa baa batil koraa hobey."2023 saaler 23shhey meey, chaktou jaatir sangbidhanik adalat raay deyo jey samakami dampatira biye korar sangbidhanik adhikar royeche ebong kenedi ebong chelsey barker dompotike taader 10 bochorer meyeke dattak neoar anumati deyo. prodhan gyari batton eyi raike swagoto janiye bollen, "eyi siddhanter vittite, amra amader kodguli porjalochona korob ebong dekhab qee qee poriborton koraa darkar. amra eyi mamler sange jorito poribarer proti amader bhalobasa oo samarthan pradan corry."
echhadao, bureau off indian affairs markin juktorashtro judey protisthito adalat porichalona korey.esha. yuktarashtriya bidhimala (shee. eff. arr)-err adhine, ebong "jotokkhon naa konao nirdishto bharatiya upojati taader nijaswa upojati adalat protistha korey, totokkhon porjonto bharatiya aporadh adalat ekti upojatir bitcher byabostha hisabe kaaj korbe. eibhabe oklahomar apachy upojati, oklahomar cado jaati, komanch jaati, delaoar jaati, phorta seal apachy upojati, oklahomar kioa indian upojati, bharatiyader otto-misuria upojati, uichita ebong onumodito upojati, oklahomar purbo shauni upojati, modock jaati, oklahomar otoa upojati, oklahomar bharatiyader pioria upojati ebong seneka-kayuga jaatir sadasyader jonno eyi federal shee. eff. arr adalte samakami bibah koraa jete paare.
dui atmar biye.
onek sthaniya american upojatite dwaito-atmar byaktider oitijhyo royeche jaaraa purush hoye jonmogrohon korechilo kintu mohilader poshak porechilo ebong daeenandin grihosthalir kaaj ebong shoilpik hostoshilpo sampadan koroto jaa naarii khettrer ontorgoto boley money koraa hoto. eyi dwi-atmar morjada eyi upojatir modhye kichhu upojatir modhye dui joibik purush baa dui joibik mohilar modhye bibaher anumati deyo. sheyen sangaskritite, dwi-atma manush () naame porichito, ebong tritiya ling hisabe sheyen somaje ekti guruttopurno bhumika palon korey. taaraa joddha hisabe sommanito chhilo, oitijjobahi mathar twaker nrityo porichalona koroto, queter saathe kotha bolte sokkhom boley money koraa hoto ebong matchmakingye taader dokkhotar jonno porichito chhilo, biseshoto alpavayasi, abibahito purushder jonno jaaraa alpavayasi mohilader probhabito korte cheyechilo. hii 'emene" prayashai ekjon bibahito purusher bahubibah poribare dwitiya stree hisabe kaaj korten. arapaho sangaskriti oitijjogotobhabe dwaito-moner manushke swikriti diyeche jaaraa mohilader poshak porten ebong "bishesh adhyattik shaktir saathe sommanito byakti" hisabe bibechito hoto. era arapaho bhasay (, bohubochonoh) naame porichito. bohubibaher ingito chharai onek bibahito sisgender purush. oklahomar bharatiyader ponka upojatir ponka jonogon dwi-atma bishishto byaktider () hisabe ullekh korey. taaraa "chaand dwara nirdeshito" boley money koraa hoto ebong kokhono kokhono purushder angshidar hisabe grohon koroto. osejder modhye, dwi-atma byaktira, jaaraa () naame porichito, "mohilader moto kotha boloto", mohilader poshak porten, kintu mulat punglinger bhumika palon korte thaken, ebong taaraa mohilader biye corren. eguli kopao bhasay (), congs bhasay () ebong chiuer bhasay () naame porichito. "mihoxog"-keey dharmiya netader ekti bishesh shreni hisabe sommaner saathe bibechona koraa hoto. prayat boxoz, jibhere-nott 'achie probinder modhye, "mihoxoz"-keey ekhono taader adhyattik sangjog ebong pobitro pitamaha atmar saathe samanjasya rekhe pobitro bhumikar jonno bismoyer saathe bibechona koraa hoto."eyi samasta siuan-bhashi jonogoner modhye, dwi-atma manusher" "mohila debota baa chaander darshan chhilo jaa taader porichoyke samarthan korey.
() naame porichito dui-atmar byaktira taader ling bhumikar poribortonke "ekti durbhaggojonok niyati jaa taaraa edate paare naa, chaande bosobaskari mohila atmar ekti darshan dwara eyi pothe chaalito howar kotha."taaraa proti bochor ekti nrityer madhyome pobitro ebong sommanito hoto jekhane shudhumatra seii purushder ongshogrohoner anumati deoa hoto jaaraa" "ayakwa" "-rawr saathe jouno millon korechilo. patawatomi (, bohubochonoh "mnedoquic") alpo boyce thekei "mohila sanger sandhan korechilen", ubhoy linger "kaajer dokkhota" orjon korechilen, "mohilader moto kotha bolechilen" ebong "bishesh adhyattik shaktir saathe sommanito byakti" hisabe bibechito hoyechilen. 1860-err doshke bortoman cado kauntite bastuchyuto haoya lenap dui-atmar byaktider () hisabe ullekh korey. mayami jonogoner modhye, bortomane oklahomar mayami upojatir sanrakkhaner upor bosobaskari, dwi-atma byaktider () hisabe ullekh koraa hoy, ebong pauni lokera taader () boley. adhunik juddher porr adhunik somoyer otawa kauntite nirbasito modock jonogon dwi-atma bishishto byaktider () boley. tuiniuk" mohilader poshak porten ebong "mohilader moto acharan korten. taaraa sisgender purushder biye koroto ebong sadharonoto ekjon shamaner bhumika palon koroto ebong taader mohan atmik shaktir krititto deoa hoto. seneka jonogon dui-atmar byaktider () hisabe ullekh korey ebong kayuga jonogon taader () hisabe ullekh korey. mescalero-chirikahua bhasay, dwi-atma manush () naame porichito, ebong somobhumite apachy bhasay () hisabe porichito.
cheroki, chikasa ebong choktor modhye dwaito-atma byaktider somporke sahitya arow seemit. sombhoboto eyi samajgulir dwaito atmar moto ekti upadhi chhilo, tobey chokher joll ebong khristodhormo grohoner somoy onek oitijjobahi gyan hariye giechilo. cherokir modhye, ("asegi udando";) emon byaktider bojhai jaaraa hoy purush oo mohilader bhumikar baire porey baa jaaraa purush oo mohila ubhoyer bhumikai dokhol korey. chaktou bhasay, dwi-atma manush () naame porichito, jodio shobdoti tulonamulokbhabe adhunik. choktor lekhok leane hoye 2022 saaler ekti boiye bolechen, "prayashai taaraa cable anyanno purushder saathe jorito thakat naa, tobey taader onek storer somporko chhilo. taaraa amader sampradayer sangeo bishesh upaye jorito chhilo. taaraa niramoykari hotey paare. taaraa emon manush jaaraa amader santander rakkha korechilo kaaron taaraa ekadhik jiniser moorto protik chhilo. ebong chockotwan nandonikotar jey ongshoti taa holl amra aswabhabik vishaygulike shroddha corry. vinno. upney jokhon ["ohoyo holba"]-rawr sange jukto atmar dike takan ebong jokhon taaraa prachinkale seii poshak porey, tokhon taaraa boley 'oneker moorto roop'."kichhu mohila-deher dwimatrik byakti () shobdoti byabohar corren. chikasa bhasay, shobdoti holl (). alabama bhasay, taaraa () naame porichito, ebong moskogite () hisabe porichito. eyi adhunik shobdogulir ortho sadharonoto ekjon samakami, samakami baa rupantarkami byakti, jodio kichhu dwaito-moner lokera eyi shobdogulir saathe porichoy korey. euchy bhasay, dwi-atma hisabe anubad koraa hoy (), ebong nachez hisabe (), jaar ortho "mohilader prodhan".
jonosongkha ebong bibaher porisongkhyan.
2000 eu theke tothyo.esha. jonogonona theke jaanaa geche jey 5,763 john samakami dampati oklahoma bosobas korchilen. 2005 saaler modhye, etty bede 8,159 dampatira hoye giechilo, sombhoboto samakami dampatira sarkari samikshai taader angshidaritto prakash korar kromobordhoman ichchar jonno dayee. siemaron chhada rajyer samasta kauntite samakami dampatira bosobas korten ebong rajyer samasta poribarer 0.7% ebong 0.40% chhilo. beshirbhag dampati oklahoma, tulsa ebong cleveland kauntite thakten, tobey samakami dampatir sorbochcho shotangsho soho countiguli chhilo roser mill (samasta county poribarer 0.70%) ebong pushmataha (0.65%). oklahomar samakami angshidarra biporito linger angshidarder tulna gadey qama vayasi chhilen ebong taader nijukto howar sombhabona beshi chhilo. tobey, samakami dampatir garh ebong modhyoma paribarik aay bivinno linger dampatir tulna qama chhilo ebong samakami dampatira biporito linger angshidarder tulna baadir malik howar sombhabonao onek qama chhilo. oklahomar 26 shotangsho samakami dampati 18 bochorer qama vayasi shishuder lalon-palon korchilen, 2005 saale anumanik 4,075 shishu samakami dampatir netritte poribare bosobas korchilo.
markin juktorashtrer jonogonona beuro tothyo theke jaanaa yaay jey 2020 saale oklahoma 5,006 john bibahito samakami dampati chhilen, jaader modhye 3,149 john mohila dampati ebong 1,857 john purush dampati chhilen. rajye bosobaskari samasta samakami dampatir modhye bibahito dampatirai 56.3%. bibahito samakami swami-strira bivinno linger swami-strir tulna gadey qama vayasi chhilen ebong sadharonoto taader aay beshi chhilo.
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oklahomama samlaingik lagna
samlaingik lagna parr rajyanaa pratibandhne padkarta mukadmaanaa tharaavne pagale, 6 october, 2014 thee oklahomama samlaingik lagna kaydesar chhe. teey divase, yuu.aesa. bishop wii." nee samiksha karvaano suprem courtno incar. smith, "aek cases keey jene pratibandhne gerbandhaaraniy ganaavyo hato, apeelnee dasmee circuit courte oklahomane samlaingik lagnane maanyata aapvaano aadesh aapyo hato. 14 january, 2014naa roj, nyayadhish tarrence see. yuu. naa cairn.aesa. oklahomana uttareey jilla maate jilla adalate rajyanaa vaidhanik aneey bandhaaraniy samlaingik lagna parr pratibandhne gerbandhaaraniy jaaher karyo. cases, "bishop vee. smith "(agau" bishop vee. oklahoma "aneey" bishop vee. united states), apil baakee hatee. 18 julai, 2014naa roj, dasmee circuitni penale oklahomana samlaingik lagna pratibandhne uthalaavi devaana kernaa chukaadaane samarthan aapyu hatoo. jooe keey, penale yuu dwara "pramanpatra" maateni arjinaa nikaal sudhee tenaa chukaadaane sthageet raakhyo hato.aesa. suprem court. 6 october, 2014naa roj yuu.aesa. sarvoch adalate dasmee circuit courtnaa chukaadaane sthaane mookine samiksha maateni vinanteene nakaari kaadhee hatee. rajyanaa adheekarioae rajyamaa samlaingik lagnane maanyata aaptaa dasmaa circuitnaa chukaadaano amal kareene pratikriyaa aapee.
kaanuni itihas.
pratibandho.
1975maan, oklahoma vidhansabhaae "aek purush aneey aek maheela" vachchena lagnane vyakhyayit karato teno pratham kaayado pasaar karyo hato. 1996maan, oklahoma vidhansabhaae aek anya kaayado pasaar karyo, jemaa lagnane "aek purush aneey aek maheela" tareeke vyakhyayit karvaamaa aavyaa aneey oklahomama raajyani bahaar karvaamaa aavtaa samlaingik lagnone maanyata aapvaa parr pratibandh mukvaamaa aavyo.
april 2004maan, oklahoma senate, 38 thee 7 mutt dwara, aneey oklahoma house off representativese, 92 thee 4 mutt dwara, samlaingik lagna parr pratibandh mukvaanaa bandhaaraniy sudhaaraane manjuri aapee. 2 november, 2004naa roj, oklahomana matdaaroae pratibandhne prashna 711 tareeke manjuri aapee. aaa sudhara samlaingik lagna parr pratibandh umeryo aneey oklahomana bandharanma nagrik sangathno athavaa sthaaneek bhagidari jevee koipan "tenee kaanuni ghatanao aparineet yugalo athavaa juthone aapvama aave".
biin-bandhankarta tharaav.
april 2013maan, oklahoma house off representativese "aech. see. aar. 1009" pasaar karyo, jeey aek biin-bandhankarta tharaav hato, jemaa "aek purush aneey aek maheela vachchena" lagnane punahpushti aapvama aavee hatee aneey yuu. aesa. neey vinanti karvaamaa aavee hatee.aesa. sarvoch adalat "lagna sanraxan adhiniyam" (domaa) nee kalam 3 aneey lagnanu niyaman karvaanaa rajyona adheekarne jaalvi rakhshe. teey 84-0 pasaar thayu, jemaa 71 prajasattak aneey 13 lokshahivadioae tarfenma matdaan karyoo. 16 democrates virodhmaa matdaan karvaane badale chamberni bahaar neekali gayaa. oklahoma senetae teey jaj mahinaanaa antamaa tharaavne manjuri aapee hatee. yuu.aesa. suprem courte "united states wii. maan domani kalam 3 neey rada curry deedhi. windser "juuna 26,2013 naa roj.
"bishop vee. smith ".
prushthbhumi.
3 november, 2004naa roj, oklahomana matdaaroae samlaingik lagna parr pratibandh mukvaanaa bandhaaraniy sudhaaraane motaa paaye manjuri aapyana beeja divase, beey lesbian yugalo, meerii bishop aneey sheron baldwin aneey susanne barton aneey geey phillipse tulsaamaa federal district courtma padkaar dakhal karyo hato. pratham dampatine tulsa kaauntii karkun, selee howay smith dwara lagnanu licenses aapvaano incar karvaamaa aavyo hato, jyaare pachhinaa dampatiae 2001 maan vermont sivil unionni rachnaa curry hatee aneey 2005 maan british kolambiyama lagna karyaa hataa jyaare charchaao baakee hatee. temnu pratinidhitva oklahoma shahernee kaanuni pedhhi, holade aneey chilton dwara karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. smeethnu pratinidhitva tulsa kaauntinaa jilla vakeel aneey biin-nafakarak khristi himayat sanstha, svatantrataano bachaav kartaa gathbandhan dwara karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. aaa cases "bishop vee. oklahoma ". prativadio oklahomana atterni general hataa, admondson, governor bread henry, yuu.aesa. atterni general, john ashcroft aneey pramukh george doubleu. zaadi. aaa yugloae "anya baabtoni saathe" aevee jaaheratni maang curry hatee keey oklahoma sudhaaro yogya prakriyaa, samaan rakshan, sampoorn vishvaas aneey shrey aneey yuu. aesa. naa visheshaadhikaaro aneey muktee kalamo hethal gerbandhaaraniy hato.aesa. bandhaaran. teoae 1996maan pasaar thayela federal "defence off marage act" (domaa) neey pann padkaryo hato. raajyae aevee daleel kareene bartaraf karvaano prayaas karyo hato keey yugalomaa sthaayi thavaano abhaav chhe aneey ageeyarma sudhara dwara temnaa daavane pratibandhit karvaamaa aavyo hato.
20 julai, 2006naa roj, nyayadhish tarrence see. kerne vaadione aansheek vijay aapyo hato, aema maaneene keey teo rajyanaa bandhaaraniy sudhara saame viveedh padkaaro saame mukaddamo chalaavi shake chhe; jooe keey, temane ketlaak kaanuni siddhaantone vicharnathi door kareene kesano avkaash ghataadyo hato. smellt v" noow ullekh kareene. orange kaauntii, california cases, temane chukaado aapyo keey aaa yugalomaa domaane padkarva maate ubhaa rahevaano abhaav chhe kaaran keey banneae united statesma kaanuni lagna karyaa nathee. kerne chukaado aapyo hato keey bishop aneey baldwin paase domaana teey bhagne padkarva maate ubhaa rahevaano abhaav chhe jene samalingi lagnane sangheey sarkaar dwara maanyata aapvamathi bakaat rakhyaa hataa kaaran keey teo parineet nahota. jooe keey, temane chukaado aapyo keey barton phillipsnee sthitee chhe, kaaran keey aaa dampatiae kenedama lagna karyaa hataa aneey vermontma nagrik sanghamaa pravesh karyo hato, aneey tethee nakki karyoo hatoo keey temnaa daavaaone nakaari kaadhvaa maate teey akaal hashe. kernane jaanvaa malyun keey banne yugalo samlaingik lagna parr pratibandh mukataa raajy sudhaaraane padkarva maate ubhaa hataa, kaaran keey banne oklahomama kaydesar reete lagna karvaamaa rus dharaavtaa hataa. rajyanaa adheekarioae apeelnee dasmee circuit courtma apil curry hatee. 10mee circuit 5 juuna, 2009naa roj aek aprakashit nirnay bahaar paadyo hato, jemaa oklahoma adheekario saamena daavaaone fagaavi devaamaa jilla adalatni nishfaltaane ultavi hatee aneey vishhay-baabatnaa adhikarkshetrana abhaav maate vaadionaa daavaaone fagaavi deedhaa hataa. baakinaa prativadio, smith aneey united statese 13 october, 2009naa roj bartaraf karvaa maate darkhaast dakhal curry hatee.
25 februari, 2011naa roj, bartaraf karvaanaa prastaavo parr courtno nirnay jaaree thaay teey pahelaa, united statese courtne soochit karyoo keey teey domani kalam 3nee bandharaniyatano bachaav karvaanu bundh karashe. united states house off representativesna dhvipakshi kaanuni salaahkaar juthe domaana bachaav maate dakhal karvaanee maang curry hatee. 26 juuna, 2013naa roj yuu.aesa. suprem courte "united states wii. windser "domani kalam 3 aee paanchmaa sudhaaraani yogya prakriyaa kalamnu ullanghan karyoo chhe. teey jaj divase, courte "hollingsworth wii. maan pann chukaado aapyo hato. peree, "californiama samlaingik lagnone pharii sharoo karvaanee manjuri aape chhe.
jilla adaalatno nirnay.
14 january, 2014naa roj, nyayadhish kerne vaadione saransh chukaado aapyo aneey aaa kesamaa chukaado aapyo, havey "bishop wii. united states, "oklahomano samlaingik lagna parno pratibandh chaudma sudharana samaan sanraxan kalam hethal gerbandhaaraniy hato. temane rajyanaa samlaingik lagna pratibandhnaa kaayamee amalikaranno aadesh aaptaa aadesh jaaree karyo hato, parantu yuu. aesa. neey taankine apil baakee raheene temnaa chukadana amalikaran parr roqa lagaavi hatee.aesa. suprem courte utaahmaa lagbhag samaan kesamaa stay jaaree karyo, "kitchen wii. herbert ". kerne lakhyu keey yuu.aesa. suprem courte samaan kesane bartaraf karyo, "backer wii. nelson, "1972maan bandhankarta purvavarti naa hatoo kaaran keey" 1972thee sarvoch adalatna nyayshastrama nondhpaatra saiddhaantik vikaas thayo chhe jeey soochave chhe keey aaa muddaao havey nondhpaatra prashna rajoo karashe ". temane shodhee kaadhyu keey beey vaadeeo, barton aneey phillips, domani kalam 2 neey padkarva maate ubhaa nathee kaaran keey teoae prativaadi tareeke naam aapela federal adheekario paase tenaa amalikaran maate koee javabdari nathee aneey reqorda darshaave chhe keey oklahomana adheekario anya adhikarkshetroma barton aneey phillipsna lagnane odakhvaamaa nishfal gayaa hataa. temane nondhyu hatoo keey aaa dampatiae "haa [dii] aee samagr kaanuni prakriyaamaa mahatvapurn bhoomika bhajvi hatee jeey domani kalam 3 neey amanya banaave chhe" aneey temnee aneey temnaa vakeeloni "temnee durdarshita, himmat aneey dradhata" maate prashansa curry hatee. cairn bishop aneey baldwin saathe sammat thayaa hataa keey samalingi lagna parr pratibandh mookato oklahoma bandhaaraniy sudhaaro samaan sanraxan kalamnu ullanghan karey chhe. temane tarksangat dhorane samiksha laagu curry aneey jawabdar prajananne protsaahan, shreshth baad uchher aneey lagnani sanstha parnee assar saheet rajyanaa samarthanne "apurtaa" ganaavya. kerne chukaado aapyo hato keey bandhaaraniy sudhaaro "sarkari laabhmaathi oklahomana nagrikona maatra aek vargno manasvi, ataarkik bakaat" hato. jaatiy abhigam aneey samaan rakshanna aadhare bhedbhavna mudda parr sarvoch adalatna nyayshastrana nirnayma kahevama aavyu hatoo keh "samlaingik lagna parr pratibandh mukataa rajyanaa kaayadao yuu. aesa. noon ullanghan karey chhe keey qema teey mudde sarvoch adalat spashtpane pahonchi nathee.aesa. bandhaaran. jooe keey, suprem courtno kaayado havey rajyone samlaingiko saame dushmanaavatthi janmela kaayada pasaar karvaa parr pratibandh mooke chhe, samlaingikoni naiteek aneey jaatiy pasandgione bandhaaraniy rakshan aape chhe, aneey sangheey sarkaarne viruddh-ling lagno aneey samlaingik lagnone alag reete vartavaa parr pratibandh mooke chhe. 1996maan "roomer" thee sharoo kareene 2013maan "windser" maan parakashthae pahonchela sarvoch adalatna nyayshastrama shun thayu chhe tenaa maate koee chokkas kaanuni label nathee, parantu jyaare aaa adalat tene juae chhe tyaare teey aek retarikala parivartan jaane chhe."
governor meerii feline aaa nirnayno javaab aaptaa kahyoo hatoo keey, "huun oklahomana matdaaronaa aaa aneey anya nitigat baabto parr potaane sanchaalit karvaanaa adheekarne samarthan aapu chhu. huun nyayadhishna chukaadaathi nirash chhu aneey pareshaan chhu keey sangheey sarkaar dwara pharii aekvaar lokonee ichchhani avgannaa karvaamaa aavee chhe."atterni general sqota pruite aaa nirnayne" "mushkelijanak" "ganaavyo hato aneey kahyoo hatoo keey sarvoch adalate samlaingik lagna parr raajy pratibandhni bandharaniyata nakki karvee padashe".
apeelnee dasmee circuit courtma apil karoo.
smithe 16 januaryna roj apeelnee dasmee circuit courtma apeelnee notice dakhal curry hatee aneey adalatne apil prakriyaane zadpi banaavvaa aneey "kitchen wii. herbert ". 10 aprilnaa roj "rasodama" maukheek daleelo sambhalnar dasmee circuitni teey jaj 3-nyayadhishoni penale "bishop wii. maan maukheek daleelo sambhali hatee. smith "17 aprilnaa roj. 18 julyna roj, adalate 2-1 naa nirnayma jilla adalatna chukaadaane samarthan aapyu, aneey nishkarsh kaadhyo keey oklahomana samlaingik lagna pratibandhe yuu. aesa. noon ullanghan karyoo chhe.aesa. bandhaaran, joke tene yuu dwara "pramanpatra" maateni arjinaa nikaal sudhee tenaa chukaadaane taatkaalik sthageet karyo hato.aesa. suprem court. jephree aela. stanford universityma kayadana prophesara aneey suprem courtnaa anoobhavi mukadma vakeel, fisheray augustma samalingi yugalone lagnana adhikaaronaa oklahomana asveekaarne padkarnarao maate mukhya salaahkaar tareeke jodaya hataa. suprem courte 6 october, 2014naa roj oklahomani apeelne nakaari kaadhee hatee aneey tyarbad dasmaa circuitno chukaado amalmaa aavyo hato, aama oklahomama samlaingik lagnane kaydesar banaavyu hatoo.
governor folline suprem courtnee kaaryvaahini aakaree teeka curry hatee, parantu jaaherat curry hatee keey raajy tenu paalan karashe aneey samlaingik lagnane licenses aapvaanu aneey maanyata aapvaanu sharoo karashe. pratinidhi selee cairn, jemane bhutkaalmaa janaavyu hatoo keey samlaingikta aee aatankvaad karataa raashtriy suraksha maate moto khataro chhe, temane adalatna nirnayne vakhodyo hato, "oklahoma, athavaa teey baabat maate koipan rajyamaa, binchuntanit nyayadhisho naa hovaa joiae jeo loko maate jawabdar naa hoya keey jeey nakki karey keey kaayada shun hashe."sthaaneek lgbt juthanaa executive director sqota hamilton kahyoo hatoo keey" "amaari saathe anya dampatini jaim jaj vyavhaar karvaamaa aavashe". aneey, maaree paase jeey meelkat chhe athavaa jyaare aapnamana koee aek paas thaay chhe tyaare tenee paase [hamiltonnaa jivansathi] jeey meelkat chhe teey vaarsaani jaim sakhat prakriyaa nahee hoya. teey aek motee raahat chhe aema kahevu aek alpokti hashe ". oklahoma kaauntii courtnaa karkun, tima rodese 6 octoberni vahelee bapore kahyoo hatoo keey temnee offices "pravruttithi bharelee" hatee. meerii bishop aneey sheron baldwin oklahomama lagnanu licenses melavnara pratham samlaingik yugalo hataa, jemane somvaare, 6 octobernaa roj bapore 1:20 vaagye tulsa kaauntii courtma aavu karyoo hatoo.aema.. christon aneey heather dicky 6 octobernaa roj cleveland kaauntimaa licenses melavnara pratham dampati hataa.
mool american raashtro.
sheyen aneey arapaho janjaatio, cheroki raashtra, chikaso raashtra, choktav raashtra aneey osage raashtrana aarakshan parr samlaingik lagna kaydesar chhe. sheyen aneey arapaho janjaatio oklahomama samlaingik lagnane kaydesar banaavnaari pratham mool american janjaati hatee. october 2013maan, jayson pickle aneey darren black rinchhne konchomaa adivasi adalatma lagnanu licenses aapvama aavyu hatoo. jyaare aarakshan parr karvaamaa aavela aaa pratham jaaher samlaingik lagna hataa, tyaare adivasi adheekarioae pushti curry hatee keey aaa pahelaa anya beey samlaingik yugloae lagna karyaa hataa. adivasi kaayada anusaar, jeey paksho lagna karvaa maange chhe temane saarvbhaum jameen parr aavu karavu aavashyak chhe aneey aek paksh aadivasiono sabhy hovo aavashyak chhe, parantu adivasi sanheeta dampatinaa lingno ullekh karatee nathee. nagrik potavatomi raashtra, maskogi (khaadi) raashtra aneey seminol rashtrama samlaingik lagna parr spasht reete pratibandh chhe.
cheroki raashtre 9 december, 2016naa roj samlaingik lagnane kaydesar banaavyu. meey 2004maan, ovaso, doona makinley aneey kethee reynoldsna lesbian dampatine adivasi adalatna nayab karkun dwara lagnanu licenses aapvama aavyu hatoo. adijatiae zadapthi vadharana samlaingik lagno parr pratibandh mookyo. 14 junanaa roj, adivasi parishade samlaingik lagna parr pratibandh mookato kaayado pasaar karyo, aneey adivasi parishadna vakeel, tooad hambry 16 junanaa roj courtma makinley aneey reynoldsne jaaree karaayela lagnana licensene rada karvaa maate arji dakhal curry. 3 august, 2005naa roj, tahalekvaahmaa nyaayik apil tribunale chukaado aapyo hato keey hambryma daavo karvaa maate koee aadhaar nathee aneey teey bataavi shakato nathee keey tene lagnani kaanuni manyatathi koee nuksan thayu chhe. december 2005maan, tribunale lagnani maanyataane padkarto beejo daavo nakaari kaadhyo hato. january 2006maan, cheroki adalatna vahivatkartaa, lagnana licenses reqorda karvaa maate jawabdar lisa fieldse lagnani maanyataane padkarto trijo daavo dakhal karyo hato. arjino javaab malyo naa hato. 9 december, 2016naa roj, cheroki raashtrana atterni general, tooad hambry, jemane mulroope 2004maan makinley aneey reinoldsnaa lagnane padkaryo hato, temane abhipray bahaar paadyo hato keey cheroki raashtrana bandhaaran hethal samlaingik lagna parr pratibandh gerbandhaaraniy hato, jeey aadijatima samlaingik lagnane kaydesar banaave chhe. 2004maan cherokeena mukhya vadaa tareeke sevaa aapnara chaad smithe hambryna abhiprayne aavkarta kahyoo hatoo keey, "teey bhutkaalnaa cheroki kayadaanu paalan karey chhe. parantu aapanu bandhaaran americi bandharanni jogvaaiono samaavesh karey chhe, aneey tyarbad sarvoch adalate (united statesnee) teno chukaado aapyo chhe.", yuu noow sandarbh aaptaa.aesa. obergafel wii. maan sarvoch adaalatno nirnay. hojes, "jene united statesma rashtravyapi samlaingik lagnane kaydesar banaavyu. parinaame, makinley aneey reinolds cheroki rashtrama pratham parineet samlaingik dampati hataa. osage raashtre 20 march, 2017naa roj adivasi jameen parr samlaingik lagnane kaydesar banaavvu keey nahee teey ange lokmat yojyo hato aneey aaa upaay 52 takaa bahumatee saathe pasaar thayo hato.
koipan beey vyakteeo vachchena lagnane manjuri aapvaa aneey samaan jaatinaa vyakteeo vachchena lagnani maanyata parr pratibandh mooktee bhashane rada karvaa maate 18 april, 2022naa roj chikaso kodmaa sudhaaro karvaamaa aavyo hato. lagnani vyakhya havey vaanche chheh 'lagna' noow arth beey vyakteeo vachchena nagrik kararmathi udbhavto vyaktigat sambandh chhe, jemaa karaar karvaa aneey temaa praveshvaa maate kaydesar reete saksham pakshoni sammatee jaroori chhe, aneey lagna sambandh kaayada dwara pradaan karvaamaa aave teey reete dakhal karvaamaa aavashe, jalavama aavashe athavaa rada karvaamaa aavashe."23 meey, 2023naa roj, chocto raashtrani bandhaaraniy adalate chukaado aapyo keey samlaingik yugalone lagna karvaano bandhaaraniy adhikaar chhe aneey kenedi aneey chelasi barker dampatine temnee 10 varshnee chhokarine dattak levani manjuri aapee hatee. chief geree betane chukaadaane aavkaaryo hato aneey kahyoo hatoo keey, "aaa nirnaynaa aadhare, amey amara kodnee samiksha kareeshu keey kayaa ferfaro karvaanee jaroor chhe. amey aaa kesamaa saamel parivaarne amaaro prem aneey teko aapiae chhiae."
vadhumaa, bhaartiy babtonaa beuro samagr yuu. aesa. maan sthaapit adaalato chalaave chhe.aesa. sangheey neeyamoni sanheeta (see. aef. aar.) hethal, aneey "jyaan sudhee koee chokkas bhaartiy janjaati temnee potaani adivasi adalatni sthaapnaa naa karey tyaan sudhee, bhaartiy gunaaoni adalat aek aadijatini nyaayik vyavastha tareeke kaama karashe". aama, samalingi lagno aaa sangheey see. aef. aar. adalatoma oklahomani apaache janjaati, oklahomana kedo raashtra, komanche raashtra, delaware raashtra, phorta sila apaache janjaati, oklahomani kiova bhaartiy janjaati, bhartiyoni otto-misoriya janjaati, vichita aneey sanlagn janjaatio, oklahomani purveey shaanee janjaati, modock raashtra, oklahomani ottava janjaati, oklahomana bhartiyoni pioriya janjaati aneey seneka-kayuga raashtrana sabhyo maate curry shakaay chhe.
beey aatmana lagna.
ghanee mool american janjatioma beey-aatmani vyaktioni paramparaao chhe jeey janmthi purush hataa parantu strionaa kapadaa pahertaa hataa aneey rojinda ghargaththu kaama aneey kalaatmak hastkala kartaa hataa jene stree kshetramaa hovaanu manvama aavtu hatoo. aaa beey-aatmaano darajjo beey jaivik purusho athavaa beey jaivik streeo vachchena lagnane aamaani ketalik jaateeo vachche karvaanee manjuri aape chhe. sheyen sanskrutima, dhvee-aatma dharaavtaa lokone () tareeke odakhvaamaa aave chhe, aneey teo sheyen samajma trija ling tareeke mahatvapurn bhoomika bhajve chhe. teo yoddhaao tareeke aadarneey hataa, paramparagat khopari uparnee chaamadina nrutyonu nirdeshan kartaa hataa, coyotes saathe vaat karvaamaa saksham hovaanu manvama aavtu hatoo, aneey matchmakingma temnee kushalataa maate jaanita hataa, khaas kareene yuvan, aparineet purusho maate jeo yuvan streeone prabhaavit karvaa maangtaa hataa. heey 'emene" ghanivaar parineet purushnaa bahupatnitvavaadaa parivaarmaa beejee patnee tareeke sevaa aaptaa hataa. arapaho sanskruteeae paramparagat reete beey-aatmana lokone maanyata aapee chhe jeo strionaa kapadaa pahertaa hataa aneey temne "vishesh aadhyatmik shakteeo dharaavtaa pratishthit vyakteeo" tareeke ganvaamaa aavtaa hataa. teo arapaho bhashama (, bahuvachanah) tareeke odakhaay chhe. bahupatnitvanaa sanket vagar ghanaa parineet sisgender purusho. oklahomana bhartiyoni ponca janjatina ponca loko dhvee-aatma dharaavtaa lokone () tareeke odakhaave chhe. aevu manvama aavtu hatoo keey teo "chandra dwara soochnaa aapvama aavee hatee", aneey ketalikvaar maanasone bhagidar tareeke letaa hataa. osejmaa, beey-aatma dharaavati vyakteeo, jene () tareeke odakhvaamaa aave chhe, "strioni jaim vaat karatee", mahilaaonaa kapadaa paheratee hatee, parantu aneevarypane purushvaachi lingnee bhoomika nibhaavvaanu chaalu raakhyu, aneey teoae streeo saathe lagna karyaa. teo kwapo bhashama (), cons bhashama () aneey chiver bhashama () tareeke odakhaay chhe. "mihaksog" neey dhaarmik netaona vishesh varg tareeke aadarpurvak ganvaamaa aavtaa hataa. swargasth baksoje, jivere-natchi vadilomaa, "mihaksoge" neey haju pann temnaa aadhyatmik jodaan aneey pavitra daadaa aatmaao saathe sumelma pavitra bhoomika maate bhay saathe ganvaamaa aavtaa hataa."aaa tamaam siuan bolata lokomaa, dhvee-aatma dharaavtaa loko paase" "stree devtaao athavaa chandrana darshan hataa jeey temnee odakhne samarthan aapvaa maate sevaa aaptaa hataa".
() tareeke odakhaati beey-aatmani vyakteeo pann temnee jaatinaa parivartanne "aek kamansib niyatee tareeke varnave chhe jene teo taalee shaktaa nathee, jeey chandramaa rahetee stree aatmani drashti dwara aaa maarg taraf prereet thaay chhe."teo pavitra hataa aneey darr varshe aek nrutya saathe sanmanit karvaamaa aavtaa hataa jemaa maatra teey jaj purushone bhaag levani manjuri aapvama aavtee hatee jemane" "ayakwa" "saathe jaatiy sambandh baandhyo hato". potavatomi (, bahuvachanah "mandockwack") naanee umarthi jaj "stree pedhhini shodhamaa" hataa, banne jaationi "kaary kushalataa" dharaavtaa hataa, "strioni jaim bolata hataa" aneey "vishesh aadhyatmik shakteeo dharaavati pratishthit vyakteeo" tareeke ganvaamaa aavtaa hataa. 1860naa daykama haalnaa kedo kaauntimaa visthapit thayela lennep, beey-aatmani vyaktione () tareeke odakhaave chhe. miyami lokomaa, aaje oklahomani miyami janjatina aarakshan parr raheta, dhvee-aatma lokone () tareeke odakhvaamaa aave chhe, aneey panni loko temne () kahe chhe. modock loko, modock yuddh pachhi aadhunik otava kaauntimaa deshnikaal karvaamaa aavyaa hataa, teo beey-aatmani vyaktione () kahe chhe. tavinik" mahilaaonaa kapadaa pahertaa hataa aneey "maheelaoni jaim varte chhe". teoae sisgender purusho saathe lagna karyaa, aneey saamanya reete shaamannee bhoomika bhajvi aneey temne mahaan aatmeek shaktino shrey aapvama aavto hato. seneka loko beey-aatmani vyaktione () tareeke odakhaave chhe, aneey kayuga loko temne () tareeke odakhaave chhe. mescalero-chirikahua bhashama, beey-aatma dharaavtaa lokone () tareeke odakhvaamaa aave chhe, aneey medanoma apaache bhashama () tareeke odakhvaamaa aave chhe.
cheroki, chikaso aneey choctoma beey-aatmaao vishenu saahitya vadhu maryadit chhe. sambhav chhe keey aaa samajone dhvee-aatma jevu pada hatoo, parantu aansuna maarg aneey khristi dharm apnaavvaa darmiyan ghanoo paramparagat gyaan khovai gayoo hatoo. cherokima, ("aesegee udaando";) aevaa lokono ullekh karey chhe jeo kaan too purusho aneey strioni bhoomikaothi bahaar aave chhe athavaa jeey purusho aneey streeo banneni bhoomikao dharaave chhe. chocto bhashama, beey-aatmana lokone () tareeke odakhvaamaa aave chhe, joke aaa shabd pramanma aadhunik chhe. chocto lekhak leene howay 2022naa pustakma janaavyu hatoo keey, "ghanivaar teo maatra anya purusho saathe sankalaayela nahota parantu temnaa ghanaa starnaa sambandho hataa. teo amara samudaay saathe pann khoob jaj khaas reete sankalaayela hataa. teo upchaarak hoi shake chhe. teo aevaa loko chhe jemane aapana baadakoni raksha curry kaaran keey teo aekthee vadhu vastuone moort swaroop aape chhe. aneey choktavan saundarya shaastrano aek bhaag aee chhe keey aapane asamanya vastuonu sanmaan kareeae chhiae. alag. jyaare tame ["ohyo holba"] maan jodaayela aatmaane juo chho, aneey jyaare teo junaa samayma teey poshaak pahere chhe, tyaare teo 'ghanaa lokonu moort swaroop' kahee rahyaa chhe."ketalik stree-shareerni dhvee-aatma dharaavati vyakteeo () shabdno upyog karey chhe. chikaso bhashama, shabd () chhe. alabama bhashama, teo () tareeke odakhaay chhe, aneey maskogeema () tareeke odakhaay chhe. aaa aadhunik shabdono arth saamanya reete geey, lesbian athavaa transgender vyaktee thaay chhe, jooe keey ketlaak dhvee-aatma loko aaa shabdo saathe odakhaay chhe. yuchee bhashama, dhvee-aatmaano anuvaad () tareeke thaay chhe, aneey nachezma () tareeke thaay chhe, jeno arth thaay chhe "streeono vadaa".
vastee vishhayak aneey lagnana aankada.
2000 yuu maanthi detaa.aesa. vastee ganatari darshaave chhe keey 5,763 samlaingik yugalo oklahomama raheta hataa. 2005 sudhimaa, aaa vadheene 8,159 yugalo thaee gayaa hataa, jeey sambhavatah samalingi yugaloni sarkari sarvekshano parr temnee bhagidari jaaher karvaanee vadhati ichchhaane aabhaari chhe. simeron sivaay rajyanaa tamaam kaauntioma samlaingik yugalo raheta hataa aneey rajyamaa coole parivaaromaa 0.7 takaa aneey coole parivaaromaa 0.40 takaa hataa. motabhagna yugalo oklahoma, tulsa aneey cleveland kaauntioma raheta hataa, parantu samlaingik yugaloni sauthee vadhu takaavaari dharaavtaa kaaunteeo rojar mill (tamaam kaauntii gharomaa 0.70%) aneey pushmataha (0.65%) hataa. oklahomama samlaingik bhagidaro viruddh-ling bhagidaro karataa sarerash naana hataa aneey nokri parr hovani shakyata vadhu hatee. jooe keey, samlaingik yugaloni sarerash aneey sarerash ghargaththu aavak viveedh-ling yugalo kartaa ochhi hatee, aneey samlaingik yugalo pann veerodhi-ling bhagidaro karataa ghar dharaavvaani shakyata ghanee ochhi hatee. oklahomama 26 takaa samlaingik yugalo 18 varshthi ochhi umarnaa baadakono uchher curry rahyaa hataa, jemaa 2005maan andaje 4,075 baadako samlaingik yugalonaa netrutva hethalnaa gharomaa raheta hataa.
united states sensus beurona aankada darshaave chhe keey 2020maan oklahomama 5,006 parineet samlaingik yugalo hataa, jemaa 3,149 maheela yugalo aneey 1,857 purush yugalo saamel hataa. rajyamaa raheta tamaam samlaingik yugalomathi parineet yugalo 56.3% hisso dharaave chhe. parineet samalingi patee-patneeo sarerash alag-lingnaa patee-patneeo karataa naanee hatee aneey saamanya reete temnee aavak vadhaare hatee. |
oclahoma mein samlaingik vivaah
samlaingik vivaah parr raajya key pratibandh koo chunauti dene vaale mukadame key samadhan key baad, 6 octuber, 2014 seey oclahoma mein samlaingik vivaah kanuni haye. usa dinn, yuu key baad.aiss. bishap banaam" kii sameeksha karane seey sarvocch nyayalaya kaa incar. smith, "ack aisaa mamla jisane pratibandh koo asamvaidhaanik paaya thaa, appeal kii dasavin circuit adalat ney oclahoma koo samlaingik vivaah koo maanyata dene kaa adesh diyaa. 14 janwari, 2014 koo jaj terrence see. yuu key curn.aiss. oclahoma key uttari jile key liye jilaa adalat ney raajya key vaidhaanik aur samvaidhaanik samlaingik vivaah parr pratibandh koo asamvaidhaanik ghoshit curr diyaa. mamla, "bishap vee. smith "(poorv mein" bishap banaam. oclahoma "aur" bishap banaam. sanyukt raajya), appeal lambit thee. 18 julaai, 2014 koo, dasaven circuit key ack panel ney oclahoma key samlaingik vivaah pratibandh koo palatane vaale kern key faisale koo barkarar rakhaa. haalaanki, panel ney apane faisale koo yuu dwara "pramaan patra" key liye ack yachika key niptan key lambit rahane parr roque lagaa dee.aiss. sarvocch nyayalaya. 6 octuber, 2014 koo yuu.aiss. sarvocch nyayalaya ney sameeksha key anurodh koo khariz curr diyaa, dasaven circuit adalat key faisale koo jagah parr chhod diyaa. raajya key adhikaariyon ney raajya mein samlaingik vivaah koo maanyata dete hue dasaven circuit key faisale koo lagu karke pratikriya dee.
kanuni itihas.
pratibandh.
1975 mein, oclahoma vidhaayika ney apana pahala kaanoon paarit kiya jisamen vivaah koo "ack purush aur ack mahila" key beach paribhaashit kiya gayaa thaa. 1996 mein, oclahoma vidhaayika ney ack aur kaanoon paarit kiya, jisamen vivaah koo "ack purush aur ack mahila" key beach key roop mein paribhaashit kiya gayaa aur oclahoma mein raajya key baahar kiye gaye samlaingik vivahon koo maanyata dene seey pratibandhit kiya gayaa.
aprail 2004 mein, oclahoma senate ney 38 seey 7 key mutt seey, aur oclahoma house off representatives ney 92 seey 4 key mutt seey, samlaingik vivaah parr pratibandh lagaane vaale samvaidhaanik sanshodhan koo manjuri dee. 2 navambar, 2004 koo, oclahoma key matdaataon ney prashn 711 key roop mein pratibandh koo manjuri dee. sanshodhan ney samlaingik vivaah parr pratibandh lagaa diyaa aur kissy bhee "kanuni ghatana koo avivaahit jodon yaa samoohon parr pradaan kiya jaanaa chaahiye", jaise kii nagrik sangh yaa gharelu saajhedaari, oclahoma key samvidhaan mein.
gair-badhyakari sankalp.
aprail 2013 mein, oclahoma house off representatives ney "aich. see. aar. 1009" paarit kiya, ack gair-badhyakari prastaav joe "ack purush aur ack mahila key beach" key roop mein vivaah kii pushti kartaa haye, aur yuu.aiss. sarvocch nyayalaya "vivaah sanrakshan adhiniyam" (doma) kii dhaara 3 aur vivaah koo viniyamit karane key raajyon key adhikaar koo barkarar rakhega. yeh 71 gantantriyon aur 13 loktantriyon key paksh mein matdan key saath 84-0 paarit huaa. 16 democrate virodh mein matdan karane key bajaay kaksh seey baahar chaley gaye. oklahoma senate ney usee maheene baad mein prastaav koo manjuri dee. yuu.aiss. sarvocch nyayalaya ney sanyukt raajya banaam mein doma kii dhaara 3 koo khariz curr diyaa. windser "26 juuna, 2013 koo.
"bishap vee. smith ".
prishthabhoomi.
3 navambar, 2004 koo, oclahoma key matdaataon ney samlaingik vivaah parr pratibandh lagaane vaale ack samvaidhaanik sanshodhan koo bhaari manjuri dene key ack dinn baad, dou samlaingik jode, mairi bishap aur sharon baldwyn, aur susan barton aur gey phillips ney tulsa mein sanghiya jilaa adalat mein ack chunauti daayar kii. pahale jode koo tulsa county clerk, saili howay smith dwara vivaah licenses seey incar curr diyaa gayaa thaa, jabaki baad vaale jode ney 2001 mein ack vermont sivil union kaa gathan kiya thaa aur 2005 mein british kolambiya mein shaadi kii thee, jabaki vichaar-vimarsh lambit thaa. unakaa pratinidhitva oclahoma shahar kii ack kanuni firm, holade aur chilton ney kiya thaa. smith kaa pratinidhitva tulsa county key jilaa vakeel aur swatantrata kaa bachaav karane vaale gathbandhan, ack gair-laabhkaari isai vakaalat sangathan dwara kiya gayaa thaa. mamla "bishap vee. oclahoma. prativaadi oclahoma key attorney general they, admondson, governor brad heinry, yuu.aiss. attorney general, johnn ashcroft aur rashtrapati george doubleu. jhaadi. jodon ney "anya baaton key saath-saath", ack ghoshana kii kii oclahoma sanshodhan uchit prakriya, samaan sanrakshan, poorna vishvaas aur shreya aur yuu key visheshadhikaron aur pratiraksha khandon key tahat asamvaidhaanik thaa.aiss. samvidhaan. unhone 1996 mein paarit sanghiya "vivaah sanrakshan adhiniyam" (doma) koo bhee chunauti dee. raajya ney yeh tark dete hue khariz karane kii maang kii kii jodon mein khade honey kii kamee thee aur gyaarahaven sanshodhan dwara unake mukadame koo pratibandhit curr diyaa gayaa thaa.
20 julaai, 2006 koo, jaj terrence see. kern ney vaadi koo ack aanshik jeet jaari kii, yeh maanate hue kii way raajya key samvaidhaanik sanshodhan key liye vibhinn chunautiyon kaa mukadama daayar curr sakate hain; haalaanki, unhone kuchh kanuni siddhanton koo vichaar seey samaapt karke mamle key dayare koo cumm curr diyaa. smelt vee" kaa hawala dete hue. orange county, "ack california mamle mein, unhone faisala sunaaya kii jodon mein doma koo chunauti dene key liye khade honey kii kamee thee kyonki naa tou sanyukt raajya mein kanuni vivaah mein pravesh kiya thaa. kern ney faisala sunaaya kii bishap aur baldwyn key paas doma key usa hisse koo chunauti dene key liye khade honey kii kamee thee joe samalingi vivaah koo sanghiya sarkaar dwara maanyata seey baahar rakhta thaa kyonki way vivaahit naheen they. haalaanki, unhone faisala sunaaya kii barton phillips kaa astitva haye, kyonki dampati ney kanada mein shaadi kii thee aur vermont mein ack nagrik sangh mein pravesh kiya thaa, aur isaliye nirdhaarit kiya kii unake daavon koo khariz karna samay seey pahale hoga. kern ney paaya kii donon jode samlaingik vivaah koo pratibandhit karane vaale raajya sanshodhan koo chunauti dene key liye khade they, kyonki donon oclahoma mein kanuni roop seey vivaahit honey mein ruchi rakhate they. raajya key adhikaariyon ney appeal kii dasavin circuit adalat mein appeal kii. 10vein circuit ney 5 juuna, 2009 koo ack aprakaashit nirnay jaari kiya, jisamen oclahoma adhikaariyon key khilaf daavon koo khariz karane mein jilaa adalat kii viphalata koo ulat diyaa gayaa, aur vishay-vastu adhikaar kshetra kii kamee key liye vaadi key daavon koo khariz curr diyaa gayaa. shesh prativaadiyon, smith aur sanyukt raajya america ney 13 octuber, 2009 koo khariz karane key liye ack prastaav daayar kiya.
25 farwari, 2011 koo, adalat dwara khariz karane key prastaavon parr nirnay jaari karane seey pahale, sanyukt raajya america ney adalat koo adhisoochit kiya kii vaha doma kii dhaara 3 kii samvaidhaaniktaa kaa bachaav karna bund curr dega. sanyukt raajya america key pratinidhi sabhaa key dvidaliya kanuni salaahkaar samooh ney doma kii raksha key liye hastakshep karane kii maang kii. 26 juuna, 2013 koo yuu.aiss. sarvocch nyayalaya ney "sanyukt raajya banaam. winder "kii gumbad kii dhaara 3 ney paanchven sanshodhan key uchit prakriya khand kaa ullanghan kiya. usee dinn, adalat ney "hollingsworth banaam" mein bhee faisala sunaaya. perry, "california mein samlaingik vivaah koo phir seey shuru karane kii anumati detaa haye.
jilaa adalat kaa faisala.
14 janwari, 2014 koo nyayadhish kern ney vaadi koo sankshipt nirnay diyaa aur mamle mein faisala sunaaya, abb "bishap banaam. sanyukt raajya america ney kahaa, "kii oclahoma kaa samlaingik vivaah parr pratibandh chaudahaven sanshodhan key samaan sanrakshan khand key tahat asamvaidhaanik thaa. unhone raajya key samlaingik vivaah pratibandh koo sthaayi roop seey lagu karane kaa adesh jaari kiya, lekin yuu kaa hawala dete hue appeal lambit rahane taka apane faisale key pravartan parr roque lagaa dee.aiss. uchchatam nyayalaya dwara yuu. tii. aeye. mein lagbhag samaan mamle mein roque jaari karna, "kitchen banaam. herbert. kern ney likhaa kii yuu.aiss. sarvocch nyayalaya dwara isi tarah key mamle koo khariz karna, "becker banaam. nelson ney kahaa, "1972 mein yeh badhyakari poorvavarti naheen thaa kyonki" 1972 seey sarvocch nyayalaya key nyayshastra mein mahatvapurna saiddhaantik vikas huaa haye joe ingit kartaa haye kii yeye mudde abb ack mahatvapurna prashn prastut karenge. unhone paaya kii dou vaadi, barton aur phillips, mein doma kii dhaara 2 koo chunauti dene key liye khade honey kii kamee thee kyonki prativaadiyon key roop mein naamit sanghiya adhikaariyon kii isake pravartan key liye koee jimmedaari naheen thee aur record seey yeh naheen pataa chalaa kii oclahoma key adhikaari anya kshetradhikaron mein barton aur phillips key vivaah koo pahchaanane mein whiffle rahey they. unhone nott kiya kii dampati ney "haa [dee] ney samagr kanuni prakriya mein ack mahatvapurna bhoomika nibhai jisase doma kii dhaara 3 koo amaanya curr diyaa gayaa" aur unaki aur unake vakeelon kii "unaki doordarshita, saahas aur dridhata key liye" prashansa kii. kern bishap aur baldwyn seey sahmat they kii oclahoma samvaidhaanik sanshodhan ney samlaingik vivaah parr pratibandh lagaane seey samaan sanrakshan khand kaa ullanghan huaa. unhone tarksangat aadhar sameeksha koo lagu kiya aur raajya key auchitya koo paaya, jisamen jimmedaar prajanan koo protsaahit karna, ishtatam bachche kaa paalan-poshan aur vivaah kii sanstha parr prabhaav "aparyaapt" thaa. kern ney faisala sunaaya kii samvaidhaanik sanshodhan "sarkari laabh seey oclahoma nagrikon key kewal ack varg kaa manmana, tarkaheen bahishkaar thaa. yaun abhivinyas aur samaan sanrakshan key aadhar parr bhedbhaav key mudde parr sarvocch nyayalaya key nyayshastra key nirnay mein kahaa gayaa haih "sarvocch nyayalaya iss mudde parr spasht roop seey naheen pahuncha haye kii kyaa samlaingik vivaah koo pratibandhit karane vaale raajya key kaanoon yuu kaa ullanghan karate hain.aiss. samvidhaan. haalaanki, sarvocch nyayalaya kaa kaanoon abb raajyon koo samlaingikon key khilaf shatruta seey paida honey vaale kaanoonon koo paarit karane seey rokta haye, samlaingikon key naitik aur yaun vikalpon koo samvaidhaanik suraksha pradaan kartaa haye, aur sanghiya sarkaar koo vipareet-ling vivaah aur samaan-ling vivaah koo alag tareeke seey karane seey rokta haye. 1996 mein "romer" seey shuru hocker 2013 mein "windser" mein samaapt honey vaale sarvocch nyayalaya key nyayshastra mein joe huaa haye, usake liye koee sateek kanuni label naheen haye, lekin yeh adalat ack alankaarik badalaav koo jaanati haye jaba vaha ack koo dekhti haye."
governor mairi faulin ney iss nirnay kaa jawab dete hue kahaa, "main oclahoma key matdaataon key iss aur anya neetigat mamalon parr khud koo niyantrit karane key adhikaar kaa samarthan kartaa huun. main nyayadhish key faisale seey nirash huun aur pareshan huun kii sanghiya sarkaar ney ack baar phir logon kii ichcha koo nazarandaj curr diyaa haye."attorney general scott pruit ney iss faisale koo" "pareshan karane vaalaa" "bataaya aur kahaa kii sarvocch nyayalaya koo samlaingik vivaah parr raajya pratibandh kii samvaidhaaniktaa kaa faisala karna hoga.
appeal key dasaven circuit court mein appeal karein.
smith ney 16 janwari koo appeal kii dasavin circuit adalat mein appeal kaa notice daayar kiya, aur adalat seey appeal prakriya mein teji laane aur mamle kii sunavaai "kitchen banaam" key saath karane koo kahaa. herbert. 10 aprail koo "kitchen" mein maukhik daleelen sunane vaale dasaven circuit key vahee 3-nyayadhish panel ney "bishap banaam. smith ney 17 aprail koo 18 julaai koo, adalat ney 2-1 key faisale mein jilaa adalat key faisale koo barkarar rakhaa, yeh nishkarsh nikaalate hue kii oclahoma key samlaingik vivaah pratibandh ney yuu kaa ullanghan kiya.aiss. samvidhaan, halanki isane yuu dwara "pramaan patra" key liye ack yachika key niptan key lambit apane faisale parr turant roque lagaa dee.aiss. sarvocch nyayalaya. jeffrey ell. steinford vishvavidyalaya mein kaanoon key professor aur ack anubhavi sarvocch nyayalaya key vaadi, fishers, agast mein oclahoma key samlaingik jodon key vivaah adhikaaron seey incar koo chunauti dene vaalon key liye pramukh vakeel key roop mein shamil hue. sarvocch nyayalaya ney 6 octuber, 2014 koo oclahoma kii appeal koo khariz curr diyaa, aur baad mein dasaven circuit kaa faisala prabhaavi hoe gayaa, iss prakaar oclahoma mein samlaingik vivaah koo vaidh banaa diyaa gayaa.
governor faulin ney sarvocch nyayalaya kii kaarravaai kii teekhi aalochana kii, lekin ghoshana kii kii raajya iska paalan karega aur samlaingik vivahon koo licenses denaa aur maanyata denaa shuru karega. pratinidhi saili kern, jinhone ateet mein kahaa thaa kii samalaingikta aatankvaad kii tulanaa mein rashtriya suraksha key liye ack badaa khatra thaa, adalat key faisale kii ninda karate hue kahaa, "oclahoma, yaa usa mamle key liye kissy bhee raajya mein, aise nirvaachit nyayadhish naheen honey chaahiye joe logon key prati jawabdeh naa houn kii kaanoon kyaa honge."ack sthaaniya ell. jee. bee. tii. samooh key karyakari nideshak scott hamilton ney kahaa," hamaare saath kissy bhee anya jode key samaan vyavhaar kiya jaayega. aur, joe sampatti merey paas haye yaa joe usake paas [hamilton key jeevansathi] key paas haye jaba humm mein seey koee ack paas kartaa haye tou vaha vahee kathor prakriya naheen hogi joe viraasat mein hoe sakati haye. yeh kahana kii yeh ack badee raahat haye, ack alpokti hogi. oclahoma county adalat key clerk, tima roads ney 6 octuber kii dopahar mein kahaa kii unakaa karyalaya "gatividhi seey bharaa huaa thaa. mairi bishap aur sharon baldwyn oclahoma mein vivaah kaa licenses praapt karane vaale pahale samlaingik jode they, joe somwar, 6 octuber koo dopahar 1:20 baje tulsa county courthouse mein aisaa curr rahey they.aim.. christon aur heather dicky 6 octuber koo cleveland county mein licenses praapt karane vaale pahale jode they.
mool americi rashtra.
samlaingik vivaah cheyen aur arapaho janjaatiyon, cheroki rashtra, chikasau rashtra, chocto rashtra aur oces rashtra key aarakshan parr kanuni haye. sheyen aur arapaho janjaatiyaan oclahoma mein samlaingik vivaah koo vaidh banaane vaali pahali mool americi janjaati theen. octuber 2013 mein, jayson pickle aur darren black bear koo koncho mein adiwasi adalat mein vivaah kaa licenses jaari kiya gayaa thaa. jabaki yeh aarakshan parr kiya gayaa pahala saarvajanik samlaingik vivaah thaa, adiwasi adhikaariyon ney pushti kii kii isase pahale dou anya samlaingik jodon ney shaadi kii thee. adiwasi kaanoon key anusaar, joe paksh shaadi karna chaahte hain, unhein samprabhu bhoomi parr aisaa karna chaahiye aur ack paksh koo janjaatiyon kaa sadasya honah chaahiye, lekin adiwasi sanhita dampati key ling koo nirdisht naheen karati haye. nagrik potavatomi rashtra, maskogi (khaadi) rashtra aur seminol rashtra mein samlaingik vivaah parr spasht roop seey pratibandh haye.
cheroki rashtra ney 9 disambar, 2016 koo samlaingik vivaah koo vaidh banaa diyaa. maee 2004 mein, ovaso, donn mckinley aur kaithi reynolds key ack samlaingik jode koo ack adiwasi adalat key upa clerk dwara vivaah kaa licenses jaari kiya gayaa thaa. janjaati ney turant atirikt samlaingik vivahon parr roque lagaa dee. 14 juuna koo, adiwasi parishad ney samlaingik vivaah parr pratibandh lagaane vaalaa kaanoon paarit kiya, aur adiwasi parishad key vakeel, hembry ney 16 juuna koo adalat mein mckinley aur reynolds koo jaari kiye gaye vivaah licenses koo radd karane key liye ack yachika daayar kii. 3 agast, 2005 koo tehleka mein nyaayik appeal nyayadhikaran ney faisala sunaaya kii hembry mein mukadama karane key liye khade honey kii kamee haye aur yeh naheen dikhaa sakata kii usey vivaah kii kanuni maanyata seey koee nuksan huaa haye. disambar 2005 mein, nyayadhikaran ney vivaah kii vaidhata koo chunauti dene vaale dusare mukadame koo khariz curr diyaa. janwari 2006 mein, cheroki adalat key prashaasak, leesa fields, joe vivaah licenses record karane key liye jimmedaar hain, ney vivaah kii vaidhata koo chunauti dete hue teesara mukadama daayar kiya. yachika anuttarit rahee. 9 disambar, 2016 koo cheroki rashtra key attorney general, todd hembry, jinhone mool roop seey 2004 mein mckinley aur reynolds key vivaah koo chunauti dee thee, ney ack raay jaari kii kii cheroki rashtra samvidhaan key tahat samlaingik vivaah pratibandh asamvaidhaanik thaa, jisase janjaati mein samlaingik vivaah koo vaidh banaaya gayaa. chaid smith, jinhone 2004 mein cheroki key pramukh pramukh key roop mein kaary kiya thaa, ney hembry kii raay kaa swaagat karate hue kahaa, "yeh pichhale cheroki kaanoon kaa paalan karane key roop mein haye. lekin hamaare samvidhaan mein americi samvidhaan key praavdhaan shamil hain, aur sarvocch nyayalaya (sanyukt raajya america kaa) ney taba seey apana faisala diyaa haye.", yuu kaa sandarbh dete hue.aiss. obergafel banaam mein sarvocch nyayalaya kaa nirnay. hodges, "jisane sanyukt raajya america mein rashtravyapi samlaingik vivaah koo vaidh banaa diyaa. natijatan, mckinley aur reinolds cheroki rashtra mein pahale vivaahit samlaingik jode they. oces rashtra ney 20 march, 2017 koo ack janmat sangrah aayojit kiya kii kyaa adiwasi bhoomi parr samlaingik vivaah koo vaidh banaaya jaae, aur yeh upaay 52 pratishat bahumat key saath paarit kiya gayaa.
chikasav sanhita mein 18 aprail, 2022 koo sanshodhan kiya gayaa thaa taaki kissy bhee dou vyaktiyon key beach vivaah kii anumati dee jaa sakey aur ack hii ling key vyaktiyon key beach vivaah kii maanyata koo pratibandhit karane vaali bhasha koo nirast kiya jaa sakey. vivaah kii paribhasha mein abb kahaa gayaa haih 'vivaah' kaa arth haye dou vyaktiyon key beach ack nagrik anubandh seey utpann honey vaalaa vyaktigat sambandh, jisamen anubandh karane aur usamen pravesh karane key liye kanuni roop seey saksham pakshon kii sahamati aavashyak haye, aur vivaah sambandh mein pravesh kiya jaayega, banaae rakhaa jaayega yaa nirast kiya jaayega jaisa kii kaanoon dwara pradaan kiya gayaa haye."23 maee, 2023 koo, chocto rashtra kii samvaidhaanik adalat ney faisala sunaaya kii samlaingik jodon koo shaadi karane kaa samvaidhaanik adhikaar haye aur ack jode, kenedi aur chelsey barker koo apani 10 varsheeya ladki koo god lene kii anumati dee. mukhya gairi batton ney faisale kaa swaagat kiya aur kahaa, "iss nirnay key aadhar parr, humm apane code kii sameeksha karenge kii kyaa badalaav karane kii aavashyakta haye. humm iss mamle mein shamil parivaar koo apana pyaar aur samarthan dete hain."
isake alawa, bhaaratiya mamalon kaa beuro poore yuu. aiss. mein sthaapit adalaton kaa sanchaalan kartaa haye.aiss. sanghiya vinium sanhita (see. aff. aar.) key tahat, aur "jaba taka koee vishesh bhaaratiya janjaati apana adiwasi nyayalaya sthaapit naheen karati, taba taka bhaaratiya apraadhon kaa nyayalaya ack janjaati kii nyaayik pranali key roop mein kaary karega. iss prakaar samalingi vivaah inn sanghiya see. aff. aar. adalaton mein oclahoma kii apaache janjaati, oclahoma key cado rashtra, komanche rashtra, delaware rashtra, fort sill apaache janjaati, oclahoma kii kiyova bhaaratiya janjaati, indianon kii otto-misauria janjaati, vichita aur sambaddh janjaatiyaan, oclahoma kii purvi shauni janjaati, modak rashtra, oclahoma kii ottawa janjaati, oclahoma key indianon kii pioria janjaati aur seneka-kayuga rashtra key sadasyon key liye kiye jaa sakate hain.
dou aatmaon vaale vivaah.
kaee mool americi janjaatiyon mein dou-aatma vaale vyaktiyon kii paramparaaen hain joe purush key roop mein paida hue they lekin mahilaaon key kapade pahanate they aur rosemarra key gharelu kaam aur kalaatmak hastshilp karate they jinhen stree kshetra seey sambandhit maanaa jaataa thaa. iss dou-aatma sthiti ney inn janjaatiyon mein seey kuchh key beach dou javic purushon yaa dou javic mahilaaon key beach vivaah karane kii anumati dee. sheyen sanskriti mein, dou-aatma vaale logon koo () key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, aur ack teesare ling key roop mein sheyen samaaj mein ack mahatvapurna bhoomika nibhaate hain. way yoddhaon key roop mein sammaanit they, paaramparik khopadi nrityon koo nirdeshit karate they, maanaa jaataa thaa kii way coyotes seey baat karane mein saksham they, aur matchmaking mein apane kaushal key liye jaane jaate they, vishesh roop seey yuva, avivaahit purushon key liye joe yuva mahilaaon koo prabhaavit karane kii koshish karate they. haye 'emene' ee" aksar ack vivaahit purush key bahuvivaah parivaar mein doosari patni key roop mein kaary kartaa thaa. arapaho sanskriti ney paaramparik roop seey dou-aatmaon vaale logon koo maanyata dee haye joe mahilaaon key kapade pahanate they aur jinhen "vishesh aadhyatmik shaktiyon vaale sammaanit vyakti" key roop mein maanaa jaataa thaa. unhein arapaho bhasha mein (bahuvachanah) key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. kaee vivaahit sisgender purush bahuvivaah key sanket key binaa. oclahoma key bhaartiyon kii ponka janjaati key ponka loga dou-aatma vaale logon koo () key roop mein sandarbhit karate hain. aisaa maanaa jaataa thaa kii unhein "chandrama dwara nirdesh diyaa gayaa thaa", aur kabhi-kabhi way purushon koo bhagidar key roop mein lete they. oces mein, dou-aatma vaale vyakti, jinhen () key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, "mahilaaon kii tarah baat karate they", mahilaaon key kapade pahanate they, lekin anivarya roop seey mardana ling bhoomika koo puuraa karna jaari rakhaa, aur unhone mahilaaon seey shaadi kii. unhein kwapav bhasha mein (), cons bhasha mein () aur () chiver bhasha mein jaanaa jaataa haye. "mihaksoj" koo dhaarmik netaaon key ack vishesh varg key roop mein sammaanpurvak maanaa jaataa thaa. swargiya baksoje, jivere-natchi bujurgon key beach, "mihaksoge" koo abhee bhee unake aadhyatmik sambandh aur pavitra daadaa aatmaon key saath sadbhaav mein pavitra bhoomika key liye vismay key saath maanaa jaataa thaa."inn sabhi siuan bhashi logon mein, dou aatmaon vaale logon key paas" "mahila devtaon yaa chandrama key darshan they joe unaki pehchaan kaa samarthan karate they.
dou aatmaon vaale vyaktiyon, jinhen () key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, ney bhee apani ling bhoomika parivartan koo "ack durbhagyapurna niyati key roop mein varnit kiya, jisase way butch naheen sakate hain, joe chandrama mein rahane vaali mahila aatma kii drishti seey iss maarg parr prerit honey kii ummeed haye."way pavitra they aur prativarsh ack nritya key saath sammaanit kiye jaate they jisamen kewal una purushon koo bhaag lene kii anumati thee jinhone" ayakwa "key saath yaun sambandh banaae they. potavatomi (bahuvachanah "mnedockwake") ney cumm umr seey hii "mahila company kii talash kii", donon lingon key "kaary kaushal" key saath "mahilaaon kii tarah baat kii", aur unhein "vishesh aadhyatmik shaktiyon vaale sammaanit vyaktiyon" key roop mein maanaa jaataa thaa. lenpe, joe 1860 key dashak mein vartamaan cado county mein visthaapit hue they, dou-aatma vaale vyaktiyon koo () key roop mein sandarbhit karate hain. miyami logon mein, aaj oclahoma kii miyami janjaati key aarakshan parr rahane vaale, dou-aatma vaale logon koo () key roop mein sandarbhit kiya jaataa haye, aur pyaadi loga unhein () kahate hain. aadhunik yuddh key baad aadhunik samay key ottawa county mein nirvaasit aadhunik loga dou-aatma vaale vyaktiyon koo () kahate hain. twinique" mahilaaon key kapade pahanata thaa aur "mahilaaon key roop mein vyavhaar kartaa thaa. unhone sisgender purushon seey shaadi kii, aur aamtaur parr ack shaman kii bhoomika nibhai aur unhein mahaan aatma shakti kaa shreya diyaa gayaa. seneka loga dou-aatma vaale vyaktiyon koo () key roop mein sandarbhit karate hain, aur kayuga loga unhein () key roop mein sandarbhit karate hain. mescalero-chirikahua bhasha mein, dou-aatma vaale logon koo () key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, aur maidani apaache bhasha mein () key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye.
cheroki, chikasau aur chocto key beach dou-aatma vaale vyaktiyon key baare mein saahitya adhik seemit haye. yeh sambhavana haye kii inn samajon koo dou-aatma jaisa padnam milaa thaa, lekin aansuu key nishan aur isai dharm koo apanaane key dauran bahut saare paaramparik gyaan khou gaye they. cheroki key beach, ("asigi udando";) una logon koo sandarbhit kartaa haye joe yaa tou purushon aur mahilaaon kii bhoomikaon seey baahar hotey hain yaa joe purushon aur mahilaaon donon kii bhoomikaon parr kabja karate hain. chocto bhasha mein, dou-aatma vaale logon koo () key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, halanki yeh shabd apekshaakrit aadhunik haye. chocto key lekhak leene howay ney 2022 kii ack pustak mein kahaa, "aksar way kewal anya purushon key saath shamil naheen they, balki unake kaee star key sambandh they. way hamaare samudaay key saath bhee bahut vishesh tarikon seey judey hue they. way upchaarak hoe sakate hain. way aise loga hain jinhone hamaare bachchon kii raksha kii kyonki way ack seey adhik cheejon koo moort roop dete they. aur joe chaktavan saundaryashastra kaa hissa haye vaha yeh haye kii humm una cheejon kaa sammaan karate hain joe asamanya hain. alag. jaba aap usa aatma koo dekhate hain joe ["ohyo holba"] mein judee hui haye, aur jaba way puraane samay mein usa poshak koo pahanate hain, tou way kaha rahey hotey hain 'kaee logon kaa avtaar'."kuchh mahila-shareer dou-aatma vaale vyakti () shabd kaa upayog karate hain. chikasau bhasha mein, shabd () haye. albama bhasha mein, unhein () key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, aur maskogi mein () key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. inn aadhunik shabdon kaa arth aamtaur parr ack samlaingik, samlaingik yaa transgender vyakti hotaa haye, halanki kuchh dou-aatma vaale loga inn shabdon key saath pehchaan karate hain. yuchi bhasha mein, dou-aatma kaa anuvaad () key roop mein kiya jaataa haye, aur naachez mein (), jiska arth haye "mahilaaon kaa pramukh".
jansankhyiki aur vivaah key aankade.
2000 yuu seey detta.aiss. janganana seey pataa chalaa kii 5,763 samlaingik jode oclahoma mein reh rahey they. 2005 taka, yeh badhkar 8,159 jode hoe gaye they, sambhavatah samaan-ling jodon kii sarkari sarvekshanon parr apani saajhedaari kaa khulasa karane kii badhati ichcha key kaaran. samalingi jode raajya key sabhi county mein rahate they, sivaay simaron key, aur raajya mein jode gaye parivaaron kaa 0.7% aur sabhi gharon kaa 0.40% thaa. adhikansh jode oclahoma, tulsa aur cleveland county mein rahate they, lekin samlaingik jodon key uchchatam pratishat vaale county roser mill (sabhi county gharon mein seey 0.70%) aur pushmataha (0.65%) they. oclahoma mein samlaingik bhagidar ausatan vipareet-ling bhagidaron kii tulanaa mein cumm umr key they, aur unake niyojit honey kii adhik sambhavana thee. haalaanki, samaan-ling jodon kii ausat aur ausat gharelu aaya alag-alag-ling jodon kii tulanaa mein cumm thee, aur samaan-ling jodon key vipareet-ling bhagidaron kii tulanaa mein ghar rakhane kii sambhavana bhee bahut cumm thee. oclahoma mein 26 pratishat samlaingik jode 18 varsh seey cumm ayu key bachchon kii parvarish curr rahey they, 2005 mein anumaanit 4,075 bachche samaan-ling jode key netritva vaale gharon mein reh rahey they.
sanyukt raajya janganana beuro key aankadon seey pataa chalaa haye kii 2020 mein oclahoma mein 5,006 vivaahit samlaingik jode they, jinamen 3,149 mahila jode aur 1,857 purush jode shamil they. raajya mein rahane vaale sabhi samlaingik jodon mein seey vivaahit jodon kaa naam 56.3% thaa. vivaahit samlaingik pati-patni ausatan alag-alag ling key pati-patni seey cumm umr key they aur aamtaur parr unaki aaya adhik thee.
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oklahomaada salinga vivaha
salinga vivaahada melina rajyada nishedhavannu prashnisi mokaddameya nirnayada nantara, october 6,2014 rinda oklahomaadalli salinga vivaahavu kaanunubaddhavaagide. aaa dina, yuu annu anusarisi.ess. bishop vii." annu parishilisalu supreme courtna nirakarane. smith, "nishedhavannu asamvidhaanikavendu kandukonda prakarana, hattane circuit melmanavi nyaayaalayavu salinga vivaahagalannu gurutisalu oklahomage aadeshisitu. janavari 14,2014 randu, nyayadhisha terrence sii. yuu. naa kern.ess. oklahomaada uttara jilleya jilla nyaayaalayavu rajyada shasanabaddha mattu saamvidhaanika salinga vivaha nishedhavannu asamvidhaanika endu ghoshisitu. prakarana, "bishop vii. smith (hinde "bishop vii. oklahoma "mattu" bishop vii. united states "), melmanavi baaki uliyalu tadehidiyalaayitu. julai 18,2014 randu, oklahomaada salinga vivaha nishedhavannu raddugolisida kern avara tirpannu hattane circuitna samitiyu ettihididide. aadaagyoo, yuu. ess. ninda "certiarary" gaagi arjiya ityarthakke baaki iruvante samitiyu tanna tirpannu tadehididide.ess. sarvochcha nyayalaya. october 6,2014 randu, yuu.ess. supreme court parisheelaneya korikeyannu tiraskarisitu, hattane circuit nyaayaalayada tirpannu jaariyallittitu. rajyada adhikaarigalu rajyadalli salinga vivaahavannu gurutisuva moolaka hattane circuitna tirpannu jaarige taruva moolaka pratikriyisidaru.
kaanoonu itihaasa.
nirbandhagalu.
1975ralli, oklahoma shasakangavu "obba purusha mattu obba mahileya naduvina maduve" endu vyaakhyaanisuva tanna modala shaasanavannu angeekarisitu. 1996ralli, oklahoma shasakangavu mattondu shaasanavannu angeekarisitu, maduveyannu "obba purusha mattu obba mahileya naduvina" vivaahavendu vyaakhyaanisitu mattu oklahomaadalli rajyada horage nadeyuva salinga vivaahagalannu maanyate niiduvudannu nishedhisitu.
2004rahra aprilnalli, oklahoma senet, 38 rinda 7 matagala moolaka mattu oklahoma house off representatives, 92 rinda 4 matagala moolaka, salinga vivaahavannu nishedhisuva saamvidhaanika tiddupadiyannu anumodisitu. november 2,2004 randu, oklahoma matadaararu nishedhavannu prashne 711 endu anumodisidaru. ee tiddupadiyu salinga vivaahada mele nishedhavannu serisitu mattu nagarika sanghagalu athawa deshiya paludarikegalantaha avivaahita dampatigalu athawa gumpugalige adara yaavude kaanoonu ghatanegalannu oklahomaada samvidhaanakke serisitu.
bandhisada nirnaya.
2013rahra aprilnalli, oklahoma house off representatives "etch. sii. aarr 1009" annu angeekarisitu, idu maduveyannu "obba purusha mattu obba mahileya naduvina" vivaahavendu punaruchcharisuva mattu yuu.ess. vivaahada raksane kaayide" (doma) yaya 3neey vibhagavannu mattu vivaahavannu niyantrisuva rajyagala hakkannu ettihidiyalu sarvochcha nyayalaya. idu 71 repablikannaru mattu 13 prajaprabhutvavadigalu paravagi matha chalayisi, 84-0 annu angeekarisitu. 16 prajaprabhutvavadigalu pratibhataneyalli matha chalaayisuva badalu sadanadinda horanadedaru. adhe tingala koneyalli oklahoma senet nirnayavannu anumodisitu. yuu.ess. sarvochcha nyaayaalayavu "united states vii." nalli domada 3neey vibhagavannu raddugolisitu. windser "zoon 26,2013 randu.
"bishop vii. smith ".
hinnele.
2004rahra november 3randu, oklahoma matadaararu salinga vivaahavannu nishedhisuva saamvidhaanika tiddupadiyannu agaadhavaagi anumodisida marudina, ibbaru salingakami dampatigalu, merrie bishop mattu shaaran baldwyn, mattu susanne barton mattu salingakami phillips, tulsaada federal jilla nyaayaalayadalli savaalu sallisidaru. modala dampatige tulsa kaunti gumasta sally hoveh smith avaru maduveya paravaanagi nirakarisiddaru, aadare nantarada dampatigalu 2001 ralli vermont sivil union annu rachisiddaru mattu 2005 ralli british kolambiyaadalli vivaahavaadaru. avarannu oklahoma nagarada kaanoonu samstheyaada hollade mattu chilton pratinidhisidaru. smith avarannu tulsa kountiya jilla vakilaru mattu laabharahita christian vakaalattu samstheyaada svatantryavannu rakshisuva okkootavu pratinidhisitu. prakaranavu "bishop vii. oklahoma ". prativaadigalu oklahomaada attorney general aagiddaru, edmondson, governor broad henry, yuu.ess. attorney general, zaan ashcroft mattu adhyaksha georg doubleu. bush. dampatigalu, "itara vishayagala jotege", oklahoma tiddupadiyu sariyaada prakriye, samaana raksane, purna nambike mattu mannane mattu yuu. esna savalattugalu mattu vinayitigala sharattugala adiyalli asamvidhaanikavaagide emba ghoshaneyannu koridaru.ess. samvidhaana. 1996ralli angeekarisalaada federal "vivaha raxana kayde" (doma) yannu saha avaru prashnisidaru. dampatigalige sthanavilla mattu hannondane tiddupadiyu avara mokaddameyannu nishedhiside endu vaadisi raajyavu vajagolisalu prayatnisitu.
2006rahra julai 20randu, nyaayaadhisharaada terrence sii. raajya saamvidhaanika tiddupadige vividha savaalugalannu edurisabahudu endu pratipaadisida kern, firyadigalige bhagashah vijayavannu niididaru; aadaagyoo, avaru kelavu kaanoonu siddhaantagalannu parigananeyinda tegeduhaakuva moolaka prakaranada vyaaptiyannu kadime maadidaru. smellt v" endu ullekhisalaagide. arrange kaunti, californiada ondu prakarana, avaru dampatigalu domawannu prashnisalu nilluvudilla endu tirpu niididaru, ekendare ibbaroo united statesnalli kanunubaddha vivaahavannu praveshisalilla. bishop mattu baldwyn avaru maduveyagillada kaarana salinga vivaahavannu federal sarkaaravu gurutisadante maaduva domada bhagavannu prashnisalu niluvu hondilla endu kern tirpu niididaru. aadaagyoo, avaru barton phillipsge sthaanavide endu tirpu niididaru, ekendare dampatigalu kenadaadalli vivaahavaadaru mattu vermontnalli nagarika okkootavannu praveshisidaru, mattu aaddarinda avara hakkugalannu tallihaakuvudu akalika endu nirdharisidaru. oklahomaadalli kaanunubaddhavaagi maduveyagalu ibbaroo asakti hondiddarinda, salinga vivaahavannu nishedhisuva raajya tiddupadiyannu prashnisalu eradoo dampatigalu nintiddaare endu kern kandukondaru. rajyada adhikaarigalu hattane circuit melmanavi nyayalayakke melmanavi sallisidaru. hattane circuit 2009rahra zoon 5randu prakatisada nirdhaaravannu horadisitu, oklahoma adhikaarigala viruddhada hakkugalannu vajagolisuvalli jilla nyaayaalayada vaiphalyavannu hintegedukonditu mattu vishaya-vishayada nyaayavyaaptiya korateyindagi firyadigala hakkugalannu vajagolisitu. ulida prativaadigalaada smith mattu united states, october 13,2009 randu vajagolisalu ondu manaviyannu sallisitu.
phebravari 25,2011 randu, vajagolisuva prastaavanegala bagge nyaayaalayavu nirdhaaravannu needuva modalu, united states nyayalayakke domada 3 neey prakaranada saamvidhaanikateyannu rakshisuvudannu nillisuttade endu tilisitu. united states house off representativesna ubhayapakshiya kaanoonu salaha gumpu domawannu rakshisalu madhyapraveshisalu prayatnisitu. zoon 26,2013 randu, yuu.ess. sarvochcha nyaayaalayavu "united states vii. domada 3neey vibhagavu aidane tiddupadiya sariyaada prakriyeya sharattannu ullanghiside. adhe dina, nyaayaalayavu "hallingsworth vii." prakaranadalloo tirpu needitu. peri, "salinga vivaahagalannu californiadalli punaraarambhisalu avakasha maadikoduttade.
jilla nyaayaalayada tirpu.
janavari 14,2014 randu, nyayadhisha kern avaru firyadigalige sankshipta tirpannu niididaru mattu ee prakaranadalli tirpu niididaru, eega bishop vii. united states, "hadinalkane tiddupadiya samaana raxana sharattina adiyalli salinga vivaahada melina oklahomaada nishedhavu asamvidhaanikavaagittu. avaru rajyada salinga vivaha nishedhavannu shaashvatavaagi jarigolisalu aadeshavannu horadisidaru, aadare yuu. yuu. annu ullekhisi, melmanavi baaki iruvavaregoo tamma tirpina anushthaanavannu tadedaru.ess. sarvochcha nyaayaalayavu utaadalli bahuteka onde reetiya prakaranadalli tadeyaagneyannu horadiside, "kitchen vii. herbert ". kern yuu endu barediddaare.ess. idhe reetiya prakaranavannu sarvochcha nyaayaalayavu vajagoliside, "baker vii. nelson, "1972ralli idu purvanidarshanakke baddhavagiralilla ekendare" 1972rinda sarvochcha nyaayaalayada nyaayashaastradalli gamanarhavada saiddhaantika belavanigegalu nadedive, idu ee samasyegalu eega gananeeya prashneyannu prastutapadisuttave embudannu soochisuttade ". barton mattu phillips emba ibbaru firyadigalu domada section 2 annu prashnisalu niluvu hondilla endu avaru kandukondaru, ekendare avaru prativaadigalu endu hesarisida federal adhikaarigalige adara jaarige yaavude javabdariyilla mattu oklahoma adhikaarigalu barton mattu phillips avara maduveyannu gurutisuvalli viphalaraagiddaare endu daakhaleyu torisalilla. haa [dii] dampatigalu ottare kaanoonu prakriyeyalli pramukha patra vahisiddaare mattu idu domada 3neey vibhagavannu amanyagolisalu kaaranavaayitu" endu avaru gamanisidaru mattu "avara dooradrushti, dhairya mattu parishramakkagi" avarannu mattu avara vakilarannu shlaghisidaru. salinga vivaahavannu nishedhisuva oklahoma saamvidhaanika tiddupadiyu samaana raxana sharattannu ullanghiside endu bishop mattu baldwyn avarondige kern wappikondaru. avaru tarkabaddha aadhaarada parishilaneyannu anvayisidaru mattu javaabdaariyuta santanotpatti, atyuttama makkala-poshane mattu vivaahada samstheya mele parinaamavannu uttejisuvudu seridante rajyada samarthanegalannu "asamarpaka" endu kandukondaru. saamvidhaanika tiddupadiyu "kevala ondu vargada oklahoma nagarikarannu sarkari prayojanadinda aniyantritavagi, tarkabaddhavaagi horagiduvudu" endu kern tirpu niididaru. laingika drashtikona mattu samaana raksaneya aadhaarada mele taratamya maaduva vishayada bagge sarvochcha nyaayaalayada nyaayashaastrada bagge, nirdhaaravu heege helideh "salinga vivaahavannu nishedhisuva raajya kaanunugalu yuu. ess annu ullanghisuttaveye emba vishayavannu sarvochcha nyaayaalayavu spashtavagi talupilla.ess. samvidhaana. aadaagyoo, sarvochcha nyaayaalayada kaanoonu eega salingakaamigala viruddha dveshadinda huttida kaanunugalannu jaarige taruvudannu nishedhisuttade, salingakaamigala naitika mattu laingika aaykegalige saamvidhaanika raksaneyannu vistarisuttade mattu viruddha lingada vivaahagalu mattu salinga vivaahagalannu vibhinnavaagi pariganisuvudannu federal sarkaaravannu nishedhisuttade. 1996ralli "romer" ninda praarambhavaagi 2013ralli "windser" nalli konegolluva sarvochcha nyaayaalayada nyaayashaastradalli enaayitu embudakke yaavude nikharavaada kaanoonu label illa, aadare ee nyaayaalayavu adannu nodidaga vakchaturyada badalaavaneyannu tilidide."
governor merrie fallin ee nirdhaarakke pratikriyisuttaa, "ee mattu itara neeti vishayagala mele tammannu taavu niyantrisikolluva oklahomaada matadaarara hakkannu naanu bembalisuttene. nyayadhishara tirpinalli nanage niraasheyaagide mattu janara ichcheyannu federal sarkaaravu mattomme nirlakshiside endu naanu chintisuttiddene."attorney general scott pruit ee nirdhaaravannu" "tondaredaayaka" "endu karedaru mattu salinga vivaahada melina raajya nishedhada saamvidhaanikateyannu sarvochcha nyaayaalayavu nirdharisabekaguttade endu helidaru".
hattane circuit melmanavi nyayalayakke melmanavi sallisi.
smith janavari 16randu hattane circuit melmanavi nyayalayakke melmanavi soochaneyannu sallisidaru mattu melmanavi prakriyeyannu tvaritagolisalu mattu "kitchen vii. herbert ". april 10randu "kitchen" nalli moukhika vaadagalannu kelida hattane circuitna adhe 3-nyayadhishara samitiyu "bishop vii. april 17randu smith, julai 18randu, nyaayaalayavu jilla nyaayaalayada 2-1 tirpannu ettihididu, oklahomaada salinga vivaha nishedhavu yuu. ess. annu ullanghiside endu tirmaanisitu.ess. samvidhaanavu, yuu. ess. ninda "pramanapatra" dha arjiya ityarthavaaguvavarege tanna tirpannu takshanave tadehididide.ess. sarvochcha nyayalaya. jeffrey ell. stanford vishvavidyaanilayadalli kaanoonu pradhyapakaragidda mattu supreme courtna anubhavi davegararada fisher, augustinalli salinga dampatigalige oklahomaada vivaahada hakkugala nirakaraneyannu prashnisuvavarige pramukha vakilaraagi seridaru. october 6,2014 randu oklahomaada manaviyannu sarvochcha nyaayaalayavu tiraskarisitu mattu hattane circuitna tirpu taruvaaya jaarige banditu, heegaagi oklahomaadalli salinga vivaahavannu kaanunubaddhagolisitu.
governor fallin avaru sarvochcha nyaayaalayada kramavannu tivravagi tikisidaru, aadare salinga vivaahagalige paravaanagi needalu mattu maanyate needalu raajyavu anusarisuttade mattu praarambhisuttade endu ghoshisidaru. bhayotpadaneginta salingakaamavu rashtriya bhadratege hecchina bedarikeyagide endu ee hinde helidda pratinidhi sally kern, nyaayaalayada nirdhaaravannu khandisidaru, "oklahoma, athawa aaa vishayakke yaavude raajyavu, kaanunugalu enaguttave embudannu nirdharisuva janarige javaabdaararallada chunaayita nyayadhisharannu hondirabaaradu."sthaliya ell. zii. bii. tii. gumpina karyanirvahaka nirdeshaka scott hamilton," "nammannu itara dampatigalanteye pariganisalaaguttade". mattu, nammalli obbaru paas madidaga naanu hondiruva athawa avanu [hamiltonra sangaati] hondiruva aastiyu aanuvamshikateyanteye kathina prakriyeyagiruvudilla. idu dodda samadhana endu heluvudu kadime helikeyagiruttade ". oklahoma kaunti nyaayaalayada gumasta, tim roads, october 6rahra madhyahna tamma kacheriyu "chatuvatikeyinda tumbide" endu helidaru. merrie bishop mattu sharon baldwyn oklahomaadalli maduveya paravaanagi padeda modala salinga dampatigalaagiddu, october 6rahra somavaara madhyahna 1:20kke tulsa kaunti nyaayaalayadalli vivaahada paravaanagi padedaru.emm.. october 6randu cleveland kountiyalli paravaanagi padeda modala dampatigalu christon mattu heather dikki.
sthaliya american rashtragalu.
cheyenne mattu arapaho budakattugalu, cheroki rashtra, chikasa rashtra, choktav rashtra mattu osage raashtrada misalaatigala mele salinga vivaahavu kaanunubaddhavaagide. oklahomaada modala sthaliya american budakattu janaangagalaada cheyenne mattu arapaho budakattu janangadavaru salinga vivaahavannu kaanunubaddhagolisidaru. october 2013 ralli, jasson pickel mattu darren kappu karadige konchoda budakattu nyaayaalayadalli maduve paravaanagi nidalaayitu. idu misalaatiya mele nadeda modala saarvajanika salinga vivaahavaagiddaru, budakattu adhikaarigalu idakke modalu itara ibbaru salinga dampatigalu vivaahavaagiddaru endu drudhapadisidaru. budakattu kaanoonina prakara, maduveyagalu bayasuva pakshagalu saarvabhouma bhoomiyalli haage maadabeku mattu ondu pakshavu budakattu janangada sadasyaragirabeku, aadare budakattu samhiteyu dampatigala lingavannu nirdishtapadisuvudilla. salinga vivaahavannu nagarika potavatomi rashtra, maskogee (creak) rashtra mattu seminol rashtradalli spashtavagi nisheedhisalaagide.
cheroki raashtravu december 9,2016 randu salinga vivaahavannu kaanunubaddhagolisitu. mayee 2004 ralli, ovassoda salingakami dampatigalaada daan mckinley mattu cathy raynolds avarige budakattu nyaayaalayada upa gumastaru vivaha paravaanagi niididaru. budakattu janangavu shighravagi hechchuvari salinga vivaahagala mele nishedha heritu. zoon 14randu, budakattu mandaliyu salinga vivaahavannu nishedhisuva kaanoonannu angeekarisitu, mattu budakattu mandaliya vakeela, tudd hembri, zoon 16randu nyaayaalayadalli mckinley mattu raynoldsge niidalaada maduve paravaanagiyannu raddugolisuvante corey arjiyannu sallisitu. august 3,2005 randu, tahlekaadallina nyayanga melmanavi nyayamandaliyu hembree mokaddamege nilluvudilla mattu maduveya kaanoonu maanyateyinda aata yaavude haaniyannu anubhavisiddaane endu torisalu sadhyavilla endu tirpu needitu. 2005rahra decembernalli, nyayamandaliyu maduveya sindhutvavannu prashnisi eradane mokaddameyannu tiraskarisitu. 2006rahra janavariyalli, maduve paravaanagigalannu daakhalisuva javaabdaariyannu hondiruva cheroki nyaayaalayada aadalitaadhikaari lisa fields, maduveya sindhutvavannu prashnisi moorane mokaddameyannu hoodidaru. arjiyu uttarisade uliyitu. december 9,2016 randu, mckinley mattu reynolds avara maduveyannu moolatah 2004 ralli prashnisidda cheroki raashtrada attorney general, todd hembri, salinga vivaha nishedhavu cheroki raashtrada samvidhaanada adiyalli asamvidhaanikavaagide endu abhiprayavannu niididaru, budakattu janangadalli salinga vivaahavannu kaanunubaddhagolisidaru. 2004ralli cherokia pradhana mukhyastharaagi seve sallisidda chaad smith, hembree avara abhiprayavannu svagatisutta, "idu hindina cheroki kaanoonige baddhavaagide" endu helidaru. aadare namma samvidhaanavu yuu. ess. samvidhaanada nibandhanegalannu olagondide, mattu sarvochcha nyaayaalayavu (united statesna) tanna tirpannu niidide.", yuu annu ullekhisuttade.ess. obergefel vii. yalli sarvochcha nyaayaalayada tirpu. hodges, "idu united statesnalli rashtravyapi salinga vivaahavannu kaanunubaddhagolisitu. idara parinaamavaagi, mckinley mattu reynolds cheroki rashtradalli modala vivaahita salinga dampatigalaagiddaru. budakattu bhoomiyalli salinga vivaahavannu kaanunubaddhagolisabeke embudara kuritu osage raashtravu march 20,2017 randu janabhipraya sangrahavannu nadesitu mattu ee kramavu shekada 52 rashtu bahumatadondige angeekarisalpattitu.
yaavude ibbaru vyaktigala naduvina maduvege avakasha needalu mattu onde lingada vyaktigala naduvina vivaahagala maanyateyannu nishedhisuva bhasheyannu raddugolisalu chikasa code annu 2022rahra april 18randu tiddupadi maadalaayitu. maduveya vyaakhyaanavu eega heege heluttadeh 'maduve' endare ibbaru vyaktigala naduvina nagarika oppandadinda udbhavisuva vaiyaktika sambandha, idakke oppanda madikollalu mattu adaralli praveshisalu kaanunubaddhavaagi samarthavaagiruva paksagala oppige agatyavagiruttade, mattu maduveya sambandhavannu kaanoonina moolaka odagisidante namoodisabeku, nirvahisabeku athawa raddugolisabeku."2023rahra mayee 23randu, salinga dampatigalige maduveyaguva saamvidhaanika hakkide endu choktav raashtrada saamvidhaanika nyaayaalayavu tirpu needitu mattu dampatigalaada kennedi mattu chelsey barker avarige tamma 10 varshada hudugiyannu dattu tegedukollalu avakasha maadikottitu. mukhya gyaari batton ee tirpannu swaagatisi, "ee nirdhaarada aadhaarada mele, yaava badalaavanegalannu maadabekendu nodalu naavu namma kodgalannu parishilisutteve. ee prakaranadalli bhagiyagiruva kutumbakke naavu namma preeti mattu bembalavannu niidutteve."
idallade, bhaaratiya vevahaaragala beuro yuu. ess. naadyanta sthaapisalaada nyayalayagalannu nirvahisuttade.ess. okkootada niyamagala samhiteya (sii. eff. aarr) adiyalli, mattu "ondu nirdishta bhaaratiya budakattu janangavu tammade aada budakattu nyaayaalayavannu sthaapisuvavarege, bhaaratiya aparadhagala nyaayaalayavu budakattina nyayanga vyavastheyagi kaaryanirvahisuttade". heegaagi oklahomaada apache budakattu, oklahomaada cado rashtra, komanche rashtra, delaware rashtra, fort sil apache budakattu, oklahomaada kiova indian budakattu, bhaaratiyara oto-misauria budakattu, vichita mattu angeekruta budakattugalu, oklahomaada purva shaanee budakattu, modak rashtra, oklahomaada ottawa budakattu, oklahomaada bhaaratiyara pioria budakattu mattu seneka-kayuga raashtrada sadasyarige ee samyukta cfr nyayalayagalalli salinga vivaahagalannu nadesabahudu.
eradu aatmagala vivaahagalu.
aneka sthaliya american budakattu janangadavaru eradu-aatmagala vyaktigala sampradaayagalannu hondiddaare, avaru purusharaagi janisidaru aadare mahileyara udupugalannu dharisuttiddaru mattu dainandina manekelasa mattu kalaatmaka karkushala vastugalannu nirvahisidaru, ivu strilinga valayakke serive endu pariganisalaagittu. ee eradu-aatmada sthaanamaanavu ee kelavu budakattugala naduve ibbaru jaivika purusharu athawa ibbaru jaivika mahileyara naduvina vivaahagalannu nadesalu avakasha maadikottitu. cheyenne samskrutiyalli, eradu-aatmagala janarannu () endu kareyalaaguttade, mattu moorane lingavagi cheyenne samajadalli pramukha patravannu vahisuttaare. avarannu yodharendu gouravisalaaguttittu, saampradaayika nettiya nrutyagalannu nirdeshisalaaguttittu, koyotegalondige maatanaadalu saadhyavaaguttade endu nambalaagittu mattu matchmakingnalli avara kaushalyagalige hesaruvaasiyaagiddaru, visheshavaagi yuvatiyarannu akarshisalu prayatnisida yuva, avivaahita purusharige. heey 'emene" samanyavagi vivaahita purushana bahupatnitvada maneyalli eradane patniyagi seve sallisuttiddaru. arapaho samskrutiyu sampradayikavagi mahileyara udupugalannu dharisuva mattu "vishesha aadhyaatmika shaktigalannu hondiruva gouravaanvita vyaktigalu" endu pariganisalaada eradu-aatmagala janarannu gurutiside. avugalannu arapaho bhasheyalli (bahuvachanah) endu kareyalaaguttade. bahupatnitvada soochaneyillade aneka vivaahita sisgender purusharu. oklahomaada bhaaratiyara ponca budakattina ponca janaru eradu-aatmagala janarannu () endu ullekhisuttaare. avaru "chandraninda nirdeshisalpattiddare" endu nambalaagittu mattu kelavomme purusharannu paludararagi tegedukolluttiddaru. osejnalli, "mahileyarante maatanaaduva" () endu kareyalpaduva eradu-aatmada vyaktigalu mahileyara udupugalannu dharisuttiddaru, aadare moolabhootavaagi pullinga lingada patravannu pooraisuvudannu munduvaresidaru, mattu avaru mahileyarannu vivaahavaadaru. avugalannu kwapav bhasheyalli (), kamsa bhasheyalli () mattu chivere bhasheyalli () endu kareyalaaguttade. "mihxoz" annu dharmika nayakara vishesha vargadavaraagi gouravadinda pariganisalaagittu. diwangata baxoje, jivere-nutchiya hiriyaralli, "mihxoje" avarannu pavitra ajja aatmagalondige saamarasyadinda avara aadhyaatmika samparka mattu pavitra patrakkagi innoo vismayadinda pariganisalaagittu."ee ellah seovan-maatanaaduva generalli, eradu-aatmagala janaru" "stree devategala darshanagalannu athawa tamma gurutannu drudhikarisalu neravaada chandranannu hondiddaru".
() endu kareyalpaduva eradu-aatmada vyaktigalu tamma linga badalaavaneyannu "avaru tappisalu saadhyavaagada duradrushtakara vidhi, chandranalli vasisuva stree aatmada drashtiyinda ee haadige prerepisalpadabekendu bhaavisalaagide" endu niroopisiddaare."avaru pavitraraagiddaru mattu vaarshikavaagi nrutyadondige gouravisalpaduttiddaru, idaralli" "ayakwa" "yondige laingika sambhogavannu hondidda purusharige maatra bhagavahisalu avakaashavittu". potavatomi (bahuvachanah "mennoquek") chikka vayassinindale "mahila sangaatiyannu hudukidaru", eradoo lingagala "kelasada kaushalyagalannu" hondiddaru, "mahileyarante maatanaaduttiddaru" mattu "vishesha aadhyaatmika shaktigalannu hondiruva gouravaanvita vyaktigalu" endu pariganisalpattiddaru. 1860rahra dasakadalli indina cado kountige sthalaantaragonda lenape, eradu-aatmada vyaktigalannu () endu ullekhisuttaare. miami generalli, indu oklahomaada miami budakattu janangada meesalu pradeshadalli vaasisuttiruva, eradu-aatmada janarannu () endu kareyalaaguttade, mattu pavanee janaru avarannu () endu kareyuttaare. modok janaru, modok yuddhada nantara aadhunika ottawa kountige gadeepaarugondaru, eradu-aatmada vyaktigalannu () endu kareyuttaare. twineuk" mahileyara udupugalannu dharisuttiddaru mattu "mahileyarante vartisuttiddaru". avaru sisgender purusharannu vivaahavaadaru, mattu samanyavagi shammon patravannu vahisidaru mattu mahan aatma shaktiya kirtige patraradaru. seneka janaru eradu-aatmada vyaktigalannu () endu ullekhisuttaare, mattu kayuga janaru avarannu () endu ullekhisuttaare. mescalero-chirikahuwa bhasheyalli, eradu-aatmagala janarannu () endu kareyalaaguttade, mattu bayalu pradeshadalli apache bhasheyalli () endu kareyalaaguttade.
cheroki, chikasa mattu choktavgala naduvina eradu-aatmagala vyaktigala bagge saahityavu hecchu simitavagide. ee samajagalu dvi-aatmadantaha hesarannu hondiddavu, aadare kanneeru surida haadiyalli mattu christian dharmavannu alavadisikondaga bahalashtu saampradaayika gnaanavu kaleduhoyitu. cherokeegala naduve, ("asegi udando";) endare purusharu mattu mahileyara patragalinda horaguliyuva athawa purusharu mattu mahileyara patragalannu hondiruva janarannu soochisuttade. ee padavu tulanaatmakavaagi aadhunikavaagiddaru, choktav bhasheyalli, eradu-aatmagala janarannu () endu kareyalaaguttade. choktav lekhaki leane hoveh 2022rahra pustakadalli, "aagaagge avaru itara purusharondige maatra todagisikondiralilla, aadare aneka hantada sambandhagalannu hondiddaru. avaru namma samudaayadondige bahala vishesha reetiyalli todagisikondiddaru. avaru roganivaarakagalaagirabahudu. avaru namma makkalannu rakshisida janaru ekendare avaru wandakkinta hecchu vishayagalannu sakaragolisiddare. mattu choktavan soundaryashaastrada bhagavendare naavu asaamaanya vishayagalannu gouravisutteve. bere. neevu ["ohyo holba"] dalli samparka hondida aatmavannu nodidaga, mattu avaru haleya kaaladalli aaa udupannu dharisidaaga, avaru 'anekara moortaroopa' endu heluttiddaare."kelavu stree-deha eradu-aatmada vyaktigalu () emba padavannu balasuttaare. chikasa bhasheyalli, padavu () aagide. alabama bhasheyalli, avugalannu () endu kareyalaaguttade, mattu maskogee bhasheyalli () endu kareyalaaguttade. ee aadhunika padagalu samanyavagi salingakami, salingakami athawa trutiyalingi vyaktiyannu arthaisuttave, aadaroo kelavu dvi-aatmada janaru ee padagalondige gurutisikolluttaare. yuchi bhasheyalli, eradu-aatmavannu () endu anuvaadisalaaguttade, mattu natchejnalli () endu anuvaadisalaaguttade, idarartha "mahileyara mukhyastha".
janasankhyaashaastra mattu vivaahada ankiamshagalu.
2000 yuu. ninda dattaamsha.ess. janaganatiyu oklahomaadalli 5,763 salinga dampatigalu vasisuttiddare endu toriside. 2005rahra hottige, idu 8,159 dampatigalige airitu, bahushah salinga dampatigalu sarkari samikshegalalli tamma paaludaarikeyannu bahirangapadisalu ichche belesiruvudu idakke kaarana. simaron horatupadisi rajyada ellah kountigalalli salinga dampatigalu vaasisuttiddaru mattu ottu kutumbagalalli 0.7% mattu rajyada ellah kutumbagalalli 0.40% rashtu iddaru. hecchina dampatigalu oklahoma, tulsa mattu cleveland kountigalalli vaasisuttiddaru, aadare salinga dampatigala hecchina shekadaavaaru hondiruva kountigalu rogar milgalu (ellah kaunti manegalalli 0.70%) mattu pushmataha (0.65%). oklahomaada salinga sangaatigalu viruddha lingada sangaatigaliginta sarasari kiriyavaraagiddaru mattu udyoga padeyuva saadhyate hecchu. aadaagyoo, salinga dampatigala sarasari mattu sarasari maneya aadaayavu vibhinn lingada dampatigaliginta kadimeyagittu, mattu salinga dampatigalu saha viruddha lingada paludarariginta maneyannu honduva saadhyate tumba kadime. oklahomaadallina salinga dampatigalalli 26 pratishatadashtu janaru 18 varshakkinta kadime vayassina makkalannu belesuttiddaru, 2005ralli andaju 4,075 makkalu salinga dampatigala netrutvadalli manegalalli vaasisuttiddaru.
united states janaganati byooroda dattaamshavu 2020 ralli oklahomaadalli 5,006 vivaahita salinga dampatigaliddaru endu toriside, idaralli 3,149 mahila dampatigalu mattu 1,857 purusha dampatigalu seriddaare. rajyadalli vasisuva ellah salinga dampatigalalli vivaahita dampatigalu <aii. dii. 1> rashtannu hondiddaare. vivaahita salinga sangaatigalu sarasari vibhinn lingada sangaatigaliginta kiriyavaraagiddaru mattu samanyavagi hecchina aadaayavannu hondiddaru. |
oklahomayile swavarga vivaham
swavarga vivaahathinulla samsthaanathinte nirodhanathe chodyam cheythulla oru cases prameyathetthudarnnu 2014 october 6 muthal oklahomayil swavarga vivaham niyamavidheyamaanu. aaa divasam, yuu.ezz. bishop vii. punaparisodhikkaan supreme kodathi visammathichu. smith, "nirodhanam bharanaghadanaa virudhamaanennu kandethiya oru cases, swavarga vivahangal amgeekarikkaan patthaam surcuted appeel kodathi oklahomayodu utharavittu. 2014 januvari 14nuu jadji terrens sii. yuu. yude keenn.ezz. oklahomayile vadakkan jillayude jilla kodathi samsthaanathinte niyamaparavum bharanaghadanaaparavumaaya swavarga vivaha nirodhanam bharanaghadanaa virudhamaanennu prakhyaapichu. cases, "bishop vii. smith (munbu bishop vii. oklahoma ", bishop vii. yunaittad stetts), appeel theerppaakkaathe stey cheythu. 2014 juulai 18 nuu patthaam sarkyoottile oru paanal oklahomayile swavarga vivaha nirodhanam asaadhuvaakkiya kerninte vidhi sharivachu. ennirunnaalum, yuu. esinte "sarttiraari" ykkaayulla harji theerppaakkunnathuvare paanal athinte vidhi nirtthivachu.ezz. supreme kodathi. 2014 october 6 nuu yuu.ezz. patthaam surcuted kodathiyude vidhi nilanirthikkondu punaparisodhanaa abhyarthana supreme kodathi nirasichu. samsthaanathu swavargavivaaham amgeekarichukondu patthaam sarkyoottinte vidhi nadappaakkikkond samsthaana udyogasthar prathikarichu.
niyamaparamaaya charithram.
niyanthranangal.
1975ll oklahoma niyamasabha "oru purushan oru sthriyum thammilulla vivaham" ennu nirvachikkunna aadyathe niyamam pasaki. 1996ll oklahoma niyamasabha mattoru niyamanirmmanam pasaki, vivaahathe "oru purushan oru sthriyum thammilulla" vivaahamaayi nirvachikkukayum samsthaanathinu purathu nadathunna swavarga vivahangal oklahomayil amgeekarikkappedunnathu nirodhikkukayum cheythu.
2004 eprilil oklahoma senatt 38-7 vottinaal oklahoma house oof representatives 92-4 vottinaal swavarga vivaham nirodhikkunna bharanaghadanaa bhedagathi amgeekarichu. 2004 november 2 nuu oklahoma watermar nirodhanam chodyam 711 aayi amgeekarichu. bhedagathi swavarga vivaahathin nirodhanam earppeduthukayum sivil unionukal allengil gaarhika pankaalittham polulla avivahita dambathikalkko grouppukalkko nalkunna niyamaparamaaya sambhavangal oklahomayude bharanaghadanayil cherkkukayum cheythu.
noonn-binding resolution.
2013 eprilil oklahoma house oof representatives "echu. sii. aarr 1009" pasaki, vivaham "oru purushan oru sthriyum thammilullathaanu" ennu aavarthikkukayum yuu. esinode abhyarthikkukayum cheiyunna oru noonn-binding prameyam.ezz. vivaha samrakshana niyamam" (doma) yude sekshan 3 umm vivaham niyantrikkaanulla samsthaanangalude avakashavum supreme kodathi uyarthippidikkunnu. 71 republicanmaarum 13 demokraattukalum anukoolichu vottu cheythukondu athu <aii. dii. 1> pasaki. 16 demokraattukal prathishedhavumaayi vottu cheiyunnathinupakaram chamberil ninnu erangippoyi. athe maasam thanne oklahoma senatt prameyam amgeekarichu. yuu.ezz. yunaittad stetts vii. enna kesil domayile sekshan 3 supreme kodathi raddaki. 2013 juun 26nuu windor.
"bishop vii. smith ".
pashchaathalam.
2004 november 3 nuu, oklahoma watermar swavarga vivaham nirodhikkunna bharanaghadanaa bhedagathikku amgeekaaram nalkiyathinte pittennu, rund lesbian dambathikalaaya merii bishop shaaron baldwin, susanne barton geey phillips tulsayile federal jilla kodathiyil oru velluvili phayal cheythu. aadya dambathikalkku tulsa kaundi clerk saali hove smith vivaha licenses nishedhichirunnu, athesamayam randaamathethu 2001 ll oru vermont sivil union roopeekarikkukayum 2005 ll britiish kolambiyayil vivaham kazhikkukayum cheythu. oklahoma sitti niyama sthaapanamaaya holladay chiltanum avare prathinidheekarichu. tulsa kaundiyude jilla attorniyum laabhechayillaathe pravartthikkunna kristhyan abhibhaashaka samghadanayaaya swaathanthryam samrakshikkunna sakhyavum smithine prathinidheekarichu. bishop vii aayirunnu cases. oklahoma ". oklahomayile attorni janaralaayirunna prathikal, edmundson, govarnor brad henry, yuu.ezz. attorni general joonn aashkroft, president jorjju dablyu. bush. oklahoma bhedagathi yuu. esinte uchithamaaya prakriya, thulya samrakshanam, poornna vishwaasavum kredittum, aanukoolyangalum prathirodhasheshiyum ennee vakuppukalkk keezhil bharanaghadanaa virudhamaanennu dambathikal "mattu karyangalkkoppam" prakhyaapichu.ezz. bharanaghadana. 1996ll pasakia federal "defense oof maryej act" (doma) neey avar velluvilichu. dambathikalkku nilanilpillennum pathinonnam bhedagathiyiloode avarude cases nirodhichuvennum vaadichu samsthaanam thallikkalayaan shramichu.
2006 juulai 20nuu jadji terrens sii. samsthaana bharanaghadanaa bhedagathiyilekkulla vividha velluvilikal avarkk neridaan kazhiyumennu vaadikk kernn oru bhagika vijayam nalki; ennirunnaalum, chila niyama sidhaanthangal pariganayil ninnu illaathaakkikkondu addeham kesinte vyaapthi kurachu. smeltt vii" ennu udharikkunnu. ooranchu kaundi, "california cases, amerikkayil niyamaparamaaya vivaahathil earppedaathathinaal dambathikalkku domaye velluvilikkaan nilakollunnillenn addeham vidhichu. swavargavivaahathe federal sarkkar amgeekarikkunnathil ninnu ozhivakkiya domayude bhaagathe velluvilikkaan bishopin baldwinninum nilakollunnillenn kernn vidhichu. ennirunnaalum, dambathikal kaanadayil vivaham kazhikkukayum vermontil oru sivil yooniyanil praveshikkukayum cheythathinaal barton philipsinu nilayundennu addeham vidhichu, athinaal avarude avakaashavaadangal thallikkalayunnathu akaalamaanennu addeham theerumaanichu. oklahomayil niyamaparamaayi vivaham kazhikkaan iruvarkkum thaalpparyamullathinaal swavarga vivaham nirodhikkunna samsthaana bhedagathiye velluvilikkaan iru dambathikalum nilakollunnuvennu kernn kandethi. samsthaana udyogasthar patthaam surcuted appeel kodathiyil appeel nalki. oklahoma udyogastharkkethiraaya avakaashavaadangal thallikkalayaanulla jilla kodathiyude paraajayatthe ethirthu 2009 juun 5 nuu patthaam surcuted prasidheekarikkaatha oru theerumaanam purappeduvichu, vishaya-vishaya adikaaraparidhiyilla ennathinaal paraathikkaarude avakaashavaadangal thallikkalanju. bakkiyulla prathikalaaya smith america 2009 october 13nuu pirichuvidaanulla prameyam phayal cheythu.
2011 februvari 25nuu, thallikkalayaanulla prameyangalil kodathi oru theerumaanam purappeduvikkunnathin munbu, domayile sekshan 3nte bharanaghadanaaparamaaya nilanilppine samrakshikkunnath avasaanippikkumenn america kodathiye ariyichu. american aikyanaadukalile house oof representativesile ubhaykakshi niyama upadeshaka samgham domaye prathirodhikkaan edapedaan shramichu. 2013 juun 26 nuu yuu.ezz. supreme kodathi "yunaittad stetts vii. winder "aaa domayile sekshan 3 anchaam bhedagathiyude uchithamaaya prakriya closs lamghichu. athe divasam thanne kodathi hollingsworth vii. enna kesilum vidhi prasthaavichu. perry, "kaaliforniyayil swavarga vivahangal punaraarambhikkaan anuvadikkunnu.
jilla kodathi vidhi.
2014 januvari 14 nuu jadji kernn vaadikalkku samkshiptha vidhi nalkukayum kesil vidhi parayukayum cheythu, ippol "bishop vii. american aikyanaadukal, "pathinalam bhedagathiyile thulya samrakshana vyavastha prakaram swavarga vivaahathin oklahomayile nirodhanam bharanaghadanaa virudhamaayirunnu. samsthaanathe swavarga vivaha nirodhanam shaashvathamaayi nadappakkaan addeham oru utharavu purappeduvichu, ennaal yuu. esine udharichu appeel labhikkathe thante vidhi nadappaakkunnathu addeham stey cheythu.ezz. udaahile eathaandu samanamaaya oru kesil supreme kodathi stey purappeduvichu, "kichan vii. herbert ". kernn ezhuthi yuu.ezz. samanamaaya oru cases supreme kodathi thallikkalanju, "baker vii. nelson, "1972-ll ithu oru mungamiyaayirunnilla, kaaranam" 1972 muthal supreme kodathi niyamashaasthrathil kaaryamaaya saidhaanthika sambhavavikasangal undaayittund, ithu eee prasnangal ippol ganyamaaya oru chodyam avatharippikkumenn soochippikkunnu ". barton, phillips ennee rund vaadikalkku domayile sekshan 2 neey velluvilikkaan nilakollunnillenn addeham kandethi, kaaranam avar prathikalaayi peritta federal udyogastharkku athinte nadappakkalinu utharavaadithamillennum mattu adhikaaraparidhiyilulla bartoninteyum philipsinteyum vivaham amgeekarikkaan oklahoma udyogasthar parajayappettuvennum rekhakal kanikkunnilla. domayile sekshan 3 asaadhuvaakkunnathilekku nayikkunna mothatthilulla niyama prakriyayil dambathikal oru pradhana punk vahichuvennu addeham abhipraayappedukayum" avarude deerghaveekshanathinum dhairyathinum sthirothsaahathinum "thangaleyum avarude abhibhaashakareyum prashamsikkukayum cheythu. swavarga vivaham nirodhikkunna oklahoma bharanaghadanaa bhedagathi thulya samrakshana vyavasthaye lamghikkunnuvennu kernn bishappumaayum baldwinte abhipraayathodum yojichu. yukthisahamaya adisthaana avalokanam prayogicha addeham utharavaadithamulla prathyulppaadanam prolsaahippikkuka, opttimal kuttikale valarthuka, vivaha sthaapanathil cheluthunna swaadheenam enniva ulppedeyulla samsthaanathinte nyaayeekaranangal aparyaapthamaanennu kandethi. bharanaghadanaa bhedagathi "oru varggathile oklahoma pouranmaare sarkkar aanukoolyathil ninnu ekapaksheeyavum yukthirahithavumaya ozhivaakkalaan" ennu kernn vidhichu. laingika aabhimukhyam, thulya samrakshanam enniva adisthaanamaakkiyulla vivechanam enna vishayathil supreme kodathiyude niyamashaasthrathekkurichu vidhi ingane paranju "swavarga vivaham nirodhikkunna samsthaana niyamangal yuu. esine lamghikkunnundo enna vishayathil supreme kodathi vyakthamaayi athiyittilla.ezz. bharanaghadana. ennirunnaalum, swavarggaanuraagikalkkethir sathruthayil ninnu janikkunna niyamangal pasakkunnathil ninnu supreme kodathi niyamam ippol samsthaanangale vilakkukayum swavarggaanuraagikalude dhaarmikavum laingikavumaaya thiranjeduppukalkku bharanaghadanaaparamaaya samrakshanam nalkukayum ethirlinga vivaahangaleyum swavarga vivaahangaleyum vyathyasthamayi pariganikkunnathil ninnu federal sarkkaarine nirodhikkukayum cheiyunnu. 1996ll "romer" ennathil aarambhich 2013ll "winder" ennathil avasaanikkunna supreme kodathi niyamashaasthrathil enthaanu sambhavichathenn krithyamaaya niyamaparamaaya mudrayilla, ennaal eee kodathikku athu kaanumbol oru vaachaadopa maattam ariyaam."
govarnor merii fallin eee theerumaanathodu prathikarichukondu paranju, "ithilum mattu nayaparamaaya kaaryangalilum svayam bharikkanulla oklahomayile vottarmaarude avakaashathe njaan pinthunaykkunnu. jadjiyude vidhiyil njaan niraasanaakukayum janangalude ishtam federal gavanment veendum avaganichathil aswasthanaakukayum cheiyunnu."attorni general scott pruit eee theerumaanathe" "aswasthathayundaakkunna" "theerumaanamaayi visheshippikkukayum swavarga vivaahathin samsthaana nirodhanatthinte bharanaghadanaaparamaaya saadhuta supreme kodathi theerumaanikkendathundena parayukayum cheythu".
patthaam surcuted appeel kodathiyilekku appeel nalkuka.
januvari 16nuu patthaam surcuted appeel kodathiyil appeel notice nalkia smith appeel prakriya vegathilaakkaanum "kichan vii. cases kelkkaanum" kodathiyodu aavasyappettu. herbert ". epril 10 nuu "adukkalayil" vaakkalulla vaadangal ketta patthaam sarkyoottile athe 3 jadjimaarude paanal "bishop vii. epril 17 nuu smith "juulai 18 nuu, oklahomayile swavarga vivaha nirodhanam yuu. esine lamghikkunnuvennu nigamanathiletthichu jilla kodathiyude vidhi 2-1 enna vidhiyil kodathi sharivachu.ezz. bharanaghadana, yuu. ezz. certifieraric vendiyulla oru harji theerppaakkunnathuvare athinte vidhi udan thanne stey cheythu.ezz. supreme kodathi. jephri ell. stanford sarvakalaashaalayile niyama professor parichayasambannanaaya supreme kodathi vyavahariyumaaya fisher augustil swavarga dambathikalkkulla vivaha avakashangal oklahoma nishedhikkunnathine chodyam cheiyunnavarude pradhana abhibhashakanaayi chernnu. 2014 october 6 nuu oklahomayude appeel supreme kodathi nirasikkukayum patthaam sarkyoottinte vidhi pinneedu praabalyatthil varikayum angane oklahomayil swavarga vivaham niyamavidheyamaakkukayum cheythu.
govarnor fallin supreme kodathiyude nadapadiye rookshamaayi vimarshichuvenkilum samsthaanam swavarga vivaahangalkk licenses nalkaanum amgeekarikkaanum aarambhikkumenn prakhyaapichu. swavarggalaingikatha bheekarathayekkaal deseeya surakshaykk valia bheeshaniyaanennu munbu prasthaavicha prathinidhi saali kernn, kodathi theerumaanathe apalapichu, "oklahomayilo aaa vishayathil eathenkilum samsthaanatho, niyamangal enthaayirikkumennu theerumaanikkunna janangalodu utharavaadithamillaatha thiranjedukkappedaatha jadjimar paadilla."oru praadeshika ell. jii. bii. tii grouppinte executive director scott haamilttan paranju," "mattethoru dambathikaleyum pole njangalodum perumar". koodaathe, njangalil oraal paasaakumbol enikku ullatho [haamilttante pankaalikku] ullatho aaya swath oru anantharaavakaasham aayirikkavunna athe karsanamaaya prakriyayayirikkilla. ithu oru valia aashwaasamaanennu parayunnath oru cheria vivaranamayirikkum ". oklahoma kaundi kodathi clark timm roads october 6 nuu uchakazhinju thante oafees "pravarthanangalaal thirakkilaanennu" paranju. merii bishop shaaron baldwin dambathikalum oklahomayile vivaha licenses nediya aadya swavarga dambathikalaayirunnu, october 6 thinkalaazhcha uchaykku 1:20 nuu tulsa kaundi kodathiyil vachu angane cheythu.emm.. october 6 nuu cleveland kaundiyil licenses labhicha aadya dambathikalaanu kristtanum heather dicky.
thaddesheeya american rajyangal.
sheyne, arapaho gothrangal, cheroki raashtram, chikkasa raajyam, choktto raajyam, oseju raajyam ennivayude samvaranathil swavarga vivaham niyamaparamaan. swavarga vivaham niyamavidheyamaakkiya oklahomayile aadyathe thaddesheeya american gothramaayirunnu cheyenne, arapaho gothrangal. 2013 octoberil, jayson pickalinum darren black bearinum konchoyile gotra kodathiyil vivaha licenses nalki. samvaranathil nadanna aadyathe pothu swavarga vivaahamaayirunnenkilum, ithinu munbu mattu rund swavarga dambathikal vivaham kazhichathaayi gotra udyogasthar sthireekarichu. gotra niyamamanusarichu, vivaham kazhikkaan aagrahikkunna kakshikal paramadhikaara bhoomiyil angane cheyyanam, oru kakshi gothrangalil amgamaayirikkanam, ennaal gotra niyamasamhitha dambathikalude lingabhedam vyakthamakkunnilla. pouranaaya pottaavattomi rajyath maskogi (creak) rajyath seminol rajyath swavarga vivaham vyakthamaayi nirodhichirikkunnu.
2016 desember 9nuu cheroki raajyam swavarga vivaham niyamavidheyamaakki. 2004 meyy maasathil ovaasoyil ninnulla oru lesbian dambathikalkku, doonn mckinley, kaathi reynolds ennivarkku oru adivasi kodathi deputy clerk vivaha licenses nalki. adhika swavarga vivaahangalkk gothram udan thanne moratorium earppeduthi. juun 14 nuu, adivasi kaunsil swavarga vivaham nirodhikkunna oru niyamam pasakkukayum, mckinlick reynoldukalkkum nalkia vivaha licenses raddaakkanamennu aavasyappettu gotra kaunsil abhibhashakanaaya tooad hembri juun 16 nuu kodathiyil oru harji phayal cheyyukayum cheythu. 2005 august 3 nuu thahlekhayile judicial appeel tribunal hembrick cases nalkaan nilakollunnillennum vivaahathinte niyamaparamaaya amgeekaarathil ninnu thanikk oru doshavum sambhavichuvennu kaanikkan kazhiyillennum vidhichu. 2005 desemberil, vivaahathinte saadhuthaye chodyam cheytha randaamathe cases tribunal nirasichu. 2006 januvariyil, vivaha licensukal rekhappeduthunnathinte utharavaadithamulla cheroki kodathi administrettar lisa fiields vivaahathinte saadhuthaye chodyam cheyth moonnaamathe cases phayal cheythu. harjik utharam kittaathe kidannu. 2004ll mckinlyudeyum reynoldsinteyum vivaahathe aadyam chodyam cheytha cheroki raashtrathinte attorni generalaya tooad hembri, 2016 desember 9nuu, cheroki rashtra bharanaghadana prakaram swavarga vivaha nirodhanam bharanaghadanaa virudhamaanennu abhiprayappettu, gothrathil swavarga vivaham niyamavidheyamaakki. 2004ll cherokiyude principal medaaviyaayi sevanamanushticha chaad smith, hembriyude abhipraayathe swaagatham cheyyukayum "ithu munkaala cheroki niyamathinu anusrithamaanu" ennu parayukayum cheythu. ennaal nammude bharanaghadana yuu. ezz. bharanaghadanayile vyavasthakal ulkkollunnu, athinusesham supreme kodathi (yunaittad stetts) athinte vidhi purappeduvichu.", yuu paraamarsikkunnu.ezz. obergeffel vii. enna kesil supreme kodathi vidhi. hodges, "ithu yunaittad stetsil raajyavyaapakamaayi swavarga vivaham niyamavidheyamaakki. thalphalamaayi, mckinly reynolds cheroki raajyathe aadyathe swavarga dambathikalaayirunnu. adivasi bhoomiyil swavarga vivaham niyamavidheyamaakkanamo vendayo ennathinekkurichu 2017 march 20 nuu oseju raajyam oru hitaparisodhana nadathukayum 52 sathamaanam bhooripakshathode eee nadapadi pasakkukayum cheythu.
rund vyakthikal thammilulla vivaham anuvadikkunnathinum ore lingathilulla vyakthikal thammilulla vivahangalkkulla amgeekaaram thadayunna bhasha raddaakkunnathinum 2022 epril 18 nuu chicaso coode bhedagathi cheythu. vivaahathinte nirvachanam ippol ingane vaayikkunnu 'vivaham' ennaal rund vyakthikal thammilulla oru sivil karaaril ninnu undaakunna oru vyakthiparamaaya bandham, athil kararilerppedaanum athil praveshikkaanum niyamaparamaayi yogyaraaya kakshikalude sammatham aavasyamaanu, koodaathe vivahabandham niyamaprakaaram nalkiyittullathupole nalkukayo paripaalikkukayo raddaakkukayo cheyyum."2023 meyy 23 nuu, swavarga dambathikalkku vivaham kazhikkaan bharanaghadanaaparamaaya avakaashamundenn choktto raajyathinte bharanaghadanaa kodathi vidhikkukayum kennady, chelsey barker ennee dambathikalkku avarude 10 vayassulla penkuttiye datthedukkaan anuvadikkukayum cheythu. cheef gaari baattan vidhiye swaagatham cheyyukayum paranju, "eee theerumaanatthinte adisthaanathil, enthu mattangal varuthendathundennu arian njangal njangalude kodukal avalokanam cheyyum. eee kesil ulppettirikkunna kudumbatthinu njangal njangalude snehavum pinthunayum vaagdaanam cheiyunnu."
koodaathe, beuro oof indian afayezhs yuu. asiludaneelam sthaapithamaaya kodathikal pravarthippikkunnu.ezz. federal regulations coode (sii. eph. aarr) prakaram, "oru prathyeka indian gothram avarude swantham gotra kodathi sthaapikkunnathuvare, indian kuttakrithyangalude kodathi oru gothratthinte neethinyaaya samvidaanamaayi pravartthikkum". oklahomayile appaache gothram, oklahomayile cado raashtram, komanche raashtram, delaware raashtram, fort sil appaache gothram, oklahomayile keova indian gothram, indiakkaarude ottoo-misauriya gothram, vichithayum anubandha gothrangalum, oklahomayile kizhakkan shaney gothram, modoc raashtram, oklahomayile ottaava gothram, oklahomayile indiakkaarude pioria gothram, seneka-keyuga raashtram ennivayile amgangalkkaayi eee federal sii. eph. aarr kodathikalil svavargavivaahangal nadatthaam.
rund aathmaakkalulla vivahangal.
pala thaddesheeya american gothrangalkkum purushanaayi janichathum ennaal sthreekalude vasthram dharichathum dainamdina veettujolikal nadathunnathum sthreethwa mekhalayil ulppedunnathaayi kanakkaakkappettirunna kalaparamaaya karakaushala pravartthanangalum nadathunna rund aathmaakkalulla vyakthikalude paarambaryamundu. eee rund-aathmaav padavi rund jeevashasthraparamaaya purushanmaar allengil rund jeevashasthraparamaaya sthreekal thammilulla vivahangal eee gothrangalil chilarkkidayil nadatthaan anuvadichu. cheyenne samskaarathil, dvi-aathmaakkalaaya aalukal () ennariyappedunnu, koodaathe oru moonnaam lingakkaaranenna nilayil cheyenne samoohathil oru pradhana punk vahikkunnu. avare yodhaakkalaayi aadarikkukayum parambaraagatha thalayotti nrithangal nayikkukayum koyattukalumayi samsarikkaan kazhiyumennu vishwasikkukayum, prathyekichu yuvathikale aakarshikkan shramicha cheruppakkaarum avivahitharumaaya purushanmaarkk, poruttham nirmmikkanulla kazhivukalkk perukettavaraayirunnu. heey 'emane" palappozhum vivahithanaaya oru purushante bahubhaaryaatva kudumbatthil randaam bharyayaayi sevanamanushtichu. sthreekalude vasthram dharikkunna, "prathyeka athmeeya shakthikalulla bahumanyaraaya vyakthikal" aayi kanakkaakkappedunna, rund aathmaakkalulla aalukale arapaho samskaaram parambaraagathamaayi amgeekarichittundu. arapaho bhashayil avaa (bahuvachanam) ennariyappedunnu. pala vivahitharaaya sisjender purushanmaarum bahubhaaryaathvathinte soochanakalillaathe. oklahomayile indiakkaarude ponga gothratthile ponga janatha rund aathmaakkalaaya aalukale () ennaanu vilikkunnathu. avar "chandran nirddeshichavar" aanennu vishwasikkappettirunnu, chilappol avar purushanmaare pankalikalaayi edukkumaayirunnu. oosejukalil, () ennariyappedunna, "sthreekaleppole samsaarikkunna" rund aathmaakkalulla vyakthikal sthreekalude vasthrangal dharichirunnuvenkilum adisthaanaparamaayi purusha lingaparamaaya punk niravettunnathu thudarnnu, avar sthreekale vivaham kazhichu. avaa kwapa bhashayil (), kansa bhashayil (), chiver bhashayil () enningane ariyappedunnu. "mihxogine" oru prathyeka vibhaagathile mathanethakkalaayi bahumaanathode kanakkakki. antharicha baxoje, jivere-ttu 'aachi mooppanmaaril, "mihxog" avarude athmeeya bandhatthinum vishudha muthachante aathmaakkalumaayi yojichu prathishticha pankinum ippozhum bhayathode kanakkaakkappettirunnu."eee siovan samsaarikkunna janangalil, rund aathmaakkalulla aalukalkk" "sthreedevanmaarekkurich avarude swathuathe pinthunaykkaan sahaayicha chandranekkuricho ulla darshanangal undaayirunnu".
() ennariyappedunna rund aathmaakkalulla vyakthikal avarude lingaparamaaya punk maattathe "avarkk ozhivakkaan kazhiyaatha oru nirbhagyakaramaaya vidhi, chandranil vasikkunna sthreethmaavil ninnulla oru darshanathaal eee paathayilekku prerippikkappedanam" ennum visheshippichu."avar vishudharum aadarikkappedunnavarum aayakvayumaayi laingikabandhathil earppetta purushanmaare maathram anuvadikkunna oru nritham ellah varshavum nadathumaayirunnu. pottaavattomi (bahuvachanam мененеточеч, bahuvachanam мененеточеч) cheruppam muthal thanne "sthree sahavasam thedukayum", "sthreekaleppole samsaarikkukayum", "prathyeka athmeeya shakthikalulla bahumaanikkappedunna vyakthikalayi kanakkakkappedukayum", iru lingakkaarudeyum "thozhil vaidagdhyam" kaivasham vaykkukayum cheythu. 1860kalil innathe cado kaundiyilekku palayanam cheyyappetta lenap, rund aathmaakkalulla vyakthikale () ennu vilikkunnu. miyami janathayil, innu oklahomayile miyami gothratthinte samvaranathil thamasikkunna, dvi-aathmaakkalaaya aalukale () ennum pavni aalukal avare () ennum vilikkunnu. modoc yudhathinu sesham aadhunika oottaava kaundiyilekku naadukadatthappetta modoc janataye dvi-aathmaakkalaaya vyakthikal () ennu vilikkunnu. twineeyukh" sthreekalude vasthrangal dharikkukayum "sthreekaleppole perumaarukayum cheythu. avar sisjender purushanmaare vivaham kazhikkukayum saadhaaranayaayi oru shammente vesham ettedukkukayum valia aathmashakthiyude bahumati nedukayum cheythu. seneca janangal rund aathmaakkalulla vyakthikale () ennum kayuga janangal avare () ennum vilikkunnu. mescalero-chirikahuva bhashayil, rund aathmaakkalulla aalukale () ennum samathalangalil appaache bhashayil () ennum ariyappedunnu.
cheroki, chicaso, choktto ennivayil rund aathmaakkalulla vyakthikalekurichulla saahityam kooduthal parimithamaanu. eee samoohangalkku dvi-aathmaav enna padavi undaayirunnirikkam, pakshe kanneerinte paathayilum kristhumathatthe sweekarikkunnathilum dhaaraalam parambaraagatha arivu nashtappettu. cherokiyude idayil, ("asegi udando";) purushanmaarudeyum sthreekaludeyum rolukalkku purathullavareyo purushanmaarudeyum sthreekaludeyum rolukal vahikkunnavareyo soochippikkunnu. eee padam thaarathamyena aadhunikamaanenkilum chokto bhashayil, rund aathmaakkalulla aalukale () ennu vilikkunnu. chokttoyude rachayithaav leane hove 2022 leeii oru pusthakatthil paranju, "palappozhum avar mattu purushanmarumaayi maathram bandhappettirunnilla, marichu niravadhi thalatthilulla bandhangal undaayirunnu. avar njangalude samoohavumaayi valare prathyeka reethikalil edapettittundu. avar rogashaanthikkaaraayirikkam. onniladhikam karyangal ulkkollunnathinaal nammude kuttikale samrakshicha aalukalaanu avar. asaadhaaranamaaya kaaryangale naam bahumaanikkunnu ennathaanu chokdaavan soundaryashaasthrathinte bhagam. vyathyastham. ["ohoyo holba"] yill bandhappettirikkunna aathmaavine ningal nokkumbol, pazhaya kaalath avar aaa vasthram dharikkumbol, avar 'palarudeyum aalroopa' mennu parayunnu."chila sthree shareeramulla rund aathmaakkalulla vyakthikal () enna padam upayogikkunnu. chikkasa bhashayil eee padam () aanu. alabama bhashayil avaa () ennum mascoggie bhashayil () ennum ariyappedunnu. eee aadhunika padangal saadhaaranayaayi oru swavargaanuraagiyo lesbiano transgendero aaya vyakthiye ardhamaakkunnu, ennirunnaalum chila dvi-aathmaakkalaaya aalukal eee padangalumaayi thirichariyunnu. yuchi bhashayil, rund-aathmaav () ennum natches bhashayil () ennum vivarthanam cheyyappedunnu, athaayath "sthreekalude thalavan".
janasamkhyaashaasthravum vivaha sthithivivarakkanakkukalum.
2000 yuu. yill ninnulla daatta.ezz. sensus prakaram 5,763 swavarga dambathikal oklahomayilaanu thaamasikkunnath. 2005 aayappozhekkum ithu 8,159 dambathikalaayi vardhichu, sarkkar sarvekalil swavarga dambathikal avarude pankaalittham velippeduthaanulla vardhichuvarunna sannadhatha ithinu kaaranamaayirikkam. simaron ozhikeyulla samsthaanathe ellah kaundikalilum swavarga dambathikal thaamasichirunnu, ithu samsthaanathe motham kudumbangalude 0.7 sathamaanavum motham kudumbangalude 0.40 sathamaanavum aayirunnu. mikka dambathikalum oklahoma, tulsa, cleveland kaundikalilaanu thaamasichirunnathu, ennaal swavarga dambathikalude ettavum uyarnna sathamaanam rogger millukalum (ellah kaundi kudumbangalilum 0.70%) pushmataha (0.65%) aayirunnu. oklahomayile swavarga pankaalikal ethirlinga pankaalikalekkaal sharashari cheruppamaayirunnu, jolie cheyyaanulla saadhyatha kooduthalaanu. ennirunnaalum, swavarga dambathikalude sharashari, sharashari kudumba varumanam vyathyastha linga dambathikalekkaal kuravaayirunnu, koodaathe swavarga dambathikalkku ethirlinga pankaalikale apekshichu svanthamaayi oru veedu undakanulla saadhyatha valare kuravaayirunnu. oklahomayile swavarga dambathikalil 26 sathamaanavum 18 vayassinu thaazheyulla kuttikale valarthukayum 2005ll 4,075 kuttikal swavarga dambathikalude neethrthwathilulla veedukalil thaamasikkukayum cheythu.
2020ll oklahomayile yunaittad stetts sensus beuroyude kanakkukal prakaram 3,149 sthreekalum 1,857 purusha dambathikalum ulppede 5,006 vivahitharaaya swavarga dambathikal oklahomayilundaayirunnu. samsthaanathu thamasikkunna ellah swavarga dambathikalilum vivahitharaaya dambathikalkku <aii. dii. 1> aanu. vivahitharaaya swavarga pankaalikal vyathyastha linga pankaalikalekkaal sharashari praayam kuranjavarum saadhaaranayaayi uyarnna varumaanamullavarumaayirunnu.
| oklahomamadhil samalingi vivah
samalingi vivahavaril rajyachya bandila aavhan aavhan khatalyachya tharavanantar, 6 aktoobar 2014 pasoon oklahomamadhye samalingi vivah kayadeshir aahe. tyaa divashi, yuu.ess. sarvoch nyayalayane 'bishop wii.' chaa fervichar karnyas nakar deela. smith, "bandee asanvaidhanik tharvanare prakaran, apilanchya dahavya circuit nyayalayane oklahomala samalingi vivahanna manyata denyache aadesh dile. 14 janewari 2014 roji nyayadhish terrens see. yu. chey curn.ess. oklahomachya uttarekadil jilhyachya jilha nyayalayane rajyachya vaidhanik aanee ghatanatmak samalingi vivahavaril bandee asanvaidhanik ghoshit kelee. prakaran, "bishop wii. smith (purvi bishop wii. oklahoma aanee bishop wii. united states), apeal pralambit asatana sthagiti denyat aalee. 18 julai 2014 roji, dahavya circuitchya panelane oklahomachi samalingi vivah bandee radd karnyacha kerncha nirnay kayam thewala. tathapi, samiteene aapala nirnay yuu. ess. dware "pramanpatra" sathee yachikecha nikal pralambit asatana sthagit keela.ess. sarvoch nyayalay. 6 aktoobar 2014 roji, yuu.ess. sarvoch nyayalayane punaravalokanachi vinanti fetalali aanee dahavya circuit kortacha nirnay jaagich thewala. rajyachya aadivasi rajyatil samalingi vivahala manyata dett dahavya circuitchya nirnayachi amalbajavani karoon pratisad deela.
kayadeshir itihas.
nirbandh.
1975 madhye, oklahoma vidhimandalane 'eka purush aanee eka stree' yanchyatil vivah paribhashit karnara pahila kayada manjur keela. 1996 madhye, oklahoma vidhimandalane aanakhi eka kayada manjur keela, jyamadhye vivahala "eka purush aanee eka stree" asey paribhashit kele gele aanee oklahomamadhye rajyabaheril samalingi vivahanna manyata denyas manai kelee gelee.
april 2004 madhye, oklahoma sinetane 38 viruddha 7 matanni aanee oklahoma haus auph representativesne 92 viruddha 4 matanni samalingi vivahavar bandee bandee ghatanatmak durustila manyata dilee. 2 november 2004 roji, oklahoma matdaranni bandila prashna 711 mhanoon manyata dilee. durustine samalingi vivahavar bandee ghatali aanee konatyahi "kayadeshir ghatana avivahit jodpyanna kinwa gatanna, jase qee nagri sanghatana kinwa gharguti bhagidarila, oklahomachya sanvidhanat samavisht kele.
gair-bandhanatmak tharav.
april 2013 madhye, oklahoma haus auph representativesne "etch. see. aar. 1009" haah eka gair-bandhankarak tharav manjur keela, jyamadhye vivahala "eka purush aanee eka stree yanchyatil" asey punha pushti dilee gelee aanee yu. ess. laa aagrah keela gela.ess. sarvoch nyayalay 'vivah sanrakshn kayada' (doma) chey kalam 3 aanee vivah niyantrit karnyacha rajyancha adhikar kayam thewel. 71 prajasattak aanee 13 lokshahivadi lokanni bajoone matdan karoon teey 84-0 manjur jhaale. 16 democratsney nishedh mhanoon matdan karnyaivaji sabhagruhatun sabhatyag keela. tyach mahinyachya uttaradhat oklahoma sinetane haah tharav manjur keela. yuu.ess. sarvoch nyayalayane 'united states wii.' madheel domache kalam 3 radd kele. windser 26 juuna 2013 roji.
"bishop vhee. smith ".
parshvabhoomi.
3 november 2004 roji, oklahoma matdaranni samalingi vivahavar bandee bandee ghatanatmak durustila mothya pramanat manjuri dilyanantar dilyanantar divashi, done lesbian jodapi, merrie bishop aanee sharon baldwin aanee sujan barton aanee geey phillips yanni tulsa yetheel federal jilha nyayalayat aavhan dakhal kele. pahilya jodpyala tulsa county karakoon sally howay smithne lagnacha parwana nakarla hota, tarr nantarchya jodpyane 2001 madhye vermont sivil union sthapan kele hote aanee 2005 madhye british kolambiyamadhye lagn kele hote, jevha charcha pralambit hotee. tyanche pratinidhitva oklahoma shaharatil low firm, holladay aanee chilton yanni kele. smithche pratinidhitva tulsa kauntiche jilha vakeel aanee swatantryacha bachav karnari aaghadi, eka naa-napha khristi vakili sanstha yanni kele. prakaran "bishop wii. oklahoma. prativadi heey oklahomache mahadhivakta hote, edmondson, governor brad heinry, yuu.ess. mahadhivakta johnn ashcroft aanee adhyaksh george doubleu. zaadi. yaa jodpyanni, itar goshtimbarobarach, oklahoma durusti hii yogya prakriya, samaan sanrakshn, purn vishvas aanee shrey aanee yuu. ess. chya visheshadhikar aanee muktata kalmankhali asanvaidhanik asalyachi ghoshana karanyachi magani kelee.ess. sanvidhan. 1996 madhye manjur jhalelya federal 'defence auph marriage ect' (doma) laa dekhil tyanni aavhan dile. rajyane haah yuktivad karoon fetalanyacha prayatna keela qee jodpyanna ubhe rahanyacha abhav aahe aanee akaravya durustidware tyancha khatala pratibandhit aahe.
20 julai 2006 roji nyayadhish terrens see. keeran yanni firyadi rajya ghatanatmak durustila vividh aavhane deu shakatat asey mutt vyakt karat tyanna aanshik vijay deela; tathapi, tyanni kahee kayadeshir siddhant vicharatoon kadhoon takoon prakaranachi vyapti qamee kelee. smelt vhee." chaa ullekh karat. aurange county, california prakaran, tyane assa nikal deela qee domala aavhan denyasathi jodpyanmadhye ubhe rahanyacha abhav aahe kaaran doghannihi americet kayadeshir vivah keela navhata. kernne nirnay deela qee bishop aanee baldwin yanchyat samalingi vivahala federal sarkarne manyata naan dilyane, kaaran teey vivahit navhate, asha domachya bhagala aavhan denyasathi ubhe rahanyacha abhav aahe. tathapi, tyanni assa nirnay deela qee barton phillipschi sthitee kayam aahe, kaaran yaa jodpyane canadamadhye lagn kele hote aanee vermontmadhye nagri sanghat pravesh keela hota aanee tyamule tyanni tharavale qee tyanche dave fetalane akali tharel. kernla aadhalale qee donhi jodapi samalingi vivahavar bandee bandee rajya durustila aavhan denyasathi ubhe hote, kaaran doghannahi oklahomamadhye kayadeshiraritya lagn karnyat rus hota. rajyachya aadivasi dahavya circuit nyayalayat apeal kele. dahavya circuitne 5 juuna 2009 roji eka aprakashit nirnay jaaree keela, oklahoma oklahoma dave fetalanyat jilha nyayalayache apayash ulatale aanee vishay-kshetradhikar naslyamule firyadiche dave fetalale. urvarit prativadi, smith aanee americene 13 aktoobar 2009 roji fetalanyacha prastav dakhal keela.
25 februwari 2011 roji, nyayalayane fetalanyachya prastavanvar nirnay jaaree karnyapurvi, americene nyayalayala soochit kele qee teey domachya kalam 3 chya ghatanatmakateche samarthan karane bund kartil. amerikechya pratinidhi sabhagruhachya dvidaleey kayadeshir sallagar gatane domachya bachavasathi hastakshep karnyacha prayatna keela. 26 juuna 2013 roji, yuu.ess. sarvoch nyayalayane 'united states wii. doma' chya kalam 3 neey pachvya durustichya yogya prakriya khandache ullanghan kele. tyach divashi, nyayalayane 'hollingsworth wii.' madhyehi nikal deela. peree, "californiamadhye samalingi vivah punha suru karanyachi parvanagi.
jilha nyayalayacha nirnay.
14 janewari 2014 roji nyayadhish kern yanni firyadila saransh nikal deela aanee yaa prakaranat nikal deela, aata bishop wii. united states, "oklahomachi samalingi vivahavaril bandee chaudavya durustichya samaan sanrakshn kalmantargat asanvaidhanik hotee. tyanni rajyachya samalingi vivah bandichi kayamswarupi amalbajavani karnyacha aadesh jaaree keela, parantu yuu. yuu. chaa hawala dett apeal hoiparyant tyanchya nirnayachi amalbajavani thambavali.ess. sarvoch nyayalayane utahmadhil jawaljawal samaan prakaranat sthagiti jaaree kelee, "kitchen wii. herbert. kernne lihile qee yuu.ess. sarvoch nyayalayane ashach prakarcha khatala fetalala, "bekar wii. nelson, "1972 madhye bandhankarta purvavarti navhata kaaran" 1972 pasoon sarvoch nyayalayachya nyayshastrat lakshaniy saiddhantik vikas jhaala aahe jeey soochit karate qee heey mudde aata eka mahattvapoorn prashna upasthit kartil ". tyala aadhalale qee barton aanee phillips yaa done firyadi, domachya kalam 2 laa aavhan denyasathi ubhe rahile naheet kaaran tyanni prativadi mhanoon naav dilelya federal federal tyachya amalbajavanisathi konatihi jababdari navhati aanee oklahomache adhikari itar adhikarkshetranmadhye barton aanee phillipschya vivahala manyata denyat ayashasvi tharale hote heey nond darshavat nahee. tyanni namood kele qee yaa jodpyane "haah [dii] neey ekoon kayadeshir prakriyet mahattvachi bhoomika bajavali jyamule domache kalam 3 avaidh jhaale" aanee tyanchi aanee tyanchya vakilanchi "tyanchya doordrashti, dhairya aanee chikatisathi" prashansa kelee. samalingi vivahavar bandee bandee oklahoma ghatanatmak durustine samaan sanrakshn kalamache ullanghan kele aahe, heey kern yanni bishop aanee baldwin yanchyashi manya kele. tyanni tarkshuddha aadharavar punaravalokan kele aanee jababdar prajananas protsahan dene, balsangopan aanee vivah sansthevar honara parinam yasah rajyache samarthan "apurate" asalyache aadhalale. kernne nikal deela qee ghatanatmak durusti hii "sarkari labhatoon oklahomachya nagarikanchya keval eka vargacha manmani, atarkik bahishkar" hotee. laingik abhimukhata aanee samaan sanrakshanachya aadhare bhedbhav karnyachya muddyavar sarvoch nyayalayachya nyayshastrachya nirnayat mhatale aahe keeh "samalingi vivahavar bandee ghalanare rajya kayade yu. ess. chey ullanghan karatat qee nahee yaa muddyavar sarvoch nyayalay spashtapane pohochale nahee.ess. sanvidhan. tathapi, sarvoch nyayalayacha kayada aata rajyanna samalingi lokanviruddha shatrutvatun nirman jhalele kayade parit karnyas pratibandhit karato, samalingi lokanchya naitik aanee laingik nivadis ghatanatmak sanrakshn deto aanee federal sarkarla viruddha-ling vivah aanee samalingi vivahanna vegalya paddhatine vagnyas pratibandhit karato. sarvoch nyayalayachya nyayshastrat 1996 madhye 'romer' pasoon suru houn 2013 madhye 'windser' madhye kaay ghadale aahe, yasathi konatehi achook kayadeshir label nahee, parantu jevha teey eka pahate tevha yaa nyayalayala alankarik badal mahit asato."
governor merrie faulin yanni yaa nirnayala pratisad dett mhatale, "mea oklahomachya matdaranchya yaa aanee itar dhoranatmak babinvar swatahvar rajya karnyachya adhikarache samarthan karato. nyayadhishanchya nirnayamule mea nirash aahe aanee lokanchya ichchekade punha ekada kendra sarkarne durlaksh kele aahe yabaddal mea aswasth aahe."mahadhivakta scott pruit yanni haah nirnay" "trasdayak" "asalyache mhatale aanee sangitale qee sarvoch nyayalayala samalingi vivahavaril rajya bandichi ghatanatmakata tharvavi lagel".
dahavya circuit court auph appealsmadhye apeal qaraa.
smithne 16 janewari roji dahavya circuit nyayalayat apeal karanyachi notice dakhal kelee aanee nyayalayala apeal prakriya vegwan karnyas aanee 'kitchen wii.' saha prakaranachi sunavani karnyas sangitale. herbert. 10 april roji 'kitchen' madhye maukhik yuktivad yuktivad dahavya circuitchya tyach 3-nyayadhishanchya panelane 'bishop wii. smithne 17 april roji 18 julai roji, oklahomachya samalingi vivah bandine yuu. ess. chey ullanghan kele assa nishkarsh kadhat, nyayalayane jilha nyayalayacha 2-1 assa nirnay kayam thewala.ess. sanvidhanane, jaree yu. ess. dware "pramanpatra" sathichya yachikecha nikal hoiparyant aaplya nirnayala twarit sthagiti dilee.ess. sarvoch nyayalay. jeffrey ell. stanford vidyapithatil kayadyache pradhyapak aanee sarvoch nyayalayache anubhavi firyadi asalele fisher, augustmadhye oklahomachya samalingi jodpyanna lagnache adhikar nakarnyala aavhan aavhan pramukh vakeel mhanoon sameel jhaale. sarvoch nyayalayane 6 aktoobar 2014 roji oklahomache apeal fetalale aanee tyanantar dahavya circuitcha nirnay lagoo jhaala, asha prakare oklahomamadhye samalingi vivahala kayadeshir manyata midali.
governor faulin yanni sarvoch nyayalayachya krutivar tivra teeka kelee, parantu rajya heey manya karel aanee samalingi vivahanna parwana dene aanee manyata dene suru karel asey jaheer kele. dahashatvadapeksha samalaingikta haah rashtriy surakshesathi motha dhoka asalyache yapurvi namood kelelya pratinidhi sally kern yanni nyayalayachya nirnayacha nishedh keela, "oklahoma kinwa tyaa prakaranasathi konatyahi rajyat, kayade kaay asateel heey tharvanyasathi lokanna jababdar nasalele anirnit nyayadhish nasavet."sthanik ell. jee. bii. tii. samoohache karyakari sanchalak scott hamilton mhanale," aamhala itar konatyahi jodpyapramanech vagavale jaeel. aanee, jevha aaplyapaiki ekjan paas hoto tevha majhyakade asaleli kinwa tyachyakade [hamiltonchya jodidarakade] asaleli malmatta hii varshapramanech kathor prakriya nasel. haah motha dilasa aahe asey mhanane kamipanache tharel ". oklahoma county courtache karakoon, team roads yanni 6 octoberchya pahate sangitale qee tyanche karyalay "halchalinni gajbajalele hote". merrie bishop aanee sharon baldwin hii oklahomamadhye lagnacha parwana midavanari pahili samalingi jodapi hotee, jyanni somwari, 6 aktoobar roji dupari 1:20 vajata tulsa county nyayalayat asey kele.emm.. 6 aktoobar roji cleveland countymadhye parwana midavanare christon aanee heather dicky heey pahile jodape hote.
mool american rashtre.
sheyen aanee arapaho jamati, cheroki rashtra, chikasau rashtra, chokta rashtra aanee osage rashtra yanchya aarakshanavar samalingi vivah kayadeshir aahe. sheyen aanee arapaho jamati hii samalingi vivahala kayadeshir manyata denari oklahomamadhil pahili mool american jamaat hotee. aktoobar 2013 madhye, jasson pickle aanee darren black aswal yanna koncho yetheel aadivasi nyayalayat lagnacha parwana denyat aala. aarakshanachya aadhare kelele heey pahile sarvajanik samalingi vivah hote, tarr aadivasi aadivasi pushti kelee qee itar done samalingi jodpyanni yapurvi lagn kele hote. aadivasi kayadyanusar, jyanna lagn karayache aahe tyanni sarvbhoum jaminivar lagn karane aavashyak aahe aanee eka paksh jamaticha sadasya asane aavashyak aahe, parantu aadivasi sanhitet jodpyache ling nirdisht kelele nahee. nagrik potavatomi rashtra, maskogi (khadee) rashtra aanee seminol rashtrat samalingi vivahavar spashtapane bandee aahe.
cheroki rashtrane 9 december 2016 roji samalingi vivahala kayadeshir manyata dilee. meey 2004 madhye, ovaso yetheel eka lesbian jodape, donn mackinley aanee cathy reynolds yanna aadivasi nyayalayachya up lipikane vivah parwana jaaree keela. jamatine twarit atirikt samalingi vivahanvar sthagiti dilee. 14 juuna roji aadivasi parishadene samalingi vivahavar bandee ghalanara kayada manjur keela aanee aadivasi parishadeche vakeel, lahan mull hembry yanni 16 juuna roji nyayalayat mackinley aanee reynolds yanna dilela vivah parwana radd karnyasathi yachika dakhal kelee. 3 august 2005 roji tehleka yetheel nyayik apeal nyayadhikaranane nikal deela qee hembriever khatala dakhal karnyasathi samarthata nahee aanee lagnachya kayadeshir manyatemule tyala konatihi haanee jhaali aahe heey dakhavu shakat nahee. december 2005 madhye nyayadhikaranane lagnachya vaidhatela aavhan denara dusra khatala fetalala. janewari 2006 madhye, vivah parvanyanchi nond karnyasathi jababdar asalelya cheroki nyayalay prashasak, lisa fields yanni lagnachya vaidhatela aavhan denara tisra khatala dakhal keela. yachika anuttarit rahili. 9 december 2016 roji, cheroki rashtratil mahadhivakta, lahan hembry, jyanni 2004 madhye mackinley aanee reynoldschya vivahala moolatah aavhan dile hote, tyanni asey mutt vyakt kele qee cheroki rashtra sanvidhananusar samalingi vivah bandee asanvaidhanik aahe, jyamule jamatitil samalingi vivahala kayadeshir manyata midali. 2004 madhye cherokiche pramukh pramukh mhanoon kaam kelelya chadd smithne hembrichya matache swagat kele aanee mhatale, "heey mageel cheroki kayadyache palan karnare aahe. parantu aaplya rajyaghatanet americi rajyaghatanechya tartudincha samavesh aahe aanee sarvoch nyayalayane (united statesche) tevhapasoon aapala nirnay deela aahe.", yuu chaa sandarbh dett aahe.ess. obergefel wii. madheel sarvoch nyayalayacha nirnay. hodges, "jyane sanyukt rajyanmadhye deshbharat samalingi vivahala kayadeshir manyata dilee. parinami, mackinley aanee reynolds heey cheroki deshatil pahile vivahit samalingi jodape hote. aadivasi bhoomivar samalingi vivahala kayadeshir manyata dyavi qee nahee yavar 20 march 2017 roji osage rashtrane sarvmat ghetale aanee haah upay 52 takke bahumatane manjur jhaala.
konatyahi done vyaktinmadhil vivahas parvanagi denyasathi aanee samaan ling asalelya vyaktinmadhil vivahanna manyata denyas manai karnari bhasha radd karnyasathi 18 april 2022 roji chikasau sanhitet sudharana karnyat aalee. aata vivahachi vyakhya ashee aaheh 'vivah' mhanje done vyaktinmadhil diwani kararatoon udbhavnare vaiyaktik sambandh, jyasathi karar karnyas aanee tyat pravesh karnyas kayadeshirdrushtya saksham asalelya pakshanchi sammati aavashyak aahe aanee vivah sambandh kayadyane pradan kelyapramane nondavale jaatil, rakhale jaatil kinwa radd kele jaatil."23 meey 2023 roji, chokta rashtrachya ghatanatmak nyayalayane nirnay deela qee samalingi jodpyanna lagn karnyacha ghatanatmak adhikar aahe aanee kenedi aanee chelsey barker yaa jodpyala tyanchya 10 varshanchya muleela dattak ghenyachi parvanagi dilee. mukhya garry batton yanni yaa nirnayache swagat kele aanee sangitale, "yaa nirnayachya aadhare, kaay badal karane aavashyak aahe heey pahanyasathi aamhi aamchya sanhitancha aadhava gheu. yaa prakaranat sahbhagi asalelya kutumbala aamhi aamche prem aanee pathimba deto."
yavyatirikt, bharatiy vyavhar vibhag sampoorn yuu. ess. madhye sthapan keleli nyayalaye chalavato.ess. federal regulations code (see. eff. aar.) antargat aanee "joparyant ekhadi vishisht bharatiy jamaat swatache aadivasi nyayalay sthapan karat nahee toparyant bharatiy gunhe nyayalay jamatichi nyayik pranali mhanoon kaam karel". asha prakare samalingi vivah yaa federal see. eff. aar. nyayalayanmadhye oklahomachya apache jamati, oklahomache cado rashtra, komanche rashtra, delaware rashtra, phorta siil apache jamati, oklahomachi kiova bharatiy jamaat, bharatiyanchi oto-misoriya jamaat, vichita aanee sanlagn jamati, oklahomachi purv shonny jamaat, modok rashtra, oklahomachi ottawa jamaat, oklahomachya bharatiyanchi pioriya jamaat aanee seneka-kayuga rashtra yaa sadasyansathi kele jaau shakatat.
done aatmyanche vivah.
anek mool american jamatinmadhye done-aatmik vyaktinchi parampara aahe, jeey janmane purush hote, parantu mahilanche kapade paridhan karayache aanee dainandin gharguti kaame aanee kalatmak hastakala sadar karayache, jee stree kshetrashi sambandhit manali jaat hotee. yaa dvi-aatmyachya darjamule yapaiki kahee jamatinmadhye done jaivik purush kinwa done jaivik mahilanmadhil vivah karanyachi parvanagi midali. sheyen sanskratit, dwaitik lokanna () mhanoon olakhale jaate aanee tyanni sheyen samajat truteey ling mhanoon mahattvachi bhoomika bajavali aahe. tyanna yoddhe mhanoon aadar deela jaat asey, paramparik talhu nrutya nirdeshit kele jaat asey, teey koyotsashi bolu shakat hote asey manale jaat hote aanee visheshtah tarun, avivahit purushansathi, jeey tarun striyanna prabhavit karoo ichchit hote, teey matchmakingmadhil tyanchya kaushalyansathi olakhale jaat hote. heey' emene 'heey bahudha vivahit purushachya bahupatneetva asalelya gharat dusari patni mhanoon kaam karayache. arapaho sanskratine paramparikpane asha dwaitivadi lokanna manyata dilee aahe, jeey mahilanche kapade paridhan karatat aanee jyanna 'vishesh aadhyatmik shaktinsah pratishthit vyakti' manale jaat asey. tyanna arapaho bhashet (, bahuvachanah) mhanoon olakhale jaate. bahupatnitvachya sanketavina anek vivahit sisgender purush. oklahomachya bharatiyanchya ponka jamatitil ponka lock dvidal lokanna () mhanoon sambodhatat. tyanna 'chandrane soochana dilee' asey manale jaat asey aanee teey kadhikadhi purushanna bhagidar mhanoon ghet asat. osejmadhye, () mhanoon olakhalya olakhalya, 'striyanpramane 'striyanpramane done-aatmyanchya vyaktinni mahilanche kapade ghatale, parantu anivaryapane purushatvachi bhoomika purn karane suru thewale aanee tyanni mahilanshi vivah keela. tyanna kwapau bhashet (), cons bhashet () aanee chiware bhashet () mhanoon olakhale jaate. "mihaksoj" laa dharmik netyancha eka vishesh varg mhanoon aadarpurvak vagavale jaat asey. divangat buxose, jivere-natchi jyeshthanmadhye, 'mihaksoj' yanna tyanchya aadhyatmik sambandhasathi aanee pavitra aajobanchya aatmyanshi susanvad sadhun pavitra bhoomikesathi ajunahi vismayane manale jaat hote."yaa serve siuan bhashik lokanmadhye, dvidal lokanmadhye" "stree devatanche kinwa chandranche darshan hote jeey tyanchya olakhila samarthan detat".
() mhanoon olakhalya olakhalya saak dvi-aatma vyaktinni tyanchya ling bhoomiketil badalache varnan "eka durdaivi niyati jeey teey talhu shakat naheet, chandravar rajyat stree aatmyachya drushtikonatun yaa margakade prerit kele jaane apekshit aahe" asey kele."teey pavitra hote aanee darvarshi eka nrutyane sanmanit kele jaat asat jyamadhye keval jyaa purushanni" "ayakwa" "shhee laingik sambandh thewale hote tyannach sahbhagi honyachi parvanagi hotee". potavatomi (bahuvachanah 'mnedokwek') lahanpanapasunach 'stree sangaticha shodh ghet hote', tyanchyakade donhi linganchi 'kamachi kaushalye' hotee, 'mahilansarkhi bolali jaat hotee' aanee tyanna 'vishesh aadhyatmik shaktinsah pratishthit vyakti' manale jaat asey. 1860 chya dashakat sadhyachya cado countymadhye visthapit jhalelya lennep, dvi-aatma asalelya vyaktinna () mhanoon sambodhatat. miyami lokanmadhye, aaj oklahomachya miyami jamatichya aarakshanavar rajyat, dwaitik lokanna () mhanoon sambodhale jaate aanee ponn lock tyanna () mhanatat. aadhunik yuddhanantar aadhunik kalatil ottawa prantat nirvasit kelele aadhunik lock, dvi-aatmik vyaktinna () mhanatat. tavinik' heey mahilanche kapade ghalayache aanee 'mahilanpramane vagayache. tyanni sisgender purushanshi lagn kele aanee sahasa shamanchi bhoomika sakarli aanee tyanna mahan aatmik shaktiche shrey dile gele. seneka lock done-aatmyanchya vyaktinna () mhanoon sambodhatat aanee kayuga lock tyanna () mhanoon sambodhatat. mescalero-chirikahua bhashet, dvi-aatma lokanna () aanee maidani bhagat apache bhashet () mhanoon olakhale jaate.
cheroki, chikasau aanee chokta yaa done aatmyanchya vyaktimbaddalache sahitya adhik maryadit aahe. yaa samajanna dvi-aatma asey padd asanyachi shakyata aahe, parantu ashrunchya oghadarmyan aanee khristi dharmacha sweekar kartana barech paramparik dnyan haravale. cherokimadhye, ('aasegi udando';) mhanje jeey ektar purush aanee mahilanchya bhoomikanchya baher padatat kinwa jeey purush aanee mahila yaa donhi bhoomikanvar kabja karatat. jaree hii sandnya tulanene aadhunik asali taree, chokta bhashet, dvi-aatma lokanna () mhanoon olakhale jaate. choktochya lekhika leaney howay yanni 2022 chya pustakat mhatale aahe qee, "anekada teey keval itar purushanshich sanlagn navhate tarr tyanche anek staranche sambandh hote. teey aamchya samudayasobat atishay vishesh prakare sahbhagi jhaale hote. teey upchar karnare asoo shakatat. teey asey lock aahet jyanni aaplya mulanche sanrakshn kele kaaran tyanni ekapeksha jaast goshtinche moort swaroop dharan kele aahe. aanee chauktavan saundaryacha eka bhag mhanje aapan asamanya goshtincha aadar karato. vegale. jevha tumhi ["ohyo holbamadhye"] jodalelya aatmyakade pahata aanee jevha teey junya kalat too poshakh ghalatat, tevha teey 'anekanche moort swaroop' mhanat asatat."kahee stree-shareer done-aatma asalelya vyakti () hii sandnya vapartat. chikasau bhashet, hii sandnya () aahe. alabama bhashet tyanna () aanee maskogimadhye () mhanoon olakhale jaate. yaa aadhunik sandnyancha arth sahasa samalingi, lesbian kinwa trutiyapanthi vyakti assa hoto, jaree kahee dwaitik lock yaa sandnyanshi olakh karoon ghetat. yuchi bhashet, dvi-aatmyache bhashantar () asey kele jaate aanee nachezmadhye () asey kele jaate, jyacha arth "mahilancha pramukh" assa hoto.
loksankhyashastra aanee vivah aakadevari.
2000 yuu madheel deta.ess. jangananenusar 5,763 samalingi jodapi oklahomamadhye rahat hotee. 2005 paryant, heey praman 8,159 jodpyanparyant vadhale hote, bahudha samalingi jodpyanchya sarkari sarvekshananvar tyanchi bhagidari ughad karnyachya vadhatya ichchemule. simaran vagalata rajyatil serve parganyanmadhye samalingi jodapi rahat hotee aanee jodali geleli 0.7 takke ghare aanee rajyatil serve gharanmadhye 0.40 takke hotee. bahutek jodapi oklahoma, tulsa aanee cleveland prantanmadhye rahat asat, parantu samalingi jodpyanchi sarvadhik takkewari asalelya prantanmadhye roser mill (serve county gharanmadhye 0.70%) aanee pushmataha (0.65%) hote. oklahomamadhil samalingi bhagidar heey viruddhalingi bhagidaranpeksha sarasari lahan hote aanee tyanna nokri milanyachi shakyata jaast hotee. tathapi, samalingi jodpyanche sarasari aanee madhyam gharguti utpann bhinn-ling jodpyanpeksha qamee hote aanee samalingi jodpyanna dekhil viruddha-ling jodidaranpeksha swatache ghar asanyachi shakyata khoopach qamee hotee. oklahomamadhil 26 takke samalingi jodapi 18 varshankhalil mulanche sangopan karat hotee, 2005 madhye samalingi jodpyanchya netrutvakhalil gharanmadhye andaje 4,075 mule rahat hotee.
amerikechya janganana vibhagachya aakadevarivarun asey disun aale aahe qee 2020 madhye oklahomamadhye 5,006 vivahit samalingi jodapi hotya, jyat 3,149 mahila jodapi aanee 1,857 purush jodapi hotya. rajyat rajyat serve samalingi jodpyanpaiki vivahit jodpyancha kramank 56.3% aahe. vivahit samalingi jodidar heey vegvegalya linganchya jodidaranpeksha sarasari lahan hote aanee tyanche utpann samanyatah jaast hote.
| oklahomama samalingi vivaha
samalingi vivahama rajyako pratibandhalai chunauti dine muddako samadhanpachhi october 6,2014 dekhi oklahomama samalingi vivaha kanuni bhaeko chha. tyas dina, yu pachhyaundai.ess. sarvochcha adalatko samiksha garna aswikar "bishop banam. smith, "pratibandhalai asanwaidhanik fela pareko euta mudda, apilko dashaun circuit adalatle oklahomalai samalingi vivahalai manyata dina adesh diyo. janawari 14,2014 maa, nyayadhish terrence see. yu ko curn.ess. oklahomako uttari jillaka lagi zilla adalatle rajyako vaidhanik rar sanwaidhanik samalingi vivaha pratibandhalai asanwaidhanik ghoshana garyo. mudda, "bishop v. smith "(pahile" bishop v. oklahoma "rar" bishop v. sanyukta rajya america), appeal parkhaima rakhieko thiyo. july 18,2014 maa, dashaun circuitko panelle oklahoma samalingi vivaha pratibandhalai ultaune kernako faisalalai samarthan sewa. yadyapi, panelle afno nirnayalai yu dwara "pramanpatra" kaa lagi yachikako niptan baanki rahekoma roke lagaeko chha.ess. sarvochcha adalat. october 6,2014 maa, yu.ess. sarvochcha adalatle dashaun circuit adalatko nirnayalai sthanma chhodera samikshako anurodh aswikar sewa. rajyaka adhikariharule rajyama samalingi vivahalai manyata dindai dashaun circuitko nirnaya lagu garera pratikriya die.
kanuni itihas.
pratibandhaharu.
sann 1975 maa, oklahoma widhanmandalle afno pahilo kanuna parit garyo jasma vivahalai "ek purush rar ek mahila" ko rupma paribhashit garieko thiyo. sann 1996 maa, oklahoma vidhayikale arko kanuna parit garyo, vivahalai "ek purush rar ek mahila" ko rupma paribhashit gardai rar oklahomama rajya bahira garieko samalingi vivahalai manyata dinbata nishedh garyo.
april 2004 maa, oklahoma sinetle 38 dekhi 7 ko matle, rar oklahoma house aff representativesle 92 dekhi 4 ko matle samalingi vivahama pratibandha lagaune sanwaidhanik sanshodhanlai anumodan sewa. november 2,2004 maa, oklahoma matadataharule prashna 711 ko rupma pratibandhalai anumodan gare. sanshodhanle samalingi vivahama pratibandha thapyo rar kunai pani "kanuni ghatanaharu awiwahit dampati wa samuhaharulai pradan gariyo", jastai nagarik sangha wa gharelu sajhedari, oklahomako sanvidhan.
gaira-badhyakari samadhan.
april 2013 maa, oklahoma house aff representativesle "hcr 1009" parit garyo, ek gaira-badhyakari prastawale vivahalai "ek purush rar ek mahila bitch" ko rupma pushti garyo, rar yu lai agraha garyo.ess. sarvochcha adalatle "vivaha sanrakshan aina" (doma) ko dhara 3 rar vivahalai winiyamit garne rajyaharuko adhikarlai samarthan garne chha. yasale 84-0 parit garyo, jasma 71 zana republican rar 13 zana democratsle pakshama matadan gare. 16 zana democratharu virodhma matadan garnuko satta kakshbata bahira niskie. oklahoma sinetle tyahi mahinako antyama prastawalai anumodan sewa. yu.ess. sarvochcha adalatle "sanyukta rajya america banam" maa domako dhara 3 lai kharez garyo. windser "june 26,2013 maa.
"bishop wee. smith ".
prishthabhumi.
november 3,2004 maa, oklahoma matadataharule samalingi vivahama pratibandha lagaune sanwaidhanik sanshodhanlai bhari anumodan gareko bholipalta, dui lesbian dampati, merry bishop rar sharon baldwyn, rar sujan barton rar ge philipsle tulsako sanghiya zilla adalatma chunauti dayar gare. pahilo jodilai tulsa county clerk, selly howe smithle vivaha ijajatpatra aswikar gareka thie, jabki pachhillo dampatile 2001 maa wormont sibhil union gathan gareka thie rar 2005 maa britis columbiama vivaha gareka thie jab chhalfalharu parkhaima thie. tiniharu oklahoma saharko kanuna ferm holade rar chiltendwara pratinidhitwa garieko thiyo. smithlai tulsa countyko zilla wakil rar swatantratako raksha garne gathabandhan, ek gaira-nafamulak isai wakalat sangathanle pratinidhitwa gareko thiyo. mudda "bishop v. oklahoma. pratiwadiharu oklahoma kaa mahanyayadhiwakta thie, admondson, governer brad heinry, yu.ess. mahanyayadhiwakta john ascroft rar rashtrapati george w. jhadi. dampatiharule "anya kuraharuka sath", oklahoma sanshodhan uchit prakriya, saman suraksha, purna vishwas rar shreya rar visheshadhikar rar americi rajyako pratiraksha khandaharu antargat asanwaidhanik thiyo bhanne ghoshana garna khoje.ess. sanvidhan. uniharule sann 1996 maa parit sanghiya "vivaha sanrakshan aina" (doma) lai pani chunauti die. rajyale dampatiharuko khada huna nasakne rar egharaun sanshodhandwara uniharuko mudda pratibandhit bhaeko tarka gardai kharez garna khojyo.
july 20,2006 maa, nyayadhish terrence see. keranle wadiharulai anshik vijaya jaari gare, uniharule rajya sanwaidhanik sanshodhanka lagi vibhinna chunautiharu mudda chalauna sakchhan bhanne dharana rakhdai; tathapi, unle kehi kanuni siddhantaharulai vicharbata hataera muddako dayara cum gare. smelt wee" uddhrit gardai. orenz county, "californiako euta mudda, unle faisala gare kii dampatiharule domalai chunauti dina khada huna sakenan kinbhane duwaile sanyukta rajyama kanuni vivahama prawesh gareka thienan. kernle faisala gare kii bishop rar baldwinle samalingi vivahalai sanghiya sarkardwara manyata dinbata bahishkar garne domako bhaglai chunauti dina khada huna sakenan kinbhane uniharu vivahit thienan. yadyapi, unle barton philipsko sthiti raheko faisala gare, kinki dampatile canadama vivaha gareka thie rar vermontma nagarik sanghama prawesh gareka thie, rar yati dridhatapurwak kii uniharuko dawilai kharez garna samayapurva hunechha. kernle patta lagae kii duwai dampatile samalingi vivahalai nishedh garne rajya sanshodhanlai chunauti dina ubhieka thie, kinki duwai oklahomama kanuni rupma vivaha garna icchuk thie. rajyaka adhikariharule dashaun circuit adalatma apil gare. dashaun circuitle june 5,2009 maa ek aprakashit nirnaya jaari garyo, oklahoma adhikariharu wiruddhako dawiharu kharez garna zilla adalatko asafaltalai ultaundai, rar vishaya-vishaya kshetradhikarko abhawaka lagi wadiharuko dawiharu kharez garyo. baanki pratiwadiharu, smith rar sanyukta rajya americale october 13,2009 maa kharez garna prastawa dayar gare.
february 25,2011 maa, adalatle kharez garne prastawharuma nirnaya jaari garnu aghi, sanyukta rajya americale adalatlai suchit garyo kii yasale domako dhara 3 ko sanwaidhaniktako raksha garna banda garnechha. sanyukta rajya americako pratinidhi sabhako dwidliya kanuni sallahakar samuhale domako raksha garna hastakshep garna khojyo. june 26,2013 maa, yu.ess. sarvochcha adalatle "sanyukta rajya america banam. windser "domako tyo dhara 3 ley panchaun sanshodhanko uchit prakriya khanda ullanghan gareko chha. sohi dina, adalatle "hollingsworth banam" maa pani faisala sunaeko thiyo. peri, "californiama samalingi vivahaharu punah suru garna anumati dindai.
zilla adalatko nirnaya.
janawari 14,2014 maa, nyayadhish kernle wadiharulai sankshipta nirnaya die rar muddama faisala die, "ab bishop banam. sanyukta rajya america, "oklahomako samalingi vivahama pratibandha chaudhaun sanshodhanko saman sanrakshan khanda antargat asanwaidhanik thiyo. unle rajyako samalingi vivaha pratibandhalai sthayi rupma lagu garna adesh jaari gare, tara yu-lai uddhrit gardai appeal nabhaesamma afno faisalako prawartanma roke lagae.ess. sarvochcha adalatle yutahama lagbhag saman muddama roke jaari gareko chha, "bhansakoth v. herbert ". kernle lekheka chhan kii yu.ess. sarvochcha adalatle yastai muddalai kharez gareko chha, "becker banam. nelsonle bhane, "sann 1972 maa badhyakari purwawarti thiena kinbhane" sann 1972 dekhi sarvochcha adalatko nyayashastrama mahatwapurna saidhantik wikasharu bhaeka chhan jasle yee muddaharule ab paryapta prashna prastut garne sanket gardacha. unle patta lagae kii dui wadi, barton rar phillips, domako dhara 2 lai chunauti dina khada huna sakenan kinbhane uniharule pratiwadiko rupma naam dieka sanghiya adhikariharuko yasako prawartanko lagi kunai jimmewari thiena rar recordle oklahoma adhikariharule anya kshetradhikarharuma barton rar philipsko vivahalai manyata dina asafal bhaeko dekhaundaina. unle dampatile "hah [dee] ley samagra kanuni prakriyama mahatwapurna bhumika kheleko ullekha gare jasle domako dhara 3 lai amanya banayo" rar uniharulai rar uniharuka wakilharulai "uniharuko duradarshita, sahas rar laganshiltaka lagi" prashansa gare. samalingi vivahama pratibandha lagaune oklahoma sanwaidhanik sanshodhanle saman sanrakshan khandako ullanghan gareko kurama kern bishop rar baldwinsanga sahamat bhae. unle tarkasangat adharma samiksha lagu gare rar jimmewar prajananlai protsahit garne, istatam ball palan rar wiwahako sansthama parne prabhawasahit rajyako auchitya "aparyapta" bhaeko pae. kernle sanwaidhanik sanshodhan "sarkari labhabata oklahoma nagarikharuko kewal ek wargako manmani, tarkahin bahishkar" bhaeko faisala gare. yauna abhimukhikaran rar saman sanrakshanma adharit bhedbhawko muddama sarvochcha adalatko nyayashastrako nirnayma bhanieko chhah "samalingi vivahalai nishedh garne rajyako kanunle yu ullanghan gardacha kii gardaina bhanne muddama sarvochcha adalat spashta rupma pugeko chhaina.ess. sanvidhan. yadyapi, sarvochcha adalatko kanunle ab rajyaharulai samalingiharu viruddha shatrutabata utpanna hune kanunharu parit garna nishedh gardacha, samalingiharuko naitik rar yauna chhanautharulai sanwaidhanik suraksha wistar gardacha, rar sanghiya sarkarlai viparit-ling vivaha rar samalingi vivahalai farak tarikale wyawahar garna nishedh gardacha. sarvochcha adalatko nyayashastrama sann 1996 maa "romer" batt suru bhaera sann 2013 maa "windser" maa parinat bhaeko kurako kunai satik kanuni lebel chhaina, tara yo adalatle eklai herda alankarik pariwartan thaha hunchha."
governer merry fallinle nirnayako jawaf dindai bhanin, "mahm oklahomaka matadataharuko yo rar anya nitigata mamilaharuma afulai shasson garne adhikarlai samarthan gardachhu. mahm nyayadhishko faisalama nirash chhu rar sanghiya sarkarle janatako icchalai feri ek patak bewasta garekoma chintit chhu."mahanyayadhiwakta scott pruitle yo nirnayalai 'chintajanak' bhandai sarvochcha adalatle samalingi vivahama rajya pratibandhako sanwaidhanikta nirnaya garnuparne batae.
dashaun circuit adalatma apil garnuhos.
smithle janawari 16 maa dashaun circuit adalatma apilko suchana dayar gare, rar adalatlai appeal prakriyalai chhito banauna rar "bhansakoth banam" sanga muddako sunuwaiko lagi agraha gare. herbert ". dashaun circuitko uhi 3-nyayadhish panel jasle april 10 maa "bhansama" maukhik tarkaharu sune "bishop banam. smithle april 17 maa, july 18 maa, adalatle oklahoma samalingi vivaha pratibandhale yu ullanghan gareko nishkarshma 2-1 ko nirnayma zilla adalatko faisalalai kayam rakhyo.ess. sanvidhan, yadyapi yasale tatkal afno nirnayalai rokyo june yu dwara "pramanpatra" ko lagi yachikako niptan baanki chha.ess. sarvochcha adalat. jeffrey ell. stanford vishwavidyalayaka kanunka pradhyapak rar sarvochcha adalatka anubhavi wadi fisher augustma oklahomale samalingi dampatiharulai wiwahako adhikar aswikar gareko chunauti dineharuka lagi pramukh sallahakarko rupma samel bhae. sarvochcha adalatle october 6,2014 maa oklahoma gareko apil aswikar sewa, rar dashaun circuitko faisala pachhi prabhawama ayo, yasari oklahomama samalingi vivahalai vaidhanik banayo.
governer falinle sarvochcha adalatko karyako kada alochana gare, tara rajyale saman-ling vivahalai ijajatpatra dina rar manyata dina suru garne ghoshana gare. vigatma atankawadbhanda samalaingikta rashtriya surakshaka lagi thulo khatara bhaeko bhandai adalatko nirnayalai aswikar gardai pratinidhi selly kernle bhane, "oklahoma, wa tyas mamilaka lagi kunai pani rajyama, nirvachit nyayadhishharu hunu hundainan jo kanuna key hunechha bhanne nirnaya garne janataprati jawafdehi hundainan."sthaniya elgibiti samuhaka karyakari nirdeshak scott hamiltonle bhane" "hamilai anya kunai pani dampati jastai wyawahar garinechha. rar, masanga bhaeko sampatti wa hammy madhye ek pass garda unisanga [hamiltonko pati/patni] chha tyo virasata huna sakne kathora prakriya hunechhaina. yo thulo rahat how bhanne kura alpokti hunechha. oklahoma county adalatka clerk, team roadsle october 6 ko diunso unko karyalaya "gatiwidhiharule bharieko" batae. merry bishop rar sharon baldwyn oklahomama vivaha ijajatpatra prapta garne pahilo samalingi dampati thie, sombar, october 6 maa diunso 1ah20 baje tulsa county courthousema tyaso gardai.emm.. christon rar heather dicky october 6 maa cleveland countyma ijajatpatra prapta garne pahilo jody thie.
muel americi rashtraharu.
samalingi vivaha sheyen rar arapaho janajati, cheroki rashtra, chikasa rashtra, choktawa rashtra rar oces rashtrako arakshanma kanuni chha. sheyen rar arapaho janajatiharu samalingi vivahalai vaidhanikta dine oklahoma pahilo muel americi janajati thie. october 2013 maa, jayson pickle rar darren callo bhalulai konchako adiwasi adalatma vivaha ijajatpatra jaari garieko thiyo. arakshanma garieko yo pahilo sarvajanik samalingi vivaha thiyo, adiwasi adhikariharule yass aghi dui anya samalingi dampatiharule vivaha gareko pushti gare. adiwasi kanunanusar vivaha garna chahane dalharule sarvabhauma bhumima tyaso garnuparchha rar euta paksha janajatiko sadasya hunuparchha, tara adiwasi sanhitale dampatiko ling nirdishta gardaina. nagarik potawatomi rashtra, maskogi (khadi) rashtra rar seminol rashtrama samalingi vivaha spashta rupma pratibandhit chha.
cheroki rashtrale december 9,2016 maa samalingi vivahalai vaidhanikta diyo. mey 2004 maa, owaso, dunn mckinly rar cathy reynoldska ek lesbian dampatilai adiwasi adalatko upa clerkdwara vivaha ijajatpatra jaari garieko thiyo. janajatile chaandai thap samalingi vivahaharuma roke lagayo. june 14 maa, adiwasi parishadle samalingi vivahama pratibandha lagaune kanuna parit garyo, rar adiwasi parishadka wakil, tud hembrile june 16 maa adalatma mckinley rar reynoldslai jaari garieko vivaha ijajatpatra radda garna yachika dayar gare. august 3,2005 maa, tahalekwahko nyayik appeal nyayadhikaranle hembrima mudda chalaunako lagi khada hunuko abhawa raheko rar wiwahako kanuni manyatabata usale kunai hani bhogeko dekhauna sakena bhani faisala garyo. december 2005 maa, nyayadhikaranle wiwahako manyatalai chunauti dine dosro mudda aswikar sewa. janawari 2006 maa, vivaha ijajatpatra record garnaka lagi jimmewar cheroki adalat prashasak, lisa fieldharule wiwahako manyatalai chunauti dindai tesro mudda dayar gare. nivedan anuttarit rahyo. december 9,2016 maa, cheroki rashtraka mahanyayadhiwakta, tode hembri, jasle muel rupma 2004 maa mckinly rar reynoldsko vivahalai chunauti dieka thie, unle cheroki rashtrako sanvidhan antargat samalingi vivaha pratibandha asanwaidhanik thiyo bhanne raaya jaari gare, janajatima samalingi vivahalai vaidhanik banayo. sann 2004 maa cherokiko pramukh pramukhko rupma sewa gareka chad smithle hembriko rayalai swagat gardai bhane, "yo wigatko cheroki kanunko palanako rupma how. tara hamro sanwidhanle americi sanwidhanko prawadhanharu samawesh gardacha, rar sarvochcha adalatle (sanyukta rajya americako) tyasapachhi afno nirnaya gareko chha.", yu lai sandarbha gardai.ess. obergefel banam" maa sarvochcha adalatko nirnaya. hazez, "jasle sanyukta rajya americama rashtrawyapi samalingi vivahalai vaidhanikta diyo. natijako rupma, mckinley rar reynolds cheroki rashtrama pahilo vivahit samalingi jody thie. oces rashtrale adiwasi bhumima samalingi vivahalai vaidhanikta dine kii nagarne bhanne vishayama march 20,2017 maa janamatsangraha gareko thiyo rar yo upaya 52 pratishat bahumatsanga parit bhaeko thiyo.
chikasa code april 18,2022 maa kunai pani dui wyaktiharu bitch wiwahako anumati dina rar saman lingiya wyaktiharu bitch wiwahako manyatalai pratibandhit garne bhasha kharez garna sanshodhan garieko thiyo. wiwahako paribhasama ahile lekhieko chhah 'vivaha' bhaneko dui wyaktiharu bichko nagarik samjhautabata utpanna hune wyaktigat sambandha how jasma samjhauta garna rar yasama prawesh garna kanuni rupma saksham pakshaharuko sahamati awashyak chha, rar vivaha sambandha kanundwara pradan garie anusar prawishta garinechha, kayam garinechha wa kharez garinechha."23 mey 2023 maa, choktawa rashtrako sanwaidhanik adalatle samalingi dampatiharulai vivaha garne sanwaidhanik adhikar raheko faisala garyo rar kanedi rar chelsey barker dampatilai uniharuko 10 warshiya ketilai god lyne anumati diyo. pramukh gyari battenle faisalako swagat gardai bhane, "yass nirnayako adharma, hammy key pariwartanharu garna awashyak chha bhanera hernka lagi hamro kodharuko samiksha garnechhaun. hammy yass mamilama sanlagna pariwarlai hamro prem rar samarthan pradan gardachaun."
thap rupma, bharatiya mamila byurole yu. ess. bhar sthapit adalatharu sanchalan gardacha.ess. sanghiya niyam sanhita (cfr) antargat, rar "jabasamma kunai vishesh bharatiya janajatile afnai adiwasi adalat sthapana gardaina, bharatiya aparadhko adalatle janajatiko nyayik pranaliko rupma kaam garnechha. yasari samalingi vivahaharu oklahoma apache janajati, oklahoma cado rashtra, komanche rashtra, delaware rashtra, fort sill apache janajati, oklahoma kiwa bharatiya janajati, bharatiyaharuko oto-misauria janajati, vichita rar sambadha janajatiharu, oklahoma purvi saoni janajati, modok rashtra, oklahoma otowa janajati, oklahoma bharatiyaharuko pioria janajati, rar seneka-kayuga rashtraka sadasyaharuka lagi yee sanghiya cfr adalatharuma garna sakinchha.
dui atmako vivaha.
dherai muel americi janajatiharuma dui-atma bhaeka wyaktiharuko parampara chha jo purush janmieka thie tara mahilako luga lagaaunthe rar dainik gharelu kaam rar kalatmak hastakla pradarshan garthe jaslai stri kshetrako rupma manincha. yo dui-atma sthitile yee janajatiharu madhye kehima dui jaivik purush wa dui jaivik mahilaharu bitch vivaha garna anumati diyo. sheyen sanskritima, dui-atma bhaeka manisharulai () bhanera chininchha, rar tesro lingerko rupma sheyen samajma mahatwapurna bhumika nibhaunchha. uniharulai yoddhaka rupma samman garieko thiyo, paramparagat taukoko nartanharu nirdeshit garieko thiyo, koyotharusanga kura garna saksham raheko vishwas garieko thiyo, rar matchmakingma uniharuko kaushalka lagi parichit thie, vishesh gari yuwa, awiwahit purushharuka lagi jasle yuwa mahilaharulai prabhawit garna khojthe. hey 'emene" ley prayaha vivahit purushko bahuwiwah pariwarma dosro patniko rupma sewa garthyo. arapaho sanskritile paramparagat rupma dui-atma manisharulai manyata dieko chha jasle mahilako luga lagaaunthe rar "vishesh adhyatmik shakti bhaeka sammanit wyaktiharu" kaa rupma maninthyo. tiniharulai arapaho bhashama (, bahuwachanah) bhaninchha. bahuwiwahako sanket bina dherai vivahit sisgender purushharu. oklahomaka bharatiyaharuko ponca janajatika ponca manisharule dui-atma manisharulai () bhanera sandarbha garchhan. uniharulai "chandramale nirdeshan dieko" vishwas garieko thiyo, rar kahilekaahin manisharulai sajhedarko rupma linthyo. osejharu madhye, dui-atma wyaktiharu, jaslai () bhanera chininchha, "mahilaharu jastai kura garthe", mahilaharuko luga lagaaunthe, tara aniwarya rupma purush lingi bhumika pura garna jaari rakhe, rar uniharule mahilaharusanga vivaha gare. tiniharulai kwapao bhashama (), cons bhashama () rar chibhere bhashama () bhaninchha. "mihaksoj" lai dharmik netaharuko vishesh wargako rupma sammanpurwak wyawahar garieko thiyo. swargiya baksojeharu, jiwere-natachi alderharu madhye, "mihaksoge" ajhai pani pawitra hajurbuwa atmaharusanga sadbhawama uniharuko adhyatmik sambandha rar pawitra bhumikaka lagi vismayaka sath maninthyo."yee sabai siuan bhashi manisharumadhe, dui-atma bhaeka manisharusanga" "mahila dewataharu wa chandramako darshan thiyo jasle uniharuko pahichanlai samarthan garna sewa sewa.
() bhanera chinine dui-atma bhaeka wyaktiharule pani afno laingik bhumika pariwartanlai "ek durbhagyapurna bhagya jaslai uniharule bewasta garna sakdainan, chandramama basne mahila atmako darshandwara yass margama prerit hunupardacha."tiniharu pawitra thie rar warshik rupma euta nrityadwara sammanit garinthyo jasma" "ayakwa" "sanga yauna sambandha rakhne purushharulai matra bhag lyne anumati diinthyo. potawatomi (, bahuwachanah "mnedokwek") ley cum umerdekhi nai "mahila company khojyo", duwai lingko "karya kaushal" thiyo, "mahilajastai bolthe", rar "vishesh adhyatmik shakti bhaeka sammanit wyaktiharu" kaa rupma maninthyo. sann 1860 ko dashakma wartaman cado countyma wisthapit bhaeka lenaple dui-atma bhaeka wyaktiharulai () bhanera sandarbha garchhan. miyami manisharu madhye, az oklahoma miyami janajatiko arakshanma basobas garne, dui-atma manisharulai () bhaninchha, rar panni manisharule tiniharulai () bhanchhan. modok manisharu, modok yuddha pachhi adhunik-dinko ottawa countyma nirwasit, dui-atma wyaktiharu () bhaninchha. twinick" ley mahilako luga lagaaunthe rar "mahilajastai wyawahar garthe. tiniharule sisgender purushharusanga vivaha gare, rar samanyataya shamanko bhumika linthe rar uniharulai mahan atmik shaktiko shreya diinthyo. seneka manisharule dui-atma bhaeka wyaktiharulai () bhanera sandarbha garchhan, rar kayuga manisharule tiniharulai () bhanera sandarbha garchhan. mescalero-chirikahuwa bhashama, dui-atma bhaeka manisharulai () rar samatal apache bhashama () bhaninchha.
cheroki, chikasa rar choktawa bitch dui-atma wyaktiharuko barema sahitya adhik simit chha. yo sambhawa chha kii yee samajharuma dui-atma jastai padanam thiyo, tara dherai paramparagat gyan aansuko trail rar isai dharma apanaune kramama haraeko thiyo. cherokiharu madhye, ("esegi udando";) purush rar mahilako bhumikabata bahira jaane wa purush rar mahila duwaiko bhumika ogatne manisharulai janaunchha. choktawa bhashama, dui-atma bhaeka manisharulai () bhaninchha, yadyapi yo shabda apekshakrit adhunik chha. choktawaka lekhak lyne howele sann 2022 ko pustakma bhanin, "prayaha tiniharu anya purushharusanga matra sanlagna thienan tara dherai starka sambandhaharu thie. tiniharu pani hamro samudayasanga dherai vishesh tarikama sanlagna thie. tiniharu upacharkartaharu huna sakchhan. tiniharu yasta wyaktiharu hun jasle hamra bachchaharulai jogaunchhan kinbhane uniharule ekbhanda badhi kuraharu murta roop dieka chhan. rar choktawan saundaryashastrako euta bhag key how bhane hammy asamanya kuraharuko samman gardachaun. farak. jab tapain ["ohayo holbama"] jodieko atmalai hernuhunchha, rar jab tiniharule purano samayama tyo pahiran lagaunchhan, tiniharule 'dheraiko awatar' bhandaichhan."kehi mahila-sharira dui-atma wyaktiharule () shabda prayog garchhan. chikasa bhashama, shabda () how. alabama bhashama, tiniharulai () rar maskogima () bhanera chininchha. yee adhunik shabdaharuko artha samanyataya samalingi, lesbian, wa transgender wyakti how, yadyapi kehi dui-atma bhaeka wyaktiharule yee shabdaharusanga pahichan garchhan. yuchi bhashama, dui-atmalai (), rar nachejma () ko rupma anuwad garieko chha, jasko artha "mahilaharuko pramukh" how.
janasankhyiki rar vivaha tathyanka.
2000 yu batt deta.ess. janagananale oklahomama 5,763 samalingi dampatiharu basobas gareko dekhaeko chha. sann 2005 sammama, yo badhera 8,159 dampatiharu bhaeko thiyo, sambhawatah samalingi dampatiharuko sarkari sarwekshanharuma afno sajhedari khulasa garne badhdo icchalai shreya diinchha. simeron bahek rajyaka sabai countiharuma samalingi dampatiharu basthe rar yo jody gharapariwarko 0.7 pratishat rar rajyaka sabai gharapariwarko 0.40 pratishat thiyo. dherai jaso dampatiharu oklahoma, tulsa rar cleveland countiharuma basthe, tara samalingi jodiharuko uchchatam pratishat bhaeka countyharu roser milharu (sabai county gharapariwarharuko 0.70%) rar pusmataha (0.65%) thie. oklahomama samalingi sajhedarharu viparit-lingi sajhedarharu bhanda ausatma kanchho thie, rar karyarat hune sambhawana badhi thiyo. yadyapi, samalingi jodiharuko ausat rar madhyam gharelu aya vibhinna-lingi jodiharu bhanda cum thiyo, rar samalingi jodiharu pani viparit-lingi sajhedarharu bhanda gharko swamitwako sambhawana dherai cum thiyo. oklahomama 26 pratishat samalingi dampatiharule 18 warsha munika bachchaharu hurkaundai thie, sann 2005 maa samalingi dampatiharuko netritwama raheko gharma anumanit 4,075 balbalika basdai aeka thie.
sanyukta rajya americako janagana byuroko tathyankale dekhaunchha kii sann 2020 maa oklahomama 5,006 vivahit samalingi dampatiharu thie, jasma 3,149 mahila dampati rar 1,857 purush dampatiharu thie. rajyama basobas garne sabai samalingi dampatiharuko 56.3% vivahit dampatiharu hun. vivahit samalingi pati/patniharu ausatma vibhinna-lingi pati/patniharu bhanda kanchho thie rar samanyataya uccha aya bhaeko thiyo.
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okalahomare samalingi bibaha
samalingi bibaha upare rajyara pratibandhakaku challenge karuthiba eka makaddamara samadhan parey october 6,2014 ru oklahomare samalingi bibaha baidha hoichhi. sehi deane, jayu anusarana karantu.ess. bishop banam" rahr samikhya karibaku suprimakortanka pratyakhyana. smith, "eka mamla jaahaa ehi pratibandhakaku asambidhanika bolly darshaithila, dasham circuit court off apil okalahomanku samalingi bibahaku swekruti debaku nirdesh deithile. januari 14,2014 ray, bicharapati terrence sii. jayu rahr karna.ess. okalahoma rajyara uttara zillah paain zillah adalat rajyara baidhanika ebong sambidhanika samalingi bibahaku asambidhanika ghoshana karithile. mamla, "bishop bhi. smith "(purbaru" bishop bhi. okalahoma "ebong" bishop bhi. juktarastra america), abedan apekhyare sthagita rakhajaithila. july 18,2014 ray, dasham circuiter eka panel oclahomar samalingi bibaha pratibandhakaku radda curry karnanka nishpattiku samarthan karithila. tebe, jayu. aii. dwara "certiorary" paain eka petitioner nishpatti heba parjyanta panel ehara rajaku sthagita rakhichhi.ess. sarbocha nyajalaja. october 6,2014 ray, jayu.ess. dasham circuit courter rajaku niz sthanare chhadi, supremcourt samikhya paain anurodhaku pratyakhyana karithile. rajya adhikarimane rajyare samalingi bibahaku swekruti dei dasham circuiter raiah karjyakaree curry pratikrija prakash karithile.
aaingata itihas.
katakana.
1975 masihare, okalahoma bidhanasabha ehara pratham ine parita karithila jeunthire bibahaku "jane purush ebong jane mahila" bhabare byakhya karajaithila. 1996 ray, okalahoma bidhanasabha anya eka ine parita karithila, bibahaku "jane purush ebong jane mahila" bhabare byakhya karithila ebong okalahomare rajya bahare karajaithiba samalingi bibahaku swekruti debaru nishedha karithila .
2004 masiha april maasare, okalahoma sineta, 38ru 7 bhotare, ebong okalahoma house off representative, 92ru 4 bhotare, samalingi bibaha upare pratibandhaka lagai eka sambidhanika sanshodhanaku anumodana karithile. navember 2,2004 ray, okalahoma bhotaramane ehi pratibandhakaku prashna 711 bhabare anumodana karithile. sanshodhanare samalingi bibaha upare pratibandhaka jodajaithila ebong kaunasi "aaingata ghatana abibahita dampati kimba gosthi upare pradan karajiba", jepariki nagarika sangha kimba gharoi bhagidari, okalahoma sambidhanare.
anah-badhyatamoolaka samadhan.
2013 masiha april maasare, oklahoma pratinidhi sabha "echa. sii. aarr. 1009"...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ess. bibaha pratirakhya adhiniam" (doma) rahr dhaara 3 ebong bibahaku nijantrana karibara rajyagudikara adhikaraku sarbocha nyajalaja samarthan karibe. ehaa 84-0 ray parita hoithila, jeunthire 71 john republican ebong 13 john democrat sapakhyare bhot deithile. 16 john democrat pratibadare bhot deba paribarte kakhyaru baharaku chaali jaithile. sehi maasa sheshare okalahoma sineta ehi prastabaku anumodana karithila. jayu.ess. sarbocha nyajalaja domara dhaara 3 ku "juktarastra america banam" ray radda karideichhanti. windser "juna 26,2013 ray.
"bishop bhi. smith ".
prusthabhumi.
navember 3,2004 ray, oklahoma bhotaramane samalingi bibahaku nishidha karuthiba eka sambidhanika sanshodhanaku anumodana karibara pardin, dui lesbian dampati, merrie bishop ebong shaaran baldwin, ebong susanne barton ebong gey phillips, tulsar federal zillah kortare eka challenge dakhal karithile. pratham dampatinku tulsa county kirani, sally howe smithnka dwara bibaha licences pratyakhyana karajaithila, jetebele parabarti dampati 2001 ray eka vermont sivila union gathan karithile ebong 2005 ray british kalambiaare bibaha karithile jetebele bicharabimarsha bicharadhin thila . semananku holade ebong chilton, eka okalahoma saharar ine sanstha dwara pratinidhitwa karajaithila. smith tulsa kauntira zillah atterni ebong swadheenata rakhya karuthiba ment, eka anah-labhakari khristian okilati sangathana dwara pratinidhitwa karithile. mamalati thila "bishop bhi. okalahoma. abhijuktamane okalahomara atterni general thile, admondson, gabharnara brad henry, jayu.ess. atterni general, zohn ascroft ebong rastrapati george dablu. bush. dampatimane "anya bishai sahita" eka ghoshana magithile je okalahoma sanshodhana uchita prakriya, samaana surakhya, purna biswasa ebong shreya ebong jayu. aii. rahr bisheshadhikara ebong pratirakhya dhaara adheenare asambidhanika .ess. sambidhana. semane 1996 ray parita federal "bibaha pratirakhya adhiniam" (doma) ku madhya challenge karithile. rajya kharaj karibaku chesta karithila, jukti curry je dampatimane thia hebara abhaba ebong ekadash sanshodhana dwara semananka mokadama nishedha karajaithila .
july 20,2006 ray, bicharapati terrence sii. karna badimananku eka aanshika bijai pradan karithile, ebong kahithile je semane rajya sambidhanika sanshodhana paain bibhinna aahwanaku makaddama kariparibe; tathapi, shay keteka aaingata siddhantaku bichararu hatai mamlar parisaraku hrass karithile. smelt bhi" ku uddhruta curry. arrange county", eka california mamla, shay raiah deithile je dampatimane domanku challenge karibaku thia hoinathile kaaran ubhaja aamerikare eka aaingata bibaahare prabesha karinathile. karna raiah deithile je bishop ebong baldwin domara sehi anshaku challenge karibaku thia hebara abhaba rahichhi jaahaa samalingi bibahaku sangheeah sarakaranka dwara swekruti debaru baada deichi kaaran semane bibahita nuhnti . tebe, shay raiah deithile je barton phillipsra sthiti sthira rahichhi, kaaran ehi dampati kanadare bibaha karithile ebong bharmontare eka nagarika sanghare prabesha karithile, ebong tenu sthira karithile je semananka dabiku kharaj kariba samai purbaru heba. karna janibaku paile je ubhaja dampati samalingi bibahaku nishidha karuthiba rajya sanshodhanaku challenge karibaku thia hoithile, kaaran ubhaja oklahomare aaingata bhabare bibaha karibaku agrahi thile . rajya adhikarimane dasham circuit court off apilare abedan karithile. dasham circuit june 5,2009 ray eka aprakashita nishpatti jaari karithila, okalahoma adhikarinka birodhare dabiku kharaj karibare zillah adalatanka biphalataku olata karithila, ebong bishai-bishai adhikara khetrara abhaba paain badinka dabiku kharaj karithila . abasista abhijukta, smith ebong juktarastra america, october 13,2009 ray kharaj karibaku eka prastaba dakhal karithile.
februari 25,2011 ray, kharaj kariba paain prastaba upare court eka nishpatti jaari kariba purbaru, juktarastra america adalatanku suchita karithila je ehaa domara dhaara 3 rahr sambidhanikataku rakhya kariba banda kariba . juktarastra americara pratinidhi sabhara dwidaleeja aaingata paramarshadata gosthi domanku rakhya kariba paain hastakhyepa karibaku chesta karithile. june 26,2013 ray, jayu.ess. sarbocha nyajalaja "juktarastra america banam. windser "domara sehi dhaara 3 pancham sanshodhanira upajukta prakriya dharaku ullanghana karichhi. sehideen, court madhya "holingaswartha banam" ray raiah deithile. peri, "kalipharniaare samalingi bibahaku punarbara arambha karibaku anumathi deba.
zillah adalatanka nishpatti.
januari 14,2014 ray, bicharapati kerna badimananku sankhipta raiah pradan karithile ebong ehi mamalare raiah deithile, "bartamana bishop banam. juktarastra america, "chaturdasha sanshodhanira samaana surakhya dhaara anujai samalingi bibaha upare okalahoma nishedhadesha asambidhanika thila. shay rajyara samalingi bibaha nishedhadeshaku sthajee bhabare karjyakaree karibaku nirdesh dei eka adesh jaari karithile, kintu jayu. jayu. ku uddhruta curry apil heba parjyanta taanka rair karjyakareetaku sthagita rakhithile.ess. sarbocha nyajalajanka jutahare praiah samaana mamalare eka stagitadesha jaari kariba, "kitchen banam. herbert. karna lekhithile je jayu.ess. samaana mamalatiku suprimakortanka kharaj ", bekara banam. nelson, "1972 ray badhyatamoolaka udaharana nathila kaaran" 1972 ru sarbocha nyajalaja nyajasastrare gurutwapurna tatwagata bikash ghatichhi jaahaa suchita kare je ehi prasangagudika bartamana eka gurutwapurna prashna upasthapana kariba. shay janibaku paile je dui john baadi, barton ebong phillips, domara dhaara 2 ku challenge karibaku sthiratara abhaba thile kaaran semane pratibadee bhabare namit federal adhikarinka ehara karjyakarita paain kaunasi dajitwa nathila ebong record darshae naahin je oklahoma adhikarimane barton ebong philipsanka bibahaku swekruti debare biphal hoithile. shay ullekha karithile je ehi dampati "haa [dii] samagrika aaingata prakrijare eka gurutwapurna bhumika grahan karithile jaahaa domara dhaara 3 ku abaidha karideithila" ebong semananku ebong semananka okilamananku "semananka dooradrusti, sahasa ebong adhyabasaja paain" prashansa karithile. karna bishop ebong baldwinka saha sahmat hoithile je samalingi bibahaku nishidha karuthiba okalahoma sambidhanika sanshodhana samaana surakhya dharaku ullanghana karichhi. shay juktijukta bhittira samikhya laagu karithile ebong dajitwabana prajananaku prostahita kariba, sarbottama shishu-palana ebong bibaha anusthana upare prabhaba sameth rajyara jatharthata "aparjapta" bolly janibaku paithile. kerna raiah deithile je sambidhanika sanshodhana "sarkari labharu kebala gotie shrenira okalahoma nagarikanka eka managadha, ajauktika bahishkara" . jouna abhimukhya ebong samaana surakhya upare aadharita vedabhaba prasangare suprimakortanka nyajasastra bishajare nishpatti anujajihi "samalingi bibahaku nishidha karuthiba rajya ine jayu. aii. rahr ullanghana karuchhi kii naahin shay prasangare supremcourt spust bhabare pahanchi nahanti.ess. sambidhana. tebe, sarbocha nyajalajara ine ebe rajyagudiku samalingeenka birodhare shatrutaru janmita ine parita karibaku nishedha karichhi, samalingeenka naitika ebong jouna pasandaku sambidhanika surakhya pradan karichhi, ebong sangheeah sarakaranku bipareet-linga bibaha ebong samalingi bibahaku bhinna bhabare byabahara karibaku nishedha karichhi. 1996 ray "romer" ru arambha hoi 2013 ray "windsara" ray shesh hoithiba supremcourt nyajasastrare jaahaa ghatichhi taa 'paain kaunasi sathik aaingata lebel naahin, kintu ehi court jetebele gotie dekhanti setebele eka alankara paribartana janichanti ."
gabharnara merrie fallin ehi nishpattiku pratikrija dei kahithile, "mun okalahomara votaramananka ehi ebong anyanya nitigata prasangare nijaku shasson karibara adhikaraku samarthan kare. mun bicharapatinka nishpattire nirash ebong chintita je sangheeah sarkar punithare lokanka ichhaku anadekha karichanti."atterni general scott pruit ehi nishpattiku" "udwegajanaka" "bolly kahichanti ebong kahichanti je samalingi bibaha upare rajya nishedhagyara sambidhanikata suprimakortanku nishpatti nebaku padiba.
dasham circuit court off apilku apil karantu.
smith januari 16 ray dasham circuit court off apilare eka apil notices dakhal karithile ebong adalatanku apil prakrijaku twaranwita karibaku ebong "kitchen banam" sahita mamlar shunani karibaku kahithile. herbert. dasham circuiter sehi 3-bicharapati panel jaahaa april 10 ray "roshei ghara" ray moukhika jukti sunithila "bishop banam moukhika jukti sunithila . smith "april 17 ray. july 18 ray, adalat zillah adalatanka nishpattiku 2-1 nishpattire samarthan karithile, ehi siddhantare je okalahomara samalingi bibaha nishedhadesha jayu. aii. rahr ullanghana karichhi.ess. sambidhana, jadio ehaa turanta ehara rajaku sthagita rakhithila, jayu. jayu. dwara "certiorary" paain eka petitioner nishpatti heba parjyanta.ess. sarbocha nyajalaja. jephre ell. stanford biswabidyalajara ine professor ebong jane abhigya supremcourt litigator fisher augustre samalingi dampatinku bibaha adhikararu okalahoma pratyakhyanaku challenge karuthiba lokanka paain mukhya paramarshadata bhabare joga deithile. october 6,2014 ray sarbocha nyajalaja okalahomara abedanaku pratyakhyana karithile, ebong dasham circuiter raiah parabarti samajare karjyakaree hoithila, ehipari okalahoma ray samalingi bibahaku baidha karithila .
gabharnara fallin sarbocha nyajalajanka karjyaku tibra samalochana karithile, kintu ghoshana karithile je rajya ehaaku palana kariba ebong samalingi bibahaku licences deba ebong swekruti deba arambha kariba. pratinidhi sally karna, jie ateetare kahithile je samalingi samparka aatankabada apekhya jatiah surakhya paain eka budd bipada, adalat nishpattiku ninda karithile, "okalahoma, kimba sehi prasangare kaunasi rajyare, anirbachita bicharapati rahiba uchit nuhen jeunmane ine qa" naa heba taaha sthira karibaku lokanka prati uttaradajee nuhnti ."eka sthaniah ell. jii. bii. tii. groupra karjyanirbahee nirdeshaka scott hamilton kahichanti," anya dampatinka bhali aama saha madhya samaana byabahara karajiba. ebong, aama bhitaru jane passes kariba parey more jaahaa sampatti achhi kimba tankara [hamiltonka jeebanasathee] jaahaa achhi, taaha uttaradhikarare miluthiba samaana kathore prakriya heba naahin. ehaa eka budd aaswasti bolly kahiba eka comm barnana heba. october 6 tarikh aparaahnare okalahoma county court kirani team roades kahithile je taanka karjyalaja "karjyakalapare byasta" thila. merrie bishop ebong shaaran baldwin pratham samalingi dampati thile jeunmane okalahomare bibaha licences paithile, jaahaa sombar, october 6 ray aparanha 1hah20 ray tulsa county kortare karithile.emm... october 6 ray cleveland kauntire licences paithiba christen ebong heather dicky pratham dampati thile .
moola americae rastra.
sheyen ebong arapaho janajati, cheroki rastra, chikasa rastra, chocto rastra ebong oces rastrara sanrakhyana upare samalingi bibaha baidha . sheyen ebong arapaho janajati okalahomara pratham sthaniah americae janajati thile jeunmane samalingi bibahaku baidha karithile. october 2013 ray, jasson pickel ebong darren kalaa bhalunku konchore adibasi adalatare eka bibaha licences jaari karajaithila . sanrakhyana aadhaarare ehaa pratham sarbajaneena samalingi bibaha hoithibabele adibasi adhikarimane nischita karichanti je ehaa purbaru anya dui samalingi dampati bibaha karithile. adibasi ine anujai, jeun pakhya bibaha karibaku chahunchhanti, semananku sarbabhouma jamire bibaha karibaku padiba ebong gotie pakhya janajatira sadasya heba aabasyaka, kintu adibasi sanhita dampatinka linga nirdista kare naahin. nagarika patawatomy desh, maskogi (creak) desh ebong seminol rastrare samalingi bibaha spust bhabare nishidha .
cheroki rastra december 9,2016 ray samalingi bibahaku baidha karithila. meey 2004 ray, owaso, donn mckinly ebong kyathi reynoldsra eka lesbian dampatinku eka adibasi adalat deputi kiraneenka dwara bibaha licences jaari karajaithila. ehi janajati turanta atirikta samalingi bibaha upare stagitadesha jaari karithila. june 14 ray, adibasi parishad samalingi bibahaku nishidha kariba paain eka ine parita karithila, ebong adibasi parishad okil, todd hembri, june 16 ray kortare eka petition dakhal karithile jaahaa mckinly ebong reynoldsnku jaari karajaithiba bibaha laisensaku radda karibaku anurodha karithila. august 3,2005 ray, tahalekwara nyajika apil tribunal raiah deithila je hembrinka makaddama dair karibaku samartha nuhen ebong bibahara aaingata swekruti dwara shay kaunasi khyati sahichanti bolly dekhaiparibe naahin. december 2005 ray, tribunal bibahara baidhataku challenge karuthiba dwiteeja makaddama kharaj karithila . januari 2006 ray, cheroki court prashasaka, bibaha licences recording paain daie lissa fields, bibahara baidhataku challenge curry truteeja makaddama dair karithile. ehi abedanati uttaraheen rahithila. december 9,2016 ray, cheroki rastrara atterni general, todd hembri, jie moolatah 2004 ray mckinly ebong renoldnka bibahaku challenge karithile, eka matamata jaari karithile je samalingi bibaha nishedhadesha cheroki rastra sambidhana anujai asambidhanika thila, janajatire samalingi bibahaku baidha karithila . 2004 ray cherokira pramukh mukhya bhabare karjya karithiba chaad smith hembrinka matamataku swagata curry kahichanti, "ehaa ateeta cheroki aainaku palana kare . kintu aama sambidhanare america sambidhanara byabastha antarbhukta hoichhi, ebong sarbocha nyajalaja (americara) taa 'paratharu ehara raiah deichi .", jayu ku sandarbhita karuchhi.ess. obergefel banam" ray sarbocha nyajalajanka nishpatti. hozes, "jaahaa juktarastra aamerikare deshabyapee samalingi bibahaku baidha karithila. phalaswaroopa, mckinly ebong reynolds cheroki rastrara pratham bibahita samalingi dampati thile. adibasi jamire samalingi bibahaku baidhata diajiba kii naahin shay nei oces rastra march 20,2017 ray eka janmat sangraha karithila ebong ehi padakhyepa 52 pratishata sankhyagarishthata sahita parita hoithila.
chikasa code 18 april, 2022 ray sanshodhana karajaithila jaahaa kaunasi dui byaktinka madhyare bibahaku anumathi deithae ebong samaana linga byaktinka madhyare bibahara swekruti upare pratibandhaka lagaithiba bhashaku radda kare . bibahara sangyare bartamana kuhajaichhih 'bibaha' rahr artha heuchhi dui john byaktinka madhyare eka nagarika chuktiru utpanna eka byaktigata samparka jeunthire chukti karibaku ebong ethire prabesha karibaku aaingata bhabare sakhyama pakhyanka sammati aabasyaka, ebong bibaha samparka ine dwara pradan karajaithiba bhabare prabesha karajiba, rakhyanabekhyana karajiba kimba radda karajiba ."meey 23,2023 ray, chocto deshar sambidhanika adalat raiah deithile je samalingi dampatinka bibaha karibara sambidhanika adhikara achhi ebong kennedi ebong chelsey barker namaka eka dampatinku semanankara 10 barshar jhiaku poshya grahan karibaku anumathi deichhanti. mukhya gyari batton ehi nishpattiku swagata curry kahichanti, "ehi nishpatti aadhaarare, aame ammer code samikhya karibu ebong qa" naa paribartana karibara abashyakata achhi taaha dekhiba. ehi mamalare samprukta paribaraku aame ammer bhal paiba ebong samarthan pradan karuchhu."
ehaa byatita, bharatiah byapara byurora parichalana samagra jayu. aii. ray sthapita nyajalaja.ess. sangheeah nijamabali sanhita (sii. aif. aarr.) anujai, ebong "jeparjyanta kaunasi nirdista bharatiah janajati nijara adibasi adalat pratistha karunahanti, bharatiah aparadha adalat eka janajatira nyajika byabastha bhabe karjya kariba. ehipari samalingi bibaha ehi sangheeah sii. aif. aarr. adalatare oklahoma apachi janajati, oklahoma cado rastra, komancha rastra, delawejara rastra, fort sil aapachi janajati, okalahoma kiowa bharatiah janajati, bharateejamananka otto-missoria janajati, wichita ebong anubandhita janajati, okalahoma purba shawani janajati, modok rastra, okalahoma otowa janajati, okalahoma bharateejamananka pioria janajati ebong seneka-kaiuga rastrara sadasyamananka paain karajaipariba.
dui-atma bibaha.
aneka moola americae janajatire dui-atma bisista byaktibisheshanka parampra rahichhi, jeunmane purush bhabe janma neithile, kintu mahilanka poshaka pindhithile ebong dainandina gharoi karjya ebong kalatmaka hastasilpa paribeshana karuthile, jaahaa naaree khetrare antarbhukta bolly bibechana karajauthila. ehi dui-atma sthiti ehi janajati madhyaru keteka madhyare dui jaibika purush kimba dui jaibika mahilanka madhyare bibaha karibaku anumathi deithila . shejane sanskrutire, dui-atma bisista lokanku () bhabare janashuna, ebong truteeja linga bhabare shejane samajare eka gurutwapurna bhumika purana karanti . semane joddha bhabare sammanita hoithile, paramparika scalp nrutya nirdeshita hoithile, koyot sahita kathaa hebaku sakhyama bolly biswasa karajauthila, ebong match mekingre semanankara dakhyata paain janashuna thile, bisesh curry jubaka, abibahita purushanka paain jeunmane jubatee mahilamananku prabhabita karibaku chahunthile . hey 'emene" prajatah jane bibahita purushanka bahupatwa paribarare dwiteeja patni bhabare karjya karithile . arapaho sanskruti paramparika bhabe dui-atma bisista lokanku swekruti deichi jeunmane mahilanka poshaka pindhithile ebong "swatantra adhyatmika shakti thiba sammanita byakti" bhabare bibechita hoithile. segudiku arapaho bhasare (, bahubachanah) kuhajae. bahubibahara sanketa bina aneka bibahita sisgender purush. okalahomara bharateejamananka ponka janajatira ponka lokamane dui-atma lokanku () bhabare ullekha karanti . semane "chandranka dwara nirdeshita" bolly biswasa karajauthila, ebong belebele purushamananku anshidara bhabare neuthile . osejanka madhyare, dui-atma byakti, () bhabare janashuna, "mahilanka pari kathabartta karuthile", mahilanka poshaka pindhithile, kintu eka moulika purush linga bhumika purana kariba jaari rakhithile, ebong semane mahilamananku bibaha karithile . segudiku quapao bhasare (), kansa bhasare () ebong chiwere bhasare () kuhajae. "mihoxos" mananku sammanara saha dharmika netamananka eka swatantra berg bhabare byabahara karajauthila . swargata baxoje, jiwere-nutt 'aachi bajaskamananka madhyare, "mihaksoge" tathapi semanankara adhyatmika sanjoga ebong pabitra jejebapa aatmanka sahita samanjasyare pabitra bhumika paain bismaira saha bibechita hoithile ."ehi samasta siuan-bhashi lokanka madhyare, dui-atma lokanka" "mahila debata kimba chandranka darshan thila jaahaa semanankara parichajaku samarthan karithila .
() naamare janashuna dui-atma bisista byaktimane madhya semanankara linggata bhumika paribartanaku "eka durbhagyajanaka bhagya jaahaaku semane edai paribe naahin, jaahaa chandrare baasa karuthiba mahila atmara eka darshan dwara ehi margaku prerita hebara anumana karajae ."semane pabitra thile ebong pratibarsha eka nrutya sahita sammanita heuthile jeunthire kebala sehi purushamananku anshagrahana karibaku anumathi diajaithila jeunmane" "ajakwa" "sahita jouna samparka rakhithile. patawatomy (, bahubachanah" "mnedokawek" ") alpa bajasaru" "mahila sanga" "rahr sandhan karuthile, ubhaja lingankara" "karjya dakhyata" "hassel karuthile," "mahilanka pari kathabartta karuthile", "ebong" "swatantra adhyatmika shakti thiba sammanita byakti" "bhabare bibechita heuthile. 1860 dashakare barttamanara cado kauntiku bisthapita hoithiba lenap, dui-atma bisista byaktibisheshanku () bhabare ullekha karanti . miami lokamananka madhyare, aaji okalahomara miami janajatira sanrakhyanare rahuthiba, dui-atma lokanku () bhabare ullekha karajae, ebong pawani lokamane semananku () bolly dakuchanti. modok lokamane, modok juddha parey adhunika samaira otawa kauntiku nirbasita hoi, dui-atma bisista byakti () bolly kahanti. tii 'winiuk'" mahilamananka poshaka pindhithile ebong "mahilanka pari byabahara karuthile. semane sisgender purushamananku bibaha karithile, ebong sadharanatah jane shammon bhumikare abhinai karuthile ebong semananku mahan atmika shakti pradan karajaithila. seneka lokamane dui-atma bisista byaktibisheshanku () bhabare ullekha karanti, ebong kaiuga lokamane semananku () bhabare ullekha karanti . mescalero-chirikahua bhasare, dui-atma bisista lokanku () ebong samatala anchalare aapachi bhasare () kuhajae.
cheroki, chikasa ebong chocto madhyare dui-atma byakti bishajare sahitya adhika seemita . sambhabatah ehi samajagudikara dui-atma bhali eka padabee thila, kintu luh oh khristijana dharma grahan samajare aneka paramparika gyaana lope paithila. cherokinka madhyare, ("aasegi udando";) sehi lokamananku bujhae jeunmane purush ebong mahilanka bhumika thaaru bahare ruhanti kimba jeunmane ubhaja purush ebong mahilanka bhumika grahan karanti . choktou bhasare, dui-atma bisista lokanku () kuhajae, jadio ehi shabdati apekhyakruta adhunika. choctore lekhaka lyn howe 2022 masihar eka pustakare kahichanti, "prajatah semane kebala anya purushanka saha jadita nathile barang aneka starar samparka rakhithile. semane madhya aama sampradai sahita bahuta swatantra upaajare jadita thile. semane aarogyakaree hoiparanti. semane heuchhanti sehi lokamane jeunmane aama pilamananku surakhya deuthile kaaran semane ekadhika jinishaku moorta karithile. ebong jaahaa choktwan soundarjyara eka ansha heuchhi je aame aswabhabika jinishaku sammana karu . bhinna. jetebele apana ["ohoyo holba"] ray jadita aatmaaku dekhanti, ebong jetebele semane puruna samajare sehi poshaka pindhanti, semane kahuchanti 'anekankara pratimurti' ."keteka mahila-sharira dui-atma byakti () sabda byabahara karanti . chikasa bhasare, ehi shabdati heuchhi (). alabama bhasare, segudiku () ebong maskogeere () bhabare janajae. ehi adhunika sabdagudikara artha sadharanatah jane samalingi, lesbian kimba transgender byakti, jadio kichhi dui-atma lock ehi shabdagudika sahita chinhat karanti . juchi bhasare, dui-atma () bhabare anubada hoichhi, ebong nachez ray () bhabare, jahara artha "mahilanka mukhya" .
janasankhikeeja ebong bibaha parisankhyana.
2000 jayu ru tathya.ess. janagananaru janapadichhi je 5,763 john samalingi dampati okalahomare rahuchanti. 2005 masiha suddha, ehaa 8,159 dampatinku brudhi paithila, sambhabatah samalingi dampatimane sarkari sarbekhyanare semanankara bhagidari prakash karibaku agraha brudhi karithile. samalingi dampatimane simaran byatita rajyara samasta kauntire rahuthile ebong rajyara yugma paribarara 0.7% ebong samasta paribarara 0.40% gathan karithile. adhikansha dampati okalahoma, tulsa ebong cleveland kauntire rahuthile, kintu samalingi dampatinka sarbadhika pratishata thiba kauntire roser mill (samasta county paribarara 0.70%) ebong pushmataha (0.65%) thila . okalahomare samalingi anshidaramane bipareet-linga ansheedaranka tulanare harahari saana thile, ebong nijukta hebara sambhabana adhika thila . tebe, samalingi dampatinka harahari ebong madhyama gharoi aaja bhinna-linga dampatinka tulanare comm thila, ebong samalingi dampatimane madhya bipareet-linga ansheedaranka tulanare ghara paibara sambhabana bahuta comm thila. okalahomare 26 pratishata samalingi dampati 18 barsharu comm baisar pilamananku lalanapalana karuthile, 2005 ray samalingi dampatinka netrutware aanumanika 4,075 pila ghare rahuthile .
juktarastrara janganana byurora tathyaru janapadichhi je 2020 masihare okalahomare 5,006 john bibahita samalingi dampati thile, jeunthire 3,149 john mahila dampati ebong 1,857 john purush dampati thile. rajyare rahuthiba samasta samalingi dampatinka madhyaru bibahita dampatimane 56.3% thile. bibahita samalingi jeebanasatheemane bhinna-linga jeebanasatheenka tulanare harahari saana thile ebong sadharanatah adhika aaja karuthile. | oklahoma witch samlingi viaah
samlingi viaah utte raaj dee pabandi noon chunhauti denh vaale mukkadme dey matey toon baad, 6 aktubar, 2014 toon oklahoma witch samlingi viaah kanunni haii. uss dinn, yuu dey baad.aiss. superim court vallon "bishop banaam" dee samikhiaa curran toon inkaar smith, "ikk ajiha case jiss neey pabandi noon gair-sanvidhanak paaiaa see, apeelan dee dasvin circut adalat neey oklahoma noon samlingi viaahan noon maanta denh daa adesh ditta. 14 janwari, 2014 noon jajj terrence see. yuu daa curran.aiss. oklahoma dey uttri zilhe dee zilha adalat neey raaj dey kanunni atey sanvidhanak samlingi viaah utte pabandi noon gair-sanvidhanak ghoshit keeta. case, "bishop banaam. smith "(pahilan" bishop banaam. oklahoma "atey" bishop banaam. sanyukat raaj amrica), noon apeel lambit rahinn takk roque ditta giaa see. 18 julai, 2014 noon, dasven circut dey ikk panel neey oklahoma dey samlingi viaah dee pabandi noon ultaun vaale curran dey faisle noon barkarar rakkhiaa. halanki, panel neey aapne faisle noon yuu duaara "certificatory" laee patishan dey niptare takk roque ditta.aiss. superim court. 6 aktubar, 2014 noon yuu.aiss. superim court neey dasvin circut adalat dey faisle noon aapne sathaan 'teey chhadd keey samikhiaa dee benati noon radd qarr ditta. raaj dey adhikariaan neey raaj witch samlingi viaah noon maanta dinde hoye dasven circut dey faisle noon lagu karke jawab ditta.
kanunni itihaas.
pabandiaan.
1975 witch, oklahoma vidhan sabha neey aapna pahila kanoon paas keeta jiss witch viaah noon "ikk aadmi atey ikk aurat" dey vichkaar paribhashit keeta giaa see. 1996 witch, oklahoma vidhan sabha neey ikk horr kanoon paas keeta, jiss witch viaah noon "ikk aadmi atey ikk aurat" dey vichkaar paribhashit keeta giaa atey raaj toon bahr keete gaye samlingi viaahan noon oklahoma witch maanta denh toon roque ditta giaa.
aprail 2004 witch, oklahoma senate neey 38 toon 7 dey vott naal, atey oklahoma haaoos aaf representatives neey 92 toon 4 dey vott naal, samlingi viaah utte pabandi lagaun vaali sanvidhanak sodh noon manzuri ditti. 2 navambar, 2004 noon, oklahoma dey votaran neey pabandi noon parshan 711 dey roop witch manzuri ditti. sodh neey samlingi viaah utte pabandi lagaa ditti atey oklahoma dey sanvidhan witch "anviaahe jodiaan jaan samoohan noon iss deeaan kise vee kanunni ghatnavan", jiven kii sival unionan jaan gharelu bhaiwali, noon ditta giaa.
gair-bandhankari hall.
aprail 2013 witch, oklahoma haaoos aaf representatives neey "aich. see. aar. 1009" paas keeta, ikk gair-bandhankari mataa jiss witch viaah dee pushti keeti gaee see "ikk aadmi atey ikk aurat dey vichkaar", atey yuu noon apeel keeti gaee see.aiss. superim court neey "viaah aikat dee rakkhiaa" (doma) dee dhaara 3 atey viaah noon niyamat curran dey raajan dey adhikar noon barkarar rakkhiaa. iss neey 71 gantantar atey 13 loktantarvadiaan dey huck witch vott paunh naal 84-0 paas keeta. 16 democrats virodh witch vott paunh dee bajaae chamber toon bahr chaley gaye. oklahoma senate neey use maheene baad witch matey noon manzuri dey ditti. yuu.aiss. superim court neey sanyukat raaj banaam witch doma dee dhaara 3 noon radd qarr ditta. winder "26 juun, 2013 noon.
"bishop vee. smith ".
pichokad.
3 navambar, 2004 noon, oklahoma dey votaran neey samlingi viaah 'teey pabandi lagaun vaali sanvidhanak sodh noon bhaari manzuri denh toon agle dinn, doou lesbian jodiaan, mairi bishop atey sheron baldwyn, atey susan barton atey gey phillips neey tulsa witch sanghi zilha adalat witch ikk chunhauti daair keeti. pahile jode noon tulsa kaoonti clerk, saili howay smith duaara viaah dey licences toon inkaar qarr ditta giaa see, jadon kii baad vaale jode neey 2001 witch ikk vermont sival union daa gathan keeta see atey 2005 witch british columbia witch viaah karwa liaa see jadon vichaar vatandre lambit sunn. uhanan dee numaindagi oklahoma shehar dee kanunni ferm holade atey chilton neey keeti see. smith dee numaindagi tulsa kaoonti dey zilha attarney atey aazadi dee raakhi curran vaale gathjod, ikk gair-munafa isai vakalat sangathan duaara keeti gaee see. ih mamla "bishop banaam see. oklahoma ". bachaa pakkh oklahoma dey attarney general sunn, admondson, governor bradd hannery, yuu.aiss. attarney general, john ashcroft atey rashtarpati jaaraj w. bush. jodiaan neey "horr gallan dey naal", ikk ailaan dee mung keeti kii oklahoma sodh uchit prakiriaa, barabar surakhiaa, pooran vishwas atey credit atey yuu dey vishesh adhikar atey chhot deeaan dharavan dey tehat gair sanvidhanak see.aiss. sanvidhan. uhanan neey sann 1996 witch paas keete gaye sanghi "viaah kanoon dee rakkhiaa" (doma) noon vee chunhauti ditti. raaj neey ih daleel dinde hoye khaaraj curran dee koshish keeti kii jodiaan witch sathiti dee ghaat see atey unhan dey mukkadme noon giaarvin sodh duaara roque ditta giaa see.
20 julai, 2006 noon jajj terrence see. kerron neey mudaiaan noon ikk anshak jitt jaari keeti, ih manndiaan kii uh raaj dee sanvidhanak sodh noon vakkh-vakkh chunotiaan daa mukaddama chalaa sakde hunn; halanki, usne kujh kanunni sidhantan noon vichaar toon khatam karke case dey daire noon ghataa ditta. smellt v" daa havala dinde hoye. orange kaoonti, "ikk california case, usne faisla sunaiaa kii jodiaan witch doma noon chunhauti denh laee khadot dee ghaat see kiunki naa hii sanyukat raaj witch kanunni viaah witch dakhal hoye sunn. kerron neey faisla sunaiaa kii bishop atey baldwyn neey doma dey uss hisse noon chunhauti denh laee khadot dee ghaat keeti jiss neey samlingi viaah noon sanghi sarkaar duaara maanta denh toon bahr rakkhiaa kiunki uh viaahe naheen sunn. halanki, uss neey faisla sunaiaa kii barton phillips daa pakka rutba haii, kiunki jode neey canada witch viaah keeta see atey vermont witch ikk sival union witch dakhal hoye sunn, atey iss laee ih nirdharat keeta kii unhan dey daaviaan noon khaaraj karna samein toon pahilan hovega. kerron neey paaiaa kii doven jode samlingi viaah utte pabandi lagaun vaali raaj sodh noon chunhauti denh laee khadeh sunn, kiunki doven oklahoma witch kanunni taur utte viaahe jaanh witch dilchaspi rakkhde sunn. raaj dey adhikariaan neey apeel dee dasvin circut adalat witch apeel keeti. dasven circut neey 5 juun, 2009 noon ikk ikk faisla jaari keeta, jiss witch zilha adalat duaara oklahoma adhikariaan virudh daaviaan noon khaaraj curran witch asafalta noon ulta ditta giaa atey visha-vastu adhikar khetar dee ghaat laee mudaiaan dey daaviaan noon khaaraj qarr ditta giaa. baaki bachaa pakkh, smith atey sanyukat raaj amrica neey 13 aktubar, 2009 noon khaaraj curran laee ikk mataa daair keeta.
25 farvari, 2011 noon adalat vallon khaaraj curran dey matey 'teey faisla jaari curran toon pahilan, sanyukat raaj amrica neey adalat noon soochit keeta kii uh doma dee dhaara 3 dee sanvidhanakta daa bachaa karna bnd qarr devega. sanyukat raaj dey pratinidhan dey sadan dey doou-pakkhi kanunni salahkar samooh neey doma dee rakkhiaa laee dakhal denh dee mung keeti. 26 juun, 2013 noon yuu.aiss. superim court neey "sanyukat raaj banaam. winder neey kiha kii doma dee dhaara 3 neey panjvin sodh dey uchit prakiriaa dey khand dee ulanghna keeti haii. use dinn, adalat neey "hollingsworth banaam" witch vee faisla sunaiaa. pairi, "california witch samlingi viaahan noon dubara shuru curran dee aagiaa dinda haii.
zilha adalat daa faisla.
14 janwari, 2014 noon, jajj kerron neey mudaiaan noon sankhep faisla ditta atey mamle witch faisla sunaiaa, "hunn bishop banaam. sanyukat raaj amrica neey kiha kii "oklahoma dee samlingi viaah utte pabandi chaudvin sodh dey barabar surakhiaa dhaara dey tehat gair-sanvidhanak see. uss neey raaj dey samlingi viaah 'teey pabandi noon pakke taur' teey lagu curran daa adesh jaari keeta, parr yuu daa havala dinde hoye apeel honn takk aapne faisle noon lagu curran 'teey roque lagaa ditti.aiss. yuu. tii. aii. witch lagbhag ikko jihe mamle witch superim court dee roque jaari karna, "kitchen banaam. herbert ". kerron neey likhiaa kii yuu.aiss. isey tarahan dey mamle noon superim court vallon khaaraj keeta giaa, "bekar banaam. nelson neey kiha, "1972 witch ih koee lazmi misal naheen see kiunki" 1972 toon superim court dey niaan shastar witch mahattavpuran sidhantak vikas hoiaa haii joe darsaunda haii kii ih mudde hunn ikk mahattavpuran swal pesh karange. uss neey paaiaa kii doou mudaiaan, barton atey phillips, witch doma dee dhaara 2 noon chunhauti denh laee khadot dee ghaat see kiunki jinhan sanghi adhikariaan noon unhan neey bachaa pakkh vajon namzad keeta see, unhan dee iss noon lagu curran dee koee zimmevari naheen see atey ricard ih naheen darsaunda see kii oklahoma dey adhikari barton atey phillips dey viaah noon maanta denh witch asfal rahey sunn. unhan neey nott keeta kii jode neey samucchi kanunni prakiriaa witch ikk mahattavpuran bhumika nibhai jiss naal doma dee dhaara 3 noon ayog qarr ditta giaa atey unhan dee durandeshi, himmat atey dridhta laee unhan atey unhan dey vakilan dee parshansa keeti. kerron bishop atey baldwyn naal sehmat sunn kii oklahoma sanvidhanak sodh neey samlingi viaah utte pabandi lagaa ditti see, jiss neey barabar surakhiaa dhaara dee ulanghna keeti see. unhan neey taraksheel adhaar dee samikhiaa noon lagu keeta atey raaj dey jaaiz kaarnan noon "nakafi" paaiaa, jiss witch zimmevar prajanan noon utshahit karna, bacchiaan dee anukool parvarish atey viaah dee sanstha utte prabhav shamal haii. kerron neey faisla sunaiaa kii sanvidhanak sodh "sarkari laabh toon oklahoma dey nagrikan dey siraf ikk varag noon manmarzi naal, tarakheen taur 'teey bahr kaddhana see. jinsi rujhan atey barabar surakhiaa dey adhaar 'teey vitkare dey mudde' teey superim court dey niaan shastar dey faisle witch kiha giaa haiyav "superim court iss mudde 'teey spasht taur' teey naheen pahunchi haii kii samlingi viaah 'teey pabandi lagaun vaale raaj dey kanoon yuu. aiss. dee ulanghna karde hunn jaan naheen.aiss. sanvidhan. halanki, superim court daa kanoon hunn raajan noon samlingi lokan virudh vair toon paida hoye kanoon paas curran toon rokada haii, samlingi lokan deeaan naitik atey jinsi chonhan noon sanvidhanak surakhiaa pardan karda haii, atey sanghi sarkaar noon ulat-ling dey viaahan atey samlingi viaahan naal vakkhre dhang naal pesh aaunn toon rokada haii. 1996 witch "romer" naal shuru hoow keey atey 2013 witch "winder" witch khatam honn vaale superim court dey niaan shastar witch joe hoiaa haii, uss laee koee sahee kanunni label naheen haii, parr ih adalat ikk bhashankari tabdili noon janhdi haii jadon ih ikk noon vekhadi haii."
governor mairi falin neey iss faisle daa jawab dinde hoye kiha, "main oklahoma dey votaran dey iss atey horr nitigat mamlian 'teey aapne aap noon chalaun dey adhikar daa samarthan karda haan. main jajj dey faisle toon nirash haan atey iss gall toon preshan haan kii sanghi sarkaar neey ikk vaar firr lokan dee ichha noon nazarandaz qarr ditta haii."attarney general scott pruit neey iss faisle noon 'preshan curran vaala' dassiaa atey kiha kii superim court noon samlingi viaah 'teey raaj deeaan pabandiaan dee sanvidhanakta daa faisla karna pavega.
apeel dee dasvin circut adalat witch apeel crow.
smith neey 16 janwari noon apeel dee dasvin circut adalat witch apeel daa notice daair keeta atey adalat noon apeel prakiriaa witch tezi liaun atey case dee sunwai curran laee kiha. herbert ". 10 aprail noon "rasoi" witch zubani dalilan sunan vaale dasven circut dey uhee 3-jajjan dey panel neey "bishop banaam witch zubani dalilan suniaan. smith neey 17 aprail noon 18 julai noon zilha adalat dey 2-1 dey faisle noon barkarar rakkhde hoye sitta kaddhiaa kii oklahoma dey samlingi viaah 'teey pabandi neey yuu. aiss. dee ulanghna keeti haii.aiss. sanvidhan, halanki iss neey yuu duaara "certificatory" laee patishan dey niptare takk aapne faisle 'teey turant roque lagaa ditti.aiss. superim court. jeffery aill. fisher, joe kii stanford university witch ikk kanoon dey professor atey ikk tajarbekar superim court mukadmebaaz hunn, agast witch oklahoma dey samlingi jodiaan dey viaah dey adhikaran toon inkaar noon chunhauti denh valiaan laee mukkh vakeel vajon shamal hoye. superim court neey 6 aktubar, 2014 noon oklahoma dee apeel noon radd qarr ditta atey baad witch dasven circut daa faisla lagu hoow giaa, iss tarahan oklahoma witch samlingi viaah noon kanunni maanta ditti gaee.
governor falin neey superim court dee karvai dee tikkhi alochna keeti, parr ailaan keeta kii raaj iss dee palna karega atey samlingi viaahan noon licences denna atey maanta denna shuru karega. pratinidhi saili kerron, jiss neey ateet witch kiha see kii samlingta attvad naalon rashtari surakhiaa laee ikk vadda khatra see, neey adalat dey faisle dee ninda keeti, "oklahoma, jaan uss mamle laee kise vee raaj witch, gair-chunhe hoye jajj naheen hone chahide joe ih faisla curran laee lokan pratee jawabdeh naheen hunn kii kanoon qee honge."sathanak ail. jee. bee. tii. group dey karajkari nirdeshak scott hamilton neey kiha," saade naal kise vee horr jode wang hii vivhaar keeta javega. atey, joe jaidad merey cole haii jaan joe uss (hamilton dey jeevan saathi) cole haii jadon saade vicchon koee paas hunda haii, uh uhee sakhat prakiriaa naheen hovegi joe virasat witch hoow sakadi haii. ih kahina kii ih ikk vaddi raahat haii, ikk ghatt biaan hovega. oklahoma kaoonti court dey clerk, timm roades neey 6 aktubar dee duphir noon kiha kii unhan daa daftar "gatividhiaan naal bhariaa hoiaa see. mairi bishop atey sheron baldwyn oklahoma witch viaah daa licences prapat curran vaale pahile samlingi jode sunn, joe somwar, 6 aktubar noon duphir 1:20 vaje tulsa kaoonti courthouse witch ajiha karde sunn.aim.. christon atey heather dicky 6 aktubar noon cleveland kaoonti witch licences prapat curran vaale pahile jode sunn.
mool amriki rashter.
samlingi viaah cheyen atey arapaho kabiliaan, cheroki rashter, chikasa rashter, choktau rashter atey osage rashter dey rakhvenkaran 'teey kanunni haii. cheyen atey arapaho kabile oklahoma witch samlingi viaah noon kanunni maanta denh vaale pahile mool amriki kabile sunn. aktubar 2013 witch, jaisan pickle atey darren black beear noon koncho dey kabaili adalat witch viaah daa licences jaari keeta giaa see. jadon kii rakhvankaran utte keeta giaa ih pahila jantak samlingi viaah see, kabaili adhikariaan neey pushti keeti kii iss toon pahilan doou horr samlingi jodiaan neey viaah keeta see. kabaili kanoon dey anusar, joe partiaan viaah karna chahundiyan hunn, unhan noon prabhusatta vaali zameen 'teey ajiha karna chahida haii atey ikk dhir noon kabiliaan daa member honaa chahida haii, parr kabaili code jode dey ling noon nirdharat naheen karda haii. nagrik potavatomi rashter, maskogi (creak) rashter atey seminol rashter witch samlingi viaah utte spasht taur utte pabandi haii.
cheroki rashter neey 9 dasambar, 2016 noon samlingi viaah noon kanunni roop ditta. maee 2004 witch, ovaso, daan mckinley atey kaithi reinolds dey ikk lesbian jode noon ikk kabaili adalat dey dipty clerk duaara viaah daa licences jaari keeta giaa see. kabile neey turant vadhu samlingi viaahan 'teey roque lagaa ditti. 14 juun noon, kabaili consul neey samlingi viaah 'teey pabandi lagaun vaala kanoon paas keeta, atey kabaili consul dey attarney, todd hambury neey 16 juun noon adalat witch ikk patishan daair keeti jiss witch mckinley atey reinolds noon jaari keete gaye viaah dey licences noon radd curran dee mung keeti gaee see. 3 agast, 2005 noon tehleka witch niaanik apeel tribunal neey faisla sunaiaa kii hambury witch mukaddama curran dee ghaat haii atey ih naheen dikha sakda kii uss noon viaah dee kanunni maanta toon koee nuksan hoiaa haii. dasambar 2005 witch, tribunal neey viaah dee vaidhta noon chunhauti denh vaale dooje mukkadme noon radd qarr ditta. janwari 2006 witch, cheroki adalat dey parshasak, leesa fields, joe viaah dey licences noon ricard curran laee zimmevar haii, neey viaah dee vaidhta noon chunhauti denh vaala teeja mukaddama daair keeta. patishan daa jawab naheen ditta giaa. 9 dasambar, 2016 noon, cheroki rashter dey attarney general, todd hambury, jiss neey asal witch 2004 witch mckinley atey reinolds dey viaah noon chunhauti ditti see, neey ikk raae jaari keeti kii samlingi viaah 'teey pabandi cheroki rashter dey sanvidhan dey tehat gair-sanvidhanak see, jiss neey kabile witch samlingi viaah noon kanunni roop ditta. chaed smith, jiss neey 2004 witch cheroki dey pramukh mukhi vajon seva nibhai see, neey hambury dee raae daa swagat karde hoye kiha, "ih pichle cheroki kanoon dee palna karda haii. parr saade sanvidhan witch amriki sanvidhan dey parbandh shamal hunn, atey superim court (sanyukat raaj dee) neey udon toon aapna faisla ditta haii.", yuu daa havala dinde hoye.aiss. obergefel banaam witch superim court daa faisla. hoses, "jiss neey sanyukat raaj witch desh bharr witch samlingi viaah noon kanunni roop ditta. natije vajon, mckinley atey reinolds cheroki rashter witch pahile viaahe hoye samlingi jode sunn. osage rashter neey 20 march, 2017 noon ikk janmat sangrah karvaiaa kii qee kabaili zameen utte samlingi viaah noon kanunni roop denna haii, atey ih upaa 52 pratishat bahumat naal paas keeta giaa.
chikasa code witch 18 aprail, 2022 noon sodh keeti gaee see taan joe kise vee doou viaktiaan darmiaan viaah dee aagiaa ditti jaa sake atey ikko ling dey viaktiaan darmiaan viaahan dee maanta noon rokann vaali bhasha noon radd keeta jaa sake. viaah dee paribhasha hunn padahdi haiyav 'viaah' daa arth haii doou viaktiaan darmiaan ikk sival ikrarname toon paida hoiaa ikk nijji rishta jiss witch samjhauta curran atey iss witch dakhal honn dey kanunni taur 'teey samrath dhiran dee sehmati zaruri haii, atey viaah dey sabndh noon kanoon duaara pardan keete anusar dakhal keeta javega, kaaim rakkhiaa javega jaan radd keeta javega."23 maee, 2023 noon, chukko rashter dee sanvidhanak adalat neey faisla sunaiaa kii samlingi jodiaan noon viaah curran daa sanvidhanak adhikar haii atey ikk jode, canady atey chelsey barker noon aapni 10 saala ladki noon godd lainn dee aagiaa ditti. cheef gairi batton neey faisle daa swagat keeta atey kiha, "iss faisle dey adhaar 'teey, aseen aapne kodan dee samikhiaa karange kii qee tabdiliaan curran dee zaroorat haii. aseen iss mamle witch shamal parivaar noon aapna piaar atey samarthan dinde haan."
iss toon ilava, bharti mamlian daa beoro poore yuu. aiss. witch sathapit adalatan daa sanchalan karda haii.aiss. sanghi niyaman dey code (see. eff. aar.) dey tehat, atey "jadon takk koee vishesh bharti kabila aapni kabaili adalat sathapat naheen karda, udon takk bharti apradhan dee adalat ikk kabile dee niaanik pranali vajon kamm karegi. iss tarahan samlingi viaah inhan sanghi see. eff. aar. adalatan witch oklahoma dey apache kabile, oklahoma dey cado rashter, komanche rashter, delaware rashter, fort sill apache kabile, oklahoma dey kiova indian kabile, bhartiaan dey otto-misuria kabile, vichita atey sabandhat kabiliaan, oklahoma dey purbi shaani kabile, modak rashter, oklahoma dey otawa kabile, oklahoma dey bhartiaan dey pioria kabile atey seneka-kaiyuga rashter dey memberan laee keete jaa sakde hunn.
doou-aatma viaah.
bahut saare mool amriki kabiliaan witch doou-aatma vaale viaktiaan deeaan parampravan hunn joe janam toon marad sunn parr aurtan dey kappde pahinade sunn atey rozana gharelu kamm atey kalatmak dastkari karde sunn joe aurtan dey khetar naal sabandhat manne jaande sunn. iss doou-aatma dee sathiti neey inhan vicchon kujh kabiliaan witch doou jaivik purshan jaan doou jaivik aurtan dey vichkaar viaah curran dee aagiaa ditti. cheyen sabheyachar witch, doou-aatma vaale lokan noon () vajon janhiaa jaanda haii, atey ikk teeje ling dey roop witch cheyen samaaj witch ikk mahattavpuran bhumika nibhai jaandi haii. uh yodhiaan vajon satikarat sunn, ravaiti khopdi naachan noon nirdeshit karde sunn, manniaa jaanda see kii uh koyot naal gall curran dey yog sunn, atey matchmaking witch aapne hunar laee jaane jaande sunn, khaskar naujwan, anviaahe mardan laee joe jawan aurtan noon prabhavit curran dee koshish karde sunn. heey 'imaine" aksar ikk viaahe hoye aadmi dey bahupakhi parivaar witch duji patni vajon kamm karda see. arapaho sabheyachar neey ravaiti taur utte doou-aatma vaale lokan noon maanta ditti haii joe aurtan dey kappde pahinade sunn atey unhan noon "vishesh adhiaatmak shaktiaan vaale sanmanat viakati" manniaa jaanda see. uhanan noon arapaho bhasha witch (bahuvachan) vajon janhiaa jaanda haii. bahut saare viaahe hoye cisgender marad bahu-viaah dey sanket toon binan. oklahoma dey bhartiaan dey ponka kabile dey ponka lock doou-aatma vaale lokan noon () kahinde hunn. manniaa jaanda see kii uhanan noon "chandrama duaara nirdeshit" keeta giaa see, atey uh kaee vaar aadmiaan noon saathi vajon lainde sunn. osage witch, doou-aatma vaale viakati, jinhan noon () vajon janhiaa jaanda haii, "aurtan wang bolde sunn", aurtan dey kappde pahinade sunn, parr ikk lazmi taur 'teey mardana ling dee bhumika noon poora karna jaari rakkhde sunn, atey unhan neey aurtan naal viaah karwa liaa. uhanan noon kawapa bhasha witch (), kansa bhasha witch () atey chiware bhasha witch () vajon janhiaa jaanda haii. "mihkoj" noon dharmik netavan dey ikk vishesh varag dey roop witch sanman naal manniaa jaanda see. marhoom baksoje, jeevar-natchi bazurgan witch, "mihsoge" noon ajey vee aapne adhiaatmik sabandhan atey pavittar daada-daadi deeaan aatmavan naal sadbhavna witch pavittar bhumika laee darr naal manniaa jaanda see."inhan saare siuan bolann vaale lokan witch, doou-aatma vaale lokan cole" "mahila devtiaan jaan chandrama dey darshan sunn joe unhan dee pachanh daa samarthan karde sunn.
saak doou-aatma vaale viaktiaan, jinhan noon () vajon janhiaa jaanda haii, neey aapni ling bhumika witch tabdili noon "ikk mandbhagi kismat jiss toon uh bach naheen sakde, chandrama witch rahinn vaali aurat aatma dey drishtikon duaara iss raste vall prerit keeta jaanha chahida haii."uh pavittar sunn atey harr saal ikk naach naal sanmanit keete jaande sunn jiss witch siraf uhanan mardan noon hissa lainn dee aagiaa see jinhan neey" ayakva "naal jinsi sambandh banaae sunn. potavatomi (, bahuvachan "mandockwake") neey chhoti umar toon hii "mahila sangat dee bhaal keeti", dovan lingan dey "kamm curran dey hunar" rakkhde sunn, "aurtan wang gall karde sunn", atey "vishesh adhiaatmik shaktiaan vaale sanmanat viakati" manne jaande sunn. lennep, joe 1860 dey dahake witch maujuda cado county witch visthapit hoow gaye sunn, doou-aatma vaale viaktiaan noon () vajon darsaunde hunn. miaami lokan witch, ajj oklahoma dey miaami kabile dey rakhvenkaran utte rahinde, doou-aatma vaale lokan noon () kiha jaanda haii, atey pauni lock unhan noon () kahinde hunn. modok lock, modok yuddh toon baad aadhunik samein dey otawa county witch jalavatan keete gaye, doou-aatma vaale viaktiaan noon () kahinde hunn. twinick" aurtan dey kappde pahinade sunn atey "aurtan wang vivhaar karde sunn. uhanan neey cisgender mardan naal viaah keeta, atey aam taur utte ikk shaman dee bhumika nibhai atey uhanan noon mahaan aatmik shakti daa sihra ditta jaanda see. seneka lock doou-aatma vaale viaktiaan noon () kahinde hunn, atey kayuga lock unhan noon () kahinde hunn. mascalero-chirikahua bhasha witch, doou-aatma vaale lokan noon () atey maidani apache bhasha witch () vajon janhiaa jaanda haii.
cheroki, chikasa atey choktau witch doou-aatma vaale viaktiaan baare saahit vadhere seemat haii. ih sambhavna haii kii inhan samajan noon doou-aatma varga darja ditta giaa see, parr bahut saare ravaiti giaan hanjhu dey raah atey isai dharam noon apnaun dauran guach gaye sunn. cheroki witch, ("asigi udando";) uhanan lokan noon darsaunda haii joe jaan taan purshan atey aurtan deeaan bhumikavan toon bahr hunde hunn jaan joe purshan atey aurtan dovan deeaan bhumikavan utte kabza karde hunn. chukktau bhasha witch, doou-aatma vaale lokan noon () vajon janhiaa jaanda haii, halanki ih shabad mukabaltan aadhunik haii. choktau dey lekhak leaney howay neey 2022 dee ikk kitaab witch kiha, "aksar uh siraf dooje purshan naal hii shamal naheen hunde sunn balki unhan dey kaee padhran dey sabndh hunde sunn. uh saade bhaichare naal vee bahut vishesh tarikiaan naal jude hoye sunn. uh ilaaj curran vaale hoow sakde hunn. uh uh lock hunn jinhan neey saade bacchiaan dee rakkhiaa keeti kiunki unhan neey ikk toon vaddh cheezan noon sakar keeta. atey joe chukkatan suhaj shastar daa hissa haii uh ih haii kii aseen unhan cheezan daa sanman karde haan joe asadharan hunn. vakkhra. jadon tusin uss aatma noon dekhde hoow joe ["ohyo holba"] witch judee hoee haii, atey jadon uh purane samein witch uss pahirave noon pahinade hunn, taan uh kahi rahey hunde hunn 'bahut saare lokan daa avtaar'."kujh aurat-sareer doou-aatma vaale viakati shabad () dee varton karde hunn. chikasa bhasha witch, shabad () haii. alabama bhasha witch, uhanan noon () atey maskogi witch () vajon janhiaa jaanda haii. inhan aadhunik shabdan daa arth aam taur utte ikk samlingi, lesbian jaan transgender viakati hunda haii, halanki kujh doou-aatma vaale lock inhan shabdan naal pachanh karde hunn. yuchi bhasha witch, doou-aatma daa anuvad () atey natchase witch () keeta giaa haii, jisda arth haii "aurtan daa mukhiaa".
jansankhiaa atey viaah dey ankade.
2000 yuu toon detta.aiss. mardamshumari neey dikhaiaa kii 5,763 samlingi jode oklahoma witch rahi rahey sunn. 2005 takk, ih vadh keey 8,159 jode hoow gaye sunn, sambhav taur utte samlingi jodiaan dee sarkari sarvekhanan witch aapni bhaiwali daa khulasa curran dee vaddh rahee ichha noon zimmevar thahiraiaa giaa see. samlingi jode raaj deeaan saariaan kauntiaan witch rahinde sunn, sivaae simaron noon chhadd keey, atey raaj dey jode gharan daa 0.7% atey saare gharan daa 0.40% sunn. ziaadaatar jode oklahoma, tulsa atey cleveland kaoontiaan witch rahinde sunn, parr samlingi jodiaan dee sabh toon vaddh pratishatata valiaan kaoontiaan rogger millan (saare kaoonti gharan vicchon 0.70%) atey pushmataha (0.65%) sunn. oklahoma witch samlingi saathi austan virodhi ling dey saathi naalon chhote sunn, atey naukari curran dee sambhavna vadhere see. halanki, samlingi jodiaan dee ausat atey ausat gharelu aamdan vakkh-vakkh ling jodiaan naalon ghatt see, atey samlingi jodiaan dey ulat-ling bhaiwalan dee tulna witch gharr dey maalak honn dee sambhavna vee bahut ghatt see. oklahoma witch 26 pratishat samlingi jode 18 saal toon ghatt umar dey bacchiaan dee parvarish qarr rahey sunn, 2005 witch andazan 4,075 bacche samlingi jodiaan dee agvai vaale gharan witch rahi rahey sunn.
sanyukat raaj mardamshumari beoro dey ankadiaan toon pataa laggda haii kii 2020 witch oklahoma witch 5,006 viaahe samlingi jode sunn, jinhan witch 3,149 mahila jode atey 1,857 marad jode shamal sunn. raaj witch rahinn vaale saare samlingi jodiaan vicchon viaahe jodiaan daa hissa 56.3% haii. viaahe hoye samlingi patee-patni austan vakkh-vakkh ling dey patee-patni naalon chhote sunn atey aam taur utte unhan dee aamdan vaddh hundi see.
| oklahoma-deshe samalingi vivaahah.
oklahoma-nagare, 2014 october 6 dinaankaat, rajyasya samalingi-vivaahasya nishedham prati aavhaanasya daavaayaah samadhanasya anantaram, samalingi-vivaahah vidhisammatah asti. tasmin dine, yu ityasya anugacchati.ess. sarvocchanyaayaalayasya samiksha-niraakaranam "bishap vi. smit ", ekaha prakaranah yah pratibandham asamvaidhaanikam dnyaatavaan, dashamah circuit-appeals-nyayalayaha oklahoma-nagaram samalingivivaahaan manyum adishtavan. 14 janavaree 2014 dinaanke nyayadhishaha terrens see. kern yoo.ess. oklahoma-rajyasya uttaramandalasy mandal-nyayalayaha rajyasya vaidhaanikam samvaidhaanikam cha samalingi-vivaah-nishedham asamvaidhaanikam iti ghoshayat. prakaranam, "bishap vi. smith "(poorvam" bishap vi. oklahoma "tathaa" bishap vi. samyuktarajyamerika "), apeel-pratiksheturoopen stheeritam. 2014 julai 18 dinaanke, dashamam circuit ityasya ekaa pyanal, oklahomaa-nagarasya samalingi-vivaah-pratibandham nirakrutva kern ityasya nirnayam samarthayat. parantu, samityaa, yoo dwara "pramanapatra-patrasya" aavedanasya nishpaadanam yaavat naa bhavati, tatt yaavat swasya nirnayah sthagitah.ess. sarwochchanyaayaalayah. october 6,2014 dinaanke, yu.ess. sarwochchanyaayaalayah dashamam circuit-nyayalayasya nirnayam sthaane eva nyastvaa, sameekshayaha anurodham niraakrutavaan. rajyasya adhikaarinah raajye samalingeevivaaham manyatam praapya dashamam circuit ityasya nirnayam kaaryaanvayayitvaa pratyuttarm dattavantah.
vidhi-itihaasah.
pratibandhah.
1975 tame varshe oklahoma-vidhayika swasya prathamam shasanam sveekrutavatee yat "eka-purusha-eka-stree" ityetayoho madhye vivaahasya vyaakhyaam karoti. 1996 tame varshe oklahoma-vidhayika anyam vidhaanam paaritavatee, vivaahasya "ekapurushasya ekamahilaa cha" iti paribhasham dattavatee, tathaa cha oklahoma-raajye rajyabhijatyam samalingeevivaahasya manyatam nishedhayati.
2004 april-maase oklahoma-seenet-pakshah 38-7 mataihi, oklahoma-pratinidhi-sabhaa 92-4 mataihi samalingeevivaaham nishedham samvaidhaanikasamshodhanam sveekrutavantah. 2004 tame varshe november-masasya 2 dinaanke oklahoma-deshasya matadaaraih 711 iti prashnaroopen nishedhah anumoditah. samshodhanena samalingeevivaahasya nishedhah api cha "avivahita-dampatyah vaa samoohah vaa teshaam vidhisammata-ghatanaah" yathaa nagarika-sanghaah vaa gruha-sahabhaagitaah, oklahoma-rajyasya samvidhaane anugunam krutaani.
gair-baadhyakaari sankalpa.
2013 april-maase oklahomaa-pratinidhi-sabhayaa "echa. sii. aar. 1009" iti ekam anibandhitaprastaavah sweekrutah, yat vivaahasya "ekapurushasya ekamahilaa cha madhye" iti punah drudeekrutam, tathaa yu. ess.-prati aagraham akarot.ess. sarwochchanyaayaalayah "vivaah-samrakshana-adhiniyamah" (doma) ityasya dhaaraa 3, vivaahasya viniyamanasya rajyanam adhikaarah cha samarthayati. 71 republican-janaah, 13 democrat-janaah cha mataan dattvaa, etat 84-0 iti anumoditam. 16 democrat-janaah virodharoopen matadanm kartum naa bhutva sabhamandalam bahirgacchan. tasmin eva maase okalahoma-seenet ityanena prastaawah anumoditah. yu iti.ess. sarwochchanyaayaalayah "samyuktarajyamerika-vi. madhye doma ityasya dhaaraa 3 niraakrutavaan. windser "iti 26 joon 2013 dinaanke.
"bishap vi. smithah ".
prushtabhoomau.
2004 tame varshe november-masasya 3 dinaanke, oklahomaa-rajyasya nirvaachak-janaihi samalingi-vivaahasya nishedhaay samvidhaana-samshodhanam atyadhikam sweekrutam, tadanantaram dine, meri-bishap, shaaran-baldwyn, susanne-barton, ge-phillips iti dwau lesbian-dampatee tulsaa-nagarasya federal-mandal-nyayalaye chunauteem aarabhant. prathama-dampatyah tulsaa-kaunti-gumastah, sailee hove-smit ityanena vivaah-anudnyaapatram niraakrutaah aasan, aparam dampatee 2001 tame varshe vermant-sivil-union iteedam nirmitavantah, 2005 tame varshe british-columbia-deshe vivaaham akarot, yadaa vichaar-vimarshah pralambitah aasit. teshaam pratinidhitvam hollade tathaa oklahoma-nagarasya vidhi-samsthaa chilton ityetabhyam krutam. smit ityasya pratinidhitvam tulsaa-prantasya mandal-adhivaktaa tathaa cha swatantrataayaah rakshanarthm, laabharahit-christian-adhivaktaa-samsthaa, iti sanghatanen krutam. prakaranam "bishap vi. iti aasit. oklahoma "iti. prativaadeeh oklahoma-nagarasya mahanyayadhivakta aasan, edmundson, governor brad heinry, da yoo ityetaan aakarshayan.ess. mahanyayavadi, jaan ashcroft, adhyakshah jaarj doubleu. bush. dampatee "anyatamaah" iti ghoshanaa praarthayan yat oklahoma-samshodhanam uchitaprakriyayaha, samaanasamrakshaayaah, poornavishvaasasya, shreyah cha, yoo. e. ityasya visheshaadhikaarasy, unmukti-khandasya cha antargatam asamvaidhaanikam aasit iti.ess. samvidhaanam. te 1996 tame varshe paritam "vivaahasya rakshan-adhiniyamm" (doma) ityapi pratidhwanim krutavantah. raajyam niraakrutum anvishyat, dampateebhyah sthitehe abhaawah aasit, ekaadashasamshodhanena teshaam vaadaha nishedhitah aasit iti tarkayan.
20 julai 2006 dinaanke nyayadhishaha terrens see. kern-varyaha vaadeebhyah aamshikam vijayam pradadat, te rajyasya samvidhaana samshodhanasya vividhaan chunauteen vaadayitum shaknuvanti iti abhinirdishtavaan; tathaapi, saha katipayaan vidhi-siddhantan vichaaraat apasarya prakaranasya paridhim nyunikrutavan. smelt vi" iti uddhrutam. aarang-kaunti" iti california-deshasya prakaranam, saha nirnayam akarot yat dampatyoho doma-ityetam pratidhwanim kartum sthitehe abhaawah aasit, yatah samyuktarajyamerikadesha naa cha vaidhavivaaham krutavantah. kern ityeshah nirnayam krutavaan yat bishap tathaa baldwyn ityetayoho doma ityasya bhagasya aavhaanaartham sthitehe abhaawah aasit, yena samalingeevivaah sangha-sarvakaarena manyatam naa praapnot, yatah te vivaaheh aasan. parantu, saha barton phillips ityasya sthitihi asti iti niraakrutavaan, yatah dampatee kenada-deshe vivaahitaa, vermant-nagare nagarika-sangham pravishtavaan, ataha teshaam davan nirakaranam sheeghram bhavishyati iti nishchinot. kern ityanena dnyaatam yat ubhayau dampatee samalingeevivaaham nishedham rajya-samshodhanam prati aavhaanaartham ubhau ubhau ubhau cha ubhau cha oklahoma-nagare vidhipoorvakam vivaaham icchanti sma iti. rajya-adhikaarinah dashamam circuit-nyayalayam prati apeel-abhyartavantah. 2009 joon 5 dinaanke dashama-paripathah aprakashita-nirnayam akarot, oklahomaa-adhikarinam viruddham davan niraakrutum mandal-nyayalayasya viphalataam pratyaavartayan, vishaya-vishaya-adhikaarakshetrasy abhaavasya karanat vaadinaam davan niraakrutavaan. sheshapratirodhakah, smit, samyuktarajyamerika cha, 2009 october 13 dinaanke nirasteekaranasy prastaavam preshitavantah.
25 februvari 2011 dinaanke, nyayalayasya nishkasanaprastavanam vishaye nirnayasya nirgamanaat poorvam, samyuktarajyamerika-raajyam nyayalayaya suchitam yat saha doma ityasya dhaaraa 3 ityasya samvaidhaanikataayaah rakshanm naa karishyati iti. samyuktarajyamerika-pratinidhi-sadanasya dvidaleeya-vidhi-paraamarsh-samoohah doma-pakshasya rakshanarthm hastkshepam kartum prayatat. 2013 joon 26 dinaanke, yu.ess. sarwochchanyaayaalayen "samyuktarajyamerika-vi. windser "iti doma ityasya dhaaraa 3 panchame samshodhanasya niyataprakriya-khandasya ullanghanam akarot. tasmin eva dine, nyayalayaha "holingswart vi. iti prakaranam api niraakrutavaan. peree, "california-deshe samalingivivaahaan punah aarabhy anumatim dadaatu.
mandal-nyayalayasya nirnayah.
2014 janavaree 14 dinaanke, nyayadhishaha kern vaadinah krute saaraamsham nirnayam adadat tathaa cha asmin prakarane nirnayam adadat, "adhunaa bishap vi. samyuktarajyamerika-raajyam, "oklahomaa-rajyasya samalingeevivaahasya nishedhah chaturdasha-samshodhanasya samaan-samrakshana-khandasya antargatah asamvaidhaanikah aasit. saha rajyasya samalingeevivaah-nishedhasya pravartanam shaashvatam kartum aadesham praavartayat, parantu yu. e. ityasya ullekham krutvaa, apeelam yaavat swasya nirnayasya pravartanam sthagayt.ess. sarvocchanyaayaalayasya utaah ityasmin praayah samanasya prakarane sthaganasy nirgamanam, "kichan vi. herb "iti. kern ityanena yu iti likhitam.ess. sarvocchanyaayaalayasya samanasya prakaranasya nirasteekaranam, "becker vi. nelson, "1972 tame varshe, poorvasandeshah naa baadhyakaari aasit, yatah" 1972 tamaat varshaat sarvocchanyaayaalayasya nyayashastre mahattvapoornaani saiddhaantikavikaasaani abhavan, yena soochayati yat ete cha vishayaah adhunaa mahattvapoornam prashnam upasthaapayanti iti ". saha dnyaatavaan yat barton tathaa phillips iti dwau vaadinah doma ityasya dhaaraa 2 ityasmai chunauteem daatum samarthah nasitaha, yatah te prativaadee iti namakaranam krutayoho sangheey-adhikarinam tasya pravartanasya daayitvam naa aasit, tathaa cha abhilekhah naa darshayati yat oklahoma-adhikaarinah barton tathaa phillips ityetayoho vivaahasya anyeshu adhikaarakshetreshu manyatam daatum asaphalau abhavan iti. saha avadat yat dampatee "haa [dii] samagra-vidhi-prakriyayam mahattvapoornaam bhumikam niravahat yena doma ityasya dhaaraa 3 amanyata prapta" iti, tathaa cha taan tathaa teshaam adhivaktru-ityetaan "teshaam duradarshitayaha, saahase, adhyavasaayasya cha" prashamsaam akarot. kern, bishap tathaa baldwyn ityetaih saha sahamatah aasit yat oklahomaa-rajyasya samalingeevivaahasya nishedhasya samvaidhaanikasamshodhanam samaanasamrakshanasya khandasya ullanghanam akarot iti. saha yuktiyukta-samiksham prayujya, rajyasya samarthanam, yathaa-uttaradaayi-prajananasy protsaahanam, ishtatam-baal-paalanam, vivaah-samsthaayaah upari prabhaawah cha "aparyaaptah" iti dnyaatavaan. kern ityeshah nirnayam dattavaan yat samvidhaana samshodhanam "sarvakaareey-labhat kevalam ekaa vargasya oklahomaa-nagarikanam svecchaayuktam, tarkaheenam bahishkaranam" iti. yauna-abhimukheekaranasy samaan-samrakshanasya cha aadhaaren bhedabhaavasya vishaye sarvocchanyaayaalayasya nyayashastre nirnayah avadat yat, "samalingi-vivaahasya nishedham kurvataam rajya-vidhihi yoo. e. ityasya ullamghanam kurvanti vaa iti vishaye sarwochchanyaayaalayah spashtatayaa naa praapnot.ess. samvidhaanam. parantu sarvocchanyaayaalayasya vidhihi adhunaa rajyan samalinginam viruddham shatrutayaa janitaah vidhihi prasthaapayitum nishedhayati, samalinginam naitika-yauna-vikalpaan samvaidhaanikam samrakshanam pradadaati, tathaa cha sanghashasanam viruddhalingeey-vivaahaan, samalingi-vivaahaan cha bhinnarupena aacharitum nishedhayati. sarvocchanyaayaalayasya nyayashastre 1996 tame varshe "romer" ityanena aarabhy 2013 tame varshe "windser" iti namna parinamehe ghatanaah naa asti iti sunirdishtam vidhi-sanketah naasti, parantu yadaa nyayalayaha ekam pashyati tadaa alankaarika-parivartanam jaanaati."
governor merry faalin ityanena nirnayasya pratikriyam krutvaa, "aham oklahomaa-nagarasya matadatrunam asmin tathaa anyeshu neetivishayeshu swashaasanasya adhikarasya samarthanam karoti. nyaayaadheeshen nirnayena aham niraashah, janaanaam icchaam punah ekadaa sanghashasanam avaganot iti cha vyaakulah."attarney-general scott pruit ityeshah nirnayam" kleshakaram "iti uktavaan tathaa cha ucchanyaayaalayena samalingeevivaahasya rajya-nishedhasya samvaidhaanikataam nirnayam kartavyam iti avadat.
dashamam paripatha-nyayalaye apeel-aavedanam karotu.
smit-varyaha janavaree 16 dinaanke dashame circuit-nyayalaye apeel-suchanam aarabhat, nyayalayam api cha apeel-prakriyaam twaritam kartum, "kichan vi. iti prakaranasya cha vichaaranaartham cha adishtavan. herb "iti. 10 april dinaanke "pakashalayam" maukhika-tarkaan shrutam dashamam circuit ityasya saa eva 3 nyayadhishaha pyanal "bishap vi. iti maukhika-tarkaan shrutavaan. april 17 dinaanke smit "julai 18 dinaanke, nyayalayaha 2-1 iti nirnayena mandalanyayalayasya nirnayam samarthayat, nishkarsham praapnot yat oklahomaa-nagarasya samalingeevivaah-nishedhah yoo-shasanasya ullanghanam akarot iti.ess. samvidhaanena, yadyapi tatt tatkshanameva swasya nirnayam sthagitam, yadyapi yoo dwara "pramaanapatrasya" krute yachanayaha nishpaadanam yaavat naa sthityat.ess. sarwochchanyaayaalayah. jeffrey ell. stanford vishvavidyaalaye vidhi-pradhyapakaha tathaa cha sarvocchanyaayaalayasya anubhavee vaadakah fisher, august-maase oklahomaa-rajyasya samalingi-dampatyoho vivaah-adhikarasya nirakaranam prati chunauteem dadatibhyah pramukha-paraamarshakaroopen sammilitah. sarwochchanyaayaalayen 2014 october 6 dinaanke oklahomaa-nagarasya apeelam niraakrutam, tadanantaram dashama-circuit ityasya nirnayah prabhaawitah, evam oklahomaa-nagare samalingi-vivaahasya vaidhanikata prapta.
governor faalin sarvocchanyaayaalayasya karyasya teevratayaa nindam akarot, parantu rajyena samaanalingeeyavivaahasy anudnyaapatram sveekrutya manyatam cha praawartet iti ghoshayat. pratinidhihi selee kern, yah poorvam swalingakaamah bhayotpaadanasy apekshayaa rashtriyasurakshayaha krute mahatee vibheeshikaa iti avadat, nyayalayasya nirnayam apadat, "oklahomaa, athavaa tasmin vishaye kasyaapi raajye, nirwaachitaah nyayadhishaha naa bhaveyuhu ye janaanaam prati uttaradaataarah naa bhaveyuhu."sthaniyasya ell. jee. bee. tea. samuhasya karyakarinirdeshakaha scott hamilton avadat", asmakam saha anyatamaah dampatee yathaa vartante tathaiva vartayishyate. tathaa cha, mama yat sampattih asti athavaa tasya (hamilton ityasya patnee) yat asti yadaa vayam ekaha paas bhavati tadaa tatt naa bhavati saa katoraprakriyaa yat uttaradhikaram iti bhavitum arhati. etat mahatee aashwastih iti vadati chet alpoktih bhavishyati ". oklahoma-kaunti-nyayalayasya lipikah timm roads ityeshah october-masasya 6 dinaanke aparaahne avadat yat tasya karyalayaha "kaaryaih prafullitah" aasit iti. merry bishap, shaaran baldwyn cha oklahomaa-nagare vivaah-anudnyaapatram praaptau prathamah samalingi-dampatee aasit, october 6 dinaanke somavaasare, aparaahne 1:20 vaadane tulsaa-kaunti-nyayalaye etat krutavantau.emm.. christon tathaa header dicky cha october 6 dinaanke cleveland-kauntee-nagare anudnyaapatram praaptau prathamah dampatee aasit.
desheeyaah amerikiya-raashtraah.
sheyen-arapaho-janajaatih, cheroki-rashtram, chikasa-rashtram, choktaav-rashtram, osage-rashtram cha ityetayoho arakshaneshu samalingeevivaah vidhisammatah asti. cheyen tathaa arapaho ityete oklahomaa-nagarasya prathamaa mulanivasini amerikiya-janajaatih aasan ye samalingeevivaaham vaidhavantah. 2013 october-maase, koncho-nagarasya adivasi-nyayalaye jaasan pickel tathaa darren-krushna-bhaalukayoh vivaah-anudnyaapatram pradattam. arakshanasy aadhaaren etat prathamam saarvajanikam samalingi-vivaaham aasit, parantu adivasi-adhikaarinah asya poorvamev anyadwayam samalingi-dampatee vivaahitaah iti drudheekrutavantah. janajatiyavidhya anusaaram, ye pakshaah vivaaham icchanti te saarvabhoumabhoomau avashyam karishyanti, ekaha pakshah janajaatayah sadasyah bhavet, parantu janajaateey-samhitaayaam dampatyoho lingam naa nirdishtam bhavati. nagarika-potaavatomee-deshe, maskogee-deshe (creak), seminol-deshe cha samalingi-vivaahah spashtatayaa nishedhitah asti.
cheroki-rashtram 2016 december 9 dinaanke samalingeevivaaham vaidham akarot. 2004 mey maase, ovaaso-nagarasya lesbian-dampatee, daan mckinly, kaithee reinolds cha, aadivaaseesadalen nyayalayasya upa-lipikena vivaah-anudnyaapatram dattavantah. janajaatayah sheeghramev atiriktaanaam samalingi-vivaahaanaam krute sthaganam krutavaan. joon 14 dinaanke, adivasi-parishadah samalingi-vivaaham nishedham vidhim sveekrutavatee, tathaa cha adivasi-parishadasya adhivaktaa, todd hembry, joon 16 dinaanke nyayalaye makinley tathaa reynold ityetayoho krute pradattam vivaah-anudnyaapatram niraakrutum yachika daayaram akarot. 2005 august 3 dinaanke tahaleka-nagarasya nyayika-apeel-nyayadhikaranena nirnayah dattah yat hembry ityasya davam kartum sthitehe abhaawah aasit, vivaahasya vaidhaanik-manyatayaha karanat saha kimapi haanim anubhavitavaan iti naa darshayitum shaknoti iti. 2005 december-maase nyayadhikaranena vivaahasya vaidhataam pratidhwanitam dwiteeyam prakaranam niraakrutam. 2006 janavaree-maase, vivaah-anujnaapatrasya abhilekhanasy daayitvam vahantee, cheroki-nyayalaya-prashasika, lisaa-fields ityeshaa, vivaahasya vaidhataam prati aavhaanam ayujya truteeyaprakaranam ayujyat. nivedanam anuttaritam eva aasit. 2016 december 9 dinaanke, cheroki-rashtrasya mahanyayavadi, todd hembry, yah moolatah 2004 tame varshe makinley tathaa reynold-ityetayoho vivaaham aprucchat, saha matam adadat yat cheroki-raashtrasamvidhaanasya antargatam samalingi-vivaah-nishedhah asamvaidhaanikah aasit, yena janajaatau samalingi-vivaahah vaidhah abhavat. 2004 tame varshe cheroki-ityasya pramukhapramukhatvena karyam kurwatah chaad smit ityeshah hembry ityasya abhiprayasya swagatamat, "etat poorvakaalasy cheroki-niyamasya paalanam iti. parantu asmakam samvidhaane amerikaadeshasy samvidhaanasya upavidhaah antarbhavanti, tatah param sarwochchanyaayaalayah (samyuktaraajyasya) swanirnayam krutavaan.", yoo ityasya ullekhah.ess. oberzfel vi. madhye sarvocchanyaayaalayasya nirnayah. hodges "iti" samyuktarajyamerikadesha raashtravyaapeem samalingeevivaaham vaidham akarot. parinaamatah, makinley tathaa reinolds cha cheroki-deshe prathamam vivaahitam samalingi-dampatee aasit. oces-rashtram 20 maarch 2017 dinaanke adivasinam bhoomau samalingeevivaaham vaidham karaneeyam iti vishaye janamatasangraham krutavaan, tathaa cha upaayah 52 pratishatam bahumatena sweekrutah.
2022 april 18 dinaanke chikasa-samhitaayaah samshodhanam abhavat yena kasyaapi vyaktau vivaahasya anumatihi deeyate tathaa cha samanalingasya vyaktau vivaahasya manyatam pratishiddham bhasham nirasitum shakyate. vivaahasya paribhashayam adhunaa likhitam asti-"vivaahah" iti vyaktivaryayoho madhye nagarika-anubandhaat udbhootah vyaktigata-sambandhah, yasmin karaaram kartum praveshtum cha vidhipoorvakam sakshamanam pakshaanaam sahamatihi aavashyakah asti, vivaah-sambandhah vidhyaa vyavasthaam anusaaram pravishati, anurakshitah vaa nirasitah vaa bhavishyati."2023 mey 23 dinaanke choktaav-rashtrasya samvaidhaanika-nyayalayaha, samalingi-dampatyoho vivaahasya samvaidhaanika-adhikaarah asti iti nirnayam adadat, tathaa cha kennedy-chelsey-barker-dampatyaam swasyaah 10 varsheeyaam balikam dattum anumatim dattavaan. mukhya-gairee-byaatan ityeshah nirnayasya swaagatam krutvaa avadat, "asya nirnayasya aadhaaren, vayam swaniyantrananam samiksha karishyaamah yat kaani parivartanaani aavashyakaani iti pashyaamah. asmin prakarane samlagnataam kutumbam prati vayam asmakam premam samarthanam cha samarpayaamah."
tadatiriktam, bhaarateey-vyavahaar-byooro sampoorne yoo. e. madhye sthaapitaani nyayalayani chaalayati.ess. sangheeyaniyaman-samhitaayaah (see. ef. aar.) antargatam, tathaa cha "yaavat bharatiyajanajatihi swakeeyam janajaateey-nyayalayam sthaapayati, yaavat bhaarateey-aparaadh-nyayalayaha janajaatyaah nyaayawyawasthaaroopen karyam karoti" iti. evam eteshu sangharaajyeshu see. ef. aar. nyayalayeshu oklahomaa-nagarasya apaache-janajatinam, oklahomaa-nagarasya kaado-rashtrasya, komaanch-rashtrasya, delaware-rashtrasya, fort sil-apaache-janajaatih, oklahomaa-nagarasya kiyova-indian-janajaatih, bharatiyanam oto-missoria-janajaatih, vichitaa-sambaddh-janajaatih, oklahomaa-pradeshasya poorva-shaanee-janajaatih, modok-jaatih, oklahomaa-nagarasya oottaavaa-janajaatih, oklahomaa-deshasya bharatiyanam pioria-janajaatih, senekaa-kayugaa-rashtrasya cha sadasyanam krute samalingi-vivaahah kartum shakyate.
dwidayawiwaah.
anekeshu deshiyeshu american-janajatinam, purusharoopen janma praapya, streevastraani dharya, pratidinam gruhakaaryaani, kalaatmak-hastashilpaani cha pradarshayantah, aatmik-dvivaaram janayan janaanaam parampara asti, ye strikshetrasya iti manyate sma. asmin dwi-aatmaa-sthityaa eteshu keshuchit janajatinam madhye jaivika-purushadwayam vaa jaivika-streedwayam vaa vivaahah kartum anumanyata. cheyen-samskrutehe dwi-aatmaah janaah () iti namna prasidhaah santi, tathaa cha cheyen-samaaje truteeya-lingarupena mahattvapoornaam bhumikam nirvahanti. te yoddhruroopena poojitaah aasan, paaramparikaani scalp-nrutyaani nirdeshitavantah, koyot-ityanena saha vaartaalaapam kartum samarthah iti manyante sma, visheshatah yuvateenaam abhibhootum prayatamananam yuvateenaam avivaahitaanaam purushaanaam krute, melan-kaushalanam krute prasidhaah aasan. hey 'emene" iti praayah vivaahitasya purushasya bahupatneeye gruhe dwiteeyapatneeroopen karyam karoti sma. arapaho-samskrutehe paramparaagataroopen dwe atmikajanan manyatam, ye mahilanam vastraani dharanti sma, te "vishesha-aadhyaatmikashaktiyuktah sammaanitaah janaah" iti manyante sma. arapaho-bhashayam te (bahuvachanah) iti namna prasidhaah santi. bahvavivaahasya sanketam vinaa bahavah vivaahetaa sisjendar purushaah santi. oklahomaa-nagarasya bharatiyanam ponkaa-janajatinam ponkaa-janaah dvidaya-aatmikaan () iti nirdishyante. te "chandradvara nirdeshitaah" iti manyante sma, kadaachit purushaan sahabhaaginah iti cha manyante sma. osage-madhye, () iti namna khyataha, "mahilaam iva bhaashitaah" iti dwi-aatmaah, mahilanam vastraani dharanti sma, parantu anivaryataya purushalingasya paatram avalambayanti sma, te mahilaam parinayanti sma. kvaapaav-bhashayam (), kamsa-bhashayam (), chivere-bhashayam () iti te prasidhaah santi. "mihksoge" ityete dhaarmikanetrunaam visheshavargaroopena aadaraporvakam acharitaha aasan. swa. baksoje, jivere-natachi-vruddheshu, "mihksoge" ityete aatmikabandhasy, pavitrapitru-aatmaih saha saamanjasyen pratishtitehe bhumikayaha cha krute adyaapi vismayena manyante sma."eteshaam sarveshu siovan-bhashinam janeshu, dwidweeyaah janaah" streedevataam vaa chandrasya vaa darshanam akurvan, ye swaparichayasya samarthanam kurvanti sma.
() iti namna khyataha sauk-dwi-aatmaa-janaah api swalinga-bhumikayaha parivartanam "durbhagyapoornam niyatim, yat te nivaarayitum naa shaknuvanti, chandrasya madhye nivasantee stree-aatmaayah drushtyaa asya maargam uddishya preritaah iti anumanyante."te prativarsham pavitram, sammaanitam cha nrutyam kurvanti sma, yasmin kevalam te purushaah eva bhaagam graheetum anumanyante ye" ayakwaa "ityanena saha yaunamilanam akurvan. potaavatomee (bahuvachanah "mnedoquake") alpavayassi eva "stree-sangamam anvishyata", ubhayoho lingayoho "karya-kaushalaani" dhaarayati, "stree-rupena bhaashate", "vishesha-aadhyaatmik-shaktiyuktaah sammaanita-vyaktihi" iti cha manyante sma. 1860 tame dashake vartamaanasya kaado-praantam prati visthaapitaah lenep-janaah, dvidaya-aatmaah () iti nirdishyante. miyaami-janaanaam madhye adya oklahomaa-nagarasya miyaami-janajatinam aarakshane nivasantah, dwishireeyajanaah () iti nirdishtah, tathaa cha pannee-janaah taan () iti aahvayanti. modok-yuddhanantaram aadhunikakaalasy oottaavaa-praantam prati nirwaasitaah modok-janaah dwi-aatmaah () iti aahvayanti. twineak" iti strinam vastraani dharati sma, "strirupena vartati sma" iti cha. te sisjendar-purushaan parineetavantah, praayah shaaman-paatram abhyanayn, mahaan aatmikashaktim cha praaptavantah. senekaa-janaah dvidaya-aatmik-vyaktim () iti nirdishyante, tathaa cha kayuga-janaah taan () iti nirdishyante. meskelero-chirikahuva-bhashayam, dwi-aatmaah janaah () iti namna, samatalakshetre apaache-bhashayam () iti namna prasidhaah santi.
cheroki, chikasa, choktaav ityeteshu aatmadwayam vyaktim vishaye sahityam adhikam seemitam asti. sambhawatah eteshaam samajanam naam dwi-aatmaa iva aasit, parantu ashrunam margasya, christian-matasya sweekaranasya cha samaye bahu paaramparikam gyaanam nashtam abhavat. cheroki-madhye ("asigi udando";) te janaah soochayanti ye purushaanaam mahilanam cha bhumikayaha bahihi bhavanti athavaa purushaanaam mahilanam cha bhumikam dhaarayanti. choktaav-bhashayam, dvidaya-aatmaah janaah () iti namna prasidhaah santi, yadyapi ayam shabdah apekshaakrutah aadhunikah asti. choktaav-lekhikaa lean hove ityeshaa 2022 tame varshe ekasmin pustake avadat yat, "praayah te naa kevalam anyaih purushaihi saha sambadhaah aasan, apitu teshaam anekastareeyaah sambandhaah aasan. te api asmakam samudaayen vishesharoopen saha sambadhaah aasan. te roganivaarakaah bhavitum arhanti. te janaah santi ye asmakam balakan rakshayanti yatah te ekasmaat adhikaan vastooni moortavantah. chuktavaan-saundaryashaastrasya bhaagah asti yat vayam asamanyan vastooni pujamaha iti. bhinnam. yadaa bhavaan ["ohyo holba"] madhye sambaddham atmam pashyati, yadaa te prachinakale tatt vastram dharanti, tadaa te 'anekanam avataarah' iti vadanti."kechan stree-shareer-dvidaya-aatmaah () iti padam upayunjanti. chikasa-bhashayam, padam () asti. alabama-bhashayam te () iti namna, maskogee-bhashayam () iti namna cha prasidhaah santi. ete aadhunik-padaani praayah samalingi, lesbian, athavaa transgender-vyaktim iti arthayanti, yadyapi kechan dwi-aatmaa-janaah eteshaam padaihi saha parichaayanti. yuchee-bhashayam dwi-aatmaa () iti, natchej-bhashayam () iti cha anuvaaditah asti, yasya arthah "mahilanam pramukhah" iti.
janasaamkhyikee tathaa vivaahasya saankhyikee.
2000 yoo. taha dattaamshah.ess. janagananayam dnyaayate yat 5,763 samalingeeyutaah dampatee oklahoma-nagare nivasanti sma. 2005 tame varshe etat 8,159 dampatee yaavat vardhata, praayah sarvakaareey-sameekshaasu swa-sahabhaagitvasya prakateekaranasy krute samalingi-dampatyoho vardhamaan-icchaayaah karanena. simaron ityetam vihaay rajyasya sarveshu praanteshu samalingi-dampatee nivasanti sma, rajyasya yugmita-gruheshu 0.7 pratishatam, sarveshu gruheshu 0.40 pratishatam cha aasan. adhikaamshaah dampatee oklahoma, tulsaa, cleveland ityeteshu praanteshu nivasanti sma, parantu samalingi-dampatyoho sarvaadhikam pratishatam yukttaah prantaha rogger-mills (sarveshu praanta-gruheshu 0.70%), pushmataha (0.65%) cha aasan. oklahomaa-nagare samalingi-sahabhaaginah, vipareetalingeey-sahabhaaginah apekshayaa samanyataha alpavayaskaah aasan, api cha karmaniyuktaah bhavitum adhikaah cha aasan. parantu, samalingi-dampatyoho madhyam-gruhastha-aayah bhinnalingeey-dampatyoho apekshayaa nyoonah aasit, samalingi-dampatee api vipareetalingee-sahabhaginam apekshayaa gruhasya svaamitvasya sambhavana ateeva nyoonah aasit. oklahomaa-nagare 26 pratishatam samalingi-dampatee 18 varshaat nyoonavayaskaanaam balakan paalayan, 2005 tame varshe 4,075 baalakaah samalingi-dampatyoho netrutve gruheshu nivasanti iti anumaanitam.
samyuktarajyamerika-janaganana-vibhaagasya dattaamshah darshayati yat 2020 tame varshe oklahomaa-nagare 5,006 vivahita-samalingi-dampatee aasan, yeshu 3,149 mahilaa-dampatee, 1,857 purusha-dampatee cha aasan. raajye nivasataam sarveshu samalingeeyuddheshu parineeta-dampateeshu 56.3% iti ganitam aasit. vivahita-samalingi-pati-patneeh bhinnalingeey-pati-patneebhyah apekshayaa samanyataha kanishtaah aasan, praayah adhika-aayah cha aasan.
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ooklahoamaavil oray paalina tirumanam
oray paalina thirumanaththirkaana maanilaththin thadaiyai sawal seiyum vazhakkin theermaanaththaith thodarnthu, october 6,2014 muthal oklahoamaavil oray paalina tirumanam sattappoorvamaaga ullathu. andru, yuu. aii. aii. pinthodarnthu.ess. bishab vii. maruaaivu seiya uchcha neethimandram maruththathu. smith, "inthath thadaiyai arasiyalamaippirku muranaanathu endru kandarindha oru vazhakku, paththaavathu suttru melmuraiyeettu neethimandram oray paalina thirumanangalai angkeekarikka oklahoamaavukku uttaravittathu. janavari 14,2014 andru, neethipathi terrence chii. yuu inn curn.ess. oklahoma maanilaththin vadakku maavattathirkaana mavatta neethimandram maanilaththin sattareethiyaana mattrum arasiyalamaippu reethiyaana oray paalina tirumanath thadaikalai arasiyalamaippirku viroathamaanathu endru ariviththathu. vazhakku, "bishab vii. smith (munbu bishab vii. oklahoma "mattrum" bishab vii. america), maelmuraiyeedu niluvaiyil ullathu. juulai 18,2014 andru, paththaavathu suttruvattaaraththin kuzhu ondru ooklahoamaavin oray paalina tirumanath thadaiyai rathu seitha kernin theerppai uruthi seithathu. iruppinum, yuu. ess. aall "saantrithazh" kkaana manuvaith theerkkum varai kuzhu thanathu theerppai nirutthi vaiththathu.ess. uchcha neethimandram. october 6,2014 andru, yuu.ess. paththaavathu suttru neethimandraththin theerppai appadiyae vittuvittu, maruaaivu seivatharkaana koorikkaiyai uchcha neethimandram niraagariththathu. maanila athikaarikal paththaavathu suttrarikkaiyin theerppai amalpaduththuvathan moolam pathilaliththanar, maanilaththil oray paalina thirumanatthai angkeekariththanar.
satta varalaaru.
kattuppaadugal.
1975 aam aandil, oklahoma sattamandram "oru aanukkum oru pennukkum idaiyilaana tirumanam" endru varaiyarukkum thanathu muthal sattaththai niraivaettriyathu. 1996 aam aandil, oklahoma sattamandram mattroru sattaththai niraivaettriyathu, thirumanatthai "oru aanukkum oru pennukkum idaiyilaanathu" endru varaiyarutthathu mattrum oray paalina thirumanangal maanilaththirku veliyae nadaththappaduvathaith thadai seithathu.
aepral 2004 ill, oklahoma senat, 38 kku 7 vaakkugal vidhyaasaththil, mattrum oklahoma pirathinithikal sabai, 92 kku 4 vaakkugal vidhyaasaththil, oray paalina thirumanatthai thadaiseiyum arasiyalamaipputh thiruththaththirku opputhal aliththathu. navambar 2,2004 andru, oklahoma vaakkaalargal inthath thadaiyai kaelvi 711 aaga angkeekariththanar. inthath thiruththam oray paalina thirumanaththirkuth thadaiyaich saerththathu, maelum thirumanamaagaatha thambathigal allathu kulukkalukku endhavoru satta sambavangalum valangkappadalaam, athaavathu sivil thozhirchangangal allathu ullnaattu koottaanmai poantravai oklahoma arasiyalamaippil serkkappattana.
kattuppadaadha theermaanam.
aepral 2013 ill, oklahoma pirathinithikal sabai "ech. chii. aarr 1009" aii niraivaettriyathu, idhu oru aanukkum oru pennukkum idaiyilaana thirumanatthai meendum uruthippaduththum oru kattuppadaadha theermaanamaagum, maelum yuu.ess. thirumana paathukaappuch sattam" (doma) inn pirivu 3 mattrum thirumanatthai ozhungkupaduththuvatharkaana maanilangkalin urimaiyai uchcha neethimandram nilainiruththukirathu. adhu 71 kudiyarasuk katchiyinarum 13 jananayagak katchiyinarum aatharavaaka vaakkaliththu, 84-0 aii niraivaettriyathu. 16 jananayagak katchiyinar ethirpputh therivikkum vagaiyil vaakkalikkaamal araiyai vittu velinadappu seithanar. athae maatha iruthiyil oklahoma senat inththa theermaanaththirku opputhal aliththathu. yuu.ess. uchcha neethimandram doma pirivu 3 aii rathu seithathu "united states vii. windser "juun 26,2013 andru.
"bishab vii. smith ".
pinnani.
navambar 3,2004 andru, oklahoma vaakkaalargal oray paalina thirumanatthai thadaiseiyum arasiyalamaipputh thiruththaththirku adhiga opputhal aliththa marunaalae, irandu lespian thambathigal, maeri bishab mattrum sharon baldwin mattrum susan barden mattrum kae philips, tulsaavil ulla koottaatchi mavatta neethimandraththil oru sawal thaakkal seithanar. muthal thambathiyinarukku tulsa kavundi ezhuththar saali hoav smith thirumana urimaththai marutthaar, athae neraththil pinththaiya thambathiyinar 2001 aam aandil vermont sivil unionai uruvaakki, 2005 aam aandil british kolambiyaavil tirumanam seithu kondanar, appoathu vivaathangkal niluvaiyil irunththana. avarkal oklahoma nagara satta niruvanamaana haalade mattrum silton aakiyoaraal pirathinithiththuvappaduththa. tulsa kavundiyin mavatta vazhakkarinyar mattrum suthanthiraththai paathukaakkum koottani, oru ilaaba noakkattra christhava vakkeel amaippu aagiyavai smith pirathinithiththuvappaduththina. vazhakku "bishab vii. oklahoma ". pirathivaathikal ooklahoamaavin atterney general aavar, edmundson, covernor broad hendri, yuu.ess. atterney general, john ashcroft mattrum janathipathi jaarj doublue. bush. inththa thambathigal, "mattravattrudan", oklahoma thiruththam uriya seyalmurai, sama paathukaappu, muzhu nambikkai mattrum cuddon mattrum salugaigal mattrum vilakkugal utpirivugalin keezh arasiyalamaippirku viroathamaanathu endra pirakadanaththai koarinar.ess. arasiyalamaippu. 1996 aam aandil niraivettrappatta koottaatchi "thirumana paathukaappuch sattam" (doma) kkum avarkal sawal viduththanar. thambathigal nirkavillai endrum pathinoaraavathu thirutthaththaal avarkalin vazhakku thadaiseiyappattathaagavum vaathittu arasu thallupadi seiya muyantrathu.
juulai 20,2006 andru, neethipathi terrence chii. kern vaathikalukku oru paguthiyalavu vetrtriyai valangkinaar, avarkal maanila arasiyalamaipputh thiruththaththirku palvaeru savaalgalai vazhakkuth thodara mudiyum endru karuthinaar; iruppinum, avar sila sattak koatpaadugalai pariseelanaiyilirunthu neekkiyathan moolam vazhakkin nokkaththaik kuraitthaar. smellt v" endru maerkoal kaattukiraar. aaranjchu kavundi, "california vazhakku, americavil sattappoorva thirumanaththil nuzhiyaathathaal thambathigal domavai sawal seiya nirkavillai endru avar theerppaliththaar. bishab mattrum baldwin aagiyoar tirumanam seithu kollaathathaal oray paalina thirumanatthai matthiya arasaangkaththaal angeekarikkappaduvathaith thavirththa domavin paguthiyai sawal seiya nilaitthirukkavillai endru kern theerppaliththaar. iruppinum, inththa jody kanadaavil tirumanam seithu kondu vermaandil oru sivil unionil nuzhainthathaal, barden philips nilaiththiruppathaaga avar theerppaliththaar, enavae avarkalin urimaikoaralgalai niraagarippathu munkoottiyae endru theermaaniththaar. iruvarum ooklahoamaavil sattappoorvamaaga tirumanam seithu kolla aarvamaaga irunthathaal, oray paalina thirumanatthai thadaiseiyum maanila thiruththaththai sawal seiya iru thambathigalum nirkiraarkal enbathai kern kandarindhaar. maanila athikaarikal paththaavathu suttru melmuraiyeettu neethimandraththil maelmuraiyeedu seithanar. paththaavathu suttru juun 5,2009 andru veliyidappadaatha mudivai veliyittathu, oklahoma athikaarigalukku ethiraana urimaikoaralgalai mavatta neethimandram thallupadi seiyath thavariyathai maattriyamaithathu, maelum porul-vishayam athikaara varambu illaathathaal vaathikalin urimaikoaralgalai thallupadi seithathu. meethamulla pirathivaathikalaana smith mattrum america, october 13,2009 andru thallupadi seiya oru theermaanaththai thaakkal seithanar.
pipravari 25,2011 andru, thallupadi seivatharkaana piraeranaikal kuritthu neethimandram oru mudivai veliyiduvatharku munbu, doma pirivu 3 inn arasiyalamaippaip paathukaappathai niruththuvathaaga america neethimantraththirku ariviththathu. america pirathinithikal sabaiyin iru katchi satta aaloasanaik kuzhu domavaip paathukaakka thalaiyida muyantrathu. juun 26,2013 andru, yuu.ess. uchcha neethimandram "united states vii. windser "domavin pirivu 3 ainthaavathu thiruththaththin uriya seyalmurai privai meeriyathu. athae naalil, neethimandram "hollingsworth vii. berry, "californiavil oray paalina thirumanangalai meendum thodanga anumathikkirathu.
mavatta neethimandraththin theerppu.
janavari 14,2014 andru, neethipathi kern vaathikalukku surukkamaana theerppai valangkinaar mattrum inththa vazhakkil theerppaliththaar, ippoathu bishab vii. america, "oray paalina thirumanaththirkaana oklahoma thadai pathinaankaavathu thiruththaththin sama paathukaappu pirivin keezh arasiyalamaippirku viroathamaanathu. avar maanilaththin oray paalina tirumanath thadaiyai nirantharamaaga amalpaduththuvatharkaana uththaravai pirappitthaar, aanaal maelmuraiyeedu niluvaiyil ulla thanathu theerppai amalpaduththuvathai nirutthinaar.ess. uchcha neethimandram kittatthatta idhaepoandra vazhakkil oru idainiruthaththai valangkiyathu, "samaiyalarai vii. herbert ". kern adhai yuu endru ezhuthinaar.ess. idhaepoandra valakkai uchcha neethimandram thallupadi seithathu, "backer vii. nelson, "1972 ill pinaippu munnuthaaranamaaga illai, aenenil" 1972 muthal uchcha neethimandra neethiththuraiyil kurippidatthakka koatpaattu munnaettrangkal ullana, idhu inththa pirachchanaikal ippoathu oru kanisamaana kaelviyai munvaikkum enbathaik kurikkirathu ". vaathikalil irandu paer, barden mattrum philips, doma pirivu 2 aii sawal seiya nirkavillai enbathai avar kandarindhaar, aenenil pirathivaathikal endru avarkal peyaritta koottaatchi athikaarigalukku adhai amalpaduththa endhap poruppum illai, maelum oklahoma athikaarikal barden mattrum philipsin thirumanatthai angkeekarikkath thavarivittanar enbathai pathivu kaattavillai. doma pirivu 3 sellaathu nilaikku vazhivagukkum ottumoththa satta seyalmuraiyil inththa jody mukiya pangku vagiththathaaga avar kuripittaar, maelum avarkalaiyum avarkalin vazhakkarinyargalaiyum "avarkalin tholainoakku, thyrium mattrum vidaamuyarchi" aagiyavattrirkaaga paaraattinaar. oray paalina thirumanatthai thadaiseiyum oklahoma arasiyalamaipputh thiruththam sama paathukaappu vithiyai meerukirathu enbathai bishab mattrum baldwin udan kern oppuk kondaar. paguththarivu adippadaiyilaana mathippaaivaip payanpaduththi, porupaana inapperukkathai ookkuvippathu, uganththa kuzhandhai valarppu mattrum thirumana niruvanaththil aerpadum thaakkam ullitta maanilaththin niyaayappaduththalkal "poathumaanathaaka illai" endru avar kandarindhaar. arasiyalamaipputh thiruththam "oru varkka oklahoma kudimakkalai arasaangka nalanilirunthu oru thannichaiyaana, paguththarivattra vilakku" endru kern theerppaliththaar. paaliyal nokkunilai mattrum samamaana paathukaappin adippadaiyil paagupaadu kaattuvathu kuriththa uchcha neethimandraththin neethiththurai kuritthu, mudivu kooriyathu "oray paalina thirumanatthai thadaiseiyum maanila sattangal yuu. ess. aii meerugindranavaa endra prachchinaiyai uchcha neethimandram velippadaiyaaga ettavillai.ess. arasiyalamaippu. iruppinum, uchcha neethimandrach sattam ippoathu oorinachchaerkkaiyaalarkalukal ethiraana viroathaththaal pirantha sattangalai niraivaettruvathai maanilangkalaith thadaiseikirathu, oorinachchaerkkaiyaalarkalin thaarmeega mattrum paaliyal thaervugalukku arasiyalamaippu paathukaappai virivupaduththukirathu, maelum ethir paalina thirumanangal mattrum oray paalina thirumanangalai viththiyaasamaaga nadaththuvathai matthiya arasu thadaiseikirathu. 1996 aam aandil "roamar" endra vaarththaiyil thodangi 2013 aam aandil "windser" endra sollil uchcha neethimandra neethiththuraiyil enna nadanthathu enbatharku thulliyamaana satta mutthirai illai, aanaal inththa neethimandram athaip paarkkumpoathu oru sollaatchik kalai maattraththai arinthirukkirathu."
aalunar maeri fallin inththa mudivukku pathilalikkum vagaiyil, "inththa mattrum pira kolgai vishayangkalil thangalai nirvagikka oklahoma vaakkaalargalin urimaiyai naan aatharikkiraen. neethipathiyin theerppaal naan aemaattramadaikiraen, makkalin virupaththai matthiya arasu meendum purakkaniththuvittathal naan kavalaippadugiraen."atterney general scott brude inththa mudivai" "thontharavu" "endru alaiththaar, maelum oray paalina thirumanaththirku maanilath thadaikalin arasiyalamaipputh thanmaiyai uchcha neethimandram theermaanikka vaendum endru koorinaar".
paththaavathu suttru melmuraiyeettu neethimandraththil maelmuraiyeedu seiyungal.
smith janavari 16 andru paththaavathu suttru melmuraiyeettu neethimandraththil melmuraiyeettu arivippai thaakkal seithaar, maelum melmuraiyeettu seyalmuraiyai viraivupaduththumaarum, "samaiyalarai vii. herbert ". aepral 10 andru "samaiyalaraiyil" vaaivazhi vaathangkalaik kaetta paththaavathu suttruvattaththin athae 3-neethipathi kuzhu "bishab vii. aepral 17 andru smith "juulai 18 andru, neethimandram mavatta neethimandraththin theerppai 2-1 endra mudivil uruthi seithathu, ooklahoamaavin oray paalina tirumanath thadai yuu. ess. aii meerukirathu endru mudivu seithathu.ess. arasiyalamaippu, yuu. ess. aall "saantrithazhukkaana" manuvaith theerkkum varai adhan theerppai udanadiyaaga nirutthi vaiththathu.ess. uchcha neethimandram. jeffrey ell. stanford palkalaikkazhagaththin sattap paeraasiriyarum, anubavam vaaintha uchcha neethimandra vazhakkurainyarumaana fisher, august maathaththil oray paalina thambathigalukku thirumana urimaigalai oklahoma maruppathai sawal seibavargalukku munnani aaloachakaraaka saernthaar. october 6,2014 andru oklahoma melmuraiyeettai uchcha neethimandram niraagariththathu, pinnar paththaavathu suttrin theerppu nadaimuraikku vanthathu, ithanaal ooklahoamaavil oray paalina thirumanatthai sattappoorvamaakkiyathu.
covernor fallin uchcha neethimandraththin nadavadikkaiyai kadumaiyaaga vimarsiththaar, aanaal oray paalina thirumanangalukku urimam vazhangkuvatharkum angkeekarippatharkum arasu inangkath thodangum endru arivitthaar. bayangaravaathaththai vida orinachchaerkkai thaesiya paathukaappukku oru periya achchuruththal endru kadantha kaalaththil kooriya pirathinithi saali kern, neethimandrath theerppaik kanditthaar, "oklahoma allathu antha vishayathil endha maanilamum, sattangal ennavaaga irukkum enbathaith theermaanikkum makalukku poruppaerkaatha thaernthedukkappadaatha neethipathigalaik kondirukkakkoodaathu."ulloor ell. jii. pii. dii kuzhuvin nirvaaga iyakkunar scott haamiltan koorugaiyil," "naangkal mattra thambathigalaip poalavae nadaththappaduvom". maelum, nammil oruvar therchchi perumpoathu enakku irukkum allathu avarukku (hamilton manaivi) irukkum soththu oru parambaraikku irukkum athae kadumaiyaana seyalmuraiyaaga irukkaathu. idhu oru periya nivaaranam endru solvathu oru kuraitthu mathippiduvathaaga irukkum ". october 6 aam thaethi pirpakal oklahoma kavundi neethimandra ezhuththar dimm roads, thanathu aluvalagam "seyalpaadugalaal parabarappaaka ullathu" endru koorinaar. maeri bishab mattrum sharon baldwin aagiyoar ooklahoamaavil thirumana urimaththaip pettra muthal oray paalina thambathigal aavar, october 6 thinkal andru mathiyam 1:20 manikku tulsa kavundi neethimandraththil avvaaru seithanar.emm.. october 6 aam thaethi cleveland kavundiyil urimam pettra muthal jody christon mattrum heather dicky.
poorveega america naadugal.
seeyen mattrum arabaho pazhangkudiyinar, serogi thaesam, sikasa thaesam, soktav thaesam mattrum oosaej thaesam aagiyavattrin idaothukkeedugalil oray paalina tirumanam sattappoorvamaanathu. oray paalina thirumanatthai sattappoorvamaakkiya ooklahoamaavil ulla muthal poorveega america pazhangkudiyinar seyen mattrum arabaho pazhangkudiyinar aavar. october 2013 ill, josan bickel mattrum darren karuppu karadikku konsovil ulla pazhangudi neethimandraththil thirumana urimam vazhangkappattathu. idaothukkeettil nigazhththappatta muthal podhu oray paalina tirumanam idhuvaagum entraalum, pazhangudi athikaarikal idharku munbu irandu oray paalina thambathigal tirumanam seithu kondadhai uruthippaduththinar. pazhangudich sattaththinpadi, tirumanam seithu kolla virumbum tharappinar iraiyaanmai konda nilaththil avvaaru seiya vaendum, oru tharappinar pazhangkudiyinaraich saernthavargalaaga irukka vaendum, aanaal pazhangudich sattaththil thambathigalin paalinam kuripidapadavillai. oray paalina tirumanam kudimagan podavadomi naadu, maskoki (creak) naadu mattrum seminol thaesaththil velippadaiyaaga thadai seiyappattullathu.
serogi naadu disambar 9,2016 andru oray paalina thirumanatthai sattappoorvamaakkiyathu. mae 2004 ill, oovaassoavaich saerntha lespian thambathiyinar, dawn mckinley mattrum keththi rainolds aakiyoarukku pazhangudi neethimandra thunai ezhuththaraal thirumana urimam vazhangkappattathu. pazhangkudiyinar viraivaaga koodudhal oray paalina thirumanangalukku thadai vithiththanar. juun 14 andru, pazhangudi council oray paalina thirumanatthai thadaiseiyum sattaththai niraivaettriyathu, maelum pazhangudi council vazhakkarinyar, kuzhandhai hembri, juun 16 andru neethimandraththil oru manuvaith thaakkal seithu mckinley mattrum rainoldsukku valangkappatta thirumana urimaththai rathu seiyumaaru koorinaar. august 3,2005 andru, tahlegaavil ulla neethiththurai melmuraiyeettu theerppaayam, hembree vazhakkuth thodara nirkavillai endrum, thirumanaththin satta angeekaaraththaal avar endhath theengkum adaiyavillai enbathaik kaatta mudiyaathu endrum theerppazhiththathu. 2005 disambaril, thirumanaththin sellupadiyai sawal seiyum irandaavathu valakkai theerppaayam niraagariththathu. janavari 2006 ill, thirumana urimangkalaip pathivu seivatharkaana porupaana serogi neethimandra nirvaagi lissa fields, thirumanaththin sellupadiyai sawal seithu moontraavathu vazhakkaith thaakkal seithaar. manuvukku pathilalikkaamal irunththathu. disambar 9,2016 andru, mckinley mattrum rainoldsin thirumanatthai muthalil sawal seitha serogi dhesaththin atterney general, tott hembri, serogi thaesa arasiyalamaippin keezh oray paalina tirumanath thadai arasiyalamaippirku viroathamaanathu endru oru karutthai veliyittaar, pazhangkudiyinaril oray paalina thirumanatthai sattappoorvamaakkiyathu. 2004 aam aandil serogyin muthanmaith thalaivaraaga paniyaattriya chaat smith, hembreeyin karutthai varavaettraar, "idhu kadantha serogi sattaththirku inangkuvathaakum. aanaal namathu arasiyalamaippu america arasiyalamaippin vithigalai ulladakkiyathu, maelum uchcha neethimandram (americavin) adhan theerppai valangkiyullathu.", yuu aik kurippidugiradhu.ess. oberjebel vii. ill uchcha neethimandraththin theerppu. hodges, "idhu americavil naadu muzhuvathum oray paalina thirumanatthai sattappoorvamaakkiyathu. idhan vilaivaaga, mckinley mattrum rainolds serogi thaesaththil muthal tirumanamaana oray paalina thambathiyar aavar. pazhangudi nilangkalil oray paalina thirumanatthai sattappoorvamakkuvathaa enbathu kuritthu maarch 20,2017 andru oosaej naadu oru vaakkeduppai nadaththiyathu, maelum inththa nadavadikkai 52 sathaveetha perumbaanmaiyudan niraivaettrappattathu.
irandu nabarkalukku idaiyilaana thirumanatthai anumathikkavum, oray paalina nabarkalukku idaiyilaana thirumanangalai angkeekarippathaith thadukkum mozhiyai rathu seiyavum 2022 aepral 18 andru sikkasa kuriyeedu thiruththappattathu. thirumanaththin varaiyarai ippoathu pinvarumaaru 'tirumanam' enbathu irandu thaninaparkalukku idaiyilaana oru sivil oppanthaththilirunthu ezhum oru thanipatta uravu, idhil oppantham seiya mattrum athil nuzhiya sattappoorvamaaga thaguthiyulla tharappinarin opputhal avasiyam, maelum thirumana uravu sattaththaal vazhangkappattapadi nuzhiyappadum, paraamarikkappadum allathu rathu seiyappadum."mae 23,2023 andru, soktav dhesaththin arasiyalamaippu neethimandram oray paalina joadigalukku tirumanam seithu kolla arasiyalamaippu urimai iruppathaaka theerppazhiththathu, maelum kennadi mattrum selsi bargarh aagiya thambathiyinar thangal 10 vayathu sirumiyaith thaththedukka anumathiththanar. thalaimai carrie paettan inththa theerppai varavaettraar, maelum, "inththa mudivin adippadaiyil, enna maattrangkal seiyappada vaendum enbathaip paarkka engkal kuriyeedugalai mathippaaivu seivoam. inththa vazhakkil thodarpudaiya kudumbaththirku engkal anbaiyum aatharavaiyum valangkukiroam."
koodudhalaaga, inthiya vivagaara paniyagam america muzhuvathum niruvapatta neethimandranggalai iyakkukirathu.ess. koottaatchi ozhungkumuraigalin kuriyeettin (chii. eff. aarr) keezh, mattrum "oru kuripitta inthiya pazhangkudiyinar thangal sontha pazhangudi neethimandraththai niruvum varai, inthiya kuttrangal neethimandram oru pazhangkudiyinarin neethiththurai amaippaaga seyalpadum". oklahoma appachi pazhangudi, oklahoma caudo thaesam, komanse thaesam, delaware thaesam, koattai chill appachi pazhangudi, oklahoma giova inthiya pazhangudi, inththiyargalin oodoa-missoria pazhangudi, vicita mattrum athanudan inaintha pazhangkudiyinar, oklahoma kilakku shaani pazhangudi, modok thaesam, oklahoma ottawa pazhangudi, oklahoma inththiyargalin beoria pazhangudi mattrum senaka-kayuka dhesaththin uruppinarkalukkaana inththa koottaatchi chii. eff. aarr neethimandranggalil oray paalina thirumanangal seiyappadalaam.
iru aavi thirumanangal.
pala poorveega america pazhangkudiyinar aann piranthu penkalin aadaikalai anindhum, andraada veettu vaelaigalaiyum, kalaik kaivinaigalaiyum nigazhththiya iru aavi konda thaninabarkalin bhaarambariyaththaik kondullanar, avai penniyak koolaththaich saernthavai endru karudhappattana. inththa irandu aavi anthasthu irandu uyiriyal aangalukku allathu irandu uyiriyal penkalukku idaiyilaana thirumanangalai inththa pazhangkudiyinaril silarukku idaiyil seiya anumathiththathu. seyinnae kalaachaaraththil, iru aavi makkal () endru azhaikkappadugiraargal, maelum seyinnae samoogaththil moontraam paalinamaaga oru mukiya pangai vagikkiraargal. avarkal poarveerargalaaga mathikkappattanar, paarambariya uchchanthalaiyil nadanamaaduvathai vazhinadaththinar, koyoattugaludan paesa mudiyum endru nambappattathu, maelum poatti thayaarippathil avarkalin thirankalukkaaga ariyappattanar, kurippaaga ilam penkalai eerkka muyandra ilam, thirumanamaagaatha aangalukku. avar" "tirumanamaana aanin palathaara manappen kudumbaththil perumpaalum irandaavathu manaiviyaaga paniyaattrinaar". arabaho kalacharam paarambariyamaaga penkalin aadaikalai anintha iru aavi makkalai angkeekarithullathu mattrum "sirappu aanmeega sakthigalaik konda mathippumikka nabarkalaaka" karudhappadugiraargal. avai arabaho mozhiyil (, panmai) endru azhaikkappadugindrana. pala tirumanamaana sisjender aangal balijiniyin arikuri illaamal. oklahoma inththiyargalin bonca pazhangkudiyinarin bonca makkal iru aavi makkalai () endru kurippidugiraargal. avarkal "chandranaal arivuruththappattavargal" endru nambappattathu, maelum sila nerangalil aangalai koottaaligalaaga eduththukkolvaargal. oosaajil, () endru azhaikkappadum irandu-aavi thaninabarkal, "penkalaip poala paesinar", penkalin aadaikalai aninthirunthanar, aanaal adippadaiyil aanpaal paalina paaththiraththai thodarnthu niraivaettrinar, maelum avarkal penkalai mananthanar. avai gwaba mozhiyil (), kansa mozhiyil () mattrum sivere mozhiyil () endru azhaikkappadugindrana. "mihxoj" madhath thalaivarkalin oru sirappu vaguppaaga mariyaathaiyudan nadaththappattanar. maraintha baxoj, jivare-natchaachi moopparkalidaiyae, "mixoj" avarkalin aanmeega inaippu mattrum punitha tatta aavikaludan inakkamaaka punithappaduthappatta pangku aagiyavattrirkaaga innum piramippudan karudhappattanar."inththa seovan mozhi paesum makkal anaivaridamum, iru aavi makkal" "penn theivangal allathu chandran paarvaikalaik kondirunthanar, avai avarkalin adaiyaalaththai uruthippaduththa uthaviyathu".
() endru azhaikkappadum iru aavi konda thaninabarkal, thangal paalinap pangku maattraththai "oru thurathirshtavasamaana vidhi, adhai avarkal thavirkka mudiyaathu, chandranil vasikkum penn aaviyin paarvaiyaal inththa poakkil thoondappada vaendum" endrum vivariththanar."avarkal punithamaanavargal mattrum aanduthoarum oru nadanam moolam qalla ored ravikkappattanar, idhil oru" "ayakwa" "udan udaluravu konda aangal mattumae pankerka anumathikkappattanar". podavadomi (, panmai "mentokweck") siru vayathilirunthae "penn niruvanatthaith thaedinaar", iru paalinangkalin "vaelai thirankalai" kondirundhaar, "penkalaip poala paesinaar", maelum "sirappu aanmeega sakthigalaik konda mathippumikka nabarkalaaka" karudhappattanar. 1860kazhil intraiya caudo kavundikku idampeyarntha lenabe, iru aavi konda nabarkalai () endru kurippidugiraargal. miami makkalidaiyae, intru oklahoma miami pazhangkudiyinarin idaothukkeettil vaazhum, iru aavi makkal () endrum, bhavni makkal avarkalai () endrum azhaikkiraargal. modok poarukkup piragu naveenakaala ottawa maavattaththirku naadukadaththappatta modok makkal, iru aavi konda thaninabarkalai () endru azhaikkiraargal. dii 'vini yuk' penkalin aadaikalai anindhukondu" penkalaip poala nadanthu kondanar ". avarkal sisjender aangalai mananthu, vazhakkamaaga oru shammon paaththiraththai aetrtrukkondanar, maelum perum aavi sakthiyaik kondavargalaaga karudhappattanar. senega makkal iru aavi konda nabarkalai () endrum, kayuka makkal avarkalai () endrum kurippidugiraargal. mescalero-sirikahuva mozhiyil, iru aavi makkal () endrum, samaveliyil appachi mozhiyil () endrum azhaikkappadugiraargal.
serogi, sikkasa mattrum soktav aagiya iru aavi konda thaninaparkalaip pattriya ilakkiyangkal migavum kuraivaagavae ullana. inththa samoogangal iru aavi poantra oru peyaraik kondirundhirukkalaam, aanaal kanneer vazhiyum kiristhuvaththai aetrtrukkolvathum moolam niraiya paarambariya arivu ilanththathu. serogi matthiyil, ("asiji udando";) enbathu aangal mattrum penkalin paaththirangkalukku veliyae allathu aangal mattrum penkal aagiya iruvarin paaththirangkalaiyum vagikkum nabarkalaik kurikkirathu. soktav mozhiyil, iru aavi makkal () endru azhaikkappadugiraargal, iruppinum inththa soll oppeettalavil naveenamaanathu. soktav ezhuththaalar leane hoav 2022 puththagaththil, "perumpaalum avarkal mattra aangaludan mattum eedupadavillai, aanaal pala nilaigalin uravugalaik kondirunthanar. avarkal engkal samoogaththudan migavum sirappu vaaintha vazhigalil eedupattirunththanar. avarkal gunappaduththupavargalaaga irukkalaam. avarkal ondrukku maerpatta vishayangkalai ulladakkiyiruppathaal engkal kuzhandhaigalaip paathukaaththavarkal. soktavan azhagiyalin oru pakuthi ennaventraal, asaathaaranamaana vishayangkalai naam mathikkiroam. viththiyaasamaaga ullathu. [oyoayoa holba] ill inaikappattulla aaviyai neengkal paarkkumpoathu, pazhaiya kaalangalil avarkal antha aadaiyai aniyum poathu, avarkal 'palarin uruvam' endru koorukiraargal."sila penn-udal iru-aavi thaninabarkal () endra vaarththaiyaip payanpaduththukiraarkal. sikkasa mozhiyil, soll () aagum. alabama mozhiyil, avai () endrum, maskokiyil () endrum azhaikkappadugindrana. inththa naveena sorkal podhuvaaga oru orinachchaerkkai, lespian allathu thirunangai nabaraik kurikkindrana, iruppinum sila iru aavi makkal inththa sorkaludan adaiyaalam kaankiraargal. youchi mozhiyil, iru-aavi () endrum, notches mozhiyil () endrum mozhipeyarkkappattullathu, idhan porul "penkalin thalaivar" enbathaakum.
makkalthogai mattrum thirumana pullivivarangkal.
2000 yuu. inn tharavu.ess. oklahoamaavil 5,763 oray paalina thambathigal vasiththu varuvathaaka makkal thogai kanakkeduppu kaattukirathu. 2005aam aandukkul, idhu 8,159 thambathigalaaga uyarnthathu, idharku oray paalina thambathigal thangal koottaanmaiyai arasaangka aaivugalil veliyidum aarvam athikariththirukkalaam. simaron thavira maanilaththin anaitthu maavattangkalilum oray paalina thambathigal vasiththu vanthanar, maelum maanilaththil ulla anaitthu veedugalilum 0.7 sathaveetham paer inaintha kudumbangalilum, 0.40 sathaveetham paer kudumbangalilum vasiththu vanthanar. perumpaalaana thambathigal oklahoma, tulsa mattrum cleveland maavattangkalil vaazhnththanar, aanaal oray paalina joadigalin adhiga sathaveethaththaik konda maavattangkal rojar aalaikal (anaitthu kavundi kudumbangalilum 0.70%) mattrum bushmadaha (0.65%) aagum. ooklahoamaavil ulla oray paalina koottaalargal saraasariyaaga ethir paalina koottaalargalai vida ilaiyavargal, maelum avarkal vaelai seiya adhiga vaaippullathu. iruppinum, oray paalina thambathigalin sarasari mattrum sarasari kudumba varumaanam vevvaeru paalina thambathigalai vida kuraivaaga irunththathu, maelum oray paalina thambathigal ethir paalina koottaaligalai vida oru veettai sonthamaaga vaiththiruppatharkaana vaaippum migak kuraivu. ooklahoamaavil ulla oray paalina thambathigalil 26 sathaveetham paer 18 vayathirkutpatta kuzhandhaigalai valarththanar, 2005 aam aandil 4,075 kuzhandhaigal oray paalina thambathigalin thalaimaiyil ulla veedugalil vasiththu vanthanar.
america makkal thogai kanakkeduppu paniyagaththin tharavukalinpadi, 2020 aam aandil ooklahoamaavil 5,006 tirumanamaana oray paalina thambathigal irunththanar, idhil 3,149 penn thambathigal mattrum 1,857 aann thambathigal adangkuvar. maanilaththil vasikkum anaitthu oray paalina thambathigalilum tirumanamaana thambathigal 56.3% aaga ullanar. tirumanamaana oray paalina vaazhkkaith thunaigal saraasariyaaga vevvaeru paalina vaazhkkaith thunaigalai vida ilaiyavargal mattrum podhuvaaga adhiga varumaanatthaik kondirunthanar.
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oklahomaalo swalinga vivaham
swalinga vivaahampai rashtram nishedhaanni savaalu chestu oka daavaa teermaanam taruvaata, october 6,2014 nundi oklahomaalo swalinga vivaham chattabaddhamgaa undhi. aaa roeju, yuu nii anusarinchandi.ess. bishop vii." nuu sameekshinchadaaniki supreenkortu niraakarinchindi. smith, "nishedham rajyanga viruddhamani kanugonna kesu, swalinga vivahalanu gurtinchaalani padava circuit appeals kortu oklahomaanu aadesinchindi. janavari 14,2014naa, nyaayamuurti terrens sii. kern off dhi yuu.ess. oklahoma uttara jilla jilla kortu rashtra chattabaddhamaina mariyu raajyaangabaddhamaina swalinga vivaha nishedhaanni rajyanga viruddhamgaa prakatinchindi. kesu, "bishop vii. smith (gatamlo "bishop vii. oklahoma "mariyu" bishop vii. united states), appeal pendinglo undipoyindi. juulai 18,2014naa, padava circuit panel oklahoma swalinga vivaha nishedhaanni raddu chestu kern icchina teerpunu samarthinchindi. ayithe, yuu. ess. dwara "sartioraari" kosam daakhalu chesina petitionnu parishkarinchataaniki panel thana teerpunu nilipivesindi.ess. supreme kortu. october 6,2014naa, yuu.ess. sameeksha kosam chesina abhyardhananu supreenkortu tiraskarinchindi, padava circuit kortu teerpunu amalulo unchindi. raashtramlo swalinga vivahalanu gurtistuu padava circuit teerpunu amalu cheyadam dwara rashtra adhikarulu pratispandinchaaru.
chattaparamaina charitra.
parimitulu.
1975loe oklahoma saasanasabha "oka purushudu mariyu oka mahila madhya vivaham" gaa nirvachinche thana modati saasanaanni aamodinchindi. 1996loe, oklahoma saasanasabha maroka chattanni aamodinchindi, vivahanni "oka purushudu mariyu oka mahila madhya" gaa nirvachinchindi mariyu oklahomaalo rashtram velupala jarige swalinga vivahalanu gurtinchakundaa nishedhinchindi.
2004 eprillo, oklahoma senate, 38 nundi 7 otlatho, mariyu oklahoma pratinidhula sabha, 92 nundi 4 otlatho, swalinga vivahanni nishedhinche rajyanga savarananu aamodinchaayi. november 2,2004naa, oklahoma otarlu eee nishedhaanni 711 prasnagaa aamodinchaaru. eee savarana swalinga vivaahampai nishedhaanni jodinchindi mariyu poura sanghaalu ledhaa desheeya bhagaswamyalu vanti "avivaahita jantalu ledhaa samuuhaalaku daani chattaparamaina sanghatanalu" oklahoma raajyaamgaaniki jodinchabaddaayi.
bandhinchani teermaanam.
2013 eprillo, oklahoma pratinidhula sabha "hcr 1009" nuu aamodinchindi, idhi oka kattubadi laeni teermaanam, idhi vivahanni "oka purushudu mariyu oka mahila madhya" anie punarudghaatinchindi mariyu yuu.ess. vivaha rakshana chattam" (doma) looni section 3nii mariyu vivahanni niyantrinche raashtraala hakkunu samarthinchadaaniki supreenkortu. idhi 84-0 nuu aamodinchindi, 71 mandhi republicanlu mariyu 13 mandhi prajaasvaamyavaadulu anukuulamgaa ootu vaesaaru. 16 mandhi prajaasvaamyavaadulu nirasanaga ootu vaeyadaaniki badulugaa sabha nundi vacout chesaaru. adhe nela chivarilo oklahoma senate eee teermaanaanni aamodinchindi. yuu.ess. united states v loe doma yokka section 3 nuu supreenkortu kottivesindi. juun 26,2013naa windser.
"bishop vii. smith ".
nepathyam.
2004 november 3naa, oklahoma otarlu swalinga vivahanni nishedhinche rajyanga savarananu adhika sankhyalo aamodinchina marusati roeju, iddaru lesbian jantalu, maerii bishop mariyu shahron baldwyn, mariyu susanne barton mariyu gay phillips tulsaalooni federal jilla kortulo savaalu daakhalu chesaaru. modati jantaku tulsa county clerk saalii hove smith vivaha licenses niraakarinchagaa, taruvaati janta 2001loe vermont sivil union nuu erpaatu chesi, 2005loe british columbialo vivaham chesukunnaru, ayithe charchalu pendinglo unnaayi. vaariki oklahoma nagara nyaya samstha ayina hollade mariyu chilton praatinidhyam vahinchaaru. tulsa county jilla nyaayavaadi mariyu laabhaapekshaleni kraistava nyaayavaada samstha ayina swechhanu rakshinche kootami smith tarapuna praatinidhyam vahinchaaru. kesu "bishop vii. oklahoma ". prativaadulu oklahoma attarney general, edmondson, governor broad henry, yuu.ess. attarney general, zaan ashcroft, mariyu adhyakshudu georg doubleu. bush. eee jantalu, "itara vishayaalatoepaatu", oklahoma savarana anedi tagina prakriya, samaana rakshana, puurti vishwaasam mariyu credit mariyu yuu yokka adhikaralu mariyu minahaayimpula nibandhanala prakaram rajyanga viruddhamani oka prakatnanu koraru.ess. rajyangam. vaaru 1996loe aamodinchina federal "defence off marage act" (doma) nuu kooda savaalu chesaaru. eee jantalaku nilabadataaniki arhata ledani mariyu padakondava savarana dwara vaari daavaanu nishedhinchabadindani vaadistuu rashtram daanini thosipuchadaaniki prayatninchindi.
juulai 20,2006naa, nyaayamuurti terrens sii. rashtra rajyanga savaranaku vividha savaallanu vaaru vaadinchavacchani paerkontuu kern vaadulaku pakshika vijayanni jaarii chesaaru; ayithe, athanu konni chattaparamaina siddhaantaalanu pariseelana nundi tolaginchadam dwara kesu paridhini tagginchaadu. smellt v" anie paerkontuu. aurange county, california kesu, united stateslo chattabaddhamaina vivaahamloki pravesinchananduna eee jantalu domanu savaalu cheyadaaniki nilabadaledani ayana teerpu icchaaru. swalinga vivahanni federal prabhutvam gurtinchakundaa minahaayinchina doma yokka bhaganni savaalu cheyadaaniki bishop mariyu baldwyn nilabadaledani kern teerpu icchaaru, endukante vaaru vivaham chesukoledu. edemaina, eee janta kenadaalo vivaham chesukuni vermontlo poura unionloki pravesinchinanduna barton phillips nilabadutundani ayana teerpu icchaaru, tadwara vaari vaadanalanu tosipuchadam akaalamani nirnayinchaaru. iddaroo oklahomaalo chattabaddhamgaa vivaham chesukovadaniki aasakti kaligi unnanduna, swalinga vivahanni nishedhinche rashtra savarananu savaalu cheyadaaniki iru jantalu nilabadi unnaarani kern kanugonnaru. rashtra adhikarulu padava circuit appeals kortuku appeal chesaaru. padava circuit juun 5,2009naa prachurinchani nirnayaanni jaarii chesindi, oklahoma adhikaarulapai daavaalanu thosipuchadamlo jilla kortu vaiphalyaanni tippikottindi mariyu vishayam-vishayam adhikara paridhi lenanduna vaadi vaadanalanu tosipuchindi. migilina prativaadulu, smith mariyu united states, october 13,2009naa tolaginchadaaniki oka teermaanaanni daakhalu chesaaru.
fibravari 25,2011naa, kortu tolaginchaalane teermaanaalapai nirnayam jaarii cheyadaaniki mundu, united states doma yokka section 3 yokka raajyaangabaddhatanu samarthinchadam maanestundani kortuku teliyajesindi. united states pratinidhula sabha yokka dwaipaakshika nyaya salaha brundam domanu rakshinchadaaniki jokyam chesukovadaniki prayatninchindi. juun 26,2013naa, yuu.ess. supreenkortu "united states vii. doma yokka 3va vibhagam aidava savarana yokka nirneeta prakriya nibandhananu ullanghinchindi. adhe roeju, kortu "hallingsworth vii" loe kooda teerpu ichindi. perri, "californialo swalinga vivahalanu tirigi praarambhinchadaaniki anumatistundi.
jilla nyayasthaanam teerpu.
janavari 14,2014naa, nyaayamuurti kern vaadulaku sankshipta teerpunu manjuru chesi, eee kesulo teerpu icchaaru, ippudu "bishop vii. united states, "padnaalugo savaranaloni samaana rakshana nibandhana prakaram swalinga vivaahampai oklahoma nishedham rajyanga viruddhamainadi. athanu rashtram yokka swalinga vivaha nishedhaanni saasvatamgaa amalu cheyaalani aadesistuu oka uttarvunu jaarii chesaadu, conny yuu. ess. nuu utamkistuu appeal pendinglo unna thana teerpunu amalu cheyadaanni nilipivesaadu.ess. utaalo daadaapu idhe kesulo supreenkortu stay jaarii cheyadam, "kitchen vii. herbert ". kern yuu anie raasaadu.ess. idhe vidhamaina kesunu supreenkortu kottivesindi, "baker vii. nelson, "1972loe kattubadi unde udaaharana kaadu endukante" 1972 nundi supreenkortu nyaayasaastramlo gananeeyamaina siddhaantaparamaina parinaamaalu jarigaayi, eee samasyalu ippudu gananeeyamaina prasnanu andistaayani suuchistunnaayi ". barton mariyu phillips anae iddaru vaadulu doma yokka section 2nuu savaalu cheyadaaniki nilabadaledani athanu kanugonnadu, endukante vaaru prativaadulugaa perkonna samakhya adhikaarulaku daani amaluku etuvanti baadhyata ledhu mariyu oklahoma adhikarulu barton mariyu phillips vivahanni gurtinchadamlo viphalamayyaarani rikaardu choopinchaledu. doma yokka section 3 chellanidigaa maaradaaniki daariteese mottam chattaparamaina prakriyaloo eee janta" haa [dii] "mukhyamaina paatra pooshinchaarani ayana paerkonnaaru mariyu vaarini mariyu vaari nyaayavaadulanu" vaari dooradrushti, dhairyam mariyu pattudala kosam "prasamsimchaaru. swalinga vivahanni nishedhinche oklahoma rajyanga savarana samaana rakshana nibandhananu ullanghinchindani kern bishop mariyu baldwyn thoo angeekarinchaaru. athanu hetubaddhamaina praatipadikana sameekshanu amalu chesi, baadhyataayutamaina santanotpattini prothsahinchadam, pillala saraina pempakam mariyu vivaha samsthapai prabhavam vanti rashtra samarthanalanu "saripovu" anie kanugonnadu. rajyanga savarana anedi "prabhutva prayojanam nundi kevalam oka taragati oklahoma pourulanu ekapakshamgaa, ahetukamgaa minahaayinchadam" anie kern teerpu icchaaru. laingika dhorani mariyu samaana rakshana aadhaaramgaa vivaksha anae amsampai supreenkortu nyaayasaastrampai, nirnayam ilaa cheppindih "swalinga vivahanni nishedhinche rashtra chattalu yuu. ess. nuu ullanghistaya anae samasyaku supreenkortu spashtamgaa cherukoledu.ess. rajyangam. edemaina, supreenkortu chattam ippudu swalinga samparkulapai satrutvam nundi puttina chattalanu aamodinchakunda rashtraalanu nishedhistundi, swalinga samparkula naitika mariyu laingika empikalaku rajyanga rakshananu vistaristundi mariyu vyatiraeka linga vivahalu mariyu swalinga vivahalanu bhinnamgaa pariganinchakundaa samakhya prabhutvaanni nishedhistundi. 1996loe "romer" thoo praarambhamai 2013loe "windser" thoo mugustunna supreenkortu nyaayasaastramlo emi jarigindo khachitamaina chattaparamaina label ledhu, conny eee nyaayasthaanaaniki okadaanni chusinappudu alankaarika maarpu telusu."
governor maerii fallin eee nirnayaaniki pratispandistuu, "eee mariyu itara vidhana vishayaalapai tamanu taamu paripaalinchukune oklahoma otarla hakkuku neenu maddatu istunnaanu. nyaayamuurti teerputho neenu niraasaku gurayyanu, prajala sankalpaanni samakhya prabhutvam marosari nirlakshyam chesindani badhapaddanu."attarney general scott pruit eee nirnayaanni "ibbandikaramainadi" anie pilicharu mariyu swalinga vivahalapai rashtra nishedhaala raajyaangabaddhatanu supreenkortu nirnayinchaalsi untundani annaru.
padava circuit appeal kortuku appeal cheyandi.
smith janavari 16naa padava circuit appeal kortuku appeal notice daakhalu chesi, appeal prakriyanu vegavantam cheyaalani mariyu kesunu "kitchen vii. herbert ". april 10naa "kitchen" loe moukhika vaadanalu vinna padava sarkyuutlooni adhe 3 mandhi nyaayamuurtula panel "bishop v. april 17naa smith "juulai 18naa, oklahoma swalinga vivaha nishedham yuu. ess. nuu ullanghinchindani nirdhaaristuu, jilla kortu teerpunu 2-1 teerpulo kortu samarthinchindi.ess. rajyangam, yuu. ess. dwara "sartioraari" kosam petition pendinglo unnanduna daani teerpunu ventane nilipivesindi.ess. supreme kortu. jeffrey ell. stanford vishwavidhyaalayamlo nyaya professor mariyu anubhavagnudaina supreenkortu litigator ayina fisher, augustulo swalinga jantalaku vivaha hakkulanu niraakarinchadaanni savaalu chese vaariki pradhana nyayavadiga cheraaru. october 6,2014naa oklahoma yokka appeelnu supreenkortu tiraskarinchindi, taruvaata padava circuit teerpu amaluloki vachindi, tadwara oklahomaalo swalinga vivahanni chattabaddham chesindi.
governor fallin supreenkortu charyanu teevramgaa vimarsinchaaru, conny rashtram swalinga vivahalaku licenses ivvadam mariyu gurtinchadam praarambhistundani prakatinchaaru. ugravaadam kante swalinga samparkam jaateeya bhadrataku pedda muppu anie gatamlo perkonna pratinidhi saalii kern, kortu nirnayaanni khandinchaaru, "oklahoma ledhaa aaa vishayaniki sambandhinchi yea rashtramlonaina, chattalu elaa untayo nirnayinche prajalaku javaabudaareegaa laeni ennukoobadani nyaayamuurtulu undakudadu."sthaanika elgibity group executive director scott hamilton matladutu" "mammalni itara jantala maadirigaane chusukuntaru". mariyu, manalo okaru paas ayinappudu naaku unna ledhaa ataniki [hamilton jeevita bhagaswamy] unna aasti vaarasatvamgaa labhinche adhe kathinamaina prakriya kaadu. idhi pedda upasamanam anie cheppadam takkuva anchanaa ". oklahoma county kortu clerk, tim roads, october 6 madhyahnam thana karyalayam "kaaryakalaapaalato sandadigaa" undani chepparu. maerii bishop mariyu shahron baldwyn oklahomaalo vivaha licenses pondina modati swalinga jantalu, october 6, somavaaram madhyahnam 1:20 gantalaku tulsa county kortulo alaa chesaaru.emm.. october 6naa cleveland counteeloo licenses pondina modati janta christen mariyu heather dicky.
sthaanika american deshaalu.
chainne mariyu arapaho tegalu, cheroki desham, chikasa desham, choktav desham mariyu osej desham yokka reservationlapy swalinga vivaham chattabaddham. oklahomalo swalinga vivahanni chattabaddham chesina modati sthaanika american tega cheyenne mariyu arapaho tegalu. october 2013loe, jasson pickel mariyu darren block bearlaku kancho looni girijana nyaayasthaanamlo vivaha licenses jaarii cheyabadindi. reservationpy nirvahinchina modati bahiranga swalinga vivaham idhi ayinappatikee, dheeniki mundu maroe iddaru swalinga jantalu vivaham chesukunnarani girijana adhikarulu dhruveekarinchaaru. girijana chattam prakaram, vivaham chesukovalanukune paarteelu saarvabhouma bhoomipai alaa cheyali mariyu oka paksham girijanulalo sabhyudiga undaali, conny girijana code janta lingaanni perkonaledu. pourudu potavatomi desham, maskogi (creak) desham mariyu seminol desamlo swalinga vivaham spashtamgaa nishedhinchabadindi.
cheroki desham december 9,2016naa swalinga vivahanni chattabaddham chesindi. mae 2004loe, ovaso, daan mckinley mariyu kaathee reynoldsku chendina lesbian jantaku girijana kortu deputy clerk vivaha licenses jaarii chesaaru. tega ventane adanapu swalinga vivahalapai taatkaalika nishedham vidhinchindi. juun 14naa, girijana mandali swalinga vivahanni nishedhinche chattanni aamodinchindi, mariyu girijana mandali nyaayavaadi, pasipillala hembry, juun 16naa kortulo makkinli mariyu reynoldlaku jaarii chesina vivaha licensenu raddu cheyaalani petition daakhalu chesaaru. augustu 3,2005naa, tahlekaaloni judicial appeals tribunal, hembreeki daavaa vaeyadaaniki nilabadatam ledani mariyu vivaham yokka chattaparamaina gurtimpu nundi athanu etuvanti haanini anubhavinchaadani choopinchaledani teerpu ichindi. 2005 decemberlo, vivaham yokka chellubaatunu savaalu chestu tribunal rendava daavaanu tiraskarinchindi. janavari 2006loe, vivaha licensulanu namodu cheyadaaniki baadhyata vahinche cheroki kortu administrator, lisa fields, vivaham yokka chellubaatunu savaalu chestu moodava daavaa vaesaaru. petition samadhanam lekunda undipoyindi. december 9,2016naa, mckinley mariyu reynolds vivahanni 2004loe modata savaalu chesina cheroki desham yokka attarney general, tud hembry, cheroki desham rajyangam prakaram swalinga vivaha nishedham rajyanga viruddhamani, tegalo swalinga vivahanni chattabaddham chestu oka abhiprayanni jaarii chesaaru. 2004loe cheroki pradhana adhipatigaa panichesina chaad smith, hembry abhiprayanni swaagatinchaaru, "idhi gatha cheroki chattaniki kattubadi undhi" anie annaru. conny mana rajyangam samyukta raashtraala raajyaangamlooni nibandhanalanu kaligi undhi, mariyu appati nundi supreenkortu (united states) thana teerpunu ichindi.", yuu nii suuchistuu.ess. obergefel v. loe supreenkortu nirnayam. hodges, "idhi united stateslo desavyaaptamgaa swalinga vivahanni chattabaddham chesindi. phalitamgaa, mckinley mariyu reynolds cheroki desamlo modati vivaahita swalinga janta. girijana bhoomipai swalinga vivahalanu chattabaddham cheyala vadda anae daanipai 2017 marchi 20naa osage desham prajabhipraya sekarana nirvahinchindi, eee charya 52 saatam majoritytho aamodinchabadindi.
iddaru vyaktula madhya vivahanni anumatinchadaaniki mariyu oke lingaaniki chendina vyaktula madhya vivahalanu gurtinchadaanni nishedhinche bhashanu raddu cheyadaaniki chikasa kodnu 2022 april 18naa savarinchaaru. vivaham yokka nirvachanam ippudu ilaa undih 'vivaham' antey iddaru vyaktula madhya poura oppandam nundi utpannamayye vyaktigata sambandham, dheeniki oppandam kudurchukovadaniki mariyu daanilo pravesinchadaaniki chattabaddhamgaa samarthulaina paarteela sammati avasaram, mariyu vivaha sambandham chattam dwara andinchina vidhamgaa namodu cheyabadutundi, nirvahinchabadutundi ledhaa raddu cheyabadutundi."mae 23,2023naa, choktav desham yokka rajyanga nyayasthaanam swalinga jantalaku vivaham chesukune rajyanga hakku undani teerpu ichindi mariyu kennedy mariyu chelsey barker anae janta tama 10 yella ammayini dattata teesukoovadaaniki anumatinchindi. cheef gyaarii batton eee teerpunu swaagatinchaaru, "eee nirnayam aadhaaramgaa, yea maarpulu cheyaalo chuudataaniki memu maa kodlanu sameekshistaamu. eee kesulo palgonna kutumbaaniki memu maa prema mariyu maddatunu andistunnamu."
adanamgaa, beuro off indian affires yuu. ess antataa sthaapinchabadina nyaayasthaanaalanu nirvahistundi.ess. samakhya nibandhanala niyamaavali (cfr) kinda, mariyu "oka nirdishta bharatiya tega tama sonta girijana nyaayasthaanaanni sthaapinche varaku, bharatiya neeraala nyayasthaanam oka tega yokka nyaya vyavasthagaa panichestundi". aaa vidhamgaa oklahoma yokka apachi tega, oklahoma cado desham, komanche desham, delaware desham, fort sill apachi tega, oklahoma yokka kiova indian tega, bhaaratheeyula oto-misoria tega, vichita mariyu anubandha tegalu, oklahoma yokka thoorpu shaanii tega, modok desham, oklahoma yokka ottava tega, oklahoma yokka indians pioria tega mariyu seneca-kayuga desham sabhyula kosam eee samakhya cfr kortulalo swalinga vivahalu nirvahinchavacchu.
rendu aatmala vivahalu.
aneka sthaanika american tegalu rendu-aatmala vyaktula sampradaayaalanu kaligi unnaayi, vaaru magavadiga janminchaaru, conny mahilala dustulu dharinchaaru mariyu rojuvaaree gruha pani mariyu kalaatmaka chetipanulanu pradarsinchaaru, ivi stree golaaniki chendinavigaa pariganinchabaddaayi. eee rendu-aatmala hodha eee tegalalo konnintiloo iddaru jeevasambandhamaina maga ledhaa iddaru jeevasambandhamaina aada madhya vivahalanu nirvahinchadaaniki anumatinchindi. cheyenne samskrutilo, rendu-aatmala prajalanu () anie pilustaaru, mariyu moodava lingamgaa cheyenne samaajamlo mukhyamaina paatranu pooshinchaaru. vaaru yodhulugaa gowravinchabaddaaru, saampradaaya scalp danslaku darsakatvam vahinchaaru, koyotlatho maatlaadagalarani nammutaaru, mariyu match makinglo vaari naipunhyaalaku prasiddhi chendaaru, mukhyamgaa yuvatulanu aakattukovadaaniki prayatninchina yuva, avivaahita purushulaku. hay 'emene" tarachugaa vivaahita purushudi bahubhaaryaatva gruhamlo rendava bharyaga panicheesaaru. arapaho samskruti saampradayakamgaa mahilala dustulu dharinche iddaru aatmalanu gurtinchindi mariyu "pratyeka aadhyaatmika saktulu kaligina gowravaneeyulaina vyaktulu" gaa pariganinchabaddaaru. vaatini arapaho bhaashalo (, bahuvachanam) anie pilustaaru. bahubhaaryaatvaaniki sankethaalu lekunda chaalaa mandhi vivaahita sisgender purushulu. oklahoma bhaaratheeyula ponca tegaku chendina ponca prajalu rendu-aatmala prajalanu () gaa suuchistaaru. vaaru "chandrudu aadesinchinatlu" nammutaaru, mariyu konnisaarlu purushulanu bhagaswamuluga teesukuntaaru. osagelo, () anie piluvabade, "mahilalugaa matlade" rendu-aatmala vyaktulu, mahilala dustulanu dharinchevaaru, conny tappanisarigaa purusha linga paatranu konasaaginchaaru, mariyu vaaru mahilalanu vivaham chesukunnaru. vaatini kwapa bhaashalo (), consa bhaashalo () mariyu chivere bhaashalo () anie pilustaaru. "mihxoz" nuu matha nayakula pratyeka vargamgaa gouravamgaa bhaavinchaaru. divangata baxoje, jivere-nutt 'aachi peddalalo, "mihksoge" vaari aadhyaatmika sambandham mariyu pavitra taata aatmalaku anugunamgaa pavitra paatra kosam ippatikee vismayamtho pariganinchabaddaaru."eee seovan matlade prajalandarilo, iddaru aatmalu gala prajalu" "stree devatalu ledhaa chandrudi darsanaalu kaligi unnaaru, ivi vaari gurtimpunu dhruveekarinchadaaniki upayogapaddaayi".
() anie piluvabade rendu-aatmala vyaktulu, vaari linga paatra maarpunu "vaaru nivaarinchaleni duradrushtakaramaina vidhi, chandrunilo nivasinche stree aatma nundi vacchina drushti dwara eee maargaaniki prerepinchabadaalani bhaavistaaru."vaaru pavitramgaa undevaaru mariyu prati samvatsaram oka nrutyamtho gowravinchabadevaaru, indulo" "ayakwa" "thoo laingika sambandham pettukunna purushulu matrame paalgonadaaniki anumatinchabaddaaru". potavatomi (bahuvachanam "mnedoquek") chinna vayassu nunde "stree sahavasanni korukunnadu", rendu lingaala "pani naipunhyaalanu" kaligi unnadu, "streela vale matladadu" mariyu "pratyeka aadhyaatmika saktulatoe gouravapradamaina vyaktulu" gaa pariganinchabaddaaru. 1860laloe prastuta cado kounteeki sthaanabhramsham chendina lenape, iddaru aatmala vyaktulanu () gaa suuchistaaru. mayami prajalalo, nedu oklahoma yokka mayami tega reservationlo nivasistunna, rendu-aatmala prajalanu () anie pilustaaru, mariyu pavani prajalu vaarini () anie pilustaaru. modok yuddham taruvaata aadhunika ottava kounteeki bahishkarinchabadina modok prajalu, rendu-aatmala vyaktulanu () anie pilustaaru. twinyuk" mahilala dustulu dharinchi, "mahilalaa pravartinchaaru". vaaru sisgender purushulanu vivaham chesukunnaru, mariyu saadhaaranamgaa shammon paatranu pooshinchaaru mariyu goppa aatma saktitoe ghanata pondaaru. seneca prajalu rendu-aatmala vyaktulanu () gaa suuchistaaru, mariyu kayuga prajalu vaarini () gaa suuchistaaru. mescalero-chirikahuwa bhaashalo, rendu-aatmala prajalanu () anie, maidaanaalalo apachi bhaashalo () anie pilustaaru.
cheroki, chikasa mariyu choktavlalo iddaru aatmala vyaktula gurinchi saahityam marinta parimitamgaa undhi. eee samaajaalaku dvi-aatma vanti hodha unde avakaasam undhi, conny kanneella baatalo mariyu kraistavatvaanni sweekarinchetappudu chaalaa saampradaaya ghnaanam poyindi. cherokeelo, ("asegi udando";) purushulu mariyu mahilala paatralaku velupala unna ledhaa purushulu mariyu mahilala paatralanu aakraminche vyaktulanu suuchistumdi. choktav bhaashalo, rendu-aatmala prajalanu () anie pilustaaru, ayithe eee padam saapekshamgaa aadhunikamainadi. choktav rachayita leane hove 2022 pustakamlo ilaa paerkonnaaru, "tarachugaa vaaru itara purushulatho matrame sambandham kaligi undaru, conny aneka sthaayila sambandhaalanu kaligi undevaaru. vaaru kooda maa samaajamtho chaalaa pratyaekamaina margallo paalupanchukunnaru. vaaru roganirodhakulu kaavacchu. vaaru mana pillalanu rakshinchina vyaktulu endukante vaaru okati kante ekkuva vishayalanu kaligi unnaaru. mariyu choktavan soundaryasaastramlo oka bhaagam emitante, memu asaadhaaranamaina vishayalanu gouravistaamu. vaeru. meeru ["ohoyo holba"] loe anusandhaaninchabadina aatmanu chusinappudu, mariyu vaaru paatha kaalamlo aaa dustulu dharinchinappudu, vaaru 'chaalaa mandhi avataaram' anie chebutaaru."kontamandi stree-shareera rendu-aatmalu gala vyaktulu () anae padaanni upayogistaaru. chikasa bhaashalo, padam (). alabama bhaashalo, vaatini () anie, maskogeelo () anie pilustaaru. eee aadhunika padaalu saadhaaranamgaa swalinga samparkulu, lesbian ledhaa transgender vyaktini suuchistaayi, ayithe kontamandi dwaipaakshika vyaktulu eee padaalatoe gurtistaaru. yuchi bhaashalo, rendu-aatmalu () gaa anuvadinchabaddaayi, mariyu notchez loe () gaa anuvadinchabadindi, dheeni ardham "mahilala adhipati".
janabha mariyu vivaha ganaamkaalu.
2000 yuu nundi dayta.ess. oklahomaalo 5,763 swalinga jantalu nivasistunnatlu janabha gananalo telindi. 2005 natiki, idhi 8,159 jantalaku perigindi, prabhutva sarvelalo tama bhagaswamyanni bahirgatam cheyadaaniki swalinga jantalu perugutunna sumukhataku kaaranam kaavacchu. simaron minaha raashtramloni anni counteelalo swalinga jantalu nivasinchaaru, mariyu idhi janta gruhaalalo 0.7% mariyu raashtramloni mottam gruhaalalo 0.40% gaa undhi. chaalaa mandhi jantalu oklahoma, tulsa mariyu cleveland counteelalo nivasinchaaru, conny swalinga jantalalo atyadhika saatam unna counteelu roser millulu (anni county gruhaalalo 0.70%) mariyu pushmataha (0.65%). oklahomaalo swalinga bhaagaswaamulu vyatiraeka linga bhaagaswaamula kante sagatuna chinnavaru, mariyu udyogam pondhe avakaasam ekkuvagaa undhi. edemaina, swalinga jantala sagatu mariyu madhyastha gruha aadaayaalu ververu linga jantala kante takkuvagaa unnaayi, mariyu swalinga jantalu kooda vyatiraeka linga bhaagaswaamula kante sonta illu kaligi unde avakaasam chaalaa takkuvagaa undhi. oklahomaalo 26 saatam swalinga jantalu 18 samvatsaraala kante takkuva vayassu unna pillalanu penchutunnaaru, 2005loe 4,075 mandhi pillalu swalinga jantala netrutvamloni gruhaalalo nivasistunnaarani anchanaa.
united states janabha lekkala beuro nundi vacchina dayta prakaram 2020loe oklahomaalo 5,006 vivaahita swalinga jantalu unnaarani, veerilo 3,149 mandhi mahilaa jantalu mariyu 1,857 mandhi purusha jantalu unnaarani choopinchindi. raashtramlo nivasistunna swalinga jantalandarilo vivaahita jantalu 56.3% gaa unnaaru. vivaahita swalinga jeevita bhaagaswaamulu ververu linga jeevita bhaagaswaamula kante sagatuna chinnavaru mariyu saadhaaranamgaa adhika aadaayaalu kaligi undevaaru.
| oklahooma mein humm jans shaadi
riyasat kii taraf say humm jans shaadi parr pabandi kuu challenge karnay waalay moqhadhime kii qarardad kay baad 6 aktobar 2014 say oklahooma mein humm jans shaadi qanuni hay. iss dunn yuu kay baad.aiss. suprem court kaa "bashp bamuqablah" parr nazar saani karnay say ankaar. samath "eek aisa moqhadhima jiss nay pabandi kuu ghair aayeeni paaya thaa daswein circuit court aaf apeel nay oklahooma kuu humm jans shadiyon kuu tasleem karnay kaa hakam diyaa. 14 januri 2014 kuu jajj terrance see. yuu kaa curran.aiss. oklahooma kay shamali zalaa kii zulayi adaalat nay riyasat kii qanuni aur aayeeni humm jans shaadi parr pabandi kuu ghair aayeeni qaraar day diyaa. cases "bashp wee. samath "(sabqah" bashp v. oklahooma "aur" bashp v. riyasathaye muthadah)yee apeel zeer altawaa thee. 18 jolayi 2014 cow daswein circuit kay eek pinal nay oklahooma kii humm jans shaadi kii pabandi kuu khatam karnay waalay curran kay faislay kuu barqarar rakhaa. tahim pinal nay apnay faislay kuu yuu kii taraf say "certiverary" kay liye darkhwast kay tasfiye kay zeer altawaa rook diyaa.aiss. suprem court. 6 aktobar 2014 cow yuu.aiss. suprem court nay daswein circuit court kay faislay kuu apnee jagah chhodte huay jaizay kii darkhwast kuu mustarid kirr diyaa. riyasati hakaam nay riyasat mein humm jans shaadi kuu tasleem kartay hoay daswein circuit kay faislay kuu naafiz karkay jawaab diyaa.
qanuni tareekh.
pabandiyan.
1975 mein oklahooma kii maqnanah nay apnaa pehla qanoon manzoor kiyaa jiss mein shaadi kuu "eek mard aur eek aurat" kay darmiyan qaraar diyaa gayaa. 1996 mein oklahooma kii maqnanah nay eek aur qanoon saazi manzoor kii jiss mein shaadi kuu "eek mard aur eek aurat" kay darmiyan qaraar diyaa gayaa aur riyasat say baahir honay waali humm jans shadiyon kuu oklahooma mein tasleem karnay say manaa kiyaa gayaa.
apreel 2004 mein oklahooma senate nay 38 kay muqabilay 7 kay woat say aur oklahooma house aaf representitose nay 92 kay muqabilay 4 kay woat say humm jans shaadi parr pabandi laganay waali aayeeni tarmim kuu manzori dee. 2 nomber 2004 kuu oklahooma kay raaye dehandgan nay iss pabandi kuu sawaal 711 kay toor parr manzoor kiyaa. iss tarmim mein humm jans shaadi parr pabandi shaamil kii gayee aur iss kay kasee bhee "qanuni waaqiaat kuu ghair shaadi shadah jodon yaa grohon parr jeesay soul unines yaa gharilo sharakat daaree oklahooma kay aayeen mein shaamil kiyaa gayaa.
ghair paband hall.
apreel 2013 mein oklahooma house aaf representitose nay "aich see aar 1009" manzoor kiyaa juu eek ghair paband qarardad hay jiss mein shaadi kii tasdiq "eek mard aur eek aurat kay darmiyan" kay toor parr kii gayee hay aur yuu parr zoor diyaa gayaa hay.aiss. suprem court "defense aaf meeraj aikat" (doma) kay section 3 aur riyasaton kay shaadi kuu manzam karnay kay haqh kuu barqarar rakhay gee. iss nay 84-0 manzoor kiyaa jiss kay haqh mein 71 republican aur 13 democrats nay woat diyaa. 16 democrats ahtajaj mein woat daalnay kay bajaye chamber say baahir nikal gayey. oklahooma senate nay asee mahinay kay aakhir mein qarardad kii manzori dee. yuu.aiss. suprem court nay "united steats v. mein doma kay section 3 kuu kaladam qaraar day diyaa. wonder "26 joone 2013 kuu.
"bashp wee. samath.
piss manzar.
3 nomber 2004 cow oklahooma kay raaye dehandgan nay humm jans shaadi parr pabandi laganay waali aayeeni tarmim kii manzori deenay kay aglay dunn duu humm jans parsat jodon meeri bashp aur sharoon baldoon aur sosan barton aur humm jans parsat flips nay talsa kii wafaqi zulayi adaalat mein challenge dayer kiyaa. pehley joday kuu talsa county clerk seeli haway samath nay shaadi kaa license deenay say ankaar kirr diyaa thaa jabkah moakhar alzikar joday nay 2001 mein warmont soul union tashkil dee thee aur 2005 mein bartanvi columbia mein shaadi kii thee jabb kahh baath cheet zeer altawaa thee. inn kii numaindagi oklahooma shehar kii eek qanuni farm holaday aur chaltan nay kii. samath kii numaindagi talsa county kay distrikt attarni aur aazadi kaa dafaa karnay waalay itehad nay kii juu eek ghair munafa bakhash eisayi wakalat tanzim hay. muamilah "bashp wee. oklahooma. madaa alaihan oklahooma kay attarni general thay admondson governor bread hunry yuu.aiss. attarni general jaan ashcroft aur sadr jaarj dabliyo. jhaadi. jodon nay "deegar baaton kay saath"yee eek aalaan talab kiyaa kahh oklahooma tarmim munasib amal masawi tahfuz makmal aqeede aur creadt aur yuu kay maraat aur astasni kii shaqon kay tahat ghair aayeeni thee.aiss. aayeen. inhon nay 1996 mein manzoor honay waalay wafaqi "defense aaf meeraj aikat" (doma) kuu bhee challenge kiyaa. riyasat nay yaha dalil deetay hoay mustarid karnay kii koshish kii kahh jodon mein khaday honay kii kamee hay aur gayarahwein tarmim kay zariye inn kay moqhadhime kuu rook diyaa gayaa hay.
20 jolayi 2006 kuu jajj terrance see. curran nay madiyon kuu jazwi fatah jaari kartay hoay kahaa kahh wah riyasati aayeeni tarmim kay liye mukhtalif challenges kuu madaa kirr saktay haine vovo tahim inhon nay kachh qanuni nazaryaat kuu ghoor say khatam karkay kees kay dairah kaar kuu kumm kirr diyaa. smellt v" kaa hawalah deetay hoay. auranj county "california kaa eek cases iss nay faislah diyaa kahh jodon mein doma kuu challenge karnay kay liye khaday honay kii kamee hay keunkah naha hyee donon nay riyasathaye muthadah mein qanuni shaadi kii thee. curran nay faislah diyaa kahh bashp aur baldoin mein doma kay iss hasay kuu challenge karnay kay liye khaday honay kii kamee hay jiss nay humm jans shaadi kuu wafaqi hukumat kii taraf say tasleem karnay say khaarij kirr diyaa thaa keunkah wah shaadi shadah nahein thay. tahim iss nay faislah diyaa kahh barton flip kaa moqaf hay keunkah iss joday nay canada mein shaadi kii thee aur warmont mein eek soul union mein daakhil hoay thay aur iss tarah iss nay tay kiyaa kahh inn kay daawon kuu mustarid karnaa qabal az waqat hoga. curran nay paaya kahh donon joday humm jans shaadi parr pabandi laganay waali riyasati tarmim kuu challenge karnay kay liye khaday thay keunkah donon oklahooma mein qanuni toor parr shaadi karnay mein dilchaspi rakhtay thay. riyasati hakaam nay daswein circuit court aaf apeel mein apeel kii. daswein circuit nay 5 joone 2009 kuu eek ghair shaye shadah faislah jaari kiyaa jiss mein oklahooma kay hakaam kay khalaaf daawon kuu mustarid karnay mein zulayi adaalat kii nakami kuu alt diyaa gayaa aur mozua kay dairah akhtiyar kii kamee kii wajah say madiyon kay daawon kuu mustarid kirr diyaa gayaa. baqiyah madaa alaihan samath aur america nay 13 aktobar 2009 kuu mustarid karnay kii tehreek dayer kii.
25 faroori 2011 kuu adaalat kay mustarid karnay kii tehreekon parr faislah jaari karnay say pehley america nay adaalat kuu matlaa kiyaa kahh wah doma kay section 3 kii aayeeni haisiyat kaa dafaa karnaa bund kirr day gaa. riyasathaye muthadah kay aiwan numaindagaan kay duu tarfah qanuni mashawarti grop nay doma kay dafaa kay liye madakhilat karnay kii koshish kii. 26 joone 2013 cow yuu.aiss. suprem court nay "riyasathaye muthadah bamuqablah. wonder "doma kay iss section 3 nay panchwen tarmim kay muqarrah amal kii shaq kii khalaaf warzi kii. asee dunn adaalat nay "hollings warth bamuqablah" mein bhee faislah sanaya. peeree "california mein humm jans parsat shadiyon kuu dobarah sharoo karnay kii ajazat deeta hay.
zulayi adaalat kaa faislah.
14 januri 2014 cow jajj curran nay madiyon kuu khalasah faislah diyaa aur iss muamile mein faislah sunaya "abb bashp bamuqablah bashp. riyasathaye muthadah "kahh oklahooma kii humm jans shaadi parr pabandi chudhawein tarmim kii masawi tahfuz kii shaq kay tahat ghair aayeeni thee. iss nay riyasat kii humm jans shaadi parr pabandi kay mustaqil nafaz kaa hakam deetay hoay eek hakam jaari kiyaa leakin yuu kaa hawalah deetay hoay apeel kay zeer altawaa apnay faislay kay nafaz parr rook lagaa dee.aiss. suprem court kaa yutah mein taqriba eek hyee kees mein rook kaa ajraa "kachan bamuqablah. herbert. curran nay likhaa kahh yuu.aiss. suprem court kii taraf say asee tarah kay moqhadhime kuu mustarid karnaa "bekar bamuqablah. neelson "1972 mein paband misaal nahein thee keunkah" 1972 say suprem court kay faqah mein aham nazaryati paish raft hoyee hay jiss say yaha zahir hotaa hay kahh yaha masail abb eek khaatir khwah sawaal paish karein gay. inhon nay paaya kahh duu madaee barton aur flips doma kay section 2 kuu challenge karnay kay liye khaday nahein thay keunkah jinn wafaqi ahdidaron kuu inhon nay madaa alaihan kay toor parr namzad kiyaa thaa inn kii iss kay nafaz kii koyee zamah daari nahein thee aur record say yaha zahir nahein hawaa kahh oklahooma kay hakaam barton aur flips kii shaadi kuu dosray dairah akhtiyar mein tasleem karnay mein nakaam rahay thay. inhon nay nott kiyaa kahh joday nay "haa [daad] nay majmuyi qanuni amal mein aham kirdaar adaa kiyaa jiss kii wajah say doma kay section 3 kuu kaladam qaraar diyaa gayaa" aur inn kii aur inn kay waklaa kii "inn kii door andeshi hamat aur isteqamat" kay liye tareef kii. curran nay bashp aur baldon say ittefaq kiyaa kahh oklahooma kii aayeeni tarmim jiss mein humm jans shaadi parr pabandi aayed kii gayee hay masawi tahfuz kii shaq kii khalaaf warzi hay. inhon nay aqli bunyaad parr jaizay kaa itlaaq kiyaa aur riyasat kay jawaz kuu payaa bashmol zamah daaranah afzaish kii huslah afzayi bachon kii ziyadah say ziyadah prorish aur shaadi kay idaarey parr asraat "nakafi". curran nay faislah diyaa kahh aayeeni tarmim "oklahooma kay shahriyon kay sarf eek tabqe kuu sarkaari fayede say minn maanee ghair maqool toor parr khaarij karnaa" thaa. jansi rajhaan aur masawi tahfuz kii bunyaad parr imtiyazi salok kay muamile parr suprem court kay faqah kay baaray mein faislay mein kahaa gayaa hay: "suprem court waazah toor parr iss masilay parr nahein pahunchi hay kahh aayaa humm jans shaadi parr pabandi laganay waalay riyasati qawanin yuu aiss kii khalaaf warzi kartay haine.aiss. aayeen. tahim suprem court kaa qanoon abb riyasaton kuu humm jans paraston kay khalaaf dushmani say paida honay waalay qawanin manzoor karnay say manaa kartaa hay humm jans paraston kay akhlaqi aur jansi intekhaab kuu aayeeni tahfuz farahim kartaa hay aur wafaqi hukumat kuu mukhalif jans kii shadiyon aur humm jans shadiyon kay saath mukhtalif salok karnay say manaa kartaa hay. suprem court kay faqah mein juu kachh hawaa hay iss kaa koyee qatyi qanuni leebal nahein hay juu 1996 mein "romar" say sharoo hawaa aur 2013 mein "wonder" mein khatam hawaa leakin yaha adaalat jabb asay dekhti hay tuu eek biyaan baazi kii tabdili kuu jaanti hay."
governor meeri faleen nay iss faislay kaa jawaab deetay hoay kahaa "mein oklahooma kay raaye dehandgan kay iss aur deegar palisi muamilat parr khood parr hukumat karnay kay haqh kii himayat kartaa hoan. mein jajj kay faislay say mayus hoan aur preshan hoan kahh wafaqi hukumat nay eek baar phir logon kii marzi kuu nazar andaaz kirr diyaa hay."attarni general scott proyat nay iss faislay kuu preshan kunn qaraar diyaa aur kahaa kahh suprem court kuu humm jans shaadi parr riyasati pabandi kii aayeeni haisiyat kaa faislah karnaa hoga.
daswein circuit court aaf apeel mein apeel karein.
samath nay 16 januri kuu daswein circuit court aaf apeel mein apeel kaa notes dayer kiyaa aur adaalat say apeel kay amal kuu teez karnay aur kees kii samaat "kachan bamuqablah" kay saath karnay kuu kahaa. herbert. daswein circuit kay wahee 3 jajon kay pinal nay jiss nay 10 apreel kuu "bawarchi khaaney" mein zabani dilayal sunay "bashp bamuqablah bashp" mein zabani dilayal sunay. 17 apreel kuu samath ". 18 jolayi cow adaalat nay 2-1 kay faislay mein zulayi adaalat kay faislay kuu barqarar rakhtay hoay yaha natijah akhz kiyaa kahh oklahooma kii humm jans shaadi parr pabandi nay yuu kii khalaaf warzi kii hay.aiss. aayeen agarcha iss nay fouri toor parr apnay faislay parr rook lagaa dee yuu kii taraf say "certiverary" kay liye darkhwast kay tasfiye takk.aiss. suprem court. jeefri eel. fisher juu stenford university mein qanoon kay professor aur suprem court kay eek tajarbah kaar qanuni chaarah joyee karnay waalay haine agast mein oklahooma kay humm jans parsat jodon kuu shaadi kay haqoq say ankaar kuu challenge karnay waalon kay liye markazi wakeel kay toor parr shaamil hoay. suprem court nay 6 aktobar 2014 kuu oklahooma kii apeel kuu mustarid kirr diyaa aur daswein circuit kaa faislah baad mein naafiz hawaa iss tarah oklahooma mein humm jans shaadi kuu qanuni haisiyat dee gayee.
governor faleen nay suprem court kay aqdaam parr shadeed tanqeed kii leakin aalaan kiyaa kahh riyasat humm jans shadiyon kuu license deenay aur tasleem karnay kii tameel karay gee aur sharoo karay gee. numaindah seeli curran jinhon nay maazi mein kahaa thaa kahh humm jans parasti dehshat girdi say ziyadah qomi salamati kay liye badaa khatrah hay nay adalati faislay kii mazmat kii "oklahuma yaa iss muamile kay liye kasee bhee riyasat mein ghair muntakhib jajj nahein honay chahein juu logon kay liye jawabdah naha hoan juu yaha faislah karein kahh qawanin kiyaa hoan gay."maqami eel jee bee tye grop kay execto director scott hammelton nay kahaa" "hamaray saath bhee kasee dosray joday kii tarah salok kiyaa jaaye gaa. aur wah jayedad juu miray paas hay yaa juu iss kay paas hay [hammelton kay shareek hayaat] jabb humm mein say koyee paas kartaa hay tuu wah wahee sakht amal nahein hoga juu warasat mein how saktaa hay. yaha kehna kahh yaha eek bury raahat hay eek kumm biyaan hoga. oklahooma county court kay clerk tumm roads nay 6 aktobar kii sah pehar kuu kahaa kahh inn kaa daftar "srgarmi say bharaa hawaa thaa". meeri bashp aur sharoon baldon oklahooma mein shaadi kaa license haasil karnay waalay pehley humm jans parsat joday thay jinhon nay pair 6 aktobar kuu dopahar 1 bujj kirr 20 mint parr talsa county court house mein aisa kiyaa.ayem.. cristin aur haithar dakee 6 aktobar kuu cleoland county mein license haasil karnay waalay pehley joday thay.
maqami americi mamalik.
humm jans shaadi sheen aur arapaho qabail cheroki qoum chaksa qoum choktao qoum aur ausaj qoom kay tahfuzat parr qanuni hay. sheen aur arapaho qabail oklahooma mein humm jans shaadi kuu qanuni haisiyat deenay waalay pehley maqami americi qabeelay thay. aktobar 2013 mein jaisan pakal aur dairan bleek bayer kuu koncho kay qabaili adaalat mein shaadi kaa license jaari kiyaa gayaa. agarcha yaha reservation parr kii jaanay waali pehli awami humm jans shaadi thee qabaili hakaam nay tasdiq kii kahh iss say pehley duu deegar humm jans parsat jodon nay shaadi kii thee. qabaili qanoon kay mutabiq juu jamaatein shaadi karnaa chahti haine inhein khood mukhtar zameen parr aisa karnaa chahiye aur eek fareeq kuu qabail kaa rakan honaa chahiye leakin qabaili zabtah joday kii jans kii wazahat nahein kartaa hay. shehri potatomi milk maskogi (crack) milk aur simnol milk mein humm jans shaadi parr waazah toor parr pabandi hay.
cheroki qoom nay 9 dasambar 2016 kuu humm jans shaadi kuu qanuni haisiyat dee. mayee 2004 mein auvaso done meek kenlay aur kithi renolds kay eek humm jans parsat joday kuu qabaili adaalat kay dipty clerk nay shaadi kaa license jaari kiyaa. qabeelay nay fouri toor parr humm jans paraston kii izaafi shadiyon parr pabandi lagaa dee. 14 joone kuu qabaili konsal nay humm jans shaadi parr pabandi laganay waala qanoon manzoor kiyaa aur qabaili konsal kay wakeel todd hambry nay 16 joone kuu adaalat mein eek darkhwast dayer kii jiss mein meek kenlay aur renolds kuu jaari kardah shaadi kay license kuu kaladam qaraar deenay kii darkhwast kii gayee. 3 agast 2005 cow tehliqah mein adalati apeel tribonal nay faislah diyaa kahh hambry mein moqhadhima karnay kay liye khaday honay kii kamee hay aur yaha zahir nahein kirr saktaa kahh asay shaadi kii qanuni shanakhat say koyee nqsan pahuncha hay. dasambar 2005 mein tribonal nay shaadi kii sadaqat kuu challenge karnay waalay dosray moqhadhime kuu mustarid kirr diyaa. januri 2006 mein shaadi kay license record karnay kii zamah daar cheroki adaalat kii muntazim leesa felds nay shaadi kii sadaqat kuu challenge kartay hoay teesra moqhadhima dayer kiyaa. darkhwast kaa jawaab nahein diyaa gayaa. 9 dasambar 2016 kuu cheroki qoom kay attarni general tode hambry jinhon nay asl mein 2004 mein meek canley aur renolds kii shaadi kuu challenge kiyaa thaa nay eek raaye jaari kii kahh cheroki qoom kay aayeen kay tahat humm jans shaadi parr pabandi ghair aayeeni thee jiss nay qabeelay mein humm jans shaadi kuu qanuni haisiyat dee. chaad samath jinhon nay 2004 mein cheroki kay principle cheef kay toor parr khidmaat anjaam dain thein nay hambry kii raaye kaa khairmuqadam kartay hoay kahaa "yaha maazi kay cheroki qanoon kii pabandi hay. leakin hamaray aayeen mein americi aayeen kii dafaat shaamil haine aur suprem court (riyasathaye muthadah kii) nay iss kay baad say apnaa faislah diyaa hay."yee yuu kaa hawalah deetay hoay.aiss. obergefil bamuqablah mein suprem court kaa faislah. hojaz "jiss nay riyasathaye muthadah mein milk bhar mein humm jans shaadi kuu qanuni haisiyat dee. natijay kay toor parr meek kenlay aur renolds cheroki milk mein pehley shaadi shadah humm jans joday thay. oseej qoom nay 20 maarch 2017 kuu eek referendum munaqid kiyaa kahh aayaa qabaili zameen parr humm jans shaadi kuu qanuni haisiyat dee jaaye aur yaha aqdaam 52 faisad aksariyat kay saath manzoor hawaa.
chaksa code mein 18 apreel 2022 kuu tarmim kii gayee thee taakah kasee bhee duu afraad kay darmiyan shaadi kii ajazat dee jaa sakay aur eek hyee jans kay afraad kay darmiyan shadiyon kuu tasleem karnay say manaa kardah zabaan kuu mansukh kiyaa jaa sakay. shaadi kii tareef mein abb likhaa gayaa hay: 'shaadi' kaa matlab hay duu afraad kay darmiyan soul muahide say paida honay waala zaati rishtah jiss mein muahidah karnay aur iss mein daakhil honay kay liye qanuni toor parr ahal fareeqon kii razamandi zaruri hay aur shaadi kay rishtay kuu qanoon kay zariah farahim kardah darj kiyaa jaaye gaa barqarar rakhaa jaaye gaa yaa mansukh kiyaa jaaye gaa."23 mayee 2023 cow choktao qoom kii aayeeni adaalat nay faislah diyaa kahh humm jans parsat jodon kuu shaadi karnay kaa aayeeni haqh hay aur eek joday canady aur cheelsi barker kuu apnee 10 saalah ladki kuu god leenay kii ajazat dee. cheef geeri beaton nay faislay kaa khair muqadam kiyaa aur kahaa "iss faislay kii bunyaad parr humm apnay code kaa jaizah lain gay taakah yaha dekha jaa sakay kahh kiyaa tabdiliyan karnay kii zarurat hay. humm iss muamile mein malus khaandaan kuu apnee mohabat aur himayat paish kartay haine."
iss kay alawah beuro aaf indeen afiyarz puray yuu aey mein qayem adalaton kuu chalata hay.aiss. code aaf federal regulations (see aif aar) kay tahat aur "jabb takk koyee khaas hindustani qabilah apnee qabaili adaalat qayem nahein kartaa hindustani jaraim kii adaalat eek qabeelay kay adalati nazaam kay toor parr kaam karay gee". iss tarah humm jans parsat shadiyan inn wafaqi see aif aar adalaton mein oklahooma kay apachi qabeelay oklahooma kii cado qoum komanche qoum delaveer qoum fort sall apachi qabilah oklahooma kaa cueva indeen qabilah hindustaniyon kaa oto-masuria qabilah wakita aur iss say waabistah qabail oklahooma kaa mashriqi shoni qabilah modak qoum oklahooma kaa otawa qabilah oklahooma kay hindustaniyon kaa peuria qabilah aur senika-keuga qoom kay arakeen kay liye kii jaa sakti haine.
duu rohon waali shadiyan.
behat say maqami americi qabail mein duu rohon waalay afraad kii rawayaat haine juu mard paida hoay leakin khwatin kay kapday pehantey thay aur rozmarah kay gharilo kaam aur fankarana dastkari anjaam deetay thay jinhein khwatin kay dairay say taaluq rakhnay waala samjha jaataa thaa. iss duu rooh kii haisiyat nay duu hayatiyati mardon yaa duu hayatiyati khwatin kay darmiyan shadiyon kuu inn mein say kachh qabail kay darmiyan karnay kii ajazat dee. shayen saqafat mein duu rohon waalay logon kuu () kay naam say jaana jaataa hay aur wah sheen muashiray mein teesri jans kay toor parr eek aham kirdaar adaa kartay haine. inhein jangjoon kay toor parr ehteram kiyaa jaataa thaa rawayati khopdi kay raqs kii hidayat kii jaati thee khayaal kiyaa jaataa thaa kahh wah coyots say baath karnay kay qaabil thay aur meech meking mein apnee maharat kay liye jaanay jaatay thay khaas toor parr naujawan ghair shaadi shadah mardon kay liye juu naujawan khwatin kuu mutasir karnay kii koshish kartay thay. hyee 'aiminay" aksar shaadi shadah mard kay kaseer zojgi waalay gharanay mein dosri bewi kay toor parr kaam kartaa thaa. arapaho saqafat nay rawayati toor parr duu rohon waalay logon kuu tasleem kiyaa hay juu khwatin kay labaas pehantey thay aur inhein "khususi rohani taaqaton waalay muaziz afraad" kay toor parr shamaar kiyaa jaataa thaa. inhein arapaho zabaan mein (yee jamaa:) kay naam say jaana jaataa hay. behat say shaadi shadah sessinger mard baghair kasrat kay asharay kay. oklahooma kay hindustaniyon kay ponka qabeelay kay ponka loag duu rohon waalay logon kuu () kehtay haine. khayaal kiyaa jaataa thaa kahh inhein "chaand kii taraf say hidayat dee gayee thee"yee aur baaz auqaat wah mardon kuu sharakat daar kay toor parr leetay thay. ozeej mein duu rooh waalay afraad jinhein () kay naam say jaana jaataa hay "khwatin kii tarah baath kartay thay"yee khwatin kay kapday pehantey thay leakin bunyadi toor parr mardanah sanfi kirdaar kuu poraa kartay rahay aur inhon nay khwatin say shaadi kii. inhein kopao zabaan mein ()yee kansa zabaan mein ()yee aur () cheevar zabaan mein jaana jaataa hay. "" maxog "kay saath mazhabi qaideen kay eek khaas tabqe kay toor parr ehteram kay saath salok kiyaa jaataa thaa. marhum baksoj jewari-natchi buzurgon mein "maxog" kuu abb bhee inn kay rohani taaluq aur muqadas daada rohon kay saath humm aahingi mein muqadas kirdaar kay liye khoof kay saath maanaa jaataa thaa."inn tamaam sewan bolnay waalay logon mein duu rohon waalay logon kay paas" "khwatin dewataon yaa chaand kay khwaab thay juu inn kii shanakhat kii tausiq karnay mein madadgaar thay.
duu rooh waalay afraad jinhein () kay naam say jaana jaataa hay nay bhee apnay sanfi kirdaar kii tabdili kuu "eek badqismati qasmat jiss say wah bach nahein saktay chaand mein rehney waali aurat rooh kay wazan say iss raastay parr raghib honay kay toor parr biyaan kiyaa."inhein harr saal eek aisey raqs kay saath muqadas aur aizaz diyaa jaataa thaa jiss mein sarf inn mardon kuu hasah leenay kii ajazat thee jinhon nay" "aayakwa" kay saath jansi taaluq qayem kiyaa thaa. potatomi (yee jamaa: "mandokok") nay chhoti amar say hyee "khwatin kii sahbat kii talaash kii"yee donon jinson kii "kaam kii maharatein" rakhtay thay "khwatin kii tarah baath kartay thay"yee aur inhein "khususi rohani taaqaton waalay muaziz afraad" kay toor parr shamaar kiyaa jaataa thaa. lenaap juu 1860 kii dahayi mein maujudah cado county mein bay gahar how gayey thay duu rohon waalay afraad kuu () kehtay haine. miyami logon mein aaj oklahooma kay miyami qabeelay kay tahfuz parr rehney waalay duu rohon waalay logon kuu () kahaa jaataa hay aur pyadah loag inhein () kehtay haine. modok loag juu modok jung kay baad jadeed door kii otawa county mein jalawatan how gayey duu rohon waalay afraad kuu () kehtay haine. tewni qha" khwatin kay kapday pehantey thay aur "khwatin kii tarah bartao kartay thay. inhon nay sessinder mardon say shaadi kii aur aam toor parr eek shaman kaa kirdaar adaa kiyaa aur inhein azeem rohani taaqat kaa sehra diyaa jaataa thaa. senika loag duu rohon waalay afraad kuu () kehtay haine aur keuga loag inhein () kehtay haine. mclero-cherkahua zabaan mein duu rohon waalay logon kuu () kay naam say jaana jaataa hay aur medani apachi zabaan mein () kay toor parr jaana jaataa hay.
cheroki chaksaw aur choktao mein duu rohon waalay afraad kay baaray mein adab ziyadah mahdud hay. yaha amkaan hay kahh inn muashiron kuu duu rohon kii tarah eek ahdah thaa leakin aansoon kay raastay aur eisaiyat kuu apnanay kay doraan behat ziyadah rawayati alam khatam how gayaa thaa. cheroki kay darmiyan ("aisigi adando" vovo) say maraad wah loag haine juu yaa tuu mardon aur auraton kay kirdaron say baahir how jaatay haine yaa juu mardon aur auraton donon kay kirdaron parr qaabiz hotay haine. choktao zabaan mein duu rohon waalay logon kuu () kay naam say jaana jaataa hay halankah yaha astalah nasbata jadeed hay. choktao kii masnafah leane how nay 2022 kii eek kitaab mein kahaa "aksar wah naha sarf dosray mardon kay saath shaamil hotay thay balkah inn kay taluqat kii kayee sathein hoti thein. wah hamaari baradari kay saath bhee behat khaas tareeqon say shaamil thay. wah shafa bakhash how saktay haine. wah wah loag haine jinhon nay hamaray bachon kii hifazat kii keunkah wah eek say ziyadah cheezon kuu majsam kartay thay. aur chokatwan jamaliyat kaa hasah yaha hay kahh humm inn cheezon kaa ehteram kartay haine juu ghair mamuli haine. mukhtalif. jabb aap iss rooh kuu dekhtay haine juu ["auhio holbah"] mein jadee hoyee hay aur jabb wah paraaney zamanay mein iss labaas kuu pehantey haine tuu wah kahah rahay hotay haine kahh 'behat say logon kaa mujasmah'."kachh khwatin kay jasm waalay duu rooh waalay afraad astalah () istemaal kartay haine. chakaa saa zabaan mein astalah () hay. alabama zabaan mein inhein () kay naam say jaana jaataa hay aur maskogi mein () kay toor parr jaana jaataa hay. inn jadeed astalahat kaa matlab aam toor parr humm jans parsat humm jans parsat yaa transgender shaqs hotaa hay halankah kachh duu rooh waalay loag inn astalahat say apnee shanakhat kartay haine. yuchi zabaan mein duu rooh kaa tarjumah () kay toor parr kiyaa jaataa hay aur notcheez mein () kay toor parr jiss kaa matlab hay "khwatin kaa sardaar".
aabadi aur shaadi kay aidaad woo shamaar.
2000 yuu say ddita.aiss. mardam shumari say patah chalta hay kahh 5,763 humm jans parsat joday oklahooma mein rahh rahay thay. 2005 takk yaha badh kirr 8,159 jodon takk pahunch gayaa thaa mamkanah toor parr humm jans parsat jodon kii sarkaari sarway parr apnee sharakat daari kaa inkshaf karnay kii badhti aamadgi kii wajah say. humm jans parsat joday riyasat kii tamaam countiyon mein rehtay thay sawaye semron kay aur joday hoay gharaanon kaa 0.7 faisad aur riyasat kay tamaam gharaanon kaa 0.4 faisad thay. ziyadah tarr joday oklahuma talsa aur cleoland countiyon mein rehtay thay leakin humm jans parsat jodon kii sabb say ziyadah faisad waali countiyan rogar milz (tamaam county gharaanon mein say 0.70%) aur pashmataha (0.65%) thein. oklahooma mein humm jans parsat sharakat daar austa mukhalif jans kay sharakat daaron say kumm amar thay aur mulazimat karnay kaa amkaan ziyadah thaa. tahim humm jans parsat jodon kii ausat aur ausat gharilo aamadni mukhtalif jans kay jodon kay muqabilay mein kumm thee aur humm jans parsat jodon kay mukhalif jans kay sharakat daaron kay muqabilay mein gahar kay maalik honay kaa amkaan bhee behat kumm thaa. oklahooma mein 26 faisad humm jans parsat joday 18 saal say kumm amar kay bachon kii prorish kirr rahay thay 2005 mein eek andazay kay mutabiq 4,075 bachay humm jans parsat jodon kii sarbarahi mein gharoon mein rahh rahay thay.
riyasathaye muthadah kay mardam shumari beuro kay aidaad woo shamaar say patah chalta hay kahh 2020 mein oklahooma mein 5,06 shaadi shadah humm jans joday thay jinn mein 3,194 khwatin joday aur 1,857 mard joday shaamil thay. riyasat mein rehney waalay tamaam humm jans parsat jodon mein shaadi shadah jodon kaa hasah 56.3% thaa. shaadi shadah humm jans parsat shareek hayaat austa mukhtalif jans kay shareek hayaat say kumm amar thay aur aam toor parr inn kii aamadni ziyadah hoti thee.
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0005290d509b3477cb095611ab86d8247cf8192c1f65f82bc71ac18b54385429 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=150524 | Jessup, Maryland |
Jessup, Maryland
Jessup ( ) is an unincorporated community and census-designated place in Howard and Anne Arundel counties, about southwest of Baltimore, Maryland, United States. Per the 2020 census, the population was 10,535.
Geography.
Jessup is located at (39.138374, −76.774929). According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of , all land. As of the 2010 census, the center of population for the state of Maryland is located on the grounds of the Clifton T. Perkins Hospital Center in Jessup.
History.
Jessup is located near the site of the historic Spurrier's Tavern, a farm and tavern located on the post road between Baltimore and Washington (Route One) where George Washington traveled regularly.
The location of the town was named Pierceland on early maps, but the post-civil war name more commonly given was Jessup's Cut, or Jessop's Cut, a post village in Howard County on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. The name is generally attributed to Jonathan Jessup, a civil engineer who worked on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad and the hand-dug "cut" though Merrill's Ridge he managed as a project. The crews took over 200,000 tons of clay from the clay hill that blocked the trains in freezing weather. The clay was turned into bricks by some of the prisoners from the Maryland Penitentiary who also worked on the Maryland House of Corrections when it was being built. Some of those inmates were then transferred to the House of Correction and they knew the walls were made from Jessup's Cut, hence "the CUT". The name was shortened to Jessups in 1963. Into the mid 20th century, the town was called "Jessups", then was shortened to "Jessup".
Since the mid-19th century, the area has been home to various penal institutions. Inmates today still refer to these jails as "the cut," probably unaware of the origin of the name. The Maryland House of Correction, operated by the Maryland Department of Corrections, included a large onsite farm manned with prison labor to provide food for prisoners onsite and offsite. Prisoner labor was discouraged by job seekers in the 1970s much as it did 100 years earlier during the construction of the B&O at Jessup's cut. The State-run Maryland Food Center occupies the land. The prison closed to inmates in 2007. The prison is referred to several times in the NBC television series "" and the HBO original series, "The Wire". Even though the maximum security prison is now closed, the town still houses a major minimum security prison, Brockbridge Correctional Facility, for violent offenders who are not deemed a threat to society due to the nature of their crimes.
Jessup contains many warehouse delivery facilities. Due to its geographically central location in the state, Jessup is also home to the Maryland Food Center, which includes the Maryland Produce Market and the Maryland Seafood Market. The largest facility was operated by Giant Food, with a facility until September 2012. The company outsourced distribution to C&S Wholesale Grocers, relocating its operations to Pennsylvania. In 2013, Coastal Sunbelt Produce announced plans to relocate its 900-employee facility out of state claiming the facility was unable expand to adjacent empty parcels. Howard County was unable to relocate the facility to the vacant state-run facility, or the vacant 760,000sqft Giant Food facility with an offer to gift state land intended for a transportation hub to the company. County Executive Ken Ulman brokered a deal with Preston Scheffenacker Properties, rezoning the historic Duvall Farm site in Laurel, for light industrial use and issued county financed low interest loans to relocate the facility out of Jessup.
Kingdon Gould's Laurel Sand and Gravel company, which includes Savage Stone, Fairfax Materials, Allegany Aggregates, Laurel Asphalt, and S.W. Barrick & Sons, purchased the 625-acre chase property in Eastern Jessup, North of the historic town of Savage, Maryland. The site is home to the Savage Stone quarry, mining Baltimore Gabbro rock for road bed construction. The facility started operations in 2005 after special zoning approval with a 25-year reserve in materials. Ridgley's Run Community Association directors Kingdon Gould and his son provided community approval of the project in exchange for the construction of the Ridgley's Run Community Center.
To the north of the quarry, Orson Adams built two nineteenth-century Victorian Manor Houses named Oak Hill on a 235-acre estate that anchored the community. The homes burned down after the Rouse Company purchased the land, and have been redeveloped into apartments.
Resident film maker Wayne Shipley used Jessup as the production location for "One-Eyed Horse" (2008) and "Day of the Gun" (2013). Portions of "Cry-Baby" (1990) and "Die Hard with a Vengeance" (1995) were filmed in Jessup, with TA Travel Center standing in for "Nord des Ligne" Truck Stop in the latter film.
Neighborhoods.
Major neighborhoods of Jessup include:
Demographics.
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2020 census.
"Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos can be of any race."
2000 Census.
As of the census of 2000, there were 7,865 people, 379 households, and 280 families residing in the CDP. The population density was . There were 398 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the CDP was 67.73% African American, 31.28% White, 1.03% Hispanic or Latino, 0.33% Asian, 0.27% from other races, 0.22% from two or more races, 0.15% Native American, and 0.03% Pacific Islander.
There were 379 households, out of which 29.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.5% were married couples living together, 9.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26.1% were non-families. 20.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.68 and the average family size was 3.04.
In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 3.2% under the age of 18, 15.9% from 18 to 24, 62.5% from 25 to 44, 16.3% from 45 to 64, and 2.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 499.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 539.7 males.
The median income for a household in the CDP was $48,000, and the median income for a family was $55,139. Males had a median income of $26,003 versus $24,950 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $19,052. About 5.0% of families and 7.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 7.1% of those under age 18 and 4.7% of those age 65 or over.
Transportation.
The Jessup stop on the Camden Line of the MARC Train system provides commuter rail service.
The major highways that run through Jessup are Interstate 95, U.S. Route 1 and Maryland Route 175. Exit 41 off I-95 provides access via MD 175 east.
Government.
The Federal Bureau of Prisons operates the Mid-Atlantic Region Office in Jessup and in Anne Arundel County. The Clifton T. Perkins Hospital Center, built in 1960, is a Maryland State-run maximum security hospital for criminals who are adjudged not guilty by reason of insanity.
References.
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jesup, maryland
jesup () hoise aamerika juktorastror marylandor bultimuror pray dokhyin-poschim dixot thoka haward aaru ene arundel countyt thoka ek onigomito xomproday aaru lukpiyol-nirdharito sthan. 2020 sonor lukpiyol onuxori jonoxongkhya aasil 10,535 john.
bhugul.
jesup (39.138374, − 76.774929) too owosthito. aamerika juktorastror lukpiyol byur "ror mote, chi. di. pi.-ror muth eleka hoise, xokolu bhumi. 2010 sonor lukpiyol onuxori, maryland rajyor jonoxongkhyar kendro clifton ti-ror bhittit owosthito. jesaapor parkins sikitsaloy kendro.
itihax.
jesup bultimur aaru waswingtonor (prothom poth) maajor post rudot owosthito oitihaxik spuriyaror tevernor sthanor usorot owosthito, zo 'too jorjo waswingtone niyomitbhabe bhromon korisil.
prarombhik manchitrot sohorkhonor owosthanor naam piersland rokha hoisil, kintu grihojudhor pisor naamtu odhik xadharonote diya hoisil jesapor kaat baa jespor kaat, bultim "ror aaru uhiu railpothor haward countyr etaa daak gaau. ei naamtu xadharonote bultimur aaru uhiu railpothot kaam koraa ejon oxamorik obhijonta junathon jesupor naamere kuwa hoy aaru marylor riz jodiu teu etaa prokolpo hisape porisalona korisil, teur haatore koraa "kaat". kormosarixokole maatir paharor poraa 200,000 tonoru odhik maati loisil jiye himanko botorot rey "loburok baadha disil. maryland jelkhanar kisuman bondiye maatitu itaa kori tulisil, jixokole maryland house owo correctionor kaam korisil jetiya iyak nirman koraa hoisil. taar pisot xei bondixokolor maajor kisumanok xongxudhon griholoi sthanantor koraa hoisil aaru teuluke janisil je dewalbur jesupor kotar poraa nirman koraa hoisil, xeyehe "kotaa". 1963 sonot naamtu jesaapoloi suti koraa hoisil. bingxo xotikar majbhagoloi, sohorkhonok "jesap" buli kuwa hoisil, taar pisot iyak "jesap" loi suti koraa hoisil.
19 xotikar majbhagor poraa ei oncholot bibhinno dondo protisthan aase. aajir bondixokole etiyau ei karagarxomuhok "kaat" buli ullekh kore, xombhobotoh naamtur utpottir bixoye ogyat. maryland xongxudhon bibhagor dwara porisalito maryland xongxudhon grihot karagaror sromikxokolor xoite ek brihot onsite firm ontorbhukto aasil jaate bondixokolok oh 'sait aaru oh' saitot khadyo prodan koraa hoy. 1970-ror doxokot sakori bisari thoka luke bondi sromikok nirutxahito korisil, jenekoi 100 bosor aagote jesap kaatot bi endo oh 'nirmanor xomoyot koraa hoisil. rajyo sorkare porisalona koraa maryland khadyo kendroi ei bhumi dokhol korise. 2007 sonot bondixokolor baabe karagarkhon bondho koraa hoisil. eno. bi. chi. television dharabahik "aaru eis. bi. oh '. mool dharabahik" dyo wayar "too karagartu keibabaru ullekh koraa hoise. jodiu xorbadhik nirapottare nirmito karagarkhon etiya bondho hoi aase, tothapiu sohorkhonot hingxatmok oporadhixokolor baabe ek guruttopurno nunyotom nirapotta karagar, brockbrij xongxudhonor xubidha aase, jixokolok teulukor oporadhor prokritir baabe xomajor baabe bhabuki buli gonyo koraa nohoy.
jesaapot bohutu gudamjat xamogri prodanor xubidha aase. rajyokhonot bhougulikbhabe kendriyo owosthanor baabe jesap maryland khadyo kendroru ghor, zo 'too maryland utpadon bojar aaru maryland xagoriyo khadyo bojar ontorbhukto. ataitkoi dangor xubidhatu bixal khadyor dwara porisalito hoisil, 2012 sonor septemboroloike etaa xubidhar xoite. companytuwe chi endo ess paikari gelamal bikretaxokolok bitoron korisil, iyar karjyokolapxomuh pensilvanialoi sthanantorito korisil. 2013 sonot upokuliyo sunbelt utpadonxomuhe iyar 900 john kormosarir xubidha rajyor bahiroloi sthanantor korar porikolpona ghuxona korisil aaru daabi korisil je ei xubidhatu usoror khaali parcheloloi xomproxaron koribo poraa huwa naai. haward countye ei xubidhatu rajyo sorkaror khaali thoka xubidha baa 7,60,000 borgofutor khaali thoka bixal khadyo xubidhaloi sthanantor koribo nuwarile, zo "too companytuk poribohon kendror baabe rajyik bhumi upohar diyar prostab diya hoisil. countyr karzobahi kenn ulmane priston schifenecker xompotir xoite ek sukti korisil, lorelor oitihaxik dubhal firm saittu punor rijun korisil, paatol oudyugik byoboharor baabe aaru jasaapor poraa xubidhatu sthanantor koriboloi countyr dwara nimno xutor rinor bittiyo jugan dhorisil.
kingdon goldor lorel chand endo cravell company, zo 'too vevez stone, fairfax xamogri, elegeni aggregate, lorel esfalt aaru ess ontorbhukto aase.dobliu. berik endo sons-e marylandor oitihaxik sohor xaririkor uttore thoka pubo jesupot 625 ekor chaze xompoti kroy korisil. ei sthanot pothor bisana nirmanor baabe bultimur gebru xil khonon koraa borgiyo xilor khoni aase. 2005 sonot 25 bosoriya xamogri xongrokhyonor xoite bixex joning onumudonor pisot ei xubidhatur karjyokolap aarombho hoisil. rigolir porisalito community ess "siyesyonor porisalok kingdon gold aaru teur putroi rigolir porisalito community center nirmanor binimoyot prokolpotur baabe community onumudon prodan korisil.
kuwarir uttore oroson edame 235 ekor elekar estetot uk paahar naamor unobingxo xotikar dutaa victorian menor house nirman korisil jiye xomprodayok longor disil. rouse companye maati kroy korar pisot ghorbur jwolai diya hoisil, aaru iyak apartmentoloi punor bikoxito koraa hoisil.
resident solositro nirmata wein swipoliye "waan-aaid horch" (2008) aaru "day owo dyo gaan" (2013) ror baabe jesaapok projujonar sthan hisape byobohar korisil. krai-bebi" (1990) aaru "daai hard uith e vengence" (1995) ror kichu ongxo jesupot sitrogrohon koraa hoisil, zo "too pisor sobikhonot taa travel center" nord dey ligone "truck stopor baabe thiyo hoi aasil.
suburiya.
jesapor prodhan suburiya oncholxomuh hoh 'loh
jonogathoni.
2020 sonor lukpiyol.
"monn koriboh aamerikar lukopiyole hispanik/letinuk ek jatigoto shreni hisape gonyo kore. ei talikakhone letinuk bornogoto shrenir poraa baad diye aaru teulukok ek prithok shrenit nijukti diye. hispanik/letin 'jikunu jaatir hoh' bob paare."
2000 sonor lukpiyol.
2000 sonor lukpiyol onuxori, sidipito 7,865 john luk, 379 taa poriyal aaru 280 taa poriyal baax korisil. jonoxongkhyar ghonotwo aasil. gorh ghonotwot 398taa grihonirman gutt aasil. chi. di. pi.-ror jatigoto gothon aasil <aai. di. 1>% african aamerikan, <aai. di. 2>% bogaa, <aai. di. 3> hispanik baa letin ', <aai. di. 6> asean, <aai. di. 4> onyanyo jaatir poraa, <aai. di. 8> dutaa baa totudhik jaatir poraa, <aai. di. 5> sthaniyo aamerikan, aaru <aai. di. 7> proxanto mohaxagoriyo dipbaxi.
379taa poriyal aasil, jaar bhitorot 29.6% ror xoite baax koraa 18 bosoror tolor xontan aasil, 57.5% bibahito dompoti aasil ekeloge baax korisil, 9.5% ror egoraki mohila grihostho aasil jaar swami uposthito nasil, aaru 26.1% poriyalbihin aasil. 20.xokolu poriyalor 1 xotangxo byoktir dwara gothito aasil, aaru 6.1 xotangxor 65 bosor baa tatkoi odhik boyoxor kunuba ejon okole baax korisil. gorh poriyalor aakar aasil 2.68 aaru gorh poriyalor aakar aasil 3.40.
chi. di. pi.-too jonoxongkhya bistrito aasil, zo 'too 18 bosoror tolor 3.2%, 18ror poraa 24 bosoroloike <aai. di. 3>, 25ror poraa 44 bosoroloi <aai. di. 1>, 45ror poraa 64 bosoroloi <aai. di. 2>, aaru 65 bosor baa tatkoi odhik boyoxor 2% aasil. gorh boyox aasil 34 bosor. proti 100 goraki mohilar biporite, 499.9 purux aasil. 18 bosor aaru taar uporor boyoxor proti 100 goraki mohilar baabe, 539.7 purux aasil.
chi. di. pi.-ror etaa poriyalor modhyomiya aay aasil 48,000 dollar, aaru etaa poriyalor modhyomiya aay aasil 55,139 dollar. puruxor modhyomiya aay aasil 26,003 dollar biporite mohilar baabe 24,950 dollar. chi. di. pi.-ror jonomuri aay aasil 19,052 dollar. pray 5 xotangxo poriyal aaru 7.1 xotangxo jonoxongkhya doridrotarekhar tolot aasil, jaar bhitorot 18 bosoror tolor 7.1 xotangxo aaru 65 bosor baa tatkoi odhik boyoxor 7.7 xotangxo aasil.
poribohon.
mark rey "lo byowosthar camden lineor jesup stope jatri rey" lo xewa prodan kore.
jesaapor maajere juwa prodhan ghaipothxomuh hoh "lo antohrajyik 95, eu.ess. 1 nong poth aaru maryland 175 nong poth. aai-95 ror poraa 41 nong prosthan pothtuwe em. di. 175 pubor maajere prowex kore.
sorkar.
federal byur 'owo karagare jesup aaru ene arundel countyt modhyo-aatlantik oncholor karzaloy porisalona kore. clifton ti. 1960 sonot nirmito parkins sikitsaloy kendro hoise marylandor rajyo sorkare porisalona koraa oporadhixokolor baabe xorbadhik nirapotta thoka sikitsaloy, jixokolok unmadotar baabe duxi xabyosto koraa nohoy. |
jesap, maryland
jesup () markin juktorashtrer marylander baltimore pray dakkhin-poschime haward ebong ayana arundel kauntite ekti onigomito sampradai ebong jonogonona-manoneet sthan. 2020 saaler jonogonona anujayi, jonosongkha chhilo 10,535 john.
bhugol.
jesup (39.138374, − 76.774929)-ayee abosthito. markin juktorashtrer jonogonona bureau onusare, cdpr moat ayton, samasta jommy. 2010 saaler jonogonona anujayi, maryland rajyer jonosongkhar kendra clifton tii-err vittite abosthito. jesaper parkins hospital kendra.
itihas.
jesap oitihasik spurier saraikhanar kachakachi abosthito, baltimore ebong washingtoner (prothom poth) modhye poosta roade abosthito ekti khamar ebong saraikhana jekhane george washington niyamita bhromon korten.
prathomik manchitre shahartir abosthaner naam pierceland rakha hoyechilo, tobey grihojuddho-poroborti namti sadharonoto deoa hoyechilo jesaper cutt baa jesper cutt, baltimore ebong ohio railpother haward kauntir ekti duck grama. namti sadharonoto jonathon jesapke deoa hoy, jini ekjon civille engineer chhilen jini baltimore ebong ohio railpothe kaaj korten ebong hanned-dogg "cutt" jodio merriler shailashira tini ekti prokolpo hisabe porichalona korechilen. karmir doll kadamati pahad theke 2,00,000 tonero beshi kadamati niyechilo jaa himshital abhawa traingulike aboruddho korechilo. maryland karagarer kichhu bondee kadamati iter modhye porinoto korechilo, jaaraa maryland house off karekashana nirmaner samayo kaaj korechilo. seii bondider modhye koyekjonke tokhon sangshodhanir barite sthanantorito koraa hoyechilo ebong taaraa janoto jey deyalguli jesaper kaata theke toiri koraa hoyechilo, taai "kaata". 1963 saale namti sangkhipto korey jesap koraa hoy. 20 shotoker majhamajhi somoye shahortike "jesups" bolla hoto, tarpor sangkhipto korey "jesap" koraa hoy.
19 shotoker majhamajhi theke eyi anchale bivinno shastimulok protisthan royeche. bandira aajo eyi jelgulike "kaata" hisabe ullekh korey, sombhoboto naamer utpotti somporke oggo. maryland sangshodhan bibhag dwara porichalito maryland house off correctione bondider jonno khaddo sorboraher jonno karagarer shrom soho ekti borh onsite khamar antarbhukta chhilo. 1970-err doshke chakoriprarthira bondee shromke nirutsahito korechilo, jemonti 100 bochor agey jesaper cutt-ayee beando nirmaner somoy koraa hoyechilo. rajyo porichalito maryland khaddo kendroti jomiti dokhol korey. 2007 saale bondider jonno karagarti bondho korey deoa hoy. nbc television sirij "" ebong eichbio original sirij "" dya oyyara "-ayee karagartir ullekh besh koyekbar koraa hoyeche. jodio sorbochcho nirapatta karagarti ekhon bondho, tobuo shohore ekti prodhan nyuntama nirapatta karagar, brockbridge sangshodhan subidha royeche, sohingso aporadhider jonno jaaraa taader aporadher prokritir karone samajer jonno humki hisabe bibechito hoy naa.
jesape onek gudamjatkaraner subidha royeche. bhougolikbhabe rajyer kendriya abosthaner karone, jesap maryland khaddo kendrao abashsthol, jaar modhye royeche maryland ponno bazar ebong maryland samudrik khabarer bazar. brihottomo subidhati bishal khaddo dwara porichalito hoyechilo, septembara 2012 porjonto ekti subidha soho. sangosthati shee & esha paikari mudi byabosayider outsource bitoron korey, taar karjokrom pensylvania sthanantorito korey. 2013 saale, upokuliyo sunbelt utpadonguli taader 900 john kormocharir subidha rajyer baire sthanantorito korar parikalpana ghoshana korey daabi korey jey eyi subidhati sanglagna khaali percelgulite prosarito korte akkham. haward county eyi subidhati khaali rashtro porichalito subidha baa 7,60,000 borgfoot giant khaddo subidhar modhye sthanantorito korte akkham chhilo, jekhane ekti poribohon kendrer uddeshye rashtriya jommy upohar deoar prostab deoa hoyechilo. county nirbahi keena ulman priston skiffenaker sampattir saathe ekti chukti korechilen, laurelle oitihasik duval khamar siteke halka shilp byaboharer jonno punohnirdharon korechilen ebong jesaper baire subidhati sthanantorito korar jonno county swalpo suder rino pradan korechilen.
kingdon golder laurel bully ebong nudi company, jaar modhye royeche borbor pathor, fairfax upokoron, algany samashti, laurel asfault ebong esha.dobleeu. barrick anned sons, oitihasik shohor savage, marylander uttore purbo jesupe 625 ekorer taadaa sampatti kinechilo. eyi sthane rastar toll nirmaner jonno baltimore gabro sheela khanankari borbor pathorer khoni royeche. 2005 saale 25 bochorer jonno upokoron majut rakhar jonno bishesh johning onumodoner porr eyi subidhati chaalu hoy. riglir porichalito community associationer porichalok kingdon gold ebong taar chhele riglir porichalito community center nirmaner binimoye prokolpotir community anumodan pradan corren.
khanitir uttore, orson adams unobingsho shatabdir duti victorian manor house toiri korechilen jaar naam chhilo oka pahad, jaa 235 ekor jomite abosthito chhilo. rouse company jommy kiney neoar porr badiguli pudey yaay ebong apartmente punarnirman koraa hoy.
abasik cholochchitro nirmata oyeina shipley 'oyana-ide horse' (2008) ebong 'deey off dya gaan' (2013)-err projojonar sthan hisabe jesupke byabohar korechilen. krai-bebby" (1990) ebong "dye hard uith ayee vengence" (1995)-err kichhu ongsho jesape chitrayit hoyechilo, ebong poroborti chhobite "nord days ligne" truck stoper jonno taa travel center dandiye chhilo.
protibeshira.
jesaper prodhan elakagulir modhye royeche
jonosongkha.
2020 saaler jonogonona.
"drashtabyah markin juktorashtrer jonogonona hyspanic/latinor ekti jatigoto bibhag hisabe bibechona korey. eyi tabilty jatigoto bibhag theke lattinder baad deyo ebong taader ekti prithak bibhage baradda korey. hyspanic/latino jey konao jaatir hotey paare."
2000 saaler jonogonona.
2000 saaler jonogonona anujayi, cdpte 7,865 john manush, 379tii poribar ebong 280tii poribar bosobas koroto. jonosongkhar ghonotto chhilo. gadey 398tii abason unit chhilo. cdpr jatigoto gathon chhilo 67.73% african american, 31.28% saadaa, 1.03% hyspanic baa latino, 0.33% asean, 0.27% anyanno jaati theke, 0.22% dui baa totodhik jaati theke, 0.15% sthaniya american ebong 0.03% pacific ilander.
379tii poribar chhilo, jaar modhye aidi2-err 18 bochorer qama vayasi santan chhilo, aidi1-err bibahito dampati eksange thakat, 9.5 shotangsher ekjon mohila grihokorta chhilen ebong swami uposthito chhilen naa ebong aidi3-err poribar chhilo naa. 20.samasta poribarer 1 shotangsho byakti dwara gothito chhilo ebong 6.1 shotangsher 65 bochor baa taar beshi vayasi keu ekaa bosobas korten. garh poribarer akaar chhilo 2.68 ebong garh poribarer akaar chhilo 3.40.
cdpte, jonosongkha chhoriye chhilo, 18 bochorer qama vayasi 3.2%, 18 theke 24 bochor vayasi 15.9%, 25 theke 44 bochor vayasi 62.5%, 45 theke 64 bochor vayasi 16.3% ebong 65 bochor baa taar beshi vayasi 2%. garh boyce chhilo 34 bochor. proti 100 john mohilar jonno, 499.9 purush chhilo. 18 bochor baa taar beshi vayasi proti 100 john mohilar jonno, 539.7 purush chhilo.
cdpte ekti poribarer garh aay chhilo 48,000 markin dollar ebong ekti poribarer garh aay chhilo 55,139 markin dollar. purushder garh aay chhilo 26,003 markin dollar bonam mohilader jonno 24,950 markin dollar. cdpr mathapichu aay chhilo 19,052 markin dollar. pray 5 shotangsho poribar ebong jonosongkhar 7.1 shotangsho daridrosimar niche chhilo, jaar modhye 18 bochorer qama boyosider 7.1 shotangsho ebong 65 bochor baa taar beshi boyosider 4.7 shotangsho chhilo.
poribohon.
marqa train byabosthar camden liner jesap stopti jatribahi rail porisheba pradan korey.
jesaper modhyo diye yawa prodhan mahasadakguli holl antahrajya 95, eu.esha. rutt 1 ebong maryland rutt 175. aaee-95 theke prosthan 41 emdi 175 purber madhyome probesher byabostha korey.
sarkar.
federal bureau off jails jesap ebong ayana arundel kauntite modhyo-atlantik anchaler offices porichalona korey. clifton tii. 1960 saale nirmito parkins hospital kendra, marylander ekti rashtro porichalito sorbochcho nirapatta hospital, jaa emon aporadhider jonno, jaader paglami korar karone doshi sabbosto koraa hoy naa. | jesup, maryland
jesup () aee united statesnaa marylandnaa baltimoreni dakshinpashchim haward aneey aene arundel kaauntioma aek binsangathit samudaay aneey vastee ganatari-niyukt sthal chhe. vishhayak vastee ganatari anusaar, vastee 10,535 hatee.
bhugol.
jaceup (39.138374, − 76.774929) parr stheet chhe. united states sensus beuro anusaar, see. dii. pii. noow coole vistaar, tamaam jameen chhe. chhe vastee ganatari mujab, maryland raajy maate vasteenu kendra clifton teana aadhare aavelu chhe. jesupma perkins hospital center.
itihas.
jesup aitihasik spariyarni visheenee jagya najik stheet chhe, jeey baltimore aneey washington (ruut vana) vachchena poosta rooad parr stheet aek khetar aneey veeshee chhe jyaan george washington niyamitpane musafari kartaa hataa.
praarambhik naksha parr nagarnaa sthaannu naam pierland rakhvama aavyu hatoo, parantu gruh yuddh pachhinu naam vadhu saamanya reete jesapa qata athavaa jesapa qata, baltimore aneey oheo railroad parr haward kaauntimaa aek poosta village aapvama aavyu hatoo. aaa naam saamanya reete baltimore aneey oheo railroad parr kaama kartaa sivil angineer jonathan jesupne aabhaari chhe aneey temane aek project tareeke marylni reejne sanchaalit curry hovaa chhataa hanned-dugg "qata" karyoo hatoo. kruae maateeni tekrimathi 200,000 tunthi vadhu maatee leedhi jene thandu havamanma trainone avrodhit curry. maryland jailnaa ketlaak kedeeo dwara maateene intomaa feravaamaa aavee hatee, jemane jyaare maryland house off correction nirmaan karvaamaa aavee rahyu hatoo tyaare tenaa parr pann kaama karyoo hatoo. temathi ketlaak kedeeone pachhi sudharana gharmaa sthaanaantarit karvaamaa aavyaa hataa aneey teo jaantaa hataa keey diwalo jesupnaa katmathi banavvama aavee hatee, tethee "qata". "qata" tenu naam tunkavine jasps karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. hatoo sadeena madhyamaa, aaa shaherne "jasps" kahevama aavtu hatoo, pachhi tene tunkavine "jasps" karvaamaa aavyu hatoo.
hatoo sadeena madhyabhagthi, aaa vistaar viveedh dandaatmak sansthaaonu ghar rahyu chhe. kedeeo aaje pann aaa jailone "dhaa qata" tareeke odakhaave chhe, kadaach aaa naamnee utpattithi ajaan hoya chhe. maryland sudhaarana vibhag dwara sanchaalit maryland sudhaarana gruhamaa kedeeone sthal aneey sthalnee bahaar bhojan purun paadvaa maate jailnaa majur saathe aek vishaal sthal parnoo khetar saamel hatoo. hatoo daykama nokri shodhanarao dwara kedee majurne khoob jaj nirutsahit karvaamaa aavyo hato, jaim keey 100 varsh pahelaa jesapnaa qata khaate bii anned oo naa nirmaan darmiyan karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. raajy sanchaalit maryland food center jameen parr kabajo karey chhe. chhe kedeeo maate bundh karaayelee jailno ullekh nbc television shrenee "" aneey aechbeeo mool shrenee "" dhaa wire "" maan ghanee vakhat karvaamaa aavyo chhe ". mahattam suraksha dharaavati jail havey bundh hovaa chhataa, shaherma haju pann hinsak apraadheeo maate mukhya laghutam suraksha jail, brockbridge sudharatmak suveedha chhe, jaimne temnaa gunaani prakrutine kaarane samaaj maate khataro manvama aavto nathee.
jaceupma ghanee warehouse delivery suveedhao chhe. bhaugolik reete rajyamaa tenaa kendriya sthaanne kaarane, jesup maryland food centernu pann ghar chhe, jemaa maryland utpaadan bajaar aneey maryland seafood bajaarno samaavesh thaay chhe. sauthee motee suveedha vishaal khaadhy dwara sanchaalit hatee, september 2012 sudhee suveedha saathe. kampaniae C & S jaththaabandh vepaareeone outsource vitaran karyoo, tenee kaamgeereene pensylvaniama sthaanaantarit curry. curry, dariyakanthana sunbelt utpaadnoae tenee 900 karmcharioni suvidhaane raajyani bahaar sthaanaantarit karvaanee yojnani jaaherat curry hatee, jemaa daavo karvaamaa aavyo hato keey aaa suveedha najiknaa khaalee parcelma vistaran karvaamaa asamarth chhe. hovarda kaauntii aaa suvidhaane khaalee padeli sarkari suveedha athavaa 7,60,000 choras footni khaalee vishaal khaadhy suvidhaane parivahan kendra maate companyne raajyani jameen bhet aapvani ofara saathe sthaanaantarit karvaamaa asamarth hatee. kaauntii executive qena ulmene hadvaa audhyogik upyog maate, lorelmaan aitihasik duval pharma sitene resoning kareene, preston skiffenecker properties saathe sodo karyo hato aneey jesapmathi suvidhaane sthaanaantarit karvaa maate kaauntine ochha vyaajnee loona jaaree curry hatee.
kingdon goldnee lorel retee aneey kankari kampani, jemaa jungley patthar, fairfax samagri, elgeni aggregates, lorel dammer aneey aesa. noow samaavesh thaay chhe.doubleu. barric aneey putroae marylandnaa aitihasik shaher sevejnee uttare purveey jesupma 625 aekarnee pichho karvaanee meelkat khareedi hatee. aaa sthal jungley pattharni khaannu ghar chhe, jeey rooad bayd bandhkam maate baltimore gabro khadaknu khankam karey chhe. aaa suvidha suvidha saamagreema 25 varshnaa anaamat saathe vishesh zoning manjuri pachhi kamgiri sharoo curry hatee. riglina sanchaalit saamudaayik sangathannaa nirdeshako kingdon gold aneey temnaa putrae riglina sanchaalit saamudaayik kendrana nirmanna badalaama aaa projectne saamudaayik manjuri aapee hatee.
khaannee uttarmaa, orsen addamse oganismi sadeena beey viktoriyana menor house banaavyaa hataan, jenu naam oak hill hatoo, jeey 235 aekarnee estate parr hatoo, jene samudaayne lunger paadyo hato. rouse kampaniae jameen khareedi leedha pachhi gharo baleene khaakh thaee gayaa hataa aneey tene apartmentma fareethi vikasavvama aavyaa chhe.
nivasi film nirmata veena shipley "vana-ide hoars" (2008) aneey "deey off dhaa gunn" (2013) maate utpaadan sthal tareeke jaisupno upyog karyo hato. cry-babby" (1990) aneey "" dye haard with aaa vengeons "(1995) naa bhaago jesapma filmavvama aavyaa hataa, jemaa pachhini filmmaan" noord days ligne "truck stopa maate taa travel center ubhoo hatoo.
padoshio.
jesapnaa mukhya padoshmaa nichenaano samaavesh thaay chheh
vastee vishhayak.
vishhayak vastee ganatari.
"nondhah yuu. aesa. vastee ganatari hyspanic/latinone vansheey shrenee tareeke maane chhe. aaa koshtak latinone vansheey vargomathi bakaat raakhe chhe aneey temne aek alag shreneema sonpe chhe. hyspanics/latinono koipan jaatinaa hoi shake chhe."
ganatari vastee ganatari.
ganatari vastee ganatari mujab, cdpma 7,865 loko, 379 parivaaro aneey 280 parivaaro raheta hataa. vasteeni gichataa hatee. sarerash ghanata saathe 398 aavaas aekamo hataa. cdpni vansheey rachnaa 67.73% african american, 31.28% safed, 1.03% hyspanic athavaa lattin, 0.33% aeshiyan, 0.27% anya jatiomathi, 0.22% beey athavaa vadhu jatiomathi, 0.15% mool american aneey 0.03% paciphic tapuvasi hatee.
tyaan 379 parivaaro hataa, jemathi aaee. dii. 1. maan 18 varshthi ochhi umarnaa baadako temnee saathe raheta hataa, aaee. dii. 2. maan parineet yugalo saathe raheta hataa, 9.5 takaa parivaaromaa maheela gruhasth hatee aneey patee haajar nahota aneey aaee. dii. 3. biin-parivaaro hataa. 20.tamaam gharomathi 1 takaa gharo vyaktigat hataa aneey 6.1 takaa gharomaa 65 varsh keey tethee vadhu umarnaa loko ekalaa raheta hataa. sarerash gharnu qada 2.68 hatoo aneey sarerash kutumbanu qada 3.40 hatoo.
cdpma vastee felaayelee hatee, jemaa 18 varshthi ochhi umarnaa 3.2 takaa, 18 thee 24 varshnee vaya vachchena 15.9%, 25 thee 44 varshnee vaya vachchena 62.5%, 45 thee 64 varshnee vaya vachchena 16.3% aneey 65 varsh keey tethee vadhu umarnaa 2 takaa loko hataa. sarerash ummar 34 varsh hatee. darr 100 maheelao deeth, 499.9 purusho hataa. 18 varsh aneey tethee vadhu umarnee darek 100 maheelao maate, 539.7 purusho hataa.
cdpma aek parivaarni sarerash aavak $48,000 hatee, aneey aek parivaarni sarerash aavak $55,139 hatee. purushoni sarerash aavak $26,003 hatee jyaare maheelao maate $24,950 hatee. cdpni mathadith aavak 19,052 dollar hatee. lagbhag 5 takaa parivaaro aneey 7.1 takaa vastee garibi rekhaa neeche hatee, jemaa 18 varshthi ochhi umarnaa 7.1 takaa aneey 65 keey tethee vadhu umarnaa 4.7 takaa loko saamel hataa.
parivahan.
marqa train systemnee camden line parr jesapa stopa commuter rail sevaa puurii paade chhe.
jesapmathi pasaar thataa mukhya dhorimargo aantarrajya 95, yuu chhe.aesa. maarg 1 aneey maryland maarg 175. 175 bahaar neekalo 41 aema. dii. 175 purv dwara pravesh puuro paade chhe.
sarkaar.
federal beuro off jails jesapa aneey aene arundel kaauntimaa madhya-atlantic pradesh kaaryaalaynu sanchalan karey chhe. clifton tii. tii bandhvama aavelu perkins hospital center, gaandpanna kaarane dosheet naa theravama aavtaa gunegaaro maate maryland raajy sanchaalit mahattam suraksha hospital chhe.
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jesup, maryland
jesup () ack anigamit samudaay haye aur haward aur annie arundel county mein janganana-naamit sthaan haye, joe baltimore, maryland, sanyukt raajya key dakshin-paschim mein haye. 2020 kii janganana key anusaar, jansankhya 10,535 thee.
bhugol.
jaceup (39.138374, − 76.774929) parr sthit haye. sanyukt raajya janganana beuro key anusaar, see. dee. pee. kaa kull kshetrafal, sabhi bhoomi haye. 2010 kii janganana key anusaar, maryland raajya key liye jansankhya kaa kendra clifton tii key aadhar parr sthit haye. jesup mein perkins aspatal kendra.
itihas.
jesup aitihaasik spariyar key saraay key sthaan key paas sthit haye, ack khet aur saraay baltimore aur washington (maarg ack) key beach post road parr sthit haye jahan george washington niyamit roop seey yatra karate they.
shahar key sthaan kaa naam praarambhik maanchitron parr pierceland rakhaa gayaa thaa, lekin grih yuddh key baad kaa naam aamtaur parr jesap cutt, yaa jesap cutt, baltimore aur ohiyo railroad parr haward county mein ack daak gaanv diyaa gayaa thaa. naam kaa shreya aam taur parr jonathan jesup koo diyaa jaataa haye, joe ack sivil engineer they, jinhone baltimore aur ohiyo railroad parr kaam kiya thaa aur haath seey cutt "cutt" kiya thaa, halanki maryl key riz koo unhone ack pariyojana key roop mein prabandhit kiya thaa. chaalak dall ney mitty kii pahaadi seey 200,000 tunn seey adhik mitty lii, jisane thhand key mausam mein trains koo avaruddh curr diyaa. maryland jail key kuchh kaidiyon ney mitty koo eenton mein badal diyaa thaa, jinhone maryland house off corrections parr bhee kaam kiya thaa jaba ise banaaya jaa rhaa thaa. una kaidiyon mein seey kuchh koo taba sudhaar key ghar mein sthanantarit curr diyaa gayaa aur unhein pataa thaa kii deevaaren jesap key cutt seey bunny theen, isaliye "cutt". 1963 mein naam koo chhota karke jasps curr diyaa gayaa thaa. 20veen shatabdi key madhya mein, shahar koo "jasps" kahaa jaataa thaa, phir ise "jaceup" key roop mein chhota curr diyaa gayaa thaa.
19veen shatabdi key madhya seey, yeh kshetra vibhinn dandaatmak sansthanon kaa ghar rhaa haye. aaj bhee kaidi inn jailon koo "cutt" key roop mein sandarbhit karate hain, shayed naam kii utpatti seey anjaan hain. maryland sudhaar vibhaag dwara sanchaalit maryland sudhaar grih mein kaidiyon koo sthal aur sthaan seey baahar bhojan pradaan karane key liye jail shram key saath ack badaa sthal krishi kshetra shamil thaa. 1970 key dashak mein naukari chahane vaalon dwara kaidi shram koo hatotsaahit kiya gayaa thaa, jaisa kii 100 saal pahale jesap cutt mein bee aind oh key nirmaan key dauran kiya gayaa thaa. raajya dwara sanchaalit maryland khaadya kendra bhoomi parr kabja curr letaa haye. 2007 mein kaidiyon key liye bund jail. jail koo kaee baar nbc television shrinkhala "aur hbo mool shrinkhala", taar "mein sandarbhit kiya gayaa haye. bhale hii adhikatam suraksha vaali jail abb bund haye, phir bhee shahar mein hinsak apraadhiyon key liye ack pramukh nyuntam suraksha jail, brokbridge sudhaar suvidha haye, jinhen unake apraadhon kii prakriti key kaaran samaaj key liye khatra naheen maanaa jaataa haye.
jaceup mein kaee godam vitaran suvidhaaen hain. raajya mein bhaugolik roop seey kendriya sthaan key kaaran, jesup maryland khaadya kendra kaa bhee ghar haye, jisamen maryland utpaad bajar aur maryland samudri bhojan bajar shamil hain. sabse badee suvidha sitambar 2012 taka ack suvidha key saath vishal khaadya dwara sanchaalit kii gaee thee. company ney see aind aiss thoke kirana vikretaon koo outsource vitaran kiya, apane sanchaalan koo pensylvania mein sthanantarit kiya. 2013 mein, tateey sunbelt utpaad ney apani 900-karmchari suvidha koo raajya seey baahar sthanantarit karane kii yojana kii ghoshana kii, jisamen daavaa kiya gayaa kii yeh suvidha aasann khaali parcel taka vistaar karane mein asamarth haye. haward county iss suvidha koo khaali raajya dwara sanchaalit suvidha mein sthanantarit karane mein asamarth thaa, yaa company koo parivahan kendra key liye raajya kii bhoomi upahaar mein dene key prastaav key saath 760,000 varg phut kii khaali vishal khaadya suvidha. county karyakari caine ulman ney preston skiefener sampattiyon key saath ack sauda kiya, laurel mein aitihaasik duval farm site koo halke audyogik upayog key liye reezon kiya aur county koo jesap seey baahar suvidha koo sthanantarit karane key liye cumm byaaj vaale rinn jaari kiye.
kingdon gold kii laurel rait aur bajari company, jisamen jangli patthar, fairfax samagri, elgeny samuchchay, laurel damar aur aiss shamil hain.doubleu. barrick aur beton ney maryland key aitihaasik shahar key uttar mein purvi jesup mein 625 ekad kii peechha karane vaali sampatti kharidi. yeh sthal sadak key nirmaan key liye baltimore gabro chattan khanan key liye jangli patthar kii khadaan kaa ghar haye. iss suvidha ney 2005 mein vishesh kshetra anumodan key baad 25 saal key bhandar key saath sanchaalan shuru kiya. ridley key sanchaalit samudayik sangh key nideshakon kingdon gold aur unake bete ney ridley key sanchaalit samudayik kendra key nirmaan key badale mein pariyojana kii samudayik manjuri pradaan kii.
khadaan key uttar mein, orson addams ney 235 ekad kii sampatti parr oak pahaadi naamak dou unnisvin shatabdi key victorian jagir ghar banaae joe samudaay koo lunger daalate they. rouse company dwara jameen khareedane key baad gharon koo jalaa diyaa gayaa aur unhein apartment mein punarvikasit kiya gayaa.
nivasi film nirmaata wein shipley ney "vann-ide horse" (2008) aur "day off dha gunn" (2013) key liye utpaadan sthaan key roop mein jaceup kaa upayog kiya. cry-bebi" (1990) aur "dye haard vid aeye vengence" (1995) key kuchh hisson koo jaceup mein filmaya gayaa thaa, jisamen baad kii film mein "nord days ligne" truck stop key liye taa travel center khadaa thaa.
pados.
jaceup key pramukh padoson mein shamil hainh
jansankhyiki.
2020 kii janganana.
"notah americi janganana mein hyspanic/latino koo ack jaatiya shreni key roop mein maanaa jaataa haye. iss talika mein laitinon koo nasleeya shreniyon seey baahar rakhaa gayaa haye aur unhein ack alag shreni mein rakhaa gayaa haye. hyspanic/latino kissy bhee jaati key hoe sakate hain."
2000 kii janganana.
2000 kii janganana key anusaar, cdp mein 7,865 loga, 379 parivaar aur 280 parivaar rahate they. jansankhya ghanatva thaa. 398 awas ikaaiyaan theen jinka ausat ghanatva thaa. cdp kaa nasleeya swaroop 67.73% african americi, 31.28% safed, 1.03% hyspanic yaa latino, 0.33% asiai, 0.27% anya naslon seey, 0.22% dou yaa dou seey adhik naslon seey, 0.15% mool americi, aur 0.03% prashant dweepwasi thaa.
379 parivaar they, jinamen seey aaee. dee. 2. key 18 varsh seey cumm ayu key bachche unake saath rahate they, aaee. dee. 3. vivaahit jode they joe ack saath rahate they, 9.5% mahila grihasth thee jiska koee pati maujood naheen thaa, aur aaee. dee. 1. gair-parivaar they. 20.sabhi gharon mein seey 1 pratishat vyaktiyon seey baney they, aur 6.1 pratishat mein koee aisaa vyakti thaa joe 65 varsh yaa usase adhik ayu kaa thaa. ausat ghar kaa aakar 2.68 thaa aur ausat parivaar kaa aakar 3.
cdp mein, aabaadi faili hui thee, jisamen 18 varsh seey cumm ayu key 3.2%, 18 seey 24 varsh kii ayu key liye <ids2,25 seey 44 varsh key liye <ids3,45 seey 64 varsh kii ayu key liye <ids1, aur 2% joe 65 varsh yaa usase adhik ayu key they. ausat ayu 34 varsh thee. pratyek 100 mahilaaon key liye, 499.9 purush they. 18 varsh aur usase adhik ayu kii pratyek 100 mahilaaon key liye, 539.7 purush they.
cdp mein ack parivaar kii ausat aaya $48,000 thee, aur ack parivaar kii ausat aaya $55,139 thee. purushon kii ausat aaya $26,003 thee jabaki mahilaaon key liye $24,950 thee. cdp key liye prati vyakti aaya 19,052 dollar thee. lagbhag 5 pratishat parivaar aur 7.1 pratishat aabaadi garibi rekha seey neeche thee, jisamen 18 varsh seey cumm ayu key 7.1 pratishat aur 65 varsh yaa usase adhik ayu key 4.7 pratishat loga shamil they.
parivahan.
maark train pranali kii camden line parr jaceup stop yatri rail seva pradaan kartaa haye.
jesap seey gujarane vaale pramukh rajmarg antarrajyiya 95, yuu hain.aiss. maarg 1 aur maryland maarg 175. aaee-95 seey baahar nikalane key liye 41 poorv mein aim. dee. 175 key madhyam seey pahunch pradaan kartaa haye.
sarkaar.
jailon kaa sanghiya beuro jesap aur annie arundel county mein madhya-atlantic kshetra karyalaya kaa sanchaalan kartaa haye. clifton tii. 1960 mein nirmit perkins aspatal kendra, una apraadhiyon key liye maryland raajya dwara sanchaalit adhikatam suraksha aspatal haye jinhen pagalpan key kaaran doshi naheen thaharaaya jaataa haye. |
jesup, maryland
jesup () yuu united statesna marylandna baltimorene nairtya dikkinalliruva hovard mattu aanne arundel kountigalalli asanghatita samudaaya mattu janaganati-gottupadisida sthalavagide. 2020rahra janaganatiya prakara, janasankhyeyu 10,535 aagittu.
bhougolika.
jesup (39.138374, − 76.774929) nallide. united states janaganati byooroda prakara, sii. dii. pii. yuu ottu ottu bhumiya vistirnavannu hondide. 2010rahra janaganatiya prakara, maryland rajyada jansankhyeya kendravu clifton tii aadhaarada mele ide. jesapnalliruva perkins aspatre kendra.
itihaasa.
jesup, baltimore mattu washington (maarga ondu) naduvina anche rasteyalliruva ondu form mattu hotelu, aitihaasika spooriyar hotelina sthalada bully ide, allie georg washington niyamitavagi prayanisuttiddaru.
pattanada sthalavannu arambhika naksegalalli pearland endu hesarisalaagittu, aadare antaryuddhada nantarada hesarannu samanyavagi baltimore mattu ohiyo railrodnalliruva hovard kountiya anche graamavaada jesup cutt athawa jesup cutt endu nidalaagittu. baltimore mattu ohiyo railrodnalli kelasa maadida sivil enginiyar jonathon jesup mattu merrilna ridge annu avaru yojaneyagi nirvahisidaroo, hanned-dugg "cutt" emba hesarige ee hesaru samanyavagi kaaranavaagide. sibbandigalu jedimannina bettadinda 200,000 tangalashtu jedimannannu tegedukondaru, adhu ghanikarisuva havaamaanadalli railugalannu nirbandhisitu. maryland seremaneya kelavu kaidigalu jedimannannu ittigegalaagi parivartisidaru, avaru maryland house off karekshangalalli adannu nirmisuvaga kelasa maadidaru. aaa kaidigalalli kelavarannu nantara tiddupadi manege vargaayisalaayitu mattu godegalannu jesapna kattarisida vastugalinda maadalaagide endu avarige tilidittu, aaddarinda "cutt". 1963ralli ee hesarannu jesups endu sankshiptagolisalaayitu. 20neey shatamaanada madhyabhaagadalli, ee pattanavannu "jesups" endu kareyalaaguttittu, nantara adannu "jesups" endu sankshiptagolisalaayitu.
19neey shatamaanada madhyabhaagadinda, ee pradeshavu vividha dandane samsthegalige neleyagide. kaidigalu indigoo ee jailugalannu "cutt" endu kareyuttaare, bahushah ee hesarina moolada bagge tilidilla. maryland ilaakheya tiddupadigalinda nirvahisalpaduva maryland house off correction, sthala mattu sthalada horage kaidigalige aahaaravannu odagisalu jailu kaarmikarannu hondiruva dodda sthalada form annu olagondittu. 100 varshagala hinde jesapna katnalli bii & oo nirmaanada samayadalli maadidante 1970 rahra dasakadalli udyogakankshigalu khaidi kaarmikarannu nirutsaahagolisidaru. raajya sarkaaravu nadesuttiruva maryland aahara kendravu ee bhoomiyannu aakramisikondide. 2007ralli ee seremaneyannu kaidigalige muchchalaayitu. enn. bii. sii. duradarshana sarani "" mattu etch. bii. oo. moola sarani "" dhii wire "nalli ee seremaneyannu halavaaru baari ullekhisalaagide". garishta bhadrata karagruhavannu eega muchchalaagiddaru, pattanavu innoo tamma aparadhagala svaroopadindaagi samajakke apaayavendu pariganisada himsaatmaka aparaadhigalige pramukha kanishta bhadrata jailu, brockbridge tiddupadi soulabhyavannu hondide.
jesup aneka warehouse vitaranaa soulabhyagalannu hondide. bhougolikavagi rajyada kendra sthaanavaada kaarana, jesup maryland aahara kendrakke neleyagide, idaralli maryland utpanna marukatte mattu maryland samudrahara marukatteyu seride. september 2012ravarege ee soulabhyavannu hondidda atidodda soulabhyavu daitya aahaaradinda nirvahisalpaduttittu. kampaniyu sii & ess sagatu kirani vyaapaarigalige horaguttige vitaraneyannu maaditu, tanna karyacharanegalannu pensylvaniage sthalaantarisitu. 2013ralli, karavali sunn belt utpannagalu tamma 900 udyogigala soulabhyavannu rajyada horage sthalaantarisuva yojaneyannu ghoshisidavu, ee soulabhyavu pakkada khaali paarselgalige vistarisalu sadhyavaguttilla endu helikondavu. howard kountiyu khaali iruva sarkari soulabhyakke athawa khaali iruva 7,60,000 chadara addi brihat aahara soulabhyakke sthalaantarisalu sadhyavagalilla, saarige kendrakkagi uddeshisalaada raajya bhoomiyannu kampanige udugoreyagi needuva prastapavannu hondittu. kaunti karyanirvahaka kenn ulman avaru laarelnalliruva aitihaasika duwal krishi sthalavannu laghu kaigarika balakegagi marujodisuva moolaka preston schiefenaker aastigalondige oppanda maadikondaru mattu ee soulabhyavannu jesapninda sthalaantarisalu kaunti kadime baddia saalagalannu needitu.
king dunn gouldna laurel maralu mattu jalli kampani, idaralli kroora kallu, fairfax vastugalu, algani agrigetgalu, laurel asphault mattu ess. galu serive.doubleu. mariclandna aitihaasika pattanavaada saves naa uttaradalliruva purva jesapnalliruva 625 ekare chases aastiyannu barrick mattu suns khareedisidaru. ee sthalavu kroora kallina kalluganigaarikege neleyagide, raste haasigeya nirmanakkagi baltimore gabro bandeyannu ganigaarike maadalaagide. 25 varshagala meesalu saamagrigalondige vishesha valaya anumodaneya nantara ee soulabhyavu 2005ralli karyacharaneyannu praarambhisitu. rigliya samudaaya sanghada nirdeshakaraada kingdon gouled mattu avara maga rigliya samudaaya kendrada nirmanakke badalaagi ee yojanege samudaayada anumodaneyannu niididaru.
kallugania uttaradalli, orson audums samudaayavannu langaru haakida 235 ekare estatena mele ok betta emba hesarina hattombattane shatamaanada eradu victorian mainer manegalannu nirmisidaru. rouse kampaniyu bhoomiyannu khareedisida nantara manegalu suttuhodavu mattu avugalannu apartmentgalagi maru abhivraddhipadisalaagide.
sthaliya chalanachitra nirmaapaka wayne shipley avaru "one-aid haars" (2008) mattu "day off dhii gunn" (2013) gaagi jesup annu nirmaana sthalavagi balasidaru. cry-bebi" (1990) mattu "dye haard vith aa vengence" (1995) naa bhagagalannu jesapnalli chitrikarisalaayitu, nantarada chitradalli "nord dess ligney" truck stapgagi taa travel center nintide.
nerehoregalu.
jesapna pramukha nerehoregalu heegiveh
janasankhyaashaastra.
2020rahra janaganati.
"gamanisi yuu. ess. janaganatiyu hysponic/latinovannu janangiya vargavendu pariganisuttade. ee koshtakavu latinogalannu janangiya vargagalinda horagiduttade mattu avugalannu pratyeka vargakke niyojisuttade. hysponics/latinogalu yaavude janaangadavaraagirabahudu."
2000 janaganati.
2000rahra janaganatiya prakara, cdpyalli 7,865 janaru, 379 kutumbagalu mattu 280 kutumbagalu vaasisuttiddavu. jansankhyeya saandrate ittu. 398 vasati ghatakagalu sarasari saandrateyaagiddavu. cdp janangiya rachaneyu 67.73% african american, 31.28% bili, 1.03% hysponic athawa latino, 0.33% asean, 0.27% itara janangagalinda, 0.22% eradu athawa hecchina janangagalinda, 0.15% sthaliya americannaru, mattu 0.03% peciphic ilander aagittu.
379 kutumbagaliddavu, avugalalli aii. dii. 3.18 varshakkinta kadime vayassina makkalannu hondiddu, aii. dii. 1. vivaahita dampatigalu ottige vaasisuttiddaru, 9.5% rashtu kutumbagalu ganda illada mahila maney malikarannu hondiddavu mattu aii. dii. 2. kutumbagalalladavaragiddaru. 20.ottu kutumbagalalli shekada 1rashtu vyaktigalu seriddare, shekada 6.1rashtu kutumbagalalli 65 varsha athawa adakkinta hecchina vayassinavaru obbare vaasisuttiddaru. maneya sarasari gaatra 2.68 mattu kutumbada sarasari gaatra 3.40 aagittu.
cdpyalli, janasankhyeyu haradittu, 18 varshakkinta kadime vayassina 3.2%, 18 rinda 24 ravarege <aidi2,25 rinda 44 ravarege <aidi1,45 rinda 64 ravarege <aidi3, mattu 65 varsha athawa adakkinta hecchina vayassina 2%. sarasari vayassu 34 varshagalu. prati 100 mahileyarigomme, <aii. dii. 1> purushariddaru. 18 mattu adakkinta hecchina vayassina prati 100 mahileyaralli, <aii. dii. 1> purushariddaru.
sii. dii. pii. yalli ondu kutumbada sarasari aadaayavu $48,000 aagittu, mattu ondu kutumbada sarasari aadaayavu $55,139 aagittu. purusharu sarasari aadaayavannu $26,003 mattu mahileyarige $24,950 hondiddaru. sii. dii. pii. yaya talaa aadaayavu $19,052 aagittu. sumaru 5 pratishata kutumbagalu mattu jansankhyeya 7.1 pratishata badatana rekheginta kelagiddavu, idaralli 18 varshakkinta kadime vayassinavaralli 7.1 pratishata mattu 65 athawa adakkinta hecchina vayassinavaralli 4.7 pratishata seriddavu.
saarige.
maark railu vevastheya camden maargadalliruva jesup nildaanavu prayanikara railu seveyannu odagisuttade.
jesup moolaka haaduhoguva pramukha heddaarigalu antararajya 95, yuu.ess. maarga 1 mattu maryland maarga 175. aii-95 ninda nirgamana 41 emm. dii. 175 purvada moolaka praveshavannu odagisuttade.
sarkara.
federal beuro off jails madhya-atlantic pradeshada kacheriyannu jesup mattu aanne arundel kountiyalli nirvahisuttade. clifton tii. 1960ralli nirmisalaada perkins aspatre kendravu, huchchutanada kaarana tappitastharendu nirnayisalaaguva aparadhigaligagi maryland raajyavu nadesuttiruva garishta bhadrata aaspatreyaagide. | null | jesup, maryland
jesup () heey americetil marylandchya baltimorechya nairutyela howard aanee enee arundel parganyanmadhil eka asanghatit samuday aanee janganana-niyukt sthan aahe. 2020 chya jangananenusar, loksankhya 10,535 hotee.
bhoogol.
jaceup (39.138374, − 76.774929) yethe sthit aahe. united states sensus beuronusar, see. dii. pii. chey ekoon kshetrafal, serve jameen aahe. 2010 chya jangananenusar, maryland rajyache loksankhyeche kendra clifton teechya aadharavar aahe. jesupmadhil perkins hospital center.
itihas.
jesap heey baltimore aanee washington (pahila marg) darmyan poost rodvar sthit eka shet aanee bhojanalay, aitihasik spariyarchya bhojanalayajaval aahe, jithe george washington niyamitpane pravas karat asat.
shaharachya sthanala suruvatichya nakashanvar piersland asey naav denyat aale hote, parantu gruhyuddhanantarche naav samanyatah jesap cutt kinwa jesap cutt asey dile gele hote, jeey baltimore aanee ohiyo railwaymargavaril haward countymadhil eka tapal gaav hote. baltimore aanee ohayo railwaymargavaril nagri abhiyanta jonathan jesup aanee merilchya pattyavar kaam khankam 'cutt' yaa haat-dagela, jaree too eka prakalp mhanoon vyavasthapit karat asala, tarr yaa nawala samanyatah shrey dile jaate. dalane chikanmatichya tekaditun 2,00,000 tanpeksha jaast chikanmati ghetali jyamule gothalelya havamanat gadya adavalya. maryland turungatil kahee kaidyanni chikanmatiche vitanmadhye rupantar kele hote, jyanni tee bandhali jaat asatana maryland durustichya gharavar dekhil kaam kele hote. tyanantar tyaa kaidyanpaiki kahee kaidyanchi durustigruhat badali karnyat aalee aanee tyanna maheet hote qee bhinti jesapchya kapanipasoon banvilya gelya aahet, mhanoon 'cutt'. 1963 madhye yaa shaharache naav qamee karoon jaysups asey karnyat aale. 20 vya shatkachya madhyat yaa shaharala 'jaysups' asey sambodhale gele, tyanantar teey 'jaysups' asey sankshipt karnyat aale.
aale shatkachya madhyapasoon haah parisar vividh dandatmak sansthanche ghar aahe. aajahi kaidi yaa turungancha ullekh 'cutt' mhanoon karatat, jyanna kadachit yaa navachya utpattichi mahitee nasate. maryland sudharana vibhagane chalavalelya maryland sudharana gruhamadhye, turungatil kaidyanna sthal aanee thikanabaheril ann puravanyasathi turungatil kamgaranni chalavalelya eka mothya jagevaril shetacha samavesh hota. 100 varshanpurvi jesupchya katmadhye bii andd ochya bandhkamadarmyan kelyapramane 1970 chya dashakat nokri nokri kaidyanchya shramala nirutsahit kele hote. rajya sanchalit maryland ann kendrane hii jameen vyapali aahe. 2007 madhye kaidyansathi bund kelela haah turung. aine. bii. see. durchitravani malika 'daad wire' aanee etch. bii. oo. chya mool maliket yaa turungacha ullekh anek vela keela gela aahe. jaree kamal suraksha asalela turung aata bund asala taree, shaharat ajunahi eka pramukh kiman suraksha asalela turung, dalalanchi durusti suvidha aahe, jeey hinsak gunhegaranna tyanchya gunhyanchya swarupamule samajasathi dhoka manale jaat nahee.
jesapmadhye anek godam vitaran suvidha aahet. bhaugolikdrushtya rajyachya madhyavarti sthanamule, jesup heey maryland khadya kendrache dekhil ghar aahe, jyamadhye maryland utpadan bajarpeth aanee maryland seafood bajarpeth samavisht aahe. sarvat mothee suvidha september 2012 paryant suvidha asalelya vishal annapadarthandware chalavali jaat hotee. companyne see andd ess ghauk kirana vikretyanna vitaran outsource kele aanee tyache karya pensylvaniamadhye halavale. 2013 madhye, kinarpattivaril sunbelt utpadananni hii suvidha shejarchya rikamya parsalmadhye vistaru shakat nahee assa dawa karoon aapali 900 900 suvidha rajyabaher halavanyachi yojana jaheer kelee. howard county hii suvidha rikamya sarkari suvidhet kinwa rikamya 7,60,000 chauras phoot vishal ann suvidhet halavoo shakali nahee, jyat companyla vahtook kendrasathi rajyachi jameen bhet denyachya prastavasah. kauntiche karyakari qeena ulman yanni preston skiffenecker malmattanshi madhyasthi kelee, laurelmadhil aitihasik duwall pharm siteche punarvasan kele, halakya audhyogik vaparasathi aanee jesapmadhun suvidha halavanyasathi kauntine qamee vyajachya karjasathi vittapuravatha keela.
kingdon goldchi laurel sand andd gravel company, jyat savage stone, fairfax materiyal, elegany aggregates, laurel asfault aanee ess. yancha samavesh aahe.doubleu. barrick aanee mulanni marylandchya aitihasik shahar savagechya uttarela asalelya purv jesapmadhye 625 ekarchi pathlag malmatta kharedi kelee. yaa thikani rastyavaril khaata bandhanyasathi baltimore gabro khadkatil khankam khankam ranti dagadi khaninche ghar aahe. 25 varshanchya sathyasah vishesh kshetra manjuri midalyanantar 2005 madhye yaa suvidhene kaam suru kele. ridlechya samudayik sanghataneche sanchalak kingdon goaled aanee tyanchya mulane ridlechya samudayik kendrachya bandhkamachya badalyat yaa prakalpala samudayik manyata dilee.
khaninchya uttares, aurson edamsane ekonisavya shatkatil done victorian menor ghare bandhali, jyanchi nave oka tekadi ashee 235 ekarchya malmattevar hotee, jee samudayala aadhar dett hotee. raus companyne jameen kharedi kelyanantar ghare jaloon khaq jhaali aanee tyancha sadanikanmadhye punarvikas karnyat aala aahe.
nivasi chitrapat nirmate wein shipley yanni 'vann-aayad horse' (2008) aanee 'day auph daad gunn' (2013) sathee nirmitiche thikan mhanoon jaceupcha vapar keela. kray-bebby' (1990) aanee 'dye haard with aaa vengeons' (1995) chey kahee bhag jesapmadhye chitrit karnyat aale hote, jyat nantarchya chitrapatat 'nord days ligney' truck stopsathi taa travel center ubhe hote.
shejari.
jaceupchya pramukh parisaranmadhye khaleel goshtincha samavesh hotoh
loksankhyashastra.
2020 chee janganana.
"teepah amerikechya jangananenusar hyspanic/latino haah vanshik varg manla jaato. yaa taktyat latinanna vanshik shreninmadhun vagalanyat aale aahe aanee tyanna vegalya shreneet niyukt karnyat aale aahe. hyspanic/latino konatyahi jaatiche asoo shakatat."
2000 chee janganana.
2000 chya jangananenusar, see. dii. pii. madhye 7,865 lock, 379 ghare aanee 280 kutumbe rahat hotee. loksankhyechi ghanata hotee. 398 gruhnirman kendre sarasari ghanatenusar hotee. see. dii. pii. chee vanshik rachana 67.73% african american, 31.28% pandhari, 1.03% hyspanic kinwa latino, 0.33% ashiyai, 0.27% itar vanshatil, 0.22% done kinwa adhik vanshatil, 0.15% mool american aanee 0.03% prashant betavaril hotee.
379 kutumbe hotee, jyapaiki jyapaiki madhye 18 varshankhalil mule tyanchyasobat rahat hotee, hotee madhye vivahit jodapi ekatra rahat hotee, 9.5 takke gharat mahila hotee aanee patee navhata aanee aanee madhye gair-kutumbe hotee. 20.serve gharanpaiki 1 takke kutumbe vyaktinni banaleli hotee aanee 6.1 takke kutumbanmadhye 65 varshe kinwa tyahoon adhik vayachi vyakti ekti rahat hotee. kutumbacha sarasari aakar 2.68 hota aanee kutumbacha sarasari aakar 3.40 hota.
see. dii. pii. madhye, loksankhya pasarali hotee, jyat 18 varshankhalil 3.2%, 18 teey 24 vayogatatil 15.9%, 25 teey 44 vayogatatil 62.5%, 45 teey 64 vayogatatil 16.3% aanee 65 varshe kinwa tyahoon adhik vayache 2% hote. sarasari vay 34 varshe hote. pratyek 100 mahilansathi, 499.9 purush hote. 18 varshe aanee tyahoon adhik vayachya pratyek 100 mahilansathi, 539.7 purush hote.
see. dii. pii. madheel kutumbache sarasari utpann $48,000 hote aanee kutumbache sarasari utpann $55,139 hote. purushanche sarasari utpann $26,003 hote tarr mahilanche $24,950 hote. see. dii. pii. chey dardoi utpann 19,052 dollar hote. sumare 5 takke kutumbe aanee 7.1 takke loksankhya daridrya reshekhali hotee, jyat 18 varshankhalil 7.1 takke aanee 65 varshe kinwa tyahoon adhik vayachya 4.7 takke lokancha samavesh hota.
vahtook.
marqa train pranalichya camden margavaril jesap thamba pravasi railway seva pradan karato.
jesapmadhun jaanare pramukh mahamarg aantarrajya 95, yuu.ess. marg 1 aanee maryland marg 175. aay-95 pasoon baher padnyasathi 41. emm. dii. 175 purv marge pravesh upalabdh karoon deto.
sarkar.
federal beuro auph jail heey jesap aanee enee arundel countymadhye madhya-atlantic kshetrache karyalay chalavate. clifton tii. 1960 madhye bandhalele perkins hospital center heey marylandche rajya sanchalit jastit jaast suraksha asalele rugnalay aahe, jeey vedepanamule doshi naan tharavalelya gunhegaransathi aahe.
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jesup, maryland
jesup () baltimore, maryland, sanyukta rajya americako dakshinapashchimma haward rar annie arundel countiharuma ek anigamit samudaya rar janagana-namit sthan how. sann 2020 ko janaganaanusar janasankhya 10,535 thiyo.
bhugol.
jaceup (39.138374, aaa 76.774929) maa awasthit chha. sanyukta rajya americako janagana byuroka anusar, sidipiko kull kshetrafal, sabai jamin chha. sann 2010 ko janaganaanusar, maryland rajyako janasankhyako kendra clifton tea ko adharma awasthit chha. jesupma perkins aspatal kendra.
itihas.
jesup baltimore rar wassington (marga ek) ko bichko post roadma awasthit euta farm rar sarabare, aitihasik spariyarko sarabako sthan najikai awasthit chha jahaan george wassington niyamit rupma yatra garthe.
saharko sthanlai prarambhik naksama pearsland naam diieko thiyo, tara grihayuddhapachhiko naam samanyataya jesup cutt, wa jesap cutt, baltimore rar ohiyo railmargma haward countyko post gaaun diieko thiyo. naam samanyataya baltimore rar ohiyo railmargma kaam garne sibhil engineer jonathan jesuplai shreya diinchha rar unle merilko rijlai pariyojanako rupma wyawasthit gare pani hanned-dog "cutt" gare. chalakadalle matoko pahadbata 2,00,000 tunn bhanda badhi mato lie jasle chiso mausamma railharu awaruddha गऱ्यो।. maryland zelka kehi kaidiharule matolai intama parinat gareka thie jasle maryland house aff correctionma pani kaam gariraheka thie jab yo nirman bhairaheko thiyo. tee kaidiharu madhye kehilai sudharko gharma sthanantaran gariyo rar uniharulai thaha thiyo kii parkhalharu jesupko katabata baneka thie, tyasaile "cutt". sann 1963 maa naam chhoto gari jesps rakhieko thiyo. 20 aun shatabdiko madhyama, saharlai "jesps" bhaninthyo, tyasapachhi chhoto gari "jaceup" bhaninthyo.
19 aun shatabdiko madhyadekhi, yo khetra vibhinna dandatmak sansthaharuko ghar baneko chha. kaidiharule az pani yee jelharulai "cutt" bhanera sandarbha garchhan, sambhawatah namko utpattibare anajan chhan. maryland sudhar vibhagdwara sanchalit maryland sudhar grihama kaidiharulai sthal rar sthal bahira khana upalabdha garauna zell shramle bharieko thulo sthalgat farm samawesh thiyo. kaidi shramalai sann 1970 ko dashakma jagira khojneharule nirutsahit gareka thie jasto kii yasale 100 warsha pahile jesup katma bee anned o nirmanko kramama gareko thiyo. rajyadwara sanchalit maryland khadya kendrale jamin ogateko chha. sann 2007 maa kaidiharuka lagi banda garieko jelalai nbc television shringkhala "" rar hbo muel shringkhala "da wire" maa dherai patak ullekha garieko chha. adhikatam suraksha zell ahile banda bhae tapani, saharma ajhai pani euta pramukh nyunatam suraksha zell, brokbridge sudhar suwidha chha, hinsatmak aparadhiharuka lagi jaslai uniharuko aparadhko prakritika karan samajka lagi khatara manindaina.
jaceupma dherai godam witaran suwidhaharu chhan. bhaugolik rupma rajyako kendriya sthanka karan, jesup maryland khadya kendrako ghar pani how, jasma maryland utpadan bazar rar maryland samudri khadya bazar samawesh chha. sabaibhanda thulo suwidha september 2012 samma vishal khadyadwara sanchalit thiyo, jasma suwidha thiyo. companyle afno sanchalanlai pensylvaniama sthanantaran gardai see anned ess thok kirana vikretaharulai witaran outsource garyo. sann 2013 maa, tatiya sunbelt utpadanharule yasako 900-karmachari suwidhalai rajya bahira sthanantaran garne yojana ghoshana gare jasle suwidha chheuchhauka khali parcelharuma wistar garna asamartha raheko dabi garyo. haward countyle khali rajya-sanchalit suwidha, wa khali 760,000 warga fitt vishal khadya suwidhama suwidha sthanantaran garna asamartha thiyo jasma companylai yatayat habka lagi rajya jagga upahar dine prastawa thiyo. county karyakari keyne ulmanle halka audyogik prayogka lagi laralko aitihasik dubhal farm sitelai rizon gardai preston skifeneker sampattiharusanga samjhauta gare rar jaari garieko countyle jesapbata suwidha sthanantaran garna cum byaj rinko vittaposhan garyo.
kingdon goldko laral baluwa rar bajari company, jasma sevez stone, fairfax samagri, elegany aggregate, laral dammer, rar ess samawesh chhan.w. barrick rar chhoraharule, marylandko aitihasik sahar sewejko uttarma purvi jesupma 625 ekadko chaze sampatti kineka thie. yo site sadak bedd nirmanka lagi baltimore gabro chattanko khani garne berber dhungako khaniko ghar how. samagrima 25 warshako bhandarka sath vishesh khetra anumodan pachhi 2005 maa yass suwidhale sanchalan suru garyo. ridleko sanchalit samudayik sanghaka nirdeshak kingdon gold rar unka chhorale ridleko sanchalit samudayik kendrako nirmanko satama pariyojanako samudayik swikriti pradan gare.
utkhananko uttarma, orson adamsle 235 ekadko astatema ok hill namak unnaisaun shatabdika dui victorian manore gharharu nirman gare jasle samudayalai nangar banayo. rouse companyle jagga kinepachhi gharharu jaleka thie rar apartmentharuma punah vikas garieko chha.
niwasi film nirmata wein shiplile jaisuplai "ek aankhaako ghoda" (2008) rar "bandukko dina" (2013) kaa lagi nirman sthanko rupma prayog gare. krai-beby" (1990) rar "pratishodhka sath kathina rupma marnuhos" (1995) kaa kehi bhagharu jesapma chhayangkan garieko thiyo, pachhillo chalchitrama taa travel centre "nord days ligne" truck stopka lagi khada thiyo.
chhimeki.
jesupka pramukh chhimekharuma samawesh chhanh
janasankhyiki.
sann 2020 ko janagana.
"notah americi janagananale hispainik/latinolai jatiya shreniko rupma wyawahar gardacha. yass talikale lattinharulai jatiya kotiharubata bahira nikalchha rar tiniharulai chhuttai kotima tokieko chha. hispanic/latino kunai pani jatika huna sakchhan."
2000 ko janagana.
sann 2000 ko janaganaanusar, sidipima 7,865 zana manis, 379 gharpariwar rar 280 pariwarharu basobas gariraheka thie. janasankhya ghanatwa thiyo. ausat ghanatwama 398 awas ekaiharu thie. cdpko jatiya banawat 67.73% africi americi, 31.28% seto, 1.03% hispainik wa latino, 0.33% asealy, 0.27% anya jatiharubata, 0.22% dui wa badhi jatiharubata, 0.15% native american, rar 0.03% pasific ilander thiyo.
tyahan 379 wata gharpariwar thie, jasmadhye 29.6% kaa 18 warsha munika chhorachhoriharu uniharusanga basdai aeka thie, 57.5% vivahit dampatiharu sangai basdai aeka thie, 9.5% mahila grihastha thie jasko pati upasthit thienan, rar 26.1% gaira-pariwarharu thie. 20.sabai gharapariwarko 1 pratishat wyaktiharu milera baneko thiyo, rar 6.1 pratishatma 65 warsha wa sobhanda mathika kohi eklai basne thie. ausat gharko akar 2.68 thiyo rar ausat pariwarko akar 3,04 thiyo.
sidipima, janasankhya failieko thiyo, jasma 18 warshabhanda cum umerka 3.2 pratishat, 18 dekhi 24 sammaka <id1>, 25 dekhi 44 sammaka <id3>, 45 dekhi 64 sammaka <id2>, rar 65 warsha wa sobhanda mathika 2 pratishat thie. ausat umera 34 warsha thiyo. pratyek 100 mahilaka lagi, tyahan 499.9 purushharu thie. 18 warsha rar sobhanda mathika pratyek 100 zana mahilaka lagi, tyahan 539.7 purushharu thie.
sidipiko euta pariwarko ausat aya $48,000 thiyo, rar euta pariwarko ausat aya $55,139 thiyo. purushharuko ausat aya $26,003 thiyo bhane mahilaharuko ausat aya $24,950 thiyo. sidipiko pratiwyakti aya 19,052 dollar thiyo. lagbhag 5 pratishat pariwar rar 7.1 pratishat janasankhya garibiko rekhamuni thie, jasma 18 warsha munika 7.1 pratishat rar 65 warsha wa sobhanda mathika 4.7 pratishat thie.
yatayat.
mark rail pranaliko camden linema raheko jesap stople yatru rail sewa pradan gardacha.
jesup hundai jaane pramukh rajmargharu antarrajyiya 95, yu hun.ess. marga 1 rar maryland marga 175. ai-95 batt nicas 41 ley md 175 purva hundai pahunch pradan gardacha.
sarkar.
jailharuko sanghiya byurole jesup rar ene arundel countyma madhya-atlantic khetra karyalaya sanchalan gardacha. clifton tea. sann 1960 maa nirman garieko perkins aspatal kendra, pagalpanka karan doshi nabhaeko nirnaya garieka aparadhiharuka lagi maryland rajyadwara sanchalit adhikatam suraksha aspatal how. | jesup, maryland
jesup () heuchhi eka anigamita sampradai ebong janganana-manoneet sthana jaahaa haward ebong aane arundel kauntire, baltimore, maryland, juktarastra americara dakhina-paschimare abasthita. 2020 janganana anujai, janasankhya 10,535 thila.
bhugol.
jaceup (39.138374, − 76.774929) ray abasthita. juktarastrara janganana byurora tathya anujai, sii. dii. pii. rahr mote khetraphala heuchhi, samasta jami. 2010 janganana anujai, maryland rajyara janasankhyara kendra clifton tii aadhaarare abasthita . jessop ray perkins daktarakhana kendra
itihas.
jessop aitihasika spurijarnka saraikhana nikatare abasthita, baltimore ebong washington (pratham marga) madhyare post roadre abasthita eka farm ebong saraikhana jeunthare george washington nijamita bhabare jatra karuthile .
prarambhika manachitrare saharar abasthanaku piersland naamare namit karajaithila, kintu gruhajudha parabarti namati sadharanatah jessop cott, kimba jessop cott, baltimore ebong ohio relapathare haward kauntira eka daaka gramm thila . ehi namati sadharanatah baltimore ebong ohio relapathare kaama karuthiba jane sibhil engineer jonathan jesapnku diajae, ebong shay eka prakalpa bhabare maryl riz parichalana karithile, jadio hanned-dogg "cott" karithile. karmacharimane mruttika pahadaru 200,000 tunru adhika mruttika neithile jaahaa himalai pagare trengudiku abarodh karithila. maryland karagarara keteka kaedee ehi mruttikaku ita ray parinata karithile, jeunmane maryland houses off kareksanare madhya kaama karuthile jetebele ehaa nirmana karajauthila. sehi kaedeemananka madhyaru ketekanku parey sanshodhana gruhaku sthanantara karajaithila ebong semane janithile je kanthagudika jesapnka kataru tiari hoichhi, tenu "cutt" . 1963 masihare ehi naamaku sankhyepare jessop kuhajaithila. binsha shatabdir madhyabhagare, saharaku "jessop" kuhajauthila, taa 'parey ehaaku sankhipta curry "jessop" kuhajaithila.
unabinsha shatabdir madhyabhagaru, ehi anchalare bibhinna danda anusthana rahichhi. aaji madhya kaedeemane ehi jelagudiku "cutt" bolly ullekha karanti, sambhabatah namara utpatti bishajare agya. maryland sanshodhana bibhaga dwara parichalita maryland sanshodhana gruha, karagara shramikanka sahita eka bruhata unsite farm antarbhukta karithila jaahaa bandeemananku unsite ebong offsite khadya jogaiba paain . 1970 dashakare chakiri khojuthiba byaktimane bandi shramikamananku nirutsahita karithile, jepari 100 barsha purbe jessop katre bii anded oh nirmana samajare heuthila. rajya parichalita maryland khadya kendra ehi jami dakhal karichhi. 2007 masihare ehi karagara kaedeemananka paain banda hoijaithila. ehi karagaraku aneka thara nbc television dharabahika "" ebong hbo moola dharabahika "" daa wajara "" ray ullekha karajaichi. jadio sarbadhika surakhya thiba karagara ebe banda rahichhi, tathapi saharare eka pramukh sarbanimna surakhya thiba karagara, brockbridge sanshodhana subidha rahichhi, jeungudika hinsatmaka aparadhimananka paain, jeunmane semananka aparadha karanaru samaj paain bipada bolly bibechita huanti naahin.
jesapre aneka godam bitarana subidha rahichhi. bhougolika drustiru rajyare ehara kendriah abasthana hetu, jessop madhya maryland khadya kendra ghara, jeunthire maryland utpada bajaara ebong maryland samudrika khadya bajaara antarbhukta . sarbabruhata subidhati bishala khadya dwara parichalita hoithila, september 2012 parjyanta eka subidha sahita. company sii & ess paikari grosermananku outsource bitarana curry ehara karjyakalapaku pensilabhaniaaku sthanantara karithila . 2013 masihare, upakulabarti sunbelt utpada ehara 900 karmachari bisista subidhaku rajya baharaku sthanantara karibara yojana ghoshana karithila, ebong daabi karithila je ehi subidha nikatasta khaali parcelku bistara karibare asamartha. haward county ehi subidhaku khaali thiba rajya parichalita subidha kimba companyku eka paribahana hub paain uddista rajya jami upahara deba prastaba sahita khaali thiba 7,60,000 bergfoot bishala khadya subidhaku sthanantara karibare asamartha hoithila . county karjyanirbahee caine ulman preston skiffenaker sampatti sahita eka chuktinama karithile, laurel ray aitihasika dubhal farm site ku punahjon karithile, haluka shilpa byabahara paain ebong jesapru subidha sthanantara karibaku county swalpa sudha runa pradan karithila .
kingadan goldnka laurel baali ebong bajra company, jeunthire barbara pathara, fairfax samagri, alagani aggregate, laurel asfault ebong ess antarbhukta .wa. barik ebong puamane, marylander aitihasika sahara sebhej rahr uttarare purba jesupare 625 ekara chaze sampatti kinithile. ehi sthanare sadaka shajya nirmana paain baltimore gabro pathara khanan karuthiba barbara pathara khani rahichhi. 25 barshar samagri sanrakhyana sahita swatantra john anumodana parey 2005 ray ehi subidha karjya arambha karithila . riglinka parichalita gosthi sanghara nirdeshaka kingadan gold ebong taanka pua riglinka parichalita gosthi kendra nirmana badalare prakalpatira gosthi anumodana pradan karithile.
khanira uttarare, orson adams eka 235 ekara estate upare oak hill namaka unabinsha shatabdir duiti bictorian mainer houses nirmana karithile jaahaa sampradajaku nongara karithila . rouse company jami kiniba parey gharagudika jaligala, ebong apartmentre punah bikash karajaichi .
abasic chalachitra nirmata wen sipley "waan-ide hears" (2008) ebong "day off daa gunn" (2013) paain jesapku prajojana sthana bhabare byabahara karithile. krai-bebi" (1990) ebong "dye hard with aii vengence" (1995) rahr kichhi ansha jesupare suting karajaithila, jaahaa parey chalachitrare "nord dee ligane" truck stop paain taa travel centre chhida hoithila .
padoshi.
jespra pramukh padoshimane heleh
janasankhyika.
2020 janganana.
"tippaneeh juktarastra americara janganana hyspanic/latinoku eka jatigata berg bhabare bibechana kare . ehi saaranee jatigata bargaru latinoku baada deichi ebong semananku eka pruthaka bargare nijukta karichhi. hyspanic/latinogana jekaunasi jaatira hoiparanti."
2000 janganana.
2000 masihar janganana anujai, sii. dii. pii. ray 7,865 john lock, ଦ୍ୱୀପବାସୀ। paribara ebong ebong paribara basabasa karuthile. janasankhyara ghanatwa thila. harahari ghanatware ghanatware abas unit thila. sii. dii. pii. rahr jatigata gathan thila <aai. dii. 2>% african americae, <aai. dii. 1>% dhalaa, <aai. dii. 8> hyspanic kimba latino, <aai. dii. 4> asiah, <aai. dii. 7> anya jaatira, <aai. dii. 5> dui kimba adhika jaatira, <aai. dii. 6> sthaniah americae, ebong <aai. dii. 3> prashanta mahasagariya dwepabasee.
ଦ୍ୱୀପବାସୀ। paribara thila, jeunmananka madhyaru 18 barsharu comm baisar pila semananka sahita rahuthile, bibahita dampatimane ekathi rahuthile, 9.5% mahila gruhinee thile ebong swamee nathile, ebong anah-paribara thile. 20.samasta paribarara 1 pratishata byaktimananka dwara gathita thila, ebong 6.1 pratishatare 65 barsha kimba taa 'thaaru adhika baisar kehi jane ekaki rahuthile. harahari paribarara aakaar thila 2.68 ebong harahari paribarara aakaar thila 3.40.
sii. dii. pii. ray, janasankhya bistara hoithila, jeunthire 18 barsharu comm baisar 3.2%, 18 ru 24 parjyanta <aai. dii. 1>, 25 ru 44 parjyanta <aai. dii. 3>, 45 ru 64 parjyanta <aai. dii. 2>, ebong 2% jeunmane 65 barsha kimba taa 'thaaru adhika baisar thile. harahari bayasa 34 barsha thila. prati 100 john mahilanka paain, purush 499.9 thile. 18 barsha ebong taa 'thaaru adhika baisar prati 100 john mahilanka paain, 539.7 purush thile.
sii. dii. pii. ray gotie paribarara madhyama aaja thila $48,000, ebong gotie paribarara madhyama aaja thila $55,139. purushanka madhyama aaja thila $26,003 banam mahilanka paain $24,950. sii. dii. pii. rahr mundapicha aaja thila $19,052. praiah 5 pratishata paribara ebong janasankhyara 7.1 pratishata daridrya seemarekha tale thile, jeunthire 18 barsharu comm baisar 7.1 pratishata ebong 65 kimba taa 'thaaru adhika baisar 4.7 pratishata antarbhukta thile.
paribahana.
marck train systemer camden linere jessop stop jatri rela seba pradan kare .
jessop dei jauthiba pramukh rajapathagudika heuchhi aantahrajya 95, jayu.ess. marga 1 ebong maryland marga 175. aai-95 ru prasthana 41 emm. dii. 175 purba dei prabesha subidha pradan kare .
sarkar.
federal byurora off jails jesapa ebong aane arundel kauntire madhya-atlantic anchala karjyalaja parichalana kare . clifton tii. 1960 masihare nirmita perkins hospital centre heuchhi maryland rajya parichalita sarbadhika surakhya daktarakhana, jaahaa aparadhimananka paain, jeunmane pagalami karanaru doshi sabyasta huanti naahin.
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jaisap, maryland
jesp () ikk gair-sangathit bhaichara atey mardamshumari-namzad sathaan haii joe haward atey ainee arandel kaoontiaan witch haii, joe baltimore, maryland, sanyukat raaj dey dakkhan-pachham witch haii. 2020 dee mardamshumari anusar, aabadi 10,535 see.
bhugol.
jesp (39.138374, − 76.774929) utte sathit haii. sanyukat raaj mardamshumari beoro dey anusar, see. dee. pee. daa kull khetarfal, saaree zameen haii. 2010 dee mardamshumari dey anusar, maryland raaj laee aabadi daa kendra clifton tii dey adhaar utte sathit haii. jaisap witch perkins hospital kendra.
itihaas.
jesp itihasak spurior dee saraan dey sathaan dey nede sathit haii, ikk farm atey saraan baltimore atey washington (ruut ikk) dey vichkaar post road utte sathit haii jitthe jaaraj washington niyamit taur utte yaatra karde sunn.
shehar dee sathiti noon shuruati nakshiaan utte pearsland naam ditta giaa see, parr aam taur utte ditta giaa gharelu yuddh toon baad daa naam jesp daa katt, jaan jesp daa katt, baltimore atey ohio railmarg utte haward county daa ikk daak pind see. iss naam daa caarn aam taur utte jonathan jaisup noon manniaa jaanda haii, ikk sival engineer joe baltimore atey ohio railmarg utte kamm karda see atey haind-dagg "katt" halanki merril dee rij noon usne ikk project vajon parbandhit keeta see. amale neey mitty dee pahadi toon 200,000 tunn toon vaddh mitty lae laee jiss neey thande mausam witch rail gaddiaan noon roque ditta. maryland jailh dey kujh kaidiaan neey mitty noon ittaan witch badal ditta see, jinhan neey maryland haaoos aaf cractions utte vee kamm keeta see jadon iss daa nirman keeta jaa riha see. firr unhan kaidiaan vicchon kujh noon sudhar gharr witch tabdil qarr ditta giaa atey uh janade sunn kii kandhan jesp dey kattan naal baniaan sunn, iss laee "katt". sann 1963 witch iss shehar daa naam chhota karke jaspus qarr ditta giaa see. 20veen sadee dey maddh witch, iss shehar noon "jaspus" kiha jaanda see, firr iss noon chhota karke "jaspus" qarr ditta giaa see.
19veen sadee dey addh toon, ih khetar vakkh-vakkh dandd sansthavan daa gharr riha haii. ajj vee kaidi inhan jelhan noon "katt" kahinde hunn, shayed naam dee utpati toon anjaan hunn. maryland sudhar vibhag duaara sanchalit maryland sudhar gharr witch, kaidiaan noon site atey offsite bhojan pardan curran laee jailh mazdoori naal lais ikk vadda onsite farm shamal see. 1970 dey dahake witch naukari labbhan valiaan duaara kaidi mazdoori noon bahut hadd takk nirutshahit keeta giaa see jiven kii iss neey 100 saal pahilan jaisap dey katt utte bee aind ou dey nirman dauran keeta see. raaj duaara sanchalit maryland food center iss zameen utte kabza qarr lainda haii. jailh noon 2007 witch kaidiaan laee bnd qarr ditta giaa see. jailh noon ainn. bee. see. television ladiwar "atey aich. bee. ou. mool ladiwar" dha vaair "witch kaee vaar darsaiaa giaa haii. bhaven kii vaddh toon vaddh surakhiaa vaali jailh hunn bnd haii, firr vee shehar witch hinsk apradhiaan laee ikk pramukh ghatto ghatt surakhiaa vaali jailh, brokbridge sudhar sahulat haii, jinhan noon aapne apradhan dee prakirti caarn samaaj laee khatra naheen manniaa jaanda haii.
jesp witch bahut saariaan warehouse delivery sahulatan hunn. raaj witch bhugolik taur utte kendri sathiti dey caarn, jesp maryland food center daa gharr vee haii, jiss witch maryland utpaad markeet atey maryland samundari bhojan markeet shamal hunn. sabh toon vaddi sahulat vishal bhojan duaara sanchalit keeti gaee see, jiss witch satambar 2012 takk ikk sahulat see. company neey aapne sanchalan noon pensylvania witch tabdil karde hoye see aind aiss thoke kariaanedaran noon outsource vandiaa. saal 2013 witch, tatti sunbelt utpadan neey aapni 900-karamchari sahulat noon raaj toon bahr tabdil curran dee yojna daa ailaan keeta atey daava keeta kii ih sahulat naal laggde khaali parcelan witch naheen fail sakadi. haward kaoonti iss sahulat noon khaali sarkari sahulat, jaan 760,000 varag futt dee khaali vishal bhojan sahulat witch tabdil curran witch asamrath see, jiss witch company noon aavajai kendra laee raaj dee zameen tohfe witch denh dee peshkash keeti gaee see. kaoonti karajkari caine ulman neey halke sanati varton laee laurel witch itihasak duwal farm site noon mudd vandann laee preston skifanekar propertiaan naal ikk sauda keeta atey jaari keeti county neey jesp toon bahr sahulat noon tabdil curran laee ghatt viaaj vaale karziaan noon vitti sahaita ditti.
kingdon gauld dee laurel rait atey bajjari company, jiss witch saivej patthar, fairfax samaggari, alegany aggregate, laurel esfault atey aiss shamal hunn.w. barric atey puttran neey maryland dey itihasak shehar saivej dey uttar witch purbi jaisup witch 625 ekad dee pichha curran vaali jaidad kharidi. ih site sadak dey bistre dey nirman laee baltimore gabro chattan dee mining, bandukdhari patthar dee khadd daa gharr haii. iss sahulat neey 2005 witch samaggari witch 25 saal dey bhandar dey naal vishesh zoning pravangi toon baad kamm karna shuru keeta. ridley dey chalaae gaye community association dey director kingendon gauld atey uss dey puttar neey ridley dey chalaae gaye community center dey nirman dey badle project dee community pravangi pardan keeti.
khadd dey uttar witch, orsen addams neey 235 ekad dee jaidad utte oak pahadi naam dey doou unhivin sadee dey victorian manore haaoos banaae joe bhaichare noon langar lagaunde sunn. raaoos company vallon zameen kharidan toon baad gharan noon saad ditta giaa atey apartmentan witch mudd vikast keeta giaa haii.
rihaishi film nirmata wein shipley neey jesp noon "vann-eyed haars" (2008) atey "daye aaf dha gunn" (2013) laee utpadan sathaan vajon vartiaa. cry-bebi" (1990) atey "dye haard vid aii vageance" (1995) dey kujh hisse jesp witch filmaiaa giaa see, jiss witch baad vaali film witch "naard days ligne" truck stop laee taa travel center khadah see.
guaandh.
jesp dey pramukh guaandh witch shamal hann
jansankhiaa.
2020 dee mardamshumari
"notay us mardamshumari hyspanic/latino noon ikk nasli shreni vajon mannadi haii. ih saarnee latini lokan noon nasli shreniaan toon bahr rakkhdi haii atey uhanan noon ikk vakkhari shreni witch nirdharat kardi haii. hyspanic/latino kise vee nasal dey hoow sakde hunn."
2000 dee mardamshumari.
saal 2000 dee mardamshumari anusar, see. dee. pee. witch 7,865 lock, 379 gharr atey 280 parivaar rahinde sunn. aabadi dee ghanta see. itthe 398 rihaishi ikaiaan sunn joe kii ausat ghanta 'teey sunn. see. dee. pee. daa nasli banatar 67.73% african amriki, 31.28% chitta, 1.03% hyspanic jaan latino, 0.33% aci, 0.27% horr naslan toon, 0.22% doou jaan doou toon vaddh naslan toon, 0.15% mool amriki, atey 0.03% parshant tapuvasi see.
379 gharr sunn, jinhan vicchon 18 saal toon ghatt umar dey bacche uhanan dey naal rahi rahey sunn, I. D. 1 viaahe jode sunn joe ikkathe rahinde sunn, 9.5% aurtan gharelu sunn jinhan daa koee patee maujood naheen see, atey I. D. 2 gair-parivaar sunn. 20.kull gharan vicchon 1 pratishat viaktiaan daa baniaa hoiaa see, atey 6.1 pratishat witch koee ajiha viakati see joe 65 saal jaan iss toon vaddh umar daa see. ausat gharelu aakaar 2.68 see atey ausat parivarak aakaar 3.40 see.
see. dee. pee. witch aabadi faili hoee see, jiss witch 18 saal toon ghatt umar dey 3.2%, 18 toon 24 saal takk 15.9%, 25 toon 44 saal takk 62.5%, 45 toon 64 saal takk 16.3% atey 2% joe 65 saal jaan iss toon vaddh umar dey sunn. ausat umar 34 saal see. harr 100 aurtan laee, 499.9 marad sunn. 18 saal atey iss toon vaddh umar deeaan harr 100 aurtan laee, 539.7 marad sunn.
see. dee. pee. witch ikk parivaar dee ausat aamdan $48,000 see, atey ikk parivaar dee ausat aamdan $55,139 see. purshan dee ausat aamdan $26,003 see jadon kii aurtan laee $24,950 see. see. dee. pee. dee pratee viakati aamdan 19,052 dallar see. lagbhag 5 pratishat parivaar atey 7.1 pratishat aabadi garibi rekha toon hethan see, jiss witch 18 saal toon ghatt umar dey 7.1 pratishat atey 65 saal jaan iss toon vaddh umar dey 4.7 pratishat shamal sunn.
aavajai.
maarak rail pranali dee camden line utte jesp stop yaatari rail seva pardan karda haii.
jesp vicchon langhan vaale pramukh rajmarg antar-raaji 95, yuu hunn.aiss. ruut 1 atey maryland ruut 175. aaee-95 toon bahr nikalan vaala 41 aimm. dee. 175 purab raahin pahunch pardan karda haii.
sarkaar.
jelhan daa sanghi beoro jaisap atey ainee arandel county witch maddh-atlantic khetar daa daftar chalaunda haii. clifton tii. perkins hospital kendra, 1960 witch banaiaa giaa, ikk maryland raaj duaara chalaiaa jaanh vaala vaddh toon vaddh surakhiaa hospital haii joe apradhiaan laee haii jinhan noon pagalpan dey caarn doshi naheen thahiraiaa jaanda haii. | jesap, maryland
jesap () samyuktarajyamerikadesha maryland-rajyasya baltimore-nagarasya nairutyadishi sthitasya haward tathaa enn-arundel-kauntishu ekam anigamita-samudayam, janaganana-nirdishta-sthaanam asti. 2020 janaganananusaram asya janasankhyaa 10,535 aasit.
bhoogolah.
jesap (39.138374, − 76.774929) ityatra asti. samyuktarajyamerika-janaganana-karyalayasya anusaaram see. dee. pee. ityasya sampoornam kshetrafalam sampoornam bhoomih asti. 2010 janaganananusaram, maryland-rajyasya janasankhyaa-kendram clifton-tea iti aadhaarasy upari asti. jesapa-nagare perkins-chikitsaalayasy kendram asti.
itihaasah.
jesapa-nagaram baltimore-washington-nagarayoho (prathamamargah) madhyabhaage postroad-madhye sthite aitihaasikasya spooriyar-bhojanaalayasy, kshetrasya, bhojanaalayasy cha sameepe sthitam asti, yatra jaarj washington niyamitaroopen pravaasam karoti sma.
praarambhik-manachitreshu asya nagarasya sthanasya naam piersland iti aasit, parantu gruhayuddhaanantaram samanyataha dattam naam jesapas cutt athavaa jesapas cutt iti aasit, yat baltimore tathaa ohiyo-rail-margayoho haward-kauntee-nagarasya post-graamah aasit. asya naam samanyataha baltimore-ohiyo-rail-margayoho karyam kurwatah sivil-abhiyantru jonaathan jesap ityasmai, yadyapi merryl-parvatashrenim saha pariyojanaayaah rupena prasthaapayat, tathaa cha hasta-dug "cutt" ityasmai cha dattam. karmachaarinah kle-parvataat 200,000 tunn-taha adhikaah kle-padartham gruheetavantah, yena himaavartane relayaanaani avaruddhaani abhavan. maryland-karagarasya kechan kaidyah, yadaa maryland-ityasya nirmanakaryakramaha aasit tadaa tasya sudhaaragruhasya krute api karyam krutavantah, te mruttikaayaah intaanaam rupena parivartanam krutavantah. tatah teshu kechan anteshu sudhaaragruham prati sthaanaantaritaah, te jaananti sma yat bhittayah jesapasya krutayaa nirmitaani santi, ataha "kattiritam" iti. 1963 tame varshe asya naam jaseups iti laghutaram krutam. 20 shataabdyaah madhyabhaage idam nagaram "jaseups" iti namna namna, tatah "jesup" iti namna laghutaram krutam.
19 shataabdyaah madhyabhagat aarabhy, ayam pradesha vividhaah dandasamsthaah asti. adyatve api antewaasinah eteshaam karagaran "da cutt" iti nirdishyante, praayah naamnah utpattih adnyaatah. maryland-samshodhanavibhaagena sanchaalite maryland-sudhaaragruhasya, karagara-shramayuktah vishaalah sthala-krushihi aasit, yah sthala-sthaane tathaa sthana-bahihi cha kaidyoho bhojanartham prachaalyate sma. 1970 tame dashake, yathaa 100 varshapoorvam jesapas-cutt ityatra bee endo ityasya nirmanakale aasit, tathaiva, karma-anweshakaih bandee-shramah nirutsaahitah aasit. rajya-sanchaalitam maryland-khaadyakendram bhoomim vyaapayati. 2007 tame varshe kaidyaanaam krute kaaraagaarah bandhitah aasit. enn. bee. see. dooradarshan-shrunkhalaasu "da vair" iti echa. bee. o. mool-shrunkhalaasu cha karagarasya ullekhah bahuvaarah krutah asti. yadyapi adhunaa adhikatamasurakshayaha kaaraagaarah bandhitah asti, tathaapi nagare adyaapi himsaatmak-aparadhinam krute pramukham nyonatamasurakshaayaah karagaram, brokbridge-sudhaar-suvidhaa asti, ye swa aparaadhasy swaroopasya karanat samajasya krute naa shankitaah iti manyante.
jesup ityatra anekaani verhouse-vitarana-suvidhaah santi. bhaugolikadrushtyaa raajye kendreeyasthaanasy karanat jesapa-nagare maryland-khaadyakendram api asti, yasmin maryland-utpaada-vipanihi, maryland-seafood-vipanihi cha antarbhavanti. bruhattamam saulabhyam vishaal-khaadya-dwara sanchaalitam aasit, september 2012 paryantam ekam saulabhyam aasit. kampanee see. ands-thoka-kirana-vikretrubhyah vitaranam bahihsthaapi krutvaa swasya karyan pensylvania-nagaram prati sthanantarayat. 2013 tame varshe, tateeya-sunbelt-utpadanena, 900 karmacharinam suvidhaah rajyat bahihi sthanantarasya yojanam ghoshitam, yat eshaa suvidhaa sameepastheshu rikta-parcels-madhye vistaarayitum asamarthah iti. haward-kaunti-pradesha rikttam rajya-sanchaalit-suvidhaa-krute, athavaa rikttam 760,000 wargafeet vishaalam bhojan-suvidhaa-krute, samsthaayai parivahana-kendrartham rajya-bhoomim upahaararoopen daatum prastaawen, suvidhaa-sthanantaram kartum asamarthah abhavat. county-karyakari kenn ulman ityeshah preston-schiefenaker-sampattihih saha madhyasthata krutvaa, laarel-nagarasya aitihaasikam duwal-krushi-sthalam laghu-audyogika-upayogartham punah sameekarayat, tathaa cha jesapa-kshetraat bahihi tasya sthanantaranam kartum kauntee-dwara alpa-vyaajam runam pradattavaan.
kingdon gauld ityasya laarel-send-end-grail-kampanee iti samsthaayaam savage-stone, ferr-fakes-padaarthaah, eleganee-aggregates, laarel-asphault, ess cha santi.doubleu. berik tathaa putraah, aitihaasikasya savage-nagarasya uttardishi, maryland-nagarasya poorva-jesapa-nagare 625 ekar-kshetrasya chess-sampattim kreenan. asmin sthale, maarga-nirmanartham baltimore-gabro-shilaa-khananm kurwantah, kroor-shilayaha khanikarmah asti. 25 varshebhyah saamagri-bhandaarayuktena vishesha-kshetra-anumodananantaram 2005 tame varshe asya suvidhaa-kshetrasya kaaryam aarabdham. rigley ityasya samudayika-sanghasya nirdeshakaah kingdon gauld, tasya putrah cha rigley ityasya samudayika-kendrasya nirmanasya badalau pariyojanaayaah samudayika-anumodanam dattavantah.
kwaaree ityasya uttardishi, orson aadams ityayam 235 ekar-bhoomau ok-parvata-namakam, ekonimshati-shataabdyaah victorian-mainer-gruhadwayam niramaat, yena samudayah nankuritah. rous-kampanee-dwara bhoomim krinaat gruhaani agninaa dagdhaani, api cha apartment-rupena punarvikasitaani santi.
nivaasinah chalacchitranirmaataarah weyn shipley ityayam "eka-netra-ashwah" (2008) tathaa "day aaf da gun" (2013) ityetayoho nirmaana-sthale jesup ityasya upayogam krutavaan. krai-bebby" (1990) tathaa "dai haard vit a vengence" (1995) ityetayoho bhagaha jesup-madhye chitritaah, yatra "naard days ligne" iti trakku-viraamasya krute taa-travel-center iti sthaanam aasit.
sameepasthaani.
jesap ityasya pramukheshu sameepastheshu antarbhavanti.
janasaamkhyikee.
2020 janaganaam.
"tippanih amerikaadeshasy janagananayam hispaanik/latino-bhashayaha janajaateeyah vargeeyaah santi. eshaa saaranee latino-deshaan jaati-vargebhyah bahishkaroti, taan pruthak varge niyojayati cha. hispaanik/latino-janaah kasyaapi jaatyaah bhavitum arhanti."
2000 janagananam.
2000 tamasya varshasya janaganananusaram, see. dee. pee. madhye 7,865 janaah, 379 gruhaani, 280 parivaaraah cha nivasanti sma. janasankhyaa-ghanataa aasit. 398 aawaas-ikaaiyaah aasan, yasyaah ghanatvam samanyam aasit. see. dee. pee. ityasya jaateey-aakrutihi <aii. dee. 2>% aafrikan-american, <aii. dee. 1>% shvetavarnee, <aii. dee. 5> hispaanik athavaa latino, <aii. dee. 4> asean, <aii. dee. 7> anyajaatibhyah, <aii. dee. 3> dwayoh vaa adhikanam jaatibhyah, <aii. dee. 8> desheeyaah american, tathaa <aii. dee. 6> peciphic-dweepawaasinah cha aasan.
379 gruhaani aasan, yeshu aii. dii. 3. ityasya 18 varshaat nyoonawayaskaah baalaah aasan, aii. dii. 2. ityasya parineeta-dampatee ekatra nivasanti sma, 9.5% gruhasthaah mahilaa aasit, pati naseet, aii. dii. 1. ityasya parijanah naa aasan. 20.sarveshu gruheshu 1 pratishatam vyaktibhihi nirmitam aasit, 6.1 pratishatam vyaktishu 65 varshaani vaa adhikavayaskah ekaki nivasati sma. gruhasya madhyamah aakaarah 2.68 aasit, tathaa cha madhyamah parivaarah 3.40 aasit.
see. dee. pee. madhye, janasankhyaa vyaapitaa aasit, 18 varshaat nyoonavayaskaanaam 3.2%, 18 taha 24 varshaparyantam, 25 taha 44 varshaparyantam, 45 taha 64 varshaparyantam, 2% 65 varshaani vaa adhikavayaskaanaam cha. asya madhyayuhu 34 varshaani aasit. prati 100 mahilanam krute, 499.9 purushaah aasan. 18 varshaani tathaa tadadhikavayaskanam prati 100 mahilanam krute 539.7 purushaah aasan.
sii. dii. pi. madhye ekasmin gruhasya madhyam-aayah $48,000 aasit, tathaa cha ekasmin parivaarasya madhyam-aayah $55,139 aasit. purushaanaam madhyam-aayah $26,003 aasit, mahilanam krute $24,950 aasit. see. dee. pee. ityasya prativyakti-aayah $19,052 aasit. praayah 5 pratishatam kutumbam, 7.1 pratishatam janasankhyaa cha daridryarekhayaha adhah aasan, 18 varshaat nyoonavayaskaanaam 7.1 pratishatam, 65 varshaat adhikavayaskaanaam 4.7 pratishatam cha.
parivahanam.
maark-rail-vyavasthaayaah camden-margasya jesapa-viraamah yaatri-rail-sevaa pradadaati.
jesup-dwara pravahantah pramukhah rajamargaha antararaajyeey-95, yoo.ess. maargah 1, maryland-maargah 175 cha, aii-95 taha nirgamanam 41, emm. dii. 175 poorvamaargen praveshyate.
sarwakaarah.
federal byooro aaf prince, jesup-nagare tathaa enn-araundel-kauntee-nagare cha madhya-atlaantik-kshetrasya karyalayam sanchaalayati. clifton tea. 1960 tame varshe nirmitam perkins-chikitsaalaya-kendram, maryland-rajyasya shasanena sanchaalitam adhikatamasurakshaamandiram asti, yat unmattataayaah karanat aparadhi iti nirdhaaritebhyah aparadhinam krute asti.
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jesub, maerilaanthu
jesub () enbathu americavin maerilaanththin baltimore nagarukku thenmaerkae ulla hovard mattrum annae arundel maavattangkalil ulla oru inaikkappadaatha samoogam mattrum makkal thogai kanakkeduppu-niyamikkapatta idamaagum. 2020 makkal thogai kanakkeduppinpadi, makkal thogai 10,535 aaga irunththathu.
puviyiyal.
jesup (39.138374, − 76.774929) ill amainthullathu. america makkal thogai kanakkeduppu paniyagaththin koottruppadi, chii. dii. pii. yinn moththa parappalavu, anaitthu nilamum aagum. 2010 makkal thogai kanakkeduppinpadi, maryland maanilaththin makkal thogai maiyam clifton dii adippadaiyil amainthullathu. jesappil ulla bergins maruthuvamanai maiyam.
varalaaru.
jaarj washington thavaraamal payanam seitha baltimore mattrum washington (paathai ondru) idaiyae anjal saalaiyil amainthulla oru pannai mattrum unavagamaana varalaattru sirappumikka spooriyarin unavagaththin idaththirku arugil jesup amainthullathu.
aarambagaala varaipadangkalil inththa nagaraththin iruppidam bearsland endru peyaridappattathu, aanaal ullnaattup poarukkup pinththaiya peyar podhuvaaga jesup cutt allathu jesup cutt endru kodukkappattathu, idhu baltimore mattrum oohiyoa irayil paathaiyil ulla hovard kavundiyil ulla oru anjal kiraamamaagum. baltimore mattrum oohiyoa irayil paathaiyil panipurintha sivil poriyaalaraana jonathan jesup mattrum meryl ridge oru thittamaaga nirvagikkappattaalum kaii-tuck "cutt" enbavarukku inththa peyar podhuvaagak kaaranam. uraipani vaanilai kaaranamaaga rayilgalaith thaduththa kaliman malaiyilirunthu 200,000 dangalukkum athigamaana kalimannai kuzhuvinar eduththuch sendranar. maryland siraichaalaiyaich saerntha sila kaithigalaal kaliman senkarkalaaka maattrappattathu, avarkal maryland illam kattappadumpoathu athaich sariseiyum paniyum seithanar. antha kaithigalil silar pinnar thiruththa illaththirku maattrappattanar, maelum suvarkal jesappin vettilirunthu seiyappattavai enbathai avarkal arinthirunthanar, enavae "vettu". 1963 aam aandil inththa peyar jesups endru surukkappattathu. 20 aam noottraandin naduppaguthiyil, nagaram "jesups" endru azhaikkappattathu, pinnar "jesup" endru surukkappattathu.
19aam noottraandin naduppaguthiyil irunthu, ippaguthiyil palvaeru thandanai niruvanangal ullana. kaithigal intrum inththa siraigalai "vettu" endru kurippidugiraargal, anegamaaga peyarin thoattram pattri theriyaathu. maryland thirutthath turaiyaal iyakkappadum maryland thiruththa illaththil, siraith thozhilaazhargalaik konda oru periya ull pannai irunththathu, idhu kaithigalukku aann side mattrum off side unavu vazhangkuvatharkaaga irunththathu. 100 aandugalukku munbu jesup cutt niruvanaththil pii & ooo kattumaanaththin poathu seithathaip poalavae 1970 kazhil kaithi uzhaippu vaelai thaedupavargalaal ookkappaduththappattathu. arasu nadaththum maryland unavu maiyam inththa nilatthai aakiramiththullathu. 2007 aam aandil kaithikalukkaaga sirai moodappattathu. enn. pii. chii tholaikaatchi thodarkalil "" mattrum ech. pii. ooo asal thodaraana "thii vayar" ill inththa sirai pala murai kurippidappattullathu. adhigapatcha paathukaappu sirai ippoathu moodappattirunththaalum, nagaraththil innum oru periya kurainthapatcha paathukaappu sirai, broke bridge seerthiruththa vasathi ullathu, vanmurai kuttravaaligalukku, avarkalin kuttrangalin thanmai kaaranamaaga samoogaththirku achchuruththalaaga karudhappaduvathillai.
jesappil pala kidangu viniyoaga vasathigal ullana. puviyiyal reethiyaaga maanilaththin maiyamaaga iruppathaal, maryland unavu maiyamum jesappil ullathu, idhil maryland urpaththi santhai mattrum maryland kadal unavu santhai aagiyavai adangkum. migapperiya vasathi maaperum unavugalaal iyakkappattathu, septumber 2012 varai oru vasathi irunththathu. niruvanam chii & ess moththa maligaikkaarargalukku avtsource viniyoagaththai valangkiyathu, adhan seyalpaadugalai benzylvaniavukku maattriyathu. 2013 aam aandil, kadaloara suunn belt thayaarippukal adhan 900-oozhiyar vasathiyai maanilaththirku veliyae maattruvatharkaana thittangalai ariviththana, inththa vasathi arugilulla vetrtru podhigalukku virivupaduththa mudiyaathu endru koori. howert koundiyaal inththa vasathiyai kaaliyaaga ulla arasu nadaththum vasathikku allathu kaaliyaaga ulla 760,000 sathura addii maaperum unavu vasathikku maattra mudiyavillai, idhu oru poakkuvaraththu maiyaththirkaaga maanila nilatthai niruvanaththirku parisaaga vazhangkuvatharkaana vaaippudan irunththathu. kavundi nirvaagi kenn ulman breeston skiffenacker soththukkaludan oru oppanthaththai naduvar, laurelil ulla varalaattru duwal pannai thalaththai marupariseelanai seithaar, laesaana thozhilthurai payanpaattirkaaga, maelum kavundi kuraindha vatti kadangalai vazhangki inththa vasathiyai jesappil irunthu maattriyathu.
kington goldin laurel manal mattrum saralai niruvanam, idhil kaattumiraandittanamaana cull, fairfox porutkal, algenary akrikaettukal, laurel asphault mattrum ess aagiyavai adangkum.doublue. varalaattruch sirappumikka nagaramaana maerilaendin kaattumiraandittanamaana nagarukku vadakkae ulla kilakku jesappil 625 aekkar parappalavil ulla vaettaiyaadum soththai paarik & suns vaangkinar. inththa idaththil kaattumiraandittanamaana cull kuwari ullathu, saalaip padukkai kattumaanaththirkaaga baltimore capro paaraiyai surangappaduththukirathu. 25 aandu kaala porutkalin iruppu konda sirappu mandala opputhalukkup piragu 2005 aam aandil inththa vasathi seyalpadath thodangiyathu. ridleyin samooga sanga iyakkunarkal kington coult mattrum avarathu magan aagiyoar ridleyin samooga myyaththai nirmaanippatharku eedaaga inththa thittaththirku samooga opputhalai vazhangkinar.
kuvaariyin vadakkae, orsen audums paththonpathaam noottraandin irandu victorian maenar veedugalai oak malai endru 235 aekkar thoattaththil kattinaar, idhu samoogaththai nangooramittathu. ravus niruvanam nilatthai vaangkiya piragu veedugal erinththu, adukumadi kudiyiruppugalaaga maruvadivamaikkappattullana.
kudiyiruppu thiraippada thayaarippaalar weyn shibley "oru kann kudhirai" (2008) mattrum "day off thii thuppakki" (2013) aagiyavattrirkaana thayaarippu idamaaga jesappaip payanpaduththinaar. krai-paepi" (1990) mattrum "dye haard vith eeyee venjans" (1995) aagiyavattrin pakuthikal jesappil padamaakkappattana, pinththaiya padaththil daa traval center "nort tess ligney" druck staabukkaaga nindrathu.
suttruppurangal.
jesappin mukiya suttruppurangalil pinvaruvana adangum
makkalthogai.
2020 makkal thogai kanakkeduppu.
"kurippu america makkal thogai kanakkeduppu hysphonic/latheen inaththai oru inap pirivaaga karudhugiradhu. inththa attavanai latheen inap pirivugalai vilakki avattrai oru thanii privukku odhukkukirathu. hispaaniyarkal/latheengal endha inaththaich saernthavargalaagavum irukkalaam."
2000 makkal thogai kanakkeduppu.
2000aam aandu makkal thogai kanakkeduppinpadi, 7,865 paer, 379 kudumbangal mattrum 280 kudumbangal inththa kudiyiruppup paguthiyil vasiththu vanthanar. makkal thogai adarththi irunththathu. 398 veettu alagugal saraasariyaaga adarththiyaaga irunththana. chii. dii. pii. yinn ina amaippu 67.73% aaprikka american, 31.28% vellai, 1.03% hysphonic allathu latheen, 0.33% aasiyan, 0.27% pira inangkalaich sernthavar, 0.22% irandu allathu adharku maerpatta inangkalaich sernthavar, 0.15% poorveega americar mattrum 0.03% pasipik theevuvaasigal.
379 kudumbangal irunththana, avattril aii. dii. 2. udan 18 vayathirkutpatta kuzhandhaigal vasiththu vanthanar, aii. dii. 3. tirumanamaana thambathigal ontraaka vasiththu vanthanar, 9.5 sathaveetham paer kanavar illaatha penn veettukkarar irunththanar, aii. dii. 1. kudumbangal allaathavarkal. 20.anaitthu veedugalilum 1 sathaveetham thaninabarkal irunththanar, maelum 6.1 sathaveetham 65 vayathu allathu adharku maerpattavargal thaniyaaga vasiththu vanthanar. sarasari kudumba alavu 2.68 aagavum, sarasari kudumba alavu 3.40 aagavum irunththathu.
chii. dii. pii. yill, makkal thogai paravalaaka irunththathu, idhil 18 vayathirkutpatta 3.2 sathaveetham, 18 muthal 24 varai 15.9%, 25 muthal 44 varai 62.5%, 45 muthal 64 varai 16.3% mattrum 65 vayathu allathu adharku maerpatta 2 sathaveetham paer irunththanar. sarasari vayathu 34 aagum. ovvoru 100 penkalukkum, 499.9 aangal irunththanar. 18 vayathu mattrum adharku maerpatta ovvoru 100 penkalukkum, 539.7 aangal irunththanar.
oru kudumbaththin sarasari varumaanam $48,000 aagavum, oru kudumbaththin sarasari varumaanam $55,139 aagavum irunththathu. aangalin sarasari varumaanam $26,003 aagavum, penkalin sarasari varumaanam $24,950 aagavum irunththathu. inththa samooga nala maempaattu niruvanaththin thaninabar varumaanam 19,052 daalaraaga irunththathu. sumar 5 sathaveetham kudumbangalum, 7.1 sathaveetham makkalthogaiyum varumaik koattirkuk keezhae irunththanar, idhil 18 vayathirkutpattavargal 7.1 sathaveetham paerum, 65 vayathu allathu adharku maerpattavargalil 4.7 sathaveetham paerum adangkuvar.
poakkuvaraththu.
maark rayil amaippin camton paathaiyil ulla jesup niruththam payanigal rayil sevaiyai valangkukirathu.
jesup vazhiyaaga sellum mukiya nedunjaalaigal maanilangkalukku idaiyaeyaana 95, yuu aagum.ess. paathai 1 mattrum maryland paathai 175. aii-95 ill irunthu veliyaerum 41 emm. dii 175 kilakku vazhiyaaga anugalai valangkukirathu.
arasu.
siraichchaalaigalin koottaatchi paniyagam jesup mattrum annae arundel kavundiyil matthiya adlandic piraanthiya aluvalagaththai iyakkukirathu. clifton dii. 1960 aam aandil kattapatta bergins maruthuvamanai maiyam, maerilaanthu arasu nadaththum adhigapatcha paathukaappu maruththuvamanaiyaagum, idhu paiththiyakkaaraththanam kaaranamaaga kuttravaali alla endru theerppalikkappadum kuttravaaligalukkaanathu.
| jesup, maryland
jesup () anedi united states looni maereelaandlooni baltimoreku nairuti disalo unna howard mariyu anae arundel counteelalo oka incorporated community mariyu janabha ganana-niyaminchabadina pradaesam. 2020 janabha lekkala prakaram, janabha 10,535.
bhougolikam.
jesup (39.138374, − 76.774929) vadda undhi. united states janabha lekkala beuro prakaram, sii. dii. pii. mottam bhoomi vistiirnaanni kaligi undhi. 2010 janabha lekkala prakaram, maryland rashtra janabha kendram clifton tii aadhaaramgaa undhi. jesup looni perkins hospital center.
charitra.
georg washington kramam tappakunda prayaaninchae baltimore mariyu washington (modati maargam) madhya post roadloo unna oka polam mariyu towern ayina chaaritraatmaka spooriyar towern pradaesaaniki sameepamlo jesup undhi.
prarambha pataalalo pattanam yokka sthaanaaniki pier land anie paeru pettaru, conny saadhaaranamgaa poura yuddham taruvaata ivvabadina paeru baltimore mariyu ohiyo railrodloni howard kounteelooni post village ayina jesup cutt ledhaa jesup cutt. baltimore mariyu ohiyo railroadlo panichesina sivil injanir ayina jonathan jesup mariyu merril yokka ridgenu athanu oka prajectga nirvahinchinappatikii, chethi-dugg "cutt" kuu eee paeru saadhaaranamgaa aapaadinchabadindi. sibbandi bankamatti konda nundi 200,000 tannulaku paiga bankamattini teesukunnaru, idhi gaddakatte vaataavaranamloo raillanu addukundi. maryland jailuku chendina kontamandi khaideelu mattini itukalugaa marcharu, vaaru maryland diddubatla gruham nirminchabadutunnappudu kooda panicheesaaru. aaa khaideelalo kondarini diddubaatu gruhaniki badilee chesaaru, mariyu godalu jesup yokka kothatho tayaaru cheyabaddaayi, anduvalla "cutt" anie vaariki telusu. telusu eee paerunu jesapsga kudinchaaru. 20va sataabdam madhyalo, eee pattanaanni "jesups" anie pilicheevaaru, taruvaata daanini "jesups" gaa kudinchaaru.
19va sataabdam madhyakaalam nundi, eee praantam vividha shikshaasamsthalaku nilayamgaa undhi. eee roeju khaideelu ippatikee eee jaillanu "cutt" anie pilustaaru, bahusha paeru yokka muulam gurinchi teliyadu. maryland diddubatla vibhaganche nirvahinchabadutunna maryland diddubaatu gruhamlo, khaideelaku aann sait mariyu off sait aaharaanni andinchadaaniki jailu kaarmikulatoe kuudina pedda aann sait polam undhi. 100 samvatsaraala kritam jesup cutt vadda bii & oo nirmaana samayamlo chesinatlugaa chesinatlugaa khaideela sramanu udyogaardhulu nirutsaahaparichaaru. prabhutva aadhvaryamlo nadiche maryland aahara kendram eee bhoomini aakraminchindi. eee jailu jailu khaideelaku moosiveyabadindi. eee jailu gurinchi enbisi television syries "" mariyu hechbio original syries "" dhi wire "loe chalasarlu prastaavinchabadindi". garishta bhadrata jailu ippudu moosiveyabadinappatiki, pattanamlo ippatikee pradhana kaneesa bhadrata jailu, brokebridge diddubaatu soukaryam undhi, himsaatmaka nerasthula kosam, vaari neeraala swabhaavam kaaranamgaa samaajaaniki muppuga pariganinchabadadu.
jesup loe aneka giddangi pampinhee soukaryaalu unnaayi. bhougolikamgaa raashtramlo kendra sthaanam kaaranamgaa, maryland aahara kendram kooda jesup loe undhi, indulo maryland utpatti market mariyu maryland seafood market unnaayi. atipedda soukaryam september 2012 varaku oka sadupaayamtho pedda aahaaramto nirvahinchabadindi. company thana karyakalapalanu pensylvaniaku maarchutuu sii & ess toku kirana vyaapaarulaku avtsource pampinhee chesindi. chesindi, teerapraanta sunn belt utpattulu tama 900 mandhi udyogula sadupaayaanni rashtram velupala maarchadaaniki pranaalikalanu prakatinchaayi, eee soukaryam prakkane unna khaalii potlaalaku vistarinchalekapoyindani perkonnaayi. howard county eee sadupaayaanni khaliga unna prabhutva aadheenamlo unna sadupaayaaniki ledhaa 760,000 chadarapu adugula bhaarii aahara sadupaayaaniki maarchalekapoyindi, idhi ravana kendram kosam uddesinchina rashtra bhoomini companyki bahumatigaa ivvadaaniki pratipaadanatoe undhi. county executive kenn ulman preston skiffenaker aastulato madhyavartitvam vahinchi, laurelloni chaaritraatmaka duwal vyavasaya sthalaanni telikapati paarisraamika upayogam kosam reezon chesi, eee sadupaayaanni jesup nundi maarchadaaniki county takkuva vaddii runaalaku nidhulu samakuurchindi.
kingdon gouled yokka laurel isuka mariyu kankara company, indulo krooramaina raayi, fairfox padaarthaalu, allegany aggregatelu, laurel taaru mariyu ess unnaayi.doubleu. maereelyaandlooni chaaritraatmaka pattanamaina sevejku uttaraana unna thoorpu jesaplo 625 ekaraala vembadinche aastini barrick & suns konugolu chesaaru. eee pradaesam krooramaina raathi kwaareeki nilayam, rahadari padava nirmaanam kosam baltimore gabbro rock maining. 25 samvatsaraala nilvatho pratyeka john aamodam pondina taruvaata eee soukaryam soukaryam karyakalapalu praarambhinchindi. ridgely naduputunna community association directorlu kingdon gouled mariyu athani kumarudu ridgely naduputunna community center nirmaanaaniki badulugaa eee prajectuku community aamodam andinchaaru.
kwaareeki uttaraana, orson audums 235 ekaraala estatelo ook konda anae paerutoe pantommidava sataabdapu rendu victorian mainer illanu nirminchaaru, idhi samaajaaniki langaru vesindi. rouse company bhoomini konugolu chesina taruvaata illu kaalipoyaayi, mariyu apartmentluga punaraabhivruddhi cheyabaddaayi.
nivaasa chitra nirmaata wayne shipley "vann-ide haars" (2008) mariyu "day off dhi gunn" (2013) kosam jesapnu nirmaana pradaesamgaa upayoginchaaru. krai-baby" (1990) mariyu "dye haard vith eah vengence" (1995) looni bhagalu jesaplo chitreekarinchabaddaayi, taruvaati chitramlo "nord dess ligney" truck stop kosam taa travel center nilabadi undhi.
porugu praantaalu.
jesup yokka pradhana parisaraalu
janabha.
2020 janabha lekkalu.
"gamanikah yuu. ess. janabha ganana hysponic/laatinoonu oka jaathi vargamgaa pariganistundi. eee pattika laatinolanu jaathi vargaala nundi minahayinchi, vaatini pratyeka vargaaniki ketayistundi. hysponics/laatinolu yea jaatiki chendina varaina kaavacchu."
2000 janabha lekkalu.
2000 janabha lekkala prakaram, sidipilo 7,865 mandhi prajalu, 379 gruhalu mariyu 280 kutumbaalu nivasistunnaayi. janabha saandrata undedi. sagatu saandratatoe 398 gruha unitlu unnaayi. sidipi yokka jaathi alankarana 67.73% african american, 31.28% telupu, 1.03% hysponic ledhaa laatino, 0.33% asea, 0.27% itara jaatula nundi, 0.22% rendu ledhaa anthakante ekkuva jaatula nundi, 0.15% sthaanika american, mariyu 0.03% pasiphik dveepavaasulu.
379 kutumbaalu unnaayi, veetilo 18 samvatsaraala kante takkuva vayassu unna pillalu vaaritho nivasistunnaaru, vivaahita jantalu kalisi nivasistunnaaru, 9.5% mandhi bhartha laeni mahilaa gruhasthulu unnaaru, mariyu kutumbaalu kaanivaaru. 20.mottam gruhaalalo 1 saatam mandhi vyaktulu unnaaru, mariyu 6.1 saatam mandhi 65 samvatsaraalu ledhaa anthakante ekkuva vayassu unnavaaru ontarigaa nivasistunnaaru. sagatu gruha parimaanam 2.68 mariyu sagatu kutumba parimaanam 3.40.
sidipilo, janabha vistarinchi undhi, 18 samvatsaraala kante takkuva vayassu unna 3.2%, 18 nundi 24 varaku 15.9%, 25 nundi 44 varaku 62.5%, 45 nundi 64 varaku 16.3%, mariyu 65 samvatsaraalu ledhaa anthakante ekkuva vayassu unna 2%. sagatu vayassu 34 samvatsaraalu. prati 100 mandhi mahilalaku, 499.9 purushulu unnaaru. 18 mariyu anthakante ekkuva vayassu unna prati 100 mandhi mahilalaku, 539.7 purushulu unnaaru.
sidipilo oka kutumbaaniki madhyastha aadaayam $48,000, mariyu oka kutumbaaniki madhyastha aadaayam $55,139. purushulaku madhyastha aadaayam $26,003, mahilalaku $24,950. sii. dii. pii. kii talasari aadaayam $19,052. sumaru 5 saatam kutumbaalu mariyu janabhalo 7.1 saatam mandhi daaridyra rekhaku diguvana unnaaru, veerilo 18 ellalopu vaarilo 7.1 saatam mariyu 65 ellu ledhaa anthakante ekkuva vayassu unnavaarilo 4.7 saatam mandhi unnaaru.
ravana.
maark railu vyavastha yokka comden lineloni jesup stop prayaanikula railu sevalanu andistundi.
jesup gundaa vellae pradhana rahadaarulu antar rashtra 95, yuu.ess. maargam 1 mariyu maryland maargam 175. ii-95 nundi nishkramana 41, thoorpu vaipu endi 175 dwara pravesaanni andistundi.
prabhutvam.
federal beuro off jails jesup mariyu anae arundel counteeloo madhya-atlantic praanta karyalayanni nirvahistundi. clifton tii. tii nirminchina perkins hospital center, picchitanam kaaranamgaa doshigaa nirdhaarinchabadani nerasthula kosam maryland prabhutvam naduputunna garishta bhadrata aasupatri.
| jaisp meeri lend
jaisp () riyasathaye muthadah kay meeri lend kay baltimore kay janub maghrab mein howard aur aine arandal countiyon mein eek ghair marbut community aur mardam shumari kay zariah namzad maqaam hay. 2020 kii mardam shumari kay mutabiq aabadi 10,535 thee.
geografiya.
jees app (39.138374yee − 76.774929) parr waaqa hay. riyasathaye muthadah mardam shumari beuro kay mutabiq see ddee pee kaa kill raqbah tamaam zameen hay. 2010 kii mardam shumari kay mutabiq riyasat meeri lend kaa aabadi kaa markaz clifton tye kii bunyaad parr waaqa hay. jaisp mein parkanz hospital kaa markaz.
tareekh.
jaisp tarikhi sprayer kii sharaab khaaney kay maqaam kay qareeb waaqa hay juu baltimore aur washington (roat winn) kay darmiyan post road parr waaqa eek faarm aur sharaab khaanah hay jehaan jaarj washington baqayedgi say safar kartay thay.
ibtadayi naqshon parr qasbey kay maqaam kaa naam pairsland rakhaa gayaa thaa leakin khaanah jangi kay baad kaa naam ziyadah aam toor parr jaispas cutt yaa jaispas cutt baltimore aur auhaiyo railway parr howard county kaa eek post waleej thaa. iss naam kuu aam toor parr jonathan jaisp say mansub kiyaa jaataa hay juu eek soul engineer thaa juu baltimore aur auhaiyo railway parr kaam kartaa thaa aur hanned digg "cutt" agarcha miral kii chooti kuu wah eek mansubay kay toor parr sanbhalta thaa. amley nay mutty kii pahaadi say 200,000 tunn say ziyadah mutty lee jiss nay manjamad mosam mein trainon kuu rook diyaa. mutty kuu meeri lend jail kay kachh qaidiyon nay ainton mein tabdil kirr diyaa thaa jinhon nay meeri lend house aaf craction parr bhee kaam kiyaa thaa jabb asay banaya jaa rehaa thaa. iss kay baad inn qaidiyon mein say kachh kuu aslaah kay gahar muntaqil kirr diyaa gayaa aur wah jaantay thay kahh dewarein jaisp kay katay hoay say bunny haine iss liye "katoti". 1963 mein iss kaa naam mukhtasir kirr kay jaispas kirr diyaa gayaa. 20 wein sadee kay wast mein iss shehar kuu "jaispas" kahaa jaataa thaa phir asay mukhtasir kirr kay "jaispas" kirr diyaa gayaa.
19 wein sadee kay wast say yaha elaqah mukhtalif tazirati idaaron kaa gahar rehaa hay. aaj bhee qaidi inn jailon kuu "cutt" kehtay haine shayed naam kii ibtada say bay khabar. meeri lend house aaf craction juu meeri lend department aaf crections kay zeer intezam hay mein eek badaa aann saait faarm shaamil thaa jiss mein jail kii mashqat kay saath qaidiyon kuu aann saait aur aaf saait khaana farahim kiyaa jaataa thaa. 1970 kii dahayi mein nokari kay mutlashiyon nay qaidi mazdoori kii huslah shakni kii thee jaisa kahh 100 saal pehley jaisp cutt mein bee aind awo kii tameer kay doraan kiyaa gayaa thaa. riyasat kay zeer intezam meeri lend foud center iss zameen parr qaabiz hay. jail kuu 2007 mein qaidiyon kay liye bund kirr diyaa gayaa thaa. jail kaa hawalah aine bee see teeli vision seerez "" aur aich bee awo kii asl seerez "" dee wire "mein kayee baar diyaa gayaa hay. agarcha ziyadah say ziyadah hifazati jail abb bund hay iss shehar mein abb bhee pratashdad mujrimon kay liye eek bury kumm az kumm hifazati jail brok barj aslahi sahulat hay jinhein inn kay jaraim kii noiyat kii wajah say muashiray kay liye khatrah nahein samjha jaataa hay.
jaisp mein godaam kii tarseel kii behat see sahuliyaat haine. riyasat mein geografiyayi toor parr markazi maqaam kii wajah say jaisp meeri lend foud center kaa gahar bhee hay jiss mein meeri lend products market aur meeri lend see foud market shaamil haine. sabb say bury sahulat satambar 2012 takk eek sahulat kay saath washaal foud kay zariye chalayi jaati thee. company nay see aind aiss houl sail grosaron kuu aaot soars taqsim kartay hoay apnee karwaiyon kuu pensalvania muntaqil kirr diyaa. 2013 mein saahili sunn bellet kii paidawar nay apnee 900 mulazimin kii sahulat kuu riyasat say baahir muntaqil karnay kay mansubon kaa aalaan kartay hoay daawi kiyaa kahh yaha sahulat malhaqah khaali parcel takk tausia karnay say qaasir hay. howard county iss sahulat kuu khaali sarkaari sahulat yaa khaali 760,000 marbaa fitt kii bury khuraak kii sahulat mein muntaqil karnay say qaasir thee jiss mein company kuu nql woo hamal kay markaz kay liye riyasati zameen tahfay mein deenay kii paishkash kii gayee thee. county kay execto keenn almaan nay halkay sanaati istemaal kay liyay laural mein tarikhi doval faarm saait kuu dobarah tartib deetay huay prestin scafenker properties kay saath eek muahidah kiyaa aur county kuu jaari kiyaa taakah iss sahulat kuu jaisp say baahir muntaqil karnay kay liye kumm sood waalay qarzon kii maali aanat kii jaa sakay.
kingden gold kii laural send aind bajri company jiss mein wahshi pathar fair faiks mawaad alegni aggregates laural sfault aur aiss shaamil haine.dabliyo. berak aind sans nay meeri lend kay tarikhi qasbey sawej kay shamaal mein mashriqi jaisp mein 625 aikad kii peecha kii jayedad kharidi. iss jagah parr wahshi pathar kii kaan hay juu sadak kii tameer kay liye baltimore gabro chataan kii kaan kanee karti hay. iss sahulat nay 2005 mein mawaad mein 25 saalah zakhayer kay saath khususi zoning kii manzori kay baad kaam sharoo kiyaa. reegley kay chalnay waalay community aisosi aishan kay director kingden gold aur inn kay betay nay reegley kay chalnay waalay community center kii tameer kay badlay mein iss mansubay kii community manzori farahim kii.
kaan kay shamaal mein aurson addams nay aneeswein sadee kay duu victoriyayi jagir gahar banaye jinn kaa naam baloot kii pahaadi thaa juu 235 aikad kii steat parr thaa jiss nay community kuu langar andaaz kiyaa thaa. raus company kii jaanib say zameen khareedne kay baad makanaat jall gayey aur inhein apartments mein dobarah tayaar kiyaa gayaa.
rehaishi film saaz ween shapli nay jaisp kuu "winn aaid haars" (2008) aur "day aaf dee gunn" (2013) kay liye production location kay toor parr istemaal kiyaa. karee beebi" (1990) aur "daayee haard wad aey vengines" (1995) kay kachh hasay jaisp mein filmaya gayaa thaa jiss mein baad kii film mein "nord ddais lagan" trick stop kay liye traul center khadaa thaa.
mahley.
jaisp kay baday mahlon mein shaamil haine:
aabadi.
2020 mardam shumari.
"nott: americi mardam shumari hispanvi/laatini kuu eek nasli zamrah kay toor parr maanti hay. yaha jadool laatini baashindon kuu nasli zamron say khaarij kartaa hay aur inhein eek alaihdah zamray mein tafviz kartaa hay. hispanvi/laatini kasee bhee nasal kay how saktay haine."
2000 mardam shumari.
2000 kii mardam shumari kay mutabiq see ddee pee mein 7,865 afraad 379 gharanay aur 280 khaandaan rehtay thay. aabadi kii kasafat thee. 398 housing units thay jinn kii ausat kasafat thee. see ddee pee kaa nasli meek app 67.73% afriqi americi 31.28% safed 1.03% hispanvi yaa laatini 0.33% aishiyayi 0.27% deegar naslon say 0.22% duu yaa duu say ziyadah naslon say 0.15% maqami americi aur 0.03% paisifik aayee lender thaa.
379 gahar thay jinn mein say aayee ddee 2 kay saath rehney waalay 18 saal say kumm amar kay bachay thay aayee ddee 1 shaadi shadah joday thay juu eek saath rehtay thay 9.5 faisad khwatin gharilo thein jinn kaa koyee shohar mojud nahein thaa aur aayee ddee 3 ghair khaandaan thay. 20.tamaam gharaanon mein say 1 faisad afraad parr mushtamil thay aur 6.1 faisad mein koyee aisa shaqs thaa juu akeela rehta thaa jiss kii amar 65 saal yaa iss say ziyadah thee. ausat gharilo size 2.68 thaa aur ausat khaandaani size 3.04 thaa.
see ddee pee mein aabadi phaili hoyee thee jiss mein 18 saal say kumm amar kay 3.2 faisad 18 say 24 saal takk 15.9%yee 25 say 44 takk 62.5%yee 45 say 64 takk 16.3%yee aur 2.2 faisad juu 65 saal yaa iss say ziyadah amar kay thay. ausat amar 34 saal thee. harr 100 khwatin kay liyay 499.9 mard thay. 18 saal aur iss say ziyadah amar kii harr 100 khwatin kay liyay 539.7 mard thay.
see ddee pee mein eek gharanay kii ausat aamadni $48,000 thee aur eek khaandaan kii ausat aamadni $55,139 thee. mardon kii ausat aamadni $26,3003 thee jabkah khwatin kay liye $24,950 thee. see ddee pee kii phee kiss aamadni 19,052 ddaalar thee. taqriba 5 faisad khaandaan aur 7.1 faisad aabadi khath gharbat say neechey thee jinn mein 18 saal say kumm amar kay 7.1 faisad aur 65 saal yaa iss say ziyadah amar kay 4.7 faisad shaamil haine.
nql woo hamal.
maark train system kii camden line parr jaisp stop musafir rail saros farahim kartaa hay.
jaisp say guzarnay waali bury shahrahein beenn riyasati 95yee yuu haine.aiss. roat 1 aur meeri lend roat 175. aayee-95 say baahir nikalnay waala 41 ayem ddee 175 aist kay zariye rasayi farahim kartaa hay.
hukumat.
jailon kaa wafaqi beuro jaisp aur aine arandal county mein wast bahar auqianos kay khatay kaa daftar chalata hay. clifton tye. 1960 mein banaya gayaa parkanz hospital center meeri lend kaa eek sarkaari toor parr chalaya jaanay waala ziyadah say ziyadah hifazati hospital hay juu inn mujrimon kay liye hay jinhein paagal punn kii wajah say mujaram nahein qaraar diyaa jaataa hay.
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00052aa0e71343c5bfdbe2be2dba141f1e528d790f1bc397073b34ab3f13e076 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64157325 | Sooke Lake |
Sooke Lake
Natural lake in British Columbia, Canada
Sooke Lake is a natural lake and the main reservoir of Greater Victoria in British Columbia, Canada. It is owned and operated by the Capital Regional District and supplies water to approximately 350,000 people. It has a usable water supply of 92.7 million cubic meters, of a total of 160.32 million cubic meters. Rithet Creek is the main inflow and makes up approximately 25% of the supply. The total watershed area is .
History.
The development of Sooke Lake as a reservoir was approved in 1910, and construction began in 1912. A concrete dam was constructed and raised the water level . Water was transported to the city of Victoria via the Sooke Flowline, a concrete aqueduct. The project was completed in 1915.
References.
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| suk hrod
suk hrod hoise kanadar britis columbier etaa prakritik hrod aaru brihot victoriyar mukhyo jolaxoy. ee rajdhani ancholik jilaar malikanadhin aaru porisalito aaru pray 350,000 lukok paanee jugan dhore. iyat 92.7 nijut ghono mitter byowoharjugyo panir jugan aase, muth 160.32 million ghono mitaror. rethate khaari hoise mool prowah aaru juganor pray 25 xotangxo. muth jolobibhajika onchol hoise.
itihax.
1910 sonot xuke hrodor jolaxoy hisape unnoyonor onumudon diya hoisil, aaru 1912 sonot nirman aarombho hoisil. etaa concret bandho nirman koraa hoisil aaru panir stor briddhi koraa hoisil. xuk flueline, etaa concret joloxesor joriyote victoria sohoroloi paanee poribohon koraa hoisil. 1915 sonot ei prokolpotu xompurno hoisil.
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sook hrod
sook hrod ekti prakritik hrod ebong kanadar british columbier brihottor victoria prodhan joladhar. etty rajdhani anchalik jelara malikanadhin ebong porichalito ebong pray 3,50,000 lokke joll sarbaraha korey. etite 92.7 million cubic mitter byaboharjogyo joll sarbaraha royeche, jaa moat 160.32 million cubic mitter. rethet khandi holl prodhan probaho ebong sorboraher pray 25 shotangsho. moat jalbibhajika elaka holl.
itihas.
1910 saale ekti joladhar hisabe sook hroder unnayan onumodito hoy ebong 1912 saale nirman shuru hoy. ekti concrete baandh nirman koraa hoy ebong joler stor badano hoy. ekti kongkriter jalpath, sook floline-err madhyome victoria shohore joll poribohon koraa hoyechilo. 1915 saale prokolpoti somponno hoy. |
sooke talaav
sooke talaav aek koodarti talaav chhe aneey british kolambiya, kenedama grater viktoriyaano mukhya jalashay chhe. teey raajdhaani praadeshik jeellani maliki aneey sanchalan dharaave chhe aneey aashre 350,000 lokone paanino purvatho puuro paade chhe. temaa 92.7 million cubic meterno upyogi paanino purvatho chhe, jeey coole 160.32 million cubic meater chhe. rethet khaadi mukhya pravaah chhe aneey purvathaano aashre 25 takaa hisso dharaave chhe. coole jalvibhajak vistaar chhe.
itihas.
sook talaavne jalashay tareeke vikasavva maate 1910maan manjuri aapvama aavee hatee aneey 1912maan bandhkam sharoo thayu hatoo. concrete demnu nirmaan karvaamaa aavyu hatoo aneey paaninu star vadharvama aavyu hatoo. paanine sook floline, aek concrete aquaduct dwara viktoriya shaherma parivahan karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. aaa project 1915maan purn thayo hato. |
sooke jheel
sooke jheel ack praakritik jheel haye aur british kolambiya, kanada mein grater victoria kaa mukhya jalaashay haye. yeh rajdhani kshetriya jile key swaamitva aur sanchaalan mein haye aur lagbhag 350,000 logon koo paani kii aapoorti kartaa haye. isamen 92.7 laakh ghana meater kii upayog karane yogya jall aapoorti haye, joe kull 160.32 million ghana meater haye. rethet khaadi mukhya pravaah haye aur aapoorti kaa lagbhag 25 pratishat hissa haye. kull jalvibhaajak kshetra haye.
itihas.
sooke jheel key vikas koo 1910 mein ack jalaashay key roop mein manjuri dee gaee thee, aur 1912 mein nirmaan shuru huaa. ack thhos baandh kaa nirmaan kiya gayaa thaa aur jall star koo badhaaya gayaa thaa. paani koo sook floline, ack thhos jalmarg key madhyam seey victoria shahar mein leey jaaya gayaa thaa. yeh pariyojana 1915 mein poori hui thee.
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sooke sarovara
sook sarovaravu naisargika sarovaravagide mattu kenadaada british kolambiyaadalli grater viktoriyaada mukhya jalashayavagide. idu rajadhani praadeshika jilleya odetanadallide mattu nirvahisuttade mattu sumaru 350,000 janarige neerannu pooraisuttade. idu 92.7 dasalaksha ghana meetargalashtu, andare ottu <aii. dii. 1> dasalaksha ghana meetargalashtu, balasabahudaada neerina pooraikeyannu hondide. rethet kolli mukhya olaharivu mattu idu sumaru 25 pratishatadashtu pooraikeyannu maaduttade. ottu jalanayana pradeshavu.
itihaasa.
sook sarovaravannu jalashayavagi abhivraddhipadisalu 1910ralli anumodane nidalaayitu mattu 1912ralli nirmaana praarambhavaayitu. concrete anekattannu nirmisi neerina mattavannu hechchisalaayitu. concrete jalanayana pradeshavaada sook floline moolaka neerannu victoria nagarakke saagisalaayitu. ee yojaneyu 1915ralli poornagonditu.
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sooke talav
sooke talav haah eka naisargik talav aahe aanee canadatil british kolambiya yetheel grater victoriacha mukhya jalashay aahe. rajdhanichya pradeshik jilhyachya malkichi aanee chalavali jaanari hii sanstha andaje 3,50,000 lokanna paanee puravate. yethe 92.7 dashalaksh ghanmeter itka vaparnyayogya panipurvatha aahe, joou ekoon 160.32 dashalaksh ghanmeetarpaiki aahe. rithet khadee hii mukhya pravah aahe aanee purvathyatil andaje 25 takke aahe. ekoon panlot kshetra aahe.
itihas.
suk talavachya jalashay mhanoon vikasas 1910 madhye manjuri denyat aalee aanee 1912 madhye bandhkam suru jhaale. concrete dharan bandhanyat aale aanee panyachi patali vadhavanyat aalee. konkreetchya jalmarg asalelya suk pravahareshedvare victoria shaharat paanee vahoon nele jaat hote. 1915 madhye haah prakalp purn jhaala. |
suk taal
suk taal euta prakritik taal how rar britis columbia, canadama greater wictoriako mukhya jalashaya how. yo rajdhani khetriya jillako swamitwa rar sanchalan chha rar lagbhag 3,50,000 manisharulai pani apurti gardacha. yasama 92.7 lakh ghan mitterko prayogyogya pani apurti chha, kull 160.32 million ghan mitterko. rethet khadi mukhya prawaha how rar yasale apurtiko lagbhag 25 pratishat banaunchha. kull jalavibhajak khetra how.
itihas.
sann 1910 maa jalashayako rupma suk talko vikas swikrit bhaeko thiyo, rar sann 1912 maa nirman suru bhayo. euta concreet bandha nirman gariyo rar paniko star badhayo. panilai concreet aquaduct suk floline marfat victoria saharma lagieko thiyo. yo pariyojana sann 1915 maa sampanna bhaeko thiyo. |
suk hrada
suk hrada heuchhi eka prakrutika hrada ebong kanadara british kalambiaare greater victoriara mukhya jalabhandara . ehaa rajdhani anchalika jillara malikanadhin ebong parichalita ebong praiah 3,50,000 lokanku jala jogaana kare . ehara 92.7 nijuta ghana mitter jala jogaana rahichhi, jaahaa mote <aai. dii. 1> nijuta ghana mitararu. rethet khaan heuchhi mukhya prabaha ebong joganara praiah 25 pratishata atte . mote jalabibhajika khetra heuchhi.
itihas.
suk hradara jalabhandara bhabe bikash 1910 masihare anumodita hoithila, ebong 1912 masihare nirmana karjya arambha hoithila. eka concret dyam nirmana karajaithila ebong jalastara brudhi karajaithila. eka concret jalpath, suk floline madhyamare victoria saharaku paani paribahana karajaithila . ehi prakalpa 1915 masihare sampurna hoithila. |
sooke jheel
sooke jheel ikk kudrati jheel haii atey british columbia, canada witch greater victoria daa mukkh bhandar haii. ih rajdhani khetri zilhe dee malkiat atey sanchalan haii atey lagbhag 350,000 lokan noon paanee dee saplai karda haii. iss witch kull 160.32 million kioobik meeter dee 92.7 million kioobik meeter dee varton yog paanee dee saplai haii. rethet creak mukkh pravaah haii atey saplai daa lagbhag 25 pratishat banada haii. kull watershed khetar haii.
itihaas.
sooke jheel noon ikk jall bhandar dey roop witch 1910 witch manzuri ditti gaee see, atey 1912 witch nirman shuru hoiaa see. ikk thos daim daa nirman keeta giaa see atey paanee daa paddhar vadha ditta giaa see. paanee noon sook floline, ikk concreet aquaduct raahin victoria shehar witch lijaiaa giaa see. ih project 1915 witch poora hoiaa see. |
sooke sarovarah
sook-sarovarah ekaha praakrutikah sarovarah asti, tathaa cha british-columbia-deshasya, kenada-deshasya greater-victoriyaayaah mukhyah jalashayah asti. asya svaamitvam, sanchaalanam cha rajadhani-praadeshikamandalen bhavati, praayah 3,50,000 janebhyah jalam pradadaati. asya upayogayogyajal-aapoortih 92.7 dashalakshm cubic meater asti, yasya kulah 160.32 dashalax-cubic meater asti. rethet-creak iti mukhyah pravaahah asti, yat aapoorteh praayah 25 pratishatam bhaagam bhavati. samagram jalavibhaajakshetram asti.
itihaasah.
sook-sarovarasya jalaashayaroopen vikaasah 1910 tame varshe sweekrutah, 1912 tame varshe nirmanakaryam aarabdham. ekam thosa-jalabandham nirmrutya jalastaram vardhitam. sook-flolain iti thosa-jalamaargasy madhyamena victoria-nagaram prati jalam preshitam. iyam pariyojanaa 1915 tame varshe samapta. |
sook aeri
sook aeri oru iyarkai aeri mattrum kanadaavin british kolambiyaavil ulla crater victoriavin mukiya neerththekkam aagum. idhu thalainagar piraanthiya maavattaththirkuch sonthamaanathu mattrum iyakkappadukirathu mattrum sumar 350,000 makalukku thanneerai valangkukirathu. idhu 92.7 million kana meettar payanpaduththakkoodiya neer viniyoagaththaik kondullathu, idhu moththam 160.32 million kana metergalil ontraakum. retate sitroadaiyae pirathaana neeroattamaagum, idhu sumar 25 sathaveetham viniyoagaththai uruvaakkukirathu. moththa neerppidippup pakuthi.
varalaaru.
1910 aam aandil oru neerththaekkamaaga sook aeriyai maempaduththa opputhal alikkappattathu, maelum 1912 aam aandil kattumanam thodangiyathu. oru concreed anai kattapattu neer mattaththai uyarththiyathu. concreed neervazhip paathaiyaana sook floline vazhiyaaga victoria nagaraththirku thanneer kondu sellappattathu. inthath thittam 1915ill niraivadainthathu.
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suuk sarassu
suuk sarassu oka sahaja sarassu mariyu kenadaaloni british columbialo grater victoria yokka pradhana jalaasayam. idhi rajadhani praantiiya jilla yajamanyamlo mariyu nirvahinchabadutundi mariyu sumaru 350,000 mandiki neetini sarafara chestundi. idhi 92.7 million cubic meterla viniyoginchadagina neeti sarafaraanu kaligi undhi, mottam 160.32 million cubic meterlu. rhythet creak pradhana pravaham mariyu sarafaraalo sumaru 25 saatam untundi. mottam pareevaahaka praantam.
charitra.
suuk sarasunu jalaasayam gaa abhivruddhi cheyadaaniki 1910loe aamodam labhinchindi, 1912loe nirmaanam praarambhamaindi. oka concreat anakatta nirminchabadindi mariyu neeti mattanni penchindi. concreat kaaluva ayina suuk floline dwara victoria nagaraniki neetini ravana chesaaru. eee project 1915loe puurtayimdi.
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sook jheel
sook jheel eek qadarti jheel hay aur bartanvi columbia canada mein greater victoriah kaa markazi zakhirah hay. yaha darulhukumat kay elaqayi zalaa kii malkiyat aur zeer intezam hay aur taqriba 350,000 logon kuu paani farahim kartaa hay. iss mein 92.7 millin cubic metter kii qaabil istemaal paani kii farahami hay juu kill 160.32 millin cubic metter hay. retheat crack aham aamad hay aur supplie kaa taqriba 25 faisad banaati hay. kill watersheed airiya hay.
tareekh.
sokay jheel kuu batoor aabi zakhayer 1910 mein manzoor kiyaa gayaa thaa aur 1912 mein tameer sharoo hoyee. eek concret ddaim tameer kiyaa gayaa aur paani kii satah kuu buland kiyaa gayaa. paani kuu victoriah shehar mein sook flow line eek concret aabi guzargah kay zariye pahunchaya gayaa thaa. yaha mansubah 1915 mein makmal hawaa. |
00052fa6960df5a719a75ada0eb8c60f9881927e5b26f550c63885656bcd812c | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38340416 | Dean & Son |
Dean & Son
19th-century London publishing company
Dean & Son was a 19th-century London publishing firm, best known for making and mass-producing moveable children's books and toy books, established around 1800. Thomas Dean founded the firm, probably in the late 1790s, bringing to it innovative lithographic printing processes. By the time his son George became a partner in 1847, the firm was the preeminent publisher of novelty children's books in London. The firm was first located on Threadneedle Street early in the century; it moved to Ludgate Hill in the middle of the century, and then to Fleet Street from 1871 to 1890. In the mid-20th century the firm published books by Enid Blyton and children's classics in the Dean's Classics series.
Dean & Son were one of the first firms to introduce pop-up books for children—which they were able to publish in large numbers. In the 1860s they invented "living picture" books, "animated" by pulling a tab and moving the pictures. Their "pantomime books" were books where the scenes changed in the pictures, created by the use of different page sizes. The books were characterized by engraved illustrations (using technology developed in Germany in the 1790) that were then lavishly hand-coloured. By the end of the 1850s they published more than 200 titles, each book of equal size, each costing sixpence.
The books' subject matter varied, from fairy tales, to stories about anthropomorphized animals, to well-known stories such as "Robinson Crusoe". Generally, the books were meant to entertain rather than to be didactic or provide instruction, although some of their books, such as "Dean's Moveable Dogs Party", showed upper class Victorian class divisions and taught social mores.
The books were expensive to make: they were printed on letterpress, then hand-coloured in "pochoir" stencil method, and most likely printed in limited editions. Nevertheless, the firm was the first to bring to the mass market moving picture books, having up to 50 titles of moveable books in print by the latter half of the 19th century, making them leading publisher of these books.
Children found the moveable books entertaining and were induced to play with the clever mechanisms, Various innovative types of mechanisms were designed in Dean's workshops. "Peep show" style consisted of cutting out sections of illustrated scenes, stacking and then folding flat. Turning the page caused the attaching ribbon be pulled and a three-dimensional scene popped up. "Living pictures" were animated by pulling a tab to move or "animate" different parts of the scene on the page. "Pantomime books" were made with pages of varying sizes; turning a page caused the scene to change. These were released in the "Home Pantomime Toy Book" series that included sumptuously coloured and illustrated chromolithographs, and became popular editions, such as their printing of "Beauty and the Beast".
The pricing varied from simple toy books that sold for sixpence to elaborately quarto sized coloured moving books that sold for 5 shillings, with the most of titles selling for 1 shilling, sixpence. Many of their books were sold in a series with names such as the "Royal Picture Toy Books", (priced at 1 shilling, sixpence), Aunt Fanny's "Pictures to Amuse with Tales to Please" series, (priced at 5 shillings), the "Miss Mary Merryheart" series, "Little Plays for Little People" series (written by Julia Corner and illustrated by Alfred Henry Forrester), and their popular "New Scenic Series" introduced in the mid-1850s.
References.
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dinn aaru putro
dinn endo cho 'noo aasil 19 xotikar londonor ekhon prokax protisthan, ji 1800 sonor aaxe-paxe protistha huwa xixur solsitro aaru putolar kitap nirman aaru byapok utpadonor baabe xuporisito aasil. thomas diyene protisthantu protistha korisil, xombhobotoh 1790 sonor xexor faale, zo' too udbhawonimulok lithographic printing prokriyar sristi hoisil. 1847 sonot teur putro jorjo ongxidar huwar xomoyot, companytu londonot notunotwopurno xixur kitapor prodhan prokaxok aasil. companytu prothome xotikar aarombhonite threadnidol streetot owosthito aasil; ee xotikar majbhagot ladgate paharoloi sthanantorito hoisil, aaru taar pisot 1871 sonor poraa 1890 sonoloike fleet streetoloi sthanantorito hoisil. bingxo xotikar majbhagot companytuwe dinor classic sringkholat anid blyton aaru xixur classicor kitap prokax korisil.
dinn endo cho 'noo aasil xixuxokolor baabe pop-aap kitap proborton koraa prothom protisthanxomuhor bhitorot etaa-jibur teuluke brihot xongkhyat prokax koriboloi xokhyom hoisil. 1860-ror doxokot teuluke etaa teb tunny aaru sobibur sthanantor kori "jiwanta sobi" kitap, "animated" abiskar korisil. teulukor "pentomime book" aasil kitap zo 'too sobixomuhor drishyoxomuh xoloni hoisil, bibhinno pristhar aakaror byoboharor dwara sristi koraa hoisil. kitapbur khudit chitro (1790 sonot germanyt bikoxito projukti byobohar kori) ror dwara sinhito koraa hoisil jibur tetiya haatere rongin aasil. 1850 sonor xexor faale teuluke 200tokoiu odhik xirxok prokax korisil, protitu xoman aakaror kitap, protitur baabe choy pench khoros hoisil.
kitapxomuhor bixoybostu bibhinno dhoronor aasil, rupkothar poraa aarombho kori nritatwik jibo-jontur bixoyer kahiniloike, "robinson krusu" ror dore xuporisito kahiniloike. xadharonote, kitapbur upodexmulok huwar poriworte monuronjon diboloi baa nirdexona prodan koriboloi aasil, jodiu teulukor kisuman kitap, jene "dinor movable dogs party"-e uscho shrenir victorian shrenir bibhajon dekhuwaisil aaru xamajik reeti-niti xikuwaisil.
kitapbur toiyar koriboloi byoybohul aasiloh xeibur laterpressot sopa hoisil, taar pisot "pokuyar" stancil poddhotit haatere rongin koraa hoisil, aaru xombhobotoh ximito xongoskoronot sopa hoisil. tothapiu, 19 xotikar xexor faale 50 taa porjonto soli thoka kitapor xirxok sopa kori ei protisthantuwe prothombaror baabe gono bojaroloi gotixil sobir kitap korhiyai aane, jaar folot ei kitapxomuhor prodhan prokaxok hisape porigonito hoy.
xixuxokole soli thoka kitapbur monuronjonmulok buli onubhob korisil aaru sotur pronalir xoite kheliboloi prerito hoisil, dinor kormoxalat bibhinno udbhawonimulok prokaror pronalir rupangkon koraa hoisil. "pip swo" xoilit xositro drishyor ongxobur kaati, stup kori aaru taar pisot xomotol bhaaj koraa ontorbhukto aasil. pristhatu ghurai diyar folot xonglogno koraa fitatu tunny onaa hoisil aaru etaa trimatrik drishyo dekha goisil. "pristhat drishyotur bibhinno ongxo sthanantor koriboloi baa "animate" koriboloi etaa teb tunny "jiwanta sobixomuh" animated koraa hoisil. "pentomime bukoch" bibhinno aakaror pristhare toiyar koraa hoisil; pristha etaa ghurai diyar folot drishyotu xoloni hoisil. eibur "hoom pentomime toy book" sringkholat mukoli koraa hoisil zo 'too rongin aaru xositro chromolithograph ontorbhukto aasil, aaru jonopriyo xongskoron hoi porisil, jene teulukor "biuti endo dyo bisto" ror printing.
choy penchot bikri huwa xorol putolar kitapor poraa aarombho kori 5 swilingot bikri huwa bixodbhabe cowartu aakaror rongin soli thoka kitapoloike mulyo bhinno aasil, zo "too besibhag xirxok 1 swilling, choy penchot bikri hoisil. teulukor bohutu kitap "royel pikchar toy bukoch" (1 swilling, choy pence mulyo), aanti feneer "pikchar tu emyuj with tails tu pliz" sirij (5 swilling mulyo), "miss meree maryheart" sirij, "little place for little pipol" sirij (julia kornaror dwara likhito aaru alfred henori forestaror dwara xositro), aaru 1850-ror doxokor majbhagot proborton koraa teulukor jonopriyo "notun monurom sirij" ror dore naamore bikri koraa hoisil. | dinn oo chhele
dinn anned sonn 19 shotoker ekti london prokashona sangostha chhilo, jaa 1800 saaler dike protisthito shishuder cholonto boi ebong khelna boi toiri ebong byapok utpadoner jonno porichito chhilo. thomas dinn sombhoboto 1790-err doshoker shesher dike sangosthati protistha korechilen, etey udbhaboni lithographic mudran prokriya niye esechilen. 1847 saale taanr putro george jokhon angshidar hohn, tokhon sangosthati londone shishuder notunotter boiyer bishishto prokashok chhilo. eyi sangosthati prothom shatabdir godar dike threadnidle streete abosthito chhilo; etty shatabdir majhamajhi somoye ludgate pahade ebong tarpor 1871 theke 1890 saal porjonto fleet streete sthanantorito hoyechilo. bingsho shatabdir majhamajhi somoye sangosthati dinn-err classic sirije anid blyton ebong shishuder classic boi prakash korechilo.
dinn anned sonn shishuder jonno popp-up boi chaalu koraa prothom sangosthagulir modhye ekti chhilo-jaa taaraa prachur porimane prakash korte sokkhom hoyechilo. 1860-err doshke taaraa ekti tyaba teney ebong chhabiguli sariye "jeebonto chhobi" boi udbhaban korey, "animated". taader "pantomime boi" chhilo emon boi jekhane bivinno pristhar akaar byabohar korey chhobir drishyoguli poribortito hoy. boiguli khodai koraa chitro dwara chinnito koraa hoyechilo (1790 saale germanyte unnoto prajukti byabohar korey) jaa tokhon haate rongin chhilo. 1850-err doshoker shesher dike taaraa taaraa beshi shironam prakash korey, protiti boi soman akarer, jaar prottektir daam chhoy pence.
boigulir visayavastu rupkathar golpo theke shuru korey nritattik pranider golpo theke shuru korey "robbinson cruso"-err moto suporichito golpo porjonto bivinno rokomer chhilo. sadharonoto, boiguli upodeshmulok baa nirdeshona prodaner poriborte binodan deoar jonno chhilo, jodio taader kichhu boi, jemon "diner movable dogs party", uchcho shrenir victorian shreni bibhajan ebong samajik ritiniti sheikha.
boiguli toiri koraa byabahul chhiloh eguli laterpresse mudrito hoto, tarpor "pocoir" stensil poddhotite haate rongo koraa hoto ebong sombhoboto seemit sangaskarane mudrito hoto. taa sotteo, sangosthati prothom gono bajare cholonto chhobir boi niye aase, 19 shotoker sheshardhe mudraner jonno 50tii porjonto cholonto boiyer shironam chhilo, jaa taader eyi boigulir shirshosthaniyo prokashok korey toley.
sisura cholonto boigulike binodonmulok boley money korey ebong chotur prokriyagulir saathe khelte prorochito hoy, diner kormoshalai bivinno udbhaboni dhoroner prokriya design koraa hoyechilo. "pip shoe" shoilite sachitra drishyer ongshoguli ketey fela, stacking ebong tarpore bhanj koraa chhilo. patati ghoranor foley sangjukto fitati taanaa hoy ebong ekti trimatrik drishya dekha yaay. "jeebonto chhobi" pristhai drishyer bivinno ongsho sorate baa "animate" korte ekti tyaba teney animated koraa hoyechilo. "bivinno akarer paata diye "pantomime boi" toiri koraa hoyechilo; ekti pristha ghoranor foley drishyoti poribortito hoyechilo. eguli "home pantomime khelna boi" sirije prokashito hoyechilo jaar modhye chhilo chamatkar rongin ebong sachitra chromolithograph, ebong janapriya sangaskarane porinoto hoyechilo, jemon taader "soundorjo ebong poshu" mudran.
chhoy poisa bikri haoya sadharan khelna boi theke shuru korey 5 shilling-ayee bikri haoya quarto akarer rongin chalman boi porjonto daamer tartomyo chhilo, jaar modhye beshirbhag shironam 1 shilling, chhoy poisa bikri hoyechilo. taader onek boi "rayyal picture toy books" (1 shilling, sixpense mulya), antir fannyr "pictures too emuse uith tails too pliz" sirij, (5 shilling mulya), "miss merry maryheart" sirij, "little plaze phara little pipple" sirij (julia corner dwara likhito ebong alfried henry forrester dwara chitrito), ebong 1850-err doshoker majhamajhi somoye probortito taader janapriya "notun prakritik sirij"-err moto naame ekti sirije bikri hoyechilo.
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deane aneey putra
deane anned sunn 19mee sadeeni london prakaashan pedhhi hatee, jeey 1800nee aaspaas sthapaayeli baadakona chull pustako aneey ramkadaanaa pustako banaavvaa aneey motaa paaye utpaadan maate jaaniti hatee. thomas deaney pedhhini sthaapnaa curry, kadaach 1790naa daykana antamaa, temaa naveen lithographic printing prakriyaao laavee. temnaa putra george 1847maan bhagidar banyaa tyaan sudhimaa, aaa pedhhi londonma naveenta dharaavtaa baadakona pustakoni agranee prakashak hatee. pedhhi saupratham sadeeni sharuaatmaa threadnidal street parr stheet hatee; teey sadeena madhyamaa ludgate tekri parr aneey pachhi 1871 thee 1890 sudhee fleet street parr khasedvama aavee hatee. 20mee sadeena madhyamaa pedhhiae deanni classic shreneema enid blyton aneey childrance classixna pustako prakashit karyaa hataa.
deane anned sunn baadako maate pope-up pustako rajoo karnari pratham padhiomani aek hatee-jene teo motee sankhyama prakashit karvaamaa saksham hataa. 1860naa daykama temane "jivant cheetra" pustakoni shodh curry, teb khencheene aneey chitrone khasedine "animated". temnaa "pantomime pustako" aevaa pustako hataa jyaan chitroma drashyo badalaaya hataa, jeey viveedh prushth kadnaa upyog dwara banavvama aavyaa hataa. aaa pustako kotarela chitro (1790maan germanyma vikasavvama aaveli technologyno upyog kareene) dwara vargikrut karvaamaa aavyaa hataa, jeey teey samaye bhavya reete haaththee rangvaamaa aavyaa hataa. 1850naa daykana anta sudhimaa teoae 200thee vadhu sheershako prakashit karyaa, darek pustak samaan kadanu hatoo, darekni keemat chh pains hatee.
aaa pustakonaa vishhayo parikathaaothi maandine manav-rachnaa pamela praaneeo visheni vaartao aneey "robinson cruso" jevee jaaniti vaartao sudhee viveedh hataa. saamanya reete, pustako updeshaatmak banvaane badale manoranjan karvaa athavaa soochnaa aapvaa maate hataa, jooe keey temnaa ketlaak pustako, jaim keey "deanni movable dogs party", uchch vargnaa viktoriyana vargnaa vibhago darshaave chhe aneey saamaajik reeto sheekhve chhe.
pustako banaavvaa mongha hataah teo laterpress parr chhapavama aavtaa hataa, pachhi "pocoir" stancil paddhatimaa haaththee rangvaamaa aavtaa hataa, aneey sambhavatah maryadit aavruttioma chhapavama aavtaa hataa. tema chhataa, pedhhi 19mee sadeena uttaraardh sudhimaa chull pustakonaa 50 sheershako chhapavama aavyaa hataa, jeey temne aaa pustakonaa agranee prakashak banaave chhe, jeey saamuhik bajaarmaa gatisheel cheetra pustako laavnaar pratham pedhhi hatee.
baadakone chull pustako manoranjak laagya aneey temne honshiyar paddhateeo saathe ramvaa maate prereet karvaamaa aavyaa, deanni karyshalaoma viveedh naveen prakaarnee paddhateeo taiyar karvaamaa aavee hatee. "piip shho" shailima sachitra drashyonaa vibhagone kaapee nakhva, stacking aneey pachhi sapaat foldingno samaavesh thato hato. prushthne feravaathi jodaayel ribbon khenchai gayoo aneey tree-parimaniy drashya saame aavyu. "jivant chitro" prushth parnaa drashyanaa viveedh bhagone khasedva athavaa "sajeev" karvaa maate teb khencheene animated karvaamaa aavyaa hataa. "pantomime pustako" viveedh kadnaa prushtho saathe banavvama aavyaa hataa; prushthne feravaathi drashya badalaayu hatoo. aaa "hooma pantomime toy book" shreneema rajoo karvaamaa aavyaa hataa jemaa bhavya rangeen aneey sachitra chromolithographsno samaavesh thato hato, aneey teey lokpreey aavruttio bunny hatee, jaim keey temnee "sundarta aneey pashu" nee chhaap.
kimmato chh pencemaa vechaata saral ramkadaanaa pustakothi maandine vistrut reete quarto kadnaa rangeen chaaltaa pustako keey jeey 5 shilingma vechaata hataa, jemaa motabhagna sheershako 1 shilling, chh pencemaa vechaata hataa. temnaa ghanaa pustako "royal picture toy books" (1 shilling, six pensani keemat), kaakee fenini "pictures too amuse with tails too pleace" shrenee (5 shileengnee keemat), "miss meerii maryhart" shrenee, "little plays phora little pipal" shrenee (julia corner dwara lakhaayeli aneey alfred henry forrester dwara sachitra), aneey temnee lokpreey "navee manohar shrenee" 1850naa daykana madhyamaa rajoo karvaamaa aavee hatee. |
deane aur betaa
deane aind sunn 19veen shatabdi kii landan prakaashan firm thee, joe 1800 key aspas sthaapit chala-yogya bachchon kii kitaaben aur khilaune kii kitaaben banaane aur badey paimaane parr utpaadan karane key liye jaani jaati thee. thomas deane ney firm kii sthaapana kii, shayed 1790 key dashak key anta mein, jisamen naveen lithographic mudran prakriyaaen laaee gaeen. jaba taka unake bete george 1847 mein bhagidar baney, taba taka yeh firm landan mein bachchon kii naveenata pustakon kii pramukh prakaashak thee. yeh firm pahali baar shatabdi kii shuruat mein threadneadle street parr sthit thee; yeh shatabdi key madhya mein ludgate hill mein sthanantarit hoe gaee, aur phir 1871 seey 1890 taka fleet street mein chully gaee. 20 veen shatabdi key madhya mein firm ney deane kii classics shrinkhala mein anid blyton aur bachchon kii classics kii pustaken prakaashit keen.
deane aind sunn bachchon key liye popp-upp pustaken pesh karane vaali pahali companiyon mein seey ack theen-jinhen way badee sankhya mein prakaashit karane mein saksham they. 1860 key dashak mein unhone ack tab kheenchkar aur chitron koo sthanantarit karke "sajeev chitra" pustakon kaa aavishkaar kiya, "animated". unaki "pentomime kitaaben" aisee kitaaben theen jahan chitron mein drishya badal gaye they, joe vibhinn prishth aakaron key upayog seey banaae gaye they. inn pustakon mein utkeern chitra (1790 mein germany mein vikasit takneek kaa upayog karke) they joe usa samay bhavya roop seey haath seey rung diye gaye they. 1850 key dashak key anta taka unhone 200 seey adhik sheershak prakaashit kiye, pratyek pustak samaan aakar kii thee, pratyek kii laagat chhah pence thee.
pustakon key vishay vastu pariyon kii kahaaniyon seey laker maanav-roop seey vikasit jaanvaron key baare mein kahaaniyon seey laker "robbinson cruso" jaisi prasiddh kahaaniyon taka bhinn they. aam taur parr, kitaaben upadeshaatmak honey yaa nirdesh pradaan karane key bajaay manoranjan karane key liye theen, halanki unaki kuchh kitaaben, jaise "deane kii chala kutton kii party", uchch varg key victorian varg vibhajan koo darshaati theen aur samajik rujhaanon koo sikhaati theen.
kitaaben banaana mahanga thaah unhein laterpress parr mudrit kiya jaataa thaa, phir "pockoir" stancil vidhi mein haath seey rangaa jaataa thaa, aur sambhavatah seemit sanskaranon mein mudrit kiya jaataa thaa. phir bhee, yeh firm 19veen shatabdi key uttaraardh taka mudrit chala pustakon key 50 shirshakon key saath badey paimaane parr chalati chitra pustakon koo laane vaali pahali company thee, jisase way inn pustakon key pramukh prakaashak bunn gaye.
bachchon koo chalane yogya kitaaben manoranjak lageen aur unhein chatur tantra key saath khelane key liye prerit kiya gayaa, deane kii karyashalaon mein vibhinn naveen prakaar key tantra taiyar kiye gaye. "peep show" shally mein sachitra drishyon key khandon koo kaatna, dher karna aur phir samtal modana shamil thaa. prishth koo ghumaane seey sanlagn ribbon koo kheencha gayaa aur ack tri-ayami drishya saamane aaya. "jeevit chitra" koo prishth parr drishya key vibhinn hisson koo sthanantarit karane yaa "sajeev" karane key liye ack tab kheenchkar animated kiya gayaa thaa. "pentomime books" alag-alag aakaron key prishthon key saath banaai gaee theen; ack prishth koo ghumaane seey drishya badal gayaa. inhen "home pentomime toy book" shrinkhala mein jaari kiya gayaa thaa jisamen shandar rangeen aur sachitra chromolithograph shamil they, aur lokpriya sanskaran bunn gaye, jaise kii "saundarya aur janwar" kii unaki chhapaai.
moolya nirdhaaran chhah pence mein bikane vaali sadharan khilauna pustakon seey laker vistrit roop seey chauthai aakar kii rangeen chalati pustakon taka 5 shilling mein bikati hain, jisamen adhikansh sheershak 1 shilling, chhah pence mein bikate hain. unaki kaee pustaken "royal picture toy books" (1 shilling, sixpense kii keemat), chaachi fanny kii "pictures too amuse vid tails too pliz" shrinkhala (5 shilling kii keemat), "miss mairi maryhart" shrinkhala, "little peepal key liye chhote naatak" shrinkhala (julia corner dwara likhit aur alfred heinry forrester dwara sachitra), aur unaki lokpriya "naee sunder shrinkhala" jaise naamon key saath ack shrinkhala mein bechi gaeen, joe 1850 key dashak key madhya mein shuru kii gaee thee. |
deane mattu maga
deane & sunn 19neey shatamaanada london prakashana samstheyaagiddu, 1800rahra sumaarige sthaapisalaada calisaballa makkala pustakagalu mattu aatike pustakagala tayaarike mattu saamuhika utpaadanege hesaruvaasiyaagide. thamus deane samstheyu bahushah 1790rahra dashakada koneyalli sthaapaneyaayitu, idu naveena shilamudrana mudrana prakriyegalannu tanditu. avara maga georg avaru 1847ralli paludaranaguva hottige, samstheyu landannalli hosa makkala pustakagala pramukha prakaashakaraagiddaru. ee samstheyu modalu shatamaanada aarambhadalli threadneadle beediyalli nelegondittu; idu shatamaanada madhyabhaagadalli ludgate bettakke sthalaantaragonditu, mattu nantara 1871 rinda 1890 ravarege fleet streetge sthalaantaragonditu. 20 neey shatamaanada madhyabhaagadalli samstheyu deane classic saranialli enid blyton mattu makkala classic pustakagalannu prakatisitu.
deane mattu sunn makkaligaagi pop-up pustakagalannu parichayisida modala samsthegalalli ondaagiddu, avugalannu avaru hecchina sankhyeyalli prakatisalu saadhyavaayitu. 1860rahra dasakadalli avaru tab annu eleyuva mattu chitragalannu chalisuva moolaka "animated" "jeevanta chitra" pustakagalannu kanduhididaru. avara "pantomime pustakagalu" chitragalallina drashyagalannu badalaayisuva pustakagalaagiddavu, vividha puta gatragala balakeyinda rachisalpattavu. pustakagalannu kettida vivaranegalu (1790ralli germaniyalli abhivraddhipadisida tantragyaanavannu balasikondu) niroopisiddavu, avu aaga addooriyaagi kaiyinda banna balasidavu. 1850rahra dashakada antyada velege avaru 200kkoo hecchu shirshikegalannu prakatisidaru, prati pustakavu samaana gatraddagiddu, pratiyondakkoo aaru pence vechchavaaguttade.
ee pustakagala vishayavastugalu kaalpanika kathegalinda hididu maanavashaastrada pranigala bagegina kathegalavarege, "robbinson cruso" nantaha prasiddha kathegalavarege vaividhyamayavaagive. samanyavagi, pustakagalu upadeshaatmakavaagiruvudaki hechchaagi manaranjane athawa soochanegalannu needuva uddeshavannu hondiddavu, aadaagyoo avara kelavu pustakagalaada "deanes movable dogs party", melvargada victorian varga vibhagagalannu torisitu mattu samajika roodhigalannu kalisitu.
pustakagalannu tayaarisuvudu dubariyagittuhu avugalannu letter presnelli mudrisalaaguttittu, nantara "pokoir" koreyacchu vidhaanadalli kaiyinda banna baliyalaaguttittu mattu bahushah seemita aavruttigalalli mudrisalaaguttittu. aadaagyoo, 19neey shatamaanada uttaraardhada velege mudrisalaada calisaballa pustakagala 50 shirshikegalannu hondi, ee samstheyu saamuhika maarukattege chalisuva chitra pustakagalannu tanda modala samstheyaagide, idu ee pustakagala pramukha prakashakaragiddare.
makkalu calisaballa pustakagalannu manaranjaneyagi kandaru mattu buddhivanta kaaryavidhaanagalondige aadalu prerepisalpattaru, deane karyagaragalalli vividha naveena reetiya karyavidhanagalannu vinyaasagolisalaayitu. "peep show" shailiyu sachitra drashyagala vibhagagalannu kattarisuvudu, jodisuvudu mattu nantara madachuvudannu olagondittu. putavannu tirugisuvudarinda lagattisalaada ribbon annu eleyalaayitu mattu mooru aayaamada drashyavu kaanisikonditu. "putadalliruva drashyada vividha bhagagalannu chalisalu athawa "animate" maadalu tab annu eleyuva moolaka "jeevanta chitragalu" animated aagive. "pantomime pustakagalu" vividha gatragala putagalondige tayaarisalpattavu; putavannu tirugisuvudarinda drashyavu badalaayitu. ivugalannu "home pantomime aatike pustaka" saranialli bidugade maadalaayitu, idaralli bhavyavaada bannada mattu sachitra varnaranjita varnaranjitagalu seriddavu mattu avugala "soundarya mattu mruga" dha mudranadantaha janapriya aavruttigalaadavu.
aaru pensge maaratavaada sarala aatike pustakagalinda hididu 5 shillinggalige maaratavaada vistaaravaada quarto gatrada bannada chalisuva pustakagalavarege belegalu badalaaguttiddavu, hecchina shirshikegalu 1 shilling, aaru pensge maaraatavaagiddavu. avara aneka pustakagalu "raayal picture aatike pustakagalu" (1 shilling, six pence bele), chikkamma fanny avara "picture tuu enjuet tuu tales tuu pleases" saranigalu, (5 sillinggala bele), "miss merrie merrihart" sarani, "little pipalgagi little plays" saranigalu (julia corner baredu alfred henry forrester chithrisida), mattu 1850 rahra dashakada madhyabhaagadalli parichayisalaada avara janapriya "hosa sundara sarani" galantaha hesarugalondige saranialli maaraatavaadavu.
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deane aanee mulga
deane andd sunn hii 19vya shatkatil londonchi prakashan sanstha hotee, jee 1800 chya sumaras sthapan jhaleli, halavata yenyajogi mulanchi pustake aanee khelanyanchi pustake tayar karnyasathi aanee mothya pramanat tayar karnyasathi prasiddha hotee. thomas deane yanni kadachit 1790 chya uttaradhat yaa sansthechi sthapana kelee, jyamule tyat navinyapurn lithographic mudran prakriya aanalya gelya. tyancha mulga george haah 1847 madhye bhagidar jhaala toparyant hii company londonmadhil naveen mulanchya pustakanchi pramukh prakashak hotee. hii company shatkachya suruvatila threadnidal rastyavar hotee; tee shatkachya madhyat loodgate tekadivar aanee nantar 1871 teey 1890 paryant fleet streetwar halavanyat aalee. 20 vya shatkachya madhyat companyne deanchya abhijat malikanmadhye enid blyton aanee mulansathichya abhijat pustake prakashit kelee.
deane aanee sunn yaa mulansathi popp-up pustake sadar karananya pahilya kampanyanpaiki eka hotya-jee teey mothya sankhyene prakashit karoo shakale. 1860 chya dashakat tyanni eka tab khechoon aanee chitre halavoon 'sajeev chitra' pustake, 'animated' shodhali. tyanchi 'pantomime pustake' hii ashee pustake hotee, jyat vegvegalya prushthanchya aakaranchya vaparane tayar keleli chitre badalali hotee. yaa pustakanmadhye koraleli chitre (1790 madhye germanymadhye vikasit kelelya tantradnyanacha vapar karoon) hotee, jee tyaveli hatanni rangavaleli hotee. 1850 chya dashakachya akheris tyanni 200 hoon adhik shirshake prakashit kelee, pratyek pustak samaan aakarache hote, pratyek pustak sahaa penceche hote.
yaa pustakancha vishay parikathanpasun teey manavvanshvadi pranyanvishayichya kathanparyant, 'robbinson cruso' sarkhya suprasiddha kathanparyant vegala hota. sadharanpane, hii pustake upadeshatmak kinwa soochana pradan karnyaivaji manoranjan karnyasathi hotee, jaree tyanchi kahee pustake, jase qee "deanchya halnyayogya kutryanchya party" madhye uchchavargiy victorian varg vibhagani darshavili gelee aanee samajik rudhee shikavalya gelya.
pustake tayar karane mahagade hoteh tee patrapatrikevar chhapali jaat asat, nantar 'pocour' stancil paddhatine hatane rangavali jaat asat aanee bahudha maryadit aavrutyanmadhye chhapali jaat asat. tathapi, 19 vya shatkachya uttaradhat chhapil 50 paryant halavata yenyajogya pustakanchi shirshake asaleli chitranchi pustake sarvajanik bajarpethet aananari hii company pahili hotee, jyamule tyaa yaa pustakanche agraganya prakashak banalya.
mulanna halavata yenyajogi pustake manoranjak vatali aanee tyanna chatur yantrananshi khelanyasathi prerit kele gele, deanchya karyashalanmadhye vividh navinyapurn prakarchya yantrananchi rachana karnyat aalee. "peep shhow' shailimadhye sachitra drushyanche vibhag kapoon, ekatra karane aanee nantar sapat dumadane samavisht hote. prushth firavalyamule sanlagn fiti khechali gelee aanee eka trimiteey drushya samore aale. "prushthavaril drushyache vividh bhag halavanyasathi kinwa 'sajeev' karnyasathi tab khechoon 'jiwant chitre' animated kelee gelee. "vegvegalya aakaranchya panansah 'pantomime books' tayar kelee jaat hotee; prushth firavalyamule drushya badalale. heey 'hoome pantomime toy book' maliket prakashit karnyat aale hote jyat bhavya rangeet aanee sachitra chromolithographscha samavesh hota aanee tyanchya 'saundarya aanee prani' chya chhapaisarkhya lokpriy aavrutya banalya.
sahaa pensala vikalya jaananya sadhya khelanyanchya pustakanpasun teey 5 shillingla vikalya gelelya vistratpane chaturthansh aakarachya rangeet halana pustakanparyant kimmati badalat hotya, jyat bahutansh shirshake 1 shilling, sahaa pensala vikali jaat hotee. tyanchi anek pustake 'royal picture toy books' (1 shilling, six pence kimmatichi), mavashi fannychi 'plij too tails' malika, (5 shilling kimmatichi), 'miss merrie maryhart' malika, 'little pipalsathi little plays' malika (julia cornerne lihileli aanee alfried heinry forresterne sachitra keleli) aanee 1850 chya dashakachya madhyat sadar keleli tyanchi lokpriy 'naveen nisargaramya malika' yasarkhya navanchya malikanmadhye vikali gelee. |
deane rar chhora
dinn anned sunn 19 aun shatabdiko london prakashan ferm thiyo, june 1800 ko asapas sthapit chalyogya balbalikako pustak rar khelauna pustakharu banauna rar samuhik utpadanka lagi parichit thiyo. thomas dinle farmako sthapana gare, sambhawatah 1790 ko dashakko uttarardhama, yasama naveen lithographic printing prakriyaharu lyaundai. sann 1847 maa unka chhora george sajhedar bannubhaesamma, yo ferm londonma nayan ball pustakharuko pramukh prakashak thiyo. yo ferm pahilo patak shatabdiko suruma threadnidal stritma awasthit thiyo; yo shatabdiko madhyama ludget hilma sareko thiyo, rar tyasapachhi 1871 dekhi 1890 samma fleet stritma sareko thiyo. 20 aun shatabdiko madhyama farmale dinko classic shrinkhalama anid blyton rar balbalikako classic pustakharu prakashit garyo.
dinn rar chhora bachchaharuka lagi pup-up pustakharu prastut garne pahilo farmaharu madhye ek thie-jaslai uniharule thulo sankhyama prakashit garna saksham bhae. sann 1860 ko dashakma uniharule tab tandai rar chitraharu sardai "jiwanta chitra" pustakharu, "animated" awishkar gare. tiniharuko "pantomime pustakharu" pustakharu thie jahaan chitraharuma drishyaharu pariwartan bhae, vibhinna prishtha akarharuko prayogdwara sirjana gariyo. pustakharu utkirna chitraharu (sann 1790 maa germanyma wiksit prawidhi prayog garera) dwara chitrit thie june tyasapachhi bhawya rupma hatle rung garieko thiyo. sann 1850 ko dashakko antyasammama uniharule 200 bhanda badhi shirshakharu prakashit gare, pratyek pustak saman akarko thiyo, pratyekko lagat chha pence thiyo.
pustakharuko vishayavastu pari kathaharudekhi liera manav-nirmit janawarharuka kathaharusamma, "robinson cruso" jasta prasidha kathaharusamma bhinna thiyo. samanyataya, pustakharu upadeshatmak huna wa nirdeshan pradan garnuko satta manoranjan garnaka lagi thie, yadyapi tiniharuko kehi pustakharu, jastai "dinko chall kukur party" ley uccha wargako victorian warga vibhajanharu dekhae rar samajik rulsharu sikae.
pustakharu banauna mahango thieh tiniharu laterpresma chhapieka thie, tyasapachhi "pocoyer" stancil vidhima hatle rung garieko thiyo, rar sambhawatah simit sanskaranharuma chhapieko thiyo. jey hose, ferm 19 aun shatabdiko uttarardhama printma sarne pustakharuko 50 shirshakharu bhaeko samuhik bajarma sarne chitra pustakharu lyaune pahilo thiyo, jasle tiniharulai yee pustakharuko agrani prakashak banayo.
balbalikaharule sarne pustakharu manoranjanatmak pae rar chatur sanyantraharusanga khelna prerit bhae, dinko karyashalaharuma vibhinna prakarka naveen sanyantraharu design garieko thiyo. "pip show" shailima chitrit drishyaharuko khandaharu katne, stacking garne rar tyasapachhi samatal tahaharu samawesh thie. prishtha ghumaunda sanlagna ribbon tanieko thiyo rar tri-ayamik drishya dekha paryo. "prishthama drishyaka vibhinna bhagharu sarna wa "animate" garna tab tandai "jiwit chitraharu" animated garieko thiyo. "pantomime pustakharu" vibhinna akarka prishthaharudwara banaieka thie; prishtha ghumaunda drishya pariwartan bhayo. yee "home pantomime toya book" shringkhalama jaari garieko thiyo jasma bhawya rangin rar sachitra chromolithographharu samawesh thie, rar lokpriya sanskaranharu bane, jastai tiniharuko "saundarya rar janawar" ko mudran.
mulya nirdharan chha pensma bikri hune sadharan khelauna pustakharubata wistrit rupma quarto akarka rangin gatishil pustakharu 5 silingma bikri hune, jasma adhikansh shirshakharu 1 silling, chha pensma bikri hune gari bhinna thiyo. uniharuka dherai pustakharu "royal picture toya bukharu" (1 silling, sikspensko mulya), anty fannyko "pictures too amused tails too pliz" shringkhala, (5 silingharuma mulya), "miss merry maryhart" shringkhala, "litil plays ferr little pipal" shringkhala (julia karnardwara likhit rar alfred heinry foresterdwara chitran garieko), rar uniharuko lokpriya "nayan prakritik shringkhala" jasta namharuko shringkhalama bechieka thie june 1850 ko dashakko madhyama suru garieko thiyo. | dinn ebong pua
dinn anded sunn eka 19shaa shatabdir london prakashan sanstha thila, jaahaa 1800 masiha belaku sthapita heuthiba chalachanchal shishu pustaka ebong khelana pustaka tiari ebong byapaka utpadana paain janashuna thila. thamas dinn ehi sanstha pratistha karithile, sambhabatah 1790 dashkar shesh bhagare, jaahaa abhinaba lithographic printing prakrijaku aanithila. taanka pua george 1847 masihare anshidara heba belaku, ehi sanstha landanare abhinaba shishu pustakara pramukh prakashaka thila. ehi sansthati prathame shatabdir prarambhare threadnidal street ray abasthita thila; ehaa shatabdir madhyabhagare ludget pahadaku sthanantarita hoithila, ebong parey 1871 ru 1890 parjyanta flit street ku sthanantarita hoithila. binsha shatabdir madhyabhagare sanstha dinnka classic sirijare anid blyton ebong pilamananka classic pustaka prakash karithila .
pilamananka paain pop-up pustaka prabartana karibare dinn ebong pua pratham company madhyaru anyatama thile-jaahaaku semane bahu sankhyare prakash karibare sakhyama hoithile . 1860 dashakare semane eka tab taani ebong chitragudiku ghunchai "jibanta chitra" pustaka udbhabana karithile, "animated". semanankara "pentomime pustaka" pustaka thila jeunthare chitrare drushyagudika badalithila, bibhinna prustha akarara byabahara dwara srusti . pustakagudika khodita chitra (1790 masihare germanyre bikashita prajuktibidya byabahara curry) dwara chinhita hoithila jaahaa setebele adambarapurna bhabare haata-ranga thila . 1850 dashkar shesh suddha semane semane adhika shirshaka prakash karithile, pratyeka pustaka samaana akarara thila, jahara mulya chhaa pence thila.
ehi pustakara bishajabastu parikatha thaaru arambha curry nrutatwika praneenka kahani parjyanta, "robbinson cruso" bhali janashuna kahani parjyanta bhinna bhinna thila. sadharanatah, pustakagudika upadeshatmaka heba kimba nirdesh pradan kariba paribarte manoranjan kariba paain uddista thila, jadio semanankara kichhi pustaka, jepariki "dinn 'saas mubhebal dogs party", uccha berg bictorian berg bibhajanaku darshaithila ebong samajika reetineeti sikhya deithila .
pustakagudika tiari kariba byajabahula thilah segudika later presare mudrita heuthila, taa 'parey "pokoyara" stancil paddhatire haatare ranga karajauthila, ebong sambhabatah seemita sanskaranare mudrita heuthila . tathapi, ehi sanstha sarbaprathama chalachanchal chitra pustakagudiku zohn bajaraku aanithila, jahara 19shaa shatabdir sheshardha suddha mudranare mudranare parjyanta chalachanchal pustakara shirshaka thila, jaahaa semananku ehi pustakgudikara agrani prakashaka karithila.
pilamane chalachanchal pustakagudiku manoranjanakari maneh karithile ebong chatur pranali sahita kheliba paain prerita hoithile, dinnka karmasalare bibhinna abhinaba prakarara pranali design karajaithila . "pip shoe" saileere chitrajita drushyara bibhagagudiku katiba, stack kariba ebong taa 'parey flat folding antarbhukta . prusthaku ghunchaideba phalare sanlagna fitati taani niajaithila ebong eka trimatrika drushya samnaku asithila. "prusthare drushyara bibhinna anshaku sthanantara kariba kimba "animated" kariba paain eka tab taani "jibanta chitra" animated karajaithila . "pentomime pustaka" bibhinna akarara prusthagudika sahita tiari karajaithila; eka prusthaku badalaiba dwara drushyati badaligala . egudika "home pantomime khelana pustaka" shrunkhalare muktilabha karithila jeunthire chamatkara rangina ebong sachitra chromolithograph antarbhukta thila, ebong lokpriya sanskaranare parinata hoithila, jepariki semanankara "saundarjya ebong pashu" rahr mudrana .
mulya bhinna bhinna thila, sadharana khelana pustakagudika chhaa pensre bikri heuthila, ebong bistruta bhabe chaturthansha akarara rangina chalachanchal pustakagudika 5 silingare bikri heuthila, jeunthire adhikansha shirshaka 1 silinga, chhaa pensre bikri heuthila. semanankara aneka pustaka "rayal picture khelana pustaka" (1 silinga, sixpenses mulya), mausi fyaninka "khusi kariba paain kahani sahita manoranjan kariba paain chitra", (5 silinga mulya), "miss merrie maryhart" sirij, "little pipple paain chhot nataka" sirij (julia karnara dwara likhita ebong alfred henry farestaranka dwara chitrita), ebong 1850 dashkar madhyabhagare prabartita semanankara lokpriya "nutan prakrutika sirij" bhali naama sahita eka shrunkhalare bikri hoithila .
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deane atey puttar
deane aind sunn 19veen sadee dee london publishing ferm see, joe 1800 dey aas paas sathapit keeti gaee bacchiaan deeaan challan yog kitaban atey khidoniaan deeaan kitaban banaun atey vadde paddhar 'teey tiaar curran laee jaanhi jaandi see. thamas deane neey iss ferm dee sathapana keeti, shayed 1790 dey dahake dey akheer witch, jiss neey iss witch navintakari lithographic printing prakiriaavan liaandiaan. jadon takk uss daa puttar jaaraj sann 1847 witch ikk bhaiwal baniaa, ih company london witch bacchiaan deeaan naviaan kitaban daa pramukh parkashak see. ih ferm pahili vaar sadee dey shuru witch threadneedal street utte sathit see; ih sadee dey maddh witch ludgate pahadi witch chalee gaee, atey firr 1871 toon 1890 takk fleet street witch chalee gaee. 20 veen sadee dey maddh witch ferm neey deane dee classic luddy witch annied blitton atey bacchiaan deeaan classic kitaban prakashit keetiaan.
deane atey puttar bacchiaan laee popp-upp kitaban pesh curran valiaan pahiliaan farman vicchon ikk sunn-jinhan noon uh vaddi ginti witch prakashit curran dey yog sunn. 1860 dey dahake witch uhanan neey ikk taib khich keey atey tasviran noon hilla keey "jeevant tasveer" kitaban dee kaadh kaddhi, "animated". uhanan deeaan "pantomime kitaban" uh kitaban sunn jitthe vakkh-vakkh panniaan dey akaar dee varton duaara banaae gaye drish chittran witch badal gaye sunn. kitaban noon ukkre hoye chittran (1790 witch germany witch vikast keeti gaee technology dee varton karde hoye) duaara darsaiaa giaa see joe udon shandar hatth naal rangdar sunn. 1850 dey dahake dey ant takk uhanan neey 200 toon vaddh sirlekh prakashit keete, harek kitaab barabar akaar dee see, jiss dee keemat chhe pannes see.
kitaban dey vishiaan witch parii kathavan toon lae keey, manav-sambandhi janwaran baare kahaniaan toon lae keey "robinson cruso" vargiaan prasidh kahaniaan takk vibhinn hunn. aam taur utte, kitaban updeshak jaan sikkhiaa pardan curran dee bajaae manoranjan laee hundiaan sunn, halanki unhan deeaan kujh kitaban, jiven kii "deane dee movebal dogs party", ucch varag dey victorian varag deeaan vandan noon darsaundiyan sunn atey smajik reeti-rivajan noon sikhaundiyan sunn.
kitaban banauna mahinga seeuuu uh latterpress utte chhapiaan jandiaan sunn, firr "pocoir" stancil vidhi witch hatth naal rangi hundiaan sunn, atey sambhav taur utte seemat sanskarnan witch chhapiaan jandiaan sunn. firr vee, ih company sabh toon pahilan 19veen sadee dey addh takk print witch 50 takk challan yog kitaban dey sirlekh rakkh keey, jantak baazaar witch challan valiaan tasviran valiaan kitaban liaun vaali pahili company see, jiss naal uh inhan kitaban dey pramukh parkashak bann gaye.
bacchiaan noon challan yog kitaban manoranjak laggiaan atey unhan noon chatur tantar naal khedan laee prerit keeta giaa, deane deeaan workshopan witch vakkh-vakkh navintakari kisman dey tantar tiaar keete gaye sunn. "peep shoa" shaili witch chittrit drishan dey bhagan noon kattna, stack karna atey firr flat noon folding karna shamal see. safe noon moden naal attaching ribbon khichiaa giaa atey ikk tinn-ayami drish sahmane aaiaa. "jioonde chittran" noon safe utte drish dey vakkh-vakkh hissiaan noon lijaan jaan "animate" curran laee ikk taib khich keey animate keeta giaa see. "pantomime kitaban" vakkh-vakkh akaar dey panniaan naal banaiaan gaeeaan sunn; ikk panne noon badlan naal drish badal giaa. ih "home pantomime toy book" luddy witch jaari keete gaye sunn jiss witch shandar rangdar atey sachitra chromolithograph shamal sunn, atey prasidh sanskaran bann gaye, jiven kii "sundarta atey janwar" dee chhapai.
mull sadharan khidoniaan deeaan kitaban toon lae keey vistrit roop naal quarto akaar deeaan rangeen chaldi kitaban joe 5 shilingan witch vikdiaan hunn, ziaadaatar sirlekh 1 shilling, chhe painsan witch vikade hunn. unhan deeaan bahut saariaan kitaban ikk luddy witch vechiaan gaeeaan sunn jiven kii "shaahi tasveer khidona kitaban", (1 shilling, chhe pannes dee keemat), maasi fanny deeaan "chittran naal khush curran laee kahaniaan naal manoranjan curran laee" luddy, (5 shilling dee keemat), "miss mairi marihart" luddy, "chhote lokan laee chhote natak" luddy (julia carner duaara likhi gaee atey alfried hannery forester duaara darsaiaa giaa), atey unhan dee prasidh "naveen sunder luddy" 1850 dey dahake dey maddh witch pesh keeti gaee see. | dean tathaa putrah
dean end sunn 19 shataabdyaah landan-nagarasya prakashanasamstha aasit, yaa 1800 tame varshe sthaapitasya chalaniyanam balanam pustakanam, kridangananam cha pustakanam nirmanartham, saamoohik-utpadanartham cha prasidhah aasit. thaamas dean ityayam samsthaam sthapitavan, sambhawatah 1790 tame dashakasy ante, nootanaani lithographic-mudranaprakriyam cha aanayan. yadaa tasya putrah jaarj 1847 tame varshe sahabhaagi abhavat, tadaa eshaa samsthaa landan-nagare nutananam balanam pustakanam pramukhah prakashika aasit. asya samsthaayaah sthapana prathamavaaram shataabdyaah aarambhe thread-needil-veethi-madhye abhavat; shataabdyaah madhyabhaage ludget-parvatam prati, tatah 1871 taha 1890 paryantam fleet-veethi-prati cha gatam. 20 shataabdyaah madhyabhaage samsthaayaah dean ityasya classic-shrunkhalaayaam anid-blatton ityasya tathaa balanam classic-pustakaani prakashitani.
dean tathaa sunn ityetaah balanam krute paap-up-pustakaani pravartayantah prathameshu samsthaasu anyatama aasan-ye cha te bahusankhyayam prakaashayitum samarthah abhavan. 1860 tame dashake te "sajeevachitraani" pustakaani aavishkrutya, tyab-akrutya chitraani chaalayan "animated" iti pustakaani aavishkrutya krutavantah. teshaam "pentamaim-pustakaani" pustakaani aasan yatra chitreshu drushyaani parivartitaani, vibhinna-prushta-akaranam upayogena nirmitaani. pustakaani utkeern-chitraihi (1790 tame varshe germany-deshe vikasita-tantrajnaanasya upayogena) varnitaah aasan, ye tadaa bhavyatayaa hastavarnayuktaah aasan. 1850 tamasya dashakasy ante te 200 taha adhikaani sheershakaah prakaashitavantah, pratyekasmin samaan-aakaarasy pustakasya moolyam shut-pence aasit.
pustakanam vishayavastuh parikathanam, maanav-rupikruta-pashunam kathanam, "rabinson krooso" ityadinam prasiddhakathaah yaavat bhinnah aasit. samanyataya, pustakaani upadeshatmakani vaa nirdeshaani vaa naa bhutva manoranjanaartham aasan, yadyapi teshaam kechan pustakaani, yathaa "deans movable dogs party", ucchavargasya victorian-varga-vibhaajanaani darshayanti, samajika-acharan cha bodhayanti sma.
pustakaani nirmaatum mahataah aasan-te later-press ityatra mudritaah, tatah "pokoyir" stensil-vidhyaa hastavarnitaah, praayah seemita-samskaraneshu mudritaah cha aasan. tathaapi, 19 shataabdyaah uttaraardhaparyantam mudrite chalaniyanam pustakanam 50 sheershakaah aasan, evam te etaan pustakanam pramukha-prakaashakaah abhavan, tathaa eva samsthaa janavipanyaam chalachitrapustakaan aanayan prathamavatee.
baalakaah chalaneeyaani pustakaani manoranjakaani manyante sma, chatura-tantraih saha kreedayitum preritaah cha aasan, dean ityasya karyashalasu vividhaah naveena-prakaraha tantraani parikalpitaah aasan. "peep sho" shailyaah chitrita-drushyaanaam khandaan karshya, stupanam, tatah cha samatalam mandranm cha aasit. prushtam parivartayitvaa sanlagnak-ribbon apasaaritam, tri-aayaami-drushyam api prakatitam. "prushthe drushyasya bhinnan bhagan sthaanaantarayitum athavaa "sajeevam" kartum tyab-dwara taan taan "sajeevaani chitraani" iti yanimated-krutaani aasan. "pentamaim-pustakaani" vividha-aakaar-prushtaihi nirmitaani aasan, prushtam parivartanena drushyam parivartitam. etaaha "home pentamaim-taay-book" shrunkhalaayaam pradarshitaah, yeshu bhavyavarnayuktaah sachitraani cha chromolithograph-pustakaani aasan, tathaa cha "saundaryasya mrugasya" mudranam ityadini lokapriyaani samskaranaani abhavan.
mulyanirdharanam, chhah pensu-krute vikritanam saral-creedaa-pustakanam apekshayaa, 5 shiling-krute vikritanam vistrutaroopena chaturthaamsha-aakaarasy varna-chalanta-pustakanam yaavat, bhinnam aasit, yatra adhikaamshaah sheershakaah 1 shiling, chhah pensu-krute vikreeyante sma. teshaam bahavah pustakaani "rayal picture-taay-books" (1 shiling, six-pence iti moolyam), antie-fenny ityasya "pictures too amjuyet kathaas too plees" iti shrunkhalayaa (5 shillings iti moolyam), "miss-merry-maryhart" iti shrunkhalaa, "litil-peepal-krute litil-places" iti shrunkhalaa (julia-carner ityanena likhitaa tathaa alfred-heinry-forrester ityanena sachitritaa), tathaa cha 1850 tamasya dashakasy madhyabhaage pravartita teshaam lokapriy-"nyoo-sariness-shrunkhalaa" ityaadibhih namna vikreeyant.
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deane & magan
deane & suunn 19 aam noottraandin lundon veliyeettu niruvanamaagum, idhu 1800 aam aandil niruvapatta nagarakkoodiya kuzhandhaigal puththagangkal mattrum pommai puththagangkalai thayaariththu vegujana urpaththi seivathil migavum pirabalamaanathu. thamas deane niruvanatthai niruvinaar, anegamaaga 1790 kalin pirpaguthiyil, puthumaiyaana lithographic achchidum seyalmuraigalaik kondu vanthaar. avarathu magan jaarj 1847 ill oru koottaaliyaaga maarum neraththil, inththa niruvanam landanil puthumaiyaana kuzhandhaigal puththagangkalin munnani veliyeettaalaraaka irunththathu. inththa niruvanam muthalil noottraandin thodakkaththil threadneatle theruvil amainthirunthathu; idhu noottraandin naduppaguthiyil luut caded malaikkum, pinnar 1871 muthal 1890 varai fleed theruvukkum maariyathu. 20 aam noottraandin naduppaguthiyil niruvanam deanin classic thodaril enite plyton puththagangkalaiyum kuzhandhaigalin classic puththagangkalaiyum veliyittathu.
deane & suunn kuzhandhaigalukkaana paap-app puththagangkalai arimugappaduththiya muthal niruvanangalil ontraakum-avai adhiga ennikkaiyil veliyida mudinthathu. 1860kazhil avarkal oru thaavalai izhuththu padangkalai nagarththuvathan moolam "uyirulla padam" puththagangkalaik kandupidiththanar, "animation" seithanar. avarkalin "paendamaim puththagangkal" enbathu vevvaeru pakka alavugalaip payanpaduththi uruvaakkappatta padangkalil kaatchigalai maattrum puththagangkalaakum. inththa puththagangkal porikkapatta vilakkappadangkalaal (1790 aam aandil germanyil uruvaakkappatta tholilnutpaththaip payanpaduththi) vagaippaduththappattana, avai appoathu aadambaramaaga kaii vannamaaga irunththana. 1850kalin iruthiyil avarkal 200kkum maerpatta thalaippukalai veliyittanar, ovvoru puththagamum sama alavu kondavai, ovvondrum aaru benz selavaagum.
puththagangkalin porul visithirak kadhaigal muthal, maanudaviyal vilangkugalaip pattriya kadhaigal varai, "rabinson cruso" poantra nanku ariyapatta kadhaigal varai vaerupattathu. podhuvaaga, puththagangkal poathanaiyaagavoa allathu arivuruththalaagavoa iruppatharkup pathilaaka pozhuthupoakku alippatharkaaga irunththana, iruppinum "deanin nagarakkoodiya naaikal virunththu" poantra avarkalin sila puththagangkal uyar varkka victorian varkka pirivugalaik kaattina, maelum samoogak koatpaadugalaik karpitthana.
puththagangkal thayaarippatharku vilai uyarnththavaiyaaga irunthanah avai letter pressil achchidappattana, pinnar "poachaayar" stensil muraiyil kaii vannaththil achchidappattana, maelum perumpaalum varaiyarukappatta pathippukalil achchidappattana. iruppinum, 19 aam noottraandin pirpaguthiyil achidappatta 50 nagarum puththagangkalin thalaippukalaik kondu, vegujana santhaikku nagarum pada puththagangkalaik konduvandha muthal niruvanam idhuvaagum, ithanaal inththa puththagangkalin munnani veliyeettaalargalaaka avai maarina.
kuzhandhaigal nagarakkoodiya puththagangkalai pozhuthupoakkaagak kandanar, maelum puththisaalithanamaana vazhimuraigaludan vilaiyaada thoondappattanar, palvaeru puthumaiyaana vagaiyaana vazhimuraigal deanin pattaraikalil vadivamaikkappattana. "peep show" paani vilakkapatta kaatchigalin pirivugalai vetti, adukki, pinnar thattaiyaaga madikkirathu. pakkaththaith tiruppiyathaal inaikkum ribbon izhukkappattu mupparimaanak kaatchi thoantriyathu. "uyirulla padangkal" oru thaavalai izhuththu pakkaththil ulla kaatchiyin vevvaeru pakuthikalai nagarththa allathu "uyirootta" seivathan moolam animation seiyappattana. "paendamaim puththagangkal" vevvaeru alavugalil pakkangkaludan seiyappattana; oru pakkaththaith tiruppiyathaal kaatchi maariyathu. ivai "hoam paendamaim pommai puththagam" thodaril veliyidappattana, idhil aadambaramaana vanna mattrum vilakkapatta chromolithographgal irunththana, maelum avai "azhagu mattrum mirugam" achchiduvathu poantra pirabalamaana pathippukalaakina.
aaru pensugalukku virkapatta eliya pommai puththagangkal muthal 5 shillingsgalukku virkapatta virivaana gwardo alavilaana vanna nagarum puththagangkal varai vilai vaerupattathu, perumpaalaana thalaippukal 1 shilling, aaru pensugalukku virkappattana. avarkalin pala puththagangkal "raayal biksar pommai puththagangkal" (1 shilling, sixpense vilai), aththai fannyyin "kadhaigaludan magizhvikka padangkal", (5 shilling vilai), "miss maeri merrihard" thodar, "siriya makkalukkaana siriya naadagangal" thodar (juulia corneroll ezhuthappattu alfred hendri forrester vilakkappattullathu), mattrum 1850 kalin naduppaguthiyil arimugappaduththappatta avarkalin pirabalamaana "puthiya iyarkai kaatchigal thodar" poantra peyarkalil oru thodaril virkappattana.
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deane & koduku
deane & sunn 19va sataabdapu london prachurana samstha, 1800 loe sthaapinchabadina kadile pillala pustakaalu mariyu bommala pustakaala tayari mariyu saamuuhika utpattiki prasiddhi chendindi. thamus deane eee samsthanu sthaapinchaaru, bahusha 1790 la chivaralo, vinootna lithographic printing prakriyalanu teesukuvacchaaru. ayana kumarudu georg 1847loe bhagaswamy ayye samayaniki, eee samstha londonlo kotta pillala pustakaalaku pramukha prachuranakartagaa undedi. eee samstha modata sataabdam praarambhamlo threadneadle veedhiloo undhi; idhi sataabdam madhyalo ludgate kondaku, taruvaata 1871 nundi 1890 varaku fleet veedhiki maarindi. 20va sataabdam madhyalo samstha deane yokka classic siriisloo enid blyton mariyu pillala classicla pustakaalanu prachurinchindi.
pillala kosam pop-up pustakaalanu pravesapettina modati samsthalalo deane & sunn okati-veetini vaaru pedda sankhyalo prachurinchagaligaaru. 1860laloe vaaru oka tabnu lagadam dwara mariyu chitraalanu kadilinchadam dwara "animated" "sajeeva chitram" pustakaalanu kanugonnaru. vaari "pantomime pustakaalu" anevi chitraalalo drushyaalu maarina pustakaalu, ivi vividha paejee parimaanaala vadakam dwara srushtinchabaddaayi. aaa pustakaalu chekkina drushtaamtaalatoo (1790loe germanylo abhivruddhi chesina saanketika parignaanaanni upayoginchi) vargeekarinchabaddaayi, avi appudu vilaasavantamgaa chethitho rangulo undevi. 1850la chivari natiki vaaru 200kii paiga sheershikalanu prachurinchaaru, prati pustakam samaana parimaanamlo untundi, prati pustakam aaru pensula dharatho untundi.
eee pustakaala vishayavastuvu adbhuta kathala nundi, manavjati jantuvula gurinchi kathala varaku, "robinson cruso" vanti prasiddha kathala varaku vaividhyamgaa undhi. saadhaaranamgaa, pustakaalu upadesaatmakamgaa ledhaa bodhananu andinchadaaniki kakunda vinodam kosam uddesinchabaddaayi, ayinappatikee "deans movable dogs party" vanti vaari pustakaalu konni unnata taragati victorian taragati vibhajanalanu choopinchaayi mariyu saamaajika aacharalanu bodhinchaayi.
eee pustakaalanu tayaaru cheyadam kharidainadihi avi letter presslo mudrinchabaddaayi, taruvaata "pokoir" stensil paddhatiloo chethitho rangu veyabaddaayi mariyu bahusha parimita sanchikalalo mudrinchabaddaayi. edemaina, 19va sataabdam chivari sagam natiki mudrinchagala 50 varaku kadile pustakaala sheershikalanu kaligi, eee samstha saamuuhika marketloki kadile chitra pustakaalanu teesukuvacchina modati samstha, eee pustakaala pramukha prachuranakartagaa nilichindi.
pillalu kadile pustakaalanu vinodaatmakamgaa kanugonnaru mariyu telivaina yantraamgaalato aadataaniki prerepinchabaddaaru, deane varkshaaplalo vividha vinootna rakaala yantraamgaalu roopondinchabaddaayi. "peep show" shaililo sachitra drushyaala vibhaagaalanu kattirinchadam, pettelu veyadam, aapai madata pettadam vantivi undevi. paejeeni tippadam valla attaching ribbon laagabadindi mariyu trimiteeya drushyam kanipinchindi. "sajeeva chitraalu" anevi paejeelooni sannivesamloni vividha bhaagaalanu taralinchadaaniki ledhaa "animate" cheyadaaniki oka tabnu lagadam dwara animate cheyabaddaayi. "pantomime pustakaalu" vividha parimaanaala paejeelatoo tayaaru cheyabaddaayi; oka paejeeni tippadam valla drushyam maarindi. ivi "home pantomime bommala pustakam" shrenilo vidudala cheyabaddaayi, indulo vilaasavantamaina rangulu mariyu sachitra chromolithographlu unnaayi, mariyu vaati "andam mariyu mrugam" mudrana vanti prajaadarana pondina sanchikalagaa marai.
aaru pensulaku ammudaina saadhaarana bommala pustakaala nundi 5 shillinglaku vikrayinchina vistrutamaina quarto parimaanamlo rangurangula kadile pustakaala varaku dhara maarutuu untundi, veetilo ekkuva sheershikalu 1 shilling, aaru pensulaku ammudayyayi. vaari aneka pustakaalu "raayal picture bommala pustakaalu" (1 shilling, six pence dhara), attha funny yokka "please tuu please kathalatho vinodabharitamaina chitraalu" syries, (5 shillingla dhara), "miss maerii merrihart" syries, "little peepul kosam little plays" syries (julia corner raasina mariyu alfred henry forrester chithreekarinchina), mariyu 1850la madhyalo pravesapettina vaari prasiddha "kotta sundaramaina syries" vanti paerlatoe oka siriisloo vikrayinchabaddaayi.
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deane aind sunn 19 wein sadee kii landan publishing farm thee juu 1800 kay aas paas qayem honay waali bachon kii qaabil harkat kitabein aur khilonon kii kitabein bananay aur baday paimanay parr tayaar karnay kay liye mashhur thee. thamas deane nay iss farm kii bunyaad rakhee shayed 1790 kii dahayi kay aakhir mein jiss nay lethographic prenting kay jadeed amal kuu iss mein laaya. jabb takk inn kaa betaa jaarj 1847 mein partner banaa yaha farm landan mein bachon kii nayee kitaabon kii mamtaz publisher thee. yaha farm pehli baar sadee kay awail mein thread needle strait parr waaqa thee. yaha sadee kay wast mein ludd gait hull mein muntaqil how gayee aur phir 1871 say 1890 takk fleet strait mein muntaqil how gayee. 20 wein sadee kay wast mein farm nay deane kii classici seerez mein aind bleton aur bachon kii classici kitabein shaye kein.
deane aind sunn bachon kay liye paap app kitabein mutaarif karaaney waali pehli farmon mein say eek thein-jinhein wah bury taadad mein shaye karnay mein kamiyab rahay. 1860 kii dahayi mein inhon nay "zindah tasveer" kii kitabein aijaad kein juu eek teeb khainch kirr aur tasavir kuu harkat day kirr "mutharik" thein. inn kii "pantwime kitabein" wah kitabein thein jehaan tasavir mein munazir badal jaatay thay juu mukhtalif safhaat kay size kay istemaal say banaye jaatay thay. inn kitaabon kii khususiyat kandah shadah akaasi (1790 mein germani mein tayaar kardah technology kaa istemaal kartay hoay) thee juu iss waqat shahana toor parr haath say rangaa hawaa thaa. 1850 kii dahayi kay aakhir takk inhon nay 200 say ziyadah enwanat shaye kiyay harr kitaab masawi size kii thee harr eek kii qeemat chh pans thee.
kitaabon kay mozua parr pariyon kii kahaniyon say lay kirr anthropomorphysed janwaron kay baaray mein kahaniyon takk "rabansan croso" jaisi maruf kahaniyon takk mukhtalif thay. aam toor parr inn kitaabon kaa maqsad tadrisi honay yaa hidayaat farahim karnay kay bajaye tafrih karnaa thaa halankah inn kii kachh kitaabon jeesay "deane kii movible ddaag paarti" mein aalee tabqe kay victoriyayi tabqe kii taqsim kuu dikhaya gayaa aur samaji aadaat sikhaye gayey.
kitabein banana mahunga thaa: wah latter prais parr chhapay jaatay thay phir "pocoir" stensil kay tareeqe say haath say rangay jaatay thay aur ghaliba mahdud edition mein chhapay jaatay thay. iss kay bawajood yaha farm sabb say pehley awami bazaar mein harkat pazeer tasveeri kitabein laanay waali thee jiss kay paas 19 wein sadee kay aakhir takk print mein harkat pazeer kitaabon kay 50 enwanat thay jiss say wah inn kitaabon kay sarkardah publisher bunn gayey.
bachon kuu chalti hoyee kitabein dall lagee aur inhein hoshiyar mechanism kay saath khelnay kay liye aamadah kiyaa gayaa deane kii workshops mein mukhtalif jadeed qasm kay mechanism design kiye gayey. "peep show" style mein tasveeri munazir kay hasoon kuu kaatna steaking aur phir fleet kuu jodna shaamil thaa. safha kuu modnay kii wajah say mansalk raban kuu kheencha gayaa aur eek sah jehti manzar saamney aayaa. "zindah tasavir" kuu safha parr manzar kay mukhtalif hasoon kuu muntaqil karnay yaa "mutharik" karnay kay liye teeb khainch kirr mutharik kiyaa gayaa thaa. "pantwime kitabein" mukhtalif size kay safhaat kay saath banayi gayee thein vovo safha kuu modnay kii wajah say manzar badal gayaa. yaha "hoam pantwime tawaye buck" seerez mein jaari kiye gayey thay jiss mein shandar rangon aur tasveeri chromolathgraph shaamil thay aur yaha maqbool edition bunn gayey jeesay kahh inn kii "khubsurati aur janwar" kii prenting.
qeematon mein saadah khilonon kii kitaabon say lay kirr chh pans mein farokhat honay waali kawart size kii rangeen harkat pazeer kitaabon takk mukhtalif hoti haine juu 5 sheeling mein farokhat hoti haine jinn mein ziyadah tarr enwanat 1 sheeling chh pans mein farokhat hotay haine. inn kii behat see kitabein "raail pakchar tawaye bucks" (1 shalang chh pans kii qeemat)yee aanti fenny kii "plays tuu plays kahaniyon kay saath tafrih karnay kay liye tasavir" seerez (5 shilling kii qeemat)yee "miss meeri meeri haart" seerez "luttle peepal kay liye luttle play" seerez (joliya kaaran kay zariye likhee gayee aur alfared hunry farster kay zariye tasveer kashee kii gayee)yee aur 1850 kii dahayi kay wast mein mutaarif karayee gayee inn kii maqbool "nayee qadarti seerez" jeesay naamon kay saath eek seerez mein farokhat hoyein.
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000537cfbe848115a0bf0e4cf1f85674e120254f863acfd89118e0b50fcb8351 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28064910 | Isidro Díaz (footballer, born 1972) |
Isidro Díaz (footballer, born 1972)
Spanish footballer
Isidro Díaz Bernabé (born 15 May 1972) is a Spanish retired footballer who played as a right midfielder.
Club career.
Born in Valencia, Díaz spent his first years as a senior in the Tercera División, with the exception of the 1992–93 season, which ended in relegation from Segunda División B with Real Zaragoza's reserves. In the summer of 1995, he was part of a group of players dubbed "The Three Amigos" – which also included his compatriots Roberto Martínez and Jesús Seba – who were brought to Wigan Athletic by club chairman Dave Whelan; he helped the team win the Third Division title two years later, with the player contributing six goals in 35 matches.
Unable to agree a new deal, Díaz left the club by mutual consent in July 1997 and signed for Wolverhampton Wanderers. He played one game for the latter, a 3–0 away defeat against Oxford United, before returning to Springfield Park later that year; his second spell with Wigan was not as successful, appearing just three times in the league before moving to Rochdale at the end of the season. Midway through 1998–99, he returned to his home country and joined FC Cartagena.
Díaz spent the following seven years in Portugal and its Segunda Liga, appearing and scoring regularly for both Leça FC (one season) and G.D. Chaves (six, where former Zaragoza and Wigan teammate Seba had already played). Aged 34, he returned to Spain and spent two years with Barakaldo CF in the third tier, after which he joined their coaching staff only to return to active shortly after for a brief spell with the reserve side.
Díaz finally retired from football at the age of 40, after playing one and a half seasons with CD Laredo in division four and one with Castro FC in the same league.
References.
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isidro 'diaz (football kheluwoi, jonmo 1972)
isidro 'diaz bernabe (jonmo 15 mey' 1972) ejon spanis owoxorprapto football kheluwoi ji ejon xufalor midfielder hisape khelisil.
clubber keriyar.
valenciat jonmogrohon koraa diyaje tercha dibhisonor jyestho hisape teur prothom bosorbur otibahito korisil, 1992-93 sijonor byotikromor xoite, ji prokrito jaragujar xongrokhito dhonor xoite segunda dibhison bir poraa proityakhyanot xomapto hoisil. 1995 sonor grishmokalot, teu "dyo thri emigus" naamor kheluoir etaa gutor ongxo aasil-zo 'too teur dexpremi robertu martinez aaru jesus sebau aasil-jaak clubber odhyokhyo debh welanor dwara wigan etholetikoloi onaa hoisil; teu dubosoror pisot doltuk tritiyo bibhagor khitap joy korat xohay korisil, kheluoijone 35 khon khelot soita go "lo orihona jugaisil.
notun sukti swakhyor koriboloi okhyom hoi, diyaje 1997 sonor julyte parosporik xonmotire clubtu eri goisil aaru wolverhampton wanderersor baabe swakhyor korisil. xei bosoror xexor faale springfield parkoloi ubhoti ohaar aagote teu oxford unitedor biruddhe 3-0ror porajoyor xoite pisorkhonor baabe etaa khel khelisil; uiganor xoite teur dwitiyo speltu imaan xofol nasil, sijonor xexot rosdeloloi juwar aagote leegot maatro tinibarhe dekha goisil. 1998-99 ror maajere teu nijor dexoloi ubhoti aahisil aaru efsi cartegenat jugdan korisil.
diyaje poroborti xaat bosor portugal aaru iyar segunda ligat otibahito korisil, lesa efsi (etaa sijon) aaru ji duyutare baabe niyomitbhabe uposthito hoisil aaru sko "ror korisil.di. sabhes (soita, zo 'too prakton jaraguja aaru uigan xotirtho sebai itimodhye khelisil). 34 bosor boyoxot teu spainoloi ubhoti aahisil aaru tritiyo storot barakaldu cfor xoite dubosor otibahito korisil, jaar pisot teu teulukor proxikhyon kormosarixokolor xoite jugdan korisil aaru kewol xongrokhito dolor xoite ek xongkhipto spelor baabe olop xomoyor pisot xokriyo hoi ubhoti aahisil.
diyaje owoxexot 40 bosor boyoxot footballor poraa owoxor loy, soturtho xakhat chidi laredur xoite der sijon aaru eke leegot custru efsir xoite etaa khel khelisil. |
isidro diaz (football kheload, jonmo 1972)
isidro diaz bernabe (jonmo 15 meey 1972) ekjon spanish abosarprapto football kheload jini ekjon dandiker midfielder hisabe khelten.
club carrier.
valencia jonmogrohonkari diaz taar prothom bochorguli terrera dibhishane senior hisabe katiechilen, 1992-93 morsum byatito, jaa asol zaragozar reserve soho segunda dibhishana bii theke abonomitite shesh hoyechilo. 1995 saaler grisse, tini "dya thri amigos" naame porichito kheloader ekti doler ongsho chhilen-jaar modhye taanr swadeshi roberto martinage ebong jesha sebao chhilen-jaader club chairman debha huilan dwara uigan athletic-ayee aanaa hoyechilo; tini dui bochor porey dolke tritiya bibhager shiropa jitote sahayata korechilen, kheloadti 35 tii matche chhoyti goal korechilen.
ekti notun chuktite sommoto hotey naa perey, diaz 1997 saaler julai maase parosporik sommotite club chhede choley zaan ebong olverhampton wandererser jonno swakkhar corren. seii bochorer shesher dike springfield parke firey aasaar agey tini oxford uniteder biruddhe 3-0 byabodhane herey porertir jonno ekti khela khelechilen; uiganer saathe taar dwitiya spell totota sofol chhilo naa, morsumer sheshe rochdale yawar agey lige matro tinbar uposthito hoyechilo. 1998-99-err majhamajhi somoye, tini taanr nijer deshe firey asen ebong fc cartagenate jog deena.
diaz poroborti shaat bochor portugal ebong err segunda liga katiechilen, leka fc (eka morsum) ebong zii ubhoyer jonno niyamita uposthito ebong score korechilen.dii. chaves (chhoyti, jekhane praktan zaragoza ebong uigan sotirtho seba itimadhye khelechilen). 34 bochor boyse tini spene firey asen ebong tritiya store baracaldo cf-err saathe dui bochor katiechilen, jaar porey tini taader coaching karmider saathe jog deena ebong reserve doler saathe sangkhipto somoyer jonno sakriya hoye firey asen.
choturtho bibhage seedy laredor saathe dedh morshum ebong ekoi leagay castro fc-rawr saathe eka morshum khelar porey diaz abosheshe 40 bochor boyse football theke abosar nene. | isidro diaz (footballer, janm 1972)
isidro diaz bernabe (janm 15 meey 1972) aek spanish nivrutt footballer chhe jeey jamnaa midfielder tareeke ramyo hato.
club karkirdi.
valenciama janmela diaze tenaa pratham varsho terrera divisionma siniyara tareeke vitaavyaa hataa, 1992-93 seasonna apvaad saathe, jeey vaastavik zaragozana bhandar saathe segunda division bimathi deshnikaalmaa samaapt thayu hatoo. hatoo unalama, teo "dhaa three emigos" tareeke odakhaata khelaadionaa juthano bhaag hataa-jemaa temnaa deshbandhu roobertoo martinez aneey jesu seba pann saamel hataa-jaimne klabnaa adhyaksh dave whellen dwara vigan athleticma lavvama aavyaa hataa; temane beey varsh pachhi teamne trija vibhagnu khitaab jitvama madad curry, jemaa khelaadiae 35 mechomaa chh goal karyaa hataa.
navaa sodaa parr sahmat naa thaee shakataa, diaze julai julai paraspar sammatithi club chhodi deedhi aneey wolverhampton vanderers maate hastakshar karyaa. teey varshnaa antamaa springfield parkma paachha fartaa pahelaa, temane oxford united saame 3-0 thee durnee haar saathe aek ramat ramee hatee; vigan saathe temnee beejee ramat aetali safal nahoti, jeey seasonna ante rochdelma jataa pahelaa leegma maatra trana vakhat dekhai hatee. 1998-99 nee vachche, teey potaana vatan parat faryo aneey aef. see. cartagenama jodaayo.
diaze pachhinaa saat varsh portugal aneey tenaa segunda ligaamaa vitaavyaa, jemaa teo niyamitpane leeka aefsee (aek season) aneey jee banne maate dekhaaya aneey sqora kartaa hataa.dii. chaaves (chh, jyaan bhutpurv zaragoza aneey vigan teamnaa saathee seba pahelethee jaj ramyaa hataa). 34 varshnee ummare, teo spain parat faryaa aneey trija starmaa baracaldo see. aef. saathe beey varsh gaadyaa, tyarbad teo temnaa coaching staffma jodaya aneey reserve baaju saathe sankshipt samay maate toonk samayma sakreey thaee gayaa.
division formaa seedee laredo saathe dodhh season ramyaa baad aneey teey jaj leegma castro aefsee saathe aek ramyaa baad diaze aakhare 40 varshnee ummare footballmanthi nivrutti leedhi hatee.
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isidro diaz (footballer, janm 1972)
isidro diaz bernabe (janm 15 maee 1972) ack spanish sevaanivritt footballer hain joe ack sahee midfielder key roop mein khelate they.
club carrier.
valencia mein janme, diaz ney apane pahale saal terrera division mein ack varishth key roop mein bitaaye, 1992-93 season key apavaad key saath, joe vaastavik zaragoza key bhandar key saath segunda division bee seey nirvaasan mein samaapt huaa. 1995 kii garmiyon mein, vaha "teen amigos" naamak khilaadiyon key ack samooh kaa hissa they-jisamen unake hamvatan roberto martinez aur jesu seba bhee shamil they-jinhen club key adhyaksh dave whellen dwara vigan athletic mein laaya gayaa thaa; unhone dou saal baad team koo teesare division kaa khitaab jeetane mein madad kii, jisamen khilaadi ney 35 maichon mein chhah goal kiye.
ack nae saude parr sahmat honey mein asamarth, diaz ney julaai 1997 mein aapsi sahamati seey club chhod diyaa aur wolverhampton bhatakane vaalon key liye hastakshar kiye. unhone baad vaale key liye ack khel khela, usa varsh key anta mein springfield park mein lautane seey pahale oxford united key khilaf 3-0 seey door kii haar; vigan key saath unakaa doosara daur utanaa safal naheen thaa, joe season key anta mein roachdale mein jaane seey pahale leag mein sirf teen baar dikhaai diyaa. 1998-99 key beach mein, vaha apane grih desh laut aaya aur aff. see. cartagena mein shamil hoe gayaa.
diaz ney agale saat saal purtagaal aur usake segunda leega mein bitaaye, joe leeka aff. see. (ack season) aur jee. donon key liye niyamit roop seey dikhaai dete aur score karate rahey.dee. chaves (chhah, jahan poorv zaragoza aur vigan team key saathi seba pahale hii khel chuke they). 34 varsh kii ayu mein, vaha spen laut aae aur teesare star mein baracaldo see. aff. key saath dou saal bitaaye, jisake baad way unake coaching staff mein shamil hoe gaye aur reserve paksh key saath ack sankshipt karyakal key baad sakriya roop seey vaapas aaa gaye.
diaz ney antatah 40 saal kii umr mein football seey sannyas leey liya, division chaar mein cd laredo key saath dedh season khelane key baad aur usee leag mein castro fc key saath ack. | isidro diaz (football atagara, janana 1972)
isidro diaz barnab (janana 15 mayee 1972) spanish nivrutta football aatagararagiddu, avaru bala midfielder aagi aadidaru.
club vrattijeevana.
valenciadalli janisida diaz, tercera divisionnalli hiriyaraagi tanna modala varshagalannu kaledaru, 1992-93 rtuvannu horatupadisi, idu segunda division bii yinda naija jaragojada misalugalondige gadeepaarugonditu. 1995rahra besigeyalli, avaru "dhii three amigos" endu kareyalpaduva atagarara gumpina bhagavagiddaru-idaralli avara deshavasigalada rabarto martinez mattu jeesas seba saha seriddaru-avarannu club adhyaksha dave velan avaru vigaon athletikge karetandaru; eradu varshagala nantara avaru moorane vibhagada prashastiyannu gellalu tandakke sahaaya maadidaru, atagara 35 pandyagalalli aaru golugalannu galisidaru.
hosa oppandavannu oppikollalu saadhyavaagada diaz, 1997rahra julainalli paraspara oppigeyinda club annu toredaru mattu wolverhampton alemarigaligagi sahi haakidaru. aaa varshada koneyalli springfield parkge maraluva modalu, oxford united viruddha 3-0 antarada solinondige avaru nantarada ondu aatavannu aadidaru; vigaon avarondigina avara eradane spell ashtu yashasviyagalilla, rtuvina koneyalli rochdelge teraluva modalu leagnalli kevala mooru baari kanisikondaru. 1998-99 moolaka, avaru tamma taaynaadige maralidaru mattu eff. sii cartagenage seridaru.
diaz mundina elu varshagalannu portugal mattu adara segunda ligaadalli kaledaru, leca effsey (ondu season) mattu zii eradakkoo niyamitavagi kanisikondaru mattu score maadidaru.dii. chavs (aaru, allie maaji jaragoja mattu vigaon tandada saha atagara seba eegaagale aadiddaru). 34 neey vayassinalli, avaru spainge maralidaru mattu moorane hantadalli baracaldo cf jote eradu varshagala kaala kaledaru, nantara avaru tamma tarabeti sibbandiyannu serikondaru mattu swalpa samayada nantara meesalu tandadondige sakriyavagi maralidaru.
nalkane vibhagadalli cd lauredo mattu adhe leagnalli castro effsey jote ondoovare rtugalannu aadida nantara, diaz antimavagi 40 neey vayassinalli footbalninda nivruttaraadaru.
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isidro dias (football kalikkaaran, jananam 1972)
raitt midfielderaayi kalicha oru spanish viramicha football kalikkaranaanu isidro dias bernabe (jananam 15 meyy 1972).
club currier.
valencyayil janicha dias, terzera divisionil seeniyar enna nilayil thante aadya varshangal chelavazhichu, 1992-93 season ozhike, ithu segunda division biyil ninnu yadhaartha saragosa reserveukalil ninnu naadukadatthalil avasaanichu. 1995-leeii venalkkaalath, club chairman dave velan vigan athlattikkilekku konduvanna thante naattukaaraaya roberto martinus, jeesas seba ennivarum ulppedunna "dhii three amigos" ennu vilikkappedunna oru koottam kalikkaarude bhaagamaayirunnu addeham; rund varshathinu sesham moonnaam division kireedam nedaan addeham teamine sahayichu, kalikkaaran 35 malsarangalil aarr golukal nedi.
oru puthiya karar amgeekarikkaan kazhiyaathathinal, 1997 joolaiyil paraspara sammathathode dias club vidukayum wolverhampton vandarezhsinaayi oppidukayum cheythu. aaa varsham avasaanam springfield paarkkilekk madangunnathinumumbu ooksfoord unitadinethire 3-0 nuu tholvi vazhangiya addeham randaamathethinu vendi oru geyim kalichu; viganodoppamulla addehathinte randaamathe spell athra vijayamaayirunnilla, seasoninte avasaanathil rochdalilekku maarunnathin munbu leagil moonnu thavana maathram prathyakshappettu. <aii. dii. 1>-nte madhyathil addeham swantham raajyathekku madangukayum eph. sii. cartagenayil cherukayum cheythu.
adutha ezhu varsham porchugalilum athinte segunda ligayilum chelavazhicha dias, lessa effsy (oru season), jii ennivaykkaayi pathivayi prathyakshappedukayum score cheyyukayum cheythu.dii. chavez (aarr, avide muun saragosa vigan sahatharamaaya seba ithinakam kalichirunnu). 34-aamm vayassil addeham spainilekku madangukayum moonnaam nirayil baracaldo sii. ephinoppam rund varsham chelavazhikkukayum cheythu, athinusesham addeham avarude coaching staafinoppam chernnu, reserve teaminoppam oru hraswa kaalayalavinayi taamasiyaathe sajeevamaayi madangi.
naalam divisionil sidi laredoicoppam onnara seasonukalum athe leagil kaastro ephsiotoppam onninum kalicha sesham 40-aamm vayassil dias oduvil football ninnu viramichu.
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isidro diaz (footballpatu, janm 1972)
isidro diaz bernabe (janm 15 meey 1972) haah eka spanish nivrutt footballpatu aahe joou ujavya bajucha madhyamathcha kheladu mhanoon khelala.
club karkird.
valenciamadhye janmalelya diazne tyachi pahili varshe, 1992-93 hangam vagalata, tursera vibhagat varishtha mhanoon ghalavali, joou segunda division bii madhoon vastavik zaragozachya rakheev kshetrasah nirvasanane sampala. 1995 chya unhalyat, too 'daad three emigos' navachya kheladunchya gatacha bhag hota-jyat tyache deshbandhve roberto martinage aanee jesus seba yancha dekhil samavesh hota-jyanna clubche adhyaksh dave vellen yanni vigan ethaletikmadhye aanale hote; tyane done varshannantar sanghala truteey vibhagache vijetepad jinkanyas madat kelee, jyat kheladune 35 samnyanmadhye sahaa goal kele.
naveen kararavar sahmati naan jhalyane, diazne julai 1997 madhye paraspar sammatine club sodala aanee volverhampton bhatkya kheladunsathi swakshari kelee. tyaa varshachya akheris springfield parkmadhye parat yenyapurvi, tyane auxford yunayatedviruddha 3-0 assa parabhav karoon, nantarchya sanghasathi eka samna khelala; hangam sampanyapurvi, leegmadhye keval teen vela khelatana, vigansobatcha tyacha dusra khel titka yashasvi jhaala nahee. 1998-99 chya madhyavar, too tyachya mool deshat paratala aanee eff. see. cartagenamadhye sameel jhaala.
diazne pudhil saat varshe portugal aanee tichya segunda ligamadhye ghalavali, leka eff. see. (eka hangam) aanee jee. yaa donhisathi niyamitpane khelatana aanee guna midavatana.dii. chaves (sahaa, jethe majee zaragoza aanee vigancha sahkari seba aadhich khelala hota). vayachya 34 vya varshi too spenla paratala aanee tyane tisya staravar baracaldo see. eff. sobat done varshe ghalavali, jyanantar too tyanchya prashikshan karmchanyanmadhye sameel jhaala aanee tyanantar lavkarach rakheev sanghasobat thodya kalasathi sakriy jhaala.
chauthya vibhagat seedee laredosobat deed hangam aanee tyach leegmadhye castro eff. see. sobat eka hangam khelalyanantar diazne akheris vayachya 40 vya varshi footballmadhun nivrutti ghetali. | isidro diaz (footballer, janma 1972)
isidro diaz bernabe (janma 15 maee 1972) ek spainy sewaniwritta footballer hun jasle dayan midfielderko rupma kheleka thie.
club currier.
bhyalensiama janmeka diazle afno pahilo warsha terrera divisionma warishthako rupma bitae, 1992-93 sijanko apawad bahek, june wastawik jaragojako bhandarsanga segunda division bibata nirvasanma samapta bhayo. sann 1995 ko garmima, uni "da three amigos" bhanine kheladiharuko samuhako hissa thie-jasma unka hamawatan roberto martinez rar jesus seba pani thie-jaslai clubka adhyaksha debh whellenle wiggen athleticma lyae; unle dui warshapachhi tolilai tesro divisionko upadhi jitna maddat gare, jasma kheladile 35 wata matchma chha golharu yogdan die.
nayan samjhautama sahamat huna asamartha, diazle july 1997 maa apsi sahamatima club chhode rar wolverhampton wandererska lagi hastakshar gare. tyas warshako antyama springfield parkma farkanuaghi unle pachhilloka lagi euta khel khele, oxford united viruddha 3-0 ko haar; wigansanga unko dosro spell tyati safal bhaena, sijanko antyama rochdelma sarnu aghi ligma kewal tean patak dekha paryo. 1998-99 ko bichma, uni afno desh farkie rar fc cartagenama samel bhae.
diazle portugal rar yasako segunda ligama pachhilla saat warsha bitae, leka fc (ek sijan) rar zee duwaika lagi niyamit rupma dekha pardai rar score gardai.dee. chabhes (chha, jahaan purva jaragoja rar wiggen tolika sathi sebale pahile nai kheleka thie). 34 warshako umerma, uni spain farke rar tesro tahama baracaldo cfsanga dui warsha bitae, tyasapachhi uni uniharuko coaching stafma samel bhae rar reserve sidesanga chhoto spelka lagi chaandai sakriya bhae.
division charma sidi laredosanga dedh sijan rar uhi ligma castro fcsanga ek khelepachhi diaz antatah 40 warshako umerma footbalbata sanyas lie.
| isidro diaz (football khelali, janma 1972)
isidro diaz bernabe (janma 15 meey 1972) jane spanian abasaraprapta football khelali jie jane dahana midfielder bhabare khelithile.
club kyariyara.
bhalensiare janmagrahana karithiba diaz tankara pratham barshagudika terrera divijanare jane baristha bhabare bitaithile, 1992-93 rutuku baada dei, jaahaa segunda divijana bii ru pratyarpanare shesh hoithila ebong prakruta jaragojanka rijarbha sahita. 1995rahr grishma ruture, shay "tini bandhu" namaka eka khelalinka dalara ansha thile-jeunthire taanka deshabasee roberto martinage ebong jesu seba madhya antarbhukta thile-jahanku club adhyakhya debh whelana wigana aathaletikku aanithile; shay dui barsha parey dalaku truteeja divijana title jitibare sahajya karithile, jeunthire khelali 35 tii myachare chhaa goal yogdan karithile .
eka nutan chuktinama sweekara karibare asamartha hoi, diaz july 1997 ray parasparika sahamati dwara club chadithile ebong walverhampton wanderarmananka paain swakhyara karithile. sehi barsha sheshare springfield parkaku feriba purbaru shay oxford united bipakhyare 3-0 ray parajaya saha gotie match khelithile; wigananka saha tankara dwiteeja spell seteta saphala hoinathila, sijin sheshare rochadelku jiba purbaru ligre maatra tini thara upasthita hoithile. 1998-99 rahr madhyabhagare, shay niz deshaku pherithile ebong aif. sii. cartagenare joga deithile.
diaz parabarti saata barsha partugal ebong ehara segunda ligaare bitaithile, ubhaja leka effsy (gotie rutu) ebong jii paain nijamita bhabare upasthita hoithile ebong score karithile .dii. chabhes (chhaa, jeunthare purbatana zaragoza ebong wigana saathee seba purbaru khelithile). 34 barsha bajasare shay spain pherithile ebong truteeja starare baracaldo sii. aif. sahita dui barsha bitaithile, jaahaa parey shay semananka koching staff ray joga deithile ebong rijarbha dala sahita eka sankhipta karjyakala paain sakriya abasthaku pherithile.
chaturtha bibhagare sidi laredonka saha dedha sijan ebong sehi ligre castro effsy sahita gotie rutu kheliba parey diaz sheshare 40 barsha bajasare phutabalaru absar neithile.
| isidro diaaz (footballer, janam 1972)
isidro diaaz barnabe (janam 15 maee 1972) ikk spanish retired footballer haii joe ikk sajje midfielder vajon khedada see.
club carrier.
valencia witch paida hoye, diaaz neey aapne pahile saal tersara division witch ikk senior vajon bitaae, 1992-93 season noon chhadd keey, joe kii asal zaragoza dey bhandaran naal segunda division bee toon nirvasana witch khatam hoiaa. 1995 deeaan garmiaan witch, uh khidariaan dey ikk samooh daa hissa see jiss noon "tinn dosat" kiha jaanda see-jiss witch uss dey hamvatan roberto martinez atey jeesas seba vee shamal sunn-jinhan noon club dey chairman dave whellen duaara vigan athletic witch lianda giaa see; usne doou saal baad team noon tiji division daa khitaab jittan witch sahaita keeti, jiss witch khidari neey 35 maichan witch chhe goal keete.
ikk navein saude 'teey sehmat honn witch asamrath, diaaz neey julai 1997 witch aapsi sehmati naal club chhadd ditta atey wolverhampton vanderers laee dastkhat keete. uss neey uss saal dey akheer witch springfield park witch waps aaunn toon pahilan oxford united dey virudh 3-0 dee haar naal baad vaale laee ikk khed khedi; vigan dey naal uss daa dooja spell ona safal naheen see, season dey ant witch rochdale jaanh toon pahilan leeg witch siraf tinn vaar dikhai ditta. 1998-99 dey vichkaar, uh aapne grahi desh waps aaa giaa atey eff. see. cartagena witch shamal hoow giaa.
diaaz neey agle satt saal puratgaal atey iss dey segunda leega witch bitaae, leeka eff. see. (ikk season) atey jee. dovan laee niyamit taur 'teey dikhai ditti atey score keeta.dee. chavez (chhe, jitthe sabka zaragoza atey vigan team dey saathi seba pahilan hii khed chukke sunn). 34 saal dee umar witch, uh spain waps aaiaa atey teeje paddhar witch baracaldo see. eff. naal doou saal bitaae, jiss toon baad uh reserve team naal sankhep samein laee sargaram honn laee unhan dey coaching staff witch shamal hoow giaa.
division chaar witch cd laredo naal dedh season khedan toon baad atey use leeg witch castro eff. see. naal ikk khedan toon baad, diaaz neey aakharkar 40 saal dee umar witch football toon sanyas lae liaa.
| isidro diaz (football-kreedaaluh, 1972 tame varshe janma)
isidro diaz bernabe (janma 15 mey 1972) ekaha spen-deshasya nivruttah football-kreedakah asti yah dakshina-madhya-kreedaaluroopen kreeditavaan.
club-vruttihi.
valencia-nagare janma praapnot, diaz-varyaha swasya prathamavarshaani tercera-vibhaage varishtaroopena vyateetavaan, 1992-93 ityasya rutum vihaay, yat segundaa-vibhaga-bee-taha vaastavika-zaragoza-ityasya aarakshit-kshetraih nirvaasan-rupena samaaptam abhavat. 1995 tame varshe grishmakaale, saha "tri-emigos" iti namna khyatasya kridapatunam samoohe bhaagah aasit-yasmin tasya deshavaasinah roberto martinage, jesus sebaa cha aasan-ye club-adhyakshen dave-velan ityanena vigaan-athletik-kridaayaam anitaha aasan; saha varshadvayaanantaram truteeya-vibhaga-upaadhim praaptum dalasya sahayyam krutavaan, creedcain 35 spardhaasu shut goals ankitaah.
nootan-kararasya sammatam kartum asamarthah diaz 1997 julai-maase paraspar-sammatayaa club-desham gatvaa vol-var-hampton-vendarers-krute hastaaksharam krutavaan. saha tasya krute ekaha creedaa kreeditavaan, oxford unated viruddham 3-0 vidoor paraajayam, tasmin varshe anantaram springfield paark prati pratyagamanat poorvam; vigaan ityanena saha tasya dwiteeyam spell atra safalam naa aasit, rutoho ante rochdale prati gantum poorvam leag-madhye kevalam trivaaram praavishat. 1998-99 ityasya madhyabhaage saha swadesham pratyaagatya ef. sii. cartagena ityasmin sammilitah.
diaz ityeshah agrimeshu saptavarshaani portugal-deshe tathaa tasya segundaa-ligaa-nagare cha vyateetavaan, lekaa-ef. sii. (ekaha rutuhu) tathaa cha jee. iti dwayoh krute niyamitaroopen drushyamaanam ankanam cha krutavaan.dee. chaaves (shut, yatra poorwah zaragoza tathaa vigaan-sahakarminaa sebaa cha poorvamev kreeditavantah). 34 varsheeyah saha spen-desham pratyaagatya truteeyastare baracaldo see. ef. ityanena saha varshadvayam avahat, tadanantaram saha teshaam prashikshan-karmachaarishu sammilitah, tatah kinchitkalanantaram reserve-pakshena saha sankshipta-kaalaavadhau sakriyam prati pratyagatavan.
chaturthavibhaage see. dee. laredo ityanena saha, tasmin eva leag madhye castro-ef. see. ityanena saha prathamena cha saha, ardha-rutushu kriditva, diaz-varyaha ante 40 vayasi football-kridaat nivruttah abhavat.
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isitroa dias (kaalpandhu veerar, 1972 ill piranthaar)
isitroa dias bernabe (pirappu 15 mae 1972) oru spanish oaivu pettra kaalpandhu veerar aavaar, avar oru valathu mitpeeldaraaga vilaiyaadinaar.
kilap thozhil.
valenciaavil pirantha dias, terzara pirivil oru mooththavaraaga thanathu muthal aandugalai kaliththaar, 1992-93 paruvatthaith thavira, idhu unmaiyana jaragosavin iruppukkaludan segunda pirivilirunthu veliyaettraththil mudivadainthathu. 1995 koadaiyil, avar "thii three amicos" endru azhaikkappadum veerargalin kuzhuvin oru paguthiyaaga irunthaar-idhil avarathu naattu veerargalaana rabardo martiness mattrum jeesas seba aagiyoarum adangkuvar-avarkal kilap thalaivar dave veelaanaal vaegan thadakalaththirku kondu varappattanar; irandu aandugalukkup piragu moontraavathu pirivu pattatthai vella avar anikku udhavinaar, veerar 35 poattikalil aaru koolgalai bangaliththaar.
oru puthiya oppanthaththai oppuk kolla mudiaamal, juulai 1997 ill paraspara opputhalaal kilappai vittu veliyaeri, wolverhampton alaipavarkalukkaaga kaiyeluththittaar. avar pinththaiyavarukkaaga oru vilayaattai vilaiyaadinaar, antha aandin pirpaguthiyil springfield poongaavukkuth thirumbuvatharku munbu oxpordu unitettukku ethiraaga 3-0 endra thoalviyai sandhiththaar; vaeganudan avarathu irandaavathu ezhuththuppizhai avvalavu vetrtrikaramaaka illai, season mudivil roachtaelukkuch selvatharku munbu leakil moontru murai mattumae thoantriyathu. 1998-99 vazhiyaaga, avar thanathu sontha naattirkuth thirumbi, eff. chii cardagenavil saernthaar.
dias aduththa aezhu aandugalai porchugal mattrum adhan segunda likaavil kaliththaar, leesa eff. chii (oru season) mattrum jii aagiya irandirkum thavaraamal thoantri score seithaar.dii. saves (aaru, munnaal jaragosa mattrum vaegan anii veerar seba aerkanavae vilaiyaadiyirunththanar). 34 vayathil, avar speyinukkuth thirumbinaar, maelum moontraam adukkil paracaulto cf udan irandu aandugal kaliththaar, adhan piragu avar avarkalin payirchi oozhiyargaludan saernthaar, pinnar recerve pakkaththudan oru kurugiya kaalaththirku viraivil seyalil thirumbinaar.
naankaam pirivil sidi lauredovden ontrarai paruvangkalilum, athae leakil castro effsiuden ontrilum vilaiyaadiya pinnar, dias iruthiyaaka 40 vayathil kaalpandhil irunthu oaivu pettraar.
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isidro diaz (football kreedaakaarudu, jananam 1972)
isidro diaz bernabe (jananam 15 mae 1972) oka spanish retired football kreedaakaarudu, athanu kudi midfielderga aadadu.
club kereer.
valencialo janminchina diaz, tersera divisionlo seniorga thana modati samvatsaraalu gadipadu, 1992-93 season minaha, idhi segunda division bii nundi nijamaina jaragoja nilvalatho bahishkaranalo mugisindi. 1995 vesavilo, athanu "dhi three amigos" anie piluvabade aatagaalla samuuhamloo bhaagamgaa unnadu-indulo athani swadaeseeyulu raberto martinez mariyu jeesas seba kooda unnaaru-veerini club chairman dave veelan vigaon athletikku teesukuvacchaaru; athanu rendu samvatsaraala taruvaata jattuku moodava division titlenu geluchukovadamlo sahayapaddadu, aatagadu 35 matchlalo aaru goals chesaadu.
kotta oppandaanni angeekarinchalekapoyina diaz, juulai 1997loe paraspara sammatitoe klabnu vidichipetti, wolverhampton vanderers kosam santakam chesaadu. aaa samvatsaram taruvaata springfield parkuku tirigi raakamundu, athanu oxford unitedku vyatiraekamgaa 3-0 thoo odipoyina taruvaata oka aata aadadu; vigaantoe athani rendava spell antha vijayavantam kaaledu, season mugimpulo rochdelku velladaaniki mundu leaglo kevalam moodu saarlu kanipinchaadu. 1998-99 madhyalo, athanu thana swadaesaaniki tirigi vacchi effsy cartegenalo cheraadu.
diaz taruvaati edu samvatsaraalu portugal mariyu daani segunda ligaalo gadipadu, leca effsy (oka season) mariyu zii rendintikee kramam tappakunda kanipinchi score chesaadu.dii. chaves (aaru, ikkada maajee jaragoja mariyu vigaon sahacharudu seba appatike aadaru). 34 samvatsaraala vayassulo, athanu speyinku tirigi vacchi, moodava shrenilo baracaldo cf thoo rendu samvatsaraalu gadipadu, aaa taruvaata athanu vaari coaching sibbandilo chaeri, reserve jattutho kontakaalam paatu churukuga tirigi vacchaadu.
diaz chivaraku 40 samvatsaraala vayassulo football nundi retair ayyadu, division forelo sidi lauredoku okatinnara seasonlu aadina taruvaata mariyu adhe leaglo castro effsito okati.
| aseedro diyaaz (fitt baalar paidaish 1972)
icedro ddiyaaz barnaabi (paidaish 15 mayee 1972) eek hispanvi retired fitt baalar hay juu daayein mudfelder kay toor parr kheelta thaa.
kalb carrier.
valencia mein paida huay ddiyaaz nay apnay pehley saal batoor seniyar tercera devision mein guzaray sawaye 1992-93 seezan kay juu haqeeqi zargoza kay zakhayer kay saath seganda devision bee say jalawatni mein khatam hawaa. 1995 kay mosam garma mein wah khiladiyon kay eek grop kaa hasah thay jasay "tharee amagos" kaa naam diyaa gayaa thaa-jiss mein inn kay humm watan rabarto martines aur yasua seeba bhee shaamil thay-jinhein kalb kay chairmeen ddio wahilan nay vigan athletic mein laaya thaa. inhon nay duu saal baad team kuu thard devision kaa khataab jeetnay mein madad kii jiss mein khilaadi nay 35 meechon mein chh goal kiye.
eek nayey muahide parr ittefaq karnay say qaasir diyaaz nay jolayi 1997 mein bahami razamandi say kalb chhod diyaa aur volver hampton wenderers kay liye dastakhat kiye. iss nay iss saal kay aakhir mein spring feld paark mein waps aaney say pehley baad waalay kay liye eek kheel khaila oxford united kay khalaaf 3-0 say shakast vovo vigan kay saath inn kaa dosra speel atnaa kamiyab nahein thaa seezan kay ikhtatam parr rockdail jaanay say pehley leeg mein sarf teen baar namodar hawaa. 1998-99 kay darmiyan wah apnay aabayi milk waps aayaa aur aif see cartagina mein shaamil how gayaa.
ddiyaaz nay aglay saat saal partagaal aur iss kay seganda leega mein guzaray leeka aif see (eek seezan) aur jee donon kay liye baqayedgi say namodar hoay aur score kiyaa.ddee. chawees (chh jehaan saabiq zargoza aur vigan team kay saathi seeba pehley hyee kheel chakay thay). 34 saal kii amar mein wah speen waps aayey aur teesre darjay mein barcaldo see aif kay saath duu saal guzaray jiss kay baad wah inn kay coaching staaf mein shaamil hoay aur kachh hyee deer baad reserve side kay saath eek mukhtasir door kay liye faal how gayey.
ddiyaaz nay balaakhir 40 saal kii amar mein fitt baal say retirement lay lie asee leeg mein devision four mein see ddee lauredo kay saath deedh seezan aur eek mein castro aif see kay saath khelnay kay baad.
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00053d6bea5b16eb96d9316999b3eb1951924981807656ca226b2dabaaa3642c | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18968474 | Madera, Łódź Voivodeship |
Madera, Łódź Voivodeship
Madera is a settlement in the administrative district of Gmina Nowa Brzeźnica, within Pajęczno County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland.
References.
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madora, bho 'eve' doswip
madera hoise modhyo polyandor pajejnu county, лодас wotgatawoar bhitorot thoka jimina nauwa brejnikar proxaxonik jilaar etaa boxoti.
ei boxotir jonoxongkhya 8 john.
proxongo.
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madera, voivodship
madera holl modhyo polyander pageno county, лотес оетесочесое отесоесое отесое отесое отесо отесо отесо отесо отесо отесо отесо отесо отесо отесо отесо отесо отесо отесо отесо отесо отесо отесо отесо отесо оиоиосо отесосо отесо отесосососо отесососо оесосососо оесосососососо ососососос
eyi jonobosotir jonosongkha 8 john.
reference.
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madera, voivodospesh
madera madhya polland mein pajekzano county, λοδZ voivodospesh key bheetar, jimna nova braznika key prashaasnik jile mein ack basti haye.
basti kii aabaadi 8 haye.
sandarbh.
<bee. aar.> | madera, voivodeship
madera embudu madhya polandna pageno kountiyolage, mejov voivodeship, jimina nauva brajnikaada aadalitaatmaka jilleyalliruva ondu vasaahatuvaagide.
ee vasaahatu 8 janasankhyeyannu hondide.
ullekhagalu.
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madera, voivodospation
maddhya polandile voyododshippile pajeno kaundikkullil jimina nova bresnicayude bharana jillayilulla oru vaasasthalamaanu madera.
eee vaasasthalathe janasamkhya 8 aanu.
paraamarshangal.
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madera, voivodospesh
madera hii madhya polandmadhil pajeczano county, lauds viododshipmadhil jimina nova braznika yaa prashasakeey jilhyatil eka vasahat aahe.
yaa vasahatichi loksankhya 8 aahe.
sandarbh.
<bii. aar.> | madera, bholdij bhayodospis
madera madhya polandko pajejno county, λοδZ voivodesip bhitrako jimina nova brajenikako prashasanik jillama raheko basti how.
bastiko janasankhya 8 chha.
sandarbhaharu.
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madera, voivodespace
madera heuchhi kendriah polander pajecno county, λοdz bhajebhodeship madhyare, jimina noa brijnikara prashasanika jillare eka basati .
ehi janabasatira janasankhya 8.
sandarbha.
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madras, voivodospish
madera kendri poland witch pajezno kaoonti, Îlódz voivodospish dey ander, jimna nova barzanika dey parshaski zilhe witch ikk basti haii.
iss basti dee aabadi 8 haii.
havale.
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maderaa, voyodospesh
maderaa iti madhya-polyand-deshasya pajekno-prantasya, voyodod-day-s-ityasya, prashaasanik-mandale, jiminaa novaa-braznikaa-ityatra, vasatihi asti.
asya basteeh 8 janaah santi.
sandarbhah.
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madhera, voivotship
matthiya poalanthil ulla bajesno kavundi, voivotship, kkul ulla jimina navaa bresnica nirvaaga maavattaththil ulla oru kudiyaettram madera aagum.
inththa kudiyaettraththin makkal thogai 8 aagum.
kurippugal.
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madera, voivodship
madera anedi central polandloni pajejno county, voivodshiploni jimina nauva brajnikaaloni paripalana jillaalo unna oka sthaavaram.
eee sthaavaram 8 mandhi janabhanu kaligi undhi.
suuchanalu.
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madarsa viewadship
medera wastee poland mein pajazno county лотесо оиотесочесие оетеро оетеро отеро оетеро оте оте ое омина оя ресесниче kay intezami zalaa mein eek bastee hay.
iss bastee kii aabadi 8 hay.
hawalah jaat.
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00054077bc1475b7bf018245360ced7a1874caeaa94ec4c753e5a08b7817829a | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22092827 | Scotland at the Rugby World Cup |
Scotland at the Rugby World Cup
Scotland have played in every Rugby World Cup since the inaugural tournament in 1987.
Their best finish was fourth in 1991. In their semi-final on October 26, 1991, Scotland lost 6–9 to England at Murrayfield after Gavin Hastings missed a penalty almost in front of and a short distance from the posts. On October 30 Scotland lost the third-place play-off to New Zealand in Cardiff 13–6.
Since then they have qualified for the quarter-finals in every tournament except in 2011, 2019 and 2023, but have not qualified for the semi-finals.
In 2015 Scotland were defeated in the quarter-final match versus Australia following a number of refereeing decisions that provoked controversy.
In 2019, they were defeated in the pool stages by Ireland and hosts Japan, becoming the first Tier 1 team since Wales in 2007 to not qualify for the quarter-finals from a pool that only contained two Tier 1 teams.
Individual Records.
Gavin Hastings is by far the most successful Scottish world cup player, and has gained a number of records.
Conversions.
Most overall conversions in final stages
Penalty goals.
Most penalties in a match
Overall record.
RWC qualifying countries which Scotland has not played at the tournament include Canada, Wales and Namibia.
Hosting.
Scotland has never been the main host of the World Cup, but a number of Rugby World Cup games have been played in Scotland over the years.
1991 World Cup: Britain/Ireland/France.
The 1991 Rugby World Cup final was played in England, pool and finals games were played all over the main five European nations. Pool B games, which involved European nations, Scotland and Ireland, had all their games in either Dublin or Edinburgh with one game being played in Ulster.
1999 World Cup: Wales.
The 1999 World Cup was hosted by Wales with some games spread across Scotland, England, Ireland and France. All Pool A games were held in Scotland. Second round play-offs and the quarter-finals were held at a variety of European venues.
2007 World Cup: France.
The 2007 competition was held in France, with some games played in Wales and Scotland. Two Pool C matches were held at Edinburgh's Murrayfield.
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ragbi biswokapot scotland
1987 sonot udwudhoni protijugitar poraa scotlande protikhon ragbi biswokap khelise.
1991 sonot teulukor shrestho xomapti aasil soturtho. 1991 sonor 26 octoborot teulukor semi finalot, gavin hestingse pray aagor faale aaru postor poraa olop durotwot penalty eri juwar pisot scotlande murefieldot englandor haatot 6-9too porasto hoisil. 30 octoborot scotlande cardiff 13-6 too newzealandor haatot tritiyo sthanor play-ofot porasto hoisil.
tetiyar poraa teuluke 2011 aaru 2019 sonor baahire protikhon protijugitate cowarter finalot orhota laabh korise, kintu semi finalot orhota laabh koraa naai.
2015 sonot australier biruddhe cowarter finalot scotland porasto hoisil, keibatau referee xiddhantor pisot jiye bitorkor sristi korisil.
2019 sonot, ireland aaru aayujok japanor haatot pull porzayot porasto hoisil, 2007 sonot welsor pisot prothom storor 1 doll hisape porigonito hoisil jiye kewol dutaa storor 1 doll thoka pulor poraa cowarter-finalor baabe jugyota orjon koraa nasil.
byoktigoto record.
gavin hestings hoise etiyaloike ataitkoi xofol scotlandor biswokap kheluwoi, aaru teu keibatau obhilekh laabh korise.
rupantor.
suranto porzayot besibhag xamogrik rupantor
penaltir lokhyo.
ekhon khelot xorbadhik penalty
xamogrik record.
scotlande protijugitakhonot khelibo nuwara aar. dobliu. chi.-ror jugyota orjonkari dexxomuhor bhitorot aase kanada, wels aaru namibiya.
hosting.
scotland ketiyau biswokapor mukhyo aayujok huwa nasil, kintu bosor bosor dhori scotlandot keibatau ragbi biswokap khel khelaa hoise.
1991 sonor biswokapoh britain/ireland/france.
1991 sonor ragbi biswokapor final englandot khelaa hoisil, pull aaru final khelxomuh europor mool pasta rastrot khelaa hoisil. europiyo rastro, scotland aaru ireland jorito pull bi geimxomuhot teulukor xokolu khel doublin baa edinbergot onusthito hoisil aaru etaa khel alsterot khelaa hoisil.
1999 biswokapoh wels.
1999 sonor biswokap welse aayujon korisil aaru iyare kisuman khel scotland, england, ireland aaru franceot bistrito aasil. xokolu pull khel scotlandot onusthito hoisil. dwitiyo roundor play-off aaru cowarter final bibhinno europiyo sthanot onusthito hoisil.
2007 biswokapoh france.
2007 sonor protijugita franceot onusthito hoisil, zo "too wels aaru scotlandot kisuman khel khelaa hoisil. edinbergor murefieldot dutaa pull chi mess onusthito hoisil.
2015 biswokapoh england.
2015 sonor protijugitakhonor aayujok aasil england, zo 'too scotlandot kunu khel khelaa huwa nasil. |
ragbi bishwokape scotland
1987 saale udwodhoni turnamenter porr theke scotland protiti ragbi bishwokape kheleche.
taader sera samapti chhilo 1991 saale choturtho sthan. 26shhey octobor, 1991-ayee taader semifinale, scotland murrefielde englander kachhe 6-9 gole herey yaay, kaaron gavin hastings pray saamone ebong poosta theke alpo doore penalti miss korey. 30shhey octobor cardiff 13-6-ayee scotland tritiya sthan nirdharani play-offe newzealander kachhe herey yaay.
tarpor theke taaraa 2011 ebong 2019 chhada protiti turnamente quarter finaler jonno jogyata orjon koreche, kintu semifinaler jonno jogyata orjon korte pareni.
2015 saale australier bipokkhe quarter-final matche besh koyekti refereer siddhanter porr scotland porajito hoy jaa bitorker srishti korey.
2019 saale, taaraa ireland ebong ayojok japaner kachhe pull porjaye porajito hoy, 2007 saale wellser porr theke prothom tyer 1 doll hoye othe jaaraa kebolmatro duti tyer 1 doll niye pull theke quarter-finaler jonno jogyata orjon korte pareni.
byaktigato record.
gavin hastings ekhon porjonto sabcheye sofol scottish vishwakap kheload ebong besh koyekti record orjon korechen.
rupantar.
chudanta porjaye beshirbhag samogrik rupantar
penalti goal.
ekti matche sorbadhik penalti
samogrik record.
ardobleucy-rawr jogyata arjankari deshgulir modhye kanada, oyelasa ebong namibia royeche jeguli scotland turnamente kheleni.
hoasting.
scotland kokhono bishwokaper prodhan ayojok chhilo naa, tobey bochorer porr bochor dhorey scotlande besh koyekti ragbi vishwakap khela onusthito hoyeche.
1991 biswokapoh britten/ireland/france.
1991 saaler ragbi bishwokaper final englande onusthito hoy, pull ebong final khela europer prodhan panchti deshe onusthito hoy. pull bii games, jaa europea desh, scotland ebong irelandke jorito korey, taader samasta khela doublin baa edinberge chhilo ebong ekti khela alstere khela hoto.
1999 biswokapoh oyelasa.
1999 saaler vishwakap oyelasa dwara ayojit hoyechilo ebong scotland, ingland, ireland ebong france judey kichhu khela chhoriye chhilo. samasta puler khela scotlande onusthito hoyechilo. dwitiya rounder play-off ebong quarter-final bivinno europea vennute onusthito hoyechilo.
2007 biswokapoh france.
2007 saaler protijogitati france onusthito hoyechilo, jekhane kichhu khela oyelasa ebong scotlande khela hoyechilo. edinberger murrefielde duti pull shee match onusthito hoyechilo.
2015 biswokapoh ingland.
2015 saaler turnamenter ayojok chhilo ingland, jekhane scotlande konao khela hoyney. |
rugby vishva kapmaa scotland
1987maan udghaatan tournament pachhi scotland darek rugby vishva kapmaa ramyu chhe.
temnu shreshth pradarshan 1991maan chothu hatoo. 26 october, 1991naa roj temnee semifinalmaa, gavin hestings lagbhag aagad aneey postathi thodaa antare panelty chooki gayaa baad scotland ingland saame 6-9thee haaree gayoo hatoo. 30 octobernaa roj scotland cardiff 13-6 maan newzealand saame trija sthaannee play-off haaree gayoo hatoo.
tyaarthi teo 2011 aneey 2019 sivaay darek tournamentma quarter final maate kwolifay thayaa chhe, parantu semee final maate kwolifay thayaa nathee.
2015maan refereena sankhyaabandh nirnayone pagale vivaad oobho thayaa baad austreliya saameni quarter final mechamaa skotlendno parajay thayo hato.
2019maan, teo ireland aneey yajmaan japan dwara pool tabakkama haaryaa hataa, 2007maan wells pachhi pratham star 1 team bunny hatee, jeey poolmathi quarter final maate kwolifay naa thaee hatee, jemaa maatra beey star 1 teamo hatee.
vyaktigat reqorda.
gavin hestings atyaar sudhimaa sauthee safal skotisha vishva cup khelaadi chhe, aneey tene sankhyaabandh vikramo melvyaa chhe.
rupaantarano.
anteem tabakkama motabhagna ekandar rupaantarano
dandnaa lakshyanko.
aek mechamaa sauthee vadhu dund
ekandar reqorda.
ardablucy qualifying desho keey jeey scotland tournamentma ramyu nathee temaa keneda, wells aneey namibiano samaavesh thaay chhe.
hosting.
scotland kyaarey vishva kapanu mukhya yajmaan rahyu nathee, parantu varshothi skotlendmaa rugby vishva kapnee sankhyaabandh ramato ramvaamaa aavee chhe.
1991 vishva kapah britton/ireland/france.
1991 rugby vishva kapnee final englandma ramaai hatee, pool aneey final ramato samagr mukhya paanch european deshomaa ramvaamaa aavee hatee. pool bii ramato, jemaa european raashtro, scotland aneey ireland saamel hataa, temnee tamaam ramato doublin athavaa edinberghma hatee, jemaa aek ramat alsterma ramvaamaa aavtee hatee.
1999 vishva kapah wells.
1999naa vishva kapanu aayojan wells dwara karvaamaa aavyu hatoo, jemaa scotland, ingland, ireland aneey francemaa ketalik ramato felaayelee hatee. tamaam pool ramato skotlendmaa yojai hatee. beeja roundnee play-off aneey quarter final viveedh european sthaloae yojai hatee.
2007 vishva kapah france.
2007nee spardhaa francemaa yojai hatee, jemaa ketalik ramato wells aneey skotlendmaa ramvaamaa aavee hatee. edinbergna murrefield khaate beey pool see mecho yojai hatee.
2015 vishva kapah ingland.
2015nee tournamentnu yajmaan ingland hatoo, jemaa skotlendmaa koee ramat ramaai naa hatee. |
ragbi vishva cup mein scotland
1987 mein udghaatan tournament key baad seey scotland ney harr ragbi vishva cup mein khela haye.
unakaa sarvshreshth pradarshan 1991 mein chautha thaa. 26 octuber, 1991 koo apane semifinal mein, scotland koo ingland seey 6-9 seey haar kaa saamana karna padaa, jaba gavin hastings lagbhag saamane aur post seey thodi doori parr penalti seey chook gaye. 30 octuber koo scotland cardiff 13-6 mein newzealand seey teesare sthaan kaa play-off haar gayaa.
taba seey unhone 2011 aur 2019 koo chhodkar harr tournament mein quarter final key liye qualify kiya haye, lekin semifinal key liye qualify naheen kiya haye.
2015 mein australia key khilaf quarter final match mein scotland koo kaee referee nirnayon key baad haraaya gayaa thaa, jisane vivaad koo janm diyaa thaa.
2019 mein, unhein ireland aur mezban japan dwara pool charanon mein haraaya gayaa thaa, joe 2007 mein wells key baad seey pahali tear 1 team bunn gaee thee joe ack pool seey quarter final key liye arhata praapt naheen curr paaee thee jisamen kewal dou tear 1 teemen theen.
vyaktigat abhilekh.
gavin hastings abb taka key sabse safal scotish vishva cup khilaadi hain, aur unhone kaee record hassil kiye hain.
roopaantaran.
antim charanon mein adhikansh samagr roopaantaran
dund lakshya.
ack match mein sabse adhik dund
samagr record.
aar. doubleu. see. yogyata praapt karane vaale desh joe scotland ney tournament mein naheen khele hain, unamen kanada, wells aur namibia shamil hain.
hosting.
scotland kabhi bhee vishva cup kaa mukhya mezban naheen rhaa haye, lekin pichhale kuchh varshon mein scotland mein kaee ragbi vishva cup khel khele gaye hain.
1991 vishva kapah britten/ireland/france.
1991 ragbi vishva cup kaa final ingland mein khela gayaa thaa, pool aur final khel sabhi mukhya paanch europeeya deshon mein khele gaye they. pool bee games, jisamen europeeya rashtra, scotland aur ireland shamil they, key sabhi khel doublin yaa edinberg mein they, jisamen seey ack khel alster mein khela jaataa thaa.
1999 vishva kapah wells.
1999 vishva cup kii mejbani wells ney kii thee, jisamen kuchh khel scotland, ingland, ireland aur france mein faile hue they. sabhi pool khel scotland mein aayojit kiye gaye they. dusare daur key play-off aur quarter final vibhinn europeeya sthaanon parr aayojit kiye gaye they.
2007 vishva kapah france.
2007 kii pratiyogita france mein aayojit kii gaee thee, jisamen kuchh khel wells aur scotland mein khele gaye they. edinberg key murrefield mein dou pool see match aayojit kiye gaye they.
2015 vishva kapah ingland.
2015 key tournament kaa mezban ingland thaa, jisamen scotland mein koee khel naheen khela gayaa thaa.
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ragbi vishvakapnalli scotlend
1987ralli udghatana pandyaavaliyinda scotlend prati ragbi vishvakapnalloo aadide.
1991ralli nalkane sthana galisiddu avara atyuttama saadhaneyaagittu. october 26,1991randu nadeda semifinalnalli, gavin hastings penaulty tappisikonda nantara murrefieldnalli scotlend inglend viruddha 6-9rinda sotitu. october 30randu cardiff 13-6 nalli scotlend moorane sthaanada play-off pandyavannu newzealand viruddha sotitu.
andininda avaru 2011 mattu 2019rahra pandyavaligalannu horatupadisi pratiyondu pandyavaliyalloo quarter finalge arhate padediddaare, aadare semifinalge arhate padedilla.
2015ralli australia viruddhada quarter final pandyadalli vivaadavannu huttuhaakida halavaaru tirpugaarara nirdhaaragala nantara scotlend solanubhavisitu.
2019ralli, avaru pool hantagalalli airlend mattu aatitheya japaanninda solanubhavisidaru, 2007ralli wales nantara quarter finalge arhate padeyada modala shreni 1 tandavagi kevala eradu shreni 1 tandagalannu olagonda poolninda horahommidaru.
vaiyaktika daakhalegalu.
gavin hastings avaru scottish vishwakap naa atyanta yashasvi atagararagiddare mattu halavaaru daakhalegalannu galisiddaare.
parivartanegalu.
antima hantagalalli hecchina ottare mataantaragalu
dandada gurigalu.
ondu pandyadalli athi hecchu dandagalu
ottare daakhale.
scotlend ee pandyaavaliyalli aadada aarr. doubleu. sii. arhata rashtragalalli kenada, wales mattu namibia serive.
atithya.
scotlend endigoo vishwakapna mukhya atitheyavagiralilla, aadare halavaaru varshagalinda scotlandnalli halavaaru ragbi vishwakap pandyagalannu aadalaaguttide.
1991rahra vishwakap britton/airlend/france.
1991rahra ragbi vishwakap final pandyavannu englendnalli aadalaayitu, pool mattu final pandyagalannu pramukha aidu european rashtragalalli aadalaayitu. european rashtragalu, scotlend mattu airlendgalannu olagonda pool bii atagalu, tamma ellah aatagalannu doublin athawa edinburghnalli hondiddavu mattu ondu aatavannu alsternalli aadalaaguttittu.
1999rahra vishwakap wales.
1999rahra vishvakapaannu wales ayojisittu, scotlend, inglend, airlend mattu fransonalli kelavu atagalu nadedavu. ellah pool aatagalannu scotlendnalli nadesalaayitu. eradane suttina play-off mattu quarter final pandyagalu europina vividha stalagalalli nadedavu.
2007rahra vishwakap france.
2007rahra spardheyu fransonalli nadeyitu, kelavu aatagalannu wales mattu scotlandnalli aadalaayitu. edinburghn murrefieldnalli eradu pool sii pandyagalu nadedavu.
2015rahra vishwakap inglend.
2015rahra pandyavaliya aatithyavannu inglend vahisikondittu, scotlendnalli yaavude aatagalannu adalagalilla.
| null | rugby vishvachashakatil scotland
1987 madhye udghatan jhalelya spardhepasun scotland pratyek rugby vishvachashakat khelala aahe.
1991 madhye chauthe sthan midvane heey tyanche sarvottam pradarshan hote. 26 aktoobar 1991 roji jhalelya upantya fereet, gavin hastingene jawaljawal samore aanee padanpasoon thodya antaravar penalty chukavalyamule, englandkadoon englandla 6-9 assa parabhav patkarava lagla. 30 aktoobar roji cardiff 13-6 madhye newzealandkadoon newzealandkadoon sthanavaril play-offmadhye scotlandcha parabhav jhaala.
tevhapasoon teey 2011 aanee 2019 vagalata pratyek spardhet upantyapoorv ferisathi patra tharale aahet, parantu upantya ferisathi patra tharale naheet.
2015 madhye, refereechya anek nirnayanmule vaad nirman jhalyanantar, austreliyaviruddhachya upantyapoorv samnyat scotlandcha parabhav jhaala.
2019 madhye, tyanna pool tappyat ireland aanee yazman japankadun parabhav patkarava lagla, 2007 madhye wells nantar, keval done tear 1 sangh asalelya poolmadhun upantyapoorv ferisathi patra naan tharnara pahila tear 1 sangh tharala.
vaiyaktik nondi.
gavin hastings haah aataparyantcha sarvat yashasvi scottish vishvachashak kheladu aahe aanee tyane anek vikram midavale aahet.
dharmantar.
antim tappyat bahutansh ekoon dharmantar
dandatmak goal.
eka samnyatil sarvadhik dand
ekoon nond.
jyaa aar. doubleu. see. patrata deshanni yaa spardhet scotlandla khelavale nahee, tyamadhye canada, wells aanee namibia yancha samavesh aahe.
yazman.
scotland heey vishvachashak spardheche mukhya yazman kadhich navhate, parantu gelya kahee varshant scotlandmadhye rugby vishvachashakatil anek samne khelale gele aahet.
1991 vishvachashakah britton/ireland/france.
britton/ireland/france rugby vishvachashak spardhechi antim pherii englandmadhye khelali gelee, pool aanee antim samne serve pramukh paach european deshanmadhye khelale gele. pool bii khel, jyat european desh, scotland aanee ireland yancha samavesh hota, tyanche serve khel ektar doublin kinwa edinbergmadhye hote aanee eka khel alstermadhye khelala jaat asey.
1999 vishvachashakah wells.
1999 chya vishvachashak spardheche aayojan welsney kele hote, jyat kahee samne scotland, ingland, ireland aanee francemadhye pasarale hote. serve poolche samne scotlandmadhye aayojit kele gele hote. hote feritil play-auph aanee upantyapoorv feriche samne vividh european thikani aayojit karnyat aale hote.
2007 vishvachashakah france.
france spardha francemadhye aayojit karnyat aalee hotee, jyat kahee khel wells aanee scotlandmadhye khelale gele hote. edinbergchya murrefield yethe see gatatil done samne aayojit karnyat aale hote.
2015 vishvachashakah ingland.
ingland spardheche yazman ingland hote, jethe scotlandmadhye konatehi samne khelale gele naheet.
| ragbi vishwakapma scotland
sann 1987 maa udghatan pratiyogita bhaedekhi scotlandle harek ragbi vishwakapma kheleko chha.
tiniharuko utkrishta samapan 1991 maa chautho thiyo. october 26,1991 maa uniharuko semifinalma, scotlandle murifieldma englandsanga 6-9 ley haare jab gebhin hastingsle lagbhag agadi rar postbata thorai durima penalty gumae. october 30 maa scotlandle cardiff 13-6 maa newzealandsang tesro sthanko play-aff haare.
tyasabeladekhi uniharule 2011 rar 2019 bahek sabai pratiyogitama quarter finalka lagi chhanot gareka chhan, tara semifinalka lagi yogya bhaeka chhainan.
sann 2015 maa vivad nimtyaune referee nirnayharupachhi astrelia wiruddhako quarter final khelma scotland parajit bhaeko thiyo.
sann 2019 maa, tiniharu ireland rar ayojak japandwara pool charanma parajit bhaeka thie, sann 2007 maa wells pachhi pahilo tear 1 tolly banyo jasle kewal dui tear 1 toliharu samawesh gareko pulbata quarter finalka lagi yogya bhaena.
wyaktigat recordharu.
gebhin hastings ahilesammaka sabaibhanda safal scottish vishwa cup kheladi hun, rar unle dherai recordharu prapta gareka chhan.
rupantaran.
antim charanma adhikansh samagra rupantaranharu
penalty goal.
ek khelma sabaibhanda badhi penalty
samagra record.
scotlandle pratiyogitama naha khelekaharu ardablucy chhanot deshharuma canada, wells rar namibia samawesh chhan.
hosting.
scotland kahilyai wishwakapko mukhya ayojak bhaeko chhaina, tara warshaundekhi scotlandma dherai ragbi vishwakap khelharu khelieka chhan.
1991 vishwakapah belayat/ireland/france.
sann 1991 ko ragbi vishwakap final englandma khelieko thiyo, pull rar final khelharu mukhya paanch europeli rashtraharuma khelieka thie. pool bee khelharu, jasma europeli rashtraharu, scotland rar ireland samawesh thie, tiniharuka sabai khelharu yaa tata doublin wa edinbergma thie jasma euta khel alsterma khelieko thiyo.
1999 vishwakapah wells.
sann 1999 ko vishwakap welsle ayojana gareko thiyo jasma kehi khelharu scotland, england, ireland rar francema failieko thiyo. sabai pull khelharu scotlandma ayojit garieko thiyo. dosro charanko play-aff rar quarter final vibhinna europeli sthalharuma ayojana garieko thiyo.
2007 vishwakapah france.
sann 2007 ko pratiyogita francema ayojit bhaeko thiyo, jasma kehi khelharu wells rar scotlandma khelieka thie. edinbergko murrefieldma dui pull see khelharu ayojit bhaeka thie.
2015 vishwakapah england.
sann 2015 ko pratiyogitako ayojak england thiyo, scotlandma kunai khel khelieko thiena.
| ragbi biswakapre scotland
1987 masihare udaghatani turnament paratharu scotland pratyeka ragbi biswakapare khelichhi.
semanankara sarbashrestha pradarshan pradarshan chaturtha sthanare rahithila. october october semiphinalare, scatland englandatharu englandatharu harithila, kaaran gavin hastings praiah aagare ebong postatharu alpa doorare penalty harai thile. october 30 ray scotland cardiff 13-6 ray nyujilyanda thaaru truteeja sthana play-off haraithila .
sebetharu semane 2011 ebong 2019 byatita pratyeka turnamentare quarter final paain jogyata arjan karichanti, kintu semi-final paain jogyata arjan karinahanti.
କରିନାହାଁନ୍ତି। astrelia bipakhyare quarter final myachare aneka referee nishpatti parey scotland parasta hoithila jaahaa bibada srusti karithila.
2019 ray, semane ireland ebong aajojaka japan dwara pool parjyajare parasta hoithile, 2007 ray wels parey pratham tayara 1 dala hoithile jaahaa eka pulru quarter final paain jogyata arjan karinathile jeunthire kebala duiti tayara 1 dala thila .
byaktigata record.
gavin hustings heuchhanti eparjyanta sabutharu saphala scottish biswakap khelali, ebong aneka record hassel karichanti.
dharmantarana.
chudanta parjyajare adhikansha samagrika rupantarana
penalty goal.
gotie myachare sarbadhika penalty
samagrika record.
scotland ehi turnamentare naah khelithiba aara. dablyu. sii. jogyata arjanakaree desagudika madhyare kanada, wels ebong namibia antarbhukta .
aatithya.
scotland kebe bii biswakapra mukhya aajojaka hoi naahin, kintu bigata barshagudikare skatalyandare aneka ragbi biswakap khela khelajaichhi.
1991 biswakaph britten/ayaraland/frances.
1991 ragbi biswakap final englandare khelajaithila, pool ebong final khela sabu mukhya panchti europeah deshare khelajaithila . europeah rastra, scotland ebong ajaralyandaku nei pool bii gameser samasta khela doublin kimba edinbargare khelajaithila ebong gotie khela alstarare khelajaithila.
1999 biswakaph wels.
1999 biswakap wels dwara ajojita hoithila ebong scotland, englanda, ireland ebong francere kichhi khela byapithila . samasta pool-aii-khela skatalyandare anusthita hoithila. dwiteeja parjyaja play-off ebong quarter final yuropara bibhinna sthanare anusthita hoithila.
2007 biswakaph frances.
2007 pratijogita francere anusthita hoithila, jeunthire wels ebong skatalyandare khelajaithiba kichhi khela thila . edinbergra murrefieldre duiti pool sii match anusthita hoithila.
2015 biswakaph englanda.
2015 turnamenter aajojaka englanda thila, jeunthare skatalyandare kaunasi match khelajai nathila.
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ragbi vishav kapp witch scotland
scotland neey 1987 witch udghatni tournament toon baad harr ragbi vishav kapp witch khediaa haii.
unhan daa sarbottam pardarshan 1991 witch chautha see. 26 aktubar, 1991 noon aapne semifinal witch, scotland noon murrefield witch england toon 6-9 naal haar daa sahmana karna piaa jadon gavin hests lagbhag postan dey sahmane atey thodhi doori 'teey panelty toon khunjh giaa. 30 aktubar noon scotland cardiff 13-6 witch newzealand toon teeje sathaan daa playf haar giaa.
udon toon uh 2011 atey 2019 noon chhadd keey harr tournament witch quarter final laee qualify qarr chukke hunn, parr semifinal laee qualify naheen qarr sake hunn.
2015 witch australia virudh quarter final match witch scotland noon kaee referee faisliaan toon baad haar daa sahmana karna piaa see jiss neey vivaad noon bhadkaiaa see.
saal 2019 witch, uh ireland atey mezban japaan duaara pool padavan witch haar gaye sunn, 2007 witch wells toon baad pahili tear 1 team bann gaee see joe ikk pool toon quarter final laee qualify naheen qarr skii see jiss witch siraf doou tear 1 teaman sunn.
viaktigat ricard.
gavin hassings hunn takk daa sabh toon safal scottish vishav kapp khidari haii, atey usne kaee ricard haasal keete hunn.
parivartan.
antim padavan witch ziaadaatar samuche parivartan
sazaa dey teeche.
ikk match witch sabh toon vaddh jurmane
samuccha ricard.
aar. w. see. qualifying desh joe scotland neey tournament witch naheen khede hunn, unhan witch canada, wells atey namibia shamal hunn.
mezbani.
scotland kadey vee vishav kapp daa mukkh mezban naheen riha haii, parr pichle saalan dauran scotland witch kaee ragbi vishav kapp khedan khediaan gaeeaan hunn.
1991 vishav kappa britten/ireland/france.
1991 ragbi vishav kapp daa final england witch khediaa giaa see, pool atey final khedan saare mukkh panj european deshan witch khediaan gaeeaan sunn. pool bee geman, jinhan witch european rashter, scotland atey ireland shamal sunn, deeaan saariaan khedan doublin jaan edinberg witch hoiaan sunn atey ikk khed alster witch khedi gaee see.
1999 vishav kappa wells
1999 vishav kapp dee mezbani wells duaara keeti gaee see jiss witch kujh khedan scotland, england, ireland atey france witch failiaan hoiaan sunn. saare pool khedan scotland witch aayojit keetiaan gaeeaan sunn. dooje daur dey playf atey quarter final kaee european sathanan 'teey aayojit keete gaye sunn.
2007 vishav kappa france.
2007 daa mukabala france witch aayojit keeta giaa see, jiss witch kujh khedan wells atey scotland witch khediaan gaeeaan sunn. doou pool see match edinberg dey murrefield witch aayojit keete gaye sunn.
2015 vishav kappa england
2015 dey tournament dee mezbani england neey keeti see, jiss witch scotland witch koee khed naheen khedi gaee see. |
ragbee-vishvakap-kridaayaam scatland-deshah
1987 tame varshe udghatana-pratiyogitaayaah anantaram scatland-deshah pratyekam ragbee-vishvakap-kreedaam akarot.
1991 tame varshe chaturtham sthaanam teshaam sarvottamam aasit. 1991 october 26 dinaanke, spen-deshasya scatland-deshasya semee-fainl-kridaayaam, murifield-nagare england-deshasya viruddham 6-9 iti ankaihi parajitah, yadaa gavin hestings ityeshah praayah agrimam, padaat alpadooram cha dandam naa praapnot. october 30 dinaanke scatland-deshah cardiff <aii. dii. 1> ityasmin kridaayaam newzealand-deshaat truteeyasthaanasy play-aaf-kridaayaam parajitah.
tatah param 2011 tame varshe 2019 tame varshe cha vihaay pratyekam spardhayam quarter-fainal-krute te arhatah, parantu semee-fainal-krute naa arhatah.
2015 tame varshe australia-deshasya viruddham quarter-fainal-spardhayam scatland-deshah parajitah abhavat, yadaa anekeshu nirnaayak-nirnayaih vivaadah udbhootah.
2019 tame varshe, te pool-charaneshu airlyaand-deshah, atitheya-japaan-deshah cha parajitaha, 2007 tame varshe wells-deshaat param prathama-stara-1 dalam abhavat, yah kevalam 1-stara-dwayoh dalayoho pool-madhye quarter-fainl-krute arhataa naa praapnot.
vyaktigata-abhilekhaah.
gavin hestings iti skaatish-deshasya sarwaadhikah saphalah vishvakap-kreedakah asti, saha anekaani abhilekhaani cha praptavan.
parivartanam.
antima-charaneshu adhikaamshaani samagraparivartanaani
dandasya lakshyani.
ekasmin spardhayam sarvaadhikaani dandaani
samagram abhilekham.
aar. doubleu. see. arhataa-desheshu ye scatland-desheshu naa kreeditaah santi teshu kenada, wells, namibia cha santi.
aatithyam.
scatland-deshah kadaapi vishvakap-kreedaayaah mukhya-aatitheyah naseet, parantu scatland-deshe varshaanuvarsheshu aneke ragbee-vishvakap-kreedaah kreeditaah santi.
1991 vishvakap-kreedaah britton/airlyaand/france-deshe abhavat.
1991 tame varshe ragbee-vishvakap-antima-creedaa england-deshe abhavat, pool-antima-kreedaah cha sampoorneshu mukhya-pancha-europiya-raashtreshu kreeditaah aasan. pool-bee-kreedaasu, yatra europe-deshasya, scatland-deshasya, airlend-deshasya cha samaaveshah aasit, teshaam sarvaani kreedaani doublin-nagare athavaa edinberg-nagare aasan, yatra ekaha creedaa alster-kridaayaam kreedyate sma.
1999 vishvakap-wells.
1999 tame varshe vishvakap-kreedaayaah ayojanam wells-deshe abhavat, yatra scatland, inglyaand, airlyaand, france ityeteshu keshaanchan kreedaah prasrutaah aasan. sarvaani pool-kreedaani scatland-deshe aayojitaah aasan. dwiteeya-charana-play-aaf, quarter-fainl cha vividheshu europiya-sthaaneshu aayojitaani aasan.
2007 vishvakap-france-deshah.
2007 tame varshe francey spardhaa ayojita, yatra keshaanchan kreedaah wells-scatland-deshe cha kreedyante sma. edinberg-nagarasya murrefield-nagare pool-see-kreedaadwayam aayojitam.
2015 vishvakap-england-deshah.
2015 tame varshe, england-deshah pratiyogitaayaah aatitheyah aasit, scatland-deshe naa kreeditaah. |
rakbi ulagak kooppaiyil skaatlaanthu
1987 aam aandil thodakka poattikkup piragu skaatlaanthu ovvoru rakbi ulagak kooppaiyilum vilaiyaadiyullathu.
avarkalin sirantha mudivu 1991 ill naankaavathu idaththaip pidiththathu. october 26,1991 andru nadantha araiyiruthiyil, skaatlaanthu englaanththidam 6-9 endra kanakkil murrefieldil thoalviyadainthathu, aenenil cavin hastings kittatthatta muun mattrum idangkalilirunththu sirithu thooraththil benaldi thavaravittaar. october 30 andru cardiff 13-6 ill newzealandhidam moontraavathu idaththirkaana pilae-off poattiyil skaatlaanthu thoalviyadainthathu.
appoathirunthu avarkal 2011 mattrum 2019 aam aandugalaith thavira ovvoru poattiyilum kaalirudhikku thaguthi pettrullanar, aanaal araiyiruthikku thaguthi peravillai.
2015 aam aandil australiavukku ethiraana kaaliruthi poattiyil sarchchaiyaith thoondiya pala naduvargalin mudivugalaith thodarnthu skaatlaanthu thoarkadikkappattathu.
2019 aam aandil, avarkal ayarlaandhu mattrum hoast jappanal puul kattangalil thoarkadikkappattanar, 2007 aam aandil vaelsukkup piragu irandu adukku 1 anigalaik konda oru kulaththilirunthu kaalirudhikku thaguthi peraatha muthal adukku 1 aniyaaga maariyathu.
thanipatta pathivukal.
cavin hastings idhuvarai migavum vetrtrikaramaana skaatlaanthu ulagak kooppai veerar aavaar, maelum pala saathanaigalaip pettrullaar.
maattrangkal.
iruthi kattangalil perumpaalaana ottumoththa maattrangkal
thandanai ilakkugal.
oru poattiyil adhiga abaraathangkal
ottumoththa pathivu.
kanada, wales mattrum namibia aagiyavai skaatlaanthu poattiyil vilaiyaadaatha aarr. doublue. chii thaguthi naadugalaaga ullana.
virunthoambal.
skaatlaanthu orupoathum ulagak kooppaiyin mukiya puravalanaaga irunthathillai, aanaal pala aandugalaaka scatlandil pala rakbi ulagak kooppai vilaiyaattukal vilaiyaadappattullana.
1991 ulagak goppai brittan/ayarlaandhu/brance.
1991 rakbi ulagak kooppai iruthip poatti englaanththil nadaipettrathu, puul mattrum iruthip poattikal mukiya ainthu iroappiya naadugalil nadaipettrana. iroappiya naadugal, skaatlaanthu mattrum ayarlaandhu aagiyavattrai ulladakkiya puul pii vilaiyaattukal, avattrin anaitthu vilaiyaattukalum dublin allathu edinbarkkil irunththana, oru vilayaattu alsteril vilaiyaadappattathu.
1999 ulagak goppai wales.
1999 ulagak kooppaiyai wales nadaththiyathu, skaatlaanthu, englaanthu, ayarlaandhu mattrum brance muzhuvathum sila vilaiyaattukal nadaipettrana. anaitthu puul vilaiyaattukalum scatlandil nadaipettrana. irandaam suttru pilae-off mattrum kaalirudhip poattikal palvaeru iroappiya idangkalil nadaipettrana.
2007 ulagak goppai brance.
2007 aam aandu poatti brancil nadaipettrathu, sila vilaiyaattukal wales mattrum scatlandil vilaiyaadappattana. edinbarkkin murrefieldil irandu puul chii poattikal nadaipettrana.
2015 ulagak goppai englaanthu.
2015 poattiyai englaanththil nadaththiyathu, scatlandil endha vilaiyaattukalum vilaiyaadappadavillai. | rugby prapancha kaplo scatland
scatland prarambha tornament nundi scatland prati rugby prapancha kaplo aadindi.
vaari uttama mugimpu mugimpu naalugo sthaanamlo nilichindi. october 26,1991naa jarigina semifinallo, gavin hustings daadaapu mundu mariyu postulaku koddi dhooramlo penaalteeni kolpoyina taruvaata scatland murrefieldlo ingland chetilo chetilo odipoyindi. october 30naa cardiff 13-6 loe newzealand chetilo moodava sthaanam play-aafnu scatland kolpoyindi.
appati nundi vaaru 2011 mariyu 2019 minaha prati tornamentlo quarter finalku arhata saadhinchaaru, conny semifinalku arhata saadhinchaledu.
saadhinchaledu australiatho jarigina quarter final matchlo vivaadaanni rekettinchina aneka referee nirnayaala taruvaata scatland odipoyindi.
odipoyindi, vaaru pool dasalalo ireland mariyu aatithya japan chetilo odipoyaaru, odipoyaaru wales tarvaata rendu tyre 1 jatlanu matrame kaligi unna pool nundi quarter finalku arhata saadhinchani modati tyre 1 jattugaa nilichindi.
vyaktigata recordulu.
gavin hustings ippativaraku atyanta vijayavantamaina scottish prapancha cup aatagadu, mariyu aneka recordulanu saadhinchaadu.
marpidi.
chivari dasalo chaalaa varaku mottam marpidi
penaulty goals.
oka matchlo atyadhika penaalteelu
mottam rikaardu.
eee tornamentlo scatland adani ardabluci arhata deshaalalo kenada, wales mariyu namibia unnaayi.
aatithyamivvandi.
scatland eppuduu prapancha kapku pradhana aatidhyamivvaledu, conny samvatsaraalugaa scatlandlo aneka rugby prapancha cup atalu aadabadutunnaayi.
1991 prapancha cup britton/ireland/france.
1991 rugby prapancha cup final inglandlo jarigindi, pool mariyu final atalu pradhana aidu european deshaalalo jarigaayi. european deshaalu, scatland mariyu irelandlatho kuudina pool bii games, vaari aatalannintinii doublin ledhaa edinberglo oka aata alsterlo aadaru.
1999 prapancha cup wales.
1999 prapancha kapnu wales nirvahinchindi, scatland, ingland, ireland mariyu france antataa konni atalu jarigaayi. anni pool atalu scatlandlo jarigaayi. rendava round play-offs mariyu quarter-finals vividha european vedikalalo jarigaayi.
2007 prapancha cup france.
2007 pootii fraanslo jarigindi, konni atalu wales mariyu scatlandlo aadabaddayi. edinberg yokka murrefieldlo rendu pool sii matchlu jarigaayi.
2015 prapancha cup ingland.
2015 tornamentku ingland aatidhyam ichindi, scatlandlo atalu aadaledu.
| ragbi world cup mein scott lend
1987 mein iftatahi tornament kay baad say scott lend harr ragbi world cup mein kheel chakaa hay.
inn kaa behtareen funination 1991 mein chotha thaa. 26 aktobar 1991 kuu apnay seemi final mein scott lend kuu moray feld mein england say 6-9 say shakast hoyee jabb geon hestings taqriba saamney aur poston say kachh fasilay parr panality say mahroom how gayey. 30 aktobar kuu scott lend carduff 13-6 mein newzi lend say teesri position kaa play aaf haar gayaa.
iss kay baad say wah 2011 aur 2019 kay elawah harr tornament mein kwarter final kay liye kawalifai kirr chakay haine leakin seemi final kay liye kawalifai nahein kirr sakay haine.
2015 mein scott lend kuu australia kay khalaaf kwarter final meech mein refereng kay mutadid faisalon kay baad shakast hoyee jiss nay tanazah kuu janam diyaa.
2019 mein inhein poul kay marahil mein ireland aur mezban japaan nay shakast dee juu 2007 mein wells kay baad pehli tyre 1 team bunn gayee jiss nay poul say kwarter final kay liye kawalifai nahein kiyaa jiss mein sarf duu tyre 1 teamein thein.
infiradi record.
geon hestings abb takk kay sabb say kamiyab scotsh world cup khilaadi haine aur inhon nay kayee record haasil kiye haine.
tabadalon.
hatmi marahil mein ziyadah tarr majmuyi tabadalon
penalty golz.
eek meech mein sabb say ziyadah panality
majmuyi record.
aar dabliyo see qualifying mamalik juu scott lend nay tornament mein nahein khelay haine inn mein canada wells aur namibiya shaamil haine.
mezbani.
scott lend kabhi bhee world cup kaa markazi mezban nahein rehaa hay leakin guzashta barson mein scott lend mein ragbi world cup kay mutadid kheel khelay gayey haine.
1991 world cup: bartaniah/ireland/france.
1991 kay ragbi world cup kaa final england mein kheela gayaa poul aur final kay kheel tamaam paanch aham europi mamalik mein khelay gayey. poul bee games jinn mein europi mamalik scott lend aur ireland shaamil thay inn kay tamaam kheel doublin yaa edinberg mein thay jinn mein say eek kheel alster mein kheela jaataa thaa.
1999 world cup: wells.
1999 kay world cup kii mezbani wells nay kii thee jiss mein kachh kheel scott lend england ireland aur france mein phailay hoay thay. poul kay tamaam kheel scott lend mein munaqid hoay. dosray round kay play aaf aur kwarter final mukhtalif europi maqamat parr munaqid hoay.
2007 world cup: france.
2007 kaa muqabilah france mein munaqid hawaa jiss mein kachh kheel wells aur scott lend mein khelay gayey. edinberg kay murry feld mein duu poul see meech munaqid hoay.
2015 world cup: england.
2015 kay tornament kaa mezban england thaa jiss mein scott lend mein koyee kheel nahein kheela gayaa thaa.
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000546be0798ff0d4b5ee37805989d8fd551447f4b121821d21d24a0b0019a6b | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16020776 | Czech Statistical Office |
Czech Statistical Office
Czech governmental institution
The Czech Statistical Office () is the main organization which collects, analyzes and disseminates statistical information for the benefit of the various parts of the local and national governments of the Czech Republic. It accomplishes this goal through the management of the Czech Statistical Service.
History.
The Czech Statistical Office can trace its history back to the communist era in 1969, when it was created by the Act of the Czech National Council No. 2/1969. It has existed continuously since, although its remit changed somewhat over time. It was reauthorized by the current Czech Republic in 1995. However, in the years between 1969 and 1995, some control over statistical matters had gradually passed to local governments. Thus, while the basic provisions of the modern CSO were brought into effect on 15 June 1995, the authorizing legislation allowed until 1 January 1996 for complete control over statistics throughout the Republic to be exercised by the CSO.
References.
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| chek porixongkhya karzaloy
chess gonorajyor sthaniyo aaru rastriyo sorkaror bibhinno ongxor xubidhar baabe porixongkhya tothyo xongroho, bislexon aaru prosar koraa mukhyo xongstha hoise chess porixongkhya karzaloy (). ee chek porixongkhya xewar byowosthaponar joriyote ei lokhyo puron kore.
itihax.
che 'korr porixongkhya karzaloye iyar itihax 1969 sonot communist jugoloi ghurai aanibo paare, jetiya iyak che' korr rastriyo porixod nong. 2/1969. iyar ostitwo tetiyar poraa obirotbhabe aase, jodiu xomoyor loge loge iyar remitt kichu poriworton hoise. 1995 sonot bortomanor chess gonorajyoi iyak punor onumudon korisil. obosye, 1969 sonor poraa 1995 sonor maajor bosorburot, porixongkhya bixoyok kichu niyontron kromanwoye sthaniyo sorkaroloi porinot hoisil. eidore, 1995 sonor 15 junot aadhunik chi. ess. oh ".-ror moulik byowosthaxomuh karzokori huwar xomoyote, xomogro gonorajyor porixongkhyar uporot xompurno niyontronor baabe 1996 sonor 1 januaryloike onumudonmulok aainor onumoti diya hoisil.
| check porisongkhyan offices
check ganoprojatantrir sthaniya oo jatiya sarkarer bivinno ongsher subidhar jonno porisongkhangoto tothyo sangraha, bishleshan oo prochar korey emon prodhan sangostha holl check porisongkhyan offices (). etty check porisongkhyan porishebar byabosthaponar madhyome eyi lakkhya orjon korey.
itihas.
check porisongkhyan offices taar itihas 1969 saale communist juge khunje petey paare, jokhon etty check jatiya council nong err aain dwara toiri koraa hoyechilo. 2/1969. etty tokhon theke kromagoto vidyaman, jodio somoyer saathe saathe err remit kichuta poribortito hoyeche. 1995 saale bortoman check projatontro dwara etty punra onumodito hoyechilo. tobey, 1969 theke 1995 saaler modhye, porisongkhangoto vishaygulir upor kichhu niyantran dheere dheere sthaniya sarkargulir kachhe choley giechilo. eibhabe, adhunik shee. esha. oo-rawr moulik bidhanguli 1995 saaler 15ee june karjokor koraa holeo, anumodankari aainti 1laa januari 1996 porjonto projatontro judey porisongkhaner upor sampurna niyantraner jonno shee. esha. oo dwara prayog korar anumati deyo.
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check aankadaakiy kaaryalay
check statistical offices () aee mukhya sanstha chhe jeey check prajasattakna sthaaneek aneey raashtriy sarkaaronaa viveedh bhagona laabh maate aankadaakiy maahitee aektrit karey chhe, tenu vishleshan karey chhe aneey teno prasaar karey chhe. teey check aankadaakiy sevaana sanchalan dwara aaa lakshya haansal karey chhe.
itihas.
check aankadaakiy kaaryalay tenaa itihaasne 1969 maan saamyavaadi yugmaa shodhee shake chhe, jyaare teey check raashtriy parishadna adhiniyam dwara banavvama aavyu hatoo. 2/1969. teey tyaarthi satat astitvamaa chhe, jooe keey samay jataa tenee remitma thodo ferfar thayo chhe. 1995maan vartmaan check prajasattak dwara tene fareethi adheekrut karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. jooe keey, 1969 aneey 1995 vachchena varshomaa, aankadaakiy baabto parnoo thodu niyantran dheeme dheeme sthaaneek sarkaarone sonpavama aavyu hatoo. aama, jyaare aadhunik see. aesa. oo. nee mulbhoot jogvaaio 15 juuna 1995naa roj amalmaa lavvama aavee hatee, tyaare see. aesa. oo. dwara samagr prajasattakma aankdashastra parr sampoorn niyantran maate adheekrut kaayadaane 1 january 1996 sudhee manjuri aapvama aavee hatee. |
check saankhyikiya karyalaya
check saankhyikiya karyalaya () mukhya sangathan haye joe check ganarajya key sthaaniya aur rashtriya sarkaaron key vibhinn hisson key laabh key liye saankhyikiya jaankaari ekatra kartaa haye, vishleshan kartaa haye aur prasaarit kartaa haye. yeh check saankhyikiya seva key prabandhan key madhyam seey iss lakshya koo puuraa kartaa haye.
itihas.
check saankhyikiya karyalaya apane itihas kaa pataa 1969 mein communist yug mein lagaa sakata haye, jaba ise check rashtriya parishad key adhiniyam dwara banaaya gayaa thaa. 2/1969. yeh taba seey lagaatar maujood haye, halanki samay key saath iska bhugtan kuchh hudd taka badal gayaa haye. 1995 mein vartamaan check ganarajya dwara ise phir seey adhikrit kiya gayaa thaa. haalaanki, 1969 aur 1995 key beach key varshon mein, saankhyikiya mamalon parr kuchh niyantran dheere-dheere sthaaniya sarkaaron koo saunp diyaa gayaa thaa. iss prakaar, jabaki aadhunik see. aiss. oh. key buniyaadi praavdhaanon koo 15 juuna 1995 koo lagu kiya gayaa thaa, adhikrit kaanoon ney poore ganarajya mein saankhyiki parr poorna niyantran key liye 1 janwari 1996 taka see. aiss. oh. dwara prayog karane kii anumati dee.
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jhek sankhyaashaastriya kacheri
jeck ganarajyada sthaliya mattu rashtriya sarkaaragala vividha bhagagala prayojanakkagi ankiamshagala maahitiyannu sangrahisuva, vishleshisuva mattu prasara maaduva mukhya samstheyaagide. idu jhek sankhyaashaastriya seveya nirvahaneya moolaka ee guriyannu saadhisuttade.
itihaasa.
jeck sankhyaashaastriya kacheriyu tanna itihaasavannu 1969ralli communist yugakke hintirugisabahudu, idannu jeck rashtriya council namm. 2/1969. idu andinindaloo nirantaravagi astitvadallide, aadaagyoo adara ravaaneyu kaalaanantaradalli svalpamattige badalaagide. 1995ralli prastuta jeck ganarajyavu idannu maruadhikrutagolisitu. aadaagyoo, 1969 mattu 1995rahra naduvina varsagalalli, ankiamshagala vishayagala mele swalpa niyantranavu kramena sthaliya sarkaaragalige vargaavaneyaayitu. heegaagi, aadhunika csoda moolabhoota nibandhanegalannu 1995rahra zoon 15randu jaarige taralaayitu, aadare adhikruta shaasanavu ganaraajyadaadyanta ankiamshagala mele sampoorna niyantranavannu cso chalayisalu janavari 1,1996ravarege avakasha maadikottitu. |
check stattistikkal oafees
check republicile praadeshika, deseeya sarkkaarukalude vividha bhaagangalude prayojanathinaayi sthithivivarakkanakku vivarangal shekharikkukayum vishakalanam cheyyukayum pracharippikkukayum cheiyunna pradhana samghadanayaanu check stattistikkal oafees (). check stattistikkal sarveesinte maanejmentiloode ithu eee lakshyam kaivarikkunnu.
charithram.
check stattistikkal offeesinu athinte charithram 1969 leeii communist kaalaghattatthil ninnu kandethaan kazhiyum, athu check naashanal kaunsil nambar 1nte niyamathiloode srishtichu. 2/1969. kaalakramena athinte panamadavu alpam maariyengilum athinusesham ithu thudarchayaayi nilanilkkunnu. 1995ll nilavile check republic ithinu veendum amgeekaaram nalki. ennirunnaalum, 1969num 1995num edayilulla varshangalil sthithivivarakkanakku kaaryangalil chila niyanthranam kramena praadeshika sarkkaarukalkk kaimari. angane, aadhunika sii. ezz. oyude adisthaana vyavasthakal 1995 juun 15 nuu praabalyatthil vannappol, republiciludaneelamulla sthithivivarakkanakkukalu poornna niyanthranam sii. ezz. oo nadappilakkaan 1996 januvari 1 vare adhikaarappeduthiya niyamanirmmanam anuvadichu. |
check sankhyiki karyalay
check sankhyiki karyalay () hii mukhya sanstha aahe jee check prajasattakachya sthanik aanee rashtriy sarkaranchya vividh bhaganchya fayadhyasathi sankhyikeey mahitee gola karate, vishleshan karate aanee prasarit karate. check sankhyiki sevechya vyavasthapanadvare heey uddisht sadhya karate.
itihas.
check sankhyiki karyalay tyacha itihas 1969 madheel samyavadi yugaparyant mage kadhu shakate, jevha too check rashtriy parishad kra. 2/1969. jaree kalantarane tyachi pathvani kahishi badalali asali taree tee tevhapasoon satatyane astitvat aahe. 1995 madhye sadhyachya check prajasattakane yala punha adhikrut kele. tathapi, 1969 teey 1995 darmyanchya varshant, sankhyikeey babinvar kahee niyantran haloohaloo sthanik sarkarankade gele hote. asha prakare, aadhunik see. ess. oo. chya moolbhut tartudi 15 juuna 1995 roji amalat aanalya gelya, parantu adhikrut kayadyane 1 janewari 1996 paryant sampoorn prajasattakatil aakadevarivar sampoorn niyantran thevanyasathi see. ess. oo. dware vaparanyachi parvanagi dilee. |
check sankhyikiya karyalaya
check sankhyikiya karyalaya () mukhya sanstha how jasle check ganatantrako sthaniya rar rashtriya sarkarka vibhinna bhagharuko faidako lagi sankhyikiya jankari sankalan, vishleshan rar prasar gardacha. yasale check sankhyikiya sewako wyawasthapanmarfat yo lakshya pura gardacha.
itihas.
check sankhyikiya karyalayale yasako itihas 1969 maa communist yugma patta lagauna sakchha, jab yo check rashtriya parishad nan. 2/1969. yo nirantar astitwama chha, yadyapi yasako remitt samayasangai kehi hadasamma pariwartan bhayo. yasalai sann 1995 maa wartaman check ganatantradwara punah adhikrit garieko thiyo. yadyapi, sann 1969 rar 1995 kaa bichka warshaharuma, tathyanka mamilaharuma kehi niyantran bistarai sthaniya sarkarharuma gaeko thiyo. yasari, adhunik siesoka adharbhut prawadhanharu 15 june 1995 maa lagu garieko thiyo, tara adhikrit kanunle 1 janawari 1996 samma ganatantrabhari tathyankama purna niyantranka lagi siesodwara prayog garna anumati diyo. |
check parisankhyana karjyalaja
check ganarajyara sthaniah ebong jatiah sarakaranka bibhinna anshara laabh paain parisankhyana suchana sangraha, bisleshana ebong prasara karuthiba mukhya sangathana heuchhi check parisankhyana karjyalaja (). ehaa check parisankhyana sebara parichalana madhyamare ehi lakhya hassel karithae.
itihas.
check parisankhyana karjyalaja ehara itihasaku 1969 ray communist jugare khojipariba, jetebele ehaa check jatiah parishad nong. 2/1969. ehaa sebetharu nirantara bhabe bidyamana rahichhi, jadio samai sahita ehara prerana kichhi matrare badalichi. 1995 masihare barttamanara check ganarajya dwara ehaaku punahpramanita karajaithila. tebe, 1969ru 1995 masiha madhyare, parisankhyana sambandheeah bishai upare kichhi nijantrana dheere dheere sthaniah sarakaranku hastantara karajaithila. tenu, adhunika sii. ess. oh. rahr moulika byabastha 15 june 1995 ray karjyakaree hoithibabele, sii. ess. oh. dwara prajoga karibaku samagra ganatantre parisankhyana upare sampurna nijantrana paain januari 1,1996 parjyanta pradhikruta ine anumathi deithila. | check ankada daftar
check ankada daftar () mukkh sangathan haii joe check ganraj deeaan sathanak atey rashtari sarkaran dey vakkh-vakkh hissiaan dey laabh laee ankada jankari ikkathi karda haii, vishleshan karda haii atey prasarit karda haii. ih check ankada seva dey parbandhan raahin iss teeche noon poora karda haii.
itihaas.
check ankada daftar aapne itihaas daa pataa 1969 witch communist yugg witch lagaa sakda haii, jadon iss noon check national consul nann. 2/1969. ih udon toon lagatar maujood haii, halanki samein dey naal iss daa bhugtan kujh badal giaa haii. iss noon maujuda check ganraj duaara 1995 witch mudd adhikarat keeta giaa see. halanki, 1969 atey 1995 dey vichkaar dey saalan witch, ankada mamlian utte kujh niyantaran hauli-hauli sathanak sarkaran noon saunp ditta giaa see. iss tarahan, jadon kii aadhunik see. aiss. ou. dey buniaadi parbandh 15 juun 1995 noon lagu keete gaye sunn, adhikarat kanoon neey 1 janwari 1996 takk poore ganraj witch ankadiaan utte pooran niyantaran dee aagiaa ditti see.
| check saankhyikeey karyalayaha
check-ganarajyasya sthaniya-rashtriya-sarvakaranam vividhabhaagaanaam prayojanartham saankhyikeeyasoochanaah sangruheetum, vishleshanam krutvaa prasaram cha kurvatee check-saankhyikeey-karyalayaha () iti mukhyasamsthaa asti. check-saankhyikeeyasevaayaah prabandhanena etat lakshyam saadhayati.
itihaasah.
check-saankhyikeey-karyalayaha swasya itihaasam 1969 tame varshe samyavada-yugaat anveshtum shaknoti, yadaa check-rashtriya-parishad-nam. 2/1969. tatah param nirantaram vidyamaanam asti, yadyapi kalantare tasya preshanam kinchitkalam parivartitam. 1995 tame varshe vartamaanen check-ganarajyena asya punah adhikrutam krutam. tathaapi 1969 taha 1995 paryantam varsheshu saankhyikeeyavishayeshu kechan niyantranam kramena sthaniyasarvakaran dattam aasit. evam, aadhunikasy see. ess. o. ityasya mool-upabandhaah 1995 joon 15 dinaanke amaleekaranam abhavat, tathaapi adhikruta-vidhanena 1996 janavaree 1 paryantam sampoorne ganarajyasya saankhyikiyaanaam poornaniyantranam see. ess. o. dwara upayoktum anumatihi dattaa.
| seck pullivivara aluvalagam
seck kudiyarasin ulloor mattrum thaesiya arasaangkangkalin palvaeru pakuthikalin nalanukkaaga pullivivara thagavalkalai sekariththu, pakuppaaivu seithu parappum mukiya amaippaaga seck pullivivara aluvalagam (Czech shamarial aluvalagam) ullathu. idhu seck pullivivara sevaiyin nirvaagaththin moolam inththa ilakkai adaikirathu.
varalaaru.
seck pullivivara aluvalagam adhan varalaattrai 1969 aam aandil communisa sagaapthaththil kandupidikka mudiyum, adhu seck thaesiya council sattaththin moolam uruvaakkappattathu. 2/1969. kaalappoakkil adhan parimaattram oralavu maarinaalum, adhu thodarnthu irunthu varukirathu. tharpoothaiya seck kudiyarasaal 1995 aam aandil idhu maruathikaaram pettrathu. iruppinum, 1969 mattrum 1995 kku idaiyilaana aandugalil, pullivivara vishayangkalil sila kattuppaadu padippadiyaaga ulloor arasaangangkalukku anuppappattathu. enavae, naveena csovn adippadai vithigal juun 15,1995 andru nadaimuraikku konduvarappattapoathu, kudiyarasu muzhuvathum pullivivarangkal meethu muzhumaiyaana kattuppaattirku cso payanpaduththa janavari 1,1996 varai angkeekaaram alikkum sattam anumathikkappattathu.
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check ganaanka karyalayam
check ganaanka karyalayam () anedi check republic yokka sthaanika mariyu jaateeya prabhutvaala yokka vividha bhagala prayojanam kosam ganaanka samacharanni sekarinchi, vislaeshimchi, vyaapti chese pradhana samstha. idhi check ganaanka seva nirvahana dwara eee lakshyanni saadhistundi.
charitra.
check ganaanka karyalayam daani charitranu 1969loe communist shakam varaku gurtinchagaladu, idhi check jaateeya mandali chattam dwara srushtinchabadindi. 2/1969. idhi appati nundi nirantaram unikilo undhi, ayithe daani chellimpu kalakramena kontavaraku maarindi. 1995loe prastuta check republic dheenini tirigi adhikaram ichindi. ayithe, 1969 mariyu 1995 madhya samvatsaraalalo, ganaanka vishayaalapai kontha niyantrana kramamga sthaanika prabhutvaalaku badilee cheyabadindi. anduvalla, aadhunika cso yokka praathamika nibandhanalu 15 juun 1995naa amaluloki vachinappatikee, republic antataa ganaamkaalapai puurti niyantrana kosam cso dwara upayoginchadaaniki janavari 1,1996 varaku adhikaram ichhe chattam anumatinchabadindi.
| cheek shumariyati daftar
cheek shumariyati daftar () eek aham tanzim hay juu jamhuria cheek kii maqami aur qomi hukumaton kay mukhtalif hasoon kay fayede kay liye shumariyati malumat akthaa tajziya aur phailati hay. yaha cheek shumariyati khadmat kay intezam kay zariye iss maqsad kuu poraa kartaa hay.
tareekh.
cheek shumariyati daftar apnee tareekh kaa saraag 1969 mein communist door takk lagaa saktaa hay jabb asay cheek national konsal number 1 kay aikat kay zariye banaya gayaa thaa. 2/1969. yaha tubb say muslisil mojud hay halankah waqat kay saath iss kii tarseel kachh hadd takk badal gayee hay. maujudah jamhuria cheek nay 1995 mein asay dobarah akhtiyar diyaa thaa. tahim 1969 aur 1995 kay darmiyan kay saalon mein shumariyati muamilat parr kachh control aahista aahista maqami hukumaton kay paas muntaqil how gayaa thaa. iss tarah jabb kahh jadeed see aiss awo kii bunyadi dafaat 15 joone 1995 kuu naafiz kii gayein majaz qanoon saazi nay 1 januri 1996 takk ajazat dee taakah see aiss awo kay zariah puray jamhuria mein aidaad woo shamaar parr makmal control haasil kiyaa jaa sakay.
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000546deede687bb2f687698b2ffc3f10edc2a917b9de998ce7cdac3506d2df3 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42273420 | Pranciškus Baltrus Šivickis |
Pranciškus Baltrus Šivickis
Lithuanian zoologist
Pranciškus Baltrus Šivickis (born September 30, 1882, in the Raseiniai region of central Lithuania—died October 12, 1968) was a Lithuanian zoologist who moved to the United States where he completed his education. He became a professor at the University of the Philippines (Manila) before returning to Lithuania to become a professor at Kaunas University of Technology.
Early life.
Šivickis was born in a village in Šiluva parish in the Raseiniai region of central Lithuania. He finished three years of schooling at a Russian school in Šiluva in 1900 and started work on his father's farm. He was interested in Lithuanian folk traditions and was involved as a patriot in revolutionary activities of 1905. Hearing that he was on a list of people that the Tsarist government planned to arrest, he moved to the United States in 1906. There he took various jobs and enrolled at evening classes, studying over the next few years at seven different US universities. By 1920 he had graduated from the Natural Sciences Department of the University of Chicago and two years later received his doctorate, his thesis being on the subject of the regeneration of flatworms.
He then took a post as Professor of Zoology at the University of the Philippines in Manila. Here he became a respected member of the scientific community known for his research, teaching work and organisational skills. His ambition however was to return to his native land and advance the field of Zoology in Lithuania.
Return to Lithuania.
Šivickis returned to Lithuania in 1928 and joined the faculty at the Zoology and Comparative Anatomy Department of the University of Lithuania. He has been described as being the founder of the "Lithuanian school of ecological faunistic studies of invertebrates". Later he also took up a post as professor and head of the Department of Histology and Embryology at Vilnius University. He and the students he inspired published many scientific papers on soil, aquatic and parasitic invertebrates and other insects. He was a member of the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences and in 1952 he started the first parasitology laboratory in the country.
References.
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| pranchisas bultrus sibhikis
pranchisas bultrus sibhikis (jonmo 30 septembor 1882, modhyo lithuaniyar resiniya oncholot-mrityu 12 octobor 1968) egoraki lithuanian pranibigyani aasil ji aamerikaloi guchi goisil zo 'too teu xikhya xompurno korisil. teu philipine biswobidyaloyor (monila) odhyapok hoisil aaru kuwanas projukti biswobidyaloyor odhyapok hoh "boloi lithuanialoi ubhoti aahisil.
prarombhik jiwan.
modhyo lithuaniyar resiniya oncholor silubha parisor ekhon gaont sibhikisor jonmo hoisil. 1900 sonot teu silubhar ekhon rasian bidyaloyot tini bosoror schoolia xikhya xompurno korisil aaru pitrir farmot kaam aarombho korisil. teu lithuanian luk poromporar proti aagrohi aasil aaru 1905 sonor biplowi karzokolapot dexpremor xoite jorito aasil. jarbadi sorkare greptar korar porikolpona koraa lukoxokolor talikat teu aase buli xuni 1906 sonot teu aamerikaloi guchi goisil. taat teu bibhinno sakori loisil aaru xondhiyar shrenit naambhorti korisil, poroborti keibosormanor bhitorot xatkhon prithok aamerika juktorastror biswobidyaloyot odhyoyon korisil. 1920 sonor bhitorot teu sikagu biswobidyaloyor prakritik bigyan bibhagor poraa snatok degree laabh korisil aaru dubosoror pisot doctorate degree laabh korisil, teur thixixtu flatwormor punorujjibonor bixoyor uporot aasil.
taar pisot teu manilar philipines biswobidyaloyot pranibigyanor odhyapok hisape podd grohon korisil. iyat teu gowexona, xikhyadanor kaam aaru xangothonik dokhyotar baabe jonajat boigyanik xomprodayor ejon xonmaniyo xodosyo hoi porisil. obosye teur ussakangkhya aasil teur jonmosthanoloi ubhoti ohaa aaru lithuaniat pranibigyanor khetrot ogroxor huwa.
lithuania-loi ghuri jauk.
sibhikise 1928 sonot lithuanialoi ubhoti aahisil aaru lithuania biswobidyaloyor pranibigyan aaru tulonamulok xorirototwo bibhagor onuxodot jugdan korisil. teuk "opristhibrikhyor poriwexgot jontubidya odhyoyonor lithuanian bidyaloy" ror protisthapok hisape bornona koraa hoise. pisoloi teu vilnius biswobidyaloyot histo "lojee aaru embriyo" lojee bibhagor odhyapok aaru murobbi hisapeu dayitwo grohon korisil. teu aaru teur onupranito saatro-satrixokole maati, joloj aaru porojibi okriniyo prani aaru onyanyo puk-potongor uporot bohutu boigyanik gowexona potro prokax korisil. teu lithuanian academy owo sayensor xodosyo aasil aaru 1952 sonot teu dexkhonor prothom porojibobigyan porikhyagar aarombho korisil.
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prancicus bultrus cvkis
pransicus bultrus cvkis (jonmo 30shhey septembara, 1882, modhyo lithuanier rosenia anchale-mrityu 12ee octobor, 1968) ekjon lithuanian pranibigyani chhilen jini markin juktorashtre choley esechilen jekhane tini taar padashona shesh korechilen. tini phillipine bishwobidyaloyer (manila) adhyapak hohn ebong lithuania firey asen ebong kaunasa prajukti bishwobidyaloyer adhyapak hohn.
prathomik jeebon.
cvkis modhyo lithuanier rosenia anchaler siluva pyarisha-err ekti grame jonmogrohon corren. tini 1900 saale siluvar ekti russian schoole tinn bochorer school shesh corren ebong taanr babar khamare kaaj shuru corren. tini lithuanier looka oitijhyer proti agrahi chhilen ebong 1905 saaler biplobi kormokande deshpremik hisabe jorito chhilen. jaar sarkar jaader greptar korar parikalpana korechilo taader talika tini royechen shune tini 1906 saale markin juktorashtre choley zaan. sekhane tini bivinno chakri niye sandhya classe bhorti hohn ebong poroborti koyek bochor dhorey satti vinno markin bishwobidyaloye padashona corren. 1920 saaler modhye tini shikago bishwobidyaloyer prakritik bigyan bibhag theke snatok hohn ebong dui bochor porr doctorate degree orjon corren, taanr thissis flatwormer punarutpadan bishoye chhilo.
erpor tini manilar phillipine bishwobidyaloye pranibidyar adhyapoker podo grohon corren. ekhane tini boigyanik sampradayer ekjon sommanito sadasya hoye othen, jini taanr gobeshona, shikkhadaner kaaj ebong sangathanik dokkhotar jonno porichito. tobey taanr uchchakangkha chhilo taanr jonmobhumite firey yawa ebong lithuania pranibigyaner khettroke egiye niye yawa.
lithuania-ayee ferat zaan.
cvkis 1928 saale lithuania firey asen ebong lithuania bishwobidyaloyer pranibidya oo tulonamulok sharirbiggan bibhager onushode jog deena. taanke "amerudandi pranir bastutontrogoto pranibidya adhyayaner lithuanian dharar" protisthata hisabe bornona koraa hoyeche. porey tini vilnius bishwobidyaloyer histology oo bhrunobiggan bibhager adhyapak ebong prodhaner podo grohon corren. tini ebong taanr anupranito chhatrora mutty, joloj ebong parajibi amerudandi prani ebong anyanno pokamakader upor onek boigyanik gobeshonapotro prakash korechilen. tini lithuanian academy off scienceser sadasya chhilen ebong 1952 saale tini desher prothom porojibibidya porikkhagar shuru corren. | pransiscus baltrus sivikis
pransiscus baltrus sivikis (janm 30 september, 1882, madhya lithuania resiniyai pradeshmaa-mrutyu 12 october, 1968) aek lithuanian pranishastri hataa, jeo united states gayaa hataa jyaan temane temnu shikshan purn karyoo hatoo. teo kaunaas university off technologyma prophesara banvaa maate lithuania parat fartaa pahelaa phillipines university (manila) maan prophesara banyaa hataa.
praarambhik jeevan.
sivikisno janm madhya lithuania recinian pradeshmaa siluva parganana aek gaammaan thayo hato. temane temane siluvama aek russian shaalaama trana varshnu shaalaakiy shikshan purun karyoo aneey temnaa pitana khetar parr kaama karvaanu sharoo karyoo. temne lithuanian loqa paramparaoma rus hato aneey teo teo krantikari pravruttiomaa deshbhakt tareeke saamel hataa. jyaare teo aee lokonee yaadimaa hataa keey jaimnee zarvadi sarkaare dharapkad karvaanee yojnaa banaavi hatee, tyaare teo teo united states gayaa. tyaan temane viveedh nokareeo leedhi aneey sanje vargomaa pravesh melvyo, aagaami ketlaak varshomaa saat judee judee yuu. aesa. universityoma abhyaas karyo. 1920 sudhimaa temane shikago universityna koodarti vigyaan vibhagmathi snaatak thayaa hataa aneey beey varsh pachhi doctorateni padvi melvee hatee, temno theses flatwormsnaa punarjeevanna vishhay parr hato.
tyarbad temane manilaamaa phillipines universityma pranishastrana prophesara tareeke pada sambhaalyu hatoo. aheen teo temnaa sanshodhan, shikshan kaary aneey sangathhanaatmak kushalataa maate jaanita vaignanik samudaaynaa aadarneey sabhy banyaa hataa. joke temnee mahatvakanksha temnee mool bhoomi parr paachha farvani aneey lithuaniama pranishastrana kshetrane aagad vadhaarvaani hatee.
lithuania parr paachha jaao.
sivikis sivikis lithuania parat faryaa aneey lithuania universityna pranishastra aneey tulnaatmak sharirarachnaa vibhagma facultyma jodaya. temne "aprushthvanshi praniona paryaavaraniy pranishastriy abhyasni lithuanian shaala" naa sthaapak tareeke varnavama aavyaa chhe. baadmaa temane vilnius universityma hystology aneey embryology vibhagna prophesara aneey vadaa tareeke pann pada sambhaalyu hatoo. temane aneey temane prereet karelaa vidhyarthioae maatee, jalchar aneey paropjivi aprushthvanshi aneey anya jantuo parr ghanaa vaignanik lekho prakashit karyaa. teo lithuanian academy off sciencenaa sabhy hataa aneey aneey temane deshmaa pratham paropjivi prayogshaalaa sharoo curry hatee.
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pransicus baltrus sivikis
prensiscus baltrus sivikis (janm 30 sitambar 1882, madhya lithuania key rasenia kshetra mein-mrityu 12 octuber 1968) ack lithuanian prani vigyaani they joe sanyukt raajya america chaley gaye jahan unhone apani shiksha poori kii. vaha kaunas praudyogiki vishvavidyalaya mein professor banane key liye lithuania lautane seey pahale phillippeans vishvavidyalaya (manila) mein professor bunn gaye.
praarambhik jeevan.
siviki kaa janm madhya lithuania key rasenia kshetra mein siluva parrish key ack gaanv mein huaa thaa. unhone 1900 mein siluva mein ack russie school mein teen saal kii schooly shiksha poori kii aur apane pitaa key khet parr kaam karna shuru kiya. way lithuanian lock paramparaon mein ruchi rakhate they aur 1905 kii krantikari gatividhiyon mein ack deshbhakt key roop mein shamil they. yeh sunkar kii way una logon kii soochi mein they jinhen zaarvaadi sarkaar ney giraftar karane kii yojana banaai thee, way 1906 mein sanyukt raajya america chaley gaye. vahaan unhone vibhinn naukariyan keen aur shaam kii kakshaon mein dakhila liya, agale kuchh varshon mein saat alag-alag americi vishvavidyalayon mein adhyayan kiya. 1920 taka unhone shikago vishvavidyalaya key praakritik vigyaan vibhaag seey snaatak kiya thaa aur dou saal baad unhone doctorate kii upaadhi praapt kii, unaki shodh prabandh flatworm key punarjanan key vishay parr thee.
isake baad unhone manila mein phillippeans vishvavidyalaya mein prani vigyaan key professor key roop mein pada sambhala. yahaan way vaigyaanik samudaay key ack sammaanit sadasya bunn gaye joe apane shodh, shikshan kaary aur sangathanaatmak kaushal key liye jaane jaate hain. haalaanki unaki mahatvakanksha apani mool bhoomi parr lautane aur lithuania mein prani vigyaan key kshetra koo aage badhaane kii thee.
lithuania koo lautein.
sivikis 1928 mein lithuania laut aae aur lithuania vishvavidyalaya key prani vigyaan aur tulanaatmak shareer rachana vibhaag mein sankaay mein shamil hoe gaye. unhein "aksheruki jeevon key paaristhitikiya jeevashastriya adhyayan key lithuanian school" key sansthaapak key roop mein varnit kiya gayaa haye. baad mein unhone vilnius vishvavidyalaya mein ootak vigyaan aur bhroon vigyaan vibhaag key professor aur pramukh key roop mein bhee ack pada sambhala. unhone aur unake chhatron ney mitty, jaleey aur parjivi aksheruki aur anya keedon parr kaee vaigyaanik shodh patra prakaashit kiye. way lithuanian vigyaan akadami key sadasya they aur 1952 mein unhone desh mein pahali parjivi vigyaan prayogshala shuru kii.
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pranciscus baltrus sivikis
pranciscus baltrus sivikis (janana september 30,1882, madhya lithuveniyaada raseniyai pradeshadalli-marana october 12,1968) obba lithuvenian praanishaastragnaraagiddu, avaru united statesge teralidaru, allie avaru tamma shikshanavannu poornagolisidaru. kaunas university off technologyalli praadhyaapakaraagalu lithuveniyage hindiruguva modalu avaru phillipines vishvavidyaalayadalli (manila) praadhyaapakaraadaru.
arambhika jeevana.
sivikis madhya lithuveniyaada rasenia pradeshada siluwa parition halliyalli janisidaru. avaru 1900ralli siluvaadallina rashyaada shaleyalli mooru varshagala shaala shikshanavannu poornagolisidaru mattu tamma tandeya totadalli kelasa maadalu praarambhisidaru. aata lithuveniyaada jaanapada sampradaayagalalli asakti hondiddaru mattu 1905rahra kraantikaari chatuvatikegalalli deshabhaktaraagi todagisikondiddaru. jarrist sarkaaravu bandhisalu yojisida janara pattiyalli taavu iddeve endu keli, 1906ralli america samyukta samsthaanakke teralidaru. allie avaru vividha udyogagalannu padedaru mattu sanje taragatigalige serikondaru, mundina kelavu varsagalalli americada elu vibhinn vishvavidyaalayagalalli adhyayana maadidaru. 1920rahra hottige avaru chikago vishvavidyaalayada naisargika vignaana vibhagadinda padavi padedaru mattu eradu varshagala nantara tamma doctorate padedaru, avara prabandhavu chappateyaada hulugala punarutpaadaneya vishayavaagittu.
nantara avaru manilaadalliruva phillippeans vishvavidyaalayadalli praanishaastrada pradhyapakaragi huddeyannu vahisikondaru. illi avaru tamma samshoodhane, bodhana kaarya mattu samsthika kaushalyagalige hesaruvasiyada vaignaanika samudaayada gouravaanvita sadasyaraadaru. aadaagyoo, tanna taaynaadige maraluvudu mattu lithuveniyaadalli praanishaastrada kshetravannu munnadesuvudu avana mahatvaakaanksheyaagittu.
lithuvenia ge hintirugi.
sivikis 1928ralli lithuveniyage maralidaru mattu lithuvenia vishvavidyaalayada pranishastra mattu tulanaatmaka angarachanaashaastra vibhagadalli bodhana vibhagavannu seridaru. aata "akasherukagala parisara praanishaastrada adhyayanagala lithuvenian pantha" dha sthapaka endu varnisalaagide. nantara avaru vilnius vishvavidyaalayadalli hystology mattu bhrunashastra vibhagada mukhyastharaagi mattu pradhyapakaragi huddeyannu vahisikondaru. avaru mattu avaru prerepisida vidyaarthigalu mannu, jala mattu paravalambi akasherukagalu mattu itara kitagala bagge aneka vaignaanika prabandhagalannu prakatisidaru. avaru lithuvenian academy off sciencesna sadasyaraagiddaru mattu 1952 ralli avaru deshada modala paravalambi prayogaalayavannu praarambhisidaru.
| praansiskas baltress sivikis
lithwanian suvolajistaaya pransiascus baltress sivikis (jananam septambar 30,1882, central lithwaniayile rasiniyayi mekhalayil-maranam october 12,1968) amerikkayilekku thamasam marria oru lithwanian suvolajistaayirunnu. kaunaas yooniversitti oof teknolajiyil profasaraakunnathinaayi lithwaniayilekku madangunnathinumumbu addeham phillippines sarvakalashaalayil (manila) professoraayi.
aadyakaala jeevitam.
central lithwaniayile raseeniya mekhalayile siluwa edavakayile oru graamathilaanu sivikis janichathu. 1900ll siluvayile oru russian schoolil ninnu moonnu varshathe school vidyaabhyaasam poortthiyaakkiya addeham pithaavinte krishiyidathil jolie cheyyaan thudangi. thudangi viplava pravarthanangalil oru deshasnehiyaayi earppettirunna addeham, saarist sarkkar arast cheyyaan padhathiyitta aalukalude pattikayil thaan ulppettittundennu kettappol 1906ll amerikkayilekku thamasam maari. avide vividha jolikal ettedukkukayum vaikunnerathe klaasukalil cherukayum thudarnnulla eathaanum varshangalil ezhu vyathyastha yuu. ezz sarvakalaashaalakalil padikkukayum cheythu. 1920 aayappozhekkum addeham chikkago sarvakalaashaalayile prakrithishaasthra vibhaagathil ninnu birudam nedukayum rund varshathinu sesham doktarettu nedukayum cheythu, addehathinte prabandham flaattvarmukalude punarujjeevana vishayathekkurichayirunnu.
thudarnnu addeham manilayile phillippines sarvakalashaalayil suvolaji professoraayi jolie etteduthu. ivide addeham thante gaveshanam, adhyapana pravartthanangal, samghadanaa vaidagdhyam ennivaykku peruketta shaasthra samoohathile oru aadaraneeyanaaya amgamaayi. ennirunnaalum, thante janmanaattilekku madangukayum lithwaniayile suvolaji mekhalaye munnott nayikkukayum cheyyuka ennathaayirunnu addehathinte aagraham.
litwania enna thaalilekku madanguka.
1928ll sivikis lithwaniayilekku madangiyethukayum litwania sarvakalaashaalayile suvolaji aandu comparative anatomy vibhaagathil faakkalttiyil cherukayum cheythu. akasherukkalekkurichulla paaristhithika janthushaasthra padanangalude lithwanian skoolinte" sthaapakanaayi addeham visheshippikkappedunnu. pinneedu addeham vilnius sarvakalaashaalayile histolaji aandu embriology vibhaagathil professor medhaviyum aayi oru sthaanam etteduthu. adhehavum addehathinte prachodanamaaya vidyaarthikalum mannu, jala, parannabhojikalaaya akasherukkal, mattu praanikal ennivayekkurichu niravadhi shaasthreeya prabandhangal prasidheekarichu. addeham lithwanian akkadami oof sciencesile amgamaayirunnu, 1952 ll addeham raajyathe aadyathe paraannabhojashaasthra laborattari aarambhichu.
| pransiscus baltrus sivikis
prensiscus baltrus sivikis (janm 30 september 1882, madhya lithuaniatil raseniya pradeshat-mrutyu 12 aktoobar 1968) haah eka lithuanian pranishastradnya hota joou americet gela jethe tyane tyache shikshan purn kele. kaunas tantradnyan vidyapithat pradhyapak honyasathi lithuaniala paratanyapurvi teey phillipines vidyapithat (manila) pradhyapak jhaale.
prarambhik jeevan.
sivikisacha janm madhya lithuaniatil raseniya pradeshatil siluva parishmadhil eka gavat jhaala. tyanni 1900 madhye siluva yetheel russian shalet teen varshanche shaley shikshan purn kele aanee tyanchya vadilanchya shetat kaam karnyas suruvat kelee. tyanna lithuania lock paramparanmadhye rus hota aanee 1905 chya krantikari upkramanmadhye deshbhakt mhanoon sahbhagi jhaale hote. zaar sarkarne jyanna atak karanyachi yojana aakhali hotee asha lokanchya yadeet teey aahet heey aikoon teey 1906 madhye americet gele. tethe tyanni vividh vividh ghetalya aanee sandhyakali varganmadhye pravesh ghetala, pudhil kahee varshant saat vegvegalya american vidyapithanmadhye abhyas keela. 1920 paryant tyanni shikago vidyapithachya naisargik vidnyan vibhagatoon padvi prapt kelee hotee aanee done varshannantar tyanna doctorate midali, tyancha prabandh flatwormchya punarutpadanachya vishayavaril hota.
tyanantar tyanni manila yetheel phillipines vidyapithat pranishastrache pradhyapak mhanoon padd sweekarle. yethe teey sanshodhan, adhyapan karya aanee sanghatanatmak kaushalyansathi olakhale jaanare vaidnyanik samudayache eka aadaraniy sadasya banale. matra, tyachya mool bhoomivar parat jaane aanee lithuaniatil pranishastra kshetrala pudhe nene hii tyachi mahatvakanksha hotee.
lithuania kadey parat jaa.
sivikis 1928 madhye lithuaniala paratala aanee lithuania vidyapithachya pranishastra aanee tulanatmak shareer rachnashastra vibhagat pradhyapak mhanoon ruju jhaala. aprushthavanshiy pranyanchya paryavaraniy pranishastriy abhyasachya lithuania shalecha sansthapak mhanoon tyanche varnan kele gele aahe. nantar tyanni vilnius vidyapithat uutishastra aanee bhrunshastra vibhagache pradhyapak aanee pramukh mhanoonahi padd sweekarle. tyanni aanee tyanni prerit kelelya vidyarthyanni maatee, jalchar aanee parjivi aksheruki aanee itar kitkanvar anek vaidnyanik shodhanibandh prakashit kele. teey lithuania vidnyan akadamiche sadasya hote aanee 1952 madhye tyanni deshatil pahili parajivishastra prayogshala suru kelee.
| pranciscus baltrus sibhikis
pranciscus baltrus sibhikis (janma september 30,1882, madhya lithuaniako raseniyai kshetrama-mrityu october 12,1968) ek lithuanian pranishastri thie jo sanyukta rajya america sareka thie jahaan unle afno shiksha pura gare. uni phillipines vishwavidyalaya (manila) maa professor bane rar lithuania farkiera kaunas university aff technologyma professor bane.
prarambhik jiwan.
siwikisko janma madhya lithuaniako rasenia kshetrako siluwa parishko gaunma bhaeko thiyo. unle sann 1900 maa siluwako ek rusi vidyalayama tinn warshako vidyalaya shiksha pura gare rar afno bubako khetma kaam garna thale. uni lithuaniai lock paramparaharuma ruchi rakhthe rar 1905 ko krantikari gatiwidhiharuma deshbhaktako rupma sanlagna thie. uni jarwadi sarkarle pakrau garne yojana banaeka wyaktiharuko suchima thie bhanera sunera, uni 1906 maa sanyukta rajya america gae. tyahan unle vibhinna kaam gare rar saanjhako kakshaharuma bharna bhae, arko kehi warshama saat farak americi vishwavidyalayharuma adhyayan gare. sann 1920 sammama unle sikago wishwawidyalayako prakritik vigyan vibhagbata snatak gareka thie rar dui warshapachhi unko doctorate prapta gare, unko thesis flatwormko punarutthanko vishayama thiyo.
tyasapachhi unle manilako phillipines vishwavidyalayama pranishastraka pradhyapakko pada lie. yahan uni afno anusandhan, adhyapan karya rar sangathanatmak kaushalka lagi parichit vaigyanik samudayako sammanit sadasya bane. yadyapi unko mahatwakanksha afno janmabhumima farkane rar lithuaniama pranishastrako kshetralai agadi badhaune thiyo.
lithuania maa farkanuhos.
sibhikis 1928 maa lithuania farkie rar lithuania wishwawidyalayako prani vigyan rar tulanatmak sharira rachana vibhagma sankayama samel bhae. unlai "invertebratesko paristhitikiya jiwawadi adhyayanko lithuanian schol" ko sansthapakko rupma warnan garieko chha. pachhi unle bhilnius vishwavidyalayama histology rar bhrun vigyan vibhagko pradhyapak rar pramukhko pada pani lie. unle rar unle prerit gareka vidyarthiharule mato, jaliya rar parajivi amerudandi rar anya kiraharumathi dherai vaigyanik kagajatharu prakashit gare. uni lithuanian ekedemy aff scienceka sadasya thie rar sann 1952 maa unle deshma pahilo parajivi vigyan prayogshala suru gare.
| pransics baltrus sibhikis
pransics baltrus sibhikis (janma september 30,1882, kendriah lithuaniar raseniai anchalare-mrutyu october 12,1968) jane lithuanian prani bigyani thile jie america chalijaithile jeunthare shay tankara sikhya samapta karithile. shay phillipines biswabidyalaja (manila) ray professor hoithile ebong lithuania feriba purbaru kaunas technology biswabidyalajare professor hoithile.
prarambhika zeeban.
kendriah lithuaniar raseniai anchalara silubha parishar eka graamare sibhikis janmagrahana karithile. shay 1900 masihare silubhara eka rushiah bidyalajare tini barshar bidyalaja sikhya samapta karithile ebong taanka pitanka khetare kaama arambha karithile. shay lithuanian lock parampra prati agrahi thile ebong 1905 masihar biplabee karjyakalapare jane deshapremi bhabe samprukta thile. zaara sarkar jeun lokamananku girapha karibaku yojana karithile, semananka talikare shay achanti bolly shuni shay 1906 masihare america chalijaithile. sethare shay bibhinna chakiri karithile ebong sandhya shreneere naama lekhaithile, parabarti kichhi barsha madhyare americara satati bhinna bhinna biswabidyalajare adhyajana karithile. 1920 masiha suddha shay chikago biswabidyalajara prakrutika bigyana bibhagaru snataka hassel karithile ebong dui barsha parey doctorate hassel karithile, tankara thesis flatwormera punarjanma bishai upare thila .
ehapare shay manilasthita phillipines biswabidyalajare prani bigyanara professor bhabe karjyabhara grahan karithile. ethaare shay baigyanika sampradayara jane sammanita sadasya hoithile, jieki tankara gabeshana, sikhyadana karjya ebong sangathanika dakhyata paain janashuna. tebe tankara abhilash thila taanka janmabhumiku feriba ebong lithuaniare prani bigyana khetraku aagaku badhaiba.
lithuaniaaku pherijantu.
sibhikis 1928 ray lithuaniaaku pherithile ebong lithuania biswabidyalajara prani bigyana ebong tulanatmaka sharirarachana bibhagare sikhyaka bhabare joga deithile. tanku "amerudandi praneenka paribesagata pranibadi adhyajana paain lithuanian bidyalaja" rahr pratisthata bhabe barnana karajaichi. parey shay bhilniyas biswabidyalajare histology ebong bhruna bigyana bibhagara professor ebong mukhya bhabare madhya eka padabee grahan karithile. shay ebong taanka dwara anupranita chhatramane mruttika, jalaja ebong parajibi amerudandi prani ebong anyanya kitapatanga upare aneka baigyanika gabeshanapatra prakash karithile. shay lithuanian ekademy off sciencesra sadasya thile ebong 1952 masihare shay deshar pratham parajibi bigyana parikhyagara arambha karithile.
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prenseesks balters sivikis
prenseesks balters sivikis (janam 30 satambar 1882, kendri lithuania dey reciniaai khetar witch-maut 12 aktubar 1968) ikk lithuanian prani vigiaani see joe sanyukat raaj amrica chalaa giaa jitthe usne aapni sikkhiaa puurii keeti. uh kaunas university aaf technology witch professor bannan laee lithuania waps aaunn toon pahilan philipines university (manila) witch professor bann giaa.
mudhla jeevan.
sivikis daa janam kendri lithuania dey rasiniaai khetar dey siluva parish dey ikk pind witch hoiaa see. unhan neey 1900 witch silua dey ikk russie school witch tinn saal dee school dee padahi puurii keeti atey aapne pitaa dey farm utte kamm karna shuru qarr ditta. uh lithuanian lock parampravan witch dilchaspi rakkhda see atey 1905 deeaan inqalabi gatividhiaan witch ikk desh bhagat vajon shamal see. ih sunn keey kii uh unhan lokan dee suchi witch see jinhan noon zarwadi sarkaar neey griftar curran dee yojna banayi see, uh 1906 witch sanyukat raaj amrica chalaa giaa. utthe usne vakkh-vakkh naukariaan keetiaan atey shaam deeaan classes witch dakhla liaa, agle kujh saalan witch satt vakkh-vakkh us universityan witch padahi keeti. 1920 takk unhan neey shikago university dey kudrati vigiaan vibhag toon graduation keeti see atey doou saal baad unhan neey doctorate prapat keeti, unhan daa thesis flatworm dey punarjanam dey vishe 'teey see.
firr unhan neey manila witch philipines university witch jeev vigiaan dey professor vajon ahuda sambhaliaa. itthe uh aapni khoj, adhiaapan kaaraj atey sangathnatmak hunran laee jaane jaande vigiaanak bhaichare dey ikk satikarat member bann gaye. halanki uss dee ichha aapni jaddi dharti 'teey waps jaanh atey lithuania witch jeev vigiaan dey khetar noon agge vadhaun dee see.
lithuania 'teey waps jaao.
sivikis 1928 witch lithuania waps aaiaa atey lithuania university dey prani vigiaan atey tulnatmak sareer vigiaan vibhag witch faculty witch shamal hoow giaa. uss noon "invertebrates dey vatavarnak jeev vigiaan adhiaenan dey lithuanian school" dey sansthapak vajon darsaiaa giaa haii. baad witch uhanan neey vilnius university witch histology atey bharun vigiaan vibhag dey professor atey mukhi vajon vee ahuda sambhaliaa. unhan atey unhan dey prerit vidiaarthiaan neey mitty, jall atey parjivi akashanu atey horr keede-makaudiaan baare bahut saare vigiaanak paper prakashit keete. uh lithuanian academy aaf sciences dey member sunn atey 1952 witch unhan neey desh witch pahili parjivi vigiaan prayogshala shuru keeti. | pranciscus baltrus sivikis
pranciscus baltrus sivikis (jananam 1882 september 30 dinaanke, madhya-lithuvenia-pradeshasya rasenia-pradeshe-mrutyuhu 1968 october 12 dinaanke) ekaha lithuvenian-praaneeshaastradnyah aasit yah samyuktaraajyam agacchat yatra saha swasya shikshaam samaapayat. kaunaas-praudyogikee-vishvavidyaalaye pradhyapakaha bhavitum lithuvenia-nagaram pratyaagacchati chet poorvam saha philipines-vishvavidyaalaye (manilaa) pradhyapakaha abhavat.
praarambhikajeevanam.
sivikis ityasya janma madhya-lithuvenia-pradeshasya rasenia-pradeshasya siluvaa-paraganyam ekasmin graame abhavat. saha 1900 tame varshe siluvaa-nagarasya russian-vidyaalaye trivarshaanaam vidyaalayashikshanam samapya pituhu krushikshetre karyam aarabdhavaan. saha lithuvenian-lokaparampareshu ruchim aasit, 1905 tame varshe krantikarikaryeshu deshabhaktaroopena cha samlagnah aasit. saha janaanaam suchyam asti iti shrutvaa, yat jaarist-sarwakaarah bandhayitum yojanam krutavaan, saha 1906 tame varshe samyuktaraajyam agacchat. tatra saha vividhaani karyani sveekrutavaan, sayankale vargeshu namankanam krutavaan, agrimeshu katipayeshu varsheshu sapta bhinna-american-vishvavidyaalayeshu adhyayanam krutavaan. 1920 tame varshe saha shikaago-vishvavidyaalayasya praakrutikavidnyaanavibhaagat snaatakapadaveem praptavan, varshadvayaanantaram doctorate-upaadhim avaapnot, tasya shodha prabandhah flatworm ityasya punarutpaadanavishaye aasit.
tatah saha manilaa-nagarasya philipines-vishvavidyaalaye pranishastrasya praadhyaapakatven sthaanam praptavan. atra saha swasya shodhakaryartham, shikshanakaryartham, sangathanaatmak-kaushalaartham cha prasidhah vaidnyaanik-samudaayasy aadaraneeyah sadasyah abhavat. parantu tasya mahattvaakaankshaa swabhoomim pratyaagatya lithuvenia-pradeshe jeevavijnaanakshetrasya pragatihi iti aasit.
lithuvenia prati nivartyataam.
sivikis 1928 tame varshe lithuvenia-nagaram pratyaagatya lithuvenia-vishvavidyaalayasya pranishastra-tulanaatmak-shareerawidnyaan-vibhaagasya adhyaapake sammilitah. saha "akasherukanam paaristhitik-jeevashaastreey-adhyayanasya lithuvenian-vidyaalayasya" samsthaapakah iti varnitah asti. pashchat saha vilnius-vishvavidyaalaye histology tathaa embriology-vibhaagasya praadhyaapakasy pramukhasya cha padam api sveekrutavaan. saha tathaa tasya preritaah chhaatraah mruttikaa, jalaja-parajeevee-akasheruk-jeevah, anye cha keat-jantuhu ityetaani vishaye anekaah vaidnyaanik-lekhaan prakaashitavantah. saha lithuvenian-vijnaana-akadami ityasya sadasyah aasit, 1952 tame varshe deshe prathamam parajeeweewidnyaan-prayogashalam prarabhata.
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francicus baltress sivikis
franciscus baltress sivikis (prappu septumber 30,1882, matthiya lithuveniyaavin raeseenaai piraanthiyaththil-irappu october 12,1968) oru lithuveniya vilangkiyal nipunar aavaar, avar amerikkaavirku kudipeyarnthaar, angku avar thanathu kalviyai muditthaar. avar philippines palkalaikkazhagaththil (manila) paeraasiriyaraaga aanaar, pinnar lithuaniyaavukkuth thirumbi counas thozhilnutpa palkalaikkazhagaththil paeraasiriyaraaga aanaar.
aarambagaala vaazhkkai.
matthiya lithuveniyaavin raseeniya piraanthiyaththil ulla siluva paarishil ulla oru kiraamaththil sivikis piranthaar. 1900 aam aandil siluvaavil ulla oru russiab pallyil moontru aandu pallippadippai mudiththa avar, thanathu thanthaiyin panaiyil vaelai seiyath thodangkinaar. avar lithuveniya naattuppura marabukalil aarvam kondirundhaar, 1905 aam aandin puratchigara nadavadikkaigalil oru thaesapaktharaaga eedupattaar. jarrist arasaangkam kaithu seiyath tittamitta nabarkalin pattiyalil avar iruppathaagak kelvippattu, 1906 aam aandil amerikkaavirkuch sentraar. angku avar palvaeru vaelaigalai eduththu maalai vaguppugalil saernthaar, aduththa sila aandugalil aezhu vevvaeru america palkalaikkazhagangkalil padiththaar. 1920 vaakkil avar sikago palkalaikkazhagaththin iyarkai ariviyal thuraiyil pattam pettraar, irandu aandugalukkup piragu thanathu munaivar pattam pettraar, avarathu aaivarikkai plaatvarmgalin meeluruvaakkam pattriyathu.
pinnar manilaavil ulla philippines palkalaikkazhagaththil vilangkiyal paeraasiriyaraaga paniyaattrinaar. ingku avar thanathu aaraaichi, karpiththal panii mattrum niruvana thirankalukkaaga ariyapatta ariviyal samoogaththin mariyaathaikkuriya uruppinaraaga aanaar. iruppinum, thanathu sontha naattirkuth thirumbi lithuveniyaavil ulla vilangkiyal thuraiyai munnaettruvathae avarathu latchiyamaaka irunththathu.
lithuvenia pakkatthukkuth thirumbu.
sivikis 1928 ill lithuveniyaavukkuth thirumbinaar, maelum lithuvenia palkalaikkazhagaththin vilangkiyal mattrum opeettu udarkooriyal thuraiyil aasiriyargalil saernthaar. muthukelumpattra uyirinangkalin suttruchchoozhal vilangkina aaivugalin lithuveniya palliyin niruvanar endru avar vivarikkappadugiraar. pinnar avar vilnius palkalaikkazhagaththil uuthukuzhal mattrum karupporul thuraiyin paeraasiriyaraagavum thalaivaraagavum oru padhaviyai aetrtraar. avarum avar ookkuviththa maanavargalum mann, neer mattrum ottunni muthukelumpattra uyirinangkal mattrum pira poochchigal kuritthu pala ariviyal katturaigalai veliyittanar. avar lithuveniya ariviyal akaadamiyil uruppinaraaga irunthaar, 1952 aam aandil avar naattin muthal ottunni aaivagaththaith thodangkinaar.
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pransiscus baltrus sivikis
pransiscus baltrus sivikis (jananam septembaru 30,1882, central lithuveniyaaloni rasenia praantamloo-maraninchaadu aktobaru 12,1968) oka lithuvanian janthu shaastravetta, athanu united statesku velli akkada thana vidyanu puurti chesaadu. kaunas university off technologylo professor kaavadaaniki lithuveniaku tirigi raakamundu athanu phillippeans vishwavidyaalayam (manila) loe professor ayyadu.
prarambha jeevitam.
sivikis central lithuveniyaaloni rasenia praantamlooni siluva paarishlooni oka graamamlo janminchaadu. athanu 1900loe siluvaaloni oka russian paatasaalalo moodu samvatsaraala paatasaala vidyanu puurti chesi, thana tandri polamlo pani praarambhinchaadu. athanu lithuvanian jaanapada sampradaayaalapai aasakti kaligi unnadu mariyu 1905 naati viplavaatmaka karyakalapalalo deshabhaktudigaa palgonnadu. jarrist prabhutvam arrestu cheyaalani yochistunna vyaktula jaabitaalo athanu unnaadani vinna athanu 1906loe united statesku vellaadu. akkada athanu vividha udyogaalu teesukunnadu mariyu saayantram taragatulalo cheraadu, taruvaati konni samvatsaraalalo edu ververu us vishwavidyaalayaalalo chaduvukunnadu. 1920 natiki athanu chikago vishwavidhyaalayamloni sahaja saastraala vibhagam nundi pattabhadrudayyaadu mariyu rendu samvatsaraala taruvaata doctorate pondaadu, athani thesis flatwormla punarutpatti anae amsampai undhi.
aaa taruvaata ayana manilaalooni phillippeans vishwavidhyaalayamlo jantusastra professorga padavini chepattaru. ikkada ayana thana parisoedhana, bodhanaa pani mariyu samsthaagata naipunhyaalaku prasiddhi chendina shaastreeya samaajamlo gouravaneeyamaina sabhyudayyaru. ayithe thana swasthalaaniki tirigi vacchi lithuveniyaaloni jantusastra rangaanni munduku teesukelladame athani aasayam.
lithuveniaku tirigi vellu.
sivikis 1928loe lithuveniaku tirigi vacchi lithuvania vishwavidyaalayam yokka jantusaastram mariyu tulanaatmaka shareera nirmaana shaastra vibhaagamlo adhyaapakulalo cheraadu. athanu "akasherukaala paryaavarana jantusastra adhyayanala lithuvanian paatasaala" vyavasthapakudigaa varninchabaddaadu. taruvaata ayana vilnius vishwavidhyaalayamlo hystology mariyu pinda shaastra vibhaagaaniki professor mariyu adhipatigaa kooda padavini chepattaru. ayana mariyu ayana prerepinchina vidyaarthulu matti, jala mariyu paraannajeevi akasherukaalu mariyu itara keetakaalapai aneka shaastreeya patraalanu prachurinchaaru. ayana lithuvanian academy off scienceslo sabhyudiga unnaaru mariyu 1952loe desamlo mottamodati paraannajeevi shaastra prayogasaalanu praarambhinchaaru. |
pransks balters seevaks
pranchesks balters seevaks (paidaish 30 satambar 1882yee wastee lathwania kay elaqay raseeni mein-wafaat 12 aktobar 1968) eek lathwaniyayi maahir haiwanat thay juu riyasathaye muthadah chalay gayey jehaan inhon nay apnee taleem makmal kii. wah lathwania waps aakar konaas university aaf technology mein professor bannay say pehley filpine university (maneela) mein professor bunn gayey.
ibtadayi zindagi.
seevaks wastee lathwania kay elaqay rasinia kay salowa peerish kay eek gaaon mein paida hawaa thaa. inhon nay 1900 mein salowa kay eek rosee school mein teen saal kii scholing makmal kii aur apnay waalid kay faarm parr kaam sharoo kiyaa. wah lathwaniyayi lock rawayaat mein dilchaspi rakhtay thay aur 1905 kii inqilabi sargarmiyon mein eek mahab watan kay toor parr shaamil thay. yaha sunn kirr kahh wah inn logon kii fehrist mein shaamil haine jinhein zaar hukumat nay giraftar karnay kaa mansubah banaya thaa wah 1906 mein america chalay gayey. wahaan inhon nay mukhtalif mulazimatein kein aur shaam kii classes mein daakhlah liyaa aglay chand saalon mein saat mukhtalif americi universityon mein taleem haasil kii. 1920 takk inhon nay shikago university kay shobah qadarti aloom say graduation kirr liyaa thaa aur duu saal baad inhon nay doctorate kii digri haasil kii inn kaa maqalah fleet warm kii takhliq noow kay mozua parr thaa.
iss kay baad inhon nay maneela mein filpine kii university mein haiwanat kay professor kaa ahdah sanbhala. yahaan wah sciency baradari kay eek muaziz rakan bunn gayey juu apnee tahqiq tadrisi kaam aur tanzimi maharaton kay liye mashhur thay. tahim iss kaa maqsad apnee aabayi sarzamin parr waps jaana aur lathwania mein haiwanat kay medaan kuu aagay badhana thaa.
lathwaniya parr waps jayein.
seevaks 1928 mein lathwania waps aayaa aur lathwania university kay shobah haiwaniyat aur taqabili anatomi mein faculty mein shaamil hawaa. inhein "lathwaniyayi school aaf accological feunistic studies aaf invertebrates" kay baanee kay toor parr biyaan kiyaa gayaa hay. baad mein inhon nay walnees university mein histology aur embreology kay shobah kay professor aur sarbarah kay toor parr bhee ahdah sanbhala. inhon nay aur inn kay zariye mutasir honay waalay talbaa nay mutty aabi aur parjiwi invertebrates aur deegar keedon parr behat say sciency maqalay shaye kiye. wah lathwaniyayi academy aaf sciences kay rakan thay aur 1952 mein inhon nay milk mein pehli paracytology libartry sharoo kii. |
00054d9aeca817a3d7f9ed6ff7182223bf1a3d93ef6527893eeef21a152da386 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9573445 | Thunderstorm (band) |
Thunderstorm (band)
Italian doom metal band
Thunderstorm was a doom metal band from Bergamo, Italy. Formed in the early 1990s as a classic heavy metal band, with touches of a down tuned sound.
History.
During their first incarnation in the early 1990s, they released two demos, "Thunderstorm" (1992) and "Force of Evil" (1994). In 1998, the band split up due to musical incompatibility issues between members. Their leader and vocalist Fabio "Thunder" Bellan met drummer Massimo Tironi and formed a new Thunderstorm band, this time geared the sound toward classic doom metal in style of Black Sabbath, Candlemass, and Trouble, and called themselves Sad Symphony. Joining the band soon after was bassist Omar Roncalli, after which the named was then switched back to the original moniker Thunderstorm, and a second guitarist, Sandro Mazzoleni, joined the band. In 1999, this line-up produced a demo called "Sad Symphony", which generated interest among record labels, and the band was signed to Northwind Records.
Under Northwind, the band released two full-length albums, "Sad Symphony" (2000) and "Witch Hunter Tales" (2002). During this time period, Mazzoleni and Tironi departed, Bellan took over full-time guitar duties and brought in new drummer Attilio Coldani. After the latter album was completed, the band decided to switch labels and signed a multi-album deal with Italian label Dragonheart Records and released a full-length album in 2004, "Faithless Soul".
They disbanded in November 2011 citing musical differences, which was displayed on their official website until the site was taken down.
Their albums were recorded at New Sin Studio in Loria, Italy.
References.
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bojropat (bendo)
bojropat italyr bargamur etaa doom metal bendo aasil. 1990-ror doxokor aarombhonite etaa classic havy metal bendo hisape gothon koraa hoisil, zo 'too daaun tuned xobdor sporxo aasil.
itihax.
1990-ror doxokor aarombhonite teulukor prothom owotaror xomoyot, teuluke "bojropat" (1992) aaru "durbol xokti" (1994) naamor dutaa demu mukoli korisil. 1998 sonot xodosyoxokolor maajot xongitor oxamonjosyotar xomosyar baabe bendtu bibhokto hoisil. teulukor netaa aaru konthoxilpi fabio "thunder" belane drummer masmio "tirunik log paisil aaru ek notun bojropat bendo gothon korisil, eibar koo 'laa saboth, candlemas aaru troubler xoilit classic doom metalor faale xobdotu xaju korisil, aaru nijoke dukh ximphony buli koichil. iyar pisote bendot jugdan korisil basisto umor ronkalli, jaar pisot naamtu punor mool monikar trandoroloi xoloni koraa hoisil, aaru dwitiyo giritarstar chendru mejuleni bendtut jugdan korisil. 1999 sonot, ei line-aape "sed simphoni" naamor etaa demu prostut korisil, jiye record labelxomuhor maajot aagroh sristi korisil, aaru bendtu northwind recordot swakhyorito hoisil.
northwindor odhinot bende dutaa xompurno doirghyor elbam, "sed simphoni" (2000) aaru "uis hunter tails" (2002) mukoli korisil. ei xomoisuwat, majuleni aaru tiruni guchi yaay, belane xompurno xomoyor gitter dayitwo grohon kore aaru notun drummer etilio "coldani korhiyai aane. pisor elbamtu xompurno huwar pisot, bende label xoloni korar xiddhanto loy aaru italy label dragonheart recordsor xoite ek multy-elbam sukti swakhyor kore aaru 2004 sonot "biswaxohin aatma" naamor etaa xompurno doirghyor elbam mukoli kore.
2011 sonor novembor maahot xongitor parthokyor kotha ullekh kori teulukor bisched hoisil, jitu saittu aatorai luwa nuhuwaloike teulukor official websiteot prodorxito hoisil.
teulukor elbamxomuh italyr luriyar notun chinn studio 'too record koraa hoisil. |
bajrajhad (banned)
bajrapat chhilo italir bergamore ekti doom metal banned. 1990-err doshoker godar dike ekti classic heavy metal banned hisabe gothito hoyechilo, ekti daaun tune koraa shobder sporsho soho.
itihas.
1990-err doshoker godar dike taader prothom abotarer somoy, taaraa duti demo, "bajrajhad" (1992) ebong "ashubh shakti" (1994) prakash korey. 1998 saale, sadasyader modhye sangiter asamanjasyatar karone bandti bivokto hoye yaay. taader neta ebong kanthashilpi fabio "thunder" belan drummer masimo tirnir saathe dekha corren ebong ekti notun bojropate banned gathon corren, eyi somoy kaalo vishram, mombati ebong jhamela shoilite classic doom dhatur dike shobdoti prostuto corren ebong nijeder dukkher symphony boley abhihito corren. err porpori bande jog deena bassist omor rankali, jaar porey namti asol monikar bojropate firey aase ebong dwitiya guiterbadok, sandro mazoleni bande jog deena. 1999 saale, eyi line-up "sadd symphony" naame ekti demo toiri korey, jaa record lebelgulir modhye agroho toiri korey ebong bandti northwind recordgulite swakkhorito hoy.
northwinder adhine, bandti duti purno doirghyer album, "sadd symphony" (2000) ebong "witch hunter tails" (2002) prakash korey. eyi somoye, mazoleni ebong tironi choley zaan, belan purno-somoyer gitter dayitto grohon corren ebong notun drummer atilio koldani niye asen. porer albumty shesh howar porey, bandti lebel poriborton korar siddhanta neyo ebong italiya lebel dragonheart recorder saathe ekti multy-album chukti swakkhar korey ebong 2004 saale ekti purno doirghyer album, "biswasohin atma" prakash korey.
2011 saaler novembore taaraa sangiter parthokyer kotha ullekh korey venge yaay, jaa saitti sariye naa neoa porjonto taader official website prodorshito hoyechilo.
taader albumguli italir lorrier notun seane studiote record koraa hoyechilo. | vavazodu (benned)
italyna bergamothi vavazodu aek vinashkari dhaatuni patti hatee. itihas daaykaani sharuaatmaa classic havy metal benned tareeke rachnaa karvaamaa aavee hatee, jemaa daaun tune avaajno sparsha hato.
itihas.
itihas daaykaani sharuaatmaa temnaa pratham avtaar darmiyan, teoae beey demo, "vavazodu" (1992) aneey "dusht shaktee" (1994) rajoo karyaa hataa. hataa sabhyo vachche sangeetni asangatataana muddaaone kaarane benned vibhajit thayu hatoo. temnaa netaa aneey gaayak fabio "thunder" baylan drummer massimo tironeene malyaa aneey aek navoo vavazodu benned banaavyu, aaa vakhate kaalaa vishram, meenbatti aneey mushkeleeni shailima classic doom metal taraf avaaj taiyar karyo, aneey potaane udasi simphany kaheta hataa. toonk samayma jaj bendamaa bassist omer ronkalli jodaya, tyarbad naam paachhu mool upnaam vavazodama feravaamaa aavyu aneey beeja gitaarvaadak, sandro mazoleni, bendamaa jodaya. jodaya, aaa line-aape "seeda simphany" naamno aek demo taiyar karyo, jene reqorda labeloma rus pedaa karyo, aneey bendne northwind records parr hastakshar karvaamaa aavyaa.
northwind hethal, bende beey purn-lambainaa albums, "seeda simphany" (2000) aneey "witch hunter tails" (2002) rajoo karyaa. aaa samaygaalaa darmiyan, mazoleni aneey teeroni gayaa, belane purn-samaynee gitaar farajo sambhaali aneey navaa drummer etilio coldani laavya. pachhinu album purn thayaa pachhi, bende lebalo badalvaanu nakki karyoo aneey italian label dragonhart records saathe bahoo-album karaar parr hastakshar karyaa aneey 2004 maan "vishvaas vinaano aatma", aek sampoorn-lambaainu album bahaar paadyu.
teo sangeetnaa matbhedone taankine november 2011 maan vikheree nakhvama aavyaa hataa, jeey sitene neeche naa levaamaa aave tyaan sudhee temnee sattavaar website parr pradarshit karvaamaa aavee hatee.
temnaa albums italyna loreeyama navaa siina studiyomaa reqorda karvaamaa aavyaa hataa.
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aandhi (baind)
itali key bergamo mein aandhi ack vinashkari dhaatu baind thaa. 1990 key dashak kii shuruat mein ack classic havy metal baind key roop mein banaaya gayaa, jisamen ack down tune dhwani key sparsh they.
itihas.
1990 key dashak kii shuruat mein apane pahale avtaar key dauran, unhone dou demo, "toofaan" (1992) aur "burai kii taakat" (1994) jaari kiye. 1998 mein, sadasyon key beach sangeet kii asangatata key muddon key kaaran baind alag hoe gayaa. unake netaa aur gaayak fabio "thunder" bellen ney drummer massimo tironi seey mulakat kii aur ack nayaa toofaan baind banaaya, iss baar kaale sabt, mombatti aur pareshani kii shally mein classic doom metal kii or dhwani koo taiyar kiya, aur khud koo udas symphany kahaa. isake turant baad baind mein shamil honey key baad bassist omar ronkalli they, jisake baad naam koo mool upnaam toofaan mein vaapas badal diyaa gayaa, aur ack doosara gitarvadak, sandro mazoleni, baind mein shamil hoe gayaa. 1999 mein, iss line-upp ney "sadd symphany" naamak ack demo kaa nirmaan kiya, jisane record lebalon key beach ruchi paida kii, aur baind koo northwind record key liye hastaaksharit kiya gayaa.
northwind key tahat, baind ney dou poorna-lambai key album, "sadd symphany" (2000) aur "witch hunter tails" (2002) jaari kiye. iss avadhi key dauran, mazoleni aur tironi chaley gaye, bellen ney purnakaalik gitar kartavyon koo sambhala aur nae drummer atilio koldani koo laaya. baad key album key puuraa honey key baad, baind ney label badalane kaa faisala kiya aur italvi label dragonhart record key saath ack bahu-album saude parr hastakshar kiye aur 2004 mein ack poorna-lambai album, "vishvaasaheen aatma" jaari kiya.
way sangeet key matbhedon kaa hawala dete hue navambar 2011 mein bhang hoe gaye, joe site koo hataane taka unaki aadhikarik website parr pradarshit kiya gayaa thaa.
unake albums koo itali key loria mein nae paap studio mein record kiya gayaa thaa.
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gudugu (byaand)
chandamarutavu italiya bargaamoda doom metal byaand aagittu. 1990rahra dashakada aarambhadalli classic heavy metal byaand aagi roopugonditu, down tune maadida dhwaniya sparshadondige.
itihaasa.
1990rahra dashakada aarambhadalli tamma modala avataarada samayadalli, avaru "chandamaruta" (1992) mattu "dushta shakti" (1994) emba eradu pradarshanagalannu bidugade maadidaru. 1998ralli, sadasyara naduvina sangeetada hondaanikeyaagada samasyegala kaarana byaand vibhajaneyaayitu. avara nayaka mattu gayaka fabio "thunder" bellan drummer massimo tironiannu bhetiyaadaru mattu hosa chandamarutada byaand annu rachisidaru, ee baari kappu sabbat, candlemas mattu trouble shailiyalli classic doom metal kadege dhwaniyannu sajjugolisidaru mattu tammannu dukkha simphany endu karedaru. shighradalle bandge seruva nantara bassist omer ronkalli, nantara hesarannu moola monikar chandamarutakke badalaayisalaayitu, mattu eradane guitar vaadaka, sandro myaajholeni, bandge seridaru. 1999ralli, ee tandavu "syaad simphany" emba demowannu tayaarisitu, idu record labelgalalli aasaktiyannu srushtisitu mattu byaand annu northwind rekaardgalige sahi haakalaayitu.
northwind adiyalli, byaand eradu purna-uddada aalbangalannu bidugade maaditu, "syaad simphany" (2000) mattu "witch hunter tales" (2002). ee avadhiyalli, majholeni mattu tironi nirgamisidaru, bellan purnaavadhiya guitar kartavyagalannu vahisikondaru mattu hosa drummer atilio kooldaaniyannu karetandaru. nantarada album purnagonda nantara, byaand labelgalannu badalaayisalu nirdharisitu mattu italian label dragonhart rekaardgalondige bahu-album oppandakke sahi haakitu mattu 2004 ralli "nambikeyillada aatma" emba purna-uddada album annu bidugade maaditu.
sangeetada vyatyaasagalannu ullekhisi avaru november 2011 ralli visarjisidaru, idu sait annu tegeduhaakuvavarege avara adhikruta jaalataanadalli pradarshisalpattitu.
avara aalbangalannu italiya loriyaadalliruva hosa sinn studiyodalli dhwanimudrisalaayitu.
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idiminnal (baand)
italiyile bergamoyil ninnulla oru doom mettal bandayirunnu idiminnal. 1990 kalude thudakkathil oru classic hevi mettal bandai roopeekarikkappettu, daun tyoon cheytha shabdathinte sparshanangalode.
charithram.
1990 kalude thudakkathil avarude aadya avathaarathil, avar "idiminnal" (1992), "thinmayude shakti" (1994) ennee rund demokal puratthirakki. 1998ll amgangal thammilulla sangeetha poruthakkedu prasnangal kaaranam baand verpirinju. avarude nethaavum gayakanumaaya fabio "thunder" bellen drummer massimo tironi kandumuttukayum oru puthiya idiminnal baand roopeekarikkukayum cheythu, ithavana karutha shabbat, mezhukuthiri, trubble ennivayude shailiyil classic doom metalilekku shabdam sajjamaakkukayum svayam dukkha symphany ennu vilikkukayum cheythu. taamasiyaathe baastudiyo thaaramaya omar rongalli bandle chernnu, athinusesham peru yadhaartha monicker stundardilekku maatti, randaamathe gitaaristaaya sandro mosoleni bandle chernnu. 1999-ll, eee nira "saad symphany" enna peril oru demo nirmmichu, ithu record labelukalkkidayil thaalparyam srishtikkukayum baand north wind recordukalilekku oppidukayum cheythu.
north windle, baand "saad symphany" (2000), "vichu hunder tails" (2002) ennee rund poornna dairkhyamulla aalbangal puratthirakki. eee kaalayalavil, masoleni theronia pooyi, bellen muzhuvan samaya gitaar chumathalakal ettedukkukayum puthiya drummer attiliyo coldani konduvarikayum cheythu. randaamathe aalbam poortthiyaaya sesham, labelukal maattaan baand theerumaanikkukayum itaaliyan label dragonhart recordukalumaayi oru multy-aalbam karar oppidukayum 2004 ll "vishwaasamillaatha aathmaav" enna oru poornna dairkhyamulla aalbam purathirakkukayum cheythu.
saitt neekkam cheiyunnathuvare avarude audyogika websaittil pradharshippichirunna sangeetha vyathyaasangal choondikkaatti 2011 novemberil avar pirinju.
italiyile loriyayile puthiya siin studiyoyilaanu avarude aalbangal record cheythath.
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vadal (band)
vadal haah italichya bergamo yetheel eka vinashkari dhatucha patt hota. 1990 chya dashakachya suruvatila eka abhijat hevi metal band mhanoon tayar jhaala, jyat daun tune kelelya aavajacha sparsh hota.
itihas.
1990 chya dashakachya suruvatila tyanchya pahilya avtaradarmyan, tyanni 'thund havecha paus' (1992) aanee 'dusht shakti' (1994) yaa done pradarshananche pradarshan kele. 1998 madhye, sadasyanmadhil sangitatil visangatimule band futala. tyancha neta aanee gayak fabio "thunder" bellen drummer masimo tironila bhetala aanee eka naveen vadal band tayar keela, yaveli kaala shabbath, menbatti aanee tras yaa shailitil classic doom metalchya dishene aavaj tayar keela aanee swatahla dukkhi symphany mhatale. tyanantar lagechach bassist omer ronkeli bandmadhye sameel jhaale, jyanantar tyache naav punha mool monikar thund havemadhye badalanyat aale aanee dusra gitarvadak, sandro mazoleni, bandmadhye sameel jhaala. 1999 madhye, yaa samoohane 'sadd symphany' navacha eka demo tayar keela, jyamule dhwanimudran lablemadhye ruchi nirman jhaali aanee bandla northwind dhvanimudranansathi swakshari karnyat aalee.
northwind antargat, bandney 'sadd symphany' (2000) aanee 'whitch hunter tails' (2002) heey done purn lambiche album prakashit kele. yaa kalat, mazoleni aanee tironi nighun gele, belanane purnavel gitarchi jababdari sweekarli aanee naveen drummer etilio koldanila aanale. nantarcha album purn jhalyanantar, bandney label badalanyacha nirnay ghetala aanee italian label dragonhart records bahu-album karar keela aanee 2004 madhye 'vishvas nasalela aatma' haah purn lambicha album prasiddha keela.
november 2011 madhye teey sangitatil matbhedanmule visarjit jhaale, jeey sanketsthal kadhoon takalya jaiparyant tyanchya adhikrut sanketsthalavar pradarshit kele gele.
tyanche dhwanimudrit dhwanimudrit italitil loria yetheel naveen paap studiomadhye karnyat aale. | aandhi (banned)
andhibehari italyko bergamoko doom mettle banned thiyo. sann 1990 ko dashakko suruma dauna tune garieko dhwaniko sparshaka sath classic hebhi mettle bandko rupma gathan bhaeko thiyo.
itihas.
sann 1990 ko dashakko suruma afno pahilo awatarko samayama, uniharule "garjan" (1992) rar "dushtatako shakti" (1994) gari duiwata demo jaari gare. sann 1998 maa, sadasyaharu bichko sangit asangatiko muddaharuko karan banned vibhajit bhayo. uniharuka neta rar gayak fabio "thunder" belanle drummer masimo tironilai bhete rar nayan andhibehari banned banae, yass patak callo vishram, candelmas rar troubleko shailima classic doom metaltira awajlai tayar parey, rar afulai dukhad simphany bhanchhan. tyasko lagattai bandma samel huna bassist omer ronkeli thie, tyasapachhi naam muel monikar standerma farkiyo, rar dosro gitarwadak, sandro majoleni, bandma samel bhae. sann 1999 maa, yass line-apale "syad simphany" namak demo utpadan garyo, jasle record lebelharu bitch chaso utpanna garyo, rar bandlai northwind recordharuma hastakshar garieko thiyo.
northwind antargat, bandley dui purna-lambaiko albumharu, "syad simphany" (2000) rar "witch hunter tails" (2002) jaari garyo. yass awadhima, majoleni rar tironi chale, belanle purna-samaya gitarko jimmewari lie rar nayan drummer atilio koldani lyae. pachhillo album pura bhaepachi, bandley lebelharu pariwartan garne nirnaya garyo rar italian lebel dragonhart recordharusanga bahu-album samjhautama hastakshar garyo rar 2004 maa purna-lambaiko album, "vishwasvihin atma" jaari garyo.
tiniharu november 2011 maa sangitik bhinnataharu uddhrit gardai wighatan bhae, june site hataiesamma tiniharuko adhikarik websitema pradarshit garieko thiyo.
tiniharuko albumharu italyko loreako nayan sine studioma record garieko thiyo.
| bajrapata (banned)
bajrapata italyra bergamore eka doom metal banned thila . 1990 dashkar prarambhare eka classic hebhi metal banned bhabare gathita hoithila, jeunthire eka dauna tune dhwanira sparsha thila .
itihas.
1990 dashkar prarambhare semanankara pratham abatara samajare, semane duiti demo, "bajrapata" (1992) ebong "asubha shakti" (1994) prakash karithile. 1998 masihare, sadasyamananka madhyare sangeeta asangati samasya hetu bandti alga hoijaithila. semanankara neta ebong kanthashilpi fabio "thunder" bellon drummer massimo tironinku bhetithile ebong eka nutan bajrapata banned gathan karithile, ether kalaa bishram, candelmas ebong trouble saileere classic doom metal aadaku dhwani prastuta karithile, ebong nijaku duhkha simphany bolly kahithile . ehara kichhi samai parey byaswadaka omer ronkali byandare joga deithile, jaahaa parey namati moola monikar jhadaku pherijaithila, ebong dwiteeja guiterbadaka, sandro majoleni, byandare joga deithile. 1999 masihare, ehi line-up "saad simphany" namaka eka demo prastuta karithila, jaahaa record lebel madhyare agraha srusti karithila, ebong byandaku northwind recordre swakhyara karajaithila .
northwind adheenare, banned duiti purna-dairghyara album, "saad simphany" (2000) ebong "witch hunter tails" (2002) jaari karithila. ehi samajare, majoleni ebong tironi chaligale, belan purnakalina gitara karttabya grahan kale ebong nutan drummer atilio koldaneenku aanithile. parabarti album samapta heba parey, banned lebel badalaibaku nishpatti neithila ebong italiah lebel dragonhart records sahita eka bahu-album chukti swakhyara karithila ebong 2004 ray eka purna dairghyara album, "biswasaheena atma" prakash karithila .
2011 nabhembarare semane sangeetagata parthakya darshai bhangi jaithile, jaahaa site hatajiba parjyanta semanankara official webasaitare pradarshita hoithila .
semanankara alabamgudika italyra loriara nutan sinh studiore record karajaithila.
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toofan (baind)
toofan bergamo, itali daa ikk doom maital baind see. 1990 dey dahake dey arambh witch ikk classic haivi maital baind dey roop witch banaiaa giaa see, jiss witch ikk daaoon tuned aavaaz dey chhoh sunn.
itihaas.
1990 dey dahake dey arambh witch aapne pahile avtaar dauran, unhan neey doou damo jaari keete, "toofan" (1992) atey "burai dee taakat" (1994). sann 1998 witch memberan darmiaan sangeet dee asangatta dey muddiaan caarn baind vakkh hoow giaa. uhanan dey aagoo atey gaeek fabio "thunder" bailan neey drummer masimo tironi naal mulakat keeti atey ikk navaan toofan baind banaiaa, iss vaar kaale sabat, mombatti atey musibat dee shaili witch classic doom maital vall aavaaz noon tiaar keeta, atey aapne aap noon udas simphany kiha. iss toon turant baad bassist omer ronkeli baind witch shamal hoow gaye, jiss toon baad naam noon waps mool upnam toofan witch badal ditta giaa, atey ikk dooja gitarvadak, sandro mazoleni, baind witch shamal hoow giaa. sann 1999 witch, iss line-upp neey "saed simphany" namak ikk damo tiaar keeta, jiss neey ricard leblan witch dilchaspi paida keeti, atey baind noon northwind recordan laee hastakhar keete gaye.
northwind dey tehat, baind neey doou puurii lambai deeaan ailabman, "saed simphany" (2000) atey "dyne hunter tails" (2002) jaari keetiaan. iss samein dauran, mazoleni atey tironi chaley gaye, bailan neey poore samein dee gitar deeaan zimmevariaan sambhaliaan atey navein drummer attilio koldani noon liaaiaa. baad dee album dey mukammal honn toon baad, baind neey label badlan daa faisla keeta atey italian label dragonhart recordan naal ikk multy-album saude 'teey hastakhar keete atey 2004 witch ikk puurii lambai dee album, "bebhrosgi aatma" jaari keeti.
uh sangeet dey matbhedan daa havala dinde hoye navambar 2011 witch bhang hoow gaye, joe kii site noon hataun takk unhan dee adhikarat website 'teey pradarshit keeta giaa see.
unhan deeaan ailabman noon itali dey lauria witch navein sinn studio witch ricard keeta giaa see. |
garjanam (bend)
italian-deshasya bargaamo-nagarasya ekam vinasha-dhaatu-samoohah aasit. 1990 tamasya dashakasy aarambhe, shaastreey-hevee-metal-vaadyavrundaroopen, nimna-swarayukta-dhwanyaah sparshaihi nirmitam.
itihaasah.
1990 tamasya dashakasy aarambhe prathama-avataarasya samaye, te "garjanam" (1992), "dushtashakteh" (1994) iti dwau pradarshanau pradarshan. 1998 tame varshe sadasyanam madhye sangeeta-asangatyaah samasyaayaah karanat sangeetavrundah vibhaktah. teshaam netaa gaayakah cha fabio "thunder" belan ityeshah drummer-maassimo tironey ityenam militvaa nootanam garjan-vaadyavrundam nirmitavaan, asmin samaye dhwanih krushna-vishrama-dina-shailyaa, deepa-dravya-samasyaayaah, kashtasya cha shailyaa classic-dum-metal-prati sajjaha abhavat, swayam duhkh-symphony iti cha uktavaan. tadanantaram sheeghramev basebist-omaar ronkalli ityeshah bend-madhye sammilitah, tadanantaram tasya naam punah mool-monikar-garjanam prati parivartitam, dwiteeyah gitaar vaadakah, cendro mazolini cha bend-madhye sammilitah. 1999 tame varshe, eshaa shrunkhalaa "syaad symphony" iti demo-iteedam nirmitavatee, yena dhvanimudrikanam label-madhye ruchihi utpannah, tathaa cha vaadyavrundah northwind-dhvanimudraneshu hastaaksharitah.
naart wind ityasya antargatam, bend-ityanena "syaad symphony" (2000) tathaa "vich hunter tails" (2002) iti poorna-deergha-aalbam-dwau cha prakaashitau. asmin kaale, mazoleni, tironee cha nirgataah, belan purnakaalikam gitaar-kartavyam sveekrutya nootanam drummer-atilio koldani ityetam aanayat. uttaratamasy aalbam ityasya samaapteh anantaram, bend ityanena label-parivartanam kartum nishchitam krutvaa italian-label-dragonhart-records ityanena saha bahu-aalbam-karaaram krutvaa 2004 tame varshe "failes sole" iti poorna-deergha-aalbam iteedam prakaashitam.
2011 tame varshe november-maase sangeeta-bhinnatam krutvaa te vighatitaah, yat teshaam aadhikaarik-jaalapute tatt yaavat pradarshitam naa aasit yaavat tatt jalaputam nishkaasitam naa jaatam.
teshaam aalbam iteemaani itali-deshasya loria-nagarasya nyoo sinn-studio-madhye dhwanimudritaah. |
idiyudan koodiya mazhai (isaikkuzhu)
idiyudan koodiya mazhai enbathu itaaliyin perkaamoavilirunthu vantha oru toom metal isaikkuzhuvaagum. 1990 kalin murpaguthiyil oru classic hevi metal isaikkuzhuvaaga uruvaakkappattathu, oru down dune seiyappatta oliyin thoduthalkal.
varalaaru.
1990kalin murpaguthiyil thangal muthal avathaaraththin poathu, avarkal "idiyudan koodiya mazhai" (1992) mattrum "theeya sakthi" (1994) aagiya irandu demokkalai veliyittanar. 1998 aam aandil, uruppinarkalidaiyae isai porunthaatha pirachchanaikal kaaranamaaga isaikkuzhu pirinthathu. avarkalin thalaivarum paatakarumaana fabio "idimuzhakkam" bellen trummer masmo troney santhiththu oru puthiya idiyudan koodiya isaikkuzhuvai uruvaakkinaar, inththa murai karuppu oaivunaal, mezhuguvarththi mattrum sikkal paaniyil classic toom metal noakki oliyai thayaaritthaar, maelum thangalai soaga simboni endru alaiththaar. viraivil isaikkuzhuvil saernthaar, pinnar bassist oomar ronkalli, adhan piragu peyar meendum asal moanikar idiyudan maariyathu, maelum irandaavathu kittar kalaignar sandro masloneyum isaikkuzhuvil saernthaar. 1999 aam aandil, inththa varisai "soaga simboni" endra demovai thayaariththathu, idhu pathivu lablegalil aarvatthai uruvaakkiyathu, maelum isaikkuzhu vadakizhakku pathivukalukku kaiyezhuththaanathu.
vadakizhakku kaattru mandalaththin keezh, isaikkuzhu "soaga simboni" (2000) mattrum "sooniyakkaari vaettaik kadhaigal" (2002) aagiya irandu muzhu neela aalbangkalai veliyittathu. inththa kaalakattathil, masloleni mattrum thironi purappattanar, bellen mulunaera kittar kadamaigalai aetrtrukkondaar mattrum puthiya trummer adilio goldani kondu vanthaar. pinththaiya aalbam mudintha piragu, isaikkuzhu lablegalai maattra mudivu seithathu mattrum itaaliya lable tragonhard pathivukaludan oru pala aalbam oppanthaththil kaiyezhuththittathu mattrum 2004 aam aandil oru muzhu neela aalpaththai veliyittathu, "visuvaasamattra anma".
2011 novemberil avarkal kalaikkappattanar, isai vaerupaadugalaik kaaranam kaatti, idhu thalam agattrappadum varai avarkalin athikaarappoorva inaiyathalaththil kaattappattathu.
avarkalin aalbangkal itaaliyin loriavil ulla puthiya paava studiovil pathivu seiyappattana. | urumulato kuudina (byaand)
urumulato kuudina tuphaanu italeelooni bergamoku chendina doom metal byaand. 1990la praarambhamlo down tuned sound sparsatoe classic heavy metal bandga erpadindi.
charitra.
1990la praarambhamlo vaari modati avataaramlo, vaaru "urumulato kuudina" (1992) mariyu "dushta shakti" (1994) anae rendu pradarsanalanu vidudala chesaaru. chesaaru, sabhyula madhya sangeeta ananukuulata samasyala kaaranamgaa byaand vidipoyindi. vaari nayakudu mariyu gayakudu fabio "thunder" bellan drummer massimo tironini kalusukuni kotta urumulato kuudina byaandnu erpaatu chesaaru, esaari block sabbat, candlemas mariyu trouble shaililo classic doom metal vaipu dhwanini sannaddham chesaaru mariyu tamanu taamu vichaarakaramaina symphany anie pilicharu. aaa tarvaata ventane bandlo cherina bassist omer ronkalli, aaa paeru taruvaata asalu monikar urumulato kuudina aataku tirigi maarchabadindi, mariyu rendava gitaaru vaadyakaarudu, sandro majoleni, bandlo cheraaru. cheraaru, eee lineup "saad symphany" anae demony roopondinchindi, idhi rikaardu lebullalo aasaktini srushtinchindi, mariyu byaand northwind recordulaku santakam cheyabadindi.
northwind kinda, byaand rendu puurti-nidivi albumlanu vidudala chesindi, "saad symphany" (2000) mariyu "witch hunter tales" (2002). eee kaalamlo, majoleni mariyu tironi vellipoyaaru, bellan puurti samayam guitar vidhulanu sweekarinchi kotta drummer atilio koldaaneeni teesukuvacchaaru. taruvaati album puurtayina taruvaata, byaand lebullanu maarchaalani nirnayinchukundi mariyu italian label dragonhart recordulatho bahula-album oppandampai santakam chesindi mariyu mariyu puurti-nidivi album "faith less soal" nuu vidudala chesindi.
sangeeta vibhedaalanu paerkontuu vaaru november november vidipoyaaru, idhi saitnu tolaginche varaku vaari adhikaarika websitelo pradarsinchabadindi.
vaari albumlu italeelooni lorealoni kotta sinn studiolo record cheyabaddaayi.
| girj chamak (bend)
girj chamak bergamo atlee kaa eek dome mettle bend thaa. 1990 kii dahayi kay awail mein eek classic hewi mettle bend kay toor parr tashkil diyaa gayaa jiss mein neechey kii aawaz kay raabtay thay.
tareekh.
1990 kii dahayi kay awail mein apnay pehley autaar kay doraan inhon nay duu demo jaari kiyay "girj chamak" (1992) aur "barayee kii qoot" (1994). 1998 mein arakeen kay darmiyan mausiqi kii mutabiqat kay masail kii wajah say bend alg how gayaa. inn kay rehnuma aur gulukaar fabio "thunder" bailan nay dermer maasmo teroni say mulaqat kii aur eek neeya girj chamak kaa bend banaya iss baar aawaz kuu seeyah sabat moam batiyon aur preshani kay andaaz mein classic dome mettle kii taraf badhaya aur khood kuu adaas sumphany qaraar diyaa. iss kay foraa baad baasist amar ronkli bend mein shaamil huay jiss kay baad naam kuu asl monikar thunderst mein waps tabdil kirr diyaa gayaa aur dosra gutarist cendro mazulini bend mein shaamil how gayaa. 1999 mein iss line app nay "seed sumphany" kay naam say eek demo tayaar kiyaa jiss nay record labels mein dilchaspi paida kii aur bend kuu naarth wind records parr dastakhat kiyaa gayaa.
naarth wind kay tahat bend nay duu makmal lambayi kay albumz "seed sumphany" (2000) aur "ddaain hunter tails" (2002) jaari kiye. iss arsey kay doraan mazulini aur taroni chalay gayey bailan nay kill waqti gataar kii zamah daariyan sanbhali aur nayey dermer attilio koldani kuu laaya. baad kay album kay makmal honay kay baad bend nay leebal tabdil karnay kaa faislah kiyaa aur atalvi leebal dragon haart records kay saath eek milty album muahide parr dastakhat kiye aur 2004 mein eek makmal lambayi kaa album "bay aimaan rooh" jaari kiyaa.
wah mausiqi kay ikhtelafat kaa hawalah deetay hoay nomber 2011 mein tehlil how gayey juu saait kuu hataye jaanay takk inn kii sarkaari waib saait parr zahir kiyaa gayaa thaa.
inn kay albumz lauriya atlee kay nayey sunn studio mein record kiye gayey thay.
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00054dce5481ea844eb36a176bc5c2bc276581bf3045e034d2f22ac47380ee0b | https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki?curid=8682 | The Italian Job (2003 film) |
The Italian Job (2003 film)
The Italian Job is a 2003 film about a group of thieves seeking revenge against a former partner who double-crossed them. A remake of the 1969 film starring Michael Caine.
"Directed by F. Gary Gray. Written by Donna Powers and Wayne Powers, based on the 1969 screenplay by Troy Kennedy-Martin."
"[Stella gets an early-morning phone call from her father.]"
Stella Bridger: Hello?
John Bridger: Hello, sweetie.
Stella: Daddy..."[checks the clock]" it's early.
John: I just wanted to let you know that I'm sending you something.
Stella: Mmm. Does it smell nice?
John: No...But it's sparkly.
Stella: "[suddenly wide awake]" Does it have a receipt?
John: "[chuckles]" I'm sending it to you from the store.
Stella: Hmm. Why don't you just come by? We'll have some breakfast.
John: It'd be a long trip. "[pause]" I'm in Venice.
Stella: "[sits up in bed]" With your parole officer's approval, of course?
John: I like the guy, Stella, you know that. But we never really connected. So I think I've paid my PO his last visit.
Stella: What are you into, Dad? Don't break my heart. You told me you were through.
John: After this, I am through. I swear to you.
Left Ear: So come on, gentlemen, shopping list. Who's doing what? Spare no dirty details.
John: Come on, guys. Take a lesson from an old man. Don't spend it. Invest.
Left Ear: In what?
John: In gold.
Left Ear: What are you getting, Rob?
Handsome Rob: Ah, I don't know. There's a lot of things you can get with a lot of money. You know, I'm just thinking about naked girls in leather seats.
Left Ear: Obviously. See?
Handsome Rob: Suppose I'll get the Aston-Martin Vanquish. There's not a lot a girl won't do in the passenger seat of one of those things.
Lyle: I'm gonna get a NAD T-770 digital decoder with a seventy-watt amp and and Burr Brown DAC's.
Left Ear: "[at a loss]" Yeah...
Lyle: It's a big stereo. Speakers so loud, they blow women's clothes off.
Handsome Rob: Now you're talking!
Left Ear: Thirty-five million dollars, you can't get more creative than that, man? I'm going to Andalusia. The south of Spain. Right over there. "[points]" Get me a big house, get me a library full of first editions, get a room for my shoes... What about you, Steve?
Steve Bendel: I don't know. I haven't decided yet.
Left Ear: You haven't decided yet? Come on, man. Is it the mountain air? Just —
Steve: I liked what you said. I'll take one of each of yours.
Left Ear: "[Laughs]" Well here's to two of everything for Steve!
John Bridger: Charlie, there are two kinds of thieves in this world: the ones who steal to enrich their lives, and the ones who steal to "define" their lives. Don't be the latter. Makes you miss out on what's really important in this life.
Charlie Croker: What are you talking about, John? You've been a good father.
John: Sending presents doesn't make you a good father. I spent half my kid's life in prison. Don't get to be my age with nothing but this, Charlie. Find somebody you want to spend the rest of your life with and hold onto her forever. Okay?
"[Steve has pulled a gun, and his armed henchmen have surrounded the gang's van.]"
Charlie: Steve, What the hell are you doing?
Steve Bendel: Made a few plans of my own.
John Bridger: There's nowhere you can go where we won't find you, Steve. You know that.
Steve: I think that's probably right, John. "[shoots him]"
Lyle: And then he's just the media darling... He's on the cover of all the magazines, I should have been on the cover of WIRED magazine. You know what he said? He said he named it Napster because it was his nickname because of the nappy hair under the hat. But he, it's because I was NAPPING when he STOLE it from me. He didn't even graduate.
Handsome Rob: I think it's time to move on, don't you? They shut him down, I wish they'd do the same to you.
"[Mechanic Wrench tries to hit on Stella Bridger during a break in tuning up the Minis]"
Wrench: Hi, we didn't get a chance to meet. "[offers hand]" Wrench.
Stella Bridger: "[gives him a sandwich]" Ham and cheese.
Wrench: Oh, that's cold. Damn, that's cold.
Lyle: You want all greens? 'Cause, ah, 'cause you got 'em. "[chuckles]"
Charlie Croker: What have you got?
Lyle: Welcome to LA's Automated Traffic Surveillance and Control Operations Center. See, they use video feeds from intersections and specifically designed algorithms to predict traffic conditions, and thereby control traffic lights. So all I did was come up with my own... kick-ass algorithm to sneak in, and now we own the place.
Croker: You want to do a dry run?
Lyle: "[singsong]" I thought you'd never ask! "[turns to his computer, showing a camera]" See, red light. "[presses button to turn all lights on an intersection green]" Green light. "[Cars start moving from each direction, causing one vehicle to get T-boned by a car on each side]"
"[On a headset cellphone, Lyle calculates the take from the team's robbery.]"
Lyle: That's about 2.7 million dollars.
Charlie: What?
Lyle: No, wait. That's 27...27 million dollars. "[A brief pause]" YEAH! "[everyone in the station is staring at him]" I got the... Holy Spirit...you should get on it...it's a good train.
Steve Bendel: Who the hell are you?
Mashkov: I am Mashkov. And you killed my cousin Yehven.
Charlie Croker: Gotta have some insurance, Steve.
Steve: Look, Yehven was already dead when I got there. I'm sorry about that, but he dealt with some pretty unsavory types. This guy's trying to play you.
Mashkov: "[to Charlie]" You were right... No imagination.
Mark Wahlberg - Charlie Croker
Donald Sutherland - John Bridger
Charlize Theron - Stella Bridger
Edward Norton - Steve Bendel (aka Frizelli)
Seth Green - Lyle
Jason Statham - Handsome Rob
Mos Def - Left Ear
Olek Krupa - Mashkov
Boris Krutorog - Yevhen
Gawtti - Skinny Pete
Shawn Fanning - Himself
External links.
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| dyo italian jobo (2003 sonor solositro) dyo italian jobo hoise 2003 sonor ekhon solositro jikhon surixokolor etaa gutor bixoye jiye teulukok daabol-croch koraa ejon prakton ongxidaror biruddhe protixudh bisare. 1969 sonot michael keine obhinoy koraa sobikhonor punor nirman. "ef.-ror dwara porisalito. geree gre. 1969 sonot troy kenedi-martine sitronatyor uporot aadharito kori donna powers aaru wein pawarsor dwara likha."" [stelai taair deutakor poraa ratipuwa etaa phone koll paay.]"stella brijarh hyalu? john brijarh hyalu, priye. stellah deuta..."[ghoritu porikhya korok]" etiya xunkale. jonoh moi kewol aapunak jonabo bisarisilu je moi aapunak kiba etaa pothiyaisu. stellah mmm. iyar gundho bhaal neki? jonoh nohoy...kintu ee ujjwol. stellah "[hothate jagrot hoi pore]" taat rosid aase neki? jonoh "[haahi]" moi dukanor poraa aapunak pothiyai disu. stellah hoom. tumi kiyo ohaa naai? aami kichu ratipuwar aahar khaabo. jonoh eitu etaa digholiya jatra hoh 'bob. "[thomoki ror" lo] "moi venisot aasu. stellah "[bisanat bohi aase]" aapunar perul bixoyar onumudonot, nischitbhabe? jonoh mur xei manuhjonok bhaal lagise, stella, tumi xeitu jaanu. kintu aami ketiyau prokritote xongzug sthapon koraa nasilu. gotike moi bhabu je moi mur pu-koo teur xex bhromonor baabe dhon disilu. stellah ki korisa, deuta? mur hridoy bhongo nokoriba. tumi muk koicha tumi xex korisa. jonoh iyar pisot, moi xex korisu. moi aapunak xopot korisu. baau kanoh teneh "ley jauk, bhodrolukxokol, bojaror talika. kune ki kori aase? kunu letera biboron eri nidibo. jonoh jaau, bondhuxokol. ejon briddho lukor poraa xikhya louk. khoros nokoribo. biniyug korok. baau kanoh ki? jonoh xunor. baau kanoh tumi ki paisa, dakat? xundor roboh aah, moi najanu. bohut tokare aapuni bohut bostu paab paare. jaanu, moi kewol samorar aaxonot ulongo suwalir kotha bhaabi aasu. baau kanoh nischitbhabe. dekhun? xundor roboh dhori louk moi aasorit martin venkiswotu paam. egoraki suwaliye xei bostuburor etaar jatrir aaxonot koribo nuwara bohut eku naai. lailoh moi etaa naad ti-770 digital decoder etaa xottor waat emp aaru aaru baar braun dyakor xoite lo 'moo. baau kanoh "[heruwai juwar xomoyot]" hoy... lailoh eitu etaa dangor steriu. spickerbur imaan dangorkoi koy je teuluke mohilaxokolor kapur uruwai diye. xundor dakuh etiya tumi kotha koicha! baau kanoh poyotrix nijut dollar, aapuni tatkoi odhik sristixil hoh "bob nuware, manuh? moi andalusialoi jaam. dokhyin spain. thik taatei. "[point]" muk etaa dangor ghor diyok, prothom xongskoronere bhora ekhon puthibhoral diyok, mur jutar baabe etaa kutha louk... ki hoh "lo, steve? steve bendelh moi najanu. moi etiyau xiddhanto luwa naai. baau kanoh aapuni etiyau xiddhanto luwa naai? jaa, manuh. eyaa paharor bayu neki? kewol-steveh aapuni ji koichil xeitu mur bhaal lagisil. moi aapunalukor proityekore etaa loi jaam. baau kanoh "[hahise]" bhaal hoise, iyat stevor baabe xokolure dutaa aase! john brijarh charley, ei prithibit dui dhoronor sur aaseh jixokole nijor jiwan xomridho koriboloi suri kore, aaru jixokole nijor jiwan "xongyayito" koriboloi suri kore. pisortu noho 'bob. iyar folot aapuni ei jiwanat xosakoiye guruttopurno ki taak heruwabo paare. charley kro 'kaaroh tumi ki kotha koicha, john? aapuni ejon bhaal pitri aasil. jonoh upohar preron korile aapuni ejon bhaal pitri nohoy. moi mur lo "raa-suwalir jiwanor aadha xomoy karagarot kotalu. charley, eitur baahire aan eku nuhuwakoi mur boyox hoh 'bob nuwariba. aapuni baaki jiwantu teur xoite kotabo bisora karubak bisari uliyauk aaru sirdinor baabe teuk dhori raakhok. thik aase? "[steve bonduk etaa tunny aane, aaru teur xoxostro onuragixokole doltur ventu aaguri dhore.]"charlih steve, tumi ki kori aasa? steve bendelh mur nijakoi keitaman porikolpona korilu. john brijarh aami tumak nupuwa thailoi tumi jaabo nuwara thaai aase, steve. xeitu aapuni jaane. steveh moi bhabu je eitu xombhobotoh thik, john. "[teuk guli kore]" lailoh aaru taar pisot teu kewol miriyar priyo... teu xokolu alusonir proschod pristhat aase, moi wired alusonir proschod pristhat thokatu usit aasil. teu ki koichil jaanu? teu koichil je teu iyak napster buli naamkoron korisil kaaron tupir tolot thoka nepee sulir baabe eitu teur daknam aasil. kintu teu, iyar kaaron moi xuwi aasilu jetiya teu mur poraa suri korisil. teu snatokou huwa nasil. xundor lunthonoh moi bhabu etiya aagbarhi juwar xomoy, nohoyone baaru? teuluke teuk bondho kori diye, moi aaxa koru teuluke aapunar xoiteu ekei koribo. "[mekanik renche minibur xur korar birotir xomoyot stella brijarot aaghat koriboloi chesta kore]" renchoh haai, aami log huwar xujug puwa nasilu. "[haat prodan kore]" rench. stella brijarh "[teuk etaa sendouis diye]" hemm aaru seej. renchoh oh ', thanda lagise. dhur, thanda lagise. lailoh aapuni xokolu xeujiya bostu bisare neki? 'kaaron, aah,' kaaron aapuni xeibur paise. "charley krokaroh ki paisa? lailoh laar swoyongkriyo trephic nirikhyon aaru niyontron karjyokolap kendroloi swagotomo jonaisu. sauk, teuluke trephikor owosthar purbanuman koriboloi serectionor poraa video 'feed aaru bixexbhabe design koraa elgorithom byobohar kore, aaru iyar folot trephic light niyontron kore. gotike moi kewol mur nijor kotha bhabihe aahisu... lorosor koriboloi kick-gaadha elgorithom, aaru etiya aami thaikhonor maalik. kro 'kaaroh aapuni dry raan koribo bisare neki? lailoh "[sangochong]" moi bhabisilu tumi ketiyau xudhibo nuwara! "[teur computeroloi ghuri, kemera dekhuwai]" suwa, ronga light. "[xokolu light etaa ched xeujiya rupot ghuraboloi butam tipe]" "xeujiya light. "[garibur protitu dixor poraa jaboloi aarombho kore, jaar folot ekhon baahon duyufale ekhon garir dwara ti-bondo hoi pore]" "" "" [headset selfunot, laile doltur lunthonor poraa luwakhini gonona kore. ]"lailoh xeitu pray 27 laakh dollar. charlih ki? lailoh naai, opekhya korok. xeitu 27... 27 million dollar. "[etaa xongkhipto biroti]" hoy! "[stationor xokoluwe taak saai aase]" moi buji paisu... pobitro aatma...aapuni iyar uporot uponeet hoh 'bob laage...eitu etaa bhaal rey 'lo. steve bendelh tumi coon? maskubhoh moi maskuv. aaru tumi mur khurak bhai iyebhenok hotya korila. charley kro 'kaaroh steve, kichu beema koribo lagibo. steveh suwa, moi taat uposthito huwar xomoyote iyebhen itimodhye mori goisil. moi iyar baabe dukkhito, kintu teu kisuman oti beyaa dhoronor byowostha korisil. ei manuhe aapunak kheliboloi chesta kori aase. maskubhoh "[charlir usorot]" aapuni thikei koichil... kolpona naai. mark wahlborg-charley krokar donald cho-john brijar charliz theron-stella brijar edward norton-steve bendel (urofe freezeli) seth green-laail jeson stetham-xundor robo mox deph-baau kaanor olek krupa-maxkuv boris kruturog-yebhen gawoti-skinny pitt swan fenning-nijor bahyik xongzug. wikipediat iyar bixoye etaa probondho aaseh | dya italian jobo (2003 saaler cholochchitro) dya italian jobo 2003 saaler ekti cholochchitro jaa ekodol chorer somporke jaa taader double-cross koraa eka praktan sangir biruddhe protishodh nitey chaay. michael keyne abhineet 1969 saaler cholochchitrer punarnirman. "eff dwara porichalito. gyari gray. 1969 saale troy kenedi-martiner chitronatto abolambane donna powers ebong oyeina powers dwara likhito."" [stella taar babar kachh theke khub bhore ekti phone qala paay.]"stella brijarah hallow? john brijarah hallow, mishti. stella baba..."[ghadita dekhe]" ekhon onek deri. jonoh aami shudhu aponake janate cheyechilam jey aami aponake kichhu pathachchi. stella mmm. err gondho kii valo? jonoh naa...kintu etaa ujjal. stella "[hothat jege]" err kii konao raseed achhe? jonoh "[hassie]" aami dokan theke etaa pathachchi. stella hoom. keena, upney edike asen naa? amra sokaler nasta korob. jonoh etaa ekta deergho sofor hobey. "[biroti deane]" aami venis-ayee achhi. stella "[bichhanai bosey]" upner parol officer anumodan niye, aboshyoi? jonoh aami loktike pochondo corry, stella, tumi taa jaano. kintu amra kokhonyi prokritopokkhe sangjukto hoini. taai aami money corry aami amar poe-keey taar shesh poridorshon diyechilam. stella baba, tumi kii korcho? amar hridaya venge dio naa. tumi bolechile tumi shesh korechh. jonoh err porey, aami shesh hoye gechi. aami shopoth korchi. baan kaanh tahle cholun, bhadralokera, kenakatar talika. keey kii korche? konao nongra biboron baad deben naa. jonoh esso, bandhura. ekjon briddher kachh theke shikkha neen. kharach korben naa. biniyog korun. baan kaanh kiser modhye? jonoh swarner. baan kaanh qee pachcho, dakat? sundar dakatoh aaho, aami jaani naa. prachur ortho diye upney onek kichhu petey paren. jaano, aami shudhu chamdar asone ulongo meyeder kotha bhabchi. baan kaanh aboshyoi. dekhcho? sudarshan dakatoh dharun aami vismayakar-martin vanquishty pub. emon kichhu nei jaa konao meye jatrir asone korbe naa. lile aami sottor-oyata ampere ebong barr braun dyaka soho ekti naad tii-770 digital decoder petey cholechi. baan kaanh "[khotir somoy]" hyaan... lile etaa ekta borh stereo. speaker eto jorey, taaraa mohilader jamakapad udiye deyo. sundar dakatoh ekhon tumi kotha bolcho! baan kaanh payatrish million dollar, upney err cheye beshi srijanshil hotey parben naa, bhai? aami andalusia cholechi. spener dakkhin. thhik okhanei. "[point]" amake ekti borh baadi deane, prothom sangaskarane purno ekti gronthagar deane, amar jutar jonno ekti jaiga deane... tomar kii hobey, stibha? stibha bendell aami jaani naa. aami ekhono siddhanta niinii. baan kaanh upney ekhono siddhanta nenni? esso, manush. etaa kii pahadi batas? shudhu-steve upney jaa bolechen taa amar valo legeche. aami apnader protteker ekti korey niye asob. baan kaanh "[hassie]" ekhane stever jonno sabkichur modhye duti! john brijarah charley, eyi prithibite dui dharaner chore royeche jaaraa taader jeebonke samriddha korar jonno churi korey ebong jaaraa taader jeebonke "sangyayita" korar jonno churi korey. porerta hoben naa. eyi jeebone jaa sottii guruttopurno taa aponake miss korey deyo. charley crocker upney kiser kotha bolchen, john? upney ekjon valo baba chhilen. jonoh upohar pathanor foley upney ekjon valo baba hoye uthben naa. aami amar bachchar ardhek jeebon jele katiechi. charley, etaa chhada arr kichhu naa korey amar boyoser hoye jeo naa. emon kauke khunje berr korun jaar sange upney saaraa jeebon katate chaan ebong taake chirkal dhorey rakhun. thhik achhe? "[stibha ekti banduk teneche, ebong taar soshostro anucharra doler vanke ghire feleche.]"charley stibha, tumi kii korcho? stibha bendell aami nijer moto korey kichhu parikalpana karechilam. john brijarah emon cono jaiga nei jekhane upney jete parben naa, stibha. seta upney jaanen. steve aami money corry etaa sombhoboto thhik, john. "[taake gully korey] lile ebong tarpor seey cable midia priya... seey sobb potrikar prochchode achhe, amar warred magaziner prochchode thaka uchito chhilo. tumi jaano seey kii bolechilo? tini bollen jey tini err naam rekhechen napster kaaron tupir niche nappyr chuler karone etty taanr ducknum chhilo. kintu seey, kaaron aami ghumiye padchilam jokhon seey amar kachh theke churi korechilo. emonki snatoko korenni. sundar dakatoh amar money hoy ekhoni egiye yawar somoy, taai naa? taaraa taake bondho korey deyo, aami aasha corry taaraa upner satheo ekoi kaaj korbe. "[mechanic rencha miniguli soor korar birotir somoy stella brijarke aghat korar chesta korey]" renchah hye, amra dekha korar sujog paini. "[haat deyo]" rencha. stella brijarah "[taake ekti sandwich deyo]" hyama ebong ponir. renchah oh, khub thhanda. dhur, khub thhanda. lile sobb sobuj chaai? 'kaaron, aaho,' kaaron upney taader peyechen. "[hassie]" charley crocker kii peley? lile laa-err swayankriya traphika nazardari ebong niyantran apareshana centere aponake swagotomo. dekhun, taaraa traphika abosthar purbabhas deoar jonno chhed theke vdo phida ebong biseshbhabe design koraa algorithm byabohar korey ebong err foley traphika light niyantran korey. taai aami jaa korechi taa holl amar nijer niye assa... lukiye thucker jonno kick-gadha algorithm, ebong ekhon amra jaigatir malik. crocker upney kii dry raan korte chaan? lile "[gaan]" aami bhebechilam tumi kokhono jigges korbe naa! "[taar computer dike firey, ekti camera dekhay]" "dekhun, laal alo. "[samasta aloke ekti chhed sobuj rongo ditey botam tipun]" "sobuj alo. "[gadiguli protiti dick theke cholte shuru korey, jaar foley ekti gaadi ubhoy paashe ekti gaadir dwara tii-bonned hoye yaay]" "[ekti headset selphone, lyle doler dakatir samaykar hisab ganana korey.]"lile seta pray 27 lokkho dollar. charley kii? lile naa, apekkha coro. arthat 27... 27 million dollar. "[ekti sangkhipto biroti]" hyaan! "[stationer sobai taar dike takiye achhe]" aami bujhte perechi... pobitro atma...upner etaa koraa uchito...etaa ekta valo train. stibha bendell keey tumi? mashkovo aami mashkov. arr tumi amar chachato bhai iyevenke hotya korechh. charley crocker stibha, kichhu beema korte hobey. steve dekhun, aami jokhon sekhane pouchlam tokhon ieven itimodhyei maaraa giechilo. aami err jonno dukkhito, kintu tini besh kichhu apritikar dharaner mokabila korechilen. eyi lokti upner saathe khelte chaiche. mashkovo "[charley]" upney thhikyi bolechen... kalpanao nei. marqa wahlberg-charley crocker donald shha-john brizzer charlize theron-stella brizzer edward norton-stibha bendell (orofe freezelli) sheth grin-lyle jesson statham-sudarshan robb mose depha-baam kaaner olek krupa-mashkov boris crutorog-ieven gaotti-charmasar pitey shaan fanning-nijer bahyik sangjog. wikipedia ekti nibondho royeche | dhaa italian joba (2003nee film) dhaa italian joba 2003nee aek film chhe jeey choronaa aek jooth vishe chhe, jeey bhutpurv bhagidar saame badalo levaa maange chhe, jene temne beey vaar paar karyaa hataa. michael qena abhineet 1969nee filmnee remack. "dwara nirdeshit aef. geree grey. donaa powers aneey veena powers dwara lakhaayel, jeey troy kenedi-martin dwara 1969nee patkathaa parr aadharit chhe."" [stellane tenaa pitaa tarafthi vahelee savaare phone aave chhe.]"stella brijarah helo? john brijarah helo, sweety. stellah pitaa..."[ghadiyaad tapase chhe]" vahelaa thaee gayaa chhe. johnh huun tamane maatra aee jaj janavva maangato hato keey huun tamane kaneek mokali rahyo chhu. stellah mmm. shun tenee sugandh saaree chhe? johnh naa...parantu teey tejasvi chhe. stellah "[achaanak jagvu]" shun tenee paase raseed chhe? johnh "[hasey chhe]" huun tene tamane dukanmathi mokali rahyo chhu. stellah humm. tame hamanaa jaj qema nathee aavtaa? aapane thodo naasto kareeshu. johnh teey aek laambi suffer hashe. "[thobho]" huun venismaan chhu. stellah "[pathaarimaa beso]" tamara perol adhikarini manjuri saathe, albatt? johnh maney teey vyaktee game chhe, stella, tame teey jaano chho. parantu amey kharekhar kyaarey jodaayela nathee. tethee maney laage chhe keey meyn maaraa pone temnee chhelli mulakat aapee chhe. stellah tamane shun game chhe, pitaa? maarun deel naa todasho. tame maney kahyoo hatoo keey tame samaapt curry didhu chhe. johnh aaa pachhi, huun samaapt thaee gayo chhu. huun tamane shapath aapu chhu. daabo kaanah too chaalo, sajjano, khareedini yaadee. koona shun karey chhe? koee gandee vigato naa chhodo. johnh aavo, mitro. aek vruddh maanas pasethi paath loow. teno kharch naa karoo. rokaan karoo. daaba kaanah shun? johnh sonaama. daabo kaanah tamane shun malee rahyu chhe, lunt? sunder luntaaroh oh, maney khabar nathee. aevee ghanee vastuo chhe jeey tame ghanaa paisaathi melvee shako chho. tame jaano chho, huun maatra chaamadaani bethakomaa nagna chhokario vishe vichaaree rahyo chhu. daaba kaanah dekheeti reete. juo? sunder luntaaroh dhaaro keey maney aashcharyajanak-martin jeet malashe. temathi aek vastuni passenger seat parr chhokari ghanoo badhu nahee karey. lileh huun sitter voota emp aneey burr braaun dayk saathenu aena. aee. dii. tii-770 digital decoder levaa jaee rahyo chhu. daaba kaanah "[khotmaa]" haa... lileh teey aek moto stereo chhe. vaktaao etalaa motethee bolle chhe keey teo mahilaaonaa kapadaa udaadi deey chhe. sunder luntaaroh havey tame vaat curry rahyaa chho! daabo kaanah 35 laakh dollar, tame tenaathi vadhu sarjanatmak naa melvee shako, maanas? huun andalusia jaee rahyo chhu. spainni dakshin. tyaan jaj. "[muddaao]" maney aek motoo ghar aapo, maney pratham aavruttiothi bharelu pustakaalay aapo, maaraa pagarkhaa maate jagya melvo... tamaaru shun, steve? steve bandell maney khabar nathee. meyn haju nirnay leedho nathee. daabo kaanah tame haju nakki karyoo nathee? aavo, maanas. shun teey parvateey havaa chhe? just-steve tame jeey kahyoo teey maney gamyoo. huun tamaramathi darekne laee jaish. daabo kaanah "[hasey chhe]" aheen steve maate badhu beey chhe! john brijarah charley, aaa duniyama beey prakaarnaa choro chheh jeo temnaa jeevanne samruddh banaavvaa maate choree karey chhe, aneey jeo temnaa jeevanne "vyakhyayit" karvaa maate choree karey chhe. pachhinu naa bano. aaa jeevanma kharekhar shun mahatvanu chhe teey tamane chooki jaay chhe. charley crocker tame shun vaat curry rahyaa chho, john? tame aek saaraa pitaa rahyaa chho. johnh bheto mokalvaathi tame saaraa pitaa nathee banata. meyn maaraa baadaknu adadhu jeevan jailma vitaavyu. aaa sivaay beeju kanee naa hoya too maaree ummar naa bano, charley. tame tamaari baakini jindagi saathe pasaar karvaa maango chho tevee vyakteene shodho aneey tene kaayam maate pakadi raakho. theek chhe? "[steway bandook khenchee chhe, aneey tenaa sashastr anuyaayioae gengnee vaanane gheree leedhi chhe.]"charley steve, toon shun karey chhe? steve bandell maaree potaani ketalik yojnaao banaavi. john brijarah steve, jyaan amey tamane naa maleeae tyaan tame kyaay jaee shaktaa nathee. aee tame jaano chho. steve maney laage chhe keey teey kadaach saachu chhe, john. "[tene golee maare chhe]" "layalah aneey pachhi teey maatra mediano preey chhe"... teey tamaam saamyikonaa mukhprushth parr chhe, maare wired saamyikonaa mukhprushth parr hovu joiae. tame jaano chho keey tene shun kahyoo? tene kahyoo keey tene tenu naam napster raakhyu kaaran keey topini neechena nape vaadne kaarane tenu upnaam hatoo. pann teey, teey etalaa maate chhe kaaran keey huun unghee rahyo hato jyaare tene maaree pasethi teey choree leedhu hatoo. tene snaatak pann karyoo nahotu. sunder luntaaroh maney laage chhe keey havey aagad vadhvaano samay aavee gayo chhe, kharoo neey? teo tene bundh karey chhe, huun ichchu chhu keey teo tamaari saathe pann aavu jaj karey. "[mechanic rench minisne tuning karvaanaa veeram darmiyan stella brijar parr maarvaano prayaas karey chhe]" "renchah haay, amane malvani taka malee nathee. "[haath aape chhe]" "rench. stella brijarah "[tene sandwich aape chhe]" heema aneey cheez. renchah oh, teey thandee chhe. dhikkaar chhe, teey thandee chhe. lileh tamane badhee jaj leeleeo joiae chhe? 'kaaran keey, aaha,' kaaran keey tamane teey malee gayaa. "[hasey chhe]" charley crocker tamaari paase shun chhe? lileh laa naa svachaalit traphiqa surveillance aneey niyantran kamgiri kendramaa aapnu swaagat chhe. juo, teo trafficni sthitini aagaahi karvaa maate aantarchhedomathi videeyo feed aneey khaas kareene design karelaa algoridhamsno upyog karey chhe, aneey teey reete traphiqa lightne niyantrit karey chhe. tethee meyn maatra maaree potaani saathe jaj kaama karyoo... andar javaa maate kick-aesa algoridhamno, aneey havey amey teey sthalnaa maaleek chhiae. crocker shun tame dry runn karvaa maango chho? lileh "[singsong]" meyn vichaaryu keey tame kyaarey puchhsho nahee! "[tenaa computer taraf vale chhe, camera bataave chhe]" juo, laal battee. "[aantarchhed lealy parr tamaam light chaalu karvaa maate button dabaavo]" lealy light. "[kaar darek dishaathi aagad vadhvaa laage chhe, jenaa kaarane aek vaahanne darek baaju kaar dwara tii-booan karvaamaa aave chhe]" "[headset cellphone parr, lile teamnee luntmathi levaanaa bhaavnee ganatari karey chhe".]"lileh teey lagbhag 27 laakh dollar chhe. charley shun? leelah naa, raah juo. teey 27 chhe.. 27 million dollar. "[aek tunko veeram]" haa! "[stationma darek vyaktee tenee taraf joee rahyo chhe]" maney samajaayu... pavitra aatma...tamaare tenaa parr aavvu joiae...teey aek saaree train chhe. steve bandell tame koona chho? mashkovah huun mashkov chhu. aneey tame maaraa pitarai bhaai yevenne maaree nakhyo. charley crocker steve, thodo veemo hovo joiae. steve juo, jyaare huun tyaan pahonchyo tyaare yewen pahelethee jaj murry chookyo hato. maney tenaa maate maaf karasho, parantu tene ketlaak khoob jaj apreey prakaarono saamno karyo. aaa vyaktee tamaari saathe ramvaano prayaas curry rahyo chhe. mashkovah "[charleyne]" tame saacha hataa... kalpanaa nathee. marqa wahlberg-charley crocker donald sh-john brijar charlies theron-stella brijar edward norton-steve bendell (urf freezelli) sheth green-lile jayson statham-handsom rooba moosa depha-daaba kaannaa olek krupaa-mashkov boris crutorog-yewen gautti-paatala payt shaun fenning-pote baahy kadeeo. wikipedia parr aek lekh chheh | dha italian jobb (2003 kii film) dha italian jobb 2003 kii ack film haye joe choron key ack samooh key baare mein haye joe ack poorv saathi key khilaf badala lene kii maang curr rhaa haye jisane unhein dou baar paar kiya thaa. michael caine abhineet 1969 kii film kaa punarnirmaan. "aff dwara nirdeshit. gairi gray. donna powers aur wein powers dwara likhit, troy kenedi-martin dwara 1969 kii patkatha parr adharit."" [stella koo usake pitaa kaa subah jaldi phone aataa haye.]"stella brijarah hallow? johnn brijarah hallow, pyaari. stellaah daddy..."[ghadee kii jaanch karein]" yeh jaldi haye. johnh main aapako buss yeh bataana chaahata thaa kii main aapako kuchh bhej rhaa huun. stellaah mmm. kyaa isaki gandh achchi haye? johnh naheen...lekin yeh chamakdaar haye. stelaah "[achaanak jaagane]" kyaa isaki raseed haye? johnh "[hansate hue]" main ise dukaan seey aapako bhej rhaa huun. stellaah humm. aap abhee kyon naheen aatey? humm nashta karenge. johnh yeh ack lambi yatra hogi. "[ruko]" main venis mein huun. stelaah "[bistar parr baithata haye]" aapke parol adhikaari kii manjuri key saath, nishchit roop seey? johnh mujhe vaha ladka pasand haye, stella, tum yeh jaanate hoe. lekin humm vaastav mein kabhi naheen judey. isaliye mujhe lagata haye kii maine apane poe koo unaki aakhiri mulakat dee haye. stellaah aapako kyaa pasand haye, pitaa? meraa dill mutt todana. aapane mujhe bataaya kii aap samaapt hoe gaye hain. johnh isake baad, main samaapt hoe gayaa huun. main kasam khaata huun. baaen kaanah tou chalo, sajjanon, kharidari kii soochi. kaun kyaa curr rhaa haye? koee gandi jaankaari naa chhoden. johnh chalo, doston. kissy boodhe aadami seey sabak lein. ise kharch naa karein. nivesh karein. baaen kaanah kiss mein? johnh soney mein. baaen kaanah kyaa leey jaa rahey hoe, daku? sunder daakuuh aaha, mujhe naheen pataa. bahut saaree cheejen hain joe aap bahut saare paise seey praapt curr sakate hain. aap jaanate hain, main sirf chamade kii seeton parr nagna ladkiyon key baare mein soch rhaa huun. baaen kaanah jahir haye. dekhein? sunder robah maan leejiye kii mujhe aashcharyachakit karane vaalaa-martin vijay mill jaayega. aisee bahut kuchh naheen haye joe ack ladki una cheejon mein seey kissy ack kii yatri seat parr naheen karegi. laailh mujhe sattar vaat ampere aur barr braun dack key saath ack nad tii-770 digital decoder milane vaalaa haye. baaen kaanah "[nuksan mein]" haan... laailh yeh ack badaa stereo haye. vaktaa itani jore seey bolate hain kii way mahilaaon key kapade udaa dete hain. sunder daakuuh abb tum baat curr rahey hoe! baaen kaanah paintees million dollar, aap isase adhik rachanaatmak naheen hoe sakate, yaar? main andrucia jaa rhaa huun. spen key dakshin mein. vahaan parr. "[ank]" mujhe ack badaa ghar dou, mujhe pahale sanskaranon seey bharaa ack pustakalaya dou, merey jooton key liye ack kamra dou... aapke baare mein kyaa, steve? steve bendelh mujhe naheen pataa. maine abhee taka nirnay naheen liya haye. baaen kaanah aapane abhee taka nirnay naheen liya haye? chalo yaar. kyaa yeh pahaadi havaa haye? just-steevah aapane joe kahaa vaha mujhe pasand aaya. main aap mein seey ack-ack leey loonga. baaen kaanah "[hansate hue]" thheek haye, yahaan steve key liye sub kuchh haye! johnn brijarah charley, iss duniya mein dou tarah key chor hainh way joe apane jeevan koo samriddh karane key liye chori karate hain, aur way joe apane jeevan koo "paribhaashit" karane key liye chori karate hain. baad vaalaa mutt bano. yeh aapako iss baat seey vanchit curr detaa haye kii iss jeevan mein vaastav mein kyaa mahatvapurna haye. charley krokarah aap kiss baare mein baat curr rahey hain, johnn? aap ack achche pitaa rahey hain. johnh upahaar bhejane seey aap ack achche pitaa naheen bunn jaate. maine apane bachche kaa aadhaa jeevan jail mein bitaaya. charley, isake alawa kuchh bhee naheen key saath merrie umr mutt bano. kissy aise vyakti koo dhoondhen jisake saath aap apana shesh jeevan bitana chaahte hain aur usey hamesha key liye pakad curr rakhein. thheek haye? "[steve ney ack bandook kheench lii haye, aur usake sashastr gurgon ney giroh kii vaine koo gher liya haye.]"chaarlih steve, tum kyaa curr rahey hoe? steve bendelh kuchh yojanaaen khud banaa lii. johnn brijarah steve, aisee koee jagah naheen haye jahan aap jaa sakate hain jahan humm aapako naheen dhundhenge. aap yeh jaanate hain. steevah mujhe lagata haye kii yeh shayed sahee haye, johnn. "[usey goli maar detaa haye]" laailh aur phir vaha sirf media priya haye... vaha sabhi patrikaon key mukhprishth parr haye, mujhe taar vaali patrika key aavaran parr honah chaahiye thaa. kyaa aap jaanate hain kii usane kyaa kahaa thaa? unhone kahaa kii unhone iska naam napster rakhaa kyonki topi key neeche nappy baal honey key kaaran yeh unakaa upnaam thaa. lekin vaha, aisaa isaliye haye kyonki main jhapaki leey rhaa thaa jaba usane mujhase ise churaaya. unhone snaatak bhee naheen kiya thaa. sunder daakuh mujhe lagata haye kii yeh aage badhane kaa samay haye, haye naa? unhone usey bund curr diyaa, kaash way aapke saath bhee aisaa hii karate. "[mechanic rench ney mini koo tune karane key dauran ack break key dauran stella brijar parr hitt karane kii koshish kii]" renchah haay, hamein milane kaa mauka naheen milaa. "[haath detaa haye]" rench. stella brijarah "[usey ack sandwich detaa haye]" haim aur cheez. renchah oh, yeh thhand haye. dhikkaar haye, yeh thhand haye. laailh kyaa aapako sabhi hurry sabjiyaan chaahiye? 'kyonki, aaha,' kyonki aapako way mill gaye. "[hansate hue]" charley krokarah aapke paas kyaa haye? laailh laa key swachaalit yatayat nigrani aur niyantran sanchaalan kendra mein aapka swaagat haye. dekhein, way chaurahon seey video feed kaa upayog karate hain aur vishesh roop seey yatayat kii sthiti kaa anuman lagaane key liye design kiye gaye algorithm kaa upayog karate hain, aur iss tarah yatayat roshni koo niyantrit karate hain. isaliye maine kewal apana hii banaaya... ander ghusane key liye laat-gadhe algorithm, aur abb humm jagah key malik hain. krokarah aap dry runn karna chaahte hain? laailh "[singsong]" maine socha thaa kii aap kabhi naheen poochhenge! "[apane computer kii or mudataa haye, ack camera dikhaata haye]" "dekho, laal batti. "[sabhi battiyon koo ack pratichhedan harey rung parr chaalu karane key liye button dabaata haye]" "hurry batti. "[kaaren pratyek disha seey aage badhane lagati hain, jisase ack vaahan koo donon taraf ack kaar dwara tii-bone kiya jaataa haye]" "[ack headset cellphone parr, lyle team kii dakaiti seey lene kii ganana kartaa haye.]"laailh yeh lagbhag 27 laakh dollar haye. chaarlih kyaa? laailh naheen, ruko. yeh 27 haye.. 27 million dollar. "[ack sankshipt viram]" haan! "[station mein harr koee usey dekh rhaa haye]" mujhe samajh mein aaya... pavitra aatma...aapako usa parr chadhana chaahiye...yeh ack achchi train haye. steve bendelh tum kaun hoe? maashkovah main mashkov huun. aur aapane merey chachere bhaai yeven koo maar daala. charley krokarah steve, kuchh beema karaana hoga. steevah dekho, jaba main vahaan pahuncha tou yeven pahale seey hii marr chuka thaa. mujhe isake liye khed haye, lekin unhone kuchh bahut hii apriya prakaron seey nipata. yeh aadami aapke saath khelane kii koshish curr rhaa haye. maashkovah "[charley key liye]" aap sahee they... koee kalpana naheen. maark wahlberg-charley croker donald sh-johnn brijar charleys theron-stella brijar edward norton-steve bendell (urf frizelli) sethh green-lyle jayson statham-handsum robb mose dafe-left ear olek kripa-mashkov boris krutorog-yeven gautti-skinny peat shaun fanning-swayam baahari link. wikipedia mein ack lekh haih | dhii italian jaab (2003rahra chalanachitra) dhii italian jaab 2003rahra chalanachitravagiddu, idu kallara gumpina bagge, tamma hindina paludarana viruddha sedu tirisikollalu prayatnisuva bagge, avarannu double-cross maadida bagge. idu micheal caine natisida 1969rahra chalanachitrada remake aagide. "eff nirdeshisiddare. gyaari boodu. 1969ralli troy kennedi-martin avara chitrakatheyannu aadharisida ee chitravannu dona powers mattu wayne powers barediddaare."[stellage tanna tandeyinda munjane phone karey baruttade.]"stella bridger halo? zaan bridger halo, sweety. stella appa..."[gadiyaravannu parisheelisi]" idu munchitavaagiye. john naanu nimage enannaadaroo kaluhisuttiddene endu nimage tilisalu naanu bayasiddene. stella emm. emm. emm. idara vaasane chennagideye? john illa...aadare adhu holeyuttade. stella "[iddakkiddante echcharagondide]" adara bully raseedi ideye? john "[nagu]" naanu adannu angadiyinda nimage kaluhisuttiddene. stella hmm. neeneke barabaaradu? naavu swalpa belagina upaahaaravannu sevisutteve. john idu sudirgha prayanavagiruttade. "[virama]" naanu venisnalliddene. stella nimma perol adhikariya anumodaneyondige "[haasigeyalli kulitukolli]", khandita? john nanage aaa huduga ishta, stella, adhu nimage gottu. aadare naavu nijavagiyoo samparka hondiralilla. aaddarinda naanu nanna poe avara koneya bhetiyannu niididdeene endu naanu bhavisuttene. stella ninage enu ishta, appa? nanna hrudayavannu muriyabedi. neevu mugisiddiri endu neevu nanage heliddiri. john idara nantara, naanu mugisiddene. naanu ninage pramana maaduttene. eda kivi aaddarinda bunny, mahaneeyare, shopping patti. yaaru enu maduttiddare? yaavude kolaku vivaragalannu bidabedi. john bunny, hudugare. obba vruddhaninda paatha kaliyiri. adannu kharchu madabedi. hoodike maadi. eda kivi yaavudaralli? john chinnadalli. eda kivi ninage enu siguttide, darode? sundaravaada darodekorah aah, nanage gottilla. neevu saakashtu hanadinda bahalashtu vastugalannu padeyabahudu. nimage gotta, naanu charmada asanagalalli nagna hudugiara bagge yochisuttiddene. eda kivi khandita. nodi? sundaravaada darodekorah naanu ashcharyakara-martin wankwish annu padeyuttene endu bhavisona. aaa vishayagalalli wandara prayanikara seatinalli hudugiyaru maadada kelasavenu illa. lile naanu eppattu-wyaat ampere mattu burr braun daakgalondigina naad tii-770 digital decoder annu padeyaliddene. eda kivi "[nashtadalli]" houdu... lile idu dodda stereo. speekargalu eshtu joragi matanaduttaveyo, avu mahileyara battegalannu uuduttave. sundaravaada darodekorah eega neevu matanaduttiddiri! eda kivi moovattaidu million dollar, neevu adakkinta hecchu srujanasheelaraagalu sadhyavilla, manushya? naanu andalusiyakke hoguttiddene. spain naa daksina bhaaga. alliye. "[ankagalu]" nanage ondu dodda maneyannu kodi, nanage modala aavruttigalinda tumbida granthaalayavannu kodi, nanna bootugalige ondu sthalavannu kodi... nimma bagge enu, steve? steve bendell nanage gottilla. naanu innoo nirdhara madilla. eda kivi neevu innoo nirdharisillave? bunny, manushya. idu parvatada gaaliye? just-steve neevu heliddu nanage ishtavaayitu. naanu nimmalli obbarannobbaru tegedukolluttene. eda kivi "[nagu]" stevege illi eradu vishayagalive! zaan bridger charley, ee jagattinalli eradu reetiya kallariddaareh tamma jivanavannu srimantagolisalu kadiyuvavaru mattu tamma jivanavannu "vyaakhyaanisalu" kadiyuvavaru. koneyavaragabedi. ee jeevanadalli nijavagiyoo mukhyavaadudannu neevu kaledukolluvante maaduttade. charley croker neevu enu matanaduttiddiri, zaan? neevu olleya tandeyagiddiri. john udugoregalannu kaluhisuvudarinda neevu olleya tandeyaguvudilla. naanu nanna maguvina ardha jivanavannu jailinalli kalediddene. idannu horatupadisi berenu illade nanna vayassinavalagabedi, charley. nimma ulida jivanavannu neevu kaleyalu bayasuva yaarannaadaru huduki mattu avalannu shaashvatavaagi hididukolli. surry? "[steve bandooku elediddaane, mattu avana sashastra bembaligaru tandada wyaan annu suttuvarididdaare.]"charley steve, neenu enu maduttiddiya? steve bendell nannade aada kelavu yojanegalannu maadiddene. zaan bridger steve, naavu nimmannu kaanada stalakke neevu elligoo hogabaaradu. adhu nimage gottu. steve adhu bahushah surry endu naanu bhavisuttene, zaan. "[avanannu shoot]" lile mattu nantara avanu kevala madhyamada priyatame... avanu ellah niyatakaalikegala mukhaputadalliddaane, naanu wired niyatakaalikeya mukhaputadalli irabekittu. aata heliddenu gotte? topi adiyalli nappi koodalu iruvudarinda idu tanna addahesaru endu taanu idakke nopster endu hesarittiddene endu avaru helidaru. aadare avanu, ekendare avanu nanninda adannu kaddiddaaga naanu nidde maaduttidde. aata padavi kooda padedilla. sundaravaada darodekorah idu munduvariyalu samaya endu naanu bhavisuttene, allave? avaru avanannu muchchuttare, avaru nimagoo adhe reeti maadabekendu naanu bayasuttene. "[mechanic rench minigalannu tune maaduva viraamada samayadalli stella bridgern mele hodeyalu prayatnisuttade]" rench hoy, namage bhetiyagalu avakasha sigalilla. "[kaii niiduttade]" rench. stella bridger "[avanige sandwitch niiduttade]" hyaam mattu cheej. rench oh, adhu tampagide. naraka, adhu tampagide. lile nimage ellah hasiru beku? 'ekendare, aah,' ekendare neevu avugalannu padedukondiddiri. "[nagu]" charley croker nimma bully enide? lile laa naa svayamchaalita sanchara kangavalu mattu niyantrana karyacharanegala kendrakke svaagata. nodi, avaru sanchara paristhitigalannu uhisalu chedakagalinda video feedgalannu mattu nirdishtavagi vinyasagolisalada kramaavaligalannu balasuttaare mattu aaa moolaka sanchara deepagalannu niyantrisuttaare. aaddarinda naanu nannade aadaddannu maatra maadiddene... kick-katte algaridam nusulalu, mattu eega naavu sthalavannu hondiddeve. croker neevu dry runn maadalu bayasuttira? lile "[sangsang]" neevu endigoo keluvudilla endu naanu bhaviside! "[tanna ganakayantrada kadege tirugi, cameravannu torisutta]" "nodi, kempu deepa. "[ellah deepagalannu chedaka hasiru bannadalli tirugisalu gundiyannu ottuttade]" hasiru deepa. "[kaarugalu prati dikkininda chalisalu praarambhisuttave, idarindaagi ondu vaahanavu eradoo badigalli kaarininda tii-bohn aagalu kaaranavaaguttade]" "[headset selphonnalli, lyle tandada darodeya take annu lekka haakuttade".]"lile adhu sumaru 27 laksha dollar. charley enu? lile illa, kaadu nodi. adhu 27... 27 million dollar. "[ondu sanna virama]" houdu! "[nildaanadalliruva ellaroo avanannu noduttiddaare]" nanage arthavaayitu... pavitraatma...neevu adara mele barabeku...idu olleya railu. steve bendell neevu yaaru? mashkov naanu mashkov. mattu neevu nanna sodarasambandhi yehevannannu kondiddiri. charley croker steve, swalpa vime maadisabeku. steve nodu, naanu allige talupidaaga yeheven eegaagale sattiddanu. adara bagge nanage vishaadavide, aadare avaru kelavu ahitakara ritiyondige vyavaharisidaru. ee vyakti nimmondige aadalu prayatnisuttiddaane. mashkov "[chaarlige]" neevu heliddu sariyagide... kalpaneyilla. maark walberg-charley croker donald-zaan bridger charlis theron-stella bridger edward norton-steve bendell (akaa frigelli) sayth green-lyle jasson statham-handman robb maas def-left ear olek kripa-mashkov boris crutorag-yeven gavti-skinny peat shhaan fanning-swatah baahya kondigalu. wikipeediyaadalli ee kelagina vishayagala bagge ondu lekhanavide | eratta cross cheytha oru muun pankaaliykkethire prathikaram cheyyaan sramikkunna oru koottam moshtaakkalekkurichulla 2003 leeii chithramaanu dhii itaaliyan job (2003-leeii chalachithram). 1969ll maikkal keyne abhinayicha chithratthinte remake ithu. "samvidaanam cheythath eph. gaari gray. 1969ll troy kenneddy-martin thirakkadhaye adisthaanamaakki donna powers weyne powers chernnaanu chithram rachichathu."" [stellaykku avalude pithaavil ninnu athiraavile oru phoon kooll varunnu.]"stella bridgera haloo? joonn bridgera haloo, priye. stella achhaa..."[samayam parishodhikkunnu]" neratheyaanu. joonn njaan ningalkk enthengilum ayaykkunnundennu ningale ariyikkaan njaan aagrahichu. stella emm. emm. emm. nalla manam kittunnundo? joonn illa...pakshe athu thilakkamaarnnathaan. stella "[pettennu unarnnu]" athil raseethundo? joonn "[chirikkuka]" njaan athu kadayil ninnu ningalkk ayaykkunnu. stella hmmu. enthukondu ningal veruthe varunnilla? namukk prabhaathabhakshanam kazhikkaam. joonn athoru neenda yaathrayaayirikkum. "[thaalkkaalikamaayi nirthuka]" njaan venesilaanu. stella theerchayaayum ningalude parol offeesarude amgeekaarathode "[kidakkayil irikkunnu]"? joonn enikku aale ishtamaanu, stella, ningalkariyaamo. pakshe njangal orikkalum yadhaarthathil bandhappettitla. athinaal njaan ente pooyude avasana sandarshanam nalkiyathaayi njaan karuthunnu. stella ningalkkenthaanu ishtam, achhaa? ente hridayam thakarkkaruth. nee kazhinju ennu ennodu paranju. joonn athinusesham njaan kazhinju. njaan ningalodu sathyam cheiyunnu. idathu chevi athinaal varoo, maanyare, shopping listt. aaraan enthaanu cheiyunnathu? vrithiketta vishadaamshangal ozhivaakkaruth. joonn varoo, suhruthukkale. oru vrudhanil ninnu oru paatam padikkuka. athu chelavazhikkaruth. nikshepam nadatthuka. idathu chevi enthilaanu? joonn svarnnathil. idathu chevi ningalkk enthaanu labhikkunnath, kollayadi? sundariyaaya moshtava aahu, enikkariyilla. dhaaraalam panam upayogichu ningalkk dhaaraalam karyangal labikkum. ningalkariyaamo, njaan lether seettukalil nagnayay penkuttikalekkurichaanu chinthikkunnathu. idathu chevi theerchayaayum. nokkoo? sundariyaaya robah enikku athbhuthakaramaaya martin wankwish labhikkumenn karuthuka. oru penkutty aaa kaaryangalilonninte passenture seettil cheyyaatha kaaryangalonnumilla. laile enikku ezhupathu vaatt ampere burr braun dakkumulla oru naad tii-770 digital decoder labikkum. idathu chevi "[nashtatthil]" athe... laile ithoru valia steeriyoyaanu. shabdamuyarnna speakerukal sthreekalude vasthrangal oothimaattunnu. sundariyaaya moshtava ippol ningal samsaarikkukayaan! idathu chevi muppathiyanju dasalaksham dollar, ningalkk athinekkaal sargaathmakatha nedaan kazhiyilla, manushya? njaan andalusiayilekku pookunnu. speyininte thekk. avidethanne. "[pooyint]" enikku oru valia veedu tharoo, aadya pathippukal niranja oru library tharoo, ente shoosinu oru murii tharoo... steevu, ninakkenth patti? steevu bendall enikkariyilla. njaan ithuvare theerumaanichittilla. idathu chevi ningal ithuvare theerumaanichittille? varoo manushya. ithu malayora vaayuvaano? just-steevu ningal paranja karyangal enikku eshtappettu. ningalil oororutharil ninnum orennam njaan edukkum. idathu chevi "[chirikkunnu]" steevinu vendiyulla ellah kaaryangalilum randennam ivideyundu! joonn bridgera charley, eee lokathil rund tharatthilulla moshtaakkalund avarude jeevithathe sambannamaakkaan moshtikkunnavar, avarude jeevithathe nirvachikkaan moshtikkunnavar. avasaanatheyaalaakaruthu. eee jeevithathil sarikkum pradhaanappettava nashtappedutthunnu. charley crockera ningal enthinekkurichaanu samsaarikkunnath, joonn? ningal oru nalla pithaavaayirunnu. joonn sammanangal ayaykkunnath ningale oru nalla pithavaakkilla. njaan ente kuttiyude jeevithathinte pakuthi jayilil chelavazhichu. ithallaathe mattonnumillathe ente praayamaakaruth, charley. jeevithakalam muzhuvan ningalkkoppam chelavazhikkaan aagrahikkunna oraale kandethukayum avale ennennekkumaayi muruke pidikkukayum cheyyuka. sharee? "[steevu oru thokku valichedukkukayum ayaalude sayudha anuyaayikal samghathinte vaane valayukayum cheythu.]"chaarli steevu, neeyenthaanu cheiyunnathu? steevu bendall svanthamaayi chila padhathikal thayyarakki. joonn bridgera steevu, njangal ningale kandethaathidath ningalkk pookaan evideyum illa. athu ningalkariyam. steevu athu sariyaayirikkumennu njaan karuthunnu, joonn. "[avane vedivaykkuka]" laile pinne avan maadhyamangalude priyappettavan maathramaan... avan ellah maasikakaludeyum puramchattayilund, njaan wired maasikayude puramchattayilaayirikkanam. avan enthaanu paranjathennu ningalkariyaamo? thoppikkadiyil nappi mudi ullathinaal thanikk naapstar ennu vilipperullathinaal ithinu naapstar ennu perittathayi addeham paranju. pakshe, avan ennil ninnu moshtichappol njaan urangukayaayirunnu kaaranam. addeham birudam polum nediyittilla. sundariyaaya moshtava enikku thonnunnu, ithu munnott pookaanulla samayamaanenn, alle? avar avane adachu, avar ningalodu angane cheyyanamennu njaan aagrahikkunnu. "[mechanic rench miinii tuninginte edavelayil stella bridgeril adikkaan shramikkunnu]" "rench haay, njangalkk kandumuttaan avasaram labhichilla. "[kaii vaagdaanam cheiyunnu]" "runch. stella bridgera "[avanu oru sandwich nalkunnu]" haam aandu chees. rench ooo, thanuppaanu. nasham, thanuppaanu. laile ningalkk pachakkarikal veno? 'kaaranam, aahu,' kaaranam ningalkk avaa labhichu. "[chirichu]" charley crockera ningalkk enthaanu kittiyath? laile laa yude automated traaphik survilance aandu kantrol ooppareshans sentarilekku swaagatham. nokkoo, avar intersectionukalil ninnulla viidiyoo feedukalum traaphik avasthakal pravachikkunnathinum athuvazhi traaphik laittukal niyanthrikkunnathinum prathyekamaayi roopakalppana cheytha algorithangalum upayogikkunnu. athinaal njaan cheythath entethaaya reethiyil konduvarika maathramaan... kick-aas algoritam akathekku kadakkaan, ippol njangalkk aaa sthalam svanthamaanu. crockera ningalkk oru dry rann cheyyano? laile "[singhsong]" ningal orikkalum chodikkillennu njaan karuthi! "[oru camera kaanichu computerilekku thiriyunnu]" "nokkoo, chuvanna laitt. "[ellah laittukalum intersection greenil oonaakkaan button amarthunnu]" "pacha laitt". "[kaarukal oro dishayilum neengaan thudangukayum oru vaahanathin iruvashathumulla oru kaar tii-boonn cheyyaan kaaranamaakukayum cheiyunnu]" "[hedset selphonil, teaminte kavarchayil ninnulla take lail kanakkakkunnu".]"laile athu ekadesham 2.7 laksham dolaraanu. chaarli enthaa? laile illa, kaathirikkoo. athaayath 27... 27 dasalaksham dollar. "[oru cheria edavela]" athe! "[steshanilulla ellaavarum avane nokkunnu]" enikku manassilayi... parishudhaathmaavu...ningal athil kayaranam...nalla trainaan. steevu bendall nee aaraan? mashkova njaan mashkov aanu. ningal ente cussin yehwane konnu. charley crockera kurachu insurance undaayirikkanam, steevu. steevu nokkoo, njaan avide athiyappozhekkum yehen marichukazhinjirunnu. athil enikku khedamundu, pakshe addeham chila mosham tharangale kaikaaryam cheythu. eee manushyan ningale kalikkaan sramikkukayaanu. mashkova "[charlick]" ningal paranjathu sariyaanu... bhavanayilla. maarkk walberg-charley crocker donald s-joonn bridger charlise theron-stella bridger edward norttan-steevu bendell (friselli ennu vilikkunnu) seth green-lail jayson staatham-sundariyaaya roob moss def-idathu chevi oleku krupaa-mashkov boris crutorogue-yehen gaavti-skinny peett shahn fanning-svayam baahya linkukal. wikipediyayil ithinekkurichu oru lekhanamunda | daad italian jobb (2003 chitrapat) daad italian jobb haah 2003 salcha eka chitrapat aahe, joou choranchya eka gatavar aadharit aahe, joou tyanna donada paar karananya majee jodidaracha suud gheu pahato. michael qeena abhineet 1969chya chitrapatachi hii punarnirmiti aahe. "eff. geree grey. 1969 madhye aalelya trie kenedi-martinchya patkathevar aadharit, donna power aanee wein power yanni lihilele."" [stelala tichya vadilancha pahatecha phone yeto.]"stella brijarah namaskar? johnn brijarah namaskar, priye. stellah baba..."[ghadyal tapasate]" aata lavkar jhaale aahe. johnnh mallah fakt tumhala heey sangayache hote qee mea tumhala kahitari pathvat aahe. stellah mmm. tyacha vaas changla yeto qaa? johnnh nahee...pann tee chamkanari aahe. stellah "[achanak jaage jhaale]" tyachyakade pavati aahe qaa? johnnh "[hasato]" mea tumhala dukanatoon pathvat aahe. stellah humm. tuu qaa yet nahees? aamhi nashta karoo. johnnh haah eka lambcha pravas asel. "[thamba]" mea venismadhye aahe. stellah tumchya parol adhikadhyachya manyatesah, arthat, "[antharunavar basato]"? johnnh mallah too manus aavadato, stella, tumhala teey maheet aahe. pann aamhi kharokhar kadhich jodale gelo nahee. tyamule mallah vatate qee mea majhya polah tyachi shevatchi bhet dilee aahe. stellah baba, tumhala kaay aavadatn? majhe hriday modu nakaa. tumhi mallah sangitale qee tumhi sampavale aahat. johnnh heey sampalyanantar mea sampalo aahe. mea tumhala shapath deto. davikadache kanah tarr chala, sajjananno, kharedichi yadee. kona kaay karat aahe? konatehi ghanerade tapasheel sodu nakaa. johnnh chala mitranno. ekhadya mhatanyakadun dhada ghya. kharch karoo nakaa. guntavanuk qaraa. dawa kanah kashat? johnnh sonyat. dawa kanah tula kaay milat aahe, robb? sunder darodekhorah arey, mallah maheet nahee. bharpur paishanni tumhala milananya anek goshti aahet. tumhala maheet aahe, mea fakt chamadyachya aasananvar basalelya nagna mulimbaddal vichar karat aahe. dawa kanah nakkich. bagha? sunder robbah samaja mallah aashcharyakarak-martin vijay milel. yapaiki eka goshtichya pravasi seatwar mulgi farse kahee karnar nahee. lileh mallah sattar-watt amp aanee burr braun dacks eka nadd tii-770 digital decoder milanar aahe. dawa kanah "[qamee padalyavar]" hoy... lileh haah eka motha styrio aahe. aavaj itake jorat karatat qee teey mahilanche kapade udavatat. sunder darodekhorah aata tuu bolat aahes! daway kanah panchechalis dashalaksh dollars, tumhala yapeksha jaast sarjansheelata miloo shakat nahee, yaar? mea andalusiala jaat aahe. spainchya dakshinela. tithe agadi. "[mudde]" mallah eka mothe ghar dya, mallah pahilya aavruttyanni bharalele granthalay dya, majhya butansathi eka kholee ghya... steve, tujhyabaddal kaay? steve bendelh mallah maheet nahee. mea ajoon nirnay ghetalela nahee. daway kanah tumhi ajoon nirnay ghetalela nahee qaa? chala yaar. tee dongral havah aahe qaa? just-steve tuu jeey bolalis teey mallah aavadale. mea tumchyapaiki eka ghein. davikadache kanah "[hasha]" theek aahe, ithe stevesathi serve kahee aahe! johnn brijarah charley, yaa jagaat done prakarche chor asatatah jeey aapale jeevan samruddha karnyasathi choree karatat aanee jeey tyanchya aayushyachi vyakhya karnyasathi choree karatat. shevatche houu nakaa. yamule tumhala yaa jeevanat kharokhar kaay mahattvache aahe heey kaloo dete. charley krokarah johnn, tuu kashabaddal bolat aahes? tumhi eka changle vadil hota. johnnh bhetvastu pathavalyane tumhi eka changle vadil bananar nahee. mea majhya mulache ardhe ayushya turungat ghalavale. charley, hyashivay kahihi naan hota majhya vayacha houu nakos. tumhala tumche urvarit ayushya tyachyasobat ghalvayache aahe asha ekhadya vyaktila shodha aanee teela kayamche dharoon thewa. theek aahe? "[stevene bandook odhali aahe aanee tyachya sashastr shishyanni tolichya vanla vedha ghatala aahe.]"charley steve, tuu kaay kartos? steve bendelh mea swatachya kahee yojana kelya. johnn brijarah steve, jithe aamhala tuu sapadanar nahees tithe tuu jaau shakat nahees. tumhala teey maheet aahe. steve mallah vatate qee kadachit teey barobar aahe, johnn. "[tyala golee marte]" lileh aanee mug too fakt prasarmadhyamancha priy aahe... too serve masikanchya mukhprushthavar aahe, mea wired masikachya mukhprushthavar asayala havah hota. too kaay mhanala maheet aahe qaa? tyane sangitale qee tyane tyala napster asey naav dile kaaran topikhali nappy cases asalyamule teey tyache topananav hote. pann too, kaaran mea zopat hoto tevha tyane teey majhyapasoon chorale. tyane padvihi ghetali nahee. sunder darodekhorah mallah vatate qee aata pudhe jaanyachi vel aalee aahe, nahee qaa? teey tyala bund karatat, majhi ichcha aahe qee tyanni tumchyashihi asech kele asave. "[mechanic rench miinii tuningchya vishrantidarmyan stella brijarvar marnyacha prayatna karato]" renchah namaskar, aamhala bhetanyachi sandhee midali nahee. "[haat deu karato]" rench. stella brijarah "[tyala sandwich dete]" hamm aanee cheej. renchah arey, thandi aahe. arey, thandi aahe. lileh tumhala serve hiravya bhajya havya aahet qaa? 'kaaran, aah,' kaaran tumhala teey midale. "[hasate]" charley krokarah tumchyakade kaay aahe? lileh lachya svayanchalit vahtook dekhrekh aanee niyantran sanchalan kendrat aapale swagat aahe. pahaa, teey vahatukichya paristhiticha andaj lavnyasathi chaurasanvarun video feed aanee visheshtah tayar kelele algoridam vapartat aanee tyadvare rahdariche dive niyantrit karatat. mhanoon mea fakt majhe swatache kele... ghusanyasathi kick-gadhav algoridam, aanee aata aamhi jaaga malakiche. krokarah tumhala dry runn karayache aahe qaa? lileh "[singsong]" mallah vatale qee tuu kadhich vicharnar nahees! "[camera dakhavat tyachya sangankakade valato]" pahaa, laal diwa. "[serve dive aantarchhed hiravya rangat chaloo karnyasathi button dabte]" hirwa diwa. "[pratyek dishene gadya haloo lagatat, jyamule eka vahanavar donhi bajunchya karcha dand basato]" "[headset selphonever, lile sanghachya darodyapasun ghetalelya rakmechi ganana karate".]"lileh teey sumare 27 laakh dollars aahe. charley kaay? lailah nahee, thamba. mhanje 27.. 27 dashalaksh dollars. "[eka chhota viram]" hoy! "[stationmadhil pratyekjan tyachyakade pahat aahe]" mallah samajale... pavitra aatma...tumhi tyavar utarayala havey...tee eka changli train aahe. steve bendelh kona aahat tumhi? mashkova mea mashkov aahe. aanee tuu majha chulat bhau yeven yala thaar marless. charley krokarah steve, thoda vima havah aahe. steve bagha, mea tithe pochalo tevha yeven aadhich melah hota. tyabaddal mallah khed aahe, parantu tyane kahee atishay apriy prakar hatalale. haah manus tumchyashi khelanyacha prayatna karat aahe. mashkov "[charlila]" tumhi barobar hota... kalpanashakti nahee. marqa walberg-charley croker donald shh-johnn brijar charlize theron-stella brijar edward norton-steve bendell (urf freezelli) seth green-lile jasson statham-handsom robb moss dafe-left ear olek krupa-mashkov boris krutorog-yeven gotty-skiiny piit shaun fanning-swatache bahya duve. wikipediamadhye hyabaddal eka lekh aaheh | da italian jab (2003 chalchitra) da italian jab 2003 ko chalchitra how june chorharuko samuhako barema how jasle uniharulai double-cruss garne purva sajhedarsanga badala lyne khojchha. micheal keyne abhinit sann 1969 ko chalchitrako remake how. "ef dwara nirdeshit. gyari grey. dona pawar rar wein pawardwara likhit, troy kenedy-martindwara 1969 ko patakathama adharit."" [stelalai unko bubabata bihanko fone aunchha.]"stella brijarah helo? john brijarah helo, pyari. stellah baba..."[ghadi jaanch garnuhos]" yo chaandai chha. jonah mahm tapainlai kehi pathaundaichu bhanera matra batauna chahanthen. stellah mmm. key yasako gandha ramro chha? jonah hoina...tara yo chamkilo chha. stellah "[achanak chauda jagyo]" key yasama rasid chha? jonah "[hansdai]" mahm yasalai tapainlai pasalbata pathaundaichu. stellah hamma. tapain kinn bus aunuhunna? hammy kehi bihanko khaja khanchhaun. jonah yo lamo yatra hunechha. "[roknuhos]" mahm bhenisma chhu. stellah "[ochhyanma baschha]" tapainko pyarol officerko swikriti liera, nissandeha? jonah malai tyo manchhe munn parchha, stella, tapainlai tyo thaha chha. tara hammy wastawma kahilyai jodieka chhainaun. tyasaile malai lagchha kii maile mero polai unko antim bhramanko bhuktani gareko chhu. stellah key kura gardai hunuhunchha, buba? mero hridaya naha todnuhos. tapainle malai bhannubhaeko thiyo kii tapain samapta hunubhaeko chha. jonah yasapachhi, mahm samapta hun. mahm timilai kasam khaunchhu. bayan kanaha tyasaile aunuhos, sajjanharu, kinmail suchi. kasale key gariraheko chha? kunai ganda wiwaranharu chhodnuhos. jonah aunuhos, sathiharu. ek wriddha manisbata path siknuhos. kharcha nagarnuhos. lagani garnuhos. bayan kanaha kunma? jonah sunma. bayan kanaha key pairahanubhaeko chha, daku? sunder dakuh oho, malai thaha chhaina. tyahan dherai kuraharu chhan june tapainle dherai paisale prapta garna saknuhunchha. tapainlai thaha chha, mahm kewal chhalako sitma nagna ketiharuko barema sochdaichhu. bayan kanaha spashta chha. hernus? sunder dakuh manaun maile ashcharyajanak-martin bhyankwis prapta garnechhu. tee madhye kunai ekko yatru sitma ketile nagarne dherai kura chhaina. lailah mahm sattari-watt amp rar berr brauna dacko sath nadd tea-770 digital decoder prapta garna jandaichhu. bayan kanaha "[hanima]" how... lailah yo thulo stereo how. spikerharu yati charko chhan, tiniharule mahilako luga udaunchhan. sunder dakuh ab tapain kura gardai hunuhunchha! bayan kanaha paintis million dollar, tapain tyo bhanda badhi rachanatmak prapta garna saknuhaunna, manis? mahm andalusia jandaichhu. spainko dakshinma. thik tyahan. "[binduharu]" malai euta thulo ghar dinuhos, malai pahilo sanskaranharule bharieko pustakalaya dinuhos, mero juttaka lagi kotha linuhos... tapainko key hunchha, steve? steve bendelah malai thaha chhaina. maile ajhai nirnaya gareko chhaina. bayan kanaha tapainle ajhai nirnaya garnubhaeko chhaina? aunuhos, manis. key yo pahadi hawa how? just-stibhah tapainle bhannubhaeko kura malai munn paryo. mahm tapainko pratyekko euta linchhu. bayan kanaha "[hanschhan]" yahan steveka lagi sabai dui chhan! john brijarah charley, yass sansarma dui prakarka chorharu chhanh jasle afno jiwanlai samridha banauna chori garchhan, rar jasle afno jiwanlai "paribhashit" garna chori garchhan. pachhillo hunuhunna. yasale tapainlai yass jiwanma sanchchai mahatwapurna key chha bhanne kurabata tadha rakhchha. charley क्rarोकrarः key kura gardai hunuhunchha, john? tapain ekjana asal pita hunuhunthyo. jonah upahar pathaunda tapain asal buba hunuhunna. maile mero bachchako adha jiwan jailma bitaen. yo bahek aru kehibina mero umera nabanos, charley. tapainle afno baanki jiwan bitauna chahanuhune kasailai khojnuhos rar unlai sadaka lagi samatnuhos. thik chha? "[stivele banduk tanchha, rar unka sashastra sahayogiharule girohako bhyanlai ghereka chhan.]"charlih steve, key gardaichhau? steve bendelah maile afnai kehi yojana banaen. john brijarah tyahan jahaan tapain zahn saknuhaunna jahaan hamile tapainlai fela pardainaun, steve. tapainlai tyo thaha chha. stibhah malai lagchha yo sayed sahi how, john. "[usalai goli hanchha]" lailah anie tyasapachhi uu kewal midia darling how... uni sabai patrikako awaranma chhan, mahm taryukta patrikako awaranma hunupardacha. usale key bhanyo thaha chha? unle bhane kii unle yasalai napster naam die kinbhane topimuni nappi kapal bhaeko karan yo unko upanam thiyo. tara usale, yo kinbhane mahm jhapkaundai thie jab usale mabata choreko thiyo. unle snatak pani garenan. sunder dakuh malai lagchha yo agadi badhne samaya how, hoina? tiniharule usalai banda garchhan, mahm chahanchhu kii tiniharule tapainsanga pani tyastai garne chhan. "[mechanic renchle minny tuning up garne kramama stella brijarma prahar garne prayas gardacha]" renchah namaste, hamile bhetne mauka paeka chhainaun. "[haat pradan gardacha]" rench. stella brijarah "[usalai sandwich dinchha]" hyam rar cheej. renchah oh, tyo chiso chha. dhikkar, tyo chiso chha. lailah tapainlai sabai hariyo chahieko chha? 'kinbhane, aha,' kinbhane tapainle tiniharulai paunu bhayo. "[hansdai]" charley क्rarोकrarः tapainsanga key chha? lailah lah ko swachalit trafic nigarani rar niyantran sanchalan kendrama swagat chha. hernuhos, tiniharule chaurahaharubata bhidiyo fidharu prayog garchhan rar vishesh gari trafic awasthako bhavishyavani garna elgoridamharu design garchhan, rar yasaile trafic battiharu niyantran garchhan. tyasaile maile gareko sabai mero afnai sanga ayo... luko-gadha algorithm bhitra chhirnaka lagi, rar ab hammy thaaunko malik chhaun. क्rarोकrarः tapain dry runn garna chahanuhunchha? lailah "[songsong]" maile sochen kii tapainle kahilyai sodhnuhune chhaina! "[afno computertira farkiera camera dekhaundai]" hernuhos, rato batti. "[sabai battiharu antaracchedan hariyoma badalna button thichdachha]" hariyo batti. "[karharu pratyek dishabata sarna thalchhan, jasle garda pratyek chheuma karle euta gadilai tii-bone garchha]" "[headset selfonma, lilele toliko dakaitibata line ganana gardacha.]"lailah tyo lagbhag 27 lakh dollar how. charlih key? lailah hoina, parkha. tyo 27..27 million dollar. "[ek chhoto viram]" how! "[stationma sabaijana usalai heriraheka chhan]" maile bujhen... pawitra atma...tapainle yasama pugnu parchha...yo ramro train how. steve bendelah timi ko hau? mahmास्koभः mahm maskobh hun. anie tapainle mero chachera bhai येभेnahalahई maridinubhayo. charley क्rarोकrarः kehi bima garnuparchha, steve. stibhah herr, mahm tyahan pugda yebhen marekai thie. mahm yasako barema mafi chahanchhu, tara unle kehi dherai apriya prakarharu samana gare. yo manchhe tapainsanga khelne prayas gariraheko chha. mahmास्koभः "[charlilai]" tapain sahi hunuhunthyo... kunai kalpana chhaina. mark walberg-charley kroker donald swa-john brijar charlize theron-stella brijar edward norton-steve bendle (urf freezelly) sett green-lile jayson stetham-sunder robe mose def-bayan caan olek kripa-maskobh boris क्rarुटोrarोग-येभnaha गावट्tea-स्kinn्nahaी pett saan fenning-swayan bahya linkharu. wikipedia yass vishayama euta lekh chha - | dee italiah jabb (2003 chalachitra) dee italiah jabb heuchhi 2003 masihar eka chalachitra jaahaa eka purbatana sathinka birodhare pratisodha nebaku chahunthiba choranka eka gosthi bishajare jaahaa semananku duithara atikrama karithila. ehaa michael kennka abhineet 1969 chalachitrara remake thila. "aif. nka dwara nirdeshita. grey grey. dona powers ebong wen powers dwara likhita, troy kenedi-martinnka dwara 1969 rahr chitranatya upare aadharita ."" [stella taa 'bapanka thaaru sakale eka phone cull paae .]"stella brijarah namaskara? zohn brijarah namaskara, prijatama. stelah bapa....."[ghanta jancha curr]" samai shighra hoigala. janh mun kebala aapananku janaibaku chahunthili je mun aapananku kichhi pathauchhi. stelah emm. emm. emm. ehara gandha bhal achhi kii? janh naa.....kintu ehaa ujjwala. stelah "[hathat jagrata]" ethire raseed achhi kii? janh "[huss]" mun ehaaku dokanaru tum pakhaku pathauchhi. stelah hmm. apana kahinki asunahanti? aame kichhi jalakhiaa khaibu. janh ehaa eka lamba jatra heba. "[birati niantu]" mun bhenisare achhi. stelah "[shajyare basithae]", aapananka parol afisaranka anumodanare, abashya? janh mun sehi byaktinku pasanda kare, stella, tume taaha janicha. kintu aame prakrutare kebe bii sanjukta hoinathilu. tenu mun bhabuchhi mun more ponku tankara shesh paridarshan deithili. stelah bapa, apana qa "naa karuchanti? moe hrudai bhangiba naahin. tume mote kahithila tume shesh karicha. janh ehaa parey, mun samapta hoichhi. mun aapananku shapath deuchhi. baama kaanah tebe aasantu, bhadralokamane, kinakini talika. kie qa 'naa karuchhi? kaunasi apabitra bibaraneeku chhadi diantu naahin. janh aasa, bandhugana. jane brudha byaktinka thaaru sikhya niantu. kharcha karantu naahin. nibesh karantu. baama kaanah keunti? janh sunare. baama kaanah apana qa "naa pauchhanti, dakajata? sunder dakajatah aare, mun jaane naahin. epari aneka jinish achhi jaahaa apana bahuta tanka dei paiparibe. apana jananti, mun kebala chamada sitare ulgna jhiamananka bishajare chinta karuchhi. baama kaanah nischita. dekha? sunder dakajatah manekar mun ashcharjya-martin bijai paibi. emiti kichhi naahin jaahaa jane jhia sehi jinish madhyaru gotie jatri sitare kariba naahin . lailh mun eka naad tii-770 digital decoder nebaku jauchhi jeunthire eka saturi-waat amp ebong barr braun daak achhi . baama kaanah "[eka khyati ray]" hohn..... lailh ehaa eka budd stereo. ete jorare spicker, semane mahilanka poshaka udai dianti . sunder dakajatah ebe tume kathaa kahucha! baama kaanah panjatrisha nijuta dollar, apana taa 'thaaru adhika srujanashila hoiparibe naahin, manish? mun andalusia jauchhi. dakhina spain. thick seithi. "[bindu]" mote eka budd ghara dia, pratham sanskaranare bhartti eka library aana, moe jota paain eka kothari aana..... aapananka bishajare qa "naa, stibh? stibh bendelh mun jaane naahin. mun aii parjyanta nishpatti neinahin. baama kaanah apana eparjyanta nishpatti neinahanti? aasa, manish. ehaa pahadia baaju? kebala-stibhh apana jaahaa kahichanti taaha mote bhal lagila. mun aapananka madhyaru pratyekankara gotie neijibi. baama kaanah "[hussy]" bhal, eithi stibh paain duiti jinish achhi! zohn brijarah charley, ehi duniaare dui prakarara chore achantih jeunmane niz jeebanaku samruddha kariba paain chori karanti, ebong jeunmane niz jeebanaku "paribhashita" kariba paain chori karanti . shesh lock huantu naahin. ehaa aapananku ehi jeebanare prakrutare qa 'naa gurutwapurna taaha haraibaku badhya kare . charley krokarah apana qa "naa kahuchanti, zohn? apana jane bhal bapa thile. janh upahara pathaiba dwara apana jane bhal bapa hoiparibe naahin. mun moe puara adhaa zeeban jelare bitaithili. ehaa byatita aau kichhi naah thai moe baisar hua naahin, charley. apana baaki zeeban taanka sahita bitaibaku chahunthiba byaktinku khojantu ebong tanku sabuddin paain dhari rakhantu. thick achhi? "[stibh eka bandhuka tanichanti, ebong taanka sashastra sahajogeemane gyangara bhyanku gheri rahichanti.]"charlih stibh, aii qa" naa karucha? stibh bendelh mun nije kichhi yojana prastuta karithili. zohn brijarah emiti kaunasi sthana naahin jeunthare apana jaiparibe, aame aapananku khojibu naahin, stibh. aapanamane taaha jananti. stibhh mun bhabuchhi ehaa bodhahue thick, zohn. "[tanku guli curr]" lailh ebong taa 'parey shay kebala midia priya..... shay samasta patrikara prachada prusthare achanti, mun tarajukta patrikara prachada prusthare rahiba uchit thila . apana jananti shay qa "naa kahithile? shay kahithile je shay ehara naama napster rakhithile kaaran tupi tale naapi kesh thibaru ehaa tankara upanama thila. kintu shay, kaaran mun shoi thili jetebele shay motharu chori kallah . epariki shay snataka madhya karinathile. sunder dakajatah mun bhabuchhi aagaku badhibara samai aasichhi, nuhen kii? semane tanku banda karidianti, mun chaahen semane aapananka prati madhya epari karantu. "[jantrika rencha mini gudiku tune kariba samajare eka birati samajare stella brijaraku aaghata karibaku chesta kare]" renchah haai, aame bhetibara sujoga pailu naahin. "[haata pradan kare]" rencha . stella brijarah "[tanku eka sandawich die]" haam ebong chiz. renchah oh, seita thanda. dhur, seita taa thanda. lailh apana sabu sabuja jinish chahunchhanti kii? 'kaaran, aaha,' kaaran apana semananku paichanti. "[huss]" charley krokarah tum pakhare qa "naa achhi? lailh laa 'rahr swajangkrija traphik tadarakh ebong nijantrana parichalana kendraku swagata. dekhantu, semane traphika paristhitira purbanumana kariba paain chhedanapatharu bhidio feed ebong nirdista bhabare design hoithiba algoridam byabahara karanti, ebong ehipari traphik light nijantrana karanti . tenu mun kebala moe niz paain chinta colly..... prabesha kariba paain kick-gaadha algoridam, ebong bartamana aame sthanara malika atu . krokarah apana eka dry runn karibaku chahunchhanti kii? lailh "[singsang]" mun bhabili tume kebe pachariba naahin! "[taanka computer aadaku muhani, eka camera dekhauchhi]" dekhantu, laal alua. "[samasta alokaku eka antaranga sabuja rangare chaalu kariba paain button dabaithae]" sabuja aloka. "[carr sabu digaru gati kariba arambha kare, jaahaa phalare gotie carty ubhaja parsware eka kaara dwara tii-bonda hoijae]" "[eka headset selphone ray, lile dalara dakajatira mulya ganana kare .]"lailh taaha praiah 27 lakhya dollar. charlih qa "naa? lailh naa, apekhya curr. taaha heuchhi 27... 27 nijuta dollar. "[eka sankhipta birati]" hohn! "[stationre samaste tanku dekhuchhanti]" mun bujhili..... pabitra atma.....apana ehaaku grahan kariba uchita.....ehaa eka bhal train. stibh bendelh apana kie? mashkobh mun mashkov. ebong apana more samparkeeah bhai jebhennku hatya kale. charley krokarah stibh, kichhi beema darakara. stibhh dekhantu, mun sethare pahanchiba belaku jebhen marrie sarithile. mun ethipain duhkhita, kintu shay kichhi atyanta aswabhabika prakarara mukabila karithile. ehi lokati tum sahita khelibaku chesta karuchhi. mashkobh "[charlinku]" apana thick kahithile..... kalpana naahin. marck walberg-charley croker donald-zohn brijara charlis theron-stella brijara edward norton-stibh bendell (urf freezelli) seth green-lile jasson statham-sunder raba moses deaf-baama kaana olek krupa-mashkov boris crutorg-jebhen gawati-charmasara pitt sunn phaning-nije bahya linka . wikipidiaare eka nibandha rahichhih | dha italian job (2003 dee film) dha italian job 2003 dee ikk film haii joe choran dey ikk samooh baare haii joe ikk sabka saathi toon badla lainn dee koshish qarr riha haii jiss neey uhanan noon doou vaar paar keeta see. ih 1969 dee film daa remake haii jiss witch michael caine neey abhinai keeta see. "eff duaara nirdeshit. gairi slaty. donna powers atey wein powers duaara likhi gaee, joe troye canady-martin duaara 1969 dee screenplay 'teey adharat haii."" [stella noon savere-savere uss dey pitaa daa phone aaunda haii.]"stella brijarau hallow? jauhan brijarau hallow, piaari. stella daddy..."[ghadi dee jaanch crow]" ih jaldi haii. johna main tuhanun siraf ih dassna chahunda see kii main tuhanun kujh bhej riha haan. stella aimm. aimm. aimm. qee iss dee khushbu changi haii? johna naheen...parr ih chamakdar haii. stella "[achanak jaagiaa hoiaa]" qee iss cole raseed haii? johna "[huss]" main iss noon tuhanun dukan toon bhej riha haan. stella humm. tusin itthe kiun naheen aaunde? aseen kujh sware daa khaana pee lavange. johna ih ikk lambi yaatra hovegi. "[rukiaa]" main venis witch haan. stella "[bistre utte baithda haii]" tuhade parol adhikari dee manzuri naal, zaroor? johna mainoon uh munda pasand haii, stella, tusin ih janade hoow. parr aseen asal witch kadey naheen jude. iss laee mainoon lagda haii kii main aapne poe noon uss dee aakhri mulakat ditti haii. stella tusin qee qarr rahey hoow, pitaa jee? meraa dill naa todd. tusin mainoon dassiaa kii tusin khatam hoow gaye hoow. johna iss toon baad, main khatam hoow giaa haan. main tuhanun sahun khanda haan. khabba kannau iss laee aao, sajjno, khariddari dee suchi. kaunn qee qarr riha haii? gandey verviaan noon naa chaddo. johna aao, dosto. kise buddhe aadmi toon sabak laou. iss noon kharach naa crow. nivesh crow. khabba kannau kiss witch? johna sone witch. khabba kannau qee lae rahey hoow, dakaiti? sunder dakuo aah, mainoon naheen pataa. bahut saariaan cheezan hunn joe tusin bahut saare paisiaan naal prapat qarr sakde hoow. tusin janade hoow, main siraf chamde deeaan seetan witch nangiaan ladkiaan baare soch riha haan. khabba kannau spasht haii. dekho? sunder dakuo mann laou kii mainoon heranijanak martin vanquish milega. itthe bahut kujh naheen haii joe ikk ladki unhan cheezan vicchon ikk dee yaatari seet witch naheen karegi. lile main sattar vaat aimm. pee. atey barr baraoon daek dey naal ikk ainn. aii. dee. tii-770 digital decoder prapat curran jaa riha haan. khabba kannau "[nuksan 'teey]" haan... lile ih ikk vadda stereo haii. bulara inni ucchi aavaaz witch aurtan dey kappde udda dinde hunn. sunder dakuo hunn tusin gall qarr rahey hoow! khabba kannau painti million dallar, tusin iss toon vaddh rachnatmak naheen hoow sakde, yaar? main andelusia jaa riha haan. spain dey dakkhan witch. utthe hii. "[ank]" mainoon ikk vadda gharr dio, mainoon pahile sanskarnan naal bharee ikk library dio, merey juttiaan laee ikk kamra laou... tuhade baare qee, steve? steve bendeal mainoon naheen pataa. main haale faisla naheen keeta haii. khabba kannau tusin ajey faisla naheen keeta haii? aao, yaar. qee ih pahadi havaa haii? buses-steve tusin joe kiha uh mainoon pasand aaiaa. main tuhade vicchon ikk lae lavanga. khabba kannau "[hassde hoye]" theek haii, itthe steve laee sabh kujh dey doou hunn! jauhan brijarau charley, iss sansar witch doou tarahan dey chor hann uh joe aapni zindagi noon ameer banaun laee chori karde hunn, atey uh joe aapni zindagi noon paribhashit curran laee chori karde hunn. aakhri naa banno. iss naal tusin iss jeevan witch asal witch mahattavpuran cheezan toon khunjh jaande hoow. charley crocker tusin kiss baare gall qarr rahey hoow, john? tusin ikk change pitaa rahey hoow. johna tohfe bhejna tuhanun ikk changa pitaa naheen banaunda. main aapne bacche dee addhi zindagi jailh witch bitai. charley, iss toon ilava horr kujh vee naa lae keey merrie umar naa banno. kise ajihe viakati noon labbho jiss naal tusin aapni baaki dee zindagi bitauna chahunde hoow atey uss noon hamesha laee faddi rakkho. theek haii? "[steve neey banduk khicchi haii, atey uss dey hathiaarband gundiaan neey giroh dee vain noon gher liaa haii.]"charlia steve, toon qee qarr riha hainn? steve bendeal main aapniaan kujh yojnavan banaiaan. jauhan brijarau itthe koee jagha naheen haii jitthe tusin jaa sakde hoow jitthe aseen tuhanun naheen labbhange, steve. tusin ih janade hoow. steve mainoon lagda haii kii ih shayed sahee haii, jauhan. "[uss noon goli maar dinda haii]" lile atey firr uh siraf media piaara haii... uh saare rasaliaan dey cover utte haii, mainoon wired magazine dey cover utte honaa chahida see. qee tuhanun pataa haii kii uss neey qee kiha? uss neey kiha kii uss neey iss daa naam napster rakkhiaa kiunki topi dey hethan nappy vaal honn caarn ih uss daa upnam see. parr uh, ih iss laee haii kiunki main jhapki lae riha see jadon usne ih merey toon chori qarr liaa. uss neey graduation vee naheen keeti see. sunder dakunn mainoon lagda haii kii ih agge vadhan daa samaan haii, haii naa? uh uss noon bnd qarr dinde hunn, main chahunda haan kii uh tuhade naal vee ajiha hii curran. "[mechanic rench neey minni noon tuning curran dey ikk break dauran stella brijar noon maaran dee koshish keeti]" rencha hallow, saanoon milann daa mauka naheen miliaa. "[hatth dee peshkash karda haii]" runch. stella brijarau "[uss noon ikk sandwich dinda haii]" haim atey panir. ranchaa oh, ih thanda haii. shareaam, ih thanda haii. lile qee tuhanun saariaan hariaan sabziaan chahidiaan hunn? 'kiunki, aah,' kiunki tusin unhan noon prapat keeta haii. "[hassdi hoee]" charley crocker tuhade cole qee haii? lile laa dey swaichalit traephik nigrani atey niyantaran sanchalan kendra witch tuhada suagat haii. dekho, uh traephik sathitiaan dee bhavikhbani curran laee intersection atey vishesh taur 'teey design keete algorithm toon vdo feed dee varton karde hunn, atey iss tarahan traephik lightan noon niyantrit karde hunn. iss laee main siraf aapna hii kamm keeta... kick-aiss algorithm witch ghumman laee, atey hunn aseen jagha dey maalak haan. crocker qee tusin dry runn karna chahunde hoow? lialou "[sangsang]" main sochiaa see kii tusin kadey naheen puchhoge! "[aapne computer vall mudada haii, ikk camera dikhaunda haii]" dekho, laal roshni. "[saariaan lightan noon harey rung dey intersection utte chalu curran laee button dabaunda haii]" hurry roshni. "[qaar harr disha toon agge vadhna shuru hoow jaandi haii, jiss naal ikk vaahan noon harr paase ikk qaar duaara tii-bond hoow jaanda haii]" "[ikk headset selphone utte, lile team dee dakaiti toon lainn dee ganna karda haii.]"lile ih lagbhag 27 lakkh dallar haii. charlia qee? lialou naheen, udeek crow. ih 27... 27 million dallar. "[ikk sankhep viram]" haan! "[station witch harr koee uss vall dekh riha haii]" mainoon samajh aaa gaee... pavittar aatma...tuhanun iss utte jaanha chahida haii...ih ikk changi railgaddi haii. steve bendeal tusin kaunn hoow? maskov main maskov haan. atey tusin merey chachere bharaa yeven noon maar ditta. charley crocker steve, kujh beema honaa chahida haii. steve dekho, jadon main utthe pahunchiaa taan yeven pahilan hii marr chukka see. mainoon iss baare afsos haii, parr uss neey kujh bahut hii kharaab kisman naal najithiaa. ih munda tuhade naal khedan dee koshish qarr riha haii. maskov "[charley noon]" tusin sahee see... koee kalpana naheen. maarak walberg-charley crocker donald sann-john brijar charleys theron-stella brijar edward norton-steve bendell (uraf freezeli) seth green-lile jayson statham-sunder raub moses daff-khabbe qann dey olek krupa-maskov boris crutorog-yeven gauti-chamdi vaala pieter shaan fanning-aapne aap dey baahari link. wikipedia witch iss baare ikk lekh haiyav | da italian jaab (2003 chalacchitram) da italian jaab iti 2003 tame varshe nirmitam chalacchitram, yat poorvasahabhaaginah, yah taan dvivaaram atikramitavaan, tasya viruddham pratishodham praaptum chorasamoohasy vishaye asti. 1969 tame varshe mccull kenn ityanena abhineetasy chalacchitrasya punarnirmanam. "dwara nirdeshitah cha. grey grey. dona powers tathaa weyn powers ityetabhyam likhitam, troy kenedy-martin ityanena 1969 tame varshe chitrakathaayaah aadhaaren nirmitam."[stella swapituh praatahkaale doorabhaash-kaal praaptavatee.]"stella bridjarh namaskaarah? jaan bridger-namaskaram, priye. stelaah pitaa..."[ghatikaaram pashyatu]" iti sheeghram. jaan-aham kevalam bhavantam dnyaatum icchaami yat aham bhavate kimapi preshayaami iti. stellaah emm. emm. emm. gandhah uttamah asti vaa? jaanh naa...parantu teeshchit. stelaah "[akasmikataya jaagate]" tasya sameepe raseedah asti vaa? jaan-"[haskar]" aham bhavantam bhandaaren preshaye. stellaah hmmm. kim kevalam naa aagacchasi? vayam alpaharam karishyaamah. jaan-iyam dirghayatra bhavishyati. "[viraamam]" aham venis-madhye asmi. stelaah "[shayane upavishyate]" bhavatah perol-adhikaarinah anumodanam, avashyam? jaan-aham saha purushah rochate, stella, tvam tatt jaanaasi. parantu vayam kadaapi vastutah naa sambadhaah. ataha aham manyaami yat aham mama po ityasya antimam darshanm krutavaan iti. stelaah kim karoti, pitaa? mama hrudayam maa bhangam karotu. tvam vadasi tu samaapitam. jaan-tadanantaram aham samaaptah. aham shapatham karoti. vaama-karnah, ataha aagacchantu, mahaneeyah, krayan-soochee. kah kim karoti? naa malinavivaranaani vadatu. jaanh aagaccha, mitraani. vruddhaat shikshaam graheetu. vyayamaa maa karotu. nivesham karotu. vaama-karnah kasmin? jaan-swarnam. vaama karnah kim praapsyasi, rub? sundarah rabh-aaha, aham naa jaanaami. bahavah vastooni santi yaani bhavaan bahu-dhanena praaptum shaknoti. bhavaan jaanaati, aham kevalam charma-asanani nirabhyantya balikanam vishaye chintaami. vaama-karnah avashyam. pashyatu? sundarah raabh-maanyuh aham ashcharya-martin-vaankvish iteedam praapnomi. teshu ekasya yaatrikaasanasy upari balika kimapi naa karishyati. lail-aham saptata-vyaat-empi-yukttam naad-tea-770 digital decoder, burr-braun-docks cha praapnomi. vaama-karnah "[kshate]" asti... lail-eshah ekaha vishaalah stereo asti. vaktaarah ete ucchaihi, te mahilanam vastraani oodanti. sundarah rabh idaaneem bhavaan vadati! vaama-karnah panchatrimshat-dashalax-daalar, bhavaan tadapekshaya adhikam srujanaatmakam naa praaptum shaknoti, manujah? aham andalusia-desham gacchaami. dakshinadishi spen-deshah asti. tatra eva. "[binduhu]" mahyam ekam vishaalam gruham dattat, prathamasamskaranaih poornam pustakaalayam dattat, mama padatrananam krute kaksham dattat... bhavatah vishaye kim, steve? steve bendell-aham naa jaanaami. aham adyaapi naa nishchinomi. vaama karnah-bhavaan adyaapi naa nishchinot? aagaccha, manushyaa. kim parwatawaayuh asti? just-steevh bhavatah vadatah mayaa rochate sma. aham bhavatah pratyekasya ekam nevishyaami. vaamakanneh "[hashaa]" iti, steve ityasya krute pratyekam dwau. jaan bridger-charley, asmin jagate dwe choraha santi-ye swajeevanam samruddhum choranti, ye cha swajeevanam "paribhaashitum" choranti. naa tu antimah. asmin jeevane vastutah mahattvapoornam kim asti iti bhavaan vismarati. charley croker-kim vadati, jaan? tvam uttamah pitaa aasit. jaan-upaharan preshanena bhavaan uttamah pitaa naa bhavati. aham mama balasya ardhajeevanam karagare vyateetavaan. asya vinaa anyat kimapi vinaa mama aayuh maa bhavet, charley. yah bhavaan sheshajeevanam saha vyateetum icchati, tam anvishya, sarvadaa tasyaah ashrayam kuru. theekam vaa? "[steve ityeshah bandookam apasaritavan, tasya shastrasajjah anucharah cha sanghatanasy vyaan-yaanam paritah aavartantau.]"chaarleeh steve, kim karoti? steve bendell-swakeeyaani kaanichan yojanam krutavaan. jaan bridger-yatra vayam naa prapsyamaha, tatra kutraapi naa gantum shaknuyaat, steve. bhavaan jaanaati. steevh aham manyate yat sambhawatah tatt samyak, jaan. "[shoots]" lailh tatah saha kevalam media-priyah asti... saha sarveshu patrikanam mukhaputam asti, tam tam patrikaayaah mukhaputam mayaa bhavitum arhati sma. kim vadati jaanaasi? saha avadat yat saha tam napster iti namakaranam krutavaan yatah tasya topyaah adhah naapsi-keshasya karanat tasya upanamam aasit iti. parantu saha, yatah aham nidramaham yadaa saha mama sameepe tatt choritavaan. saha snaatakapadaveem api naa praptavan. sundarah rabh-aham manyate yat agre gantum samayah asti, naa? te tam bandhayanti, te bhavatah prati api tathaiva karishyanti iti aham icchaami. "[yaantrikah rench, viraamakaale stella bridger ityasya upari praharam kartum prayatate, minis-tuning-madhye]" rench-haaya, vayam militum naa avakaasham avaapnot. "[hastam pradadaati]" rench. stella bridjarh "[saha ekam sandwich dadaati]" haam tathaa cheej. rench oho, sheetalam bhavati. shaapah, sheetalam bhavati. lail-bhavaan sarvam harita-sasyam icchati vaa? 'yato hii, aaha,' yatohi bhavaan taan praptavan. "[chaklings]" charley croker-kim praptavan? lail-laa-ityasya swayamchaalita-yatayata-nirikshanam tathaa niyantrana-parichaalan-kendram prati swaagatam. pashyatu, te praticchedanaat veediyo-feed ityetaan upayunjanti, visheshatah vinyasitan elgoridam ityetaan cha yaataayaatasy sthitim poorvaanumetum, tathaa cha yatayata-dipan niyantrayanti. ataha aham kevalam swakeeyam eva kalpitavaan... kick-aas algoridam iti guptarupena praveshtum, idaaneem vayam tasya sthanasya swaameeh. croker-bhavaan drai runn kartum icchati vaa? lail-"[singsong]" aham achinot yat bhavaan kadaapi naa prucchati iti! "[swasya sanganakasya prati tiryatam, chitrakayantram darshayati]" pashyatu, raktadeepah. "[sarvaani deepaani antahsth-haritavarnasya upari sthaapayitum button nudati]" haritadeepah. "[kaar-yaanaani pratyekadishaatah gantum aarabhante, yena ekasyaam vaahanaat pratyekam vahanena tii-bone-bhavati]" "[headset-sell-phone-dwara, lail-varyaha dalasya lutasya grahanasya gananam karoti.]"lail-tatt praayah 27 laksh-daalar-moolyam asti. chaarleeh kim? lailah naa, prateekshate. tatt 27.27 dashalax-$. "[alpa viraamah]" haam! "[sthaanake sarve tam drushtavantah]" aham tam praptavan... pavitratma...bhavaan tatt prati gacchatu...iyam uttamm relayaanam asti. steve bendell-tvam kah? mashkoho-aham maashkov. tvam mama bhraatruvyam yeven ityenam maritavan. charley croker-steve, kinchitkashcha aashwastih avashyam prapnuyat. steevh pashya, aham tatra aagaty yeven iti mrutah aasit. tadartham kshamam magnuyat, parantu saha keshaanchan ati-apriyaprakaran paryavartitavaan. ayam purushah bhavatah kreedaam kartum prayatate. maashkovh "[charley prati]" tvam yathaarthamev... naa kalpanaa. maark walberg-charley croker donald-jaan bridger charleys theran-stella bridger edward narton-steve bendell (urf freezelly) seth green-lail jayson staatham-headmans raab mose def-left iyar olek krupaa-maashkov boris crutorog-yeven gawatti-skinny peet shaan fenning-swayam baahya-samparkah. wikipedia ityatra ekaha lekhah asti. | thii itaaliya joff (2003 thiraippadam) thii itaaliya joff enbathu 2003 aam aandu veliyaana thiraippatamaagum, idhu oru munnaal koottaalikku ethiraaga pazhivaangka murpadum thirudarkalin kuzhuvaip pattriyathu, avar avarkalai irattaik kadakkach seithaar. michael keyne nadiththa 1969 aam aandin thiraippataththin maruu aakkam. "iyakkiyavar eff. carrie saambal. 1969 aam aandu troy kennadi-martin ezhuthiya thiraikkathaiyai adippadaiyaagak kondu doonaa bowers mattrum weyn bowers ezhuthiyullanar."" [stellavukku athikaalaiyil avaludaiya thanthaiyidamirunthu oru tholaipaesi alaippu varukirathu.]"stella britzer vanakkam? john britzer vanakkam, anbe. stella appa..."[kadikaaraththai saripaarkkavum]" neram athigamaagum. john naan ungkalukku aethoa anuppukiraen enbathai ungkalukkuth therivikka virumbinaen. stella emmm. nalla vasanaiah? john illai...aanaal adhu pirakaasamaaga irukkirathu. stella "[thideerendru parantha vizhiththirukkum]" athil raseethu irukkirathaa? john "[sirikkiraar]" naan adhai kadaiyil irunthu ungkalukku anuppukiraen. stella hmm. nee mattum aen varak koodaathu? kaalai unavu saappiduvoam. john adhu oru neenda payanamaaka irukkum. "[idainiruththam]" naan venesil irukkiraen. stella ungkal barol athikaariyin opputhaludan "[padukkaiyil amarnthirukkireerkal]", nichchayamaaga? john enakku antha baiyan pidikkum, stella, ungkalukkuth theriyum. aanaal naangkal orupoathum unmaiyil inaikkappadavillai. enavae naan enn poa avarathu kadaisi varugai seluththiya endru ninaikkiraen. stella enna pandreengka appa? enn idhayaththai udaikkaathae. neengkal mudinththuvitteerkal endru ennidam sonneergal. john idharkup piragu, naan mudiththuvittaen. naan ungkalukku sathiyam seikiraen. idathu khadu enavae vaarungkal, periyavarkalae, shopping pattiyal. yaar enna seikiraargal? alukku vivarangkalai vittu vaika vaendaam. john vaarungkal nanbarkalae. oru muthiyavaridamirunthu oru paadam katrukkollungal. athaich selavu seiya vaendaam. muthaleedu seiyungal. idathu khadu enna? john thangaththil. idathu khadu enna vaangkukiraai, kollai? azhagaana kollaikaran aaa, enakkuth theriyaathu. niraiya panatthaal neengkal perakkoodiya pala vishayangkal ullana. ungkalukkuth theriyum, naan thoal irukkaikalil nirvaanap penkalaip pattri mattumae yoasikkiraen. idathu khadu velippadaiyaaga. paarkiraayaa? azhagaana roff enakku aachariyamaana-martin vettri kidaikkum endru vaiththukkolvoam. antha vishayangkalil ontrin payanigal irukkaiyil oru penn seiyakkoodaathathu adhigam illai. lile naan ezhupathu vaat aamp mattrum burr pravun tock konda naat dii-770 digital decoderype perap poakiraen. idathu khadu "[izhappil]" aam... lile idhu oru periya stereo. paechchaalarkal migavum saththamaaga, avarkal penkalin aadaikalai uuthividukiraarkal. azhagaana kollaikaran ippoathu neengkal paesukireerkal! idathu khadu muppaththainthu million dollarkal, adhai vida neengkal adhiga padaippaattralaip pera mudiyaathu, manithanae? naan andalucia selkiraen. spainin therku. angkaeyae. "enakku oru periya veettaik kodungal, muthal pathippukal niraintha oru noolagaththai enakkuk kodungal, enathu kaalanigalukku oru araiyaip perungkal... steve, ungkalukku enna? steve bendell enakkuth theriyaathu. naan innum mudivu seiyavillai. idathu khadu neengkal innum mudivu seiyavillaiyaa? vaarungkal, manithar. idhu malaik katta? just-steve neengkal sonnathu enakku pidiththirunthathu. naan ungkalidam ovvondraiyum eduththukkolvaen. idathu khadu "[sirikkiraar]" steve-kku irandae irandu! john britzer chaarli, inththa ulagil irandu vagaiyaana thirudarkal ullanar thangal vaazhkkaiyai valappaduththa thirudubavarkal, thangal vaazhkkaiyai "varaiyarukka" thirudubavarkal. kadaisiyaaga irukka vaendaam. inththa vaazhkkaiyil unmaiyil mukkiyamaanathai neengkal izhakkach seikirathu. chaarli groker neengkal ethaip pattri paesukireerkal, john? neengkal oru nalla thanthaiyaaga irunththeerkal. john parisugalai anuppuvathu ungkalai oru nalla thanthaiyaaga maattraathu. naan enn kuzhandhaiyin vaazhnaalil paathiyai siraiyil kazhiththaen. idhaith thavira vaerondrum illaamal enn vayathaaka irukka vaendaam, chaarli. ungkal vaazhnaal muzhuvathaiyum ungkaludan selavida virumbum oruvaraik kandupiditthu, avalai endrendrum pidiththuk kollungal. surry? "[steve oru thuppaakkiyai iluththaar, avarathu aayuthamaenthiya aatharavaalarkal kumbalin vaenai soozhnthullanar.]"charley steve, nee enna seikiraai? steve bendell naan sonthamaaga sila thittangalai uruvaakkinaen. john britzer steve, naangkal unnaik kandupidikkaatha idaththirku neengkal sella engkum illai. adhu ungkalukkuth theriyum. steve adhu sariyaaga irukkalaam endru naan ninaikkiraen, john. "[avarai sudungal]" lile pinnar avar uudaga anbe... avar anaitthu paththirigaigalin attaiyilum irukkiraar, naan kambi paththirigaiyin attaiyil irunthirukka vaendum. avar enna sonnaar theriyuma? thoppiyin keezh ulla neppi mudi kaaranamaaga idhu thanathu punaippeyar enbathaal adharku nepster endru peyarittathaaka avar koorinaar. aanaal avar, avar adhai ennidamirunthu thirudich sendrapoathu naan thoongkik kondirunthaen. avar pattam kooda peravillai. azhagaana kollaikaran idhu munnaera vaendiya neram endru naan ninaikkiraen, illaiyaa? avarkal avarai moodikkolkiraargal, avarkal ungkalukkum avvaarae seiya vaendum endru naan virumbukiraen. "[mechanic rench minigalai dune seivathil oru idaivaelaiyin poathu stella britjaraith thaakka muyarchikkirathu]" "rench haai, engkalukkuch santhikka vaaippu kidaikkavillai". "[kaii kodukkirathu]" rench. stella britzer "[avarukku oru sandvich kodukkirathu]" haam mattrum sease. rench ooo, adhu kulir. adada, kulir thaan. lile ungkalukku ellah pasumaigalum vaendumaa? 'aenentraal, aaa,' aenentraal neengkal avattraip petrtreerkal. "[sirikkiraar]" chaarli groker ungkalidam enna irukkirathu? lile laa inn thaaniyangi poakkuvaraththu kankaanippu mattrum kattupaattu seyalpaattu maiyaththirku varavaerkiroam. paarungkal, avarkal kurukkuvettugalilirundhu veediyoa uuttangkalaip payanpaduththukiraarkal mattrum poakkuvaraththu nilaimaigalaik kanikka kurippaaga vadivamaikappatta vazhimuraigalaip payanpaduththukiraarkal, idhan moolam poakkuvaraththu vilakkugalaik kattuppaduththugiraargal. enavae naan seithathu enathu sonthaththaik kondu vanthathu mattumae... udhai kazhudhai vazhimurai ullae nuzhiya, ippoathu naangkal antha idaththai sonthamaaga vaiththirukiroam. groker neengkal ular oottaththai seiya virumbukireerkalaa? lile "[sankeesh]" neengkal orupoathum kaetka maatteerkal endru ninaiththen! "[thanathu kaneneyai noakki, oru kemaraavaik kaattukiraar]" "paarungkal, sivappu vilakku". "[anaitthu vilakkugalaiyum pacchai niraththil inaikka pothaanai azhuththukirathu]" pacchai vilakku. "[kaarkal ovvoru thisaiyilirunthum nagarath thodangugindrana, ithanaal oru vaaganam ovvoru pakkaththilum oru karaul dii-elumbu perukirathu]" "[hetchet selbonil, lyle aniyin kollaiyilirunthu edukkappattathai kanakkidugiraar".]"lile adhu sumar 27 latcham dollarkal. charley enna? lile illai, kaaththirunggal. adhu 27.. 27 million dollarkal. "[oru siriya idaiveli]" aam! "[nilaiyaththil ulla anaivarum avaraip paarthuk kondirukkiraargal]" enakku purinthathu... parisuththa aavi...neengkal adhai pera vaendum...adhu oru nalla rayil. steve bendell neengkal yaar? mashko naan mashkov. neengkal enn uravinar yevenaik kondreergal. chaarli groker steve, konjam kaappeedu vaendum. steve paarr, naan angku sendrapoathu yeven aerkanavae iranthuvittaar. atharkaaka naan varunththukiraen, aanaal avar sila azhagaana virumbaththagaatha vagaikalai kaiyandar. inththa baiyan unnai vilaiyaada muyarchikkiraan. mashko "[chaarlikku]" neengkal sonnathu sariye... karpanai illai. maark walberg-chaarli groker donault sh-john britjer charlis theron-stella britjer edward norton-steve pendal (freezelli endru azhaikkappadubavar) seth green-lyle jayson staatham-azhagaana raap moas teff-idathu kaathu olek kruba-mashkov poaris crudoroc-yeven kaatti-olliyana beat shhaan fanning-thannai velippura inaippugal. vikkippeediyaavil idhu pattri oru katturai ullathu | dhi italian jaab (2003 chitram) dhi italian jaab anedi 2003loe vacchina oka chitram, idhi tamanu double cross chesina maajee bhagaswamipai prateekaaram teerchukoovaalani korukune dongala samuuham gurinchi. maikhel kine natinchina 1969 chitram yokka punarnirmaanam. "darsakatvam vahinchaaru eff. gyaarii buudida. 1969loe troy kennedy-martin raasina screen play aadhaaramgaa dona powers mariyu wayne powers rachinchaaru."[stellaku tellavaarujaamuna aame tandri nundi phone coll vastundi.]"stella bridger halo? zaan bridger halo, priyamaina. stella doddy..."[gadiyaranni tanikhi cheyandi]" idhi tondaragaa undhi. john neenu meeku edho pamputunnaanani meeku teliyajeyaalanukunnaanu. stella mmm. dheeni vaasana bagunda? john ledhu...conny adhi merisedi. stella "[akasmaattugaa melakuva]" daaniki raseedu undaa? john "[navvutuu]" neenu daanini dukaanam nundi meeku pamputunnaanu. stella hmm. meeru enduku ippude raaru? memu alpaharam teesukuntamu. john idhi sudeergha prayaanam avutundi. "[viramam]" neenu venis loe unnaanu. stella mea perol adhikari aamodamto "[mancham meeda kuurchuni]", avuna? john naaku aaa vyakti antey ishtam, stella, meeku telusu. conny memu nijamgaa eppuduu connect kaaledu. kabatti neenu naa poe nii athani chivari sandarsanaku chellinchaanani anukuntunnanu. stella meekem chestunnaru, tandri? naa hrudayaanni vichchinnam cheyavaddu. meeru puurti chesaarani naaku chepparu. john dheeni taruvaata, neenu puurti chesaanu. neenu meeku pramaanam chestunnanu. edama chevih kabatti, peddamanushulara, shopping jabita. evaru emi chestunnaru? muriki vivaraalanu vadiliveyavaddu. john randi, abbayilu. oka vruddhudi nundi paatham neerchukoondi. kharchu cheyavaddu. pettubadi pettandi. edama chevih dhenilo? john bangaaramlo. edama chevih meeku emi vastundi, donga? andamaina dongah oh, naaku teliyadu. meeru chaalaa dabbutho pondagaligevi chaalaa unnaayi. meeku telusu, neenu tholu seetlalo nagnamgaa unna ammayila gurinchi aalochistunnanu. edama chevih spashtamgaa. chushara? andamaina robb naaku aascharyakaramaina-martin wankwish vastundani anukundam. aaa vishayaalalo okadaani yokka prayaaneekula seetulo oka ammai cheyalenidi chaalaa ledhu. lile neenu debbai vaatla ampere mariyu burr braun daaklatho kuudina naad tii-770 digital decodernu pondabotunnanu. edama chevih "[nashtamlo]" avunu... lile idhi pedda stereo. speakerlu chaalaa biggaraga, avi mahilala dustulanu ooputaayi. andamaina dongah ippudu meeru matladutunnaru! edama chevih muppai aidu million dollarlu, meeru daani kante ekkuva srujanaatmakatanu pondaleru, manishi? neenu andalusia velutunnaanu. dakshina speyin. sarigga akkada. "[paayintlu]" naaku oka pedda illu tecchipettandi, modati sanchikalatho nindina libraryni tecchipettandi, naa bootla kosam oka gadini techukondi... steve, mea gurinchi emiti? steve bendell naaku teliyadu. neenu inca nirnayam teesukoledu. edama chevih meeru inca nirnayinchukoleda? randi, manishi. idhi parvata galina? just-steve meeru cheppinadi naaku nachindi. neenu meelo okkokarini teesukuntaanu. edama chevih "[navvutuu]" steve kosam pratidee rendu ikkada! zaan bridger charley, eee prapanchamlo rendu rakaala dongalu unnaru tama jeevitaalanu susampannam chesukovadaniki dongilinche vaaru, mariyu tama jeevitaalanu "nirvachinchadaaniki" dongilinche vaaru. chivaridigaa undakandi. eee jeevitamlo nijamgaa mukhyamaina vaatini meeru kolpotaru. charley croker meeru dheni gurinchi matladutunnaru, zaan? meeru manchi tandri. john bahumatulu pampadam valla meeru manchi tandrigaa maararu. neenu naa bidda jeevitamlo sagam jailulo gadipanu. idhi tappa maremi lekunda naa vayassulo undakandi, charley. meeru mea jeevitaantam gadapalani korukune vyaktini kanugoni, aamenu eppatikee pattukondi. sarena? "[steve tupaki teesaadu, athani saayudha anucharulu muthaa vyaannu chuttumuttaru.]"charley steve, aem chestunnavu? steve bendell naa swantamgaa konni pranaalikalu roopondinchaanu. zaan bridger steve, memu ninnu kanugonaleni chota meeru vellaleni pradaesam ledhu. adhi meeku telusu. steve adhi bahusha sarainade anie neenu anukuntunnanu, zaan. "[atanni shoot chestaadu]" lile aapai athanu kevalam media darling... athanu anni magazinela mukhachitramlo unnadu, neenu vairdu magazine mukhachitramlo undaali. ayana aem chepparo meeku telusa? topi kinda nappi juttu unnanduna dheeniki napster anie paeru pettanani cheppadu. conny athanu, athanu naa nundi dongilinchinappudu neenu nidrapotunnanu. athanu graduate kooda kaaledu. andamaina dongah idhi munduku saagadaaniki samayam anie neenu anukuntunnanu, kaadaa? vaaru atanni muusivaestaaru, vaaru meeku kooda adhe cheyaalani neenu korukuntunnanu. "[mechanic rench mineelanu tune chese virama samayamlo stella bridgernu kottadaniki prayatnistundi]" rench hoy, maaku kalise avakaasam raaledu. "[chetini andistundi]" rench. stella bridger "[ataniki sandwitch istundi]" haam mariyu junnu. rench oh, adhi challaga undhi. paapam, adhi challaga undhi. lile meeku aakukuuralannii kawala? 'endukante, aah,' endukante meeru vaatini pondaaru. "[navvutuu]" charley croker mea daggara emi undhi? lile laa yokka automated traaphik nigha mariyu niyantrana karyakalapala kendraaniki swaagatam. chudandi, vaaru traaphik paristhitulanu anchanaa vaeyadaaniki mariyu tadwara traaphik laitlanu niyantrinchadaaniki koodali nundi veediyo feedlanu mariyu pratyaekamgaa roopondinchina algorithamlanu upayogistaaru. kabatti neenu chesinadanta naa swanthamtho vachindi... kick-gaadida algorithm chorabadataaniki, mariyu ippudu memu aaa sthalaanni kaligi unnaamu. croker meeru dry runn cheyalanukuntunnara? lile "[sangsang]" meeru ennadoo adagarani neenu anukunnanu! "[camera chuupistuu thana computer vaipu tirigi]" chudandi, errati deepam. "[anni laitlanu oka koodali aakupaccha rangulo aann cheyadaaniki button nokkandi]" "green light". "[kaarlu prati dhisha nundi kadaladam praarambhistaayi, deenivalla oka vahanam prati vaipu kaaru dwara emukalu vaeyabadataayi]" "[headset selphonelo, lyle jattu dopidi nundi teesukunna mottaanni lekkistundi".]"lile adhi sumaru 27 laksala dollarlu. charley emiti? lile ledhu, vechi undandi. antey 27... 27 million dollarlu. "[oka chinna viramam]" avunu! "[stationlo andaruu athani vaipu chuustunnaaru]" naaku ardhamaindi... pavitraatma...meeru daanini pondaali...idhi manchi railu. steve bendell meeru evaru? mashkov neenu mashkov. mariyu meeru naa bandhuvu yehevennu champaru. charley croker steve, kontha beema kaligi undaali. steve chudandi, neenu akkadiki cherukunnappudu yeheven appatike chanipoyadu. daani gurinchi nannu kshaminchandi, conny athanu konni chaalaa asahyakaramaina rakalanu edurkonnadu. eee vyakti meetho aadataaniki prayatnistaadu. mashkov "[chaarleeki]" meeru cheppindi nijame... ooha ledhu. maark walberg-charley croker donald s-zaan bridger charleys theron-stella bridger edward norton-steve bendell (akaa frigelli) seth green-lyle jasson statham-handom raab mose def-edama chevi olek kripa-mashkov boris crutorag-yeven gavti-sannani peater shaan fanning-swayamgaa bahya linkulu. wikipedialo eee krindi vishayaala gurinchi oka vyaasam undih | dee atalvi jaab (2003 kii film) dee atalvi jaab 2003 kii eek film hay juu chooron kay eek garwah kay baaray mein hay juu eek saabiq saathi kay khalaaf badlah leenay kii koshish kirr rehaa hay jiss nay inhein double karaas kiyaa thaa. michael keenn kii adakari waali 1969 kii film kaa remake. "aif kii taraf say hidayat kii gayee. geeri giray. donaa pawarz aur ween pawarz kay zariah likhee gayee juu troey canady maartan kay 1969 kay screen play parr mubni hay."[steela kuu sabah sawairay iss kay waalid kaa phone aataa hay.]"steela barjgar: heelo? jaan barjar: hailo pyaari. steela: baaba..."[ghadi cheek karein]" ubhee jaldi how chaki hay. jaan: mein sarf aap kuu batana chahta thaa kahh mein aap kuu kachh bhej rehaa hoan. steela: ayem ayem ayem. kiyaa iss say khushbo achhi aatee hay? jaan: nahein...leakin yaha chamakdar hay. steela: "[achanak jaagta hawaa]" kiyaa iss kay paas raseed hay? jaan: "[hanstay hoay]" mein asay aap kuu store say bhej rehaa hoan. steela: hummam. tamm ubhee kiyon nahein aatay? humm kachh naashtah karein gay. jaan: yaha eek taweel safar hoga. "[rako]" mein wens mein hoan. steela: "[bastar parr bethta hay]"yee yaqeena aap kay pirol afsar kii manzori kay saath? jaan: majhay wah ladka pasand hay steela aap kuu malum hay. leakin humm waaqee kabhi jaday nahein. lehza majhay lagtaa hay kahh mein nay apnay puu kuu iss kaa aakhri dorah diyaa hay. steela: aap kuu kiyaa pasand hay waalid? miraa dall mutt todein. aap nay majhay bataya kahh aap khatam how chakay haine. jaan: iss kay baad mein khatam how gayaa hoan. mein qasm khaata hoan. bayein kaan: tuu chaloo sharifo kharidari kii fehrist. coone kiyaa kirr rehaa hay? koyee gandaa tafsilaat naha chhodein. jaan: chaloo logo. kasee bodhay say sabq lain. asay kharch naha karein. sarmayah kaaree karein. bayein kaan: kiss mein? jaan: sonay mein. bayein kaan: tamm kiyaa lay rahay how roob? khubsurat daako: aah majhay nahein malum. behat see cheezein haine juu aap behat saaray paison say haasil kirr saktay haine. aap jaantay haine mein sarf chamday kii nashaston parr barhana ladkiyon kay baaray mein soch rehaa hoan. bayein kaan: zahir hay. deekh rahay haine? khubsurat daako: farz karein kahh majhay hairat angez maartan jeeth mill jaaye gee. aisi koyee cheez nahein hay juu eek ladki inn cheezon mein say kasee eek kii musafir seet parr naha karay. lyle: majhay satar waat ayem pee aur burr brown deek kay saath eek aine aey ddee tye-770 degital decoder milay gaa. bayein kaan: "[nqsan mein]" haan... lyle: yaha eek badaa stereo hay. specker atnee buland aawaz mein wah khwatin kay kapday adaa deetay haine. khubsurat daako: abb tamm baath kirr rahay how! bayein kaan: paintees millin daalar aap iss say ziyadah takhliqi nahein how saktay yaar? mein indles jaa rehaa hoan. janub speen. wahaan parr. "[nikaat]" miray liye eek badaa gahar lay aao miray liye pehley edition say bharee library lay aao miray joton kay liye eek jagah lay aao... aap kaa kiyaa hogaa steve? steve bendal: majhay nahein malum. mein nay ubhee faislah nahein kiyaa. bayein kaan: aap nay ubhee faislah nahein kiyaa? chalo yaar. kiyaa yaha pahaadi hawaa hay? buss-steve: aap nay juu kahaa wah majhay pasand aayaa. mein aap mein say harr eek kuu lay loan gaa. bayein kaan: "[hanstay hoay]" theek hay yahaan steve kay liye harr cheez mein say duu haine! jaan barjar: chaarli iss duniya mein duu qasm kay choor hotay haine: wah juu apnee zindagiyon kuu behatar bananay kay liye choori kartay haine aur wah juu apnee zindagiyon kii wazahat kay liye choori kartay haine. aakhri naha bunain. iss zindagi mein waaqee kiyaa aham hay iss say aap mahroom rahh jaatay haine. chaarli karokar: aap kiss baaray mein baath kirr rahay haine jaan? aap eek achhay waalid rahay haine. jaan: tahaif bhejnay say aap achhay waalid nahein bunn jaatay. mein nay apnay bachay kii aadhi zindagi jail mein guzaari. meeri amar mein iss kay swaa kachh naha how chaarli. kasee aisey shaqs kuu talaash karein jiss kay saath aap apnee baaqi zindagi guzarna chahtay haine aur asay hamishah kay liye pakad kirr rakhein. theek hay? "[steve nay bandoq khainchi hay aur iss kay maslah saathiyon nay gaing kii ween kuu gahiray mein lay liyaa hay.]"chaarli: steve tamm kiyaa kirr rahay how? steve bendal: kachh mansubay khood banaa liyaa. jaan barjar: aisi koyee jagah nahein hay jehaan aap jaa saktay haine jehaan humm aap kuu nahein payein gay steve. aap kuu yaha malum hay. steve: majhay lagtaa hay kahh yaha shayed saheeh hay jaan. "[asay golee maarta hay]" lyle: aur phir wah sarf mediya kaa piyaray hay... wah tamaam rasalon kay sarwaraq parr hay majhay wired megzin kay sarwaraq parr honaa chahiye thaa. kiyaa aap jaantay haine kahh iss nay kiyaa kahaa? iss nay kahaa kahh iss nay asay napster kaa naam diyaa keunkah tupi kay neechey neep baal honay kii wajah say yaha iss kaa arfiyat thaa. leakin wah iss kii wajah yaha hay kahh mein sue rehaa thaa jabb iss nay asay majh say charaa liyaa. iss nay graduation bhee nahein kiyaa thaa. khubsurat daako: majhay lagtaa hay kahh aagay badhnay kaa waqat aagiya hay hay naa? inhon nay asay bund kirr diyaa meeri khwahish hay kahh wah aap kay saath bhee aisa hyee karein. "[mechanic runch manee kuu tewan karnay kay waqfe kay doraan steela barjar kuu maarnay kii koshish kartaa hay]" runch: hailo hamein milnay kaa moqaa nahein milaa. "[haath paish kartaa hay]" runch. steela barjgar: "[asay sandoch deeta hay]" haim aur cheez. runch: awah yaha sardi hay. laanat hay yaha sardi hay. leeli: aap kuu tamaam sabziyan chahiye? 'keunkah aah' keunkah aap kuu wah mill gayey. "[hanstay hoay]" chaarli karokar: aap kay paas kiyaa hay? lyle: laa kay khudkaar trafic nigrani aur control operation center mein khush aamdid. dekhein wah chorahon say video feedz aur trafic kay halaat kii paish goyee karnay kay liye khaas toor parr design kardah algortham istemaal kartay haine aur iss tarah trafic lights kuu control kartay haine. tuu mein nay sarf apnay saath aayaa thaa... kick gadhay kaa algortham chapke say daakhil honay kay liyay aur abb humm iss jagah kay maalik haine. karokar: aap darayee runn karnaa chahtay haine? leeli: "[sing sing]" mein nay socha thaa kahh aap kabhi nahein poochein gay! "[apnay computer kii taraf murh kirr kimrah dikhata hay]" sarkh roshni dekhein. "[tamaam lights kuu chorahay parr sabz rung mein laganay kay liye button dabayein]" "sabz roshni. "[kaarein harr samat say harkat karnaa sharoo kirr deeti haine jiss kii wajah say eek gaadi kuu harr taraf kii kaar say tye bond how jaataa hay]" "[head seet sail phone parr lyle team kii dakiti say lay jaanay kaa hasaab lagaata hay.]"lyle: yaha taqriba 27 laakh ddaalar hay. chaarli: kiyaa? leeli: nahein intezar crow. yaha 27 hay.. 27 millin ddaalar. "[eek mukhtasir waqafah]" haan! "[station mein harr koyee asay deekh rehaa hay]" majhay samajh aayaa... rooh alqads...aap kuu iss parr chalna chahiye...yaha eek achhi train hay. steve bendal: tamm coone how? maashkof: mein maashkof hoan. aur tamm nay miray kazan yahun kuu qatal kirr diyaa. chaarli karokar: kachh bemah leena hay steve. steve: deekh jabb mein wahaan pahuncha tuu yahun pehley hyee marr chakaa thaa. majhay iss kay liye afsoos hay leakin iss nay kachh behat hyee nagwar aqsaam say namta. yaha aadmi aap kay saath khelnay kii koshish kirr rehaa hay. maashkof: "[chaarli kay liye]" aap theek kahah rahay thay... koyee takheel nahein. maark walberg-chaarli karokar donald saa-jaan barjar charleez tharoon-steela barjar edward norton-steve bendal (araf freezili) seeth grain-lyle jaisan statham-khubsurat raab mous deef-bayein kaan kay aulek cropa-mashkov bors crotorog-yeohan gauti-sakan peeti shaan fenning-khood beruni rawabit. vacapedia mein iss baaray mein eek mazmun hay: |
000550fc5c27534e0f66f7fe931593f5f27e41f658e8d175265c5426141e27fd | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=360558 | NJ (disambiguation) |
NJ (disambiguation)
NJ is the abbreviation for the U.S. state of New Jersey.
Nj or NJ may also stand for:
See also.
Topics referred to by the same term
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This page lists associated with the title .
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eno. je. (dwyorthota niroxon)
enoje hoise eur xongkhipto naam.ess. niu jarsir rajyo.
eno. je. baa eno. je.-ror ortho hoh 'bob paareh | null | null |
aine. jey. (aspashtata)
enje yuu kaa sankshipt naam haye.aiss. naee jersey kii sthiti.
aine. jey. yaa aine. jey. key liye bhee khadaa hoe sakata haih |
enn. zhe. (dwandwa nivaarane)
enn. zhe. yuu yuu. ge sankshipta roopavaagide.ess. nyoo jarsiya raajya.
enn. zhe. athawa enn. zhe. saha ee kelaginavugalannu soochisabahudu
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enn. jeey. (avyakthatha)
yuu ennathinte churukkapperaan enn. jeey.ezz. nyoo jezhsiyude avastha.
enn. jeey. allengil enn. jeey. ivaye soochippikkaam
| aine. jeey. (dvandva)
aine. jeey. heey yuu. chey sankshipt roop aahe.ess. nyu jarsichi sthitee.
aine. jeey. kinwa aine. jeey. heey dekhil asoo shakateh
| null |
enn. jay. (dwyarthata nirasan)
enaje heuchhi jayu rahr sankhipta roop .ess. nyu jarsira sthiti.
enn. jay. kimba enn. jay. madhya ehara artha hoipareh |
ainn. jey. (sapshat)
nj, yuu daa sankhep haii.aiss. nioo jarsi dee sathiti
ainn. jey. jaan ainn. jey. daa arth ih vee hoow sakda haiyav | ena. jey. (dwidhaa)
enn. jey. iti yoo ityasya sankshiptam naam asti.ess. nyoo jersey iti raajyam.
enn. jey. athavaa enn. jey. iti api arthah bhavet.
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enn. jay. (vivaatham)
nj enbathu u enbathan surukkamaagum.ess. neu jersey maanilam.
enje allathu enje pinvaruvanavattraiyum kurikalaam
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enn. zhe. (aspashtata)
nj anedi u kii sankshipta namam.ess. nyuu jersey rashtram.
enje ledhaa enje kooda eee krindi vatiki nilabadavachuhu | null |
00055597dba89384233992fc551745d32ff0646e463727633a75feb9599d3db9 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2670986 | Browningia |
Browningia
Species of plant
Browningia is a genus of cacti, comprising 11 accepted and 3 unresolved species. It is named for Webster E Browning (1869-1942), director of the Instituto Inglés, Santiago, Chile.
Description.
The bushy or tree-like, usually columnar species of the genus Browningia are branched, often have a well-developed trunk and reach heights of growth of up to 10 meters. The cylindrical shoots have a diameter of up to 50 centimeters. Large areoles sit on the numerous, low ribs. Areoles in the growth area are heavily spined, while areoles in the reproductive area usually have few or no spines.
The tubular to bell-shaped flowers are white to purple and open at night. The areoles of the flower cup and the flower tube are (almost) bare. The flower tube is slightly curved.
The usually small fruits are very different, as are the seeds.
Species.
Species of the genus "Browningia" according to Plants of the World Online as of August 2023[ [update]]:
References.
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brouningia
brouningia hoise kektir etaa projati, zo 'too 11taa grohonjugyo aaru 3taa omimangxito projati aase. iyar naamkoron koraa hoise webster ee browning (1869-1942), institut ingles, centiagu, silir xonsalokor naamere.
xomarthok.
ei projatir xomarthok xobdoxomuh hoh 'loh | brouningia
brouningia holl kyaktir ekti prajati, jaar modhye 11tii swikrito ebong 3tii amimangsito prajati royeche. etty chilir santiagote institute ingleser porichalok webster ee browning (1869-1942)-err naame namkaran koraa hoyeche.
somarthok.
eyi goner somarthok shabdaguli holoh
| brouningia
brouningia kekteeni aek jaatee chhe, jemaa 11 sveekrut aneey 3 vanaukelaayelee prajationo samaavesh thaay chhe. tenu naam webster ee browning (1869-1942), institute ingless, santiago, chileena nirdeshak maate rakhvama aavyu chhe.
samaanaarthi.
aaa jaatinaa samaanaarthi shabdo chheh
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broungia
brouningia cacti kaa ack vansh haye, jisamen 11 sweekrit aur 3 ansuljhi prajaatiyan shamil hain. iska naam webster ee browning (1869-1942) key naam parr rakhaa gayaa haye, joe institute ingless, santiago, chilly key nideshak hain.
paryaayavaachi.
iss vansh key paryaayavaachi hainh
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brouningia
brouningia embudu 11 sweekruta mattu 3 pariharisalaagada prabhedagalannu olagondiruva cactia ondu kulavagide. idakke webster ii browning (1869-1942), institute ingless, santiago, chiliya nirdesakara hesarannu idalaagide.
samanarthaka.
ee kulada samanarthaka padagalu heegiveh
| brouningiya
11 amgeekrithavum pariharikkappedaathathumaaya 3 enangal ulkkollunna kallichedikalude oru janussaanu brouningiya. chiliyile santiagoyile instityootto englandinte director webstar iii brouninginte (1869-1942) perilaanu ithu ariyappedunnathu.
paryayam.
eee janussinte paryaayapadangal ivayaanu
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brouningia
brouningia hii cactichi eka prajati aahe, jyat 11 sweekrut aanee 3 nirakaran naan jhalelya prajatincha samavesh aahe. yala webster eae browning (1869-1942), instituto ingless, santiago, chiliche sanchalak yanchya navavarun naav denyat aale aahe.
samanarthi.
yaa jaatiche samanarthi shabd pudhilpramane aaheth | null |
brauningiaa
brauningiaa heuchhi cactira eka prajati, jeunthire 11tii swekruta ebong 3tii amimansita prajati rahichhi. ehara naama webster ee brauninga (1869-1942) nka naamare rakhajaichhi, jieki chilira santiagosthita institutore nirdeshaka.
samarthaka.
ehi banshara pratishabda gudika helah |
brouningya
brouningia cactis dee ikk prajati haii, jiss witch 11 savikar keetiaan gaeeaan atey 3 ansuljhiaan prajatiaan shamal hunn. iss daa naam webster ee brauning (1869-1942), institute ingles, santiago, chilly dey director dey naam utte rakkhiaa giaa haii.
smanarthi.
iss jeanus dey smanarthi hann | brouningia
brouningia iti kekti ityasya ekaha vamshaha asti, yasmin 11 sveekrutaani, 3 anuttaritaani cha jaatayah santi. asya naam webster ee brauning (1869-1942) ityasya namna asti, yah ingles, santiago, chilly-nagarasya samsthaanasya nirdeshaka asti.
paryayam.
asya vamshasya paryayapadani santi -
| pravuninjiyaa
pravuninjiyaa enbathu 11 aetrtrukkollappatta mattrum 3 theerkkappadaatha inangkalaik konda kaaktiyin oru paerinamaagum. idhu indistuto inglays, sandiago, siilii niruvanaththin iyakkunaraana wepster ii prowningin (1869-1942) peyaraal azhaikkappadukirathu.
oththa karutthu.
inththa inaththin oththa sorkal pinvarumaaru
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brounzia
brouningia anedi kaakti yokka oka jaathi, indulo 11 aamodinchabadina mariyu 3 parishkarinchani jaatulu unnaayi. dheeniki institute off ingless, santiago, chilly director ayina webster ii browning (1869-1942) paeru pettaru.
paryaayapadaalu.
eee jaatiki paryayapadaluhu | brouningiya
brouningiya kektayi kii eek jains hay juu 11 qabool shadah aur 3 ghair hall shadah anwaa parr mushtamil hay. iss kaa naam webster ayee browning (1869-1942) kay naam parr rakhaa gayaa hay juu insity teuto angeles santigo chalee kay director haine.
mutradif.
iss jains kay mutradifat yaha haine:
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000555f7bf1c41e311734b2d8d2a64317bf5d6ba02d65d6793a924dd5981974e | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9614932 | Meretseger (queen) |
Meretseger (queen)
Meretseger ("She who Loves Silence") was an ancient Egyptian queen consort.
Biography.
Meretseger appears in sources of the New Kingdom of Egypt as the wife of Senusret III. According to that she would be the first Egyptian queen consort to bear the title Great Royal Wife, which became the standard title for chief wives of pharaohs. She was also the first queen consort whose name was written in a cartouche. However, as there are no contemporary sources relating to Meretseger, she is most likely a creation of the New Kingdom.
Along with Khenemetneferhedjet II and Neferthenut, she is one of three known wives of Senusret III (a fourth, possible wife is Sithathoriunet). She was depicted on a New Kingdom stele now in the British Museum (EA846) and on an inscription in Semna dating to the reign of Thutmose III.
References.
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meretchegar ("teu ji nirobota bhaal paay") egoraki prasin ijiptor rani aasil.
jiwani.
meretsegarok ijiptor notun rajyor utxoxomuhot senusoret tritiyor potni hisape dekha yaay. xei onuxori teu mohan rajokiyo potni upadhi bohon koraa prothom ijiptor rani potni hoh 'bob, ji forauxokolor mukhyo potnixokolor baabe maanok upadhi hoi porisil. teu prothomgoraki ranir potni aasil jaar naam ekhon cartout likha aasil. obosye, meretsegaror xoite xomporkito kunu xomoxamoyik utxo nothokar baabe, teu xombhobotoh notun rajyor sristi.
khenemetneferheadjet dwitiyo aaru nepharthenator logote, teu senushret tritiyor tinijon porisito potnir bhitorot egoraki (soturtho, xombhob potni hoise xitathuriyunet). teuk bortoman britis xongrohaloyot xongrohaloyot thoka etaa notun rajyor stombhot aaru thutom 'cho tritiyor rajotwor xomoyor semonar etaa xilalipito sitrito koraa hoisil.
| meretsegar (runny)
meretsegar ("jey nirobota bhalobase") chhilen ekjon prachin mishariya runny.
jeeboni.
meretseggerke mishorer notun rajyer utsogulite tritiya senusreter stree hisabe dekha yaay. seii anujayi tini prothom mishariya runny stree hoben jini mohan rajakiya stree upadhi bohon korben, jaa faraoder prodhan strider jonno adarsha upadhi hoye othe. tini prothom runny stree chhilen jaar naam ekti cartuche lekha chhilo. tobey, jehetu meretsegger somporkito konao somosamoyik utso nei, taai tini sombhoboto notun rajyer srishti.
khenemetneferheadjet dwitiya ebong neferthenut soho, tini tritiya senusreter tinn porichito strir modhye ekjon (choturtho, sombhabbo stree hollen sythathorionate). bortomane british jadughare jadughare ekti notun rajyer stambhe ebong tritiya thutmoser rajottokaler semnate ekti shilalipite taake chitrito koraa hoyechilo.
| meretsegar (raanee)
meretsegar ("teey jeey maunane prem karey chhe") aek praachin egyptni raanee hatee.
jivancharitra.
egyptna navaa samrajyna strotomaa meretsegar sensrate III nee patnee tareeke dekhaay chhe. teey mujab teey mahaan shaahee patneenu birud dhaaran karnari pratham egyptni raanee patnee hashe, jeey raajaaoni mukhya patneeo maate pramanbhut birud bunny gayoo hatoo. teey pratham raanee patnee pann hatee jenu naam cartuchema lakhaayelu hatoo. jooe keey, maratesegarne lagata koee samkalin stroto naa hovathi, teey sambhavatah navaa raajyani rachnaa chhe.
khenemetneferhazet II aneey nepherthanut saathe, teey sanusrate III (chothee, sambhaveet patnee sitathoriunet chhe) nee trana jaaniti patniomaanee aek chhe. teneene british museum museum maan havey navaa samrajyna stambh parr aneey thutmos III naa shasankalna semnaamaa aek shilalekh parr darshavvama aavee hatee.
| meretsegger (raani)
meretsegger ("vaha joe maun seey pyaar karati haye") ack pracheen misra kii raani thee.
jeevani.
misra key nae raajya key sroton mein meretsegger koo sensorate III kii patni key roop mein dekhaa jaataa haye. usake anusaar vaha mahaan shaahi patni kii upaadhi dhaaran karane vaali pahali misra kii raani patni hongi, joe kii firaunon kii mukhya patniyon key liye maanak upaadhi bunn gaee. vaha pahali raani patni bhee theen jinka naam ack cartuche mein likhaa gayaa thaa. haalaanki, choonki meretsegger seey sambandhit koee samkaaleen srot naheen hain, isaliye vaha sambhavatah nae raajya kaa nirmaan haye.
khenemetneferhazet dwiteeya aur neferthanut key saath, vaha senusrate III (chauthi, sambhaavit patni sitathoriunate haye) kii teen gyaat patniyon mein seey ack hain. abb british sangrahalaya (ee. aeye. 846) mein ack nae raajya stambh parr aur thutmos III key shasankal key semna mein ack shilalekh parr unakaa chitran kiya gayaa thaa.
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meretsegger (raani)
meretsegger ("mounavannu pritisuvavalu") praachina eejiptina raani patniyagiddalu.
jivanacharitre.
meretsegger eejiptina hosa saamraajyada mulagalalli senusret III rahra patniyagi kanisikolluttane. adara prakara, aake mahan rajamanetanada patni emba birudannu hondiruva modala eejiptina raani patniyaguttale, idu ferogala mukhya patniyara pramanita birudu aayitu. cartouchinalli hesaru bareyalaada modala raani patniyoo aagiddaru. aadaagyoo, meretseggerge sambandhisidante yaavude samakaalina moolagalu illada kaarana, avalu bahushah hosa saamraajyada srushtiyaagirabahudu.
eradane khenemetneferheadjet mattu nepherthenut jotege, aake moorane senusretna moovaru prasiddha patniyaralli obbaragiddare (nalkane, sambhaavya patni sitatoriyunet). eega british vastusangrahaalayadalliruva (eaa846) hosa saamraajyada kallina mele mattu thutmos III rahra aalvikege sambandhisida semnaadallina shaasanada mele avalannu chithrisalaagide.
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meretsegar (ranee)
meretsegar ('teela shantata aavadate') hii eka pracheen egyptian ranee hotee.
charitra.
egyptchya naveen rajyachya strotanmadhye meretsegar haah tisra senesretchi patni mhanoon aadhalato. tyanusar, mahan shahee patni hii padvi dharan karnari tee pahili egyptian ranee patni asel, jee farochya pramukh patninsathi manak padvi bunley. tee pahili ranee patni dekhil hotee jiche naav kartuchemadhye lihile hote. tathapi, meretseggershi sambandhit konatehi samkalin srot naslyamule, tee bahudha naveen rajyachi nirmiti aahe.
khenemetneferhedjet dusra aanee neferthenuts, tee tisya senesretchya teen dnyat patninpaiki eka aahe (chauthi, sambhavya patni sitathorionet aahe). aata british sangrahalayat (eae. aii. 846) asalelya eka naveen rajya stambhavar aanee thutmos tisra yachya karkirditil semnamadhil shilalekhavar tiche chitran karnyat aale hote. |
meretsegger (rani)
meretsegger ("uni jasle mauna munn paraaunchhin") ek prachin egyptian rani patni thiin.
jiwani.
meretsegger egyptko nayan rajyako srotharuma senusret III ko patniko rupma dekha pardachha. tyasanusar uni mahan shahi patniko upadhi dharan garne pahilo egyptian rani patni hunchhin, june firunka pramukh patniharuka lagi manak upadhi banyo. uni pahilo rani patni pani thiin jasko naam cartusma lekhieko thiyo. yadyapi, meretsegarsanga sambandhit kunai samakalin srotharu nabhaeko karan, uni sambhawatah nayan rajyako srishti hun.
khenemetneferedjet dwitiya rar nefarthenatasangai, uni senusret III (chautho, sambhawit patni sithathoriunet hun) kaa tinn zana gyat patniharu madhye ek hun. unlai ahile britis sangrahalaya (ea846) maa raheko nayan rajyako stambhama rar thutmos III ko shasankalko semnama raheko shilalekhma chitran garieko thiyo. |
meritsegger (raanee)
meritsegger ("jie nirabata bhal paanti") jane pracheen egypt raanee thile.
jeebani.
meretsegger misherer nutan rajyara utsagudikare sensrate 3janka patni bhabare dekhajanti . sehi anusare shay mahan rajkiah patni upadhi dhaaran karibare pratham egypt raanee patni hebe, jaahaa pharaonka mukhya patneenka paain manaka upadhi hoigala . shay madhya pratham raanee patni thile jahanka naama eka cartuchere lekhajaithila . tebe, meretasegaranka sambandhare kaunasi samasamajika utsa naah thibaru, shay sambhabatah nutan rajyara srusti.
khenemetneferheadjet-2 ebong nepharthenatnka sahita, shay senusaret-3 (chaturtha, sambhabya patni heuchhanti sithathoriunet) nka tini john janashuna patneenka madhyaru jane. tanku bartamana british sangrahalaja (ea846) ray eka nutan rajya stelare ebong thutmos truteejanka shasson samaira semnare eka shilalekhare chitrita karajaithila . | meretsegger (raanee)
meretsegger ("uh joe chupp noon piaar kardi haii") ikk prachin misari raanee see.
jeevani.
meretsegger misser dey navein raaj dey sarotan witch sensorate III dee patni vajon dikhai dinda haii. uss dey anusar uh mahaan shaahi patni daa khitaab rakkhan vaali pahili misari raanee hovegi, joe kii firoonan deeaan mukkh patniaan laee miaari khitaab bann gaee. uh pahili raanee patni vee see jiss daa naam ikk cartooch witch likhiaa giaa see. halanki, kiunki meretsegger naal sabandhat koee samkali sarot naheen hunn, uh sambhav taur 'teey navein raaj dee sirjana haii.
khenemetneferheadjet II atey neferthenoot dey naal, uh sensorate III (ikk chauthi, sambhav patni sithathorionate haii) deeaan tinn janhiaan-pachaniaan patniaan vicchon ikk haii. uss noon ikk navein raaj dey patthar utte darsaiaa giaa see joe hunn british ajaib gharr (ee. aii. 846) witch haii atey thutmos III dey shasan qaal dey semna witch ikk shilalekh utte haii.
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meretsegger (raajnee)
meretsegger ("saa yah maunam prema karoti") ekaa prachina-egyptiya-raajnee aasit.
jeevanacharitram.
meretsegger ityeshah nutanasya easypt-rajyasya sroteshu, truteeyasya senusret ityasya patneeroopen drushyate. tadanusaram saa prathamayaa egyptiya-raajnee patnee bhavishyati yaa mahaan rajapatni iti upaadhim dhaarayati, yaa faaro-janaanaam mukhyapatnyaah krute maanak-upadhi abhavat. saa prathamaa raajnee patnee api aasit yaa cartoche ityasmin naam likhitaa aasit. parantu, meretsegger-sambaddhaani samakalinani srotaani naa santi, saa praayah nutanasya rajyasya srushtihi asti.
khenemetnefarhedjet dwiteeyena neferthenut ityetaih saha saa senusaret truteeyasya (chaturthah, sambhaavyaa patnee sitathoriunet) trayanam dnyaatapatnaushu anyatama asti. adhunaa british-sangrahaalaye (ee. e. 846) nootanaraajyasy stele, tathaa tutmos-truteeyasya shaasanakaalasy semnaa-shilaalekhe cha saa chitritaa aasit. |
meretchekar (raani)
meretchekar ("amaithiyai virumbum aval") oru pandaiya egypthiya raani manaivi aavaar.
vaazhkkai varalaaru.
egypthin puthiya iraajjiyaththin aathaarangkalil meredsekar moontraam senasarin manaiviyaaga thoandrugiraar. adhanpadi, grade raayal vuman endra pattatthai thaangkiya muthal egypthiya raani manaiviyaaga avar iruppaar, idhu paarvoangalin thalaimai manaivigalukku nilaiyaana pattamaaka maariyathu. oru cardoochil peyar ezhuthappatta muthal raani manaiviyum ivarae. iruppinum, meretchekar thodarpaana samagaala aathaarangkal ethuvum illaathathaal, avar perumpaalum puthiya iraajjiyaththin padaippaaga irukkalaam.
irandaam kenemetneferhetjet mattrum nefertenet aakiyoarudan saernthu, avar moontraam senusrettin ariyapatta moontru manaivigalil oruvar (naankaavathu, saathiyamaana manaivi chittathorinet). ippoathu british arungaatchiyagaththil (eeae846) ulla oru puthiya iraajjiyak kalvettil avar siththarikkappattaar, maelum thudmos III inn aatchiyaich saerntha semnaavil ulla kalvettil avar siththarikkappattaar.
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meretsegger (raani)
meretsegger ("nissabdaanni ishtapade aame") oka puraatana eejiptu raani bhaarya.
jeevita charitra.
meretsegger eejipt yokka kotta raajya moolaalalo senusret III bharyaga kanipistaadu. daani prakaram, aame goppa raaja bhaarya anae birudunu kaligi unna modati eejiptu raani bhaarya avutundi, idhi faarola pradhana bharyalaku praamaanika birudugaa maarindi. cartouchlo paeru vraayabadina modati raani bhaarya kooda aame. ayithe, meretsegarku sambandhinchina samakaaleena aadharalu lenanduna, aame bahusha kotta raajya srushti ayi undavacchu.
khenemetneferheadjet II mariyu neferthenut thoo paatu, aame senusret III (nalgava, saadhyamayye bhaarya seathathoriyunet) yokka mugguru telisina bhaaryalalo okaru. ippudu british museum (ea846) loe unna kotta raajya stambhampai mariyu thutmos III palanaku chendina semnalo unna saasanampai aame chithreekarinchabadindi.
| meritisgar (malkah)
meritisgar ("wah juu khamushi say mohabat karti hay") eek qadeem masri malkah kii bewi thee.
sawanah umri.
meritisgar misar kii nayee sultanat kay zaraye mein senocerate III kii bewi kay toor parr zahir hotaa hay. iss kay mutabiq wah azeem shaahi bewi kaa khataab uthanay waali pehli masri malkah kii bewi hogi juu faraunan kii aham bewiyon kay liye mayari laqab bunn gayee. wah malkah kii pehli bewi bhee thein jinn kaa naam cartoch mein likhaa hawaa thaa. tahim chonkah mertsegger say mutaliq koyee asree zaraye mojud nahein haine iss liye ghaliba yaha nayee sultanat kii takhliq hay.
khenimetneferheadjet dom aur neferthent kay saath wah senocerate III kii teen maruf bewiyon mein say eek haine (chothi mamkanah bewi sitatorionet hay). asay eek nayey mamlikat kay steel parr dikhaya gayaa thaa juu abb bartanvi museum (ayee aey 846) mein hay aur samna mein thutmos III kay door hukumat kay eek naushtah parr hay.
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00055cc3ba894b9b9f4994ff1eacdf6e438980685ee8dacf146403bd29d21673 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=49975857 | A 5120 |
A 5120
The A 5120 was an office computer produced by VEB Robotron in Karl-Marx-Stadt (now Chemnitz), East Germany starting in 1982. The system featured an 8-bit microprocessor, the U880. It was built for office work and had minimal graphics and sound capabilities. The price was between 27,000 and 40,000 East German marks (around 24,000-35,000 2016 US dollars) depending on equipment.
In 1986, a new version was produced, the A 5120.16. The system was identical to the A 5120, with the addition of two additional boards, one with a U8000 16-bit microprocessor (a Zilog Z8000 clone), and one with 256KiB DRAM. The original 8-bit system functioned as an I/O subsystem. In this configuration it could run the relatively powerful MUTOS8000 (Unix System III derivative). The price of this model was between about 32,000 and 48,000 East German marks.
In total, about 17,000 A 5120 and A 5120.16 units were manufactured.
In March 1983, a stamp was issued by the German Democratic Republic featuring the A 5120. 4.5 million copies were printed.
An A 5120 was featured in the 2015 television show "Deutschland 83" as an example of technological disparity between East and West Germany in the early 1980s.
Technical details.
The original A 5120 had two U880 (Zilog Z80 clone) 8-bit processors, running at 2.25 MHz or 2.5 MHz. One was dedicated to I/O, while the other was used for normal work. Each was capable of about 625,000 operations per second. It normally came with 16KiB of RAM, but a few units shipped with less. When higher-capacity DRAM chips became available, most units shipped with at least 64KiB, and some with as much as 112KiB.
The A 5120.16 upgrade included two new circuit boards, one with a 16-bit U8001 processor (clone of Zilog Z8000), and the other with 256KiB of additional RAM. The original 8-bit system functioned as a terminal to the 16-bit system.
For storage, the first A 5120 units had dual magnetic cassette drives, but when the floppy disk version became available, all of these units were converted. The first floppy disk version of the machine included an 8-inch floppy disk drive, with two additional 8-inch drives available in a separate unit. Later, the A 5120 included up to three 5.25-inch drives in place of the 8-inch drive.
In Popular Culture.
It is featured in DEUTSCHLAND 83 SEASON 1 Episode 03 as showcase
of difference in technology between East Germany and West Germany.
| 5120
e 5120 aasil 1982 sonor poraa aarombho huwa pubo germanyr carl-marks-studt (bortomanor semnitz) too bheb robtronor dwara prostut koraa etaa ofis computer. ei byowosthatit etaa 8-bitt maikro "prochesor, dutaa aasil. iyak karzaloyor kaamor baabe nirman koraa hoisil aaru iyat nyuntomo graphics aaru xobdo khyomota aasil. xojulir uporot nirbhor kori mulyo aasil 27,000 aaru 40,000 pubo german sinhor (pray 24,000-35,000 2016 aamerikan dollar) maajot.
1986 sonot etaa notun xongskoron prostut koraa hoisil, etaa 5120.16. byowosthatu 5120ror xoite eke aasil, dutaa otirikto bob 'rd jug koraa hoisil, etaa etaa 16-bitt maikro' prochesor (etaa jilog (jilog00 clone), aaru etaa etaa dramor xoite. mool 8-bitt pronalituwe aai/oh "upo-pronali hisape kaam korisil. ei binyaxot ee tulonamulokbhabe xoktixali miut 'cho 8000 (unix byowostha III byobohar) solabo paare. ei modeltur mulyo pray 32,000ror poraa 48,000 pubo german sinhor maajot aasil.
muth pray 17,000 e 5120 aaru etaa <aai. di. 1> unit nirman koraa hoisil.
1983 sonor march maahot german gonotantrik gonorajyoi ekhon daktikit jaari korisil zo 'too 5120.5 nijut kopi sopa hoisil.
1980-ror doxokor aarombhonite pubo aaru poschim germanyr maajot projuktigot boixomyor udahoron hisape 2015 sonor television swo 'doiceland 83-too 5120-ror prodorxon koraa hoisil.
karikori biboron.
mool etaa 5120-too dutaa dutaa (jilog (jilog clone) 8-bitt prochesor aasil, ji 2.25mhz baa 2.5mhz too soli aasil. etaa aai/oh '-ror baabe utxorgito aasil, aanhate aantu xadharon kaamor baabe byobohar koraa hoisil. protyekei proti sekendot pray 625,000 opareson koriboloi xokhyom aasil. ee xadharonote 16 kibo remor xoite aahisil, kintu keitaman unit komor xoite pothiuwa hoisil. jetiya uscho khyomotar drum chip upolobdho hoisil, besibhag unit komeu komeu aaru kisuman kisuman xoite pothiuwa hoisil.
etaa 5120.16 upgradot dutaa notun charkit bob "rd ontorbhukto aasil, etaa 16-bitt u8001 prosesoror xoite (jilog z8000 ror clone), aaru aantu 256kib otirikto remor xoite. mool 8-bitt byowosthatiye 16-bitt byowosthatuk terminal hisape kaam korisil.
xongrokhyonor baabe, prothom 5120taa unitot dwoito soumbokiyo keset drive aasil, kintu jetiya floppy disk xongskoron upolobdho hoisil, ei xokolubur unit rupantorit koraa hoisil. jontrotur prothom floppy disk xongoskoronot etaa 8 inchi floppy disk drive ontorbhukto aasil, zo "too dutaa otirikto 8 inchi drive etaa prithok unitot upolobdho aasil. pisot, 5120 khon garit 8 inchi driver thait tinita 5.25-inch drive ontorbhukto koraa hoisil.
jonopriyo xongoskritit.
iyak doiceland 83 sijon 1 khondo 03too prodorxon hisape dekhuuwa hoise.
pubo germany aaru poschim germanyr maajot projuktir parthokyo.
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ekti 5120
ekti 5120 chhilo 1982 saale purbo germanyr curl-marks-studde (bortomane kemnitz) bheb robotron dwara utpadito ekti offices computer. eyi systeme ekti 8-bitt microprocessor, eu880 chhilo. etty officer kaajer jonno nirmito hoyechilo ebong etey nyuntama graphics ebong shobdo khomota chhilo. saranjamer upor nirbhar korey daam chhilo 27,000 theke 40,000 purbo german chinno (pray 24,000-35,000 2016 markin dollar).
1986 saale, ekti notun sanskaran toiri koraa hoyechilo, ekti 5120.16. systemti 5120-err anurup chhilo, duti atirikto board jukto koraa hoyechilo, ekti eu8000 16-bitt microprocessor (ekti jilog jeeda8000 clone) soho ebong ekti 256kib drum soho. mool 8-bitt systemti ekti aaee/oo subsystem hisabe kaaj koroto. eyi binnase etty tulonamulokbhabe shaktishali mutes8000 (unix system III derivative) chalate paare. eyi modeltir daam chhilo pray 32,000 theke 48,000 purbo german chinner modhye.
moat, pray 17,000 ekti 5120 ebong ekti 5120.16 unit toiri koraa hoyechilo.
1983 saaler march maase german ganotantrik projatontro ekti daktikit jaari korey jaar 5,120.5 lokkho coppy chhapa hoy.
1980-err doshoker godar dike purbo oo poschim germanyr modhye projuktigoto baisamyer udaharan hisabe 2015 saaler television anusthan 'doicheiland 83'-ayee ekti 5120 prodorshito hoyechilo.
projuktigoto biboron.
mool 5120-ayee duti eu880 (jilog jeeda80 clone) 8-bitt processor chhilo, jaa 2.25mhz baa 2.5mhz-ayee choley. ekti chhilo aaee/oo-rawr jonno utsargikrito, onnoti chhilo swabhabik kaajer jonno byabohrito. protiti proti sekende pray 625,000 apareshana korte sokkhom chhilo. etty sadharonoto 16 kib ryama niye aase, tobey koyekti unit qama diye pathano hoy. jokhon uchcho-khomota somponno drum chipguli upolobdho hoy, tokhon beshirbhag unit kompokkhe 64kib ebong kichhu 112kib porjonto diye pathano hoy.
ekti 5120.16 upgrade duti notun sarkita board antarbhukta chhilo, ekti 16-bitt eu8001 processor (jilog jeeda8000-err clone) soho ebong onnoti 256kib atirikto ryama soho. mool 8-bitt systemti 16-bitt systemer terminal hisabe kaaj koroto.
sanrakkhaner jonno, prothom ekti 5120 unite dwaito chaumbakiya casset drive chhilo, kintu jokhon floppy disk sanskaran upolobdho hoy, tokhon eyi samasta unit rupantarita hoy. meshiner prothom floppy disk sangaskarane ekti 8 inchi floppy disk drive antarbhukta chhilo, jaar modhye duti atirikto 8 inchi drive ekti prithak unite upolobdho chhilo. porey, ekti 5120-teey 8 inchi driver poriborte tinti 5.25-inch drive antarbhukta chhilo.
janapriya sangaskritite.
etty doichesland 83 morsum 1 porbo 3 shokes hisabe prodorshito hoy
purbo germany ebong poschim germanyr modhye prajuktir parthokyo. | 5120
aee 5120 aee 1982 maan sharoo thayela purv germanyna carle-marks-stett (havey camnitz) maan web robotron dwara utpaadit offices computer hatoo. aaa sistamma 8-beat microprocessor, beey darshavvama aavyu hatoo. teey officena kaama maate banavvama aavyu hatoo aneey temaa nyuntam graphics aneey dhvani kshamatao hatee. keemat sadhanona aadhare 27,000 aneey 40,000 purv german marqa (lagbhag 24,000-35,000 2016 us dollar) nee vachche hatee.
hatee, aek navoo sanskaran taiyar karvaamaa aavyu hatoo, aee 5120.16. system 5120 jevee jaj hatee, jemaa beey vadharana booard umervaamaa aavyaa hataa, aek aek 16-beat microprocessor (aek zeelog (zeelog00 clone) saathe aneey aek beeju drama saathe. mool 8-beat system i/o subsystem tareeke kaama karatee hatee. aaa ruprekhaankanmaa teey pramanma shaktishaali mutos 8000 (unix system III vyutpann) chalaavi shake chhe. aaa modelnee keemat lagbhag 32,000 aneey 48,000 purv german marknee vachche hatee.
coole maleene, lagbhag 17,000 aek 5120 aneey aek 5120.16 aekamonu utpaadan karvaamaa aavyu hatoo.
march march german lokshaahi prajasattak dwara aek tapaal ticket bahaar padvama aavee hatee, jemaa 5120.5 laakh nakalo chhapavama aavee hatee.
hatee daaykaani sharuaatmaa purv aneey pashchim germany vachche takneeki asamantana udaaharan tareeke tareeke television shho "dutialand 83" maan 5120 darshavvama aavyu hatoo.
takneeki vigato.
mool baadmaa beey beey (zeelog (zeelog clone) 8-beat processors hataa, jeey 2.25mhz athavaa 2.5mhz parr chaaltaa hataa. aek aaee/oo maate samarpeet hatoo, jyaare bijaano upyog saamanya kaama maate thato hato. darek pratee second aashre 625,000 kamgiri karvaa saksham hatee. teey saamanya reete 16 kib reema saathe aavtu hatoo, parantu ketlaak aekamo ochha saathe mokalvaamaa aavtaa hataa. jyaare uchch kshamataani drama chips uplabdh thaee, tyaare motabhagna aekamo ochhama ochha 64kib saathe aneey ketlaak 112kib jetla saathe mokalvaamaa aavyaa.
aee 5120.16 upgrademaa beey navaa circuit boardno samaavesh thato hato, aek 16-beat 16-beat processor (zeelog (zeelog00 noon clone) saathe aneey beeju beeju vadharana reema saathe. mool 8-beat system 16-beat systemna terminal tareeke kaama karatee hatee.
sangrah maate, pratham 5120 ekamomaa bevada chumbakeey casset drives hataa, parantu jyaare floppy disk sanskaran uplabdh thayu, tyaare aaa tamaam aekamo rupantarit thayaa hataa. machine pratham floppy disk sanskaranma 8 inchnee floppy disk driveno samaavesh thato hato, jemaa beey vadharana 8 inchnaa drives alag ekammaa uplabdh hataa. baadmaa, baadmaa 8 inchnaa driveni jagyae trana 5.25-inch drivesno samaavesh thato hato.
lokpreey sanskrutima.
teey german 83 season 1 episode 03 maan shockes tareeke darshavvama aavyu chhe.
purv germany aneey pashchim germany vachche technologyma tafaavat.
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aeye 5120
aeye 5120 ack karyalaya computer thaa jise carle-marks-stad (abb camnitz), purvi germany mein web robotron dwara 1982 mein nirmit kiya gayaa thaa. iss pranali mein ack 8-bitt microprocessor, yuu880 thaa. ise karyalaya key kaam key liye banaaya gayaa thaa aur isamen nyuntam graphics aur dhwani kshamataaen theen. upkaran key aadhar parr keemat 27,000 aur 40,000 purvi german nishan (lagbhag 24,000-35,000 2016 americi dollar) key beach thee.
1986 mein, ack nayaa sanskaran, aeye 5120.16 kaa utpaadan kiya gayaa thaa. yeh pranali aeye 5120 key samaan thee, jisamen dou atirikt board jode gaye they, ack yuu8000 16-bitt microprocessor (ack jilog jaid8000 clone) key saath aur ack 256kib drams key saath. mool 8-bitt pranali ack aaee/oh upapranaali key roop mein kaary karati thee. iss vinyas mein yeh apekshaakrit shaktishali mutos8000 (unix pranali III vyutpann) chalaa sakata haye. iss model kii keemat lagbhag 32,000 aur 48,000 purvi german nishan key beach thee.
kull milakar, lagbhag 17,000 aur 5120 aur ack 5120.16 ikaaiyon kaa nirmaan kiya gayaa thaa.
march 1983 mein, german loktaantrik ganarajya dwara ack daak tikat jaari kiya gayaa thaa jisamen 5120.5 laakh pratiyaan chhaapi gaee theen.
aeye 5120 koo 1980 key dashak kii shuruat mein poorv aur paschim germany key beach takniki asamaanta key ack udaaharan key roop mein 2015 key television show "german 83" mein dikhaaya gayaa thaa.
takniki vivaran.
mool aeye 5120 mein dou yuu880 (zilog jaid80 clone) 8-bitt processor they, joe 2.25mhz yaa 2.5mhz parr chala rahey they. ack aaee/oh koo samarpit thaa, jabaki dusare kaa upayog samanya kaam key liye kiya jaataa thaa. pratyek lagbhag 625,000 sanchaalan prati sekand mein saksham thaa. yeh aam taur parr 16 kib raim key saath aataa thaa, lekin kuchh ikaaiyon koo cumm key saath bheja jaataa thaa. jaba uchch kshamata vaale drum chips upalabdh hue, tou adhikansh ikaaiyon koo cumm seey cumm 64 kib key saath aur kuchh koo 112 kib key saath bheja gayaa.
aeye 5120.16 unnayan mein dou nae circuit board shamil they, ack 16-bitt yuu8001 processor (jilog jaid8000 kaa clone) key saath, aur doosara 256keeb atirikt raim key saath. mool 8-bitt pranali 16-bitt pranali key liye ack terminal key roop mein kaary karati thee.
bhandaran key liye, pahali 5120 ikaaiyon mein dohri chumbakiya casset drive thee, lekin jaba floppy disk sanskaran upalabdh huaa, tou inn sabhi ikaaiyon koo parivartit curr diyaa gayaa. machine key pahale floppy disk sanskaran mein ack 8-inch kii floppy disk drive shamil thee, jisamen dou atirikt 8-inch drive ack alag ikai mein upalabdh they. baad mein, 5120 mein 8 inch kii drive key sthaan parr teen 5.25-inch drive shamil they.
lokpriya sanskriti mein.
ise german 83 season 1 episode 03 mein shokes key roop mein dikhaaya gayaa haye.
purvi germany aur paschimi germany key beach praudyogiki mein antar.
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aa 5120
aa 5120 embudu purva germany carle-marks-stadnalli (eega kemnitz) web robotron nirmisida kacheri computer aagiddu, 1982ralli praarambhavaayitu. ee vyavastheyu 8-bitt microprocessor, yuu880 annu olagondittu. idannu kacheri kelasakkagi nirmisalaayitu mattu kanishta graphics mattu dhwani samarthyagalannu hondittu. upakaranagalannu avalambisi bele 27,000 mattu 40,000 purva german gurutugala naduve (sumaru 24,000-35,000 2016 us dollar) ittu.
1986ralli, ondu hosa aavruttiyannu utpaadisalaayitu, ondu 5120.16. ee vyavastheyu 5120ranteye ittu, eradu hechchuvari phalakagalannu serisalaayitu, ondu yuu8000 16-bitt microprocessor (ondu jilag jhad8000 tadrupu) mattu ondu 256kib dramnondige. moola 8-bitt vyavastheyu aii/oo upavyavastheyagi kaaryanirvahisuttittu. ee samrachaneyalli idu tulanaatmakavaagi shaktiyutavaada mutos8000 (unix system III vyutpanna) annu chalaayisabahudu. ee maadariya bele sumaru 32,000 mattu 48,000 purva german gurutugala naduve ittu.
ottaareyaagi, sumaru 17,000 mattu 5120 mattu ondu 5120.16 ghatakagalannu tayaarisalaayitu.
1983rahra marchnalli german prajasattatmaka ganarajyavu 5120rahra anche cheetiyannu bidugade maaditu.
1980rahra dashakada aarambhadalli purva mattu paschima germanigala naduvina taantrika asamaanatege udaharaneyagi 2015rahra duradarshana karyakrama "diechland 83" nalli 5120 annu pradarshisalaayitu.
taantrika vivaragalu.
moola aa 5120yuu eradu yuu880 (jilag jhad80 tadrupu) 8-bitt prosesargalannu hondiddu, 2.25mhz athawa 2.5mhz nalli kaaryanirvahisuttittu. wandannu aii/oo ge samarpisalaagiddare, innondannu saamaanya kelasakke balasalaaguttittu. pratiyondoo sekendige sumaru 625,000 karyacharanegalannu maaduva saamarthyavannu hondittu. idu samanyavagi 16 kib ramnondige baruttittu, aadare kelavu ghatakagalu kadime pramaanadalli ravaanegondavu. hecchina saamarthyada dram chipgalu labhyavadaga, hecchina ghatakagalu kanishta 64kib mattu kelavu 112kib varege ravaanegondavu.
ondu 5120.16 upgraded eradu hosa circuit bordgalannu olagondittu, ondu 16-bitt yuu8001 processor (jilag jhad8000 naa tadrupu), mattu innondu 256kib hechchuvari ramnondige. moola 8-bitt vyavastheyu 16-bitt vyavasthege terminal aagi kaaryanirvahisitu.
shekharanegaagi, modala 5120 ghatakagalu dual magnetic casset drivegalannu hondiddavu, aadare floppy disk aavrutti labhyavadaga, ee ellah ghatakagalannu parivartisalaayitu. yantrada modala floppy disk aavruttiyu 8 inchina floppy disk drive annu olagondittu, eradu hechchuvari 8 inchina drivegalu pratyeka ghatakadalli labhyaviddavu. nantara, 5120 8 inchina drive badalige mooru 5.25-inch drivegalannu olagondittu.
janapriya samskrutiyalli.
idu germany 83neey season 1rahra 3neey sanchikeyalli pradarshanavagi kanisikondide.
purva germany mattu paschima germany naduvina tantragyaanadallina vyatyaasa.
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5120
1982 muthal kizhakkan germmaniyile kaal-marks-staadil (ippol kemnits) web robotron nirmmicha oru oafees kambyoottaraayirunnu 5120. eee sisttathil 8-bitt microprosessoraaya yuu880 ulppeduthiyirunnu. ithu oafees jolikalkkaayi nirmmichathum kuranja graphics, shabda sheshikalullathumaayirunnu. upakaranangale aashrayich 27,000 muthal 40,000 vare kizhakkan jarmman maarkkukal (ekadesham 24,000-35,000 2016 us dollar) aayirunnu vila.
1986ll, oru puthiya pathipp nirmikkappettu, a 5120.16. sisttam 5120nuu samanamaayirunnu, rund adhika boardukal koottichertthu, onnu yuu8000 16-bitt microprosessor (oru silog isad8000 clone), onnu 256kib dram. yadhaartha 8-bitt sisttam oru aii/oo subsistamaayi pravarthichu. eee konfigareshanil ithinu thaarathamyena sakthamaaya mutos 8000 (unix sisttam III derivative) pravarthippikkaan kazhiyum. eee modalinte vila ekadesham 32,000 muthal 48,000 vare kizhakkan jarmman maarkkukalkkidayilaayirunnu.
motham, ekadesham 17,000 ennam 5120 umm oru 5120.16 yoonittum nirmikkappettu.
1983 maarchil jarmman demookratik republic 5120.5 dasalaksham koppikal achadicha oru staambu puratthirakki.
1980kalude thudakkathil kizhakkan germmaniyum padinjaaran germmaniyum thammilulla saankethika asamathvathinte udaaharanamaayi 2015leeii television shoyaya "dutch land 83" ll 5120 avatharippichu.
saankethika vishadaamshangal.
yadhaartha eiii 5120-yill rund yuu880 (silog isad80 kloon) 8-bitt prosessorukal undaayirunnu, avaa 2.25mhz allengil 2.5mhz ll pravartthikkunnu. onnu aii/oykku samarppichappol mattonn saadhaarana jolikkayi upayogichu. oronninum secondil ekadesham 625,000 pravartthanangal nadatthaan kazhinju. ithu saadhaaranayaayi 16 kib ramumaayi vannuvenkilum kurachu unitukal kuranja vilaykk ayachu. uyarnna sheshiyulla dram chippukal labhyamaayappol, mikka yoonittukalum kuranjathu 64 kib upayogichum chilath 112 kib upayogichum kayatti ayachu.
oru 5120.16 naveekaranatthil rund puthiya surcuted boardukal ulppedunnu, onnu 16-bitt u8001 prosessor (silog z8000 nte clone) mattonn 256kib adhika ramum. yadhaartha 8-bitt sisttam 16-bitt sisttathinte terminalayi pravarthichu.
sambharanathinayi, aadyathe 5120 unitukalkku eratta magnetic kaasatt driveukal undaayirunnu, ennaal floppy disk pathipp labhyamaayappol, eee unitukalellaam parivartthanam cheyyappettu. yanthrathinte aadyathe floppy disk pathippil 8 inch floppy disk drive ulppedunnu, koodaathe rund adhika 8 inch driveukal oru prathyeka yoonittil labhyamaan. pinneedu, 5120-ll 8 inch drivinu pakaram moonnu aidi1 vare driveukal ulppeduthi.
janakeeya samskaarathil.
ithu dutch land 83 season 1 episode 03 ll pradharshippichirikkunnu
kizhakkan germmaniyum padinjaaran germmaniyum thammilulla saankethikavidyayile vyathyasam.
| aaa 5120
aii 5120 haah 1982 pasoon purv germanytil carl-marks-stad (aata kemnitz) yethe web robotronne tayar kelela karyalayin sanganak hota. yaa pranalimadhye 8-biit microprocessor, done hota. too karyalayin kamasathi tayar karnyat aala hota aanee tyat kiman graphics aanee dhwani kshamata hotee. upkarane avalambun kimmat 27,000 aanee 40,000 purv german chinhanchya darmyan (sumare 24,000-35,000 2016 american dollars) hotee.
1986 madhye, eka naveen aavrutti tayar karnyat aalee, aii 5120.16. hii pranali 5120 sarkhich hotee, jyamadhye done atirikt falakanchi bharr padali, eka eka 16-biit microprocessors (eka zeelog (zeelog clone) aanee eka dusare drams. mool 8-biit pranali aay/oo upapranali mhanoon karya karat hotee. yaa sanrachanet teey tulanene shaktishali mutos 8000 (unix pranali III vyutpann) chalvu shakate. yaa modelchi kimmat sumare 32,000 teey 48,000 purv german chinhanchya darmyan hotee.
ekoon, sumare 17,000 eka 5120 aanee eka 5120.16 units tayar karnyat aale.
march 1983 madhye german lokshahi prajasattakane eka tapal tikit jaaree kele jyat 5120.5 laakh pratee chhapalya gelya.
1980 chya dashakachya suruvatila purv aanee paschim germanymadhil tantrik vishamateche udaharan mhanoon 2015 chya durdarshan karyakram 'german 83' madhye 5120 pradarshit karnyat aale hote.
tantrik tapasheel.
mool aii 5120 madhye done done (zeelog (zeelog clone) 8-biit processor hote, jeey 2.25mhz kinwa 2.5mhz varr chalatat. eka aay/oo laa samarpit hote, tarr dusare samanya kamasathi vaparale jaat hote. pratyekjan prati sekand sumare 625,000 operations karnyas saksham hota. too sadharanpane 16 kib rams yet asey, parantu kahee units qamee pathavalya jaat asat. jevha uchch kshamatechya drum chips upalabdh jhalya, tevha bahutek units kiman kiman pathavalya gelya aanee kahee kahee.
aii 5120.16 adyayavatikaranat done naveen paripath pattyancha samavesh hota, eka 16-biit 16-biit processors (zeelog (zeelog chey pratirup) aanee dusare dusare atirikt rams. mool 8-biit pranali 16-biit pranalisathi antim mhanoon karya karat hotee.
sathavanukisathi, pahilya 5120 ekkanmadhye duheri chumbakeey casset drive hote, parantu jevha flappy disk aavrutti upalabdh jhaali, tevha yaa serve ekkanche rupantar karnyat aale. yantrachya pahilya flappy disk aavruttit 8 inchachya flappy disk drivecha samavesh hota, jyat done atirikt 8 inchachya drive vegalya unitmadhye upalabdh hotya. nantar, 5120 madhye 8 inchachya driviveji teen 5.25-inch drive samavisht hotya.
lokpriy sanskruti.
too german 83 hangam 1 bhag 3 madhye pradarshan mhanoon darshavila gela aahe.
purv germany aanee paschim germanymadhil tantradnyanatil farak.
| ae 5120
ae 5120 sann 1982 maa suru bhaeko purvi germanyko carle-marks-stad (ahile kemnitz) maa bheb robotrondwara nirmit ek karyalaya computer thiyo. yass pranalima 8-bitt microprocessor, dui samawesh thiyo. yo karyalaya karyaka lagi nirman garieko thiyo rar yasama nyunatam graphics rar dhwani kshamataharu thie. upkaranko adharma mulya 27,000 rar 40,000 purvi german chinhaharu (lagbhag 24,000-35,000 2016 americi dollar) ko bichma thiyo.
sann 1986 maa, euta nayan sanskaran utpadan garieko thiyo, a 5120.16. yo pranali a 5120 sanga mildojuldo thiyo, dui atirikta boardharu thapiyo, euta u8000 16-bitt microprocessor (ek jilag z8000 clone), rar euta 256kib dramko sath. muel 8-bitt pranalile aie/o subsistemko rupma kaam kaam. yass configurationma yasale apekshakrit shaktishali mutos 8000 (unix pranali III wyutpanna) chalauna sakchha. yass modelko mulya lagbhag 32,000 rar 48,000 purvi german chinhaharu bitch thiyo.
kull milaera, lagbhag 17,000 rar 5120 rar 5120.16 ekaiharu nirman garieko thiyo.
march 1983 maa, german loktantrik ganatantradwara 5120.5 lakh pratilipiharu chhapne euta tikat jaari garieko thiyo.
sann 1980 ko dashakko suruma purva rar paschim germanybichko prawidhik asamantako udaharanko rupma sann 2015 ko television karyakram "duchsland 83" maa ae 5120 prastut garieko thiyo.
prawidhik vivaran.
muel ae 5120 maa dui dui (jilag (jilag clone) 8-bitt prosesarharu thie, june 2.25mhz wa 2.5mhz maa chaliraheko thiyo. euta aie/o lai samarpit thiyo, jabki arko samanya kamka lagi prayog garieko thiyo. pratyek prati second lagbhag 625,000 operation garna saksham thiyo. yo samanyataya 16 kib ramko sath aaunthyo, tara kehi ekaiharu kamsanga pathaiyo. jab uccha-kshamata dram chips upalabdha bhayo, dheraijaso ekaiharu kamtima kamtima rar kehi kehi pathaiyo.
ae 5120.16 upgradema dui nayan circuit boardharu samawesh thie, euta 16-bitt 16-bitt processor (jilag (jilag00 ko clone), rar arko arko atirikta ramko sath. muel 8-bitt pranalile 16-bitt pranaliko terminalko rupma kaam kaam.
bhandaranka lagi, pahilo 5120 ekaiharuma dohoro chumbakiya casset driveharu thie, tara jab fluppy disk sanskaran upalabdha bhayo, yee sabai ekaiharu rupantaran gariyo. messinko pahilo fluppy disk sanskaranma 8 inchko fluppy disk drive samawesh thiyo, jasma duiwata atirikta 8 inch driveharu chhuttai ekaima upalabdha thie. pachhi, 5120 maa 8 inchko driveko thaunma tinawata 5.25-inch driveharu samawesh thie.
lokpriya sanskritima.
yo duchland 83 sijan 1 episode 03 maa shokesko rupma chitrit garieko chha.
purvi germany rar paschim germanybich technologyma bhinnata.
| 5120
aii 5120 thila eka offices computer jaahaa purba germanyra carle-marx-stadt (bartamana cheminitz) ray bheb robotron dwara nirmita hoithila, 1982 ray arambha hoithila. sistamare eka 8-bitt microprocessor, duiti thila . ehaa offices karjya paain nirmita hoithila ebong ethire sarbanimna graphic ebong sound khyamata thila . upakarana upare nirbhara curry mulya 27,000 ru 40,000 purba german marck (pakhapakhi 24,000-35,000 2016 jayu. ess. dollar) madhyare thila.
1986 masihare, eka nutan sanskarana prastuta karajaithila, a 5120.16. ehi systemoty 5120 sahita samaana thila, jeunthire duiti atirikta board joga karajaithila, gotie gotie 16-bitt microprocessor (eka jilag (jilag00 clone) sahita, ebong gotie gotie dram sahita . moola 8-bitt system eka aai/oh subsystem bhabare karjya karithila . ehi binyasare ehaa apekhyakruta shaktishali shaktishali (unix system III derivetive) ku chalaipare . ehi modelor mulya praiah 32,000 ru 48,000 purba german marck madhyare thila .
motamoti bhabe, praiah 17,000 ebong 5120 ebong eka 5120.16 unit utpadana karajaithila.
march 1983 ray, german ganatantrika ganarajya dwara eka daaka tikata jaari karajaithila jeunthire 5120.5 nijuta kapi mudrita hoithila .
1980 dashkar prarambhare purba ebong paschima germany madhyare baishajika asamanatara eka udaharana bhabare 2015 television shoe 'douch land 83' ray eka 5120 pradarshita hoithila .
baishajika bibaranee.
moola aii aii duiti duiti (jilag (jilag clone) 8-bitt prasesara thila, jaahaa 2.25mhz kimba 2.5mhz ray chaluthila. gotie aai/oh paain utsargeekruta hoithibabele anyati sadharana karjya paain byabahruta hoithila . pratyeka sekendare praiah 625,000 operation karibaku sakhyama thile. ehaa sadharanatah sadharanatah raam sahita asithila, kintu kichhi unit comm sahita pathajaithila . jetebele uccha khyamata bisista dram chip upalabdha helah, adhikansha unit atikamare atikamare ebong keteka keteka sahita pathajaithila.
eka 5120.16 unnatikaranare duiti nutan circuit board antarbhukta thila, gotie 16-bitt 16-bitt prasesara (jilag (jilag00 rahr clone) sahita, ebong anyati gotiye atirikta raam sahita . moola 8-bitt system 16-bitt systemer terminal bhabare karjya karithila .
sanrakhyana paain, pratham 5120 junitare dwita chumbakiah casset drive thila, kintu jetebele floppy disk sanskarana upalabdha helah, ehi samasta unit rupantarita hoithila . messin rahr pratham floppy disk sanskaranare eka 8 inch floppy disk drive antarbhukta thila, jeunthire duiti atirikta 8 inch drive eka pruthaka unit ray upalabdha . parey, eka 5120 ray 8 inch drive sthanare tinoti 5.25-inch drive antarbhukta hoithila .
lokpriya sanskrutire.
ehaa douch land 83 sijin 1 episode 03 ray shokes bhabare pradarshita hoichhi .
purba germany ebong paschima germany madhyare prajuktibidyara parthakya.
| aii 5120
aii 5120 ikk daftar computer see joe kaaral-marks-stead (hunn camnitz), purbi germany witch web robotron duaara 1982 witch tiaar keeta giaa see. iss system witch ikk 8-bitt microprocessor, doou shamal see. ih daftar dey kamm laee banaiaa giaa see atey iss witch ghatto ghatt graphics atey aavaaz samratha see. upkarnan dey adhaar utte keemat 27,000 atey 40,000 purbi german ankan (lagbhag 24,000-35,000 2016 amriki dallar) dey vichkaar see.
1986 witch, ikk navaan sanskaran tiaar keeta giaa see, ikk 5120.16. system 5120 dey samaan see, jiss witch doou vadhu board shamal sunn, ikk ikk 16-bitt microprocessor (ikk zilog (zeelog00 clone) dey naal, atey ikk dooja dram dey naal. mool 8-bitt system ikk aaee/ou upp-system dey roop witch kamm karda haii. iss sanrachna witch ih mukabaltan shaktishali shaktishali (unix system III derivative) chalaa sakda haii. iss maadal dee keemat lagbhag 32,000 atey 48,000 purbi german ankan dey vichkaar see.
kull milaa keey, lagbhag 17,000 atey 5120 atey ikk 5120.16 ikaiaan daa nirman keeta giaa see.
march 1983 witch german jamhuri ganraj duaara ikk daak ticket jaari keeti gaee see jiss witch 5120.5 lakkh kapiaan chhapiaan gaeeaan sunn.
aii 5120 noon 1980 dey dahake dey arambh witch purbi atey pachmi germany darmiaan takniki asmanta dee ikk udaharan vajon 2015 dey television shoa "dueshland 83" witch pradarshit keeta giaa see.
takniki verve.
mool aii 5120 witch doou doou (zeelog (zeelog clone) 8-bitt processor sunn, joe 2.25mhz jaan 2.5mhz utte chall rahey sunn. ikk aaee/ou noon samarpit see, jadon kii dooja aam kamm laee vartiaa jaanda see. harek lagbhag 625,000 appression pratee skint curran dey samrath see. ih aam taur utte 16 kibb raim dey naal aaunda see, parr kujh ikaiaan ghatt naal bhejiaan jandiaan sunn. jadon ucch samratha vaale dram chipp upalbadh hoye, taan ziaadaatar ikaiaan ghatto ghatt 64 kibb atey kujh 112 kibb takk dey naal bhejiaan gaeeaan.
aii 5120.16 upgraded witch doou navein circut board shamal sunn, ikk 16-bitt 16-bitt processor (zilog (zeelog00 daa clone) dey naal, atey dooja dooja vadhu raim dey naal. mool 8-bitt system 16-bitt system dey terminal vajon kamm karda see.
bhandaran laee, pahili 5120 ikaiaan witch dohri chumbki casset drive see, parr jadon falapi disk sanskaran upalbadh hoiaa, taan ih saariaan ikaiaan badal dittiaan gaeeaan sunn. masheen dey pahile falapi disk sanskaran witch ikk 8-inch falapi disk drive shamal see, jiss witch ikk vakkhari ikai witch upalbadh doou vadhu 8-inch drive sunn. baad witch, ikk 5120 witch 8-inch drive dee thaan tinn 5.25-inch drive shamal sunn.
prasidh sabheyachar witch.
ih german 83 season 1 episode 03 witch pradarshit keeta giaa haii.
purbi germany atey pachmi germany darmiaan technology witch antar.
| a 5120
e 5120 iti karyalaya-sanganakam poorva-germany-deshasya carl-marks-stadt (adhunaa kemnitz) ityatra web robotran ityanena nirmitam aasit, yat 1982 tame varshe aarabhy jaatam aasit. asmin vyavasthaayaam 8-bitt-macroprocessor, 8-bitt-macroprocessor aasit. etat karyalayakaryartham nirmitam aasit, nyunatamam chitralekhanam dhwani-kshamatam cha aasit. upakaranasy aadhaaren asya moolyam 27,000 taha 40,000 poorva-german-chihnanam madhye (praayah 24,000-35,000 2016 yoo. ess. daalar) aasit.
1986 tame varshe, e <aii. dii. 1> iti nootanam samskaranam nirmitam, eshaa pranaali e 5120 ityanena samaanam aasit, yatra dwau atirikta-phalakau yojitaah aasan, ekaha ekaha 16-bitt macroprocessor (zilag (zilag00 clone), ekaha ekaha dram ityanena saha. mool-8-bitt-pranaali aii/o upavyavasthaaroopena karyam karoti sma. asmin vinyaase etat apekshaakrutam shaktiyutam shaktiyutam (unix-system III vyutpannam) chaalayitum shaknoti sma. asya pratimanasya moolyam praayah 32,000 taha 48,000 poorva-german-chihnayoho madhye aasit.
aahaty, praayah 17,000 e 5120 tathaa cha <aii. dii. 1> unit ityetaani nirmitaani aasan.
1983 maarch-maase german-lokataantrik-ganarajyena mudraapatram jaarim jaatam, yasmin 5120.4.5 dashalakshaani pratiani mudritaani aasan.
1980 tamasya dashakasy aarambhe poorva-pashchim-germany-deshayoho madhye praudyogikeeya-vishamataayaah udaaharanaroopen 2015 tame varshe dooradarshan-kaaryakrame "diechland 83" ityasmin e 5120 iti chitram pradarshitam.
takaniki vivaran.
mulasya e 5120 madhye madhye (zilag (zilag clone) 8-bitt-praasesar-dwau aasan, ye <aii. dii. 1> athavaa <aii. dii. 2> ityatra prachalanti sma. ekaha aii/o krute samarpitah aasit, aparah samanyakaryartham upayujyate sma. pratyekam prati sekendam praayah 625,000 shalyakriyaah kartum samartham aasit. praayah 16 kib-yuktena ramena saha aasit, parantu kechan ghatakaani nyunena saha preshitaah aasan. yadaa adhika-kshamataayuktaah dram-chips upalabhyante tadaa adhikaamshaah units nyunatinyoonam nyunatinyoonam ityanena, kechan kechan ityanena cha preshitaah.
e <aii. dee. 1> iti unnatehe krute dwau nootanau paripathaphalakau aasan, ekaha ekaha praasesar praasesar ityasya clone) yuktah, anyah anyah yuktah cha. mool-8-bitt-pranaali 16-bitt-pranaaleeh antimarupena karyam karoti sma.
prathamasya 5120 ekakeshu sanchayartham dvimaatrika-casset-drave-yukttaah aasan, parantu yadaa flapy-disk-samskaranam upalabhyte tadaa ete sarve ekakaah parivartitaah abhavan. yantrasya prathamam flapy disk samskaranam 8-inch-flapy disk drave iti antarbhavati sma, yatra atiriktam 8-inch-drave-dwau pruthak ekake upalabhyante sma. pashchat 5120 ityasmin 8-inch-drave ityasya sthaane treeni 5.25-inch drave-yaanaani antarbhavanti sma.
lokapriyataayaah samskrutehe.
etat dutch-lyand 83 season 1 prakaranam 03 madhye pradarshanaroopen pradarshitam asti.
poorva-germany-pashchim-germany-deshayoho madhye praudyogikee-bhedah asti.
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5120
aee 5120 enbathu kilakku germanyin carle-marks-statle (ippoathu kemnits) wep robotronol 1982 aam aandu thodangi thayaarikkappatta oru aluvalaga kaneneyaagum. inththa amaippil 8-pitt nunseyali, yuu880 irunththathu. idhu aluvalaga vaelaikalukkaaka kattappattathu mattrum kurainthapatcha graphics mattrum olii thirankalaik kondirundhadhu. ubakaranangkalaip porutthu vilai 27,000 muthal 40,000 kilakku jerman kuriyeedugalukku idaiyil (sumar 24,000-35,000 2016 america dollarkal) irunththathu.
1986 aam aandil, oru puthiya pathippu thayaarikkappattathu, a 5120.16. amaippu 5120 aip poalavae irunththathu, irandu koodudhal palagaikalaich saerththathu, ondru U8000 16-pitt nunseyali (oru jilak z8000 clone) mattrum ondru 256kib traum. asal 8-pitt amaippu oru aii/ooo thunai amaippaaga seyalpattathu. inththa kattamaippil idhu oppeettalavil sakthivaaintha mutos 8000 (unix amaippu III vazhiththoantral) aii iyakka mudiyum. inththa maathiriyin vilai sumar 32,000 muthal 48,000 kilakku jerman kuriyeedugalukku idaiyil irunththathu.
moththam, sumar 17,000 mattrum 5120 mattrum oru 5120.16 alagugal thayaarikkappattana.
1983 maarch maatham, jerman jananayagak kudiyarasaal oru anjal thalai veliyidappattathu, athil 5120.5 million pirathikal achchidappattana.
1980kalin murpaguthiyil kilakku mattrum maerku germanicu idaiyilaana thozhilnutpa aetrtraththaazhvukku oru eduththukkaattaaga 2015 tholaikaatchi nigazhchchiyaana "duchland 83" ill oru 5120 idampettrathu.
thozhilnutpa vivarangkal.
asal 5120 ill irandu yuu880 (silak isat80 clone) 8-pitt seyaligal irunththana, avai 2.25mhz allathu 2.5mhz ill iyangkukintrana. ondru aii/ooo-kku arppanikkappattathu, mattrondru saathaarana vaelaigalukku payanpaduththappattathu. ovvondrum vinaadikku sumar 625,000 seyalpaadugalaich seiyakkoodiya thiran kondadhu. idhu podhuvaaga 16 kip raem udan vanthathu, aanaal oru sila alagugal kuraivaaga anupappattana. adhiga thiran konda traum sillugal kidaiththapoathu, perumpaalaana alagugal kurainthathu 64 kip mattrum sila 112 kip varai anupappattana.
oru 5120.16 maempaduththalil irandu puthiya suttru palagaikal irunththana, ondru 16-pitt u8001 seyali (silak z8000 inn clone), mattrondru 256kib koodudhal raem. asal 8-pitt amaippu 16-pitt amaippin munaiyamaaga seyalpattathu.
saemippukkaaga, muthal 5120 alagugal irattai kaantha caset iyakkakangkalaik kondirunthana, aanaal flaby vattu pathippu kidaiththapoathu, inththa alagugal anaiththum maattrappattana. iyanththiraththin muthal flaby disk pathippil 8 angkula flaby disk trive irunththathu, maelum irandu koodudhal 8 angkula drivegal oru thanii unitil kidaikkindrana. pinnar, 5120 ill 8 angkula iyakkakaththirku pathilaaka moontru 5.25-inch iyakkigal varai irunththana.
pirabalamaana kalaachaaraththil.
idhu duchlandhu 83 season 1 episote 03 ill kaatchikku vaikkappattullathu
kilakku germanicum maerku germanicum idaiyilaana tholilnutpaththil ulla vaerupaadu.
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5120
eah 5120 anedi 1982loe thoorpu germanyloni carle-marks-stadt (ippudu kemnitz) loe web robotron tayaaru chesina karyalaya computer. eee vyavasthalo 8-bitt microprocessor, yuu880 undhi. idhi karyalaya pani kosam nirminchabadindi mariyu kaneesa graphics mariyu dhwani saamardhyaalanu kaligi undhi. parikaraalanu batti dhara 27,000 mariyu 40,000 thoorpu german maarkula (sumaru 24,000-35,000 2016 US dollarlu) madhya undedi.
1986loe, oka kotta version, a 5120.16 utpatti cheyabadindi. eee vyavastha 5120 maadirigaane undhi, rendu adanapu bordulanu jodinchindi, okati U8000 16-bitt microprocessor (oka jilag z8000 clone) thoo, mariyu okati 256kib dram thoo. asalu 8-bitt vyavastha i/o upavyavasthagaa panichesindi. eee aakruteekaranalo idhi saapekshamgaa saktivantamaina mutos8000 (unix system III utpannam) nuu amalu cheyagaladu. eee namuunaa dhara sumaru 32,000 mariyu 48,000 thoorpu german maarkula madhya undedi.
mottamgaa, sumaru 17,000 a 5120 mariyu oka 5120.16 unitlu tayaaru cheyabaddaayi.
marchi 1983loe, german democratic republic 5120.4.5 million kaapeelu mudrinchina stampunu vidudala chesindi.
1980la praarambhamlo thoorpu mariyu paschima germanyla madhya saanketika asamaanataku udaaharanagaa 2015 television show "duechland 83" loe 5120 pradarsinchabadindi.
saanketika vivaralu.
asalu 5120loe rendu yuu880 (jilag jedd80 clone) 8-bitt processorlu unnaayi, ivi 2.25mhz ledhaa 2.5mhz vadda nadustaayi. okati ii/oo kii ankitam cheyabadindi, marokati saadhaarana paniki upayoginchabadindi. okkokkati sekanuku sumaru 625,000 operations cheyagala saamarthyaanni kaligi unnaayi. idhi saadhaaranamgaa 16 kib raam thoo vastundi, conny konni unitlu takkuva dharatho ravana cheyabadataayi. adhika saamarthyam gala dram chips andubaatuloki vachinappudu, chaalaa unitlu kaneesam 64kibto mariyu konni 112kibto ravana cheyabaddaayi.
oka 5120.16 upgraded loe rendu kotta circuit bordulu unnaayi, okati 16-bitt u8001 processor (jilag z8000 yokka clone) thoo, mariyu marokati 256kib adanapu raam thoo. asalu 8-bitt vyavastha 16-bitt vyavasthaku terminalga panichesindi.
nilva kosam, modati 5120 unitlalo dual magnetic casset drivelu undevi, conny floppy disk version andubaatuloki vachinappudu, eee unitlanni marchabaddayi. yantram yokka modati floppy disk versionlo 8-angulaala floppy disk drive undhi, rendu adanapu 8-angulaala drivelu pratyeka unitlo andubaatulo unnaayi. taruvaata, 5120loe 8-angulaala drive sthaanamlo moodu 5.25-inch drivelu unnaayi.
prajaadarana pondina samskrutilo.
idhi duish land 83 season 1 episode 03 loe pradarsanagaa pradarsinchabadindi
thoorpu germany mariyu paschima germany madhya saanketikatalo vyatyaasam.
| 5120
aey 5120 eek aafs computer thaa jasay waib robotron nay mashriqi germani kay carle maarks-steadt (abb chementz) mein 1982 mein tayaar kiyaa thaa. iss system mein 8 butt micro processor yuu 880 shaamil thaa. yaha aafs kay kaam kay liye banaya gayaa thaa aur iss mein kumm say kumm graphiks aur aawaz kii salahiyatein thein. saamaan kay lahaaz say qeemat 27,000 aur 40,000 mashriqi german nishanaat (taqriba 24,000-35,000 2016 americi ddaalar) kay darmiyan thee.
1986 mein eek neeya warzan tayaar kiyaa gayaa eek 5120.16. yaha nazaam 5120 say milta jaltaa thaa jiss mein duu izaafi board shaamil thay eek yuu 8000 16 butt micro processor (eek zeelog zeed 8000 clone) kay saath aur eek 256 kaib draam kay saath. asl 8 butt system eek aayee/awo zeeli nazaam kay toor parr kaam kartaa thaa. iss tartib mein yaha nasbata taqatwar mutos 8000 (uniks system III mushtaq) chalaa saktaa hay. iss maadal kii qeemat taqriba 32,000 aur 48,000 mashriqi german nishanaat kay darmiyan thee.
majmuyi toor parr taqriba 17,000 eek 5120 aur eek 5120.16 yount tayaar kiye gayey thay.
maarch 1983 mein german jamhuri jamhuria kii taraf say eek ddaak ticket jaari kiyaa gayaa jiss mein 5120.45 laakh kaapiyan chhaapi gayein.
eek 5120 kuu 1980 kii dahayi kay awail mein mashriqi aur maghrabi germani kay darmiyan takniki adam masawaat kii misaal kay toor parr 2015 kay teeli vision show "doich lend 83" mein dikhaya gayaa thaa.
takniki tafsilaat.
asl 5120 mein duu yuu 880 (zeelog zeed 80 clone) 8 butt processors thay juu 2.25mhz yaa 2.5mhz parr chull rahay thay. eek aayee/awo kay liye waqaf thaa jabkah dosra aam kaam kay liye istemaal kiyaa jaataa thaa. harr eek taqriba 625,000 operation phee second karnay kii salahiyat rakhta thaa. yaha aam toor parr 16 kaib raam kay saath aataa thaa leakin chand units kumm kay saath bhejay jaatay thay. jabb ziyadah salahiyat waalay draam chaps dastiyaab hoay tuu ziyadah tarr units kumm az kumm 64 kaib kay saath aur kachh 112 kaib kay saath bhejay gayey.
aey 5120.16 app grade mein duu nayey circuit board shaamil thay eek 16 butt yuu 8001 processor (zeelog zeed 8000 kaa clone) kay saath aur dosra 256 kaib izaafi raam kay saath. asl 8 butt system 16 butt system kay terminal kay toor parr kaam kartaa thaa.
storage kay liyay pehley 5120 units mein dohri maqnatisi cast drives thein leakin jabb flaapi disk warzan dastiyaab hawaa tuu inn tamaam units kuu tabdil kirr diyaa gayaa. masheen kay pehley flaapi disk warzan mein eek 8 inch flaapi disk drive shaamil thee jiss mein eek alaihdah yount mein duu izaafi 8 inch drives dastiyaab thein. baad mein 5120 mein 8 inch kii drive kii jagah teen 5.25-inch drives shaamil thein.
maqbool saqafat mein.
asay doich lend 83 seezan 1 qast 03 mein batoor shokees dikhaya gayaa hay.
mashriqi germani aur maghrabi germani kay darmiyan technology mein farq.
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0005602fb608e20a258bd38247e626cfc5ec329f09ef58f7457c8d87997f0b02 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43298162 | Williams Carmona |
Williams Carmona
Cuban painter
Williams Carmona is a Cuban painter. He was born in Havana, Cuba, in 1967. In the early 1990s he moved to Puerto Rico. He has works in a number of museums including the Museum of Latin American Art (MOLAA).
References.
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| uiliams karmuna
uiliams karmuna ejon cuban sitroxilpi. teu 1967 sonot cuber hawanat jonmogrohon korisil. 1990-ror doxokor aarombhonite teu purtu rikuloi sthanantorito hoisil. letin aamerikan kolar xongrohaloy (mulaa) xoho keibatau xongrohaloyot teur kaam aase.
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uilliams carmona
uilliams carmona ekjon cuban chitroshilpi. 1967 saale cuber havana taanr jonmo hoy. 1990-err doshoker godar dike tini puerto rikote choley zaan. lattin american art (molla) jadughar soho besh koyekti jadughare taanr kaaj royeche. | williams kaaramona
williams carmona cuban chitrakaar chhe. temno janm janm havaana, kyubama thayo hato. hato daaykaani sharuaatmaa teo puerto rikomaa rahevaa gayaa hataa. temane lattin american aart (molaa) naa sangrahalay saheet sankhyaabandh sangrahalayoma kaama karyoo chhe.
| williams carmona
williams carmona cuba key ack chitrakaar hain. unakaa janm 1967 mein hawana, cuba mein huaa thaa. 1990 key dashak kii shuruat mein way puerto rico chaley gaye. unake paas lattin americi kalaa sangrahalaya (molla) sahit kaee sangrahalayon mein kaam haye.
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villiams carmona
villiams carmona cuban varnachitrakaara. avaru 1967ralli cubada havaanaadalli janisidaru. 1990rahra dashakada aarambhadalli avaru porto rikoge sthalaantaragondaru. lattin american art (molah) vastusangrahalaya seridante halavaaru vastusangrahaalayagalli avaru krutigalannu hondiddaare.
| null | williams carmona
williams carmona hii kyubachi chitrakar aahe. tyancha janm 1967 madhye kyubachya havanah yethe jhaala. 1990 chya dashakachya suruvatila teey porto riko yethe gele. lattin american artchya sangrahalayasah (molah) anek sangrahalayanmadhye tyanchi kaame aahet.
| null |
william carmona
william carmona jane cuban chitrakar. shay 1967 ray kyubara habhanare janmagrahana karithile. 1990 dashkar prarambhare shay puerto rikoku chalijaithile. museum off lattin americae art (molah) sameth aneka museyamare tankara karjya rahichhi. | villiams carmona
villiams carmona ikk kiooban chittarkar haii. uh 1967 witch havana, kiooba witch paida hoiaa see. 1990 dey dahake dey shuru witch uh porto riko chalaa giaa. uss neey latini amriki qalaa dey ajaib gharr (molla) samet kaee ajaib gharan witch kamm keeta haii.
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viliums caramona
viliums carmona ityayam cuban-deshasya chitrakaarah asti. saha 1967 tame varshe kyuba-deshasya havana-nagare ajayata. 1990 tame dashakasy aarambhe saha puerto-riko-nagaram gatavaan. lettin-american-art-sangrahaalayah (molaa) ityadini anekaani sangrahaalayaani tasya krute santi. |
villiams carmona
villiams carmona oru cuban ooviyar aavaar. avar 1967 aam aandil cubavin havanavil piranthaar. 1990 kalin murpaguthiyil avar puerto rigovukku kudipeyarnthaar. latheen america kalai arungaatchiyagam (moalaa) udpada pala arungaatchiyagangkalil avar padaippugalaik kondullaar.
| villiams carmona
villiams carmona cuban chitrakaarudu. athanu athanu cubaloni havanalo janminchaadu. 1990la praarambhamlo athanu puerto rikoku vellaadu. athanu latin american art (molaa) museum thoo sahaa aneka museumlalo rachanalu chesaadu.
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waleems karmona
waleems karmona eek cuba kii penter haine. wah 1967 mein cuba kay shehar hawana mein paida hoay. 1990 kii dahayi kay awail mein wah porto reco chalay gayey. iss kay paas museum aaf laatini american aart (मोला) sameet mutadid ajayeb gharoon mein kaam haine. |
00056518d8b7be6fd70baccfea3c11cb4e94e81d6a50d19a342770802bbe93c7 | https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki?curid=751000 | hautbois |
hautbois
English.
Etymology.
Borrowed from . .
| haatob 'iss ingraji. byutpotti. taar poraa rino luwa. . | hutbois ingrezi. byutpatti. theke dhaar neoa. . | houtboise angreji. vyutpatti. pasethi udhaar leedhu. . | hotbois angrezi. vyutpatti. seey udhaar liya. . | houtboys inglish. vyutpatti. avarinda saala padediddene. . | houtboise engleesh. padavyuthpathishaasthram. kadam vaangi. . | hatbois ingraji. vyutpatti. tyanchyakadun karj ghetale. . | hatbois angreji. wyutpatti. batt rina lieko how. . | hotbois ingraji. byutpatti. thaaru runa. .. | hotbois angrezi. shabdawali. toon udhaar liaa. . | hatboyis anglabhashayam bhaashate. vyutpattih. runam cha. . | havud poas aangkilam. sorpirappiyal. cuddon vaankinaar. . | houtboi aanglam. vyutpatti. nundi runam teesukunnaru. . | hotbois angrezi. siftiyat. say qarz liyaa. . |
000566fe296ebe69e05839a0385492d304dc26f5449b7238e09b2e2f38040640 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43547059 | Grampians (region) |
Grampians (region)
Economic region of Victoria, Australia
The Grampians is an economic rural region located in the western part of Victoria, Australia. The region lies to the northwest of the western suburbs of Greater Melbourne, to the state's western border with South Australia and includes the Grampians National Park and significant gold mining heritage assets. The Grampians region has two sub-regions: the Central Highlands and Wimmera Southern Mallee.
As at the 2016 Australian census, the Grampians region had a population of , with almost half of the population located in the City of Ballarat. The principal centres of the region, in descending order of population, are Ballarat, Bacchus Marsh, Horsham, Ararat, and Stawell.
Administration.
Political representation.
For the purposes of Australian federal elections for the House of Representatives, the Grampians region is contained within all or part of the electoral divisions of Ballarat, Corangamite, Mallee, and Wannon.
For the purposes of Victorian elections for the Legislative Assembly, the Grampians region is contained within all or part of the electoral districts of Buninyong, Lowan, Melton, Mildura, Murray Plains, Polwarth, Ripon and Wendouree.
Local government areas.
The region contains eleven local government areas, which are:
Food and Wine Festival.
The Grampians Region is home to one of Australia's longest running food and wine festivals, Grampians Grape Escape, held over the first weekend of May in Halls Gap every year. Launched in 1992, the Grampians Grape Escape is a hallmark event for Victoria and provides food and wine offerings by more than 100 local artisan producers, live music and family entertainment.
Environmental protection.
The Grampians region contains the Grampians National Park and Little Desert National Park.
Notes.
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References.
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| grampian (onchol)
grampians hoise australier victoriyar poschim ongxot owosthito ek orthonoitik gramyo onchol. ei oncholtu greater melbornor poschim uponogoror uttor-poschim dixot, dokhyin australier xoite rajyokhonor poschim ximantot owosthito aaru iyat grampian rastriyo udyan aaru ullekhjugyo xun khonon oitijyo xompode ontorbhukto. grampian oncholot dutaa upo-onchol aase, grampian modhyo uschobhumi aaru wimara dokhyin maali.
2016 sonor australier lukpiyol onuxori grampian oncholor jonoxongkhya aasil 1 laakh, zo 'too jonoxongkhyar pray aadha belarat sohorot owosthito. jonoxongkhyar owonmon kromot oncholtur prodhan kendroxomuh hoh "lo belarat, bakkas march, aaru.
proxaxon.
rajnoitik protinidhitwo.
protinidhi xobhar baabe australier federal nirbasonor uddesye grampian oncholtu belarat, corangamite, maali aaru wanonor xokolu baa nirbasoni bibhagor ongxor bhitorot ontorbhukto koraa hoy.
bidhanxobhar victorian nirbasonor uddesye grampian oncholtu bunyong, luwan, melton, mingdura, mure xomobhumi, polwarth, ripon aaru wendourir nirbasoni jilaar xokolu baa kichu ongxor bhitorot ontorbhukto koraa hoy.
sthaniyo sorkari oncholxomuh.
oncholtut egharta sthaniyo sorkari onchol aase, jibur hoh 'loh
khadyo aaru xura utxob.
grampian onchol australier ataitkoi digholiya soli thoka khadyo aaru xura utxowor bhitorot etaa, grampian aanguror polayon, proti bosore mey 'maahor prothom xoptahantot holor byobodhanot onusthito hoy. 1992 sonot aarombho huwa grampian aanguror polayon hoise victoriyar baabe ek bixex onusthan aaru aaru odhik sthaniyo xilpopoti projujokor dwara khadyo aaru xura prodan, live xongit aaru poriyalor monuronjon prodan kore.
poriwex xurokhya.
grampian oncholot grampian rastriyo udyan aaru xoru morubhumi rastriyo udyan aase.
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grampian (anchal)
grampian holl australier victoria poschim ongshe abosthito ekti orthonoitik gramin anchal. eyi anchalti brihottor melbourner poschim shahartalir uttor-poschime, dakkhin australier saathe rajyer poschim seemante abosthito ebong etey royeche grampian jatiya uddan ebong ullekhjoggo swarna khanir oitijjobahi sompod. grampian anchale duti upo-anchal royeche, grampian kendriya parbotto anchal ebong uimera dakkhin mully.
2016 saaler australian jonogonona anujayi, grampian anchaler jonosongkha chhilo 1 kotee, jonosongkhar pray ardhek balarat shohore abosthito. jonosongkhar aborohi krome eyi anchaler prodhan kendraguli holl balarat, bachchas marsha, ebong.
proshashon.
rajnaitik protinidhitto.
house off representativeser jonno australian federal nirbachoner uddeshye, grampian anchalti ballerate, corongamite, mully ebong wanner samasta baa nirbachoni bibhager ongsher modhye royeche.
victorian ainsobhar nirbachoner uddeshye, grampian anchalti buniniong, loan, melton, mildura, murre samabhumi, polworth, ripon ebong oyendurir nirbachoni jelara samasta baa ongsher modhye royeche.
sthaniya sarkari elaka.
eyi anchale egaroti sthaniya sarkari elaka royeche, jaa holoh
khaddo oo modd utsab.
proti bochor meey maaser prothom saptahante holer fanke onusthito australia dirghotomo chalman khaddo oo wine utsab, grampians angur palanor abashsthol grampians anchal. 1992 saale chaalu haoya, grampians angur palano victoria jonno ekti baisishtapurna anusthan ebong 100 tiro beshi sthaniya karigar projojok, live sangeet ebong paribarik binodan dwara khaddo ebong wine offer sarbaraha korey.
poribesh surakkha.
grampian anchale grampian jatiya uddan ebong chhotto marubhumi jatiya uddan royeche. | grampions (pradesh)
grampions aee ostreliyaanaa viktoriyaanaa pashchim bhagma stheet aek aarthik graameen pradesh chhe. aaa pradesh grater mailborne pashchimi upnagaroni uttarpashchimma, dakshin austreliya saatheni raajyani pashchim sarhad parr aavelo chhe aneey temaa grampions raashtriy udhyaan aneey nondhpaatra sonaana khaankaamni vaarsaagat sampattiono samaavesh thaay chhe. grampions pradeshmaa beey petaa-pradesho chhe, grampions madhya uchchpradesho aneey vimera dakshin malli.
malli australian vastee ganatari mujab, grampions pradeshmaa lagbhag adadhi vastee ballarate shaherma aaveli hatee. vasteena utartaa krammaa aaa pradeshnaa mukhya kendro ballarate, batches maarsh, aneey.
vaheevat.
raajkeey pratinidhitva.
pratinidhi gruh maate australian sangheey chuntaniona hetuo maate, grampions pradesh ballarate, corungmite, malli aneey venannaa tamaam athavaa chuntani vibhagona bhagma samaayelo chhe.
vidhansabha maate viktoriyana chuntaniona hetuo maate, grampions pradesh byunyong, lovan, melton, mildura, murre medaano, polwarth, repon aneey vendorinaa tamaam athavaa chuntani jeellaona bhagma samaayelo chhe.
sthaaneek sarkari vistaaro.
aaa pradeshmaa ageeyar sthaaneek sarkari vistaaro chhe, jeey aaa pramaane chheh
khoraak aneey wine festival.
grampions pradesh australiana sauthee laambaa samaythi chaaltaa khoraak aneey wine utsavomaanu aek chhe, grampions grape escape, jeey darr varshe menaa pratham saptaahnaa ante holnaa antarmaa yojaay chhe. chhe sharoo karaayel, grampions grape escape viktoriya maate aek vishisht prasang chhe aneey aneey vadhu sthaaneek karigar utpaadako, jivant sangeet aneey paarivaarik manoranjan dwara khoraak aneey wine bhet puurii paade chhe.
paryavarannu rakshan.
grampions pradeshmaa grampions raashtriy udhyaan aneey naanu rann raashtriy udhyaan chhe.
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grampian (kshetra)
grampion victoria, australia key paschimi bhaag mein sthit ack aarthik graameen kshetra haye. yeh kshetra grater melburn key paschimi upnagaron key uttar-paschim mein, dakshin australia key saath raajya kii paschimi seema parr sthit haye aur isamen grampion rashtriya udyaan aur mahatvapurna swarn khanan viraasat parisampattiyan shamil hain. grampion kshetra mein dou upa-kshetra hain, grampion kendriya uchch bhoomi aur vimera dakshini malli.
2016 kii australiyai janganana key anusaar, grampion kshetra kii aabaadi lagbhag aadhi thee, joe ballerate shahar mein sthit thee. jansankhya key avrohi crum mein, iss kshetra key pramukh kendra ballerate, bacus marsh, aur hain.
prashaasan.
raajneetik pratinidhitva.
pratinidhi sabhaa key liye australiyai sanghiya chunaavon key uddeshyon key liye, grampion kshetra ballerate, corungmite, malli aur vannon key sabhi yaa chunavi prabhagon key hisse key bheetar nihit haye.
vidhansabha key liye victorian chunaavon key uddeshyon key liye, grampion kshetra buniniyong, loan, melton, mildura, murre maidan, polwarth, ripan aur vendori key sabhi yaa chunavi jilon key hisse key bheetar nihit haye.
sthaaniya sarkari kshetra.
iss kshetra mein gyaarah sthaaniya sarkari kshetra hain, joe hainh
bhojan aur sharaab kaa tyohar.
grampion kshetra australia key sabse lambe samay taka chalane vaale khaadya aur sharaab tyohaaron mein seey ack haye, grampion grape escape, joe harr saal maee key pahale saptahant mein holl key antaral mein aayojit kiya jaataa haye. 1992 mein shuru kiya gayaa, grampion grape escape victoria key liye ack vishisht karyakram haye aur 100 seey adhik sthaaniya karigar nirmaataon, live sangeet aur parivarik manoranjan dwara bhojan aur sharaab pradaan kartaa haye.
paryaavaran sanrakshan.
grampion kshetra mein grampion rashtriya udyaan aur chhota registani rashtriya udyaan haye.
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grampions (pradesha)
grampions embudu aastreliyaada viktoriyaada paschima bhagadalliruva ondu arthika grameena pradeshavaagide. ee pradeshavu grater melburn naa paschima upanagaragala vayuvya dikkinalli, daksina aastreliyaadondige rajyada paschima gadiyallide mattu grampions rashtriya udyaanavana mattu gamanarha chinnada ganigaarike parampareya svattugalannu olagondide. grampions pradeshavu eradu upa-pradeshagalannu hondide, grampions central highlands mattu vimmera daksina mallie.
2016rahra australian janaganatiyante, grampiyannaru janasankhyeyannu hondiddu, jansankhyeya ardhadashtu janaru ballat nagaradalliruttaare. jansankhyeya avarohana kramadalli, ee pradeshada pramukha kendragalendare ballarat, batches marsh, mattu.
aadalita.
rajakiya pratinidhya.
house off representativesgagy aastreliyaada federal chunavanegala uddeshagaligaagi, grampions pradeshavu ballat, korangamite, malli mattu vaannangala ellah athawa chunawana vibhagagala bhagavagide.
shasakanga sabeya victorian chunavanegala uddeshagaligaagi, grampions pradeshavu buninang, lovan, melton, mildura, murre bayalu, polworth, ripan mattu vendaurigala ellah athawa chunawana jillegala bhagagalolage ide.
sthaliya sarkari pradeshagalu.
ee pradeshavu hannondu sthaliya sarkari pradeshagalannu hondide, avugalendareh
aahara mattu wine utsava.
grampions pradeshavu aastreliyaada athi deerghakaalada aahara mattu wine utsavagalalli ondaada grampions grape escapege neleyagide, idannu prati varsha mayee tingala modala vaaraantyadalli sabhaanganagala antaradalli nadesalaaguttade. 1992ralli praarambhavaada grampions grape escape viktoriyaada ondu vishishtavaada kaaryakramavaagide mattu 100kkoo hecchu sthaliya kushalakarmi nirmapakaru, nera sangeeta mattu kutumba manaranjanegalinda aahara mattu wine kodugegalannu odagisuttade.
parisara samrakshane.
grampions pradeshavu grampions rashtriya udyaanavana mattu chikka marubhoomi rashtriya udyaanavanavannu hondide. |
grampians (pradesham)
australiyayile victoriyayude padinjaaru bhaagath sthithi cheiyunna oru saambathika grameena mekhalayaanu grampians. grettar melboninte padinjaaran praanthapradeshangalude vadakkupadinjaraayi, thekkan oostreliyayumaayulla samsthaanathinte padinjaaran athirthiyil sthithi cheiyunna eee pradeshathu grampians desheeyodyaanavum supradhana swarnna khanana paithruka swathukkalum ulppedunnu. graambiyan mekhalayil rund upamekhalakalundu, graambiyan central highlands, vimmara sathen maalii.
2016leeii australian sensus prakaram, graambiyan mekhalayile janasamkhyayude pakuthiyolam ballaat nagarathilaanu. janasamkhyayude avarohana kramatthil eee pradeshatthinte pradhana kendrangal ballaarat, backus marsh,,, ennivayaanu.
bharanam.
rashtreeya praathinidhyam.
australian federal thiranjeduppukalude aavasyangalkkaayi, ballaat, corangamite, maalii, vaanon ennivayude thiranjeduppu divisionukalude ellah allengil bhagangalkkullil graambiyan mekhala ulppedunnu.
victorian niyamasabhayilekkulla thiranjeduppukalude aavasyangalkkaayi, boonyong, loven, melttan, mildura, murey samathalangal, polwarth, ripon, venduri ennee thiranjeduppu jillakalile ellah allengil bhagangalkkullil grampians mekhala ulppedunnu.
praadeshika sarkkar pradeshangal.
eee mekhalayil pathinonnu praadeshika sarkkar mekhalakalundu, avaa ivayaanu
bhakshanavum veenjum utsavam.
australiyayile ettavum kooduthal kaalam nadakkunna bhakshana, wine uthsavangalilonnaya grampians grape escape ellah varshavum meyy aadya vaaraanthyathil haalukalude edavelayil nadakkunnu. 1992ll aarambhicha grampians grape escape victoriyayude oru mukhamudrayaanu, koodaathe nooriladhikam praadeshika karakaushala nirmmathaakkal bhakshanavum veenjum vaagdaanam cheiyunnu, thalsamaya samgeetham, kudumba vinodam enniva nalkunnu.
paristhithi samrakshanam.
grampians desheeyodyaanavum cheria marubhoomi desheeyodyaanavum grampians mekhalayil ulppedunnu.
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grampions (pradesh)
grampions haah austreliyachya victoriyachya paschim bhagat sthit eka aarthik grameen pradesh aahe. haah pradesh grater melburnchya paschim upnagaranchya vayvyes, dakshin austreliyachya rajyachya paschim simevar aahe aanee tyat grampions rashtriy udyan aanee sonyachya khaninchya mahattvapoorn varsa malmattancha samavesh aahe. grampions pradeshat done up-pradesh aahet, grampions madhyavarti uchchpradesh aanee vimera dakshini malli.
2016 chya austreliyan jangananenusar, grampian pradeshachi loksankhya sumare ardhi asoon, jawaljawal ardhi loksankhya ballarut shaharat aahe. loksankhyechya utaratya kramane yaa pradeshachi pramukh kendre ballarut, backus marsh aanee.
prashasana.
rajkiy pratinidhitva.
pratinidhi sabhagruhasathichya austreliyan federal nivadanukanchya uddeshane, grampian pradesh haah ballarut, corungmite, malli aanee wannon yaa serve kinwa kahee bhaganchya nivadanuk vibhaganmadhye samavisht aahe.
vidhansabhechya victorian nivadanukanchya uddeshane, grampian pradesh haah buniniyong, lovan, melton, mildura, murre maidani pradesh, polworth, ripan aanee vendori yaa serve kinwa kahee bhaganchya nivadanuk jilhyanmadhye samavisht aahe.
sthanik sarkari kshetre.
yaa pradeshat akra sthanik sarkari kshetre aahet, jee pudhilpramane aaheth
ann aanee madya mahotsav.
grampions pradesh haah austreliyatil sarvat pradirgh kaal chalana ann aanee madya mahotsavanpaiki eka aahe, grampions draksh palayan, jeey darvarshi meey mahinyachya pahilya aathvadyachya shevati sabhagruhachya antarane aayojit kele jaate. 1992 madhye suru jhalela grampions grape escape haah victoriyasathi eka vaishishtyapurn karyakram aahe aanee 100 hoon adhik sthanik karagir utpadak, thet sangeet aanee kautumbik karamanook yandware ann aanee madya pradan karato.
paryavaran sanrakshn.
grampions pradeshat grampions rashtriy udyan aanee chhote valvant rashtriy udyan aahe. |
grampian (khetra)
grampions australiako wictoriako paschimi bhagma awasthit ek arthik gramin khetra how. yo khetra greater melbornko paschimi upanagarko uttarapashchimma, dakshin astreliyasanga rajyako paschimi simama awasthit chha rar yasama grampion rashtriya nikunj rar mahatwapurna suna khani sampada sampattiharu samawesh chhan. grampion kshetrama dui upa-kshetraharu chhan, grampionharu madhya uchchabhumiharu rar vimera dakshini mally.
sann 2016 ko astreliyali janaganaanusar, grampion kshetrako janasankhya lagbhag adha janasankhya balrat saharma awasthit thiyo. janasankhyako awarohi kramama yass kshetraka pramukh kendraharu balrat, bachchas marsh, rar, hun.
prashasana.
rajnitik pratinidhitwa.
pratinidhi sabhako lagi astreliyali sanghiya chunawako uddeshyaka lagi, grampion khetra ballarat, korangamite, mally rar wananko sabai wa chunawi vibhajanko bhagbhitra samawesh chha.
vidhan sabhako lagi victorian chunawako uddeshyaka lagi, grampion khetra buninyong, lowan, melton, mildura, murre maidan, polwarth, ripan rar wendoriko sabai wa chunawi jillaharuko bhag bhitra nihit chha.
sthaniya sarkari kshetraharu.
yass kshetrama eghar sthaniya sarkari kshetraharu chhan, junah
khana rar wine mahotsava.
grampion khetra australiako sabaibhanda lamo samayasamma chalne khana rar wine utsabharu madhye ek how, grampionharu angurbata bhagne, june pratyek warsha meko pahilo saptahantama halko antaralma ayojit hunchha. sann 1992 maa suru garieko, grampions angur escape wictoriaca lagi euta wishishta karyakram how rar yasale 100 bhanda badhi sthaniya karigar utpadakharu, pratyaksha sangit rar pariwarik manoranjandwara khana rar wine prastawharu pradan gardacha.
watawarniya sanrakshan.
grampions kshetrama grampions rashtriya nikunj rar sano marubhumi rashtriya nikunj samawesh chha. | grampian (anchala)
grampian heuchhi astreliaara victoriara paschima bhagare abasthita eka arthanaitika grameena anchala . ehi anchala greater mailborner paschima upkanthara uttara-paschimare, dakhina astrelia sahita rajyara paschima seemaare abasthita ebong ethire grampian jatiah udyan ebong gurutwapurna suna khani aitihya sampatti antarbhukta . grampian anchalare duiti upa-anchala rahichhi, grampian kendriah uchchabhumi ebong wimera dakhina maali.
2016 astrelia janganana anujai, grampian anchalara janasankhya thila, janasankhyara praiah adhaa balarat saharare abasthita . janasankhyara abrohi kramare ehi anchalara pramukh kendragudika heuchhi ballarot, baches marsh, ebong.
prashasana.
rajanaitika pratinidhitwa.
pratinidhi sabha paain astreliah sangheeah nirbachana uddeshyare, grampian anchala ballarot, korangamait, maali ebong wanan rahr samasta kimba nirbachani bibhaga madhyare antarbhukta .
bidhanasabha paain victorian nirbachana uddeshyare, grampian anchala buniniong, lowan, melton, mildura, murre samatala anchala, polwarth, ripan ebong wendorira samasta kimba nirbachani jillara kichhi ansha madhyare antarbhukta .
sthaniah sarkari anchala.
ehi anchalare egarati sthaniah sarkari anchala rahichhi, jaahaa helah
khadya ebong mudd utsaba.
grampian anchalare astreliaara dirghatama chaluthiba khadya ebong mudd utsaba madhyaru gotie, grampian drakhyaras escape, pratibarsha meey masser pratham saptaha sheshare hull byabadhanare anusthita hue . 1992 ray arambha hoithiba grampiance grape escape heuchhi victoria paain eka bisesh karjyakram ebong 100 ru adhika sthaniah karigara nirmata, laiva music ebong paribarika manoranjan dwara khadya ebong wine pradan kare .
paribesha surakhya.
grampian anchalare grampian jatiah udyan ebong khudra marubhumi jatiah udyan rahichhi.
| grampion (khetar)
grampions ikk aarthik pendu khetar haii joe victoria, australia dey pachmi hisse witch sathit haii. ih khetar greater melborne dey pachmi upnagaran dey uttar-pachham witch, dakkhni australia naal raaj dee pachmi sarhadd utte sathit haii atey iss witch grampions national park atey sone dee mining deeaan mahattavpuran virasati sampatiaan shamal hunn. grampion khetar witch doou upp-khetar hunn, grampion kendri highlands atey vimmera dakkhni maali.
2016 dee australia dee mardamshumari dey anusar, grampion khetar dee aabadi lagbhag addhi haii, joe kii balrat shehar witch sathit haii. aabadi dey utarde kram witch, iss khetar dey pramukh kendra, ballart, backs maarash, atey, hunn.
parshasana.
rajneetak numaindagi.
pratinidhan dey sadan laee australia deeaan sanghi chonhan dey udeshan laee, grampion khetar ballart, corungmite, mully atey vannon dey saare jaan chonh divisionan dey hisse dey ander shamal haii.
vidhan sabha laee victorian chonhan dey udeshan laee, grampion khetar buniniong, lovan, melton, myeldura, murre maidaan, polwarth, ripan atey vandori dey saare jaan chonh zilhiaan dey hisse dey ander shamal haii.
sathanak sarkari khetar.
iss khetar witch giaaran sathanak sarkari khetar hunn, joe hann
bhojan atey wine tiuhar
grampions khetar australia dey sabh toon lambe samein takk challan vaale bhojan atey wine tiuharan vicchon ikk haii, grampions angur escape, joe harr saal maee dey pahile hafte dey ant witch haal dey paade witch aayojit keeta jaanda haii. 1992 witch shuru keeta giaa, grampion angur escape victoria laee ikk vishesh ghatna haii atey 100 toon vaddh sathanak karigar nirmatavan, live sangeet atey parivarak manoranjan duaara bhojan atey wine dee peshkash pardan kardi haii.
vatavaran dee surakhiaa.
grampions khetar witch grampions national park atey little desert national park shamal hunn.
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grampian (kshetram)
da graampiyans australia-deshasya viktoriyaadeshasya pashchimabhaage sthitah aarthik-graameen-pradesha asti. ayam pradesha greater melborne ityasya pashchim-upanagarasy vaayavyadishi, dakshina-australia-deshena saha rajyasya pashchimasimaayaam sthitah asti, yasmin grampian-rashtriya-udyaanam, mahattvapoornam swarna-khanan-viraasatasampattih cha antarbhavanti. grampian-pradeshe dwau upapradeshau stah, grampian-madhya-ucchabhoomihi, vimeraa-dakshina-malli cha.
2016 tamavarshasya australia-deshasya janaganananusaram, grampian-pradeshasya janasankhyaa, praayah ardhaamsham janasankhyaya balaarat-nagare eva aasit. asya pradeshasya pramukhaani kendraani, janasankhyaayaah avarohee-kramanusare, ballarat, baacchas maarsh,,,, cha santi.
prashaasanam.
rajanaitikam pratinidhitvam.
pratinidhisadanasy krute australia-deshasya sangheey-nirvaachanasya prayojanartham, grampian-pradesha ballarat, corangmat, malli, vaannan ityetayoho nirvaachak-vibhaageshu sarveshu vaa bhaageshu vaa antarbhavati.
vidhaanasabhaayaah victorian-nirvaachanasya prayojanartham, grampian-pradesha buninyong, lovan, melton, mildura, murre-maidaanaani, polvart, ripan, vendori ityadinam nirvaachakamandaleshu sarveshu vaa bhaageshu vaa antarbhavati.
sthaniya-sarvakaareey-kshetraani.
asmin pradeshe ekaadasha sthaniyashasanakshetrani santi, yaani santi -
khaadya-madya-utsavah.
grampions-pradesha australia-deshasya dirghatamam prachalane khaadya-madya-utsaveshu anyatamah asti, grampions-grape-escape iti, yat prativarsham mey-masasya prathamasaptaahe sabhaagruhe aayojyate. 1992 tame varshe aarabhy, da-graampiyans-grape-escape iti victoria-deshasya vishishtah kaaryakramah asti, 100 taha adhikaih sthaniya-shilpakaar-nirmaatrubhihi, pratyaksha-sangeeta-dwara, paarivaarik-manoranjana-dwara cha khaadya-madya-prasadan pradadaati.
paryaavaranasya samrakshanam.
graampiyans-pradeshe graampiyans-rashtriya-udyaanam, laghu-marubhoomi-rashtriyodyanam cha santi. |
grambians (piraanthiyam)
grambians enbathu australiavin victoriavin maerkup paguthiyil amainthulla oru porulaathaara kiraamappurap paguthiyaagum. ippaguthi crater melbourne maerku puranagarp pakuthikalin vadamaerkil, therku australiavudanaana maanilaththin maerku ellaiyil amainthullathu, maelum idhil grambian thaesiya poongaa mattrum kurippidatthakka thanga suranga paarambariya sothukkal adangkum. grambian piraanthiyaththil irandu thunaip pakuthikal ullana, grambian matthiya malaippaguthigal mattrum vimmara therku maalii.
2016 australian makkal thogai kanakkeduppinpadi, grambian piraanthiyaththin makkal thogai kittatthatta paathi pallarat nagaril amainthullathu. makkalthogaiyin irangku varisaiyil, ippaguthiyin mukiya maiyangkal pallarat, pacus sathuppu nilangkal, mattrum.
nirvaagam.
arasiyal pirathinithiththuvam.
pirathinithikal sabaikkaana australian koottaatchi thaerthalkalin nokkangkalukkaaga, grambian piraanthiyam pallarat, gorangamite, malli mattrum vaanan aagiya thaerthal pirivugalin anaitthu allathu oru pakuthikkul ullathu.
sattamandraththirkaana victorian thaerthalkalin nokkangkalukkaaga, grambian piraanthiyam puninyong, lovan, melton, mindura, murre samaveligal, bolward, ribbon mattrum ventori aagiya thaerthal maavattangkalin anaitthu allathu oru pakuthikkul ullathu.
ullaatchi amaippugal.
ippaguthiyil pathinoru ullaatchi amaippugal ullana, avai pinvarumaaru
unavu mattrum madhu thiruvilaa.
grambians piraanthiyam australiavin miga neenda kaalamaaga nadaiperum unavu mattrum oyin thiruvizhaakkalil ontraana grambians thiraatchai thappikkum idamaagum, idhu ovvoru aandum mae maathaththin muthal vaara iruthiyil arangkugalin idaiveliyil nadaththappadukirathu. 1992 aam aandil thodangappatta grambians thiraatchai thappikkum nigazhvu viktoariyaavukku oru thaniththuvamaana nigazhvaagum, maelum 100 kkum maerpatta ulloor kaivinaignargal thayaarippaalarkal, neradi isai mattrum kudumba pozhuthupoakku aagiyavattraal unavu mattrum oyin vazhangkalgalai valangkukirathu.
suttruchchoozhal paathukaappu.
grambians piraanthiyaththil grambians thaesiyap poongaa mattrum siriya paalaivana thaesiyap poongaa ullana.
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grampions (praantam)
grampions anedi australialoni victoria paschima bhaagamlo unna oka aardhika graameena praantam. eee praantam grater melbourne yokka paschima shivaaru praantaalaku vaayuvya disalo, dakshina australiatho rashtra paschima sarihaddulo undhi mariyu indulo grampions jaateeya udyaanavanam mariyu mukhyamaina bangaaru ganula tavvakam vaarasatva aastulu unnaayi. grampions praantamloo rendu upa-praantaalu unnaayi, grampions central highlands mariyu vimmera sadaran maalii.
2016 australia janabha lekkala prakaram, grampions praantamloo daadaapu sagam janabha ballarat nagaramlo undhi. janabha avarohana kramamlo eee praantam yokka pradhana kendraalu ballarat, batches marsh, mariyu.
paripalana.
raajakeeya praatinidhyam.
pratinidhula sabha kosam australian samakhya ennikala prayojanaala kosam, grampions praantam ballarat, korangamite, mallie mariyu vannon ennikala vibhagalannintilo ledhaa kontha bhaagamlo untundi.
saasanasabhaku victorian ennikala prayojanaala kosam, grampions praantam buninyang, lovan, melton, mildura, murre maidaanaalu, polworth, ripan mariyu vendori ennikala jillaalannintilo ledhaa kontha bhaagamlo untundi.
sthaanika prabhutva praantaalu.
eee praantamloo padakondu sthaanika prabhutva praantaalu unnaayi, avih
aaharam mariyu wine panduga.
australialo ekkuva kaalam nadiche aahara mariyu wine utsavaalalo okataina grampions praantam, prati samvatsaram mae modati vaaraantamlo haallaloo jarige grampions draksha escape kuu nilayam. 1992loe praarambhinchina grampions grape escape anedi victoriaku oka pratyaekamaina karyakramam mariyu 100 mandiki paiga sthaanika kalaakaarula utpattidaarulu, pratyaksha sangeetam mariyu kutumba vinodam dwara aaharam mariyu wine samarpanalanu andistundi.
paryaavarana parirakshana.
grampions praantamloo grampions national park mariyu little edaari national park unnaayi. | grampin (elaqah)
dee grampenz victoriah australia kay maghrabi hasay mein waaqa eek iqtesadi deehi elaqah hay. yaha khatah greater melburn kay maghrabi mazafat kay shamaal maghrab mein janubi australia kay saath riyasat kii maghrabi sarhad parr waaqa hay aur iss mein grampin national paark aur sonay kii kaan kanee kay aham warsay kay asaase shaamil haine. grampin kay elaqay mein duu zeeli elaqay haine grampin wastee pahaadi elaqay aur wamira janubi milly.
2016 kii austrailvi mardam shumari kay mutabiq grampin kay elaqay kii aabadi taqriba nasf aabadi kay saath balarat shehar mein waaqa thee. aabadi kii nazuli tartib mein khatay kay aham marakaz balarat batches maarsh aur haine.
intezamiya.
seyasi numaindagi.
aiwan numaindagaan kay liye austrailvi wafaqi intekhabat kay maqasid kay liyay grampin kaa elaqah belarat couringmite milly aur weenan kay tamaam yaa intekhabi devisions kay hasay mein shaamil hay.
qanoon saaz assembly kay liye victoriyayi intekhabat kay maqasid kay liyay grampin kaa elaqah baniniong lawaan melton maldora moray kay medani alaqay polwarth repon aur vendori kay tamaam yaa intekhabi azlaa kay kachh hasay mein mojud hay.
maqami hukumat kay elaqay.
iss khatay mein gayarah maqami hukumat kay elaqay haine juu yaha haine:
foud aind wine festival.
grampin kaa elaqah australia kay sabb say taweel chalnay waalay khaaney aur sharaab kay tehwaron mein say eek hay grampin kay angor say faraar juu harr saal mayee kay pehley haftay kay aakhir mein haalon kay waqfe mein munaqid hotaa hay. 1992 mein sharoo kiyaa gayaa dee grampens grape escape victoriah kay liye eek khaas taqrib hay aur 100 say ziyadah maqami karigar prodiosaron braah raast mausiqi aur khaandaani tafrih kay zariye khaaney aur sharaab kii paishkash farahim kartaa hay.
mahuliyati tahfuz.
grampin kay elaqay mein grampin national paark aur chhota sahra national paark hay.
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000567f27106facbcdc779e666a2695830d37287bef5fb9f631749fc959d27b2 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14661574 | Canadian Fossil Discovery Centre |
Canadian Fossil Discovery Centre
The Canadian Fossil Discovery Centre, formerly known as the Morden and District Museum, is a fossil museum located in Morden, Manitoba, in the lower level of the Access Events Centre. The museum currently houses the largest collection of marine reptile fossils in Canada.
Collections.
Field excavations occur along the Manitoba Escarpment area of the Pembina Hills in the Red River Valley. Most fossils that are collected are from the Pembina and Millwood Members of the Pierre Shale.
The Discovery Centre also houses numerous specimens of the Cretaceous squid "Tusoteuthis longa"; these specimens represent the northernmost known occurrence of these molluscs in the Cretaceous seas of North America. (Nicholls and Isaak, 1987).
The centre houses the world's largest publicly exhibited mosasaur of the species "Tylosaurus pembinensis", Bruce. Bruce received a Guinness World Record in on August 22, 2014 and was featured in the 2015 Guinness Book of World Records.
The Museum is affiliated with the Canadian Museums Association, Canadian Heritage Information Network, and Virtual Museum of Canada.
Programs.
The Discovery Centre offers school programs, guided tours, summer day camps, paleo tours, fossil dig programs and much more. The museum has a large database of research information pertaining to the fossil collection from the Late Cretaceous Period.
The prized specimen is Bruce, a 43-foot (13 m) long mosasaur fossil, the largest publicly displayed mosasaur in the world.
Fossil dig programs continue each summer, from May to October, along the Manitoba Escarpment. A short necked plesiosaur specimen 26 feet (7.9 m) long was excavated in 2004/5, and the former executive director Anita Janzic has published two scientific abstracts on the specimen and its stomach contents. (Janzic 2007; Janzic 2006)
Plans.
The Canadian Fossil Discovery Centre is in the early fundraising stages to build a new museum.
Details of the entire fossil collection have been digitized and uploaded to the internet in a groundbreaking move to provide access to the fossil collection to paleontology researchers and students worldwide. Other projects include a series of 4 education kits for grades K - 12, which will bring the museum content and subject matter into the Manitoba school curriculum.
Multimedia.
The film producer, David Rabinovitch of Fleetwood Films has produced a 4-minute introductory film, a 20-minute educational film and is working to secure funding to produce a documentary film. The film will include the story of how 'Bruce' the huge mosasaur on display in the museum gallery was discovered on the Manitoba Escarpment, was then excavated and brought to the City of Morden; and how this started the Canadian Fossil Discovery Centre back in 1971.
Research.
Scientific research is at an all-time high in the museum departments of vertebrate paleontology and geology. Current research is focused on marine paleoecology of the Western Interior Seaway, stomach contents of plesiosaurs, stratigraphic cartography and the use of ArcGIS along with geochemical analysis of the bentonite stringers located in the upland region of Pembina Mountain. Visiting researchers from Japan, China, England and the United States are also assisting us with various other research endeavors relating to the marine waters of the Late Cretaceous Period in Manitoba.
The Canadian Fossil Discovery Centre hosts the bi-annual Manitoba Paleontology Symposium to help facilitate awareness of this research and the overall advancement of paleontological research within the province and throughout the various communities of Canadian paleontology.
In 2016 Keiichi Aotsuka announced the discovery of a new species of marine bird from the collection of the centre named "Hesperornis lumgairi".
Honours.
The Canadian Fossil Discovery Centre was given the status of a "Manitoba Star Attraction" in 2005 by Travel Manitoba.
In late 2014 the Guinness World Records awarded the museum with a record for Largest Publicly Displayed Mosasaur: Bruce. The record was added to the 2016 print edition of the Guinness World Records.
In 2015 Canada Post released a stamp based on the museum's Bruce Mosasaur as part of a five stamp Dino Series.
In 2015 the centre was instrumental in establishing the mosasaur as the official fossil emblem of the province of Manitoba.
In 2016 the Canadian Fossil Discovery Centre became the seventh Signature Museum in the province of Manitoba.
References.
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kanadian jiwashmo abiskar kendro
kanadian jiwashmo abiskar kendro, purbote morden aaru jilaa xongrohaloy naamere jonajat, prowex event centeror tolor storor morden, monitubat owosthito. ei xongrohaloyot bortoman kanadar xamudrik xorixripor jiwashmor xorbobrihot xongroho aase. (janjik endo hesar 2008; nik 'los 1988)
xongroho.
ronga nodee upotyokar pembina paharor monituba escarpment oncholot khelpotharor khonon koraa hoy. xongroho koraa besibhag jiwashmo pembina aaru milloudor piyer xelor xodosyoxokolor poraa aahoron koraa hoy.
abiskar kendrotut critacius squid "tusuteuthis longa" ror oxongkhyo nomunau aase; ei nomunabure uttor aamerikar critacius xagorot ei mulasokor uttorotomo porisito ghotonak protinidhitwo kore. (nich 'los endo isak, 1987).
ei kendrotut biswor xorbobrihot rajohuwabhabe prodorxito "tailucharas pembinencies" projatir musasar, bruch aase. bruche 2014 sonor 22 aagostot ginij biswo obhilekh laabh korisil aaru 2015 sonor ginij book owo world recordsot sthan laabh korisil.
karzoxusixomuh.
ei abiskar kendrotuwe bidyaloyor karzoxusi, nirdexito bhromon, grishmokalin dinor xibir, peliu bhromon, jiwashmo khonon karzoxusi aaru bohutu prodan kore. xongrohaloitut critacius jugor xexor poraa jiwashmo xongrohor xoite xomporkito gowexona tothyor ek brihot tothyobhandar aase.
mulyowan nomunatu hoise bruch, 43 fut (13 mitter) dighol musasar jiwashmo, ji biswor xorbobrihot rajohuwabhabe prodorxito musasar.
proti grishmokalot mey "maahor poraa octobor maholoike monituba escarpmentor kaxot jiwashmo khonon karzoxusi obyahot thaake. 26 fut (7.9 mitter) dighol etaa suti dingir placio "soror nomuna 2004/5 too khonon koraa hoisil, aaru prakton karzobahi xonsalok onita janjise nomuna aaru iyar petor xomolor uporot dutaa boigyanik bimurto prokax korise. (janjik 2007; janjik 2006)
porikolpona.
kanadian jiwashmo abiskar kendrotu etaa notun xongrohaloy nirmanor baabe puji xongrohor prarombhik porzayot aase.
xomogro jiwashmo xongrohor xobixex digitalize koraa hoise aaru biswojuri protnototwo gowexok aaru saatro-satrixokolok jiwashmo xongrohor prowexadhikar prodan koriboloi ek jugantokari podokhyep hisape internetot upload koraa hoise. onyanyo prokolpoxomuhor bhitorot key-12 shrenir baabe 4taa xikhya kitor etaa sringkhola ontorbhukto aase, jiye xongrohaloyor bixoybostu aaru bixoibur monituba bidyaloyor pathyokromot aanibo.
multimedia.
solositro projujok, fleetwod filmsor david rabinubhise 4 minutor prarombhik solositro ekhon projujona korise, 20 minutor xoikhyik solositro ekhon aaru ekhon tothyositro nirmanor baabe puji xurokhito korar baabe kaam kori aase. solositrokhonot xongrohaloyor galleryt prodorxito bixal musasartu kenekoi monituba escarpmentot abiskar koraa hoisil, taar pisot khonon kori morden sohoroloi onaa hoisil; aaru ee kenekoi 1971 sonot kanadian jiwashmo abiskar kendro aarombho korisil taar kahini ontorbhukto koraa hoh 'bob.
gowexona koraa.
xongrohaloyor merudondi pranibigyani aaru bhutotwo bibhagxomuhot boigyanik gowexona xorbokalor uschotat aase. bortomanor gowexonat poschimor obhyontorin xagoror xamudrik prakritik poriwex bigyan, placio "saaror petor xamogri, storbodho manchitrangkon aaru pembina porbotor uschobhumi oncholot owosthito bentonite stringeror bhu-raxayonik bislexonor logote aarkijisor byoboharor uporot gurutwo diya hoise. jaapan, cheen, england aaru aamerika juktorastror bhromonkari gowexokxokoleu manitubat cretacius jugor xexor xamudrik jolo xomporkiyo aan bibhinno gowexona prochestat aamak xohay kori aase.
kanadian jiwashmo abiskar kendroi ei gowexonar bixoye xojagota aaru prodexor bhitorot aaru kanadian paleontologyr bibhinno xomprodayor bhitorot paleontological gowexonar xamogrik ogrogotir xubidha prodan korat xohay koriboloi dwi-barxik manituba paleontology ximpujiyamor aayujon kore.
2016 sonot keisi ausukai "hesper 'nich lamgoiri" naamor kendror xongrohor poraa ek notun projatir xamudrik sorai abiskar korar kotha ghuxona korisil.
xonman.
kanadian jiwashmo abiskar kendrotuk 2005 sonot monituba prodexor dwara "monituba taroka aakorxon" ror morzada diya hoisil.
2014 sonor xexor faale ginij world recordse xongrohaloituk xorbobrihot rajohuwabhabe prodorxito musasar-bruchor obhilekhore xonmanito kore. ei obhilekhtu ginij world recordsor 2016 sonor print xongoskoronot jug diya hoisil.
2015 sonot kanada poste xongrohaloyor bruch musasaror uporot aadharito etaa daktikit mukoli korisil jitu pasta daktikit dinu sringkholar ongxo aasil.
2015 sonot ei kendroi musasarok monituba prodexor sorkari jiwashmo protik hisape protistha korat guruttopurno bhumika paalon korisil.
2016 sonot kanadian jiwashmo abiskar kendrotu monituba prodexor xoptom swakhyorito xongrohaloy hoi pore.
anugotyo.
ei xongrohaloitu kanadar chi. em. e., chinn aaru bharsuwel xongrohaloyor xoite xongzukto.
porisalona kormi.
adolphu kuyetara, karzobahi xonsalok | kanadian jeebashmo abishkar kendra
kanadian jeebashmo abishkar kendra, jaa purbe morden ebong zela jadughar naame porichito chhilo, axes event center neecher store morden, manitoba abosthito. bortomane eyi jadughare kanadar samudrik sarisrip jeebashmer brihottomo sangraha royeche. (janjik anned hatcher 2008; nichols 1988)
sangraha.
laal nodee upottokar pembina pahader monetoba escarpment elaka borabor maatth khanankarjo ghote. sangraha koraa beshirbhag jeebashmo piyer sheler pembina ebong millouder sadasyader theke pawa yaay.
abishkar kendre cretasius squid "tusoteuthis longa"-rawr asankhya namuna royeche; eyi namunaguli uttor americar cretasius samudre eyi molaskgulir uttorotomo porichito ghotonar protinidhitto korey. (nichols anned isak, 1987).
eyi kendre bishwer brihottomo sorbojoninbhabe prodorshito prajati "tylosaurus pembinensis", brucer mojasar royeche. 2014 saaler 22shhey august bruce ekti ginnes bishwa record orjon corren ebong 2015 saaler ginnes book off worled recorde sthan paan.
programa.
abishkar kendroti school programa, guided tour, grissokalin shibir, pallio tour, jeebashmo khonon programa ebong arow onek kichhu sarbaraha korey. eyi jadughare critasius juger shesher dick theke jeebashmo sangraha somporkito gobeshona tothyer ekti borh databes royeche.
mulyaban namuna holl bruce, ekti 43 foot (13 mitter) lomba mojasar jeebashmo, jaa bishwer sorbojoninbhabe prodorshito mojasar brihottomo.
proti grisse, meey theke octobor porjonto, monetoba escarpment borabor jeebashmo khonon karjokrom abyahoto thaake. 26 foot (7.9 mitter) lomba ekti chhoto ghader placiosorer namuna 2004/5-ayee khonon koraa hoyechilo ebong praktan nirbahi porichalok anita janjik namuna ebong err pakostholir visayavastu somporke duti boigyanik bimurto prakash korechen. (janjik 2007; janjik 2006)
parikalpana.
kanadian jeebashmo abishkar kendra ekti notun jadughar nirmaner jonno prathomik tehbil sangraher porjaye royeche.
somogro jeebashmo sangraher biboron digitalize koraa hoyeche ebong bishwobyapi jibashmobidya gobeshok ebong shikkharthider jeebashmo sangraher axes prodaner jonno ekti jugantokari podokkhepe internette uploaded koraa hoyeche. anyanno prokolpogulir modhye royeche keey-12 grader jonno 4tii shikkha kiter ekti sirij, jaa jadughar visayavastu ebong vishaygulike manitoba bidyalayer patthyokromer modhye niye asbe.
multimedia.
cholochchitro projojok, fleetwood filmser david rabinivic ekti 4 minuter prarambhik cholochchitro, ekti 20 minuter shikkhamulak cholochchitro prajojana korechen ebong ekti tothyochitro nirmaner jonno tehbil surokkhito korar jonno kaaj korchen. cholochchitrotite jadughar galleryte prodorshito bishal mojasar 'bruce' kibhabe manitoba escarpmente abishkrito hoyechilo, tarpor khonon korey morden shohore aanaa hoyechilo ebong kibhabe etty 1971 saale kanadian jeebashmo abishkar kendrer suchona korechilo taar golpo antarbhukta thakbe.
gobeshona.
merudandi prani protnototto oo bhutotter jadughar bibhage boigyanik gobeshona sorbokaler sorbochcho porjaye royeche. bortoman gobeshonati poschim abhyantarin samudrapather samudrik paleoecology, placiosorer peter visayavastu, storbinnas manchitro ebong pembina porboter uchchobhumite abosthito bentonite stringer bhu-rasayanik bishleshoner pashapashi arcoziser byaboharer upor drishti niboddho korey. japan, chean, ingland ebong markin juktorashtrer poridorshonkari gobeshokra manitobar shesh critaceous juger samudrik joll somporkito anyanno bivinno gobeshona prochestai amader sahayata korchen.
kanadian jeebashmo abishkar kendra eyi gobeshona somporke sachetanata ebong prodesher modhye ebong kanadian paleontologyr bivinno sampradai judey paleontological gobeshonar samogrik aggrogotir subidharthe dwi-barshik manitoba paleontology symposium ayojan korey.
2016 saale keiichi aotsuka "hesperornis lamgairi" naame kendrer sangraha theke ekti notun projatir samudrik pakhi abishkarer ghoshana deyo.
sommanona.
kanadar jeebashmo abishkar kendrotike 2005 saale manitoba pradesh dwara "manitoba tarka akarshan"-err morjada deoa hoyechilo.
2014 saaler shesher dike ginnes worled records jadughartike sorbojoninbhabe prodorshito mojasar-brucer record diye bhushito korey. eyi recordti ginnes worled recordser 2016 saaler mudran sangaskarane jukto koraa hoyechilo.
2015 saale kanada poosta ekti panch stamp dino sirijer ongsho hisabe jadughar bruce mojasar upor vitti korey ekti stamp prakash korey.
2015 saale eyi kendroti manitoba prodesher sarkari jeebashmo protik hisabe mojasar protisthai sahayak bhumika palon korechilo.
2016 saale kanadian jeebashmo abishkar kendroti manitoba prodesher saptam swakkhorito jadughare porinoto hoy.
anugatya.
jadugharti shee. emm. ayee, chinn ebong kanadar virtual jadughar saathe jukto.
porichalon karmi.
adolpho kuetara, nirbahi porichalok
| kenediyan ashmibhoot shodh kendra
kenediyan ashmibhoot shodh kendra, jeey agau morden aneey jilla sangrahalay tareeke jaanitu hatoo, teey morden, manitobama pravesh kaarykram kendrana neechala starmaa stheet chhe. aaa sangrahalayma haalmaa kenedama dariyai sarisrup avsheshono sauthee moto sangrah chhe. (janzik aneey hatcher 2008; nichols 1988)
sangrah.
laal nadeeni kheenma pembina tekrionaa manitoba escarpment vistaar saathe kshetranu khodkaam thaay chhe. motabhagna avshesho jeey aektrit karvaamaa aave chhe teey pier shelnaa pembina aneey milwood sabhyomathi chhe.
shodh kendramaa cretaceous squid "tusoteuthis longa" naa asankhya namunaao pann chhe; aaa namunaao uttar americana cretaceous samudramaa aaa molaskanee sauthee jaaniti uttarnee ghatanaanu pratinidhitva karey chhe. (nicholls anned isaq, 1987).
aaa kendramaa vishvanu sauthee motoo jaaherma pradarshit mosasaur "tylosaurus pembinances", bruce prajaati chhe. brusene 22 august, august roj ginnys worled reqorda malyo hato aneey teey teey ginnys book off worled recordsmaa saamel karvaamaa aavyo hato.
kaarykramo.
shodh kendra shaala kaarykramo, maargdarshit pravaaso, unaalaa divas shibir, peliyo pravaaso, ashmibhoot khodkaam kaarykramo aneey ghanoo badhu pradaan karey chhe. sangrahalayma cretaceous samaygalana antanaa ashmibhoot sangrahne lagatee sanshodhan maahiteeno moto database chhe.
mulyavaan namoono bruce chhe, jeey 43 foot (13 meater) laambo mozasaur ashmibhoot chhe, jeey vishvamaa jaaherma pradarshit mozasaurno sauthee moto chhe.
darr unalama meey thee october sudhee, manitoba escorpment saathe ashmibhoot khodkaam kaarykramo chaalu rahe chhe. 26 foot (7.9 meater) laambaa tunkaa galaavaada placiosornaa namunaanu 2004/5 maan khodkaam karvaamaa aavyu hatoo, aneey bhutpurv kaarykaari nirdeshak aneeta janziche namunaa aneey tenaa petnee samagri parr beey vaignanik saransho prakashit karyaa chhe. (jazik 2007; jazik 2006)
yojnaao.
kenediyan ashmibhoot shodh kendra navoo sangrahalay banaavvaa maate bhandol oobhu karvaanaa praarambhik tabakkama chhe.
samagr ashmibhoot sangrahni vigatone digital karvaamaa aavee chhe aneey vishvbharnaa paleontology sanshodhako aneey vidhyarthione ashmibhoot sangrahni pahonch pradaan karvaa maate aek abhutpurv paglaamaa internet parr uploaded karvaamaa aavee chhe. anya pariyojanaoma dhoran keey-12 maate 4 shikshan kitnee shreneeno samaavesh thaay chhe, jeey sangrahaalayni samagri aneey vishhayvastune manitoba shaalaana abhyaskramma lavshe.
multimedia.
film nirmata, fleetwood filmona david rabinoviche 4 minuteni praarambhik film, 20 minuteni shaikshanik filmnun nirmaan karyoo chhe aneey dastaveji filmnun nirmaan karvaa maate bhandol melavaa maate kaama curry rahee chhe. aaa filmmaan sangrahalay galleryma pradarshit vishaal mozassore 'bruce' kevee reete manitoba escarpment parr malee aavyu hatoo, pachhi tene khodkaam kareene morden shaherma lavvama aavyu hatoo aneey aneey kenediyan ashmibhoot shodh kendrani sharuaat kevee reete thaee tenee vaarta saamel hashe.
sanshodhan.
sangrahalayna karodasthidhari paleontology aneey bhustarshastra vibhagoma vaignanik sanshodhan atyaar sudhinaa sarvoch stare chhe. vartmaan sanshodhan pashchimi aantarik dariyai dariyai jalastar, plesiosaurnaa petnee samagri, starikrut nakshaakaran aneey pembina parvatnaa uchchpradesh pradeshmaa stheet bentonite stringersnaa bhoo-rasayanik vishleshan saathe aarkjisna upyog parr kendrit chhe. japan, chean, ingland aneey united statesnaa mulakati sanshodhako pann manitobama cretaceous samaygalana antamaa dariyai paanine lagata anya viveedh sanshodhan prayasoma amane madad curry rahyaa chhe.
kenediyan ashmibhoot shodh kendra aaa sanshodhanni jagruti aneey praantnee andar aneey kenediyan paleontologyna viveedh samudayoma paleontological sanshodhanni ekandar pragatine saral banavvama madad karvaa maate dhvivarshik manitoba paleontology parisamvaadnu aayojan karey chhe.
2016 maan keeichi aotsuka "hesperornis lumgairi" naamnaa kendrana sangrahmathi dariyai pakshini navee prajatini shodhnee jaaherat curry hatee.
sanmaan.
kenediyan ashmibhoot shodh kendrane kendrane manitoba praant dwara "manitoba taaraanu aakarshan" noow darajjo aapvama aavyo hato.
2014 naa antamaa ginnis worled recordse sangrahaalayne sauthee motaa jaaherma pradarshit mozasaur-brusenaa reqorda saathe sanmanit karyoo. aaa vikram ginnis worled recordsnee recordsnee print aavruttima umervaamaa aavyo hato.
hatee keneda poste paanch stamp dino shreneena bhaag rupe sangrahalayna bruce mosasore parr aadharit aek tapaal ticket bahaar paadee hatee.
hatee kendrae mosasaurne manitoba praantnaa sattavaar ashmibhoot prateek tareeke sthaapit karvaamaa mahatvani bhoomika bhajvi hatee.
hatee kenediyan ashmibhoot shodh kendra manitoba praantmaa saatmu hastakshar sangrahalay banyu hatoo.
jodaan.
aaa sangrahalay kenedana see. aema. aee., daadhi aneey virtual museum saathe sankalaayelu chhe.
vyavsthaapan staff.
adolpho cuetara, executive director
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kanadai jeevaashm khoj kendra
kanadai jeevaashm khoj kendra, jise pahale morden aur jilaa sangrahalaya key roop mein jaanaa jaataa thaa, morden, manitoba mein pahunch ayojan kendra key nichale star mein sthit haye. iss sangrahalaya mein vartamaan mein kanada mein samudri sarisrip jeevashmon kaa sabse badaa sangrah haye. (janjik aur hatcher 2008; naikols 1988)
sangrah.
laal nadee ghaati mein pembina pahaadiyon key manitoba escorpment kshetra key saath kshetra khudai hoti haye. sangrahit adhikansh jeevaashm pier shale key pembina aur milwood sadasyon seey hain.
khoj kendra mein cretaceous squid "tusotathes longa" key kaee namoone bhee hain; yeye namoone uttari america key cretaceous samudron mein inn molsk kii sabse uttari gyaat ghatana kaa pratinidhitva karate hain. (nichols aind isaq, 1987).
iss kendra mein duniya kaa sabse badaa saarvajanik roop seey pradarshit prajaati "tylosaurus pembinances", broose kaa mozasaur haye. broose koo 22 agast, 2014 koo ack gineej vishva record milaa aur 2015 kii gineej book off worled record mein shamil kiya gayaa thaa.
karyakram.
khoj kendra school karyakram, nirdeshit paryatan, grishmakaaleen shivir, jeevaashm khanan karyakram aur bahut kuchh pradaan kartaa haye. sangrahalaya mein cretaceous avadhi key anta seey jeevaashm sangrah seey sambandhit shodh jaankaari kaa ack badaa databases haye.
bahumulya namuna broose haye, joe ack 43-phut (13 meater) lamba mozasaur jeevaashm haye, joe duniya mein saarvajanik roop seey pradarshit sabse badaa mozasaur haye.
pratyek garmi mein, maee seey octuber taka, manitoba escorpment key saath jeevaashm khudai karyakram jaari rahate hain. 26 feat (7.9 meater) lambe ack chhote galey vaale placiosaur namoone kii khudai 2004/5 mein kii gaee thee, aur poorv karyakari nideshak aneeta janjik ney namoone aur isaki pett kii samagri parr dou vaigyaanik saar prakaashit kiye hain. (janjik 2007; janjik 2006)
yojanaaen.
kanadai jeevaashm khoj kendra ack nae sangrahalaya key nirmaan key liye dhana ugaahane key shuruati charanon mein haye.
jeevaashm sangrah key vivaran koo digitise kiya gayaa haye aur duniya bhar key jeevaashm vigyaan shodhkartaon aur chhatron koo jeevaashm sangrah taka pahunch pradaan karane key liye ack abhootpoorv kadam mein internet parr upload kiya gayaa haye. anya pariyojanaon mein grade key-12 key liye 4 shiksha kiton kii ack shrinkhala shamil haye, joe sangrahalaya kii samagri aur vishay vastu koo manitoba school pathyakram mein laayegi.
multimedia.
film nirmaata, fleetwood filmon key david rabinovic ney 4 minut kii parichayaatmak film, 20 minut kii shaikshik film kaa nirmaan kiya haye aur ack vrittachitra film banaane key liye dhana praapt karane key liye kaam curr rahey hain. film mein iss baat kii kahani shamil hogi kii kaise sangrahalaya gallery mein pradarshit vishal mozasaur kii khoj manitoba escorpment parr kii gaee thee, phir khudai kii gaee aur morden shahar mein laaya gayaa thaa; aur yeh kaise 1971 mein vaapas kanadai jeevaashm khoj kendra kii shuruat hui.
shodh.
kasheruki jeevaashm vigyaan aur bhoovigyaan key sangrahalaya vibhagon mein vaigyaanik anusandhaan sarvakaalik uchch star parr haye. vartamaan shodh paschimi aantarik samudri tata key samudri jeevaashm vigyaan, placiosaurs kii pett kii samagri, stareekrit maanchitran aur pembina parvat key oopari kshetra mein sthit bentonite stringers key bhoo-rasayanik vishleshan key saath archis key upayog parr kendrit haye. japan, chean, ingland aur sanyukt raajya america key daura karane vaale shodhkarta bhee manitoba mein cretaceous avadhi key anta key samudri jall seey sambandhit vibhinn anya shodh prayason mein hamari sahaayata curr rahey hain.
kanadai jeevaashm khoj kendra iss shodh key baare mein jagrukta aur praant key bheetar aur kanadai jeevaashm vigyaan key vibhinn samudaayon mein jeevaashm vigyaan anusandhaan kii samagr pragati koo suvidhajanak banaane mein madad karane key liye dvivaarshik manitoba jeevaashm vigyaan sangoshthi kii mejbani kartaa haye.
2016 mein keechi aotsuka ney "hesperonis lumgairi" naamak kendra key sangrah seey samudri pakshi kii ack naee prajaati kii khoj kii ghoshana kii.
sammaan.
kanadai jeevaashm khoj kendra koo 2005 mein manitoba praant dwara "manitoba starr aakarshan" kaa darja diyaa gayaa thaa.
2014 key anta mein gineej vishva record ney sangrahalaya koo saarvajanik roop seey pradarshit sabse badey mozasaur-broose key liye ack record seey sammaanit kiya. yeh record gineej vishva record key 2016 key print sanskaran mein jodaa gayaa thaa.
2015 mein kanada post ney paanch daak tikat dino shrinkhala key hisse key roop mein sangrahalaya key broose mozasaur parr adharit ack daak tikat jaari kiya.
2015 mein kendra ney mozasaur koo manitoba praant key aadhikarik jeevaashm prateek key roop mein sthaapit karane mein mahatvapurna bhoomika nibhai thee.
2016 mein kanadai jeevaashm khoj kendra manitoba praant mein satwan hastakshar sangrahalaya bunn gayaa.
sambaddhataaen.
sangrahalaya kanada key see. aim. aeye., chinn aur aabhaasi sangrahalaya seey sambaddh haye.
prabandhan karmchari.
adolfo kyutara, karyakari nideshak
| kenadaada paleyulike shodha kendra
hinde morden mattu jilla vastusangrahalaya endu kareyalaaguttidda kenadaada paleyulike avishkara kendravu pravesha ghatanegala kendrada kelamattadalliruva morden, manitobaadallide. ee vastusangrahaalayavu prastuta kenadaadallina samudra sareesrupa paleyulikegala atidodda sangrahavannu hondide. (geongic mattu hatcher 2008; nicholls 1988)
sangrahanegalu.
kempu nadhi kaniveya pembina bettagala manitoba escorpment pradeshadalli kshetra utkhananagalu nadeyuttave. sangrahisalaada hecchina paleyulikegalu pier shelna pembina mattu girani marada sadasyarinda bandive.
ee shodha kendravu cretatius squid "tusotuthis langa" naa halavaaru maadarigalannu saha hondide; ee maadarigalu uttara americada cretatius samudragalalli ee mrudvangigala uttarada atyanta prasiddhavaada ghataneyannu pratinidhisuttave. (nicholls mattu isaq, 1987).
ee kendravu vishvada atidodda saarvajanikavaagi pradarshisalaada "tylosaurus pembinensis" prabhedada mosasar annu hondide. 2014rahra august august bruseravaru ginnis vishwa daakhaleyannu padedaru mattu 2015rahra ginnis book off worled recordsonalli kanisikondaru.
kaaryakramagalu.
ee anveshane kendravu shaala kaaryakramagalu, margadarshi pravaasagalu, besige dinada shibiragalu, paleo pravaasagalu, paleyulike ageyuva kaaryakramagalu mattu innoo hechchinadannu odagisuttade. ee vastusangrahaalayavu cretatius avadhiya koneya paleyulike sangrahakke sambandhisida samshodhanaa maahitiya dodda dattasanchayavannu hondide.
43 addi (13 mea) uddada mosasar paleyulike, broose, vishvada atidodda saarvajanikavaagi pradarshisalaada mosasar aagide.
prati besigeyalli, meninda october varege, manitoba escorpmentna uddakkoo paleyulike ageyuva kaaryakramagalu munduvariyuttave. 26 addi (7.9 mea) uddada sanna kuttigeya pleciosar maadariyannu 2004/5 nalli utkhanana maadalaagide, mattu maaji karyanirvahaka nirdeshaki anita geongic avaru maadari mattu adara hotteya vishayagala bagge eradu vaignaanika saaraamshagalannu prakatisiddaare. (geongic 2007; geongic 2006)
yojanegalu.
kenadaada paleyulike shodha kendravu hosa vastusangrahaalayavannu nirmisalu arambhika nidhisangraha hantadallide.
paleyulike sangrahada sampoorna vivaragalannu digitalikaranagolisi, vishvadaadyanta paleyulikeshaastrada samshoodhakaru mattu vidyaarthigalige paleyulike sangrahakke praveshavannu odagisuva ondu adbhuta kramavagi antarjaalakke uploaded maadalaagide. itara yojanegalalli yojanegalalli taragatigalige 4 sikshana kitgala sarani serive, idu vastusangrahaalayada vishaya mattu vishayavannu manitoba shaala pathyakramakke taruttade.
multimedia.
fleetwood filmsna chalanachitra nirmaapaka david rabinovic avaru 4 nimishagala parichayaatmaka chalanachitravannu nirmisiddaare, 20 nimishagala shaikshanika chalanachitravannu nirmisiddaare mattu sakshyachitravannu nirmisalu hanavannu padeyalu kelasa maduttiddare. museum galleryalli pradarshisalaagiruva brihat mosasar annu manitoba escorpmentinalli hege pattehachchalaayitu, nantara utkhanana maadi morden nagarakke hege taralaayitu mattu idu 1971 ralli kenadaada paleyulike avishkara kendravannu hege praarambhisitu embudara katheyannu ee chalanachitravu olagondiruttade.
samshoodhane.
kasheruka palaentology mattu bhoovijnaanada vastusangrahalaya vibhagagalalli vaignaanika samshoodhaneyu saarvakaalika garishta mattadallide. prastuta samshoodhaneyu pashchimada olagina samudrada samudrada palaeoacology, plesiyosourgala hotteya vishayagalu, stratigraphic cartography mattu archgisna balakeya jotege pembina parvatada melmaiyalliruva bentonite stringergala bhurasayanika vishleshaneya mele kendrikrutavagide. japan, cheena, inglend mattu united statesna sandarshaka samshoodhakaru manitobadallina cretatius avadhiya koneya samudrada neerige sambandhisida vividha samshodhanaa prayatnagalalli namage sahaaya maduttiddare.
kenadaada paleyulike avishkara kendravu ee samshoodhaneya bagge jagruti moodisalu mattu praantyadolage mattu kenadaada paleontology vividha samudaayagalaadyanta paleontological samshoodhaneya ottare pragatiyannu sugamagolisalu sahaaya maadalu dvi-varshika manitoba palaentology vichara sankiranavannu ayojisuttade.
vahisitu keechi autsukaa avaru "hesperornis lungairi" emba hesarina kendrada sangrahadinda hosa jaatiya samudra pakshigalannu kanduhidiyalaagide endu ghoshisidaru.
gouravagalu.
kenadaada paleyulike shodhaka kendrakke kendrakke manitoba praantyavu "manitoba nakshatra akarshaneya" sthaanamaanavannu needitu.
2014rahra koneyalli ginnis vishwa daakhalegalu ee vastusangrahaalayakke saarvajanikavaagi pradarshisalaada atidodda mosasar-broose daakhaleyannu needi gouravisidavu. ee daakhaleyannu ginnis vishwa daakhalegala 2016rahra mudrana aavruttige serisalaayitu.
maaditu kenada post aidu stamp dino saraniya bhagavagi vastusangrahaalayada broose mosasar annu aadharisida anche cheetiyannu bidugade maaditu.
maaditu mosasar annu manitoba praantyada adhikruta paleyulike laanchanavaagi sthaapisuvalli ee kendravu pramukha patra vahisitu.
vahisitu kenadaada paleyulike shodha kendravu manitoba praantyada elane signature museum aayitu.
sambandhagalu.
ee vastusangrahaalayavu kenadaada sii. emm. aa., chinn mattu virtual vastusangrahaalayadondige samyojitavagide.
nirvahanaa sibbandi.
adalpho kyutara, karyanirvahaka nirdeshaka
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canadian phoosil kandethal kendram
munbu morden aandu distrikt museum ennariyappettirunna canadian phoosil discovery sentar, axus ivant sentarinte thaazhathe nilayil manittobayile mordenilaanu sthithi cheiyunnathu. kaanadayile samudra uragangalude ettavum valia shekharam nilavil myoosiyathilaan. (jansic aandu hatcher 2008; nichols 1988)
shekharangal.
chuvanna nadeethadatthile pembina kunnukalile manittoba escarpment pradeshathaanu feeld khananagal nadakkunnathu. shekharikkunna phosilukalil bhooribhaagavum piyar sheyilinte pembina, milwood amgangalil ninnullathaanu.
eee kandethal kendratthil cretatius squid "tusotothis longa" yude niravadhi maathrkakalundu; eee maathrkakal vadakke amerikkayile cretatius kadalukalil eee molaskukalude ettavum vadakke attathulla sambhavathe prathinidheekarikkunnu. (nichols aandu isak, 1987).
tylosorus pembinensis" enna bruzes inathinte lokathile ettavum valia pothu pradharshippicha mosazar eee kendrathilaanu. 2014 august 22nuu oru ginness loka record nediya broose 2015 ginness book oof waled recordil idam nedi.
paripaadikal.
school paripaadikal, guided toorukal, venalkkaala kyaambukal, palio toorukal, phoosil digg prograamukal ennivayum athilereyum eee kandethal kendram vaagdaanam cheiyunnu. critatius kaalaghattatthinte avasaanathil ninnulla phoosil shekharavumaayi bandhapetta gaveshana vivarangalude oru valia daattaabes myoosiyathilund.
43 adii (13 meter) neelamulla mosazar fosilaaya bruzaanu vilayeriya maathruka, ithu lokathile ettavum valia pothu pradharshippicha mosazar aanu.
ellah venalkkaalathum, meyy muthal october vare, manittoba escarpmentiloode phoosil khanana paripaadikal thudarunnu. 26 adii (7.9 meter) neelamulla oru cheria kazhuthulla plessiosaur maathruka 2004/5 ll khananam cheythu, muun executive director anita jansic maathrkayeyum athinte vayarile ulladakkatheyum kurichu rund shaasthreeya samgrahangal prasidheekarichu. (jansic 2007; jansic 2006)
padhathikal.
kaanadayile phoosil kandethal kendram oru puthiya museum nirmmikkunnathinulla dhanasamaaharanathinte prarambha ghattathilaanu.
lokamembaadumulla paleantology gaveshakarkkum vidyaarthikalkkum phoosil shekharathilekku praveshanam nalkunnathinaayi muzhuvan phoosil shekharathinteyum vishadaamshangal digitise cheyyukayum internettil uploaded cheyyukayum cheythu. mattu padhathikalil keey-12 klaasukalkkulla 4 vidyaabhyaasa kittukalude oru parambara ulppedunnu, ithu myoosiyathinte ulladakkavum vishayavum manittoba school paatyapadhathiyilekku konduvarum.
multimedia.
chalachithra nirmmathaavaaya david rabinovic 4 minitt dairkhyamulla aamukha chithravum 20 minitt dairkhyamulla vidyaabhyaasa chithravum nirmmikkukayum oru documentary nirmmikkunnathinulla dhanasahayam nedunnathinaayi pravartthikkukayum cheiyunnu. museum galleryil pradharshippichirikkunna valia mosazar 'broose' engane manittoba escarpmentil kandethi, thudarnnu khananam cheyth morden nagaratthilekku konduvannu; ithu 1971 ll canadian phoosil kandethal kendram engane aarambhichu ennathinte kathayum chithratthil ulppedum.
gaveshanam.
museum kasherukkal, paleantology, jiyolaji vakuppukalil shaasthreeya gaveshanam ekkaalatheyum uyarnna nilayilaanu. padinjaaran interior seeveyude maraine palio ekkolaji, plesiosorukalude vayarile ulladakkangal, straattigraaphik cartography, aarkgisinte upayogam, pembina parvathatthinte uyarnna pradeshathulla bentonaitt stringerukalude jio kemikkal vishakalanam ennivayil nilavile gaveshanam shradha kendreekarikkunnu. jappan, chaina, englandu, america ennividangalil ninnulla sandarshikkunna gaveshakar manittobayile critatius kaalaghattatthinte avasaanathe samudrajalavumaayi bandhapetta mattu vividha gaveshana shramangalilum njangale sahayikkunnu.
eee gaveshanathekkurichum pravishyaykkakatthum kaanadayile paliyantolajiyude vividha samoohangaliludaneelamulla paleantological gaveshanathinte mothatthilulla purogathiyekkurichum avabodham srishtikkaan sahaayikkunnathin canadian phoosil discovery sentar dvivarsha maanittoba paleantology symposium samghadippikkunnu.
2016ll keychi authsuka kendratthinte shekharathil ninnu "hesperonis lungairi" enna peril oru puthiya inam samudra paksiye kandethiyathayi prakhyaapichu.
bahumathikal.
kaanadayile phoosil kandethal kendrathinu 2005ll manittoba pravishya "manittoba nakshatra aakarshanam" enna padavi nalki.
2014 avasaanathode ginness waled records myusiyathinu ettavum valia pothu pradarshana mosazar-brus enna record nalki. ginness waled recordinte 2016 print pathippilekku eee record chertthu.
2015ll canada poost myoosiyathile brus mosasarine adisthaanamaakki anchu staambu dino seereesinte bhaagamaayi oru staambu puratthirakki.
2015ll mosasarine manittoba pravishyayude audyogika phoosil chihnamaayi sthaapikkunnathil eee kendram nirnaayaka punk vahichu.
2016ll kaanadayile phoosil kandethal kendram manittoba pravishyayile ezhaamathe signature myoosiyamaayi maari.
affiliationukal.
kaanadayile sii. emm. eiii, chiin, vertual museum ennivayumaayi museum affiliate cheythittundu.
maanejment staaf.
adolfo kyootaara, executive director
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canadache jivashma shodh kendra
purvi morden aanee jilha sangrahalay mhanoon olakhale jaanare canadache jivashma shodh kendra, pravesh karyakram kendrachya khalchya staravar morden, manitoba yethe aahe. yaa sangrahalayat sadhya canadatil sagari sarpatananya jivashmancha sarvat motha sangrah aahe. (janzic aanee hatcher 2008; nicholls 1988)
sangrah.
laal nadichya khoyatil pembina tekadyanchya manitoba escorpment kshetravar maidani utkhanan hote. gola kelele bahutek jivashma heey pier shelchya pembina aanee giranichya sadasyankadun aahet.
shodh kendrat cretaceous squid "tusotathes longa" chey asankhya namune dekhil aahet; heey namune uttar amerikechya cretaceous samudratil yaa molaskachya sarvat uttarekadil dnyat ghataneche pratinidhitva karatat. (nicholls aanee isaq, 1987).
yaa kendramadhye 'tylosaurus pembinensis' yaa broos prajaticha jagatil sarvat motha sarvajanikaritya pradarshit mosasaur aahe. 22 august 2014 roji brusla ginnies world reecord midala aanee 2015 chya ginnies book auph world recordmadhye tyacha samavesh karnyat aala.
karyakram.
shodh kendra shaley karyakram, margdarshit sahali, unhali divas shibire, pallio sahali, jivashma khodkam karyakram aanee barech kahee pradan karate. yaa sangrahalayat cretaceous kalkhandachya uttaradhatil jivashma sankalanashi sambandhit sanshodhan mahiticha motha databases aahe.
maulyavan namuna mhanje broos, 43 phoot (13 meater) lamb mozassor jivashma, joou jagatil sarvat motha sarvajanikaritya pradarshit mozassor aahe.
pratyek unhalyat, meey teey octoberparyant, manitoba escorpmentchya bajoone jivashma khodkam karyakram suru rahatat. 26 phoot (7.9 mea.) lambicha eka lahan maan asalela placiosaur namuna 2004/5 madhye utkhanan karnyat aala aanee majee karyakari sanchalak anita janzik yanni namuna aanee tyachya potachya samagrivar done vaidnyanik saransh prakashit kele aahet. (janzic 2007; janzic 2006)
yojana.
canadache jivashma shodh kendra naveen sangrahalay bandhanyasathi nidhi ubharanichya suruvatichya tappyat aahe.
jagbharatil jivashmashastra sanshodhak aanee vidyarthyanna jivashma sankalanat pravesh denyasathi sampoorn jivashma sankalanacha tapasheel digitize keela gela aahe aanee internetvar uploaded karnyat aala aahe. itar prakalpanmadhye varg keey-12 sathee 4 shaikshanik sanchanchya malikecha samavesh aahe, jeey sangrahalayachi samagri aanee vishaysamagri manitoba shaley abhyaskramat aanatil.
multimedia.
fleetwood chitrapatanche chitrapat nirmate, david rabinovic yanni 4 minitancha parichayatmak chitrapat, 20 minitancha shaikshanik chitrapat tayar keela aahe aanee mahitipat nirmitisathi nidhi midvinyasathi kaam karat aahet. yaa chitrapatat sangrahalayatil dalanat pradarshit 'broos' haah vishal mozassor manitoba escorpmentver kassa sapadala, nantar utkhanan karoon morden shaharat kassa aanala gela aanee 1971 madhye canadachya jivashma shodh kendrachi suruvat kashee jhaali yachee katha samavisht asel.
sanshodhan.
sangrahalayatil kasheruki jivashmashastra aanee bhoogarbhshastra vibhaganmadhye vaidnyanik sanshodhan sarvkaleen uchchankavar aahe. sadhyache sanshodhan pashchimekadil aateel sagari samudrachya sagari palaeocology, placiosaurschya potachi samagri, starikrut nakshilekhan aanee pembina parvatachya unchavaril pradeshat asalelya bentonite stringerschya bhoo-rasayanik vishleshanasah aarkjisacha vapar yavar kendrit aahe. japan, chean, ingland aanee amerikeche bhet denare sanshodhak dekhil manitoba yetheel cretaceous kalatil sagari panyashi sambandhit itar vividh sanshodhan prayatnanmadhye aamhala madat karat aahet.
canadachya jivashma shodh kendramadhye yaa sanshodhanachi jagrukta aanee prantatil aanee canadachya jivashmashastrachya vividh samudayanmadhye jivashmashastriy sanshodhanachya ekoon pragatisathi madat karnyasathi dvivarshik manitoba jivashmashastra parisanvad aayojit keela jaato.
2016 madhye keichi aaotsukane kendrachya sangrahatoon 'hesperonis lumgairi' navachya sagari pakshyachya naveen prajaticha shodh lagalyachi ghoshana kelee.
sanman.
canadachya jivashma shodh kendrala 2005 madhye manitoba prantane 'manitoba taara aakarshan' chaa darja deela hota.
2014 chya uttaradhat ginnies world recordsney sangrahalayala sarvajanikaritya pradarshit kelelya mozassor-broosechya sarvat mothya vikramacha puraskar deela. ginnies world recordchya 2016 chya mudrit aavruttit haah vikram jodala gela.
2015 madhye canada postne paach tapal tikit dino malikecha bhag mhanoon sangrahalayachya broos mosasorvar aadharit eka tapal tikit jaaree kele.
2015 madhye mosasaurla manitoba prantache adhikrut jivashma prateek mhanoon sthapit karnyat yaa kendrachi mahattvachi bhoomika hotee.
2016 madhye canadache jivashma shodh kendra manitoba prantatil satve swakshari sangrahalay banale.
sanlagnata.
heey sangrahalay canadachya see. emm. aii., hanuvati aanee aabhasi sangrahalayashi sanlagn aahe.
vyavasthapan karmchari.
edolpho cuetara, karyakari sanchalak | null |
kanadiara jeebashma abishkara kendra
kanadian jeebashma abishkara kendra, jaahaa purbaru morden ebong zillah sangrahalaja bhabare janashuna, prabesha event kendra nimna starare morden, manitobare abasthita . ehi sangrahalajare bartamana kanadara samudrika sarisrupa jibashmara sarbabruhata sangraha rahichhi. (geongic ebong hatcher 2008; nicholls 1988)
sangraha.
laal nadee upatyakare pembina pahadara manitoba escarpment anchalare khetra khanan karajae . sangraha karajaithiba adhikansha jeebashma pier shelra pembina ebong milloud sadasyankatharu asithae .
ehi abishkara kendrare cretaceous squid "tusotathes langa" rahr aneka namuna madhya rahichhi; ehi namunagudika uttara americara cretaceous samudrare ehi molskgudikar uttaratam janashuna ghatana pratinidhitwa kare . (nicholls ebong ishaq, 1987).
ehi kendrare biswara sarbabruhata sarbajaneena bhabe pradarshita 'tylosers pembinensis' prajatira mojasar rahichhi. 2014 august 22 tarikhare bruce eka ginija biswa record hassel karithile ebong 2015 ginija book off warld recordre sthana paithile.
karjyakram.
ehi abishkara kendra bidyalaja karjyakram, guided tour, grishma dibasa shibir, paleo tour, jeebashma khanan karjyakram ebong ahuri aneka kichhi pradan kare . sangrahalajare critaceous samaira sheshabhagaru jeebashma sangraha sambandheeah gabeshana suchanara eka bruhata databases achhi .
mulyabana namuna heuchhi brus, eka 43 phuta (13 mitter) lamba mojasar jeebashma, jaahaa biswara sarbabruhata sarbasadharanare pradarshita mojasar .
prati grishma ruture, meey masaru october maasa parjyanta, manitoba escarpment sahita jeebashma khanan karjyakram jaari rahithae. 26 phuta (7.9 mea.) lumb eka chhot galaara placiosara namuna 2004/5 ray khanan karajaithila, ebong purbatana karjyanirbahee nirdeshaka anita geongic namuna ebong ehara pett samagri upare duiti baigyanika saransha prakash karichanti. (geongic 2007; geongic 2006)
yojana.
kanadara jeebashma abishkara kendra eka nutan sangrahalaja nirmana paain prarambhika panthi sangraha parjyajare achhi .
samagra jeebashma sangrahara bibaraneeku digitise karajaichi ebong biswabyapee jeebashma bigyana gabeshaka ebong chatramananku jeebashma sangrahaku prabesha pradan kariba paain eka jugantakaree padakhyepa bhabare internetare uploaded karajaichi. anya prakalpagudika madhyare kee-12 shreni paain 4tii sikhya kitt rahichhi, jaahaa sangrahalaja bishajabastu ebong bishajaku manitoba bidyalaja pathyakramare samil kariba.
multimedia.
flitude chalachitrara chalachitra nirmata devida rabinovich eka 4 minitor prarambhika chalachitra, eka 20 minitor sikhyagata chalachitra nirmana karichanti ebong eka documentary chalachitra nirmana paain panthi surakhita karibaku karjya karuchanti . ehi chalachitrare sangrahalaja gyalereere pradarshita bishala mojasar 'brus' kipari manitoba escarpmentre aabiskruta hoithila, parey khanan karajaithila ebong morden saharaku anajaithila; ebong ehaa kipari 1971 ray kanadara jeebashma abishkara kendra arambha hoithila .
gabeshana karantu.
merudandi prani pratnatatwa ebong bhutatwa bigyanara sangrahalaja bibhagare baigyanika gabeshana sarbakaleena sarbocha starare rahichhi. barttamanara gabeshana paschima aabhyantareen samudrara samudrika paleoecology, plesiosaursara pett samagri, starikruta cartography ebong pembina parbatar uchchabhumi anchalare abasthita bentonite stringer bhu-rasajanika bisleshana sahita arczes byabahara upare dhyana deithae . japan, chean, englanda ebong juktarastra americara paridarshanakaree gabeshakamane madhya manitobare cretaceous samaira seshabhagara samudrika jala sambandheeah anyanya gabeshana prajasare aamaku sahajya karuchanti.
kanadiara jeebashma abishkara kendra dwibarshika manitoba peliontology symposium ayojan kare jaahaa ehi gabeshana bishajare sachetanata ebong pradesh madhyare ebong kanadiara peliontology rahr bibhinna sampradajare paleontological gabeshanara samagrika agragati paain sahajya kare .
2016 ray keichi aotsuka "hesperornis lumgairi" namaka kendra sangraharu eka nutan prajatira samudrika pakhi abishkara ghoshana karithile.
sammana.
kanadara jeebashma abishkara kendraku 2005 ray manitoba pradesh dwara "manitoba taaraa akarshana" rahr manyata diajaithila.
2014 masiha sheshabhagare ginis biswa records ehi sangrahalajaku sarbabruhat sarbajaneena bhabe pradarshita mojasar-bruce record pradan karithila. ehi rekardaku ginija biswa recorder 2016 print sanskaranare jodajaithila.
2015 ray kanada post eka pancha stamp dino sirijara ansha bhabare sangrahalajara bruce mosasar upare aadharita eka stamp jaari karithila .
2015 masihare ehi kendrati mosasaraku manitoba pradeshar sarkari jeebashma pratika bhabe pratistha karibare sahajaka hoithila.
2016 masihare kanadara jeebashma abishkara kendra manitoba pradeshar saptama swakhyara sangrahalajare parinata hoithila.
aanusangika.
ehi sangrahalajati sii. emm. aii., chinn ebong kanadara virtual sangrahalaja sahita anubandhita.
parichalana karmachari.
adolfo kuetara, karjyanirbahee nirdeshaka |
canadian jaivik khoj kendra
canadian jaivik khoj kendra, jiss noon pahilan morden atey zilha ajaib gharr vajon janhiaa jaanda see, morden, manitoba witch pahunch ghatnavan dey kendra dey hethle paddhar witch sathit haii. ajaib gharr witch varatman witch canada witch samundari sappan dey jivasham daa sabh toon vadda sangrah haii. (gengic atey hatcher 2008; nicholls 1988)
sangrah.
laal nadee ghaati witch pambina pahadiaan dey manitoba escorpment khetar dey naal-naal feeled khudai hundi haii. ziaadaatar jaivik tatt joe ikkathe keete jaande hunn, uh peear shail dey pambina atey milwod memberan toon hunde hunn.
khoj kendra witch cretaceous skwid "tusoteuthis longa" dey kaee namune vee hunn; ih namune uttri amrica dey cretaceous samundaran witch inhan molsk dee sabh toon uttri ghatna noon darsaunde hunn. (nicholls atey isaak, 1987).
iss kendra witch dunia daa sabh toon vadda jantak taur 'teey pradarshit keeta giaa mojasaur "tylosource pembinenisis", broos haii. broos neey 22 agast, 2014 noon ikk ginies vishav ricard prapat keeta atey 2015 dee ginies book aaf world records witch shamal keeta giaa see.
program.
khoj kendra school program, guided tour, garmiaan dey dinan dey camp, palio tour, jaivik khudai program atey horr bahut kujh pesh karda haii. ajaib gharr witch cretaceous period dey akheer toon jaivik sangrah naal sabandhat khoj jankari daa ikk vadda databases haii.
keemati namuna sann haii, ikk 43 futt (13 meeter) lamba mozasaur jaivik, joe dunia witch jantak taur 'teey pradarshit sabh toon vadda mozasaur haii.
harr garmiaan witch, maee toon aktubar takk, manitoba escorpment dey naal-naal jaivik khudai program jaari rahinde hunn. 26 futt (7.9 meeter) lamba ikk chhota gardan vaala placiosore namuna 2004/5 witch khudai keeta giaa see, atey sabka karajkari director anita janzik neey namune atey iss dey pett dee samaggari baare doou vigiaanak abstract prakashit keete hunn. (gengic 2007; gengic 2006)
yojnavan.
canadian jaivik khoj kendra ikk navaan ajaib gharr banaun laee fund ikkatha curran dey shuruati padavan witch haii.
samuche jaivik sangrah dey verviaan noon digitise keeta giaa haii atey dunia bharr dey polyontology khojkartavan atey vidiaarthiaan noon jaivik sangrah takk pahunch pardan curran laee ikk mahattavpuran kadam vajon internet utte uploaded keeta giaa haii. horr projectan witch grade keey-12 laee 4 sikkhiaa kittan dee ikk luddy shamal haii, joe ajaib gharr dee samaggari atey vishe noon manitoba school pathkram witch liaavegi.
multimedia.
fleetwod filman dey film nirmata david rabinovic neey ikk 4 mint dee shuruati film, ikk 20 mint dee vidiak film daa nirman keeta haii atey ikk dastavezi film banaun laee fund prapat curran laee kamm qarr riha haii. film witch ih kahani shamal hovegi kii kiven ajaib gharr dee gallery witch pradarshit vishal mojasaur noon manitoba escorpment utte labhiaa giaa see, firr khudai keeti gaee see atey morden shehar witch lianda giaa see; atey iss neey 1971 witch canadian jaivik khoj kendra dee shuruat kiven keeti see.
khoj.
vertebrate paleontology atey bhuu-vigiaan dey ajaib gharr vibhagan witch vigiaanak khoj sabh toon ucche paddhar 'teey haii. maujuda khoj pachmi andruni samundari maarag dey samundari paleocology, placiosource dee pett dee samaggari, strategraphic cartography atey pambina pahaad dey ucche khetar witch sathit bentonite stringers dey bhuu-rasayanak vishleshan dey naal-naal archgis dee varton 'teey kendrit haii. japaan, cheen, england atey sanyukat raaj amrica dey daura curran vaale khojkarta manitoba witch cretaceous period dey akheer dey samundari panian naal sabandhat kaee horr khoj yatnan witch vee saadi sahaita qarr rahey hunn.
canadian jaivik khoj kendra iss khoj baare jagrukta atey soobe dey ander atey canadian polyontology dey vakkh-vakkh bhaichariaan witch paleontological khoj dee samucchi tarakki dee sahulat witch sahaita laee doou-salana manitoba polyontology symposium dee mezbani karda haii.
saal 2016 witch keechi aotsuka neey "hasperornis lumgairi" namak kendra dey sangrah toon samundari panchhiaan dee ikk naveen prajati dee khoj daa ailaan keeta.
sanman.
canadian jaivik khoj kendra noon 2005 witch manitoba prant duaara "manitoba starr aakarshan" daa darja ditta giaa see.
2014 dey akheer witch ginies vishav ricard neey ajaib gharr noon sabh toon vadde jantak taur 'teey pradarshit mozasaur-broos dey ricard naal sanmanit keeta. ih ricard ginnies vishav ricard dey 2016 print edition witch shamal keeta giaa see.
2015 witch canada post neey panj stamp dino seereez dey hisse vajon ajaib gharr dey broos mojasaur dey adhaar teey ikk stamp jaari keeti.
saal 2015 witch iss kendra neey mojasaur noon manitoba prant dey adhikarat jaivik chinnh vajon sathapat curran witch mahattavpuran bhumika nibhai see.
saal 2016 witch canadian jaivik khoj kendra manitoba prant witch sattvan dastkhat ajaib gharr bann giaa.
sabandhat.
ajaib gharr canada dey see. aimm. aii., thodi atey virtual ajaib gharr naal sambandhit haii.
parbandhan staff.
adolfo kuetara, karajkari nirdeshak | kenada-deshasya jeevaashm-anveshanakendram
poorvam morden tathaa mandal-sangrahaalayah iti namna prasidhah kenada-deshasya jeevaashm-anveshana-kendrah, morden-manitoba-nagare, pravesha-ghatana-kendrasya nimnastare sthitah asti. asmin sangrahaalaye samprati kenada-deshasya samudriya-sareesrupa-jivashmanam bruhattamah sangrahah asti. (jaanjik tathaa hatcher 2008; nicoles 1988)
sangrahah.
raktanadi-upatyakayam pembinaa-parvatanam manitoba-escar-pament-kshetre kshetra-utkhananah bhavanti. sangruhitaah adhikaamshaah jivashmaha piyar-shell ityasya pembinaa-milwood-sadasyaih santi.
anveshanakendre cretaceous squid "tusotethis langa" ityasya aneke namunaah api santi; ete namunaah uttaramerikadeshasya cretaceous samudre eteshaam molask-ityeteshaam uttaratam-jnaata-ghatanam pratinidhayanti. (nicoles tathaa isaak, 1987).
asmin kendre vishvasya bruhattamah saarvajanikaroopena pradarshitah "talosaurus pembinensis", brus iti prajaatayah mosasar asti. 2014 august 22 dinaanke broos-varyaha ginnis-vishva-abhilekham avaapnot, 2015 tame varshe ginnis-book-aaf-world-record ityasmin cha sthaanam avaapnot.
kaaryakramaah.
anveshanakendram vidyaalayakaaryakramaan, margadarshitaparyatanani, greeshmakaaleen-shibiraani, peliyo-paryatanani, jeevaashm-khananakaryakraman ityadini cha pradadaati. sangrahaalaye cretaceous-kaalasy ante kaalasy jeevaashmasangrahasya vishaye anusandhanasoochananam vishaalah dattaamshasangrahah asti.
asya bahumoolyam namuna brus iti asti, 43-paada-deerghah (13 mee.) mosasar-jeevaashmah, yah vishvasya bruhattamah saarvajanikaroopena pradarshitah mosasar-jeevah asti.
mey-masat october-maasaparyantam, manitoba-escorpment-pradeshasya paarshve, pratisaptaham grishmakaale jeevaashm-khodanam kaaryakramaah prachalanti. 26 feet (7.9 mee.) deerghah deerghah placiosaur-namuna 2004/5 madhye utkhanitah, tathaa cha poorvakaaryakaaree-nirdeshaka anitaa jaanjik ityanena namunaah tathaa tasya udarasya vishayavastuh ityetayoho vishaye vaidnyaanik-saaraamshadwayam prakaashitam. (janjika 2007; janjika 2006)
yojanaah.
kenada-deshasya jeevaashm-anveshana-kendram nutanasya sangrahaalayasy nirmanartham praarambhik-nidhisankalan-charane asti.
sampornasya jeevaashmasangrahasya vivaranaani digitalais krutvaa antarjaale upload krutaani santi, yena vishvasya jeevaashm-sangrahasya prapyata jeevaashm-vijnaana-samshodhakebhyah chhatranam cha krute kalpyate. anyeshu pariyojanaasu key-12 vargaanaam krute 4 shiksha-upakaranaam shrunkhalaa antarbhavati, yaa sangrahaalayasy vishayavastuh vishayavastuh cha manitoba-vidyaalayasya paathyakramasy antah aanayishyati.
bahumaadhyam.
chalacchitranirmaataa, fleetwod-chalacchitraanaam david raabinovich ityeshah 4-nimeshasya parichayaatmak-chalacchitram, 20-nimeshasya shaikshanik-chalacchitram cha nirmitavaan, tathaa cha vruttachitrasya nirmanartham dhanasanchayasy krute karyam karoti. asmin chalachchitre sangrahaalayasy chitrashalayam pradarshite 'brus' iti vishaalah mosasar-mrugah manitoba-escar-peshthe katham aavishkrutah, tatah utkhananm krutvaa morden-nagaram prati aanitah, tathaa 1971 tame varshe kenada-deshasya jeevaashm-anveshana-kendrasya aarambhah katham abhavat iti kathaa antarbhavati.
anusandhaana.
kasheruka-jeevaashmavidnyaanasya bhoovijnaanasya cha sangrahaalayavibhaageshu vaidnyaanik-anusandhaanah sarvakaalika-ucchasthaane asti. vartamaanam samshodhanam pashchim-aantarik-samudrasya samudriya-paryaavaranavidnyaanam, placiosaur-ityasya petasya saamagreeh, stareekruta-manachitranam, aarkgis-ityasya upayogah, pembinaa-parwatah ucchapradeshe sthitanam bentonat-stringers-ityasya bhoo-rasayanika-vishleshanam ityetaani cha kendreekrutam asti. japaan, chainaa, england, samyuktarajyamerika cha deshaah api manitobaa-nagare cretaceous-kaalasy ante samudriyajalasambaddheshu anyeshu vividheshu shodhaprayatneshu sahayyam kurvanti.
kenada-deshasya jeevaashm-anveshana-kendram dvivaarshikam manitoba-paleontology-symposium aayojayati yena asya samshodhanam vishaye jagruti bhavati tathaa cha prantasya antah tathaa cha kanada-deshasya paleontology-ityasya vividha samudayeshu paleontology-samshodhanaayaah samagra-pragatihi sulabhah bhavet.
2016 tame varshe kichi autsukaa ityanena "hesperornis lumgairi" iti namna kendrasya sangrahaat nutanasya samudreeyapakshijaatyah aavishkaranasya ghoshanaa krutaa.
sammaanah.
kenadaadeshasy jeevaashm-anveshana-kendraya 2005 tame varshe manitoba-prantena "manitoba-nakshatr-aakarshanam" iti sthaanam dattam.
2014 tamasya varshasya ante ginnis-world-records ityanena sangrahaalayam saarvajanikaroopena pradarshite bruhattamasya mosasar-brus ityasya abhilekhena puraskrutam. ginnis-world-records ityasya 2016 mudrana-samskarane etat abhilekham yojitam.
2015 tame varshe kenada-post-samsthaa sangrahaalayasy brus-mosasar ityasya aadhaaren pancha-stamp-dino-shrunkhalaayaah bhagarupena mudraamkam prakaashitavatee.
2015 tame varshe mosaasaur-nagaram manitoba-prantasya aadhikaarik-jeevaashm-chinharupena sthaapayitum etat kendram mahattvapoornam yogadam dattam.
2016 tame varshe kenada-deshasya jeevaashm-anveshana-kendram manitoba-prantasya saptamm hastaakshar-sangrahaalayam abhavat.
sambaddhaani.
etat sangrahaalayam see. emm. e., chinn, tathaa kenada-deshasya aabhaasi-sangrahaalayen saha sambaddham asti.
prabandhakah karmachaari.
adolfo kyutara, karyakari-nirdeshaka
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kanadiya pudhaipadiva kandupidippu maiyam
munbu morton mattrum mavatta arungaatchiyagam endru alaikkappatta kanediya pudhaipadiva kandupidippu maiyam, anugal nigazhvugal maiyaththin keezh mattaththil morton, manidoabaavil amainthullathu. inththa arungaatchiyagaththil tharpoothu kanadaavil ulla kadal uurvana pudhaipadivangkalin migapperiya sekarippu ullathu. (jaansik mattrum hatcher 2008; nicholls 1988)
sekarippukal.
sivappu nadhi pallaththaakkil ulla bembina malaikalin manidoba escorpment paguthiyil kazha agazhvaaraaichchigal nadaiperugindrana. sekarikkappatta perumpaalaana pudhaipadivangkal piyari shalin bembina mattrum aalai maraa uruppinarkalidamirunthu vanthavai.
inththa kandupidippu maiyaththil cratasius squit "dsotothis langa" inn aeraalamaana maathirigalum ullana; inththa maathirigal vada americavin cretaceous kadalgalil inththa moalaskugalin vadakkae ariyapatta nigazhvaik kurikkindrana. (nicholls andd isaq, 1987).
inththa maiyaththil ulagin migapperiya podhuvil kaatchippadutthappatta mosazar inamaana "dialosaurus bembinensis", broose ullathu. broose august 22,2014 andru kinness ulaga saathanaiyaip pettraar, maelum 2015 kinness ulaga saathanaigalin puththagaththil idampettraar.
thittangal.
inththa kandupidippu maiyam palli thittangal, vazhikaattappatta suttruppayanangkal, koadai naall mugaamgal, ballio suttruppayanangkal, pudhaipadiva agazhvuth thittangal mattrum palavattrai valangkukirathu. inththa arungaatchiyagaththil cratasius kaalaththin pirpaguthiyil irunthu pudhaipadiva sekarippu thodarpaana aaraaichi thagavalkalin periya tharavuththalam ullathu.
mathippumikka maathiri broose, 43 addii (13 mee) neelamulla mosazar pudhaipadivam, idhu ulagin migapperiya podhuvil kaatchippadutthappatta mosazar aagum.
pudhaipadiva agazhvuth thittangal ovvoru koadaiyilum, mae muthal october varai, manitoba escorpment vazhiyaaga thodarkindrana. 26 addii (7.9 mee) neelamulla oru kurugiya kazhuththulla placiosure maathiri 2004/5 ill agazhvaaraaichchi seiyappattathu, maelum munnaal nirvaaga iyakkunar anita jaansik maathiri mattrum adhan vayitrtru ulladakkangkal kuritthu irandu ariviyal surukkangkalai veliyittullaar. (jaansik 2007; jaansik 2006)
thittangal.
kanediya pudhaipadiva kandupidippu maiyam oru puthiya arungaatchiyagaththai kattuvatharkaana nidhi thirattum aaramba kattangalil ullathu.
ulagengkilum ulla tholliyal aaraaychchiyaalarkal mattrum maanavargalukku pudhaipadiva sekarippukkaana anugalai vazhangkuvatharkaana oru arputhamaana nadavadikkaiyaaga muzhu pudhaipadiva sekarippin vivarangkalum digital mayamakkappattu inaiyaththil pathivaettrappattullana. pira thittangalil kae-12 aam vaguppugalukkaana 4 kalvi karuvigalin thodar adangkum, idhu arungaatchiyaga ulladakkam mattrum paadap porutkalai manidoba palli paadaththittaththil kondu varum.
multimedia.
thiraippadath thayaarippaalaraana davit rabinovich, fleedwood philimsin 4 nimida arimugath thiraippataththaiyum, 20 nimida kalvi thiraippataththaiyum thayaaritthullaar, maelum oru aavanappadaththaith thayaarippatharkaana nithiyaip peruvathil paniyaattri varukiraar. arungaatchiyaga kaatchiyagaththil kaatchikku vaikkappattiruntha periya mosazar 'broose' eppadi manitoba escorpmentil kandupidikkappattathu, pinnar agazhvaaraaichchi seiyappattu morton nagaraththirku kondu varappattathu, idhu 1971 aam aandil kanediya pudhaipadiva kandupidippu myyaththai evvaaru thodangiyathu enbatharkaana kadhaiyai inththa padam ulladakkum.
aaraaichi.
muthukelumbulla tholliyal mattrum puviyiyal thuraikalin arungaatchiyagangkalil ariviyal aaraaichi ellah neraththilum uyarnththa nilaiyil ullathu. tharpoothaiya aaraaichi merkaththiya udpura kadarparappin kadal tholliyal, plaesiyoasargalin vayitrtru ulladakkangkal, adukku varaipada varaipadam mattrum archisine payanpaadu mattrum bembina malaiyin mael paguthiyil amainthulla bentonite strinkergalin puvi vaethiyiyal pakuppaaivu aagiyavattril kavanam seluththukirathu. jappan, cheena, englaanthu mattrum amerikkaavilirunthu varugai tharum aaraaychchiyaalarkal manidoapaavil ulla cratasius kaalaththin pirpaguthiyil kadal neer thodarpaana palvaeru aaraaichi muyarchigalukku engkalukku uthavukiraargal.
kanediya pudhaipadiva kandupidippu maiyam inththa aaraaichi pattriya vizhippunarvaiyum, maagaanaththirkul mattrum kanediya tholliyal palvaeru samoogangal muzhuvathum tholliyal aaraaychchiyin ottumoththa munnaettraththaiyum elithaakka udhavum vagaiyil iru varudaanthira manitoba tholliyal karuththarangai nadaththukirathu.
2016 aam aandil keechi avutska "hesperornis lumgairi" endra maiyaththin sekarippilirunthu oru puthiya kadal paravai inaththaik kandupidiththadhaaga arivitthaar.
gowravangal.
kanediya pudhaipadiva kandupidippu maiyaththirku 2005 aam aandil manitoba maagaanaththaal "manitoba natchatthira eerppu" anthasthu vazhangkappattathu.
2014 aam aandin pirpaguthiyil kinness ulaga saathanaigal inththa arungaatchiyagaththirku migap periya mosazar-broose endra saathanaiyai vazhangkina. inththa saathanai kinness ulaga saathanaigalin 2016 achu pathippil serkkappattathu.
2015 aam aandil kanada poast ainthu mutthirai dino thodarin oru paguthiyaaga arungaatchiyagaththin broose mosaasarin adippadaiyil oru muththiraiyai veliyittathu.
2015 aam aandil mosasurai manidoba maagaanaththin athikaarappoorva pudhaipadiva chinnamaaka niruvuvathil inththa maiyam mukiya pangku vagiththathu.
2016 aam aandil kanediya pudhaipadiva kandupidippu maiyam manidoba maagaanaththil aezhaavathu kaiyoppa arungaatchiyagamaaga maariyathu.
inaippugal.
inththa arungaatchiyagam chii. emm. aee, kannam mattrum kanadaavin meinigar arungaatchiyagaththudan inaikkappattullathu.
nirvaagap paniyaalarkal.
adalfo gwedara, nirvaaga iyakkunar |
kenadian shilaja aavishkarana kendram
gatamlo morden mariyu jilla museum anie piluvabade kenadian shilaja aavishkarana kendram, access eevents center diguva sthaayilo morden, manitobalo undhi. eee museumlo prastutam kenadaalo samudra sareesrupaala silaajaala atipedda sekarana undhi. (geongic und hatcher 2008; nicholls 1988)
sekaranalu.
erra nadhi loyaloni pembina kondalaloni manitoba escorpment praantam venta kshetra tavvakaalu jarugutaayi. sekarinchina chaalaa silaajaalu pier shale yokka pembina mariyu millwood sabhyula nundi vachayi.
eee aavishkarana kendramlo cretatius squid "tusotutis laangaa" yokka aneka namuunaalu kooda unnaayi; eee namuunaalu uttara americaloni cretatius samudraalalo eee molaskla yokka uttaraana telisina sanghatananu suuchistaayi. (nicholls und isak, 1987).
eee kendramlo prapanchamlone atipedda bahirangamgaa pradarsinchabadina "tylosaurus pembinensis", brus jaatiki chendina mosasar undhi. broose 2014 augustu 22naa ginnis prapancha rikaardunu andukunnadu mariyu 2015 ginnis book off varald recordslo chotu dakkinchukunnadu.
karyakramalu.
eee aavishkarana kendram paatasaala karyakramalu, guided toorlu, vesavi roeju sibiraalu, paleo toorlu, shilaja tavvakam karyakramalu mariyu marenno andistundi. eee museumlo chivari critatius kaalam nundi shilaja sekaranaku sambandhinchina parisoedhanaa samacharam yokka pedda database undhi.
viluvaina namuunaa brus, idhi 43 adugula (13 mea) podavaina mosasar silaajam, idhi prapanchamlone atipedda bahirangamgaa pradarsinchabadina mosasar.
prati vesavilo, mae nundi october varaku, manitoba escorpment venta shilaja tavvakam karyakramalu konasaagutaayi. 26 adugula (7.9 mea) podavaina chinna meda gala plesiosar namuunaanu 2004/5 loe tavvaaru, mariyu maajee executive director anita geongic namuunaa mariyu daani kadupu vishayaalapai rendu shaastreeya saaraamsaalanu prachurinchaaru. (geongic 2007; geongic 2006)
pranaalikalu.
kenadian shilaja aavishkarana kendram kotta museum nirminchadaaniki prarambha nidhula sekarana dasalo undhi.
prapanchavyaaptamgaa polyontology parisoedhakulu mariyu vidyaarthulaku shilaja sekaranaku praapyatanu andinchadaaniki mottam shilaja sekarana vivaralu digitalize cheyabaddaayi mariyu internetku uploaded cheyabaddaayi. itara prajectulalo keey-12 taragatulaku 4 vidya vastu samagri shreni unnaayi, ivi museum content mariyu vishayalanu manitoba paatasaala paatyaamsaaloki teesukuvastaayi.
multimedia.
fleetwood filmsku chendina chitra nirmaata david rabinovic 4 nimishala parichaya chitram, 20 nimishala vidya chitram nirminchaaru mariyu documentary chitraanni nirminchadaaniki nidhulu pondadaaniki krushi chestunnaru. museum gallerylo pradarsinchabade bhaarii mosasar 'broose' nuu manitoba escorpment meeda elaa kanugonnaru, taruvaata tavvinchi morden nagaraniki elaa teesukuvacchaaru; mariyu idhi 1971loe kenadian shilaja aavishkarana kendraanni elaa praarambhinchindi anae kathanu eee chitramlo cherchabadutundi.
parisoedhana.
vennupuusa polyontology mariyu bhoogarbha shaastram yokka museum vibhagalalo shaastreeya parisoedhana anni kaalaalaloonuu atyadhika sthaayilo undhi. prastuta parisoedhana paschima antargata samudrapu samudra paryaavarana shaastram, plesiosaurla kadupu vishayalu, stratigraphic cartography mariyu pembina parvatam yokka ettaina praantamloo unna bentonite stringerla yokka bhuuraasaayanika vislaeshanhatoe paatu archgis vaadakampai drushti saarinchindi. japan, chaina, ingland mariyu united states nundi sandarsinche parisoedhakulu kooda manitobalo chivari critatius kaalam yokka samudra jalaalaku sambandhinchina vividha itara parisoedhanaa prayatnaalalo maaku sahayam chestunnaru.
kenadian shilaja aavishkarana kendram eee parisoedhanapai avagahana kalpinchadaaniki mariyu provincelo mariyu kenadian polyontology yokka vividha sanghaalalo polyontological parisoedhana yokka mottam purogatini sulabhataram cheyadaaniki dwaivaarshika manitoba polyontology symposiumnu nirvahistundi.
2016loe keechi autsuka "hesperonis lungairi" anae kotta jaathi samudra pakshini kanugonnatlu prakatinchindi.
gowravaalu.
kenadian shilaja aavishkarana kendraaniki 2005loe manitoba provins "manitoba starr aakarshana" hodha ichindi.
2014 chivaralo ginnis varald records eee museumku bahirangamgaa pradarsinchina atipedda mosasar-broose rikaardunu pradaanam chesindi. eee rikaardu ginnis prapancha recordula 2016 mudrana sanchikaku jodinchabadindi.
2015loe kenada post aidu stampula dino shrenilo bhaagamgaa museum yokka broose mosasar aadhaaramgaa oka stampnu vidudala chesindi.
2015loe mosaasaarnu manitoba provins adhikaarika shilaja chihnamgaa sthaapinchadamlo eee kendram keelaka paatra pooshinchindi.
2016loe kenadian shilaja aavishkarana kendram manitoba provincelo edava santakam museumgaa maarindi.
anubandhalu.
eee museum kenada yokka cma, chinn mariyu virtual museumlaku anubandhamgaa undhi.
nirvahana sibbandi.
adalpho kyutara, executive director |
canadian fosal driyafat markaz
canadian fosal discory center jasay pehley morden aur distrikt museum kay naam say jaana jaataa thaa rasayi kay waaqiaat kay markaz kii nichli satah mein morden monetoba mein waaqa hay. iss museum mein phee alhaal canada mein samandari rengnay waalay janwaron kay fosalz kaa sabb say badaa majmuah mojud hay. (janzak aind hatcher 2008 vovo nakolas 1988)
majmuah.
feld khidayi reed rever veeli mein pembina pahadiyon kay minetoba escorpment airiya kay saath hoti hay. ziyadah tarr fosal juu jamaa kiye jaatay haine wah paiyar sheel kay pembina aur mill wode kay arkaan say hotay haine.
driyafat kay markaz mein createsis squade "tsotiothus laanga" kay mutadid namunay bhee mojud haine. yaha namunay shamali america kay createsis samandaron mein inn mollsk kay shamali tareen waaqiah kii numaindagi kartay haine. (nakolas aind asaak 1987).
markaz mein duniya kaa sabb say badaa awami toor parr numaish shadah moza suur hay jiss kii nooa "telosource pambinances"yee brose hay. brose nay 22 agast 2014 kuu ganeez world record haasil kiyaa aur asay 2015 ganeez buck aaf world record mein shaamil kiyaa gayaa.
prograam.
driyafat kaa markaz school kay prograam guided toar summer day camp pelio toar fosal digg prograam aur behat kachh paish kartaa hay. museum kay paas createsis door kay aakhir say jewasham kay majmuay say mutaliq tehqiqi malumat kaa eek badaa ddita bees hay.
qeemati namunah brose hay juu 43 fitt (13 metter) lamba mausaswar fosal hay juu duniya mein sabb say badaa awami toor parr zahir kiyaa jaanay waala mausaswar hay.
harr mosam garma mein mayee say aktobar takk minetoba kay scorpment kay saath fosal digg prograam jaari rehtay haine. 26 fitt (7.9 metter) lamba eek chhota girdan waala placisover namunah 2004/5 mein khooda gayaa thaa aur saabiq execto director aneeta janzak nay namunay aur iss kay pait kay mawaad parr duu sciency tajridi mazamin shaye kiye haine. (jaanzi 2007 vovo jaanzi 2006)
mansubay.
canada kaa jewasham driyafat markaz eek neeya ajayeb gahar bananay kay liye fund rezing kay ibtadayi marahil mein hay.
poori jewasham kay majmuay kii tafsilaat kuu degital kiyaa gayaa hay aur duniya bhar mein paleontology kay mohqaqeen aur talbaa kuu jewasham kay majmuay takk rasayi farahim karnay kay liye eek aham aqdaam kay toor parr internet parr app load kiyaa gayaa hay. deegar mansubon mein grade kay-12 kay liye 4 taleemi cuts kaa eek silsilah shaamil hay juu museum kay mawaad aur mozua kuu minetoba school kay nisaab mein laaye gaa.
milty mediya.
film producer fleet wode filmon kay dude rabinovich nay 4 mint kii taarufi film 20 mint kii taleemi film tayaar kii hay aur eek dastawezi film bananay kay liye funding haasil karnay kay liye kaam kirr rahay haine. film mein iss kahaani kuu shaamil kiyaa jaaye gaa kahh kiss tarah museum gallery mein numaish kay liye mojud behat badaa mausaswar minetoba escorpment parr driyafat hawaa phir khidayi kii gayee aur morden shehar laaya gayaa vovo aur iss say 1971 mein canada kay jewasham driyafat markaz kaa aaghaz kisay hawaa.
tehqeeq.
museum kay reedh kii huddy kay aasaar qadimah aur arziyaat kay mahkamon mein sciency tehqeeq abb takk kii buland tareen satah parr hay. maujudah tehqeeq maghrabi androni samandari raastay kii samandari pelio accology playsosorz kay maaday kay mawaad strategraphic cartography aur aarkas kay istemaal kay saath saath pembina pahaad kay balayi elaqay mein waaqa bentonite strangers kay jiyo chemical tajziye parr markoz hay. japaan cheen england aur america kay aaney waalay mohqaqeen minetoba mein createsis door kay aakhir kay samandari paaniyon say mutaliq mukhtalif deegar tehqiqi koshishon mein bhee hamaari madad kirr rahay haine.
canadian fosal discory center duu saalah minetoba paleoventology symposium kii mezbani kartaa hay taakah iss tehqeeq kay baaray mein bedari aur soobay kay andar aur canadian paleoventology kii mukhtalif baradariyon mein paleoventological tehqeeq kii majmuyi tarqi mein madad milay.
2016 mein keechi aawatsoka nay markaz kay majmuay say samandari parindon kii eek nayee nooa kii driyafat kaa aalaan kiyaa jiss kaa naam "hespirons lamgiri" hay.
aizazat.
canada kay jewasham driyafat markaz kuu 2005 mein subah minetoba nay "minetoba staar kashash" kaa darjah diyaa thaa.
2014 kay aakhir mein ganeez world records nay museum kuu sabb say baday awami toor parr numaish kay liye mozasoor-brose kay record say nawaza. yaha record ganeez world records kay 2016 kay print edition mein shaamil kiyaa gayaa thaa.
2015 mein canada post nay paanch ddaak ticket deno seerez kay hasay kay toor parr museum kay brose mausaswar parr mubni eek ddaak ticket jaari kiyaa.
2015 mein markaz nay mausaswar kuu subah minetoba kay sarkaari jewasham kay nashaan kay toor parr qayem karnay mein aham kirdaar adaa kiyaa.
2016 mein canada kaa jewasham driyafat kaa markaz subah minetoba kaa saatwaan dastakhti ajayeb gahar bunn gayaa.
waabistagi.
museum say mansalk hay: see ayem aey thodi aur canada kay virtual museum.
intezami emlah.
adolfo cutara execto director |
00056a93f3f0ec99ceb7ef3f6eb66999bb9622bf7b2fb025b81bcbc612511ce2 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=67519134 | Wanyai |
Wanyai
Olran Chujai, known professionally as Wanyai is a Thai musician. He was formerly part of the band Room 39.
He won the 2019 Mnet Asian Music Awards for Best New Asian Artist (Thailand), and the 2020 Joox Thailand Music Awards for Artist of the Year.
References.
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vaanyay
professionalaayi vaanyay ennariyappedunna olaan chujaay oru thaay samgeethajnjanaanu. addeham munbu baand room 39-nte bhaagamaayirunnu.
mikacha puthiya eshyan aarttistinulla (thayland) 2019 leeii emm. nettu eshyan music award aaa varshathe kalakaranulla 2020 jukes thayland music award addeham nedi.
| vanyai
vyavsayikdrushtya vanyai mhanoon olakhale jaanare olran chujai heey thaee sangitkar aahet. too purvi band room 39 chaa bhag hota.
tyane sarvotkrusht naveen ashiyai kalakar (thayaland) sathee 2019 emm. aine. tii. ashiyai sangeet puraskar aanee varshatil kalakarasathi 2020 jukes thayaland sangeet puraskar jinkale.
| null | wanai
wanai naamare pesadara bhabare janashuna olran chujai jane thai sangeetagya . purbaru shay banned room 39rahr anshabisesha thile.
shay shrestha nutan asiah kalakara (thyland) paain 2019 emm. enn. tii. asiah sangeeta puraskara ebong barshar kalakara paain 2020 jukes thyland sangeeta puraskara jitithile.
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vanniaai
olran chujai, joe peshevar taur utte vannai vajon jaane jaande hunn, ikk thaai sangeetkar hunn. uh pahilan baind room 39 daa hissa sunn.
uss neey sarbottam navein aci kalakar (thyland) laee 2019 dey aimm. ainn. tii. aii. aii. aiss. sangeet puraskar atey saal dey kalakar laee 2020 dey jukes thyland sangeet puraskar jitte. | vaanyaay
vyaavasaayikaroopen vaanyaay iti namna prasidhah olran chujai ityeshah thaay-sangeetajnah asti. saha poorvam vaadyavrundasya 39 tame prakoshtasya bhaagah aasit.
saha 2019 tame varshe emm. nett. asean-sangeeta-puraskaareshu sarvashreshta-nootan-asean-kalakarasya (thaayland) krute, 2020 tame varshe jookes-thaayland-sangeeta-puraskaareshu varshasya shreshta-kalakarasya krute cha avaapnot.
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vanyaai
thozhil reethiyaaga vanyaai endru azhaikkappadum olraan sujoy oru thaai isaikkalainar aavaar. avar munbu isaikkuzhu arai 39 inn oru paguthiyaaga irunthaar.
sirantha puthiya aasiya kalaignarukkaana (thaailaanthu) 2019 emm. enn. dii aasiya isai viruthugalaiyum, aandin sirantha kalaignarukkaana 2020 jukes thaailaanthu isai viruthugalaiyum ventraar.
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00056d4da7419a5bdb2edc454cb82739c5ed1830102e6573a146a14d67c54fbf | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2323171 | NS Class 200 |
NS Class 200
Class of Dutch small shunting locomotives
The Nederlandse Spoorwegen (NS) Class 200 diesel locomotives were built for shunting duties. 169 of these small locomotives, numbered 201–369, were built by Werkspoor from 1934–1951. They were known as "Sik" (Sik in singular, goats) by rail enthusiasts and "locomotor" by railway staff. Fifteen of these locomotives were rebuilt with a retractable crane. The few locomotives in active service were retired in 2008 after new Dutch personnel safety regulations prevented NS from using them any longer. Most were no longer active at that time.
This locomotive was mainly operated as a shunter, although they were active on a few remote branch lines.
Technique.
The design and operation was based on the simplest of things, which in effect made them very reliable. The locomotive was operated by design from the outside (side of engine) and wasn't equipped with a dead man device to stop the locomotive automatically in case of incapacity of the operator. There were two manual brakes: a handle and a foot brake. As the handle could be moved by in-train forces while dead-heading it was required to be fixed by a nut and bolt. Upon taking the locomotive into service again, it was necessary to loosen the nut and bolt. In some cases, this was forgotten, and the result was that the operator couldn't brake; many Siks have suffered collision damage due to this.
A special design was implemented for coolant; the fuel tank with diesel was also the coolant for the engine. The theory was that the coolant would never be exhausted while the locomotive is in use.
The locomotive didn't have an air pressure system. To obtain a whistle a device was put on top of the exhaust to use the flow of exhaust gases as the whistle air. This resulted in a very characteristic whistle sound (to imitate the sound, whistle a high-pitched tone while making a rolling R sound).
Preservation.
Of all locomotives of the NS 200 series, many have been preserved in either a running condition at heritage railway lines, for spare parts, or as a static object. Out of the 169 locomotives build, 80 were lost during the 2nd World War or scrapped.
There is a well-known and accurate H0 scale model offered in various liveries by Roco.
References.
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eno. ess. shreni 200
nederlands spurwegen (eno. ess.) shrenir 200 digel enginxomuh swanting kortobyor baabe nirman koraa hoisil. iyare 169taa xoru injin, zo 'too 201-369 nombor aasil, xeibur 1934-1951 ror poraa werkspore nirman korisil. xeiburok rey' lor premixokole "xik" (ekok, sagolit xik) aaru rey 'lowe kormosarixokole "lukumutar" buli jonaa goisil. iyare pundhorta injin etaa pich poribo poraa krainore punor nirman koraa hoisil. notun dusch kormosari xurokhya niyome eno. ess.-koo aaru xeibur byobohar korat baadha diyar pisot xokriyo xewat thoka keitaman injin 2008 sonot owoxor grohon koraa hoisil. xei xomoyot besibhagei aaru xokriyo nasil.
ei lukumutivtu mulotoh swantar hisape porisalito hoisil, jodiu xeibur keitaman duroborti xakha lineot xokriyo aasil.
kouxol.
design aaru karjyokolap xoroltomo bostur uporot aadharito aasil, jiye pholoproxubhabe xeiburok oti nirbhorjugyo kori tulisil. lukumutivtu baahiror poraa (enginor faale) design kori porisalito hoisil aaru operatoror okhyomotar khetrot swoyongkriyobhabe lukumutivtu bondho koriboloi dead menn deviceor xoite xojjito nasil. dutaa hostosalito break aasiloh etaa handle aaru etaa fut break. jihetu head-head korar xomoyot inn-train bahinir dwara handletu sthanantor koribo paari xeyehe iyak badam aaru boultor dwara sthir koribo logaa hoisil. lukumutivtu punor xewaloi loi juwar pisot, badam aaru bolttu aaloga koratu proyujoniyo aasil. kisuman khetrot, eitu paahori goisil, aaru iyar pholsworupe operatorjone break koribo nuwarile; iyar folot bohutu xikor xonghorxor khyoti hoise.
xitolkoronor baabe etaa bixex design rupayan koraa hoisil; digel thoka indhon tengku enginor baabe xitolok aasil. totwotu aasil je lukumutiv byobohar korar xomoyot kulenttu ketiyau xex noho 'bob.
lukumutivtut bayu saap byowostha nasil. etaa huisel paboloi etaa jontro niskaxonor uporot rokha hoisil jaate niskaxon gesor prowahok huisel bayu hisape byobohar koraa hoy. iyar folot ek oti boixistyopurno huisil xobdo hoy (xobdo onukoron koriboloi, ror "ling aar xobdo korar xomoyot uscho-sworor sworot huisil korok).
xongrokhyon koraa.
eno. ess. 200 sringkholar xokolu enginor bhitorot bohutu oitijyobahi rey "lopothot soli thoka owosthat, khusura ongxor baabe baa sthir bostu hisape xongrokhyon koraa hoise. 169taa enginor bhitorot 80taa dwitiyo biswojudhor xomoyot herai goisil baa dhongxo hoisil.
ror "koo" ror dwara bibhinno libharit aagborhuwa ek xuporisito aaru xothik eis0 scale model aase. |
ns classes 200
netherlands spurwegen (ns) shrenir 200 digel enginguli shunting kaajer jonno toiri koraa hoyechilo. eyi chhoto engingulir modhye 169tii, jaader sankhya 201-369, workspore dwara nirmito hoyechilo. eguli rail utsahider dwara "sick" (ekokbhabe sick, chhagol) ebong rail karmider dwara "locomotor" naame porichito chhilo. err modhye poneroti locomotive ekti prottaharjoggo krena diye punarnirman koraa hoyechilo. notun dutch karmider nirapatta niyamavali ns-keey arr byabohar korte badha deoar porey sakriya porishebai thaka koyekti locomotive 2008 saale abosar niyechilo. beshirbhagi tokhon arr sakriya chhilen naa.
eyi locomotivety mulat ekti shunter hisabe porichalito hoto, jodio eguli koyekti prottonto shakha liney sakriya chhilo.
technic.
naksha ebong operationti sahajtama jinisgulir upor vitti korey chhilo, jaa karjoto taader khub nirbhorjoggo korey tulechilo. locomotivety bairer (enginer paash) naksha dwara porichalito hoyechilo ebong operator okkhomotar khettre swayangkriyabhabe locomotivety bondho korar jonno ekti deeda myana device diye sajjito chhilo naa. duti manual break chhiloh ekti handle ebong ekti foot break. jehetu heeda heeda korar somoy inn-train phorsa dwara handelty sorano jete paare, taai etty ekti badam ebong boult dwara thhik koraa prayojan chhilo. locomotivety abar porishebate niye yawar porey, badam ebong boltti alga koraa prayojan chhilo. kichhu kichhu khettre, etty bhule yawa hoyechilo, ebong falaswarup operator break korte pareni; err karone onek sick sangharsher khoti hoyeche.
kulyanter jonno ekti bishesh naksha prayog koraa hoyechilo; digel soho jalani tanktio enginer jonno coolant chhilo. tottoti chhilo jey locomotivety byabohar korar somoy kulyanti kokhonyi shesh hobey naa.
lokomotivtite bayudushan byabostha chhilo naa. ekti huisel pawar jonno ekti jontro nishkashoner upore rakha hoyechilo jaate nishkashon gasser probahoke huisel batas hisabe byabohar koraa yaay. err foley ekti khub baisishtapurna huisel shobdo hoy (shobdoti anukaran korar jonno, ekti rolling arr shobdo toiri korar somoy ekti uchcho-swarer surer huisel).
sanrakkhan.
ns 200 sirijer samasta locomotiver modhye anekguli oitijjobahi railline, khuchra jontrangsher jonno baa ekti sthir bostu hisabe chalman abosthai sanrakkhan koraa hoyeche. 169tii locomotiver modhye 80tii dwitiya bishwojuddher somoy hariye yaay baa venge yaay.
aroo dwara bivinno liveryte ekti suporichito ebong sothik eich0 scale model deoa hoy. |
ns varg 200
netherlandnaa sporewagen (ns) vargnaa 200 diszle angine shunting farajo maate banavvama aavyaa hataa. aamathi 169 naana anginonu sankhyaa 201-369 hatee, jeey verakspur dwara 1934-1951 thee banavvama aavyaa hataa. teo rail utsaaheeo dwara "sick" (ekvachanmaa sick, bakra) aneey railway karmchaareeo dwara "loqomotara" tareeke odakhaata hataa. aamathi pandar anginonu paachhu khenchee shakaay tevee crain saathe punnirman karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. sakreey sevama rahela ketlaak angine 2008maan nivrutt thayaa hataa, kaaran keey navaa dutch karmchari salaamati niyamoae nsne havey teno upyog kartaa atkavya hataa. teey samaye motabhagna loko sakreey nahota.
aaa locomotive mukhyatve shunter tareeke chalavvama aavtu hatoo, jooe keey teey ketalik durasth shaakha rekhaao parr sakreey hataa.
technic.
design aneey kamgiri sauthee saral vastuo parr aadharit hatee, jene temne asarkarak reete khoob jaj vishvasneey banaavi deedhaa hataa. locomotive bahaarthi (angine baaju) design dwara sanchaalit karvaamaa aavyu hatoo aneey operatorni asamarthataana kissaamaa locomotivene aapmele rokvaa maate deeda meena upkaranthi sajj nahotu. beey manual brack hateeh aek handle aneey aek foot brack. heeyd-heading karatee vakhate handlene trainma rahela dado dwara khasedi shakaay chhe, tethee tene nutt aneey boult dwara theek karvaanee jaroor hatee. locomotivene fareethi sevama laee gayaa pachhi, badaam aneey boltne dhhilu paadvu jaroori hatoo. ketlaak kissaaomaa, aaa bhooli gayoo hatoo, aneey parinam aee aavyu keey sanchaalak brack naa curry shakyo; aaney kaarane ghanaa sikne athadamanma nuksan thayu chhe.
sheetak maate aek vishesh design laagu karvaamaa aavee hatee; diszle saatheni indhan taanki pann angine maate sheetak hatee. siddhaant aee hato keey jyaare locomotive upyogmaa hoya tyaare sheetak kyaarey samaapt thashe nahee.
locomotivemaa havaana dabanni vyavastha nahoti. seaty melavaa maate aek upkaranne bahaar nikalti havaani toach parr mukvaamaa aavyu hatoo jethee bahaar nikalti vaayuonaa pravaahno upyog seaty havaa tareeke thaay. aanaa parinaame khoob jaj lakshaneek cityno avaaj thayo (avaajnu anookaran karvaa maate, r avaaj karatee vakhate uchch-avaajnaa avaajnee seaty).
jaalvani.
ns 200 shreneena tamaam anginemathi, ghanaane heritage railway line parr, spareparts maate athavaa stheer vastu tareeke chalaavvaani sthitima sachavvama aavyaa chhe. 169 anginemathi 80 beeja vishvyuddh darmiyan khovai gayaa hataa athavaa todee padvama aavyaa hataa.
aarosio dwara viveedh leaverma aek jaanitu aneey sachot aech0 scale model aapvama aave chhe. |
ns class 200
neatherlands spoorvegan (ns) shreni key 200 deejal injanon koo shunting kartavyon key liye banaaya gayaa thaa. inmein seey 169 chhote injanon kii sankhya 201-369 thee, jinhen workspore ney 1934-1951 seey banaaya thaa. unhein rail utsaahi loga "sick" (ekvachan mein sick, bakariyaan) aur railway karmchaariyon dwara "locomotor" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa thaa. inmein seey pandrah injanon koo ack vaapas lene yogya crain key saath punarnirmit kiya gayaa thaa. sakriya seva mein kuchh injanon koo 2008 mein sevaanivritt curr diyaa gayaa thaa, jaba nae dutch kaarmik suraksha niyamon ney ns koo unakaa upayog karane seey roque diyaa thaa. adhikansh usa samay sakriya naheen they.
yeh locomotive mukhya roop seey ack shunter key roop mein sanchaalit kiya jaataa thaa, halanki way kuchh doorasth shakha lines parr sakriya they.
takneek.
design aur sanchaalan sabse saral cheejon parr adharit thaa, jisane unhein vaastav mein bahut vishvasaniya banaa diyaa. locomotive koo baahar seey (injan key taraf) design dwara sanchaalit kiya gayaa thaa aur operator kii asamarthata key mamle mein locomotive koo swachaalit roop seey rokane key liye ack mrit aadami upkaran seey susajjit naheen thaa. dou manual break theh ack handle aur ack phut break. kyonki handle koo inn-train balon dwara sthanantarit kiya jaa sakata thaa, jabaki ise ack nutt aur boult dwara thheek kiya jaanaa aavashyak thaa. injan koo phir seey seva mein lene parr, nutt aur boult koo dheela karna aavashyak thaa. kuchh mamalon mein, yeh bhool gayaa thaa, aur parinam yeh thaa kii sanchaalak break naheen curr sakaa; isake kaaran kaee sikkon koo takkar seey nuksan huaa haye.
sheetlak key liye ack vishesh design lagu kiya gayaa thaa; deejal key saath eendhan tank bhee injan key liye sheetlak thaa. siddhant yeh thaa kii jaba injan upayog mein hotaa haye tou sheetlak kabhi samaapt naheen hotaa haye.
locomotive mein vayu dabaav pranali naheen thee. ct praapt karane key liye ack upkaran koo nikas key oopar rakhaa gayaa thaa taaki nikas gasses key pravaah koo ct havaa key roop mein upayog kiya jaa sakey. isake parinamswarup ack bahut hii vishisht ct kii aavaaz (aavaaz kii nakal karane key liye, ack rolling aar aavaaz banaate samay ack uchch-swar vaali ct) aatee haye.
sanrakshan.
aine. aiss. 200 shrinkhala key sabhi injanon mein seey kaee koo yaa tou viraasat railway lines parr chalane kii sthiti mein, spare parts key liye, yaa ack sthir vastu key roop mein sanrakshit kiya gayaa haye. 169 injanon mein seey 80 dusare vishva yuddh key dauran khou gaye they yaa samaapt hoe gaye they.
roo dwara vibhinn yakriton mein ack prasiddh aur sateek aich0 scale model pesh kiya jaataa haye.
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ens classes 200
netherlands spoorvejen (ens) vargada 200 deesal lokomotivgalannu shunting kartavyagaligaagi nirmisalaayitu. ee sanna lokomotivgalalli 169, sankhyegalu <aii. dii. 2>, galannu workspoor avaru <aii. dii. 1> ninda nirmisidaru. avugalannu railu utsaahigalu "sick" (ekavachanadalli sick, aadugalu) mattu railway sibbandigalu "locomotor" endu kareyuttiddaru. ee hadinaidu lokomotivgalannu hintegedukollabahudada krennondige marunirmisalaayitu. hosa dutch sibbandi surakshata niyamagalu ens annu innu munde balasuvudannu tadeyida nantara sakriya seveyalliruva kelavu lokomotivgalannu 2008 ralli nivruttaraadaru. aaa samayadalli hechchinavaru sakriyaragiralilla.
ee locomotive annu mukhyavaagi shunter aagi nirvahisalaaguttittu, aadaagyoo avu kelavu doorada shaakhe maargagalalli sakriyavagiddavu.
tantra.
vinyasa mattu karyacharaneyu saralavaada vishayagalannu aadharisittu, idu avugalannu bahala vishvaasaarhavaagisitu. locomotive annu horagininda (engine badiyalli) vinyaasadinda nirvahisalaaguttittu mattu nirvaahakara asamarthateya sandarbhadalli locomotive annu svayamchaalitavaagi nillisalu dead myaan saadhanavannu hondiralilla. eradu kaiyinda brekgaliddavuh ondu handle mattu ondu phut break. handle annu dead-heading maduvaga inn-train padegalinda chalisabahudaddarinda adannu adike mattu boltninda saripadisabekagittu. locomotive annu matte sevege tegedukonda nantara, adike mattu bolt annu sadilagolisuvudu agatyavagittu. kelavu sandarbhagalalli, idannu maretubidalaayitu, mattu idara parinaamavaagi nirvaahakarige break maadalu sadhyavagalilla; idarindaagi aneka sixgalu gharshane haaniyannu anubhavisive.
shitakakkagi vishesha vinyaasavannu alavadisalaayitu; deesalnondigina indhana tank saha engine shitakavagittu. locomotive balakeyalliruvaaga shitakavu endigoo khaliyaguvudilla embudu siddhaantavaagittu.
locomotive gaaliya ottada vyavastheyannu hondiralilla. shilleyannu padeyalu, nishkasa anilagala harivannu shille gaaliyante balasalu nishkaasada mele ondu saadhanavannu haakalaayitu. idu bahala vishishtavaada shille dhwanige kaaranavaayitu (dhwaniyannu anukarisalu, rolling aarr dhwaniyannu maduvaga hecchina-pitch dhwaniya shille).
samrakshane.
ens 200 saraniya ellah lokomotivgalalli, anekavannu paaramparika railway maargagalalli, bidibhagagaligagi athawa sthira vastuvagi chalisuva sthitiyalli samrakshisalaagide. 169 lokomotivgala nirmaanada paiki 80 2neey mahayuddhada samayadalli kaleduhodavu athawa kedavalpattavu.
vividha livarigalalli roco needuva prasiddha mattu nikharavaada etch0 scale maadariyide. | enn. ezz. klaas 200
netherlands spoorwegen (ens) klaas 200 deesal locomotteevukal shunting dutykalkkaayi nirmmichu. eee cheria locomotteevukalil 169 ennavum, athaayath aii. dii. 1 enna number, verkspur nirmmichathaanu. avaa railway premikal "siik" (ekavachanathil siik, aadukal) ennum railway jeevanakkar "locomoter" ennum ariyappettirunnu. eee locomotteevukalil pathinanju pinvalikkaavunna crain upayogichu punarnirmmichu. puthiya dutch pezhsanal suraksha niyanthranangal ens avaa inii upayogikkunnathil ninnu thadanjathinethudarnnu 2008 ll sajeeva sevanathilulla kurachu locomotteevukal viramichu. avaril bhooribhaagavum akkaalat sajeevamaayirunnilla.
kurachu vidoora branch lainukalil sajeevamaayirunnuvenkilum eee locomotive pradhaanamaayum oru shunderaayi pravarthichirunnu.
saankethikavidya.
roopakalppanayum pravartthanavum ettavum lalithamaaya kaaryangale adisthaanamaakkiyullathaayinu, athu phalatthil avaye valare vishwasaneeyamaakki. enjin puram bhaagathuninnulla roopakalppana upayogichaanu pravarthippichirunnathu, oopparettarude kazhivillaaymayude saahacharyathil locomotive yaanthrikamaayi nirthaan oru dedd maan upakaranam sajjeekarichittilla. rund maanuval brekkukalundaayirunnu oru handle, oru phoott break. inn-train fozhsukalkku handle neekkaan kazhiyumennathinaal dedd-heading samayat athu oru nattum bolt upayogichu sariyaakkendathundu. locomotive veendum sevanathilekku kondupoyappol, nattum bolt ayaykkendathu aavashyamaayirunnu. chila sandarbhangalil, ithu marannu, athinte falamaayi oopparettarkku break cheyyaan kazhinjilla; ithu moolam niravadhi sikkukalkku koottiyidi kedupaadukal sambhavichu.
koolantinaayi oru prathyeka roopakalppana nadappaakki; deesalullah indhana tank enchininte koolantaayirunnu. locomotive upayogathilaayirikkum koolant orikkalum theernnupokilla ennathaayirunnu sidhaantham.
locomotivinu vaayu mardha samvidaanam undaayirunnilla. oru visil labhikkunnathin, exhost vaathakangalude ozhukk visil ayaraayi upayogikkunnathinu oru upakaranam exhostinu mukalil sthaapichu. ithu valare savisheshamaaya oru visil shabdathinu kaaranamaayi (shabdam anukarikkaan, oru rolling aarr shabdam undaakkumbol uyarnna shabdamullah tonil visil cheyyuka).
samrakshanam.
ens 200 seereesile ellah lokomotteevukalilum palathum heritteju railway lainukalil, spare partsukalkko allengil oru staatik objectino vendi nilanirthiyittundu. nirmmicha 169 locomotteevukalil 80 ennavum randaam lokamahaayudhakaalathu nashtappedukayo polikkukayo cheythu.
roco vividha livarikalil nalkunna ariyappedunnathum krithyavumaaya krithyavumaaya skeyil model undu.
| aine. ess. varg 200
netherlands spoorwegen (aine. ess.) shrenitil 200 dizzell injine shunting shulkasathi bandhanyat aalee hotee. yapaiki 169 lahan locomotives, kramank 201-369, heey workspoorne 1934-1951 pasoon bandhale hote. tyanna railway utsahi lock "sick" (ekeri, (ekeri aanee railway karmchari "locomotor" mhanoon olakhat asat. yapaiki pandhra locomotiveschi punarbandhani mage gheta yenyajogya krainne karnyat aalee. naveen dutch karmchari suraksha niyamanmule aine. ess. laa yapudhe tyancha vapar karnyapasoon rokhalyanantar sakriy sevetil kahee locomotive 2008 madhye nivrutt jhaale. tyaa velee bahutansh lock sakriy navhate.
jaree teey kahee durgam shakha marganvar sakriy hote, taree heey locomotive pramukhyane shunter mhanoon chalavale jaat hote.
tantra.
rachana aanee karya sope goshtinvar aadharit hote, jyamule teey pratyakshat khoop vishvasarh banale. locomotive bahereel (enginechya bajula) designdware chalavale jaat hote aanee operatorchya asamarthatechya babatit locomotive svayamchalitapane thambavanyasathi deed mann devicene susajj navhate. done hatane break hoteh eka handle aanee eka phoot break. haid-haid kartana inn-train forcedware handle halavale jaau shakat asalyane teey nutt aanee boltney nishchit karane aavashyak hote. locomotive punha sevet aanalyavar, nutt aanee boult sail karane aavashyak hote. kahee prakarananmadhye, heey visarale gele aanee parinami operator break karoo shakala nahee; yamule anek sikanna takkar houn nuksan jhaale aahe.
shitalkasathi eka vishesh rachana lagoo karnyat aalee; dizzell asaleli indhan taakee dekhil enginesathi shitalak hotee. locomotive vaparat asatana shitalak kadhihi sampanar nahee assa siddhant hota.
yaa locomotivemadhye havecha daab pranali navhati. shitty midvanyasathi, shitty havah mhanoon nirgaman vayunchya pravahacha vapar karnyasathi nirgamanavar eka upkaran thewale gele. yamule eka atishay vaishishtyapurn shitticha aavaj jhaala (aavajache anukaran karnyasathi, aar aavaj karat asatana uchch-aavajatil shitty vajva).
jatan karane.
aine. ess. 200 maliketil serve locomotivespacky anek ektar varsa railway marganvar, sute bhagansathi kinwa sthir vastoo mhanoon chaloo sthiteet jatan karnyat aalya aahet. bandhkam kelelya 169 locomotivespacky 80 80 mahayuddhat nasht jhalya kinwa nasht jhalya.
aarokodvare vividh yakrutanmadhye eka suprasiddha aanee achook achook scale model dile jaate.
| ns class 200
netherlands spurwegen (ns) warga 200 digel lokomotibhharu sunting shulka lagi nirman garieko thiyo. yee sanah lokomotibhharu madhye 169, number 201-369, workspurdwara 1934-1951 batt nirman garieko thiyo. tiniharulai rail utsahiharudwara "sick" (ekwachanma sick, bakhra) rar railway karmachariharudwara "locomoter" bhanera chininthyo. yee madhye pandhra lokomotibhharu firta lyne sakine krenko sath punarnirman garieko thiyo. sakriya sewama raheka kehi lokomotibhharu sann 2008 maa sewaniwritta bhaeka thie jab nayan douch karmachari suraksha niyamharule nslai tiniharulai ab prayog garnabata rokeko thiyo. adhikansh tyas samayama sakriya thienan.
yo lokomotiv mukhyataya ek santarko rupma sanchalan garieko thiyo, yadyapi tiniharu kehi durgam shakha lineharuma sakriya thie.
prawidhi.
design rar sanchalan saraltam chijharuma adharit thiyo, jasle tiniharulai dherai bharapardo banayo. lokomotiv bahirbata (injinko chheuma) designdwara sanchalit thiyo rar aparetarko asakshamtako awasthama swachalit rupma lokomotiv rokna dead myan upkaranle susajjit thiena. tyahan duiwata manual breakharu thieh euta handle rar euta foot break. head-heading garda inn-train forceharudwara handle sarna sakinda yasalai nutt rar boltle fixes garna awashyak thiyo. lokomotibhlai feri sewama lagepachi, nutt rar boltlai dhilo parnu awashyak thiyo. kehi awasthama, yo birsieko thiyo, rar parinam yo thiyo kii operatorle break garna sakena; yasaka karan dherai sikharule takkarko kshati bhognupareko chha.
shitlakka lagi vishesh design lagu garieko thiyo; digel bhaeko indhan tanky pani injinka lagi shitlak thiyo. siddhanta yo thiyo kii lokomotiv prayogma hunda shitlak kahilyai samapta hundaina.
lokomotivma hawako dabab pranali thiena. ct prapta garna euta upkaranlai nikasko shirshama rakhieko thiyo taaki nicas gyaansharuko prawahalai ct hawako rupma prayog garna sakinchha. yasako parinamswarup dherai wishishta ctko awaz bhayo (awaz nakkal garna, rolling arr awaz banaunda uccha-pitch toneko ct).
sanrakshan.
ns 200 shringkhalaka sabai lokomotibhharu madhye dherailai heritage railway lineharuma, spare partska lagi, wa sthira wastuko rupma chaliraheko awasthama sanrakshit garieko chha. 169 wata lokomotibhharu nirman garieka thie, timadhye 80 wata dosro wishwayuddhako samayama haraeko thiyo wa nashta bhaeko thiyo.
tyahan arokodwara vibhinna libharharuma prastawa garieko ek prasidha rar sahi sahi scale model chha.
| ns shreni 200
netherlands spurawejen (enn. ess.) shreni 200 digel lokomotivku shunting duty paain nirmana karajaithila. ehi chhot injinagudika madhyaru nirmita, sankhya 201-369, warksporanka dwara 1934-1951 ru nirmita hoithila. segudiku rela utsaheenka dwara "sick" (ekakare sick, chheli) ebong rela karmacharinka dwara "locomotor" bhabare janashuna . ehi lokomotivagudika madhyaru pandarati eka pratyaharajogya crain sahita punarbara nirmana karajaithila . nutan douch karmacharinka surakhya nijamabali nsku aau byabahara karibare baadha deba parey sakriya sebare thiba alpa kichhi lokomotiva 2008 ray absar neithile. adhikansha sehi samajare aau sakriya nathile.
ehi lokomotiva mukhyatah eka santer bhabare parichalita heuthila, jadio segudika kichhi durabarti shakha linere sakriya thila .
kaushala.
ehara design ebong parichalana sabutharu sarala jinish upare aadharita thila, jaahaa bastabare segudiku atyanta biswasaneeja karithila. lokomotivti bahara (injin parswa) ru design dwara parichalita hoithila ebong aparetaranka akhyamata khetrare lokomotivku swajangkrija bhabare banda kariba paain eka mruta manab upakarana sahita sajjit nathila . duiti hatara break thilah eka handle ebong eka paada break . jehetu handelaku train bhitare thiba shakti dwara ghunchajaipariba, tenu ehaaku eka nutt ebong boult dwara sthira karibara abashyakata thila. lokomotivku puni sebaku neba parey, nutt ebong boltaku alga kariba aabasyaka thila . keteka khetrare, ehaa bhuli jaithila, ebong ehara parinam thila je operator break kariparinathile; ehaa karanaru aneka sii. aai. sii. khyatigrasta hoichhanti.
shital padartha paain eka swatantra design karjyakaree karajaithila; digel sahita indhan tyanka madhya injin paain shital padartha thila . siddhantati thila je lokomotiva byabaharare thibabele shital padartha kadapi samapta heba naahin.
lokomotivre baaju chaap byabastha nathila. eka huisal paiba paain eka upakaranaku nishkasa upare rakhajaithila jaahaa nishkasa gasser prabahaku huisal baaju bhabare byabahara karithila . ehara phalaswaroopa eka bisesh prakarara huisal dhwani hoithila (dhwani anukaran kariba paain, eka ghurnajamana aara dhwani kariba samajare eka uccha-swara swara huisal).
sanrakhyana.
enn. ess. 200 shrunkhalara samasta lokomotiva madhyaru anekaku aitihya rela linere chaluthiba abasthare, khuchura jantransha paain kimba eka sthira bastu bhabare sanrakhita karajaichi. nirmita nirmita lokomotiva madhyaru madhyaru dwiteeja biswajudha samajare nust hoijaithila kimba nust hoijaithila.
bibhinna libhereere rako dwara pradan karajauthiba eka janashuna ebong sathik sathik scale model achhi .
| ainn. aiss. class 200
needarlands spoorvegan (ns) class 200 deezel injanan noon shunting diooti laee banaiaa giaa see. ihanan vicchon 169 chhote injan, jinhan dee ginti 201-369 haii, worksper duaara 1934-1951 toon banaae gaye sunn. uhanan noon rail dey shaukinan duaara "sick" (sikk witch sikk, bakkariaan) atey railway staff duaara "locomoter" vajon janhiaa jaanda see. inhan vicchon pandran injanan noon ikk waps lainn yog crain naal dubara banaiaa giaa see. sargaram seva witch kujh injanan noon 2008 witch sevamukt qarr ditta giaa see jadon navein dutch karamchariaan dey surakhiaa niyaman neey ns noon uhanan dee varton curran toon roque ditta see. ziaadaatar uss samein sargaram naheen sunn.
ih locomotive mukkh taur utte ikk shunter dey roop witch chalaiaa jaanda see, halanki uh kujh door-durade deeaan shakha lines utte sargaram sunn.
takneek.
design atey sanchalan sabh toon saral cheezan 'teey adharat see, jiss neey asal witch unhan noon bahut bharoseyog bnaa ditta. locomotive noon baahron (injan dey paase) design duaara chalaiaa giaa see atey sanchalak dee asamratha dee sathiti witch locomotive noon aapne aap rokann laee ikk dedd maen upkaran naal lais naheen see. doou hatthin break sanauu ikk handle atey ikk futt break. kiunki handle noon train witch maujood taktan duaara dedd-heading karde hoye lijaiaa jaa sakda see, iss laee iss noon ikk nutt atey boult duaara theek curran dee zaroorat see. locomotive noon dubara seva witch lainn toon baad, nutt atey boult noon dhilla karna zaruri see. kujh mamlian witch, ih bhull giaa see, atey natija ih see kii sanchalak break naheen qarr sakiaa; iss caarn bahut saare sikan noon takkar daa nuksan hoiaa haii.
cooling laee ikk vishesh design lagu keeta giaa see; deezel naal baalan taink vee injan laee cooling see. thioori ih see kii jadon locomotive dee varton keeti jaa rahee howay taan coolint kadey khatam naheen hovega.
locomotive witch havaa daa dabaa pranali naheen see. ceaty prapat curran laee ikk upkaran noon nikas dey uppar rakkhiaa giaa see taan joe nikas gaisan dey pravaah noon ceaty havaa vajon vartiaa jaa sake. iss dey natije vajon ikk bahut hii vishesh ceaty dee aavaaz aaundi haii (aavaaz dee nakal curran laee, ikk rolling aar aavaaz banaunde hoye ikk ucch-aavaaz vaali aavaaz dee ceaty).
rakkhiaa.
ns 200 luddy dey saare injanan vicchon, bahut saare noon jaan taan virasati railway lines 'teey challan dee sathiti witch, spare parts laee, jaan ikk sathir vastu vajon surakhiat rakkhiaa giaa haii. 169 injanan vicchon 80 dooje vishav yuddh dauran gumm hoow gaye sunn jaan tutt gaye sunn.
ikk prasidh atey sahee aich 0 scale maadal haii joe arosi duaara vakkh-vakkh leaver witch pesh keeta jaanda haii.
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ena. ess. vargah 200
netherlands-deshasya spoorvegan (enn. ess.) vargasya 200 deezal-locomotives ityetaani shanting-kartavyaartham nirmitaani aasan. eteshu 169 laghu-locomotive-sankhyaah, 201-369 iti, workspoor ityanena 1934-1951 ityatah nirmitaani aasan. te rail-utsaahibhih "sick" (ekavachanam, bakaraah) iti namna, rail-karmachaaribhih "locomotor" iti namna cha prasidhaah aasan. eteshu panchadashah locomotives punah punah punah punah punah punah punah punah punah punah punah punah punah punah punah punah punah punah punah punah punah punah punah punah punah punah punah punah punah punah punah punah punah punah punah punah punah punah punah punah punah punah punah punah punah punah punah punah punah punah punah punah punah punah punah punah punah punah punah punah punah punah punah punah punah punah punah punah punah punah punah punah punah punah punah punah punah punah punah punah punah punah punah punah punah punah punah nirmitam. nutananam dutch-karmikanam surakshaa-niyamaah enn. ess.-samsthaam punah teshaam upayogam kartum naa vilambayan, ataha 2008 tame varshe sakriyasevaayaam niyuktaah katipayaah locomotives nivruttaah abhavan. tasmin samaye adhikaamshaah sakriyaah naa aasan.
etat locomotive mukhyataya shunter-rupena sanchaalitam aasit, yadyapi te katipayeshu durastha-shakhapaddhatasu sakriyaah aasan.
tantram.
vinyaasah, karyaprakriya cha saralatameshu vastoonaam aadhaaren aasit, yena vastutah te ateeva vishvasaneeyaah abhavan. locomotive iteedam baahyatah (angine ityasya paarshve) vinyaasen sanchaalitam aasit, api cha prachaalakasy akshamata-sthitau swayamchaalitaroopena locomotive-nivruttehe krute mruta-maanavasambaddh-yantram naa aasit. hastachaalit-break-dwau aasan-hasta-break, paada-break cha. yatah headle-train-balaihi nirjeeva-headym kurvan sthanantaram kartum shakyate sma, ataha nutt-bolt-dwara cha sthaapayitum aavashyakam aasit. punah locomotive-sevaam aarabhy, nutt-bolt-ityetaan shithilam karaneeyam aavashyakam aasit. keshuchit sandarbheshu etat vismrutam, parinaamatah cha prachaalakah break kartum naa shaktah aasit; anena bahavah six-janaah gharshana-kshatim anubhavanti sma.
sheetalakasy krute visheshakalpanaa karyanvita; deezal yuktah indhana-tyaank api yantrasya sheetalakah aasit. siddhantah aasit yat yantropakaranasy upayogakaale sheetalakah kadaapi naa samaaptah bhavishyati iti.
locomotive-madhye vaayu-chaapa-vyavasthaa naseet. shitty-praaptaye, shitty-vaayuh iti nirgamana-vayunam pravaahasya upayogaay, nishkasasya upari ekam yantram sthaapitam. anena ateeva vishishtah shitty-dhwanih abhavat (dhwanyaah anukarane, rolling aar-dhwanim kurvan uccha-swarasya shitty-dhwanih).
rakshanm.
enn. ess. 200 shrunkhalaayaah sarveshu locomotives madhye bahavah, virasata-rail-maargeshu, sper-parts krute, athavaa sthira-vasturoopen chaalayanta sthitau rakshitaani santi. 169 locomotive-nirmiteshu 80 locomotive-yantraani dviteeyavishvayuddhe nashtaani vaa nashtaani vaa abhavan.
roko ityanena vividha-yakruta-kshetreshu prasidham, yathartham cha echa0-scale-pratiroopam pradattam asti. |
ens vaguppu 200
netherlandhu spoorvegan (ens) vaguppu 200 deesal enginegal shunding kadamaigalukkaaga kattappattana. inththa siriya enginegalil 169, enn 201-369, workspooral 1934-1951 ilirunththu kattappattana. avai rayil aarvalargalaal "chick" (ottrai, aadugalil chick) endrum rayilway oozhiyargalaal "locomotor" endrum azhaikkappattana. ivatrtril pathinainthu enginegal thirumbap perakkoodiya graine moolam meendum kattappattana. puthiya duchu paniyaalarkalin paathukaappu vithimuraigal ens inii avattraip payanpaduththuvathaith thaduththathaith thodarnthu seyalil ulla sila enginegal 2008 aam aandil oaivu petrtrana. perumbaalaanavargal antha neraththil surusuruppaaga illai.
inththa enjin oru sila tholaithoora kilai vazhiththadangkalil seyalil irunththapoathilum, mukkiyamaaga oru shandaraaga iyakkappattathu.
nutpam.
vadivamaippu mattrum seyalpaadu elimaiyaana vishayangkalai adippadaiyaagak kondadhu, idhu avattrai migavum nambagamaanathaaga maattriyathu. enjin velippuraththilirunthu (enjin pakkam) vadivamaippaal iyakkappadukirathu, maelum oberatorin iyalaamai aerpattaal enjinai thaanaaga niruththa oru tett maen saathanam poruthappadavillai. irandu kaiyal piraekkugal irunthanah oru kaippidi mattrum oru kaall break. kaippidiyai rayilil ulla sakthigalaal nagarththa mudiyum enbathaal, adhai oru nutt mattrum polt moolam sariseiya vaendum. enjinai meendum sevaikku kondu sendravudan, nutt mattrum polt thalarththuvathu avasiyam. sila santharppangalil, idhu marakkappattathu, idhan vilaivaaga aaparettaraal break seiya mudiyavillai; idhan kaaranamaaga pala chick moathalil sethamatainthullana.
kulirpathanaththirkaaga oru sirappu vadivamaippu seyalpaduththappattathu; deesaludden koodiya eriporul thottiyum iyanththiraththirkaana kuliroottiyaaga irunththathu. enjin payanpaattil irukkumpoathu kuliroottigal orupoathum theernthuvidaathu endru koatpaadu irunththathu.
inththa enginil kaattru aluththa amaippu illai. oru visilaip pera, oru saathanam veliyaettraththin mael vaikkapattu veliyaettra vaayukkalin oottaththai visil kaattaaga payanpaduththappattathu. idhan vilaivaaga migavum thaniththuvamaana visil olii (oliyaip pinpattra, urulum aarr oliyai uruvaakkum poathu uyar-olii thoniyil visil adikkavum) aerpattathu.
paathukaakkum.
ens 200 thodarin anaitthu enjinkalilum, pala paarambariya rayil paathaikalil iyangkum nilaiyil, udhiri bhaagangkalukkaaga allathu nilaiyaana porulaaka paathukaakkappattullana. kattumanam seiyappatta 169 enginegalil, 80 enginegal 2aam ulagap poarin poathu izhakkappattana allathu agattrappattana.
palvaeru kalleeralgalil nanku ariyapatta mattrum thulliyamaana ech0 alavukoal maathiri rogo moolam vazhangkappadukirathu.
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ns class 200
netherlands spoorvejen (ns) class 200 deasle lokomotivlanu shunting vidhula kosam nirminchaaru. eee chinna locomotivelalo 169, sankhyalu 201-369, verkspur dwara nirminchabaddaayi, veetini railu autsaahikulu "sick" (singular, mekallo sick) anie, railway sibbandi "locomotor" anie pilicheevaaru. veetilo padihenu lokomotivlanu venakki teesukogala craintho punarnirminchaaru. kotta dutch sibbandi bhadrata nibandhanalu ns ikapai vaatini upayoginchakundaa nirodhinchina taruvaata kriyaaseela sevalo unna konni locomotivelu 2008loe padavee viramana cheyabaddaayi. aaa samayamlo chaalaa mandhi churukuga laeru.
eee locomotive pradhanamgaa shunterga panichesindi, ayinappatikee avi konni maarumuula branch linelalo churukuga undevi.
saanketikata.
roopakalpana mariyu operation saralamaina vishayaalapai aadharapadi undedi, idhi vaatini chaalaa nammadaginavigaa chesindi. locomotive bayati nundi (injin vaipu) design dwara nirvahinchabadindi mariyu operator asamarthatha vishayamlo locomotivenu svayamchaalakamgaa aapadaniki ded myaan parikaranni kaligi ledhu. rendu manueval breaklu undevi oka handle mariyu oka phut break. head-heading chesetappudu handlenu inn-train saktula dwara taralinchagaliginanduna, daanini nutt mariyu bolt dwara saricheyavalasi untundi. locomotivenu mallee sevaloki teesukunna tarvaata, ginja mariyu boltnu vippadam avasaram. konni sandarbhaallo, idhi marchipoyindi, phalitamgaa operator break cheyalekapoyadu; dheeni kaaranamgaa chaalaa mandhi sikkulu dheekonadam valla debbatinnaayi.
sheetalakarani kosam oka pratyeka roopakalpana amalu cheyabadindi; deasletho kuudina indhana tank kooda engineku sheetalakaranigaa undedi. locomotive upayogamlo unnappudu sheetalakarani eppatikee ayipodani siddhaantam.
locomotivelo gaali peedana vyavastha ledhu. vigil pondadaaniki exast vaayuvula pravahanni vigil airga upayoginchadaaniki exast paina oka parikaranni unchaaru. dheeni phalitamgaa chaalaa vilakshanhamaina vigil sound vachindi (dhwanini anukarinchadaaniki, rolling aarr sound chestunnappudu hye-pitch tone vigil cheyandi).
parirakshana.
ns 200 shreniloni anni locomotivelalo, chaalaa varaku heritage railway linela vadda, vidibhaagaala kosam ledhaa sthiramaina vastuvugaa nadustunna sthithilo bhadraparachabaddayi. nirminchina 169 locomotivelalo, 80 rendava prapancha yuddham samayamlo kolpoyayi ledhaa koolipoyaayi.
vividha livareelalo baga telisina mariyu khachitamaina hetch0 scale modalnu roco andistondi. | aine aiss klaas 200
netherlands kay sporvagon (aine aiss) klaas 200 ddezel anjan shonting deuty kay liye banaye gayey thay. inn chhotay anjanon mein say 169yee jinn kaa number 201-369 thaa wark poor nay 1934-1951 say banaya thaa. inhein rail kay shoqeen "sikk" (waahid mein sikk bakriyan) aur railway kay amley kay zariah "locomoter" kay naam say jaana jaataa thaa. inn mein say pandrah anjanon kuu eek qaabil wapsi kareen kay saath dobarah tameer kiyaa gayaa. faal saros mein mojud chand anjan 2008 mein iss waqat retire hoay jabb nayey dich ahalkaron kay hifazati zuabit nay aine aiss kuu inhein mazeed istemaal karnay say rook diyaa. ziyadah tarr iss waqat faal nahein thay.
yaha anjan bunyadi toor parr shonter kay toor parr chalaya jaataa thaa halankah wah chand door daraaz branch linon parr faal thay.
taknik.
design aur operation sabb say aasaan cheezon parr mubni thaa jiss nay darhaqiqat inhein behat qaabil aetemad banaa diyaa. anjan kuu baahir say (anjan kii taraf) design kay zariye chalaya gayaa thaa aur operator kii naahili kii soorat mein anjan kuu khood bakhud roknay kay liye deed meen device say lees nahein thaa. duu dasti break thay: eek handle aur eek fitt break. chonkah handle kuu train mein mojud quwaton kay zariye muntaqil kiyaa jaa saktaa thaa jabb kahh asay died heading kay doraan nutt aur boult say theek karnaa zaruri thaa. anjan kuu dobarah saros mein lay jaanay kay baad nutt aur boult kuu dahila karnaa zaruri thaa. kachh muamilat mein yaha bhool gayaa aur natijah yaha hawaa kahh operator break nahein kirr sakaa vovo iss kii wajah say behat say sakoon kuu tasadam kaa nqsan pahuncha hay.
colent kay liye eek khaas design naafiz kiyaa gayaa thaa vovo ddezel waala fewal tenk bhee anjan kay liye colent thaa. nazariyah yaha thaa kahh jabb anjan istemaal mein how tuu colent kabhi khatam nahein hoga.
anjan mein hawaa kay dabao kaa nazaam nahein thaa. seaty haasil karnay kay liye eek aalah kuu seaty kay oopar rakhaa gayaa taakah seaty kii hawaa kay toor parr akhraaj geeson kay bahao kuu istemaal kiyaa jaa sakay. iss kay natijay mein eek behat hyee khaas seaty kii aawaz aatee hay (aawaz kii nql karnay kay liyay aar aawaz banatay hoay oonchi aawaz waali seaty bajayein).
tahfuz.
aine aiss 200 seerez kay tamaam anjanon mein say behat say kuu yaa tuu heritage railway linon parr chalnay kii haalat mein spear parts kay liyay yaa eek jaamid shay kay toor parr mahfuz kiyaa gayaa hay. tameer shadah 169 anjanon mein say 80 dosri jung azeem kay doraan gumm how gayey yaa khatam how gayey.
eek maruf aur darsat aich 0 paimanay kaa maadal hay juu roko kay zariah mukhtalif levers mein paish kiyaa jaataa hay.
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00056dc6c5d2033dff45a80b43a5bafb8eff2047a3c552d59dd8c4cf63567eba | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3001810 | Haunted Mansion Holiday |
Haunted Mansion Holiday
Seasonal overlay of attraction
Haunted Mansion Holiday is a seasonal overlay of The Haunted Mansion attraction at Disneyland and Tokyo Disneyland that blends the settings and characters of the original Haunted Mansion with those of the 1993 film "The Nightmare Before Christmas". Taking inspiration from "The Night Before Christmas", the attraction retells the story of Jack Skellington (as "Sandy Claws") visiting the Haunted Mansion on Christmas Eve, leaving holiday chaos in his wake.
The Haunted Mansion typically closes for two and half weeks in late August so it can be converted into the Haunted Mansion Holiday. The overlaid attraction is then open to guests from September through early January before being closed again to remove the overlay.
History.
Two similar overlays – Country Bear Christmas Special (1984) and It's a Small World Holiday (1997) – had already been successful for some time when Haunted Mansion Holiday was developed. Initially, Disney considered doing a retelling of Charles Dickens' "A Christmas Carol", but decided against it due to the attraction's setting in New Orleans Square and the incongruity of bringing Santa Claus into the eerie environment of the Haunted Mansion. Instead, they decided to base it on "The Nightmare Before Christmas" after considering which Disney character would celebrate Christmas in the Haunted Mansion, should Santa Claus ever land there on his journey. Steve Davison took the idea and worked with Walt Disney Creative Entertainment to develop the overlay.
One issue Disney had to deal with was the fact that many of the key performers in the original attraction – Paul Frees, Leota Toombs, Eleanor Audley, most of the singing busts, and almost all of the original voice actors – had died years earlier. Frees was replaced in his role as the Ghost Host by Corey Burton, who had done voiceover work with Disney before and had also served as Frees' protege prior to the latter's death. Toombs' daughter, Kim Irvine, resembled her mother and was thus chosen to perform in her place as Madame Leota, with Susan Blakeslee (impersonating Audley and whom she once trained under), providing the character's voice. The singing busts were topped with Jack-O-Lanterns and given computer-animated singing projections. New voice actors were picked for the graveyard ghosts that sound similar to the originals.
Haunted Mansion Holiday opened October 3, 2001, and quickly became popular with guests, leading to the attraction's FastPass machines being activated during the overlay (they are now always active). On September 13, 2013 (Friday the 13th), the Haunted Mansion at Disneyland opened to the public outfitted with new effects and set pieces in celebration of its 13th year.
Walt Disney World Resort and Disneyland Paris do not have seasonal overlays. Outside of Phantom Manor, guests can get their photo taken with Jack and Sally.
The overlay was not presented in 2020 at either Disneyland or Tokyo Disneyland due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Disneyland remained closed from March 2020 to early 2021, while the since-reopened Tokyo Disneyland opted not to offer certain seasonal offerings through at least March 2021.
Storyline.
The Haunted Mansion Holiday takes place shortly after the events of the film it conjoins with, "The Nightmare Before Christmas", where Jack Skellington, who tried to create his very own twisted Christmas in a Halloween-style overlay in the movie, now discovers the Haunted Mansion, home to 999 Happy Haunts. Deciding to spread joy to the mansion's gloomy residents for the holidays, Jack and his creepy crew from Halloween Town bring hundreds of Jack's original evil Christmas presents and decorations to the manor and deck the haunting grounds for a thrilling and chilling holiday for the Grim Grinning Ghosts inhabiting the abandoned house, setting the stage for the ride itself.
Attraction.
The outside of the mansion has been covered in both jack-o-lanterns and Halloween-style Christmas decorations. On the roof is Jack Skellington's coffin sleigh and stretched from the roof to the ground is his comical "Christmas Equation". There is also the countdown clock from Halloween Town that tells how many days are left until Christmas. A music box track from Disneyland Paris' Phantom Manor plays in the outdoor areas. At Tokyo Disneyland, the mansion does not have a countdown clock or a Christmas Equation hanging from the roof because of the design differences between the mansions. Instead, pumpkin snowmen can be seen and orchestrations from the movie and ride play in the queue area.
Guests are then ushered into the foyer, which has been decorated with skull wreaths and such. The Ghost Host begins to tell the story of the attraction in rhyme. From there, guests proceed into one of the two portrait chambers. At Tokyo, a painting of Jack transforming from the Pumpkin King to his Santa Claus guise replaces the Aging Man changing portrait.
Guests then enter the portrait gallery. The stretching portraits have been replaced with stained-glass pictures depicting innocent Christmas scenes with wreaths as their frames. When the doors close, the chamber goes dark and begins to stretch. The pictures burst into shards, and luminescent paintings of Halloween Town's Christmas vision emerge, depicting Jack as Santa Claus riding his coffin sleigh high above the Mansion, a man-eating wreath, scary toys, Santa Claus opening a giant sack as ghosts rise up and a giant carnivorous snake. The Ghost Host begins reciting a dark variation of the poem "Twas the Night Before Christmas" poem as eerie music plays, extensively featuring a choir. The suspense builds until lightning crashes and Jack's face appears in the ceiling above, cackling, "Happy Holidays, everyone!"; this replaces the hanging body of the Ghost Host. His laughter fills the room, a woman screams and everything goes pitch black. In 2013, Jack's face is replaced by a new animated projection of him and Zero and the hanging body of the Ghost Host remains intact.
As the lights return to normal, the doors open, leading into the portrait hallway. The changing portraits here have also been replaced with ones depicting:
The choir returns as the song "Kidnap the Sandy Claws" begins to play. A snowstorm appears to be taking place outside the windows and the three musicians from the movie are also standing outside. The staring busts have spider-webs in front of them that glisten with the words "NOEL" and "HO-HO-HO." The loading area is decorated with even more Halloween and Christmas décor and there is a huge animated Christmas card with many of the characters from the movie celebrating the season. The card is much of a treat to the eyes itself, featuring the words "MERRY CHRISTMAS" at the bottom of the card, where the message changes to "SCARY CHRISTMAS" intermittently. At Tokyo, there is no portrait hall like Disneyland's. Instead, immediately after the portrait chamber, the guests enter the loading area, which is decorated with orange Christmas lights and Halloween pumpkins. After boarding, the guests glide underneath a landing from where Jack, Sally, and the Vampire Teddy greet guests. The ride-through Portrait Corridor features portraits of the film's characters performing various activities and watching as the guests go by. Orange Christmas lights wrap around the staring busts in the library as Zero wraps a floating tree made out of books with tinsel garland. In the music room, guests see a life-size audio-animatronic Sally, seeming depressed and sitting in the chair next to the ghostly piano that the Vampire Teddy plays. The Doom Buggies then move up the stairs, passing terrified green cockroaches in cages with gift tags that read "For Oogie." At the top of the stairs, Oogie Boogie's shadow appears and turns into a Christmas tree shape in the full moon above. The original black-lighted rubber spiders remain.
At Anaheim Disneyland, upon boarding the Doom Buggies (referred to as Black Christmas Sleighs in the overlay), guests ascend the staircase. At the top, there are piles of presents with the Vampire Teddy sitting on them, fishing for humans. As the Ghost Host continues telling the story, Zero is now seen floating in the endless hallway in place of the candelabra. The moving suit of armor wears a pumpkin mask and has garland wrapped around it. A pile of dog bones in front of the hallway and a wreath made of dog bones adorns the top of the hall. On one floating bone, a tag reads "To Zero". Presents sit in the chair and poinsettias reside next to that chair.
The corpse trapped in the coffin in the conservatory is unchanged, but the Vampire Teddy now sits on it, hammering nails back in. A tag reading "Do Not Open Till Xmas" hangs from the lid. The dead funeral flowers have sprung to life and now perform the song "Kidnap the Sandy Claws". The corridor of doors is now filled with the same comically vicious flowers, all singing loudly, although the doors and the sound effects that they play are still the same. Guests then pass underneath a large yellow-eyed man-eating wreath with teeth, which all the flowers seem to be connected to. The demonic grandfather clock and shadow claw remain the same but now has a tag that says "To Leota, Special Gifts for you - Sandy Claws".
Guests then enter the séance room. Madame Leota is in a Christmas ornament and floats along with several glowing bottles surrounding her and now chants "The 13 Days of Christmas" while the Vampire Teddy sits on the top of the chair behind Leota's table, ringing two tiny bells with the séance. A bewitched nutcracker with eyes glowing green moves its mouth in unison with Leota. The floating instruments are replaced with huge floating tarot cards, depicting Leota's 13 Christmas gifts of which she is chanting. In Tokyo, the raven remains in this scene and Leota is not in a Christmas ornament and is covered in candles with Lock, Shock, and Barrel looking at her through a window in the back of the room.
The Sleighs then move into the ballroom. The ghosts here are the same, but the decorations have changed. The table is set for a Christmas party and a huge gingerbread house sits in the center of the table. An immense dead Christmas tree (with one live branch at the top) covered in candles and spiders with lights now sits in the middle of the dance floor, but the ghosts waltz right through it. Zero floats above the scene near the tree as the duelists shoot at him. The curtains at the top of the staircase in the back of the hall have opened, revealing the mansion's library, complete with a floating tree made of books. In Tokyo, Jack and Sally's shadows are seen exchanging presents under the mistletoe behind that curtain instead. Also, instead of a gingerbread house, a giant cake is in the middle of the table.
The guests are then taken to the attic, where most of the usual props and characters have been replaced with a clutter of all sorts of creepy toys and presents. A huge snake coils around the room with a "naughty and nice" list in its mouth. Throughout the room, some of the evil toys come to life as the guests pass by, including three jack-in-the-boxes (one featuring a stylized skull, another a black cat's head, and another a jack-o-lantern using the old attic pop-up ghosts from the original ride), a bullet hole-ridden duck, a cymbal-crashing Oogie Boogie doll, and a monstrous train on tentacle-like tracks.
As the guests leave the attic and head out onto the balcony, The Hatbox Ghost has adorned the top of his top hat with a decorative Christmas Skull pin and puts a Santa Claus hat on top of the nearby stack of Hatbox. Snowflakes are seen falling instead of ghosts rising as guests go down the stairs next to the balcony and into the graveyard, the guests witness the Vampire Teddy chewing on Christmas lights, threatening to blow a fuse. As the Doom Buggies reach the ground level, they pass by a towering audio-animatronic figure of Jack in his Sandy Claws outfit, wishing the guests a Merry Christmas as a replacement for the wide-eyed caretaker that usually stands in his place during most of the year, with Zero accompanying him in place of the caretaker's dog. The graveyard is now covered in snow and the spiral hill from Halloween Town is featured as a centerpiece covered in glowing pumpkins. The Pop-up ghosts still pop-up and scare guests as they pass, but now they are wearing Santa hats. In 2016, an animatronic Sally is added to the graveyard. The music combines "What’s This?", "We Wish You A Merry Christmas", "Grim Grinning Ghosts", "Jolly Old St. Nicholas", and "Jingle Bells". The Skeletal reindeer from the film are shown enjoying time in the graveyard with one playing tug-of-war with the howling hellhound, another having tea with other ghosts, and the last one is racing with ghosts on bicycles replacing one of them. The vehicles pass under huge snow angels with pumpkin heads playing trumpets. The singing busts have been topped with jack-o-lanterns at the base of the spiral hill. Before entering the crypt, guests see the Vampire Teddy one last time, playing a trumpet with another pumpkin-headed snow angel above.
The Black Sleighs then enter the crypt, where an audio-animatronic Oogie Boogie stands next to a roulette wheel under black light, offering the guests a game with some strange gifts. Prior to 2003, there was originally an animated mural of Lock, Shock and Barrel. The guests see those bizarre presents instead of the Hitchhiking Ghosts when they go by the mirrors. If the present is a coffin imprinted with a question mark, Lock, Shock and Barrel will pop out from behind each of the three mirrors.
The guests then arrive at the unload area, which is also filled with snow and jack-o-lanterns. As the guests travel up the speed ramp to the exit, a tiny version of Sally (taking the place of Little Leota) is seen thanking Jack as he flies away in his sleigh and tells the guests to hurry back. In Tokyo's version of the final scene, the crypt features Lock, Shock, and Barrel inside some presents, hitching a ride with the guests. Sally bids goodbye and then the guests disembark in a wreath-adorned mausoleum.
Additions.
During the 2003 season, Disneyland offered an "Oogie Boogie's Holiday Tricks and Treats" scavenger hunt. Oogie was given hidden cameos throughout the mansion, which guests are asked to look for. For instance, Oogie can be found in shrubbery in the gardens, a shadow on the Christmas card, a doll in the attic, etc.
Soundtrack.
The attraction's musical score was originally composed by Gordon Goodwin. It was replaced in 2002 with an adapted score by John Debney, based on themes from the film's soundtrack composed by Danny Elfman. Since 2003, Goodwin's original music has been used in the stretching rooms and the exit crypt (where Goodwin's attic music is used), while the rest of Elfman's score remains. Several characters in the ride are voiced by the original actors from the film, and the various sound effects are a mixture of tracks from the original attraction and new ones.
References.
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bhutpurno moholir bondhor dinn
bhutpurno meseson holiday hoise disneyland aaru toku disonylandor bhutpurno mesesonor aakorxonor ek ritubhittik aaworon jiye mool bhutpurno mesesonor settings aaru soritroxomuhok 1993 sonor solositro "dyo dratemar bifur christomas" ror xoite misrito kore. bordinor aagor nixa" ror poraa onuprerona loi, aakorxontuwe jek scalingtonor ("chendy klu" hisape) bordinor praak muhurtot bhutpurno bhowon bhromon korar kahinitu punor koy, jaar folot teur poriprekhyitot bondhor bisringkholotar sristi hoy.
bhutpurno bhowontu xadharonote aagostor xexor faale aarhoi xoptahor baabe bondho hoi thaake jaate iyak bhutpurno bhowonor bondhor dinoloi rupantorit koribo paari. iyar pisot otirikto aakorxontu septemboror poraa januaryr aarombhonir poraa otithixokolor baabe mukoli koraa hoy aaru iyar pisot otirikto aakorxon atoraboloi punor bondho koraa hoy.
itihax.
dutaa ekedhoronor uporot thoka-country beyar khristomas special (1984) aaru ee etaa xoru biswo bondhor dinn (1997)-itimodhye kichu xomoyor baabe xofol hoisil jetiya bhutpurno mesesonor bondhor dinn bikoxito hoisil. prothomote, disoniye charls dikensor "e crimas kerol" punor kuwar kotha bibesona korisil, kintu niu orlins scowarot aakorxonor poriwex aaru bhutpurno bhowonor bibhixikamoy poriwexot chenta clouse onaar oxongotir baabe iyar biruddhe xiddhanto loisil. iyar poriworte, teuluke iyak "bordinor aagor duswopno" ror uporot aadharito korar xiddhanto loisil, jitu bibesona korar pisot dijoneer soritrotuwe bhutura bhowonot bordin udjapon koribo, jodi chenta clouse teur jatrat taat owotoron kore. steve debhisone ei dharonatu grohon korisil aaru oh "verletu bikoxito koriboloi walt dijoneer sristixil monuronjonor xoite kaam korisil.
dijoneeye etaa xomosyar xoite mukabila koribologiya hoisil je mool aakorxonor bohutu mool prodorxok-poll freeze, liuta tombs, elenor oh 'dolly, besibhag gaanor bust, aaru pray xokolu mool kontho obhineta-bohu bosor aagote mrityu hoisil. freezor thait bhutor porisalok hisape teur bhumikat kuree bartonor sthan luwa hoisil, jiye aagote dijoneer xoite bhoisoubharor kaam korisil aaru pisorjonor mrityur aagote freezor protij hisapeu kaam korisil. tombosor konya kim irvin taair maakor xoite xadrisyopurno aasil aaru xeyehe teur thait medam liuta hisape poriwexon koriboloi basoni koraa hoisil, susan blacksleer xoite (oh 'dolir sodmobex dhori aaru jaar odhinot teu ebaar proxikhyon loisil), soritrotur kontho prodan korisil. gaanor bostoburor uporot jek-oh-lonthonor xoite aaru computer-animated gaanor projekson diya hoisil. mulor dore xobdo koraa koborsthanor bhutburor baabe notun kontho obhineta basoni koraa hoisil.
2001 sonor 3 octoborot bhutura bhowonor bondhor dinn mukoli hoisil aaru otirikto xomoyot otithixokolor maajot jonopriyo hoi porisil, jaar folot aakorxonor fastpax jontrobur uporoler xomoyot xokriyo hoi porisil (xeibur etiya xoday xokriyo hoi aase). 2013 sonor 13 septemborot (13 tarikhor xukrobare) disonelandor bhutpurno bhowontu notun probhabere xojjito aaru iyar 13 xongkhyok bosor udjaponor baabe tukura set kori jonoxadharonor baabe mukoli koraa hoisil.
walt dijoni world regeort aaru disneyland perisot ritubhittik uporot thoka thaai naai. fentom menoror bahirot otithixokole jek aaru chelir xoite teulukor photu lo 'bob paare.
koo "vid-19 mohamarir baabe 2020 sonot disneyland baa toku disonylandot ei aworle uposthapon koraa huwa nasil. disneyland 2020 sonor marchor poraa 2021 sonor aarombhoniloike bondho aasil, aanhate tetiyar poraa punor khula toku disneylande ontotoh 2021 sonor march maholoike kisuman ritugoto ofar prodan nokorar xiddhanto loisil.
kahini.
bhutpurno bhowonor bondhor dintu sobikhonor ghotonaxomuhor kichu xomoyor pisote xonghotit hoy, "khristomasor purbe duswopno", zo 'too jek scalingtone, jiye sobikhonot ek heluwin-xoilir abordhito nijor nijei musoliya bordin sristi koriboloi chesta korisil, etiya bhutura bhowontu abiskar kore, zo' too 999 xukhi bhowon aase. bondhor dinburor baabe moholur bixonno baxindaxokololoi aanondo biyopaboloi xiddhanto loi, jek aaru heluwin sohoror teur biroktikor kormosarixokole xo xo jekor mool dusto bordinor upohar aaru xojja menoroloi aane aaru ek rumanchokor aaru xitol bondhor baabe bhoyanok khelpotharok dek kore.
aakorxon.
moholur baahiror ongxotu jek-oh-lonthon aaru heluwin xoilir bordinor xajxojja duyutaire abrito koraa hoise. sadtut jek scalingtonor kofin sleigh aase aaru sador poraa matiloike bistarito hoi aase teur haisyorxatmok "khristomas xomikoron". heluwin sohoror poraa countdown ghoriu aase jiye bordinoloike kiman dinn baaki aase xeitu koy. degenaland perisor fentom menoror etaa music boxes trekk baahiror oncholot bojuwa hoy. tokiu disnelandot, moholur maajot designor parthokyor baabe messiontut countdown ghori baa sador poraa ulomai thoka bordinor xomikoron naai. iyar poriworte, kumdur snomenbur dekha yaay aaru chinemar poraa orchestration aaru xarir oncholot raid play dekha yaay.
taar pisot otithixokolok ghoroloi onaa hoy, jaak kopalor maala aaru ene dhoronere xojuwa hoise. bhutor porisalokjone rimot aakorxonor kahinitu koo 'boloi aarombho kore. taar poraa otithixokole dutaa protikritir chamberor bhitorot etaloi yaay. tot 'kiyo' too, kumdur rojar poraa teur xanta clousor sodmowexoloi rupantorit huwa jekor ekhon sitroi briddho manuhor chitro xoloni kore.
taar pisot otithixokole proturet galleryt prowex kore. stresing potreitburok rong koraa-kasor sobir xoite xoloni koraa hoise zo 'too nirduxi bordinor drishyoburok teulukor frame hisape maalar xoite sitrito koraa hoise. jetiya duwar bondho hoy, chambertu aandhar hoi yaay aaru tunn hoh "boloi aarombho kore. sobibur tukurat bhonga hoi pore, aaru heluwin sohoror bordinor dristir ujjwol sitrobur ulai aahe, zo 'too jekok teur kofinere ghura margor uporot uthi thoka xanta clousor dore sitrito koraa hoise, etaa manuh-khuwa maala, bhoyongkor putola, bhutbur uthi ohaar loge loge etaa bixal bosta khula xanta clouse aaru etaa bixal mangxobhuji xaap. bhutor porisalokjone "tuwas dyo night bir krixomas" kobitatur etaa gaarh rup abritti koriboloi aarombho kore, zo "too biroktikor xongit bojuwa hoy, zo" too etaa gayokodolor byapok boixistyo thaake. bojropat nuhuwaloike aaru uporor sadtut jekor mukh dekha nupuwaloike rohosyor sristi hoy, hahiboloi dhore, "xubho bondhor dinn, xokolu!"; ee bhutor puxokor jhulonto xorirok xoloni kore. teur hahituwe kuthatu bhorai pelay, egoraki mohilai siyore aaru xokolu koo 'laa hoi pore. 2013 sonot, jekor mukhkhon teur aaru xunyor ek notun animated projectionor dwara xoloni koraa hoy aaru bhut hostor jhulonto deh okhyot thaake.
lightbur swabhabik owosthaloi ghuri ohaar loge loge duwarbur khula hoy, jaar folot sobir holwe "loi yaay. iyat xoloni huwa sitroburu sitrito koraa sobire xoloni koraa hoiseh
balimoy toluwabur opohoron korok" gittu bojuwar loge loge gayok doltu ghuri aahe. khirikir bahirot borphor dhumuha soli thoka zen lagise aaru chinemakhonor tinijon xongitogyou bahirot thiyo hoi aase. soku furai thoka bostoburor xonmukhot makorar jaal thaake jibur "nuel" aaru "hu-hu-hu" xobdore jiliki thaake."lo 'ding elekatu aaru odhik heluwin aaru bordinor xojjare xojuwa hoise aaru iyat chinemakhonor bohutu soritror xoite ek bixal animated bordin card aase zo' too ritutu udjapon koraa hoise. cardtu sokur baabe ek bixex xubidha, cardtur tolot "meree khristomas" xobdobur aase, zo 'too bartatu maaje maaje "bhoyongkor khristomas" loi xoloni hoy. tokuyut disonylandor dore kunu sobir holl naai. iyar poriworte, chitro chamberor thik pisote, otithixokole loading oncholot prowex kore, jitu komola bordinor light aaru heluwin kuhiyarere xojuwa hoy. ruwar pisot, otithixokole owotoronor tolot uri yaay zo 'ror poraa jek, chelli aaru vempayar teriye otithixokolok obhibadon jonay. raid-thru poo 'rtrait corridorot solositrokhonor soritrobure bibhinno karjyokolap xompadon koraa aaru otithixokole juwar xomoyot suwar chitro aase. libraryr sokure soku furai thoka aaboxburor sariufale komola bordinor lightbure abrito kore jetiya xunyoi kitapor poraa toiyar koraa etaa bhaxman gosok tinsel malare abrito kore. xongit kuthat, otithixokole etaa jiwan-aakaror audio '-animatronic chelik dekhe, hotax hoi thoka zen laage aaru vempayar teriye bojuwa bhutpurno piyanur kaxot thoka seyarot bohi aase. taar pisot doom bogixbure chiri uporoloi uthi yaay, khasat thoka aatongkit xeujiya telapukare upohar tagburor xoite paar hoy zo 'too "for ugee" buli likha thaake."sirir uporot, ugee bugir chaa dekha yaay aaru uporor purnimar xomoyot etaa khristomas gosor aakritiloi poribortito hoy. mool koo 'laa puhoror robor makorsibur baaki aase.
anaheim disnelandot, doom bagisot (uporot thoka black chrixmas slyghos buli kuwa hoy) uthi ohaar pisot, otithixokole chiri aaruhon kore. uporot, manuhor baabe maach dhora vempayar tedir xoite upoharor stup aase. bhutor porisalokjone kahinitu kuwa obyahot rokhar loge loge, etiya mumbatir thait ontohin holwet xunyo bhori thoka dekha goise. soli thoka ostro-xostrotuwe kumdur maask pindhe aaru iyar sariufale maala abrito kori raakhe. holwer xonmukhot kukuror haaror etaa stup aaru kukuror harore nirmito etaa malare holor uportu xojuwa hoy. etaa bhaxman harot etaa tegg "xunyoloi" likha hoy. upoharbur seyarot bohi thaake aaru poinchetia xei seyartur kaxot thaake.
conservatoryr kofinot aabodho mritodehtu xoloni huwa naai, kintu vempayar teriye etiya taat bohi aase, punor nokhore haturi maari aase. dhakonar poraa "dont oh 'penn till exmas" likha etaa tegg ulomi thaake. mrito ontyestikriyar fulbur jiwanta hoi porise aaru etiya "balimoy toluwabur opohoron korok" gittu poriwexon kore. duwaror corridortu etiya ekei haisyorxatmokbhabe xubho fulore bhori porise, xokoluwe ussoswore gaise, jodiu duwar aaru xeibure bojuwa xobdor probhab etiyau ekei. taar pisot otithixokole daator xoite etaa dangor halodhiya sokur manuh-khuwa maalar tolot paar hoy, jaar xoite xokolu ful xongzukto huwa zen laage. rakhyoxor daadur ghori aaru sayapothor toluwatu ekei thaake kintu etiya etaa tegg aase zo 'too likha aase "liutaloi, aapunar baabe bixex upohar-balimoy toluwa".
taar pisot otithixokole chance rumot prowex kore. medam liuta etaa bordinor olongkarot aase aaru teuk sariufale keibatau jiliki thoka botolor xoite bhori aase aaru etiya "dyo 13 dez owo christomas" buli jop kore aanhate vempayar teriye liutar tebulor pisfale thoka seyaror uporot bohi chanceor xoite dutaa xoru xoru ghonta bajay. xeujiya sokure ujjwol etaa bisolito notkrekare iyar mukhtu liutar xoite ekjuge sthanantor kore. bhaxman badyojontroburor thait bixal bhaxman ter 'tot cardor byowostha koraa hoy, zo' too liutar 13taa bordinor upohar dekhuuwa hoise, jaar bhitorot teu jop kori aase. tokuyut, ei drishyot kaktu owoxisto hoi aase aaru liuta bordinor olongkarot naai aaru kuthar pisfalor etaa khirikir maajere taak saai thoka lok, xok aaru berelere mumbatire abrito hoi aase.
taar pisot slyghbur bolrumoloi yaay. iyat bhutbur ekei, kintu xajxojja xoloni hoise. tebulkhon etaa bordinor partyr baabe set koraa hoy aaru tebulor majbhagot etaa bixal gingerbread house aase. mumbati aaru puhoror xoite makorosore abrito etaa bixal mrito bordin goch (uporot etaa jiwanta xakhar xoite) etiya nrityor mojiyar maajot bohi aase, kintu bhutbure iyar maajere ulti yaay. dwondojudhor jubokxokole teuk gulee soluwar xomoyot xunyo gosor usoror drishyotur uporot bhori pore. holor pisfalor sirir uporor pordabur khula hoise, jiye moholir puthibhoraltu prokax korise, kitapore nirmito etaa bhaxman gosore xompurno. tokuyut, jek aaru chelir sayabure xei pordar pisfalor misteltur tolot upohar binimoy koraa dekha yaay. logote, gingerbread housor poriworte tebulor maajot etaa bixal kek aase.
taar pisot otithixokolok sunaloi loi juwa hoy, zo 'too besibhag xadharon prop aaru soritroburok xokolu dhoronor bibhixikamoy putola aaru upoharor bisringkholotar xoite xoloni koraa hoy. etaa bixal xapor kundoliye kuthatur sariufale mukhor bhitorot etaa "dustu aaru bhaal" talikar xoite. gutei kuthat, otithixokole paar hoi juwar loge loge kisuman beyaa putola jiwanta hoi pore, jaar bhitorot tinita jek-inn-dyo-boxes (etaa xoilibodho khuli, aan etaa koo 'laa mekurir muur, aaru aan etaa mool raidor puroni etik pop-aap bhut byobohar koraa jek-oh'-lantor), etaa bullet hoh 'lo-riden haah, etaa simbol-cressing ugee bugee putoli, aaru tentekelor dore trekot etaa ranbordhito train.
otithixokole sunkhon eri belkoniloi ulai juwar loge loge, hetbox bhuttuwe teur uporor tupir uportu etaa alongkarik bordinor khulir pinore xojuwa aaru usoror hetboxor stupor uporot etaa xanta clouse tupee raakhe. otithixokole belkonir kaxor sirir poraa naami koborsthanoloi juwar xomoyot bhutbur uthi juwar xoloni tuxaror tukorabur pori thoka dekha yaay, otithixokole vempayar tedituk bordinor laitot subai fuj furar bhabuki di subai thoka dekha yaay. doom bogibure maatir storot uponeet huwar loge loge, teuluke teur baalir toluwar xaaj-puchakot thoka jekor ek ukh audio '-animatronic aakritir maajere paar hoi yaay, otithixokolok xadharonote bosoror besibhag xomoy teur thait thiyo hoi thoka bohol sokur suwa-sitar poriworte ek aanondomoy bordinor xubhescha jonay, zo' too suwa-sitar kukuror thait xunyo teur logot thaake. koborsthantu etiya borofere abrito aaru heluwin sohoror xorpil pahartu ujjwol kuhiyare abrito ek kendrobindu hisape prodorxito koraa hoise. pop-aap bhutbur etiyau pop-aap hoy aaru pahorixokolok bhoy khuwai yaay, kintu etiya teuluke xanta tupee pindhi aase. 2016 sonot, koborsthanot etaa animatronic chelee jug koraa hoy. xongittuwe ekotrito kore "eitu ki?"," aami aapunak etaa aanondomoy bordinor xubhescha jonaisu "," "" bhoyanok haahi thoka bhut "," "" aanondomoy puroni saint. nikulax, "aaru" jingle bail ". sobikhonor kongkalor raindireok koborsthanot xomoy upobhug kori dekhuuwa hoise zo 'too ejon hoh' lorongor helhoundor xoite taag-oh 'waar kheli aase, aan ejone aan bhutor xoite saah khaai aase, aaru xexortu hoise bhutor xoite baisilisot douri aase. kumdur murot ronga ronga ronga ronga ronga ronga ronga ronga ronga ronga ronga ronga ronga ronga ronga ronga ronga ronga ronga ronga ronga ronga ronga ronga ronga ronga ronga ronga ronga ronga ronga ronga ronga ronga ronga ronga ronga ronga ronga ronga ronga ronga ronga ronga ronga ronga ronga ronga ronga ronga ronga ronga ronga ronga ronga ronga ronga ronga ronga ronga ronga ronga ronga ronga ronga ronga ronga ronga ronga ronga ronga ronga ronga ronga ronga ronga ronga ronga ronga ronga ronga ronga ronga ronga ronga ronga ronga ronga ronga ronga ronga ronga ronga ronga ronga ronga ronga ronga ronga ronga ronga ronga ronga ronga ronga ronga ronga ronga ronga ronga ronga ronga ronga ronga ronga ronga ronga ronga ronga ronga ronga ronga ronga ronga ror xorpil paharor tolot gaanor aaboxburor uporot jek-oh-lonthonor xoite xirxosthanot aase. guptosthanot prowex korar aagote, otithixokole vempayar tedituk xexbaror baabe dekha paay, uporot aan ejon kumbor muror borphor debdutor xoite ronga ronga bojai aase.
iyar pisot koo 'laa slyghbure cryptot prowex kore, zo' too etaa audio '-animatronic ugee bugee koo' laa puhoror tolot rulet huilor kaxot thiyo hoi otithixokolok kisuman odbhut upoharor xoite etaa khel prodan kore. 2003 sonor aagote, mulotoh lok, swok aaru berelor animated meruwel aasil. otithixokole aainar kaxot goi thokar xomoyot hisaiking bhutor xoloni xei odbhut upoharbur dekhe. jodi upohartu prosnosinhor xoite sopa kofin hoy, tente lok, swok aaru berel tinita aainar protitur pisfalor poraa ulai ahibo.
taar pisot otithixokole unload oncholot uposthito hoy, jitu borof aaru jek-oh-lonthonore bhori aase. otithixokole speed rempor poraa prosthanoloi juwar xomoyot, chelir etaa xoru xongskoron (xoru liutar thait) jekor dhonyobad jonai dekha yaay jetiya teu nijor slaigot uri yaay aaru otithixokolok xunkale ubhoti jaboloi koy. suranto drishyor tokio 'ror xongoskoronot, crypttut kisuman upoharor bhitorot lok, swok aaru berel aase, otithixokolor xoite jatra kore. cheliye biday jonay aaru taar pisot otithixokole puspostobokore xojjito xomadhi etare naami aahe.
xongzujon.
2003 sonor sijonor xomoyot, disneylande "ugee bugir bondhor kouxol aaru byobohar" scavenger huntor prodan korisil. ugeek xomogro moholtut lukai thoka kem "diya hoisil, jibur otithixokolok bisariboloi kuwa hoy. udahoronsworupe, bagisaxomuhor gulmo, khristomas cardor sayat, sotworot etaa putola aadit ugee puwa yaay.
soundtrack.
aakorxonor xongit scoretu mulotoh gordon goodwine rosona korisil. 2002 sonot danny elfmane rosona koraa sobikhonor soundtrackor bixoybostur uporot aadharito kori john debonir dwara obhijujit score iyak xoloni koraa hoisil. 2003 sonor poraa, goodwinor mool xongit stresing rum aaru exit cryptot (zo 'too goodwinor etik xongit byobohar koraa hoy) byobohar koraa hoise, aanhate elfmanor baaki scoretu baaki aase. raidor keibatau soritrok sobikhonor mool obhinetaxokole konthodan korise, aaru bibhinno xobdo probhab hoise mool aakorxon aaru notunor trekor mishron. |
bhutude prasad chhutir deane
bhutude prasad chhutir deane holl disneyland ebong tokio disneylander bhutude prasader akorshoner ekti mousumi achchadon jaa 1993 saaler cholochchitro "chrismuser agey duhshopno"-err saathe mool bhutude prasader settings ebong choritrogulike mishrito korey. chrismuser ager raat" theke anuprerana niye, akarshanti jack scalingtoner ("balukamoy nakh" hisabe) chrismuser prakkale bhutude prasad poridorshon korar golpoti punra boley, taar poriprekkhite chhutir bishrinkhala chhede deyo.
pretoprakrito prasadti sadharonoto auguster shesher dike adai saptaher jonno bondho thaake jaate etike pretoprakrito prasad chhutite rupantarita koraa yaay. achchadito akarshanti tarpor septembara theke januarir prothom dick porjonto atithider jonno khola thaake ebong tarpore achchadonti saranor jonno abar bondho koraa hoy.
itihas.
duti anurup overley-country bear chrismus speshala (1984) ebong etty ekti chhoto bishwa chhuti (1997)-itimadhye kichhu somoyer jonno sofol hoyechilo jokhon bhutude prasader chhuti toiri koraa hoyechilo. prathomikbhabe, disney charles dickenser 'ekti chrismus caroll'-err ekti punahbarnan korar kotha bhebechilen, kintu neu orleans squarey akorshoner setting ebong pretoprobon prasader bhayankar poribeshe santa cloz aanar asangatir karone etty korar siddhanta nene. poriborte, taaraa etike "chrismuser ager duhshopner" upor vitti korey korar siddhanta neyo, jaa bibechona korar porey disney choritroti bhutude prasade chrismus udjapon korbe, jodi santa clause taar yatrai kokhono sekhane abataran korey. stibha davison eyi dharonati grohon corren ebong walt disneyr srijanshil binodoner saathe kaaj korey achchadonti bikash corren.
disnike ekti vishay niye kotha bolte hoyechilo jey mool akorshoner onek mool shilpi-poll phrisa, leota tombs, elenor audley, beshirbhag gaaner abokkho ebong pray samasta mool kontho abhineta-bohu bochor agey maaraa giechilen. freezer stholabhishikto hohn corey barton, jini err agey disneyr sange voiceover kaaj korechilen ebong porertir mrityur agey freezer pristhoposhok hisabeo kaaj korechilen. tombser meye qima arvin taar mayer anurup chhilo ebong taai taake taar jaiga madam leota hisabe abhinoy korar jonno beche neoa hoyechilo, sujan blakesley (audley chhoddobesh dharon korey ebong jaar adhine seey ekbar proshikkhon niyechilo), choritrotir kontho pradan korey. gaaner abokkho murtigulir shirshe chhilo jack-oo-lanthan ebong computer-animated gaaner anuman deoa hoyechilo. koborsthaner bhuter jonno notun kontho abhineta beche neoa hoyechilo jaa asalgulir moto shonache.
bhutude prasader chhuti 3raa octobor, 2001-ayee khola hoy ebong druto atithider kachhe janapriya hoye othe, jaar foley akorshoner fastpas meshinguli overley-rawr somoy sakriya hoy (taaraa ekhon sarbada sakriya). 13ee septembara, 2013 (shukrobar 13tomo), disneylander bhutude prasadti notun prabhab ebong seeta peace diye sajjito jonosadharoner jonno unmukto koraa hoyechilo taar 13tomo bochor udjapon.
walt disney worled resort ebong disneyland pyarise mousumi overley nei. fantom manorer baire, atithira jack ebong sallyr saathe taader chhobi tulte paren.
covid-19 mahamarir karone 2020 saale disneyland baa tokio disneylande achchadonti uposthapon koraa hoyney. disneyland 2020 saaler march theke 2021 saaler godar dike bondho chhilo, ebong tarpor theke punra khola tokio disneyland kompokkhe 2021 saaler marcher modhye nirdishto mousumi offer naa deoar siddhanta niyechilo.
golper golpo.
pretoprakrito prasader chhutiti cholochchitrer ghotonagulir saathe milit howar alpo somoyer modhyei ghote, "chrismuser agey duhshopno", jekhane jack skellington, jini hallouin-shailir achchadontite taar nijer bankano chrismus toiri korar chesta korechilen, ekhon pretoprakrito prasadti abishkar korey, jekhane 999 tii sukhi hont royeche. chhutir jonno prasader bishanna basindader modhye ananda chhoriye deoar siddhanta niye, jack ebong hallouin shohorer taar bhitikar doll jacker shoto shoto asol dushto chrismus upohar ebong sajja niye aase ebong porityokto barite bosobaskari bhayankar hasikhushi bhutoder jonno ekti romanchkar ebong sheetal chhutir jonno bhayankar mathke deeka korey, jaa jatrar jonno moncho toiri korey.
akarshan.
prasader bairer ongshoti jack-oo-lanthan ebong hallouin-shailir chrismus sajja ubhayi diye achchadito koraa hoyeche. chhade jack scalingtoner coffeen sly ebong chhaad theke mutty porjonto prosarito taanr hasyokor "chrismus samikaran" royeche. hallouin shohor theke countdown ghadio royeche jaa chrismus porjonto koto deane bucky achhe taa boley. disneyland pyariser fantom manor theke ekti music boxes track bairer elaka bajano hoy. tokio disneylande, prasadgulir modhye nakshar parthokyer karone prasader countdown ghadi baa chhaad theke jhulonto chrismus samikaran nei. poriborte, kumdo tusharmanabder dekha yaay ebong cinema theke arkeshtreshana koraa yaay ebong saari elaka raida khela hoy.
atithider tarpor foyere niye yawa hoy, jaa mathar khulite maalaa ebong eyi jatiya jinis diye sajjito koraa hoyeche. bhuter uposthapok chhonder modhye akorshoner golpo bolte shuru korey. sekhan theke atithira duti protikriti kokkher ektite probesh korey. tokiote, kumdor raja theke taanr santa clozer chhoddobeshe rupantarita jacker ekti chitro boyosko byaktir protikriti poribortonke protisthapon korey.
atithira tarpor protikriti galleryte probesh korey. prosarito protikritiguli rongin kacher chhobi diye protisthapito koraa hoyeche jaa nirdosh chrismuser drishyogulike taader frame hisabe maalaa soho chitrito korey. darja bondho holey chembar ondhokar hoye yaay ebong prosarito hotey shuru korey. chhabiguli tukro tukro hoye yaay ebong hallouin shohorer chrismus visioner alokito chitroguli abirbhuto hoy, jekhane jacke santa cloz hisabe prasader upore taar kofiner slaiye chadey, ekti manush-khaoar maalaa, bhitikar khelna, santa cloz ekti bishal bosta khule deyo jokhon bhutguli uthhe aase ebong ekti bishal mangsashi sup. bhuter uposthapok "tuas dya night bifour chrismus" kobitar ekti ondhokar boichitro abritti korte shuru korey, jokhon ekti gayakdal byapokbhabe samanwito korey. suspenses toiri hoy jotokkhon naa bajrapat hoy ebong jacker mukh uporer chhade uposthito hoy, "shubh chhuti, sobai!"; etty bhuto hoster jhulonto dehoke protisthapon korey. taar hassie ghore bhore yaay, ekjon mohila chitkar korey ebong sabkichu kaalo hoye yaay. 2013 saale, jacker mukhti taar ekti notun animated abhikkhep dwara protisthapito hoy ebong bhuto hoster jhulonto deho okkhoto thaake.
alo swabhabik abosthai firey aasaar saathe saathe darja khule yaay, jaa protikriti holwete yaay. ekhane poribortito protikritigulio chitrito koraa hoyeche
balukamoy nakh opohoron" ganti bajte shuru korle gayakdalti firey aase. janalar baire tusharjhad hachche boley money hachche ebong cholochchitrer tinjan sangitshilpio baire dandiye achhen. takiye thaka abokkho murtigulir saamone makadsar jaal royeche jaa "noel" ebong "hoe-hoe-hoe" shobdo diye chokchoke."loading elakati arow beshi hallouin ebong chrismus sajja diye sajjito ebong ekti bishal animated chrismus card royeche jekhane cholochchitrer onek choritro morsum udjapon korey. cardti chokher jonno onek upokare aase, carder neeche "merry chrismus" shabdaguli thaake, jekhane bartati majhe majhe "bhitikar chrismus"-ayee poribortito hoy. tokiote, disneylander moto konao protikriti holl nei. poriborte, protikriti kokkher porpori, atithira loading elaka probesh korey, jaa komla chrismus light ebong hallouin kumdo diye sajjito. arohaner porr, atithira ekti abotoroner niche choley yaay jekhan theke jack, sally ebong vampire teddy atithider swagoto jaanaay. raida-thru portrait corridore cholochchitrer choritrogulir bivinno criacollup sampadan ebong atithider yawar somoy dekhar protikriti royeche. komla chrismuser alo library takano abokkho bostur charpashe moday jokhon shunno tinsel maalaa diye boi theke toiri ekti vasman gachke moday. sangeet kokkhe, atithira ekti purno-akarer audio-animetronic selike dekhen, hotash bodh korchen ebong vampire teddy bajano bhuter pianotir paashe cheyare bosey achhen. dhongshattok bagira tarpor sindi diye upore uthhe yaay, upohar tagg soho khanchai atongkito sobuj telapoka atikram korey jaa "ogir jonno" lekha thaake."sindir shirshe, oggy bugir chhaya dekha yaay ebong uporer purnimar chaande ekti chrismus tree akare porinoto hoy. asol kaalo-alokito rabar makadsa roye geche.
anaheim disneylande, doom bagite (achchadontite kaalo chrismus sly hisabe porichito) othar porey, atithira sindi diye arohan korey. upore, upoharer stupo royeche jaar upor vampire teddy bosey achhe, manusher jonno machh dhorey. bhuter hosta jokhon golpoti bolte thaake, tokhon mombatir jaiga shunnoke abiram holwete bhaste dekha yaay. bormer chalman suitty kumdor mask porey ebong err charpashe maalaa modano thaake. holwer saamone kukurer haader stupo ebong kukurer haad diye toiri ekti maalaa holer shirshe sajjito korey. ekti vasman haader upor ekti tagg "shunno" lekha thaake. upoharguli cheyare bosey ebong poinsetia seii cheyarer paashe thaake.
conservatory coffeene atke thaka mritodehti oporibortito royeche, tobey vampire teddy ekhon etir upor bosey royeche, abar nakh diye hatudi marche. ddhakna theke "dint open too exmus" lekha ekti tagg jhulche. mrito antyeshtikriyar fulguli pranobonto hoye utheche ebong ekhon "balukamoy nakh opohoron korun" ganti poribeshon korey. darjar corridorty ekhon ekoi hasyokor-shubh fuley purno, sobai jorey gaan korey, jodio darja ebong shobdo prabhabguli jaa taaraa bajay taa ekhono ekoi. atithira tarpor daant soho ekti borh holud chokher manush-khaoar fuler niche diye yaay, jaar saathe samasta phul sangjukto boley money hoy. daitya dadur ghadi ebong chhayar nakh ekoi thaake kintu ekhon ekti tagg royeche jaa boley "leota, upner jonno bishesh upohar-balukamoy nakh".
atithira tarpor sova kokkhe probesh korey. madam leota chrismuser alankar porey ebong taar charpashe besh koyekti ujjal bottle niye bhasche ebong ekhon "chrismuser 13 deane" boley slogan dichche, jokhon vampire teddy leoter tabiler pichhone cheyarer upore bosey, duti chhoto chhoto ghanta bajche. sobuj ujjal chokh soho ekti bicholito notcracker leoter saathe ekjoge taar mukhti sariye deyo. vasman jontroguli bishal vasman tarot card diye protisthapito hoy, jaa leoter 13 tii chrismus upoharke chitrito korey jaar modhye seey jopp korche. tokiote, kakti eyi drishye roye geche ebong leota chrismuser olongkarer modhye nei ebong ghorer pichoner janala diye taar dike takano taalaa, shock ebong barrell diye mombati diye ddheke achhe.
sly tarpor bolrume choley yaay. ekhankar bhutogulo ekoi, kintu sajsajja bodole geche. tabilty ekti chrismus partyr jonno seeta koraa hoy ebong tabiler majhkhane ekti bishal gingerbread house bosey. mombati ebong alor makadsa diye abrito ekti bishal mrito chrismus gaachh (upore ekti jeebito shakha soho) ekhon nacher mejher majhkhane bosey achhe, tobey bhutguli thhik err modhyo diye choley yaay. dwandwabadira jokhon taake gully korey tokhon shunno gacher kachhe drishyer upore bhasche. holer pichoner sindir shirshe porda khule geche, jaa prasader gronthagarke prakash korey, boi diye toiri ekti vasman gaachh diye sampurna. tokiote, jack ebong sallyr chhayake seii pordar pichhone quasher niche upohar binimoy korte dekha yaay. echhadao, gingerbreader poriborte tabiler majhkhane ekti bishal keeka royeche.
erpor atithider chilekothai niye yawa hoy, jekhane beshirbhag sadharan props ebong charitraguli samasta dhoroner bhayankar khelna ebong upoharer bishrinkhala diye protisthapito koraa hoyeche. ekti bishal sup ghorer charpashe kundali korey ebong taar mukhe ekti "dushtu ebong sundar" talika royeche. puro ghor judey, atithira paash diye yawar saathe saathe kichhu kharap khelna pranobonto hoye othe, jaar modhye royeche tinti jack-inn-dya-boxes (ekti shailibaddha mathar khuli, onnoti kaalo bidaler matha, ebong onnoti purano attic popp-up bhuto byabohar korey ekti jack-oo-lanthan mool raida theke), ekti bullet hole-riden haans, ekti simble-crashing oggy buggy putul ebong tanbu-sadrish tracker upor ekti danab train.
atithira jokhon chattor chhede baranda berr hoy, tokhon hatbox bhuto taar uporer tupir uporer ongshoti ekti alongkarik chrismus mathar khuli pinn diye sajjito korey ebong kachakachi hatboxer stacker upore ekti santa cloz tupi rakhe. atithira barander pasher sindi theke neme koborsthane yawar somoy bhuter utthaner poriborte tusharpat hotey dekha yaay, atithira vampire teditike chrismuser alote chibiye dekhte paan, jaa ekti fuse udiye deoar humki deyo. jokhon dhongshattok bagira sthol store pouchai, tokhon taaraa taar balukamoy nokher poshake jacker ekti unchu audio-animetronic chitrer paash diye yaay, atithider proshosto chokher tottabodhayker protisthapon hisabe ekti anandamoy chrismus kamna korey jaa sadharonoto bochorer beshirbhag somoy taar jaiga dandiye thaake, tottabodhayker kukurer jaiga shunno taar saathe thaake. kabarasthanti ekhon tushare ddhaka ebong hallouin shohorer sarpil pahadti ujjal kumdo diye achchadito ekti kendravindu hisabe prodorshito hoy. popp-up bhutguli ekhono popp-up korey ebong atithider bhoy dekhay jokhon taaraa pusses korey, kintu ekhon taaraa santa tupi porey achhe. 2016 saale, koborsthane ekti animetronic sellie jukto koraa hoy. sangitti ekotrito korey "etty qee?"," amra aponake ekti anandamoy chrismus kamna corry "," "" bhayankar hasikhushi bhuto "," "" hasikhushi old seenta. nicolas ", ebong" jingle bell ". cholochchitrer kankal harintike koborsthane somoy upobhog korte dekhano hoyeche jaar modhye ekjon kandte thaka hellhounder saathe dadi tanatani korche, onnojon onno bhuter saathe chaa khachche ebong sheshti taader ektir poriborte bicylase bhuter saathe daudadoudi korche. kumdor matha tuurii bajiye bishal tushar fereshtader niche diye janbahonguli yaay. sarpil pahader padodeshe jack-oo-lanthan diye gaaner abokkho murtiguli shirshe rakha hoyeche. guptodhame probesher agey, atithira vampire tedike seshbarer moto dekhte paan, upore arekjon kumdo-mathar tushar deboduter saathe ekti tuurii bajate.
kaalo sly tarpor guptosthane probesh korey, jekhane ekti audio-animetronic oggy buggy kaalo alor niche ekti rullet chucker paashe dandiye thaake, atithider kichhu adbhuto upohar soho ekti khela deyo. 2003 saaler agey, mulat taalaa, shock ebong barreler ekti animated mural chhilo. atithira ioner paash diye yawar somoy highcing bhuter poriborte seii udbhat upoharguli dekhen. jodi upoharti ekti coffeen hoy jaar upor proshno chinno chhapa thaake, tobey tinti ioner prottektir pichhon theke taalaa, shock ebong barrell beriye asbe.
atithira tokhon unloaded elaka pouchai, jaa tushar ebong jack-oo-lanthan diyeo bhora. atithira jokhon speed ramp theke prosthaner dike jatra korey, tokhon sallyr ekti chhoto sanskaran (chhoto leoter jaiga niye) jacke dhonnobad janate dekha yaay jokhon seey taar slaiye udey yaay ebong atithider tadatadi firey jete boley. chudanta drishyer tokio sangaskarane, kriptotite kichhu upoharer vitore taalaa, shock ebong barrell royeche, atithider saathe ekti raida korey. sally biday jaanaay ebong tarpor atithira ekti pushpostobok-sajjito samadhite abataran korey.
sanjojan.
2003 saaler morshume, disneyland ekti "oggy bugir chhutir kaushal ebong treat" scavenger hunter prostab deyo. puro prasad judey oggy-keey lucano cameo deoa hoyechilo, jaa atithider khunjte bolla hoy. udahoronsorup, baganer gulm, chrismus carder ekti chhaya, chilekothai ekti putul ityadite oggy pawa yaay.
soundtrack.
akorshoner sangeet score mulat gordon goodwin dwara rachito hoyechilo. 2002 saale etty danielfman rachito cholochchitrer soundtracker thimer upor vitti korey john debni dwara ekti abhijojito score diye protisthapito hoyechilo. 2003 saal theke, goodwiner mool sangeet prosarito kokkho ebong prosthan guptosthane (jekhane goodwiner chattor sangeet byabohar koraa hoy) byabohar koraa hoyeche, ebong elfmaner bucky score roye geche. jatrar besh koyekti choritro cholochchitrer mool abhinetader dwara kontho diyechen ebong bivinno sound effectguli mool akarshan ebong notun gaaner mishran. |
bhuteeya haveli rajaa
bhuteeya haveleeni rajaa aee disonyland aneey tokyo disonyland khaate bhuteeya haveleena aakarshannu mosamee aavaran chhe jeey mool bhuteeya haveleeni settings aneey paatrone 1993 nee film "dhaa nightmare biphor chrismus" saathe jode chhe. natal pahelaanni raat" thee prernaa laeene, aaa aakarshan jeeka scalington ("retaal panjaa" tareeke) nee natalni purv sandhyaae bhuteeya haveleeni mulakat levani vaarta kahe chhe, jeey tenaa pagale rajaaoni andhadhundhi chhodi deey chhe.
bhuteeya haveli saamanya reete augustna antamaa dodhh athvadiya maate bundh rahe chhe jethee tene bhuteeya haveleeni rajaoma rupantarit curry shakaay. overley door karvaa maate fareethi bundh karvaamaa aave teey pahelaa overlade aakarshan septemberthi januaryni sharuaat sudhee mahemaano maate khullu rahe chhe.
itihas.
beey samaan overley-country rinchh chrismus spatial (1984) aneey teey aek naanee vishva rajaa (1997) chhe-jyaare bhuteeya haveleeni rajaa vikasavvama aavee tyaare teey thodaa samay maate safal rahee hatee. sharuaatmaa, disney charles decancena 'aaa chrismus kerol' noon fareethi varnan karvaanu vichaaryu, parantu nyu orleans squarema aakarshanna setting aneey bhuteeya haveleena bhayanak vatavaranma santa closene laavvaani visangatataane kaarane tenee viruddh nirnay leedho. tenaa badale, teoae tene "natal pahelaanna duhswapna" parr aadharit karvaanu nakki karyoo, jeey dhyanma leedha pachhi disney paatra bhuteeya haveleemaa natalni ujavani karashe, jooe santa close tenee musafarima kyaarey tyaan utarashe. steve davisonae aaa vichaar leedho aneey overley vikasavva maate volta disney sarjanatmak manoranjan saathe kaama karyoo.
disney aek muddo uthavvo padyo hato teey hakeekat aee hatee keey mool aakarshanma ghanaa mukhya kalakaro-poola freeze, leota tumb, eleanor odalee, motabhagna gaayan busts aneey lagbhag tamaam mool avaaj abhinetao-varsho pahelaa mrutyu pamya hataa. freezene bhuteeya yajmaan tarikeni temnee bhoomikama corey burton dwara badalvama aavyaa hataa, jemane agau disney saathe voiceovernu kaama karyoo hatoo aneey pachhinaa mrutyu pahelaa freezena aashraydata tareeke pann sevaa aapee hatee. toombsnee putri, kiima irvin, tenee maataa jevee jaj hatee aneey aama teneeni jagyae medama leota tareeke, susanne blaxley (odalini nakal karatee aneey jene teneeae aek samaye taaleem aapee hatee) saathe, paatrano avaaj puuro paadvaa maate pasand karvaamaa aavee hatee. gaayannee pratimaao jeeka-oo-fanas saathe toach parr hatee aneey computer-animated gaayan andajo aapvama aavyaa hataa. kabrastaannaa bhoot maate navaa avaaj abhinetaoni pasandagi karvaamaa aavee hatee jeey mool jevaa jaj laage chhe.
bhuteeya haveleeni rajaa 3 october, 2001naa roj sharoo thaee hatee aneey zadapthi mahemanoma lokpreey bunny hatee, jenaa kaarane overley darmiyan aakarshanna fastpass masheeno sakreey thaee gayaa hataa (teo havey hammesha sakreey chhe). 13 september, 2013naa roj (shukravaar 13mee), disonyland khaate bhuteeya haveli tenaa 13maa varshnee ujavanima navee asaro aneey seeta tukadao saathe sajj janata maate kholvaamaa aavee hatee.
volta disney worled resort aneey disonyland pereesmaa mosamee overley nathee. fentum menorni bahaar, mahemaano jeeka aneey selee saathe temno photo laee shake chhe.
covid-19 rogchaalaane kaarane 2020maan disonyland athavaa tokyo disonylandma aavaran rajoo karvaamaa aavyu naa hatoo. disonyland march 2020thee 2021nee sharuaat sudhee bundh rahyu, jyaare keey tyaarthi pharii kholvaamaa aaveli tokyo disonylande ochhama ochhi march 2021 sudhee amuk mosamee ofara naa aapvaanu pasand karyoo.
kathaa.
bhuteeya haveleeni rajaa teey filmnee ghatanao pachhi toonk samayma thaay chhe, jeey "dhaa nightmare biphor chrismus" saathe jodaay chhe, jyaan jeeka scalington, jemane filmmaan helovin-shaileena aavaranma potaano jaj valaankelo natal banaavvaano prayaas karyo hato, havey bhuteeya haveleeni shodh karey chhe, jeey 999 happy hontsnu ghar chhe. rajaao maate haveleena udaas rahevasioma aanand felaavvaanu nakki kareene, jeeka aneey helovin nagarnaa tenaa daramana kruae jeknee senkado mool dusht natalni bheto aneey sajavatne haveleemaa laavee aneey tyajee devaayela gharmaa raheta gambhir hasata bhoot maate romaanchak aneey thandee rajaa maate bhayaavah medaanone deeka kareene savaari maate munch taiyar karyo.
aakarshan.
haveleeni bahaarnee baaju jeeka-oo-fanas aneey helovin-shaileeni natalni sajavat bannethi dhankayeli chhe. chhat parr jeeka scalingtonni shabpetini sleegh chhe aneey chhatthi jameen sudhee khenchaayeli tenee ramooji "natalnun sameekaran" chhe. helovin nagarthi countdown ghadiyaad pann chhe jeey janaave chhe keey natal sudhee ketala divas baakee chhe. disonyland perisnaa fentum menornu music booaks track outdoor vistaroma vagadvama aave chhe. tokyo disonyland khaate, haveleeo vachche designna tafavatone kaarane haveleemaa countdown ghadiyaad athavaa chhat parr chrismus sameekaran lataktu nathee. tenaa badale, koloo snomenne joee shakaay chhe aneey kataar vistaarmaa filmmathi orchestration aneey savaari curry shakaay chhe.
tyarbad mahemaanone hoyerma lavvama aave chhe, jene khopari maalaa aneey aavaa shangarvama aave chhe. bhoot yajmaan kaveetaoma aakarshanni vaarta kahevaanu sharoo karey chhe. tyaanthi, mahemaano beey potret chambermathi aekmaa aagad vadhe chhe. tokyo khaate, kolunnaa rajamathi tenaa santa closenaa veshamaa parivartit thatu jeknu cheetra vruddh maanasnu cheetra badalvaanu sthaan leey chhe.
mahemaano pachhi potret galleryma pravesh karey chhe. khenchanvala chitrone rangeen kaachnaa chitro saathe badalvama aavyaa chhe, jemaa nirdosh natalna drashyone temnee frame tareeke maalaa saathe darshavvama aavyaa chhe. jyaare darvaja bundh thaay chhe, tyaare orado andharama jaay chhe aneey khenchaava laage chhe. chitro tukadaoma faatee nikalyaa, aneey helovin nagarnaa natalna drashtikonnaa tejasvi chitro bahaar aavyaa, jemaa jackne santa close tareeke darshavvama aavyo chhe, jeey haveleeni upar tenaa shabpetini sleegh parr savaari karey chhe, aek maanas-khaavanu maalaa, daramana ramkadaa, santa close bhoot ubhoo thaay tyaare aek vishaal kothalee khole chhe aneey aek vishaal maansabhakshak saap. bhuteeya yajmaan "chrismus pahelaanni raat" kaveetana shyaam sanskarannu pathan karvaanu sharoo karey chhe, jemaa vichitra sangeet vagadvama aave chhe, jemaa vyaapakpane gaayakvrund darshavvama aave chhe. jyaan sudhee vijadee tutee naa jaay tyaan sudhee suspenses baney chhe aneey jackno chahero uparnee chhatma dekhaay chhe, "happy holidays, darek!"; aaa bhoot yajmanna lataktaa shareerne badale chhe. tenu haasy oradama bharai jaay chhe, aek stree cheeso paade chhe aneey badhu jaj kaalun thaee jaay chhe. 2013 maan, jackno chahero tenaa aneey shunyanaa navaa animated prakshepan dwara badalvama aavyo hato aneey bhoot yajmaannu lataktu shareer akbandh rahe chhe.
jaim jaim light saamanya thaee jaay chhe, darvaja khule chhe, jeey potret hollway taraf doree jaay chhe. aheen badalaata chitrone pann darshaavtaa chitro saathe badalvama aavyaa chheh
retaal panjaanu apaharan karoo" geet vagaadvaanu sharoo thaay chhe tyaare gaayakvrund parat aave chhe. baarioni bahaar barafnu tofan aavee rahyu hoya tevu laage chhe aneey filmna trana sangeetkaaro pann bahaar ubhaa chhe. tucky rahela bustsnee saame spider-web hoya chhe jeey "noel" aneey "hoow-hoow-hoow" shabdothi zalhale chhe."loading vistaar vadhu helovin aneey natalni sajavatthi shangarvama aavyo chhe aneey tyaan aek vishaal animated chrismus card chhe jemaa filmna ghanaa paatro mosamnee ujavani karey chhe. card pote aankho maate khoob jaj aek treat chhe, jemaa cardnaa taleeye "meerii chrismus" shabdo darshavvama aavyaa chhe, jyaan sandesho avaaranvaar "daramano chrismus" maan badalaay chhe. tokyomaa, disonyland jevo koee potret holl nathee. tenaa badale, potret chamber pachhi tarat jaj, mahemaano loading ariama pravesh karey chhe, jeey narangi natalni lighto aneey helovin koluthee shangarvama aave chhe. boarding pachhi, mahemaano utaraanni neeche jaay chhe jyanthi jeeka, selee aneey vampire tedee mahemaanone aavkaare chhe. ride-thru potret corridorma filmna paatro viveedh pravruttio karey chhe aneey mahemaanoni mulakat darmiyan juae chhe tenaa chitro chhe. narangi natalni lighto pustakalayma tucky rahelee pratimaaoni aaspaas lapete chhe kaaran keey shunya pustakomathi banelaa tartaa vrukshne tinsel maalaa saathe lapete chhe. music roomma, mahemaano aek jivant odeeyo-animetronic selee juae chhe, jeey hataash laage chhe aneey pishach tedee vagaadtaa bhuteeya piyaanoni bajuma khurshi parr bese chhe. pachhi vinashkari baggio seedee upar chadhe chhe, aneey "ugee maate" lakhela bhet tagg saathe panjarama bhaybhit leela vandone pasaar karey chhe."cdni toach parr, ugee boogino padchhaayo dekhaay chhe aneey uparnaa purn chandramaa natalna vrukshnaa aakarma fervaay chhe. mool kaalaa prakashvala rabarnaa karoleeya baakee chhe.
anahem disonyland khaate, doom buggies (jeey overleymaa black chrismus sleegh tareeke odakhaay chhe) maan chadhyaa pachhi, mahemaano seedee parr chadhe chhe. toach parr bhetonaa dhagla chhe jenaa parr vampire tedee bethelo chhe, jeey manushyo maate machhimari karey chhe. bhuteeya yajmaan vaarta kahevaanu chaalu raakhe chhe, tyaare havey meenbattini jagyae anant holvemaa shunya taratu jovaa maley chhe. bakhtarno farato poshaak kolaano maask pahere chhe aneey tenee aaspaas maalaa lapetee hoya chhe. holwaynee saame kootarana haadkaano dhagalo aneey kootarana hadkamathi banelee maalaa holnee tochne shangaare chhe. aek tartaa hadka parr, aek tagg "shunya" vaanche chhe. khurshima bheto bese chhe aneey poinsettia teey khurshini bajuma rahe chhe.
conservatoryma shabpetima fasaayelo mrutdeh badalaayo nathee, parantu vampire tedee havey tenaa parr bese chhe, aneey paachhu nakhamaa hathodi maare chhe. dhankanmathi "chrismus sudhee naa kholo" lakhelu tagg lataktu rahe chhe. mrut anteem sanskaarnaa phoolo jivant thaee gayaa chhe aneey havey "retaal panjaanu apaharan karoo" geet karey chhe. darvaajaano corridor havey teey jaj ramooji-shubh foolothi bharelo chhe, badhaa motethee gaay chhe, jooe keey darvaja aneey teo jeey avaaj karey chhe teey haju pann samaan chhe. mahemaano pachhi daant saathe pilee aankhovala motaa maanasne khavana maalaa neechethi pasaar thaay chhe, jenee saathe badhaa phoolo jodaayela hoya tevu laage chhe. rakshasi daadaa ghadiyaad aneey chhaaya panjaa eksarakha rahe chhe parantu havey temaa aek tagg chhe jeey kahe chhe keey "leota maate, tamara maate vishesh bheto-retaal panjaa".
mahemaano pachhi satra khandma pravesh karey chhe. medama leota natalna aabhushanma chhe aneey tenee aaspaas ghanee chamakati bottle saathe tarey chhe aneey havey "natalna 13 divas" noow jaap karey chhe jyaare vampire tedee leotana tableni paachhal khurshini toach parr bese chhe, beey naanee ghantadi vagaade chhe. chamakati lealy aankho saathe mantramugdh natkrekar leota saathe ektaamaa tenaa monne khasede chhe. tartaa saadhanone vishaal tartaa terot cards saathe badalvama aave chhe, jemaa leota 13 natalni bheto darshaave chhe, jeno teey jaap karey chhe. tokyomaa, kagado aaa drashyamaa rahe chhe aneey leota natalna aabhushanma nathee aneey oradani paachhalni barimathi tene jotaa taalaa, aaghaat aneey beralthee meenbattiothi dhankayelo chhe.
pachhi sliggs bolroom jaay chhe. aheen bhoot aek jaj chhe, parantu sajavat badlai gaee chhe. table chrismus party maate gothavvama aavyu chhe aneey tableni madhyamaa aek vishaal gingerbread house aavelu chhe. meenbattiothi dhankayelu aek vishaal mrut natalnun vruksh (toach parr aek jivant shaakha saathe) aneey light saathe karoleeya havey dance floreni madhyamaa bese chhe, parantu bhoot temathi barabar pasaar thaay chhe. shunya vrukshnee najiknaa drashyani upar tarey chhe kaaran keey dhvandvavadio tenaa parr golibaar karey chhe. holnee paachhalni cdni toach parnaa padada khulla puddy gayaa chhe, jeey haveleena pustakaalayne darshaave chhe, jeey pustakonaa banelaa tartaa vrukshthi purn chhe. tokyomaa, jeeka aneey seleena padchhayao tenaa badale teey padadani paachhalna zaakal hethal bhetoni aap-leey kartaa jovaa maley chhe. upraant, gingerbread housene badale, tableni vachche aek vishaal qeqa hoya chhe.
tyarbad mahemaanone etic parr laee javama aave chhe, jyaan motabhagna saamanya propes aneey paatrone tamaam prakaarnaa daramana ramkadaa aneey bhetoni avyavastha saathe badalvama aave chhe. oradani aaspaas aek vishaal saapnee koil hoya chhe, jenaa monmaa "tofani aneey saras" yaadee hoya chhe. samagr oradama, mahemaano pasaar thataa ketlaak dusht ramkadaa jivant baney chhe, jemaa trana jeeka-ina-dhaa-booaks (aek shailibaddh khopari, beejee kaalee bilaadinu maathu, aneey anya jeeka-oo-fanas jeey mool savarimathi junaa etic pope-up bhutno upyog karey chhe), bullet holthee bharela batak, zanzar-crashing ogee boogi dhingli aneey tamboo jevaa track parnee rakshasi trainno samaavesh thaay chhe.
jyaare mahemaano etic chhodine balknima bahaar nikale chhe, tyaare hetbox bhutae tenee tochnee topini tochne sushobhit natalni khoparini pinthi shangaare chhe aneey najiknaa topboxnee toach parr santa closeni topee mooke chhe. bhoot ubhoo thavaane badale barafnaa tukadao padata jovaa maley chhe kaaran keey mahemaano balkneenee bajuma aneey kabrastaanmaa seedee parthee neeche jaay chhe, mahemaano vampire tedeene natalni light parr chaavtaa juae chhe, fuse udavvani dhamki aape chhe. jaim jaim vinashkari baggio jameen parr pahonche chhe, teo tenaa retaal panjaana poshaakmaa jeknee aek vishaal odeeyo-animetronic aakrutimathi pasaar thaay chhe, mahemaanone vishaal aankhna keratekarnaa sthaane meerii krisamasnee shubhechchhao aape chhe jeey saamanya reete motaa bhaagnaa varsh darmiyan tenee jagyae oobho rahe chhe, jemaa keratekarnaa kootarani jagyae shunya tenee saathe hoya chhe. kabrastan havey barafthi dhankayelu chhe aneey helovin nagarnee sarpakar tekreene chamakta kolaamaathi dhankayeli kendrasthaane darshavvama aavee chhe. pope-up bhoot haju pann pope-up karey chhe aneey pasaar thataa mahemaanone daraave chhe, parantu havey teo saanta topee paheree rahyaa chhe. 2016 maan, kabrastaanmaa animetronic saalee umervaamaa aavee chhe. sangeet jodaay chhe "aaa shun chhe?", amey tamane aek aanandi natalni shubhechchhao paathvu chhu", "gambhir hasata bhoot", "aanandi old saint. nicolaus "aneey" jingle bails ". filmna haadpinjarna shitpitne kabrastaanmaa samay pasaar kartaa batavvama aavyaa chhe, jemaa aek ghonghaat kartaa naraknaa sheekari saathe rassakshi ramey chhe, beejo anya bhoot saathe chaa peeve chhe, aneey chhello aek bhootni saathe bicyls parr dodato hoya chhe. aaa vaahano vishaal barafnaa dutoni neechethi pasaar thaay chhe, jemaa kolaanaa maatha ranshingada vagaade chhe. sarpakar tekrinaa paaya parr jeeka-oo-fanas saathe gaayannee pratimaao toach parr chhe. goopt gufaamaa praveshtaa pahelaa, mahemaano vampire tedeene chhelli vakhat juae chhe, jeey upar anya kolaanaa mathavala barafnaa doot saathe ranshingadu vagaadtaa hoya chhe.
kaalaa sleegh pachhi guptamaa pravesh karey chhe, jyaan kaalaa prakaash hethal rullet wheelnee bajuma aek odeeyo-animetronic ogee boogi oobhi rahe chhe, jeey mahemaanone ketalik vichitra bheto saathe ramat ofara karey chhe. 2003 pahelaa, mulroope taalu, aaghaat aneey beralnu animated bhintchitra hatoo. mahemaano jyaare areesao paase jaay chhe tyaare teo haichiking bhootne badale teey vichitra bheto juae chhe. jooe bhetmaa prashna chihn saathe chhapelu shabpeti hoya, too taalu, aanchako aneey beral trana arisaomathi darekni paachhalthi bahaar aavashe.
mahemaano pachhi utarvana vistaarmaa pahonche chhe, jeey baraf aneey jeeka-oo-fansothi pann bharelo hoya chhe. jyaare mahemaano speed rampthi bahaar nikaltaa hoya chhe, tyaare seleenu aek naanu swaroop (naana leota) jackno aabhaar maanato jovaa maley chhe kaaran keey teey tenee sleeghma udee jaay chhe aneey mahemaanone paachha utaaval karvaa kahe chhe. tokyonaa anteem drashyanaa sanskaranma, guptamaa ketalik bhetoni andar taalu, aaghaat aneey beral chhe, jeey mahemaano saathe savaari karey chhe. selee vidaay aape chhe aneey pachhi mahemaano maalaathi shangarvama aavela makbaromaa utaree aave chhe.
umeraao.
2003nee mosam darmiyan, disonylande "ugee boogini rajaaoni yukteeo aneey vaangeeo" safai kaamdaaroni shikaarnee rajuaat curry hatee. samagr haveleemaa ugeene chhupayela kemiyo aapvama aavyaa hataa, jeey mahemaanone shodhvaanu kahevama aave chhe. dakhala tareeke, ugee bagichaoma zadva, natalna card parr padchhaayo, aetikma dhingli vageremaa malee shake chhe.
soundtrack.
aakarshannu sangeet mulroope gorden goodwin dwara rachvaamaa aavyu hatoo. denny elfman dwara rachaayeli filmna soundtracknaa vishhayo parr aadharit john debni dwara anookoolit sqora saathe 2002 maan tenu sthaan levaamaa aavyu hatoo. 2003 thee, goodwinna mool sangeetno upyog stratching room aneey exete crypt (jyaan goodwinna etic sangeetno upyog thaay chhe) maan thaay chhe, jyaare elfmanna baakinaa sqora rahe chhe. savaarimaa ketlaak paatrone filmna mool abhinetao dwara avaaj aapvama aavyo chhe, aneey viveedh dhvani asaro mool aakarshan aneey navaa gitonaa mishran chhe. |
pretvaadhit haveli avkash
pretvaadhit haveli avkash, disneyland aur tokyo disneyland mein pretvaadhit haveli key aakarshan kaa ack mausami aavaran haye joe mool pretvaadhit haveli kii settings aur paatron koo 1993 kii film "chrismus seey pahale duhswapna" key saath mishrit kartaa haye. chrismus seey pahale kii raat" seey prerana lete hue, aakarshan chrismus kii poorv sandhya parr bhootiya haveli mein jaane vaale jack skellington ("sandy panje" key roop mein) kii kahani koo dohrata haye, jisase chhutti key dauran arajakta paida hoe jaati haye.
pretvaadhit haveli aamtaur parr agast key anta mein dhaaee saptah key liye bund hoe jaati haye taaki ise pretvaadhit haveli avkash mein parivartit kiya jaa sakey. isake baad aachchhaadit aakarshan sitambar seey janwari kii shuruat taka mehmaanon key liye khula rahata haye, phir seey aavaran koo hataane key liye bund kiya jaataa haye.
itihas.
dou samaan overley-country bear chrismus special (1984) aur yeh ack chhota saa vishva avkash (1997)-pahale seey hii kuchh samay key liye safal rhaa thaa jaba pretvaadhit haveli avkash vikasit kiya gayaa thaa. shuru mein, disney ney charles decance key "aeye chrismus caroll" kii punah kathaa kahane parr vichaar kiya, lekin nyu orleans squire mein aakarshan kii setting aur pretvaadhit haveli key bhayaanak vatavaran mein saanta closs koo laane kii visangata key kaaran isake khilaf faisala kiya. isake bajaay, unhone ise "chrismus seey pahale key duhswapna" parr adharit karane kaa faisala kiya, iss parr vichaar karane key baad kii disney charitra pretvaadhit haveli mein chrismus manaayega, kyaa saanta closs koo apani yatra parr vahaan utarana chaahiye. steve davison ney iss vichaar koo apanaaya aur aavaran koo vikasit karane key liye walt disney rachanaatmak manoranjan key saath kaam kiya.
ack mudda disney koo iss tathya seey nipatna padaa kii mool aakarshan mein kaee pramukh kalakar-paul freeze, leota tumb, eleanor audley, adhikansh gaayan bust, aur lagbhag sabhi mool aavaaj abhineta-varshon pahale marr gaye they. freeze koo bhoot mezban key roop mein unaki bhoomika mein core berton dwara pratisthaapit kiya gayaa thaa, jinhone pahale disney key saath voiceover kaam kiya thaa aur baad vaale kii mrityu seey pahale freeze key aashrit key roop mein bhee kaam kiya thaa. tumb kii betty, kima irvin, apani maan seey milati-julati thee aur iss prakaar usey usaki jagah parr maidam leota key roop mein pradarshan karane key liye chunaa gayaa, jisamen susan blexley (audley kaa pratiroopan aur jise usane ack baar prashikshit kiya thaa) key saath, charitra kii aavaaj pradaan kii gaee. gaayan kii pratimaon mein jack-oh-lantern key saath sheersh parr they aur computer-animated gaayan anuman diye gaye they. kabristan bhooton key liye nae aavaaj abhinetaon koo chunaa gayaa thaa joe mool bhooton key samaan dhwani karate hain.
pretvaadhit haveli avkash 3 octuber, 2001 koo khola gayaa, aur jaldi hii mehmaanon key beach lokpriya hoe gayaa, jisase aakarshan kii fastpass masheenen overley key dauran sakriya hoe gaeen (way abb hamesha sakriya hain). 13 sitambar, 2013 (shukravaar 13 tarikh) koo, disneyland mein pretvaadhit haveli koo nae prabhaavon key saath janata key liye khol diyaa gayaa aur apane 13vein varsh key utsav mein tukadon koo sett kiya gayaa.
walt disney worled resort aur disneyland peris mein mausami overley naheen hain. fantum manner key baahar, mehmann jack aur saili key saath apani tasveer leey sakate hain.
covid-19 mahamari key kaaran 2020 mein disnelland yaa tokyo disnelland mein aachchaadan prastut naheen kiya gayaa thaa. disneyland march 2020 seey 2021 kii shuruat taka bund rhaa, jabaki phir seey khole gaye tokyo disneyland ney cumm seey cumm march 2021 taka kuchh mausami peshkashon kii peshkash naheen karane kaa vikalp chunaa.
kahani.
pretvaadhit haveli kii chhutti film kii ghatnaaon key turant baad hoti haye, joe "chrismus seey pahale kaa duhswapna" key saath judati haye, jahaan jack skellington, jinhone film mein ack helovin-shally key aavaran mein apana khud kaa ghumaavdaar chrismus banaane kii koshish kii thee, abb pretvaadhit haveli kii khoj karate hain, joe kii 999 khushahal hont kaa ghar haye. chhuttiyon key liye haveli key udas nivaasiyon mein khushi failaane kaa nirnay lete hue, jack aur helovin shahar seey usake daraavane dall ney saikadon jack key mool dusht chrismus upahaar aur sajawat koo jagir aur deck mein laaya, joe ack romanchak aur bhayaavah avkash key liye ack bhayaavah maidan haye joe parityakt ghar mein rahane vaale gambhir muskuraate bhooton key liye haye, joe sawari key liye munch sthaapit karate hain.
aakarshan.
haveli key baahar kii or jack-oh-lalten aur hallowein-shally kii chrismus sajawat donon mein dhakaa huaa haye. chhat parr jack skellington kaa taaboot haye aur chhat seey jameen taka faila huaa unakaa hasyapurna "chrismus sameekaran" haye. hallowein shahar seey ulati ginati kii ghadee bhee haye joe bataati haye kii chrismus taka kitane dinn bache hain. disneyland peris key fantum manner kaa ack sangeet boxes track baahari kshetron mein bajata haye. tokyo disneyland mein, haveli key beach design key antar key kaaran chhat seey ulati ghadee yaa chrismus sameekaran naheen latka haye. isake bajaay, kumkum snoman koo dekhaa jaa sakata haye aur film seey orchestration kiya jaa sakata haye aur kataar kshetra mein sawari kii jaa sakati haye.
isake baad mehmaanon koo ghar mein leey jaaya jaataa haye, jise khopadi kii maalaon aur iss tarah key saman seey sajaaya gayaa haye. bhoot mezban kavita mein aakarshan kii kahani sunana shuru curr detaa haye. vahaan seey, mehmann dou chitra kakshon mein seey ack mein aage badhate hain. tokyo mein, jack kii ack painting joe kaddu key raajaa seey usake saanta closs key bhesh mein badalati haye, umradaraaz aadami key chitra koo badal detee haye.
isake baad mehmann chitra gallery mein pravesh karate hain. khinchaav vaale chitron koo rangeen-kaanch key chitron seey badal diyaa gayaa haye, jisamen nirdosh chrismus drishyon koo unake frame key roop mein pushp maalaa key saath darshaaya gayaa haye. jaba darwaaje bund hoe jaate hain, tou kaksh andhera hoe jaataa haye aur khinchaav shuru hoe jaataa haye. chitron mein tukade-tukade hoe gaye, aur helovin shahar key chrismus drishti key chamakdaar chitra ubharate hain, jisamen jack koo saanta closs key roop mein darshaaya gayaa haye joe haveli key oopar apane taaboot parr sawari curr rhaa haye, ack aadami khaane vaalaa maalaa, daravana khilaune, saanta closs bhooton key uday key roop mein ack vishal bory khol rhaa haye aur ack vishal mansahari saamp. bhoot mezban kavita "chrismus seey ack raat pahale kii raat" key ack gahare sanskaran kaa paath karna shuru curr detaa haye, kyonki bhayaanak sangeet bajata haye, jisamen badey paimaane parr ack gaayak mandal hotaa haye. suspenses taba taka banata haye jaba taka kii bijli girati naheen haye aur jack kaa chehra oopar kii chhat mein dikhaai detaa haye, "chhuttiyon kii mubarakabad, sabhi!"; yeh bhoot mezban key latakate shareer koo badal detaa haye. usaki hansee kamare mein bhar jaati haye, ack mahila chillaati haye aur sub kuchh kaalaa hoe jaataa haye. 2013 mein, jack key chehare koo usake aur shoonya key ack nae animated prakshepan dwara pratisthaapit kiya gayaa haye aur bhoot mezban kaa latakata huaa shareer barkarar haye.
jaise hii roshni samanya hoe jaati haye, darwaaje khul jaate hain, joe portrait hallway mein jaate hain. yahaan badalate chitron koo bhee chitrit karane vaale chitron key saath badal diyaa gayaa haih
gaayak-mandal lautata haye kyonki geet "retile panje kaa apaharan" bajana shuru hoe jaataa haye. khidakiyon key baahar barfbari hoti dikh rahee haye aur film key teen sangeetkaar bhee baahar khade hain. taaron vaali pratimaon key saamane makadi-jaal hotey hain joe "noel" aur "hoe-hoe-hoe" shabdon seey chamakate hain."loading kshetra koo aur bhee adhik hallowein aur chrismus sajawat seey sajaaya gayaa haye aur season kaa jashn manaane vaale film key kaee paatron key saath ack vishal animated chrismus card haye. card apane aap mein aankho key liye ack bahut hii achchha vikalp haye, jisamen card key neeche "merrie chrismus" shabd hotey hain, jahaan sandesh beach-beach mein "daravana chrismus" mein badal jaataa haye. tokyo mein, disneyland kii tarah koee portrait holl naheen haye. isake bajaay, portrait kaksh key turant baad, mehmann loading kshetra mein pravesh karate hain, jise narangi chrismus roshni aur helovin kaddu seey sajaaya jaataa haye. boarding key baad, mehmann ack landing key neeche jaate hain jahan seey jack, saili aur pishach teddy mehmaanon kaa swaagat karate hain. ryde-thru portrait corridor mein vibhinn gatividhiyon kaa pradarshan karane vaale aur mehmaanon key gujarane key dauran dekhane vaale film key paatron key chitra hain. narangi chrismus kii roshni pustakalaya mein taaron vaali bust key chaaron or lapetati haye kyonki shoonya tinsel maalaa key saath kitaabon seey baney ack tairate pedh koo lapetata haye. sangeet kaksh mein, mehmann ack jeevan-aakar kii audio-animatronic saili dekhate hain, joe udas prateet hoti haye aur bhootiya piano key buggle mein kursi parr baithi hoti haye joe pishach teddy bajaata haye. doom baggi taba seedhiyon parr chadhate hain, upahaar tagg key saath pinjaron mein bhayabheet harey tilchatte koo paar karate hain joe "oogi key liye" padhate hain."seedhiyon key sheersh parr, oogi boogi kii chhaaya dikhaai detee haye aur oopar purnima mein chrismus key pedh key aakar mein badal jaati haye. mool kaali roshni vaali rubber makadiyan bunny hui hain.
anaheim disneyland mein, doom buggies (jise overley mein black chrismus sleegh key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye) mein chadhane parr, mehmann seedhiyon parr chadhate hain. sheersh parr, uphaaron key dher hain jinn parr pishach teddy baithe hain, joe manushyon key liye machhali pakadate hain. jaise hii bhoot mezban kahani sunana jaari rakhta haye, abb mombatti key sthaan parr antaheen dalan mein shoonya tairate hue dekhaa jaataa haye. kavach kaa chalati poshak ack kaddu kaa mukhauta pahanati haye aur isake chaaron or maalaa lapetati haye. dalan key saamane kutte kii haddiyon kaa dher aur kutte kii haddiyon seey banaa pushp maalaa holl key sheersh koo sushobhit kartaa haye. ack tairati hui huddy parr, ack tagg "shoonya" parr likhaa hotaa haye. prastutiyaan kursi parr baithati hain aur poinsetia usa kursi key buggle mein rahate hain.
sanrakshak mein taaboot mein fansi laash aparivartit haye, lekin pishach teddy abb usa parr baithata haye, aur nakhunon koo vaapas ander curr detaa haye. ack tagg reeding "chrismus taka naa kholein" dhakkan seey latakati haye. mrit antim sanskar key foolon ney jeevan koo janm diyaa haye aur abb "retile panje kaa apaharan karein" geet kaa pradarshan karate hain. darvaajon kaa galiyara abb usee haasya-shubh foolon seey bharaa huaa haye, sabhi jore seey gaate hain, halanki darwaaje aur dhwani prabhaav joe way khelate hain way abhee bhee vahee hain. isake baad mehmann ack badey peele rung kii aankho vaale maanav-khaane vaale pushp maalaa key neeche seey gujarate hain, jisase sabhi phool judey hue prateet hotey hain. rakshasi daadaa kii ghadee aur chhaaya panje ack hii rahate hain lekin abb ack tagg haye joe kahata haye kii "leota key liye, aapke liye vishesh upahaar-retile panje.
isake baad mehmann sabhaa kaksh mein pravesh karate hain. maidam leota chrismus key aabhushan mein haye aur usake chaaron or kaee chamakati botalon key saath tairati haye aur abb "chrismus key 13 dinn" kaa jaap karati haye jabaki pishach teddy leota kii mez key peechhe kursi key oopar baithata haye, seans key saath dou chhoti-chhoti ghantiyaan bajaata haye. ack mantramugdh curr dene vaalaa patakha jisaki aankhen hurry chamakati hain, apane munh koo leota key saath ack swar mein hilaata haye. tairate hue vaadyayantron koo vishal tairate hue tairo cardon seey badal diyaa jaataa haye, jisamen leota key 13 chrismus uphaaron koo darshaaya jaataa haye, jinka vaha jaap curr rahee haye. tokyo mein, kaua iss drishya mein rahata haye aur leota chrismus key aabhushan mein naheen haye aur kamare key peechhe kii khidki seey usey taalaa, sadma aur bairal key saath mombattiyon mein dhakaa huaa haye.
sleegh phir ballroom mein chaley jaate hain. yahaan bhoot vahee hain, lekin sajawat badal gaee haye. mez chrismus party key liye sett kii gaee haye aur ack vishal gingerbread house mez key beach mein baithata haye. mombattiyon aur makadiyon mein dhaki ack vishal mrit chrismus pedh (sheersh parr ack jeevit shakha key saath) abb nritya key farsh key beach mein baithata haye, lekin bhoot isake madhyam seey thheek seey chalate hain. shoonya pedh key paas drishya key oopar tairta haye kyonki dvandvavaadi usa parr goli chalaate hain. holl key peechhe kii seedhiyon key sheersh parr parde khul gaye hain, joe haveli key pustakalaya koo prakat karate hain, joe kitaabon seey baney ack tairate pedh key saath puuraa hotaa haye. tokyo mein, jack aur saili kii chhaayaaen usa parde key peechhe dhundh key neeche uphaaron kaa adaan-pradaan karate hue dekhi jaati hain. isake alawa, ack gingerbread house key bajaay, mez key beach mein ack vishal cake haye.
isake baad mehmaanon koo attari mein leey jaaya jaataa haye, jahan adhikansh samanya prope aur paatron koo sabhi prakaar key daraavane khilaunon aur uphaaron key saath badal diyaa jaataa haye. kamare key chaaron or ack vishal saamp kundal haye jisake munh mein ack "shararati aur achchi" soochi haye. poore kamare mein, kuchh burey khilaune jeevant hoe jaate hain, jaise hii mehmann gujarate hain, jisamen teen jack-inn-dha-boxes (ack shailibaddh khopadi, ack aur kaali billi kaa sir, aur ack aur jack-oh-lalten kaa upayog karate hue puraane attari popp-upp bhoot mool sawari seey), ack goli key chhed seey bharee batakh, ack simeble-crashing oogi boogi gudiya, aur tambu jaisi patariyon parr ack rakshasi train shamil haye.
jaise hii mehmann attari chhodate hain aur balkani mein sir rakhate hain, hatbox bhoot ney apani sheersh topi key sheersh koo ack sajawati chrismus khopadi pinn seey sajaaya haye aur hatbox key paas key dher key oopar ack saanta closs topi rakhee haye. bhooton key oopar chadhane key bajaay burf key tukade girate hue dekhe jaate hain kyonki mehmann balkani key buggle mein seedhiyon seey neeche utarate hain aur kabristan mein jaate hain, mehmann chrismus kii roshni parr pishach teddy koo chabaate hue dekhate hain, jisase fuse udaane kii dhamki milati haye. jaise hii doom baggi jameen key star taka pahunchate hain, way apane retile panje key kapade mein jack kii ack vishal audio-animatronic aakriti seey gujarate hain, mehmaanon koo chaudi aankho vaale dekhbhal karane vaale key pratisthaapan key roop mein ack sukhad chrismus kii kaamana karate hain joe aamtaur parr varsh key adhikansh samay mein unake sthaan parr khadaa hotaa haye, jisamen dekhbhal karane vaale kutte key sthaan parr shoonya usake saath hotaa haye. kabristan abb burf seey dhakaa huaa haye aur helovin shahar kii sarpil pahaadi koo chamakate hue kaddu seey dhaki ack kendra key roop mein dikhaaya gayaa haye. popp-upp bhoot abhee bhee popp-upp karate hain aur gujarate-jaate mehmaanon koo daraate hain, lekin abb way saanta topi pahan rahey hain. 2016 mein, kabristan mein ack animatronic saili jodaa gayaa haye. sangeet jodata haye "yeh kyaa haye?"," humm aapako ack sukhad chrismus kii kaamana karate hain "," gambhir muskuraate bhoot "," jolly old sent. nicolaus, "aur" jingle bails ". film key kankal raindear koo kabristan mein samay bitaate hue dikhaaya gayaa haye, jisamen ack hadbadi vaale narak key saath rassakashi curr rhaa haye, doosara anya bhooton key saath chaay pee rhaa haye, aur antim ack bhooton key saath daud rhaa haye joe unamen seey ack kii jagah leey rhaa haye. vaahan vishal burf key swargadooton key neeche seey gujarate hain aur unake sir parr kurta bajaate hain. sarpil pahaadi key aadhar parr jack-oh-lalten key saath gaayan kii pratimaon koo sheersh parr rakhaa gayaa haye. gupt gupt mein pravesh karane seey pahale, mehmann pishach teddy koo aakhiri baar dekhate hain, joe oopar ack aur kaddu-sir vaale burf key doot key saath ack turah bajaata haye.
isake baad kaale sleegh gupt mein pravesh karate hain, jahan ack audio-animatronic ogi boogi kaali roshni key neeche ack rule key pahiye key buggle mein khadee hoti haye, joe mehmaanon koo kuchh ajib uphaaron key saath ack khel kii peshkash karati haye. 2003 seey pahale, mool roop seey taalaa, sadma aur bairal kaa ack animated bhitti chitra thaa. mehmann jaba darpanon key paas jaate hain tou way hichakichaate bhooton key bajaay una vichitra uphaaron koo dekhate hain. yadi vartamaan mein ack prashn chihn key saath ack taaboot ankit haye, tou taalaa, sadma aur bairal teen darpanon mein seey pratyek key peechhe seey baahar nickle jaayega.
isake baad mehmann utaar-chadhaav vaale kshetra mein pahunchate hain, joe burf aur jack-oh-lalten seey bhee bharaa hotaa haye. jaise hii mehmann speed ramp seey baahar nikalane kii yatra karate hain, saili kaa ack chhota saa sanskaran (chhote leota kii jagah lete hue) jack koo dhanyavaad dete hue dekhaa jaataa haye kyonki vaha apani sleegh mein uda jaataa haye aur mehmaanon koo vaapas jaldi karane key liye kahata haye. antim drishya key tokyo key sanskaran mein, gupt mein kuchh uphaaron key ander taalaa, sadma aur bairal kii suvidha haye, joe mehmaanon key saath ack sawari haye. saili alvida kahata haye aur phir mehmann pushp maalaa seey sajaaya gayaa makbara mein utarate hain.
jodd.
2003 key mausam key dauran, disneyland ney ack "oogi boogi kii chhuttiyon kii chaalen aur upchaar" kii peshkash kii. poore haveli mein ogi koo chhipa huaa cameo diyaa gayaa thaa, jise mehmaanon koo dekhane key liye kahaa jaataa haye. udaaharan key liye, oogi bageechon mein jhaadiyon mein, chrismus card parr ack chhaaya, attari mein ack gudiya aadi mein paaya jaa sakata haye.
soundtrack.
aakarshan kaa sangeet mool roop seey gorden goodwin dwara rachit thaa. ise 2002 mein johnn debni dwara anukoolit score key saath badal diyaa gayaa thaa, joe danny elfman dwara rachit film key soundtrack key vishayon parr adharit thaa. 2003 seey, goodwin key mool sangeet kaa upayog stretching room aur nikas gupt (jahaan goodwin key attari sangeet kaa upayog kiya jaataa haye) mein kiya gayaa haye, jabaki elfman kaa baaki score banaa huaa haye. sawari mein kaee paatron koo film key mool abhinetaon dwara aavaaj dee gaee haye, aur vibhinn dhwani prabhaav mool aakarshan aur nae geeton key mishran hain.
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pretagaliruva mahalugala razadina
haunted mansion holiday disneyland mattu tokio disneylandnalliruva haunted mansion akarshaneya rtumaanada melpadaravagiddu, idu moola haunted mansion settinggalu mattu patragalannu 1993 rahra chalanachitra "dhii divertyre bifour chrismus" nondige samyojisuttade. krismasge munchina ratri" yinda sphurti padeda ee akarshaneyu, chrismus munnaadinadandu geeluhidida mahaluge bheti needuva jack skellington ("maralina ugurugalu") avara katheyannu punah heluttade, idu avara hinneleyalli razadinada avyavastheyannu untumaaduttade.
geeluhidida mahalu samanyavagi august antyadalli eradoovare vaaragala kaala muchchalpaduttade aaddarinda adannu geeluhidida mahalu rajaadinavaagi parivartisabahudu. melpadaravannu tegeduhakalu matte muchchuva modalu septemberninda janavari aarambhadavarege atithigalige melpadarada akarshaneyannu tereyalaaguttade.
itihaasa.
eradu reetiya melpadaragalu-kantri bair chrismus special (1984) mattu idu ondu sanna vishwa rajaadinavaagide (1997)-eegaagale kelavu samayadavarege haunted mansion rajadinavannu abhivraddhipadisidaaga yashasviyagittu. aarambhadalli, charles dickensna "aa chrismus caroll" annu marukathe maadalu disney yochisidaru, aadare nyoo arleans chaukadalli akarshaneya setting mattu santa classes annu geeluhidida mahalugala vilaksana parisarakke taruva asangatategalindaagi adara viruddha nirdharisidaru. badalige, avaru adannu "krismasge munchina duhswapna" dha aadhaarada mele nirdharisidaru, idu disney patravu geeluhidida mahadiyalli chrismus annu aacharisuttade, santa classes tanna prayanadalli endaadaroo allige iliyuttiddare. steve davison ee kalpaneyannu tegedukondaru mattu melpadaravannu abhivraddhipadisalu walt disney srujanasheela manaranjaneyondige kelasa maadidaru.
disney edurisabekada ondu samasyeyendare, moola akarshaneya aneka pramukha kalaavidaru-paul freese, leota tumbs, eleanor adli, hecchina haaduva bustgalu mattu bahuteka ellah moola dhwani nataru-varshagala hinde nidhanaraadaru. freesna preta niroopakanaagi avara patradalli corey burton avarannu badalaayisalaayitu, avaru modalu disniyondige dhwaniwardhaka kelasa maadiddaru mattu nantarada saavina modalu freesna ashrayadatanagi seve sallisiddaru. tumbsna magalu kim irvin tanna taayiyannu holuttiddalu mattu aaddarinda aakeya sthaladalli maydom leota aagi, susanne blakesley (aadliyante natisuttaale mattu omme aake avara adiyalli tarabeti padediddalu) patrada dhwaniyannu odagisuttaa pradarshana needalu ayke maadalaayitu. haaduva pratimegalalli jaak-oo-lanterngalannu alavadisalaagittu mattu computer-animated haaduva prakshepagalannu nidalaagittu. moola chitragalanteye dhwanisuwa smashaanada devvagaligaagi hosa dhwani natarannu ayke maadalaayitu.
haunted mansion holiday october 3,2001 randu praarambhavaayitu mattu atithigalalli tvaritavagi janapriyavaayitu, idu akarshaneya phaast paas yantragalannu melpadarada samayadalli sakriyagolisalu kaaranavaayitu (avu eega yavagalu sakriyavagive). september 13,2013 randu (shukravara 13 neey), disneylandnalliruva geeluhidida mahalu hosa parinaamagalondige saarvajanikarige tereyitu mattu adara 13 neey varshada acharaneyalli tunukugalannu hondisitu.
walt disney worled resort mattu disneyland parisonalli rtumaanada melpadaragalilla. fantum mainern horage, atithigalu jack mattu saaliyondige tamma photowannu tegedukollabahudu.
covid-19 saankraamika rogadindagi 2020ralli disneyland athawa tokio disneylandnalli melpadaravannu prastutapadisalaagalilla. march 2020rinda 2021rahra aarambhadavarege disneyland muchchalpattittu, aadare nantara punah tereyalaada tokio disneyland kanishta march 2021ravaregoo kelavu rtumaanada kodugegalannu niidadiralu nirdharisitu.
kathaavastu.
krismasge munchina duhswapna" emba chalanachitrada ghatanegala nantara, haunted mansion holiday nadeyuttade, allie chalanachitradalli hallowein sailiya melpadaradalli tannade aada tiruchida chrismus annu rachisalu prayatnisida jack skellington, eega haunted mansion annu kandukolluttaane, idu 999 santoshada taanagalige neleyagide. rajadinagaligagi mahalugala mandahaasada nivasigalige santoshavannu haradalu nirdharisida jack mattu hallowein pattanadinda banda avana bhayanaka sibbandi nooraru jackna moola dushta chrismus udugoregalu mattu alankaaragalannu mainergay taruttaare mattu parityakta maneyalli vasisuva bhayankara naguttiruva devvagalige romanchaka mattu tampaada rajadinakkagi kaaduva maidaanavannu deck maaduttaare, idu savaarige vedikeyannu nigadipadisuttade.
akarshane.
mahalugala horabhagavannu jack-oo-lanterngalu mattu hallowein sailiya chrismus alankaaragalinda muchchalaagide. chaavaniya mele jack skellington avara shavapettigeya jarubandi ide mattu chavaniyavarege vistarisiruva avara hasyamaya "chrismus samikarana". krismasge eshtu dinagalu ulidive embudannu heluva hallowein pattanadinda countdown gadiyaaravu ide. disneyland parisna fantum mainern sangeeta boxes track horaangana pradeshagalalli nudisuttade. tokio disneylandnalli, mahalugala naduvina vinyaasada vyatyaasagalindaagi, countdown gadiyara athawa chrismus sameekaranavannu chaavaniya mele netuhakilla. badalige, kumbalakai himadhaarigalannu nodabahudu mattu chalanachitradinda vaadyavrundagalannu maadabahudu mattu sarati saalinalli sawari maadabahudu.
nantara atithigalannu taleburude hoomaalegalinda alankarisalaagiruva hoyarge karedoyyalaaguttade. pretada aatitheyanu akarshaneya katheyannu praasadalli helalu prarambhisuttane. allinda, atithigalu eradu bhavachitra konegalalli wandakke hoguttaare. tokiyodalli, kumbalakai rajaninda avana saantaa classes veshakke badalaaguva jackna varnachitravu vayassaada vyaktiya bhavachitravannu badalaayisuttade.
atithigalu nantara bhavachitra galleryannu praveshisuttaare. stretching bhaavachitragalannu amayaka chrismus drashyagalannu chithrisuva bannada gaajina chitragalinda badalaayisalaagide, avugala chaukattugalaagi haaragalannu chithrisalaagide. bagilugalu muchchidaaga, kooneyu kattalaaguttade mattu higgalu praarambhisuttade. chitragalu choorugalaagi spotagondavu, mattu hallowein pattanada chrismus drashtiya prakashamanavada varnachitragalu horahommuttave, jack annu tanna shavapettigeya jarubandi mele sawari maaduttiruva saantaa classes aagi chithrisalaagide, manushya-tinnuva haara, bhayanaka aatikegalu, saantaa classes devvagalu eluttiddante daitya chilavannu tereyuttade mattu daitya mamsahari haavu. pretada aatitheyanu "twass dhii nait bifour chrismus" kaviteya gaadhavaada roopaantaravannu pathisalu prarambhisuttane, vichitravaada sangeetavu gaayanavannu vyaapakavaagi olagondiruttade. minchina hodetadavaregu suspense beleyuttade mattu jackna mukhavu melina sealingnalli kaanisikolluttade, "ellarigoo rajadinagalu, ellarigoo shubhashayagalu!"; idu preta aatitheyana toogu dehavannu badalaayisuttade. avana nagu kooneyannu tumbuttade, mahileyobbalu kiruchuttaale mattu ellavoo kappaguttade. 2013ralli, jackna mukhavannu avana mattu shoonyada hosa animated projectioninda badalaayisalaaguttade mattu preta aatitheyana nenuhaakuva dehavu haage ulidide.
deepagalu saamaanya sthitige maralidante, bagilugalu teredu bhaavachitrada hazarakke hoguttave. illi badalaaguttiruva bhaavachitragalannu saha chithrisuva bhaavachitragalondige badalaayisalaagide
maralu ugurugalannu apaharisi" emba haadu nudisalu prarambhisidaga gayakavrundavu maraluttade. kitakigala horage hima birugaali beesuttiruvante toruttade mattu chitrada moovaru sangeetagaararu saha horage nintiddaare. ee ditta notada pratimegalu avugala munde jayda-jaalagalannu hondiddu, avu "noel" mattu "hoow-hoow-hoow" padagalinda holeyuttave."load maaduva pradeshavannu innoo hecchu hallowein mattu chrismus alankaaradinda alankarisalaagide mattu chalanachitrada aneka patragalu rtuvannu aacharisuva dodda animated chrismus cord ide. cardna kelabhagadalli "merri chrismus" emba padagalannu olagondiruva ee cord, nimma kannugalige hecchu autanavaagide, allie sandeshavu madhyantaravagi "bhayanaka chrismus" ge badalaaguttade. tokiyodalli, disneylandnantaha bhavachitra sabhanganavilla. badalige, bhaavachitrada kotadiya nantara takshanave, atithigalu kittale chrismus deepagalu mattu hallowein kumbalakaayigalinda alankarisalaada loading pradeshavannu praveshisuttaare. hattida nantara, atithigalu landingna kelage haarihoguttaare, allinda jack, sally mattu raktapishachi teddy atithigalannu svaagatisuttaare. raid-throo portrite caridarnalli vividha chatuvatikegalannu nirvahisuva mattu atithigalu hoguttiruvaga vikshisuva chitrada patragala bhaavachitragalive. kittale bannada chrismus deepagalu granthaalayadalli beragugolagaada pratimegala suttaloo suttuvaredive, ekendare shoonyavu pustakagalinda maadida teluva maravannu tinsel haaradinda suttuvaredide. sangeeta kooneyalli, atithigalu, khinnatege olagaadante mattu raktapishachi teddy nudisuva preta piyanoda pakkadalli kurchiyalli kulitiruvantaha, ondu purna gatrada audeo-animator saaliyannu noduttaare. nantara dum baggigalu mettilugala mele chalisuttave, panjargalalli bhayabheetaraada hasiru jiralegalannu "uugeegaagi" endu bareyuva udugore taggalondige haaduhoguttave."mettilugala meelbhaagadalli, uugee boogie avara neralu kaanisikolluttade mattu melina hunnimeyalli chrismus marada akaravagi badalaaguttade. moola kappu-belakina rabbar jedagalu ulidive.
anahyme disneylandnalli, doom baggigalannu (melpadaradalli kappu chrismus jarubandigalu endu kareyalaaguttade) hattida nantara, atithigalu mettilugalannu hattuttaare. meelbhaagadalli, udugoregala raashigalive, avugala mele raktapishachi teddy kulitukondu manushyarigaagi meenu hidiyuttade. preta aatitheyanu katheyannu heluvudannu munduvaresuttiddante, eega candelabrada sthaladalli shoonyavu antyavillada hazaaradalli teluttiruvudu kandubaruttade. chalisuva rakshaakavachada suit kumbalakai mukhavaadavannu dharisuttade mattu adara suttaloo haaravannu suttuttade. hazaarada munde nayigala moolegala raashi mattu nayigala moolegalinda maadida haaravu sabhaanganada meelbhaagavannu alankarisuttade. ondu teluva mooleya mele, ondu gurutu "shunyakke" endu bareyuttade. udugoregalu kurchiyalli kulitukolluttave mattu aaa kurciya pakkadalli paayimsettiyaagalu iruttave.
samrakshanaalayada shavapettigeyalli sikkibidda shavavu badalagilla, aadare raktapishachi teddy eega adara mele kulitu, matte ugurugalannu suttikolluttade. muchchaladinda "chrismus tanaka tereyabedi" emba tagg annu tooguhaakalaaguttade. satta antyakriyeya hoovugalu jivantavagi huttikondive mattu eega "maralina ugurugalannu apaharisi" emba haadannu haaduttave. bagilugala carridar eega adhe hasyamaya-dushta hoovugalinda tumbide, ellavoo joragi haaduttave, aadaroo bagilugalu mattu avu nudisuva dhwani parinamagalu innoo onde aagive. atithigalu nantara hallugaliruva dodda haladi kannina manushya-tinnuva haarada kelage haaduhoguttaare, idu ellah hoovugalige samparka hondidante toruttade. rakshasara ajja gadiyara mattu neralu panjavu onde aagive aadare eega "leota, nimagaagi vishesha udugoregalu-maralina ugurugalu" endu heluva tagg annu hondide.
nantara atithigalu sabhaanganavannu praveshisuttaare. maydom leota chrismus aabharanadalliddu, tanna suttaloo halavaaru holeyuva bataligalondige teluttaale mattu eega "13 dinagala chrismus" endu japisuttaale, raktapishachi teddy leota avara mejina himbhagadalli kurciya meelbhaagadalli kulitu, seensnondige eradu sanna gantegalannu baarisuttade. hasiru bannadalli holeyuva kannugalannu hondiruva mantramugdhavaada pataki tanna baayiyannu leota jote oggattaagi chalisuttade. teluva vaadyagalannu dodda teluva tarro kaardgalinda badalaayisalaaguttade, idu leota avara 13 chrismus udugoregalannu chithrisuttade, adaralli avalu pathisuttaale. tokiyodalli, raven ee drashyadalli ulidide mattu leota chrismus abharanadallilla mattu menadabattigalinda muchchalpattide, beega, aaghaata mattu byaarelninda kooneya himbhagadalliruva kitakia moolaka avalannu noduttide.
nantara jarubandigalu baal roomge chalisuttave. illina devvagalu onde aagive, aadare alankaaragalu badalaagive. mejina madhyadalli dodda ginger bread house iddu, chrismus paartige table annu hondisalaagide. menadabattigalinda aavrutavaada ondu apaaravaada satta chrismus marah (meelbhaagadalli ondu jeevanta kombeyondige) mattu deepagalinda koodida jedagalu eega nrutyada nelada madhyadalli kulitukolluttave, aadare devvagalu adara moolakave chalisuttave. dvandvayuddhagaararu aatana mele gundu haarisidaga marada bully drashyada mele shoonya teluttade. sabhaanganada himbhagadalliruva mettilugala meelbhaagadalliruva paradegalu terediddu, pustakagalinda maadida teluva maradinda purnagonda mahalu granthaalayavannu bahirangapadisuttave. tokiyodalli, jack mattu saliya neralugalu aaa paradeya hindina mistleto adiyalli udugoregalannu vinimaya maadikolluvudu kandubaruttade. allade, ginger bread maneya badalige, mejina madhyadalli ondu dodda cake ide.
nantara atithigalannu mahadigalige karedoyyalaaguttade, allie hecchina saamaanya parikaragalu mattu patragalannu ellah reetiya bhayanaka aatikegalu mattu udugoregala astavyastateyinda badalaayisalaagide. ondu dodda haavu kooneya suttaloo suruligalannu hondiddu, adara baayiyalli "tunta mattu olleya" pattiyannu hondide. kooneyaadyanta, atithigalu haaduhoguvaaga kelavu dushta aatikegalu jivantavaguttave, avugalalli mooru jaak-inn-dhii-baxgalu (ondu shailikruta taleburude, innondu kappu bekkina tale, mattu moola savariya haleya attik pop-up devvagalannu balasuva mattondu jaak-oo-lantern), bullet hole-riddon batukoli, talavadya-crashing uugee boogie gombe mattu tentacle-reetiya trackgala mele daityakarada railu serive.
atithigalu mahadi bittu balkaniyatta horatiddaaga, hatbox pretavu tanna melina topiya meelbhaagavannu alankaarika chrismus taleburudeya pinninda alankarisi hattirada hatboxn stockna mele saantaa classes topiyannu haakuttade. atithigalu balkaniya pakkadalliruva mettilugalinda kelagiliyuvaga mattu smashanakke hoguvaga devvagalu eluva badalu himada padaragalu beeluvudu kandubaruttade, atithigalu chrismus deepagalannu raktapishachi teddy agiyuvudannu noduttaare, fuse annu spotisuva bedarike haakuttaare. doom baggigalu nelamattavannu taluputtiddante, avaru tamma maralina ugurugala udupinallidda atyunnatavaada audeo-animated jack annu haaduhoguttaare, atithigalige varshada bahupalu samanyavagi avara sthaladalli nintiruva vishala kannina aaraikedaarana badalige merri chrismus annu bayasuttaare, aaraike maaduva nayiya sthaladalli shoonyavu avarondige iruttade. smashaanavu eega himadinda aavrutavaagide mattu hallowein pattanada suruliyakarada bettavu holeyuva kumbalakaayigalinda aavrutavaada kendrabinduvagi kanisikondide. pop-up devvagalu innoo pop-up aguttave mattu haaduhoguvaaga atithigalannu hedarisuttave, aadare eega avaru saantaa topigalannu dharisuttaare. 2016ralli, ondu animatronic saaliyannu smashanakke serisalaaguttade. sangeetavu "idu enu?"," naavu nimage merri chrismus annu bayasutteve "," "" bhayankara naguttiruva devvagalu "," "" jaali old saint ". nicolus, mattu jingal bells. chitrada asthipanjarada himasaarangavu smashaanadalli samayavannu anandisuttiruvudannu torisalaagide, obbaru kooguttiruva narakada haavinondige rabhasadinda atavaduttiddare, innobbaru itara devvagalondige chahaa kudiyuttiddaare mattu koneyadu bicylsgala mele devvagalondige spardhisuttide. kumbalakai talegalu tutturigalannu nudisuttiruva brihat hima devategala adiyalli vaahanagalu haaduhoguttave. suruliyakarada bettada taladalli jack-oo-lanterngalondige haaduva pratimegalannu meelbhaagadalli idalaagide. guheyannu praveshisuva modalu, atithigalu raktapishachi teddiyannu koneya baarige noduttaare, mele mattobba kumbalakai-taleya hima devadootanondige tutturiyannu aduttare.
kappu jarubandigalu nantara gupta sthalavannu praveshisuttave, allie kappu belakinalli rulet chakrada pakkadalli audeo-animated uugee boogie nintide, atithigalige kelavu vichitra udugoregalondige aatavannu niiduttade. 2003kkinta modalu, moolatah lock, shaak mattu byaarelgala animated bhitticitravittu. atithigalu kannadiya bully hodaaga hitchicking devvagala badalige aaa vilaksana udugoregalannu noduttaare. udugore prashnarthaka chihneyondige mudrisalaada shavapettigeyagiddare, mooru kannadigala hindinindaloo lock, shaak mattu barrell horabaruttade.
atithigalu nantara ilisuva pradeshakke agamisuttare, adhu hima mattu jack-oo-lanterngalinda koodide. atithigalu nirgamanakke speed ramp annu melakkettidaaga, sally (chikka leota sthalavannu tegedukolluttade) yaya ondu sanna aavruttiyu jack tanna jarubandigalalli haarihoguvaaga dhanyavaadagalannu heluvudu mattu atithigalige begane hintirugalu heluvudu kandubaruttade. tokiyoda antima drashyada aavruttiyalli, ee gupta kattadavu kelavu udugoregala olage lock, shaak mattu barrell annu hondiddu, atithigalondige sawari maaduttade. sally vidaaya heluttaane mattu nantara atithigalu pushpaguchchadinda alankarisalaada samadhiyalli iliyuttaare.
serpadegalu.
2003rahra rtuvinalli, disneyland "uugee boogies holiday tricks mattu treats" annu scavenger huntge needitu. uugige mahalududdakku gupta atithi patragalannu nidalaayitu, adannu atithigalu hudukuvante kelalaaguttade. udaaharanege, uugeegalannu totagalallina podesasyagalalli, chrismus cardina mele neralu, mahadiyalliruva gombeyalli kaanabahudu.
soundtrack.
akarshaneya sangeeta samyojaneyannu moolatah garden goodwin samyojisiddaru. danny elfman samyojisida chitrada dhwanipathada vishayagalannu aadharisida zaan debni avara alavadisida sangeetadondige 2002 ralli idannu badalaayisalaayitu. 2003rinda, goodwin moola sangeetavannu stretching roomgalu mattu nirgamanada guptadalli balasalaaguttide (allie goodwin attik sangeetavannu balasalaaguttade), aadare ulida elfman sangeetavu ulidide. raidnallina halavaaru patragalige chitrada moola nataru dhwani niididdaare mattu vividha dhwani parinamagalu moola akarshane mattu hosa haadugala mishranavaagide.
| prethavaanmaarude bhawana avadhi
1993-leeii "dhii daitmayer biphore chrismus" enna chithravumaayi yadhaartha prethabhavanatthinte krameekaranangalum kathaapaathrangalum samyojippikkunna disneylandileyum tokkiyo disneylandileyum prethabhavana aakarshanathinte oru seasonal ovarleyaanu prethabhavana avadikkaalam. chrismasinu munbulla ratri" yill ninnu prachodanam ulkkonda eee aakarshanam, chrismus raavil prethavaanmaar thamasikkunna maalika sandarshikkunna jacq skellington ("manal nakhangal" enna nilayil) yude katha aavarthikkunnu, ithu avadhikkaalathe araajakathvathinu kaaranamaakunnu.
prethavaanmaarkkulla bhavanam saadhaaranayaayi august avasaanathode randara aazhchathekku adaykkunnu, athinaal ithu prethavaanmaarkkulla bhawana avadhidinamaakki maattaan kazhiyum. ovarle neekkam cheiyunnathinaayi veendum adaykkunnathinu munbu septambar muthal januvari aadyam vare athidhikalkkaayi overlade aakarshanam thurannirikkum.
charithram.
samanamaaya rund ovarle-kantri bear chrismus special (1984), ithu oru cheria loka avadhidinamaanu (1997)-prethavaanmaarkkulla maalika avadikkaalam vikasippicheduthappol kurachu kaalamaayi vijayakaramaayirunnu. thudakkathil, chaals dickensinte 'eiii chrismus karol' veendum parayaan disney aalochichuvenkilum nyoo oorliyans squareile aakarshanathinte pashchaathalavum prethavaanmaarude bhavanathile vichitramaaya anthareekshathilekku santa klosine konduvarunnathil poruthakkedum kaaranam athu ethirkkaan theerumaanichu. pakaram, santa closs thante yaathrayil eppozhengilum avide ethiyaal disney kathaapaathram prethavaanmaarude bhavanathil chrismus aaghoshikkumennu pariganicha sesham "chrismasinu munbulla pediswapnam" adisthaanamaakkaan avar theerumaanichu. steevu davison eee ashayam sweekarikkukayum walt disney creative entertainmentumaayi chernnu ovarle vikasippikkaan pravartthikkukayum cheythu.
pooll freeze, leota toombs, elanor oodli, mikka gaanangalum, mikkavarum ellah yadhaartha shabda abhinethaakkalum-yadhaartha aakarshanathile niravadhi pradhana kalakaaranmaar varshangalkk munbu marichuvennathaanu disnick kaikaaryam cheyyenda oru prashnam. freesinu pakaram pretha avathaarakan enna kathaapaathrathe avatharippichathu koorii burton aayirunnu, addeham munbu disniyumaayi voysvar varkk cheyyukayum randaamathethinte maranathinu munbu freesinte rakshaadhikaariyaayi pravartthikkukayum cheythirunnu. shavakudeerangalude makal kiim irvin ammayodu saamyamullavalaayirunnu, athinaal avalude sthaanathu maadam leota avatharippikkan thiranjedukkappettu, susanne blakesley (oodli enna almaratom, orikkal aval parisheelippicha), kathaapaathrathinte shabdam nalki. gaanangalude basttukalil jacq-ooo-vilakkukal nalkukayum computer animated ganangal avatharippikkukayum cheythu. orijinalukalkku samanamaaya shmashana prethangalkkaayi puthiya shabda abhinethaakkale thiranjedutthu.
prethavaanmaarkkulla maalika avadikkaalam 2001 october 3 nuu aarambikkukayum athidhikalkkidayil athivegam janapriyamaakukayum cheythu, ithu ovarle samayat aakarshanathinte phaast paas mesheenukal sajeevamaakkunnathilekk nayichu (avaa ippol ellaayppozhum sajeevamaan). 2013 septambar 13 nuu (velliyaazhcha 13), disneylandile prethavaanmaar niranja bhavanam athinte 13-aamm varshathe aaghoshathinaayi puthiya efakttukalum settu peasukalum upayogichu pothujanangalkkayi thurannu.
walt disney waled resortinum disneyland paareesinum seasonal ovarlekalilla. phaantam maanarin purathu, athidhikalkku jackin salik oppam foto edukkaam.
covid-19 mahamari kaaranam 2020ll disneylandilo tokkiyo disneylandilo ovarle avatharippichilla. 2020 march muthal 2021 nte thudakkam vare disneyland adachupootti, athesamayam veendum thuranna tokkiyo disneyland 2021 maarchilenkilum chila seasonal oofarukal nalkaruthennu theerumaanichu.
katha.
chrismasinu munbulla pediswapnam" enna chithravumaayi bandhapetta sambhavangalkk thottupinnaleyaanu prethavaanmaarkkulla maalika avadikkaalam nadakkunnathu, avide chithratthile haloveen shailiyilulla ovarleyil svanthamaayi valanja chrismus srishtikkaan shramicha jacq skellington ippol prethavaanmaar thamasikkunna maalika kandethunnu, avide 999 happy hondukalundu. avadhikkaalathu bhavanathile vishaadabaadhitharaaya thaamasakkaarkk santhosham pakaraan theerumaanichukondu, haloveen pattanatthil ninnulla jack bhayappeduthunna samghavum noorukanakkinu jaakkinte yadhaartha dushta chrismus sammaanangalum alankaarangalum menarilekku konduvarikayum upekshikkappetta veettil thamasikkunna bhayankaramaaya punchirikkunna prethangalkku aaveshakaravum thanuppullathumaya avadhikkaalathinaayi vettayaadunna maithaanangal deck cheyyukayum cheiyunnu.
aakarshanam.
maalikayude purambhaagam jacq-ooo-laantanukalum haloveen shailiyilulla chrismus alankaarangalum kondu moodappettirikkunnu. melkkoorayil jacq skellingtonte shavapettiyum melkkoorayil ninnu nilathekku neettiyirikkunna addehathinte hasyaparamaaya "chrismus samavaakyam" undu. haloveen pattanatthil ninnulla kauntdaun clock undu, athu chrismus vare ethra divasam baakkiyundenn parayunnu. disneyland paareesinte phaantam maanaril ninnulla oru music boxes track outtdoor pradeshangalil play cheiyunnu. tokkiyo disneylandil, maalikakal thammilulla roopakalppana vyathyaasangal kaaranam melkkoorayil ninnu kauntdaun cloco chrismus samavaakyamo thoongikkidakkunnil. pakaram, mathanga manjumanushyare kaananum kyoo eriyayil sinimayil ninnu oorkkastrakalum raidu play nadatthaanum kazhiyum.
thudarnnu athidhikale thalayotti pushpamaalakal kondu alankarichirikkunna foyarilekku kondupookunnu. pretha aathidheyan aaa aakarshanathinte katha kavithayil parayaan thudangunnu. avide ninnu athidhikal rund chhaayaachithra arakalilonnil praveshikkunnu. tokkiyoyil, mathanga rajaavil ninnu santa closs veshathilekku maarunna jaakkinte oru painting prayamaaya manushyan chhaayaachitram maattunnathine maattisthaapikkunnu.
athidhikal pinneedu portrait galleryilekku praveshikkunnu. stretching chhaayaachithrangalkk pakaram, kutamatta chrismus ramgangal chithreekarikkunna stained glass chithrangal avarude frameukalaayi pushpamaalakal kondu maatti. vaathilukal adaykkumbol, murii irundupokukayum neettaan thudangukayum cheiyunnu. chithrangal chithalukalayi pottitherikkukayum haloveen touninte chrismus darshanathinte prakaashapoorithamaaya paintingukal uyarnnuvarikayum cheiyunnu, jacq thante shavappettiyil sawari cheiyunna santa klosai maalikaykku mukalil, manushyane bhakshikkunna oru maala, bhayappeduthunna kalippaattangal, prethangal uyarumbol oru bheeman chaakk thurakkunna santa closs, oru bheeman mamsabhojiyaaya paambu ennivaye chithreekarikkunnu. pretha aathidheyan "twass dhii naitt biphore chrismus" enna kavithayude irunda vyathiyaanam paarayanam cheyyaan thudangunnu, vichitramaaya samgeethathil oru gaayakasamghathe vipulamaayi avatharippikkunnu. minnal veezhunnathuvare suspense vardhikkukayum jaakkinte mukham mukalile sealingle prathyakshappedukayum cheiyunnu, "ellaavarkkum avadhidinangal aashamsikkunnu!"; ithu pretha aathidheyante thoongikkidakkunna shareerathe maattisthaapikkunnu. ayaalude chiri muriyil nirayunnu, oru sthree nilavilikkunnu, ellaam karuthupokunnu. 2013-ll, jaakkinte mukhathinu pakaram addehathinte oru puthiya animated projection poojyavum pretha aathidheyante thoongikkidakkunna shareeram kedukoodaathe thudarunnu.
laittukal saadhaarana nilayilekku madangumbol, vaathilukal thurakkukayum chhaayaachithra edanaazhiyilekku nayikkukayum cheiyunnu. ivide maarunna chhaayaachithrangalkk pakaram thaazhepparayunnava chithreekarichirikkunnu
manal nakhangal thattikkondupokuka" enna gaanam kelkkaan thudangumbol gaayakasangham madangunnu. janaalakalkk purathu oru manjuveezhcha nadakkunnathaayi thonnunnu, sinimayile moonnu samgeethajnjarum purathu nilkkunnu. nokkunna basttukalkk munnil "noval", "hoow-hoow-hoow" ennee vaakkukalal thilangunna chilanthi-webbukalundu."loading eriya kooduthal haloveen, chrismus decker ennivayaal alankarichirikkunnu, koodaathe sinimayile niravadhi kathaapaathrangal season aaghoshikkunna oru valia animated chrismus card undu. kaardinte chuvade "merry chrismus" enna vaakkukal ulkkollunna eee card annukalkku thanne oru sammaanamaan, avide sandesham idaykkide "bhayappeduthunna chrismus" aayi maarunnu. tokkiyoyil disneyland poleyulla oru chhaayaachithra haalum illa. pakaram, portrait chamberinu thottupinnaale, athidhikal ooranchu chrismus laittukalum haloveen mathangakalum kondu alankaricha loading eriyayilekku praveshikkunnu. boardinginu sesham, athidhikal landingin thazheyaayi parakkunnu, avide ninnu jacq, saali, vampire teddy ennivar athidhikale swaagatham cheiyunnu. raidu-throo portrait idanaazhiyil vividha pravartthanangal avatharippikkunna chithratthile kathaapaathrangalude chhaayaachithrangalum athidhikal kadannupokumbol kaanunnathum ulkkollunnu. pusthakangal kondu nirmmicha oru pongikkidakkunna maratthe tinsell maala kondu seero pothinjukondu libraryile thurichunokkunna basttukalkk chuttum ooranchu chrismus laittukal pothinjirikkunnu. music roomil, athidhikal vishaadathilaayathum vampire teddy vaayikkunna pretha piyaanoyude aduthulla kaserayil irikkunnathumaaya oru aaldairkhyamulla audiyo-animatronic saliye kaanunnu. doom baggikal padikal kayarukayum, "oogikk" ennu ezhuthiyirikkunna sammana taagukalulla koodukalile bhayanna pacha paattakale marikadakkukayum cheiyunnu."padikalude mukalil, oogi boogiyude nizhal prathyakshappedukayum mukalilulla poornnachandranil oru chrismus trea aakruthiyaayi maarukayum cheiyunnu. yadhaartha karutha velichamulla rubber chilanthikal avasheshikkunnu.
anahaim disneylandil, doom baggikalil kayarumbol (ovarleyil black chrismus slags ennu vilikkunnu), athidhikal padikal kayarunnu. mukalil, manushyarkkayi malsyabandhanam nadathunna vampire teddy irikkunna sammaanangalude koombaarangalundu. pretha aathidheyan katha parayunnath thudarunnathinaal, mezhukuthiriyude sthaanathu ananthamaaya idanaazhiyil poojyam ippol pongikkidakkunnathu kaanam. chalikkunna kavachatthinte suit oru mathanga mask dharikkukayum athinu chuttum maala pothinjirikkukayum cheiyunnu. idanaazhiyude munnil naayayude asthikalude oru koombaaravum naayayude asthikal kondu nirmmicha oru pushpamala haalinte mukalbhagam alankarikkunnu. oru floating bonil, oru tagg "poojyathilekku" ennu vaayikkunnu. sammanangal kaserayil irikkukayum poyinsettiyakal aaa kaseraykku aduthaayi irikkukayum cheiyunnu.
kansarvettariyile shavappettiyil kudungiya mrithadeham maattamillathe, ennaal vampire teddy ippol athil irikkunnu, veendum nakhangal thatti. chrismus vare thurakkaruth" enna tagg liddle thoongikkidakkunnu. maricha shavasamskara pookkal jeevanode valarukayum ippol "manal nakhangal thattikkondupokuka" enna gaanam alapikkukayum cheiyunnu. vaathilukalude idanaazhi ippol ore rasakaramaaya pookkalaal niranjirikkunnu, avayellaam uchathil paadunnu, ennirunnaalum avar play cheiyunna vaathilukalum shabda efakttukalum ippozhum athepadi thanneyaanu. athidhikal pinneedu pallukalulla manjakkannukalulla oru valia manushyabhakshana pushpatthinte chuvattiloode kadannupokunnu, athumaayi ellah pookkalum bandhappettirikkunnave thonnunnu. paishachika muthachante clock nizhal nakhavum athepadi nilanilkkunnundenkil ippol "leotaic, ningalkk prathyeka sammanangal-manal nakhangal" ennu parayunna oru tagg undu.
athidhikal pinneedu seans muriyilekku praveshikkunnu. maadam leota oru chrismus aabharanathilaanu, avalkk chuttum thilangunna niravadhi kuppikalumayi pongikkidakkunnu, ippol "13 divasathe chrismus" ennu ucharikkunnu, athesamayam vampire teddy leota meshaykk pinnil kaserayude mukalil irikkunnu, rund cheria manikal sensumaayi muzhakkunnu. pacha niratthilulla annukalulla oru manthravaadiyaaya nutcracker leotayumaayi chernnu athinte vaaya chalippikkunnu. floating upakaranagalkk pakaram leota 13 chrismus sammanangal chithreekarikkunna valia floating tarro cardukal upayogikkunnu, athil aval japikkunnu. tokkiyoyil, kakka eee ramgathil avasheshikkunnu, leota oru chrismus aabharanathilalla, poottum shoke barrel kondu mezhukuthirikalaal pothinju muriyude pinbhaagathulla oru janaalayiloode avale nokkunnu.
thudarnnu sleegukal bolroomilekku neengunnu. ivideyulla prethangal onnuthanneyaanu, pakshe alankaarangal maari. oru chrismus paartikkaayi mesha sajjeekarichirikkunnu, meshayude madhyathil oru valia jincherbread house irikkunnu. mezhukuthirikalaal pothinja oru valia chattha chrismus maram (mukalil oru jeevanulla shaakha), laittukalulla chilanthikal ippol dance florinte madhyathil irikkunnu, pakshe prethangal athiloode sanjarikkunnu. yudhathil pankedukkunnavar ayalkku nere vediyuthirkkumbol marathinaduthulla ramgathinu mukalil poojyam pongikkidakkunnu. haalinte pinbhaagathulla padikalude mukalilulla thirasseelakal thurannirikkunnu, athu maalikayude library velippeduthunnu, pusthakangal kondu nirmmicha oru ozhukunna maram kondu poortthiyaayi. tokkiyoyil, jack saliyude nizhalukalum pakaram aaa thirasseelaykku pinnile moodupadam keezhil sammanangal kaimarunnathu kaanam. koodaathe, oru jincherbread hausinu pakaram, meshayude madhyathil oru bheeman kekku undu.
athidhikale pinneedu melkkoorayilekku kondupookunnu, avide mikka saadhaarana proppukalum kathaapaathrangalum ellaatharam bhayappeduthunna kalippaattangaludeyum sammaanangaludeyum kramarahithamaya oru maattisthaapikkappedunnu. vaayil "moshavum manoharavumaaya" oru pattikayumayi oru valia paambu muriyil chuttikkarangunnu. muriyiludaneelam, athidhikal kadannupokumbol moonnu jacq-inn-dhii-boxukal (onnu stylised thalayotti, mattonn karutha poochayude thala, mattonn pazhaya attik poppu-upp prethangal upayogikkunna jacq-ooo-laantan enniva ulppede), bullatt hole-niranja taaraav, oru simbal-crashing oogi boogie paava, koodaara polulla tracukalil oru bheemakaaramaaya train enniva ulppede chila dushta kalippaattangal sajeevamaakunnu.
athidhikal melkoora vittu baalkaniyilekku pookumbool, hatbox pretham thante toppinte mukalbhagam oru alankaara chrismus thalayotti pinn kondu alankarikkukayum aduthulla haattboxinte staakkin mukalil oru santa closs thoppi vaykkukayum cheiyunnu. balkaniyude aduthulla padikalil ninnu thaazhekku kayarukayum smashaanathilekku pookukayum cheiyunna athidhikal prethangal uyarunnathinupakaram manjumoodikal veezhunnathu kaanukayum, oru fuse pottikkumenn bheeshanippeduthunna vampire teddy chrismus laittukal chavaykkunnathu athidhikal kaanukayum cheiyunnu. doom baggikal thaazhethattil athumbol, avar addehathinte manal nakhangalude vasthrathil oru uyarnna audiyo-animated roopamaaya jaakkiloode kadannupokunnu, athidhikalkku oru santhoshakaramaaya chrismus aashamsikkunnu, varshathil bhooribhaagavum saadhaaranayaayi addehathinte sthaanathu nilkkunna vishalamaaya annukalulla kairtakerinu pakaramaayi, kairtakerude naayaykk pakaram poojyavum avane anugamikkunnu. shavakudeeram ippol manjil moodappettirikkunnu, haloveen pattanatthil ninnulla sarppila kunnu thilangunna mathangakalaal moodappetta oru kendrabinduvaayi chithreekarichirikkunnu. poppu-upp prethangal ippozhum poppu-upp cheyyukayum athidhikale bhayappeduthukayum cheiyunnu, pakshe ippol avar santa thoppikal dharikkunnu. 2016ll, oru animatonic saliye shmashaanathil cherkkunnu. samgeetham samyojippikkunnu "ithu enthaanu?"," njangal ningalkk oru santhoshakaramaaya chrismus aashamsikkunnu "," "" bhayankaramaaya punchirikkunna prethangal "," "" jolii ooldu sent ". nicolas, "jinkle bells". chithratthile asthikooda kaandaamrigangal shmashaanathil samayam aaswadikkunnathaayi kaanikkunnu, oraal alarunna narakasaalayumaayi ezhayaduppam kalikkunnu, matoraal mattu prethangalumaayi chaaya kudikkunnu, avasaanatheth baisailsil prethangalumaayi oodunnu. mathangayude thalakal kahalam vaayikkunna valia manjumanushyarkkidayiloode vahanangal kadannupokunnu. sarppila kunninte adithattil jacq-ooo-vilakkukal upayogichu gaanangalude prathimaykku mukalil sthaapichirikkunnu. kripttil praveshikkunnathinu munbu, athidhikal avasaanamaayi vampire teddy kaanunnu, mukalil mathangayude thalayulla mattoru manjumanushyanoppam oru kahalam kalikkunnu.
karutha sleegukal pinneedu kripttilekku praveshikkunnu, avide oru audiyo-animatronic oogi boogie karutha velichathil oru raulattu veelinu sameepam nilkkunnu, athidhikalkku chila vichitramaaya sammaanangalumaayi oru geyim vaagdaanam cheiyunnu. 2003 nuu munbu, poottu, shock, barrell ennivayude animated chuvarchithram undaayirunnu. athidhikal kannaadikalkkarikiloode pookumbool hitchking prethangalkku pakaram aaa vichitramaaya sammanangal kaanunnu. sammanam chodyachihnam pathicha shavappettiyaanenkil, moonnu kannaadikalude pinnil ninnu loock, shock, barrell enniva puratthuvarum.
athidhikal pinneedu manjum jacq-ooo-vilakkukalum niranja anloducheyyunna pradeshathekku athunnu. athidhikal eksittilekku speed rambilekku yaatra cheyyumbol, saliyude oru cheria pathipp (cheria leota sthaanam edukkunnu) jacq thante sleegil parannupokumbol nandi parayunnathum athidhikalodu vegam thirichupokaan parayunnathum kaanam. tokkiyoyude avasana ramgathinte pathippil, athidhikalkkoppam oru sawari nadathunna chila sammanangalkkullil loock, shock, barrell enniva kripttil ulppeduthiyittundu. saali vidaparayukayum athidhikal pushpachakram kondu alankaricha shavakudeerathil erangukayum cheiyunnu.
kootticherkkalukal.
2003 seasonil disneyland oru "oogi boogie avadhikkala thanthrangalum treatukalum" scaventure hund vaagdaanam cheythu. athidhikalodu tirayan aavashyappedunna bhavanathiludaneelam olippichirikkunna kemokal oogikk nalki. udaaharanathinu, poonthottangalile kuttichedikal, chrismus cardile oru nizhal, adayaalathile oru paava muthalaayavayil oogiye kaanam.
soundu track.
gorden goodwin aanu yadhaarthathil eee aakarshanathinte samgeethasamvidhaanam nirvvahichathu. daani elfman rachicha chithratthinte sountraakkil ninnulla prameyangale adisthaanamaakki 2002 ll joonn debni oru adapted score nalki maatti. 2003 muthal, gudvinte yadhaartha samgeetham stretching roomukalilum eksitt kripttilum (gudvinte attik samgeetham upayogikkunna) upayogikkunnu, athesamayam elfmaante backie score avasheshikkunnu. chithratthile niravadhi kathaapaathrangalkk shabdamundaakkunnathu chithratthile yadhaartha abhinethaakkalaanu, koodaathe vividha soundu efakttukal yadhaartha aakarshanathil ninnulla tracukaludeyum puthiyavayudeyum misrithamaanu.
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bhootiya havelichi sutty
bhootgrast havelichi sutty hii disneland aanee tokio disneland yetheel bhootgrast havelichya aakarshanachi eka hangami aachchadan aahe jee mool bhootgrast havelichi mandani aanee patranna 1993 chya 'daad dreamtair biphore khrismas' yaa chitrapatasaha misalate. khrisamasachya aadalya ratri' pasoon prerana ghet, heey aakarshan jacq skellingtonchi ('valukamay panje' mhanoon) khrisamasachya purvasandhyela bhootgrast havelila bhet denyachi katha punha sangate, jyamule tyachya parshvabhumivar suttitil gondhal nirman hoto.
pretvadhit haveli samanyatah augustchya akheris adich aathvade bund rahate, tyamule tiche pretvadhit havelitil suttimadhye rupantar kele jaau shakate. aachchadan kadhoon taknyasathi punha bund karnyapurvi aachchhadit aakarshan septemberpasoon janevarichya suruvatiparyant pahunyansathi khule asate.
itihas.
done samaan aachchadan-country bear khrismas special (1984) aanee tee eka chhoti jaagtik sutty (1997)-jevha bhootgrast havelichi sutty vikasit kelee gelee tevha kahee kaal aadhich yashasvi jhaali hotee. suruvatila, disney charles decainschya 'aaa khrismas caroll' chey punarlekhan karnyacha vichar keela, parantu nyu orleans chaukatil aakarshanache vatavaran aanee santa clausela bhootgrast havelichya vilakshan vatavaranat aananyachya visangatimule tyane tyaa virodhat nirnay ghetala. tyaeivaji, tyanni 'khrisamasachya aadhiche duhswapna' yavar aadharit karnyacha nirnay ghetala, jyacha vichar kelyanantar, jarr santa clodge tyachya pravasat tithe utarala tarr disney patra bhootgrast havelimadhye khrismas sajra karel. steve devisonne hii kalpana sweekarli aanee aachchadan vikasit karnyasathi walt disney creative entertainmentsobat kaam kele.
disneyla eka muddah hatalava lagla too mhanje mool aakarshanatil anek pramukh kalakar-paul freeze, leota tumb, eleanor audley, bahutek gayan bust aanee jawaljawal serve mool aavaj abhinete-anek varshanpurvi maran pavale hote. freejchya jaagi corey bertonne bhoot yazman mhanoon tyachya bhoomikechi jaaga ghetali, jyane yapurvi disneys voiceoverche kaam kele hote aanee nantarchya mrutyupurvi freejcha snrakshak mhanoonahi kaam kele hote. tombschee mulgi kiim irvin tichya aaisarkhich hotee aanee tyamule tichya jaagi maddam leota mhanoon susanne blexley (audalichi veshbhusha karnari aanee jichyakhali tine ekada prashikshan ghetale hote) sobat sadarikaran karnyasathi nivadali gelee, jee patracha aavaj pradan karate. ganyachya pratima jacq-oo-lanternsney shirshasthani hotya aanee sanganak-animated gayan andaj denyat aale hote. mool pranyansarkhech dhwani asalelya smashanbhumichya bhutansathi naveen aavaj abhinetyanchi nivad karnyat aalee.
bhootgrast havelichi sutty 3 aktoobar 2001 roji suru jhaali aanee pahunyanmadhye tee patkan lokpriy jhaali, jyamule aachchadan darmyan aakarshanachi fastpass machines sakriy jhaali (tee aata nehmich sakriy aahet). 13 september 2013 roji (shukravar 13 tarkhela), disneland yetheel bhootiya haveli naveen prabhavanni sajj aanee tyachya 13 vya varshachya utsavat seet kelelya vastoonsah lokansathi khulee karnyat aalee.
walt disney world resort aanee disneland parismadhye hangami aachchadan naheet. fantum mannerchya baher, atithi jacq aanee salies tyanche chhayachitra gheu shakatat.
covid-19 mahamarimule 2020 madhye disneland kinwa tokio disneland yethe aachchadan sadar karnyat aale navhate. march 2020 teey 2021 chya suruvatiparyant disneland bund rahile, tarr tyanantar punha ughadalelya tokio disnelandne kiman march 2021 paryant kahee hangami aupher naan denyacha nirnay ghetala.
katha.
bhootgrast havelichi sutty, 'daad dwartmar biphore khrismas' yaa chitrapatachya ghatananchya sanyoganantar thodyach velat hote, jithe jacq skellington, jyane chitrapatatil hallovin-shailichya aachchhadanamadhye swatacha valalela khrismas tayar karnyacha prayatna keela, aata tyala pretvadhit havelicha shodh lagato, jithe 999 anandi thikane aahet. suttisathi havelichya udas rahivashanmadhye anand pasaravanyacha nirnay ghet, hallovin shaharatil jacq aanee tyache bhitidayak karmchari jackchya mool dusht khrisamasachya shekado bhetvastu aanee sajavat havelimadhye aanatat aanee tyaa nirjan gharat rahana bhayankar hasana bhutansathi romanchak aanee thund suttisathi bhayavah maidan tayar karatat, jeey pravasasathich munch tayar karatat.
aakarshan.
havelicha bahereel bhag jacq-oo-lantern aanee hallovin-shailichya khrisamasachya sajavatinni jhakalela aahe. chhatavar jacq scalingtonche shavpetiche slegh aahe aanee chhatapasun jaminiparyant pasarlele tyache vinodi 'khrismas samikaran' aahe. hallovin shaharache ulatee ganana ghadyal dekhil aahe jeey khrisamasparyant kitee divas shillak aahet heey sangate. disneland parisachya fantum mannermadheel eka sangeet chaukatiche gaane maidani bhagat vajate. tokio disneland yethe, havelichya rachneteel farkanmule, chhavanivar ulatee ganana ghadyal kinwa khrisamasache samikaran latakalele nahee. tyaeivaji, bhopalyachya himmanavanna pahile jaau shakate aanee chitrapatatun vadyavrund aanee ranget asalelya bhagat savariche natak kele jaau shakate.
tyanantar pahunyanna nivassthanat nele jaate, jeey kavatichya pushpaguchchanni aanee asha prakare sushobhit kele gele aahe. bhoot yazman yaa aakarshanachi katha prasbaddhapane sanganyas suruvat karato. tethoon, pahune done potret chamberspacky eka kholeet jaatat. tokio yethe, jackche bhopalyachya rajachya santa clodgechya veshat rupantarit honare chitra, vruddha manasache chitra badalanaachee jaaga ghete.
tyanantar pahune potret gallerymadhye pravesh karatat. pasarlelya chhayachitranchya jaagi rangeet kachechya chitranni badalanyat aale aahe, jyat nirdosh khrisamasachi drushye tyanchya chaukatipramane pushpaharasah darshavili gelee aahet. jevha darvaje bund hotat, tevha kholee andharat jaate aanee tanayala lagate. chitre tukade jhaali aanee hallovin shaharachya khrisamasachya drushtichi chamakdar chitre samore aalee, jyat jacquela santa clodge mhanoon tyachya shavpetivar swar kartana, havelichya varr unchavar, eka manushyabhakshi pushpahar, bhitidayak khelani, santa clodge bhoote uthatana eka vishal pishavi ughadat aahe aanee eka vishal mansahari saap darshavila aahe. bhoot yazman 'twas daad nite biphore khrismas' yaa kavitecha gadad prakar vachanyas suruvat karato, jevha vilakshan sangeet vajate, jyat mothya pramanat gayakvrund asato. vijecha dhakka lageparyant aanee varchya chhatavar jackcha chehara disanyaparyant, "sarvanna suttichya shubhechha!" asey mhanat, suspenses nirman hoto."; heey bhoot yajmananchya latakatya sharirachi jaaga ghete. tyache hasya kholibhar bharoon jaate, eka stree oradate aanee serve kahee kaale padate. 2013 madhye, jackcha chehara tyachya aanee shoonyachya naveen animated prakshepanane badalala aahe aanee bhoot yajmananche latkanare shareer abadhit rahate.
jasjase dive samanya hotat, tasatase darvaje ughadatat, jeey potret dalanat jaatat. yethe badalatya chhayachitranchya jaagi khaleel chitrehi badalanyat aalee aaheth
apaharan daad sandy clow' heey gaane vajoo laglyavar gayakvrund parat yeto. khidkyanchya baher barfache vadal suru asalyache disate aanee chitrapatatil teen sangitkarhi baher ubhe aahet. najar firavnanya bustschya samore kolee-jaalya asatat jyaa "noel" aanee "hoow-hoow-hoow" yaa shabdanni chamakatat."loading eriya aanakhi adhik hallovin aanee khrisamasachya sajavatine sajavala aahe aanee eka prachand animated khrismas card aahe jyat chitrapatatil anek patra hangam sajra karatat. card swatach dolhyansathi eka khas gosht aahe, jyamadhye kardchya talashi 'merrie khrismas' heey shabd aahet, jithe sandesh adhunmadhun 'bhitidayak khrismas' madhye badalato. tokiyomadhye, disnelandsarkhe konatehi potret holl nahee. tyaeivaji, potret chembarnantar lagechach, pahune loading eriyamadhye pravesh karatat, jeey naringi khrismas dive aanee hallovin bhopalyanni sushobhit kele jaate. chadhalyanantar, pahune landingchya khalee udya maratat, jithun jacq, sally aanee vampire teddy pahunyanche swagat karatat. ryde-thru potret corridormadhye vividh upkram sadar karananya aanee pahunyanchya vatyala jaatana chitrapatatil patranchi chitre aahet. granthalayatil taktak karananya putalyambhovati naringi khrisamasache dive gundalatat, kaaran shoonyane pustakanpasun banavalelya tarangatya zadala tinselchya harane gundalale aahe. sangeet kakshat, pahunyanna eka purn-aakarachi audio-animetronic sally disate, jee udas disate aanee vampire teddy vajavat asalelya bhootiya piyanochya shejari khurchivar basali aahe. phaur oogi' asey lihilelya bhetvastuchya tags pinjaryat bhaybhit hiravya telegu kombadyanmadhun jaat, vinashkari buggy nantar payya chadhatat."payyanchya shirshasthani, oogi boogichi chhaya disate aanee varchya paurnimechya chandramadhye khrismas treachya aakarat badalate. mool kaale-prakash rubber kolee shillak aahet.
anahem disneland yethe, doom bagij (aachchhadanatil black khrismas sleaghs mhanoon olakhalya jaanarya) varr chadhalyavar, atithi payyanvarr chadhatat. shirshasthani bhetvastunche dheeg aahet, jyavar vampire teddy basaleli aahe, jee manavansathi masemari karate. bhoot yazman katha sangat asatana, aata menbattyaivaji anant dalanat shoonya tarangatana disate. kavchatil halnara poshakh bhopalyacha mukhavata ghalato aanee tyachya bhovati maal gundalaleli asate. dalnasamor kutryachya hadancha dheeg aanee kutryachya hadanni banavalela pushpahar sabhagruhachya varchya bhagala sushobhit karato. eka tarangatya hadavar, eka tagg 'shoonya' assa asato. bhetvastu khurchivar basatat aanee poinsetia tyaa khurchichya shejari rahatat.
sanrakshakgruhatil shavpetimadhye adakalela mrutdeh badallela nahee, parantu vampire teddy aata tyavar basoon punha nakhe aat odhat aahe. jhakanavar 'krisamasparyant ughadu nakaa' asey lihilele tagg latakate. mrut antyasanskaranchi phule jiwant jhaali aahet aanee aata 'valukamay panjanche apaharan qaraa' heey gaane sadar karatat. darancha marg aata tyach vinodi-shubh fulanni bharalela aahe, jaree darvaje aanee teey vajavat asalele dhwani parinam ajunahi tashach aahet, taree serve mothyane gaat aahet. tyanantar pahune daat asalelya pivalya dolhyanchya mothya manav-khanyachya pushpaguchhakhali jaatat, jyashi serve phule jodaleli disatat. rakshasi aajobanche ghadyal aanee chhaya panja sarkhech rahatat parantu aata eka tagg aahe jyamadhye 'leotala, tumchyasathi vishesh bhetvastu-valukamay panje' asey mhatale aahe.
tyanantar atithi sabha kakshat pravesh karatat. maddam leota khrisamasachya alankarat aahe aanee tichya bhovati anek chamkana batalyansah tarangate aanee aata 'daad 13 days auph khrismas' asey japate, tarr vampire teddy leotachya tablechya mage khurchichya varr basoon, done chhotya ghanta vajavat asato. hirave chamkanare dolhe asalela eka jadui nutcracker tyache tond leotashi ekrupane halvato. tarangatya vadyanchya jaagi mothya tarangatya tarro cardschee jaaga ghetali jaate, jyat leotachya 13 khrismas bhetvastu darshavilya aahet, jyapaiki tee jup karat aahe. tokiyomadhye, kavala yaa drushyat rahato aanee leota khrisamasachya alankarat nahee aanee menbattyanni jhakalela asato aanee kholichya magchya khidakitoon tichyakade pahat asato.
tyanantar sleegh bollroomedhye jaatat. ithale bhute sarkhech aahet, pann sajavat badalali aahe. mej khrismas partisathi tayar kelee jaate aanee tablechya madhyabhagi eka mothe gingerbread haus aahe. menbattyanni jhakalele eka prachand mrut khrismas vruksh (shirshasthani eka jiwant fandi asalele) aanee dive asalele kolee aata nrutya talavachya madhyabhagi basatat, parantu bhute tyachyamadhun thet vahatat. dvandvayuddha karnare tyachyavar golibar karat asatana jhadajavalil drushyachya varr shoonya tarangate. sabhagruhachya mageel bajus payyanchya varchya bajula asalele padade ughadale aahet, jyat pustakanchya banalelya tarangatya zadane purn jhalelya haveliche granthalay ughadale aahe. tokiyomadhye, jacq aanee sallychya savalya tyaeivaji tyaa padadyachya mage asalelya jhakanakhali bhetvastunchi devanghevan kartana disatat. tasech, gingerbreadchya gharapeksha, tablechya madhyabhagi eka motha keek asato.
tyanantar pahunyanna chaukativar nele jaate, jithe bahutek nehamiche vastoo aanee patranchya jaagi serve prakarchi bhitidayak khelani aanee bhetvastu yancha gondhal ghatala jaato. kholibhovati eka motha saap gundalato aanee tyachya tondat 'dusht aanee chhan' yadee asate. sampoorn kholeet, pahunyanchya vatela jaatana kahee dusht khelani jiwant hotat, jyat teen jacq-inn-daad-boxes (eka shailibaddha kavati, dusare kalya manjariche doke aanee dusare jacq-oo-kandil vaparoon june etic popp-up bhoot mool pravasatoon), bullet hole-bharaleli badak, eka zanzar-crashing oogi boogie bahuli aanee tambusarkhya marganvaril rakshasi train yancha samavesh aahe.
pahune gharamadhun baher padoon balkanimadhye jaat asatana, hatbox bhootane tyachya varchya topichya varchya bhagala sajavatichya khrismas kavatichya pinane sajavale aahe aanee jawalchya hatboxchya stackchya varr santa clodge topi thewali aahe. balkanichya bajuchya payyanvaroon khalee jaatana aanee smashanbhumit pahune jaatana bhoot uthanyaivaji barfache tukade padatana disatat, pahune vampire teddy khrisamasache dive chavtana pahatat, jyamule fuse udavanyachi dhamki milate. doom buggy talagalaparyant pohochatach, teey tyachya valukamay panjanchya poshakhatil jackchi eka unch audio-animetronic aakruti pahatat, pahunyanna mothya dolhyanchya kaljivahakachya jaagi eka anandi khrisamasachya shubhechha detat, joou sahasa tyachya jaagi ubha asato. heey smashanbhoomi aata barfane jhakaleli aahe aanee hallovin shaharatil sarpil tekadi hii chamkana bhopalyanni jhakaleli madhyavarti vastoo mhanoon darshavili gelee aahe. popp-up bhoot ajunahi popp-up hotat aanee teey jaatana pahunyanna ghabaravatat, parantu aata tyanni santa topya ghatalya aahet. 2016 madhye, smashanbhumit eka animetronic sally jodali jaate. sangeet ekatra karate "heey kaay aahe?", aamhi tumhala khrisamasachya shubhechha deto", "gambhir hasanare bhute", "jolly old seent. nicolaus "aanee jingle bails. chitrapatatil hadancha himpakhar smashanbhumit vel ghalavatana dakhavanyat aala aahe, jyat eka oradananya narkanganabarobar rassikhech karat aahe, dusra itar bhutansobat chaha khaat aahe aanee shevatcha bhutanchya jaagi bicylsver bhutanshi sharyat karat aahe. bhopalyachi doki ranshingade vajavat asalelya prachand barfachya devdutankhali vahane jaatat. sarpil tekadichya payathyashi jacq-oo-lanterns ganyachya pratima shirshasthani aahet. gupt gupt guptasthanat pravesh karnyapurvi, pahunyanna vampire teddy shevatchi ekada disate, joou varr dusya bhopalyachya dokyachya himdutasobat bigul vajavat asato.
tyanantar kaale sleegh gupt guptasthanat pravesh karatat, jithe kalya prakashakhali eka audio-animetronic ogee boogie ruletchya chakajaval ubhi asate, jee pahunyanna kahee vichitra bhetvastunsaha eka khel deu karate. 2003 purvi, moolatah lock, shock aanee barrelche animated bhittichitra hote. aarshanchya jawal jaatana atithi highcoiking bhutanaivaji tyaa vichitra bhetvastu pahatat. jarr bhetvastuvar prashnachinh asalele shavpeti asel tarr teen aarshanchya pratyekamadhun kuloop, dhakka aanee nalee baher yeteel.
tyanantar atithi burf aanee jacq-oo-lanterne bharalelya utaravanyachya bhagat pohochatat. pahune speed rampvaroon baher padnyaparyant pravas karat asatana, jacq tyachya sleeghmadhye udat asatana tyache aabhar mananari sallychi eka chhoti aavrutti (chhotya leotachi jaaga ghet) pahilya jaate aanee pahunyanna ghaighaine parat jaanyas sangate. tokiyochya antim drushyachya aavruttit, gupt thikani kahee bhetvastunmadhye kuloop, dhakka aanee nalee aahet, jeey pahunyansah pravas karatat. sally nirop gheto aanee nantar pahune pushpaharane sajavalelya samadhimadhye utaratat.
jodani.
2003chya hangamat, disnelandne 'oogi boogichya suttichya yuktya aanee upahar' safai kamgaranchya shikarisathi deu kele. sampoorn havelimadhye ogeela lapalele camio denyat aale, jeey pahunyanna shodhanyas sangitale jaate. udaharanarth, baganmadhil zudupanmadhye, khrismas cardver eka chhaya, gharchya aavaratil bahuli ityadinmadhye oogi aadhalu shakate.
dhwanimudran.
aakarshanache sangeet moolatah gorden goodwinne rachalele hote. 2002 madhye tyachi jaaga johnn debnine swikarlelya sangeetane ghetali, jeey danny elfmanne sangitbaddha kelelya chitrapatachya dhvanimudrikemadhil sankalpananvar aadharit hote. 2003 pasoon, goodwinche mool sangeet stretching room aanee exit cryptmadhye vaparale jaat aahe (jithe goodwinche etic sangeet vaparale jaate), tarr elfmanche urvarit sangeet shillak aahe. yaa pravasatil anek patranna chitrapatatil mool kalakaranni aavaj deela aahe aanee vividh dhwani prabhav heey mool aakarshan aanee naveen ganyanche mishran aahe. | pretawadhit haweli chhutti
pretawadhit haweli chhutti disneland rar tokiyo disnelandma pretawadhit haweli akarshanko mausami obharle how jasle muel pretawadhit haweliko setting rar patraharulai 1993 ko film "christmas aghi duswapna" sanga milaunchha. krisamasko aghillo raat" batt prerana liera, akarshanle jack scalington ("balaute panja" ko rupma) ko katha krisamasko purwasandhyama pretawadhit hawelima bhraman garne, chhuttiko arajakta chhodne kathalai punah bataunchha.
pretawadhit haweli samanyataya augustko antyama adhai haptaka lagi banda hunchha tyasaile yasalai pretawadhit haweli chhuttima rupantaran garna sakinchha. obharle hataunaka lagi feri banda garnu aghi overlade akarshan septemberdekhi janawariko surusamma pahunaharuka lagi khula hunchha.
itihas.
duiwata saman obharleharu-contry bear christmas special (1984) rar yo euta sano vishwa chhutti (1997) how-bhutia haweli chhutti wiksit hunda kehi samayaka lagi pahile nai safal bhaisakeko thiyo. suruma, disneyle charles dickensko "ae christmas caroll" ko punah kathan garne vichar gare, tara nyu earleans squirema akarshanko setting rar pretawadhit haweliko bhayanak watawaranma santa cluz lyaune wisangatiko karan yasako viruddhama nirnaya gare. yasako satta, uniharule yasalai "christmas aghi duswapna" maa adharit garne nirnaya gare june disney charitrale pretawadhit hawelima christmas manaune vichar gare pachhi, yadi santa clause afno yatrama kahilyai tyahan aipugchha bhane. steve devisionle yo vichar lie rar obharle vikas garna walt disney rachanatmak manoranjansanga kaam gare.
disneyle euta muddalai sambodhan garnuparyo kii muel akarshanka dherai pramukh kalakarharu-pall freeze, leota tumb, alenor adli, adhikansh gayan bustharu, rar lagbhag sabai muel awaz abhineta-warsha pahile mareka thie. freezlai bhut hostko rupma unko bhumikama corey bertonle pratisthapan gare, jasle pahile disnisanga bhwaisaobharko kaam gareka thie rar pachhilloko mrityu hunu aghi freezko protejko rupma pani kaam gareka thie. tumbsky chhori, kim irwin, afnie amasanga mildojuldo thiin rar yasari unko thaunma maddom leotako rupma susanne blaxley (adliko pratirupan gardai rar jaslai unle ek patak prashikshan dieki thiin) sanga abhinaya garna chhanot gariyo, jasle charitrako awaz pradan prastawa. gayan bustharu jack-o-lanternle shirshama thie rar computer-animated gayan prakshepanharu diieko thiyo. muel bhutharu jastai dhwanika lagi kabristan bhutharuka lagi nayan awaz abhinetaharu chhanieka thie.
pretawadhit haweliko chhutti october 3,2001 maa kholieko thiyo, rar chaandai atithiharuma lokpriya bhayo, jasle garda akarshanko fastpas messinharu obharleko samayama sakriya hundai (tiniharu ahile sadhain sakriya hunchhan). september 13,2013 (shukrabar 13 aun) maa, disnelandko pretawadhit haweli nayan prabhawharu rar yasako 13 aun warshako utsabma sett tukraharuka sath sarvajanik rupma kholieko thiyo.
walt disney world resort rar disneland perisma mausami obharleharu chhainan. fantom menor bahira, pahunaharule jack rar salisanga afno foto khichna sakchhan.
covid-19 mahamarika karan sann 2020 maa disneland wa tokiyo disnelandma obharle prastut garieko thiena. disneland march 2020 dekhi 2021 ko surusamma banda rahyo, jabki punah kholieko tokiyo disnelandle kamtima march 2021 samma kehi mausami prastawharu prastawa nagarne vikalpa leo.
katha.
pretawadhit haweliko chhutti filmko ghatanaharuko kehi samayapachi hunchha, "christmas aghi duswapna", jahaan jack scalington, jasle chalchitrama helovin-shailiko obharlema afnai ghumauro christmas sirjana garne prayas gare, ab pretawadhit haweli patta lagaunchhan, jahaan 999 sukhi huntharu chhan. bidaka lagi hawelika udas basindaharuma ananda failaune nirnaya gardai, jack rar helovin saharka unka daraune tolile sayaun jacko muel dushta christmas upaharharu rar sajawatharu hawelima lyaunchhan rar parityakta gharma basobas garne gambhir muskuraune bhutharuka lagi romanchak rar chiso bidako lagi bhayawaha maidanharu deck garchhan, sawarika lagi manch sett garchhan.
akarshan.
haweliko bahiri bhag jack-o-lantern rar hallowin-shailiko christmas sajawat duwaile dhakieko chha. chhatma jack scalingtonko kafin slegh chha rar chhatadekhi jaminsamma failieko unko hasyapurna "christmas samikaran" chha. helovin saharbata countdown ghadi pani chha jasle krisamasasamma kati dina baanki chha bhanera bataunchha. disneland perisko fantom menorko music bucks track bahiri kshetraharuma chalcha. tokiyo disneylandma, haweliharu bichko design bhinnataharuka karan hawelima countdown ghadi wa chhatbata jhundyaieko christmas samikaran chhaina. yasako satta, kumkum snomyanharu hern sakinchha rar chalchitrabata arkestresonharu rar katar kshetrama sawari khelharu hern sakinchha.
tyasapachhi pahunaharulai foyarma lagincha, jaslai khopadiko malah rar yastai sajawat garieko chha. bhutko hostle prasma akarshanko katha bhanna thalcha. tyahanbata, atithiharu duiwata potret kakshaharu madhye ekma aghi badhchan. tokiyoma, jacko chitralai kadduko rajabata unko santa klajko bheshma rupantaran garera budheskalko manisbata chitra pariwartan garne sthan liinchha.
tyasapachhi pahunaharu potret galleryma prawesh garchhan. stretching portretharulai nirdosh christmas drishyaharulai uniharuko frameko rupma pushpamalaka sath chitran garne dagdar-gillas chitraharule pratisthapan garieko chha. jab dhoka banda hunchha, kotha andhyaro hunchha rar khichna thalcha. taswirharu tukra-tukra bhae, rar hallowin saharko christmas darshanko chamkilo chitraharu dekha parchhan, jasma jacklai santa klajko rupma haweliko mathi afno kafin slyghma sawari gardai, manis khane malah, darlagda khelauna, santa klajle bhutharu uthda vishal jhola kholdai rar ek vishal mansahari sarpako rupma chitran garieko chha. bhut hostle kawita "twass da night bifor christmas" ko andhyaro bhinnata path garna thalcha jab bhayanak sangit bajchha, wyapak rupma ek gayakadal prastut gardacha. suspense tabasamma badhcha jabasamma bijuli khasdaina rar jacko anuhar mathiko chhatma dekha pardachha, "chhuttiko khusi, sabailai!"; yasale bhutko hostko jhundyairaheko sharirlai pratisthapan gardacha. usako haansole kotha bharincha, aut mahila chichyaunchin rar sabai kura callo hunchha. sann 2013 maa, jacko anuharlai unko nayan animated prakshepan rar shunyale pratisthapan gareko chha rar bhut hostko jhundyairaheko sharira akshunn rahanchha.
battiharu samanya awasthama farkinda, dhoka khulchha, portrait halawema janchha. yahan pariwartan hune chitraharu pani chitran garneharule pratisthapan gareka chhanh
balaute panja apharan garnuhos" geet bajna thalda gayakworg farkanchha. jhyal bahira hiunko aandhi bhairaheko dekhinchha rar chalchitraka tinjana sangitkarharu pani bahira ubhieka chhan. heriraheka bustharuma tiniharuko agadi spider-webharu hunchhan june "noel" rar "how-how-how" shabdaharule chamkanchha."loading khetra ajha badhi helovin rar christmas sajawatle sajaieko chha rar tyahan sijan manaundai chalchitraka dherai patraharusanga vishal animated christmas card chha. cardko tall "merry christmas" shabdaharu bhaeko card ankhaka lagi dherai ramro chha, jahaan sandesh bitch-bichma "darlagdo christmas" maa pariwartan hunchha. tokiyoma, disneland jastai kunai potret hull chhaina. yasako satta, potret kakshako lagattai pachhi, pahunaharu loading kshetrama prawesh garchhan, june suntala christmas battiharu rar helovin kappabata sajaieko hunchha. chadhera, atithiharu awataran tall udchhan jahanbata jack, selly rar vampire tedile atithiharulai abhiwadan garchhan. ryde-thru potret corridorma vibhinna gatiwidhiharu pradarshan garne rar pahunaharu jaanda herne filmka patraharuko chitraharu chhan. suntala christmas battiharule pustakalayama heriraheka bustharu waripari lapetchan kinki shunyale tinsel malabata pustakharubata baneko tairiraheko rukhlai lapetcha. sangit kothama, pahunaharule ek jiwan-akarko adio-animetronic selly dekhchan, udas dekhinchhan rar vampire tedile bajaune bhutia pianoko chheuma kursima baschhan. doom bagiharu tyasapachhi sindhiharu mathi janchhan, upahar tagharu bhaeko pinjarema daraeka hariyo kakrochharu parr gardai jasma "ogika lagi" lekhieko hunchha."sindhiko shirshama, ugi bugiko chhaya dekhinchha rar mathiko purnimama christmas triko akarma parinat hunchha. muel callo-prakash robber makadaharu baanki chhan.
anahem disnelandma, doom bagiharu (obharlema callo christmas slyharu bhanera chininchha) chadhda, atithiharu sindhima chadhchan. shirshama, upaharharuko dhiskan chha jasma vampire teady basiraheko chha, manisharuka lagi machha mardai. bhut hostle katha sunauna jaari rakhda, ab mombattiko thaunma ananta dalanma shunya tairiraheko dekhinchha. kawachko chaliraheko sutle kapoko mask lagaunchha rar yasako waripari malah lapeteko hunchha. halaweko agadi kukurko haddiko dhiskan rar kukurko haddibata baneko pushpamalale halko shirshalai sajaunchha. euta tairiraheko haddima, euta tagg "shunya" maa padhchha. upaharharu kursima baschhan rar poinsetiaharu tyas kursiko chheuma baschhan.
conservatoryko kafinma faseko shav apariwartit chha, tara vampire teady ab yasama baschha, feri nakhaharu hammer gardai. dhakkanbata "krisamasasamma kholnuhos" bhanne tagg hang hunchha. mrit antyeshti fulharu jiwit bhaeka chhan rar ab "balaute panja apharan garnuhos" geet prastut garchhan. dhokako corridor ab uhi hasyapurna-shubh fulharule bharieko chha, sabai charko swarma gaunchhan, yadyapi dhoka rar uniharule bajaune dhwani prabhawharu ajhai pani ustai chhan. tyasapachhi pahunaharu daant bhaeko thulo pahenlo aankhaako manis khane pushpamalamunibata bagchhan, jassanga sabai fulharu jodieko dekhinchha. rakshasi hazurbuba ghadi rar chhaya panja ustai rahanchha tara ab euta tagg chha jasma "liyotalai, tapainka lagi vishesh upaharharu-balaute panja" bhanieko chha.
tyasapachhi atithiharu sabha kakshama prawesh garchhan. maddom leota krisamasko abhushanma chhin rar unko waripari dherai chamkilo botalharusangai tairiraheki chhin rar ab "krisamasko 13 dina" bhanne garchhin jabki vampire teady leotako tableko pachhadi kursiko shirshama baschha, dui sanah ghanti bajaundai. chamkilo hariyo aankha bhaeko euta mantramugdha natakryakarle leota sanga ek swarma afno mukh ghumaunchha. tairane upkaranharulai vishal tairane tarro cardharule pratisthapan garinchha, jasma leotako 13 christmas upaharharu chitran garieko chha jasko unle jap gariraheki chhin. tokiyoma, kag yass drishyama rahanchha rar leota krisamasko abhushanma chhaina rar banda, sadma rar barrelle mainabattile dhakieko chha rar kothako pachhadiko jhyalbata usalai heriraheko chha.
tyasapachhi slyharu balrumma janchhan. yahan bhutharu ustai chhan, tara sajawat pariwartan bhaeko chha. table christmas partyka lagi sett garieko chha rar tableko bichma euta vishal gingerbread house baschha. mombatti rar batti bhaeka makadaharule dhakieko euta vishal mrit christmas trea (shirshama euta jiwit shakha bhaeko) ab dance floorko bichma baschha, tara bhutharu yasako madhyambata hindchan. dwandwakariharule unlai goli handa rookh najikaiko drishyako mathi shunya tairchha. halko pachhadiko sindhiko mathiko parda kholieko chha, haweliko pustakalayalai prakat gardai, pustakharule baneko tairiraheko rukhle purna chha. tokiyoma, jack rar saliko chhayan tyas pardako pachhadi raheko dhundhalo muni upaharharu adanpradan gardai dekhinchha. sathai, gingerbread hausako satta, tableko bichma euta vishal keck chha.
tyasapachhi pahunaharulai attarima lagincha, jahaan adhikansh samanya propharu rar patraharu sabai prakarka darawana khelauna rar upaharharuko awyawasthittale pratisthapan garieko chha. euta thulo sarpako kundali kothako waripari mukhma "shararati rar ramro" suchi bhaeko chha. kothabhari, atithiharu baksebata gujranda kehi dushta khelaunaharu jiwit hunchhan, jasma tinwata jack-inn-da-buxharu (euta shailibadha khopadi, arko callo biralako tauko, rar arko purano attari pup-up bhutharu prayog garne jack-o-lantern samawesh chha.
jab pahunaharule attari chhodchhan rar balkanima bahira niskanchhan, hatbox bhutle afno shirsha topiko shirshalai sajawati christmas khopadi pinle sajaeko chha rar hatboxko najikaiko stacko mathi santa cluz topi rakhchha. atithiharu balkaniko chheuma sindhibata tall jharda rar kabristanma jaanda bhutharu uthnuko satta hiunka guchchhaharu khasda dekhinchhan, pahunaharule vampire tedilai krisamasko batti chabaundai fuse udaune dhamki dindai dekhchan. doom bagiharu jaminma pugda, tiniharu afno balaute panja poshakma jacko aglo adio-animetronic akritibata gujranchhan, pahunaharulai chauda aankhaako herchahkartako pratisthapanko rupma merry krisamasko kamana garchhan june samanyataya warshako adhikansh samayama unko thaunma khada hunchha, herchah garne kukurko thaunma shunya sathama hunchha. kabristan ahile hiunle dhakieko chha rar hallowin saharko sarpil pahad chamkilo kapole dhakieko kendrabinduko rupma chitrit garieko chha. pup-up bhutharu ajhai pani pup-up hunchhan rar tiniharu bitdai jaanda pahunaharulai daraunchhan, tara ab tiniharule santa topi lagaeka chhan. sann 2016 maa, euta animetronic selly kabristanma thapincha. sangitle sanyojan gardacha "yo key how?"," hammy tapainlai euta sukhad krisamasko kamana gardachaun "," gambhir muskuraune bhutharu "," jolly old cent. nikolas, "rar" jingle bails ". filmko kankal rendierlai kabristanma samayako ananda liiraheko dekhaieko chha jasma ekle hallaune helhoundsanga tug-aff-warr kheliraheko chha, arkole anya bhutharusanga chiya piundai chha, rar antimle bicylesma bhutharusanga daudiraheko chha. gadiharu vishal hiun swargadutharu munibata bagchhan jasko kumbako tauko bigul bajaundai chha. sarpil pahadko talma jack-o-lanternle gayan bustharu shirshama rakhieko chha. gupta guptasthanma prawesh garnuaghi, pahunaharule antim patak vampire tedilai mathi arko kapotko tauko bhaeko hiunko swargadutsanga bigul bajaundai dekhchan.
callo slyharu tyasapachhi cryptma prawesh garchhan, jahaan callo prakashma rule pangra chheuma adio-animetronic ogi bugi khada hunchha, atithiharulai kehi anautho upaharharusahit khel prastawa gardacha. sann 2003 bhanda pahile, tyahan muel rupma luck, shak rar barrelko animated bhittichitra thiyo. pahunaharule ainako chheuma jaanda hitchkichiking bhutharuko satta tee vichitra upaharharu dekhchan. yadi upaharma prashna chinhako chhap bhaeko kafin chha bhane, tinawata ainaharu madhye pratyekko pachhadibata luck, shak rar barrel niskanecha.
tyasapachhi pahunaharu unload kshetrama pugchhan, june hiun rar jack-o-lanternle bharieko chha. jab pahunaharu speed rampbata bahira niscan yatra garchhan, seliko euta sano sanskaran (sano leotako thaaun liera) jacklai dhanyawad dindai dekhinchha jab uu afno slyma udchha rar pahunaharulai hatar garna bhancha. tokiyoko antim drishyako sanskaranma, cryptle kehi upaharharubhitra luck, shak rar barrel suwidha dinchha, atithiharusanga sawari gardai. selile bidai dinchhan rar tyasapachhi atithiharu pushpamalale sajaieko makbarema tall jharchhan.
thap.
sann 2003 ko sijanma, disneylandle "ugi bugiko chhuttika chalharu rar upcharharu" safai garneharuko sikar prastawa prastawa. ugilai hawelibhari lukeko kemiyo diieko thiyo, jaslai pahunaharulai khojna agraha garinchha. udaharanka lagi, bagainchako jhadi, christmas cardma chhaya, attarima putli, adima ugi fela parne sakinchha.
soundtrack.
akarshanko sangitik score muel rupma gorden gudwindwara rachana garieko thiyo. yasalai sann 2002 maa john debnidwara anukulit scorele pratisthapan garieko thiyo, june denny alfmandwara rachit filmko soundtracko vishayavastuharuma adharit thiyo. sann 2003 dekhi, gudwinko muel sangit stretching room rar eczete cryptma prayog garieko chha (jahaan gudwinko attari sangit prayog garinchha), jabki alfmanko baanki score rahanchha. sawarika dherai patraharulai filmka muel kalakarharule awaz dieka chhan, rar vibhinna dhwani prabhawharu muel akarshan rar nayanbata trackharuko mishran how.
| pretyakaka prasad chutidina
pretyakaka prasad chutidina heuchhi disneyland ebong tokio disnilander pretyakaka prasad akarshanara eka rutukaleena aachadana jaahaa moola pretyakaka mahler seting ebong charitragudiku 1993 chalachitra "christmas purbaru duhswapna" sahita mishrit kare . khristamasara purba raati" ru prerana nei, ehi akarshana jack scalington ("baluka nakh" bhabare) nka kahaniku punarbara barnana kare, jaahaa khristamasara purba sandhyare pretyakaka mahal paridarshan kare, jaahaa taanka uddeshyare chutidina bishrunkhala chadithae .
pretyakaka mahal sadharanatah august shesh bhagare adhei saptaha paain banda hoijae tenu ehaaku pretyakaka mahal chhutire parinata karajaipariba . obharale hataiba paain puni banda heba purbaru overlade akarshana septembararu januari arambha parjyanta atithimananka paain khola .
itihas.
duiti samaana obharale-contry biara christmas special (1984) ebong ehaa eka chhot biswa chutidina (1997)-kichhi samai paain saphala hoisarithila jetebele pretyakaka mahal chutidina bikashita hoithila . prathame, disney charles dikensanka 'aii christmas caroll' rahr punahbrutti karibaku bichara karithile, kintu nyu orleans skwarare akarshanara seting ebong pretyakaka mahler bhajankara paribeshare santa cluse aanibara asangati hetu ehaa biruddhare nishpatti neithile. ehaa paribarte, semane ehaaku "christmas purbaru duhswapna" upare aadharita karibaku nishpatti neithile, jaahaa bibechana kariba parey disney charitra pretyakaka mahalare christmas palana kariba, jadi santa clause taanka jatrare sethare abataran karanti . stibh devision ehi chintadhara grahan karithile ebong walt disney creative manoranjan sahita karjya curry aachadanaku bikashita karithile.
dijneenku eka samasya sahita mukabila karibaku padithila je moola akarshanara aneka pramukh kalakara-pull friz, leota tumbs, eleanor adli, adhikansha gayen bust, ebong praiah samasta moola swara abhineta-barsha purbe mrutyubarana karithile . phrijnku bhuta host bhabare taanka bhumikare corey berton dwara pratisthapita karajaithila, jie purbaru disney sahita bhaesobhar kaama karithile ebong parey mrutyu purbaru frijnka protej bhabare madhya karjya karithile . tambasnka jhia kimm irbhin taanka maanka saha samaana thile ebong ehipari taanka sthanare maddam leota bhabare abhinai karibaku manoneet hoithile, susanne blexley (adalinka chadmabeshare ebong jahanka adheenare shay thare talim neithile) sahita, charitrara swara pradan karithile . gitagudika upare jack-oh-lantermaner sheershare rahithila ebong computer-animated geeta upasthapana diajaithila. kabarasthana bhuta paain nutan swara abhinetanku chayan karajaithila jaahaa moola sahita samaana .
pretyakaka mahal chutidina october 3,2001 ray kholila, ebong shighra atithimananka madhyare lokpriya hoigala, jahaphalare obharale samajare akarshanara fastpass messin sakriya helah (semane bartamana sarbada sakriya achanti) . september 13,2013 ray (sukrabara 13 tama), degenelander bhuta mahal nutan prabhaba sahita sajjit ebong ehara 13 tama barshar utsaba palanare sett piss sahita sarbasadharananka paain kholithila .
walt disney warld researt ebong disneyland pyarisare rutukaleena obharale naahin . fantom mainer bahare, atithimane jack ebong salinka saha semanankara phato uthaiparibe .
kovida-19 mahamari karanaru 2020 masihare degeneland kimba tokio dijanelyandare ehi aachadana upasthapana karajai nathila. march 2020 ru 2021 rahr prarambha parjyanta disneland banda rahithila, jetebele kii punarbara kholajaithiba tokio disneland atikamre march 2021 suddha kichhi rutukaleena offer pradan nakaribaku nishpatti neithila .
kahani.
pretyakaka prasad chutidina chalachitrara ghatnagudikara kichhi samai parey ghate, ehaa "christmas purbaru duhswapna" sahita sanjukta, jeunthare jack scalington, jieki chalachitrare halowin-style obharalere nijara bahuta bakra christmas srusti karibaku chesta karithile, bartamana pretyakaka prasad abishkara karanti, jaahaa 999 khusi hunt . chutidina paain mahler bisanna basindanka madhyare khusi bistara karibaku nishpatti nei, jack ebong halowin saharar taanka bhajankara dala jyaknka shaha shaha moola dusta christmas upahara ebong sajja mainer ebong deck ku aanithae eka romanchkar ebong thanda chutidina paain deck paain parityakta ghare baasa karuthiba bhajankara huss bhutanka paain, jatra paain mancha prastuta kare .
akarshana.
ehi mahler bahya bhaga ubhaja jack-oh-lantern ebong halowin saileera christmas sajasajjare aachadita hoichhi. chhaata upare jack skelingatanka kaphin slig achhi ebong chhataru maati parjyanta prasarita hoichhi tankara hasyaspada "christmas samikaran" . halowin sahararu countdown ghanta madhya achhi jaahaa christmas parjyanta kete deane baaki achhi taaha kuhe . disneyland pyarisra fantom mainer rahr eka music bucks track bahare anchalare khelajae . tokio disneylandare, prasad madhyare design parthakya hetu chhataru eka countdown ghanta kimba eka christmas samikaran jhulai naahin . ehaa paribarte, kadalee tusharamanabanku dekhibaku milithae ebong chalachitraru orchestration ebong dhadi anchalare ryde play karajaipariba .
ehapare atithimananku fire bhitaraku anajae, jaahaaku matiku phulara maalaa ebong ehipari bhabare sajjit karajaichi . bhuta atitheah chhandare akarshanara kahani kahiba arambha kare . setharu, atithimane duiti pratikruti kothari madhyaru gotieku jaanti . tokiore, jack rahr eka chitrakala kadalee raja ru taanka santa clause chadmabeshaku paribartita hoichhi, bayaska byaktinka pratikruti paribartanaku badalaithae .
ehapare atithimane portrait gyalereere prabesha karanti. ehi prasarita chitragudika rangina catch chitra dwara pratisthapita hoichhi, jeunthire nirdosha christmas drushyaku frame bhabare pushpamalara sahita chitrita karajaichi. jetebele kabata banda hoijae, kothari andhara hoijae ebong prasarita hebaku arambha kare . chitragudika khanda khandare parinata hoithila, ebong halowin saharar christmas bhijnar alokita chitragudika baharithila, jeunthire jyaknku santa cluse bhabare darshajaichhi, jieki taanka kaphinare ashwarohi bhabare mahal upare uchchare achanti, eka manushya-khauthiba pushpamal, bhajankara khelana, santa cluse bhuta uthiba sahita eka bishala basta kholithae ebong eka bishala mansashi saapa . bhuta atitheah "tuas dee night biphore christmas" kabitara eka andhakara paribartana aabrutti kariba arambha kare, jetebele eka gajaka dala byapaka bhabare pradarshita curry eka bhajankara sangeeta paribeshana kare . bajrapata heba parjyanta suspenses srusti hue ebong jyaknka muhn upara chhatare dekhajaithae, hock curry, "chhutidinara shubhechha, samaste!"; ehaa bhuta aatithejanka jhulanta shareeraku badalaithae . taanka huss kothareere bhari jaithae, jane mahila chitkara karanti ebong sabukichhi kalaa hoijae . 2013 ray, jyaknka muhn taanka ebong shunyara eka nutan animated prakhyepana dwara pratisthapita hoichhi ebong bhuta hostanka jhulanta sharira akshurna achhi .
aloka swabhabika abasthaku feriba parey, dwaragudika kholi portrait halweku jaanti . ethaare paribartita chitragudika madhya chitrita chitra sahita badalajaichihi
baluka nakh apaharan" geetati bajiba arambha heba sahita gajaka dala pheriase . jharaka bahare eka tushar jhada heuthiba pari janapaduchhi ebong chalachitrara tini john sangeetagya madhya bahare thia hoichhanti . aakhi bujithiba bastagudika sammukhare makadmar zaal thaae jaahaa "noel" ebong "hoe-hoe-hoe" shabdare jhalasithae ."loding khetrati ahuri adhika halowin ebong christmas sajja sahita sajjit hoichhi ebong eka bishala animated christmas card achhi jeunthire chalachitrara aneka charitra rutu palana karanti . cardti aakhi paain eka bahuta budd upahara, carder tale "merry christmas" shabdagudika rahichhi, jeunthare bartati majhire majhire "bhajankara christmas" ku badalithae . tokiore, disneyland bhali kaunasi portrait hull naahin. ehaa paribarte, portrait chember parey turanta, atithimane loding anchalare prabesha karanti, jaahaa kamala christmas light ebong halowin pejare sajjit . aarohan parey, atithimane eka abataran tale jaanti jeuntharu jack, sally ebong bhyampajara tedi atithimananku swagata karanti . ryde-thru portrait karidarare chalachitrara charitramane bibhinna karjyakalapa pradarshan karuthiba ebong atithimane jibaasiba karuthiba samaira chitraman pradarshita hoichhi. laibrereere thiba charipate thiba aakhi bunda charipate kamala rangara christmas light aabruta thaae, jetebele shunya pustakaru tiari eka bhasman gachaku tinsel malare aabruta karithae. music rumre, atithimane eka zeeban-aakaar audio-animetronic saliku dekhanti, hatash dekhajauchhanti ebong bhyampajara tedi bajaithiba bhutala piano pakhare chejarare basichanti . ehapare doom bagimane sidi uparaku jaanti, upahara tagg sahita pinjarre bhajabhita sabuja telapoka dei jaanti jaahaa "ogi paain" lekhajae ."sidi upare, ogi buginka chhaja dekhajae ebong upara purnima samajare eka christmas gacha aakarare parinata hue . moola kalaa alokita rabar makadasa ebe bii rahichhi.
anahem dijnelyandare, doom bagij (obharalere kalaa christmas sliges bhabare janashuna) ray chadhiba parey, atithimane sidi chadhanti . sheershare, upaharara stupa achhi jaahaa upare bhyampajara tedi basichhi, manish paain maacha dharichhi . bhuta atitheah kahani kahiba jaari rakhithiba bele, bartamana candelabra sthanare shunya ananta halwere bhasuthiba dekhibaku milichi . chalanta berm suit eka kadalee mask pindhithae ebong ehara charipakhare malara aabruta thaae . halwe sammukhare kukur hadder eka stupa ebong kukur haadare nirmita eka pushpamal hull shirshaku sajaithae . gotie bhasman haada upare, eka tagg "shunya" ku paath kare . upaharagudika chejarare basithae ebong poincetia sehi cheyara pakhare basithae .
kanajaravetarire thiba kaphinare fasi rahithiba mrutadeha aparibartita rahichhi, kintu raktapishacha tedi ebe taa 'upare basichhi, puni taa' bhitare nakh pakai deuchhi. 'ditt open tuu christmas'" lekha thiba eka tagg dhankaru jhulijae. mruta antim sanskara phulgudika jibanta hoijaichhi ebong bartamana "balukamai nakh apaharan karantu" geetati paribeshana kare . dwarara corrider ebe samaana hasyaspada-subha phulare bhartti hoichhi, samaste uccha swarare geeta gauchanti, jadio semane kheluthiba dwara ebong dhwani prabhaba eparjyanta samaana . taa 'parey atithimane eka budd haladia aakhi thiba manish-khauthiba pushpamalara tale daanta sahita jaanti, jaahaa sahita samasta phul sanjukta thiba pari maneh hue . rakhyas jejebapanka ghanta ebong chhaja nakh samaana rahithae kintu bartamana eka tagg achhi jeunthire kuhajaichhi "leota paain, aapananka paain swatantra upahara-balukamai nakh .
ehapare atithimane sabha kakhyare prabesha karanti. maddam leota eka christmas alankarare achanti ebong taanka charipakhare aneka ujjwala bottle sahita bhasanti ebong bartamana "khristamasara 13 deane" japa karanti jetebele raktapishacha tedi liotanka tebul pacha cheyara upare basichanti, sense sahita duiti chhot ghanta bajaichanti . sabuja rangara chamakuthiba aakhi thiba eka mantramugdha natakrakar leota sahita eka sangare ehara muhanku ghurithae . bhasman badyajantragudika bruhat bhasman tarro card dwara pratisthapita hue, jaahaa liotanka 13 tii christmas upaharaku chitrita kare jeunthire shay japa karuchanti . tokiore, kakati ehi drushyare rahithae ebong leota eka christmas alankarare naahin ebong mahamabateere taalaa, aaghata ebong byarelare aachadita hoi kotharira pacha parsware eka jharaka dei tanku dekhuthae .
ehapare sligmane bull rumku jaanti . ethakara bhutamane samaana, kintu sajja badalichi. eka christmas party paain tebul sett karajaichi ebong tabulara majhire eka bishala gingerbread ghara basichhi . eka bishala mruta christmas gacha (sheershare gotie jibanta shakha sahita) momabati ebong macdos sahita aalokare aabruta hoi bartamana dances floorer majhire basichhi, kintu bhutamane thick ehaa madhyadei chaali jauchhanti . dwandwabadeemane taanka upare guli chalaiba samajare shunya gacha nikatare drushya upare bhasijae . haller pachapate thiba sidi upare thiba parada kholichhi, jaahaa badder laibrereeku prakash kare, pustakare tiari eka bhasman gachare sampurna . tokiore, jack ebong salinka chhaja sehi parada pachara dhusara putt tale upahara binimai karuthiba dekhibaku milithae . ehaa byatita, eka gingerbread ghara paribarte, tabulara majhire eka bishala keck achhi .
ehapare atithimananku aatikaku niajaithila, jeunthare adhikansha sadharana prope ebong charitra sabu prakarara bhajankara khelana ebong upaharara bishrunkhalare pratisthapita hoichhi . kothari charipate eka bishala saapa kundala bandhithae, jahara patire eka "dusta ebong sunder" talika thaae. samagra kothareere, atithimane jibaasiba kariba samajare kichhi kharap khelana jibanta hoijae, jeunthire tinoti jack-inn-daa-bucks (gotie stylised scull, anyati eka kalaa bileira munda, ebong anyati puruna attic pop-up bhuta byabahara curry jack-oh-lantern moola raidra), eka bullot hole-riden dock, eka simbal-krashing ogi bugi putala, ebong tentacle pari track upare eka bhajankara train .
atithimane jetebele chapalaru bahari baranda aadaku jauchhanti, hatbox bhutati taa 'rahr upara tapira upara bhagaku eka sajsajja christmas scull pinn dwara sajai deichi ebong nikatasta hatboxer stack upare eka santa clause tupi rakhichhi. atithimane balconi ebong kabarasthanara parsware thiba sidi talaku olhai jauthibabele bhuta uthiba paribarte tusharkhand khasibaku dekhajae, atithimane bhyampajara teditiku christmas laitare chobaibaku dekhanti, eka feuse udaibara dhamaka dianti . jetebele doom bagimane tala starare pahanchanti, semane taanka baluka nakh poshakare jack rahr eka uccha audio-animaternic figure dei jaanti, atithimananku eka anandamai christmas shubhechha karanti jaahaa sadharanatah taanka sthanare thia hoithiba prasasta aakhi tatwabadharakanka bikalpa bhabare barshar adhikansha samajare, tatwabadharakanka kukur sthanare shunya taanka sahita . kabarasthanati ebe baraphare aachadita ebong halowin saharar sarpil pahadati ujjwala kadaleere aachadita eka kendrabindu bhabare chitrita hoichhi . pop-up bhutamane tathapi pop-up karanti ebong atithimananku bhajabhita karanti jetebele semane atikrama karanti, kintu bartamana semane santa tupi pindhichhanti . 2016 masihare, kabarasthanare eka animetronic sally jodajae . sangeetati jodithae "ehaa qa" naa?"," aame aapananku eka anandamai christmas kamna karuchhu "," "" gambhira huss bhuta "," "" khusi puruna sta. nicolas, "ebong" jingla bail ". chalachitrara kankala harinaku kabarasthanare samai upavoga karuthiba dekhajaichhi, jeunthire jane hangama karuthiba helhound sahita togg-off-waar kheluchanti, anya jane anya bhutanka saha chaa 'khauchhanti, ebong sheshati heuchhi bicyles upare bhutanka saha daudiba . gadigudika bishala baraf debadootamananka tale atikrama karanti ebong kadalira munda turi kheluthae . sarpil pahadara padadeshare jack-oh-lantern sahita gajaka bastagudika sheershare rahichhi . gupta gupta guptasthanare prabesha kariba purbaru, atithimane shesh thara paain raktapishacha tediku dekhanti, jie upare anya jane kadalee munda bisista baraf debadootanka saha eka turi kheluchanti.
kalaa sliggs ehapare cryptre prabesha karanti, jeunthare eka audio-animetronic ogi bugi kalaa aloka tale eka rulet chakia pakhare thia hoichhi, atithimananku kichhi adbhuta upahara sahita eka khela pradan kare . 2003 purbaru, prathame taalaa, aaghata ebong byarelara eka animated bhitti chitra thila . atithimane darpana paakhe paakhe jiba samajare, haichikinga bhuta paribarte sehi adbhuta upaharagudiku dekhanti. jadi upaharati eka kaphinare prashna chinha sahita mudrita hue, tebe tinoti darpana pacharu pratyeka taalaa, aaghata ebong barrell bahari asib .
ehapare atithimane unloaded anchalare pahanchanti, jaahaa baraf ebong jack-oh-lanternre madhya bhari rahithae. jetebele atithimane speed ramp uparaku prasthana karibaku jatra karanti, salira eka chhot sanskarana (chhot leota sthanare) jyaknku dhanyabada janaiba dekhajae jetebele shay taanka slingare udanti ebong atithimananku shighra pheribaku kuhanti . tokionka antim drushyara sanskaranare, guptare kichhi upahara bhitare taalaa, aaghata ebong barrell rahichhi, atithimananka sahita eka jatra. sally bidai dianti ebong taa 'parey atithimane pushpamalare sajjit samadhire olhaithanti .
jodantu.
2003 ruture, disneland eka "ogi buginka chutidina kaushala ebong treat" saphei shikara pradan karithila . samagra mahalare ogeenku luchai rakhajaithiba cameo diajaithila, jaahaaku atithimananku khojibaku kuhajaithae. udaharana swaroopa, bagichara jhadi, christmas cardre eka chhaja, aatikaare eka putula ityadi thaare oogee dekhibaku milithae .
soundtrack.
ehi akarshanara sangeeta sangeeta moolatah gerden gudawinnka dwara rachita hoithila. daani elphamyanka dwara rachita chalachitrara soundtracker bishajabastu upare aadharita, 2002 ray zohn debninka dwara eka anukoolita score sahita ehaaku badalajaithila . 2003 masiharu, gudwinara moola sangeetaku stratching room ebong exit cryptre byabahara karajauchhi (jeunthare gudwinara attic sangeeta byabahruta hue), ebong elphamyanka abasista score rahithae . ehi jatrare aneka charitra chalachitrara moola abhinetanka dwara swara uttolana karichanti, ebong bibhinna sound effect heuchhi moola akarshana ebong nutan track rahr mishran .
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bhoot-pret haveli chhutti
bhoot-pret haveli chhutti disneyland atey tokio disneyland vikhe bhoot-pret haveli aakarshan daa ikk mausami overley haii joe mool bhoot-pret haveli deeaan settingan atey patran noon 1993 dee film "christmas toon pahilan daa supna" naal jodada haii. christmas toon pahilan dee raat" toon prerna lae keey, aakarshan jaik skellington ("retley panje" vajon) dee kahani noon christmas dee purav sandhiaa 'teey bhoot-pret vaali haveli daa daura curran dee kahani noon duhraunda haii, jiss naal uss dey maddenazar chhuttiaan dee arajakta paida hoow jaandi haii.
bhoot-pret haveli aam taur utte agast dey akheer witch dhaai haftiaan laee bnd hoow jaandi haii taan joe iss noon bhoot-pret haveli dee chhutti witch badliaa jaa sake. iss toon baad satambar toon janwari dey shuru takk mehmanan laee khullah rahinn toon baad iss noon dubara bnd qarr ditta jaanda haii taan joe iss noon hataa ditta jaa sake.
itihaas.
doou samaan overley-contry beear chrismis special (1984) atey ih ikk chhoti jihi vishav chhutti (1997)-pahilan hii kujh samein laee safal rahee see jadon bhoot-pret haveli dee chhutti vikast keeti gaee see. shuru witch, disney neey charles dickens dey "aii chrismis caroll" dee ikk retailing curran baare vichaar keeta, parr nioo orleans varag witch aakarshan dee setting atey bhoot-pret haveli dey bhiaanak vatavaran witch centa clause noon liaun dee asangatta caarn iss dey virudh faisla keeta. iss dee bajaae, unhan neey iss noon "christmas toon pahilan dey burey sapne" 'teey adharat curran daa faisla keeta jiss' teey vichaar curran toon baad disney paatar bhoot-pret vaale mahil witch christmas manayega, jey centa clause kadey aapni yaatra dauran utthe pahunchada haii. steve davison neey ih vichaar liaa atey overley noon vikast curran laee walt disney rachnatmak manoranjan naal kamm keeta.
disney noon ikk mudda ih see kii asal aakarshan witch bahut saare pramukh kalakar-paal freeze, leota tumbs, elnor audli, ziaadaatar gaiki dey bust atey lagbhag saare mool aavaaz adakar-kaee saal pahilan marr gaye sunn. freeze noon bhoot mezban vajon uss dee bhumika witch corrie berton duaara badliaa giaa see, jiss neey pahilan disney naal voiceover daa kamm keeta see atey baad witch maut toon pahilan freeze dey protej vajon vee kamm keeta see. tumbs dee dhee, kimm irvin, aapni maan naal mildi juldi see atey iss tarahan uss noon uss dee jagha 'teey maidam leota dey roop witch pardarshan curran laee chunhiaa giaa, jiss witch susan blakesley (audli daa roop dhaaran qarr rahee see atey jiss noon usne ikk vaar sikhlai ditti see), paatar dee aavaaz pardan kardi see. gaiki dey busts noon jaik-ou-lantern naal sikhar 'teey rakkhiaa giaa see atey computer-animated gaiki dey anuman ditte gaye sunn. kabarstan dey bhutan laee navein aavaaz adakaran dee chonh keeti gaee see joe mool dey samaan aavaaz karde hunn.
bhoot-pret haveli dee chhutti 3 aktubar, 2001 noon khullhi atey jaldi hii mehmanan witch prasidh hoow gaee, jiss naal aakarshan deeaan fastpass machines overley dauran sargaram hoow gaeeaan (uh hunn hamesha sargaram rahindiaan hunn). 13 satambar, 2013 (shukkarwar 13 tareek) noon, disneyland vikhe bhoot-pret haveli noon navein prabhavan naal lais janata laee kholhiaa giaa atey iss dey 13ven saal dey jashan witch tukdiaan noon sett keeta giaa.
walt disney world resort atey disneyland paris witch mausami overley naheen hunn. fantum mainar toon bahr, mehmann jaik atey saili naal aapni foto khich sakde hunn.
covid-19 mahamari dey caarn 2020 witch disneyland jaan tokio disneyland witch overley pesh naheen keeta giaa see. disneyland march 2020 toon 2021 dey arambh takk bnd riha, jadon kii firr toon khulhan toon baad tokio disneyland neey ghatto ghatt march 2021 takk kujh mausami peshakshan dee peshkash naa curran daa faisla keeta.
kahani.
bhoot-pret haveli dee chhutti film deeaan ghatnavan toon thodhi dair baad hundi haii, jiss naal ih judadi haii, "christmas toon pahilan daa supna", jitthe jaik skellington, jiss neey film witch ikk helovin-shaili dey overley witch aapna khud daa modiaa hoiaa christmas banaun dee koshish keeti, hunn bhoot-pret haveli dee khoj karda haii, jiss witch 999 khushhal sathaan hunn. chhuttiaan laee haveli dey udas vasnikan witch khushi failaun daa faisla karde hoye, jaik atey helovin kasbe toon uss daa drauna chaalak dall jaik dey sainkade asal dusht christmas tohfiaan atey sajawatan noon jagir witch liaunda haii atey chadde hoye gharr witch vassan vaale gambhir muskaraun vaale bhutan laee ikk romanchak atey thande chhuttiaan laee draun vaale maidanan noon daek karda haii, joe swari laee stage sathapat karda haii.
aakarshan.
haveli dey baharle hisse noon jaik-ou-lalten atey helovin-shaili deeaan christmas sajawatan dovan naal dhakkiaa giaa haii. chhatt utte jaik skellington daa taboot haii atey chhatt toon zameen takk failiaa hoiaa haii atey uss daa hasohina "christmas samikaran" haii. helovin shehar toon ulti ginti ghadi vee haii joe dassdi haii kii christmas takk kinne dinn baaki hunn. disneyland paris daa ikk sangeet boxes track 'fantum mainar' baahari khetran witch chalda haii. tokio disneyland witch, haveliaan dey design witch antar dey caarn haveli witch ikk ulti ghadi jaan chhatt toon latkadi hoee christmas samikaran naheen haii. iss dee bajaae, kaddu dey baraf dey aadmiaan noon vekhiaa jaa sakda haii atey qataar vaale khetar witch film atey ryde play toon archestration keeta jaa sakda haii.
firr mehmanan noon gharr witch lijaiaa jaanda haii, jiss noon khopdi deeaan fullan atey iss tarahan dey naal sajaae gaye hunn. bhoot mezban kavita witch aakarshan dee kahani dassan laggda haii. utthon mehmann doou portrait chambran vicchon ikk witch jaande hunn. tokio vikhe, jaik dee ikk painting joe kii kaddu dey raaje toon uss dey saanta clause dee aadd witch badaldi haii, buddhe aadmi dey portrait noon badaldi haii.
mehmann firr portrait gallery witch dakhal hunde hunn. khicchiaan gaeeaan tasviran noon range hoye shishe deeaan tasviran naal badal ditta giaa haii joe nirdosh christmas dey drishan noon fullan dee maala naal darsaundiyan hunn. jadon darwaze bnd hoow jaande hunn, taan kamre witch hanera hoow jaanda haii atey khichna shuru hoow jaanda haii. tasviran tukdiaan witch fatt gaeeaan, atey helovin shehar dey christmas drishtikon deeaan chamakdar pentingan sahmane aaiaan, jiss witch jaik noon centa clause dey roop witch darsaiaa giaa haii joe haveli dey uppar aapne taboot dee saleegh utte swaar haii, ikk aadmi khaann vaali full, draune khidone, centa clause ikk vishal bory kholh riha haii jiven hii bhoot uthade hunn atey ikk vishal masahari sapp. bhoot mezban kavita "christmas toon pahilan dee raat" dee ikk goodhi tabdili daa paath karna shuru karda haii jiven kii ajib sangeet chalda haii, jiss witch viaapak taur 'teey ikk gaika hunda haii. ih rahass udon takk baniaa rahinda haii jadon takk bijli digg naheen jaandi atey jaik daa moonh upparli chhatt witch dikhai dinda haii, "shubh chhuttiaan, harr koee!"; ih bhoot mezban dey latakde sareer dee thaan lainda haii. uss dee haase naal kamra bharr jaanda haii, ikk aurat cheekdi haii atey sabh kujh qaala hoow jaanda haii. 2013 witch, jaik dey chihre noon uss dey ikk navein animated projection duaara badliaa giaa haii atey ziro atey bhoot mezban daa latakda sareer barkarar haii.
jiven hii lightan aam wang waps aaundiaan hunn, darwaze khullh jaande hunn, joe portrait halway vall jaande hunn. itthe badaldiaan tasviran noon vee darsaun vaale naal badal ditta giaa haiyav
gaika waps aaundi haii jadon geet "retley panje noon agwa crow" vajauna shuru hoow jaanda haii. khidkiaan dey bahr barafbari hundi jaapadi haii atey film dey tinn sangeetkar vee bahr khadeh hunn. tarkde hoye busts dey sahmane makkadi deeaan-vaiban hundiaan hunn joe "noal" atey "hoow-hoow-hoow" shabdan naal chamkadiaan hunn."loading khetar noon horr vee vaddh helovin atey christmas dee sajawat naal sajaiaa giaa haii atey itthe ikk vishal animated christmas card haii jiss witch season daa jashan manaun vaale film dey bahut saare paatar hunn. card aapne aap witch akkhan laee ikk bahut vadda tohfa haii, jiss witch card dey hethan "merrie christmas" shabad hunn, jitthe sandesh rook-rook keey "drauna christmas" witch badal jaanda haii. tokio witch, disneyland varga koee portrait haal naheen haii. iss dee bajaae, portrait chamber toon turant baad, mehmann loading khetar witch dakhal hunde hunn, jiss noon santri christmas lightan atey helovin kaddu naal sajaiaa jaanda haii. chadhan toon baad, mehmann ikk landing dey hethan chadhde hunn jithon jaik, saili atey vampire taddy mehmanan daa swagat karde hunn. ryde-tharu portrait corridor witch film dey patran deeaan tasviran hunn joe vakkh-vakkh gatividhiaan daa pardarshan karde hunn atey mehmanan dey jaande hoye dekhde hunn. santri christmas deeaan lightan library witch jhaati maaran vaale bustan dey duaale lapetiaan hoiaan hunn kiunki ziro tinsal maala naal kitaban toon baney ikk floating rukkh noon lapetiaa hoiaa haii. sangeet kamre witch, mehmann ikk jeevan-aakaar dee audio-animatronic saili noon dekhde hunn, udas jaapde hunn atey vampire taddy duaara chalaae gaye bhoot piano dey naal kursi utte baithe hoye hunn. doom baggi firr paudiaan utte chadhde hunn, tohfe dey taeg dey naal pinjre witch dray hoye harey kakrochan noon paar karde hunn jiss utte "oogi laee" likhiaa hunda haii."paudiaan dey sikhar 'teey, oogi boogi daa parchhavan dikhai dinda haii atey uppar poore chandrama witch ikk christmas dey rukkh dee shakal witch badal jaanda haii. mool kaali roshni vaale rubbed dey makkadi bache hoye hunn.
anahem disneyland vikhe, doom buggies (jiss noon overley witch black christmas slies kiha jaanda haii) witch chadhan 'teey, mehmann paudiaan' teey chadhde hunn. sikhar utte, tohfiaan dey dher hunn jinhan utte vampire taddy baitha haii, joe manukkhan laee machhi fadada haii. jiven kii bhoot mezban kahani sunauna jaari rakkhda haii, ziro hunn mombatti dee thaan beant halway witch tairda hoiaa dikhai dinda haii. shastar daa chalda soot kaddu daa maask pahinada haii atey iss dey duaale maala lapeti hundi haii. halway dey sahmane kuttiaan deeaan haddiaan daa ikk dher atey kuttiaan deeaan haddiaan dee bnee full maal haal dey sikhar noon sajaundi haii. ikk floating haddi utte, ikk taeg "ziro" utte likhiaa hunda haii. peshakshan kursi witch baithdiaan hunn atey poincetia uss kursi dey naal rahinde hunn.
conservatory witch taboot witch fasee laash witch koee tabdili naheen keeti gaee haii, parr vampire taddy hunn iss utte baithda haii, waps nahun ander suttda haii. ikk taeg reeding "christmas takk naa kholho" dhakkan toon latkadi haii. marey hoye antim sanskar dey full jeevat hoow gaye hunn atey hunn "retley panje agwa crow" geet gaunde hunn. darwaziaan daa galiara hunn uhee hasohine-shubh fullan naal bhariaa hoiaa haii, saare ucchi aavaaz witch gaunde hunn, halanki darwaze atey aavaaz dey prabhav joe uh chalaunde hunn uh ajey vee uhee hunn. mehmann firr dandan naal ikk vaddi peeli akkhan vaali manukh-khaann vaali full maala dey hethan toon langhde hunn, jiss naal saare full jude hoye jaapde hunn. shaitan dey daada dee ghadi atey shaddo panje ikko jihe rahinde hunn parr hunn ikk taeg haii joe kahinda haii "leota noon, tuhade laee vishesh tohfe-retley panje".
mehmann firr sammelan kamre witch dakhal hunde hunn. maidam leota christmas dey gahiniaan witch haii atey aapne aale duaale kaee chamakdar botlan dey naal tairdi haii atey hunn "christmas dey 13 dinn" daa jaap kardi haii jadon kii vampire taddy leota dee mez dey pichhe kursi dey sikhar 'teey baithda haii, doou chhotiaan ghantiaan vajaunda haii. harey rung deeaan chamkadiaan akkhan vaala ikk jadui pataka leota naal mill keey aapna moonh hilaunda haii. floating yantran noon vishal floating terro cardan naal badliaa jaanda haii, jiss witch leota dey 13 christmas tohfiaan noon darsaiaa giaa haii jiss daa uh jaap qarr rahee haii. tokio witch, kauva iss drish witch rahinda haii atey leota christmas dey gahiniaan witch naheen haii atey kamre dey pichle hisse witch ikk khidki vicchon uss noon vekh keey mombattiaan naal dhakkiaa hoiaa haii.
saleegh firr balroom witch chaley jaande hunn. itthe bhoot ikko jihe hunn, parr sajawat badal gaee haii. mez noon christmas party laee sett keeta giaa haii atey mez dey kendra witch ikk vishal gingerbread haaoos baithda haii. ikk vishal murry hoee christmas daa rukkh (sikhar 'teey ikk jeevat shakha dey naal) mombattiaan atey makkadiaan naal dhakkiaa hoiaa haii joe hunn dance flore dey vichkaar baithda haii, parr bhoot iss vicchon langhde hunn. ziro darakhat dey nede drish dey uppar tairda haii jadon duvalle mukablebaaz uss utte goli chalaunde hunn. haal dey pichle paase paudiaan dey sikhar 'teey parade khullh gaye hunn, jiss naal mahil dee library daa khulasa hunda haii, jiss witch kitaban dey baney ikk floating rukkh naal poora hunda haii. tokio witch, jaik atey saili dey parchhaven uss parade dey pichhe dhundle toye heth tohfiaan daa adaan-pardan karde vekhe jaande hunn. iss dey naal hii, ikk gingerbread haaoos dee bajaae, mez dey vichkaar ikk vishal cake haii.
firr mehmanan noon chubare 'teey lijaiaa jaanda haii, jitthe ziaadaatar aam propan atey patran noon harr kisam dey draune khidoniaan atey tohfiaan dee gadbad naal badal ditta jaanda haii. kamre dey duaale ikk vishal sapp coil haii jiss dey moonh witch ikk "shararati atey changi" suchi haii. poore kamre witch, kujh burey khidone jeevan witch aaa jaande hunn jadon mehmann langhde hunn, jiss witch tinn jaik-inn-dha-boxes (ikk shailibadh khopdi, ikk kaali billi daa sir, atey ikk horr jaik-ou-lalten dee visheshta haii joe purani chuppadi dey popp-upp bhutan dee varton karda haii), ikk bullet hole naal bharee batakh, ikk jhanki-crashing oogi boogi guddi, atey tambu varge traikan utte ikk rakhvin railgaddi shamal haii.
jiven hii mehmann chubare toon bahr nikalde hunn atey balconi vall nikalde hunn, hetbox bhoot neey aapni choti dee topi dey sikhar noon ikk sajawati christmas khopdi pinn naal sajaa ditta haii atey hetbox dey nedley stack dey sikhar 'teey ikk saanta clause topi rakkhi haii. mehmann balconi dey naal paudiaan toon hethan utarde hoye atey kabarstan witch jaande hoye bhoot uggan dee bajaae baraf dey tukde dhigde vekhe jaande hunn, mehmann vampire taddy noon christmas deeaan lightan utte chabaunde hoye dekhde hunn, jiss naal ikk fiooz udaun dee dhamki mildi haii. jiven hii doom baggi zamini paddhar 'teey pahunchade hunn, uh aapne retli panje dey kappde witch jaik dee ikk ucchi audio-animatronic shakhsiat toon langhde hunn, mehmanan noon chaudi akkhan vaale dekhbhal curran vaale dey badal vajon ikk khushhal christmas dee kamna karde hunn joe aam taur' teey saal dey ziaadaatar samein dauran uss dee jagha 'teey khadah hunda haii, jiss witch dekhbhal curran vaale dey kutte dee jagha ziro uss dey naal hunda haii. kabarstan hunn baraf naal dhakkiaa hoiaa haii atey helovin shehar dee chakkarvati pahadi noon chamakdar kaddu naal dhakkiaa hoiaa ikk kendra dey roop witch darsaiaa giaa haii. popp-upp bhoot ajey vee popp-upp hunde hunn atey mehmanan noon draunde hunn jiven hii uh langhde hunn, parr hunn uh saanta topiaan pahin rahey hunn. 2016 witch, kabarstan witch ikk animatronic saili shamal keeti gaee haii. sangeet jodada haii "ih qee haii?"," aseen tuhanun ikk khushhal christmas dee kamna karde haan "," gambhir muskaraun vaale bhoot "," jauli old cent. nicholls "atey" jingle ghantiaan ". film dey pinjar dey rendier noon kabarstan witch samaan bitaunde hoye dikhaiaa giaa haii jiss vicchon ikk cheekde hoye narak dey naal rassakshi khed riha haii, dooja horr bhutan naal chaah pee riha haii, atey aakhri ikk uhanan vicchon ikk dee thaan bicylus utte bhutan naal daud riha haii. vaahan vadde baraf dey dootan dey hethan toon langhde hunn jinhan dey kaddu dey sir turhi vajaunde hunn. gaiki dey busts noon chakkardar pahadi dey adhaar 'teey jaik-ou-lalten naal sikhar' teey rakkhiaa giaa haii. crypt witch dakhal honn toon pahilan, mehmann vampire taddy noon aakhri vaar dekhde hunn, uppar ikk horr kaddu dey sir vaale baraf dey doot naal turhi khedade hoye.
kaale saleegh firr crypt witch dakhal hunde hunn, jitthe ikk audio-animatronic ogi boogi kaali roshni dey hethan ikk rullet chakkar dey naal khadhi hundi haii, mehmanan noon kujh ajib tohfiaan dey naal ikk khed dee peshkash kardi haii. 2003 toon pahilan, asal witch laak, shauk atey bairal daa ikk animated kandh chittar see. mehmann jadon shishe dey cole jaande hunn taan uh highchiking bhutan dee bajaae unhan ajib tohfiaan noon dekhde hunn. jey tohfa ikk taboot haii jiss utte parshan chinnh haii, taan taala, sadma atey bairal tinn shishe dey pichhe toon bahr aaa jaange.
mehmann firr utaar khetar witch pahunchade hunn, joe baraf atey jaik-ou-lalten naal vee bhariaa hunda haii. jiven hii mehmann speed ramp toon bahr jaanh laee yaatra karde hunn, saili daa ikk chhota sanskaran (chhote leota dee jagha lae keey) jaik daa dhanvad karde hoye dekhiaa jaanda haii kiunki uh aapni sleeg witch uddada haii atey mehmanan noon waps jaanh laee kahinda haii. tokio dey antim drish dey sanskaran witch, crypt witch kujh tohfiaan dey ander taala, sadma atey bairal dee visheshta haii, joe mehmanan naal ikk swari karde hunn. saili alvida kahindi haii atey firr mehmann full malavan naal sajaae makbare witch utarde hunn.
jode.
2003 dey season dauran, disneyland neey ikk "oogi boogi deeaan chhuttiaan deeaan chaalan atey ilaaj" safai curran vaale shikar dee peshkash keeti. poore mahil witch ogi noon lukiaa hoiaa cameo ditta giaa see, jiss noon mehmanan noon labbhan laee kiha jaanda haii. udaharan dey laee, oogi bagichiaan witch jhadiaan, christmas card utte ikk parchhavan, chubare witch ikk guddi aadi witch paaiaa jaa sakda haii.
soundtrack.
aakarshan daa sangeetak score asal witch gorden goodwin duaara tiaar keeta giaa see. iss noon 2002 witch jauhan dabney duaara ikk anukool score naal badliaa giaa see, joe danny elfman duaara tiaar keeti gaee film dey soundtrack dey vishiaan 'teey adharat see. 2003 toon, goodwin daa asal sangeet khicchan vaale kamriaan atey nikas crypt (jitthe goodwin daa chubare daa sangeet vartiaa jaanda haii) witch vartiaa giaa haii, jadon kii baaki elfman daa score baniaa hoiaa haii. swari witch kaee patran noon film dey mool adakaran duaara aavaaz ditti gaee haii, atey vakkh-vakkh dhuni prabhav mool aakarshan atey navein dey traikan daa mishran hunn. | pretatmika bhavanasya viraamadinam
pretawaadhit-bhavanasya viraamadinam disney-lyand tathaa tokyo-disney-lyand ityatra pretawaadhit-bhavanasya aakarshanasy rutukaalika-aacchadanam asti, yat mool-pretawaadhit-bhavanasya vinyaasaan patran cha 1993 tame varshe "da-dwarmer bifor chrismus" iti chalacchitrasya paatraih saha samyojayati. chrismus-poorvaraatrih" ityatah preritah, akarshanam, chrismus-purvasandhyayam pretaatmagruham prati gacchatah jyaak scalington ("baaluk-panjaha" iti) ityasya kathaa punah kathayati, yena tasya karanat viraamasya arajakata jaataa.
pretatmaha bhawanah samanyataya august-masasya ante ardhasaptahabhyantarebhyah bandhah bhavati, ataha pretatmaha bhavanasya viraamadinaroopen parivartayitum shakyate. tatah uparicchaditam akarshanam september-masat janavaree-masasya aarambhaparyantam atithinaam krute udghaatitam bhavati, tatah param uparicchadanam nishkaasayitum punah bandhitam bhavati.
itihaasah.
dwe samaanam uparibhaagah-contry-bear-chrismus-vishesham (1984), tathaa cha eshah laghu-vishva-viraamadinam (1997)-yadaa pretaatma-bhavana-viraamadinam vikasitam aasit, tadaa kinchitkalam yaavat safalam aasit. praarambhe, disney charles-decons ityasya "e chrismus-karol" ityasya punah kathanam kartum vichaarayat, parantu nyoo-orleans-square-madhye aakarshanasy sthitehe, pretaatma-bhavanasya vichitra-vaataavaranasya madhye santa-class-ityasya aagamanasy visangatataayaah cha karanat tasya viruddham nirnayam akarot. tasya sthaane, te "chrismus-poorvam duhswapnam" iti aadharam sthaapayitum nishchitavantah, yasya vichaaranen disney-paatrah pretaatmake bhavane chrismus-utsavam aacharati, yadi santa-class-varyaha swasya yatrayam tatra kadaapi aagacchati. steve devisanah etat vichaaram sveekrutya walt disney-rachanaatmak-manoranjana-samsthayaa saha uparibhagasya vikasaya karyam krutavaan.
disney-varyasya ekam vishayah aasit yat, mool-aakarshanasy aneke pramukhah kalakaraha-paal-frees, leota-toombs, elenar-audley, adhikaamsha-gaayan-busts, praayah sarve mool-swara-abhinetaah-varshaanaam poorvam mrutaah iti. frees ityasya sthaane ghost-host iti paatram corey-berton ityanena pratisthaapitam, yah poorvam disney ityanena saha vaays-over-karyam krutavaan, tasya mrutyoho poorvam frees-ityasya aashritah api aasit. toombs ityasya putree kim irvin, svamaatruvam sadrushee aasit, ataha tasyaah sthaane medam leota iti rupena pradarshanm kartum chinot, susanne blakesley ityanena saha (audley ityasya pratiroopanam krutvaa, yasyaam saa ekadaa prashikshanm praapnot), paatrasya swaram pradadaati. gaayan-bust-ityete jyaak-o-laantar-ityanena sheershe aasan, tathaa cha sanganaken-animated-gaayan-prakshepanaani dattaani aasan. moolaih sadrushaanaam dhwanyaah, shmashaan-pretaanaam krute nootan-dhwani-abhinetaah chitah.
pretaatma-bhavanasya viraamadinam october 3,2001 dinaanke udghaatitam, atitheeshu sheeghramev lokapriyam abhavat, yena aakarshanasy faast-paas-yantraani acchadanakale sakriyaani bhavanti (te adhunaa sarvadaa sakriyaani santi). 2013 tamasya varshasya september-masasya 13 dinaanke (shukravaasare 13 dinaanke) disney-lyand-nagarasya pretatma-bhavanam nootan-prabhaawaih sajjam, 13 tama-varsha-utsavasya krute krutaani cha janaan prati udghaatitam.
walt disney world resort tathaa disneyland-pyaris ityeteshu rutu-aacchadanaani naa santi. faantam-mainer-ityasya bahihi atithayah jyaak tathaa salli ityetaih saha swachitram sweekartum shaknuvanti.
covid-19 mahamarina 2020 tame varshe disney-lyand athavaa tokyo disney-lyand ityatra uparibhaagah naa prastutah. disney-lyand-nagaram 2020 maarch-masat 2021 tamavarshasya aarambhaparyantam bandhitam aasit, tatah param punah udghaatitam tokyo-disney-lyand-nagaram 2021 maarch-maasaparyantam katipayaani rutukaaleenaani prasaadaani naa daatum nishchitam.
kathaa.
pretawaadhit-bhavanasya viraamadinam chalacchitrasya ghatanaabhih kinchitkalanantaram bhavati, "da-duhswapnam-bifor-chrismus" iti, yatra chalachchitre halovin-shailyaah aacchaadanasy swakeeyam twisted-chrismus nirmaatum prayatamanah jyaak scalington, adhunaa pretawaadhit-bhavanam anvishyati, yatra 999 hyaapee-hunts santi. viraamadinaani yaavat bhavanasya udasanivasinam krute aanandam prasaranam kartum nishchayen, halovin-nagaraat jyaak tathaa tasya bhayankar-dalah, jyaak ityasya shatashah mool-dushta-chrismus-upaharan, alankaranaani cha mainer-madhye aanayanti, tathaa cha parityakta-gruhe nivasataam durdashayutanam, chittakarshakanam cha bhutanam krute romaanchakar-sheetal-viraamadinasya krute bhayaprad-sthalaani nirmaay, swayaatraayaah krute eva mancham sthaapayanti.
akarshanam bhavati.
bhavanasya bahihi jyaak-o-lanterns tathaa halovin-shailyaah chrismus-alankaraneshu aacchaaditam asti. chatasya upari jyaak scalington ityasya shavapetikaa slegh asti, chhataat bhoomiparyantam vistrutaa tasya hasyatmakam "chrismus sameekaranam" asti. halovin-nagaraat kauntdaun-gadiyaaram api asti yat chrismus-parvaparyantam kati dinaani avashishtaani santi iti soochayati. disneyland-pyaris-nagarasya fentum-mainer ityasya sangeeta-baaks-geetam bahihstheshu kshetreshu bhajate. tokyo-disney-lyand-nagare, bhavanasya kauntdaun-gadiyaaram vaa chrismus-sameekaranam vaa naa asti, yat bhavanayoho vinyaas-bhedasya karanat chhataat zulate. tasya sthaane, kumaka-himamaanavah, chalacchitraat archestration-kaaryakramaah, raid-play cha, panktim kshetre drashtum shaknuvanti.
tatah atithayah gruham prati nyastah, yat shiraha pushpamaalaih alankrutaa asti. bhuta-aatitheyah prasarupena aakarshanasy kathaa kathanam aarabhate. tatah atithayah chitra-kakshadwaye ekasmin prati gacchanti. tokyo-nagare, jyaak ityasya chitram, kappeh raajnah santa class iti vesham adrushya, vruddhasya chitraparivartanam parivartayati.
tatah atithayah chitrashalam pravishanti. vistaarit-chitraani niraksharaan chrismus-drushyaan pushpamaalaih saha chitrayan varna-kaach-chitraihi pratisthapitaha santi. yadaa dwaaraani bandhyante tadaa kakshah andhakaarah bhavati, vistaaritum aarabhate. chitraani khandarupena prasphutitaani, halovin-nagarasya chrismus-drushyasya prakasha-chitraani prakaashante, yatra jyaak iteedam santa clause iti, tasya shavapetikaayaam swaswaaram, bhavanasya upari, manushyabhakshakah pushpamaalah, bhayapradaani kreedaaspadaah, santa clause iti, bhootaani utthaatum daitya-syutasya udghaatanam, vishaalah maamsabhakshakah sarpah cha iti chitritam asti. bhuta-aatitheyah "twass da nait bifor chrismus" iti kaavyasya krushnaroopasya paatham aarabhate, yadaa vilakshanasangeetam aarabhate, yatra vyaapakaroopen gaayakavrundah drushyate. yaavat vidyut-patitah naa bhavati taavat yaavat suspense bhavati, tathaa cha jyaak ityasya mukham upari chhaade drushyate, "shubhaashayaah viraamadinaani, sarve!"; etat bhuta-aatitheyasy zulanta-sharirasya sthaane bhavati. tasya haasyam prakoshtam poorayati, ekaa mahilaa chitkaarayati, sarvam krushnavarnam bhavati. 2013 tame varshe, jyaak ityasya mukham tasya tathaa shunyasya nutanena sajivaprakshepanena pratisthaapitam, bhuta-aatitheyasy zulanta-shareeram akshunnam asti.
yadaa deepaani samanyam prati aagacchanti tadaa dwaaraani udghaatyante, yaani chitra-dalanam prati gacchanti. atra parivartitaah chitraani api chitritaah santi.
apaharanam vaalukulaani" iti geetam vaadayitum aarabhate tadaa gaayakavrundah punaraagacchati. jalaputat bahihi himavaatah bhavati iti drushyate, chalacchitrasya trayah sangeetadnyaah api bahihi sthitaah santi. drushtipataanaam sammukhe "noyel", "how-how-how" iti shabdaihi chakriyamanani spider-webs santi."loading-kshetram itoapi adhikena halovin-chrismus-alankaarena alankrutam asti, tathaa cha chalacchitrasya anekeshu paatraih saha vishaalam animated-chrismus-card asti, yatra rutuhu aacharyate. card-ityasya adhah "merry chrismus" iti shabdaani santi, yatra sandesha viraamakaale "bhayaanak-chrismus" iti parivartate, tatt card-card-ityetat netraanaam krute eva bahu upaadeyah asti. tokyo-nagare disney-lyand-ityasya sadrusham chitra-sabhamandapam naasti. tasya sthaane, chitra-kakshasya anantaram tatkshanameva atithayah bhaar-kshetre praveshanti, yat naarangavarnasya chrismus-deepaih, halovin-kunkumapattaabhih cha alankrutah asti. arohananantaram atithayah utaranasya adhah uddeeyanti, yasmaat jyaak, selee, vempayar teddy cha atithim abhivaadayanti. raid-throo-portret-carridar ityasmin chalacchitrasya patranam chitraani santi, ye vividhaah karyani pradarshayanti, atithayah gacchan pashyanti cha. granthaalayasy drushtipataanaam paritah naarang-chrismus-deepaani aacchaadayanti, yatah pustakaih nirmitam bhaasamaanavruksham tinsel-maalaabhih shoonyam aacchaadayati. sangeetagruhe atithayah, vyaampair teddy ityasya vaayane bhutasya piano ityasya paarshve kurchimadhye upavishya, avasaadagrastah iva drushyamaanam, jeevamaan-aakaarasy shravya-animetronic-salli-geetam pashyanti. tatah dum-buggies ityete sopanani upari gacchanti, bhayaan harita-telapokan pinjareshu, upahaar-tyag-yuktaan, "faar oogee" iti pathanti."sopanasya upari oogee boogie ityasya chaayaa drushyate, upari poornime chandrau chrismus-vrukshasya akaram bhavati. mulani krushna-prakaashayuktaani rabbar-spiders eva avashishtaani santi.
anaahaim disneyland ityatra, doom buggies (uparibhaage krushna-chrismus-sleeghs iti nirdishyante) ityetaani aarohanam krutvaa atithayah sopanam aarohanam kurvanti. upari upaharanam stoopaah santi, yeshu pishaach-teddy upavishya manavanam matsyam vahati. yadaa bhuta-aatitheyah kathaa kathanam anvavartate, tadaa idaaneem deepastambhasy sthaane ananta-daalane shoonyam bhasamanam drushyate. chalamana-kavacha-soot-madhye kumbumruga-mukhaavaranam dharati, tasya paritah malaha aacchaditaa bhavati. sabhamandapasya sammukhe kutraanaam asthinam stoopah, kutraanaam asthinam pushpamaalah cha sabhamandapasya upari alankaroti. ekasmin bhasamana-asthihi "shoonyam" iti likhati. upahaaraani kurchimadhye upavishyante, tasya kurchee sameepe cha poinsettia-janaah nivasanti.
samrakshanaalayasya shavapetikaayaam samliptah shavaha aparivartitah asti, parantu idaaneem raktapishaachi-teddy tasya upari upavishya punah nakham vranayati. dont open till chrismus" iti tyag-ridding iti tyag-iti tyag-iti tegg-dwara naa udghaatyate. mrutaanaam antyeshtikriyaa-pushpanam jeevah udbhootah, adhunaa "baaluk-panjanam apaharanam karotu" iti geetam karotu. dwaranam maargah adhunaa samaanaih haasyapoornaih shubhaihi pushpaihi pooritah asti, sarve ucchaihi gaayanti, yadyapi teshaam dwaaraani, dhwaniprabhaawaah cha adyaapi samaanaani santi. tatah atithayah dantaih yuktasya vishaalasya peeta-netrayuktasya maanav-bhojan-pushpastambhasya adhah gacchanti, yayaa sarve pushpaah sambadhaah santi iti bhaasate. rakshasi-pitamahasya ghatikaarah chaayaa-nakhah cha tathaiva eva asti, parantu adhunaa tasya tyag asti yasmin "leota-krute, bhavatah krute vishesha-upahaarah-baaluk-nakhah" iti likhitam asti.
tatah atithayah sabhaa-prakoshtam pravishanti. medam leota ityeshaa chrismus-aabhushanam dharati, tasyaah paritah anekaih prakashamanaihi baatalibhih saha pravahati, idaaneem "da 13 days aaf chrismus" iti mantram vadati, yadaa kii vempayar teddy leota-ityasya tebul ityasya prushthe kurchee-upari upavishya, seans ityanena saha dwau laghuvardhakayoho dhvanyate. haritavarnaihi prakashamanaihi netraihi yuktah mantramugdhah natkraakar-patakaah leota ityanena saha ekayoge swamukham chaalayanti. bhasamana-vaadyaanaam sthaane vishaalaani bhasamana-taaro-cards ityetaani sthaapyante, ye leota ityasya 13 chrismus-upaharan chitrayanti, yeshu saa japam karoti. tokyo-nagare, asmin drushye kaakah avashishtah asti, leota chrismus-aabhushanam naa asti, tathaa cha menabattaih aacchaaditah asti, taala, aghataha, nalikaa cha, kakshasya prushtabhaagasya kitakya tam pashyati.
tatah sleeghs ityete baal-room-madhye gacchanti. atra bhootaani samaanaani santi, parantu alankaranaani parivartitaah santi. chrismus-utsavasya krute mejaihi vyavasthaa asti, mejaihi madhyabhaage vishaalam ginger-bread-gruham api asti. deepaih deepaih yukttaih menabattaih, maakadasaih cha aacchaaditah ekaha vishaalah mrutah chrismus-vrukshah (sheershe ekam jeevant-shaakhaayuktah) idaaneem nrutya-talasya madhye upavishtate, parantu bhootaani tatt sakshat prati nivartanti. yadaa dwandayuddhakaarinah tam prati shoot kurvanti tadaa vrukshasya sameepe drushyasya upari shoonyah pravahati. sabhaagruhe prushtabhaage sopanasya upari sthitaani paradaani udghaatitaani santi, ye bhavanasya pustakaalayam prakatayanti, pustakaih nirmitena bhasamanavrukshena poornaani santi. tokyo-nagare, jyaak tathaa salli ityetayoho chhaayaah tasya paradaayaah prushthe mustleto ityasya adhah upaharanam adanapradanam aacharanti iti drushyate. api cha, ginger-bread-gruhasya sthaane, mejaihi madhye vishaalah keck asti.
tatah atithayah attary-gruham prati netum arhanti, yatra adhikaamshaani samanyani prop-paatraani cha sarvaprakaranam bhayankar-kridaanaam upaharanam cha avyavasthayaa pratisthapitaha santi. prakoshtasya paritah ekaha vishaalah sarpah kundali asti yasya mukhe "dushtah sundarah cha" iti soochee asti. sampoorne prakoshte, atithibhihi saha gacchantah kechan dushta-kreedakaah jeevanbhootaah bhavanti, yeshu trayah jyaak-inn-da-baaks ityete santi (ekaha shaileekruta-khopadi, anyah krushna-shalabhasy shiraha, anyah mulayatrayaha puratanam attary-paap-up-bhutan upayujya jyaak-o-laantarn), bullet-hole-yuktah baatah, taala-kryaashing-oogee-boogie-putraah, tentacal-sadrusha-track-madhye rakshasi-rail cha.
yadaa atithayah mahadwarat bahihi gacchantah balakani-madhye gacchanti, tadaa hetbox-pretah swasya shirsha-topyaah uparibhaagam alankrutena chrismus-scale-pinn ityanena alankrutya, samipasthasya hetbox-stack ityasya upari santa-class-topee sthaapayati. atithihi balkani-paarshve sopanani adho gacchan, shmashaan-madhye gacchantah, bhutanam utthanena sthaane himaphalakaani patante iti drushyante, atithayah chrismus-deepaani chyuti pishachasya teddy-petikaam pashyanti, yena fuse-visphotanam bhavishyati iti ashanka bhavati. yadaa dum-buggies bhootalam aagacchanti, tadaa te tasya baaluk-punj-paridhaanasy uccha-shravya-animetronic-jyaak-akrutya gacchanti, atithim vishaal-netra-samrakshakaroopena, yat praayah varshasya adhikaamshakaale tasya sthaane sthite bhavati, tasya sthaane poojyam saha, pujya-chrismus-utsavasya shubhaashayaah kurvanti. adhunaa shmashaanam himena aacchaaditam asti, halovin-nagarasya sarpilaparvatam cha prakashamanaihi kumbakaih aacchaaditam kendrabinduhu asti. paap-up-bhootaani adyaapi paap-up-rupena, atithim bhayaan cha kurvanti, kintu adhunaa te santa-topih dharanti. 2016 tame varshe, smashaanakshetre ekam animetronic salli yojitam asti. sangeetam samyojayati "etat kim?"," vayam bhavantam chrismus-parvam acharyamaha "," "gambhiram smaryamaanaani bhootaani", "" jolly old ess. tii. "iti. nicolas, "tathaa" jingal-bails ". chalacchitrasya asthipanjar-himapataha, smashaanagruhe samayam aanandayan drushyante, ekaha kolahalam kurwantah helhound ityanena saha rassakarsham kreeditavaan, anyah anyaih bhooteshu saha chayam khaadati, antimah cha teshaam ekasya sthaane dwi-bhootebhyah saha spardhate. bruhad himadutanam adhah kumbumrugasya shiraha turbbah vaadayan vaahanaani gacchanti. sarpilaparvatasya padabhage jyaak-o-laantar-ityanena saha gaayan-bust-ityete sheershe santi. gupta-sthale praveshtum poorvam, atithayah antimavaaram pishaach-teddy-ityetam pashyanti, upari anyena kappe-shirayuktena hima-dootena saha toorpindam kreeditavantah.
tatah krushnavarneeyaah gupta-sthale pravishanti, yatra krushnaprakaashasya adhah roulet-chakrasya paarshve shravya-animetronic ogee boogie asti, atithinaam krute keshaanchan vichitra-upahaaraih saha kreedaam pradaasyati. 2003 tamavarshaat poorvam moolatah laak, shaak, byaaral ityetayoho sajeeva-bhittichitram aasit. atithayah yadaa darpanasya sameepe gacchanti tadaa hichakim bhutanam sthaane taani vichitraani upahaaraani pashyanti. yadi upahaarah prashnachihnena mudritam shavapetikaa asti, tarhi taala, aghataha, nalikaa cha trishu darpanayoho prushtatah bahihi prakaashante.
tatah atithayah unload-kshetram aagacchanti, yat himena, jyaak-o-laantar-ityanena cha pooritam asti. yadaa atithayah speed-remp-dwara nirgamanam prati gacchanti, tadaa salli ityasya ekaha laghuhu samskaranah (laghu-leota ityasya sthaane) jyaak ityasya krute dhanyavaadam prakatayati, yadaa saha swa-sleegh-madhye uddiya atithim sheeghram pratyaagantum vadati. tokyo-nagarasya antima-drushyasya samskarane, gupta-sthale keshuchit upaharanam antah talaha, aghataha, nalah cha santi, atithisametah saha yatram kurvanti. selee vidaayam dadati, tatah atithayah pushpamalaya alankrutaah samaadhih nirvodum aagacchanti.
yojayatah.
2003 tame varshe, disney-lyand-deshe "oogee-boogie ityasya virama-upaayah, upaskarh cha" iti scavenger-hunt-ityasya prastaawah aasit. sampoorne bhavane oogee-varyasya gupta-atithi-paatraani dattaani, ye atithayah anveshayitum praarthyante. yathaa, udyaanasya gulma-vruksheshu, chrismus-carde chaayaa, attary-madhye putalee ityadini oogee-vrukshaani drushyante.
dhwanimudranam bhavati.
aakarshanasy sangeeta-rachanaa moolatah gorden goodwin ityanena rachitam aasit. 2002 tame varshe danny elfman ityanena rachitasya chalacchitrasya dhwanimudrikaayaah vishayavastubhihi aadhrutya jaan debney ityanena anukoolita-sangeeta-vinyaasen tasya pratisthaapanam krutam. 2003 tamaat varshaat goodwin ityasya moolasangeetasy upayogah stretching-room-madhye tathaa ekjit-crypt-madhye (yatra goodwin ityasya attary-sangeetasy upayogah bhavati) bhavati, tathaa elfman ityasya sheshasangeetam eva asti. yatrayam aneke paatraani chalacchitrasya mool-abhinetaabhih dhwanyah santi, tathaa cha vividha-dhwani-prabhaawaah mool-aakarshanasy, nootan-gitanam cha mishranm bhavati.
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paei maaligaiyil vidumurai
paei maaligaiyin vidumurai enbathu disneyland mattrum tokyo disneylandle ulla paei maaligaiyin eerppin paruvagaala maeloadu aagum, idhu asal paei maaligaiyin amaippugalaiyum kathaapaaththiranggalaiyum 1993 aam aandu veliyaana "christhumasukku munththaiya kanavu" padaththudan inaikkirathu. christhumasukku munththaiya iravu" enbathilirunthu uthvaegam pettru, christhumas thinaththandru paei maaligaiyai paarvaiyidum jaak skellington ("manal nagangkal") kadhaiyai meendum koorukirathu, idhu vidumuraikku kuzhappaththai aerpaduththukirathu.
paei maaligaiyai podhuvaaga august maatha iruthiyil irandarai vaarangkalukku moodugirathu, enavae adhai paei maaligaiyin vidumurai naalaaga maatralaam. maeloadu agattruvatharkaaga meendum moodappaduvatharku munbu, septumber muthal janavari thodakkam varai virunthinarkalukku maeloadu eerppu thirakkappadukirathu.
varalaaru.
irandu oththa maeladukkigal-naattu karadi christhumas sirappu (1984) mattrum idhu oru siriya ulaga vidumurai (1997)-paei maaligaiyin vidumurai uruvaakkappattapoathu aerkanavae sila kaalamaaga vetrtrikaramaaka irunththathu. aarambaththil, disney charles dickensin "oru christhumas caroll" endra paadalai meendum ezhuthuvathaik karuththil kondaar, aanaal neu arleans sathukkaththil eerppu amaippu mattrum paei maaligaiyin visithiramaana soozhalukkul sanda classaic konduvaruvathil muranpaadu kaaranamaaga adharku ethiraaga mudivu seithaar. adharku pathilaaka, disney kathaapaaththiram paei maaligaiyil christhumasaik kondaadum enbathaik karuththil konda piragu, sanda classes thanathu payanaththil eppoathaavathu angku tharaiyirangkinaal, "christhumasukku munththaiya kanavu" enbathai adippadaiyaagak kolla avarkal mudivu seithanar. steve davison inththa yoasanaiyai eduththu, maeladukkai uruvaakka walt disney padaippu pozhuthupoakkudan paniyaattrinaar.
disney samaalikka vaendiya oru prachchinai ennaventraal, asal eerppil ulla pala mukiya kalaignargal-paal freeze, leota toomps, eleanor audley, perumpaalaana paadum maarpalavu mattrum kittatthatta anaitthu asal kural nadigargalum-pala aandugalukku munbu iranththuvittanar. freeze paei thoguppaalaraaga avarathu paaththiraththil koorii burtainol maattrappattaar, avar munbu disneyudan kural koduppathaich seithaar, maelum pinthaiyavarin maranaththirku munbu freezin paathukaavalaraakavum paniyaattriyirunthaar. kallaraigalin magal kiim irvin thanathu taayaip poalavae irunthaar, enavae avarathu idaththil maedam leottaavaaga nadikkath thernthedukkappattaar, susan blakesley (audley aalmaaraattam seithu, avar oru kaalaththil payirchi pettraar), kathaapaaththiraththin kuralai valangkinaar. paadal maarpalavu jaak-ooo-vilakkugaludan muthalidaththil irunththathu mattrum kanini-animation paadal kanenegal vazhangkappattana. asal kaatchigalaip poalavae olikkum kallarai paeikalukkaaga puthiya kural nadigargal thernthedukkappattanar.
paei maaligaiyin vidumurai october 3,2001 andru thirakkappattathu, maelum virunthinarkalidaiyae viraivaaga pirabalamadainthathu, idhu eerppin phaast baas iyanththirangkal maeladukkin poathu seyalpaduththappaduvatharku vazhivaguththathu (avai ippoathu eppoathum seyalil ullana). septumber 13,2013 andru (vellikkilamai 13 aam thaethi), disneylandle ulla paei maaligaiyai adhan 13 vadhu aandu kondaattathil puthiya vilaivugaludan podhumakkalukku thiranthu vaikkappattathu.
walt disney ulaga resord mattrum disneyland baris aagiyavattril paruvagaala maeladukkugal illai. paendam maenarukku veliyae, virunththinargal jaak mattrum saaliyudan thangal pugaippadaththai edukkalaam.
koovit-19 thottrunoai kaaranamaaga 2020 aam aandil disneyland allathu tokyo disneylandle maeloadu valangkappadavillai. disneyland maarch 2020 muthal 2021 aam aandin thodakkam varai moodappattathu, athae neraththil meendum thirakkapatta tokyo disneyland kurainthathu maarch 2021 varai sila paruvagaala salugaigalai vazhangka vaendaam endru mudivu seithathu.
kadhaikkalam.
christhumasukku munththaiya kanavu" endra thiraippataththin nigazhvugaludan inaintha sirithu neeraththirkup piragu paei maaligaiyin vidumurai nadaiperukirathu, angku jaak skellington, haaloveen paani maeloattaththil thanathu sontha murukkapatta christhumasai uruvaakka muyantraar. vidumurai naatkalil maaligaiyin irunda kudiyiruppaalargalukku magizhchchiyaip parappa mudivu seitha jaak mattrum haaloveen nagaraththaich saerntha avarathu payamuruththum kuzhuvinar noottrukkanakkaana jackin asal theeya christhumas parisugal mattrum alangaarangkalai aranmanaikku kondu vandhu, kaividappatta veettil vasikkum kadumaiyaana punnagaikkum paeikalukku oru parabarappaana mattrum kulirchiyaana vidumuraikkaaga vaettaiyaadum maithaanangkalai teck seithu, savaarikku maedai amaiththanar.
eerppu.
maaligaiyin velippuram jaak-ooo-vilakkugal mattrum haaloveen paani christhumas alangkaarangkal irandaalum moodappattullathu. kooraiyil jaak skellington savappettiyin melliya thulai mattrum kooraiyilirunthu tharai varai neettapatta avarathu nagaichchuvaiyaana "christhumas samanpaadu" ullathu. haaloveen nagaraththilirunthu kavunddavun kadikaaramum ullathu, idhu christhumas varai eththanai naatkal ullana enbathaik koorukirathu. disneyland paarisin paendam maenarin oru isai petti paadal velippura pakuthikalil isaikkirathu. tokyo disneylandle, maalikaikalukku idaiyilaana vadivamaippu vaerupaadugal kaaranamaaga maaligaiyil kavunddavun kadikaaram allathu christhumas samanpaadu kooraiyil thongavillai. adharku pathilaaka, poosani panippozhivugalai kanalaam mattrum thiraippataththilirunthu isaikkuzhukkal mattrum varisai paguthiyil sawari naadagam seiyalaam.
pinnar virunththinargal mandai oadu malar mattrum adhu poantravattraal alangarikkappatta araiyin ullae kondu sellappadugiraargal. paei puravalan eerppin kadhaiyai raim moolam sollath thodangukiraar. angkirunthu, virunththinargal irandu uruvappada araikalil ontrirkul selkiraargal. tokyovil, poosani raajaavilirunthu avarathu sanda classes poarvaikku maarum jaak ooviyam vayathaana manithanin uruvappadaththai maattrukirathu.
virunththinargal pinnar uruvappadak kaatchiyagaththirkul nuzhaigiraargal. neettikappatta uruvappadangkal appavi christhumas kaatchigalai avattrin sattakangalaaga malar valaiyangkaludan siththarikkum vannak kannadi padangkalaal maattrappattullana. kadhavugal moodappadumpoathu, arai iruttaaka maari neendu poagath thodangukirathu. padangkal thundugalaaga vediththana, haaloveen nagaraththin christhumas paarvaiyin olirum ooviyangkal velippadugindrana, maaligaiyin maelae thanathu savappettiyil sawari seiyum sanda classes, oru manithanai unnum maalai, payankaramaana pommaigal, sanda classes oru maaperum saakkaith thirakkirathu, paeikal ezhugindrana, oru maaperum maamisa paambu. paei puravalan "christhumasukku munththaiya iravu dwass" endra kavithaiyin irunda marupaattai oodhikkath thodangukiraar, idhu oru paadagar kuzhuvai virivaagak kondullathu. minnal thaakkum varai suspense uruvaagirathu, jackin mugam maelae ulla kooraiyil thoandrum, "anaivarukkum vidumurai nalvaazhththukkal!"idhu paei puravalan thongkum udalukku pathilaaka amaikirathu. avarathu sirippu araiyai nirappi, oru penn kathukiraar, ellaam karuppu niramaaga maarukirathu. 2013 aam aandil, jackin mugam avarathu puthiya animation thittatthaal maattrappattathu mattrum poojjiyam mattrum paei hoastin thongkum udal appadiyae ullathu.
vilakkugal iyalbu nilaikkuth thirumbumpoathu, kadhavugal thirakkapattu, uruvappada mandapaththirkuch selkindrana. ingkulla maarivarum uruvappadangkalum siththarikkappattavattraal maattrappattullana
manal nagangkalaik kadaththuthal" endra paadal olikkath thodangumpoathu paadagar thirumbukiraar. jannalgalukku veliyae oru panii puyal nadappathaagath therikirathu, maelum thiraippataththin moontru isaikkalainarkalum veliyae nirkiraarkal. uttru nokkiyirukkum maarpalavu silanthi-valaikalukku munnaal ullana, avai "noyal" mattrum "hoow-hoow-hoow" endra vaarthaigalaal olirum."aetrtrum pakuthi innum adhiga haaloveen mattrum christhumas alangaaraththaal alangarikkappattullathu, maelum thiraippataththin pala kathaapaaththirangal paruvatthaik kondaadum oru periya animation christhumas attai ullathu. attaiyin adippaguthiyil "merri christhumas" endra vaarththaigalaik konda inththa attai, avvappoathu "payankaramaana christhumas" endru maarividum. tokyovil, disneyland poantra uruvappada mandapam illai. adharku pathilaaka, uruvappada araikkup piragu, virunththinargal aetrtrum pakuthikkul nuzhaigiraargal, idhu aaranjchu christhumas vilakkugal mattrum haaloveen poosanikkaaikalaal alangarikkappattullathu. aeriyathum, virunththinargal tharaiyirangkum idaththin keezh parakkavidugiraargal, angkirunthu jaak, saali mattrum vambire tetty virunththinargalai varavaerkiraargal. sawari-moolam uruvappada nadaipaathaiyil padaththin kathaapaaththirangal palvaeru seyalpaadugalaich seivathan uruvappadangkal mattrum virunththinargal sellumpoathu paarppathu aagiyavai ullana. aaranjchu christhumas vilakkugal noolagaththil ulla uttru noakkum maarpalavu idangkalaich suttri moodugindrana, poojjiyam puththagangkalaal seiyappatta mithakkum maratthai dinsel maalaiyudan moodugirathu. isai araiyil, virunththinargal manachchoarvadainththathaakavum, vambire tetty isaikkum paei piaanoavukku aduththa naarkaaliyil amarnthiruppathaagavum thoandrum oru vaazhkkai alavilaana audio-animatronic saaliyaik kaankiraargal. toom buckies pinnar padigal maelae nagarkindrana, koondugalil payantha pacchai karappaangal kadanthu "uukikku" endru ezhuthappatta parisu kurichchorkaludan."padigalin uchchiyil, uuki pookiyin nizhal thoandrugirathu mattrum maelae ulla muzhu nilavil christhumas maraa vadivamaaga maarukirathu. asal karuppu oliyudaiya rubber silanthigal enjchiyullana.
anaheim disneylandle, toom pakkikalil aerum poathu (maeladukkil karuppu christhumas sleaks endru kurippidappadugiradhu), virunththinargal padikkattirku aerukiraarkal. maelae, manitharkalukkaaga meenpidiththu varum vambire tetty amarnthirukkum parisugalin kuviyalgal ullana. paei puravalan thodarnthu kadhaiyaich sollumpoathu, mezhuguvarththikku pathilaaka poojjiyam ippoathu mudivattra haalvaeyil mithappathaik kanalaam. nagarum kavasaththin suut oru poosani mugamoodiyai aninthukolkirathu mattrum athaich suttri maalaiyai moodugirathu. mandapaththirku munnaal naaikalin elumbugalin kuviyalum, naaikalin elumbugalaal seiyappatta oru malarum mandapaththin maerpuraththai alangkarikkindrana. oru mithakkum elumbil, oru kurichchol "poojjiyaththirku" endru ezhuthappadukirathu. parisugal naarkaaliyil amarnthirukkum, maelum paayinsettiyaakkal antha narkaalikku arugil irukkum.
conservatoryil ulla savappettiyil sikkiya sadalam maaramal ullathu, aanaal vambire tetty ippoathu adhan meethu amarnthirukkirathu, meendum nagangkalai suttrukirathu. christhumas varai tirakka vaendaam" endra kurichchol moodiyil thongkukirathu. iranththa iruthich sadangu malarkal uyirpiththullana, ippoathu "manal nagangkalaik kadaththavum" endra paadalai nigazhththugindrana. kadhavugalin nadaipaathai ippoathu athae nagaichchuvaiyaana theemaiyaana malarkalaal nirambiyullathu, avai anaiththum saththamaaga paadugindrana, iruppinum kadhavugalum olii vilaivugalum avai innum oray maathiriyaaga ullana. virunththinargal pinnar parkaludan koodiya oru periya manjal kann manitha-unnum maalaiyin keezh selkiraargal, idhu anaitthu malarkaludanum inaikkappattullathaakath therikirathu. paeikalin tatta kadikaaram mattrum nizhal nagam appadiyae ullana, aanaal ippoathu "leotavukku, ungkalukkaana sirappu parisugal-manal nagangkal" endru oru kurichchol ullathu.
virunththinargal pinnar amarvu araikkul nuzhaigiraargal. maedam leota oru christhumas aabaranaththil irukkiraar, avalaich suttri pala olirum paattilkaludan mithakkiraar, ippoathu "13 naatkal christhumas" endru kooshamidugiraar, athae neraththil vambire tetty leotavin maesaiyin pinnaal naarkaaliyin mael amarnthirukkiraar, irandu siriya manigalai olikiraar. pacchai niraththil olirum kankal konda oru manthiramaana pattaasugal adhan vaayai leotavudan ottrumaiyudan nagarththugindrana. mithakkum karuvigalukku pathilaaka periya mithakkum darrett attaikal maattrappadugindrana, idhu leotavin 13 christhumas parisugalai siththarikkirathu, athil avar kooshamidugiraar. tokyovil, kaagam inththa kaatchiyil ullathu, leota oru christhumas aabaranaththil illai, maelum mezhuguvarththigalaal moodappattu puuttu, athirchi mattrum peeppaayaal araiyin pinpuraththil ulla oru jannal vazhiyaaga avalaip paarkkirathu.
pinnar sleekugal paalroomukkul nagarkindrana. ingkulla paeikal oray maathiriyaanavai, aanaal alangkaarangkal marivittana. christhumas virunthukku mejai amaikkappattullathu mattrum maejaiyin naduvil oru periya jincherbread veedu amarnthullathu. mezhuguvarththigal mattrum silanthigalaal moodappatta oru magaththaana iranththa christhumas maram (maelae oru neradi kilaiyudan) ippoathu nadanath thalaththin naduvil amarnthirukkirathu, aanaal paeikal adhan vazhiyaagavae walds seigindrana. sandaiyaalargal avarai sudumpoathu maraththirku arugilulla kaatchikku maelae poojjiyam mithakkirathu. mandapaththin pinpuraththil ulla padikkattukalin uchchiyil ulla thiraichcheelaikal thirakkappattullana, maaligaiyin noolagaththai velippaduththukintrana, puththagangkalaal seiyappatta mithakkum maraththudan. tokyovil, jaak mattrum saaliyin nizhalgal antha thiraikkup pinnaal ulla moodubaniyaal parisugalaip parimaarikkolgindrana. maelum, oru jincherbread veettirku pathilaaka, maesaiyin naduvil oru periya cake ullathu.
pinnar virunththinargal adukumadi araikku alaiththuch sellappadugiraargal, angku perumpaalaana valakkamaana muththiraigal mattrum kathaapaaththirangal anaitthu vagaiyaana payankaramaana pommaigal mattrum parisugalin olungkinmaiyaal maattrappattullana. oru periya paambu adhan vaail oru "kurumbu mattrum nalla" pattiyaludan araiyaich suttri surulgal. arai muzhuvathum, virunththinargal kadanthu sellumpoathu sila theeya pommaigal uyir perugindrana, avattril moontru jaak-inn-thii-paakskal (ondru oru paaniyalikkappatta mandai oadu, mattrondru oru karuppu poonaiyin thalai, mattrondru pazhaiya adukku paap-app paeikalaip payanpaduththum jaak-ooo-vilakku aagiyavai adangkum asal sawari), bullet hooll-niraintha vaaththu, oru kaithuppaakki-norungum uuki pooki pommai mattrum koodaaram poantra thadangalil oru payankara rayil.
virunththinargal adukumadi araiyai vittu veliyaeri palkaniyil sellumpoathu, thoppi petti paei thanathu mael thoppiyin maerpuraththai oru alangaara christhumas mandai oadu mull kondu alangarikkirathu mattrum arugilulla thoppi pettiyin adukkin mael oru sanda classes thoppiyai vaikkirathu. palkaniyil ulla padigalil irunthu keezhae irangkumpoathu virunththinargal panippaaraikal ezhuvatharkup pathilaaka vizhuvathaik kanalaam, kallaraikkul, virunththinargal vambire tetty christhumas vilakkugalil mendru, oru urugiyai veesa achuruththuvathaik kaankiraargal. toom buckies tharai mattaththai adaiyum poathu, avarathu manal nagangkal udaiyil oru uyaramaana audio-animation jaak uruvaththai avarkal kadanthu selkiraargal, virunthinarkalukku oru magizhchchiyaana christhumas vaalththukkalaith therivikkiraarkal, idhu podhuvaaga avarathu idaththil nirkum agalamaana kann paraamarippaalarukku pathilaaka irukkum aandu muzhuvathum, paraamarippaalarin naaikku pathilaaka poojjiyaththudan. kallarai ippoathu paniyaal moodappattullathu mattrum haaloveen nagaraththilirunthu varum suzhal malai olirum poosanikkaaikalaal moodappatta oru maiyappaguthiyaaga idampettrullathu. paap-app paeikal innum paap-app seithu, avarkal kadanthu sellumpoathu virunththinargalai payamuruththukintrana, aanaal ippoathu avarkal sanda thoppikalai anindhullanar. 2016 aam aandil, kallaraiyil oru animatronic saali serkkappattullathu. isai orunginaikkirathu "idhu enna?"," naangkal ungkalukku oru magizhchchiyaana christhumas virumbugiroam "," kadumaiyaana punnagaikkum paeikal "," jaali oolt saint ". nikkalas, "mattrum" jingle manigal ". padaththin elumbuk kaatterumai kallaraiyil neraththai anubavippathu kaattappattullathu, oruvar alarikkondirukkum naragak kuthiraiyudan izhuvaip poar vilaiyaadugiraar, mattroruvar mattra paeikaludan theneer arunthukiraar, kadaisiyaaga ondru paisailsugalil paeikaludan panthayaththil eedupadukirathu. vaaganangkal periya panii devathootharkalin keezh kadakkindrana, poosani thalaikal ekkaalangkalai vilaiyaadugindrana. suzhal malaiyin adivaaraththil jaak-ooo-vilakkugal moolam paadum maarpalavu mael ullana. maraividaththirkul nuzhaivatharku munbu, virunththinargal vambire tettiyai kadaisiyaaga oru murai paarkkiraarkal, maelae mattroru poosani thalai panii thevathaiyudan ekkaalam vilaiyaadugiraargal.
karuppu sleekugal pinnar kiriptukkul nuzhaigindrana, angku oru audio-animatonic uuki pooki karuppu oliyin keezh oru sillie chakkaraththirku arugil nirkirathu, virunthinarkalukku sila visithiramaana parisugaludan oru vilayaattai valangkukirathu. 2003 kku munbu, puuttu, athirchi mattrum peeppaai aagiyavattrin animation suvaroaviyangkal muthalil irunththana. paarvaiyaalarkal kannaadigalin arugae sellumpoathu, midhivandi oottum paeikalukku pathilaaka antha vinoathamaana parisugalaip paarkkiraarkal. parisu oru kaelvik kuriyeettaik konda oru savappettiyaaga irunthaal, puuttu, athirchi mattrum peeppaai moontru kannaadigalukkup pinnaal irunthu veliyae varum.
virunththinargal pinnar irakkum pakuthikku varukiraargal, idhu panii mattrum jaak-ooo-vilakkugalaal nirambiyullathu. virunththinargal veliyaerum vaeka valaivil payanikkumpoathu, jaak thanathu sleakill paranthu sellumpoathu avarukku nandri therivikkum oru siriya vadivamaana saali (siriya leotavin idaththaip pidiththathu) mattrum virunththinargalai viraivaaga thirumbich sellach solkirathu. iruthik kaatchiyin tokyovin pathippil, crypt sila parisugalukkul puuttu, athirchi mattrum peeppaai aagiyavattraik kondullathu, virunththinargaludan oru sawari seikirathu. saali vidaiperugiraar, pinnar virunththinargal malar valaiyam vaiththu alangarikkappatta kallaraiyil irangkukiraargal.
saerththal.
2003 paruvaththil, disneyland oru "uuki pookiyin vidumurai thanthirangal mattrum virunththugal" thoatti vaettaikku valangkiyathu. maaligaiyil maraikappatta cameokkal uukikku vazhangkappattana, avai virunththinargal thaedumpadi ketkappadugindrana. uthaaranamaaga, thoattangalil ulla puthar, christhumas attaiyil oru nizhal, maadiyil oru pommai poantravattril uuki kaanappadugiradhu.
olippathivu.
eerppin isai muthalil carden kudvin isaiyamaiththaar. danny elfman isaiyamaiththa padaththin olippathivin karupporulgalai adippadaiyaagak kondu, 2002 aam aandil john debniyin thazhuval isaiyudan idhu maattrappattathu. 2003 muthal, kudvinin asal isai neetchi araikal mattrum veliyaerum cryptil (kudvinin maadi isai payanpaduththappadum idaththil) payanpaduththappadukirathu, athae neraththil elfman score enjchiyullathu. sawari pala kathaapaaththirangal padaththin asal nadigargal kural kodukkiraargal, mattrum palvaeru olii vilaivugal asal eerppu mattrum puthiyavattrilirunthu tracugal kalavaiyaaga ullana.
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hanted bhavanam selavu
hanted manson holiday anedi disneyland mariyu tokyo disneylandloni hanted manson aakarshana yokka kaalaanuguna poralanu kaligi untundi, idhi asalu hanted manson yokka settingulu mariyu paatralanu 1993 chitram "dhi dwartemer bifour chrismus" thoo militam chestundi. chrismus mundu raatri" nundi prerana pondhi, eee aakarshana chrismus sandarbhamgaa hanted bhavananni sandarsinchina jaak skellington ("isuka panjaalu" gaa) kathanu tirigi chebutundi, athani nepathyamlo selavu gandaragolaanni migilchindi.
hanted bhavanam saadhaaranamgaa augustu chivaralo rendunnara vaaraala paatu moosiveyabadutundi, kabatti dheenini hanted bhavanam selavu dinamgaa maarchavacchu. poralanu tolaginchadaaniki mallii moosivese mundu, poralapai unna aakarshana september nundi janavari prarambham varaku atithulaku terichi untundi.
charitra.
rendu saaruupya ativyaapti-country bair chrismus special (1984) mariyu idhi oka chinna prapancha selavudinam (1997)-hanted mension selavudinam abhivruddhi cheyabadinappudu kontakaalam vijayavantamaindi. modatlo, disney charless dickens yokka "eah chrismus karol" nuu tirigi cheppadam gurinchi alochinchadu, conny nyuu orleans squareloni aakarshana nepathyam mariyu hanted bhavanam yokka vintha vaataavaranamloki shanta klaajnu teesukuraavadamlo asamaanata kaaranamgaa dheeniki vyatiraekamgaa nirnayinchukunnadu. badulugaa, vaaru daanini "chrismus mundu peedakala" paie aadhaarapadaalani nirnayinchukunnaaru, idhi disney paatra hanted bhavanamlo chrismasnu jarupukuntundi, shanta class thana prayaanamloo eppudaina akkadiki digithe. steve davison eee aalochananu sweekarinchi, walt disney srujanaatmaka vinodamto kalisi ativyaaptini abhivruddhi cheyadaaniki panicheesaaru.
disney edurkovalsina oka samasya emitante, asalu aakarshanhalo unna chaalaa mandhi keelaka pradarsakulu-paal freese, leota tumbs, eleanor audley, chaalaa mandhi singing busts mariyu daadaapu anni asalu vois natulu-samvatsaraala kritam maraninchaaru. freese sthaanamlo deyyam atidheyudigaa athani paatralo corey burton niyaminchabaddaadu, athanu intaku mundu disneytho vaayisovar pani chesaadu mariyu taruvaati maranaaniki mundu freese yokka rakshakudiga kooda panicheesaadu. savapetika kumarte kimm irvin thana tallini pooli undedi, anduvalla aame sthaanamlo maydom leota gaa, susanne blakesley (audleyga natistuu, aame okappudu sikshana pondina vyaktigaa) thoo kalisi, paatra yokka swaraanni andinchadaaniki empika cheyabadindi. gaanam pratimalanu jaak-oo-lantherlatho agrasthaanamlo unchaaru mariyu computer-animated gaanam anchanaalu ivvabaddaayi. asalu sabdaalatoe samanamga unde smasaanavaatika dayyaala kosam kotta vois natulanu empika chesaaru.
hanted manson holiday october 3,2001naa praarambhinchabadindi, mariyu atidhulalo twaragaa prachuryam pondindi, idhi aakarshana yokka faast paas yantraalu porala samayamlo sakriyam kaavadaaniki daariteesindi (avi ippudu ellappuduu churukuga unnaayi). september 13,2013naa (sukravaaram 13va thedhee), disneylandloni hanted bhavanam daani 13va samvatsaram vaedukagaa kotta prabhaavaalato mariyu sett mukkalatho prajalaku teravabadindi.
walt disney varald resort mariyu disneyland paarislalo kalanugunamga ativyaapti ledhu. fantum mainer velupala, atithulu jaak mariyu saaliilatoe vaari photonu theeyavachhu.
covid-19 mahammari kaaranamgaa 2020loe disneyland ledhaa tokyo disneylandlo eee poralanu pradarsinchaledu. marchi 2020 nundi 2021 prarambham varaku disneyland moosiveyabadindi, ayithe tirigi terichina tokyo disneyland kaneesam marchi 2021 varaku konni kaalaanuguna samarpanalanu andinchakudadani enchukundi.
katha.
hanted mansion holiday anedi "chrismus mundu peedakala" thoo mudipadi unna chitram yokka sanghatanala taruvaata koddikaalaanike jarugutundi, ikkada jaak skellington, haloveen-shaili poralalo thana sonta vakreekruta chrismasnu srushtinchadaaniki prayatninchaadu, ippudu hanted bhavananni kanugontaadu, idhi 999 happy hantlaku nilayam. selavula kosam bhavanam yokka digulugaa unna nivaasitulaku aanandaanni vyaapti cheyaalani nirnayinchukoni, haloveen pattanaaniki chendina jaak mariyu athani gagurpatu kaliginche sibbandi vandalaadi jaak yokka asalu dushta chrismus bahumatulu mariyu alankaranalanu maenarku teesukuvastaaru mariyu vadiliveyabadina intlo nivasinche bhayankaramaina navvutunna dayyaalaku utkantabharitamaina mariyu challani selavudinam kosam ventade maidaanaalanu deck chesi, raid kosam vedikanu erpaatu chestaaru.
aakarshana.
bhavanam velupali bhaagam jaak-oo-lantherlu mariyu haloveen-shaili chrismus alankaranalatho kappabadi undhi. paikappupai jaak skellington savapetika sleeg undhi mariyu paikappu nundi naela varaku vistarinchi undhi, idhi athani haasyabharitamaina "chrismus sameekaranam". haloveen pattanam nundi countdown gadiyaram kooda undhi, idhi chrismus varaku enni rojulu migili unnayo chebutundi. disneyland paris yokka fantum maanar nundi oka music baaks track bahiranga praantaalalo play avutundi. tokyo disneylandlo, bhavanala madhya design vyatyaasaala kaaranamgaa bhavananiki countdown gadiyaram ledhaa paikappuku velaadutunna chrismus sameekaranam ledhu. badulugaa, gummadikaya manchu purushulanu chudavachu mariyu cinema nundi archestrations mariyu kyuu praantamloo raid play cheyavachu.
atithulanu appudu purre pushpaguchchaalu mariyu atuvanti vaatitho alankarinchabadina gruhamloki teesukuvastaaru. deyyam atidheyudu aakarshana kathanu padyamloo cheppadam praarambhistaadu. akkada nundi, atithulu rendu portrait chamberlalo okadaaniloki velataaru. tokyolo, gummadikaya raaju nundi athani shanta class vaeshaaniki maarutunna jaak yokka painting, paatha vyakti chittaruvunu marchadam sthaanamlo untundi.
atithulu appudu portrait galleryloki pravesistaaru. saagadeeyabadina chitraala sthaanamlo amayaka chrismus drushyaalanu pushpaguchchaalatho vaati framelugaa varninche gaaju chitraalato bharti cheyabaddaayi. talupulu moosinappudu, gadhi cheekati padi, vistarinchadam praarambhistundi. chitraalu mukkaluga virigipoyaayi, haloveen pattanam yokka chrismus drushti yokka prakaasavantamaina chitraalu udbhavinchaayi, jaak thana savapetikanu bhavanam paina ettaina sleeghlo swarry chestunna shanta clazga chithreekarinchabadindi, oka manishi tine pushpaguchcham, bhayanaka bommalu, dayyaalu paiki lechetappudu santa claz oka pedda sanchini terustundi mariyu oka pedda mamsahara paamu. deyyam atidheyudu "chrismus mundu raatri twass" anae padyam yokka cheekati vaividhyaanni pathinchadam praarambhistaadu, idhi vintaina sangeetaanni pradarsistundi, vistrutamgaa oka gayaka brundaanni kaligi untundi. merupulu padee varaku suspense perugutundi mariyu jaak mukham paie paikappulo kanipistundi, "happy selavulu, andaruu!"; idhi deyyam atidheyudi uri sariiraanni bharti chestundi. athani navvu gadini nimputundi, oka mahila kekalu vestundi mariyu pratidee nallaga maarutundi. 2013loe, jaak mukham sthaanamlo athani mariyu sunna yokka kotta animated projection bharti cheyabadindi mariyu deyyam host yokka uri sareeram chekkuchedarakunda undhi.
laitlu saadhaarana sthithiki vachinappudu, talupulu teruchukuntaayi, portrait haaluloki velataayi. ikkada maarutunna chitraalanu kooda varninche chitraalato bharti chesaru
isuka panjaalanu kidnap cheyandi" anae paata vaayinchadam praarambhinchadamtho gayaka brundam tirigi vastundi. kitikeelu velupala manchu tuphaanu jarugutunnatlu kanipistundi mariyu cinema nundi mugguru sangeetakaarulu kooda bayata nilabadi unnaaru. chuustuu unna vigrahaalaku mundu saaleedu-vebbulu untaayi, avi "noel" mariyu "hoow-hoow-hoow" anae padaalatoe merustaayi."loading praantam marinta haloveen mariyu chrismus alankaranatho alankarinchabadindi mariyu season jarupukune cinema nundi aneka paatralatho bhaarii animated chrismus card undhi. kaardu diguvana "merrie chrismus" anae padaalanu kaligi unna eee kaardu kallaku chaalaa upayogakaramgaa untundi, ikkada sandesam appudappudu "bhayanaka chrismus" gaa maarutundi. tokyolo, disneyland vanti portrait haall ledhu. badulugaa, portrait chhambar tarvaata ventane, atithulu narinja chrismus laitlu mariyu haloveen gummadikaayalato alankarinchabadina loading praantamloki pravesistaaru. ekkina taruvaata, atithulu landing kindaki egurutaaru, akkada nundi jaak, saalii mariyu rakta pisaachi teddy atithulanu palakaristaaru. raid-throo portrait carridar loe vividha karyakalapalanu pradarsinche mariyu atithulu velletappudu chuse chitra paatrala chitraalu unnaayi. libraryloni chuustuu unna vigrahaala chuttoo narinja chrismus laitlu chuttabadi untaayi, endukante pustakaalu, tinsel haaraalato tayaaru chesina teliade chettunu sunna chuttutundi. sangeeta gadilo, atithulu oka jeevita parimaana audeo-animation saalleeni chuustaaru, niraasaku gurainatlu mariyu rakta pisaachi teddy vaayinche deyyam piano pakkana kurcheelo kuurchunnatlu kanipistaaru. doom baggiilu metlu paiki kadulutaayi, bonulalo bhayapadina aakupaccha boddinkalanu "oogee kosam" anie vraase bahumati taglatho daatutaayi."metla paibhagamlo, oogee boogie needa kanipistundi mariyu paie pournamilo chrismus chettu aakaramga maarutundi. asalu nalupu-veliginchina rabbaru salepurugulu migili unnaayi.
anahyme disneyland vadda, doom buggies (poralalo block chrismus sleaghs anie pilustaaru) ekkina tarvaata, atithulu metlapaiki ekkutaaru. paibhagamlo, maanavula kosam chepalu pattadaniki rakta pisaachi teddy kuurchuni bahumatula kuppalu unnaayi. deyyam atidheyudu katha cheppadam konasagistunnappudu, ippudu candilabra sthaanamlo antuleni haalulo sunna theeluthuu kanipistundi. kadulutunna kavacham gummadikaya musugu dharinchi, daani chuttoo haaram chutti untundi. hallway mundu kukka emukala kuppa mariyu kukka emukalatho chesina pushpaguchcham haall paibhaganni alankaristaayi. oka teliade emukapai, oka tagg "sunna" anie untundi. bahumatulu kurcheelo kuurchuni, aaa kurchi pakkana poinsettia kuurchuntaaru.
samrakshanhaalayamloni shavapetikalo chikkukunna mrutadeham maaraledu, conny rakta pisaachi teddy ippudu daanipai kuurchuni, gollanu tirigi lopaliki kottutundi. mootha nundi "chrismus varaku teravavaddu" anie vraase tagg velaadutundi. chanipoyina antyakriyala puvvulu sajeevamgaa puttayi mariyu ippudu "isuka panjaalanu kidnap cheyandi" anae patanu paadataayi. talupula carridar ippudu adhe haasyabharitamaina-dushta puvvulatho nindi undhi, annee biggaraga paadataayi, ayinappatikee talupulu mariyu avi play chese dhwani prabhavalu ippatikee okate. atithulu appudu dantaalatoe kuudina pedda pasupu kallu gala maanava-tine pushpaguchcham kindaku velataaru, dheeniki anni puvvulu anusandhaaninchabadi unnatlu anipistundi. rakshasudu taata gadiyaram mariyu needa panjaalu okategaa untaayi, conny ippudu "leota, mea kosam pratyeka bahumatulu-isuka panjaalu" anie oka tagg undhi.
atithulu appudu sense gadiloki pravesistaaru. maydom leota chrismus aabharanamlo undhi mariyu aame chuttoo aneka prakaasinchae seesaalato paatu theeluthuu untundi mariyu ippudu "13 rojula chrismus" anie japistundi, rakta pisaachi teddy leota table venuka kurchi paina kuurchuni, rendu chinna gantalu mogistundi. aakupaccha rangulo merise kallatho mantramugdulanu chesina natkrakar daani notini leota thoo ekaswaramlo kadilistundi. teliade vaayidyaala sthaanamlo bhaarii teliade tarro kaardulu untaayi, ivi leota yokka 13 chrismus bahumatulanu varnistaayi, veetilo aame japistondi. tokyolo, raven eee drushyamlo migili undhi mariyu leota chrismus aabharanamlo ledhu mariyu taalam, shock mariyu baarel thoo kovvottulato kappabadi gadhi venuka bhaagamlo unna kitikee dwara aamenu chustundi.
slaigs appudu baall roomloki veltaayi. ikkadi dayyaalu okate, conny alankaranalu marai. chrismus party kosam table erpaatu cheyabadindi mariyu table madhyalo oka pedda ginger bread house undhi. kovvottulu mariyu saalepurugulato kappabadina oka apaaramaina chanipoyina chrismus chettu (paina oka sajeeva kommatho) ippudu dance floor madhyalo koorchundi, conny dayyaalu daani gundaa veltaayi. dvandvayuddhakaarulu atanipai kaalpulu jaruputunnappudu chettu sameepamlo unna drushyaaniki paina sunna theeluthuu untundi. haall venuka bhaagamlo metla paibhagamlo unna teralu terichi, bhavanam yokka libraryni bahirgatam chestaayi, pustakaalato chesina teliade chettutho puurti cheyabaddaayi. tokyolo, jaak mariyu saalii yokka needalu aaa tera venuka unna pogamanchu kinda bahumatulu marpidi chesukovadam kanipistundi. alaage, ginger bread houseku badulugaa, table madhyalo oka pedda cake untundi.
atithulanu atakapaiki teesukuvelataaru, akkada chaalaa varaku saadhaarana aadharalu mariyu paatralu anni rakaala gagurpatu kaliginche bommalu mariyu bahumatula astavyastatato bharti cheyabadataayi. oka pedda paamu daani notilo "konte mariyu manchi" jaabitaato gadhi chuttoo chuttumudutundi. gadhi antataa, atithulu velletappudu konni dushta bommalu sajeevamgaa vastaayi, veetilo moodu jaak-inn-dhi-baakslu (okati saileekruta purre, marokati nalla pilli thala, mariyu marokati asalu raid nundi paatha atakapai pop-up dayyaalanu upayoginche jaak-oo-laantaru), bullet hole-ridd baathu, thaalamtho dhvamsamaina oogee boogie bomma mariyu tentacle lanty tracklapy oka rakshasudu railu unnaayi.
atithulu atakapai nundi bayaluderi baalkaneeki velletappudu, topybox deyyam thana paie topi paibhaganni alankaara chrismus purre pinnutho alankarinchi, sameepamloni topybox paie shanta class topeeni unchindi. atithulu balcony pakkana metlapaiki digi smasaanavaatikaloki velletappudu dayyaalu paiki leche badulu manchu poralu padatam kanipistundi, atithulu rakta pisaachi teddy chrismus laitlapai namaladam chuustaaru, fuse pelche pramaadam undhi. doom baggiilu naela sthaayiki cherukunnappudu, vaaru athani isuka panjala dustulalo unna oka ettaina audeo-animated jaak bommanu daatutaaru, atithulaku pedda kallu gala samrakshakudiki pratyamnaayamgaa santoshakaramaina chrismasnu korukuntaru, idhi saadhaaranamgaa samvatsaramlo ekkuva bhaagam athani sthaanamlo untundi, samrakshakudi kukka sthaanamlo sunna athanitho untundi. eee smasaanavaatika ippudu manchutho kappabadi undhi mariyu haloveen pattanaaniki chendina sarpila konda prakaasinchae gummadikaayalato kappabadina kendra binduvugaa kanipistundi. pop-up dayyaalu ippatikee pop-up avtayi mariyu sandarsakulanu bhayapedataayi, conny ippudu vaaru shanta topeelu dharinchaaru. 2016loe, smasaanavaatikaku animatronic saalleeni jodinchaaru. sangeetam "idhi emiti?", memu meeku santoshakaramaina chrismasnu korukuntunnamu", "bhayankaramaina navvutunna dayyaalu", "ullaasakaramaina paatha St. nicolus, "mariyu" jingle bells ". eee chithramloni asthipanjara raine deer smasaanavaatikalo samayanni aasvaadistunnatlu choopabadindi, okaru arustunna narakadhaamtho rappabandutho aadutunnaru, marokaru itara dayyaalatoe tii taagutunnaaru, mariyu chivaridi bisileslapy dayyaalatoe racing cheyadam vaatilo okati. gummadikaya talalu buuralu vaayistuu vahanalu bhaarii manchu devatala kinda gundaa velataayi. eee geetaala vigrahalu paibhagamlo sarpila konda diguvana jaak-oo-lantherlu unnaayi. guhaloki pravesinche mundu, atithulu rakta pisaachi teddiini chivarisariga chuustaaru, paina maroka gummadikaya thala gala manchu dhoothatho baakaa aadutunnaru.
nalla jaarudu appudu rahasya pradaesamlooki pravesistundi, akkada nallati kaanti kinda roulet chakram pakkana audeo-animated oogee boogie nilabadi, atithulaku konni vintha bahumatulato aatanu andistundi. 2003 kii mundu, modata lock, shock mariyu baarel yokka animated kudyachitram undedi. atithulu addaala daggaraku vellinappudu hitchhiking dayyaalaku badulugaa aaa vintha bahumatulanu chuustaaru. bahumati prasnaarthaka chihnamtho mudrinchina savapetika ayithe, taalam, shock mariyu baarel moodu addaala venuka nundi bayataku vastaayi.
atithulu appudu manchu mariyu jaak-oo-lantherlatho nindina digumati chesukune praantaaniki cherukuntaaru. atithulu speed ramp nundi nishkramanaku prayaanistunnappudu, saalii yokka chinna roopam (chinna leota sthaanamlo) jaak thana sleeglo egurutuu, atithulanu tondaragaa tirigi vellamani chebutuu krutagnatalu teluputuu kanipistundi. chivari sannivesam yokka tokyo versionlo, eee rahasya sthalamlo konni bahumatula lopala taalam, shock mariyu baarel untaayi, athidhulatho kalisi prayaanistaaru. saalii veedkolu paliki, aapai atithulu pushpaguchchamtho alankarinchabadina samaadhilo digi vastaaru.
jodimpulu.
2003 seasonlo, disneyland "oogee boogie yokka holiday tricks mariyu treats" scavenger vaetanu andinchindi. oogeeki bhavanam antataa daachina atidhi paatralanu icchaaru, veetini atithulu vetakamani korataru. udaaharanaku, oogeeni thotalaloni podalu, chrismus kardupai needa, atakapai bomma modalaina vaatilo chudavachu.
soundtrack.
aakarshana yokka sangeeta skornu modata gordan goodwin swaraparichaaru. daanii elfman swaraparichina eee chitram yokka soundtrack theemla aadhaaramgaa 2002loe zaan debney sweekarinchina sangeetamtho dheenini bharti chesaaru. 2003 nundi, goodwin yokka asalu sangeetam saagateeta gadulu mariyu nishkramana guptaalalo (goodwin yokka atakapai sangeetam upayoginchabadutundi) upayoginchabadindi, migilina elfman yokka score migili undhi. eee chithramloni aneka paatralaku eee chithramloni asalu natulu gaatradaanam chesaaru, vividha sound effects anevi asalu aakarshana mariyu kotta vaati nundi vacchina paatala misramam.
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bhoot haweeli kii chhatti
bhoot haweeli kii taateel dazni lend aur tokiyo dazni lend mein bhoot haweeli kii kashash kaa eek mosami ahatah hay juu asl bhoot haweeli kii tartibaat aur kirdaron kuu 1993 kii film "karsams say pehley drawnay khwaab" kay saath milata hay. karsams say pehley kii raat" say tehreek leetay huay kashash jeek scalington ("sendy panjay" kay toor parr) kii kahaani kuu karsams kay moqaa parr bhoot mithee kaa dorah karnay kii kahaani kuu dobarah biyaan karti hay jiss say iss kay tanazar mein chhatiyon kii afratafri paida how jaati hay.
bhuti hoyee haweeli aam toor parr agast kay aakhir mein dahayee hafton takk bund rehti hay lehza asay bhuti hoyee haweeli kii chhatti mein tabdil kiyaa jaa saktaa hay. iss kay baad auvarlay kuu hatanay kay liye dobarah bund karnay say pehley satambar say januri kay awail takk mahmanon kay liye overlade kashash khalee rehti hay.
tareekh.
duu asee tarah kay auvarlay-kantri bayer karsams special (1984) aur yaha eek chhoti see aalimi taateel (1997) hay-pehley hyee kachh arsey say kamiyab how chakay thay jabb bhoot mund haweeli kii taateel tayaar kii gayee thee. ibtadayi toor parr dazni nay charlis dickins kay "aey karsams kirol" kii dobarah kahaani sunanay parr ghoor kiyaa leakin neo orleans squire mein kashash kay maahul aur saanta klaaz kuu bhoot zadah haweeli kay ajeeb woo gharib maahul mein laanay kii bay zabitgi kii wajah say iss kay khalaaf faislah kiyaa. iss kay bajaye inhon nay iss parr ghoor karnay kay baad asay "karsams say pehley kay drawnay khwaab" parr mubni karnay kaa faislah kiyaa jiss parr dazni kaa kirdaar bhoot mithee mein karsams manaye gaa agar saanta klaaz kabhi apnay safar mein wahaan utarta hay. steve devision nay yaha khayaal liyaa aur auvarlay kuu tayaar karnay kay liye walt dazni takhliqi tafrih kay saath kaam kiyaa.
dazni kuu eek masilah yaha thaa kahh asl kashash mein behat say kaleedi fankaar-paal fareez leota tumbs eleanor aadli ziyadah tarr gulukari kay bust aur taqriba tamaam asl suutee adakaar-kayee saal pehley inteqal kirr gayey thay. freez kii jagah ghosat mezban kay toor parr inn kay kirdaar mein kooree berton nay lay lie jinhon nay pehley dazni kay saath waais auvar kaa kaam kiyaa thaa aur baad kii moth say pehley freez kay muhafiz kay toor parr bhee kaam kiyaa thaa. tumbs kii betty kumm aroon apnee maan say milti jalti thee aur iss tarah asay iss kii jagah medam leota kay toor parr perform karnay kay liye muntakhib kiyaa gayaa jiss mein sosan bleksli (aadli kaa ruup badalnay waali aur jiss kay tahat iss nay eek baar tarbiyat haasil kii thee) kirdaar kii aawaz farahim karti thee. gaaney kay bistis kay oopar jeek awo laltin thay aur computer animated gaaney kay projection diye gayey thay. qabristan kay bhooton kay liye nayey suutee adakaron kaa intekhaab kiyaa gayaa juu asl say miltay jaltay haine.
bhoot mund haweeli kii chhatiyon kaa aaghaz 3 aktobar 2001 kuu hawaa aur yaha teezi say mahmanon mein maqbool how gayaa jiss kii wajah say parkashish kii faast paas machinein auvarlay kay doraan chaalo how gayein (wah abb hamishah faal haine). 13 satambar 2013 kuu (jamaah 13 tareekh)yee dazni lend mein bhoot zadah haweeli kuu awaam kay liye khool diyaa gayaa jiss mein nayey asraat aur apnay 13 wein saal kay jashan mein seet paison kay saath aarasta kiyaa gayaa.
walt dazni world resort aur dazni lend peers mein mosami auvarlay nahein haine. fentum minor kay baahar mahman jeek aur seeli kay saath apnee tasveer khainch saktay haine.
coved-19 wabayi amraz kii wajah say 2020 mein dazni lend yaa tokiyo dazni lend mein auvarlay paish nahein kiyaa gayaa thaa. dazni lend maarch 2020 say 2021 kay awail takk bund rehaa jabkah iss kay baad say dobarah khilnay waalay tokiyo dazni lend nay kumm az kumm maarch 2021 takk kachh mosami paishkash paish naha karnay kaa intekhaab kiyaa.
kahaani.
bhoot mund haweeli kii chhatti film kay waaqiaat kay foraa baad hoti hay jiss kaa yaha "karsams say pehley kaa drauna khwaab" kay saath mill jaataa hay jehaan jeek scalington jiss nay film mein halovin tarz kay auvarlay mein apnaa khood kaa moad kirr karsams bananay kii koshish kii thee abb bhoot mund haweeli kaa patah lagaata hay jehaan 999 khush thukanon kaa gahar hay. chhatiyon kay liye haweeli kay adaas rehaishiyon mein khushi phelanay kaa faislah kartay huay halovin town say jeek aur iss kaa khufnaak emlah jeek kay sainkadon asl bray karsams kay tahaif aur sajawat kuu jagir mein laataa hay aur eek sansani khaiz aur thandi chhatti kay liye khufnaak medanon kuu deek kartaa hay. viraan gahar mein rehney waalay sangeen maskaranay waalay bhooton kay liye chhatee sawari kay liye stage tartib deeta hay.
kashash.
haweeli kay baahir kaa hasah jeek awo laltin aur halovin tarz kii karsams kii sajawat donon say dahkaa hawaa hay. chhat parr jeek scalington kaa tabut sleeg hay aur chhat say zameen takk phaila hawaa iss kaa mazahiya "karsams masawaat" hay. halovin town say alty ghadi bhee hay juu bataati hay kahh karsams takk katnay dunn baaqi haine. dazni lend peers kaa eek music baaks track 'fentum minor' beruni elaqon mein chalta hay. tokiyo dazni lend mein haweeli kay darmiyan design kay farq kii wajah say haweeli mein alty ghadi yaa chhat say lataknay waala karsams kaa masawaat nahein hay. iss kay bajaye kadoo kay barf baazon kuu dekha jaa saktaa hay aur film say archestration aur qataar kay elaqay mein sawari kaa kheel dekha jaa saktaa hay.
iss kay baad mahmanon kuu foyer mein lay jayaa jaataa hay jasay khopdi kii phulon aur iss tarah kay phulon say sajaya gayaa hay. bhoot mezban shayeri mein kashash kii kahaani sunana sharoo kirr deeta hay. wahaan say mahman duu portrait chambers mein say eek mein daakhil hotay haine. tokiyo mein jeek kii eek penting juu kadoo kay baadshah say iss kay saanta klaaz kay labaas mein tabdil how rahee hay amar rasidah aadmi kii tasveer badalnay kii jagah lay leeti hay.
mahman phir portrait gallery mein daakhil hotay haine. stretching portrait kuu daghdar sheeshe kii tasavir say tabdil kirr diyaa gayaa hay jiss mein karsams kay bay gunah munazir kuu inn kay freem kay toor parr phulon kii chaadar kay saath dikhaya gayaa hay. jabb darwazay bund how jaatay haine tuu kamrah tareek how jaataa hay aur khainchna sharoo how jaataa hay. tasavir takadon mein phatt gayein aur halovin town kay karsams wazan kii roshan pentings saamney aayen jinn mein jeek kuu saanta klaaz kay toor parr dikhaya gayaa hay juu haweeli kay oopar apnay tabut kii sleeg parr sawaar hay eek ansaan khaaney waala phool khufnaak khilonay saanta klaaz eek badaa saata khool rehaa hay jeesay hyee bhoot uthtay haine aur eek behat badaa gosht khoor saanp. bhoot mezban "karsams say eek raat pehley kii raat" nazam kii eek tareek taghir kuu padhna sharoo kartaa hay jabb ajeeb woo gharib mausiqi bajti hay jiss mein baday paimanay parr eek koyar kii khususiyat hoti hay. sespense iss waqat takk badh jaataa hay jabb takk kahh bajli girr kirr tabaah naha how jaaye aur jeek kaa chehrah oopar kii chhat mein zahir how kirr "mubarik how taatilaat sabb!"vovo yaha bhoot mezban kay lataktay hoay jasm kii jagah lay leeta hay. iss kii hansi kamray mein bhar jaati hay eek aurat chikhti hay aur sabb kachh kaala parh jaataa hay. 2013 mein jeek kay chehrey kii jagah iss kay aur safar kay eek nayey mutharik projection nay lay lee aur bhoot mezban kaa latakta hawaa jasm barqarar hay.
jeesay hyee lights mamul parr aatee haine darwazay khill jaatay haine juu portrait haal way kii taraf jaatay haine. yahaan badalti hoyee tasveeron kuu bhee inn kay saath tabdil kirr diyaa gayaa hay jinn kii akaasi kii gayee hay:
koyar waps aataa hay jabb gaana "" aghwa dee sendy klaaz "bajnaa sharoo hotaa hay. aisa lagtaa hay kahh khadkiyon kay baahir barf kaa toofan aaa rehaa hay aur film kay teen mausiqar bhee baahir khaday haine. ghortay hoay biston kay saamney makdi kii jaaliyan hoti haine juu "naveel" aur "how-how-how" alfaz say chamakti haine."loading airiya kuu aur bhee ziyadah halovin aur karsams kii sajawat say sajaya gayaa hay aur iss mein eek behat badaa animated karsams card hay jiss mein film kay behat say kirdaar seezan manatay haine. card khood aankhon kay liye eek daawat hay jiss mein card kay nichley hasay mein "meeri karsams" kay alfaz hotay haine jehaan paigham waqfe waqfe say "khufnaak karsams" mein badal jaataa hay. tokiyo mein dazni lend jaisa koyee portrait haal nahein hay. iss kay bajaye portrait chamber kay foraa baad mahman loading airiya mein daakhil hotay haine jasay naranji karsams lights aur halovin kadoo say sajaya jaataa hay. sawaar honay kay baad mahman eek lending kay neechey chadhtay haine jehaan say jeek seeli aur vempire teady mahmanon kaa isteqbal kartay haine. ryde tharo portrait coredor mein film kay kirdaron kii portrait haine juu mukhtalif sargarmiyan anjaam deetay haine aur mahmanon kay guzarnay kay doraan dekhtay haine. naranji karsams kii lights library mein ghortay hoay bistis kay gird lapetti haine keunkah safar kitaabon say banay teertay hoay darkhat kuu tunsel maalaa say lapetata hay. music room mein mahmanon kuu eek life size kii audio anaemetronic seeli nazar aatee hay juu afsardah dikhayi deeti hay aur vempire teady kay bajaye jaanay waalay bhoot pyano kay saath karsi parr bethi hoyee hay. phir dome bagiz seedhiyan chadhtay haine guft tegs kay saath panjaron mein khoof zadah sabz kakroochon kuu abur kartay haine jinn parr "augi kay liye" likhaa hotaa hay."seedhiyon kii chooti parr augi bogi kaa saayah zahir hotaa hay aur oopar puray chaand mein karsams kay darkhat kii shakal mein badal jaataa hay. asl seeyah roshni waali rabad kii makdiyan baaqi haine.
anaheem dazni lend mein dome bagiz (jasay auvarlay mein bleek karsams sleeg kahaa jaataa hay) parr sawaar honay parr mahman seedhiyon parr chadhtay haine. sabb say oopar tahaif kay daheer haine jinn parr vempire teady betha hawaa hay juu insaanon kay liye maahi geeri kirr rehaa hay. jeesay hyee bhoot mezban kahaani sunana jaari rakhta hay abb safar moam batiyon kii jagah lamtanahi haal way mein teerta hawaa nazar aataa hay. coach kaa harkat pazeer sout kadoo kaa maasik pehanta hay aur iss kay gird maalaa lapeti hoti hay. haal kay saamney katay kii hadiyon kaa daheer aur katay kii hadiyon say bunny phul kii maalaa haal kay opri hasay kuu sajati hay. eek teerti hoyee huddy parr eek teeg "safar" parr likhaa hotaa hay. tahfay karsi parr bethtay haine aur pointsity iss karsi kay saath rehtay haine.
conservatory mein tabut mein phansi laash mein koyee tabdili nahein hoyee hay leakin vempire teady abb iss parr bethta hay phir say kailon kuu hathoda maarta hay. eek teeg jiss parr "dont open toal exmise" likhaa hotaa hay dahkan say latka hotaa hay. mardah janazay kay phul zindah how gayey haine aur abb "reetley panjon kuu aghwa karein" gaana paish kartay haine. darwazon kaa gulyarah abb inn hyee mazahiya phulon say bharaa hawaa hay sabb zoor say gaatay haine halankah darwazay aur aawaz kay asraat juu wah bajatay haine abb bhee wahee haine. mahman phir daanaton kay saath eek baday pailay aankhon waalay ansaan khaaney waalay phul kay neechey say guzartay haine jiss say tamaam phul jaday hoay dikhayi deetay haine. shaitani daada kii ghadi aur saayah panjay eek jeesay rehtay haine leakin abb iss kaa eek teeg hay jiss parr likhaa hay "leota kay liyay aap kay liye khaas tahaif-reetelay panjay".
mahman phir sense room mein daakhil hotay haine. medam leota karsams kay zewaraat mein hay aur apnay ard gird kayee chamakti hoyee botalon kay saath teerti hay aur abb "karsams kay 13 dunn" kay geeth bolti hay jabkah vempire teady leota kii meez kay peeche karsi kay opri hasay parr bethti hay siens kay saath duu chhoti ghantiyan bajati hay. eek jaduyi nutt karekar jiss kii aankhein chamakti hoyee sabz hoti haine leota kay saath mill kirr apnay manah kuu harkat deeta hay. teertay hoay aalat kuu baday teertay hoay tero cardon say tabdil kirr diyaa jaataa hay jiss mein leota kay 13 karsams tahaif kii akaasi kii jaati hay jinn mein say wah jaa rehaa hay. tokiyo mein kawaa iss manzar mein baaqi rehta hay aur leota karsams kay zewaraat mein nahein hay aur asay moam batiyon say dahaanp kirr taalay sadme aur biral say dahaanp kirr kamray kay pachlay hasay mein eek khidki say asay deekh rehaa hay.
iss kay baad sleeg baal room mein chalay jaatay haine. yahaan kay bhoot eek jeesay haine leakin sajawat badal gayee hay. meez karsams paarti kay liye rakhee gayee hay aur meez kay beach mein eek behat badaa janjar bread house betha hay. eek behat badaa mardah karsams kaa darkhat (jiss kii sabb say oopar eek zindah shaakh hay) moam batiyon aur makdiyon say dahkaa hawaa hay jiss mein lights haine abb ddaans floor kay beach mein bethtay haine leakin bhoot iss kay zariye chull rahay hotay haine. safar darkhat kay qareeb manzar kay oopar teerta hay jabb duu tarfah khilaadi iss parr golee chalatay haine. haal kay pachlay hasay mein seedhiyon kay opri hasay kay parday khill gayey haine jiss say haweeli kii library kaa inkshaf hotaa hay juu kitaabon say banay teertay hoay darkhat say makmal hotaa hay. tokiyo mein jeek aur seeli kay saaye iss kay bajaye iss parday kay peeche dhand kay neechey tahaif kaa tabadlah kartay nazar aatay haine. neez janjar bread house kay bajaye meez kay beach mein eek behat badaa keek hay.
iss kay baad mahmanon kuu chabutaray parr lay jayaa jaataa hay jehaan ziyadah tarr mamul kay saamaan aur kirdaron kuu harr tarah kay khufnaak khilonon aur tahaif kii bay tartibi say tabdil kirr diyaa jaataa hay. eek behat badaa saanp kamray kay gird ghomta hay jiss kay manah mein "shararti aur achhi" fehrist hay. puray kamray mein mahmanon kay guzarnay kay saath kachh bray khilonay zindah how jaatay haine jinn mein teen jeek inn dee baaksaz (eek mein eek stylized khopdi dosri mein eek kaali bully kaa sarr aur dosri mein jeek awo laltin juu asl sawari say paraaney attari paap app bhooton kaa istemaal kartaa hay)yee eek golee kay surakh say bharee hoyee battak eek jhonpadi say takra jaanay waali augi bogi gariyaa aur khaimay jaisi patriyon parr eek rockshis train shaamil haine.
jeesay hyee mahman chabutaray say nikaltay haine aur balkoni kii taraf nikaltay haine heat baaks bhoot nay apnee opri tupi kay opri hasay kuu aaraishi karsams khopdi kay punn say sajaya hay aur heat baaks kay qareebi steak kay oopar saanta klaaz tupi rakhee hay. bhooton kay uthnay kay bajaye barf kay takday girtay hoay dekhay jaatay haine jabb mahman balkoni kay saath seedhiyon say neechey utartay haine aur qabristan mein jaatay haine mahman vempire teady kuu karsams kii roshni parr chabanay fewz adaaney kii dhamki deetay hoay dekhtay haine. jeesay hyee dome bagiz zamini satah parr pahunchtay haine wah iss kay reetelay panjon kay labaas mein jeek kii eek buland audio anaemetronic shaqsiyat say guzartay haine mahmanon kuu wasee aankhon waalay nigahdasht kaar kay muthbadil kay toor parr meeri karsams kii khwahish kartay haine juu aam toor parr saal kay beshtar waqat iss kii jagah parr khadaa hotaa hay jiss mein nigahdasht kay katay kii jagah safar iss kay saath hotaa hay. qabristan abb barf say dahkaa hawaa hay aur halovin shehar kii sarpal pahaadi kuu chamakte hoay kadoo say dahaknay waalay markaz kay toor parr dikhaya gayaa hay. paap app bhoot abb bhee paap app hotay haine aur guzartay hyee mahmanon kuu khufzadah kartay haine leakin abb wah saanta tupiyan pehney hoay haine. 2016 mein qabristan mein eek anaemetronic seeli shaamil kii gayee hay. mausiqi mein "yaha kiyaa hay?" kaa imtazaaj hay."yee" humm aap kuu eek khushgawar karsams kii khwahish kartay haine "" sangeen maskaratay hoay bhoot "yee" jooli old sent. nakolas "aur" zangal bails ". film kay kankaal waalay harran kuu qabristan mein waqat guzartay hoay dikhaya gayaa hay jiss mein eek shoar machanay waalay hail hound kay saath tigg aaf waar kheel rehaa hay dosra dosray bhooton kay saath chaye pee rehaa hay aur aakhri bhooton kay saath doghle parr dodh rehaa hay. gaadiyan baday barf kay farishton kay neechey say guzarti haine jinn kay kadoo kay sarr barangay bajatay haine. sarpal pahaadi kii bunyaad parr gaaney kay majsamon kay oopar jeek awo laltin rakhay gayey haine. cript mein daakhil honay say pehley mahman aakhri baar vempire teady kuu dekhtay haine juu oopar kadoo kay sarr waalay barf kay farishta kay saath suur kheel rahay haine.
iss kay baad seeyah sleeg cript mein daakhil hotay haine jehaan eek audio anaemetronic augi bogi seeyah roshni kay neechey rolity waheel kay saath khadee hoti hay mahmanon kuu kachh ajeeb tahaif kay saath eek gaim paish karti hay. 2003 say pehley asl mein taalay sadme aur biral kii eek mutharik dewaar thee. mahman jabb aayiney kay paas jaatay haine tuu wah hitchking bhooton kay bajaye inn ajeeb woo gharib tahaif kuu dekhtay haine. agar tahfah eek tabut hay jiss parr sawaliya nashaan likhaa hawaa hay tuu teen aayinon mein say harr eek kay peeche say taalaa shaak aur biral nikal aayey gaa.
iss kay baad mahman inn load airiya mein pahunchtay haine juu barf aur jeek awo laltin say bhee bharaa hotaa hay. jeesay hyee mahman speed remp say baahir nikalnay takk safar kartay haine seeli kaa eek chhota saa warzan (chhotay leota kii jagah lay kirr) jeek kaa shakriyah adaa kartay hoay dekha jaataa hay jabb wah apnee sleeg mein adtaa hay aur mahmanon kuu jaldi karnay kuu kehta hay. tokiyo kay aakhri manzar kay warzan mein cript mein kachh tahaif kay andar taalaa sadme aur biral kii khususiyat haine juu mahmanon kay saath sawari kartay haine. seeli alwadaa kehti hay aur phir mahman phulon kii maalaa say aarasta maqbaray mein utartay haine.
izafah.
2003 kay seezan kay doraan dazni lend nay safayi karnay waalon kay shikaar kay liye "augi bogi kii chhatiyon kii chaalon aur alaaj" kii paishkash kii. augi kuu poori haweeli mein poshidah chemio diye gayey jinhein mahmanon say talaash karnay kuu kahaa jaataa hay. misaal kay toor parr augi baghat mein jhaadiyon karsams card parr saayah attari mein gadiya waghairah mein paaya jaa saktaa hay.
sound track.
kashash kaa musical score asl mein gorden gadon nay tartib diyaa thaa. iss kii jagah 2002 mein jaan debni kay mawafiqat shadah score kay saath lay lee gayee juu film kay sound track kay theemz parr mubni hay jasay deaney elfman nay tartib diyaa thaa. 2003 say gadon kii asl mausiqi kuu stretching romaz aur ext cript (jehaan gadon kii attari mausiqi istemaal hoti hay) mein istemaal kiyaa jaataa rehaa hay jabkah ailf meen kaa baaqi score baaqi rehta hay. sawari mein kayee kirdaron kuu film kay asl adakaron nay aawaz dee hay aur mukhtalif suutee asraat asl kashash aur nayey kay track kaa markab haine. |
00056de2abb8e6cf02d2cec383b98552f70b47665f53006492724ed45ea4a38a | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43539017 | Malleus (bivalve) |
Malleus (bivalve)
Genus of bivalves
Malleus is a genus of hammer oysters (marine bivalve mollusks) in the family Malleidae. This genus includes 27 known species.
Characteristic of this genus is the unusual "hammer-shaped" outline of the valves. The shells are nearly equivalved, but the hinge line is extremely long and is at nearly a right angle to the rest of the valves, which grow ventrally. The viscera of the organism are arranged in an oval-shaped patch near the umbones of the valves.
References.
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| malius (bivalve)
melias hoise melilidae poriyalor haturi sistaror (xamudrik bivalve mulasko) etaa projati. ei projatitut 27taa gyat projati aase.
ei projatir boixistyo hoh "lo valvor oswabhabik" haturir aakritir "ruprekha. khupabur pray xomotulyo, kintu kobjir rekhatu otyonto dighol aaru baaki bhalobhburor pray xomokunot thaake, jibur ventrelvave briddhi paay. jiwor bhisarak valvor nabhir usorot dimbakritir etaa petchot xaaj khaai rokha hoy.
| mallues (bivalov)
mallius holl malilidae poribarer hatudi jhinuker (samudrik bivalov molask) ekti prajati. eyi goner modhye 27tii porichito prajati royeche.
eyi bongsher baisishtya holl valver aswabhabik "hatudi-akritir" ruprekha. kholaguli pray samatulya, tobey kabji rekhati atyanta deergho ebong bucky valver pray somm koney thaake, jaa ventrally briddhi paay. jeeber visarake valver navigulir kachhe ekti dimbakriti pyacha-ayee sajano hoy.
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melius (bivalve)
melius aee meliday kutumbamaa hammer oisters (dariyai bivalve mollsk) nee aek jaatee chhe. aaa jaatima 27 jaaniti prajationo samaavesh thaay chhe.
aaa jaatinaa lakshanikta aee chhe keey valvani asamanya "hammer-aakaarni" ruprekha chhe. shelo lagbhag samaan hoya chhe, parantu kaajnee rekhaa atyant laambi hoya chhe aneey baakinaa valvanaa lagbhag jamnaa khoona parr hoya chhe, jeey kshepak reete vadhe chhe. jivtantranaa aantardane valvani naabhi najik andakar aakaarnaa pechamaa gothavvama aave chhe. |
malyas (dwi-pakshiya)
mallius malliday parivaar mein hathaude seep (samudri dwi-pakshiya molsk) kaa ack vansh haye. iss vansh mein 27 gyaat prajaatiyan shamil hain.
iss vansh kii visheshta valve kii asamanya "hathaude key aakar kii" ruprekha haye. khol lagbhag barabar hotey hain, lekin kaaj rekha behad lambi hoti haye aur baaki valve key lagbhag ack sahee konn parr hoti haye, joe nilay roop seey badhate hain. jeev key visara koo valve kii naabhi key paas ack andakar aakar key patch mein vyavasthit kiya jaataa haye.
| mallius (bivalve)
mallyas embudu malyide kutumbadalli suttigeya simpigala (samudrada dviguna mrudvangigalu) ondu kulavagide. ee kulavu 27 prasiddha prabhedagalannu olagondide.
ee kulada vishishta lakshanavendare kavaatagala asaamaanya "suttigeya aakaarada" baahyarekhe. chippugalu bahuteka samaanavaagiruttave, aadare keelu rekheyu atyanta uddavaagide mattu ulida kavatagalige samakooneyalliruttade, avu kuharavagi beleyuttave. jeeviya olaangugalannu kavaatagala hokkulagala bully andaakaarada aakaarada patchnelli jodisalagide.
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mallius (bivelve)
mallius hii maliday kutumbatil hatoda shimpadyanchi (sagari bivelve molsk) eka prajati aahe. yaa vanshamadhye 27 dnyat prajatincha samavesh aahe.
yaa jaatiche vaishishtya mhanje zadapanchi asamanya 'hatodichya aakarachi' ruparesha. kavach jawaljawal samatulya aahet, parantu kajachi resha atyant lamb aahe aanee urvarit zadapanchya jawaljawal ujavya konat aahe, jeey ventrally vadhatat. jivanache visera heey zadapanchya nadyajaval andakar aakarachya pattyat mandanyat aale aahet. |
malius (bibhalwa)
mallius malliday pariwarma hathauda seep (samudri baibhalabh molsk) ko ek prajati how. yass wanshama 27 gyat prajatiharu samawesh chhan.
yass wanshako visheshta bhalbhako asamanya "hathaudako akar" ruparekha how. kholaharu lagbhag barabar chhan, tara kabji rekha atyanta lamo chha rar baanki bhalbhaharuko lagbhag sahi konma chha, june ventrali badhcha. jiwako viseralai bhalbhako ambon najikai andakar akarko pyachma wyawasthit garinchha. | mallius (bibhalabh)
mallius heuchhi malliday paribarara hatudi singara (samudrika baivalav molsk) rahr eka prajati . ehi ganare ganare janashuna prajati rahichhi.
ehi banshara baisistya heuchhi bhalbhar aswabhabika "hatudi-aakrutira" ruparekha . kholagudika praiah samaana, kintu kabji rekha atyanta lamba ebong anya bhalavgudika sahita praiah eka samakonare thaae, jaahaa ventral bhabare badhithae . jibatira bhisara bhalbhar nabhi nikatare eka dimbakruti phalakare sajajaichi .
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mallius (bivalve)
mallius parivaar meliday witch hathode dey seep (samundari bivelove molsk) dee ikk jeanus haii. iss jeanus witch 27 janhiaan-pachaniaan prajatiaan shamal hunn.
iss jeanus dee visheshta valv dee asadharan "hathode dey aakaar dee" roop rekha haii. shell lagbhag barabar hunde hunn, parr kandiali rekha bahut lambi hundi haii atey baaki valv dey lagbhag ikk sahee konn utte hundi haii, joe kii ventorly vadhade hunn. jivanu dey visra noon valv deeaan naadiaan dey nede ikk andakar aakaar dey patch witch vivasthit keeta jaanda haii. | mallius (dwi-pakshiya)
mallius iti mallede-kulasya hathauri-sipanam (mareen baivaalv mollusks) ekaha vamshaha asti. asmin vamshasya 27 dnyaataani prajaatayah santi.
asya vamshasya vishishtataa asti kavaataanaam asamanyam "hathauri-aakaarasy" ruparekham. koshaani praayah samatulyaani bhavanti, parantu hing-rekhaa atyantam deerghah asti, sheshaihi kavaataanaam samakonatah praayah bhavati, ye ventry-rupena vardhante. jeevasya visaraa-khandah kavaatasya naabhi-sameepe andakara-aakrutyaah pattyaam vyavasthitah bhavati.
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mallius (bivalve)
mallius enbathu mallidae kudumbaththaich saerntha sutthi sippikalin (kadal irupaalvugal konda sippikal) oru paerinam aagum. inththa inaththil 27 ariyapatta inangkal ullana.
inththa inaththin sirappiyalbu, vaalvugalin asaathaaranamaana "sutthi vadiva" velippuramaagum. kundugal kittatthatta samamaanavai, aanaal keel koadu migavum neelamaanathu mattrum mattra vaalvugalukku kittatthatta oru sariyaana koonaththil ullathu, avai ventrauli valarum. uyirinaththin kudal uruppugal, vaalvugalin thoppikalukku arugil oru oval vadivap paguthiyil amaikkappattullana.
| mallius (bevolve)
mallius anedi malliday kutumbaaniki chendina sutthi gullalu (samudra bivalve molasklu) yokka oka jaathi. eee jaatilo 27 telisina jaatulu unnaayi.
eee jaathi yokka lakshanam kavaataala yokka asaadhaarana "sutthi aakarapu" roopurekhalu. shellu daadaapu samanamga untaayi, conny keelu rekha chaalaa podavugaa untundi mariyu migilina kavaataalaku daadaapu saraina konamlo untundi, ivi ventrallegaa perugutaayi. jeevi yokka visara kavaataala goddaliki sameepamlo oval aakaaramlo amarchabadi untundi.
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maliyas (beaulio)
maliyas milidi khaandaan mein hathoday kay chhiyon (samandari beaulio mollsk) kii eek jains hay. iss jains mein 27 maruf anwaa shaamil haine.
iss jains kii khususiyat waalo kaa ghair mamuli "hathoday kii shakal" kaa khaakah hay. khool taqriba masawi hotay haine leakin qabze kii lakeer intehayi lambi hoti hay aur baaqi waalo kay taqriba saheeh zawiye parr hoti hay juu ventraily toor parr badhtay haine. jandar kay waseera kuu waalo kii chhaati kay qareeb eek indakara shakal kay paich mein tartib diyaa jaataa hay. |
00056eef80bbcd5bd3bba45f86a19cea6542371028826b5c87024c8e1678d073 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5618639 | Value City |
Value City
American department store chain
Value City Department Store was an American department store chain with 113 locations. It was founded in 1917 by Ephraim Schottenstein, a travelling salesman in central Ohio. The store was an off-price retailer that sold clothing, jewelry, and home goods below the manufacturer suggested retail price. The chain focused on buyout and closeout merchandise, and occasionally irregular apparel and factory seconds. The stores were branded Schottenstein's in the Columbus, Ohio, market. The Schottenstein name was dropped in 2008. Also, three stores in Metro Detroit were co-branded as Crowley's Value City. From 1984 to 1995, Schottenstein also owned Shifrin-Willens, a jewelry store.
The first store was located in Columbus, Ohio, at 1887 Parsons Avenue on the corner of Parsons Avenue and Reeb Avenue, and has been closed since 2006. It was formerly affiliated with Value City Furniture, which has 130 stores and was founded in 1948. (VCF is corporate sponsor of Value City Arena, home of the Ohio State University women and men's basketball programs.)
They entered the St. Louis, MO market in 1995, opening in Webster Groves in St. Louis County. At that time, Value City had 79 stores.
They acquired the "Grandpa's" discount chain in 1999, which included 15 stores in the St. Louis area.
Retail Ventures originally sought to sell the Value City operation to focus on its more profitable brands. The chain announced its intention in 2007 to sell up to 24 stores to Burlington. However, on January 23, 2008, Retail Ventures announced it was selling an ownership stake in Value City to newly formed VCHI Acquisition Company. The company continued to close selected stores through 2008 while revamping and reorganizing the merchandise approach in those which were retained. On October 27, 2008, Value City announced that the chain was filing for bankruptcy and that all remaining stores would close. The sales were completed on December 23, 2008.
References.
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| mulyor sohor
mulyo nogor 113taa sthanor xoite aamerikar rehai bibhagor dukan sringkhol aasil. 1917 sonot kendriyo uhiur ejon bhromon bikret efraim sko 'tensteine iyak protistha korisil. dukankhon aasil ejon off-price retailor jiye kapur, gohona aaru ghoruwa xamogri nirmatai poramorxo diya khusura mulyor tolot bikri korisil. sringkholtuwe croyout aaru closeout xamogri, aaru maaje maaje oniyomito xaaj-puchak aaru karkhana sekendor uporot gurutwo aarup korisil. ei dukanbur kolombas, uhiur bojarot swo 'tensteinor brended aasil. 2008 sonot sko 'tenstein naamtu baad diya hoisil. logote, metro' detoroitor tinita dukanok kro 'lir mulyo nogor hisape xoho-brending koraa hoisil. 1984 sonor poraa 1995 sonoloike scottensteine etaa gohonar dukan swifrin-willenceru maalik aasil.
prothom dukantu uhiur kolombasot persons avenue aaru ribo avenure kunot 1887 persons aviniut owosthito aasil aaru 2006 sonor poraa bondho hoi aase. ee purbote mulyo nogoror aasbabor xoite xongzukto aasil, jaar 130 taa dukan aase aaru 1948 sonot protistha koraa hoisil. (vcf hoise mulyo nogoror erinar corporate pristhopuxok, ji uhiu rajyik biswobidyaloyor mohila aaru puruxor busketball karzoxusir ghor.)
teuluke saintot prowex korisil. 1995 sonot luis, mu bojar, saintot webster grovot mukoli hoisil. lui county. xei xomoyot, mulyo nogorot 79taa dukan aasil.
teuluke 1999 sonot "daadur" rehai sringkholtu laabh korisil, zo "too saintot thoka 15taa dukan ontorbhukto aasil. luis onchol.
khusura udyugxomuhe mulotoh iyar odhik labhjonok brendor uporot gurutwo diboloi mulyo nogoror karjyokolap bikri koriboloi bisarisil. sringkholtuwe 2007 sonot barlingtonoloi 24 taa dukan bikri korar obhiprai ghuxona korisil. obosye, 2008 sonor 23 januaryt khusura udyugxomuhe ghuxona korisil je ee mulyo nogoror etaa malikanadhin ongxo notunkoi gothon koraa bhisi odhigrohon companyk bikri korise. companye 2008 sonoloike nirbasito dukanxomuh bondho kori rakhisil aaru jibur rokha hoisil xeiburot banijyik xamogrir poddhoti punor gothon aaru punor gothon korisil. 2008 sonor 27 octoborot, mulyo nogore ghuxona korisil je seine deulia huwar baabe daakhil korise aaru baaki thoka xokolu dukan bondho hoi jaabo. 2008 sonor 23 disemborot bikri xompurno hoisil.
| mulya shohor
value city 113tii abosthan soho ekti markin chhaad bibhager dokaner chein chhilo. etty 1917 saale kendriya ohior ekjon bhromon bikreta ephraima shottenstein dwara protisthito hoyechilo. dokanti chhilo ekti off-price khuchro bikreta, jaaraa prostutkarker prostabito khuchro daamer niche poshak, goyna ebong baadir ponno bikri koroto. eyi cheinti croy ebong closeout ponnodrobbo ebong majhe majhe aniyamita poshak ebong factory sekender upor drishti niboddho korey. columbus, ohio bajare dokanguli scottensteiner branded chhilo. 2008 saale skottenstein namti baad deoa hoy. echhadao, metro detroiter tinti dokanke crollyr mulya shohor hisabe soho-branned koraa hoyechilo. 1984 theke 1995 saal porjonto, shottenstein ekti gohona dokan shifrin-willenser malik chhilen.
prothom dokanti ohaior kolombase person avenue ebong rib avenuer koney 1887 person avenuete abosthito chhilo ebong 2006 saal theke bondho chhilo. etty purbe value city asbabpotrer saathe onumodito chhilo, jaar 130 tii dokan royeche ebong 1948 saale protisthito hoyechilo. (vee. shee. eff holl value city erina, ohaio steta universityr mohila ebong purushder basketball programer corporate sponsor.)
taaraa seenta probesh korey. 1995 saale lui, moe bazar, seenta center webster grovegulite khola. lui county. seii somoy value sitite 79tii dokan chhilo.
1999 saale taaraa "dadur" chhader chein orjon korey, jaar modhye seenta center 15tii dokan antarbhukta chhilo. lui anchal.
khuchro uddogguli mulat taar arow lavjonok brandgulite mononibesh korar jonno mulya shohorer criacollup bikri korte cheyechilo. cheinti 2007 saale barlingtoner kachhe 24tii porjonto dokan bikri korar abhiprai ghoshana korey. tobey, 2008 saaler 23shhey januari, khuchro uddogguli ghoshana korey jey taaraa mulya shohorer ekti malikanadhin ongsho nobogothito vichi adhigrahan sangosthar kachhe bikri korche. companity 2008 saal porjonto nirbachito dokanguli bondho korey rekhechilo ebong jeguli dhorey rakha hoyechilo segulite ponnodrobbo poddhotir sangoskar oo punargathan korechilo. 2008 saaler 27shhey octobor value city ghoshana korey jey cheinti deulia hoye yawar jonno abedon korche ebong bucky samasta dokan bondho hoye jaabe. 2008 saaler 23shhey december bikri shesh hoy.
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moolya shaher
value ciity 113 sthaano saathe american discount department store chain hatee. tenee sthaapnaa 1917maan madhya oheeyoma musafari kartaa salesman ephraim scottenstein dwara karvaamaa aavee hatee. aaa dukan aek bundh-keematni chhutak vikreta hatee jeey kapadaa, gharenaa aneey ghargaththu chijavastuonu utpadankar soochvelaa chhutak bhaavthi ochhu vechaan karatee hatee. aaa saankal khareedi aneey bundh vepaari maal parr dhyaan kendrit karatee hatee, aneey kyarek aneeyameet vastro aneey factory sekand. columbus, oheo, bajaarmaa storsene skotensteenni branded karvaamaa aavee hatee. 2008maan scottenstein naam pann door karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. metro detroitmaa trana storsene kroleena moolya shaher tareeke saha-branded karvaamaa aavyaa hataa. 1984 thee 1995 sudhee, scottenstein paase aek zaveratni dukan, shiftin-veelen pann hatee.
pratham store columbus, oheeyoma parsons aevanyu aneey reeb aevanyuna khoone 1887 parsons aevanyu parr stheet hato aneey 2006 thee bundh karvaamaa aavyo chhe. teey agau value ciity furniture saathe sankalaayelu hatoo, jemaa 130 stores chhe aneey 1948 maan tenee sthaapnaa karvaamaa aavee hatee. (vcf oheo state university maheela aneey purushonaa basketball kaarykramonu ghar, value ciity aarenaanu corporate praayojak chhe.)
teo sentamaa praveshyaa. 1995maan luis, moow marqeta, sentamaa webster grovemaa khulyu. luis kaauntii. teey samaye, value cityma 79 stores hataa.
teoae 1999maan "daadani" discount chain hastgat curry hatee, jemaa sentamaa 15 storeno samaavesh thato hato. luis vistaar.
chhutak saahsoae mulroope tenee vadhu nafakarak brands parr dhyaan kendrit karvaa maate moolya shaher kamgiri vechvaano prayaas karyo hato. aaa saankale 2007maan burlingtonne 24 stores vechvaano irado jaaher karyo hato. jooe keey, 23 january, 2008naa roj, chhutak saahsoae jaaherat curry hatee keey teey moolya shaherma malikino hisso navee rachaayeli witchy sampadan companyne vechee rahee chhe. kampaniae 2008 sudhee pasand karelaa storsene bundh karvaanu chaalu raakhyu hatoo, jyaare jaalvi rakhvama aavela vepaari abhigamma sudhaaro aneey punargathan karyoo hatoo. 27 october, 2008naa roj, value cta jaaherat curry hatee keey chain nadari maate file curry rahee chhe aneey baakini tamaam dukaano bundh thaee jashe. vechaan 23 december, 2008naa roj purn thayu hatoo. |
moolya shahar
value city 113 sthaanon key saath ack americi chhoot vibhaag store shrinkhala thee. isaki sthaapana 1917 mein madhya ohiyo mein ack yatra vikreta ephraim scottenstein dwara kii gaee thee. yeh dukaan ack off-price retailer thee joe nirmaata dwara sujhaae gaye khudra moolya seey cumm kapade, gahane aur gharelu saman bechati thee. shrinkhala ney khareed aur bund maal parr dhyaan kendrit kiya, aur kabhi-kabhi aniyamit paridhan aur karkhane key sekand. store koo columbus, ohiyo, bajar mein shotenstein key brand key they. scottenstein naam koo 2008 mein hataa diyaa gayaa thaa. metro detroit mein teen dukaanon koo crolle key moolya shahar key roop mein saha-brand kiya gayaa thaa. 1984 seey 1995 taka, shotenstein key paas ack aabhushan kii dukaan, shiftin-villen bhee thee.
pahala store columbus, ohiyo mein parsons avenue aur reeb avenue key koney parr 1887 parsons avenue mein sthit thaa, aur 2006 seey bund haye. yeh pahale moolya shahar key furniture seey sambaddh thaa, jisamen 130 store hain aur 1948 mein sthaapit kiya gayaa thaa. (vee. see. aff. moolya shahar kshetra kaa corporate praayojak haye, joe ohiyo raajya vishvavidyalaya kii mahilaaon aur purushon key basketball karyakramon kaa ghar haye.)
way sent mein pravesh kiya. 1995 mein lui, moe bajar, sent mein webster grove mein khula. lui county. usa samay, value city mein 79 dukaanen theen.
unhone 1999 mein "daadaa" kii chhoot shrinkhala kaa adhigrahan kiya, jisamen sent mein 15 store shamil they. lui kshetra.
khudra udyamon ney mool roop seey apane adhik laabhdaayak brandon parr dhyaan kendrit karane key liye moolya shahar sanchaalan koo bechane kii maang kii. shrinkhala ney 2007 mein burlington koo 24 store taka bechane key apane iraade kii ghoshana kii. haalaanki, 23 janwari, 2008 koo, khudra udyamon ney ghoshana kii kii way moolya shahar mein swaamitva hissedari navgathit witchy adhigrahan company koo betch rahey hain. company ney 2008 key madhyam seey chayanit dukaanon koo bund karna jaari rakhaa, jabaki una mein vyaparik drishtikon koo sanshodhit aur punargathit kiya gayaa jinhen barkarar rakhaa gayaa thaa. 27 octuber, 2008 koo, value city ney ghoshana kii kii shrinkhala diwaliyapan key liye dakhil curr rahee haye aur baaki sabhi store bund hoe jaayenge. bikri 23 disambar, 2008 koo poori hui thee.
| moulyada nagara
value city 113 sthalagalannu hondiruva american discount department store sarapaliyagittu. idannu idannu central ohiyoda travelling salesman ephrame scottenstein sthaapisidaru. angadiu batte, aabharanagalu mattu gruhopayogi vastugalannu tayaarakaru soochisida chillare beleginta kadime belege marata maaduva off-price chillare vyaapaariyaagittu. sarpaliyu khareedi mattu closs out sarakugala mele mattu sandarbhikavagi aniyamita udupugalu mattu karkhaneya sekendugala mele kendrikariside. ee maligegalannu ohiyoda columbus marukatteyalli scottenstein brand aagi balasalaaguttittu. scottenstein hesarannu hesarannu kaibidalaayitu. metro detroitnalliruva mooru maligegalannu krauliya moulya nagaravendu saha-brand maadalaayitu. maadalaayitu 1984rinda, scottenstein shifrin-willens emba abharana angadiyannoo hondiddaru.
modala angadiu ohiyoda kolambasnalli parsons avenue mattu reeb avenue mooleyalliruva 1887 parsons avenyoodallide mattu mattu muchchalpattide. idu hinde 130 maligegalannu hondiruva moulyada nagarada pithopakaranagalondige samyojitavagittu mattu mattu sthaapisalaayitu. (vii. sii. eff. ohiyo state university mahila mattu purushara basketball karyakramagala neleyaada moulya nagara kridaanganada samsthika prayojakaragiddare.)
avaru saint praveshisidaru. louis, moow marukatte marukatte, sentnalli webster topugalalli praarambhavaayitu. louis kaunti. aaa samayadalli, value cityalli 79 maligegaliddavu.
avaru avaru "ajja" gala riyayiti sarapaliyannu swadhinapadisikondaru, idaralli sentnalli 15 maligegalu seriddavu. louis pradesha.
chillare udyamagalu moolatah adara hecchu laabhadaayaka bryandgala mele kendrikarisalu moulyada nagarada karyacharaneyannu marata maadalu prayatnisidavu. ee sarpaliyu sarpaliyu burlingtonge 24 maligegalannu marata maaduva tanna uddeshavannu ghoshisitu. aadaagyoo, janavari 23,2008 randu, chillare udyamagalu moulya nagaradalli malikatvada palannu hosadaagi rupugonda vichi swadhina kampanige marata maaduvudaagi ghoshisidavu. kampaniyu kampaniyu aayda maligegalannu muchchuvudannu munduvaresitu mattu ulisikonda angadigalli sarakugala vidhaanavannu navikarisitu mattu marusanghatisitu. 2008rahra october october, ee sarpaliyu diwalitanakke arji sallisuttide mattu ulida ellah maligegalu muchchalpaduttave endu moulya nagaravu ghoshisitu. 2008rahra december december maaraatavu poornagonditu.
| null | moolya shahar
value ciity hii 113 thikananchi american savalati vibhag dukan sakhali hotee. tyachi sthapana 1917 madhye madhya ohayomadhil pravasi vikreta ephraim scottenstein yane kelee hotee. heey dukan eka auph-price kirkol vikreta hote, jeey kapade, dagine aanee gharguti vastoo utpadakachya soochavalelya kirkol kimmatipeksha qamee darane vikayache. yaa sakhaline kharedi aanee bund kelelya vastunvar aanee adhunmadhun aniyamit kapade aanee karkhanyachya sekandanvar laksh kendrit kele. ohayochya kolambasachya bajarpethet hii dukane skotensteenchya navane olakhali jaat hotee. 2008 madhye scottensteinche naav vagalanyat aale. tasech, metro detroitmadhil teen dukananche saha-branding crollyche moolya shahar mhanoon karnyat aale. 1984 teey 1995 paryant, shottensteenkade shiftrin-wilns yaa daginyanchya dukanachi malkihi hotee.
pahile dukan ohayochya columbus yethe, parsons avenue aanee rib avenyuchya avenyuchya 1887 parsons avenue yethe hote aanee 2006 pasoon bund aahe. teey purvi value ciity furnitureshee sanlagn hote, jyat 130 dukane aahet aanee 1948 madhye sthapan karnyat aalee hotee. (vhee. see. eff. heey ohiyo steet universitychya mahila aanee purushanchya basketball karyakramanche ghar asalelya value ciity erenache corporate prayojak aahe.)
tyanni sentmadhye pravesh keela. 1995 madhye lui, moow market, seent madheel webster grovmadhye ughadale. lui county. tyaveli value citymadhye 79 dukane hotee.
tyanni 1999 madhye "aajobanchi" savalat sakhali vikat ghetali, jyat seent madheel 15 dukanancha samavesh hota. lui kshetra.
kirkol upkramanni mulat tyachya adhik fayadeshir brandver laksh kendrit karnyasathi value ciity operation vikanyacha prayatna keela. yaa sakhaline 2007 madhye burlingtonla 24 dukane vikanyacha aapala hetu jaheer keela. tathapi, 23 janewari 2008 roji kirkol upkramanni jaheer kele qee teey moolya shaharatil malkicha hissa navyane sthapan jhalelya vichee adhigrahan companyla vikat aahet. companyne 2008 paryant nivadaleli dukane bund karane suru thewale aanee jeey rakhoon thevanyat aale hote tyamadhye vyapari drushtikonachi punarrachana aanee punarrachana kelee. 27 aktoobar 2008 roji, value cityne jaheer kele qee sakhali diwalkhorisathi dakhal karat aahe aanee urvarit serve dukane bund hotil. 23 december 2008 roji vikri purn jhaali.
| mulya sahar
bhyalu city 113 sthanharu bhaeko americi chhuta vibhag store chenn thiyo. yo sann 1917 maa madhya ohayoka ek yatra vikreta afryme scotensteindwara sthapit garieko thiyo. pasal ek aff-price retailer thiyo jasle kapadaharu, gahanaharu rar gharka samanharu nirmatale sujhaeko khudra mulyabhanda tall bechcha. shringkhalale kharid rar closeout wyaparik saman, rar kahilekaahin aniyamit paridhan rar karkhana secondharuma kendrit thiyo. storeharu columbus, ohayo, bajarma scotensteinko branded thie. sann 2008 maa scotensteinko naam hataiyo. sathai, metro detroitka tinawata storeharulai kroleko mulya saharko rupma saha-brand garieko thiyo. sann 1984 dekhi 1995 samma, scotensteinko pani euta gahana pasal, sifrin-willinsko swamitwa thiyo.
pahilo store columbus, ohayoma parsons avenue rar rib avenyuko kunama 1887 parsons avenyuma awasthit thiyo, rar 2006 dekhi banda garieko chha. yo pahile mulya sahar furnituresanga sambadha thiyo, jasma 130 storeharu chhan rar 1948 maa sthapana garieko thiyo. (bhisief ohiyo rajya vishwavidyalaya mahila rar purush basketball karyakramharuko ghar, mulya shahar erenako corporate prayojak how.)
tiniharu centma prawesh gare. luis, moe bazar 1995 maa, centma webster grobhharuma kholiyo. luis county. tyas samayama, mulya saharma 79 wata pasalharu thie.
uniharule sann 1999 maa "hajurbuwa" ko chhuta shringkhala prapta gare, jasma centma 15 wata storeharu samawesh thie. luis khetra.
khudra udyamharule muel rupma yasako adhik labhadayak brandharuma dhyan kendrit garna mulya sahar sanchalan bechna khojeka thie. chenle sann 2007 maa berlingtonlai 24 wata storeharu bechne afno irada ghoshana garyo. yadyapi, janawari 23,2008 maa, khudra udyamharule mulya saharma swamitwako hissedari nawagathit bhichi adhigrahan companylai bechne ghoshana gare. companyle 2008 samma chayan garieka storeharu banda garna jaari rakhyo jabki wyaparik drishtikonlai punah wyawasthit rar punargathit gardai june kayam rakhieko thiyo. october 27,2008 maa, bhyalu cityle chenle diwaliapanka lagi file gariraheko rar baanki sabai storeharu banda hune ghoshana garyo. bikri 23 december 2008 maa sampanna bhaeko thiyo.
| mulya sahara
mulya sahara sahara sthana sahita eka americae rihati department store shrunkhala thila . ehaa 1917 masihare kendriah ohiora jane bhramanakaree bikreta ephraim skotanstainnka dwara sthapita hoithila. ehi storety eka off-prices khuchura bikreta thila, jieki poshaka, alankara ebong gharoi samagri utpadanakareenka paramarsha anujai khuchura mulya thaaru comm bikri karuthila. ehi shrunkhala kraiah ebong closeout banijyika drabya upare dhyana kendrit karithila, ebong belebele aniyamita poshaka ebong karkhana second . ohio, columbus bajaarare storgudika scottenstein branded thila . 2008 masihare scottenstein naamaku hatai diajaithila. metro detroitra tinoti storaku krolira mulya sahara bhabare saha-brand karajaithila . 1984 ru 1995 parjyanta, scottenstein madhya eka alankara dokan, shifrin-willancera malika thile.
pratham store ohyor kalambasare parson aabhenyu ebong rib aabhenyu konare 1887 parson aabhenyure abasthita thila ebong 2006 masiharu banda rahichhi. ehaa purbaru mulya sahara asababapatra sahita anubandhita thila, jahara 130 store achhi ebong 1948 ray sthapita hoithila . (bhi. sii. aif heuchhi mulya sahara khetrara corporate prajojaka, ohio rajya biswabidyalaja mahila ebong purush basketball karjyakramara ghara .)
semane sentare prabesha kale. 1995 masihare louis, moe market, sentare webster grobh ray kholila . louis county. sehi samajare, mulya saharare saharare store thila.
semane 1999 ray "jejebapanka" rihati shrunkhala hassel karithile, jeunthire sentare 15 tii store antarbhukta thila . louis anchala.
khuchura udyogagudika prathame mulya sahara parichalanaku bikri karibaku chahunthile, jahadwara ehara adhika labhajanaka brand upare dhyana kendrit karajaipariba. ehi shrunkhala 2007 ray barlingatanaku 24 tii store bikri karibaku ehara uddeshya ghoshana karithila . tebe, januari januari, khuchura udyogagudika ghoshana karithile je semane mulya saharare eka malikana anshadhanaku nabagathita bhichi adhigrahan companyku bikri karuchanti. company 2008 masiha parjyanta bachhita storgudiku banda kariba jaari rakhithila, ebong jeun storgudiku bajaiah rakhajaithila, segudikara banijyika paddhatira punaruddhara ebong punargathana karithila. october 27,2008 ray, mulya sahara ghoshana kallah je chenn debaliapana paain dakhal karuchhi ebong abasista samasta store banda hoijiba . 2008 masiha december 23 tarikhare ehi bikri shesh hoithila.
| mull shehar
value city 113 sathanan dey naal ikk amriki discount department store chenn see. iss dee sathapana 1917 witch kendri ohio witch ikk yaatra curran vaale vikreta afrime shotenstein duaara keeti gaee see. ih store ikk aaf-price retailer see joe nirmata duaara sujhaye gaye prachun mull toon ghatt kappde, gahine atey gharelu samaan vechda see. luddy neey khareed atey bnd maal, atey kadey-kadey aniyamit kappde atey factory skintan 'teey dhiaan kendrat keeta. columbs, ohio, markeet witch storan noon shotenstein daa brand ditta giaa see. shotenstein daa naam 2008 witch hataa ditta giaa see. metro detroit witch tinn storan noon crolley dey mull shehar vajon sahi-brand keeta giaa see. 1984 toon 1995 takk, shotenstein cole shifreen-willens, ikk gahiniaan dee dukan vee see.
pahila store columbs, ohio witch, parson aivenioo atey reeb aivenioo dey coney utte 1887 parson aivenioo utte sathit see, atey 2006 toon bnd haii. ih pahilan vailioo city furniture naal judiaa hoiaa see, jiss witch 130 store hunn atey 1948 witch sathapit keeta giaa see. (vee. see. eff. value city akhade daa corporate spancer haii, joe ohio state university deeaan aurtan atey purshan dey basketball programan daa gharr haii.)
uh cent witch dakhal hoye. 1995 witch louis, moow markeet, cent witch webster groves witch khulhdi haii. luis kaoonti uss samein vailioo city witch 79 store sunn.
unhan neey 1999 witch "daada jee dee" chhot luddy prapat keeti, jiss witch cent witch 15 store shamal sunn. luis khetar.
prachun uddman neey asal witch aapne vadhere labhkari brandan 'teey dhiaan kendrat curran laee value city sanchalan noon vechan dee koshish keeti. chenn neey 2007 witch berlington noon 24 storan takk vechan dey aapne iraade daa ailaan keeta. parr, 23 janwari, 2008 noon, prachun uddman neey ailaan keeta kii uh vailioo city witch malkiat hissedari naveen bnee hoee vee. see. aaee. acvire company noon wetch riha haii. company neey 2008 takk chunhe hoye storan noon bnd karna jaari rakkhiaa jadon kii uhanan witch vaparak pahunch noon sudharna atey punargathit karna jaari rakkhiaa giaa see. 27 aktubar, 2008 noon vailioo city neey ailaan keeta kii chenn diwaliapan laee arzi dey rahee haii atey baaki saare store bnd hoow jaange. vikri 23 dasambar, 2008 noon puurii hoee see.
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mulyanagaram
vyaalyoo-city iti 113 sthanani yukttam american-discount-department-store-chenn aasit. asya sthapana 1917 tame varshe madhya-ohiyo-nagare pravaasa-vikretrubhihi ephraim scottenstein ityanena abhavat. eshah bhandaarah ekaha moolyarahitah vikretruh aasit yah nirmatrudvara soochitebhyah chillaramulyat adhah vastraani, aabhushanaani, gruhasaamagreeh cha vikreeyat. shrunkhalaa krayan-bandha-vaanijya-vastushu, tathaa cha kadaa kadaa aniyamita-vastra-karakhanasamayayoho vishaye cha kendreekrutavatee. ohiyo-nagarasya columbus-nagare, vipanyaam, te bhandaraha scotenstein-ityasya brand-yukttaah aasan. 2008 tame varshe scotenstein ityasya naam apasaaritam. api cha, metro-detroit-nagarasya treeni bhandaarah crolley-ityasya mulya-nagaratvena saha-brand-krutaani aasan. 1984 taha 1995 paryantam, scotenstein api shifrin-villeens iti aabhooshan-bhandarasya swami aasit.
prathamah bhandaarah ohiyo-nagarasya columbus-nagare parsons-avanyoo-reeb-avanyoo-ityasya kone 1887 parsons-avanyoo-madhye aasit, 2006 tamaat varshaat api bandhitah asti. poorvam etat vyaalyoo-city-peetopakaranaih saha sambaddham aasit, yasya 130 bhandaarah santi, 1948 tame varshe sthaapitam aasit. (vi. sii. ef. iti ohiyo-rajya-vishvavidyaalayasya mahilaa-purusha-basketball-karyakramanam moolasthaanasy vyaalyoo-city-erenaa-ityasya corporate-praayojakah asti.)
te sa. a. madhye pravishtavantah. 1995 tame varshe louis-mo-vipanyaam, sent-nagare webster-graves-madhye udghaatitam. louis-praantah. tasmin samaye, mulyanagarasya 79 bhandaarah aasan.
te 1999 tame varshe "daaduh" ityasya discount-chain iteedam praaptavantah, yasmin ess. tii. madhye 15 bhandaarah aasan. louis-pradesha.
chillar-udyamah moolatah mulya-nagar-karyasya vikrayanam kartum prayatate yena tasya adhikalaabhaprad-brand-vishesheshu dhyanam kendreekrutam bhavet. 2007 tame varshe berlington-nagare 24 yaavat bhandaarah vikreeyitum chenn-samsthaa swalakshyam ghoshayat. parantu, 2008 janavaree 23 dinaanke, chillar-udyamaih mulya-nagare svaamitva-amsham navagathit-vichee-adhigrahana-samsthaayai vikreeyamaanam iti ghoshitam. 2008 tamavarshaparyantam, samsthayaa, yat rakshitam aasit, teshu vaanijya-paddhatyaah punarvikaasam, punargatanam cha kurvan, chayanit-bhandaarah bandhitaah aasan. 2008 october 27 dinaanke, mulyanagaram, shrunkhalaa diwala-aavedanam karoti, sheshaani sarvaani bhandaarah api bandhitaah bhavishyanti iti ghoshayat. 2008 december 23 dinaanke vikrayanam samaapyat. |
mathippu nagaram
mathippu nagaram enbathu 113 idangkalaik konda oru america thallupadi department store sangkiliyaagum. idhu 1917 aam aandil matthiya ohiyoavil ulla payana virpanaiyalaraana ephrime scodensteinol niruvappattathu. inththa kadai oru vilaiyilla sillarai virpanaiyaalaraaka irunththathu, idhu aadai, nagaikal mattrum veettu porutkalai urpaththiyaalar parinthuraiththa sillarai vilaikkuk kuraivaaga vitrtrathu. sangkili vaangkuthal mattrum nerukkamaana porutkal mattrum eppoathaavathu ozhungkattra aadai mattrum thozhirchaalai vinaadigalil kavanam seluththiyathu. collubs, oohiyoa santhaiyil ulla shoddenstein branded kadaigal irunththana. 2008 aam aandil shoddenstein peyar kaividappattathu. metro tetroitle ulla moontru kadaigal grolly mathippu nagaram endru inai mutthirai kutthappattana. 1984 muthal 1995 varai, shoddenstein shifrin-willans endra nagaik kadaiyaiyum vaiththirunthaar.
muthal kadai columbus, ohiyoavil, parsons avenue mattrum reep avenuevin moolaiyil 1887 parsons avenuevil amainthullathu, maelum 2006 muthal moodappattullathu. idhu munbu mathippu nagara thalapaadangaludan inaikkappattullathu, idhu 130 kadaikalaik kondullathu mattrum 1948 ill niruvappattathu. (vii. chii. eff oohiyoa maanila palkalaikkazhaga penkal mattrum aangal koodaippandhu thittangalin thaayagamaana mathippu nagara arangkaththin peruniruvana spaansar aagum.)
avarkal St. kkul nuzhainththanar. luis, moow santhai 1995 ill, saint wepster thoappukalil thirakkappattathu. luis kavundi. antha neraththil, mathippu nagaraththil 79 kadaigal irunththana.
avarkal 1999 aam aandil "thaaththaavin" thallupadi sangkiliyai vaangkinar, idhil saint storil 15 kadaigal adangkum. luis pakuthi.
sillarai niruvanangal muthalil adhan adhiga ilaapakaramaana piraandugalil kavanam seluththuvatharkaaga mathippu nagara seyalpaattai virka muyantrana. sangkili 2007 aam aandil 24 kadaigal varai burlingtonukku virka thanathu virupaththai ariviththathu. iruppinum, janavari 23,2008 andru, sillarai niruvanangal mathippu nagaraththil oru urimai pangai puthithaaga uruvaakkappatta vichi kaiyagappaduththum niruvanaththirku virpanai seivathaaga ariviththana. 2008 aam aandu varai niruvanam thernthedukkappatta kadaigalai thodarnthu moodiyathu, athae neraththil thakkavaikkappattavattril vaniga anugumuraiyai maruseeramaiththu maruseeramaiththathu. october 27,2008 andru, mathippu nagaram sangkili thivaalnilaikku thaakkal seivathaagavum, meethamulla anaitthu kadaigalum moodappadum endrum ariviththathu. virpanai disambar 23,2008 andru niraivadainthathu.
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viluva nagaram
viluva nagaram anedi 113 pradaesaalatoe kuudina american discount department store golusu. dheenini 1917loe central ohiyolo travelling sales maan ayina ephraim scotenstein sthaapinchaaru. eee dukaanam dharala velupala unna retailer, idhi tayaareedaaru suuchimchina dhara kante takkuva dharalo dustulu, aabharanaalu mariyu gruha vastuvulanu vikrayinchindi. eee golusu konugolu mariyu close avt sarukulapai, mariyu appudappudu kramarahita dustulu mariyu factory sekanlapai drushti pettindi. columbus, ohiyo marketlo eee dukaanaalu scotenstein brand cheyabaddaayi. scattenstein paeru 2008loe tolaginchabadindi. metro detroitloni moodu dukaanaalanu crowley yokka viluva nagaramgaa saha-brand chesaaru. 1984 nundi 1995 varaku, shotenstein shifrin-willens anae nagala dukaanaanni kooda kaligi undhi.
modati dukaanam columbus, ohiyolo parsons avenue mariyu reeb avenue muulaloe 1887 parsons avenuelo undhi, mariyu 2006 nundi moosiveyabadindi. idhi gatamlo viluva nagara furnitureku anubandhamgaa undhi, idhi 130 dukaanaalanu kaligi undhi mariyu 1948loe sthaapinchabadindi. (vcf ohiyo state university mahilala mariyu purushula basketball kaaryakramaalaku nilayamaina viluva nagara arena yokka corporate spaansar.)
vaaru St loki pravesinchaaru. luis, moe market 1995loe, seyint loe webster thotalalo praarambhamaindi. luis county. aaa samayamlo, viluva nagaramlo 79 dukaanaalu undevi.
vaaru 1999loe "taata" taggimpu golusunu konugolu chesaaru, indulo seyint loe 15 dukaanaalu unnaayi. luis praantam.
retail venturelu modata daani marinta laabhadaayakamaina brandlapy drushti pettadaniki viluva nagara karyakalapalanu vikrayinchadaaniki prayatninchaayi. eee golusu 2007loe 24 dukaanaalanu burlingtonku vikrayinchaalane thana uddesaanni prakatinchindi. ayithe, janavari 23,2008naa, retail venturelu viluva nagaramloni yajamanya vatanu kottagaa erpadina vichi samuparjana samsthaku vikrayistunnatlu prakatinchaayi. company 2008 varaku enchukunna dukaanaalanu moosiveyadam konasaaginchindi, adhe samayamlo konasaaginchina vaatilo vaanijya vidhananni punaruddharinchadam mariyu punarvyavastheekarinchadam jarigindi. 2008 aktobaru 27naa, viluva nagaram eee golusu diwala kosam daakhalu chestondani mariyu migilina anni dukaanaalu muusivaeyabadataayani prakatinchindi. 2008 december 23naa ammakalu puurtayyaayi.
| velio stee
velio stee 113 maqamat kay saath eek americi discount department store cheen thaa. iss kii bunyaad 1917 mein wastee auhaiyo mein eek traveling seils meen afreem shotnistin nay rakhee thee. store eek aaf price khurdah farosh thaa juu kapday zewaraat aur gharilo saamaan menofecturer kii tajweez kardah khurdah qeemat say neechey farokhat kartaa thaa. silsilah kharidari aur bund tajarti saamaan aur kabhi kabhaar bay qayedah malbusaat aur factory second parr markoz thaa. columbs auhaiyo market mein stores kuu shuttinistin kaa branded kiyaa gayaa thaa. 2008 mein shuttinistin kaa naam bhee hataa diyaa gayaa thaa. metro detervite mein teen stores kuu karoli kay velio stee kay toor parr mushtarkah braand kiyaa gayaa thaa. 1984 say 1995 takk shuttinistin sheefan walanz juu kahh eek zewaraat kii dakaan hay kay maalik bhee rahay.
pehla store columbs auhaiyo mein parsons avenio aur reeb avenio kay konay parr 1887 parsons avenio mein waaqa thaa aur 2006 say bund hay. yaha pehley velio stee furniture say waabistah thaa jiss mein 130 stores haine aur 1948 mein qayem kiyaa gayaa thaa. (wee see aif velio stee airina kaa corporate sponsor hay juu auhaiyo steat university kii khwatin aur mardon kay basket baal programon kaa gahar hay.)
wah sent mein daakhil hoay. lois muu market 1995 mein sent mein webster groves mein khill rehaa hay. lois county. iss waqat velio stee mein 79 stores thay.
inhon nay 1999 mein "daada" kii riayati silsilah haasil kii jiss mein sent mein 15 stores shaamil thay. lois elaqah.
khurdah karobari idaaron nay asl mein apnay ziyadah munafa bakhash brandz parr taujah markoz karnay kay liye velio stee operation kuu farokhat karnay kii koshish kii. cheen nay 2007 mein berlington kuu 24 stores takk farokhat karnay kay apnay araday kaa aalaan kiyaa. tahim 23 januri 2008 cow khurdah karobari idaaron nay aalaan kiyaa kahh wah velio stee mein malkiyat kaa hasah nayee tashkil shadah weachi accosition company kuu farokhat kirr rehaa hay. company nay 2008 takk muntakhib stores kuu bund karnaa jaari rakhaa jabkah barqarar rakhay gayey stores mein tajarti naqtah nazar kuu dobarah tartib diyaa. 27 aktobar 2008 kuu velio stee nay aalaan kiyaa kahh silsilah dewaliya punn kay liye fayel kirr rehaa hay aur baaqi tamaam stores bund how jayein gay. farokhat 23 dasambar 2008 kuu makmal hoyee.
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000571df5e029b9d4ccf0276366107e72890a55a600a99000f654a814e10d366 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10328100 | Saint Thorlak |
Saint Thorlak
Icelandic prelate and saint, bishop of Skalholt
Thorlak Thorhallsson (Icelandic: "Þorlákur Þórhallsson"; 1133 – 23 December 1193) is the patron saint of Iceland. He was Bishop of Skálholt from 1178 until his death. Thorlak's relics were translated to the Cathedral of Skalholt in 1198, not long after his successor, Páll Jónsson, announced at the Althing that vows could be made to Thorlak.
His status as a saint did not receive official recognition from the Catholic Church until 14 January 1984, when John Paul II canonized him and declared him the patron saint of Iceland. His feast day is 23 December, when Thorlac's Mass is celebrated in Iceland.
Career.
Born in 1133 at Hlíðarendi in the see of Skálholt in southern Iceland, Thorlak was from an agrarian family. He was ordained a deacon before he was fifteen and a priest at the age of eighteen. He studied abroad at Paris with the Victorines, where he learned the Rule of Saint Augustine from roughly 1153 to 1159, and then studied canon law in Lincoln.
Returning to Iceland in 1165, Thorlak founded a monastery of Canons Regular at Þykkvabær after refusing to marry a rich widow. There he devoted himself to a strictly religious life, refusing to marry (many other Icelandic priests were married) and devoting himself to reciting the Our Father, the Creed, and a hymn, as well as fifty Psalms.
Thorlak was consecrated a bishop by Augustine of Nidaros and worked to regulate the Augustinian Rule in Iceland, as well as eradicate simony, lay patronage, and clerical incontinency.
Canonization.
Thorlak's life and dozens of his miracles are described in great detail in the Icelandic saga "Þorláks saga helga" (the Saga of Saint Thorlak), republished in Icelandic on the occasion of John Paul II's visit to Iceland in 1989. It seems likely that Thorlak's informal sanctification in the Church in Iceland, promoted by Latin texts on which this was based, "was arranged in Icelandic ecclesiastical circles, clerics of both dioceses being conspicuous in reports of early miracles".
Thorlak was officially recognised as a saint of the Roman Catholic Church on 14 January 1984, when John Paul II canonized him and declared him the patron saint of Iceland.
The sacred reliquary of Thorlak was maintained in the Diocese of Skálholt until it was destroyed in the Reformation, and his mortal remains were strewn about the cathedral grounds. The only known remaining relic of Thorlak is a bone fragment contained with other saints' relics in a lead box in sanctuary's end wall ("The Golden Locker") of the St. Magnus Cathedral, Faroe Islands.
Novena.
A novena, or nine-day devotional prayer, in honor of Thorlac was approved in May 2018, by the Bishop of Reykjavík, Iceland, for use by all faithful.
Thorlac's mass.
The Mass of St. Thorlac (Þorláksmessa; ) is an Icelandic holiday celebrated every December 23. The celebration honors Saint Thorlak. The day is also celebrated in the Faroe Islands, where it is called "Tollaksmessa" ().
In modern times, Þorláksmessa became part of Christmas, or the last day of preparations before Christmas. Many people buy Christmas presents and finish decorating their houses and Christmas tree. On Þorláksmessa evening in Reykjavík, many stroll down Laugavegur.
Fish was usually eaten on Þorláksmessa since 23 December was the last day of the Catholic Christmas fast. In west fjords in Iceland, it is customary to eat buried and fermented skate along with potatoes on Þorláksmessa. The ammonia-infused odor of fermented skate is quite strong, similar to that of hákarl. This pungent dish is eaten as a continuation of tradition. The skate is usually served with boiled or mashed potatoes, accompanied by a shot of brennivín.
Other.
A group based in the state of New York has advocated for Thorlak becoming the patron saint of people with autism.
Autism Consecrated, a blog written by the autistic self-advocate Aimee O'Connell, promotes Saint Thorlak as a role model for autistic Catholics.
References.
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| saint thorolak
thorolak thorholson (icelandicoh θorlákur θórhalsson; 1133-23 disembor 1193) hoise icelandor pristhopuxok xonto. teu 1178 sonor poraa mrityu porjonto scalholtor bixop aasil. thorolakor owoxistoxomuh 1198 sonot scalholtor kethedreloloi onubad koraa hoisil, bixop hisape teur uttoradhikari, pell jonosone thorolakloi protisruti dibo paari buli xokolute ghuxona korar kichu xomoyor pisote. 1984 sonor 14 januaryloike teur xadhu hisaper sthitiye ketholik girjar poraa anusthanik swikriti laabh koraa nasil, jetiya john poll dwitiyoi teuk icelandor pristhopuxok xonto hisape ghuxona korisil. teur bhujor dintu hoise 23 disembor, jetiya icelandot tho "rolekor gono udjapon koraa hoy.
keriyar.
1133 sonot dokhyin icelandor scalholtor drishyot hliderendito jonmogrohon koraa thorolak ek krixijibi poriyalor aasil. teu pundhor bosor boyoxor aagote ejon dicon aaru aath bosor boyoxot ejon puruhito hisape nijukto hoisil. teu victorinxokolor xoite perisot bidexot odhyoyon korisil, zo 'too teu pray 1153 sonor poraa 1159 sonoloike saint ogustinor xaxon xikichil, aaru taar pisot linkonot onuxaxon aain odhyoyon korisil.
1165 sonot aaislandoloi ubhoti ohaar pisot thorolakoi ejon dhoni bidhowak biyaa koriboloi oswikar korar pisot thikbhaberot niyomitbhabe onuxaxonor moth etaa protistha korisil. taat teu nijoke ek kothur dhormiyo jiwanat utxorgito korisil, biyaa koriboloi oswikar korisil (aan bohutu icelandic puruhito bibahito aasil) aaru aamar pitri, dhormo, aaru etaa stutigit, logote ponchaxta geet abritti koriboloi nijoke utxorgito korisil.
thurolak nidarusor augustinor dwara ejon bixop hisape protisthito hoisil aaru icelandot augustinian xaxon niyontron korar logote simoni, xadharon pristhopuxokota aaru clarical oxongjom nirmul korar baabe kaam korisil.
kennaijeson.
1989 sonot john poll dwitiyor iceland bhromonor upoloxe icelandic bhaxat punor prokaxito icelandic kahini "thorlakoch xaga helga" (saint thorlakor kahini) too thorlakor jiwan aaru teur dozon dozon porjyayor bixoye bixodbhabe bornona koraa hoise. xombhobotoh icelandor girjat thorlakor onanusthanik powitrikoron, letin gronthor dwara prosarito, jaar uporot bhitti kori eitu koraa hoisil, icelandic ecleasiastical sokrot byowostha koraa hoisil, duyuta daay "sisor alemxokole prarombhik porjyayor batorito sposto aasil.
1984 sonor 14 januaryt john poll dwitiyoi thorlokok anusthanikbhabe ruman ketholik girjar ejon xadhu hisape swikriti disil, jetiya teuk icelandor pristhopuxok xonto hisape ghuxona korisil.
xongoskarot dhongxo nuhuwaloike thorolakor pobitro rilikori scalholtor daaio "sisot rokha hoisil, aaru teur noswor dehaboxex kethedrelor khelpotharor sariufale bistarito koraa hoisil. thorolakor ekmatro gyat oboxisto owoxisto hoise obhoyaronyor xexor dewal ("xunali lokar") too etaa xixa bakchot thoka aan xadhuxokolor owoxistor xoite thoka haaror etaa tukura. magnus cathedral, faaru dippunj.
novena.
tho "rolakor xonmanot 2018 sonor mey" maahot rekjabhikor bixope xokolu biswaxir dwara byoboharor baabe icelandor dwara ek nuvena baa nodiniya bhokti prarthona onumudit hoisil.
tho "rlakor bhor.
centor bhor. tho "rlaak (θorláksmessa;) hoise proti 23 disemborot udjapon koraa ek icelandic bondhor dinn. ei dintu faaru dippunjotu udjapon koraa hoy, zo 'too iyak "tolaksmesa" () buli kuwa hoy.
aadhunik xomoyot, thorlakchesa khristomasor ongxo hoi porisil, baa khristomasor purbe prostutir xex dinn. bohu luke khristomasor upohar kinny teulukor ghor aaru khristomas goch xojuwa xex kore. rekjabhikor thorlakchomesa xondhiya, bohute lagebhegurot naami yaay.
xadharonote thorlakchomesat maach khuwa hoisil kiyonu 23 disembor aasil ketholik khristomasor upobaxor xex dinn. icelandor poschim phojordsot, tho "rlakchemat aalur xoite xomadhistho aaru gajanu skate khuwatu protha. gajanuwa skator emunia-probhabito gundho jothesto xoktixali, harolor dore. ei tikhno khadyo poromporar dharabahikota hisape khuwa hoy. skatetu xadharonote branyvinor etaa swotor xoite utolai baa mosola aalur xoite poriwexon koraa hoy.
aan.
nework rajyot owosthito etaa dole tho "rolak autism thoka lukoxokolor pristhopuxok xonto huwar baabe xomorthon korise.
autism protibedito, otistik swo-poramorxodata emi oh 'konelor dwara likha etaa blog, otistik ketholikxokolor baabe ek rul model hisape saint thorolakok prosar kore.
| seenta tharlak
thorlak thoreholson (icelandic θorlákur θórhalsson; 1133-23 december 1193) hollen icelander pristhoposhok sonto. tini 1178 saal theke taanr mrityu porjonto sculholter bishop chhilen. thorlaker dhongshabosheshguli 1198 saale sculholter cathedrale anubad koraa hoyechilo, bishop hisabe taanr uttarsuri, paal joneson, thorlaker jonno jey samasta shopoth koraa jete paare taa ghoshana korar khub beshi deane porey noy. 1984 saaler 14ee januari porjonto catholic girja theke taanr sadhu hisabe morjada anusthanikbhabe swikriti payni, jokhon john poll dwitiya taanke canonize corren ebong icelander pristhoposhok sonto ghoshana corren. taar bhojer deane holl 23shhey december, jokhon icelande thorlyaker maas udjapon koraa hoy.
karmajiban.
1133 khristabde dakkhin icelander sculholter drishye hlitherandyte jonmogrohonkari thorlak ekti krishijibi poribar theke esechilen. ponero bochor boyoser agey tini ekjon dicon ebong atharo bochor boyse ekjon purohito nijukto hoyechilen. tini victorinder saathe pyarise bideshe padashona korechilen, jekhane tini pray 1153 theke 1159 saal porjonto seenta augustiner shasson shikhechilen ebong tarpore linkone cannon aain adhyayan korechilen.
1165 khristabde icelande firey eshe thorlak ekjon dhonee bidhobake biye korte aswikar korar porr thikbhabere niyomitovabe ekti moth protistha corren. sekhane tini nijeke kathorbhabe dharmiya jeebone utsarga korechilen, biye korte aswikar korechilen (anyanno onek icelandic purohito bibahito chhilen) ebong amader pita, dhormo ebong ekti stabgan, pashapashi panchashti geeto paatth korte nijeke utsarga korechilen.
thorlake nidaroser augustin dwara ekjon bishop pobitro koraa hoyechilo ebong icelande augustinian shasson niyantraner pashapashi simni, sadharan pristhoposhokota ebong dharmiya osongjom nirmul korar jonno kaaj korechilo.
canonization.
1989 saale john poll dwitiya-err iceland sofor upolokkhe icelandic bhasay punra prokashito icelandic kahini "thorlocks saga helga" (seenta thorlocker kahini)-teey thorlocker jeebon ebong taanr koyek dozon aloukik ghotonake bistaritovabe bornona koraa hoyeche. sombhoboto icelander girja thorlocker ananusthanik pobitrota, lattin grontho dwara procharito, jaar upor etty vitti korey chhilo, icelandic girjar brittogulite sajano hoyechilo, ubhoy dioceser alemra prathomik aloukikatar protibedone susposhto chhilen.
1984 saaler 14ee januari thorlake roman catholic girjar ekjon sadhu hisabe anusthanikbhabe swikriti deoa hoy, jokhon john poll dwitiya taake canonize corren ebong taake icelander pristhoposhok sonto ghoshana corren.
sangoskarer somoy dhongso naa haoya porjonto thorlaker pobitro smritichinhoti sculholter diosis-ayee bojay rakha hoyechilo ebong taanr noshroi dehaboshesh cathedral prangane chhoriye deoa hoyechilo. thorlaker ekmatro aboshishto aboshishto aboshistangsho holl center abhayaranyer shesh prachirer ("sonara locker") ekti seesa baxe anyanno sadhuder dhongshaboshesher saathe ekti haader tukro. magnus cathedral, farrow dweeppunjo.
novena.
thorlacker sommane ekti novena baa noy diner bhoktimulok prarthona 2018 saaler meey maase rekjaviker bishop, samasta biswasider byaboharer jonno iceland dwara onumodito hoyechilo.
thorlacker bhor.
center bhor. thorlack (θorláksmessa;) holl proti 23shhey december udjapito ekti icelandic chhutir deane. eyi dinti farrow dweeppunjeo udjapito hoy, jekhane etike "tolaksmesa" () bolla hoy.
adhunik somoye, thorlexmesa chrismuser ongsho hoye othe, baa chrismuser agey prostutir shesh deane. oneke chrismus upohar kenen ebong taader baadi ebong chrismus tree sajanor kaaj shesh corren. reikzaviker thorlexmesa sandhyay, oneke laghavegur niche hantte thaake.
23shhey december catholic chrismuser upobaser shesh deane howa sadharonoto thorlexmasa machh khaoa hoto. icelander poschim farzgulite, thorlexmasa alur saathe somahito ebong ganjano sketa khaoar protha royeche. ganjano sketer amonia-sangkromito gondho besh shaktishali, hackerler moto. eyi teebro khabarti oitijhyer dharabahikata hisabe khaoa hoy. sketti sadharonoto siddho baa gundo koraa alur saathe poribeshon koraa hoy, jaar saathe breniviner ekti shhata thaake.
onnojon.
neu eork rajyer ekti gosthi thorlake autizome akranto byaktider pristhoposhok sonto howar pokkhe sawal koreche.
autism pobitro, autistic swa-ukil aimi oo 'conell dwara likhito ekti blogg, autistic kyatholikder jonno ekti roll model hisabe seenta thorlake prochar korey.
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sant thoralak
thorlack thorehalson (icelandic θorlákur θórhalsson; 1133-23 december 1193) icelandnaa aashraydata sant chhe. teo 1178thee temnaa mrutyu sudhee scalholtnaa bishop hataa. thorlaaknaa avsheshono anuvaad 1198maan scalholtnaa cathedralma karvaamaa aavyo hato, bishop tareeke temnaa uttaradhikari, paal johnson, thoralaakne vachan aapee shakaay tevee tamaam baabtoni jaaherat karyaa pachhi laambaa samay sudhee nahee. sant tareekeno temno darajjo 14 january 1984 sudhee ketholik charchmathi sattavaar maanyata praapt thayo naa hato, jyaare john poola bijaae temne sant jaaher karyaa aneey temne icelandnaa aashraydata sant jaaher karyaa. temno tahevaarno divas 23 december chhe, jyaare barafnaa medanoma thorlakeni saamuhik ujavani karvaamaa aave chhe.
karkirdi.
dakshin himpradeshma scalholtnaa drashyamaa 1133maan hlidarendi khaate janmela thorlack aek krushee parivarmathi hataa. pandar varshnee ummar pahelaa temne paadari tareeke aneey adhhaar varshnee ummare paadari tareeke niyukt karvaamaa aavyaa hataa. temane videshma pereesmaa victorins saathe abhyaas karyo, jyaan temane aashre 1153 thee 1159 sudhee sant ogasteennu shaasan sheekhya, aneey pachhi linkanma siddhaant kaayadaano abhyaas karyo.
1165maan iceland parat fartaa, thorlacke aek samruddh vidhavaa saathe lagna karvaano incar karyaa pachhi thikwaber khaate niyameet reete kenanno mathh sthaapyo. tyaan temane lagna karvaano incar kareene (anya ghanaa icelandic paadario paranela hataa) aneey aapana pitaa, panth aneey stotra, temaj pachaas stotro paath karvaa maate potaane samarpeet kareene, sakhat dhaarmik jeevan maate potaane samarpeet curry deedhaa.
thoralaakne nidarosna ogasteen dwara bishop tareeke pavitra karvaamaa aavyo hato aneey tene icelandma ogastiniyan shaasannu niyaman karvaa maate kaama karyoo hatoo, temaj simonee, aashray aneey kaarkunni asanyamne nabud karvaa maate kaama karyoo hatoo.
kenanikaran.
thoralaaknu jeevan aneey tenaa dozneck chamatkaro icelandic gaatha "thorlax saaga helga" (sant thoralaakni gaatha) maan khoob jaj vigatvaar varnavama aavyaa chhe, jeey 1989 maan john poola II nee icelandnee mulakatna prasange icelandicma fareethi prakashit karvaamaa aavee hatee. aevu laage chhe keey thoralaaknu anaupacharik pavitrikaran icelandnaa churchma churchma, lattin grantho dwara protsaahan aapvama aavyu hatoo, jenaa parr aaa aadharit hatoo, "icelandic sampradayik vartulomaa gothavvama aavyu hatoo, banne diosis naa paadario praarambhik chamatkarona ahevaalomaa spasht hataa".
thoralaakne 14 january 1984naa roj rooman ketholik churchna sant tareeke sattavaar reete maanyata aapvama aavee hatee, jyaare john poola bijaae temne sant jaaher karyaa hataa aneey temne icelandnaa aashraydata sant jaaher karyaa hataa.
thoralaaknu pavitra avshesh scalholtnaa diosisma jalavama aavyu hatoo jyaan sudhee teey sudharnama naash paamyu naa hatoo, aneey tenaa nashwar avshesho cathedral medaano parr patharaayela hataa. thoralakno ekmatra jaanito avshesh aee chhe keey anya santonaa avshesho saathe abhayaranyani anteem diwal ("golden locker") maan lead boxmaan asthee tukado chhe. magnus cathedral, faaro taapuo.
novena.
thorlaaknaa sanmaanmaa navnaa athavaa nava divasni bhaktee praathnaa, meey 2018 maan, rekjavikna bishop dwara, badhaa vafaadaar loko dwara upyog maate manjur karvaamaa aavee hatee.
thoraleknu dada.
sentnaa samooh. thorlack (θorláksmessa;) darr 23 decembere ujavvama aavtee icelandic rajaa chhe. aaa ujavani sant thoralaakne sanmanit karey chhe. aaa divas faaro tapuoma pann ujavvama aave chhe, jyaan tene "toluxmessa" () kahevama aave chhe.
aadhunik samayma, thorlexmesa natalno bhaag bunny gayo, athavaa natal pahelaanni taiyariono chhello divas bunny gayo. ghanaa loko natalni bheto khareede chhe aneey temnaa gharo aneey natalna vrukshne shangaare chhe. rekjavikma thorlexmesani sanje, ghanaa loko lagevegur neeche fartaa hoya chhe.
23 december ketholik natalna upvaasno chhello divas hovathi saamanya reete therlexmesa parr maachhali khavama aavtee hatee. icelandma pashchimna fjordsmaa, thorlexmesa parr batata saathe dafnavvama aneey aatho lavnari skate khaavaani prathaa chhe. aatho laavelee skateni emonia-bharelee gandh khoob jaj majboot hoya chhe, jeey hakaaral jevee jaj hoya chhe. aaa teekhi vaangee paramparana saataty tareeke khavama aave chhe. skatene saamanya reete bafela athavaa chhundela batata saathe pirasvama aave chhe, jenee saathe branivinno aek shhota hoya chhe.
anya.
newyork rajyamaa stheet aek juthe thoralaakne autism dharaavtaa lokonaa aashraydata sant banvani himayat curry chhe.
autism pavitra, autistic swa-vakeel aemee oo 'connell dwara lakhaayel blooga, autistic ketholiko maate roll model tareeke sant thoralaakne protsaahan aape chhe. |
sant thorluck
thorluck thorehalson (icelandicah θorlákur θórhalsson; 1133-23 disambar 1193) iceland key sanrakshak sant hain. vaha 1178 seey apani mrityu taka scalholt key bishap they. thorluck key avasheshon kaa anuvaad 1198 mein scalholt key cathedral mein kiya gayaa thaa, bishap key roop mein unake uttaradhikari key kuchh hii samay baad, paul johnson ney ghoshana kii kii thorluck koo kuchh bhee shapath dee jaa sakati haye. ack sant key roop mein unaki sthiti koo 14 janwari 1984 taka catholic church seey aadhikarik maanyata naheen millie, jaba johnn paul dwiteeya ney unhein sant ghoshit kiya aur unhein iceland key sanrakshak sant ghoshit kiya. unakaa dawat kaa dinn 23 disambar haye, jaba iceland mein thorlock kaa maas manaaya jaataa haye.
carrier.
1133 mein dakshini iceland mein scalholt key drishya mein hlidarendi mein paida hue, thorlock ack krishi parivaar seey they. pandrah saal kii umr seey pahale unhein ack paadari aur athaarah saal kii umr mein ack pujari niyukt kiya gayaa thaa. unhone videsh mein peris mein victorine key saath adhyayan kiya, jahan unhone lagbhag 1153 seey 1159 taka sant augustein key shasson koo seekha, aur phir linken mein cannon kaanoon kaa adhyayan kiya.
1165 mein iceland lautate hue, thorluck ney ack ameer vidhwa seey shaadi karane seey incar karane key baad thackwaber mein niyamit roop seey cannon key ack mathh kii sthaapana kii. vahaan unhone khud koo ack sakht dhaarmik jeevan key liye samarpit curr diyaa, shaadi karane seey incar curr diyaa (kaee anya icelandic pujari vivaahit they) aur hamaare pitaa, panth aur ack bhajan key saath-saath pachas bhajanon kaa paath karane key liye khud koo samarpit curr diyaa.
thorluck koo nidaros key augustein dwara ack bishap key roop mein pavitra kiya gayaa thaa aur unhone iceland mein augustinian shasson koo viniyamit karane key saath-saath simoni, sanrakshan aur lipic asanyam koo samaapt karane key liye kaam kiya thaa.
kainanikaran.
thorluck key jeevan aur unake darjanon chamatkaron kaa varnan icelandic gaatha "thorlex gaatha helga" (sant thorluck kii gaatha) mein bahut vistaar seey kiya gayaa haye, joe 1989 mein johnn paul dwiteeya kii iceland kii yatra key avsar parr icelandic mein punah prakaashit hui thee. aisaa lagata haye kii iceland mein church mein thorluck key anaupchaarik pavitrikaran, lattin granthon dwara prachaarit kiya gayaa thaa, jiss parr yeh adharit thaa, "icelandic church sambandhi halakon mein vyavasthit kiya gayaa thaa, donon dharmguruon key maulavi praarambhik chamatkaron kii reports mein vishisht they.
thorluck koo aadhikarik taur parr 14 janwari 1984 koo roman catholic church key ack sant key roop mein maanyata dee gaee thee, jaba johnn paul dwiteeya ney unhein sant ghoshit kiya aur unhein iceland key sanrakshak sant ghoshit kiya.
thorlock key pavitra avashesh koo scalholt key diosis mein taba taka banaae rakhaa gayaa thaa jaba taka kii ise sudhaar mein nasht naheen curr diyaa gayaa thaa, aur unake nashwar avashesh cathedral key maidan key aspas bikhare hue they. thorluck kaa ekmatra gyaat avashesh asthi kaa ack tukada haye joe abhayaranya kii antim deewaar ("golden locker") mein ack seesa boxes mein anya santon key avasheshon key saath nihit haye. magnus cathedral, faaro dweep.
novena.
thorlock key sammaan mein ack novena, yaa nau divasiya bhakti prarthana, maee 2018 mein rexavic, iceland key bishap dwara sabhi wafadaron dwara upayog key liye anumodit kii gaee thee.
thorlock kaa dravyamaan.
sent kaa dravyamaan. thorlock (θorláksmessa;) ack icelandic avkash haye joe harr 23 disambar koo manaaya jaataa haye. yeh dinn faaro dweepon mein bhee manaaya jaataa haye, jahan ise "toluxmessa" () kahaa jaataa haye.
aadhunik samay mein, thorlexmesa chrismus kaa hissa bunn gayaa, yaa chrismus seey pahale taiyari kaa antim dinn. kaee loga chrismus upahaar khareedate hain aur apane gharon aur chrismus tree koo sajaate hain. rexavic mein thorlexmesa shaam koo, kaee loga laugevgur seey neeche tahalate hain.
machhali aamtaur parr tharksmesa parr khaai jaati thee kyonki 23 disambar catholic chrismus upvaas kaa antim dinn thaa. iceland mein paschimi fjords mein, thorlexmesa parr aaloo key saath dafnaya aur kinvit skate khaane kii pratha haye. kinvit skate kii amonia-prerit gandh kaafee majboot hoti haye, joe hackeral key samaan hoti haye. iss teekhe vyanjan koo parampara kii nirantarta key roop mein khaaya jaataa haye. skate koo aamtaur parr ubale hue yaa bhune hue aaloo key saath parosa jaataa haye, saath mein branivin kaa ack shott bhee hotaa haye.
anya.
newyork raajya mein sthit ack samooh ney autism vaale logon key sanrakshak sant banane key liye thorluck kii vakaalat kii haye.
autism sequited, autistic self-advocate ammy oh 'connell dwara likhaa gayaa ack blogg, autistic catholic key liye ack roll model key roop mein sent thorluck koo badhaava detaa haye. |
santa thorlock
thorlock thorehallson (islandic θorlákur θórhalsson; 1133-23 december 1193) aislyaandna poshaka santa. aata 1178rinda tanna maranadavaregu scalholtn bishop aagiddaru. thorlockna avasheshagalannu 1198ralli scalholtn cathedralge anuvaadisalaayitu, avana uttaradhikariyada bishop aagi, paul johnson, thorlockge pratigne maadabahudendu ghooshisida swalpa samayada nantara. 1984rahra janavari 14ravarege, zaan paul II avarannu santatvadinda ghoshisi, avarannu aislyaandna poshaka santa endu ghoshisuvavarege, santanagi avara sthaanamaanavu catholic charchninda adhikruta maanyateyannu padeyalilla. december 23randu aatana habbada dinavagiddu, allie tharlockna saamuhika aacharaneyannu aislyaandnalli aacharisalaaguttade.
vrattijeevana.
1133ralli dakshinada aislyaandnalliruva scalholtn seenalli janisida thorlock, krishi kutumbadinda bandavaraagiddaru. aata hadinaidu varshadavanaguva modale deacon aagi mattu hadinentane vayassinalli paadriyaagi deekshe padediddaru. aata videshadalli parisonalli viktoringalondige adhyayana maadidaru, allie avaru sarisumaaru 1153rinda 1159ravarege santa augustein aadalitavannu kalitaru, mattu nantara linkannalli cannon kaanoonannu adhyayana maadidaru.
1165ralli aislyaandge maralida thorlock, srimanta vidhaveyannu maduveyagalu nirakarisida nantara thaikwabar nalli niyamitavagi canangala mathavannu sthaapisidaru. allie aata tannannu taanu kattunittaada dharmika jeevanakke meesalittanu, maduveyagalu nirakarisidanu (aneka itara islandic purohitaru vivaahavaadaru) mattu namma tande, matha mattu stutigeeteyannu, jotege aivattu kirtanegalannu pathisalu tannannu taanu arpisikondanu.
thorlock avarannu nidarosna augustein bishop aagi pavitragolisidaru mattu aislyaandnalli augustinian aadalitavannu niyantrisalu kelasa maadidaru, jotege simani, lay poshakate mattu clerical asamyamavannu nirmoolane maadidaru.
canonisation.
1989ralli zaan paul IIrahra aislyand bhetiya sandarbhadalli aislyaandiknalli maruprakatisalaada islandic saga "thorlocks saga helga" (saint thorlockna kathe) nalli thorlockna jeevana mattu avana dajangattale pavaadagalannu bahala vivaravaagi vivarisalaagide. idu lattin pathyagalinda pracharagonda islandic charchinalli thorlockna anoupachaarika pavitrikaranavu, "idannu aadharisida islandic charchugalalli vyavasthegolisalaagittu, eradoo dioseagala padrigalu arambhika pavaadagala varadigalalli eddukaanuvaraagiddaru".
1984rahra janavari 14randu zaan paul II aatanannu santa endu ghoshisi, aatanannu aislyaandna poshaka santa endu ghoshisidaga, thorlock avarannu roman catholic churchna santa endu adhikrutavaagi gurutisalaayitu.
thorlockna pavitra avasheshavannu scalholt diasysnalli sudhaaraneyalli naashavaaguvavarege nirvahisalaayitu mattu avana maranada avasheshagalu cathedral maidaanada suttaloo haradikondavu. thorlockna ulidiruva ekaika avasheshavendare senctuary koneya godeya ("golden locker") seeseya pettigeyalli itara santara avasheshagalondige iruva moole tunuku. magnus cathedral, faroe dweepagalu.
navena.
thorlockna gouravaarthavaagi ombattu dinagala bhakti prarthaneyannu 2018rahra mayee tingalalli, ellah nishtaavantara balakegagi ais land naa reekjavikna bishop anumodisidaru.
tharlock dravyarashi.
maas off ess. tharlock (tharksmessa;) prati december 23randu aacharisalaaguva islandic rajaadinavaagide. ee acharaneyu santa tharlock avarannu gouravisuttade. ee dinavannu faroe dweepagalalliyoo aacharisalaaguttade, allie idannu "toluxmessa" () endu kareyalaaguttade.
aadhunika kaaladalli, tharksmessa chrismasna bhaagavaayitu, athawa krismasge munchina siddhategala koneya dinavaayitu. aneka janaru chrismus udugoregalannu khareedisuttaare mattu tamma manegalannu mattu chrismus maravannu alankarisuttaare. rekjavik nalli tharksmessa sanje, anekaru laghuhaasadalli kelage suttaduttare.
december 23 catholic chrismus upavaasada koneya dinavagiruvudarinda samanyavagi tharksmessadalli meenugalannu tinnalaaguttittu. aislyaandna paschima fjordsnalli, tharclessadalli aaloogaddegalondige hoolalaada mattu hudugisida scate annu tinnuvudu roodhiyaagide. hudugisida skatena amonia-prerita vaasaneyu saakashtu balavagiruttade, idu haakarlnanteye iruttade. ee katuvaada khadyavannu sampradaayada munduvarikeyagi sevisalaaguttade. scate annu samanyavagi beyisida athawa pudimadida aaloogaddeyondige badisalaaguttade, jotege brennivinini ondu hodetavannu nidalaaguttade.
itara.
newyork rajyadalliruva ondu gumpu, thorlock svaleenate hondiruva janara poshaka santanagabekendu pratipaadiside.
svaleenateya swayam-salahegaara aimee oo 'connell bareda blogg, svaleenateya catholicgalige roll madel aagi saint thorlock annu uttejisuttade.
| vishudha thorlak
aislaandinte rakshaadhikaariyaanu thorlak thorhaalsan (islandica θorlákur θórhalsson; 1133-23 desember 1193). 1178 muthal maranam vare addeham scalholtinte bishappayirunnu. thorlaakkinte pingamiyaaya paal jonson, thorlaakkin prathijnjayedukkaamennu prakhyaapichathinu thottupinnaale, 1198-ll thorlaakkinte avashishtangal scalholt cathedralilekku vivarthanam cheyyappettu. 1984 januvari januvari joonn pooll randaaman addehathe vishudhanaayi prakhyapikkukayum aislaandinte rakshaadhikaariyaayi prakhyapikkukayum cheiyunnathuvare vishudhanenna nilayilulla addehathinte padavikku catholica sabhayil ninnu audyogika amgeekaaram labhichilla. desember desember addehathinte perunnaal dinam, appol thorlaakkinte kurbbana aislaandil aaghoshikkappedunnu.
currier.
thekkan aislaandile sculholtinte seeyil 1133-ll hliarendiyil janicha torlack oru kaarshika kudumbatthil ninnullayalaayirunnu. pathinanju vayass thikayunnathinumumbu addeham oru deaken pathinettaam vayassil purohithanumaayi niyamithanaayi. addeham victoreenukalkkoppam paareesil videshathu padikkukayum avide ekadesham 1153 muthal 1159 vare vishudhanaaya augustinte bharanam padikkukayum thudarnnu linkenil canon niyamam padikkukayum cheythu.
1165-ll islandilekku madangiyethiya torlack oru sambanna vidhava vivaham kazhikkaan visammathichathinethudarn thaikwabeyaril niyamangalude oru sanyaasam sthaapichu. avide addeham vivaham kazhikkaan visammathikkukayum (mattu pala islaantik purohithanmaarum vivaahitharaayirunnu) nammude pithaavine, mathathe, oru sthuthigeethathe, ambathu sankeerthanangale paarayanam cheyyaan svayam samarppikkukayum cheythukondu karsanamaaya mathajeevithathinaayi svayam samarppichu.
nidaarosinte aagasttin thorlaakkine oru bishappayi prathishtikkukayum aislaandile augustin bharanam niyanthrikkunnathinum simoni, saadhaarana rakshaakarthruthvam, purohitharude asamyama enniva illaathaakkunnathinum pravartthikkukayum cheythu.
vishudheekaranam.
1989ll joonn pooll randaamante island sandarshanathodanubandhichu islaandikkil veendum prasidheekaricha islandic saaga "thorlax saaga helga" (vishudha thorlaakkinte katha) yill thorlaakkinte jeevithavum dussen kanakkinu athbhuthangalum valare vishadamaayi vivarichittundu. islandic sabhaa vrithangalil krameekarichirikkunna, "ithu adisthaanamaakkiyulla laattin grandhangal prothsaahippicha aislaandile palliyil thorlaakkinte anoupachaarika vishudheekaranam", aadyakaala athbhuthangalude reportukalil rund roopathakaludeyum purohithanmaar prakadamaayirunnu.
1984 januvari januvari joonn pooll randaaman thorlaakkine vishudhanaayi prakhyapikkukayum aislaandinte rakshaadhikaariyaayi prakhyapikkukayum cheythappol thorlaakkine roman catholica sabhayude vishudhanaayi audyogikamaayi amgeekarichu.
thorlaakkinte vishudhamaaya thirusheshipp naveekaranatthil nasippikkappedunnathuvar scullholt roopathayil paripalikkukayum addehathinte bhouthikaavashishtangal cathedral maitanath chitharikkidakkukayum cheythu. vishudhamandirathinte avasana chuvaril ("golden locker") mattu vishudharude avashishtangalkoppam oru leed boxil adangiyirikkunna asthi sakalamaanu thorlaakkinte avasheshikkunna eaka avashishtam. magnus cathedral, phaaro dveepukal.
novena.
thorlaakkinte bahumaanaartham oru novena allengil onpathu divasathe bhakti praarthana 2018 meyy maasathil aislaandile reekjavik bishop ellah vishwaasikaludeyum upayogathinaayi amgeekarichu.
thorlaakkinte pindam.
maas oof sent. ellah desember 23-num aaghoshikkunna oru islandic avadhiyaan thorlak (θorláksmessa;). eee aakhosham vishudha thorlaakkine aadarikkunnu. pharoo dveepukalilum eee divasam aaghoshikkappedunnu, avide ithine "tolexmessa" () ennu vilikkunnu.
aadhunika kaalath, thorlaxmessa chrismasinte bhaagamaayi, allengil chrismasinu munbulla thayyaareduppukalude avasana divasamaayi maari. palarum chrismus sammanangal vaangukayum avarude veedukalum chrismus trea alankarikkukayum cheiyunnu. torlaxmessa vaikunneram reijaavikkil palarum laugavegur thaazhekku nadakkunnu.
catholica christumous upavaasathinte avasana divasamaaya desember 23 aayathinal saadhaaranayaayi thorlaxmesayilaanu malsyam kazhikkaarullath. aislaandile vestt fjordukalil, torlaxmessayil urulakkizhanginoppam kuzhichidukayum pulippicha skettu kazhikkukayum cheiyunnathu pathivaanu. pulippicha skettinte amonia infused manam hackerinu samaanamaayi valare shakthamaan. paarambaryatthinte thudarchayaayaanu eee theekshnamaaya vibhavam kazhikkunnath. branivin shottinoppam vevichatho porichatho aaya urulakkizhanginoppamaan skettu saadhaaranayaayi vilambunnathu.
matoraal.
newyork samsthaanam aasthaanamaayulla oru samgham torlack oottisam baadhichavarude rakshaadhikaariyaayi maaranamenn vaadichu.
autistic svayam abhibhashakanaaya aimi ooo 'koonal ezhuthiya oru blogaaya oottisam saarkkettad, autistic katholikkarude oru maathrkayaayi sent thorlaakkine prothsaahippikkunnu.
| sant thoralak
thorlak thorehalson (icelandicah θorlákur θórhalsson; 1133-23 december 1193) heey icelandche snrakshak sant aahet. too 1178 pasoon tyachya mrutyuparyant scalholtcha bishop hota. thoralakache avashesh 1198 madhye scalholtchya cathedralmadhye anuvadit karnyat aale, bishop mhanoon tyacha uttaradhikari, pail johnsonne thoralakala shapath gheta yeil ashee ghoshana kelyanantar thodyach velat. 14 janewari 1984 paryant, jevha johnn paul dusra yane tyala sant mhanoon ghoshit kele aanee tyala eyeslandcha snrakshak sant ghoshit kele, toparyant sant mhanoon tyachya darjala catholic charchkadoon adhikrut manyata midali nahee. tyacha mejavanicha divas 23 december aahe, jevha icelandmadhye thoralakacha maas sajra keela jaato.
karkird.
dakshin eyeslandmadhil scalholtchya parisarat 1133 madhye hlidarendi yethe janmalela thorlak haah eka shetkari kutumbatil hota. vayachya pandharavya varshapurvich tyanna decan aanee vayachya atharavya varshi pujari mhanoon niyukt karnyat aale hote. tyane paradeshat parris yethe vijetyansobat shikshan ghetale, jithe tyane andaje 1153 teey 1159 yaa kalat sant augusteinche rajya shikale aanee nantar linkanmadhye cannon kayadyacha abhyas keela.
1165 madhye eyeslandla paratalyanantar, thoralakne eka shrimant vidhavashi lagn karnyas nakar dilyanantar thikwaber yethe niyamitpane niyam asalelya mathanchi sthapana kelee. tethe tyane lagn karnyas nakar dett (itar anek icelandic pujari vivahit hote) aanee aaplya vadilanche, panth aanee stotra tasech pannas stotranche pathan karnyasathi swatahla samarpit karoon, katekorpane dharmik jeevanat swatahla samarpit kele.
thoralakala nidarosachya augusteinne bishop mhanoon pavitra kele aanee tyane eyeslandmadhil augustinian rajvatiche niyaman karnyasathi tasech simoniche uchchatan karnyasathi, aashray aanee maulavi asanyam door karnyasathi kaam kele.
santatv.
thoralakache jeevan aanee tyachya dazanbhar chamatkaranche varnan 1989 madhye johnn paul dusra yachya eyesland bhetichya prasangi icelandicmadhye punha prakashit jhalelya icelandic gatha 'thorelex saga helga' (sant thoralakachi gatha) madhye mothya tapashilat kele aahe. asey disate qee thoralakache eyeslandmadhil charchmadhil anaupacharik pavitrikaran, jyavar heey aadharit hote tyaa lattin granthandvare protsahan dile gele, icelandic charchchya vartulat aayojit kele gele hote, donhi dharmguruche maulavi suruvatichya chamatkaranchya ahavalat thalak hote.
14 janewari 1984 roji jevha johnn paul dusra yane thoralkala sant mhanoon ghoshit kele aanee tyala eyeslandcha snrakshak sant ghoshit kele, tevha thoralkala roman catholic churchche sant mhanoon adhikrutpane manyata denyat aalee.
thoralakache pavitra avashesh sudharanedarmyan nasht hoiparyant scalholtchya bishapprasadat thewale gele aanee tyache nashwar avashesh cathedralchya maidanavar vikhurlele hote. thoralakache ekmev dnyat avashesh mhanje sentchya abhayaranyachya shevatchya bhintitil ('golden locker') lead boxmadhye itar santanchya avasheshansah asalela hadancha tukada aahe. magnus cathedral, farrow bete.
novena.
thoralakchya sanmanarth, serve vishvasoo lokanchya vaparasathi, meey 2018 madhye rekjavik, eyeslandchya bishapane, novena kinwa nauu divasanchya bhakti prathanela manyata dilee.
thoralakache vastuman.
sentche vastuman. thorlak (θorláksmessa;) hii eka icelandic sutty aahe jee pratyek 23 december roji sajari kelee jaate. haah utsav sant thorlak yancha sanman karato. haah divas farrow betanvarhi sajra keela jaato, jithe tyala "toluxmessa" () mhanatat.
aadhunik kalat, thoralexmesa haah khrisamasacha bhag banala, kinwa khrisamasachya aadhi tayaricha shevatcha divas. anek lock khrisamasachya bhetvastu kharedi karatat aanee tyanchi ghare aanee khrismas trii sajavoon sampavatat. rekjavikmadhil thoraloxmesa sandhyakali, anek lock longavegur khalee firatat.
23 december haah catholic khrismas upvasacha shevatcha divas asalyane samanyatah thorlexmesa yethe maase khalle jaat asat. icelandmadhil west fjordsmadhye, thoralexmesa yethe batatyansah daphan aanee aambavalele skate khanyachi pratha aahe. aambavalelya skatecha amonia-prerit gandh hocklesarkhach khoop tivra asato. paramparecha pathpurava mhanoon haah tikhat padarth khalla jaato. skate sahasa ukadalele kinwa dalalele batate, brainivinchya eka shots dile jaate.
itar.
newyork rajyatil eka gatane thoralakala swaleenata asalelya lokanche snrakshak sant bananyache samarthan kele aahe.
autism pavitra, autistic swa-vakeel emee oo 'connell yanni lihilela blogg, autistic kaithalikansathi aadarsh mhanoon seent thoralakala protsahan deto.
| cent thoralak
thorlak thorhalson (aislandikah θorlákur θórhalsson; 1133-23 december 1193) aislandka sanrakshak santa hun. uni sann 1178 dekhi afno mrityusamma scalholtka bishop thie. thorlaka awasheshharu sann 1198 maa scalholtko cathedralma anuwad garieko thiyo, bishapko rupma unko uttaradhikari, paal jonsonle thoralaklai wacha garna sakine sabai kurama ghoshana gareko kehi samayapachi. santako rupma unko sthitile 14 janawari 1984 samma catholic charchabata adhikarik manyata prapta garena, jab john pall dwitiyale unlai canonize gare rar unlai aislandko sanrakshak santa ghoshana gare. unko chadko dina 23 december how, jab thoralakko mass aislandma manaincha.
currier.
sann 1133 maa dakshini aislandko scalholtko drishyama hlidarendyma janmeka thorlak ek krishi pariwarbata thie. uni pandhra warshako hunuaghi decon rar athar warshako umerma pujari niyukta bhaeka thie. unle wictorinssanga perisma videshma adhyayan gare, jahaan unle lagbhag 1153 dekhi 1159 samma cent augustinko shasson sike, rar tyasapachhi linkenma cannon kanunko adhyayan gare.
sann 1165 maa aisland farkiepachhi thoralakle dhani vidhabasanga vivaha garna aswikar garepachhi thikwaberma niyamit rupma anushasanharuko math sthapana gare. tyahan unle vivaha garna aswikar gardai (anya dherai icelandic pujariharu vivahit thie) rar hamro buba, pantha, rar bhajan, sathai pachas bhajanharu path garna afulai samarpit gardai afulai kadaika sath dharmik jiwanma samarpit gare.
thoralaklai nidarosko augustindwara bishapko rupma pawitra garieko thiyo rar aislandma augustinian shasanlai winiyamit garna, sathai simoni, ashraya rar lipic asantulan unmulan garna kaam garieko thiyo.
canonization.
thoralakko jiwan rar unka darjanaun chamatkarharu icelandic gatha "thorelex saga helga" (cent thoralakko gatha) maa dherai vistarma warnan garieko chha, june 1989 maa john pall dwitiyako iceland bhramanko awasarma icelandicma punah prakashit bhaeko thiyo. yo lattin pathaharudwara badhawa diieko aislandko charchama thoralakko anaupacharik pawitrikaran, jasma yo adharit thiyo, icelandic church sarkalharuma wyawasthit garieko thiyo, duwai dharmawalambiharuka maulawiharu prarambhik chamatkarharuko reportharuma spashta thie.
thoralaklai 14 janawari 1984 maa roman catholic charchako santako rupma adhikarik rupma manyata diieko thiyo, jab john pall dwitiyale unlai canonize gare rar unlai aislandko sanrakshak santa ghoshana gare.
thoralakko pawitra awasheshlai sudharma nashta nabhaesamma scalholtko diocesema rakhieko thiyo, rar unko nashwar awasheshharu cathedral maidan waripari failieko thiyo. thoralakko ek matra gyat awashesh centko abhayaranyako antya parkhal ("golden lakar") maa raheko lead buxma anya santaharuko awasheshharusanga raheko haddiko tukra how. magnus cathedral, faroe tapuharu.
novena.
thoralakko sammanma ek nobhena, wa nau dinko bhakti prarthana, maee 2018 maa sabai vishwasiharudwara prayogka lagi aislandko rekjawikka bishapdwara swikrit garieko thiyo.
thoralakko drawyaman.
centko mass. thorlak (θorláksmessa;) pratyek december 23 maa manaine icelandic chhutti how. yo dina fyaro tapuharuma pani manaincha, jahaan yasalai "toluxmesa" () bhaninchha.
adhunik samayama, thorlexmesa krisamasko bhag banyo, wa christmas aghi tayariko antim dina. dherai manisharule christmas upaharharu kinchhan rar afno ghar rar christmas trea sajaera samapta garchhan. rekjawikma thorlaxmesa sanjhama, dheraijana lugavegur tall hindchan.
23 december catholic christmas upawasko antim dina bhaekale machha samanyataya thorlexmesma khainthyo. aislandko paschimi fjordsma, thoralaxmesama aluko sath gadeko rar kinwit skate khanko chalan chha. kinwit skateko amonia-prerit gandha dherai baliyo chha, hackeral jastai. yo tikho parikar paramparako nirantarta rupma khainchha. skate samanyataya ubalaieko wa pisaieko aluko sath parosinchha, brenibhinko ek satko sath.
anya.
newyork rajyama adharit euta samuhale thoralaklai autism bhaeka manisharuko sanrakshak santa bannaka lagi wakalat gareko chha.
autism pawitra, autistic swa-adhiwakta ammy o 'koneldwara lekhieko blug, cent thoralaklai autistic catholickharuka lagi roll modelko rupma badhawa dinchha.
| santha thorlack
thorlack thorehalson (aaisalyandikh θorlákur θórhalsson; 1133-23 december 1193) icelander prusthaposhaka santha. shay 1178 masiharu mrutyu parjyanta scalholter bishop thile. thorlaknka abasheshaku 1198 masihare scalholt cathedralaku anubada karajaithila, bishop bhabare taanka uttaradhikari, paal johnson, thorlaknku shapath niajaipare bolly samasta samajare ghoshana karibara kichhi samai parey . 1984 masiha januari 14 tarikh parjyanta, jetebele zohn pull dwiteeja tanku icelander prusthaposhaka santha bhabe ghoshana karithile, jane santha bhabe tankara sthiti catholic charcharu aanusthanika manyata paai nathila. taanka utsaba dibasa heuchhi december 23, jetebele aisalyandare tharlaknka maasa palana karajae .
kyariyara.
dakhina icelander scalholtra drushyare 1133 masihare hlidarendithare janmagrahana karithiba thorlack eka krushijibi paribararu aasithile. pander barsha bayasa purbaru shay jane dicon ebong athar barsha bajasare jane purohita bhabare nijukta hoithile. shay victorainmananka sahita pyarisare bideshare adhyajana karithile, jeunthare shay praiah 1153 ru 1159 parjyanta santha augustinanka shasson shikhithile, ebong taa 'parey linkanre cannon ine adhyajana karithile.
1165 masihare aisalyandaku feriba parey, thorlack jane dhani bidhabanku bibaha karibaku manah kariba parey thaikwabere nijamita bhabe nijamagudikara eka moth pratistha karithile. sethare shay nijaku eka kathore dharmika jeebanare samarpita karithile, bibaha karibaku manah karideithile (anya aneka icelandic purohita bibahita thile) ebong aama pita, dharma ebong eka bhajan, tatha pachash geeta paath kariba paain nijaku utsarga karithile.
thoralakanku nidarosra agastinnka dwara jane bishop bhabare pabitra karajaithila ebong aisalyandare augustini shasanaku nijantrana kariba sahita simoni, sadharana prusthaposhakata ebong dharmagurunka asanjamaku samapta kariba paain karjya karithile.
canonization.
1989 masihare zohn pull dwiteejanka iceland gasta absarare icelandic ray punah prakashita icelandic gatha "therlax saga helga" (santha tharlaknka gatha) ray thoralaknka zeeban ebong tankara dozen dozen chamatkara bishajare bistruta bhabare barnana karajaichi. ehaa sambhaba je icelander charchare thoralaknka anaupacharika pabitrata, lattin pathya dwara prostahita hoithila jaahaa ehaa aadharita thila, icelandic mandali bruttare byabastha karajaithila, ubhaja deoces rahr dharmagurumane prarambhika chamatkarara reportare spust thile.
1984 masiha januari 14 tarikhare, jetebele zohn pull dwiteeja tanku icelander prusthaposhaka santha bhabe ghoshana karithile, setebele thorlock aanusthanika bhabe roman catholic churcher santha bhabe swekruti paithile.
thoralakanka pabitra abasheshaku scalholtra diocesray rakhyanabekhyana karajaithila, jeparjyanta ehaa sanskarare nust hoinathila, ebong taanka narbhasa abashesh cathedral graundare bikhipta hoithila . thoralakra ekamatra gyaata abasista abashesh heuchhi anya santhamananka abashesh sahita eka haada khanda jaahaa centre abhajaranyara shesh kanth ("subarna locker") ray eka seesa baxre achhi . magnus cathedral, faroe dwepapunja.
novena.
thorlaknka sammanare eka novena, kimba naaa dinia bhakti prarthana, meey 2018 ray, islander rekjabhik bishop dwara samasta biswastanka dwara byabahara paain anumodita hoithila .
tharlak rahr maas.
centre maas. tharlak (θorláksmessa;) heuchhi eka icelandic chutidina jaahaa pratyeka december 23 ray palana karajae . ehi utsaba santha tharlaknku sammana kare . ehi deane farrow dwepapunjare madhya palana karajae, jeunthare ehaaku "toluxmessa" () kuhajae .
adhunika samajare, therlaxmesa khristamasara anshabisesha hoigala, kimba christmas purbaru prastutira shesh deane . aneka lock christmas upahara kinuchanti ebong niz ghara oh christmas gachaku sajaiba shesh karichanti. rekjabhik thaare therlaxmesa sandhyare, aneka lock laghabhegur talaku jaanti .
maacha sadharanatah therlaxmesa ray khiajae jehetu december 23 christmas upabasara shesh deane thila . icelander paschima fjardare, therlaxmesa upare aalu sahita poti ebong kinakruta skate khaiba paramparika . kinakruta skater amonia-sankramita gandha besh shaktishali, hockarl bhali . ehi tibra khadyaku paramparar eka dhaara bhabe khiajae. skate sadharanatah sijhajaithiba kimba mussel hoithiba aalu sahita paribeshana karajae, eka sutt brenivin sahita .
anyati.
nyujarka rajyare abasthita eka gosthi tharlaknku autism thiba lokanka prusthaposhaka santha heba paain paramarsha deichhanti.
autigim pabitra, autistic swa-okil emi oh 'konelanka dwara likhita eka blug, autistic kyathaliknka paain eka roll model bhabare cent thoralakanku prostahita kare .
| sant thorluck
thorlock thorhalson (icelandic θοrlákur θórhalsson; 1133-23 dasambar 1193) eyesland daa sarprast sant haii. uh 1178 toon aapni maut takk scalholt daa bishop riha. thorlock dey avsheshan daa anuvad 1198 witch scalholt dey girjaghar witch keeta giaa see, bishop dey roop witch uss dey uttradhikari, paal johnson, neey thorlock noon sahun chukkan dee ghoshna keeti see. ikk sant dey roop witch uss dee sathiti noon 14 janwari 1984 takk catholic church toon adhikarat maanta naheen millie see, jadon john paul II neey uss noon sanyasi ditti atey uss noon eyesland daa sarprast sant ghoshit keeta. uss daa tiuhar 23 dasambar noon haii, jadon eyesland witch thorlock daa maas manaiaa jaanda haii.
carrier.
dakkhni eyesland witch scalholt dey drish witch 1133 witch hilidarendy vikhe paida hoiaa, thorluck ikk khetibadi parivaar toon see. uh pandran saal dee umar toon pahilan hii ikk padri atey atharan saal dee umar witch ikk padri niyukat keeta giaa see. uss neey paris witch vittorins naal videsh witch padahi keeti, jitthe uss neey lagbhag 1153 toon 1159 takk sant augustein daa shasan sikkhiaa, atey firr linken witch cannon laa daa adhiaen keeta.
sann 1165 witch eyesland waps partade hoye, thorluck neey ikk ameer vidhwa naal viaah curran toon inkaar curran toon baad theekwaber vikhe niyaman dey ikk matth dee sathapana keeti. utthe uss neey aapne aap noon ikk sakhti naal dharmik jeevan witch samarpit qarr ditta, viaah curran toon inkaar qarr ditta (bahut saare horr icelandic pujari viaahe hoye sunn) atey aapne aap noon saade pitaa, dharam atey ikk bhajan dey naal-naal panjah zaburan daa paath curran laee samarpit qarr ditta.
thorlock noon nidaros dey augustein duaara ikk bishop vajon pavittar keeta giaa see atey usne eyesland witch augustinian shasan noon niyantrit curran dey naal-naal simoni, sarprasti atey clerk asanjam noon khatam curran laee kamm keeta see.
canonization.
thorlock dey jeevan atey uss dey darjanan chamatkaran daa vistaar naal varnan icelandic gaatha "thorlux gaatha helga" (cent thorlock dee gaatha) witch keeta giaa haii, joe 1989 witch john paul II dee eyesland dee yaatra dey mauke 'teey icelandic witch dubara prakashit hoee see. ih sambhavna jaapadi haii kii eyesland dey church witch thorlock dee gair rasmi pavittarta, jiss noon latini granthan duaara utshahit keeta giaa see jiss' teey ih adharat see, icelandic dharmik chakkar witch parbandh keeta giaa see, dovan diocese dey maulvi shuruati chamatkaran deeaan reportan witch pramukh sunn.
thorlock noon adhikarat taur utte 14 janwari 1984 noon roman catholic church dey ikk sant vajon maanta ditti gaee see, jadon john paul II neey uss noon sanyasi ditti atey uss noon eyesland daa sarprast sant ghoshit keeta.
thorlock dee pavittar virasat noon scalholt dey diocese witch udon takk banayi rakkhiaa giaa see jadon takk ih sudhar witch nasht naheen hoow giaa see, atey uss dey nasht avsheshan noon girjaghar dey maidanan witch khinda ditta giaa see. thorluck daa ikko ikk janhiaa-pachaniaa baaki rahinda nishani ikk haddi daa tukda haii joe cent dey panahgah dee ant dee kandh ("sone daa locker") witch ikk leed boxes witch horr santan dey nishaniaan dey naal haii. magnus girjaghar, faroe tapu.
novena.
thorlock dey sanman witch ikk novena, jaan naun dinan dee bhagti prarthna noon maee 2018 witch saare vafadaran duaara vartan laee rekjavik, eyesland dey bishop duaara manzuri ditti gaee see.
thorlock daa punj.
cent daa punj. thorlock (θorláksmessa;) ikk icelandic chhutti haii joe harr 23 dasambar noon manai jaandi haii. ih jashan sant thorlock daa sanman karda haii. ih dinn faroe tapuan witch vee manaiaa jaanda haii, jitthe iss noon "toloxmasa" () kiha jaanda haii.
aadhunik samein witch, thorloxmasa christmas daa hissa bann giaa, jaan christmas toon pahilan deeaan tiaari daa aakhri dinn. bahut saare lock christmas dey tohfe kharidade hunn atey aapne gharan atey christmas dey rukkh noon sajaunde hunn. reikjavik witch thorlexmesa shaam noon, bahut saare laugavegur hethan ghumde hunn.
machhi aam taur utte thorlexmesa utte khaee jaandi see kiunki 23 dasambar catholic christmas dey varat daa aakhri dinn see. eyesland witch pachmi fjords witch, thorlexmesa utte aaluaan dey naal dafnaiaa atey khameer vaala skate khaann dee reet haii. fermanted skate dee amonia naal bharee gandh kaafi mazboot hundi haii, joe kii hackeral dey samaan hundi haii. iss tikkhe pakwan noon parampra dee nirantarta vajon khaadha jaanda haii. skate noon aam taur utte ubale hoye jaan kuchle hoye aaluaan naal parosiaa jaanda haii, jiss dey naal branivin daa ikk shaat hunda haii.
horr.
newyork raaj witch sathit ikk samooh neey thorluck noon autism vaale lokan daa sarprast sant bannan dee vakalat keeti haii.
autism pavittar, autistic sway-vakeel emmy ou 'conell duaara likhiaa giaa ikk blogg, cent thorluck noon autistic catholican laee ikk roll maadal vajon utshahit karda haii.
| santah thoralaakah
thorlack thorhaalsanah (aislaandik-"thorlaakkur thoralson"; 1133-23 december 1193) aislyaand-deshasya samrakshakah santah asti. saha 1178 tamaat varshaat mrutyum yaavat scalholt-nagarasya bishap aasit. thorlack ityasya avasheshaah 1198 tame varshe scalholt-kethedral-madhye anuvaaditaah, tasya uttaraadhikaari bishap-rupena paal-jaansan ityanena thorlack-prati pratijnaam kartum shakyate iti sarvavishaye ghoshitehe kinchitkalat eva. 1984 janavaree 14 paryantam, yadaa jaan-paal-dwiteeyah tam santatvena ghoshya aislyaand-deshasya samrakshaka-santah iti ghoshitavaan, tadaa yaavat tasya santa-padasya sthitihi catholic-charch-samsthayaa adhikarikam manyatam naa praapnot. tasya utsavadivasaha december 23 dinaanke asti, yadaa aislyaand-nagare thorlack-ityasya saamoohik-utsavah aacharyate.
vruttihi.
dakshina-aislyaand-deshasya scalholt-nagarasya hliarendi-nagare 1133 tame varshe janma praapnot, thorlack ityeshah krushikaarya-kutumbe aasit. saha panchadashavarshaat poorvam deacon iti, ashtaadashavarshasya vayasi purohitah cha iti niyuktah. saha videshe pyaris-nagare victorins-ityanena saha adhyayanam krutavaan, yatra saha praayah 1153 taha 1159 paryantam sent-augustein-ityasya shasanam abhyanayt, tatah linkan-nagare cannon-vidhihi abhyanayt.
1165 tame varshe aislyaand-nagaram pratyaagatya, thorlack ityeshah dhanika-vidhavayaam parineetum niraakrutya, niyamitaroopen thaikwaaber-nagare niyamanam matham asthaapayat. tatra saha vivaaham niraakrutya (anye aneke aislaandik-purohitaah vivaahitau), drudatayaa dhaarmikajeevanam prati samarpitah, asmakam pitaram, matam, bhajanam, panchadash-bhajanani cha pathitum cha swam samarpitah.
thorlack ityeshah nidaros ityasya augustein ityanena bishap-rupena pratishtitah aasit, tathaa cha iceland-deshe augustinian-shasanasya viniyamanaartham, tathaiva simoni-ityasya nirmulanartham, ashrayartham, padriyayaha asanyamasya cha krute karyam krutavaan.
kenanaiseshan.
1989 tame varshe jaan paal dwiteeyasya aislyaand-pravaasasya avasare aislyaandik-bhashayam punah prakashitasya aislyaandik-gaatha "thorlax-gaatha-helgaa" (sent-thorlack-kathaa) ityasmin thorlack-ityasya jeevanam, tasya dozen-dozen-krutayah cha vistaaren varnitaah santi. sambhawatah aislyaand-nagarasya charch-madhye thorlack-ityasya anaupachaarika-pavitreekaranam, lattin-granthebhyah pravartitam, yasya adharaha aasit, "aislyaand-mata-mandale vyavasthitam aasit, dwayoh diocese-ityasya purohitanam cha praarambhik-chamatkaranam vivarane vishishtam vartate.
1984 janavaree 14 dinaanke thorlack adhikrutaroopena roman-catholic-charcha ityasya santah iti manyata praaptah, yadaa jaan-paal-dwiteeyah tam santatvena ghoshya aislyaand-deshasya samrakshaka-santah iti ghoshayat.
thorlack ityasya pavitram avashesham scalholt-diocese-madhye samrakshitam aasit yaavat saha samskaare vinaashah naa abhavat, tasya nashwaraawasheshaah cha kethedral-kshetre vyaapitaah aasan. thorlak ityasya ekamaatrah dnyaatah avashishtah asthikhandah asti, yah anyaih santanam avasheshaihi saha abhayaaranyasy antima-bhittau ("suvarna-laakar") sisa-peteeye asti. magnus-ketheedral, faaro-dweepaah.
navanaa.
thorlack ityasya sammanartham novenaa athavaa nava-divasa-bhaktti-prarthana 2018 mey-maase, rekjaavik, iceland ityasya bishap ityanena sarwaih vishvaaseebhihi upayogaay anumoditaa.
thorlack ityasya dravyaraashih.
dravyamaanasya ess. thorlack (θorláksmessa;) iti pratyekasmin december 23 dinaanke acharyamanam islendic-viraamadinam asti. ayam utsavah sent thorlack ityasya sammanam karoti. faaro-dweepeshu api ayam diwasah aacharyate, yatra etat "toluxmessa" () iti kathyate.
adhunikakale, thorlaxmesa chrismus ityasya bhaagah abhavat, athavaa chrismus-poorvasya sajjataayaah antimadinam. bahavah janaah chrismus-upaharan kreenanti, svagruhanam, chrismus-vrukshasya cha alankaranm samaapyante. rekjaavik-nagare thaar-laxmesa-sayankale bahavah laugavegur-nagaram adhomukham gacchanti.
catholic-chrismus-upavaasasya antimadinam december 23 aasit ityatah, samanyataha thaar-laxmesa-nagare matsyam khaaditam aasit. aislyaand-nagarasya pashchim-fjords-pradeshe, thorlaxmessa-nagare alukena saha samadhistham kinvitam skate-kreedanam cha bhoktum prathaagatam asti. kinvita-skate ityasya amonia-prerita-gandhah ateeva prabalah asti, hockle-ityasya gandhah iva. parampara-kramasya anuvartanaroopen etat teekshnam vyanjanam khaadyate. skate-kridaayaam samanyataha brannivin ityasya ekena shaat ityanena saha, ushmitaa vaa mishritaa vaa alukena saha sevyate.
anyat.
nyuyaark-raajye sthitah ekaha samoohah, thorlack-varyaha svalinata-grastanam jananam samrakshaka-santah bhavet iti pratipaadayat.
autistic-swa-adhivaktaa emee o 'connell ityanena likhitah blagg-actism-secreted iti, sent thorlack-ityenam autistic-catholic-jananam aadarsharoopen pravartayati.
| punitha thorlock
thorlock thorahalson (islantic θorlákur θórhalsson; 1133-23 disambar 1193) aislaanthin puravalar punidhar aavaar. avar 1178 muthal avarathu maranam varai scalholtin pishappaaga irunthaar. thorlaakkin ninaivuchchinnangal 1198 aam aandil scalhold katheetralukku mozhipeyarkkappattana, avarathu vaarisaana pishappaaga, paal johnson, thoarlaakkirku sabatham seiya mudiyum endru arivitthaar. 1984 janavari 14 aam thaethi varai catholica devalayaththilirunthu athikaarappoorva angkeekaaraththaip peravillai, appoathu john paal II avarai punidhar endru arivitthu, aislaanthin puravalar punitharaaga arivitthaar. avarathu virunththu naall disambar 23 aagum, appoathu thorlaakkin vegujana aiz landle kondaadappadugiradhu.
thozhil.
1133 aam aandil therku aislaanthil ulla scalholtin paarvaiyil hlidarendiyil pirantha thorlock oru vivasaaya kudumbaththaich sernthavar. avar pathinainthu vayathirku munbu oru teaken aagavum, pathinettu vayathil oru poosaariyaagavum niyamikkappattaar. avar paarisil vetrtriyaalargaludan velinaattil padiththaar, angku avar sumar 1153 muthal 1159 varai punitha augustin aatchiyaik karrukkondaar, pinnar linganil niyathich sattaththai padiththaar.
1165 aam aandil aislaanththirkuth thirumbiya thorlock, oru panakkaara vithavaiyai tirumanam seithu kolla maruththa piragu thaikvaaparil valakkamaana kanangalin madaalayaththai niruvinaar. angku avar thannai oru kadumaiyaana madha vaalkkaikku arppanitthaar, tirumanam seithu kolla marutthaar (pala islaandik poosaarigal tirumanam seithu kondanar) mattrum engkal thanthai, madham mattrum oru paadal, athae poal aimpathu sangeethangalai oodhi thannai arppanitthaar.
thorlock nitarosine augustin moolam oru bishappai punithappaduththinaar, maelum aislaanthil augustin aatchiyai ozhungkupaduththavum, simoni, lae puratchi mattrum madhaguruvin thannambikkai aagiyavattrai ozhikkavum paniyaattrinaar.
connonisation.
1989 aam aandil john paal II aislaanththirku vijayam seitha chandharppaththil islaandik mozhiyil meendum veliyidappatta islaandik kadhai "tharks saagaa hella" (saint thorlaakkin kadhai) ill thorlaakkin vaazhkkaiyum avarathu dajan kanakkaana arputhangkalum migavum virivaaga vivarikkappattullana. idhu latheen noolgalaal ookkuvikkappattathaakath therikirathu, idhu islaandik thiruchchabai vattangkalil aerpaadu seiyappattathu, iru maraimaavattangkalin madhagurumaargalum aarambagaala arputhangkalin arikkaikalil velippadaiyaaga irunththanar.
1984 janavari 14 andru, irandaam john paal avarai punidhar endru arivitthu, aislaanthin puravalar punitharaaga ariviththapoathu, thorlock roaman catholica devalayaththin punitharaaga athikaarappoorvamaaga angkeekarikkappattaar.
thorlaakkin punitha ninaivuchinnam scalhold maraimaavattaththil paraamarikkappattathu, adhu seerthiruththaththil azhikkappadum varai, avarathu irappu echchangkal cathetral maithaanaththil sitharadikkappattana. thorlaakin oray ariyapatta ninaivuchinnam mattra punitharkalin ninaivuchchinnangaludan saranalayaththin iruthich suvaril ("thanga locker") oru munnani pettiyil ulla elumbu thundu aagum. magnus cathetral, faroe theevugal.
navena.
oru novena, allathu onbathu naall pakthi praarththanai, thorlock ninaivaaga, mae 2018 ill, anaitthu visuvaasigalin payanpaattirkaaga reekjaavik, aislaanthin bishapal angkeekarikkappattathu.
thorlock vegujana.
St inn vegujana. thorlock (θorláksmessa;) enbathu ovvoru disambar 23 aam thaethiyum kondaadappadum oru islaandik vidumurai. inththa naall faroe theevugalilum kondaadappadugiradhu, angku idhu "tolexmessa" () endru azhaikkappadukirathu.
naveena kaalangalil, tharksmessa christhumasin oru paguthiyaaga maariyathu, allathu christhumasukku munththaiya thayaarippukalin kadaisi naall. palar christhumas parisugalai vaangki thangal veedugalaiyum christhumas maraththaiyum alangarippathai mudikkiraargal. regjavik nagaril ulla tharksmessa maalaiyil, palar laghavegur vazhiyaaga nadanthu selkiraargal.
disambar 23 catholica christhumas virathaththin kadaisi naalaaga irunthathaal meane vazhakkamaaga thirhalmessavil unnappattathu. aislaanthil ulla maerku fjordkalil, thorloxmessavil urulaikkizhangkudan pudhaikkappatta mattrum pulikkavaikkappatta scate saappiduvathu vazhakkam. pulikkavaikkappatta scatin ammonia-utchelutthappatta vaasanai migavum valuvaanathu, idhu hoggerlipe poantrathu. inththa kadumaiyaana unavu bhaarambariyaththin thodarchchiyaaga unnappadugirathu. scate podhuvaaga vaekavaiththa allathu masiththa urulaikkizhangkudan parimaarappadukirathu, idhu brenvin shaattudan varukirathu.
mattravai.
newyorg maanilatthai thalamaagak konda oru kuzhu, thaarlaak mana irukkam ullavargalin puravalar punitharaaga maara vaendum endru vaathittathu.
autism punithappaduththappattathu, aattisa suya-vazhakkarinyar aimee ooo 'konnel ezhuthiya oru valaippathivu, aattisa kathoalikkarkalukku oru munmaathiriyaaga saint thoarlaakkai ookkuvikkirathu.
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seyint thorlock
thorlock thorehalson (islandic θorlákur θórhalsson; 1133-23 december 1193) island yokka poeshaka seyint. athanu 1178 nundi thana maranam varaku scalholt bishapga unnadu. thorlock yokka avasheshaalu 1198loe scalholt cathedral kuu anuvadinchabaddaayi, athani varasudu bishop gaa, paal johnson, thorlaku pratigna cheyavachani annintiloo prakatinchaaru. 1984 janavari 14 varaku, zaan paal II aayananu canonize chesi, island yokka poeshaka seintga prakatinche varaku, seintga athani hodaaku catholic charchi nundi adhikaarika gurtimpu labhinchaledu. athani vindu roeju december 23, appudu thorlock maas islandlo jarupukuntaaru.
vrutti.
dakshina aislandloni scalholt loe 1133loe hliarendilo janminchina thorlock oka vyavasaya kutumbaaniki chendinavaadu. athanu padihenu samvatsaraala vayassulo deacon gaa mariyu paddenimidella vayassulo poojaarigaa niyaminchabaddaadu. athanu videshaalalo paarislo victorinsto kalisi chaduvukunnadu, akkada athanu sumaru 1153 nundi 1159 varaku seyint augustein palananu neerchukunnaadu, aapai linkanlo connon laa adhyayanam chesaadu.
1165loe islandku tirigi vacchina thorlock, dhanavanthuraalaina vitantuvunu vivaham chesukovadaniki niraakarinchina taruvaata thaikwaber vadda niyamitamgaa oka mataanni sthaapinchaadu. akkada athanu tananu taanu khachitamgaa mataparamaina jeevitaaniki ankitam chesukunnadu, vivaham chesukovadaniki niraakarinchaadu (aneka itara islandic poojaarulu vivaham chesukunnaru) mariyu maa tandri, matam mariyu oka shlokam, alaage yaabhai keertanalanu pathinchadaaniki tananu taanu ankitam chesukunnadu.
thorlaaknu nidaros yokka augustein oka bishapga pratishtinchaaru mariyu islandlo augustinian palananu niyantrinchadaaniki, alaage simone nirmuulinchadaaniki, aasrayinchadaaniki, mataadhikaari aapukonaleni sthithini nirmuulinchadaaniki panicheesaaru.
cononization.
1989loe zaan paal II island sandarsana sandarbhamgaa island loe tirigi prachurinchabadina island gaatha "thorlocks saaga helga" (seyint thorlock yokka katha) loe thorlock jeevitam mariyu athani dozenla koddi adbhutaalu chaalaa vivaramgaa vivarinchabaddaayi. island mataparamaina vruttaalalo erpaatu cheyabadina, rendu diosla mataachaaryulu prarambha adbhutaala nivedikalalo spashtamgaa kanipinche vidhamgaa, island looni charchilo thorlock yokka anadhikaarika pavitreekarana, idhi aadhaaramgaa unna latin grandhaala dwara pracharam cheyabadi undavacchu.
1984 janavari 14naa zaan paal II aayananu canonize chesi, island yokka poeshaka seintga prakatinchinappudu, thorlock roman catholic charchi yokka seintga adhikarikamga gurtinchabaddadu.
thorlock yokka pavitra avasheshaalu scalholt dioceslo samskaranalo naasanam ayye varaku nirvahinchabaddaayi, mariyu athani martya avasheshaalu cathedral maidaanamlo chellacheduruga unnaayi. thorlock yokka ekaika avashesha avasheshaalu, itara saadhuvula avasheshaalatho kuudina emuka sakalam, abhayaaranyam yokka chivari goda ("bangaaru locker") looni seesam pettelo untundi. magnus cathedral, faroe dheevulu.
novena.
tharlock gouravaartham oka novena ledhaa tommidi rojula bhakti praarthananu mae 2018loe, viswaasulandari upayogam kosam reekjavik, island bishop aamodinchaaru.
thorlock yokka dravyarashi.
maas off St. thorlock (θorláksmessa;) prati december 23naa jarupukune oka island selavudinam. eee veduka seyint thorlaaknu gouravistundi. eee rojunu faroe dheevulalo kooda jarupukuntaaru, ikkada dheenini "toluxmessa" () anie pilustaaru.
aadhunika kaalamlo, thorlaxmessa chrismus loe bhaagamgaa maarindi, ledhaa chrismus mundu sannaahaala chivari roeju. chaalaa mandhi chrismus bahumatulu koni, tama illu, chrismus chetlanu alankarinchi puurti chestaaru. rekjavik loe tharksmessa saayantram, chaalaa mandhi navvutuu digutaaru.
december 23 catholic chrismus upavaasam yokka chivari roeju kabatti chepalu saadhaaranamgaa tharksmessalo tintaaru. islandloni paschima fjordslo, tharclassmessalo bangaladumpalato paatu khananam chesi puliyabettina skate tinadam aacharam. puliyabettina skate yokka ammonia-prerita vaasana chaalaa balamgaa untundi, idhi hockerl maadirigaane untundi. eee ghaataina vantakaanni sampradaaya konasagimpuga tintaaru. skate saadhaaranamgaa udikinchina ledhaa mettani bangaladumpalato vaddistaaru, daanitoe paatu brennievin shaat kooda vaddistaaru.
inko.
newyork raashtramlo unna oka samuuham, aatijamtho badhapaduthunna vyaktula poeshaka sadhuvuga maaradaaniki thorlaaknu samarthinchindi.
autism pavitram, autistic sweeya-nyaayavaadi imi oo 'connell raasina blogg, swalinga samparka kaathalikkulaku roll modalga seyint thorlaaknu prothsahistundi.
| sent thorlak
thorlak thorhalson (aais landic: θorlákur θórhalsson vovo 1133-23 dasambar 1193) aais lend kay sarparast sunat haine. wah 1178 say apnee moth takk schol holt kay bashp rahay. thorlak kay aasaar kaa tarjumah 1198 mein schol holt kay girja gahar mein kiyaa gayaa iss kay jansheen bashp kay toor parr paal jaansan kay aalaan kay kachh hyee arsey baad kahh thorlak say ahed kiyaa jaa saktaa hay. 14 januri 1984 takk catholic charch say eek sunat kii haisiyat kuu sarkaari toor parr tasleem nahein kiyaa gayaa jabb jaan paal dom nay inhein muqadas qaraar diyaa aur inhein aais lend kaa sarparast sunat qaraar diyaa. iss kii daawat kaa dunn 23 dasambar hay jabb aais lend mein thorlock kaa maas manaya jaataa hay.
carrier.
janubi aais lend mein schol holt kay maqaam parr 1133 mein halirendi mein paida huay thorlak kaa taaluq eek zarayi khaandaan say thaa. pandrah saal kii amar say pehley hyee inhein ddakan aur utharah saal kii amar mein pajaari muqarar kiyaa gayaa thaa. inhon nay berun milk peers mein victorance kay saath taleem haasil kii jehaan inhon nay taqriba 1153 say 1159 takk sent augustein kii hukmarani seekhi aur phir lankan mein cannon qanoon kii taleem haasil kii.
1165 mein aais lend waps aakar thorlak nay eek ameer bewah say shaadi karnay say ankaar karnay kay baad thakkwabar mein baqayedah qawanin kii eek khanqah kii bunyaad rakhee. wahaan iss nay shaadi karnay say ankaar kartay hoay (behat say dosray aais lend kay pajaari shaadi shadah thay) aur hamaray waalid aqeede aur eek geeth neez pachaas zabur kii talawat kay liye khood kuu waqaf kartay hoay apnay aap kuu sakhti say mazhabi zindagi kay liye waqaf kirr diyaa.
thorlak kuu nadaros kay augustein nay eek bashp kay toor parr muqadas kiyaa thaa aur aais lend mein augustein hukmarani kuu manzam karnay kay saath saath simni aam sarparasti aur mazhabi bay tahashah kuu khatam karnay kay liye kaam kiyaa thaa.
canonization.
thorlak kii zindagi aur inn kay darjanon moujizat kuu aais lend kii daastaan "thorlocks saaga helga" (sent thorlak kii daastaan) mein behat tafsil say biyaan kiyaa gayaa hay juu 1989 mein jaan paal dom kay aais lend kay doray kay moqaa parr aais lend mein dobarah shaye hawaa thaa. aisa lagtaa hay kahh aais lend kay charch mein thorlak kii ghair rasmi taqdis jiss kuu laatini matun kay zariah farogh diyaa gayaa thaa jiss parr yaha mubni thaa aais lend kay mazhabi halqon mein tartib diyaa gayaa thaa donon diocese kay elma ibtadayi moujizat kii itlaat mein numayan thay.
14 januri 1984 kuu thorlak kuu bazabtah toor parr roman catholic charch kay sunat kay toor parr tasleem kiyaa gayaa jabb jaan paal dom nay inhein muqadas qaraar diyaa aur inhein aais lend kaa sarparast sunat qaraar diyaa.
thorlak kii muqadas baqiyat kuu schol holt kay ddaisis mein barqarar rakhaa gayaa thaa jabb takk kahh asay aslaah mein tabaah nahein kiyaa gayaa aur iss kii laashon kuu girja gahar kay medanon mein bikhra hawaa thaa. thorlak kaa waahid malum baqiyah baqiyat eek huddy kaa tukda hay juu sent kii panah gaah kii aakhri dewaar ("sunhari locker") mein eek leed baaks mein dosray sunton kay aasaar kay saath mojud hay. megans cathedral fero jazair.
noyana.
thorlock kay aizaz mein naveena yaa noow rozah aqeedat mandanah duaa mayee 2018 mein rekjawek aais lend kay bashp nay tamaam wafadar afraad kay istemaal kay liye manzoor kii thee.
thorlock kaa maas.
sent kii maas. thorlock (θorláksmessa vovo) eek aais landic taateel hay juu harr 23 dasambar kuu manayi jaati hay. yaha jashan sent thorlock kaa aizaz kartaa hay. yaha dunn jazair fero mein bhee manaya jaataa hay jehaan asay "tolksmesa" () kahaa jaataa hay.
jadeed door mein thorloxmisa karsams kaa hasah bunn gayaa yaa karsams say pehley tayariyon kaa aakhri dunn. behat say loag karsams kay tahaif khareedate haine aur apnay gharoon aur karsams kay darkhat kuu sajatay haine. rekjawek mein thorloxmisa kii shaam cow behat say loag lagwawegor say neechey tehaltay haine.
machli aam toor parr thorloxmisa parr khayee jaati thee keunkah 23 dasambar catholic karsams kay rozah kaa aakhri dunn thaa. aais lend kay maghrabi fijardz mein thorloxmisa parr aalo kay saath dafan aur khameer shadah scate khaaney kaa rawaj hay. khameer shadah scate kii amoniya say bharee hoyee bow kaafi mazboot hoti hay juu hockeral kii tarah hoti hay. yaha teez dish rawayat kay taslasal kay toor parr khayee jaati hay. scate kuu aam toor parr abli hoyee yaa paisnay waali aalo kay saath paish kiyaa jaataa hay jiss kay saath brenion kaa eek shaat bhee hotaa hay.
dosray.
riyasat neoyork mein maqeem eek grop nay thorlak kuu autzam kay shikaar logon kaa sarparast sunat bannay kii wakalat kii hay.
autistic seilf adocate aimi awo koneel kaa likhaa hawaa blogg autistic catholic kay liye eek roll maadal kay toor parr sent thorlak kuu farogh deeta hay.
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0005723b5da22e0503a51e865fca56ed2c5c90739d917ada8efacc177e48012c | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1293773 | The Atlas Society |
The Atlas Society
US-based nonprofit organization
The Atlas Society (TAS) is an American 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization that promotes the philosophy of Ayn Rand. It is part of the Objectivist movement that split off from the Ayn Rand Institute in 1990 due to disagreements over whether Objectivism was a "closed system" or an "open system". David Kelley is the founder of TAS, and Jennifer Grossman is its current CEO.
History.
In the late 1980s, philosopher David Kelley was affiliated with the Ayn Rand Institute (ARI), which was founded 1985 to advocate Rand's philosophy of Objectivism. After disputes with ARI founder Leonard Peikoff and board chairman Peter Schwartz, ARI cut ties with Kelley and warned others in the Objectivist movement not to associate with him. In response, Kelley and former ARI advisor George Walsh co-founded the Institute for Objectivist Studies in 1990; it was later renamed The Atlas Society. TAS positions itself as a more open and tolerant alternative to the "orthodox" ARI. ARI and TAS are the most prominent American organizations advocating for Objectivism, although TAS is smaller and not as well funded as its rival.
The organization's activities have included creating written and recorded material about Objectivism, support for student groups, and media appearances. Each summer TAS organizes an annual conference called the "Summer Seminar", and the group formerly published a magazine called "The New Individualist". The Objectivist Oral History Project conducts recorded interviews with persons involved in the history of the Objectivist movement.
In 2011, Aaron Day took over as the organization's operational executive. On March 1, 2016, TAS announced Jennifer Grossman as its new CEO.
Names.
The organization was founded as the Institute for Objectivist Studies in 1990. It was renamed The Objectivist Center in 1999. That same year, the Center founded "The Atlas Society" as an interest group targeted at people who read Rand's novels but were not familiar with other Objectivist literature. On June 5, 2006, the organization announced its decision "to use The Atlas Society as our official name, which will help us promote our ideas to Rand readers as well as to the general public, while reserving The Objectivist Center name for our more academic and scholarly activities".
References.
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| etlax cho "saiti
etlax sosaiti (ti. e. ess.) hoise aamerikar 501 (chi) (3) olabhjonok xongstha jiye aain rendor dorxonor prosar kore. ee bostunisthota andulonor ongxo ji 1990 sonot aayon rend protisthanor poraa prithok hoisil kaaron bostunisthotabad etaa "bondho byowostha" ney "mukoli byowostha" aasil xei bixoye motanoikyor baabe. david keli hoise taasor protisthapok, aaru jenifer grochmen hoise iyar bortomanor chi. ee. oh ".
itihax.
1980-ror doxokor xexor faale darxonik david keli aain rend institut (e. aar. aai.)-ror xoite jorito aasil, jitu rendor bostunisthotar dorxonor xomorthon koriboloi 1985 sonot protistha koraa hoisil. erir protisthapok leonard paicof aaru bob "rdor odhyokhyo pitter swawartjor xoite bibador pisot eri-ye kelir xoite xomporko chinno korisil aaru bostunistho andulonor aanxokolok teur xoite jorito noho 'boloi xotorko korisil. iyar protikriyat, keli aaru prakton eri upodesta jorjo walse 1990 sonot bostunistho odhyoyon protisthantu xoho-protistha korisil; pisoloi iyak aatlas sosaiti buli punor naamkoron koraa hoisil. taase nijoke "orthodox" aarir odhik mukoli aaru xohonxil bikolpo hisape sthan dise. eri aaru taas hoise bostunisthotar baabe xomorthon koraa ataitkoi bixisto aamerikan xongstha, jodiu taas xoru aaru iyar protidondir dore bhaldore puji jugan dhora nohoy.
xongothontur karzokolapor bhitorot aase bostunisthotar bixoye likhito aaru record koraa xamogri sristi koraa, xikhyarthi gutor baabe xomorthon, aaru xongbad madhyomor uposthiti. proityek grishmokalin taase "grishmokalin alusonasokro" naamor ek barxik xonmilonor aayujon kore, aaru doltuwe purbote "notun byoktibid" naamor ekhon alusoni prokax korisil. bostunistho moukhik itihax prokolpotuwe bostunistho andulonor itihaxot jorito byoktixokolor xoite record koraa xakhyatkar porisalona kore.
2011 sonot aaron day 'ye xongsthatur karjyokori karzobahi hisape dayitwo grohon korisil. 2016 sonor 1 marchot taase jenifer grochmenok iyar notun chi. ee. oh ". hisape ghuxona kore.
naambur.
1990 sonot ei xongsthatu bostunistho odhyoyon protisthan hisape protistha koraa hoisil. 1999 sonot iyak bostunisthotabadi kendro buli punor naamkoron koraa hoisil. xei bosorei, kendrotuwe rendor uponyax porha kintu onyanyo bostunisthotabadi xahityor xoite porisito nuhuwa lukoxokolok lokhyo kori ek aagrohi gutt hisape "dyo etlax sosaiti" protistha korisil. 2006 sonor 5 junot, xongothontuwe "aatlas cho" saitik aamar sorkari naam hisape byobohar korar xiddhanto ghuxona kore, jiye aamak aamar dharonabur rend pathokxokolor logote xadharon jonoxadharonor usorot prosar korat xohay koribo, aanhate aamar odhik xoikhyik aaru pandityopurno karzokolapor baabe bostunistho kendror naamtu xongrokhyon koribo.
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atlus society
atlus society (taash) ekti markin 501 (shee) (3) olabhjonok sangostha jaa ayan rander dorshoner prochar korey. etty bostunistho andoloner ongsho jaa 1990 saale ayon ranned institute theke bichchinno hoye yaay kaaron bostunisthota ekti "boddho byabostha" naaki ekti "unmukto byabostha" chhilo taa niye motobirodher karone. david kellie taaser protisthata ebong jennifer grossman err bortoman ceo.
itihas.
1980-err doshoker shesher dike, darshonik david kellie aain ranned instituter (arrie) saathe jukto chhilen, jaa rander bostunisthotar dorshoner pokkhe samarthan korar jonno 1985 saale protisthito hoyechilo. arrie protisthata leonard peikoff ebong boarder chairman pitter schwartzer saathe birodher porr, arrie kelir saathe somporko chhinno korey ebong bostunistho andoloner onnoder taar saathe jukto naa howar jonno sotorko korey. err protikriyay, kellie ebong praktan arrie upodeshta george walsh 1990 saale institute phara objectivist studies soho-protistha corren; porey etir naam poriborton korey atlus society rakha hoy. taash nijeke "gonda" arrie-rawr arow unmukto ebong sahanshil bikalpa hisabe abosthan korey. arrie ebong taash holl sabcheye bishishto american sangathan jaa bostunisthotar pokkhe sawal korey, jodio taash chhoto ebong taar protidwondir moto arthayan koraa hoy naa.
sangathaner karjokromer modhye royeche bostunisthota somporke likhito ebong record koraa upadan toiri koraa, chhatro gosthigulir jonno samarthan ebong ganomadhyome uposthiti. proti grisse taash "grissokalin seminar" naame ekti barshik sommeloner ayojan korey ebong dolti purbe "dya neu indivisualist" naame ekti patrika prakash korey. bostunistho moukhik itihas prokolpoti bostunistho andoloner itihaser saathe jorito byaktider saathe record koraa sakkhatkar porichalona korey.
2011 saale, aaron deey sangosthar karjokori nirbahi hisabe dayitto grohon korey. 2016 saaler 1laa march, taash jennifer grossmanke taar notun ceo hisabe ghoshana korey.
naam.
sangosthati 1990 saale objectivist studies institute hisabe protisthito hoyechilo. 1999 saale etir naam poriborton korey objectivist center koraa hoyechilo. ekoi bochor, kendroti rander uponyasguli porey kintu anyanno objectivist sahityer saathe porichito chhilo naa emon lokder lakkhya korey ekti agroho gosthi hisabe "atlus society" protistha korechilo. 2006 saaler 5ee june sangosthati "atlus societyke amader sarkari naam hisabe byabohar korar siddhanta ghoshana korey, jaa amader dharonaguli ranned pathokder pashapashi sadharan jonogoner kachhe prochar korte sahayata korbe, ebong amader arow academic ebong pandityapurna kriyakalaper jonno bostunistho kendrer naam sanrakkhan korbe. | etlas sosayati
etlas sosayati (tii. aee. aesa.) aee american 501 (see) (3) binanfakarak sanstha chhe jeey aina rendnee filosoofine protsaahan aape chhe. teey vastunishth chalvalno aek bhaag chhe jeey sthaapnaa ayyan rained sansthaathi alag thaee gaee hatee kaaran keey vastunishthvaad "bundh pranali" hatee keey "khulli pranali" tenaa parr matbhed hataa. david kelee taasnaa sthaapak chhe aneey jennifer grossman tenaa vartmaan see. ee. oo. chhe.
itihas.
itihas daykana antamaa, filosoof david kelee aina rained institute (aee. aar. aaee.) saathe sankalaayela hataa, jenee sthaapnaa sthaapnaa rendnee vastunishthataani filosoofini himayat karvaa maate karvaamaa aavee hatee. aereena sthaapak leonard pacoff aneey boardnaa adhyaksh pieter schwartz saathena vivaado pachhi, aeriae kelee saathena sambandho kaapee nakhya aneey udeshyvadi chalvalma anya lokone temnee saathe naa jodavani chetvani aapee. tenaa javabma, kelee aneey bhutpurv aeree salaahkaar george walshe sthaapnaa vastunishth abhyaas maate sansthaani saha-sthaapnaa curry hatee; paachhalthi tenu naam etlas sosayati rakhvama aavyu hatoo. taas potaane "rudhichust" areena vadhu khulla aneey sahishnu vikalp tareeke sthaan aape chhe. aeree aneey taas aee sauthee agranee american sansthao chhe jeey vastunishthataani himayat karey chhe, jooe keey taas naanee chhe aneey tenaa harif jetalu bhandol purun paadatu nathee.
sansthaani pravruttiomaa vastunishthataa vishe lekheet aneey nondhaayel samagri banaavvi, vidhyarthi jutho maate samarthan aneey media hajarino samaavesh thaay chhe. darek unalama taas "summer seminar" naamnee vaarshik parishadnu aayojan karey chhe, aneey aaa juthe agau "dhaa nyu individulist" naamnu saamyeek prakashit karyoo hatoo. vastunishth maukheek itihas project vastunishth chalvalna itihaasmaa saamel vyakteeo saathe nondhaayela interview karey chhe.
chhe, aaron deye sansthaana kaarykaari kaarykaari tareeke kaarybhaar sambhaalyo hato. 1 march, march roj, taasae jennifer grosemanne tenaa navaa ceo tareeke jaaher karyaa.
naamo.
aaa sansthaani sthaapnaa sthaapnaa vastunishth abhyaas sanstha tareeke karvaamaa aavee hatee. tenu naam naam vastunishth kendra rakhvama aavyu hatoo. teey jaj varshe, kendrae rendnee navalkathaao vaanchtaa parantu anya vastunishth saahityathi parichit naa hoya tevaa lokone laksheet kartaa rus dharaavtaa jooth tareeke "etlas sosayati" nee sthaapnaa curry hatee. 5 juuna, juuna roj, sansthaae "etlas societyno amara sattavaar naam tareeke upyog karvaanaa tenaa nirnayni jaaherat curry, jeey amane amara vichaarone rained vaachako temaj saamanya loko sudhee pahonchadvama madad karashe, jyaare amara vadhu shaikshanik aneey vidhvatapurn pravruttio maate udeshyvadi kendranu naam anaamat rakhshe".
| atlus samaaj
atlus society (tii. aeye. aiss.) ack americi 501 (see) (3) gair-laabhkaari sangathan haye joe aina raind key darshan koo badhaava detaa haye. yeh vastunishth andolan kaa hissa haye joe 1990 mein aina raind sansthaan seey iss baat parr asahamati key kaaran alag hoe gayaa kii kyaa vastunishthata ack "bund pranali" thee yaa ack "khuli pranali". david kellie taas key sansthaapak hain, aur jennifer grossman isake vartamaan ceo hain.
itihas.
1980 key dashak key anta mein, daarshanik david kellie aina raind sansthaan (aeye. aar. aaee.) seey sambaddh they, jisaki sthaapana 1985 mein raind key vastunishthata key darshan kii vakaalat karane key liye kii gaee thee. arrie key sansthaapak leonard picoff aur board key adhyaksh peater schwartz key saath vivaadon key baad, arrie ney kellie key saath sambandh toda diye aur vastunishth andolan mein anya logon koo unake saath judane seey bachane kii chetavani dee. isake jawab mein, kellie aur poorv arrie salaahkaar george walsh ney 1990 mein vastunishth adhyayan sansthaan kii saha-sthaapana kii; baad mein iska naam badalkar atlus society curr diyaa gayaa. taas khud koo "roodhivaadi" arrie key liye ack adhik khule aur sahishnu vikalp key roop mein sthaapit kartaa haye. arrie aur taas vastunishthata kii vakaalat karane vaale sabse pramukh americi sangathan hain, halanki taas chhota haye aur apane pratidvandi key roop mein achchi tarah seey vitt poshit naheen haye.
sangathan kii gatividhiyon mein vastunishthata key baare mein likhit aur abhilikhit samagri banaana, chhaatr samoohon key liye samarthan aur media upasthiti shamil haye. pratyek grishmakaaleen taas "grishmakaaleen seminar" naamak ack vaarshik sammelan kaa ayojan kartaa haye, aur samooh ney pahale "dha nyu indivisualist" naamak ack patrika prakaashit kii thee. vastunishth maukhik itihas pariyojana vastunishth andolan key itihas mein shamil vyaktiyon key saath abhilikhit sakshatkar aayojit karati haye.
2011 mein, aaron day ney sangathan key parichaalan karyakari key roop mein padbhar sambhala. 1 march, 2016 koo, taas ney jennifer grossman koo apane nae ceo key roop mein ghoshit kiya.
naam.
sangathan kii sthaapana 1990 mein vastunishth adhyayan sansthaan key roop mein kii gaee thee. iska naam 1999 mein vastunishth kendra rakhaa gayaa thaa. usee varsh, kendra ney raind key upanyaas padhane vaale logon koo lakshit karane vaale ack ruchi samooh key roop mein "atlus society" kii sthaapana kii, lekin anya vastunishth saahitya seey parichit naheen they. 5 juuna, 2006 koo sangathan ney apane nirnay kii ghoshana kii "atlus society koo hamaare aadhikarik naam key roop mein upayog karane key liye, joe hamein apane vichaaron koo raind pathakon key saath-saath aam janata key liye badhaava dene mein madad karega, jabaki hamaare adhik shaikshanik aur vidwan gatividhiyon key liye vastunishth kendra kaa naam aarakshit karega.
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atlas society
atlas society (toss) yuu ain randna tatvashaastravannu uttejisuva americada 501 (sii) (3) laabharahita samstheyaagide. vastunishthateyu "muchchida vyavasthe" athawa "mukta vyavasthe" embudara bagegina bhinnabhiprayagalindagi 1990ralli ayne raand samstheyinda berpatta vastunishtha chalavaliya bhagavagide. david kelli avaru tasna sthapakaragiddare mattu jennifer grossman adara prastuta sii. ii. oo. agiddare.
itihaasa.
1980rahra dashakada koneyalli, tatvagnaani david kelli avaru raindna vastunishthateya tatvashaastravannu pratipaadisalu 1985ralli sthaapisalaada ain raand institute (aari) nondige sambandha hondiddaru. aari samsthaapaka leonard peacoff mattu mandaliya adhyaksha peater schwartz avarondigina vivaadagala nantara, aari kelliyondigina sambandhavannu kadidukondaru mattu vastunishtha chalavaliyallidda itararige avarondige sambandha hondadante echcharike niididaru. idakke pratikriyeyagi, kelli mattu maaji aari salahegaara georg walsh 1990ralli vastunishtha adhyayanagala samstheyannu saha-sthaapisidaru; nantara idannu atlas society endu marunamakarana maadalaayitu. toss tannannu taanu "saampradaayika" aarige hecchu mukta mattu sahishnu paryayavagi irisikondiddaane. aari mattu toss vastunishthateyannu pratipaadisuva atyanta pramukha american samsthegalaagive, aadaagyoo toss chikkadaagide mattu adara pratispardhiginta hecchu hanavannu hondilla.
samstheya chatuvatikegalalli vastunishthateya bagge likhita mattu daakhalita vishayavannu rachisuvudu, vidyarthi gumpugalige bembala mattu madhyamadalli kaanisikolluvudu serive. prati besigeyalli taas "besige vicharagoshthi" emba varshika sammelanavannu ayojisuttade mattu ee gumpu hinde "hosa vyaktivaada" emba niyatakaalikeyannu prakatisitu. vastunishtha moukhika itihaasa yojaneyu vastunishtha chalavaliya itihaasadalli todagiruva vyaktigalondige daakhalita sandarshanagalannu nadesuttade.
2011ralli, aaron day samstheya karyacharaneya karyanirvahakaragi adhikara vahisikondaru. 2016rahra march 1randu, toss jennifer grossman avarannu tanna hosa sii. ii. oo. aagi ghoshisitu.
hesarugalu.
ee samstheyannu 1990ralli vastunishtha adhyayanagala samstheyaagi sthaapisalaayitu. 1999ralli idannu vastunishtha kendra endu marunamakarana maadalaayitu. adhe varsha, randna kaadambarigalannu oduva aadare itara vastunishtha saahityada parichayavillada janarannu guriyagisikondu kendravu "atlas society" yannu sthaapisitu. zoon 5,2006 randu, samstheyu "atlas sosaitiyannu namma adhikruta hesaraagi balasuva nirdhaaravannu ghoshisitu, idu namma aalochanegalannu raand odugarige mattu saarvajanikarige uttejisalu sahaaya maaduttade, adhe samayadalli namma hecchu shaikshanika mattu pandityapurna chatuvatikegaligaagi vastunishtha kendrada hesarannu kaydirisuttade".
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atlus society
atlus society (tii. aii. ess.) hii eka american 501 (see) (3) naa-napha sanstha aahe jee ain randchya tattvadnyanala protsahan dete. vastunishthata hii eka "bund pranali" hotee qee "khulee pranali" yaa vishayavar matbhed jhalyamule 1990 madhye ain rand sansthepasun vibhakt jhalelya vastunishthavadi chalvalicha haah eka bhag aahe. david kelee heey tasche sansthapak aahet aanee jennifer grossman heey tyache sadhyache mukhya karyakari adhikari aahet.
itihas.
1980 chya dashakachya uttaradhat, tattvadnya david kelee heey ain rand institute (aii. aar. aay.) shhee sanlagn hote, jyachi sthapana randchya vastunishthatechya tattvadnyanache samarthan karnyasathi 1985 madhye karnyat aalee hotee. eriche sansthapak leonard pecoff aanee mandalache adhyaksh pieter schwartz yanchyashi jhalelya vadanantar, erine kelishi asalele sambandh todale aanee vastunishtha chalvalit itaranna tyachyashi sambandh naan thevanyacha ishara deela. yala pratisad mhanoon, kelee aanee majee aii. aar. aay. sallagar george walsh yanni 1990 madhye vastunishtha abhyas sansthechi saha-sthapana kelee; nantar tiche naav badaloon atlus society asey karnyat aale. taas swatahla 'orthodox' aricha adhik khula aanee sahishnu paryay mhanoon sthan deto. jaree taas lahan aahe aanee tyachya pratispardhyapramane nidhi puravala jaat nahee, taree erii aanee taas yaa vastunishthateche samarthan karananya sarvat pramukh american sanstha aahet.
sansthechya upkramanmadhye vastunishthatebaddal likhit aanee nond keleli samagri tayar karane, vidyarthi gatanna pathimba dene aanee prasarmadhyamanchya upasthiticha samavesh aahe. pratyek unhali taas 'unhali charchasatra' navachi varshik parishad aayojit karato aanee yaa gatane purvi 'daad nyu indivisualist' navache eka masik prakashit kele. vastunishthavadi maukhik itihas prakalp vastunishthavadi chalvalichya itihasat sameel asalelya vyaktinchya nondavalelya mulakhati aayojit karato.
2011 madhye, aaron day yanni sansthecha karyakari karyakari mhanoon padbhar swikarla. 1 march 2016 roji, taas yanni jennifer grossmanla tyanche naveen mukhya karyakari adhikari mhanoon ghoshit kele.
nave.
1990 madhye vastunishtha abhyas sanstha mhanoon yaa sansthechi sthapana karnyat aalee. 1999 madhye tyache naav badaloon vastunishtha kendra asey karnyat aale. tyach varshi, kendrane randchya kadambya vachananya parantu itar vastunishtha sahityanshi parichit nasalelya lokanna lakshya karoon eka swarasya gut mhanoon 'atlus society' chee sthapana kelee. 5 juuna 2006 roji, sansthene "atlas society heey aamche adhikrut naav mhanoon vaparnyacha nirnay jaheer keela, jyamule aamhala aamchya kalpananna rand vachkanparyant tasech samanya lokanparyant pohochavinyat madat hoil, tarr aamchya adhik shaikshanik aanee vidvattapoorn upkramansathi vastunishtha kendrache naav rakhoon thewale jaeel". | atlus samaj
atlus society (tass) ek americi 501 (see) (3) gaira nafamulak sanstha how jasle aina randko darshanlai badhawa dinchha. yo wastunishthawadi andolanko euta bhag how june wastunishthawad "banda pranali" wa "khula pranali" thiyo kii thiena bhanne kurama asahamatika karan sann 1990 maa aina ranned sansthanbata alag bhayo. devid kelly taska sansthapak hun, rar jennifer grassman yasaka wartaman siio hun.
itihas.
sann 1980 ko dashakko uttarardhama, darshanik devid kelly aina ranned sansthan (ari) sanga sambadha thie, june randko wastunishthatako darshanko wakalat garna 1985 maa sthapana garieko thiyo. erika sansthapak leonard pekof rar boardka adhyaksha pieter swartjasangko vivadpachhi, erile kelisangko sambandha tode rar wastunishtha andolanka anyalai unisanga najhna chetawani die. yasako pratikriyama, kelly rar purva eri sallahakar george walsle sann 1990 maa wastunishtha adhyayan sansthanko saha-sthapana gare; pachhi yasalai atlus society naam diiyo. tasle afulai "rudhiwadi" ari ko adhik khula rar sahishnu wikalpako rupma sthapit gardacha. eri rar tass wastunishthatako wakalat garne sabaibhanda pramukh americi sangathanharu hun, yadyapi tass sano chha rar yasako pratidwandwiko rupma witta poshit chhaina.
sangathanka gatiwidhiharuma wastunishthatawad, vidyarthi samuhaharuka lagi samarthan, rar midia upasthitiharuko barema likhit rar record garieko samagri sirjana garnu samawesh chha. pratyek grishmakalin tasle "grishmakalin seminar" bhanine warshik sammelan ayojana gardacha, rar samuhale pahile "nayan wyaktiwadi" namak patrika prakashit garthyo. wastunishtha maukhik itihas pariyojanale wastunishtha andolanko itihasma sanlagna wyaktiharusanga record garieko antarwarta sanchalan gardacha.
sann 2011 maa, aaron day-ley sangathanko parichalan karyakariko rupma padabhar grahan grahan. march 1,2016 maa, tasle jennifer grasmyanlai yasako nayan siioko rupma ghoshana garyo.
naam.
sann 1990 maa wastunishtha adhyayan sansthanko rupma yass sansthako sthapana bhaeko thiyo. yasalai sann 1999 maa wastunishtha kendra naam diiyo. tyahi warsha, kendrale randka upanyasharu padhne tara anya wastunishtha sahityasanga parichit nabhaeka manisharulai laxit garne chaso samuhako rupma "atlus society" sthapana garyo. june 5,2006 maa, sangathanle "atlus samajlai hamro adhikarik namko rupma prayog garne nirnayako ghoshana garyo, jasle hamilai ranned pathakharuka sathai aam janataka lagi hamra vicharharu prawardhan garna maddat garnechha, jabki hamro adhik shaikshik rar vidwatapurna gatiwidhiharuka lagi wastunishtha kendrako naam arakshit gardacha.
| atlas society
atlas society (tas) heuchhi eka americae 501 (sii) (3) analabhakari sangathana jaahaa aayan randanka darshanaku prostahita kare . ehaa bastunisthabadee andolanara eka ansha jaahaa 1990 ray aayan randa instichyutaru bichhinna hoithila kaaran bastunisthabada eka "banda system" naa eka "mukta system" thila shay bishajare matabhed thila . devida kelly heuchhanti tasra pratisthata, ebong jennifer grossman heuchhanti ehara barttamanara ceo.
itihas.
1980 dashkar shesh bhagare, darshanika devida kelly aayan randa institute (aari) sahita anubandhita thile, jaahaa randanka bastunisthata darshanaku samarthan kariba paain 1985 ray sthapita hoithila . aari pratisthata leonard peikaf ebong board adhyakhya pieter swartajanka saha bibada parey aari kelinka saha samparka chhinn karithile ebong taanka sahita jodi naheba paain bastunistha aandolanare thiba anyamananku chetabani deithile. ehara pratikrijare, kelly ebong purbatana aari paramarshadata george walsha 1990 ray institute pharr abajektivista stodiesra saha-pratistha karithile; parey ehaaku atlas society naamare namit karajaithila . taasa nijaku "orthodox" aarinka eka adhika khola ebong sahansheel bikalpa bhabare sthanita kare . aari ebong taasa heuchhanti sabutharu pramukh americae sangathana jaahaa bastunisthata paain okilati karanti, jadio taasa chhot ebong ehara pratidwandinka pari bhal artha pradan kare naahin .
ehi sangathanara karjyakalapa madhyare bastubada bishajare likhita ebong record hoithiba samagri srusti kariba, chhatra gosthi paain samarthan ebong ganamadhyama upasthiti antarbhukta . pratyeka grishma ruture taasa "grishma seminara" namaka eka barshika sammilani ayojan karithae, ebong ehi gosthi purbaru "nutan byaktitwabadee" namaka eka patrika prakash karuthila. bastunistha moukhika itihas prakalpa bastunistha andolanara itihasare jadita byaktinka sahita record hoithiba sakhyatakara parichalana kare .
2011 ray, aaron day sangathanara parichalana karjyanirbahee bhabare dajitwa grahan karithile. march 1,2016 ray, tass jennifer grasamyanku ehara nutan ceo bhabare ghoshana karithile.
naama.
ehi sangathana 1990 masihare bastubadi adhyajana pratisthana bhabe pratisthita hoithila. 1999 masihare ehara naama paribartana curry bastubadi kendra rakhajaithila. sehi barsha, kendrati "atlas society" pratistha karithila, jaahaa randanka upenyas padhuthiba kintu anya bastubadi sahitya sahita parichita nathiba lokanku lakhya curry eka agraha gosthi bhabe karjya karithila. june 5,2006 ray, sangathana ehara nishpatti ghoshana kallah "atlas societyku ammer sarkari naama bhabare byabahara karibaku, jaahaa ammer adhika academic ebong bidwana karjyakalapa paain bastunistha kendra naamaku sanrakhita kariba sahita randa pathaka tatha sadharana janatanka paain ammer bicharaku prostahita karibare sahajya kariba.
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attles suciety
attles suciety (tii. aii. aiss.) ikk amriki 501 (see) (3) gair-labhkari sangathan haii joe ainn raind dey falsafe noon utshahit karda haii. ih udeshwadi andolan daa hissa haii joe 1990 witch ainn raind sanstha toon iss gall 'teey asehmatiaan caarn vakkh hoow giaa see kii qee udeshwad ikk "bnd pranali" see jaan ikk "khullhi pranali" see. david callie taas daa sansthapak haii, atey jennifer grossman iss daa maujuda see. ee. ou. haii.
itihaas.
1980 dey dahake dey akheer witch, darshnik david callie ainn raind institute (aii. aar. aaee.) naal jude hoye sunn, jiss dee sathapana 1985 witch raind dey udeshwad dey falsafe dee vakalat curran laee keeti gaee see. airee dey sansthapak leonard picoff atey board dey chairman pieter schwartz naal vivadan toon baad, airee neey callie naal sabndh todd ditte atey udeshwadi andolan witch doojiaan noon uss naal naa juden dee chetavani ditti. iss dey jawab witch, callie atey sabka airee salahkar jaaraj walsh neey 1990 witch udeshwadi adhiaen laee sanstha dee sahi-sathapana keeti; baad witch iss daa naam badal keey attles suciety rakkhiaa giaa. taas aapne aap noon "orthodox" arrie dey vadhere khulleh atey sehansheel wicklup vajon pesh karda haii. airee atey taas sabh toon pramukh amriki sangathan hunn joe nirpakhta dee vakalat karde hunn, halanki taas chhota haii atey iss dey virodhi dey roop witch changi tarahan fund naheen ditta jaanda haii.
sangathan deeaan gatividhiaan witch udeshwad baare likhti atey ricard keeti samaggari banauna, vidiaarthi samoohan laee samarthan atey media peshkari shamal haii. harr garmiaan witch taas ikk salana conferences daa ayojan karda haii jiss noon "summer saiminar" kiha jaanda haii, atey samooh neey pahilan "navaan viaktigatvadi" namak ikk magazine prakashit keeta see. udeshwadi maukhik itihaas project udeshwadi andolan dey itihaas witch shamal viaktiaan naal ricard keete interview aayojit karda haii.
2011 witch, aaron day neey sangathan dey sanchalan karajkari vajon kaaraj sambhal liaa. 1 march, 2016 noon, taas neey jennifer grossman noon aapna navaan see. ee. ou. ailaniaa.
naam.
sangathan dee sathapana 1990 witch udeshwadi adhiaen sanstha vajon keeti gaee see. iss daa naam 1999 witch udeshwadi kendra rakkhiaa giaa see. use saal, kendra neey "attles suciety" dee sathapana ikk dilchaspi samooh vajon keeti joe raind dey nawal padhan vaale lokan noon nishana banaunda see parr horr udeshwadi saahit toon jaanhu naheen see. 5 juun, 2006 noon, sangathan neey aapne faisle dee ghoshna keeti "attles suciety noon saade adhikarat naam vajon vartan laee, joe saade vicharan noon raind pathkan dey naal-naal aam janata takk utshahit curran witch saadi madad karega, jadon kii saadi vadhere akadamik atey vidvatapuran gatividhiaan laee udeshwadi kendra daa naam rakhvan rakkhiaa javega. |
atlus-samaajah
atlas-society (taas) iti amerikaadeshasy 501 (sii) (3) labharahitasamstha asti yaa ain-rend ityasya tatvajnaanasya pracharam karoti. etat vastunishta-aandolanasy bhaagah asti yat 1990 tame varshe ain rend-samsthaayaah pruthak jaatam, vastunishta-matasya "baddha-vyavasthaa" athavaa "mukta-pranaali" iti vishaye bhinnabhiprayat. david kelee ityayam taas ityasya samsthaapakah asti, jennifer grossman ityeshah cha tasya vartamaanah sii. ee. o. asti.
itihaasah.
1980 tamasya dashakasy ante, tatvajnaani david kelee, raind ityasya vastunishtavaadasya darshanasy samarthanaay 1985 tame varshe sthaapitena ain raind-institute (e. aar. aii.) ityanena saha sambadhah aasit. eree samsthaapakah leonard pecoff, boardsya adhyakshah peater schwartz cha ityetaih saha vivaadaat param eree ityeshah kelee ityanena saha sambandham vicchedya, vastunishta-aandolane anyaan cha tena saha naa sahum chetayat. pratikriyaaroopen, kelee tathaa poorva-eree-sallahakaraha jaarj vaalsh cha 1990 tame varshe vastunishta-adhyayan-samsthaayaah saha-sthapanam akurvan; pashchat asya naam atlus-society iti krutam. taas-varyaha "roodhi-acharaha" aari ityasya apekshayaa adhika-mukta-sahishnu-vikalparupena swayam sthaapayati. aari tathaa taas ityetaah amerikaadeshasy pramukhasamsthaah santi ye vastunishtavaadasya samarthanam kurvanti, yadyapi taas iti samsthaa laghu asti, pratidwandwinah iva vittaposhitah naasti.
samsthaayaah kaaryeshu vastunishtataa vishaye likhita-abhilekhita-saamagreeh nirmaatum, chaatrasamoohaanaam samarthanam, maadhyam-upasthitihi cha antarbhavanti. pratyekam greeshmakaaleen-taasa-samsthaa "greeshmakaaleen-seminar" iti vaarshikam sammelanam aayojayati, tathaa cha samoohah poorvam "da nyoo-indivisualist" iti patrikaam prakashitavan. vastunishta-maukhika-itihasa-pariyojanaa vastunishta-aandolanasy itihaase samlagnaah vyaktibhihi saha abhilekhita-sakshatkaran aayojayati.
2011 tame varshe aaron-day-samsthaa samsthaayaah parichaalanakaaryakaarinirupe adhikaram avaapnot. 2016 maarch 1 dinaanke, taas ityanena jennifer grossman ityenam nootanah see. ee. o. iti ghoshitah.
naam.
1990 tame varshe vastunishta-adhyayan-samsthaa iti namna samsthaa samsthaapitaa. 1999 tame varshe asya naam vastunishta-kendram iti punah namakaranam krutam. tasmin eva varshe, rend ityasya upanyasan pathantah kintu anyaih vastunishta-saahityen naa parichitaah jananam krute laxyaroopen "atlas-samaajah" iti kendram sthaapitam. 2006 joon 5 dinaanke samsthaa "atlas-samaajam asmakam aadhikaarik-naamaroopen upayoktum nirnayam aghoshayat, yena asmaabhih vicharan rend-paatakebhyah tathaa samanyajananam krute cha pracharam kartum sahayyam bhavishyati, tathaa cha vastunishta-kendrasya naam asmakam adhika-shaikshanik-vidvataapoorna-karyanam krute arakshitam bhavishyati" iti. |
adless samoogam
adless society (taas) enbathu ayne rand thaththuvatthai ookkuvikkum oru america 501 (chii) (3) ilaaba noakkattra amaippaagum. idhu puranilaivaatham oru "moodiya amaippu" allathu oru "thirantha amaippu" enbathu kuriththa karutthu vaerupaadugal kaaranamaaga 1990 aam aandil ayne rand niruvanaththil irunthu pirintha puranilaivaatha iyakkaththin oru paguthiyaagum. davit kellie taas niruvanaththin niruvanar aavaar, jennifer grossman adhan tharpoothaiya thalaimai nirvaaga adhigaari aavaar.
varalaaru.
1980 kalin pirpaguthiyil, thaththuvagnaani davit kellie ayne rand institute (aarii) udan inaikappattaar, idhu 1985 aam aandil raendin puranilaivaaththin thaththuvatthai aatharippatharkaaka niruvappattathu. aarii niruvanar leonard beacoff mattrum vaariyat thalaivar piittar swards aakiyoarudan aerpatta sarchchaigalukkup piragu, aarii kelliyudanaana uravugalai thunditthaar mattrum puranilaivaatha iyakkaththil ulla mattravargalai avarudan thodarpupaduththa vaendaam endru echariththaar. idharku pathilalikkum vithamaaga, kellie mattrum munnaal aarii aaloasagar jaarj walsh aagiyoar 1990 aam aandil puranilai aaivugalukkaana niruvanatthai inainthu niruvinar; pinnar idhu adless sangam endru marupeyaridappattathu. orthodox" aarikku migavum thirantha mattrum sagippuththanmai konda maattraaka thaas thannai nilainiruththukiraar. aarii mattrum taas aagiyavai puranilaivaathaththai aatharikkum miga mukkiyamaana america amaippugalaagum, iruppinum taas siriyathu mattrum adhan poattiyaalaraip poala nidhiyalikkappadavillai.
inththa amaippin seyalpaadugalil puranilaivaatham, maanavar kuzhukkalukkaana aatharavu mattrum uudaga thoattranggal pattri ezhuthappatta mattrum pathivu seiyappatta porutkalai uruvaakkuvathu aagiyavai adangkum. ovvoru koadaikaalaththilum thaas "koadai karuththarangu" endru azhaikkappadum varudaanthira manattai aerpaadu seikiraar, maelum kuzhu munbu "puthiya thaninabar" endra paththirigaiyai veliyittathu. puranilaivaatha vaaivazhi varalaattruth thittam puranilaivaatha iyakkaththin varalaattril eedupattulla nabarkaludan pathivu seiyappatta nerkaanalgalai nadaththukirathu.
2011 aam aandil, aaron day niruvanaththin seyalpaattu nirvaagiyaaga poruppaettraar. maarch 1,2016 andru, taas jennifer grossmanai adhan puthiya thalaimai nirvaaga athikaariyaaga arivitthaar.
peyarkal.
inththa amaippu 1990 aam aandil puranilaivaatha aaivugalukkaana niruvanamaaga niruvappattathu. idhu 1999 aam aandil puranilaivaatha maiyam endru marupeyaridappattathu. athae aandu, raendin naavalkalaip padikkum aanaal pira puranilaivaatha ilakkiyangkalai nanku ariyaathavarkalai ilakkaakak konda oru aarvak kuzhuvaaga "adless samoogaththai" maiyam niruviyathu. juun 5,2006 andru, inththa amaippu "adless samoogaththai engkal athikaarappoorva peyaraagap payanpaduththuvatharkaana thanathu mudivai ariviththathu, idhu engkal karutthukkalai rand vaasagargalukkum podhu makkalukkum ookkuvikka udhavum, athae neraththil engkal maelum kalvi mattrum arivaarntha nadavadikkaikalukku puranilai maiyap peyarai odhukkum".
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atlas society
atlas society (taas) anedi ine raand tatvaanni prothsahinche oka american 501 (sii) (3) laabhaapekshaleni samstha. idhi 1990loe ayan raand institute nundi vidipoyina objectivist udyamamlo bhaagam, objectivism anedi "closed system" ledhaa "open system" anae daanipai vibhedaala kaaranamgaa. david kellie taas vyavasthaapakudu, mariyu gennifer grossman daani prastuta CEO.
charitra.
1980la chivaralo, tatwavetta david kellie, raand yokka objectivism tatvaanni samarthinchadaaniki 1985loe sthaapinchabadina ayan raand institute (aari) thoo anubandham kaligi unnadu. aari vyavasthaapakudu leonard pcoff mariyu boardu chairman peater schwartzlatho vivaadaala taruvaata, aari kelleetho sambandhaalanu tenchukuni, vastunishtha udyamamlo itarulanu athanitho anubandhinchavaddani heccharinchaadu. dheeniki pratispandanagaa, kellie mariyu maajee aari salahaadaaru georg walsh 1990loe institute pharr objectivist studiesnu saha-sthaapinchaaru; taruvaata dheeniki atlas society anie paeru maarchabadindi. sanaatana" aari kii marinta bahiranga mariyu sahanasheela pratyamnaayamgaa taas tananu taanu nilabettukuntaadu. aari mariyu taas anevi vastunishtata kosam vaadinche atyanta pramukha american samsthalu, ayinappatikee taas chinnadi mariyu daani pratyarthi vale nidhulu andaledu.
samstha yokka karyakalapalalo objectivism gurinchi vraatapuurvaka mariyu record cheyabadina vishayalanu srushtinchadam, vidyaarthi samuuhaalaku maddatu ivvadam mariyu media pradarsanalu unnaayi. prati vesavi taas "summer seminar" anae vaarshika samavesanni nirvahistundi, mariyu eee brundam gatamlo "dhi nyuu individulist" anae patrikanu prachurinchindi. objectivist moukhika charitra project objectivist udyamam yokka charitralo palgonna vyaktulatoe namodu chesina interviewlanu nirvahistundi.
2011loe, aaron day samstha yokka kaaryaacharana karyanirvahakudiga baadhyatalu sweekarinchindi. marchi 1,2016naa, taas gennifer grassmannu thana kotta seeevogaa prakatinchindi.
paerlu.
eee samstha 1990loe objectivist studies institutega sthaapinchabadindi. 1999loe dheeniki objectivist center anie paeru maarchabadindi. adhe samvatsaram, raand navlalanu chadivina, conny itara objectivist saahityam gurinchi teliyani vyaktulanu lakshyamgaa chesukuni aasaktigala samuuhamgaa atlas sosaiteeni sthaapinchindi. juun 5,2006naa, samstha "atlas sosaiteeni maa adhikaarika paerugaa upayoginchaalane thana nirnayaanni prakatinchindi, idhi maa aalochanalanu raand paatakulaku alaage saadhaarana prajalaku pracharam cheyadaaniki sahaayapadutundi, adhe samayamlo maa marinta vidya mariyu panditula karyakalapala kosam objectivist center paerunu ketayistundi". | atlas society
atlas society (tye aey aiss) eek americi 501 (see) (3) ghair munafa bakhash tanzim hay juu eyen rend kay falsafe kuu farogh deeti hay. yaha maruzi tehreek kaa hasah hay juu 1990 mein eyen rend insity teut say iss baath parr ikhtelaaf raaye kii wajah say alg how gayee kahh aayaa maruziyat eek "bund nazaam" thaa yaa "khilaa nazaam". dude keeli taas kay baanee haine aur genifer gross meen iss kay maujudah see ayee awo haine.
tareekh.
1980 kii dahayi kay aakhir mein falsafi dude keeli eyen rend insity teut (aey aar aayee) say waabistah thay jiss kii bunyaad 1985 mein rend kay maruzi falsafe kii wakalat karnay kay liye rakhee gayee thee. aree kay baanee leonard paikof aur board kay chairmeen petter shwartz kay saath tanazaat kay baad aree nay keeli kay saath taluqat manqata kirr diye aur maruzi tehreek mein shaamil dosron kuu khabardar kiyaa kahh wah iss kay saath waabistah naha hoan. jawaab mein keeli aur saabiq aree advisor jaarj walsh nay 1990 mein insity teut faar objectuist studies kii mushtarkah bunyaad rakhee. baad mein iss kaa naam badal kirr atlas society rakh diyaa gayaa. taas khood kuu "orthodocs" aree kay ziyadah khalay aur rawadar muthbadil kay toor parr paish kartaa hay. aree aur taas sabb say numayan americi tanzimein haine juu maruziyat kii wakalat karti haine halankah taas chhota hay aur iss kay hareef kii tarah maali aanat nahein kartaa hay.
tanzim kii sargarmiyon mein maruzi kay baaray mein tehriri aur record shadah mawaad banaana talbaa kay gropon kii himayat aur mediya kii maujudgi shaamil haine. harr summer taas "summer siminar" kay naam say eek salanah conference kaa ahtamam kartaa hay aur yaha grop pehley "dee neo infradest" kay naam say eek megzin shaye kartaa thaa. maruzi zabani tareekh kaa mansubah maruzi tehreek kii tareekh mein shaamil afraad kay saath record shadah interviews kaa anaqad kartaa hay.
2011 mein aaron day nay tanzim kay operational execto kay toor parr ahdah sanbhala. yakam maarch 2016 cow taas nay genifer gross meen kuu apnaa neeya see ayee awo qaraar diyaa.
naam.
iss tanzim kii bunyaad 1990 mein insity teut faar objectuist studies kay toor parr rakhee gayee thee. 1999 mein iss kaa naam badal kirr objectuist center rakh diyaa gayaa. asee saal markaz nay "atlas society" kii bunyaad eek dilchaspi grop kay toor parr rakhee juu inn logon kuu nishanah banata thaa juu rend kay naawal padhtay thay leakin dosray objectuist adab say waaqif nahein thay. 5 joone 2006 cow tanzim nay apnay faislay kaa aalaan kiyaa "atlas society kuu apnay sarkaari naam kay toor parr istemaal karnay kay liyay juu hamein apnay khayalat kuu rend qaareen kay saath saath aam logon takk pahunchanay mein madad karay gaa jabkah hamaray mazeed taleemi aur elmi sargarmiyon kay liye maruzi markaz kaa naam mahfuz rakhay gaa.
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00057299c869cc7e170471679a3fe698347ea71c74bcce13cf4fcea011805f54 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43240595 | Exam invigilator |
Exam invigilator
Person who enforces examination rules
An exam invigilator, exam proctor or exam supervisor is someone appointed by an educational institution or an examination board to maintain proper conduct in a particular examination in accordance with exam regulations. Typically, the main duty of an exam invigilator is to watch examination candidates to prevent cheating. The purpose of exam invigilating is to ensure each candidate sits the examination under equal conditions.
Exam invigilators are appointed to a position of trust and are expected to possess integrity and vigilance to conduct examinations in exact accordance with the board’s instructions.
Purpose.
The purpose of exam invigilation is to ensure that all candidates are under active surveillance for every moment of the duration of the examination. Invigilators should also try to provide a suitably pleasant and supportive atmosphere for candidates. However, they must also prevent any kind of communication between candidates (by copying, whispering or any kind of signal, exchange of paper or objects) and any kind of access to unauthorized books, papers or electronic media of any kind for the exam duration.
Invigilators also need to ensure the security of the examination hall before, during and after the examination. From the moment the question papers are given out until all answers are collected, exam invigilators should patrol vigilantly. Particular emphasis should be given to multiple-choice and short-answer questions. The main goal should be to prevent possible academic dishonesty and administrative failures.
The minimum number of invigilators required for different kinds of examinations depends on the type of examinations held. For general written examinations, there should be at least one invigilator present against every 30 students for patrolling and vigilance at the examination hall.
Duties.
General duties.
The main duty of an exam invigilator is to support the Chief Invigilator, the Deputy Chief Invigilator, the Examinations Officer and the other invigilators at the examination venue.
Some of the other general duties may include:
Before the exam.
Before the start of the examination, exam invigilators must be fully briefed and trained before carrying out the task of invigilation in their respective venues. It is essential that exam invigilators familiarize themselves with the appropriate examination regulations and procedures before attending the examination hall.
Exam invigilators should arrive at the examination hall at least one hour before the start of the examination to report for their duty and remain for an additional hour after the exams to collect and wrap up the examination scripts.
Before the candidates arrive, exam invigilators must prepare the examination venue by placing the required answer booklets, reference booklets, candidate numbers and other supplementary materials on candidates' desks. They must make sure that the time of the clock at the examination venue is set correctly and necessary instructions are clearly displayed at the front of the examination hall for the candidates. They should also help direct students to their seats and prohibit the entrance of forbidden items such as mobile phones, smart watch, headphones, portable audio/video/gaming devices and textbooks at the examination hall.
During the exam.
During the examination, all exam invigilators must give their whole attention to the examination process. At this time, they must be vigilant, mobile and attentive and should not perform any other tasks throughout the examination’s duration.
At this time, exam invigilators must respond to queries from candidates immediately and assist the candidates as per their needs. Within the first 30 minutes of the examination, the invigilators should take the attendance of the candidates in the attendance record sheet and sign it before submitting it to the Chief Invigilator. While checking the attendance, they must also check the candidate's name, candidate number, passport, admit card or examination entrance card etc.
Exam invigilators must deal with students who arrive late at the examination venue and record their attendance and consult with the Chief Invigilator to determine whether extra time will be granted to such candidates or not.
Invigilators must not permit candidates to leave the examination hall room during the first 1-hour and the last 15 minutes of the examination. They should also take immediate actions in case of candidates caught cheating during the examination and report to the Chief Invigilator. If unauthorized materials are found inside the examination hall, they should remove them immediately. In the event of an emergency or fire alarm, invigilators should follow the emergency exit procedures and lead the candidates safely outside the examination hall.
Invigilators must be as quiet as possible during the examination duration but also remain vigilant to the candidates. They should not explain any questions asked by the candidates or allow any other person to ask questions of, or read answers to, the candidates.
After the exam.
After the examination is over, the exam invigilators should collect the scripts, question papers, stationery and other reference booklets from the candidates and check that all the required information (name, candidate number, venue, date etc.) have been filled out by the candidates on their scripts properly. When all the scripts are collected, invigilators should release candidates and direct them towards the exit of the examination hall in complete silence.
E-proctoring.
E-proctoring, also known as remote proctoring, is a form of exam proctoring which involves monitoring student behaviour during exams administered electronically, including those given as part of e-learning or remote learning.
Concerns about the use of commercial e-proctoring services include the non-functionality of the software; it mostly fails to identify any actual fraud, while it can falsely flag innocent students for suspicious behavior. Some people claim it violates students' privacy, security, and impact to students' mental health. They also claim it is prone to technical issues that can negatively impact students' exam performance. In addition, there have been multiple reports of user data from commercial e-proctoring services being hacked, resulting in thousands of colleges' and hundreds of thousands of users' data being released.
Ineffectiveness.
There is clear evidence to that it is easily possible for candidates to circumvent e-proctoring software. A scientific test of the Proctorio software at the Dutch University of Twente showed that the software was not able to detect any of the cases of examination fraud it was subjected to. It showed that classic, non-technical methods of exam fraud, such as the use of cheat sheets and notes, were nearly undetectable by Proctorio. Moreover, the software could also not identify any cases of committed digital/technical fraud, such as the use of a phone, chat apps and social media during the exam, looking up information on the internet while taking the test, and others. The conclusion was that the sensitivity of Proctorio should be considered at very close to zero.
Controversy.
Controversy over e-proctoring escalated during the COVID-19 pandemic, when many universities, K–12 schools, and standardized testing organizations turned to commercial e-proctoring suppliers for services. Students across the world protested the use of commercial e-proctoring services at their post-secondary institutions. It has been noted that online proctoring technologies use algorithms that discriminate against students of darker skin tones, including Black students and other persons of colour.
Proctorio lawsuits.
In 2020, e-proctoring software company Proctorio sued a university employee at the University of British Columbia over alleged breach of copyright. The employee was critical of Proctorio on social media and posted links to unlisted YouTube videos produced by the company. A court ruling on the case was published on 15 June 2021 and another on 11 March 2022, dismissing the case. As of late 2022, the employee is appealing the dismissal.
In 2020 a computer engineering student at a different college publicly shared excerpts of code installed by Proctorio on their personal computer. The student sued Proctorio after they had the material removed. Proctorio countersued arguing copyright infringement and defamation. The case was settled out of court.
Class-action lawsuits were brought up against Proctorio and two other companies. The companies were accused of failing to provide legally required data retention and destruction policies and failing to obtain consent for gathering biometric information. The lawsuit against Proctorio was dismissed by a judge in August 2022.
References.
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| porikhya poridorxok
porikhya poridorxok, porikhya pro 'karta baa porikhya poridorxok hoise porikhyar niyom onuxori etaa nirdisto porikhyat xothikbhabe porisalona koriboloi etaa xikhya protisthan baa porikhya porixodor dwara nijukto byokti. xadharonote, porikhya poridorxokor mool kortobyo hoise protaronkarir proti surang koraa protirudh koriboloi porikhyar prarthixokolok suwa. porikhyar nirikhyonor uddesyo hoise protijon prarthiye xoman poristhitit porikhyat bohibo poratu nischito koraa.
porikhya poridorxokxokolok biswaxor podot nijukti diya hoy aaru boardor nirdexona onuxori xothikbhabe porikhya onusthito koriboloi xotota aaru xotorkota thakibo buli aaxa koraa hoy.
uddesyo.
porikhyar nirikhyonor uddesyo hoise porikhyar xomoyor protitu muhurtor baabe xokolu prarthi xokriyo nirikhyonot thokatu nischito koraa. poridorxokxokoleu prarthixokolor baabe ek upojukto anondodayok aaru xomorthonmulok poriwex prodan koriboloi chesta koraa usit. obosye, teuluke prarthixokolor maajot jikunu dhoronor jugajug (kopi kori, physphix kori baa jikunu dhoronor xongket, kagoj baa bostur binimoy) aaru jikunu dhoronor kitap, kagoj baa electronic madhyomoloi jikunu dhoronor prowexadhikar (bixexbhabe onumudit noho 'ley) protirudh koribo lagibo.
porikhyar aagote, xomoyot aaru pisot porikhya holor xurokhyau poridorxokxokole nischito koribo lagibo. prosno potro prokax huwar muhurtor poraa xokolu uttor xongroho nokoraloike porikhya poridorxokxokole xabodhane tohol dibo laage. ekadhik posondor aaru suti uttoror prosnoburot bixex gurutwo dibo laage. iyar mool lokhyo hoh "bob laage xombhabyo xoikhyik oxotota aaru proxaxonik bifolota protirudh koraa.
bibhinno dhoronor porikhyar baabe proyujoniyo nunyotom poridorxokor xongkhya onusthito porikhyar prokaror uporot nirbhor kore. xadharon likhito porikhyar baabe, porikhya holot tohol aaru xotorkotar baabe proti 30 john xikhyarthir biruddhe komeu ejon poridorxok uposthito thakibo laage.
kortobyo.
xadharon kortobyo.
porikhya poridorxokor mool kortobyo hoise porikhya sthanot mukhyo poridorxok, upo-mukhyo poridorxok, porikhya bixoya aaru onyanyo poridorxokxokolok xohay koraa.
aan kisuman xadharon kortobyor bhitorot thakibo paareh
porikhyar aagote.
porikhya aarombho huwar aagote, porikhya nirikhyonkarixokolok teulukor niz niz sthanot nirikhyonor kaam xomponno korar aagote xompurnorupe bujai aaru proxikhyon dibo lagibo. porikhyar porjyobekhyokxokole porikhya holot uposthito huwar aagote upojukto porikhyar niyom aaru prokriyar xoite nijoke porisito koratu joruri.
porikhya poridorxokxokole porikhya aarombho huwar komeu eghonta aagote porikhya holot uposthito hoi teulukor kortobyor baabe protibedon dibo laage aaru porikhyar pisot otirikto eghonta porikhyar lipi xongroho aaru xomapto koriboloi thakibo laage.
prarthixokole uposthito huwar aagote porikhya poridorxokxokole proyujoniyo uttor pustika, proxongo pustika, prarthir nombor aaru onyanyo xompurok xamogri prarthixokolor deskot raakhi porikhyar sthan prostut koribo lagibo. teuluke nischito koribo lagibo je porikhya sthanot ghorir xomoy xothikbhabe nirdharon koraa hoise aaru prarthixokolor baabe porikhya holor xonmukhot proyujoniyo nirdexona spostobhabe prodorxito koraa hoise. teuluke xikhyarthixokolok teulukor aaxonoloi nirdexito korat xohay koribo laage aaru porikhya holot mubail phone, smart waas, headfone, bohonjugyo audio '/video'/gaming device aaru pathyoputhir dore nixidho xamogrir prowex nixidho koribo laage.
porikhyar xomoyot.
porikhyar xomoyot, xokolu porikhya poridorxokoi porikhya prokriyar proti teulukor xompurno monujug dibo lagibo. ei xomoyot, teuluke xotorko, gotixil aaru monujugi hoh 'bob lagibo aaru porikhyar gutei xomoisuwat aan kunu kaam koribo nalage.
ei xomoyot, porikhya poridorxokxokole prarthixokolor prosnor totkhyonat uttor dibo lagibo aaru prarthixokolok teulukor proyujoniyota onuxori xohay koribo lagibo. porikhyar prothom 30 minutor bhitorot, poridorxokxokole uposthiti record sweetot prarthixokolor uposthiti lo 'bob laage aaru mukhyo poridorxokor usorot daakhil korar aagote iyat swakhyor koribo laage. uposthiti porikhya korar xomoyot teuluke prarthir naam, prarthir nombor, passport, probexika potro baa porikhyar prowex potro aadiu porikhya koribo lagibo.
porikhya poridorxokxokole porikhya sthanot polom huwa xikhyarthixokolor xoite byobohar koribo lagibo aaru teulukor uposthiti lipibodho koribo lagibo aaru ene prarthixokolok otirikto xomoy diya hoh "bob ney nohoy xeitu nirdharon koriboloi mukhyo poridorxokor xoite poramorxo lo" bob lagibo.
porikhyar prothom 1 ghonta aaru xex 15 minutor xomoisuwat poridorxokxokole prarthixokolok porikhya holor kuthar poraa ulai jaboloi onumoti dibo nalage. porikhyar xomoyot prarthixokole protarona koraa protaronar khetrot teuluke totkhyonat byowostha grohon koribo laage aaru mukhyo paridarxok protibedon dibo laage. jodi porikhya holor bhitorot ononumudit xamogri puwa yaay, tente teuluke totkhyonat xeibur aatorai pelabo laage. jorurikalin owostha baa ogni xongketor khetrot, poridorxokxokole jorurikalin prosthan prokriya onuxoron koribo laage aaru prarthixokolok nirapode porikhya kokhyor bahiroloi loi jaabo laage.
porikhyar xomoisuwat poridorxokxokole jiman paari xanto thakibo lagibo kintu logote prarthixokolor proti xotorko thakibo lagibo. teuluke prarthixokole xudha kunu prosnor byakhya dibo nalage baa aan kunu byoktik prarthixokolor prosno xudhiboloi baa uttor porhiboloi dibo nalage.
porikhyar pisot.
porikhya xex huwar pisot porikhya poridorxokxokole prarthixokolor poraa chitro, prosno potro, stationori aaru onyanyo proxongo pustika xongroho koribo laage aaru xokolu proyujoniyo tothyo (naam, prarthir nombor, sthan, tarikh ityadi) porikhya koribo laage.) prarthixokole teulukor scriptot xothikbhabe puron korise. jetiya xokolu chitro xongkolon koraa hoy, poridorxokxokole prarthixokolok mukoli kori xompurno nirobotare porikhya holor poraa bahiroloi nirdex dibo laage.
ee-proctoring.
ee-proctoring, jaak rim "tot proctoring buliu jonaa yaay, hoise porikhya proctoringor ek prokar zo" too electronikbhabe porisalito porikhyar xomoyot xikhyarthixokolor aasoron nirikhyon koraa hoy, jaar bhitorot aase ee-lorning baa rim "tot loringor ongxo hisape diya.
banijyik ee-proctoring xewar byoboharor bixoye udwegor bhitorot aase softweror karjyokori nuhuwa; ee besibhagei kunu prokrito jaliati sinakto korat byortho hoy, aanhate ee nirduxi xikhyarthixokolok xondehjonok aasoronor baabe misabhabe sinhito koribo paare. kisuman luke daabi kore je ee xikhyarthixokolor guponiyota, nirapotta aaru xikhyarthixokolor manoxik swasthyor uporot probhab longhon kore. teuluke logote daabi kore je ee karikori xomosyar probonota aase jiye xikhyarthixokolor porikhyar prodorxonot netibasok probhab pelabo paare. iyar uporiu, banijyik ee-proctoring xewar poraa byowoharkarir tothyo heck huwar ekadhik protibedon puwa goise, jaar folot haajar haajar mohabidyaloy aaru laakh laakh byowoharkarir tothyo mukoli koraa hoise.
nisfolota.
prarthixokole ee-proctoring softwerok xohoje protihot koratu xombhob buli sposto proman aase. dusch biswobidyaloyor tuwentit proct 'rio' softwertur ek boigyanik porikhyat dekha goisil je softwertuwe porikhyar jaliyat lipto huwa kunu ghotona sinakto koriboloi xokhyom huwa nasil. ee dekhuwaisil je proct "rio" ror dwara pray sinakto koribo nuwara pro 'chitt sweet aaru nutor byoboharor dore porikhyar jaliyat lipto huwar utkristo, oh-karikori poddhoti aasil. iyar uporiu, softwertuwe porikhyar xomoyot phone, set ep aaru cho "siyel miriyar byobohar, porikhya luwar xomoyot internetot tothyo suwa aaru onyanyor dore protisrutiboddho digital/karikori jaliyatir kunu ghotona sinakto koribo nuwarile. upoxonghartu aasil je proct "rio" ror xongbedonxilota xunyor oti usorot bibesona koraa usit.
bitorko.
koo "vid-19 mohamarir xomoyot ee-proctoringor uporot bitorko briddhi paisil, jetiya bohutu biswobidyaloy, key-12 bidyaloy, aaru manxommot porikhya xongsthaxomuhe xewar baabe banijyik ee-proctoring jugan dhorutaxokolor faale ghuri aahisil. xomogro biswor xikhyarthixokole teulukor madhyomik poroborti protisthanxomuhot banijyik ee-proctoring xewar byoboharor birudhita korisil. eitu lokhyo koraa hoise je online proctoring projuktiye ene elgorithom byobohar kore ji koo 'laa saatro-chatri aaru onyanyo rongor byoktixokolok dhori daath saalor rongor saatro-satrixokolor biruddhe boixomyomulok byobohar kore.
proct 'rio' gusor.
2020 sonot ee-proctoring softwer company proct 'rio' ee britis kolombiya biswobidyaloyor ejon biswobidyaloyor kormosarir biruddhe swotwadhikar ulonghonor obhijugot gusor ruju korisil. kormosarigorakiye cho "siyel miriyat proct" rio "ror xomaluchona korisil aaru companytuwe prostut koraa talikabhukto nuhuwa utube video" ror link post korisil. gusortur uporot aadalotor etaa raay 15 june 2021-too aaru aan etaa 11 march 2022-too gusortu nakoch kori prokax koraa hoisil. 2022 sonor xexor faale, kormosariye borkhastor aabedon jonaise.
2020 sonot etaa beleg mohabidyaloyor computer engineeringor saatro-satriye teulukor byoktigoto computerot proct "rio"-ror dwara install koraa koo "dor ongxoxomuh rajohuwabhabe sweyar korisil. satrojone xamogritu atoruwar pisot proct "rio" ror biruddhe gusor ruju korisil. proct "rio" ee swotwadhikar ulonghon aaru manhanir juktire protipokhyopati hoisil. gusortu aadalotor bahirot nispotti koraa hoisil.
proct "rio" aaru aan dutaa companyr biruddhe shreni-podokhyepor gusor utthapon koraa hoisil. companyxomuhor biruddhe aaineebhabe proyujoniyo tothyo rokhyonabekhyon aaru dhongxo niti prodan korat byortho huwa aaru biometric tothyo xongroho korar baabe xonmoti laabh korat byortho huwar obhijug utthapon koraa hoisil. 2022 sonor aagosto maahot ejon nyayadhixor dwara proct 'rio' ror biruddhe gusortu nakoch koraa hoisil.
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porikkha poridorshok
ekjon porikkha poridorshok, porikkha proctor baa porikkha tottabodhayok hollen emon ekjon byakti jini porikkhar niyamavali onusare ekti nirdishto porikkhai jothajotho porichalona bojay rakhar jonno ekti shikkha protisthan baa porikkha board dwara nijukto hohn. sadharonoto, ekjon porikkha poridorshoker prodhan dayitto holl protarona protirodher jonno porikkhar prarthider porjobekkhon koraa. porikkhar nazardarir uddeshya holl protiti prarthike soman shorte porikkhai bosar vishayti nischito koraa.
porikkhar poridorshokder truster podey niyog koraa hoy ebong boarder nirdeshaboli onusare porikkha porichalonar jonno sotota oo satarkata bojay rakhar aasha koraa hoy.
uddeshya.
porikkhar nazardarir uddeshya holl porikkhar samaykaler protiti muhurter jonno samasta prarthike sakriya nazardarir adhine rakha. poridorshokdero prarthider jonno upojuktobhabe monorom ebong sahayak poribesh prodaner chesta koraa uchito. tobey, porikkhar samaykale prarthider modhye jey konao dharaner jogajog (anulipi, physphis baa jey konao dharaner sangket, kagaj baa bostur binimoy) ebong jey konao dharaner boi, kagajpatra baa boidyutin madhyomer (biseshbhabe onumodito naa holey) axes taader aboshyoi protirodh korte hobey.
porjobekkhokder porikkhar agey, somoy ebong porey porikkha holer nirapatta nischito korte hobey. proshnopotro deoa theke samasta uttor sangraha naa haoya porjonto porikkhar poridorshokder sotorkotar sange tohol ditey hobey. ekadhik pochonder ebong sangkhipto uttorer proshner upor bishesh jore deoa uchito. mool lakkhya haoya uchito sombhabbo academic osotota ebong proshashonik byarthota protirodh koraa.
bivinno dharaner porikkhar jonno nyuntama poridorshoker sankhya nirbhar korey jey dharaner porikkha onusthito hoy taar upor. sadharan likhito porikkhar jonno, porikkha holey tohol oo nazardarir jonno proti 30 john chhatrer biruddhe kompokkhe ekjon poridorshok uposthito thakte hobey.
kortobbo.
sadharan dayitto.
ekjon porikkha poridorshoker prodhan dayitto holl prodhan poridorshok, upo-prodhan poridorshok, porikkha kormokorta ebong poriikkhasthole anyanno poridorshokder sahayata koraa.
anyanno kichhu sadharan dayitter modhye antarbhukta thakte paareh
porikkhar agey.
porikkha shuru howar agey, porikkha poridorshokder aboshyoi taader niz niz sthane nazardarir kaaj sampadaner agey sampurnarupe abohito ebong proshikkhito hotey hobey. porikkha kendre uposthito howar agey porikkhar poridorshokder jothajotho porikkhar niyamkanun ebong poddhotir sange nijeder porichito koraa aporiharjo.
porikkha poridorshokder porikkha shurur ontoto eka ghanta agey porikkha holey eshe taader dayitto palon korte hobey ebong porikkhar porey porikkhar script sangraha oo shesh korar jonno atirikto eka ghanta thakte hobey.
prarthira aasaar agey, porikkhar poridorshokder aboshyoi prarthider deske prayojaniya uttor pustika, reference pustika, prarthi nambar ebong anyanno sampurak upokoron rekhe porikkha sthan prostuto korte hobey. porikkha kendre ghadir somoy sathikbhabe nirdharan koraa hoyeche ebong prarthider jonno porikkha holer saamone prayojaniya nirdeshaboli sposhtobhabe prodorshito hoyeche kina taa taader nischito korte hobey. shikkharthider taader asone bosate sahayata koraa ebong mobail phone, smart ghadi, headphone, bohonjoggo audio/vdo/gaming device ebong patthyopustoker moto nishiddho jinispatra porikkha holey probesh nishiddho koraa uchito.
porikkhar somoy.
porikkhar somoy, samasta porikkha poridorshokder aboshyoi porikkha prokriyar proti taader puro monojog ditey hobey. eyi somoye, taader aboshyoi sotorko, gotishil ebong manojogi hotey hobey ebong porikkhar samaykal judey onno konao kaaj koraa uchito noy.
eyi somoye, porikkhar poridorshokder aboshyoi abilambe prarthider proshner uttor ditey hobey ebong prarthider taader prayojan anujayi sahayata korte hobey. porikkhar prothom 30 minuter modhye, poridorshokder uposthiti record sheete prarthider uposthiti nitey hobey ebong prodhan poridorshoker kachhe jomaa deoar agey taate swakkhar korte hobey. uposthiti porikkha korar somoy, taader aboshyoi prarthir naam, prarthi nambar, passport, probeshpotro baa porikkhar probeshpotro ityadi porikkha korte hobey.
porikkhar poridorshokder aboshyoi porikkha kendre derite assa shikkharthider saathe acharan korte hobey ebong taader uposthiti record korte hobey ebong eyi dharaner prarthider atirikto somoy deoa hobey kii naa taa nirdharan korte prodhan poridorshoker saathe poramorsho korte hobey.
porikkhar prothom 1 ghanta ebong shesh 15 minuter modhye poridorshokder aboshyoi prarthider porikkha holl room theke berr hotey deoa uchito noy. porikkhar somoy protarona korte giye prarthira dhora padale taader abilambe byabostha neoa uchito ebong prodhan poridorshoker kachhe report koraa uchito. jodi porikkha holer vitore ananumodito upokoron pawa yaay, tahle taader abilambe seguli sariye fela uchito. jaruri baa agninirbapaner khettre, poridorshokder joruri prosthan poddhoti anusaran koraa uchito ebong prarthider nirapode porikkha holer baire niye yawa uchito.
porikkhar somoy poridorshokder aboshyoi jotota sombhob shanto thakte hobey tobey prarthider protio sotorko thakte hobey. taader uchito noy prarthider jigyasito konao proshno byakhya koraa baa onno konao byaktike prarthider proshno jigyasa korar baa uttor porar anumati deoa.
porikkhar porr.
porikkha shesh howar porr, porikkhar poridorshokder prarthider kachh theke script, proshnopotro, stationary ebong anyanno reference pustika sangraha korte hobey ebong samasta prayojaniya tothyo (naam, prarthi nambar, sthan, tarikh ityadi) porikkha korte hobey.) prarthira taader scripte sathikbhabe puron korechen. jokhon samasta script sangraha koraa hobey, tokhon poridorshokder uchito prarthider chhede deoa ebong sampurna nirobe taader porikkha holer prosthaner dike porichalito koraa.
ee-proctoring.
ee-proctoring, jaa remot proctoring nameo porichito, holl porikkhar proctoringyer ekti roop jaa boidyutinbhabe porichalito porikkhar somoy shikkharthider acharan porjobekkhon korey, jaar modhye ee-larnim baa remot learninger ongsho hisabe deoa hoy.
banijyik ee-proctoring porishebagulir byabohar somporke udweger modhye royeche softwaretir aaa-karjokarita; etty beshirbhag khettrei konao prokrito jaliati sonakto korte byartho hoy, jodio etty sondehojonok achoroner jonno nirdosh shikkharthider mithyabhabe chinnito korte paare. kichhu looka daabi korey jey etty shikkharthider gopaniyata, nirapatta ebong shikkharthider mansik swasther upor prabhab langghan korey. taaraa arow daabi korey jey etty projuktigoto samasyar probon jaa shikkharthider porikkhar performanske netibachakbhabe probhabito korte paare. echhadao, banijyik ee-proctoring porishebaguli theke byaboharkarir detta hack howar ekadhik protibedon royeche, jaar foley hazar hazar college ebong lokkho lokkho byaboharkarir detta prakash koraa hoyeche.
akarjokor.
ee-proctoring softwarke ediye chola prarthider pokkhe sahojei sombhob boley sposhto proman royeche. dutch bishwobidyaloyer bingsho-err proctorio softwear ekti boigyanik porikkhai dekha geche jey softwerty porikkhar jaliatir konao ghotona sonakto korte sokkhom hoyney. etty dekhay jey porikkhar jaliatir classic, aaa-projuktigoto poddhoti, jemon chitt sheet ebong noter byabohar, proctorio dwara pray sonakto koraa yayni. echhadao, porikkhar somoy phone, chyata ayapa ebong soshyala midia byabohar, porikkha deoar somoy internette tothyo anusandhan ebong anyanno digital/projuktigoto jaliatir konao ghotonao softwerty sonakto korte pareni. uposongharti chhilo jey proctorio songbedonshilota shunner khub kachakachi bibechona koraa uchito.
bitorko.
covid-19 mahamarir somoy ee-proctoring niye bitorko arow bede yaay, jokhon onek vishwavidyalaya, keey-12 school ebong mansammata porikkha sangosthaguli porishebar jonno banijyik ee-proctoring sorborahokarider dike jhunke porey. saaraa bishwer shikkharthira taader madhyomik-poroborti protisthangulite banijyik ee-proctoring porishebar byaboharer protibad koreche. etty lakkhya koraa geche jey online proctoring prajuktiguli emon algorithm byabohar korey jaa kaalo chhatro ebong anyanno borner byaktider soho gaadh twaker ronger shikkharthider biruddhe baisamyamulak acharan korey.
proctorio mamla.
2020 saale, ee-proctoring software company proctorio british kalambia bishwobidyaloyer eka vishwavidyalaya kormocharir biruddhe kopirait longghoner abhijoge mamla korey. kormochariti samajik jogajog madhyome proctorio samalochana korechilen ebong company dwara utpadito talikabhukto noy emon utube videor link poosta korechilen. 2021 saaler 15ee june mamler ekti adaloter raay ebong 2022 saaler 11ee march arekti raay prakash koraa hoy, jaa mamlati khariz korey deyo. 2022 saaler shesher dike, karmachari borkhaster abedon korchen.
2020 saale ekti vinno colleger computer engineeringyer eka chhatro taader byaktigato computere proctorio dwara install koraa coder ongshoguli prokashye bhag korey neyo. chhatroti proctorio biruddhe mamla korey jokhon taaraa upadanti sariye feley. proctorio kopirait langghan ebong manhanir jukti diye palta mamla korey. adaloter baire mamlati nishpotti koraa hoy.
proctorio ebong arow duti sangosthar biruddhe classes-action mamla dayer koraa hoyechilo. kompanigulir biruddhe ainoto prayojaniya tothyo dhorey rakha ebong dhongso neeti pradan korte byartho haoya ebong biometric tothyo sangraher jonno sammati petey byartho howar abhijog aanaa hoyechilo. 2022 saaler auguste ekjon bicharok proctorio biruddhe mamlati khariz korey deena. | pariksha nirikshak
pariksha nirikshak, pariksha proqtara athavaa pariksha supervisor aee aevee vyaktee chhe jenee nimanook shaikshanik sanstha athavaa pariksha booard dwara parikshana niyamo anusaar chokkas parikshama yogya sanchalan jalava maate karvaamaa aave chhe. saamanya reete, pariksha nirikshakni mukhya faraj chhetarpindi atkavva maate parikshana umedvaarone jovani hoya chhe. parikshama dekhrekh raakhvaano hetu aee sunishchit karvaano chhe keey darek umedvaar samaan sharato hethal parikshama bese.
pariksha nirikshakoni nimanook trustnaa pada parr karvaamaa aave chhe aneey boardnee soochnaao anusaar parikshaao yojvaa maate temnee paase pramanikta aneey takedaari hovani apeksha rakhvama aave chhe.
hetu.
parikshana nirixanno hetu aee sunishchit karvaano chhe keey tamaam umedvaar pariksha samaygalani darek kshan maate sakreey dekhrekh hethal chhe. nirikshakoae umedvaarone yogya sukhad aneey sahayak vatavaran pradaan karvaano pann prayaas karvo joiae. jooe keey, temane umedvaaro vachche koipan prakaarnaa sandeshaavyavhaar (nakal kareene, whispering kareene athavaa koipan prakaarnaa sanket dwara, kaagad athavaa vastuoni aap-leey kareene) aneey koipan prakaarnaa pustako, kaagado athavaa electronic maadhyamo (khaas kareene adheekrut naa hoya too) sudhee koipan prakaarnee pahonch atkavvi joiae.
nirikshakoae pariksha pahelaa, darmiyan aneey pachhi pariksha khandnee surakshani pann khaatari karvaanee jaroor chhe. prashnapatro bahaar padvama aave teey kshanthi tamaam javaabo aektrit naa thaay tyaan sudhee, pariksha nirikshakoae takedarithi patrolling karavu joiae. bahuveedh pasandaginaa aneey tunkaa javabna prashno parr vishesh bhaar mookavo joiae. mukhya dhyey sambhaveet shaikshanik apramanikta aneey vahivati nishfaltaone atkavvano hovo joiae.
viveedh prakaarnee parikshaao maate jaroori nirikshakni laghutam sankhyaa yojaayeli parikshaona prakaar parr aadharit chhe. saamanya lekheet parikshaao maate, pariksha khandma patrolling aneey takedaari maate darr 30 vidhyarthio saame ochhama ochho aek nirikshak haajar hovo joiae.
farajo.
saamanya farajo.
pariksha nirikshakni mukhya faraj mukhya nirikshak, nayab mukhya nirikshak, pariksha adheekari aneey pariksha sthal parnaa anya nirikshakne teko aapvani chhe.
ketalik anya saamanya farajomaa nichenaano samaavesh thaee shake chheh
pariksha pahelaa.
pariksha sharoo thaay teey pahelaa, pariksha nirikshakone temnaa sambandhit sthaloae nirikshannu kaary haath dhartaa pahelaa sampoorn maahitee aapvi aneey taaleem aapvi aavashyak chhe. teey jaroori chhe keey pariksha nirikshako pariksha khandma haajari aaptaa pahelaa yogya pariksha niyamo aneey prakriyaothi potaane parichit karaave.
pariksha nirikshakoae temnee faraj bajavva maate pariksha sharoo thavaana ochhama ochha aek kalaak pahelaa pariksha khandma pahonchavu joiae aneey pariksha pachhi parikshani scripts aektrit karvaa aneey samaapt karvaa maate vadharana aek kalaak sudhee rahevu joiae.
umedvaaronaa aagman pahelaa, pariksha nirikshakoae umedvaaronaa desqa parr jaroori javaab pustikaao, sandarbh pustikaao, umedvaaronaa number aneey anya purak samagri mookine pariksha sthal taiyar karavu aavashyak chhe. teoae khaatari karvee joiae keey pariksha sthal parr ghadiyaalno samay yogya reete seeta karvaamaa aavyo chhe aneey umedvaaro maate pariksha khandnee saame jaroori soochnaao spasht reete pradarshit karvaamaa aavee chhe. temane vidhyarthione temnee bethako parr laee javama pann madad karvee joiae aneey pariksha khandma mobile phone, smart ghadiyaad, headphone, portable odeeyo/videeyo/gamming upkarano aneey pathyapustako jevee pratibandhit vastuonaa pravesh parr pratibandh mookavo joiae.
pariksha darmiyan.
pariksha darmiyan, tamaam pariksha nirikshakoae pariksha prakriyaa parr temnu sampoorn dhyaan aapvu joiae. aaa samaye, teoae satark, gatisheel aneey sachet rahevu joiae aneey parikshana samaygaalaa darmiyan anya koee kaaryo naa karvaa joiae.
aaa samaye, pariksha nirikshakoae umedvaaronaa prashnona taatkaalik javaab aapvaa joiae aneey umedvaarone temnee jaruriyaato anusaar madad karvee joiae. parikshani pratham 30 minuteni andar, nirikshakae haajari reqorda sheetma umedvaaroni haajari levee joiae aneey mukhya nirikshakne submit kartaa pahelaa tenee sahee karvee joiae. hajarini tapaas karatee vakhate, temane umedvaarnu naam, umedvaarno number, passport, pravesh patra athavaa parikshaanu pravesh patra vagere pann tapasvu aavashyak chhe.
pariksha nirikshakoae pariksha sthal parr modaa pahonchata vidhyarthio saathe vyavhaar karvo joiae aneey temnee haajari nondhvi joiae aneey aavaa umedvaarone vadharano samay aapvama aavashe keey nahee teey nakki karvaa maate mukhya nirikshak saathe sampark karvo joiae.
nirikshakoae umedvaarone parikshana pratham 1 kalaak aneey chhelli 15 minut darmiyan pariksha khandmathi bahaar nikalvani manjuri aapvi joiae nahee. pariksha darmiyan chhetarpindi kartaa pakadaayela umedvaaronaa kissaamaa pann teoae taatkaalik kaaryvaahi karvee joiae aneey mukhya nirikshakne jaana karvee joiae. jooe pariksha khandnee andar anadhikrut samagri malee aave too temane tene taatkaalik door karvee joiae. katokati athavaa fayara alarmnee sthitima, nirikshakoae katokati bahaar nikalvani prakriyaonu paalan karavu joiae aneey umedvaarone suraksheet reete pariksha khandnee bahaar laee javaa joiae.
tapaskartaoae parikshana samaygaalaa darmiyan shakya tetalu shaant rahevu joiae parantu umedvaarone pann satark rahevu joiae. temane umedvaaroae puchhela koipan prashno samjavva joiae nahee athavaa anya koee vyakteene umedvaaronaa prashno puchhvaa athavaa temnaa javaabo vaanchvaani manjuri aapvi joiae nahee.
pariksha pachhi.
pariksha puurii thayaa pachhi, pariksha nirikshakoae umedvaaroni script, prashnapatro, lekhansamagri aneey anya sandarbh pustikaao aektrit karvee joiae aneey tamaam jaroori maahitee (naam, umedvaarno number, sthal, taarikh vagere) tapasvi joiae.) umedvaaroae temnee script parr yogya reete bharee chhe. jyaare tamaam scripts aektrit karvaamaa aave, tyaare nirikshakoae umedvaarone mukt karvaa joiae aneey temne sampoorn maunamaa pariksha khandnee bahaar nikalvaa taraf nirdeshit karvaa joiae.
ee-proctoring.
ee-proctoring, jene remot proctoring tareeke pann odakhvaamaa aave chhe, teey pariksha proctoringnu aek swaroop chhe jemaa ee-learning athavaa remot learningna bhaag rupe aapvama aaveli parikshaao saheet electronic reete sanchaalit parikshaao darmiyan vidhyarthiona vartannu nirikshan karvaamaa aave chhe.
vyaapaari ee-proctoring sevaona upyog visheni chintaoma softwareni biin-karyatmaktano samaavesh thaay chhe; teey mote bhaage koee vaastavik chhetarpindine odakhvaamaa nishfal jaay chhe, jyaare teey shankaspad vartan maate nirdosh vidhyarthione khotee reete chinhit curry shake chhe. ketlaak loko daavo karey chhe keey teey vidhyarthioni gopaniyataa, suraksha aneey vidhyarthiona mansik svaasthya parnee asarnu ullanghan karey chhe. teo aevo pann daavo karey chhe keey teey takneeki samsyaothi samvedansheel chhe jeey vidhyarthiona parikshana pradarshanne nakaaraatmak assar curry shake chhe. vadhumaa, vyaapaari ee-proctoring sevaona vapraashkartaa detaane hack karvaamaa aavyaa hovaana bahuveedh ahevaalo aavyaa chhe, jenaa parinaame hajaaro collego aneey laakho vapraashkartaaono detaa jaaher karvaamaa aavyo chhe.
binasarkarak.
umedvaaroae ee-proctoring softwarene saraltathi avgani shakaay chhe tenaa spasht puraava chhe. dutch university off vitamaa proqtoriyo softvernaa vaignanik parikshanma darshavvama aavyu hatoo keey software parikshama chhetarpindina koipan kesane shodhee shakyu naa hatoo. teey darshaave chhe keey parikshani chhetarpindini uttam, biin-takneeki paddhateeo, jaim keey cheat sheets aneey notono upyog, proqtoriyo dwara lagbhag shodhee shakaati naa hatee. vadhumaa, software pratibaddh digital/takneeki chhetarpindina koipan kissaaone pann odakhee shakyu nathee, jaim keey pariksha darmiyan phone, chett apps aneey soshiyal mediano upyog, parikshan aaptee vakhate internet parr maahitee shodhvi aneey anya. nishkarsh aee hato keey proctoriyoni samvedansheeltaane shunyani khoob najik ganvee joiae.
vivaad.
covid-19 rogchaalaa darmiyan ee-proctoring parr vivaad vadhyo hato, jyaare ghanee universityo, keey-12 shaalao aneey pramanit parikshan sansthao sevaao maate vyaapaari ee-proctoring suppliers taraf valyaa hataa. vishvbharnaa vidhyarthioae temnee maadhyameek pachhini sansthaoma vyaavsaayik ee-proctoring sevaona upyogno veerodh karyo hato. aevu nondhvaamaa aavyu chhe keey online proctoring takneeko aevaa algoridhamsno upyog karey chhe jeey kaalaa vidhyarthio aneey anya rangnaa vyakteeo saheet ghaata rangnaa tvachaa rangnaa vidhyarthio saathe bhedbhaav karey chhe.
proqtoriyo mukadma.
chhe, ee-proctoring software kampani proctorio british kolambiya universityna aek university karmchari saame copyritena katheet ullanghan badal daavo maandyo hato. karmchaareeae soshiyal media parr proctoriyoni teeka curry hatee aneey kampani dwara utpaadit biin-soochibaddh yutyub videeyoni links poosta curry hatee. aaa cases parr adalati chukaado 15 juuna juuna roj aneey beejo 11 march hato roj prakashit karvaamaa aavyo hato, jemaa kesane fagaavi devaamaa aavyo hato. hato anta sudhimaa, karmchari bartarafeenee apil curry rahyo chhe.
chhe aek alag collegena computer angineeringna vidhyaarthiae temnaa personnel computer parr proqtoriyo dwara sthaapit kodnaa ansho jaaherma shhare karyaa hataa. vidhyaarthiae samagri door karyaa pachhi proqtoriyo saame daavo maandyo hato. proctorio copyritena ullanghan aneey manhani daleel kartaa valato daavo karyo hato. aaa cases courtnee bahaar ukelai gayo hato.
proqtoriyo aneey anya beey companyo saame varg-karyvahina mukadmaao lavvama aavyaa hataa. companyo parr kaydesar reete jaroori detaa retention aneey vinaash niteeo pradaan karvaamaa nishfal rahevaa aneey biometric maahitee aektrit karvaa maate sammatee melavaamaa nishfal rahevaano aarop mukvaamaa aavyo hato. august august aek nyayadhishe proqtoriyo saamena mukadmaane fagaavi deedho hato.
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pariksha nireekshak
ack pariksha nireekshak, pariksha proctor yaa pariksha paryavekshak vaha vyakti hotaa haye jise ack shaikshanik sansthaan yaa pariksha board dwara pariksha niyamon key anusaar ack vishesh pariksha mein uchit sanchaalan banaae rakhane key liye niyukt kiya jaataa haye. aam taur parr, ack pariksha nireekshak kaa mukhya kartavya pariksha ummidvaaron koo dekhana haye taaki dhokhadhadi koo rokaa jaa sakey. pariksha kaa uddeshya yeh sunishchit karna haye kii pratyek ummidwar samaan sharton key tahat pariksha mein baithata haye.
pariksha paryavekshakon koo nyaas key pada parr niyukt kiya jaataa haye aur unase board key nirdeshon key anusaar pariksha aayojit karane key liye imandari aur satarkata rakhane kii apeksha kii jaati haye.
uddeshya.
pariksha nireekshan kaa uddeshya yeh sunishchit karna haye kii sabhi ummidwar pariksha kii avadhi key harr kshan key liye sakriya nigrani mein hain. paryavekshakon koo ummidvaaron key liye ack upayukt sukhad aur sahayak vatavaran pradaan karane kaa bhee prayaas karna chaahiye. haalaanki, unhein ummidvaaron key beach kissy bhee prakaar key sanchaar (nakal karke, fusfusaate hue yaa kissy bhee prakaar key sanket, kagaj yaa vastuon key adaan-pradaan dwara) aur kissy bhee prakaar kii pustakon, kagjat yaa electronic media (jaba taka kii vishesh roop seey adhikrit naa hoe) taka kissy bhee prakaar kii pahunch koo bhee rokna chaahiye.
paryavekshakon koo pariksha seey pahale, pariksha key dauran aur baad mein pariksha kaksh kii suraksha sunishchit karane kii bhee aavashyakta haye. jiss kshan seey prashn patra diye jaate hain, jaba taka kii sabhi uttar ekatra naheen kiye jaate hain, pariksha paryavekshakon koo satarkata seey gasht karni chaahiye. bahuvikalpiya aur laghu-uttar vaale prashnon parr vishesh jore diyaa jaanaa chaahiye. mukhya lakshya sambhaavit shaikshanik beimani aur prashaasnik viphaltaon koo rokna honah chaahiye.
vibhinn prakaar kii pareekshaon key liye aavashyak paryavekshakon kii nyuntam sankhya aayojit pareekshaon key prakaar parr nirbhar karati haye. samanya likhit pareekshaon key liye, pariksha holl mein gasht aur satarkata key liye pratyek 30 chhatron key khilaf cumm seey cumm ack paryavekshak maujood honah chaahiye.
kartavya.
samanya kartavya.
pariksha nireekshak kaa mukhya kartavya mukhya nireekshak, upa pramukh nireekshak, pariksha adhikaari aur pariksha sthal parr anya paryavekshakon kaa samarthan karna haye.
kuchh anya samanya kartavyon mein shamil hoe sakate hainh
pariksha seey pahale.
pariksha shuru honey seey pahale, pariksha paryavekshakon koo unake sambandhit sthaanon parr nireekshan key kaary koo puuraa karane seey pahale poori tarah seey jaankaari aur prashikshit kiya jaanaa chaahiye. yeh aavashyak haye kii pariksha paryavekshak pariksha kaksh mein jaane seey pahale uchit pariksha niyamon aur prakriyaon seey parichit houn.
pariksha paryavekshakon koo pariksha shuru honey seey cumm seey cumm ack ghante pahale pariksha holl mein pahunchana chaahiye taaki way apane kartavya key liye report curr sakein aur pariksha key baad pariksha kii script ekatra karane aur usey samaapt karane key liye ack atirikt ghante key liye rehna chaahiye.
ummidvaaron key aaney seey pahale, pariksha paryavekshakon koo ummidvaaron key desk parr aavashyak uttar pustikaaen, sandarbh pustikaaen, ummidwar sankhya aur anya poorak samagri rakhkar pariksha sthal taiyar karna chaahiye. unhein yeh sunishchit karna chaahiye kii pariksha sthal parr ghadee kaa samay sahee dhang seey nirdhaarit kiya gayaa haye aur ummidvaaron key liye pariksha holl key saamane aavashyak nirdesh spasht roop seey pradarshit kiye gaye hain. unhein chhatron koo unaki seeton parr seedhe pahunchaane mein bhee madad karni chaahiye aur pariksha kaksh mein mobile phone, smart ghadee, headphone, portable audio/video/gaming upkaran aur pathyapustakon jaisi nishiddh vastuon key pravesh parr pratibandh lagaana chaahiye.
pariksha key dauran.
pariksha key dauran, sabhi pariksha paryavekshakon koo pariksha prakriya parr apana puuraa dhyaan denaa chaahiye. iss samay, unhein satark, gatishil aur chaukas rehna chaahiye aur pariksha kii avadhi key dauran kissy anya kaary koo naheen karna chaahiye.
iss samay, pariksha paryavekshakon koo ummidvaaron key prashnon kaa turant uttar denaa chaahiye aur ummidvaaron koo unaki aavashyaktaon key anusaar sahaayata karni chaahiye. pariksha key pahale 30 minut key bheetar, paryavekshakon koo upasthiti record sheet mein ummidvaaron kii upasthiti lenny chaahiye aur mukhya paryavekshak koo jamaa karane seey pahale usa parr hastakshar karane chaahiye. upasthiti kii jaanch karate samay, unhein ummidwar kaa naam, ummidwar sankhya, passport, pravesh patra yaa pariksha pravesh patra aadi kii bhee jaanch karni chaahiye.
pariksha paryavekshakon koo una chhatron seey nipatna chaahiye joe pariksha sthal parr dair seey pahunchate hain aur apani upasthiti darj karate hain aur yeh nirdhaarit karane key liye mukhya paryavekshak seey paramarsh karna chaahiye kii aise ummidvaaron koo atirikt samay diyaa jaayega yaa naheen.
paryavekshakon koo pariksha key pahale 1 ghante aur antim 15 minut key dauran ummidvaaron koo pariksha kaksh seey baahar nikalane kii anumati naheen deni chaahiye. unhein pariksha key dauran dhokhadhadi karate hue pakade gaye ummidvaaron key mamle mein bhee tatkaal kaarravaai karni chaahiye aur mukhya nireekshak koo report karni chaahiye. yadi pariksha kaksh key ander anadhikrit samagri paaee jaati haye, tou unhein turant hataa denaa chaahiye. aapaatkaaleen yaa aag key sanket kii sthiti mein, paryavekshakon koo aapaatkaaleen nikas prakriyaon kaa paalan karna chaahiye aur ummidvaaron koo pariksha kaksh key baahar surakshit roop seey leey jaanaa chaahiye.
paryavekshakon koo pariksha kii avadhi key dauran jitna sambhav hoe utanaa shaant rehna chaahiye lekin ummidvaaron key prati bhee satark rehna chaahiye. unhein ummidvaaron dwara poochhe gaye kissy bhee prashn kii vyakhya naheen karni chaahiye yaa kissy anya vyakti koo ummidvaaron key prashn poochhane yaa unake uttar padhane kii anumati naheen deni chaahiye.
pariksha key baad.
pariksha samaapt honey key baad, pariksha paryavekshakon koo ummidvaaron seey script, prashn patra, lekhan samagri aur anya sandarbh pustikaaen ekatra karni chaahiye aur sabhi aavashyak jaankaari (naam, ummidwar sankhya, sthaan, tithi aadi) kii jaanch karni chaahiye.) ummidvaaron dwara apani script parr thheek seey bharaa gayaa haye. jaba sabhi script ekatra kii jaati hain, tou paryavekshakon koo ummidvaaron koo chhod denaa chaahiye aur unhein poori tarah seey maun hocker pariksha kaksh seey baahar nikalane kii or nirdeshit karna chaahiye.
ee-proctoring.
ee-proctoring, jise remot proctoring key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye, pariksha proctoring kaa ack roop haye jisamen electronic roop seey prashaasit pareekshaon key dauran chhaatr key vyavhaar kii nigrani shamil haye, jisamen ee-learning yaa remot learning key hisse key roop mein diye gaye bhee shamil hain.
vaanijyik ee-proctoring sevaaon key upayog key baare mein chintaon mein software kii gair-karyatmakta shamil haye; yeh jyaadaatar kissy bhee vaastavik dhokhadhadi kii pehchaan karane mein whiffle rahata haye, jabaki yeh sandigdh vyavhaar key liye nirdosh chhatron koo galat tareeke seey chihnit curr sakata haye. kuchh logon kaa daavaa haye kii yeh chhatron kii gopaniyata, suraksha aur chhatron key mansik swaasthya parr prabhaav kaa ullanghan kartaa haye. way yeh bhee daavaa karate hain kii yeh takniki muddon key liye pravan haye joe chhatron key pariksha pradarshan koo nakaratmak roop seey prabhaavit curr sakate hain. isake alawa, vaanijyik ee-proctoring sevaaon seey upayogkarta detta hack honey kii kaee reportein aaee hain, jisake parinamswarup hajaaron colleges aur saikadon hajaaron upayogkartaon kaa detta jaari kiya jaa rhaa haye.
prabhaavheentaa.
iss baat key spasht pramaan hain kii ummidvaaron key liye ee-proctoring software koo darkinar karna aasaani seey sambhav haye. dutch vishvavidyalaya mein proctorio software key ack vaigyaanik pareekshan seey pataa chalaa kii software pariksha dhokhadhadi key kissy bhee mamle kaa pataa lagaane mein saksham naheen thaa. isane dikhaaya kii pariksha dhokhadhadi key classic, gair-takniki tareeke, jaise kii cheat sheet aur noton kaa upayog, proctorio dwara lagbhag agyaat they. isake alawa, software pratibaddh digital/takniki dhokhadhadi key kissy bhee mamle kii pehchaan naheen curr sakaa, jaise kii pariksha key dauran phone, chait aip aur soshal media kaa upayog, pareekshan dete samay internet parr jaankaari dekhana, aur anya. nishkarsh yeh thaa kii proctorio kii samvedansheelta koo shoonya key bahut karib maanaa jaanaa chaahiye.
vivaad.
covid-19 mahamari key dauran ee-proctoring parr vivaad badh gayaa, jaba kaee vishvavidyalayon, key-12 schools aur maankeekrit pareekshan sangathanon ney sevaaon key liye vaanijyik ee-proctoring aapurtikartaon kii or rukh kiya. duniya bhar key chhatron ney apane maadhyamik key baad key sansthanon mein vaanijyik ee-proctoring sevaaon key upayog kaa virodh kiya. yeh dhyaan diyaa gayaa haye kii online proctoring praudyogikiyan aise algorithm kaa upayog karati hain joe kaale chhatron aur anya rung key vyaktiyon sahit gahare rung key twacha key rung key chhatron key saath bhedbhaav karate hain.
proctorio mukadame.
2020 mein, ee-proctoring software company proctorio ney british kolambiya vishvavidyalaya mein ack vishvavidyalaya karmchari parr copyrite key kathit ullanghan parr mukadama daayar kiya. karmchari soshal media parr proctorio kii aalochana curr rhaa thaa aur company dwara utpaadit gair-soochibaddh youtube video key link post kiya. mamle parr ack adalat kaa faisala 15 juuna 2021 koo prakaashit kiya gayaa thaa aur doosara 11 march 2022 koo mamle koo khariz karate hue. 2022 key anta taka, karmchari barkhastagi kii appeal curr rhaa haye.
2020 mein ack alag college mein ack computer engineering chhaatr ney saarvajanik roop seey apane vyaktigat computer parr proctorio dwara sthaapit code key ansh saajha kiye. chhaatr ney samagri koo hataane key baad proctorio parr mukadama daayar kiya. proctorio ney copyrite ullanghan aur manhani kaa tark dete hue prativaad kiya. mamla adalat key baahar sulajha liya gayaa thaa.
proctorio aur dou anya companiyon key khilaf varg-kaarravaai key mukadame daayar kiye gaye they. companiyon parr kanuni roop seey aavashyak detta pratidhaaran aur vinash neetiyon koo pradaan karane mein whiffle rahane aur biometric jaankaari ekatra karane key liye sahamati praapt karane mein whiffle rahane kaa aarop lagaaya gayaa thaa. proctorio key khilaf mukadama agast 2022 mein ack nyayadhish dwara khariz curr diyaa gayaa thaa. |
pariksha melvichaaraka
pariksha melvichaaraka, pariksha praaktar athawa pariksha melvichaaraka endare pariksha niyamagalige anugunavagi nirdishta pariksheyalli sariyaada nirvahaneyannu nirvahisalu sikshana samsthe athawa pariksha mandaliyinda nemakagonda vyakti. samanyavagi, mosa maaduvudannu tadeyalu pariksha abhyarthigalannu noduvudu pariksha melvichaarakara mukhya kartavyavagide. pratiyobba abhyarthiyu samaana sharattugala adiyalli parikshege haajaraaguvudannu khachitapadisikolluvudu pariksheya melvichaaraneya uddeshavaagide.
pariksha melvichaarakarannu trust huddege nemisalaaguttade mattu mandaliya suchanegala prakara parikshegalannu nadesalu avaru samagrate mattu jaagarookateyannu hondiruttaare endu nireekshisalaagide.
uddesha.
pariksheya avadhiya prati kshanavoo ellah abhyarthigalannu sakriya kangaavalinalliduvudu pariksheya melvichaaraneya uddeshavaagide. melvichaarakaru abhyarthigalige sooktavaada ahlaadakara mattu bembalada vatavaranavannu odagisalu prayatnisabeku. aadaagyoo, avaru pariksheya avadhige (nirdishtavagi adhikrutagolisada horatu) yaavude reetiya pustakagalu, pepargalu athawa electronic madhyamagalige praveshavannu (nakalu maaduva moolaka, pisuguttisuva moolaka athawa yaavude reetiya signal, kaagada athawa vastugala vinimaya) mattu yaavude reetiya samvahanavannu tadeyabeku.
parishilakaru pariksheya modalu, samayadalli mattu nantara pariksha kotadiya bhadrateyannu khachitapadisikollabeku. prashne patrikegalannu needida kshanadinda ellah uttaragalannu sangrahisuvavarege, pariksha melvichaarakaru jaagarookateyinda gastu tirugabeku. bahu ayke mattu alpa uttarada prashnegalige nirdishta ottu niidabeeku. shaikshanika apraamaanikate mattu aadalitaatmaka vaiphalyagalannu tadegattuvudu mukhya guriyagirabeku.
vividha reetiya parikshegalige agatyaviruva kanishta sankhyeya melvichaarakaru nadeyuva parikshegala prakaaravannu avalambisiruttade. saamaanya likhita parikshegalige, pariksha kotadiyalli gastu mattu jagarukategagi prati 30 vidyaarthigalige kanishta obba melvichaaraka irabeku.
kartavyagalu.
saamaanya kartavyagalu.
pariksha melvichaarakara mukhya kartavyavendare pariksha sthaladalli mukhya melvichaaraka, upa mukhya melvichaaraka, pariksha adhikari mattu itara melvichaarakarannu bembalisuvudu.
itara kelavu saamaanya kartavyagalu ee kelaginavugalannu olagondirabahuduh
pariksheya modalu.
pariksheya arambhakke modalu, pariksha melvichaarakarige ayaa stalagalalli melvichaaraneya kaaryavannu nirvahisuva modalu sampoornavaagi vivarisabeku mattu tarabeti niidabeeku. pariksha melvichaarakaru pariksha sabhaanganakke haajaraaguva modalu sooktavaada pariksha niyamagalu mattu kaaryavidhaanagala bagge tammannu taavu parichitagolisikolluvudu atyagatya.
pariksha melvichaarakaru tamma kartavyakke hajaragalu parikshe praarambhavaaguva kanishta ondu gante modalu pariksha sabhaanganakke agamisabeku mattu parikshegala nantara pariksha scriptgalannu sangrahisi mugisalu hechchuvari ondu gante uliyabeku.
vidyaarthigalu baruva modalu, pariksha melvichaarakaru agatya uttara kirupustakagalu, ullekha kirupustakagalu, abhyarthi sankhyegalu mattu itara puraka vastugalannu abhyarthigala mejugala mele irisuva moolaka pariksha sthalavannu siddhapadisabeku. pariksha sthaladalli gadiyaarada samayavannu sariyagi nigadipadisalaagideye mattu abhyarthigalige pariksha kotadiya mumbhagadalli agatya soochanegalannu spashtavagi pradarshisalaagideye endu avaru khachitapadisikollabeku. avaru vidyarthigalannu avara aasanagalige nirdeshisalu sahaaya maadabeku mattu mobile phongalu, smart watch, headphonegalu, portable audeo/video/gaming sadhanagalu mattu pathyapustakagalantaha nishedhita vastugala praveshavannu pariksha kotadiyalli nishedhisabeku.
pariksheya samayadalli.
pariksheya samayadalli, ellah pariksha melvichaarakaru pariksha prakriyeya bagge tamma sampoorna gamanavannu niidabeeku. ee samayadalli, avaru jagarukaragirabeku, chalisuvavaragirabeku mattu jagarukaragirabeku mattu pariksheya avadhiya uddakkoo bere yaavude kaaryagalannu maadabaaradu.
ee samayadalli, pariksha melvichaarakaru abhyarthigalinda baruva prashnegalige takshanave uttarisabeku mattu abhyarthigalige avara agatyagalige anugunavagi sahaaya maadabeku. pariksheya modala 30 nimishagalolage, melvichaarakaru haajaraati daakhaleya haaleyallina abhyarthigala haajaraatiyannu tegedukondu adannu mukhya melvichaarakarige sallisuva modalu adakke sahi haakabeku. haajaraatiyannu parishilisuvaga, avaru abhyarthiya hesaru, abhyarthi sankhye, pasport, pravesha patra athawa pariksha pravesha patra ityaadigalannu saha parishilisabeku.
pariksha melvichaarakaru pariksha stalakke tadavagi agamisuva vidyaarthigalondige vyavaharisabeku mattu avara haajaraatiyannu daakhalisabeku mattu antaha abhyarthigalige hechchuvari samayavannu nidalaguttadeye athawa illave embudannu nirdharisalu mukhya melvichaarakarondige samalochisabeku.
pariksheya modala 1 gante mattu koneya 15 nimishagalalli pariksha kotadiyinda horabaralu invigilatorgalu abhyarthigalige avakasha niidabaaradu. pariksheya samayadalli vanchane maadida abhyarthigalannu bandhisida sandarbhadalli avaru takshanada kramagalannu tegedukollabeku mattu mukhya melvichaarakarige varadi maadabeku. pariksha kotadiyolage anadhikruta vastugalu kandubandalli, avaru avugalannu takshanave tegeduhaakabeku. turtu athawa agnishamaka echcharikeya sandarbhadalli, melvichaarakaru turtu nirgamana karyavidhanagalannu anusarisabeku mattu abhyarthigalannu surakshitavagi pariksha kotadiya horage karedoyyabeku.
pariksha avadhiyalli melvichaarakaru saadhyavaadashtu shantavagirabeku aadare abhyarthigalige jagarukaragirabeku. avaru abhyarthigalinda kelalpatta yaavude prashnegalannu vivarisabaaradu athawa abhyarthigalinda prashnegalannu kelalu athawa uttaragalannu odalu bere yaavude vyaktige avakasha niidabaaradu.
pariksheya nantara.
parikshe mugida nantara, pariksha melvichaarakaru abhyarthigalinda scriptgalu, prashne patrikegalu, lekhana saamagrigalu mattu itara ullekha kirupustakagalannu sangrahisabeku mattu agatyaviruva ellah maahitiyannu (hesaru, abhyarthi sankhye, sthala, dinanka ityaadi) parishilisabeku.) abhyarthigalinda tamma scriptgalalli sariyagi bharti maadalaagide. ellah scriptgalannu sangrahisidaaga, melvichaarakaru abhyarthigalannu bidugade maadabeku mattu avarannu sampoorna mounavaagi pariksha kotadiya nirgamanada kadege nirdeshisabeku.
ii-proctoring.
ii-practoring, remot practoring endoo kareyalpaduttade, idu ii-learning athawa remot learning bhagavagi nidalaadavugalannu olagondante electronic moolaka nirvahisalaaguva parikshegala samayadalli vidyarthigala nadavalikeyannu melvichaarane maaduva pariksha practoringna ondu roopavaagide.
vanijya ii-practoring sevegala balakeya bagegina kalavalagalu softwaren kaaryakshamateyilladiruvanu olagondive; idu yaavude nijavaada vanchaneyannu gurutisuvalli hechchaagi viphalavagide, aadare idu anumaanaaspada nadavalikegaagi amayaka vidyarthigalannu tappagi gurutisabahudu. idu vidyarthigala goupyate, bhadrate mattu vidyarthigala manasika aarogyada mele parinama biruttade endu kelavaru heluttaare. idu vidyarthigala pariksha kaaryakshamateya mele nakaaraatmaka parinama beeruva taantrika samasyegalige guriyaguva saadhyateyoo ide endu avaru heluttaare. idallade, vanijya ii-proctoring sevegalinda balakedaarara datawannu hack maadalaagiddu, saaviraaru kaalejugalu mattu lakshaantara balakedaarara datawannu bidugade maadalaagide endu aneka varadigalive.
parinaamakaaritvavilla.
ii-proctoring tantraamshavannu abhyarthigalige sulabhavaagi tappisalu saadhya embudakke spashta puraavegalive. ippattaneya dutch vishvavidyaalayadalli proctorio softwaren vaignaanika pariksheyu, adhu olapatta pariksha vanchaneya yaavude prakaranagalannu pattehachchalu softwarege sadhyavagalilla endu toriside. mosagaara haalegalu mattu notugala balakeyantaha pariksha vanchaneya shreshtha, taantrikavallada vidhaanagalu practoriyodinda bahuteka pattehacchalaaguvudilla endu adhu toriside. idallade, pariksheya samayadalli phone, chaat applicationgalu mattu samajika madhyamada balake, pariksheyannu tegedukolluvaga antarjaaladalli maahitiyannu hudukuvudu mattu itara digital/taantrika vanchaneya yaavude prakaranagalannu gurutisalu softwarege sadhyavagalilla. proctoriyoda sookshmateyannu shunyakke bahala hattiradalli pariganisabeku embudu tirmaanavaagittu.
vivaada.
covid-19 saankraamikada samayadalli ii-practoringna vivaadavu ulbanagonditu, aneka vishvavidyaalayagalu, keey-12 shalegalu mattu pramanikruta pariksha samsthegalu sevegaligaagi vanijya ii-practoring pooraikedaararatta tirugidavu. tamma madhyamika nantarada samsthegalalli vanijya ii-practoring sevegala balakeyannu vishvadaadyanta vidyaarthigalu pratibhatisidaru. anline practoring tantragyaanagalu kappu vidyaarthigalu mattu itara bannada vyaktigalu seridante gaadha charmada tongala vidyarthigala viruddha taratamya maaduva kramaavaligalannu balasuttave endu gamanisalaagide.
proctorio mokaddamegalu.
2020ralli, ii-proctoring software kampani practorio british columbia vishvavidyaalayada vishvavidyaalayada udyogiyobbara viruddha hakkuswamya ullanganeya aaropada mele mokaddame hooditu. udyogiyu samajika madhyamadalli practoriyovannu tikisidanu mattu kampaniyu tayaarisida patti maadada youtube vidiyogalige linkgalannu post maadidanu. ee prakaranada nyaayaalayada tirpannu 2021rahra zoon 15randu mattu innondu tirpannu 2022rahra march 11randu prakatisi prakaranavannu vajaagolisalaayitu. 2022rahra antyada velege, udyogiyu vajagolisuvikeyannu melmanavi sallisuttiddaare.
2020ralli bere collegina computer engineering vidyarthiyobba tamma vaiyaktika computernalli practorio sthaapisida kodna aayda bhagagalannu saarvajanikavaagi hanchikondaru. aaa vastuvannu tegeduhaakida nantara vidyarthiyu proctorio viruddha mokaddame hoodidaru. hakkuswamya ullanghane mattu maananashtavannu vaadisi practorio prativaada maadidaru. ee prakaranavannu nyaayaalayada horage ityarthapadisalaayitu.
proctorio mattu itara eradu kampanigala viruddha classes-auction mokaddamegalannu hoodalaayitu. kaanunubaddhavaagi agatyavaada dattaamsha dharana mattu nasha nitigalannu odagisalu viphalavaada mattu biometric maahitiyannu sangrahisalu wappigeyannu padeyalu viphalavaada kampanigala mele aaropisalaayitu. proctorio viruddhada mokaddameyannu august 2022 ralli nyayadhisharu vajagolisidaru.
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pareeksha invijilettar
pareeksha chattangalkkanusrithamaayi oru prathyeka pareekshayil sariyaaya nadatthippu nilanirthaan oru vidyaabhyaasa sthaapanamo pareeksha bordo niyamikkunna oraalaan pareeksha invijilettar, pareeksha proctor allengil pareeksha supervisor. saadhaaranayaayi, oru pareeksha invijilettarude pradhana kadama vanchana thadayunnathinaayi pareeksha sthaanaarthikale nireekshikkuka ennathaanu. oro udyogarthiyum thulya saahacharyangalil pareekshayezhuthunnuvennu urappaakkuka ennathaanu pareeksha nireekshikkunnathinte uddeshyam.
pareeksha invijilettarmaare oru trastt sthaanathekku niyamikkukayum bordinte nirddeshangalkkanusrithayi pareekshakal nadathunnathinu samagrathayum jagrathayum undaayirikkumennu pratheekshikkukayum cheiyunnu.
lakshyam.
pareekshayude oro nimishavum ellah udyogaarthikalum sajeeva nireekshanatthilaanennu urappaakkuka ennathaanu pareeksha nireekshanatthinte lakshyam. udyogaarthikalkku anuyojyamaaya sukhakaravum pinthunayullathumaaya anthareeksham nalkaanum invijilettarmaar shramikkanam. ennirunnaalum, udyogaarthikal thammilulla eathenkilum tharatthilulla ashayavinimayavum (pakartthuka, manthrippikkuka allengil eathenkilum tharatthilulla signal, paper allengil vasthukkal kaimaruka) pareeksha kaalayalavil eathenkilum tharatthilulla pusthakangalilekko pepparukalilekko electronic maadhyamangalilekko (prathyekamaayi adhikaarappeduthiyittille) praveshanam thadayukayum venam.
pareekshaykk munbum sheshavum pareeksha haalinte surakshyum invijilettarmaar urappaakkendathund. chodyapepparukal nalkunna nimisham muthal ellah utharangalum shekharikkunnathuvare pareeksha invijilettarmaar jaagrathayode patrolling nadatthanam. onniladhikam choisukalulla, hrasvamaaya utharangalulla chodyangalkku prathyeka oonnal nalkanam. saadhyamaaya academic sathyasandhathayillaaymayum bharanaparamaya paraajayangalum thadayuka ennathaanu pradhana lakshyam.
vividha tharatthilulla pareekshakalkk aavashyamaaya invijilettarmaarude ettavum kuranja ennam nadakkunna pareekshakalude tharatthe aasrayichirikkunnu. pothuvidyaabhyaasa pareekshakalil oro 30 vidyaarthikalkkum ethire pareeksha haalil patrollingin jagrathaykkum oru invijilettarenkilum undaayirikkanam.
chumathalakal.
pothu chumathalakal.
mukhya nireekshakan, deputy cheef invijilettar, pareeksha udyogasthan, mattu invijilettarmaar ennivare pareeksha vediyil pinthunaykkuka ennathaanu oru pareeksha invijilettarude pradhana kadama.
mattu chila pothu chumathalakalil iva ulppedaam
pareekshaykk munbu.
pareeksha aarambhikkunnathin munbu, pareeksha invijilettarmaar athath sthalangalil invijileshan chumatala nirvahikkunnathin munbu poornnamaayum vishadeekarikkukayum pariseelippikkukayum venam. pareeksha haalil cherunnathinu munbu pareeksha invijilettarmaar uchithamaaya pareeksha niyanthranangalum nadapadikramangalum parichayappeduthendathu athyaavasyamaanu.
pareeksha nireekshakar pareeksha aarambhikkunnathin kuranjathu oru manikorengilum munbu pareeksha haalil ethi avarude dutic report cheyyukayum pareekshaykk sesham oru manikkoor koodi thaamasichu pareeksha skripttukal shekharikkukayum poortthiyaakkukayum venam.
udyogaarthikal athunnathinumumbu, pareeksha invijilettarmaar aavashyamaaya uthara laghulekhakal, reference bukklettukal, udyogaarthikalude nambarukal, mattu anubandha saamagrikal enniva udyogaarthikalude meshakalil vaykkuka. pareeksha vediyile samayakramam krithyamaayi krameekarichirikkunnavum udyogaarthikalkku aavashyamaaya nirddeshangal pareeksha haalinte munvashath vyakthamaayi pradharshippichittundum avar urappaakkanam. vidyaarthikale avarude seettukalilekku nayikkanum mobail phoneukal, smart vaachu, headphoneukal, portable audiyo/viidiyoo/gaming upakaranangal, paatapusthakangal enniva pareeksha haalilekk praveshikkunnathu nirodhikkanum avar sahaayikkanam.
pareekshayude samayat.
pareekshaykkide, ellah pareeksha invijilettarmaarum pareeksha prakriyayil avarude muzhuvan shradhayum nalkanam. eee samayat, avar jagrathayum chalanaseshiyum shradhayum pulartthukayum pareekshayude kaalayalaviludaneelam mattu jolikalonnum nirvahikkathirikkukayum venam.
eee samayat, pareeksha invijilettarmaar udyogaarthikalude chodyangalkku udan thanne marupadi nalkukayum avarude aavasyangalkkanusarichu udyogaarthikale sahayikkukayum venam. pareekshayude aadya 30 minittinullil, invijilettarmaar hajar rekhayile udyogaarthikalude hajar edukkukayum cheef invijilettarkku samarppikkunnathin munbu athil oppidukayum venam. hajar parishodhikkumbol, udyogaarthiyude peru, udyogaarthikalude nambar, pasport, admitt card allengil pareeksha praveshana card muthalaayava parisodhikkanam.
pareeksha invijilettarmaar pareeksha vediyil vaikiyethunna vidyaarthikalumaayi edapedukayum avarude hajar rekhappeduthukayum atharam udyogaarthikalkku adhika samayam nalkumo illayo ennu nirnnayikkaan cheef invijilettarumaayi koodiyaalochikkukayum venam.
pareekshayude aadya 1 manikkoor avasana 15 minittum pareeksha haal murii vittupokaan invijilettarmaar udyogaarthikale anuvadikkaruthu. pareekshaykkide udyogaarthikal vanjichaal avar udan nadapadiyedukkukayum cheef invijilettare ariyikkukayum venam. pareeksha haalinullil anadhikritha vasthukkal kandethiyaal avaa udan neekkam cheyyanam. adiyanthiramo theepidutthamo undaayal, invijilettarmaar adiyanthira eksitt nadapadikramangal palikkukayum udyogaarthikale surakshithamaayi pareeksha haalinu purathu nayikkukayum venam.
pareeksha kaalayalavil invijilettarmaar kazhiyunnathra nishabdaraayirikkanam, mathramalla udyogaarthikalodu jagrata palikkukayum venam. sthaanaarthikal chodikkunna chodyangalonnum avar vishadeekarikkukayo sthaanaarthikale chodyam cheyyaano utharangal vaayikkano mattethenkilum vyakthiye anuvadikkukayo cheyyaruthu.
pareekshaykk sesham.
pareeksha kazhinjathinushesham, pareeksha invijilettarmaar udyogaarthikalil ninnu skripttukal, chodyapepparukal, steshanari, mattu reference bukklettukal enniva shekharikkukayum aavashyamaaya ellah vivarangalum (peru, sthaanaarthiyude nambar, vedhi, theeyathi muthalaayava) parisodhikkukayum venam.) sthaanaarthikal avarude skripttukalil shariyaayi poorippichittundu. ellah skripttukalum shekharikkumbol, invijilettarmaar udyogaarthikale vittayakkukayum poornnamaayum nishabdathayode pareeksha haalil ninnu purathukadakkaan avare nayikkukayum venam.
iii-proctoring.
iii-laninginteo vidoora padanatthinteyo bhaagamaayi nalkiyittullava ulppede electronic reethiyil nadathunna pareekshakalil vidyaarthikalude perumaattam nireekshikkunna oru pareeksha proctoring roopamaanu remot proctoring ennum ariyappedunna iii-proctoring.
vaanijyaparamaaya iii-proctoring sevanangalude upayogathekkurichulla aashankakalil softweyarinte pravarthanarahithatha ulppedunnu; ithu yadhaartha thattippukalonnum thirichariyunnathil paraajayappedunnu, athesamayam samshayaaspadamaaya perumaattathinu niraparaadhikalaaya vidyaarthikale thettayi flag cheyyaan kazhiyum. ithu vidyaarthikalude svakaaryatha, suraksha, vidyaarthikalude maanasikaarogyathe baadhikkunnath enniva lamghikkunnuvennu chilar avakaashappedunnu. vidyaarthikalude pareeksha prakadanatthe prathikoolamaayi badhikkunna saankethika prashnangalkk ithu saadhyathayullathaanennum avar avakaashappedunnu. koodaathe, vaanijya iii-proctoring sevanangalil ninnulla upayokthru daatta hack cheyyappettathayi onniladhikam reportukal undaayittund, athinte falamaayi aayirakkanakkin kolejukaludeyum lakshakkanakkin upayokthaakkaludeyum daatta purathirangunnu.
falashoonyatha.
iii-proctoring softweyarine marikadakkaan udyogaarthikalkku eluppamaanennathinu vyakthamaaya thelivukalundu. dutch yooniversitti oof tvantil nadanna proctorio softweyarinte shaasthreeya parisodhanayil, athu vidheyamaakkiya pareeksha thattippinte kesukalonnum kandethaan softwearinu kazhinjillennu kandethi. vanchana sheettukaludeyum nottukaludeyum upayogam polulla pareeksha thattippinte classic, saankethikamallaatha reethikal proctorio vazhi eathaandu kandethaanaakillenn ithu kaanichu. koodaathe, pareekshaykkide phoon, chaatt aaplikkeshanukal, soshyal media ennivayude upayogam, testt edukkumbol internettil vivarangal thirayal thudangiya digital/saankethika thattippukalude kesukalonnum kandethaan softwearinu kazhinjilla. proctoriyoyude samvedanakshamatha poojyathodu valare aduthaayi pariganikkanam ennathaayirunnu nigamanam.
tharkkam.
covid-19 mahaamaarikkaalath niravadhi sarvakalaashaalakalum keey-12 schoolukalum staanderd testing oorganaiseshanukalum sevanangalkkayi vaanijya iii-proctoring vitharanakkaarilekku thiriyumbol iii-proctoringinekkurichu vivaadam vardhichu. lokamembaadumulla vidyaarthikal avarude seconderic sheshamulla sthaapanangalil vaanijya iii-proctoring sevanangal upayogikkunnathinethire prathishedhichu. karutha vidyaarthikalum mattu varnnakkaraaya vyakthikalum ulppede irunda charmma tonukalulla vidyaarthikalodu vivechanam kaanikkunna algorithangal oonlain proctoring saankethikavidyakal upayogikkunnuvennu sradhikkappettittundu.
proctorio kesukal.
2020ll iii-proctoring software kambaniyaaya proctorio britiish columbia sarvakalaashaalayile oru sarvakalashaala jeevanakkaranethire pakarppavakasha lamghanathinu kesedutthu. jeevanakkaaran soshyal mediayil proctorio vimarsikkukayum kambani nirmmicha listt cheyyaatha youtube veediyokalilekkulla linkukal poost cheyyukayum cheythu. kesinte kodathi vidhi 2021 juun 15num mattonn 2022 march 11num cases thallikkalanju. 2022 avasaanathode, jeevanakkaaran pirichuvidalinethire appeel nalkunnu.
2020ll mattoru kolejile oru computer enchiniyaring vidyaarthi avarude pezhsanal computeril proctorio instaal cheytha kodinte bhagangal parasyamaayi pankittu. metteeriyal neekkam cheythathinu sesham vidyaarthi proctorioykethire kesedutthu. pakarppavakasha lamghanavum apakeerthikaravum vaadichu proctorio ethirthu. kodathikku purathaanu cases theerppaakkiyathu.
proctoriyoykkum mattu rund kambanikalkkumethire klaas aakshan kesukal uyarnnu. niyamaparamaayi aavashyamaaya daatta nilanirtthal, naseekarana nayangal nalkunnathil parajayappettathinum biometric vivarangal shekharikkunnathinu sammatham nedunnathil parajayappettathinum kambanikalkkethire aaropikkapettu. 2022 augustil proctorioykethiraayi cases oru jadji thalliyirunnu.
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pariksha nirikshak
pariksha nirikshak, pariksha proctor kinwa pariksha paryavekshak hii shaikshanik sanstha kinwa pariksha mandaladvare parikshechya niyamannusar vishisht parikshet yogya prakare aayojit karnyasathi niyukt keleli vyakti asate. samanyatah, pariksha nirikshakache mukhya kartavya mhanje pariksha umedvaranvar najar thevane jenekarun fasavanuk houu naye. pratyek umedvar samaan atinmadhye pariksha deto yachee khatri karane haah parikshecha nirikshan karnyacha uddesh aahe.
pariksha nirikshakanna vishvast padavar niyukt kele jaate aanee mandalachya soochanannusar pariksha ghenyasathi tyanchyakade sachoti aanee dakshata asane apekshit aahe.
uddesh.
parikshechya kalavadhichya pratyek kshanasathi serve umedvaranvar sakriy dekhrekh thewali jaat aahe yachee khatri karane haah parikshechya dekharekhicha uddesh aahe. nirikshakanni umedvaransathi yogya teey sukhad aanee aadhardayi vatavaran pradan karnyacha prayatna keela pahije. tathapi, tyanni umedvaranmadhil konatyahi prakarcha sanvad (nakkal karoon, kujbujat kinwa konatyahi prakarche sanket deuun, kagad kinwa vastunchi devanghevan karoon) aanee konatyahi prakarchi pustake, kagadpatre kinwa electronic madhyamanmadhye pravesh (visheshtah adhikrut naslyas) dekhil rokhala pahije.
nirikshakanni parikshechya aadhi, darmyan aanee nantar pariksha sabhagruhachi suraksha sunishchit karane dekhil aavashyak aahe. prashnapatrika dilyapasoon serve uttare gola hoiparyant pariksha nirikshakanni satarkatene gast ghalavi. bahuparyayi aanee alp-uttar prashnanvar vishesh bharr deela pahije. sambhavya shaikshanik apramanikta aanee prashasakeey apayash rokhane heey mukhya uddisht asale pahije.
vividh prakarchya parikshansathi aavashyak asalelya nirikshakanchi kiman sankhya, ghetalelya parikshanchya prakaravar avalambun asate. samanya lekhee parikshansathi, pariksha sabhagruhat gast ghalanyasathi aanee dakshata thevanyasathi pratyek 30 vidyarthyanviruddha kiman eka nirikshak upasthit asava.
kartavye.
samanya kartavye.
pariksha nirikshakanche mukhya kartavya mhanje mukhya nirikshak, up mukhya nirikshak, pariksha adhikari aanee pariksha sthalavaril itar nirikshakanna pathimba dene.
itar kahee samanya kartvyanmadhye khaleel goshtincha samavesh asoo shakatoh
parikshepurvi.
pariksha suru honyapurvi, pariksha nirikshakanna tyanchya sambandhit thikani nirikshan karya paar padnyapurvi purnapane mahitee aanee prashikshan dile jaane aavashyak aahe. pariksha nirikshakanni pariksha kakshat jaanyapurvi yogya pariksha niyam aanee karyapaddhatinchi swatahla olakh karoon ghene aavashyak aahe.
pariksha nirikshakanni pariksha suru honyachya kiman eka taas aadhi tyanchya kartvyala hajar rahnyasathi pariksha sabhagruhat yave aanee parikshenantar parikshechya lekhee nondi gola karnyasathi aanee purn karnyasathi atirikt eka taas rahave.
umedvaranchya yenyapurvi, pariksha nirikshakanni umedvaranchya descover aavashyak uttar pustika, sandarbh pustika, umedvaranche kramank aanee itar purak sahitya thevun pariksha sthal tayar karane aavashyak aahe. tyanni heey sunishchit kele pahije qee pariksha sthalavaril ghadyalachi vel yogyaritya nishchit kelee gelee aahe aanee umedvaransathi pariksha hallchya samore aavashyak soochana spashtapane pradarshit kelya aahet. tyanni vidyarthyanna tyanchya aasananvar nenyat madat karavi aanee pariksha hallmadhye mobile phone, smart ghadyal, headphone, portable audio/video/gaming upkarane aanee pathyapustake yasarkhya nishiddha vastoonchya praveshavar bandee ghalavi.
parikshedarmyan.
parikshedarmyan, serve pariksha nirikshakanni pariksha prakriyevar tyanche sampoorn laksh dile pahije. yaveli, tyanni satark, gatishil aanee lakshpurvak asale pahije aanee parikshechya sampoorn kalavadhit itar konatihi kaame karoo nayet.
yaveli, pariksha nirikshakanni umedvaranchya prashnanna twarit uttar dile pahije aanee umedvaranna tyanchya garajenusar madat kelee pahije. parikshechya pahilya 30 minitanchya aat, nirikshakanni upasthiti nondpatrakat umedvaranchi upasthiti ghetali pahije aanee mukhya nirikshakakade sadar karnyapurvi tyavar swakshari kelee pahije. upasthiti tapastana tyanni umedvarache naav, umedvar kramank, parpatra, praveshpatra kinwa pariksha praveshpatra ityadi dekhil tapasane aavashyak aahe.
pariksha nirikshakanni pariksha sthali ushira pohochalelya vidyarthyanshi vyavhar keela pahije aanee tyanchi upasthiti nondavali pahije aanee asha umedvaranna atirikt vel deela jaeel qee nahee heey tharvanyasathi mukhya nirikshakanshi sallamasalat kelee pahije.
parikshanchya pahilya 1 taas aanee shevatchya 15 minitant nirikshakanni umedvaranna pariksha hallmadhun baher padoo deu naye. parikshet fasavanuk kartana umedvar pakadale gelyas tyanni tatkal karvai karavi aanee mukhya nirikshakala kalvave. pariksha hallmadhye anadhikrut sahitya aadhalalyas tyanni teey tabadtob kadhoon takavet. aapatkalin kinwa agni alarmchya velee, nirikshakanni aapatkalin nirgaman prakriyeche palan karave aanee umedvaranna surakshitpane pariksha sabhagruhachya baher nele pahije.
parikshanchya kalavadhit nirikshak shakya titke shant asale pahijet parantu umedvaranprati satark dekhil rahile pahijet. tyanni umedvaranni vicharlele konatehi prashna samajavun sangu nayet kinwa itar konatyahi vyaktila umedvaranna prashna vicharanyachi kinwa tyanchi uttare vachanyachi parvanagi deu naye.
parikshenantar.
pariksha sampalyanantar, pariksha nirikshakanni umedvarankadun patkatha, prashnapatrika, lekhansamagri aanee itar sandarbh pustika gola karavyat aanee serve aavashyak mahitee (naav, umedvar kramank, thikan, tarikh ii.) tapasavi.) umedvaranni tyanchya scriptower yogyaritya bharalya aahet. jevha serve patkatha gola kelya jaatat, tevha nirikshakanni umedvaranna sodoon dyave aanee tyanna purnapane shant rahoon pariksha hallchya baher padnyachya dishene nirdeshit karave.
eae-proctoring.
eae-proctoring, jyala remot proctoring asehi mhanatat, haah pariksha proctoringcha eka prakar aahe jyamadhye eae-learning kinwa remot learning bhag mhanoon dilelya parikshansah electronic paddhatine prashasit parikshandarmyan vidyarthyanchya vartanavar dekhrekh thevane samavisht aahe.
vyavsayik eae-proctoring sevanchya vaparabaddalchya chintanmadhye softwarechi gair-karyakshamta samavisht aahe; tee bahutekda konatihi vastavik fasavanuk olakhanyas ayashasvi hote, tarr tee nishpap vidyarthyanna sanshayaspad vartanasathi khote thasun kadhu shakate. kahee lokancha dawa aahe qee heey vidyarthyanchi gopaniyata, suraksha aanee vidyarthyanchya mansik aarogyavar honanya parinamache ullanghan karate. teey asehi dawa karatat qee teey tantrik samasyanna pravrutt aahet jeey vidyarthyanchya parikshechya kamgirivar nakaratmak parinam karoo shakatat. yavyatirikt, vyavsayik eae-proctoring sevanmadhun vaparkartyancha deta hack kelyachya anek batamya aalya aahet, parinami hajaro mahavidhyalaye aanee lakho vaparkartyancha deta jaaree keela jaat aahe.
akaryakshamta.
umedvaranna eae-proctoring softwarela talhane sahaj shakya aahe yacha spasht purava aahe. visachya dutch vidyapithatil proctorio softwarechya vaidnyanik chachanitun asey disun aale qee software parikshet jhalelya fasavanukichi konatihi prakarane shodhanyat saksham navhate. tyat asey disun aale qee pariksha fasavanukichya abhijat, gair-tantrik paddhati, jase qee fasavanuk patrake aanee nota yancha vapar, proctoriyodware jawaljawal shodhanyayogya navhate. shivay, parikshedarmyan phone, chatt eps aanee soshal mediacha vapar, chachani detana internetvar mahitee shodhane aanee itar asha digital/tantrik fasavanukichi konatihi prakarane dekhil software olakhoo shakale nahee. nishkarsh assa hota qee proctoriochi sanvedansheelata shoonyachya agadi jawal vicharat ghetali pahije.
vaad.
covid-19 mahamarichya kalat eae-proctoringvaril vaad vadhala, jevha anek vidyapithe, keey-12 shaala aanee pramanit chachani sanstha sevansathi vyavsayik eae-proctoring puravathadarankade valalya. jagbharatil vidyarthyanni tyanchya madhyamik shikshananantarchya sansthanmadhye vyavsayik eae-proctoring sevanchya vaparala virodh keela. heey nondavale gele aahe qee online proctoring tantradnyan asey algoridam vaparte jeey kalya vidyarthyansah aanee itar ranganchya vyaktinsah gadad tvachechya rangachya vidyarthyanshi bhedbhav karatat.
proctorio khatale.
2020 madhye, eae-proctoring software company proctoriyone british kolambiya vidyapithatil vidyapithachya karmchanyavar copyritechya kathit ullanghanabaddal khatala dakhal keela. karmchanyane soshal mediavaril proctoriover teeka kelee aanee companyne tayar kelelya yuu tubevaril soochibaddha nasalelya vhidioche duve poost kele. yaa prakaranacha nyayalayin nikal 15 juuna 2021 roji aanee dusra 11 march 2022 roji prakashit karnyat aala, jyane khatala fetalala. 2022 chya akheris, karmchari barkhastila aavhan dett aahe.
2020 madhye eka vegalya mahavidhyalayatil sanganak abhiyantrikichya vidyarthyane tyanchya vaiyaktik sangankavar proctoriyone sthapit kelelya sanketache ansh sarvajanikpane samayik kele. tyanni sahitya kadhoon taklyanantar vidyarthyane proctoriover khatala dakhal keela. proctoriyone copyriteche ullanghan aanee badnamicha yuktivad keela. heey prakaran nyayalayabaher nikali kadhanyat aale.
proctorio aanee itar done kampanyanviruddha varg-karvaiche khatale dakhal karnyat aale. kampanyanvar kayadeshiraritya aavashyak asaleli mahitee rakhoon thevane aanee nasht karanyachi dhorane pradan karnyat ayashasvi tharalyacha aanee biometric mahitee gola karnyasathi sammati midvanyat ayashasvi tharalyacha aarop karnyat aala. proctoriyoviruddhacha khatala august 2022 madhye nyayadhishanni fetalala. |
pariksha nirikshak
pariksha nirikshak, pariksha proctor wa pariksha paryawekshak bhaneko shaikshik sanstha wa pariksha boardwara pariksha niyamharu anusar kunai vishesh parikshama uchit sanchalan kayam rakhna niyukta garieko wyakti how. samanyataya, pariksha nirikshakko mukhya kartawya pariksha ummedwarharulai thaginebata rokna hernu how. parikshako nirikshanko uddeshya pratyek ummedwarle saman sartaharuma parikshama baschhan bhanera sunishchit garnu how.
pariksha nirikshakharu trustko padama niyukta hunchhan rar boardko nirdeshan anusar pariksha sanchalan garna akhandata rar satarkata hune apeksha garinchha.
uddeshya.
parikshako nirikshanko uddeshya bhaneko parikshako awadhiko pratyek kshanka lagi sabai ummedwarharu sakriya nigaranima chhan bhanera sunishchit garnu how. paryawekshakharule ummedwarharuka lagi upayukta sukhad rar sahayogi watawaran pradan garne prayas pani garnuparchha. yadyapi, tiniharule ummedwarharu bichko kunai pani prakarko sanchar (pratilipi garera, fusafusaera wa kunai pani prakarko sanket, kagaj wa wastuharuko adanpradan) rar kunai pani prakarka pustakharu, kagajatharu wa electronic mediama kunai pani prakarko pahunch (vishesh rupma adhikrit nabhaesamma) lai pani roknuparchha.
paryawekshakharule parikshaahi, samayama rar pachhi pariksha halko suraksha sunishchit garna awashyak chha. prashnapatraharu diiedekhi sabai uttarharu sankalan nabhaesamma pariksha nirikshakharule satarkatapurwak gasti garnuparchha. bahu-vikalpa rar chhoto-uttarka prashnaharuma vishesh jode dinuparchha. mukhya lakshya sambhawit shaikshik beimani rar prashasanik asafalataharu rokna hunuparchha.
vibhinna prakarka parikshaharuka lagi awashyak paryawekshakharuko nyunatam sankhya ayojit parikshaharuko prakarma nirbhar gardacha. samanya likhit parikshaka lagi pariksha halma gasti rar satarkataka lagi pratyek 30 zana vidyarthiviruddha kamtima ekjana paryawekshak upasthit hunuparchha.
kartawya.
samanya kartawyaharu.
pariksha nirikshakko mukhya kartawya mukhya nirikshak, upa pramukh nirikshak, pariksha adhikari rar pariksha sthalma anya nirikshakharulai sahayog garnu how.
kehi anya samanya kartawyaharuma samawesh huna sakchhah
parikshaahi.
pariksha suru hunuaghi, pariksha nirikshakharulai aaa-afno sthanma nirikshanko karya garnuaghi purna rupma jankari rar talim dinu parchha. pariksha paryawekshakharule pariksha halma upasthit hunuaghi uchit pariksha niyam rar prakriyaharusanga parichit hunu awashyak chha.
pariksha nirikshakharu pariksha suru hunubhanda kamtima ek ghanta aghi pariksha halma afno kartawyaka lagi report garna rar parikshapachhi thap ek ghantasamma pariksha scriptharu sankalan rar sametnaka lagi basnuparchha.
ummedwarharu aunuaghi, pariksha nirikshakharule ummedwarharuko deskma awashyak uttar pustika, sandarbha pustika, ummedwar number rar anya purak samagriharu rakhera pariksha sthal tayar garnuparchha. uniharule pariksha sthalma ghadiko samaya sahi rupma sett garieko chha rar ummedwarharuka lagi pariksha halko agadi awashyak nirdeshanharu spashta rupma pradarshit garieko chha bhanera sunishchit garnuparchha. uniharule vidyarthiharulai uniharuko sitma nirdeshit garna maddat garnuparchha rar mobile fone, smart watch, headfone, portable adio/bhidiyo/gaming upkaranharu rar pariksha halma pathyapustakharu jasta nishedhit wastuharuko praweshma pratibandha lagaunuparchha.
parikshako samayama.
parikshako samayama, sabai pariksha nirikshakharule pariksha prakriyama afno sampurna dhyan dinupardacha. yass samayama, tiniharu satarka, gatishil rar sachet hunuparchha rar parikshako awadhima kunai anya karyaharu garnu hundaina.
yass samayama, pariksha paryawekshakharule ummedwarharuko prashnaharuko turuntai jawaf dinupardacha rar ummedwarharulai uniharuko awashyakta anusar sahayog garnuparchha. parikshako pahilo 30 minetbhitra paryawekshakharule upasthiti record sitma ummedwarharuko upasthiti linuparchha rar mukhya paryawekshaklai paces garnu aghi hastakshar garnuparchha. upasthiti jaanch garda, tiniharule ummedwarko naam, ummedwar number, passport, prawesh patra wa pariksha prawesh patra adi pani jaanch garnuparchha.
pariksha paryawekshakharule pariksha sthalma dhilo aipugne vidyarthiharusanga wyawahar garnuparchha rar uniharuko upasthiti record garnuparchha rar tyasta ummedwarharulai atirikta samaya diinechha kii diindaina bhanera nirdharan garna mukhya paryawekshaksanga paramarsha garnuparchha.
paryawekshakharule parikshako pahilo 1 ghanta rar antim 15 minetma ummedwarharulai pariksha hull kothabata bahira niscan anumati dinu hundaina. parikshako kramama dhoka dine ummedwarharu samateko awasthama pani uniharule tatkal karbahi garnuparchha rar pramukh nirikshaklai report garnuparchha. yadi pariksha halbhitra anadhikrit samagri fela paryo bhane, tiniharule turuntai hataunuparchha. apatkalin wa fire alarmako ghatanama, paryawekshakharule apatkalin nicas prakriyaharu palana garnuparchha rar ummedwarharulai surakshit rupma pariksha hull bahira laijannu parchha.
paryawekshakharu pariksha awadhima sakesamma shanta hunuparchha tara ummedwarharuprati pani satarka rahanuparchha. tiniharule ummedwarharule sodheka kunai pani prashnaharuko wyakhya garnu hundaina wa kunai anya wyaktilai ummedwarharuko prashna sodhna wa jawafharu padhna anumati dinu hundaina.
pariksha pachhi.
pariksha samapta bhaepachi, pariksha nirikshakharule ummedwarharubata script, prashna patra, lekhan samagri rar anya sandarbha pustika sankalan garnuparchha rar sabai awashyak jankari (naam, ummedwar number, sthan, miti adi) jaanch garnuparchha.) ummedwarharule afno scriptma ramrosanga bhareka chhan. jab sabai scriptharu sankalan garinchha, paryawekshakharule ummedwarharulai riha garnuparchha rar tiniharulai purna maunama pariksha halko nikastira nirdeshit garnuparchha.
eae-proctoring.
eae-proctoring, jaslai remott proctoring pani bhaninchha, pariksha proctoringko ek roop how jasma eae-learning wa remott learningko bhagko rupma diieko parikshako samayama vidyarthiharuko wyawaharko nigarani electronic rupma prashasit hunchha.
wyawasayik eae-proctoring sewaharuko prayogko barema chintaharuma suftwearko gaira-karyatmakta samawesh chha; yasale prayaha kunai pani wastawik dhokhadhadi pahichan garna asafal hunchha, jabki yasale sandigdha wyawaharka lagi nirdosh vidyarthiharulai jhuto flag garna sakchha. kehi wyaktiharule yasale vidyarthiharuko gopaniyata, suraksha rar vidyarthiharuko manasik swasthyama parne prabhawko ullanghan gareko dabi garchhan. uniharule yo prawidhik samasyaharuko prawan raheko dabi garchhan jasle vidyarthiharuko pariksha pradarshanlai nakaratmak rupma asar garna sakchha. thap rupma, wyawasayik eae-proctoring sewaharubata prayogkarta deta hack bhaeko dherai reportharu chhan, jasko parinamswarup hajaraun collegeharu rar lakhaun prayogkartaharuko deta jaari garieko chha.
prabhawahinta.
ummedwarharule eae-proctoring suftwearlai bewasta garna sajilai sambhawa chha bhanne spashta praman chha. twentyko douch vishwavidyalayama proctorio suftwearko vaigyanik parikshanle suftwearle parikshan dhokhadhadiko kunai pani cases patta lagauna saksham nabhaeko dekhaeko chha. yasale dekhae kii pariksha dhokhadhadiko classic, gaira-prawidhik vidhiharu, jastai chitt sitt rar noteharuko prayog, proctoriyodwara lagbhag patta lagauna sakindaina. yasabahek, suftwearle pratibadha digital/prawidhik dhokhadhadika kunai pani mamilaharu pani pahichan garna sakena, jastai phoneko prayog, chyat epharu rar parikshako samayama samajik midia, parikshan garda internetma jankari khojnu, rar anya. nishkarsh yo thiyo kii proctoriyoko sanwedanshiltalai shunyako dherai najik vichar garnuparchha.
vivad.
covid-19 mahamariko samayama eae-proctoringma vivad badheko thiyo, jab dherai vishwavidyalayharu, key-12 vidyalayaharu, rar manakikrit parikshan sansthaharu sewaharuka lagi wyawasayik eae-proctoring apurtikartaharuma parinat bhae. vishwabharka vidyarthiharule afna madhyamik-pachhika sansthaharuma wyawasayik eae-proctoring sewaharuko prayogko virodh gare. yo note garieko chha kii unline proctoring teknolojiharule elgoridamharu prayog gardacha jasle callo vidyarthiharu rar anya rangka wyaktiharu sahit gadha chhalako toneka vidyarthiharusanga bhedbhawa gardacha.
proctorio mudda.
sann 2020 maa, eae-proctoring suftware company proctoriyole pratilipi adhikarko kathit ullanghanko aropma britis columbia vishwavidyalayaka ek vishwavidyalaya karmacharimathi mudda dayar गऱ्यो।. karmachari samajik sanjalma proctoriyoko alochana gardai companydwara nirmit gaira-suchibadha youtube bhidiyoharuko link post gare. muddama adalatko faisala 15 june 2021 maa rar arko 11 march 2022 maa prakashit bhaeko thiyo, muddalai kharez gardai. sann 2022 ko antyasamma, karmacharile barkhastikaranko apil gardaichhan.
sann 2020 maa farak kalejka computer engineeringka ek vidyarthile proctoriyodwara afno wyaktigat computerma sthapit kodka anshaharu sarvajanik rupma sajha gare. samagri hataepachhi vidyarthile proctoriomathy mudda dayar gare. proctoriyole pratilipi adhikar ullanghan rar manhaniko tarka gardai pratiwad gare. mudda adalat bahira samadhan bhayo.
proctorio rar anya dui companyharu viruddha warga-karbahi mudda dayar gariyo. companyharulai kanuni rupma awashyak deta awadharan rar vinash nitiharu pradan garna asafal bhaeko rar biometric jankari sankalan garna sahamati prapta garna asafal bhaeko arop lagaieko thiyo. proctorio wiruddhako mudda august 2022 maa ek nyayadhishdwara kharez garieko thiyo. | parikhya tatwabadharaka
parikhya tatwabadharaka, parikhya proctor kimba parikhya supervisor heuchhanti jane byakti jieki parikhya niam anujai eka nirdista parikhyare upajukta parichalana bajaiah rakhiba paain eka sikhyanushthana kimba parikhya board dwara nijukta huanti . sadharanatah, parikhya tatwabadharakanka mukhya karttabya heuchhi parikhya prartheenka upare nazar rakhiba, jahadwara prataranaku rokajaipariba. parikhya tadarakh karibara uddeshya heuchhi pratyeka prarthi samaana sarttare parikhyare basiba sunishchita kariba .
parikhya tatwabadharakamananku eka biswasa padabeere nijukta karajae ebong boarder nirdesh anujai parikhya parichalana kariba paain semanankara sachotata ebong satarkata rahiba aasha karajae .
uddeshya.
parikhya tadarakh karibara uddeshya heuchhi ehaa sunishchita kariba je samasta prarthi parikhya samaira pratyeka muhurta paain sakriya tadarakh adheenare achanti. paridarshakamane madhya prartheemananka paain eka upajukta sukhad ebong sahajaka paribesha pradan karibaku chesta kariba uchit. tebe, semane prartheemananka madhyare kaunasi prakarara jogajoga (nakal, fiskiping kimba kaunasi prakarara sanketa, kagaja kimba bastur binimai) ebong parikhya abadhi paain kaunasi prakarara pustaka, kagajpatra kimba electronic midia (nirdista bhabare adhikruta naheba parjyanta) ku prabesharu madhya nibrutta rahiba aabasyaka.
parikhya purbaru, samajare ebong parey parikhya hull rahr surakhya madhya tatwabadharakamane sunishchita kariba aabasyaka . prashnapatra prakash paiba paratharu samasta uttara sangraha naheba parjyanta parikhya tatwabadharakamane satarkatara saha patrolling kariba uchita. ekadhika pasanda ebong sankhipta uttara prashna upare bisesh gurutwa diajiba uchita. ehara mukhya lakhya heba uchita sambhabya academic asatata ebong prashasanika biphalataku rokiba.
bibhinna prakarara parikhya paain aabasyaka sarbanimna paridarshakanka sankhya anusthita parikhyara prakara upare nirbhara kare . sadharana likhita parikhya paain, parikhya halare patrolling ebong satarkata paain prati 30 john chhatranka birodhare ati kamare jane paridarshaka upasthita rahiba uchit.
karttabya.
sadharana karttabya.
parikhya tatwabadharakanka mukhya karttabya heuchhi parikhya sthalare mukhya tatwabadharaka, upa mukhya tatwabadharaka, parikhya adhikari ebong anya tatwabadharakamananku sahajata kariba.
anya keteka sadharana karttabya madhyare antarbhukta hoipareh
parikhya purbaru.
parikhya arambha heba purbaru, parikhya tatwabadharakamananku semananka nijaswa sthanare nirikhyana karjya sampadana kariba purbaru sampurna bhabe abgat ebong talim diajiba aabasyaka. parikhya halare jogadeba purbaru parikhya tatwabadharakamane upajukta parikhya niam ebong prakriya sahita nijaku parichita kariba jaruri.
parikhya tatwabadharakamane parikhya arambha hebara atikamre eka ghanta purbaru parikhya halare pahanchi semananka karttabya palana kariba uchita ebong parikhya parey parikhya script sangraha ebong samapta kariba paain atirikta eka ghanta rahiba uchit.
prartheemane pahanchiba purbaru, parikhya tatwabadharakamane aabasyaka uttara pustika, sandarbha pustika, prarthi sankhya ebong anyanya anupuraka samagri prartheenka deskare rakhi parikhya sthana prastuta kariba aabasyaka . semane nischita kariba uchita je parikhya sthalare samaira samai sathik bhabare sthira hoichhi ebong prartheenka paain parikhya hull samnare aabasyaka nirdeshabali spust bhabare pradarshita hoichhi . semane chhatrachhatrimananku semananka aasanaku neijibare sahajya kariba uchita ebong parikhya halare mobile phone, smart watch, headphone, portable audio/bhidio/geming upakarana ebong pathyapustaka bhali nishidha samagrira prabesha upare pratibandhaka lagaiba uchita.
parikhya samajare.
parikhya samajare, samasta parikhya tatwabadharaka parikhya prakriya upare semanankara sampurna dhyana deba aabasyaka . ehi samajare, semane satarka, gatishila ebong dhyana deba aabasyaka ebong parikhya abadhi madhyare anya kaunasi karjya kariba uchit nuhen.
ehi samajare, parikhya tatwabadharakamane prartheenka prashnara turanta uttara deba uchita ebong prartheemananku semananka abashyakata anujai sahajya kariba uchit. parikhyara pratham 30 minute madhyare, tatwabadharakamane upasthana record sitare prartheenka upasthana neba uchita ebong mukhya tatwabadharakanka nikatare dakhal kariba purbaru ethire dastakhat kariba uchit. upasthana jancha kariba samajare, semane prartheenka naama, prarthi sankhya, passport, admit card kimba parikhya prabesha patra ityadi madhya jancha kariba aabasyaka .
parikhya tatwabadharakamane parikhya sthalare bilambare pahanchuthiba chatramananka sahita karjya kariba uchita ebong semananka upasthana record kariba uchita ebong ehipari prartheemananku atirikta samai diajiba kii naahin taaha sthira karibaku mukhya tatwabadharakanka saha paramarsha kariba uchit .
parikhyara pratham 1 ghanta ebong shesh 15 minute madhyare paridarshakamane prartheemananku parikhya hull room baharaku jibaku anumathi deba uchit nuhen. parikhya samajare prartheemane thakei karuthiba khetrare semane turanta karjyanusthana grahan kariba uchita ebong mukhya tatwabadharakanku report kariba uchit. jadi parikhya hull bhitare anadhikruta samagri mile, tebe semane turanta segudiku hataideba uchit. jarureekaleena kimba agni sanketa samajare, tatwabadharakamane jarureekaleena prasthana prakriya anusarana kariba uchita ebong prartheemananku surakhita bhabe parikhya hull bahare neijiba uchita.
parikhya samajare tatwabadharakamane jathasambhaba shant rahiba aabasyaka, kintu prartheenka prati madhya satarka rahiba uchita. semane prartheenka dwara pacharajaithiba kaunasi prashnaku byakhya kariba uchita nuhen kimba anya kaunasi byaktinku prartheenka prashna pachariba kimba uttara padhiba paain anumathi deba uchit nuhen.
parikhya parey.
parikhya shesh heba parey, parikhya nireekhyakamane prartheenkatharu script, prashnapatra, stationary ebong anyanya sandarbha pustika sangraha kariba uchita ebong samasta abashyakeeah suchana (naama, prarthi sankhya, sthana, tarikh ityadi) jancha kariba uchit.) prartheemane semananka scriptre sathik bhabare purana karichanti. jetebele samasta script sangraha karajae, nireekhyakamane prartheemananku mukta kariba uchita ebong semananku sampurna neerabare parikhya hull prasthana aadaku nirdesh deba uchit .
ee-praktaring.
ee-praktaring, jaahaaku remot praktaring madhya kuhajae, heuchhi eka prakarara parikhya praktaring jeunthire ee-larning kimba remot larningra ansha bhabare diajaithiba parikhya sameth electronic bhabare parichalita parikhya samajare chhatranka acharan upare nazar rakhiba antarbhukta .
banijyika ee-praktaring sebara byabahara bishajare chinta madhyare saftawerara karjyakarita naah heba antarbhukta; ehaa prajatah kaunasi prakruta thakeiku chinhat karibare biphal hue, jetebele kii ehaa sandigdha acharan paain nirdosha chatramananku mithya bhabare chinhita karipare . kichhi lock daabi karanti je ehaa chatramananka gopaneejata, surakhya ebong chatramananka manasika swasthya upare prabhabaku ullanghana kare . semane ehaa madhya daabi karanti je ehaa baishajika samasya paain prabana jaahaa chatramananka parikhya pradarshanaku nakaratmaka bhabare prabhabita karipare . ehaa byatita, banijyika ee-praktaring sebagudikara byabaharakareenka tathya hack hebara ekadhika report aasichhi, jahara phalaswaroopa hazar hazar college ebong lakhya lakhya byabaharakareenka tathya jaari karajaichi.
asaphalata.
prartheemananka paain ee-praktaring saphtaweraku edaiba sahajare sambhaba bolly spust pramana achhi . douch biswabidyalajara eka baigyanika parikhyanaru janapadichhi je saftawerti parikhya thakeira kaunasi mamla chinhat karibare sakhyama hoinathila. ehaa darshaithila je parikhya thakeira classic, anah-baishajika paddhati, jepariki chitt siit ebong note byabahara, proctorio dwara praiah chinhat karajai nathila . ehaa byatita, saphtawer madhya pratibadha digital/baishajika thakeira kaunasi mamla chinhat kariparila naahin, jepariki parikhya samajare phone, chaat app ebong social midia byabahara, parikhya deba samajare internetare suchana khojiba ebong anyanya . siddhantati thila je proctoriora sambedanasheelataaku shunyara ati nikatatar bolly bibechana karajiba uchita.
bibada.
kovida-19 mahamari samajare ee-praktaringku nei bibada brudhi paithila, jetebele aneka biswabidyalaja, kee-12 bidyalaja ebong manaka parikhyana sangathana seba paain banijyika ee-praktaring joganakarinka aadaku agrasara hoithile. saaraa biswara chhatrachhatrimane semananka madhyamika parabarti anusthanagudikare banijyika ee-praktoring sebara byabaharaku birodha karithile. ehaa ullekha karajaichi je unline praktoring technology algoridam byabahara kare jaahaa kalaa chhatra ebong anya rangara byaktinka sameth gadha twacha toner chhatranka saha vedabhaba kare .
proctorio makaddama.
2020 ray, ee-praktoring saphtawer company proctorio british kalambia biswabidyalajara jane biswabidyalaja karmacharinka birodhare kapirait ullanghana abhijogare makaddama dair karithila. karmachari janaka social midiare praktorioku samalochana karithile ebong company dwara utpadita anah-talikabhukta yutyub bhidiora linka post karithile. ehi mamalare eka adalat raiah 15 june 2021 ray ebong anya eka 11 march 2022 ray mamla kharaj curry prakashita hoithila. 2022 shesh suddha, karmachari barakhasta paain abedan karuchanti.
2020 masihare eka bhinna colleger computer injinijaring chhatra semananka byaktigata kampyutarare proctorio dwara sthapita coder anshaku sarbasadharanare anshidara karithile. samagreeku hataiba parey chhatra janaka proctorio birodhare makaddama dair karithile. proctorio kapirait ullanghana ebong manhani jukti curry pratiakramana karithile. court bahare mamlar samadhan hoithila.
proctorio ebong anya duiti company birodhare class-axon makaddama dair karajaithila. companygudika aaingata bhabe aabasyaka tathya dhaaran ebong binash neeti pradan karibare biphal hoithiba ebong biometric suchana sangraha paain sammati paibare biphal hoithiba abhijoga hoithila. 2022 augustre jane bicharapatinka dwara proctorio birodhare makaddama kharaj karajaithila.
| prikhiaa nirikhak
ikk prikhiaa nirikhak, prikhiaa proctor jaan prikhiaa supervisor uh viakati hunda haii jiss noon kise viddiak sanstha jaan prikhiaa board duaara prikhiaa niyaman anusar kise vishesh prikhiaa witch sahee sanchalan banayi rakkhan laee niyukat keeta jaanda haii. aam taur utte, ikk prikhiaa nirikhak daa mukkh faraz prikhiaa dey vidiaarthiaan noon dekhna hunda haii taan joe dhokhadhadi noon rokiaa jaa sake. prikhiaa dee nigrani daa udesh ih yakini banauna haii kii harek umidwar barabar haaltan witch prikhiaa witch baithda haii.
prikhiaa nirikhak noon trust dey ahude 'teey niyukat keeta jaanda haii atey umeed keeti jaandi haii kii board dey nirdeshan anusar prikhiaavan karvaun laee unhan cole imandari atey chauksi hovegi.
udesh.
prikhiaa dee nigrani daa udesh ih yakini banauna haii kii saare umidwar prikhiaa dee miaad dey harr pall laee sargaram nigrani heth hunn. nirikhakan noon vee umidwar laee ikk dhukvan suhavna atey sahaik mahaul pardan curran dee koshish curney chahidi haii. halanki, unhan noon prikhiaa dee miaad laee (kaapi karke, fusfusa keey jaan kise vee kisam dey sanket, kagaz jaan vastuaan dey adaan-pardan duaara) atey kise vee kisam deeaan kitaban, kagazan jaan electronic media (jadon takk vishesh taur 'teey adhikarat naheen hunda) takk kise vee kisam dee pahunch noon rokna chahida haii.
nirikhakan noon prikhiaa toon pahilan, dauran atey baad witch prikhiaa haal dee surakhiaa noon yakini banaun dee vee zaroorat haii. parshan pattar ditte jaanh toon lae keey saare jawab ikkathe keete jaanh takk prikhiaa nirikhakan noon chauksi naal gashat curney chahidi haii. bahu-chonh atey chhote jawab vaale parshanan utte vishesh zor ditta jaanha chahida haii. mukkh teecha sambhavit akadamik beimani atey parshaski asafaltavan noon rokna honaa chahida haii.
vakkh-vakkh kisman deeaan prikhiaavan laee lodinde nirikhakan dee ghatto-ghatt ginti aayojit prikhiaavan dee kisam 'teey nirbhar kardi haii. aam likhti prikhiaavan laee, prikhiaa haal witch gashat atey chauksi laee harr 30 vidiaarthiaan dey virudh ghatto ghatt ikk nirikhak maujood honaa chahida haii.
kartavv.
aam kartavv.
prikhiaa nirikhak daa mukkh faraz mukkh nirikhak, upp mukkh nirikhak, prikhiaa adhikari atey prikhiaa sathaan 'teey horr nirikhakan daa samarthan karna hunda haii.
kujh horr aam kartavvan witch shamal hoow sakde hann
prikhiaa toon pahilan.
prikhiaa shuru honn toon pahilan, prikhiaa nirikhakan noon unhan dey sabandhat sathanan 'teey nigrani dey kamm noon poora curran toon pahilan puurii tarahan jankari atey sikhlai ditti jaanhi chahidi haii. ih zaruri haii kii prikhiaa nirikhak prikhiaa haal witch jaanh toon pahilan aapne aap noon uchit prikhiaa niyaman atey prakiriaavan toon jaanhu karwa lainn.
prikhiaa nirikhakan noon aapni diooti laee report curran laee prikhiaa shuru honn toon ghatto ghatt ikk ghanta pahilan prikhiaa haal witch pahunchana chahida haii atey prikhiaa dey baad prikhiaa scriptan noon ikkatha curran atey khatam curran laee ikk vadhu ghante laee rahina chahida haii.
prikhiaa nirikhakan noon prikhiaa sathaan dee tiaari laee lodinde uttar pustika, sandrabh pustika, umidwar number atey horr poorak samaggari noon desk utte rakkhna chahida haii. uhanan noon ih yakini banauna chahida haii kii prikhiaa sathaan 'teey ghadi daa samaan sahee dhang naal nirdharat keeta giaa haii atey prikhiaa haal dey sahmane zaruri nirdesh sapshat taur' teey pradarshit keete gaye hunn. unhan noon vidiaarthiaan noon unhan deeaan seetan 'teey lijaan witch vee madad curney chahidi haii atey prikhiaa haal witch mobile phone, smart ghadi, headfone, portable audio/vdo/gaming upkaran atey paath pustakan vargiaan varjit vastan dey pravesh' teey pabandi lagauni chahidi haii.
prikhiaa dauran.
prikhiaa dauran, saare prikhiaa nirikhakan noon prikhiaa prakiriaa vall aapna poora dhiaan denna chahida haii. iss samein, unhan noon chocks, gatishil atey dhiaan denh vaala honaa chahida haii atey prikhiaa dey poore samein dauran koee horr kamm naheen karna chahida.
iss samein, prikhiaa nirikhakan noon turant umidwar dey swalan daa jawab denna chahida haii atey unhan deeaan zaruratan anusar umidwar dee sahaita curney chahidi haii. prikhiaa dey pahile 30 mintan dey ander, nirikhakan noon hazri ricard sheet witch umidwar dee hazri lainee chahidi haii atey mukkh nirikhakan noon jamhan curran toon pahilan iss utte dastkhat karne chahide hunn. hazri dee jaanch karde samein, uhanan noon umidwar daa naam, umidwar number, passport, admit card jaan prikhiaa dakhla card aadi dee vee jaanch curney chahidi haii.
prikhiaa nirikhakan noon uhanan vidiaarthiaan naal najithna chahida haii joe prikhiaa sathaan 'teey dair naal pahunchade hunn atey aapni hazri daraj karde hunn atey ih nirdharat curran laee mukkh nirikhakan naal salaah curney chahidi haii kii ajihe vidiaarthiaan noon vadhu samaan ditta javega jaan naheen.
nirikhakan noon prikhiaa dey pahile 1 ghante atey aakhri 15 mint dauran prikhiaa haal room toon bahr jaanh dee aagiaa naheen denni chahidi. prikhiaa dauran dhokhadhadi karde hoye fadey gaye umidwar dee sathiti witch vee unhan noon turant karvai curney chahidi haii atey mukkh nirikhak noon report curney chahidi haii. jey prikhiaa haal dey ander anadhikarat samaggari mildi haii, taan unhan noon turant hataa denna chahida haii. emergency jaan agg dey khatre dee sathiti witch, nirikhakan noon emergency nikas prakiriaavan dee palna curney chahidi haii atey prikhiaa haal toon bahr surakhiat dhang naal umidwar noon lae keey jaanha chahida haii.
nirikhakan noon prikhiaa dee miaad dauran jinna sambhav hoow sake chupp rahina chahida haii parr naal hii uh vee umidwar pratee chocks rahina chahida haii. uhanan noon umidwar duaara puchhe gaye kise vee parshan dee viaakhiaa naheen curney chahidi jaan kise horr viakati noon umidwar dey parshan puchhan jaan uhanan dey uttar padhan dee aagiaa naheen denni chahidi.
prikhiaa toon baad.
prikhiaa khatam honn toon baad, prikhiaa nirikhak noon prikhiaarthiaan toon scriptan, parshan pattran, stationary atey horr sandrabh pustika ikattar curney chahidi haii atey jaanch curney chahidi haii kii saaree lodindi jankari (naam, umidwar number, sathaan, mitee aadi) haii jaan naheen.) noon aapne scriptan utte sahee dhang naal bhariaa giaa haii. jadon saariaan scriptan ikkathiaan keetiaan jandiaan hunn, taan nirikhakan noon umidwar chaddne chahide hunn atey unhan noon puurii chupp witch prikhiaa haal toon bahr jaanh vall nirdesh denna chahida haii.
ee-producting.
ee-proctoration, jiss noon remot proctoration vee kiha jaanda haii, prikhiaa proctoration daa ikk roop haii jiss witch electronic taur utte parbandhit prikhiaavan dauran vidiaarthiaan dey vivhaar dee nigrani shamal haii, jiss witch ee-learning jaan remot learning dey hisse vajon ditte gaye vee shamal hunn.
vaparak ee-proctoring sevavan dee varton baare chintavan witch software dee gair-karajkushalta shamal haii; ih ziaadaatar kise vee asal dhokhadhadi dee pachanh curran witch asfal rahinda haii, jadon kii ih nirdosh vidiaarthiaan noon shakki vivhaar laee jhootha jhanda lagaa sakda haii. kujh lokan daa daava haii kii ih vidiaarthiaan dee nijjata, surakhiaa atey vidiaarthiaan dee mansik sihat utte painn vaale prabhav dee ulanghna karda haii. uh ih vee daava karde hunn kii ih takniki muddiaan daa shikar haii joe vidiaarthiaan dee prikhiaa dee karguzari noon nakaratmak taur 'teey prabhavat qarr sakde hunn. iss toon ilava, vaparak ee-proctoring sevavan toon upbhogta detta noon hack keete jaanh deeaan kaee reportan aaiaan hunn, jiss dey natije vajon hazaran kaljan atey lakkhan upbhogtavan daa detta jaari keeta jaa riha haii.
prabhavhinta.
iss gall dey spasht saboot hunn kii ee-proctoring software noon chaddna vidiaarthiaan laee asani naal sambhav haii. dutch university aaf vivent witch proctorio software dey ikk vigiaanak test neey dikhaiaa kii software prikhiaa dhokhadhadi dey kise vee mamle daa pataa lagaun dey yog naheen see. iss neey dikhaiaa kii prikhiaa dhokhadhadi dey classic, gair-takniki tarike, jiven kii dhokhadhadi deeaan sheetan atey notan dee varton, proctorio duaara lagbhag anjaan sunn. iss toon ilava, software digital/takniki dhokhadhadi dey kise vee mamle dee pachanh naheen qarr sakiaa, jiven kii prikhiaa dauran phone, chaet apps atey soshal media dee varton, test dinde samein internet 'teey jankari labbhna atey horr. sitta ih nikliaa kii proctorio dee sanvedansheelta noon ziro dey bahut nede manniaa jaanha chahida haii.
vivaad.
covid-19 mahamari dauran ee-proctoring noon lae keey vivaad vadh giaa, jadon bahut saariaan universityan, keey-12 school atey mankikrit testing sangathanan neey sevavan laee vaparak ee-proctoring splieran vall rukh keeta. dunia bharr dey vidiaarthiaan neey aapne secondary toon baad dey sansthanan witch vaparak ee-proctoring sevavan dee varton daa virodh keeta. ih nott keeta giaa haii kii online proctoring technology algorithm dee varton kardiaan hunn joe kaale vidiaarthiaan atey horr rung dey viaktiaan samet goodhi chamdi dey vidiaarthiaan naal vitkara kardiaan hunn.
proctorio mukkadme.
2020 witch, ee-proctoring software company proctorio neey british columbia university dey ikk university karamchari utte copyright dee kathit ulanghna laee mukaddama keeta. karamchari neey soshal media utte proctorio dee alochna keeti atey company duaara tiaar keete gaye gair-suchibadh yootioob vdo dey link post keete. iss mamle 'teey adalat daa faisla 15 juun 2021 noon prakashit keeta giaa see atey 11 march 2022 noon case noon khaaraj qarr ditta giaa see. 2022 dey akheer takk, karamchari barkhastagi dee apeel qarr riha haii.
saal 2020 witch ikk vakkhre kaalaj dey ikk computer engineering vidiaarthi neey aapne nijji computer utte proctorio duaara sathapat code dey ansh jantak taur utte sanjhe keete. vidiaarthi neey samaggari noon hataun toon baad proctorio utte mukaddama keeta. proctorio neey copyright dee ulanghna atey manhani dee daleel dinde hoye jawabi case keeta. adalat toon bahr mamla suljha liaa giaa.
proctorio atey doou horr companyan virudh class-action mukkadme daair keete gaye sunn. companyan utte kanunni taur utte lodindiaan daata rakkhan atey vinash deeaan nitiaan pardan curran witch asfal rahinn atey biometric jankari ikkathi curran laee sehmati prapat curran witch asfal rahinn daa dosh lagaiaa giaa see. proctorio virudh mukaddama agast 2022 witch ikk jajj duaara khaaraj qarr ditta giaa see.
| pariksha nireekshakah
pariksha-nireekshakah, pariksha-proker athavaa pariksha-paryavekshakah iti pariksha-niyamaanugunam vishishtaa parikshayam samuchitam acharanam nirvahayitum shaikshanikasamsthayaa pariksha-mandalen vaa niyuktah vyaktihi asti. samanyataya pariksha-nirikshakasya mukhyah kartavyah pariksha-abhyarthinaam nirikshanam bhavati yena vanchanam naa bhavet. pariksha-nirikshanasya uddeshyah pratyekam abhyarthinah samaan-sthitau parikshayam upavishyanti iti sunishchitam karaneeyam asti.
pariksha-nireekshakah nyasasya pade niyuktaah bhavanti, tathaa cha board ityasya nirdeshanusaram parikshanam sanchaalanaay satatvam, satarkataa cha dhaarayanti iti apekshaa bhavati.
uddeshyam.
pariksha-nirikshanasya uddeshyah pariksha-avadhyaah pratyeka-kshanasy krute sarve abhyarthinah sakriya-nirikshanasya adheenah santi iti sunishchitam karaneeyam asti. nireekshakaah api abhyarthinaam krute upayuktam sukhadam sahayakam cha vaataavaranam pradaatum prayatante. parantu, te abhyarthinaam madhye kasyaapi prakarasya samvaadam (pratilipyaa, shishyaa vaa kasyaapi prakarasya sanketam, kagadanam vaa vastoonaam vaa adanapradanam) tathaa pariksha-avadhihi yaavat kasyaapi prakarasya pustakanam, patranam athavaa vidyunmaan-madhyamanam (visheshatayaa adhikrutam vinaa) kasyaapi prakarasya abhigamyam cha nivaarayanti.
nirikshakan api pareekshayaha poorvam, samaye, anantaram cha pariksha-kakshasya surakshaam sunishchitam karaneeyam. yadaa prashnapatram pradarshitam bhavati tadaabhyah yaavat sarve uttaraani sangruhitam naa bhavanti, pariksha-nireekshakah jagarukataya gasteem aacharantu. bahu-vikalpa-alpa-uttar-prashnanam vishaye visheshotsaah deeyate. sambhaavya-shaikshanik-satyanishtaa, prashaasanik-viphalataam cha nivaarayitum mukhyah uddesha bhavet.
vividhaprakaaraanaam parikshanam krute avashyakanam nyunatamanam nirikshakanam sankhyaa, ayojitanam parikshanam prakarasya upari avalambate. samanya-likhita-parikshanam krute pariksha-prakoshte gastee-nirikshanartham cha prati 30 chhatranam viruddham nyunatinyoonam ekaha nireekshakah upasthitah bhavet.
kartavyaani.
samanya kartavye.
pariksha-nirikshakasya mukhya kartavyam pariksha-sthale mukhya-nirikshakasya, upa-mukhya-nirikshakasya, pariksha-adhikaareesy, anya-nirikshakasya cha samarthanam karaneeyam asti.
anye keshaanchan samanyakaryeshu antarbhavanti -
pareekshayaha poorvam.
pariksha-arambhat poorvam pariksha-nirikshakan swasthaaneshu nireekshan-karyasya sampadanat poorvam purnataya vivaranam, prashikshanm cha avashyam dattam bhavet. pariksha-nirikshakanam pariksha-sabhaagruhe upasthitehe poorvam uchita-pariksha-niyamaah, prakriyaah cha paridnyaanam aavashyakam asti.
pariksha-nireekshakah pariksha-arambhat nyunatinyoonam ekaghantaam poorvam pariksha-sabhaagruhe aagacchantu, kartavyam prativedayitum, pareekshayaha anantaram pariksha-patraani sangruheetum samaaptum cha atiriktam ekaghantam yaavat tishtantu.
abhyarthinaam agamanat poorvam pariksha-nireekshakah abhyarthinaam mejeshu aavashyakaani uttarapustikaah, sandarbhapustikaah, abhyarthinaam sankhyaah, anyaani purakasamagrihi cha sthapayitva pariksha-sthalasy tayaaree avashyam karishyanti. pariksha-sthale samayasya samayasya samyak nirdhaaranam bhavati iti te nishchetum shaknuvanti, tathaa cha abhyarthinaam krute pariksha-sabhaamandale poorvabhaage aavashyakaani nirdeshaani spashtatayaa pradarshyante. te chhaatraan swasthaanaani prati nirdeshayitum api sahayyam karishyanti tathaa cha pariksha-prakoshte mobail-durabhashanam, smart-vaachasya, headphone-ityasya, portable-adio/veediyo/gaming-upakaranaam, paatyapustakaanaam cha nishiddh-vastoonaam pravesham nishedhayanti.
pareekshayaha samaye.
pareekshayaha samaye sarve pariksha-nireekshakah pariksha-prakriyayam swasyaah sampoornam dhyanam avashyam dadaatu. asmin samaye te jagarukaha, chalakaah, saavadhaanaah cha bhaveyuhu, pareekshayaha sampornakaale anyaani karyani naa kartum arhanti.
asmin samaye pariksha-nireekshakah abhyarthinaam prashnanam tatkshanameva uttaram dadaatu, abhyarthinaam aavashyakataanugunam sahayyam cha karishyanti. pareekshayaha prathama-30 nimeshanam madhye, nireekshakaah upasthiti-abhilekha-patrake abhyarthinaam upasthitim sveekrutya mukhya-nireekshake samarpanat poorvam hastaaksharam karishyanti. upasthiti-parikshanakale te abhyarthinah naam, abhyarthinyam sankhyaa, parapatram, praveshapatram athavaa pariksha-praveshapatram ityadini api avashyam pashyanti.
pariksha-nireekshakaah pariksha-sthale vilambena aagatyah chhaatraih saha vyavahaaram karishyanti, teshaam upasthitim abhilekhitavantah, tathaa cha mukhya-nirikshakena saha paraamarsham krutvaa, etaadrusheshu abhyarthinaam krute atirikta-samayah deeyate vaa naa iti nirneetum shaknuvanti.
paryavekshakah pareekshayaha prathama-1-ghantaah, antima-15 nimeshayoho pariksha-kakshaat abhyarthinaam nishkasanam naa anumanyante. pareekshayaha samaye vanchakaah abhyarthinah praaptaah chet te tatkshanameva kaaryam api sveekrutya mukhya-nirikshakam prati prativedanam daatum arhanti. yadi pariksha-prakoshtasya antah anadhikruta-saamagreeh praaptaah santi, tarhi te tatkshanameva nishkasanam karishyanti. apatkale athavaa agni-alaarm ityasya sandarbhe, nireekshakaah apatkale nirgamana-prakriyaam anusarantu, abhyarthinaam pariksha-sabhamandalam surakshitaroopen bahihi nayantu cha.
pariksha-kaale nireekshakah yathaashakti nishshabdah bhavet, parantu abhyarthinaam prati api jagarukaha bhaveyuhu. te abhyarthinaam dwara prushtaan kasyaapi prashnasya vivaranam naa daatum shaknuvanti athavaa anyam vyaktim abhyarthinaam prashnaan prucchitum vaa uttaraan pathitum vaa naa anumanyante.
pareekshayaha anantaram.
pariksha samaapteh anantaram pariksha-nireekshakah abhyarthinaam lipihi, prashnapatram, lekhanasaamagri, anyaani sandarbhapustikaah cha sangruheetum shaknuvanti tathaa cha sarvaani aavashyakasoochanaah (naam, abhyarthinah sankhyaa, sthaanam, dinaankam ityadini) pashyantu.) abhyarthinah swalikhiteshu samyak pooritaah santi. yadaa sarve scripts sangruheetaah bhavanti tadaa nireekshakah abhyarthinaam nishkaasy poornanishshabdhen pariksha-sabhaamandalam nirgantum nirdeshayet.
ee-proctoring.
ee-proctoring, durastha-proctoring iti namna api prasidhah, pariksha-proctoring ityasya ekaha prakaarah asti yasmin vidyaarthinaam vyavahaarasya nirikshanam vidyunmaan-madhyamena kriyate, yathaa ee-learning athavaa durastha-shikshanasy bhagarupena dattaani.
vaanijya-ee-proctoring-sewaah upayoktum chintitaah santi, saft verr ityasya karyakshamatahinata iti; praayah vaastavikam kapatam iti dnyaatum asaphalah bhavati, yadyapi saha sandigdha-vyavahaarasya krute nirdosha-chhaatraan mithyaa-sanketam kartum shaknoti. kechan janaah vadanti yat etat chhatranam gopaniyatayaha, surakshayaha, chhatranam maanasikaswaasthyasy prabhaavasya cha ullanghanam asti iti. te api vadanti yat etat vidyaardhaanaam pariksha-pradarshanm pratikoolaroopen prabhaavayitum shakyate iti tantrika-samasyanam pravanataam vartate iti. tadatiriktam, vaanijya-ee-proctoring-sewaabhyah upayoktru-dattaamshasya hyaak-ityasya bahuvidhaani prativedanaani santi, yasya parinaamen sahasraani mahaavidyaalayaani, sahasraani upayoktru-dattaamshaani cha prakashitani.
prabhavahinata.
abhyarthinaam krute ee-proctoring-tantraamshasya avahelanam sulabhataya shakyate iti spashtam pramanam vartate. dutch-vishvavidyaalaye twenty-ityatra proctorio-tantraamshasya vaidnyaanikapareeksha darshayat yat tantraamshah pariksha-vanchanaayaah prakaranaani naa anveshtum samarthah aasit iti. tena dnyaayate yat pariksha-jaalasy utkrushtaani, anaicchikaani vidhaanaani, yathaa cheet-sheet-nott-ityasya cha upayogah, proctorio-dwara praayah adnyaatah aasit iti. api cha, pareekshayaha samaye doorabhaashasy, chaat-aap-ityasya, samajika-madhyamanam cha upayogah, pareekshayaha samaye antarjaale suchanam pashyatu, ityadini pratibaddhanam digital/praawidhik-vanchanaayaah kasyaapi prakaranam api tantraamshah naa dnyaatum shaktavaan. nishkarshah aasit yat proctorio ityasya samvedanasheelataa shunyaat ati sameepe eva vichaaraneeyah iti.
vivaadah.
covid-19 mahamarikale ee-proctoring vishaye vivaadah vardhamaanah, yadaa bahavah vishvavidyaalayaaha, key-12 vidyaalayaah, maanakeekrutapareekshanasthah cha sevaanaam krute vaanijya-ee-proctoring aapoortikartrubhyah prati nivartitaah. sampoorne vishve chhaatraah swa maadhyamik-pashchata-samsthaasu vaanijya-ee-proctoring-sevaam upayoktum virodham krutavantah. anlain-proctoring-tantradnyaanaani elgoridam ityetaan upayunjanti yaani krushnavarniyanam chhatranam, krushnavarniyanam cha anyaih vyaktinaam cha vishaye bhedam kurvanti iti dnyaayate.
proctorio-vaadaha.
2020 tame varshe, ee-proctoring-saft verr-kampanee proctorio, british-columbia-vishvavidyaalayasya vishvavidyaalayasya karmachariviruddham krutiswaamya-ullamghanasya aaropasy krute abhiyogam krutavaan. karmachaari samajikamadhyameshu proctorio ityasya vimarsham krutavaan, tathaa cha kampenidwara nirmitanam yoo-tube-videokanam suchyam vinaa linkaan api post krutavaan. 2021 joon 15 dinaanke prakaranasya nyayalayasya nirnayah, 2022 maarch 11 dinaanke prakaranam nirakrutva anyah cha prakaashitah. 2022 tamasya varshasya ante yaavat, karmachaarinah nishkasanasya aavedanam karoti.
2020 tame varshe bhinnasy mahaavidyaalayasya ekaha sanganak-abhiyaantriki-chhaatrah proctorio ityanena sthaapitasya samhitaayaah amshaan swa-vyaktigata-sanganake saarvajanikaroopena avahat. samagrim apasaritva chhaatrah proctorio ityasya viruddham vaadam akarot. proctorio ityanena pratilipyadhikarasya ullamghanasya manahanyaha cha vaadaha pratidagdhah. prakaranam nyayalayat bahihi samaapitam.
proctorio ityasya, anyayoho kampaneedwayam api cha viruddham varga-karya-vaadaha upasthapitaha. kampanee-visheshaah vidhi-aawashyak-dattaamsha-dhaaran-vinasha-neeti-pradanam kartum viphalah abhavan, tathaa cha biometric-suchana-sangrahanartham sahamatim praaptum asaphalah abhavan iti aaropah krutah. 2022 august-maase nyayamurtya proctorio ityasya viruddham prakaranam niraakrutam.
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thaervu kankaanippaalar
thaervu kankaanippaalar, thaervu proctor allathu thaervu maerpaarvaiyaalar enbathu oru kalvi niruvanam allathu thaervu vaariyatthaal thaervu vithimuraigalinpadi oru kuripitta thaervil sariyaana nadaththaiyai paraamarikka niyamikkapatta oruvar aavaar. podhuvaaga, oru thaervu kankaanippaalarin mukiya kadamai, moasadi seivathaith thaduka thaervu vaetpaalargalaip paarppathaakum. ovvoru vaetpaalarum samamaana nibanthanaigalin keezh thaervil amarvathai uruthi seivathae thaervu kankaanippin nokkamaagum.
thaervu kankaanippaalargal arakkattalai pathavikku niyamikkappadugiraargal, maelum vaariyaththin arivuruththalkalinpadi thaervugalai nadaththa nermaiyum vilippumikka thanmaiyum kondiruppaargal endru ethirpaarkkappadukirathu.
noakkam.
thaervu kankaanippin noakkam, anaitthu vaetpaalargalum thervuk kaalaththin ovvoru kanaththirkum theevira kankaanippil iruppathai uruthi seivathaagum. kankaanippaalargal vaetpaalargalukku porutthamaana inimaiyaana mattrum aatharavaana soozhnilaiyai vazhangka muyarchikka vaendum. iruppinum, thaervargal idaiyae endhavoru thagavalthodarpaiyum (nagaleduppathu, kisukisukkuvathu allathu endha vagaiyaana samignai, kaakitham allathu porutkalaip parimaarikkolvathu) mattrum puththagangkal, kaakithangal allathu minnanu uudakangkalai endha vagaiyilum anuguvathai (kurippaaga angkeekarikkappadaavittaal) avarkal thaduka vaendum.
thervuk koodaththin paathukaappai parisoathakarkal thaervukku munnum pinnum uruthi seiya vaendum. vinaaththaalgal veliyidappatta tharunaththilirunthu anaitthu pathilkalum sekarikkappadum varai, thaervu kankaanippaalargal vizhippudan roanthu sella vaendum. pala thaervu mattrum kurugiya pathilkal konda kaelvigalukku kurippaaga mukkiyathuvam alikkappada vaendum. kalviyil nermaiyinmai mattrum nirvaaga thoalvigal aerpaduvathaith thaduppathae mukiya kurikkoalaaga irukka vaendum.
palvaeru vagaiyaana thaervugalukkuth thevaiyaana kurainthapatcha kankaanippaalargalin ennikkai, nadatthappatta thaervugalin vagaiyaip poruththathu. podhu ezhuththuth thaervugalukku, thaervu mandapaththil roanthu mattrum kankaanippukkaaga ovvoru 30 maanavargalukkum ethiraaga kurainthathu oru kankaanippaalar irukka vaendum.
kadamaigal.
podhuk kadamaigal.
thervuk kankaanippaalarin mukiyak kadamai, thalaimaik kankaanippaalar, thunaith thalaimaik kankaanippaalar, thaervu adhigaari mattrum thaervu nadaiperum idaththil ulla pira kankaanippaalargalukku aatharavalippathaakum.
pira podhuvaana kadamaigalil sila pinvarumaaru irukkalaam
thaervukku muun.
thaervu thodanguvatharku munbu, thaervu kankaanippaalargal anthantha idangkalil kankaanippu paniyai maerkolvatharku munbu muzhumaiyaaga vilakki payirchi alikkappada vaendum. thervuk kankaanippaalargal thaervu mandapaththirkuch selvatharku munbu porutthamaana thaervu vithimuraigal mattrum nadaimuraigalai nanku arinthukolvathu avasiyam.
thervuk kankaanippaalargal thaervu thodanguvatharku kurainthathu oru manii neeraththirku munbae thaervu mandapaththirku vandhu thangal kadamaiyaich seiya vaendum, maelum thaervugalukkup piragu oru manii neram koodudhalaaga thangki thaervu scriptkalaich sekariththu mudikka vaendum.
thaervargal varuvatharku munbu, thaervu kankaanippaalargal vinnappathaarargalin maesaigalil thevaiyaana pathil kaiyaedugal, kurippu kaiyaedugal, vaetpaalar enngal mattrum pira thunaip porutkalai vaippathan moolam thaervu idaththai tayaarikka vaendum. thaervu nadaiperum idaththil kadikaara neram sariyaaga nirnayikkappattullathaa enbathaiyum, thaervargalukkaana thaervu mandapaththin munpuraththil thevaiyaana arivuruththalkal thelivaaga kaattappattullathaa enbathaiyum avarkal uruthippaduththa vaendum. maelum, maanavargal thangal irukkaikalukku neraagach sella udhava vaendum, maelum mobile poangal, smart kadikaaram, headfonkal, kaiyadakka audio/veediyoa/caming saathanangal mattrum paadappuththagangkal poantra thadaiseiyappatta porutkalin nuzhaivai thaervu mandapaththil thadaiseiya vaendum.
pareetchaiyin poathu.
thaervin poathu, anaitthu thaervu kankaanippaalargalum thaervu seyalmuraiyil thangal muzhu kavanaththaiyum seluththa vaendum. inththa neraththil, avarkal vizhippaagavum, nadamaadum mattrum kavanamaaga irukka vaendum, maelum thaervin kaalam muzhuvathum vaeru endha vaelaigalaiyum seiyakkoodaathu.
inththa neraththil, thaervu kankaanippaalargal vaetpaalargalin kaelvigalukku udanadiyaaga pathilalikka vaendum mattrum vaetpaalargalin thevaikalukku aerpa udhava vaendum. thaervu mudintha muthal 30 nimidangalukkul, kankaanippaalargal varugaip pathivuth thaalil ulla vaetpaalargalin varugaiyai eduththu thalaimai kankaanipaalaridam samarppippatharku munbu kaiyezhuththida vaendum. varugaiyaalaraich saripaarkkum poathu, avarkal vaetpaalarin peyar, vaetpaalar enn, basport, admit kaardu allathu thaervu nuzhaivu attai poantravattrai saribaarkka vaendum.
thervuk kankaanippaalargal thaervu nadaiperum idaththirku thaamathamaaga varum maanavargalaik kaiyaala vaendum, avarkalin varugaiyaip pathivu seithu, aththagaiya vaetpaalargalukku koodudhal neram vazhangkappadukirathaa illaiyaa enbathaith theermaanikka thalaimai kankaanippaalarudan kalanthaaloasikka vaendum.
thaervin muthal 1 manii neram mattrum kadaisi 15 nimidangalil thaervu mandapaththai vittu veliyaera paarvaiyaalarkal anumathikkakkoodaathu. thaervil moasadi seithavarkal pidipattaal avarkal udanadiyaaga nadavadikkai eduththu thalaimai kankaanipaalaridam therivikka vaendum. thaervu mandapaththirkul angkeekarikkappadaatha porutkal kandupidikkappattaal, avarkal udanadiyaaga avattrai agattra vaendum. avasaranilai allathu thee echcharikkai aerpattaal, kankaanippaalargal avasara veliyaerum nadaimuraigalaip pinpattra vaendum mattrum thaervargalai thaervu mandapaththirku veliyae paathukaappaaka alaiththuch sella vaendum.
thervuk kaalaththil kankaanippaalargal mudinthavarai amaithiyaaga irukka vaendum, aanaal vaetpaalargalidam vizhippudan irukka vaendum. avarkal vaetpaalargal kaetkum endha kaelvigalaiyum vilakkavo allathu vaetpaalargalin kaelvigalaik ketkavo allathu pathilkalaip padikkavoa vaeru endha nabaraiyum anumathikkakkoodaathu.
thaervukkup piragu.
thaervu mudintha piragu, thaervu kankaanippaalargal vinnappathaarargalidamirunthu scriptkal, vinaaththaalgal, ezhuthuporulgal mattrum pira kurippu kaiyaedugalai sekariththu, thevaiyaana anaitthu thagavalgalaiyum (peyar, vaetpaalar enn, idam, thaethi poantravai) saribaarkka vaendum.) vaetpaalargal thangal scriptkalil sariyaaga nirappappattullanar. anaitthu scriptgalum sekarikkappadumpothu, kankaanippaalargal vaetpaalargalai viduviththu, avarkalai muzhu amaithiyudan thaervu mandapaththin veliyaerum thisaiyai noakki vazhinadaththa vaendum.
minn urpaththi.
remot bractoring endrum azhaikkappadum ii-bractoring enbathu thaervu bractoringin oru vadivamaagum, idhu minnanu karral allathu tholainilai kattralin oru paguthiyaaga valangkappattavai udpada minnanu muraiyil nirvagikkappadum thaervugalin poathu maanavar nadaththaiyai kankaanippathai ulladakkiyathu.
vaniga reethiyaana minn-brokering sevaigalaip payanpaduththuvathu kuriththa kavalaigal menporulin seyalpadaatha thanmaiyaik kondullana; idhu perumpaalum endhavoru unmaiyana moasadiyaiyum adaiyaalam kaanath thavarivittathu, athae neraththil santhegaththirkidamaana nadaththaikkaaga appavi maanavargalai poiyaagak kurikalaam. idhu maanavargalin thaniyurimai, paathukaappu mattrum maanavargalin mana aaroakkiyaththil aerpadum thaakkatthai meeruvathaaka silar koorugindranar. idhu maanavargalin thaervu seyalthiranai ethirmaraiyaaka paathikkum thozhilnutpa sikkalkalukku aalaaka vaaippullathu endrum avarkal koorugindranar. koodudhalaaga, vaniga reethiyaana minn-brokering sevaikalilirunthu payanar tharavu haek seiyappattathaaga pala arikkaikal vanththullana, idhan vilaivaaga aayirakkanakkaana kalloorigal mattrum nooraayirakkanakkaana payanarkalin tharavu veliyidappadugirathu.
seyalattra thanmai.
ii-proctoring menporulai vaetpaalargal elithil thavirkka mudiyum enbatharku thelivaana saandrugal ullana. irupathu duchu palkalaikkazhagaththil bractorio menporulin ariviyal soathanai, menporulaal adhu udpaduththappatta soathanai moasadi vazhakkukalil ethaiyum kandariya mudiyavillai enbathaik kaattukirathu. moasadi thaazhgal mattrum panaththaalkalaip payanpaduththuvathu poantra classic, thozhilnutpamattra thaervu moachadigalin muraigal proctorio moolam kittatthatta kandariya mudiyaathavai enbathai idhu kaattukirathu. maelum, thaervin poathu tholaipaesi, arattai payanpaadugal mattrum samooga uudakangkalaip payanpaduththuthal, soathanai ezhuthum poathu inaiyaththil thagavalkalaip paarppathu mattrum pira poantra digital/thozhilnutpa moasadi vazhakkukalaiyum menporulaal adaiyaalam kaana mudiyavillai. proctoriovin unarthiran poojjiyaththirku miga arugil karudhappada vaendum enbathu mudivu.
sarchchai.
pala palkalaikkazhagangkal, kae-12 palligal mattrum tharappaduththappatta soathanai amaippugal sevaikalukkaaga vaniga reethiyaana minn-proctoring saplaiyarkalai noakki thirumbiyapoathu, koovit-19 thottrunoaikalin poathu minn-proctoring kuriththa sarchchai athikariththathu. ulagengkilum ulla maanavargal thangal idainilaip pinththaiya niruvanangalil vaniga reethiyaana minn-proctoring sevaigalaip payanpaduththuvathai ethirththanar. anline proctoring thozhilnutpangal karuppu maanavargal mattrum pira nira nabarkal udpada irunda thoal nira maanavargalidam paagupaadu kaattum vazhimuraigalaip payanpaduththukintrana enbathu kurippidaththakkathu.
proctorio vazhakkugal.
2020 aam aandil, minn-proctoring menporul niruvanamaana proctorio british kolambiya palkalaikkazhagaththil oru palkalaikkazhaga oozhiyar meethu pathippurimai meeral thodarbaaga vazhakku thodarnthathu. antha oozhiyar samooga uudakangkalil proctoriovai vimarsiththaar mattrum niruvanatthaal thayaarikkappatta pattiyalidappadaatha udupe veediyoakkalukkaana inaippugalai veliyittaar. inththa vazhakkin neethimandrath theerppu 15 juun 2021 andru veliyidappattathu, mattrondru 11 maarch 2022 andru valakkai thallupadi seithathu. 2022 aam aandin pirpaguthiyil, oozhiyar panineekkatthai ethirththu maelmuraiyeedu seikiraar.
2020 aam aandil vaeru kallooriyil oru kanini poriiyal maanavar thangal thanipatta kaneneyil proctorio niruviya kuriyeettin pakuthikalai pagirangkamaaga pagirnthu kondaar. porul agattrappatta pinnar maanavar proctorio meethu vazhakku thodarnthaar. pathippurimai meeral mattrum avathooru kuritthu vaathiduvatharku bractorio pathiladi kodutthaar. inththa vazhakku neethimantraththirku veliyae theerkkappattathu.
proctorio mattrum irandu pira niruvanangalukku ethiraaga classes-aakshan vazhakkugal munvaikkappattana. sattappoorvamaaga thevaiyaana tharavu thakkavaippu mattrum azhivuk kolgaigalai vazhangkath thavariyathaagavum, biometric thagavalkalaich sekarippatharkaana opputhalaip perath thavariyathaagavum niruvanangal meethu kuttram saattappattathu. proctoriovukku ethiraana vazhakku august 2022 ill oru neethipathiyaal thallupadi seiyappattathu. |
pareeksha invisilator
pariksha invisilator, exam praaktar ledhaa exam supervisor antey pariksha nibandhanalaku anugunamgaa oka nirdishta pareekshalo saraina nirvahananu nirvahinchadaaniki oka vidya samstha ledhaa pariksha borduche niyaminchabadina vyakti. saadhaaranamgaa, pareeksha invisilator yokka pradhana vidhi mosam cheyakunda nirodhinchadaaniki pareeksha abhyardhulanu chudatam. pareeksha paryaveekshanha yokka uddesyam prati abhyardhi samaana paristhitulalo pareekshaku kuurchunnaarani nirdhaarinchadam.
pareeksha invisilatorlanu trust hodaaku niyamistaaru mariyu boardu suuchanalaku anugunamgaa pareekshalanu nirvahinchadaaniki samagrata mariyu apramattatanu kaligi undaalani bhaavistunnaaru.
lakshyam.
pareeksha vyavadhilo prati kshanam abhyardhulandaruu churukaina paryaveekshanhaloo unnaarani nirdhaarinchadam pareeksha paryaveekshanha yokka uddesyam. invisilatorlu abhyardhulaku tagina aahlaadakaramaina mariyu sahayaka vaataavaranaanni andinchadaaniki kooda prayatninchaali. ayithe, vaaru abhyardhula madhya elanti communication (coppy cheyadam, gusagusaladatam ledhaa yea rakamaina signal, kaagitam ledhaa vastuvula marpidi dwara) mariyu yea rakamaina pustakaalu, peparlu ledhaa electronic mediaku (pratyaekamgaa adhikaram unte tappa) pravesaanni kooda nirodhinchaali.
pareekshaku mundu, samayamlo mariyu taruvaata pariksha haall yokka bhadratanu kooda invisilatorlu nirdhaarinchukovaali. prasna patraalu icchina kshanam nundi anni samadhanalu sekarinche varaku, pareeksha invisilatorlu apramattamgaa gastee cheyali. bahula-empika mariyu swalpa-samadhanam prasnalaku pratyeka praadhaanyata ivvali. saadhyamayye vidyaaparamaina nijayiti mariyu paripalana vaiphalyalanu nivaarinchadam pradhana lakshyam ayi undaali.
vividha rakaala pareekshalaku avasaramaina kaneesa invisilatorla sankhya nirvahinche pareekshala rakampai aadharapadi untundi. saadhaarana raata pareekshalaku, pariksha haallo petrolling mariyu nigha kosam prati 30 mandhi vidyaarthulaku kaneesam oka invisilator undaali.
vidhulu.
saadhaarana vidhulu.
pariksha invisilator yokka pradhana vidhi pariksha vedika vadda pradhana invisilator, deputy cheef invisilator, pariksha adhikari mariyu itara invisilatorlaku maddatu ivvadam.
konni itara saadhaarana vidhulu eee krindi vidhamgaa undavachuhu
pareekshaku mundu.
pareeksha praarambhaaniki mundu, pariksha invisilatorlaku vaari sambandhita vedikalalo paryaveekshanha panini nirvahinchadaaniki mundu puurtigaa vivarinchi, sikshana ivvali. pariksha invisilatorlu pariksha haalku hajarayye mundu tagina pariksha nibandhanalu mariyu vidhaanaalatho tamanu taamu parichayam chesukovadam chaalaa avasaram.
pareeksha invisilatorlu tama vidhulaku nivedinchadaaniki pareeksha praarambhaaniki kaneesam oka ganta mundu pariksha haalku cherukovali mariyu pareekshala tarvaata pareekshala scriptlanu sekarinchi, muginchadaaniki adanamgaa oka ganta paatu undaali.
abhyardhulu vachhe mundu, pariksha invisilatorlu abhyardhula desclapy avasaramaina javaabu bookletlu, reference bookletlu, abhyardhula sankhyalu mariyu itara anubandha saamagrini unchadam dwara pariksha sthalaanni siddham cheyali. pariksha vedika vadda gadiyaram samayam sarigga sett cheyabadindani mariyu abhyardhula kosam pariksha haall mundu avasaramaina suuchanalu spashtamgaa pradarsinchabadi unnayani vaaru nirdhaarinchukovaali. vidyaarthulanu vaari seetlaku pampadaaniki vaaru sahayam cheyali mariyu mobile phonelu, smart watch, headphonelu, portable audeo/veediyo/gaming parikaraalu mariyu paatyapustakaalu vanti nishedhita vastuvula pravesaanni nishedhinchaali.
pareeksha samayamlo.
pareeksha samayamlo, pareeksha invisilaterlandaru pariksha prakriyapai tama puurti drushtini pettali. eee samayamlo, vaaru apramattamgaa, kadile mariyu shraddhaga undaali mariyu pareeksha vyavadhilo yea itara panulanu cheyakudadu.
eee samayamlo, pariksha invisilatorlu abhyardhula prasnalaku ventane samadhanam ivvali mariyu abhyardhulaku vaari avasaralaku anugunamgaa sahayam cheyali. pareeksha jarigina modati 30 nimishaallopu, invisilatorlu haajaru rikaardu sheetlo abhyardhula haajarunu teesukoni, pradhana invisilatorku samarpinche mundu santakam cheyali. haajarunu tanikhi chesetappudu, vaaru abhyardhi paeru, abhyardhi sankhya, pasport, admit card ledhaa pareeksha pravesha kaardu modalainavaatini kooda tanikhi cheyali.
pareeksha invisilatorlu pariksha vedikaku aalasyamgaa vachhe vidyaarthulatho vyavaharinchaali mariyu vaari haajarunu namodu cheyali mariyu atuvanti abhyardhulaku adanapu samayam manjuru cheyabadutunda ledhaa anie nirnayinchadaaniki pradhana invisilatornu sampradinchaali.
pareeksha modati 1 ganta mariyu chivari 15 nimishaallo pareeksha haalu gadhi nundi bayataku velladaaniki invisilatorlu abhyardhulanu anumatinchakudadu. pareeksha samayamlo mosam chesinappudu pattubadina abhyardhulapai kooda vaaru takshana charyalu teesukoni, pradhana invisilatorku nivedinchaali. pariksha haall lopala anadhikaarika vastuvulu dorikithe, vaaru ventane vaatini tolaginchaali. atyavasara ledhaa agni heccharika sandarbhamlo, invisilatorlu atyavasara nishkramana vidhaanaalanu anusarinchaali mariyu abhyardhulanu surakshitamgaa pariksha haall velupaliki teesukellaali.
pareeksha samayamlo invisilatorlu veelainanta nissabdamgaa undaali, conny abhyardhula patla kooda apramattamgaa undaali. vaaru abhyardhulu adigina yea prasnalanu vivarinchakudadu ledhaa abhyardhulanu prasnalu adagadaniki ledhaa samaadhaanaalanu chadavadaaniki yea itara vyaktini anumatinchakudadu.
pareeksha tarvaata.
pareeksha mugisina tarvaata, pareeksha invisilatorlu abhyardhula nundi scriptlu, prasna patraalu, stationary mariyu itara reference bookletlanu sekarinchi, avasaramaina mottam samacharam (paeru, abhyardhi sankhya, vedika, thedhee modalainavi) undho ledho tanikhi cheyali.) abhyardhulachae vaari scriptlapy sarigga bharti cheyabaddaayi. anni scriptlanu sekarinchinappudu, invisilatorlu abhyardhulanu vidudala chesi, vaarini puurtigaa nissabdamgaa pariksha haall nundi nishkramana vaipu mallinchaali.
ii-proctoring.
remot practoring anie kooda piluvabade ii-practoring anedi pariksha practoring yokka oka roopam, indulo electronicga nirvahinche pareekshala samayamlo vidyaarthi pravartananu paryaveekshinchadam untundi, indulo ii-learning ledhaa remot learninglo bhaagamgaa ivvabadinavi kooda untaayi.
vaanijyaparamaina ii-practoring sevala vadakam gurinchi aandolanalalo software yokka paniteeru lekapovadam unnaayi; idhi ekkuvagaa yea nijamaina moesaanni gurtinchadamlo viphalamavutundi, ayithe idhi anumaanaaspada pravartana kosam amayaka vidyaarthulanu tappugaa flag cheyavachu. idhi vidyaarthula gopyata, bhadrata mariyu vidyaarthula manasika aarogyampai prabhavanni ullanghistundani kondaru paerkonnaaru. idhi vidyaarthula pareeksha paniteerunu pratikuulamgaa prabhaavitam chese saanketika samasyalaku gurayye avakaasam undani kooda vaaru paerkonnaaru. adanamgaa, vaanijya ii-practoring sevala nundi viniyogadaaru dayta hack cheyabadindani aneka nivedikalu vachayi, phalitamgaa vaelaadi kalaasaalalu mariyu lakshalaadi viniyogadaarula dayta vidudala cheyabaddaayi.
asamarthatha.
abhyardhulaku ii-practoring softwarenu tappinchukovadam sulabham anie spashtamaina aadharalu unnaayi. dutch vishwavidyaalayam off twentylo proctorio software yokka shaastreeya pareekshalo software adhi pareeksha moesaaniki guraina kesulalo dheninee gurtinchalekapoyindani choopinchindi. mosagaalla patraalu mariyu notla vadakam vanti pareeksha mosam yokka praamaanika, saanketikata laeni paddhatulu practorio dwara daadaapu gurtinchalenivi anie idhi choopinchindi. antekakunda, pareeksha samayamlo phone, chaat yaplu mariyu soshal medianu upayoginchadam, pareeksha rasetappudu internetlo samacharanni vetakadam mariyu itara digital/saanketika moesaala kesulanu kooda software gurtinchalekapoyindi. proctorio yokka sunnitatvaanni sunnaki chaalaa daggaragaa pariganinchaalani teermaanam chesindi.
vivaadam.
covid-19 mahammari samayamlo aneka vishwavidyaalayaalu, keey-12 paatasaalalu mariyu praamaanika pariksha samsthalu sevala kosam vaanijya ii-practoring sarafaraadaarula vaipu marinappudu ii-practoringpy vivaadam perigindi. tama post-secondary samsthalalo vaanijya ii-practoring sevalanu upayoginchadaanni prapanchavyaaptamgaa vidyaarthulu nirasinchaaru. online practoring saanketikatalu nallajati vidyaarthulu mariyu itara rangu vyaktulatoe sahaa muduru rangu charmam tonela vidyaarthulapai vivaksha choopinche algaarithamlanu upayogistaayani gamaninchabadindi.
proctorio vyajyalu.
2020loe, ii-proctoring software company proctorio british columbia vishwavidhyaalayamloni oka vishwavidyaalaya udyogipai copyrite ullanghana aaropanalapai daavaa vesindi. udyogi soshal medialo proctorionu vimarsinchaadu mariyu company tayaaru chesina jabita cheyani youtube veediyolaku linklanu post chesaadu. eee kesupai kortu teerpu 15 juun 2021naa, maroe teerpu 11 marchi 2022naa prachurinchabadindi, kesunu kottivesindi. 2022 chivari natiki, udyogi tolagimpunu appeal chestunnaru.
2020loe vaerae kalaasaalalooni computer injaneering vidyaarthi proctorio vyavasthaapinchina code yokka saaraamsaalanu vaari vyaktigata computerlo bahirangamgaa panchukunnaru. padaarthaanni tolaginchina tarvaata vidyaarthi proctoriopy daavaa vaesaadu. copyrite ullanghana mariyu paruvu nashtam gurinchi vaadistuu proctorio pratighatinchaadu. kortu velupala eee kesu parishkarinchabadindi.
proctorio mariyu maroe rendu companylapai class-action vyajyalu pravesapettabaddaayi. chattabaddhamgaa avasaramaina dayta nilupudala mariyu vidhvamsam vidhaanaalanu andinchadamlo viphalamainatlu mariyu biometric samacharanni sekarinchadaaniki sammati pondadamlo viphalamainatlu companylu aaropinchabaddaayi. proctorioku vyatiraekamgaa vesina daavaanu augustu 2022loe nyaayamuurti kottivesaaru.
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imtehan mubsir
imtehan kaa mubsir imtehan kaa proctor yaa imtehan kaa nigraan wah shaqs hotaa hay jasay kasee taleemi idaarey yaa imtehani board kay zariye imtehan kay zuabit kay mutabiq kasee khaas imtehan mein munasib anaqad kuu barqarar rakhnay kay liye muqarar kiyaa jaataa hay. aam toor parr imtehan kay mubsir kaa bunyadi farz dhokah dahee kuu roknay kay liye imtehan kay ameedwaron parr nazar rakhna hotaa hay. imtehan kii nigrani kaa maqsad yaha yaqeeni banana hay kahh harr amidwar masawi sharaet kay tahat imtehan mein bethta hay.
imtehan kay mubsareen kuu trust kay ahday parr muqarar kiyaa jaataa hay aur inn say toqaa kii jaati hay kahh wah board kii hidayaat kay mutabiq imtehanat kay anaqad kay liye diyanat daari aur choksi rakhtay hoan.
maqsad.
imtehan kii nigrani kaa maqsad iss baath kuu yaqeeni banana hay kahh tamaam amidwar imtehan kii madat kay harr lamhay kay liye faal nigrani mein hoan. mubsareen kuu ameedwaron kay liye munasib khushgawar aur maawan maahul farahim karnay kii bhee koshish karnee chahiye. tahim inhein ameedwaron kay darmiyan kasee bhee qasm kay mawasilat (kaapi srgoshi yaa kasee bhee qasm kay sagnal kaghiz yaa ashyaa kay tabadle) aur kasee bhee qasm kii kitaabon kaghizat yaa electronk mediya takk rasayi (jabb takk kahh khaas toor parr majaz naha how) kuu bhee rokna chahiye. imtehan kii madat kay liye.
mubsareen kuu imtehan say pehley iss kay doraan aur baad mein imtehani haal kii hifazat kuu bhee yaqeeni banana hoga. jabb say sawaliya peepar diye jaatay haine jabb takk kahh tamaam jawabat jamaa nahein how jaatay imtehan kay mubsareen kuu choksi say gasht karnaa chahiye. mutadid intekhaab aur mukhtasir jawaab waalay sawalat parr khaas zoor diyaa jaana chahiye. bunyadi maqsad mamkanah taleemi bay aimangi aur intezami nakamiyon kuu rokna honaa chahiye.
mukhtalif qasm kay imtehanat kay liye darkaar mubsareen kii kumm az kumm taadad kaa inhasaar munaqid honay waalay imtehanat kii qasm parr hotaa hay. aam tehriri imtehanat kay liyay imtehani haal mein gasht aur choksi kay liye harr 30 talbaa kay khalaaf kumm az kumm eek mubsir mojud honaa chahiye.
faraiz.
amumi faraiz.
imtehan kay mubsir kaa bunyadi farz imtehan kay maqaam parr cheef mubsir dipty cheef mubsir imtehanat kay afsar aur deegar mubsareen kii madad karnaa hay.
kachh deegar amumi faraiz mein shaamil how saktay haine:
imtehan say pehley.
imtehan kay aaghaz say pehley imtehan kay mubsareen kuu inn kay mutaliqah maqamat parr nigrani kaa kaam anjaam deenay say pehley makmal toor parr aagah aur tarbiyat dee jaanee chahiye. yaha zaruri hay kahh imtehan kay mubsareen imtehan haal mein jaanay say pehley imtehan kay munasib zuabit aur tariqah kaar say waaqif hoan.
imtehan kay mubsareen kuu imtehan kay aaghaz say kumm az kumm eek ghantah pehley imtehan haal pahunch kirr apnee deuty parr haazir honaa chahiye aur imtehan kay baad imtehan kay script jamaa karnay aur sametnay kay liye eek izaafi ghantay takk rehna chahiye.
ameedwaron kay pahunchnay say pehley imtehan kay mubsareen kuu ameedwaron kii mezon parr matlubah jawaab kitabche hawalah kitabche amidwar number aur deegar izaafi mawaad rakh kirr imtehan kay maqaam kii tayari karnee chahiye. inhein iss baath kuu yaqeeni banana chahiye kahh imtehani maqaam parr ghadi kaa waqat saheeh tareeqe say muqarar kiyaa gayaa hay aur ameedwaron kay liye imtehani haal kay saamney zaruri hidayaat waazah toor parr dikhayi gayee haine. inhein talbaa kuu inn kii nashaston parr lay jaanay mein bhee madad karnee chahiye aur imtehani haal mein mamnuah ashyaa jeesay mobile phone smart waach head phone portable audio/video/gaming devices aur nisaabi kitaabon kay daakhley parr pabandi lagaani chahiye.
imtehan kay doraan.
imtehan kay doraan tamaam imtehan mubsareen kuu imtehan kay amal parr apnee poori taujah deeni chahiye. iss waqat inhein chokas mutharik aur taujah markoz rakhni chahiye aur imtehan kay puray arsey mein koyee aur kaam nahein karnaa chahiye.
iss waqat imtehan kay mubsareen kuu ameedwaron kay sawalat kaa fouri jawaab deena chahiye aur ameedwaron kii inn kii zaruriyat kay mutabiq madad karnee chahiye. imtehan kay pehley 30 mint kay andar mubsareen kuu haaziri record sheet mein ameedwaron kii haaziri leena chahiye aur cheef mubsir kuu jamaa karaaney say pehley iss parr dastakhat karnaa chahiye. haaziri kii jaanch kartay waqat inhein amidwar kaa naam amidwar kaa number pasport daakhlah card yaa imtehan kaa daakhlah card waghairah bhee cheek karnaa hoga.
imtehan kay mubsareen kuu inn talbaa say namatna chahiye juu imtehan kay maqaam parr deer say pahunchtay haine aur apnee haaziri record kartay haine aur cheef mubsareen say mashurah karnaa chahiye taakah yaha tay kiyaa jaa sakay kahh aisey ameedwaron kuu izaafi waqat diyaa jaaye gaa yaa nahein.
mubsareen kuu imtehan kay pehley 1 ghantay aur aakhri 15 mint kay doraan ameedwaron kuu imtehani haal kay kamray say baahir nikalnay kii ajazat nahein deeni chahiye. imtehan kay doraan dhokah dahee kartay hoay pakday jaanay waalay ameedwaron kii soorat mein inhein fouri kararwai karnee chahiye aur cheef mubsir kuu report karnaa chahiye. agar imtehani haal kay andar ghair majaz mawaad milta hay tuu inhein fouri toor parr asay hataa deena chahiye. hungami yaa fayer alarm kii soorat mein mubsareen kuu hungami akhraaj kay tariqah kaar parr amal karnaa chahiye aur ameedwaron kuu bahafazat imtehani haal say baahir lay jaana chahiye.
muainah kaaron kuu imtehan kii madat kay doraan jitna mumkin how atnaa khamush rehna chahiye leakin ameedwaron kay liye bhee chokas rehna chahiye. inhein ameedwaron kii taraf say pooche gayey kasee bhee sawaal kii wazahat nahein karnee chahiye yaa kasee dosray shaqs kuu ameedwaron say sawalat poochnay yaa inn kay jawabat padhnay kii ajazat nahein deeni chahiye.
imtehan kay baad.
imtehan khatam honay kay baad imtehan kay mubsareen kuu ameedwaron say script sawaliya peepar stationary aur deegar hawalah kitabche jamaa karnay chahein aur yaha cheek karnaa chahiye kahh tamaam matlubah malumat (naam amidwar kaa number maqaam tareekh waghairah) mojud haine yaa nahein.) ameedwaron kay zariye apnay script parr munasib tareeqe say parr kiyaa gayaa hay. jabb tamaam script jamaa kiye jayein tuu mubsareen ameedwaron kuu chhod dain aur inhein makmal khamushi mein imtehani haal say baahir nikalnay kii taraf hidayat karein.
ayee-proctoring.
ayee-proctoring jasay remot proctoring bhee kahaa jaataa hay imtehan proctoring kii eek shakal hay jiss mein electronk toor parr zeer intezam imtehanat kay doraan talbaa kay royay kii nigrani shaamil hay bashmol wah juu ayee-learning yaa remot learning kay hasay kay toor parr diye gayey haine.
tajarti ayee-proctoring khidmaat kay istemaal kay baaray mein khadshaat mein saaft wayer kii ghair faaliyat shaamil hay. yaha ziyadah tarr kasee haqeeqi dhokah dahee kii shanakhat karnay mein nakaam rehta hay jabkah yaha bay gunah talbaa kuu mashkok royay kay liye jhuta nashaan lagaa saktaa hay. kachh logon kaa daawi hay kahh yaha talbaa kii privaisi security aur talbaa kii zahni sehat parr padnay waalay asraat kii khalaaf warzi hay. inn kaa yaha bhee daawi hay kahh yaha takniki masail kaa shikaar hay juu talbaa kii imtehan kii karkardgi kuu manfi toor parr mutasir kirr saktay haine. iss kay alawah tajarti ayee-proctoring khidmaat say saarif kay ddita kuu heak kiye jaanay kii mutadid itlaat mosul hoyee haine jiss kay natijay mein hazaaron colleges aur laakhon saarfin kaa ddita jaari kiyaa gayaa hay.
ghair mosar.
iss baath kay waazah sabut mojud haine kahh ameedwaron kay liye ayee-proctoring saaft wayer kuu aasani say rokna mumkin hay. dich university aaf twenty mein proctorio saaft wayer kay sciency test say patah chalaa kahh saaft wayer imtehan kii dhokah dahee kay kasee bhee muamile kaa patah laganay mein kamiyab nahein thaa jiss kaa asay nishanah banaya gayaa thaa. iss say patah chalta hay kahh imtehan kii dhokah dahee kay classici ghair takniki tareeqe jeesay kahh dhokah dahee kii chaadron aur noton kaa istemal proctorio kay zariah taqriba naqabil shanakhat thay. iss kay alawah saaft wayer degital/takniki dhokah dahee kay kasee bhee muamile kii shanakhat nahein kirr sakaa jeesay kahh imtehan kay doraan phone cheat apps aur soshal mediya kaa istemal test deetay waqat internet parr malumat talaash karnaa aur deegar. natijah yaha nikla kahh proctorio kii hasasiyat kuu safar kay behat qareeb samjha jaana chahiye.
tanazah.
coved-19 wabayi marz kay doraan ayee-proctoring parr tanazah badh gayaa jabb behat see universityan kay-12 school aur mayari jaanch tanzimon nay khidmaat kay liye tajarti ayee-proctoring suppliers kaa rakh kiyaa. duniya bhar kay talbaa nay apnay saanvi kay baad kay idaaron mein tajarti ayee-proctoring khidmaat kay istemaal parr ahtajaj kiyaa. yaha baath qaabil zakar hay kahh aann line proctoring technologyz aisey algortham kaa istemaal karti haine juu seeyah rung kay talbaa aur deegar rangeen afraad sameet gehri jald kay rung kay talbaa kay saath imtiyazi salok kartay haine.
proctory qanuni chaarah joyee.
2020 mein ayee-proctoring saaft wayer company proctorio nay kaapi raait kii mubinah khalaaf warzi parr british columbia university kay eek university mulazim parr moqhadhima dayer kiyaa. mulazim nay soshal mediya parr proctorio parr tanqeed kii aur company kii taraf say tayaar kardah ghair darj shadah utiob videoz kay lunks post kiye. iss kees parr adalati faislah 15 joone 2021 kuu aur dosra 11 maarch 2022 kuu shaye kiyaa gayaa jiss mein kees kuu mustarid kirr diyaa gayaa. 2022 kay aakhir takk mulazim bartarfi kii apeel kirr rehaa hay.
2020 mein eek mukhtalif college kay computer engineering kay taalib alam nay apnay zaati computer parr proctorio kay zariah nasb code kay iqtebasat kuu awami toor parr shayer kiyaa. mawaad hataye jaanay kay baad taalib alam nay proctorio parr moqhadhima dayer kiyaa. proctorio nay kaapi raait kii khalaaf warzi aur badnami parr bahas kartay hoay jawabi moqhadhima dayer kiyaa. moqhadhima adaalat say baahir tay kiyaa gayaa.
proctorio aur duu deegar companiyon kay khalaaf klaas action kay muqadmaat dayer kiye gayey. companiyon parr qanuni toor parr matlubah ddita barqarar rakhnay aur tabahi kii polician farahim karnay mein nakami aur baiyo metrik malumat aktha karnay kay liye razamandi haasil karnay mein nakami kaa alzaam lagaya gayaa. proctorio kay khalaaf moqhadhima agast 2022 mein eek jajj nay mustarid kirr diyaa thaa. |
00057cc0293cfa369fb9bbcbe8a3b6b80ac3b5159c0fe7ed9b8fb0f24df1f318 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4268961 | Robert Weinberg (biologist) |
Robert Weinberg (biologist)
American biologist
Robert Allan Weinberg (born November 11, 1942) is a biologist, Daniel K. Ludwig Professor for Cancer Research at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), director of the Ludwig Center of the MIT, and American Cancer Society Research Professor. His research is in the area of oncogenes and the genetic basis of human cancer.
Robert Weinberg is also affiliated with the Broad Institute and is a founding member of the Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research. Weinberg and Eric Lander, a colleague at M.I.T., are co-founders of Verastem, a biopharmaceutical company focused on discovering and developing drugs to treat cancer by targeting cancer stem cells.
Career.
Weinberg earned SB in Biology from Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1964 and PhD in biology from the same institute in 1969. He was an instructor in biology at Stillman College in Tuscaloosa, Alabama (1965–1966), and a postdoc in Ernest Winocour's lab at the Weizmann Institute of Science (1969–1970) and in Renato Dulbecco's lab at the Salk Institute for Biological Studies (1970–1972). He joined MIT in 1972.
Research.
He is best known for his discoveries of the first human oncogene Ras and the first tumor suppressor gene Rbp. 371-381, which is partially documented in Natalie Angier′s book, Natural Obsessions, about her year spent in Weinberg's lab.
In the late 20th century, advances in genetics led to the discovery of over one hundred cancer cell types. Cancer cells were noted for their bewildering diversity. It was hard to identify the principles that cancers had in common.
He and Douglas Hanahan wrote the seminal paper "The Hallmarks of Cancer", published in January 2000, that gave the six requirements for one renegade cell to cause a deadly cancer: In 2011, they published an updated review article entitled "Hallmarks of cancer: the next generation".
Weinberg is well known for both his cancer research and for his mentorship of many eminent scientists, including Tyler Jacks, William C. Hahn, Clifford Tabin and Cornelia Bargmann. He is currently studying cancer cell metastasis.
He is also the author of the textbook "The Biology of Cancer" published by Garland Science, as well as two important accounts intended for a wider audience: "One Renegade Cell: How Cancer Begins" (1999) (Science Masters Series); and "Racing to the Beginning of the Road: The Search for the Origin of Cancer" (1996).
As of 2021[ [update]], Weinberg has an h-index of 209 according to Google Scholar.
Awards and honors.
In 1985, Weinberg received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement. Weinberg won the National Medal of Science and the Keio Medical Science Prize in 1997. In 1999, he received the Albert Einstein World Award of Science in recognition of his valuable and pioneering contributions in the field of Biomedical Sciences and for his productive trajectory related to the genetic and molecular basis of neoplastic disease. He was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 2000. He obtained the Wolf Prize in Medicine in 2004 (shared with Roger Y. Tsien), and he is a member of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences. In 2007 he received an honorary doctorate degree in commemoration of Linnaeus from Uppsala University. He is a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences since 1992.
In 2009 he was presented the Hope Funds Award in Basic Research. In 2013 he was awarded the $3 million Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences for his work and in 2021 he received the Japan Prize.
Retractions.
To this day Weinberg has had five research papers retracted where he is listed as a co-author. The retractions include one paper in Cell, one in Cancer Cell, two in Genes & Development and one in Cancer Research.
The reasons given for the retraction of one paper (DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2009.03.04) include: "Falsification/Fabrication of Data" and "Manipulation of Results".
References.
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| robert weinberg (jibobigyani)
robert elen weinberg (jonmo 11 novembor, 1942) ejon jibobigyani, daniel key. mesasusets institut owo tekon 'lojir (em. aai. ti.) korkot gowexonar odhyapok ludwig, em. aai. ti.-ror ludwig centeror xonsalok aaru aamerikan korkot xomajor gowexonar odhyapok. teur gowexona onkujinxor khetrot aaru manob korkot rugor aanubongxik aadharot aase.
robert weinberg ei broad institutor xoiteu xongzukto aaru teu howitehead institut for biomedical risarsor protisthapok xodosyo. weinberg aaru irik lender, em-ror egoraki xohokormi.moi.ti., kensaror stem selxomuhok lokhyo kori korkot rugor sikitsar baabe ouxodh abiskar aaru bikaxor uporot gurutwo diya joibo-ouxodh protisthan verastemor xoho-protisthapok.
keriyar.
weinberge 1964 sonot mesasusets institut owo tekon "lojir poraa jibobigyanot ess. bi. aaru 1969 sonot eketa protisthanor porai jibobigyanot pieis. di. orjon korisil. teu alabamar taskal" chaar stillman collegeot (1965-1966) jibobigyanor proxikhyok aasil, aaru weisman institut owo sayensor (1969-1970) aaru salk institut owo baay "logical stodijor (1970-1972) renatu dalbekur porikhyagarot posted 'koo aasil. 1972 sonot teu em. aai. ti. too jugdan korisil.
gowexona koraa.
teu prothom manob onkujin raas aaru prothom tiumar presesar jinn aar. bi. pi. abiskaror baabe ataitkoi besi porisito. 371-381, jitu netali angieror kitap, nesarel aabexonot angxikbhabe nothibhukto koraa hoise, weinbergor porikhyagarot otibahito koraa teur bosoror bixoye.
bingxo xotikar xexor faale, geneticsor ogrogotir folot exoru odhik korkot kuxor prokar abiskar hoisil. korkot kuxbur teulukor bismoyokor boisitryor baabe bikhyat aasil. korkot rugor maajot thoka nitibur sinakto koratu kothin aasil.
teu aaru doglas hanahane 2000 sonor januaryt prokaxito "korkot rugor boixistyo" naamor moulik gowexona potrokhon likhisil, zo 'too etaa bidruhi kuxor baabe maratmok korkot rugor kaaron huwar baabe soita proyujoniyota diya hoisiloh 2011 sonot, teuluke "korkot rugor boixistyoh poroborti projonmo" xirxok ek update koraa porzaluchona probondho prokax korisil.
weinberg teur korkot gowexona aaru tailar jacks, uilium chi-key dhori bohutu bixisto bigyanir poramorxor baabe xuporisito. hoh 'hoh, clifford tabin aaru cornelia bergman. teu bortoman korkot kuxor metastesis odhyoyon kori aase.
teu maala bigyanor dwara prokaxito "korkot rugor jibobigyan" pathyoputhir lekhok, logote ek bistrito dorxokor baabe uddesyo koraa dutaa guruttopurno biboronor lekhokoh "etaa bidruhi kuxoh korkot rug kenekoi aarombho hoy" (1999) (bigyan master sringkhola); aaru "pothor aarombhonir baabe douroh korkot rugor utpottir xondhan" (1996).
gugol scolaror mote weinbergor eis-index 209.
puroskar aaru xonman.
1985 sonot weinberge aamerikan academy owo asiementor golden plate botaa laabh kore. weinberge 1997 sonot rastriyo bigyan podok aaru keio "sikitsa bigyan botaa laabh korisil. 1999 sonot teu joibo sikitsa bigyanor khetrot teur mulyowan aaru pothoprodorxok obodanor swikriti hisape aaru neoplastic rugor aanubongxik aaru aanobik aadharor xoite xomporkito teur utpadonxil gotipothor baabe bigyanor elbert einstein biswo botaa laabh korisil. 2000 sonot teu aamerikan darxonik xomajoloi nirbasito hoisil. 2004 sonot teu sikitsa bigyanor khetrot nekore botaa laabh korisil (ror 'gaar waai-ror xoite bhag korisil. tisiyen), aaru teu eur xodosyo.ess. rastriyo bigyan academy. 2007 sonot teu uposala biswobidyaloyor poraa linaiyasor smoronot xonmaniyo doctorate degree laabh kore. 1992 sonor poraa teu royel suidix academy owo sciencesor xodosyo.
2009 sonot teuk moulik gowexonar khetrot hoop fund botaa prodan koraa hoisil. 2013 sonot teur kaamor baabe jiwan bigyanot 3 nijut dollar brekothruwi botaa laabh korisil aaru 2021 sonot teu jaapan botaa laabh korisil.
proityaworton.
aaji loike weinberge pasta gowexona potro proityahar korise zo 'too teuk xoho-lekhok hisape talikabhukto koraa hoise. protyaharor bhitorot aase kuxot etaa kagoj, korkot kuxot etaa, jinn aaru bikaxot dutaa aaru korkot gowexonar etaa kagoj.
etaa kagoj pich pori luwar karonxomuh (duih 10.1016/j.cell.2009.03.04)-too ontorbhukto aaseh "tothyor misa prosar/nirman" aaru "folafolor herofer".
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robbert weinberg (jibbigyani)
robbert allan weinberg (jonmo 11 navembar, 1942) ekjon jibbigyani, daniel keey. massachusets institute off technologyr (emm. aaee. tii) cancer gobeshonar adhyapak ludouig, emm. aaee. tii-rawr ludouig center porichalok ebong american cancer society researcher adhyapak. taanr gobeshonati oncogenes ebong manob cancer genetic vittite.
robbert weinberg broad instituter satheo jukto ebong whitehead institute phara biomedical researcher protisthata sadasya. weinberg ebong erik lander, emm-err sahakarmi.aaee.tii., verastemer soho-protisthata, ekti biopharmaceutical sangostha jaa cancer stema selgulike lakkhya korey cancer chikitsar jonno oshudh abishkar ebong bikasher dike mononibesh korey.
pesha.
weinberg 1964 saale massachusets institute off technology theke jibbigyane esbi ebong 1969 saale ekoi institute theke jibbigyane paechd orjon corren. tini alabamar tuscalosure stillman college jibbigyaner proshikkhok chhilen (1965-1966), ebong weizman institute off sayense (1969-1970) ernest uinokorer gobeshonagare ebong salk institute phara biological studieser (1970-1972) renato dalbekkor gobeshonagare postdok chhilen. 1972 saale tini emm. aaee. tii-teey jog deena.
gobeshona.
tini prothom manob oncogene ruses ebong prothom tumour damankari zina arr. bii. pii abishkarer jonno sabcheye beshi porichito. 371-381, jaa natally angier boi, natural abationse angshikbhabe nothibhukto koraa hoyeche, weinberger gobeshonagare taar bochor katanor bishoye.
bingsho shatabdir shesher dike, geneticser aggrogotir foley ekshoro beshi cancer kosher prokar abishkar hoy. cancer koshguli taader vismayakar boichitrer jonno bikhyato chhilo. cancer modhye jey nitiguli royeche taa chinnito koraa kathin chhilo.
tini ebong doglass hanahan 2000 saaler januaryte prokashito "cancer baisishtya" shirshok moulik gobeshonapotroti likhechilen, jaa ekti bidrohi kosher jonno marattok cancer kaaron howar jonno chhoyti prayojaniyata diyechilah 2011 saale, taaraa "cancer baisishtyah poroborti projonmo" shironame ekti update porjalochona nibondho prakash korechilo.
weinberg taanr cancer gobeshona ebong tiler jack, uilium shee soho onek bishishto bigyanir poramorsher jonno suporichito. hahn, clifford tabin ebong cornelia bergman. bortomane tini cancer seela metastasis niye gobeshona korchen.
tini maalaa bigyan dwara prokashito "cancer jibbigyan" patthyopustoktir lekhok, pashapashi brihottor dorshokder jonno duti guruttopurno biboroner lekhokoh "eka bidrohi koshah cancer kibhabe shuru hoy" (1999) (bigyan masters sirij); ebong "racing too dya startim off dya roade dya sarcha phara dya origin off cancer" (1996).
guggle scholarer motey, weinberger eich-index 209.
puraskar oo sommanona.
1985 saale, weinberg american academy off achievementer golden plate puraskar paan. 1997 saale weinberg jatiya bigyan podok ebong keio chikitsa bigyan puraskar laav corren. 1999 saale tini joibo chikitsa bigyaner khettre taanr mulyaban oo agrani abodaner sikritiswarup ebong neoplastic roger jingato oo anobik vitti somporkito taanr utpadonshil gotipother jonno bigyaner albert einstein bishwa puraskar laav corren. tini 2000 saale american darshonik somaje nirbachito hohn. tini 2004 saale chikitsai nekde puraskar paan (roser oyai-err saathe bhag korey nene. sien), ebong tini eu-err sadasya.esha. national academy off sciences. 2007 saale tini upsala vishwavidyalaya theke liniuser smarane sommansuchok doctorate degree laav corren. 1992 saal theke tini rayyal suidish academy off scienceser sadasya.
2009 saale taanke moulik gobeshonai hope funned puraskar pradan koraa hoy. 2013 saale tini taanr kaajer jonno jeebon biggane 30 lokkho markin dollar jugantokari puraskar laav corren ebong 2021 saale tini japan puraskar laav corren.
prottahar.
aaz abodhi weinberg panchti gobeshonapotro prottahar korechen jekhane tini soho-lekhok hisabe talikabhukto. prottaharer modhye royeche koshe ekti, cancer koshe ekti, zina oo bikashe duti ebong cancer gobeshonai ekti.
ekti kagaj prottaharer kaaron deoa hoyeche (doih 10.1016/j.cell.2009.03.04) err modhye royeche "tothyer mithyakaran/banoat" ebong "folafoler herofer". | roobert wenberg (jivvigyani)
roobert aelan wenberg (janm 11 november, 1942) aek jivvigyani chhe, daniel keey. mesatusates institute off technology (aema. aaee. tii.) khaate kensar sanshodhan maate loodwig prophesara, aema. aaee. tii. naa loodwig centernaa director aneey american kensar societyna sanshodhan prophesara. temnu sanshodhan oncogenesna kshetramaa aneey manav kensarnaa aanuvanshik aadhaar parr chhe.
roobert wenberg pann vyaapak sanstha saathe sankalaayela chhe aneey whitehead institute phora biomedical reesarchna sthaapak sabhy chhe. wenberg aneey erick lander, aema khaatena aek sahyogi.aaee.tii.teo verastemnaa saha-sthaapako chhe, jeey aek biopharmaceutical kampani chhe jeey kensarnaa stame salesne lakshya banaaveene kensarnee saarvaar maate davaao shodhvaa aneey vikasavva parr dhyaan kendrit karey chhe.
karkirdi.
wenberge wenberge mesatusates institute off technologymathi jivvigyanma aesa. bii. aneey aneey teey jaj sansthamathi jivvigyanma piaech. dii. nee kamaani curry hatee. teo tuscalosa, alabama (1965-1966) maan stillman collegemaa jivvigyanma prashikshak hataa, aneey weiseman institute off science (1969-1970) maan ernest vinokorni prayogshalama postdock hataa aneey salk institute phora biological studies (1970-1972) maan renato dulbekoni prayogshalama hataa. teo teo aema. aaee. tii. maan jodaya hataa.
sanshodhan.
teo pratham manav oncogene raas aneey pratham gaanth daman karnaar janin aar. bii. pii. nee shodh maate jaanita chhe. 371-381, jeey aansheek reete nattle angiernaa pustak, natural obsationsma dastavejikrut chhe, jeey wenbergnee prayogshalama vitaavelaa tenaa varsh vishe chhe.
chhe sadeena antamaa, aanuvanshiktama pragatine kaarane aekasothee vadhu kensar koshh prakaaroni shodh thaee. kensarnaa kosho temnee vismaykari vividhataa maate jaanita hataa. kensarmaa jeey siddhaanto saamanya hataa tene odakhvaa mushkel hataa.
temane aneey daglas hanhane january teo prakashit thayel 'dhaa holmarks off kensar' shirshaknu papper lakhyu hatoo, jemaa aek renegade seela maate jeevalen kensarnu kaaran banvaa maate chh jaruriyaato darshavvama aavee hateeh hateeh, teoae 'holmarks off kensarah dhaa next generation' sheershak dharaavto adhyatan samiksha lekh prakashit karyo hato.
wenberg temnaa kensar sanshodhan aneey tylor jeeka, veeliyam see saheet ghanaa prakhyaat vaignanikona margdarshan maate jaanita chhe. hahn, clifford tabin aneey cornelia bergman. teo haalmaa kensar seela metastasisno abhyaas curry rahyaa chhe.
teo maalaa vigyaan dwara prakashit "kensarnaa jivvigyan" pustaknaa lekhak pann chhe, temaj vyaapak prexako maate banaavaayel beey mahatvapurn ahevaaloh "aek renegade selah kensar kevee reete sharoo thaay chhe" (1999) (vigyaan masters shrenee); aneey "rastaani sharuaat maate dodah kensarnee utpatti maateni shodh" (1996).
googal scholar anusaar, wenbergno aech-index 209 chhe.
puraskaaro aneey sanmaan.
sanmaan, wenbergne american academy off achievementno golden plate award malyo hato. weinberge weinberge vignannun raashtriy chandrak aneey keeyo tabibi vigyaan puraskar jeetyo hato. hato, temne biomedical vignanna kshetramaa temnaa mulyavaan aneey agranee yogdanni maanyata aneey neoplastic rognaa aanuvanshik aneey parmaanu aadhaar saathe sambandhit temnaa utpaadak maarg maate vignanno albert einstein vishva puraskar malyo hato. teo teo american philosophical societyma chuntaya hataa. temane temane medicinemaa wolf puraskar melvyo hato (rojar vaay saathe vahenchaayelo hato. tseen), aneey teey yuu noow sabhy chhe.aesa. national academy off science. science temne upsala universitymathi liniusni smrutimaa maanad doctorateni padvi malee hatee. teo teo royal swedish academy off sciencenaa sabhy chhe.
chhe temne mulbhoot sanshodhanmaa hoopa fund award enayat karvaamaa aavyo hato. hato temne temnaa kaary maate jeevan vignanma $30 laakhnu safalataa puraskar enayat karvaamaa aavyu hatoo aneey aneey temne japan puraskar malyo hato.
pichhehath.
aaj sudhee wenberge paanch sanshodhan patro paachha khenchee leedha chhe jyaan teo saha-lekhak tareeke soochibaddh chhe. paachha khenchvaamaa koshamaa aek kaagad, kensar koshamaa aek, janino aneey vikasma beey aneey kensar sanshodhanmaa aek kaagalno samaavesh thaay chhe.
aek papper paachhu khenchvaanaa kaarano (doih 10.1016/j.cell.2009.03.04) maan nichenaano samaavesh thaay chheh "maahiteenu khoto/banaavat" aneey "parinaamoni hairfare".
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robbert weinberg (jeevvigyaani)
robbert ellen weinberg (janm 11 navambar, 1942) ack jeevvigyaani hain, daniel key. massachusets institute off technology (aim. aaee. tii.) mein cancer anusandhaan key liye ludwig professor, aim. aaee. tii. key ludwig center key nideshak aur americi cancer society anusandhaan professor. unakaa shodh oncogenes aur maanav cancer key aanuvanshik aadhar key kshetra mein haye.
robbert weinberg bhee vyaapak sansthaan seey sambaddh hain aur whitehead institute forr biomedical research key sansthaapak sadasya hain. weinberg aur erich lander, aim. mein ack sahayogi.aaee.tii., verastem key saha-sansthaapak hain, ack biopharmaceutical company joe cancer stame koshikaon koo lakshit karke cancer key ilaaj key liye davaaon kii khoj aur vikas parr kendrit haye.
carrier.
weinberg ney 1964 mein massachusets praudyogiki sansthaan seey jeev vigyaan mein aiss. bee. aur 1969 mein usee sansthaan seey jeev vigyaan mein phd kii upaadhi praapt kii. way tuscalosa, albama (1965-1966) mein stillman college mein jeev vigyaan mein ack prashikshak they, aur waysman vigyaan sansthaan (1969-1970) mein ernest vinocor kii prayogshala mein postdock they aur salk institute forr biological studies (1970-1972) mein renato dalbeko kii prayogshala mein postdock they. way 1972 mein aim. aaee. tii. mein shamil hue.
shodh karein.
unhein pahale maanav oncogene raas aur pahale tumour suppressor jeane aar. bee. pee. kii khoj key liye jaanaa jaataa haye. 371-381, joe aanshik roop seey natally angier kii pustak, praakritik junoon mein pralekhit haye, weinberg kii prayogshala mein bitaaye gaye usake varsh key baare mein.
20veen shatabdi key anta mein, aanuvanshiki mein pragati key kaaran sou seey adhik prakaar key cancer koshikaon kii khoj hui. cancer koshikaaen apani vismayakaari vividhata key liye jaani jaati theen. cancer key siddhanton kii pehchaan karna mushkil thaa.
unhone aur dugglus hanhan ney janwari 2000 mein prakaashit "cancer kii pehchaan" naamak maulik lekh likhaa, jisamen ack vidrohi koshika key liye ghaatak cancer kaa kaaran banane key liye chhah aavashyaktaaen dee gaeenh 2011 mein, unhone "cancer kii pahchaanah agali peedhi" sheershak seey ack adyatan sameeksha lekh prakaashit kiya.
weinberg apane cancer anusandhaan aur kaee pratishthit vaigyaanikon key margadarshan key liye jaane jaate hain, jinamen tylor jack, villium see shamil hain. haah, clifford tabin aur cornelia bergman. vaha vartamaan mein cancer koshika metastasis kaa adhyayan curr rahey hain.
way maalaa vigyaan dwara prakaashit paathyapustak "cancer key jeev vigyaan" key lekhak bhee hain, saath hii saath vyaapak darshakon key liye dou mahatvapurna vivaran hainh "ack vidrohi koshikaah cancer kaise shuru hotaa haye" (1999) (vigyaan paraasnaatak shrinkhala); aur "sadak kii shuruat key liye daudah cancer kii utpatti kii khoj" (1996).
googal scholar key anusaar weinberg kaa aich-index 209 haye.
puraskar aur sammaan.
1985 mein, weinberg koo american academy off achievement kaa golden plate puraskar milaa. weinberg ney 1997 mein vigyaan kaa rashtriya padak aur keeo chikitsa vigyaan puraskar jeetaa. 1999 mein, unhein jaiv chikitsa vigyaan key kshetra mein unake moolyavaan aur agrani yogdan aur neoplastic roga key aanuvanshik aur aanvik aadhar seey sambandhit unake utpaadak prakshepavakra key liye albert einstein vishva vigyaan puraskar milaa. unhein 2000 mein americi daarshanik samaaj key liye chunaa gayaa thaa. unhone 2004 mein chikitsa mein bhediya puraskar praapt kiya (roser vaaee key saath saajha kiya gayaa. tseen), aur vaha yuu kaa sadasya haye.aiss. rashtriya vigyaan akadami. 2007 mein unhein upsala vishvavidyalaya seey linius key smaran mein doctorate kii maanad upaadhi millie. way 1992 seey royal swedish academy off sciences key sadasya hain.
2009 mein unhein buniyaadi shodh mein hope fund puraskar pradaan kiya gayaa thaa. 2013 mein unhein unake kaam key liye jeevan vigyaan mein 30 laakh dollar key safalata puraskar seey sammaanit kiya gayaa aur 2021 mein unhein japan puraskar milaa.
peechhe hatna.
aaj taka weinberg ney paanch shodh patra vaapas leey liye hain jahan unhein saha-lekhak key roop mein soochibaddh kiya gayaa haye. peechhe hatane mein koshika mein ack pepper, cancer koshika mein ack, jeane aur vikas mein dou aur cancer anusandhaan mein ack pepper shamil haye.
ack pepper key vaapas lene key kaaran diye gaye hain (doeeh 10.1016/j.cell.2009.03.04) mein shamil hainh "detta kaa galat/mangadhant" aur "parinamon mein herfer".
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robbert weinberg (jivashaastragna)
robbert alan weinberg (janana november 11,1942) obba jivashaastragna, daniel keey. mastusets institute off technologyalli (mitt) cancer samshoodhaneya ludwig pradhyapakaru, mitna ludwig kendrada nirdeshaka mattu american cancer society samshodhanaa pradhyapakaru. avara samshoodhaneyu aankojengala mattu manava cancern aanuvamshika aadhaarada mele aagide.
robbert weinberg avaru broad institutenondige saha samyojitaraagiddaare mattu white head institute phaar biomedical researchna sthapaka sadasyaragiddare. weinberg mattu erich lander, emm. nalli sahodyogi.aii.tii., avaru verastemna saha-samsthapakaragiddare, idu cancer kandakoshagalannu guriyagisuva moolaka cancerge chikitse needalu aushadhigalannu kanduhidiyuva mattu abhivraddhipadisuva mele kendrikarisida jaivika aushadheeya kampaniyagide.
vrattijeevana.
weinberg 1964ralli mastusets institute off technologyinda jeevashaastradalli ess. bii. mattu 1969ralli adhe samstheyinda jeevashaastradalli phd galisidaru. avaru tuscalosa, alabaamaada (1965-1966) stillman colleginalli jeevashaastradalli bodhakaragiddaru mattu weiseman institute off sainsnalli (1969-1970) ernest vinokers labnalli post dock aagiddaru mattu salk institute phaar biological studiesonalli (1970-1972) renato dulbecos labnalli post dock aagiddaru. avaru 1972ralli mitge seridaru.
samshoodhane.
aata modala manava ancogene raas mattu modala tumour sapresar zeane aarr. bii. pii. yaya aavishkaaragalige hesaruvasiyagiddare. 371-381, idu natalie angier avara pustaka, naisargika geelugalalli, weinbergn prayogaalayadalli kaleda aakeya varshada bagge bhagashah daakhalisalaagide.
20neey shatamaanada koneyalli, talishaastradallina pragatiyu noorakku hecchu cancer jivakoshagala prakaaragala avishkarakke kaaranavaayitu. cancer koshagalu tamma digbhramegolisuva vaividhyatege hesaruvaasiyaagive. cancergalu saamaanyavaagiruva tatvagalannu gurutisuvudu kashtavagittu.
avaru mattu douglus hanahan avaru janavari 2000 ralli prakatavaada "cancern lakshanagalu" emba moola kagadavannu baredaru, adhu maaranaantika cancerge karanavagalu ondu renegade koshakke aaru avashyakategalannu needituh 2011 ralli, avaru "hallmarks off cancer dhii next piligeya" emba shirshikeya navikarisida vimarshe lekhanavannu prakatisidaru.
weinberg avaru tamma cancer samshoodhane mattu tailor jack, vilium sii seridante aneka prakhyaata vignaanigala margadarshanakkagi hesaruvasiyagiddare. hahn, clifford tabin mattu carnelia bergman. avaru prastuta cancer koshada metastasis annu adhyayana maduttiddare.
avaru haara vignaanadinda prakatavaada "dhii biology off cancer" emba pathyapustakada lekhakaroo agiddare, jotege vyapaka prekshakarige uddeshisalaada eradu pramukha khaategaloo sahah "one reinegade selh hou cancer starts" (1999) (sains masters sarani); mattu "racing tuu dhii starting off dhii roade dhii search phaar dhii origine off cancer" (1996).
googal scholar prakara, weinberg 209rahra etch-soochyankavannu hondide.
prashastigalu mattu gouravagalu.
1985ralli, weinberg avaru american academy off achievementna golden plate prashastiyannu padedaru. weinberg avaru 1997ralli rashtriya vignaana padaka mattu keo vaidyakeeya vignaana prashastiyannu geddaru. 1999ralli, jaivika vaidyakeeya vignaana kshetradalli avara amoolya mattu pravartaka kodugegalannu gurutisi mattu neoplastic rogada aanuvamshika mattu aanvika aadharakke sambandhisida avara utpaadaka pathakkaagi avaru vignaanada albert ainstain vishwa prashastiyannu padedaru. avaru 2000 ralli american philosophical sosaitige aaykeyaadaru. avaru 2004 ralli aushadhadalli thola prashastiyannu padedaru (roser vaii avarondige hanchikondaru. tsian), mattu avanu yuu. naa sadasyanagiddane.ess. national academy off sciences. 2007ralli avaru upsala vishvavidyaalayadinda linneusna smaranartha gaurava doctorate padaviyannu padedaru. avaru 1992rinda raayal sweedish academy off sciencesna sadasyaragiddare.
2009ralli avarige moolabhoota samshoodhaneyalli bharavase nidhi prashastiyannu nidalaayitu. 2013ralli avarige avara kelasakkagi jeeva vijnaanadalli $3 million pragati prashastiyannu nidalaayitu mattu 2021ralli avaru japan prashastiyannu padedaru.
hintegedukolluvikegalu.
indinavaregu, weinberg avaru aidu samshodhanaa prabandhagalannu hintegedukondiddu, allie avarannu saha-lekhakaraagi patti maadalaagide. hintegedukolluvikeyu jivakoshadalli ondu kaagada, cancer koshadalli ondu, vamshavaahi mattu abhivraddhiyalli eradu mattu cancer samshoodhaneyalli ondu kagadavannu olagondiruttade.
ondu kagadavannu hintegedukollalu niidalaada kaaranagalu (doih 10.1016/j.cell.2009.03.04): "dattaamshada sullu/tayaarike" mattu "phalitaamshagala kushalate".
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roobert weinberg (jeevashaasthranjan)
danielle keey enna jeevashaasthranjanaanu roobert alaan weinberg (jananam november 11,1942). masaachyusets instittyoott oof teknolajiyil (eimti) cancer gaveshanathinaayi ludwig professor, aimtiyile ludwig sentar director, american cancer sosaitti research professor. addehathinte gaveshanam oongojenukaludeyum manushya arbudathinte janithaka aditharayudeyum mekhalayilaanu.
broad instityoottumaayi affiliate cheythittulla roobert weinberg whitehead instittyoott phoor biomedical researchinte sthaapaka amgamaanu. weinberg emm. eiii. yile sahapravarthakanaaya eric lander.aii.tii.cancer stem cellukale lakshyamit cancer chikilsikkunnathinulla marunnukal kandethunnathilum vikasippikkunnathilum shradha kendreekarikkunna biopharmaceutical kambaniyaaya veraasteminte sahasthaapakaraanu ivar.
currier.
weinberg 1964 ll masaachyusets instittyoott oof teknolajiyil ninnu biologyil ezz. bii. yum 1969 ll athe instittyoottil ninnu biologyil phd nedi. alabaamayile tuscaloosayile stilmaan collegil (1965-1966) biologyil instructor weisman instittyoott oof sayansile (1969-1970) ernest vinokoor labilum (1970-1972) salk instittyoott phoor biological stadeesile (1970-1972) renato dalbekoyude labilum posttdokkumaayirunnu. 1972ll addeham mittil chernnu.
gaveshanam.
aadyathe manushya oongoojen raas, aadyathe tumour suppressor jeane aarr. bii. pii ennivayude kandethalukaliloodeyanu addeham kooduthal ariyappedunnathu. weinberginte labil chelavazhicha varshathekkurichu naattaali angierude 'naachural obsessions' enna pusthakatthil bhaagikamaayi rekhappeduthiyittulla 'aidi1'.
irupathaam noottaandinte avasaanathil janithakashaasthrathile purogathi nooriladhikam cancer koshangalude kandethalilekku nayichu. cancer koshangal avayude vismayakaramaaya vaividhyathin perukettathaayirunnu. cancerinu pothuvaayulla thathwangal thirichariyaan prayasamaayirunnu.
adhehavum dougless hanahan 2000 januvariyil prasidheekaricha "kaansarinte mukhamudrakal" enna seminal paper ezhuthi, athu oru vimatha koshathinu marakamaaya cancerinu kaaranamaakunnathin aarr aavasyakathakal nalkki 2011 ll, avar "kaansarinte mukhamudrakal adutha thalamura" enna thalakkettil oru update cheytha avalokana lekhanam prasidheekarichu.
cancer gaveshanathinum tailar jacq, vilyam sii. ennivarulppede niravadhi pramukha shaasthranjarude maarganirdeshathinum weinberg prashasthanaan. hahn, clifford tabin, cornelia bargman. addeham ippol cancer sell metaastaasis padikkukayaanu.
maala shaasthram prasidheekaricha "kaansarinte jeevashasthram" enna paatapusthakatthinte rachayithaavum athupole vishalamaaya prekshakare uddeshichulla rund pradhana vivaranangalum addehamaanu "oru vimatha kosham cancer engane aarambikkunnu" (1999) (sayans maastezhs seerees); "roadinte thudakkathilekkulla racinga kaansarinte uthbhavathinayulla thirayal" (1996).
google scholarude abhipraayathil weinberginu 209 enna echu-indux undu.
avaardukalum bahumathikalum.
1985ll american akkadami oof acheevmentinte golden plate award weinberginu labhichu. 1997ll weinberg deseeya shaasthra medal keyyo medical sayans sammaanavum nedi. biomedical sayans mekhalayile addehathinte moolyavathaayathum munirayilullathumaaya sambhavanakalkkum neoplastic rogathinte janithaka, tanmatra adisthaanavumaayi bandhapetta ulppaadanaparamaaya paathaykkum 1999ll addehathinu albert ainsteen waled award oof sayans labhichu. 2000-ll american philosophical sosaittiyilekk thiranjedukkappetta addehathinu 2004-ll vaidyashaasthrathil wolf prais labhichu (rogger vaii-yumayi pankittu. tseen), addeham yuu. esile amgamaanu.ezz. naashanal akkadami oof sciences. 2007ll upsala sarvakalashaalayil ninnu linneyasinte smaranaykkaayi addehathinu oonarari doktarettu birudam labhichu. 1992 muthal royal sweedish akkadami oof sciencesile amgamaanu addeham.
2009ll adisthaana gaveshanathinulla hoopp fund award addehathinu labhichu. 2013ll life sciencesil 3 dasalaksham dollar sammaanavum 2021ll jappan sammaanavum addehathinu labhichu.
pinvalikkalukal.
innuvare weinberg anchu gaveshana prabandhangal pinvalichittundu, avide addeham oru saha-rachayithaavaayi pattikappedutthiyittundu. pinvalikkalukalil koshatthil oru paper, cancer koshatthil onnu, jeenukalilum vikasanathilum rund pepparukal, cancer gaveshanathil onnu enniva ulppedunnu.
oru paper pinvalikkunnathinulla kaaranagal (doyi <aii. dii. 1>.cell.2009.03.04) ll ulppedunnu "daattayude vyajavalkkaranam/kettichamaykkal", "phalangalude krithrimathvam".
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robbert weinberg (jivashastradnya)
robbert elon weinberg (janm 11 november 1942) heey daniel keey. heey jivashastradnya aahet. massatusates institute auph technology (emm. aay. tii.) yethe karkarog sanshodhanache ludwig pradhyapak, emm. aay. tii. chya ludwig kendrache sanchalak aanee american cancer societyche sanshodhan pradhyapak. tyanche sanshodhan oncogeneschya kshetrat aanee manvi karkarogachya anuvanshik aadharavar aahe.
robbert weinberg heey dekhil yaa vyapak sanstheshi sanlagn aahet aanee whitehead institute phaur biomedical recerche sansthapak sadasya aahet. weinberg aanee erich lander, emm. yetheel sahkari.aay.tii., heey verastem yaa biopharmaceutical companyche saha-sansthapak aahet, jee karkarogachya mool peshinna lakshya karoon karkarogavar upchar karnyasathi aushadhe shodhanyavar aanee vikasit karnyavar laksh kendrit karate.
karkird.
weinbergne 1964 madhye massatusates institute auph technologymadhun jivashastrat ess. bii. aanee 1969 madhye tyach sansthetun jivashastrat ph. dii. midavali. teey tuscalosa, alabama (1965-1966) yetheel stillman mahavidhyalayat jivashastratil prashikshak hote aanee weizmann institute auph science (1969-1970) yetheel ernest vinokorchya prayogshalet aanee salk institute phaur biological studies (1970-1972) yetheel renato dalbekochya prayogshalet postdock hote. 1972 madhye teey emm. aay. tii. madhye sameel jhaale.
sanshodhan.
too pahilya manvi oncogene raas aanee pahilya tumour suppressor januk aar. bii. pii. chya shodhasathi prasiddha aahe. 371-381, jeey nataly angierchya 'natural obsessions' yaa pustakat anshatah nondavale gele aahe, jeey venbergchya prayogshalet ghalavalelya tichya varshabaddal aahe.
20vya shatkachya uttaradhat, anuvanshashastratil pragatimule shambharahun adhik karkarog peshinche prakar shodhale gele. karkarogachya peshi tyanchya aashcharyakarak vividhatesathi prasiddha hotya. karkarogamadhye samaan asaleli tattve olakhane katheen hote.
tyanni aanee dugglus hanhan yanni janewari 2000 madhye prakashit jhalela 'karkarogachi vaishishtye' haah moolbhut lekh lihila, jyamadhye eka bandkhor peshila pranghatak karkarog honyas karanibhoot tharananya sahaa aavashyakta dilyah 2011 madhye, tyanni 'karkarogachi vaishishtyeh pudhil pidhi' yaa shirshakacha adyayavat punaravalokan lekh prakashit keela.
weinberg heey tyanchya karkarog sanshodhan aanee tylor jacks, william see. yanchyasah anek prakhyat shastradnyanchya margdarshanasathi prasiddha aahet. hahn, clifford tabin aanee cornelia bergman. too sadhya karkarog peshi metastasischa abhyas karat aahe.
teey haar vidnyanane prakashit kelelya 'daad biology auph cancer' yaa pathyapustakache lekhak dekhil aahet, tasech vyapak prekshakansathi done mahattvachya khatyanche lekhak aaheth 'eka bandkhor peshih karkarog kassa suru hoto' (1999) (vidnyan masters malika); aanee 'rastyachya suruvatiparyant sharyath karkarogachya utpatticha shodh' (1996).
gugal scholarchya matey, weinbergcha etch-index 209 aahe.
puraskar aanee sanman.
1985 madhye weinbergla american academy auph achievementcha golden plate puraskar midala. weinbergne 1997 madhye rashtriy vidnyan padak aanee keyo vaidyakeey vidnyan puraskar jinkla. 1999 madhye, jaivavaidhyakiy vidnyan kshetratil tyanchya maulyavan aanee agraganya yogdanabaddal aanee neoplastic rogachya anuvanshik aanee aanvik aadharanshi sambandhit tyanchya utpadak margasathi tyanna albert einstein jaagtik vidnyan puraskar midala. 2000 saalee teey american philosophical societymadhye nivadoon aale. tyanna 2004 saalee vaidyakshastratil (rogger vaay. sobat samayik) wolf puraskar midala. tseen), aanee too yuu chaa sadasya aahe.ess. rashtriy vidnyan akadami. 2007 madhye tyanna upsala vidyapithatun lineuschya smaranarth manad doctorate padvi midali. 1992 pasoon teey royal swedish academy auph scienceche sadasya aahet.
2009 madhye tyanna moolbhut sanshodhanasathi hope fund puraskar pradan karnyat aala. 2013 madhye tyanna tyanchya kamasathi jeevan vidnyanatil 30 laakh dollarscha yashasvi puraskar denyat aala aanee 2021 madhye tyanna japan puraskar midala.
maghar.
aajparyant weinbergne paach sanshodhan prabandh mage ghetale aahet, jethe teey saha-lekhak mhanoon soochibaddha aahet. mage hatanyat peshinmadhye eka, karkarogachya peshinmadhye eka, januke aanee vikasamadhye done aanee karkarog sanshodhanat eka pepper samavisht aahe.
eka pepper mage ghenyachi karane dilee gelee aahet (doih 10.1016/j.cell.2009.03.04) madhye samavisht aaheh "mahitiche khotepana/banavatpana" aanee "parinamanmadhye ferfar". | null |
robert wenberg (jeebabigyanee)
robert alan wenberg (janma navember 11,1942) jane jeebabigyanee, daniel kee. massachusets institute off technology (mitt) ray karkata gabeshana paain ludwig professor, mitra ludwig centrer nirdeshaka ebong americae karkata society gabeshana professor. tankara gabeshana ankojen ebong manab karkata janita aadhaarare hoichhi.
robert wenberg madhya broad institute sahita anubandhita ebong whitehead institute pharr biomedical researchara pratisthata sadasya . wenberg ebong erich lander, emm. ray jane sahakarmee.aai.tii., semane verastem rahr saha-pratisthata, eka biopharmaceutical company jaahaa karkata stame cell ku lakhya curry karkata chikitsa paain oushadha abishkara ebong bikash upare dhyana deithae .
kyariyara.
wenberg 1964 masihare massachusets institute off teknolojiru zeeb bigyanare ess. bii. ebong 1969 masihare sehi pratisthanaru zeeb bigyanare ph. dii. hassel karithile. shay alabamar tuscalosara stillman kalejare zeeb bigyanare jane prashikhyaka thile (<aai. dii. 3>), ebong wejmana institute off sines (<aai. dii. 1>) ray arnest winokarnka parikhyagarare ebong salk institute pharr biological studies (<aai. dii. 2>) ray renato dulbekkonka parikhyagarare postdock thile. shay 1972 ray emm. aai. tii. ray joga deithile.
gabeshana karantu.
shay pratham manab ankojin raas ebong pratham tumour sapresara zin aara. bii. pii. rahr abishkara paain janashuna . 371-381, jaahaa natalie aanjijarnka pustaka, prakrutika obsessionsre aanshika bhabare document karajaichi, wenabarganka parikhyagarare bitaithiba barsha bishajare .
binsha shatabdir shesh bhagare, geneticsre agragati eka shaharu adhika karkata koshar prakara abishkara karithila . karkata koshagudika semananka bismaikara bibidhata paain janashuna thile. karkata rogara jeun neetigudika samaana thila, segudiku chinhat kariba kastakara thila.
shay ebong doglass hanahan januari 2000 ray prakashita "karkata lakhyan" namaka eka moulika kagaja lekhithile, jaahaa eka bidrohi kosh paain maratmaka karkata srusti kariba paain chhaati abashyakata pradan karithilah 2011 ray, semane "karkata lakhyanah parabarti pidhi" shirshaka eka adyatana samikhya nibandha prakash karithile.
wenberg tankara karkata gabeshana ebong tiler jack, william sii. nka sameth aneka bisista baigyanikanka paramarshadata paain janashuna . hohn, clifford tabin ebong karnilia bargaman. shay bartamana karkata kosh metastasis adhyajana karuchanti.
shay maalaa bigyana dwara prakashita pathyapustaka "karkata jeebabigyana" rahr lekhaka, ebong byapaka darshakanka paain uddista duiti gurutwapurna bibaraneeh "eka bidrohi koshah karkata kipari arambha hue" (1999) (bigyana master sirij); ebong "rastara aarambhare daudah karkata utpatti paain sandhan" (1996) .
gugul skalaranka anujai wenwargankara echa-suchakanka 209 rahichhi.
puraskara ebong sammana.
1985 masihare wenabarganku americae ekademy off achievementara golden plate puraskara milithila. wenberg 1997ray jatiah bigyana padaka ebong keyo medical sines puraskara jitithile. 1999ray, shay biomedical bigyana khetrare tankara mulyabana ebong agrani abdan ebong neoplastic rogara aanubanshika ebong anabika aadhara sahita jadita tankara utpadanasheela gatipath paain bigyanara albert einstein biswa puraskara paithile. shay 2000 masihare americae darshanika samajaku nirbachita hoithile. shay 2004 masihare medisinare olph puraskara paithile (roser wainka saha bhaga curry). cn), ebong shay jayu rahr sadasya .ess. jatiah bigyana ekademy. 2007 masihare shay upsala biswabidyalajaru linaijasnka smrutire eka sammanajanaka doctorate degree paithile. shay 1992 masiharu rayal swidisha ekademy off sciencesra sadasya achanti.
2009 masihare tanku moulika gabeshanare aasha panthi puraskara pradan karajaithila. 2013 masihare tanku taanka karjya paain zeeban bigyanare $3 nijuta brekathru puraskara pradan karajaithila ebong 2021 masihare shay japan puraskara paithile.
pratyabartana.
aaji parjyanta wenberg panchti gabeshana patra pratyahara karichanti jeunthare shay jane saha-lekhaka bhabare talikabhukta hoichhanti. pratyabartanagudika madhyare koshikare gotie kagaja, karkata koshare gotie, zin ebong bikashare duiti ebong karkata gabeshanare gotie antarbhukta .
gotie kagaja pratyahara karibara kaaran (doih 10.1016/j).cell.2009.03.04) ray antarbhuktah "tathyara mithya/managadha" ebong "phalaphalara herfer" . |
robbert weinberg (jeev vigiaani)
robbert ailan weinberg (janam 11 navambar, 1942) ikk jeev vigiaani haii, daniel keey. massachusets institute aaf technology (aimm. aaee. tii.) witch cancer khoj laee ludwig professor, aimm. aaee. tii. dey ludwig center dey director atey american cancer suciety risarch professor. uss dee khoj oncogene atey manukkhi cancer dey genetic adhaar dey khetar witch haii.
robbert weinberg viaapak sanstha naal vee jude hoye hunn atey whitehead institute phaar biomedical risarch dey sansthapak member hunn. weinberg atey erik lander, aim vikhe ikk sehyogi.I.tii., verastem dey sahi-sansthapak hunn, ikk biopharmaceutical company joe cancer stam saillan noon nishana bnaa keey cancer dey ilaaj laee davaiaan dee khoj atey vikas 'teey kendrat haii.
carrier.
weinberg neey 1964 witch massachusets institute aaf technology toon jeev vigiaan witch aiss. bee. atey 1969 witch use sanstha toon jeev vigiaan witch ph. dee. dee digri prapat keeti. uh tuscalosa, alabama (1965-1966) dey stillman kaalaj witch jeev vigiaan witch ikk instructor see, atey waysman institute aaf science (1969-1970) witch ernst vinocor dee prayogshala witch ikk postdock see atey salak institute phaar biological studies (1970-1972) witch renato dalbeko dee prayogshala witch postdock see. uh 1972 witch aimm. aaee. tii. witch shamal hoye.
khoj.
uh pahile manukkhi oncogene raas atey pahile tioomar spressor jeane aar. bee. pee. deeaan khojan laee sabh toon vaddh janhiaa jaanda haii. 371-381, joe kii natley angier dee kitaab, kudrati janoon witch anshak taur 'teey dastavezi haii, uss dey weinberg dee prayogshala witch bitaae saal baare.
20veen sadee dey akheer witch, genetics witch tarakki neey ikk saun toon vaddh cancer saillan deeaan kisman dee khoj keeti. cancer saill aapni hairan curran vaali vibhinnta laee jaane jaande sunn. cancer dey sidhantan dee pachanh karna mushkil see.
uhanan atey dougles hanahan neey janwari 2000 witch prakashit "cancer dey halmark" naan daa mool paper likhiaa, jiss witch ikk vidrohi saill laee ikk ghatak cancer daa caarn bannan laee chhe zaruratan dittiaan gaeeaan sanauu 2011 witch, uhanan neey "cancer dey halmark agli peedhi" sirlekh vaala ikk update keeta samikhiaa lekh prakashit keeta.
weinberg aapni cancer khoj atey tiler jaik, viliam see samet kaee ugghe vigiaaniaan dee salaah laee jaane jaande hunn. haena, clifford tabin atey carnelia bergman. uh iss vele cancer saill metastasis daa adhiaen qarr rahey hunn.
uh maala vigiaan duaara prakashit paath pustak "cancer daa jeev vigiaan" dey lekhak vee hunn, naal hii doou mahattavpuran birtant viaapak darshakan laee tiaar keete gaye hann "ikk vidrohi celle cancer kiven shuru hunda haii" (1999) (science masters seereez); atey "sadak dee shuruat takk dauda cancer dee shuruat dee khoj" (1996).
googal scholar dey anusar, weinberg daa aich-index 209 haii.
puraskar atey sanman.
1985 witch, weinberg noon american academy aaf achievement daa golden plate award miliaa. weinberg neey 1997 witch vigiaan daa rashtari tagma atey keeo medical science puraskar jittiaa. 1999 witch, unhan noon biomedical sciences dey khetar witch unhan dey keemati atey mohri yogdan atey neoplastic bimari dey genetic atey anoo adhaar naal sabandhat unhan dey utpadak maarag laee vigiaan daa albert einstein vishav puraskar miliaa. uh 2000 witch amriki darshnik samaaj laee chunhe gaye sunn. unhan neey 2004 witch dawai witch baghiaad puraskar prapat keeta (rojar vaaee naal sanjha keeta giaa. tii. see.), atey uh yuu daa member haii.aiss. national academy aaf sciences sann 2007 witch uhanan noon upsala university toon linnius dee yaad witch aanreri doctorate dee digri millie. uh 1992 toon raail swedish academy aaf sciences daa member haii.
saal 2009 witch uhanan noon muddhali khoj witch hope fund puraskar naal sanmanit keeta giaa see. saal 2013 witch uhanan noon uhanan dey kamm laee jeevan vigiaan witch 30 lakkh dallar daa safalta puraskar ditta giaa see atey saal 2021 witch uhanan noon japaan puraskar miliaa see.
pichhe hatna.
ajj takk weinberg neey panj khoj pattar waps lae lae hunn jitthe uh ikk sahi-lekhak vajon suchibadh hunn. pichhe hutton witch saill witch ikk paper, cancer saill witch ikk, jeenan atey vikas witch doou atey cancer khoj witch ikk paper shamal haii.
ikk paper noon waps lainn dey caarn (doiee 10.1016/j).cell.2009.03.04) witch shamal hann "daata daa galat/manghadat" atey "natijiaan witch heraferi". |
rabert wenberg (jeevavidnyaanee)
rabert aalan wenberg (jananam 1942 tamavarshasya navambaramaasasy 11 dinaanke) daniel key iti jeevavidnyaanee asti. ludwig-pradhyapakaha massachusets institute aaf teknaalaji (mitt) madhye karkarog-anusandhaanasya pradhyapakaha, ludwig-center aaf di mitt ityasya nirdeshaka, american-cancer-society-shodha-pradhyapakaha cha. tasya anusandhaanah ankojeens-kshetre tathaa cha maanav-karkarogasya aanuvamshika-aadhaarasy vishaye asti.
rabert wenberg api vishaalasamsthayaa saha sambadhah asti, tathaa cha vait-hayd institute faar biomedical research ityasya samsthaapakah sadasyah asti. wenberg tathaa rikk lander, emm. ityatra sahakarminah.a.tea., verastem ityasya saha-samsthaapakaah santi, ekaa biopharmaceutical-kampanee, yaa karkarogasya stema-koshikaam lakshyeekruty karkarogasya chikitsaartham aushadhanam anveshanasya vikaasasya cha vishaye kendreekrutam asti.
vruttihi.
wenberg 1964 tame varshe masaachusets institute aaf teknaalaji ityatah jeevashaastrasya ess. bii., 1969 tame varshe tasmin eva samsthaayaah jeevashaastrasya pi. ech. dii. cha praptavan. saha alabama-nagarasya tuscalosa-nagarasya stillman-mahaavidyaalaye jeevashaastrasya prashikshakah aasit (<aii. dii. 2>), vejmaan-institute aaf-sains (<aii. dii. 1>) ityatra arnest-vinokers-prayogashalayam, saalk-institute-faar-biological-studies (<aii. dii. 3>) ityatra renato-dulbekko ityasya prayogashalayam cha postdok aasit. saha 1972 tame varshe mitt-madhye sammilitah.
anusandhaana.
saha prathamasya maanavasya oncogene-raas ityasya, prathamasya tumour-sapresar-jeane-aar. bii. pi. ityasya cha aavishkaaraartham prasidhah asti. 371-381, yat netley-angier ityasya pustakam, natural-obsessions ityasmin, wenberg ityasya prayogashalayam tasyaah varshasya vishaye aamshikaroopena pralekhitam asti.
20 shataabdyaah ante, aanuvamshikee-kshetre pragatihi shatashah karkarogakoshaprakaranam aavishkaaram krutavatee. karkarogakoshikaah teshaam vismayakaareevividhataayaah krute prasidhaah aasan. karkarogasya samanyani tattvaani dnyaatum kathinam aasit.
saha, dougles hanahanaha cha 2000 janavaree-maase prakaashitam "da halmarks aaf cancer" iti mulapatram likhitavantah, yasmin ekasya vidroheekoshikaayaah pranaghataka-karkarogasya karanaya shut aavashyakataah aasanh 2011 tame varshe, te "halmarks aaf kyansarh da next peedin" iti sheershakam naveekrutam samiksha-lekham prakaashitavantah.
wenberg ityayam swasya karkarog-shodhasya krute, tailar-jaaks, vilium-see ityaadibhih anekeshaam prakhyaat-vaidnyaanikaanaam maargadarshanasy krute cha prasidhah asti. hahn, clifford tebin tathaa carnelia bergman. saha samprati karkarogakoshasy metastasis ityasya adhyayanam karoti.
saha maalaa-vijnaanena prakashitasya "da biology aaf cancer" iti paathyapustakam api likhati, tathaiva vishaal-shrotrubhyah uddeshitaah dwau mahattvapoorna-vivaranau api likhati-"vann renegade selh hou kenser argains" (1999) (sains masters-shrunkhalaa); tathaa "resing too da starting aaf da rodh da sarch faar da aarijin aaf kenser" (1996).
googal scholar ityasya matena wenberg ityasya ech-suchakankaha 209 asti.
puraskaaraah sammanaha cha.
1985 tame varshe wenberg-varyaha american-akadami-aaf-achievement ityasya golden-plate-puraskaram praptavan. wenberg 1997 tame varshe vidnyaanasya rashtriyapadakam, keeyo-chikitsaa-vijnaana-puraskaram cha praptavan. 1999 tame varshe, jeevavaidyakeeya-vidnyaanakshetre tasya bahumulyasya, agragaameeh cha yogadanasya manyatam tathaa neoplastic-rogasya aanuvamshika-aanwik-aadhaarasambaddhasy tasya utpaadaka-pathasya krute, albert ainsteen-vishva-vijnaana-puraskaram praptavan. saha 2000 tame varshe american-philosophical-societym prati nirwaachitah aasit. saha 2004 tame varshe vaidyashaastrasya wolf-puraskaram praptavan (rogger-vai ityanena saha saha saha. tseen), saha yoo ityasya sadasyah asti.ess. rashtriya-vijnaana-akadami. 2007 tame varshe saha upsala-vishvavidyaalayaat linneus ityasya smaranartham maanad-doctorate-upaadhim avaapnot. 1992 tamaat varshaat saha rayal-swedish-akadami aaf sainsas ityasya sadasyah asti.
2009 tame varshe saha moolabhoot-samshodhane hope-fund-puraskaram praptavan. 2013 tame varshe tasya karyasya krute jeevavidnyaanakshetre $30 lakshasy safalataayaah puraskaarah praaptah, 2021 tame varshe cha saha japaan-puraskaram avaapnot.
pratigamanam.
adyaavadhi wenberg ityayam pancha shodhapatraani upasamharitavaan yatra saha saha-lekhakatvena soochitah asti. pratigamananam madhye koshe ekaha, karkarogakoshe ekaha, vamshavaahishu vikaaseshu dwau, karkarog-samshodhane ekaha cha peparah antarbhavati.
ekam patram prativartayitum kaaranaani (doyeeh 10.1016/j).cell.2009.03.04) madhye antarbhawatih "tathyasya mithyaakaranam/nirmaanam" tathaa "parinamanam herapheram". | robbert weinberg (uyiriyalalar)
robbert aalan weinberg (prappu navambar 11,1942) oru uyiriyalalar, daniel kae. massusets institute off technology (mitt) puttrunoai aaraaychchikkaana ludwick paeraasiriyar, middle ludwick maiyaththin iyakkunar mattrum american puttrunoai samooga aaraaichi paeraasiriyar. avarathu aaraaichi puttrunoaigalin pakuthi mattrum manitha puttrunoayin marabanu adippadaiyilaanathu.
robbert weinberg parantha niruvanaththudan inaikkappattullaar mattrum uyiriyal maruththuva aaraaychchikkaana vellai thalai niruvanaththin niruvana uruppinaraaga ullaar. weinberg mattrum erik lander, emm ill oru saga oozhiyar.aii.dii., verastemine inai niruvanarkalaaka ullanar, idhu oru biopharmaceutical niruvanamaagum, idhu puttrunoai stem selgalai kurivaippathan moolam puttrunoaikku sigitchaiyalikka marunththugalaik kandarindhu uruvaakkuvathil kavanam seluththukirathu.
thozhil.
weinberg 1964 aam aandil massusets thozhilnutpa niruvanaththil uyiriyalil ess. pii. yum, 1969 aam aandil athae niruvanaththil uyiriyalil pht yum pettraar. avar tuscalosa, alabama (1965-1966) ill ulla stillman kallooriyil uyiriyalil payittruvippaalaraagavum, weijman institute off sayins (1969-1970) ill ernest vinoagar aaivagaththilum, saak institute phaar biological studies (1970-1972) ill renato tulbekovin aaivagaththilum muthukalaip pattamum pettraar. avar 1972 ill eimdi-yill saernthaar.
aaraaichi.
muthal manitha ankojeen raas mattrum muthal katti adakkuthal marabanu aarr. pii. pii aagiyavattraik kandupidiththadharkaaga avar nanku ariyapattavar. 371-381, idhu nadali aanjchiyarin puththagaththil oralavu aavanappaduththappattullathu, iyarkai veritthanam, weinberkin aaivagaththil kaliththa aandu pattri.
pattri noottraandin pirpaguthiyil, marabiyal munnaettrangkal noottrukkum maerpatta puttrunoai uyiranu vagaikalin kandupidippukku vazhivaguththana. puttrunoai selgal avattrin thigaippoottum panmugaththanmaikku peyar pettravai. puttrunoaikal podhuvaanavai endra kolgaigalai adaiyaalam kaanpathu kadinamaaga irunththathu.
avarum tucklasses hanahanum janavari 2000 ill veliyidappatta "puttrunoayin adaiyaalangkal" endra vinthanuk katturaiyai ezhuthinar, idhu oru recate sellukku oru kodiya puttrunoayai aerpaduththa aaru thevaikalai valangkiyathu 2011 ill, avarkal "puttrunoayin adaiyaalangalh aduththa thalaimurai" endra thalaippil pudhuppikkappatta mathippaaivuk katturaiyai veliyittanar.
weinberg thanathu puttrunoai aaraaichi mattrum dialer jaaks, villiyam chii udpada pala pugazhpettra vinjnaanigalin vazhikaattuthalukkaaga nanku ariyapattavar. hawn, clifford dabin mattrum cornelia burgaman. avar tharpoothu puttrunoai chell metastasis pattri padiththu varukiraar.
maalai ariviyalaal veliyidappatta "puttrunoayin uyiriyal" endra paadappuththagaththin aasiriyarum, athae poal parantha paarvaiyaalarkalukkaaka irandu mukkiyamaana kanakkugalum ullanah "oru recate sell puttrunoai evvaaru thodangukirathu" (1999) (ariviyal mudugalai thodar); mattrum "saalaiyin thodakkaththirku bandayam puttrunoayin thoatraththirkaana thaedal" (1996).
kookil arinyarin koottruppadi, weinberkil 209 inn ech-kuriyeedu ullathu.
viruthugal mattrum gowravangal.
1985 aam aandil, weinberg american akaadami off assivementin colton plate viruthaip pettraar. 1997 aam aandil thaesiya ariviyal pathakkam mattrum keoo maruththuva ariviyal parisai ventra weinberg, uyiriyal maruththuva ariviyalil avarathu mathippumikka mattrum munnoadi pankalippukalaiyum, neoplastic noayin marabanu mattrum moolakkooru adippadaiyudan thodarpudaiya avarathu urpaththi paathaiyaiyum angkeekarippatharkaaga 1999 aam aandil albert ainstein ulaga ariviyal viruthaip pettraar. avar 2000 aam aandil america thaththuva samoogaththirku thernthedukkappattaar. avar 2004 aam aandil maruththuvaththil oanaai parisaip pettraar (rojar oy udan pagirnthu kondaar. teasian), mattrum avar yuu inn uruppinar.ess. thaesiya ariviyal akaadami. 2007 aam aandil avar upsala palkalaikkazhagaththil linneyasin ninaivaaga kavurava doctor pattam pettraar. avar 1992 muthal raayal sweedish akaadami off sciencessil uruppinaraaga ullaar.
2009 aam aandil adippadai aaraaychchiyil nambikkai nidhi viruthu avarukku vazhangkappattathu. 2013 aam aandil avarukku vaazhkkai ariviyalil 3 million dollar thiruppumunai parisu vazhangkappattathu, maelum 2021 aam aandil avar jappan parisaip pettraar.
thirumbap peruthal.
intru varai weinberg ainthu aaraaychchik katturaigalai thirumbap pettrullaar, angku avar oru inai aasiriyaraaga pattiyalidappattullaar. pinvaangkuthalkalil uyiranuvil oru kaakitham, puttrunoai uyiranuvil ondru, marabanukkal mattrum valarchchiyil irandu mattrum puttrunoai aaraaychchiyil ondru aagiyavai adangkum.
oru kaakithaththai thirumbap peruvatharkaana kaaranangal kodukkappattullana (doy 10.1016/j.cell.2009.03.04) ill pinvaruvana adangum "tharavai poiyaakkuvathu/kattiyezhuppuvathu" mattrum "mudivugalai kaiyaaluthal".
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robbert weinberg (jeevasaastravetta)
robbert allon weinberg (jananam november 11,1942) oka jeevasaastravetta, daniel keey. masachusets institute off technology (mitt) loe cancer parisoedhana kosam ludwig professor, mitt yokka ludwig center director, mariyu american cancer society research professor. ayana parisoedhana oncogens mariyu maanava cancer yokka janyu praatipadikapai undhi.
robbert weinberg kooda broad instituto anubandhamgaa unnaaru mariyu white head institute pharr biomedical research vyavasthaapaka sabhyudu. weinberg mariyu eric lander, m vadda oka sahodyogi.ii.tii.cancer muula kanaalanu lakshyamgaa chesukuni cancer chikitsaku mandulanu kanugonadam mariyu abhivruddhi cheyadampai drushti saarinchina biopharmaceutical company ayina verastemku saha vyavasthaapakulu.
vrutti.
weinberg 1964loe masachusets institute off technology nundi jeevasaastramlo esby mariyu 1969loe adhe institute nundi jeevasaastramlo phd sampaadinchaadu. athanu tuscalosa, alabaamaaloni stillman kalasalalo jeevasaastramlo bodhakudu, mariyu weiseman institute off sains (1969-1970) loe ernest vinockers lablo post dock mariyu salk institute pharr biological studies (1970-1972) loe renato dulbeccose lablo post dock. ayana 1972loe mitt loe cheraaru.
parisoedhana.
athanu modati maanava ankogene raas mariyu modati kaniti nirodhaka janyuvu aarr. bii. pii. aavishkaranalaku prasiddhi chendaadu. 371-381, idhi natali angier pustakam, sahaja obsessions loe paakshikamgaa namodu cheyabadindi, aame samvatsaram gurinchi weinberg prayogasaalalo gadipindi.
20va sataabdam chivaralo, janyusaastramlo purogati vandaku paiga cancer kana rakaala aavishkaranaku daariteesindi. cancer kanaalu vaati digbhraantikaramaina vaividhyaaniki prasiddhi chendaayi. cancerlalo unde suutraalanu gurtinchadam kashtam.
athanu mariyu douglus hanahan janavari 2000loe prachurinchina "dhi hallmarks off cancer" anae seminal paper raasaaru, idhi oka tirugubaatu kanaaniki praanaantakamaina cancerku kaaranamayye aaru avasaralanu ichindih 2011loe, vaaru "hallmarks off cancer dhi next generation" anae sheershikato naveekarinchabadina sameeksha kathanaanni prachurinchaaru.
weinberg thana cancer parisoedhana mariyu tailor jaaks, vilium sii thoo sahaa aneka mandhi pramukha saastravettalaku maargadarsakatvam rendintikee prasiddhi chendaaru. hunn, clifford tabin mariyu carnelia bargman. prastutam ayana cancer sell metastasis gurinchi adhyayanam chestunnaru.
athanu haaram sains prachurinchina "dhi biology off cancer" anae paatyapustakaaniki rachayita kooda, alaage vistruta prekshakula kosam uddesinchina rendu mukhyamaina khatalu "vann regade sell hou cancer starts" (1999) (sains masters syries); mariyu "racing tuu dhi starting off dhi roade dhi serch pharr dhi origin off cancer" (1996).
google scholar prakaram, weinberg 209 hetch-index kaligi undhi.
avaardulu mariyu gowravaalu.
1985loe, weinberg american academy off achievement yokka golden plate avaardunu andukunnaru. weinberg 1997loe jaateeya vignaana patakaanni mariyu keo vaidya shaastra bahumatini geluchukunnaru. 1999loe, biomedical sciences rangamlo ayana chesina viluvaina mariyu maargadarsaka krushiki gurtimpugaa mariyu neoplastic vyaadhi yokka janyu mariyu paramaanu praatipadikaku sambandhinchina ayana utpaadaka pathaaniki gaanu ayana albert inestein prapancha vignaana puraskaranni andukunnaru. athanu 2000loe american taatvika samaajaaniki ennikayyaadu. athanu 2004loe vaidyamlo thodelu bahumatini pondaadu (roser vaitho panchukunnadu. athanu), mariyu athanu yuu loe sabhyudu.ess. national academy off sciences. 2007loe ayana upsala vishwavidyaalayam nundi linneus ghnaapakaartham gourava doctorate degreeni andukunnaru. 1992 nundi ayana raayal swedish academy off sciences loe sabhyudiga unnaaru.
2009loe aayanaku praathamika parisoedhanaloo hope funds avaardu pradaanam cheyabadindi. 2013loe ayana chesina krushiki gaanu life scienceslo $3 millionla purogati bahumatini andukunnaru mariyu 2021loe japan bahumatini andukunnaru.
upasamharanalu.
eee roeju varaku weinberg aidu parisoedhanaa patraalanu upasamharinchukunnaaru, akkada athanu saha rachayitagaa jabita cheyabaddaadu. upasamharanalalo kanamlo oka kaagitam, cancer kanamlo okati, janyuvulu & abhivruddhilo rendu mariyu cancer parisoedhanaloo okati untaayi.
oka kaagitam upasamharinchukovadaaniki icchina kaaranaalu (doih 10.1016/j.cell.2009.03.04) loeh "dayta yokka abaddhalu/kalpana" mariyu "phalitaala taarumaaru" unnaayi.
| raabart wenberg (maahir hayatiyat)
raabart ailan wenberg (paidaish 11 nomber 1942) eek maahir hayatiyat denail kay haine. misachosts insity teut aaf technology (ayem aayee tye) mein cancer recerch kay ladweg professor ayem aayee tye kay ladweg center kay director aur american cancer society recerch professor. inn kii tehqeeq oonkojeenz aur insani cancer kii jinyati bunyaad kay shobay mein hay.
raabart wenberg bhee braad insity teut say waabistah haine aur waait head insity teut faar baiyo medical recerch kay baanee rakan haine. wenberg aur airak lender ayem mein eek saathi.I.tye.yee virastium kay shareek baanee haine juu eek baiyo pharmaceutical company hay juu cancer kay steam sail kuu nishanah banaa kirr cancer kay alaaj kay liye dawayein driyafat karnay aur tayaar karnay parr markoz hay.
carrier.
wenberg nay 1964 mein misachosts insity teut aaf technology say hayatiyat mein aiss bee aur asee insity teut say 1969 mein hayatiyat mein pee aich ddee kii digri haasil kii. wah tiscalosa alabama (1965-1966) kay stull meen college mein hayatiyat kay instructor thay aur wezmeen insity teut aaf science (1969-1970) mein arnist wanokor kii leeb mein post ddaak aur saalak insity teut faar biological studies (1970-1972) mein renato dalbako kii leeb mein post ddaak thay. inhon nay 1972 mein ayem aayee tye mein shamoliyat akhtiyar kii.
tehqeeq.
wah pehley insani oonkojin raas aur pehley tumour dabanay waalay jaine aar bee pee kii driyafaton kay liye mashhur haine. 371-381yee juu jazwi toor parr netali angier kii kitaab qadarti janun mein wenberg kii leeb mein guzaray gayey iss kay saal kay baaray mein dastawezi hay.
20 wein sadee kay aakhir mein jinyaat mein paish raft cancer kay khaliyon kii sue say ziyadah aqsaam kii driyafat kaa baais bunny. cancer kay khalyaat apnay hairan kunn tanoo kay liye mashhur thay. inn asulon kii shanakhat karnaa mashkal thaa juu cancer mein mushtarik thay.
inhon nay aur diggles hunhaan nay januri 2000 mein shaye honay waala bunyadi maqalah "cancer kay nishanaat" likhaa jiss mein eek baaghi khaliye kay liye mahlak cancer kaa sabab bannay kay liye chh taqazay diye gayey thay: 2011 mein inhon nay "cancer kay nishanaat: agli nasal" kay anwaan say eek taazah tareen jaizah mazmun shaye kiyaa.
wenberg apnee cancer kii tehqeeq aur tylor jaiks waleem see sameet behat say namur sciencedanon kii rehnumayi donon kay liye mashhur haine. haan clifford teeban aur carnelia baarg meen. wah phee alhaal cancer sail metastices kaa mutalah kirr rahay haine.
wah garland science kii taraf say shaye kardah nisaabi kitaab "cancer kii hayatiyat" kay masnaf bhee haine saath hyee saath duu aham accounts kaa maqsad wasee tarr saamayin kay liye hay: "eek baaghi khaliya: cancer kisay sharoo hotaa hay" (1999) (science masters seerez) vovo aur "resing tuu dee string aaf dee road: dee sirch faar dee aurejan aaf cancer" (1996).
gogal scholar kay mutabiq wenberg kaa aich index 209 hay.
aizazat aur aizazat.
1985 mein wenberg kuu american academy aaf achument kaa golden plait aiward milaa. wenberg nay 1997 mein national medal aaf science aur kiyo medical science kaa anaam jeeta. 1999 mein inhein baiyo medical sciences kay medaan mein inn kii qeemati aur aham sharakat kay aiteraf mein aur neoplastic bemari kii jinyati aur salmati bunyaad say mutaliq inn kii paidawari raftaar kay liye science kaa albert aayin stine world aiward milaa. wah 2000 mein american falasafi society kay liye muntakhib hoay. inhon nay 2004 mein tabb mein bhediya anaam haasil kiyaa (rogar waayi kay saath mushtarkah toor parr. seen)yee aur wah yuu kaa rakan hay.aiss. national academy aaf sciences. 2007 mein inhein apsala university say lenius kii yaad mein aizazi doctorate kii digri milly. wah 1992 say raail sweadish academy aaf sciences kay rakan haine.
2009 mein inhein bunyadi tehqeeq mein hoop fund aiward say nawaza gayaa. 2013 mein inhein inn kay kaam kay liye life sciences mein 30 laakh ddaalar kaa break tharo anaam diyaa gayaa aur 2021 mein inhein japaan anaam milaa.
wapsi.
aaj takk wenberg kay paanch tehqiqi maqalay waps lay liye gayey haine jehaan wah shareek masnaf kay toor parr darj haine. peeche hatnay mein sail mein eek kaghiz cancer sail mein aike jaine aur nashonuma mein duu aur cancer kii tehqeeq mein eek kaghiz shaamil hay.
eek kaghiz kuu waps leenay kii wajuhaat (doyee: 10.1016/j.cell.2009.03.04) mein shaamil haine: "ddita kii jaal saazi/minn ghadat kaaree" aur "nataij mein heera phairi".
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00057d0623c5c107ecd53cb18e33e87f516154fb11a6704c629c3bb55d949001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40252754 | Strawberry Mansion High School |
Strawberry Mansion High School
Strawberry Mansion High School is a public high school in the Strawberry Mansion section of Philadelphia. It is part of the School District of Philadelphia. It was previously named Strawberry Mansion Junior / Senior High School, and Strawberry Mansion Middle/High School.
History.
Strawberry Mansion opened in 1977. In April 1992 the school had 1,600 students both middle and high school grades and 65% of them were from low income families. At that time the school had a high drop out rate. That year the school had a Business Academy, a "school within a school" teaching students job skills and preparing them for further education and immediate post-graduation employment.
In June 2011 Thomas FitzSimons High School and The Young Women's Leadership School at Rhodes High School closed, and the students were reassigned to Strawberry Mansion.
In May 2013 the school had 435 students. At that time 92 students were in the graduating class and 55 of them were accepted to community colleges and/or four year universities. Some of them were unable to afford the deposit fees. As of 2013 every student is required to go through a metal detector and the school had 94 security cameras. From 2008 to 2013, it was consistently on the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania's list of "persistently dangerous high schools".
It is located in a school building with a capacity of 1,762 students and in space.
Academics.
In 1992, Kimberly McLarin of the "Philadelphia Inquirer" wrote that Strawberry Mansion was "not known for academic excellence". She would later write that the school's science club, named Science Force 2000, was "becoming a force at city and regional science fairs."
In 1992, a 16-year-old student submitted a science fair project that concluded that lead levels in water in residences of teachers living in Mount Airy and North Philadelphia, among other areas, were high, but at levels acceptable under federal law. Due to the project, some teachers residing in those areas began having their own water pipes tested.
Football.
In August 2015, the Strawberry Mansion varsity football team began to practice, after a hiatus of almost 50 years. In their first season back, they were undefeated.
Controversy.
Strawberry Mansion High School is considered to be one of the most dangerous public high schools in the country. The Pennsylvania commission on crime and delinquency consistently labeled it as one of the state's most dangerous schools until its removal from the list in 2013.
Feeder patterns.
Schools feeding into Strawberry Mansion include:
References.
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stroberi meseson haiskul
stroberi meseson haiskul philadelphier stroberi meseson xakhar ekhon rajohuwa haiskul. ee philadelphier bidyaloy jilaar ongxo. iyar purbe iyak stroberi meseson juniyor/sinir haai skool, aaru stroberi meseson middle/haai skool buli naamkoron koraa hoisil.
itihax.
1977 sonot mukoli koraa stroberi meseson. 1992 sonor aprilot bidyaloikhonot madhyomik aaru uscho madhyomik bidyaloyor 1,600 goraki saatro-chatri aasil aaru teulukor 65 xotangxo nimno uparjon poriyalor aasil. xei xomoyot bidyaloikhonor skool eri diyar haar odhik aasil. xei bosor bidyaloikhonot etaa byowoxayik academy aasil, "bidyaloyor bhitorot ekhon bidyaloy" ji saatro-satrixokolok sakorir dokhyota xikuwa aaru teulukok poroborti xikhya aaru tatkhyonik snatokuttor nijuktir baabe prostut korisil.
2011 sonor june maahot thomas fitsimons haiskul aaru ror "des haiskulor juboti mohila netritwo bidyaloy bondho koraa hoy, aaru saatro-satrixokolok stroberi mesensoloi punor nijukti diya hoy.
2013 sonor mey "maahot bidyaloikhonot 435 john saatro-chatri aasil. xei xomoyot 92 john saatro-chatri snatok shrenit aasil aaru teulukor bhitorot 55 john saatro-satrik community kolej aaru/baa chaari bosoriya biswobidyaloyot grohon koraa hoisil. teulukor maajor kisumane jomaa masul bohon koriboloi okhyom aasil. 2013 sonoloike protijon xikhyarthiye metal detectoror maajere jaabo lagibo aaru bidyaloyot 94taa xurokhya kemera aasil. 2008 sonor poraa 2013 sonoloike ee commonwealth owo pensylvanier "nirontor bipodjonok haiskul" ror talikat obirambhabe aasil.
ee 1,762 john saatro-satrir xamorthyo thoka ekhon bidyaloy bhowonot aaru mohakaxot owosthito.
xikhyanobix.
1992 sonot "philadelphia onuxondhankari" ror kimberly maclarine likhisil je stroberi bhowon "xoikhyik utkorxotar baabe jonajat nasil". pisoloi teu likhisil je bidyaloikhonor bigyan club, jaar naam bigyan bahini 2000, "sohor aaru ancholik bigyan melat ek xokti hoi porise."
1992 sonot ejon 16 bosoriya satriye bigyan melaa prokolpo daakhil korisil zo 'too ei xiddhantot uponeet hoisil je aan oncholor bhitorot mount eri aaru uttor philadelphiat baax koraa xikhyokxokolor baxosthanot paneet xixar stor odhik aasil, kintu federal aainor odhinot grohonjugyo storot aasil. ei prokolpor baabe xei oncholxomuhot baax koraa kisuman xikhyokor nijor panir pipe porikhya koraa aarombho hoisil.
football.
2015 sonor aagosto maahot pray 50 bosoror birotir pisot stroberi meseson worchiti football dole onuxilon aarombho kore. teulukor prothom sijonot, teuluk owotirno hoisil.
bitorko.
stroberi meseson haiskulok dexor ataitkoi bipodjonok rajohuwa haiskulxomuhor bhitorot onyotomo buli gonyo koraa hoy. pensylvania commissione oporadh aaru oporadhor khetrot iyak 2013 sonot talikar poraa aatorai diyar aagoloike iyak rajyokhonor ataitkoi bipojjonok bidyaloy hisape nirontorbhabe sinhito korisil.
fider aarhi.
stroberi mesesionoloi khadyo jugan dhora bidyaloixomuhor bhitorot aaseh |
stroberry myanashana hye school
stroberry myanashana hye school philadelphier stroberry myanashana bibhager ekti public hye school. etty philadelphier school jelara ongsho. err agey err naam chhilo stroberry myanashana junior/senior hye school ebong stroberry myanashana middle/hye school.
itihas.
1977 saale stroberry prasad khola hoy. 1992 saaler aprile vidyalaytite madhyomik oo uchcho bidyalayer 1,600 john shikkharthi chhilo ebong taader modhye 65 shotangshoi chhilo nimno ayer poribarer. seii somoy vidyalayati chhede deoar haar chhilo beshi. seii bochor bidyalaye ekti bijnes academy chhilo, ekti "skooler modhye ekti school" jaa shikkharthider chakrir dokkhota sheikha ebong taader arow shikkha ebong tatkhonik snatakottar kormosongsthaner jonno prostuto korey.
2011 saaler june maase thomas fitzsimmons uchcho vidyalaya ebong roads uchcho bidyalayer jubo mohila netritto vidyalaya bondho hoye yaay ebong shikkharthider stroberry prasade punra niyog koraa hoy.
2013 saaler meey maase vidyalaytite 435 john shikkharthi chhilo. seii somoy 92 john shikkharthi snatok shrenite chhilo ebong taader modhye 55 john community college ebong/athoba chaar bochorer bishwobidyaloye bhorti hoyechilo. taander modhye keu keu amanoter kharach bohon korte parchilen naa. 2013 saaler hisabe protiti shikkharthike ekti metal detector modhyo diye jete hoy ebong bidyalaye 94tii nirapatta camera chhilo. 2008 theke 2013 saal porjonto, etty commonwealth off pensylvanier "kromagoto bipojjonok uchcho vidyalaya"-err talika dharabahikbhabe chhilo.
etty ekti vidyalaya bhobone abosthito, jekhane 1,762 john shikkharthi dharon korte paare.
shikkhanobish.
1992 saale, "philadelphia inquarer"-err kimberly mclarine likhechilen jey stroberry prasad "academic shresthotter jonno porichito chhilo naa. tini porey likhben jey, bigyan bahini 2000 naame bidyalayer bigyan clubti "shohor oo anchalik bigyan melay ekti shakti hoye uthche."
1992 saale, ekjon 16 bochor vayasi chhatro ekti bigyan mella prokolpo jomaa deyo jaa eyi siddhante pouche jey anyanno anchaler modhye mount aire ebong uttor philadelphia bosobaskari shikkhokder barite joley seesar matra beshi chhilo, tobey federal aainer adhine grohonjoggo store chhilo. eyi prokolper karone, seii elakagulite bosobaskari kichhu shikkhok taader nijaswa joler pipe porikkha korte shuru corren.
football.
2015 saaler auguste, stroberry myanashana versity football doll pray 50 bochorer birotir porr anushilan shuru korey. taader prothom morshume, taaraa aporajito chhilo.
bitorko.
stroberry myanashana uchcho vidyalayake desher sabcheye bipojjonok sarkari uchcho vidyalaygulir modhye ekti hisabe bibechona koraa hoy. aporadh oo aporadh vishayak pensylvania kamishana 2013 saale talika theke aposaron naa haoya porjonto dharabahikbhabe etike rajyer onnotomo bipojjonok vidyalaya hisabe chinnito korey.
phidara pattern.
stroberry prasade khawano schoolgulir modhye royeche | stroberry mention haai school
stroberry mention haai school aee filadelfiyana stroberry mention vibhagma aaveli aek jaaher uchch shaala chhe. teey filadelfiyana shaala jeellano aek bhaag chhe. tene agau stroberry mention juniyar/siniyara haai school aneey stroberry mention middle/haai school naam aapvama aavyu hatoo.
itihas.
stroberry haveli haveli kholvaamaa aavee hatee. april chhe." shaalaama madhyam aneey uchch shaala gradena 1,600 vidhyarthio hataa aneey temathi 65 takaa ochhi aavak dharaavtaa parivaaronaa hataa. teey samaye shaala chhodi devaano darr uncho hato. teey varshe shaalaama aek business academy hatee, jeey "shaalaani andarni shaala" hatee jeey vidhyarthione nokarini kushalataa sheekhve chhe aneey temne vadhu shikshan aneey taatkaalik anusnatak rojgaar maate taiyar karey chhe.
juuna juuna thomas fitzsimones haiskool aneey roads haiskool khaateni yuvaa maheela netrutva shaala bundh thaee gaee aneey vidhyarthione stroberry haveleemaa fareethi sonpavama aavyaa.
meey aayoge shaalaama 435 vidhyarthio hataa. teey samaye 92 vidhyarthio snaatak vargmaa hataa aneey temathi 55 vidhyarthione saamudaayik collego aneey/athavaa chaar varshnee universityoma svikarvama aavyaa hataa. temaanna ketlaak deposit phii parvadi shake tema nahota. 2013 sudhimaa darek vidhyaarthiae metal detectormathi pasaar thavu jaroori hatoo aneey shaalaama 94 suraksha camera hataa. 2008 thee 2013 sudhee, teey commonwealth off pensylvania "satat khatarnaak uchch shaalao" nee yaadimaa satat hatoo.
teey 1,762 vidhyarthioni kshamata dharaavati shaala buildingma aneey avkashma stheet chhe.
vidhyano.
chhe.", "philadelphiya inquirer" naa kimberly mcclaryne lakhyu hatoo keey stroberry haveli "shaikshanik shreshthata maate jaaniti nahoti". tenee paachhalthi lakhshe keey schoolni science club, jenu naam science phorsa 2000 chhe, teey "shaher aneey praadeshik vigyaan melaaoma aek bada bunny rahee chhe."
chhe.", aek 16 varsheey vidhyaarthiae vigyaan melo project rajoo karyo hato, jemaa taaran kadhvama aavyu hatoo keey mount aeree aneey uttar filadelfiyama raheta shikshakona rahethanoma paanimaa sisaanu star anya vistaaroni saathe unchu hatoo, parantu sangheey kaayada hethal sveekarya stare hatoo. aaa projectne kaarane, teey vistaroma raheta ketlaak shikshakoae temnee potaani paanini pipenun parikshan karvaanu sharoo karyoo.
football.
august august, stroberry mention university football teame lagbhag 50 varshnaa veeram pachhi practices karvaanu sharoo karyoo. temnee pahelee seasonma, teo aparajit rahyaa hataa.
vivaad.
stroberry mention haai schoolne deshnee sauthee khatarnaak jaaher haai schoolomani aek manvama aave chhe. apraadh aneey apraadh parr pensylvania aayoge aayoge tene yadimathi door karvaamaa naa aavee tyaan sudhee tene satat raajyani sauthee khatarnaak shalaomani aek tareeke label karyoo hatoo.
feeder pattern.
stroberry haveleemaa bhojan aaptee shaalaoma nichenaano samaavesh thaay chheh
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strawberry haveli hyee school
strawberry haveli hyee school philadelphia key strawberry haveli khand mein ack saarvajanik hyee school haye. yeh philadelphia key school jile kaa hissa haye. ise pahale strawberry haveli junier/senior hyee school aur strawberry haveli middle/hyee school naam diyaa gayaa thaa.
itihas.
strawberry haveli 1977 mein kholi gaee. aprail 1992 mein school mein madhya aur uchch vidyalaya donon grade key 1,600 chhaatr they aur unamen seey 65 pratishat cumm aaya vaale parivaaron seey they. usa samay school chhodane kii darr bahut adhik thee. usa varsh school mein ack vyaavsaayik akadami thee, ack school key bheetar ack school joe chhatron koo naukari key kaushal sikhaata thaa aur unhein aage kii shiksha aur tatkaal snatkottar rojgar key liye taiyar kartaa thaa.
juuna 2011 mein thomas fitzsimmons hyee school aur roads hyee school mein yuva mahila netritva school bund hoe gaye, aur chhatron koo strawberry haveli mein phir seey niyukt kiya gayaa.
maee 2013 mein school mein 435 chhaatr they. usa samay 92 chhaatr snaatak kaksha mein they aur unamen seey 55 koo samudayik colleges aur/yaa chaar varsheeya vishvavidyalayon mein sweekaar kiya gayaa thaa. unamen seey kuchh jamaa shulk kaa kharch uthaane mein asamarth they. 2013 taka pratyek chhaatr koo metal detector seey gujarna padata thaa aur school mein 94 suraksha cameray they. 2008 seey 2013 taka, yeh lagaatar pensylvania key rashtramandal kii "lagaatar khatarnak uchch vidyaalayon" kii soochi mein thaa.
yeh 1,762 chhatron kii kshamata vaale ack school bhawan mein sthit haye aur antariksh mein sthit haye.
shikshaavid.
1992 mein, "philadelphia inquirer" key kimberley mcclarine ney likhaa kii strawberry haveli "akaadamik utkrishtata key liye naheen jaani jaati thee. baad mein vaha likhengi kii school kaa vigyaan club, jiska naam vigyaan bull 2000 thaa, "shahar aur kshetriya vigyaan melon mein ack shakti bunn rhaa thaa."
1992 mein, ack 16 varsheeya chhaatr ney ack vigyaan mella pariyojana prastut kii, jisamen nishkarsh nikala gayaa kii anya kshetron key beach, mount air aur uttari philadelphia mein rahane vaale shikshakon key aavason mein paani mein seese kaa star uchch thaa, lekin sanghiya kaanoon key tahat sweekarya star parr thaa. pariyojana key kaaran, una kshetron mein rahane vaale kuchh shikshakon ney apane swayam key paani key pipes kaa pareekshan karna shuru curr diyaa.
football.
agast 2015 mein, lagbhag 50 varshon key antaral key baad, strawberry haveli vishvavidyalaya football team ney abhyaas karna shuru kiya. apane pahale satra mein, way aparajit they.
vivaad.
strawberry haveli uchch vidyalaya koo desh key sabse khatarnak saarvajanik uchch vidyaalayon mein seey ack maanaa jaataa haye. aparaadh aur aparaadh parr pensylvania aayog ney 2013 mein soochi seey hataae jaane taka ise lagaatar raajya key sabse khatarnak schools mein seey ack key roop mein label kiya.
feeder pattern.
strawberry haveli mein bhojan karane vaale schools mein shamil hainh
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strawberry mahalu proudhashaale
strawberry mansion haiskool philadelphiyaada strawberry mansion vibhagadalliruva saarvajanika proudhashaaleyaagide. idu philadelphiyaada shaala jilleya bhagavagide. idannu hinde strawberry mansion junier/senior haiskool mattu strawberry mansion middle/haiskool endu kareyalaaguttittu.
itihaasa.
1977ralli strawberry mahalu praarambhavaayitu. 1992rahra aprilnalli ee shaleyalli madhyama mattu proudhashala shrenigala 1,600 vidyaarthigalu iddaru mattu avaralli 65 pratishatadashtu mandi kadime aadaayada kutumbagalige seridavaraagiddaru. aaa samayadalli shaleyu hecchina drop out daravannu hondittu. aaa varsha shaleyu ondu bisiness akaademiyannu hondittu, idu "shaaleyolagina shaale" aagiddu, vidyaarthigalige udyoga kaushalyagalannu kalisuttade mattu hecchina sikshana mattu takshanada snatakottara udyogakkagi avarannu siddhapadisuttade.
zoon 2011 ralli thamus fitzsimmons proudhashaale mattu roads proudhashaaleyallina yuva mahila nayakatva shaaleyannu muchchalaayitu, mattu vidyarthigalannu strawberry mahalige maru niyojisalaayitu.
2013rahra mayee tingalalli ee shaleyalli 435 vidyaarthigalu iddaru. aaa samayadalli 92 vidyaarthigalu padavi taragatiyalliddaru mattu avaralli 55 janarannu samudaaya kaalejugalu mattu/athawa naalku varshada vishvavidyaalayagalige angeekarisalaayitu. avaralli kelavarige thewani shulkavannu bharisalu sadhyavagalilla. 2013rahra hottige prati vidyarthiyu metal detector moolaka hogabekaguttade mattu shaleyalli 94 bhadrata cameragalive. 2008rinda 2013ravarege, idu kamanwealth off pensilveniyaada "nirantaravagi apayakari proudhashaalegala" pattiyalli sthiravaagi ittu.
idu 1,762 vidyarthigala saamarthyada shaala kattadadalli mattu baahyaakaashadallide.
shaikshanika.
1992ralli, "philadelphia inquirern" kimberly mcclarin strawberry mahalu "shaikshanika shreshthatege hesaruvasiyagilla" endu baredaru. nantara avaru sains force 2000 endu hesarisalaada shaleya vignaana club, "nagara mattu praadeshika vignaana melagalalli ondu shaktiyaguttide" endu bareyuttaare."
1992ralli, 16 varshada vidyarthiyobba vignaana melada yojaneyannu sallisiddu, adhu itara pradeshagala jotege mount airi mattu uttara philadelfiyaadalli vasisuva sikshakara nivaasagalalli nirinalli seesada mattavu hechchaagide, aadare federal kaanoonina adiyalli sweekararha mattadallide endu tirmaanisitu. ee yojaneyindagi, aaa pradeshagalalli vasisuva kelavu sikshakaru tammade aada neerina kolavegalannu parikshisalu praarambhisidaru.
football.
august 2015 ralli, strawberry mansion warcity football tandavu sumaru 50 varshagala viraamada nantara abhyasa maadalu praarambhisitu. tamma modala rtuvinalli, avaru ajeyaraagiddaru.
vivaada.
strawberry mahalu proudhashaaleyannu deshada atyanta apayakari saarvajanika proudhashaalegalalli ondaagide. aparadha mattu aparaadhada pensylvania aayogavu 2013ralli pattiyinda tegeduhaakuvavaregu idannu rajyada atyanta apayakari shalegalalli ondaagide endu nirantaravagi hesariside.
feeder maadarigalu.
strawberry mahalugalige aahara needuva shalegalu ee kelaginavugalannu olagondiveh
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stroberry maalika haiskool
philadelphiyayile stroberry maalika vibhaagathile oru pothu haiskoolaanu stroberry maalika haiskool. ithu philadelphiyayile school jillayude bhagamaanu. munbu stroberry maalika juuniyar/seeniyar haiskool ennum stroberry maalika middle/haiskool ennum ithu ariyappettirunnu.
charithram.
1977ll thuranna stroberry maalikayil 1992 eprilil middle, haiskool gradukalilaayi 1,600 vidyaarthikalum 65 sathamaanavum thaazhnna varumaanamulla kudumbangalil ninnullavarumaayirunnu. akkaalat schoolil patanam upekshikkunnavarude nirakk uyarnnathaayirunnu. aaa varsham schoolil oru bisinus akkadami undaayirunnu, oru skoolinullile oru school, vidyaarthikale thozhil kazhivukal padippikkukayum kooduthal vidyaabhyaasathinum udanadi birudaananthara biruda thozhilinum avare thayyarakkukayum cheythu.
2011 juunil thomas fitsimons haiskoolum roads haiskoolile yuva vanita neethrthwa school adachupoottukayum vidyaarthikale stroberry maalikayilekku punarniyamichedukkum cheythu.
2013 meyy maasathil schoolil 435 vidyaarthikalundaayirunnu. akkaalat 92 vidyaarthikal biruda klaasilundaayirunnathil 55 perkku community kolejukalilo allengil naalu varshathe sarvakalashaalakalilo praveshanam labhichu. avaril chilarkk nikshepa phees thangaan kazhinjilla. 2013 leeii kanakkanusarichu oro vidyaarthiyum mettal dittaktariloode pokendathundu, schoolil 94 suraksha camerakalundaayirunnu. 2008 muthal 2013 vare, komanvelthu oof pensylvaniayude "thudarchayaayi apakadakaramaaya haiskoolukalude" pattikayil ithu sthiramaayi undaayirunnu.
1, 762 vidyaarthikale ulkkollaan sheshiyulla oru school kettidatthilaanu ithu sthithi cheiyunnathu.
academic.
1992-ll, "philadelphia inquirer"-nte kimberly maclarine, stroberry maalika "academic mikavinu perukettathalla" ennu ezhuthi. sayans fozhsu 2000 ennu perittirikkunna skoolinte sayans club "nagaratthilum praadeshika shaasthra melakalilum oru shakthiyaayi maarukayaanennu avar pinneedu ezhuthum."
1992-ll, oru 16 vayassulla vidyaarthi oru shaasthra meela padhathi samarppichu, athu mattu pradeshangalkoppam moundu eyari, north philadelphia ennividangalil thamasikkunna adhyaapakarude vasathikalil jalathile ledu level uyarnnathaanengilum federal niyamaprakaaram sveekaaryamaaya thalangalilaanennu nigamanam cheythu. padhathi kaaranam, aaa pradeshangalil thamasikkunna chila adhyapakar svanthamaayi jala paippukal pareekshikkaan thudangi.
football.
2015 augustil, stroberry maalikayile sarvakalashaala football team ekadesham 50 varshathe edavelaykku sesham pariseelanam aarambhichu. avarude aadya seasonil avar tholviyariyaathe ninnu.
tharkkam.
raajyathe ettavum apakadakaramaaya pothu haiskoolukalilonnaayi stroberry maalika haiskool kanakkaakkappedunnu. 2013ll pattikayil ninnu neekkam cheyyappedunnathuvare pensylvania kammeeshan oonn crime aandu delinkwensi ithine samsthaanathe ettavum apakadakaramaaya skoolukalilonnaayi sthiramaayi visheshippichu.
feeder paattenukal.
stroberry maalikayil bhakshanam nalkunna skoolukalil iva ulppedunnu
| strawberry haveli uchch madhyamik shaala
strawberry haveli hyschool hii philadelphiyachya strawberry haveli vibhagatil eka sarvajanik hyschool aahe. haah philadelphiyachya shaley jilhyacha bhag aahe. yala purvi strawberry haveli kanishth/varishtha madhyamik shaala aanee strawberry haveli madhyam/uchch madhyamik shaala asey naav denyat aale hote.
itihas.
1977 madhye strawberry haveli ughadali gelee. april 1992 madhye shalet madhyamik aanee uchch madhyamik asha donhi shrenitil 1600 vidyarthi hote aanee tyapaiki 65 takke qamee utpann asalelya kutumbatil hote. tyaveli shaletoon baher padanyache praman jaast hote. tyaa varshi shalet eka vyavasay akadami hotee, jee "shaletil shaala" hotee, jee vidyarthyanna nokarichi kaushalye shikavate aanee tyanna pudhil shikshan aanee tatkal padvyuttar nokarisathi tayar karate.
juuna 2011 madhye thomas fitzsimmons hyschool aanee roads highschoolmadhil young womens leadership school bund karnyat aalee aanee vidyarthyanna strawberry havelimadhye punha niyukt karnyat aale.
meey 2013 madhye yaa shalet 435 vidyarthi hote. tyaveli 92 vidyarthi padvidhar vargat hote aanee tyapaiki 55 vidyarthyanna samudayik mahavidhyalaye aanee/kinwa chaar varshanchya vidyapithanmadhye pravesh denyat aala hota. tyanchyapaiki kahinna theviche shulk parvadat navhate. 2013 paryant pratyek vidyarthyala metal detectormadhun jaane aavashyak hote aanee shalet 94 suraksha camerey hote. 2008 teey 2013 paryant, heey rashtrakul pensylvania "satat dhokadayak hyschool" chya yadeet satatyane hote.
heey shalechya imaratimadhye asoon, tyachi kshamata 1,762 vidyarthyanchi asoon tee antaralat aahe.
shaikshanik.
1992 madhye, 'philadelphiya inquirer' chya kimberley mclarine lihile qee strawberry haveli 'shaikshanik utkrushtatesathi prasiddha navhati. nantar tee lihinar hotee qee shalecha vidnyan sangh, jyala vidnyan dall 2000 asey naav denyat aale aahe, too shahar aanee pradeshik vidnyan melyanmadhye eka shakti banat aahe."
1992 madhye, eka 16 varshiy vidyarthyane vidnyan mela prakalp sadar keela, jyamadhye assa nishkarsh kadhala gela qee mount erii aanee uttar philadelphiya yethe bhagat shikshakanchya nivassthananmadhye, itar kshetranbarobarach, panyat shisechi patali jaast hotee, parantu federal kayadyanusar swikararh patalivar hotee. yaa prakalpamule tyaa bhagat bhagat kahee shikshakanchi swatachya panyachya nalanchi chachani suru jhaali.
football.
august 2015 madhye, strawberry haveli vidyapith football sanghane jawaljawal 50 varshanchya viramanantar sarav karnyas suruvat kelee. tyanchya mageel hangamat teey aparajit hote.
vaad.
strawberry haveli hyschool hii deshatil sarvat dhokadayak sarvajanik highschoolpaiki eka manali jaate. gunhe aanee gunhegarivaril pensylvania aayogane 2013 madhye yaa yaditoon kadhoon takalya jaiparyant tyala satatyane rajyatil sarvat dhokadayak shalanpaiki eka mhanoon ghoshit kele.
poshak namune.
strawberrychya havelimadhye khanyachya shalanmadhye khaleel goshtincha samavesh hotoh
| straberry haweli hai schol
straberry haweli uccha vidyalaya filadelfiako straberry haweli khandama raheko sarvajanik uccha vidyalaya how. yo filadelfiako vidyalaya jillako hissa how. yasalai pahile straberry haweli junier/warishtha uccha vidyalaya, rar straberry haweli madhya/uccha vidyalaya naam diieko thiyo.
itihas.
sann 1977 maa straberry haweli kholieko thiyo. april 1992 maa yass vidyalayama madhya rar uccha vidyalaya duwai gradeka 1,600 vidyarthiharu thie rar timadhye 65 pratishat cum aya bhaeka pariwarka thie. tyas samayama schol chhodne darr uccha thiyo. tyas warsha yass vidyalayama euta business ekedemy thiyo, "skulbhitrako schol" jasle vidyarthiharulai jagirko seep sikaunchha rar uniharulai thap shiksha rar tatkal snatakottar rojgarika lagi tayar parchha.
june 2011 maa thomas fitzsimmons hai schol rar roads hai schoolko yuwa mahila netritwa schol banda bhayo, rar vidyarthiharulai straberry hawelima punah niyukta gariyo.
mey 2013 maa yass vidyalayama 435 zana vidyarthi thie. tyas samayama 92 zana vidyarthi snatak kakshama thie rar timadhye 55 janalai samudayik college rar/wa chaar warshiya vishwavidyalayharuma swikar garieko thiyo. timadhye kehile jamma shulk tirna sakenan. sann 2013 samma pratyek vidyarthile mettle detectorbata zahn awashyak chha rar vidyalayama 94 wata suraksha camera thie. sann 2008 dekhi 2013 samma, yo lagatar pensylvaniako rashtramandalko "nirantar khatarnak uccha vidyalayaharu" ko suchima thiyo.
yo 1,762 zana vidyarthiharuko kshamata bhaeko vidyalaya bhawanma rar antarikshama awasthit chha.
shikshawidharu.
sann 1992 maa, "filadelfia inquirer" kaa kimberly mcclarinle straberry haweli "shaikshik utkrishtataka lagi parichit thiena" bhani lekhe. unle pachhi lekhchhin kii schoolko vigyan club, vigyan ball 2000 naam diieko, "sahar rar khetriya vigyan melaharuma ek shakti baniraheko chha."
sann 1992 maa, ek 16 warshiya vidyarthile vigyan mela pariyojana paces gare jasle nishkarsh nikalchha kii mount eri rar uttari filadelfiama basne shikshakharuko niwasma panima sisa star uccha thiyo, tara sanghiya kanuna antargat swikarya starma thiyo. pariyojanaka karan tee kshetrama basobas garne kehi shikshakharule afnai paniko pipe parikshan garna thale.
football.
august 2015 maa, straberry haweli vishwavidyalaya football tolile lagbhag 50 warshako antaralpachi abhyas garna thalyo. afno pahilo sijanma, tiniharu aparajit thie.
vivad.
straberry haweli uccha vidyalayalai deshko sabaibhanda khatarnak sarvajanik uccha vidyalayaharu madhye ek manincha. aparadh rar aparadhasambandhi pensylvania ayogle sann 2013 maa suchibata hataera yasalai rajyako sabaibhanda khatarnak vidyalayaharu madhye ekko rupma lagatar lebel gareko thiyo.
fidder dhancha.
straberry hawelima khane vidyalayaharuma samawesh chhanh
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strawberry mahal uccha bidyalaja
strawberry massen haiskul heuchhi philadelphiar strawberry massen bibhagare thiba eka sarkari haiskul . ehaa philadelphiar bidyalaja jillara eka ansha . purbaru ehara naama strawberry massen juniara/siniara haiskul ebong strawberry massen madhyama/haiskul rakhajaithila.
itihas.
1977 masihare strawberry mahal kholajaithila. 1992 masiha april maasare ehi bidyalajare ubhaja madhyamika ebong uccha bidyalaja shreneere 1,600 john chhatrachhatri thile ebong semananka madhyaru 65 pratishata swalpa aajakaree paribarara thile. sehi samajare bidyalaja chhadibara haara adhika thila. sehi barsha bidyalajare eka byabasajika ekademy thila, eka "bidyalaja madhyare eka bidyalaja" jaahaa chatramananku chakiri dakhyata sikhya deuthila ebong semananku parabarti sikhya ebong turanta snatakottara nijukti paain prastuta karuthila.
june 2011 ray thamas fitzsimmons haiskul ebong roades haiskulare juba mahila netrutwa bidyalaja banda hoijaithila, ebong chatramananku strawberry mahalaku punahnijukta karajaithila .
2013 masiha meey maasare ehi bidyalajare 435 john chhatrachhatri thile. sehi samajare 92 john chhatrachhatri snataka shreneere thile ebong semananka madhyaru 55 john gosthi mahabidyalaja ebong/kimba chaari barshar biswabidyalajare grahan karajaithila. semananka madhyaru keteka jamaa shulka bahn karibare asamartha thile. 2013 masiha suddha pratyeka chhatranku eka metal detector dei jibaku padiba ebong bidyalajare 94tii surakhya camera thila. 2008 ru 2013 parjyanta, ehaa kramagata bhabare pensilbhania rajyagostheere "kramagata bhabare bipajjanaka uccha bidyalaja" talikare rahithila.
ehaa 1,762 john chhatrachhatri dhaaran khyamata bisista eka bidyalaja bhabanare ebong mahakashare abasthita.
sikhyanabisa.
1992 masihare, "philadelphia inquirer" rahr kimberly mclarine lekhithile je strawberry mahal "academic utkarshata paain janashuna nuhen". parey shay lekhithile je bidyalajara bigyana club, jahara naama sines force 2000, "sahara ebong anchalika bigyana melare eka shakti palatibare lagichi."
1992 masihare, jane 16 barsha bayaska chhatra eka bigyana melaa prakalpa dakhal karithile, jeunthire ehi siddhantare upneet hoithile je mount eyari ebong uttara philadelaphiare rahuthiba shikhyakamananka basabhabanare, anyanya anchala madhyare, panire seesa stara adhika thila, kintu sangheeah ine anujai grahaniah starare thila. ehi prakalpa karanaru, sehi anchalare rahuthiba keteka sikhyaka nijaswa jala pipe parikhya kariba arambha karithile.
football.
august 2015 ray, praiah 50 barshar birati parey, strawberry mahal biswabidyalaja football dala abhyasa arambha karithila . pratham sijanare semane aparajit thile.
bibada.
strawberry massen haiskulaku deshar sabutharu bipajjanaka sarkari haiskul madhyaru gotie bolly bibechana karajae . aparadha ebong aparadha upare penasilabhania commission 2013 ray talikaru hataiba parjyanta ehaaku rajyara sabutharu bipajjanaka bidyalaja bhabare sthira bhabare chinhita karithile .
feeder dhancha.
strawberry mahalaku khadya jogauthiba bidyalajagudika madhyare rahichhih | strawberry haveli hyee school
strawberry haveli hyee school fildelfia dey strawberry haveli bhaag witch ikk public hyee school haii. ih fildelfia dey school zilhe daa hissa haii. iss noon pahilan strawberry haveli junier/senior hyee school atey strawberry haveli middle/hyee school daa naam ditta giaa see.
itihaas.
strawberry haveli 1977 witch kholhi gaee see. aprail 1992 witch school witch middle atey hyee school grade dey 1,600 vidiaarthi sunn atey unhan vicchon 65 pratishat ghatt aamdan vaale parivaran toon sunn. uss samein school chaddan dee darr bahut ziaada see. uss saal school witch ikk busions academy see, ikk school dey ander ikk school joe vidiaarthiaan noon naukari dey hunar sikhaunda see atey uhanan noon agge dee sikkhiaa atey turant post graduation rozgaar laee tiaar karda see.
juun 2011 witch thoms fitzsimmans hyee school atey roads hyee school vikhe naujwan aurtan daa leadership school bnd qarr ditta giaa, atey vidiaarthiaan noon strawberry haveli witch dubara niyukat keeta giaa.
maee 2013 witch school witch 435 vidiaarthi sunn. uss samein 92 vidiaarthi graduation class witch sunn atey unhan vicchon 55 noon community kaljan atey/jaan chaar saala universityan witch savikar keeta giaa see. unhan vicchon kujh jamhan fees denh witch asamrath sunn. saal 2013 takk harek vidiaarthi noon maital detector raahin jaanha painda see atey school witch 94 surakhiaa cameray sunn. 2008 toon 2013 takk, ih lagatar pensylvania dey rashtarmandal dee "lagatar khatarnak hyee schoolan" dee suchi witch see.
ih 1,762 vidiaarthiaan dee samratha vaali ikk school dee imaarat witch sathit haii.
akadamik.
1992 witch, "fildelfia inquire" dey kimberly mclarine neey likhiaa kii strawberry haveli "akadamik uttmata laee naheen jaanhi jaandi see. uh baad witch likhdi kii school daa science club, jiss daa naam science forus 2000 haii, "shehar atey khetri vigiaan meliaan witch ikk taakat bann riha see."
sann 1992 witch, ikk 16 saala vidiaarthi neey ikk vigiaan mella project pesh keeta jiss witch ih sitta kaddhiaa giaa kii mount air atey uttri fildelfia witch rahinn vaale adhiaapkan deeaan rihaishan witch paanee witch leed daa paddhar uccha see, parr sanghi kanoon dey tehat swikaryog padhran 'teey see. project dey caarn, unhan khetran witch rahinn vaale kujh adhiaapkan neey aapniaan paanee deeaan pipes dee jaanch curney shuru qarr ditti.
football.
agast 2015 witch, strawberry haveli university football team neey lagbhag 50 saalan dey antral toon baad abhiaas karna shuru keeta. aapne pahile season witch, uh ajetu sunn.
vivaad.
strawberry haveli hyee school noon desh dey sabh toon khatarnak public hyee schoolan vicchon ikk manniaa jaanda haii. apradh atey apradh baare pensylvania commission neey 2013 witch suchi toon hataae jaanh takk iss noon lagatar raaj dey sabh toon khatarnak schoolan vicchon ikk vajon label keeta.
feeder pattern.
strawberry haveli witch bhojan denh vaale schoolan witch shamal hann
| strawberry haveli uccha vidyaalaya
strawberry-haveli-ucchavidyaalayaha fildelfia-nagarasya strawberry-haveli-vibhaagasya saarwajanik-ucchavidyaalayaha asti. ayam philadelphia-nagarasya vidyaalaya-mandalasya bhaagah asti. poorvam asya naam strawberry-haveli-kanishtah/varishtah ucchavidyaalayaha, strawberry-haveli-madhyam/ucchavidyaalayaha iti cha aasit.
itihaasah.
1977 tame varshe strawberry-bhavanasya udghaatanam abhavat. 1992 tame varshe april-maase asmin vidyaalaye madhyam-uccha-vidyaalaya-shreneeyoh 1600 chhaatraah aasan, teshu 65 pratishatam nyoon-aay-parivaaraat aasan. tasmin samaye vidyaalayasya vidyaalayasya pathana-paathanasya matra ucchaa aasit. tasmin varshe vidyaalaye "vidyaalayasya antah vidyaalayah" iti vyavasaay-akadami aasit, yaa chhatranam karya-kaushalaan bodhayati, tathaa cha taan agrimashikshaayaah, tatkshanasya snaatakottar-rojagarasya cha krute sajjam karoti sma.
2011 joon-maase thaamas-fitzsimones-ucchavidyaalayaha, roads-ucchavidyaalaye yuva-mahilaa-netrutva-vidyaalayah cha bandhitaah, chhaatraah punah strawberry-bhavanam uddishya niyuktaah.
2013 mey-maase asmin vidyaalaye 435 chhaatraah aasan. tasmin samaye 92 chhaatraah snaatak-vargasya aasan, teshu 55 janaah samudayika-mahaavidyaalayeshu athavaa chaturwaarshik-vishvavidyaalayeshu cha sveekrutavantah. teshu kechan nikshepashulkam daatum asamarthah aasan. 2013 tamavarshaparyantam pratyekam chhaatrah dhaatu-shodhakam drashtum aavashyakah aasit, vidyaalaye 94 surakshaa-chitrakaani aasan. 2008 taha 2013 paryantam, kaamanvelt-aaf-pensylvania-deshasya "nirantaram apaayakar-ucchavidyaalayaanaam" suchyam nirantaram aasit.
eshah vidyaalayasya bhavane, yatra 1,762 chhaatraah vidyante, tathaa cha antarikshasthh asti.
shikshaawidah.
1992 tame varshe "philadelphia inquirer" ityasya kimberley maclarine ityanena likhitam yat strawberry-bhavanam "shaikshanik-utkrushtataayaah krute naa prasidhah" iti. saa pashchat likhati yat asya vidyaalayasya vijnaana-sanghah, vijnaana-bull-2000 iti namna, "nagare praadeshika-vijnaana-melaasu cha ekam balam abhavat."
1992 tame varshe, ekaha 16 varsheeyah chhaatrah vijnaana-melaa-pariyojanaayaah prastuteekrutavaan, yasmin nishkarshah krutah yat maunt eree, uttar-philadelphia ityaadishu kshetreshu nivasataam shikshakanam nivaaseshu jale seesam-starah ucchah aasit, parantu sangheey-vidhi-antargatam svikarya-stareshu aasit iti. pariyojanaayaah karanat, teshu kshetreshu nivasantah kechan shikshakaah swakeeyaah jala-nalikaah pareekshayitum aarabhant.
football-kreedaam.
2015 august-maase, praayah 50 varshaanaam viraamaanantaram, strawberry-haveli-vishvavidyaalaya-football-dalah abhyaasam kartum aarabdhavaan. poorvakaale prathama-rutau te aparajitaha aasan.
vivaadah.
strawberry-haveli-ucchavidyaalayaha deshasya sarvaadhika-apayakarasu saarwajanik-ucchavidyaalayeshu anyatamah iti manyate. aparaadh-aparaadh-vishaye pensylvania-ayogah 2013 tame varshe soocheetah apasaaritam yaavat nirantaram rajyasya sarvaadhika-apaayakar-vidyaalayeshu anyatam iti mudritam.
poshakapraroopaani.
strawberry-bhavanasya poshanartham vidyaalayaah santi -
| strawberry maaligaiyin uyarnilaip palli
strawberry maaligaiyin uyarnilaip palli enbathu piladelpiyaavin strawberry maaligaiyin pirivil ulla oru podhu uyarnilaip palliyaagum. idhu philatelpia palli maavattaththin oru paguthiyaagum. idharku munbu strawberry maaligaiyin juuniyar/seeniyar uyarnilaip palli endrum, strawberry maaligaiyin nadunilai/uyarnilaip palli endrum peyaridappattathu.
varalaaru.
1977 aam aandil strawberry maaligaiyaith thirakkappattathu. aepral 1992 ill inththa pallyil nadunilai mattrum uyarnilaip palli vaguppugal 1,600 maanavargal irunththanar, avarkalil 65 sathaveetham paer kuraindha varumaanam konda kudumbangalaich saernthavargal. antha neraththil pallyil padippai vittup poakum vigitham athigamaaga irunththathu. antha aandu pallyil oru vaniga akaadami irunththathu, oru pallikkul oru palli, maanavargalukku vaelai thirankalaik karpitthu, maelum kalvi mattrum udanadi mudugalai vaelaivaaippukku avarkalaith thayaarpaduththiyathu.
juun 2011 ill thamas fitzmans uyarnilaip palli mattrum roads uyarnilaip pallyil ulla ilam penkal thalaimaip palli moodappattana, maelum maanavargal strawberry maaligaiyil meendum niyamikkappattanar.
mae mae inthap pallyil 435 maanavargal irunththanar. antha neraththil 92 maanavargal pattappadippu vaguppil irunththanar, avarkalil 55 paer samooga kalloorigal mattrum/allathu naanku aandu palkalaikkazhagangkalil anumathikkappattanar. avarkalil silaraal vaippu kattanatthai seluththa mudiyavillai. mudiyavillai aandu nilavarappadi ovvoru maanavarum uloagak kandupidippaanai payanpaduththa vaendum, maelum pallyil 94 paathukaappu kemaraakkal irunththana. 2008 muthal 2013 varai, idhu benzylvaniavin commonwealth pattiyalil "thodarnthu aabaththaana uyarnilaip pallikalin" pattiyalil thodarnthu irunththathu.
idhu 1,762 maanavargal mattrum vinveliyil padikkum thiran konda oru palli kattidaththil amainthullathu.
kalviyaalargal.
1992 aam aandil, "philatelpia inquirerine" kimberley mcclerine strawberry maaligai "kalviyil siranthu vilangkiyatharku ariyappadavillai" endru ezhuthinaar. ariviyal padai 2000 endru peyaridappatta palliyin ariviyal kilap, "nagaram mattrum piraanthiya ariviyal kankaatchigalil oru sakthiyaaga maari varukirathu" endru avar pinnar ezhuthuvaar."
1992 aam aandil, oru 16 vayathu maanavar oru ariviyal kankaatchi thittatthai samarpiththaar, idhu mattra paguthigaludan, kaattru malai mattrum vadakku piladelpiyaavil vasikkum aasiriyarkalin illangkalil thanneeril eeya alavu athigamaaga irunththathu, aanaal koottaatchi sattaththin keezh aetrtrukkollakkoodiya mattangkalil irunththathu endru mudivu seithathu. inthath thittaththin kaaranamaaga, anthap pakuthikalil vasikkum sila aasiriyargal thangal sontha neer kuzhaaigalaich soathikkath thodangkinar.
kaalpandhu.
august 2015 ill, strawberry maaligaiyin palkalaikkazhaga kaalpandhu anii kittatthatta 50 aandugalukkup piragu payirchi seiyath thodangiyathu. avarkalin muthal seasonil, avarkal thoarkadikkappadavillai.
sarchchai.
strawberry maaligaiyin uyarnilaip palli naattin migavum aabaththaana podhu uyarnilaip palligalil ontraaka karudhappadugiradhu. kuttram mattrum kuttraviyal thodarpaana benzylvania aanaiyam 2013 aam aandil pattiyalil irunthu neengkum varai maanilaththin migavum aabaththaana palligalil ontraaka thodarnthu peyarittathu.
uutta vadivangkal.
strawberry maaligaiyil unavu vazhangkum palligal pinvarumaaru
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strawberry bhavanam unnata paatasaala
strawberry bhavanam unnata paatasaala philadelphialoni strawberry bhavanam vibhaagamlo unna oka prabhutva unnata paatasaala. idhi philadelphia paatasaala jillaalo bhaagam. dheeniki gatamlo strawberry bhavanam juuniyar/senior haiskool, mariyu strawberry bhavanam middle/haiskool anie paeru pettaru.
charitra.
1977loe strawberry bhavanam praarambhinchabadindi. 1992 eprillo eee paatasaalalo madhya mariyu unnata paatasaala taragatula 1,600 mandhi vidyaarthulu unnaaru, vaarilo 65 saatam mandhi takkuva aadaaya kutumbaalaku chendinavaaru. aaa samayamlo paatasaalalo drop avt raetu ekkuvagaa undedi. aaa samvatsaram paatasaalalo oka vyapara academy, oka paatasaalalo oka paatasaala, vidyaarthulaku udyoga naipunhyaalanu bodhinchadam mariyu tadupari vidya mariyu takshana post-graduation upaadhi kosam vaarini siddham cheyadam jarigindi.
juun 2011loe thamus fitzsimans unnata paatasaala mariyu roads unnata paatasaalalooni yuva mahilala nayakatva paatasaala moosiveyabaddaayi, mariyu vidyaarthulanu strawberry bhavananiki tirigi niyaminchaaru.
2013 mae nelaloo eee paatasaalalo 435 mandhi vidyaarthulu unnaaru. aaa samayamlo 92 mandhi vidyaarthulu graduating taragatilo unnaaru, vaarilo 55 mandhi community kalaasaalalu mariyu/ledhaa naalugu samvatsaraala vishwavidhyaalayaalaku angeekarinchabaddaaru. vaarilo kondaru deposit feezunu bharinchalekapoyaru. 2013 natiki prati vidyaarthi metal detector dwara vellavalasi untundi mariyu paatasaalalo 94 bhadrata kemeraalu unnaayi. 2008 nundi 2013 varaku, idhi commonwealth off pensylvania yokka "nirantaram pramaadakaramaina unnata paatasaalala" jaabitaalo sthiramgaa undhi.
idhi 1,762 mandhi vidyaarthula saamarthyam kaligina paatasaala bhavanamlo mariyu antarikshamlo undhi.
vidyaavaettalu.
1992loe, "philadelphia inquirer" kii chendina kimberley mcclarine strawberry bhavanam "vidyaaparamaina shreshtataku prasiddhi chendaledu" anie raasaaru. sains fores 2000 anae paatasaala sains club "nagara mariyu praantiiya sains utsavaalalo oka saktigaa maarutondi" anie aame taruvaata vraasaru."
1992loe, oka 16 yella vidyaarthi sains fair prajectunu samarpinchaadu, idhi mount airy mariyu uttara philadelphialo nivasinche upaadhyaayula nivasalalo neetilo seesam sthaayilu ekkuvagaa unnayani, conny samakhya chattam prakaram aamodayogyamaina sthaayilalo unnayani nirdhaarinchindi. eee project kaaranamgaa, aaa praantaallo nivasistunna kontamandi upaadhyaayulu tama sonta neeti gottalanu pareekshinchadam praarambhinchaaru.
football.
augustu 2015loe, strawberry bhavanam versity football jattu daadaapu 50 samvatsaraala viramam taruvaata practies cheyadam praarambhinchindi. vaari modati seasonlo, vaaru ajeyamgaa unnaaru.
vivaadam.
strawberry bhavana unnata paatasaala desamloni atyanta pramaadakaramaina prabhutva unnata paatasaalalo okatigaa pariganinchabadutundi. pensylvania commission aann crime und delephancy 2013loe jabita nundi tolaginche varaku dheenini raashtramloni atyanta pramaadakaramaina paatasaalallo okatigaa sthiramgaa perkondi.
feeder namuunaalu.
strawberry bhavananiki aaharam andinche paatasaalalu
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strawberry haweeli hayee school
strawberry haweeli hayee school fladelfia kay strawberry haweeli kay hasay mein eek publik hayee school hay. yaha fladelfia kay school distrikt kaa hasah hay. iss kaa naam pehley strawberry haweeli juniyar/seniyar hayee school aur strawberry haweeli muddle/hayee school rakhaa jaataa thaa.
tareekh.
strawberry haweeli 1977 mein kholi gayee. apreel 1992 mein school mein muddle aur hayee school kay 1,600 talbaa thay aur inn mein say 65 faisad kaa taaluq kumm aamadni waalay khandanon say thaa. iss waqat school chhodnay kii sharah behat ziyadah thee. iss saal school mein eek buznis academy thee juu "school kay andar eek school" thaa juu talbaa kuu mulazimat kii maharatein sikhata thaa aur inhein mazeed taleem aur fouri post graduation mulazimat kay liye tayaar kartaa thaa.
joone 2011 mein thamas fitzsemanz hayee school aur roads hayee school mein yang weemanz leadership school bund how gayey aur talbaa kuu strawberry haweeli mein dobarah tafviz kirr diyaa gayaa.
mayee 2013 mein school mein 435 talbaa thay. iss waqat 92 talbaa graduate klaas mein thay aur inn mein say 55 kuu community colleges aur/yaa chaar saalah universityon mein qabool kiyaa gayaa thaa. inn mein say kachh jamaa fees bardasht karnay say qaasir thay. 2013 takk harr taalib alam kuu mettle detector say guzarna padta hay aur school mein 94 hifazati kimray thay. 2008 say 2013 takk yaha dolat mushtarkah pensalvania kii "muslisil khatarnaak hayee schoolon" kii fehrist mein mustaqil toor parr shaamil thaa.
yaha eek school kii emarat mein waaqa hay jiss mein 1,762 talbaa kii gunjaish hay aur khalaa mein hay.
mahireen taleem.
1992 mein "fladelfia inquirer" kay kambarli mclarine nay likhaa kahh strawberry haweeli "taleemi maharat kay liye mashhur nahein thee". wah baad mein likhein gee kahh school kaa science kalab jasay science force 2000 kaa naam diyaa gayaa hay "shehar aur elaqayi science mailon mein eek qoot bunn rehaa thaa."
1992 mein eek 16 saalah taalib alam nay science melay kaa eek project paish kiyaa jiss mein yaha natijah akhz kiyaa gayaa kahh mount airee aur naarth fladelfia mein rehney waalay asatazah kii rehaish gaahon mein paani mein leed kii satah deegar elaqon kay elawah ziyadah thee leakin wafaqi qanoon kay tahat qaabil qabool satah parr thee. iss mansubay kii wajah say inn elaqon mein rehney waalay kachh asatazah nay apnay paani kay paipon kii jaanch sharoo kirr dee.
fitt baal.
agast 2015 mein strawberry haweeli university fitt baal team nay taqriba 50 saal kay waqfe kay baad mashq karnaa sharoo kii. apnay pehley seezan mein wah naqabil shakast rahay.
tanazah.
strawberry haweeli hayee school kuu milk kay khatarnaak tareen publik hayee schoolon mein say eek samjha jaataa hay. pensalvania commission baraye jaraim aur jaraim nay 2013 mein iss kuu fehrist say hataye jaanay takk asay mustaqil toor parr riyasat kay sabb say khatarnaak schoolon mein say eek qaraar diyaa.
federon kay namunay.
strawberry haweeli mein khaana khilanay waalay schoolon mein shaamil haine: |
00057db0713fbcde449a20a32e93309599dc8981a8c027d881a1af7ddad11761 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2918651 | Reichsluftschutzbund |
Reichsluftschutzbund
The Reichsluftschutzbund (RLB; "Reich Air Protection League") was a paramilitary organization in Nazi Germany in charge of air raid precautions in residential areas and among smaller businesses.
Purpose.
The RLB was organized by Hermann Göring in 1933 as a voluntary association. Existing volunteer air raid precaution associations were forced to merge with RLB. In 1939 the RLB became a "Körperschaft des öffentlichen Rechts" (quasi-autonomous non-governmental organization), while in 1944 it became an affiliated organization of the Nazi Party. RLB was dissolved by the Allied Powers after the end of World War II. Its successor in the Federal Republic of Germany was the Bundesverband für den Selbstschutz.
The RLB was in charge of educating and training ordinary German men and women in civil defence procedures necessary for the basic level of local self-help of the civil population against air raids. The local level was formed around air raid wardens and operated in small first intervention squads. The training include fire fighting, protection against chemical weapons, communication procedures and preparation of houses and apartments against air raids.
Organization.
In 1939 the RLB had about 15 million members, 820,000 volunteer functionaries (of which 280,000 women) and 75,000 local units. The membership was trained at 3,800 civil defence schools with 28,000 instructors.
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reissluftschutzbund
reissluftschutzbund (rlb; "reis eyar protekson leeg") natxi germanyr ek ordhoxamorik xongstha aasil ji awaxik onchol aaru xoru byowoxayor maajot biman obhijanor xabodhanota owolombon korisil.
uddesyo.
1933 sonot herman go 'ring-e ek sessaxewi xongstha hisape aar. el. bi-ror aayujon korisil. bortomanor sessaxewok biman obhijanor xabodhanota xongothonxomuhok aar. el. bi.-ror xoite ekotrito koriboloi badhyo koraa hoisil. 1939 sonot aar. el. bi. ekhon "corpersuft des offentilisen rekoch" (ordho-swayotoxaxito besorkari xongstha) hoi pore, aanhate 1944 sonot ee natxi dolor ek onumudit xongothon hoi pore. dwitiyo biswojudhor xomaptir pisot mitroxoktir dwara aar. el. bi. bhongo koraa hoisil. germanyr federal republicot iyar uttoradhikari aasil bandesbharbend fur dane selbstchutz.
aar. el. bi.-ye xadharon german purux aaru mohilaxokolok oxamorik protirokya prokriyat xikhyito aaru proxikhyon diyar dayitwo loisil, ji oxamorik jonoxongkhyar biman aakromonor biruddhe sthaniyo swo-xohayor moulik storor baabe proyujoniyo aasil. sthaniyo porzayor biman obhijanor wardenor sariufale gothon koraa hoisil aaru xoru prothom hostokhyep doll hisape porisalona koraa hoisil. proxikhyonor bhitorot aase ogninirbapon, raxayonik ostror biruddhe xurokhya, jugajug poddhoti aaru biman obhijanor biruddhe ghor aaru apartmentor prostuti.
xongothon.
1939 sonot aar. el. bi.-ror pray 15 nijut xodosyo, 820,000 sessaxewok kormi (jaar bhitorot 280,000 mohila) aaru 75,000 sthaniyo gutt aasil. xodosyopodtu 28,000 goraki proxikhyokor xoite 3,800khon oxamorik protirokya bidyaloyot proxikhyon diya hoisil. | richsluftschutzbund
reichsluftschutzbund (rlb; "reich aire pratekashana ligg") chhilo natsi germanyr ekti adha-samrik sangathan jaa abasik elaka ebong chhoto byabosar modhye biman humler sotorkotar dayitte chhilo.
uddeshya.
1933 saale ekti swechchasebi sangathan hisabe harman goring dwara rlb sangathito hoyechilo. vidyaman swechchasebok biman abhijaner satarkata sangathangulike rlb-rawr sange ekibhuto korte badhyo koraa hoyechilo. 1939 saale rlb ekti "corpershuft days offentilichen rechts" (adha-swayattashasita besarkari sangostha) hoye othe, ebong 1944 saale etty natsi doler ekti onumodito sangosthai porinoto hoy. dwitiya bishwojuddher samaptir porr mitroshoktiguli rlb venge deyo. germanyr yuktarashtriya projatontre err uttarsuri chhilo bundesverband phara deena selbstshootz.
biman humler biruddhe besamoric jonogoner sthaniya swa-sahayatar moulik storer jonno prayojaniya besamoric protirokkha poddhotite sadharan german purush oo mohilader shikkhito oo proshikkhon deoar dayitte chhilen rlb. sthaniya storti biman abhijaner wardender charpashe gothito hoyechilo ebong chhoto prothom hostokkhep squade porichalito hoyechilo. proshikkhoner modhye royeche agninirbapan, rasayanik ostrer biruddhe surakkha, jogajog poddhoti ebong biman humler biruddhe baadi oo apartment prostuto koraa.
sangathan.
1939 saale rlb-rawr pray 15 million sadasya, 820,000 swechchasebok karmi (jaar modhye 280,000 mohila) ebong 75,000 sthaniya unit chhilo. sadasyapadti 28,000 proshikkhok soho 3,800 besamoric protirokkha bidyalaye proshikkhito hoyechilo.
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richsluftschutzbund
richsluftschutzbund (rlb; "reach air protection leag") naazi germanyma aek ardhalashkari sanstha hatee jeey rahenank vistaroma aneey naana vyavsaayomaa havaai humalani savchetio sambhaale chhe.
hetu.
1933maan herman gooring dwara swaichchhik sangathan tareeke rlbnu aayojan karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. haalnee svayamsevak havaai humalani savcheti sangathanone rlb saathe jodvani faraj puddy hatee. 1939maan rlb "corpershaft days offentlichen rechuts" (ardh-svaayatt biin-sarkari sanstha) bunny hatee, jyaare 1944maan teey naazi pakshnee sanlagn sanstha bunny hatee. beeja vishvyudhnaa anta pachhi aar. aela. bii. neey sahyogi sattao dwara visarjan karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. germanyna sangheey prajasattakma tenaa uttaradhikari bundeswearband phara dayne salbstshootz hataa.
rlb havaai humalaao saame nagrik vasteena sthaaneek swa-sahaaynaa mulbhoot star maate jaroori nagrik sanraxan prakriyaoma saamanya german purusho aneey streeone shikshit karvaa aneey taaleem aapvaano havaalo sambhaalato hato. sthaaneek starnee rachnaa havaai humalana wardenni aaspaas karvaamaa aavee hatee aneey naana pratham hastkshep tukadiomaa sanchaalit karvaamaa aavee hatee. taalimma aag saame ladvu, rasayanik shastro saame rakshan, sanchaar prakriyaao aneey havaai humalaao saame gharo aneey apartmentnee taiyarino samaavesh thaay chhe.
sanstha.
1939maan aar. aela. bii. maan aashre 15 million sabhyo, 820,000 svayamsevak kaarykartaao (jemathi 280,000 maheelao) aneey 75,000 sthaaneek aekamo hataa. 28, 000 prashikshako saathe 3,800 nagrik sanraxan shaalaoma sabhyapadni taaleem aapvama aavee hatee. |
reichsluftschutzbund
reichsluftschutzbund (rlb; "reech air protection leag") naazi germany mein ack ardhsainik sangathan thaa joe aavaasiya kshetron aur chhote vyavsaayon mein havaai hamale kii saavdhaaniyon kaa prabhaari thaa.
uddeshya.
aar. ell. bee. kaa ayojan 1933 mein herman goring dwara ack swaichhik sangh key roop mein kiya gayaa thaa. maujooda swayamsevak havaai hamale key ehatiyaati sanghon koo rlb key saath vilay karane key liye majboor kiya gayaa thaa. 1939 mein aar. ell. bee. ack "corperschaft days öffentlichen reachts" (ardh-swaayatt gair-sarkari sangathan) bunn gayaa, jabaki 1944 mein yeh naazi party kaa ack sambaddh sangathan bunn gayaa. dwiteeya vishva yuddh kii samaapti key baad sahayogi shaktiyon dwara aar. ell. bee. koo bhang curr diyaa gayaa thaa. germany key sanghiya ganarajya mein iska uttaradhikari bundeswerband farr daine selbstshoots thaa.
aar. ell. bee. havaai hamalon key khilaf nagrik aabaadi kii sthaaniya swa-sahaayata key buniyaadi star key liye aavashyak nagrik raksha prakriyaon mein samanya german purushon aur mahilaaon koo shikshit karane aur prashikshit karane kaa prabhaari thaa. sthaaniya star kaa gathan havaai hamale key warden key aspas kiya gayaa thaa aur chhote pahale hastakshep daston mein sanchaalit kiya gayaa thaa. prashikshan mein agni seey ladanaa, rasayanik hathiyaron seey suraksha, sanchaar prakriyaaen aur havaai hamalon key khilaf gharon aur apartment kii taiyari shamil haye.
sangathan.
1939 mein aar. ell. bee. mein lagbhag 15 million sadasya, 820,000 swayamsevak padadhikari (jinamen seey 280,000 mahilaaen) aur 75,000 sthaaniya ikaaiyaan theen. sadasyata koo 28,000 prashikshakon key saath 3,800 nagrik raksha vidyaalayon mein prashikshit kiya gayaa thaa.
| reachsluftschutzbundz
reachsluftschutzbundz (rlb; "reach air protection leigh") naaji germaniyalli vasati pradeshagalalli mattu sanna udyamagalalli vayudaliya munneccharikegala ustuvaari vahisidda aresainika samstheyaagittu.
uddesha.
uddesha herman goring svayamprerita sanghavaagi aarr. ell. bii. yannu ayojisidaru. astitvadalliruva svayamsevakara vayudali munnechharikeya sanghagalannu aarr. ell. bii. yondige vileenagolisabekaayitu. samsthe aarr. ell. bii. yuu "corperschaft dess affentlichen rechts" (arey-svaayatta sarkaaretara samsthe) aayitu, aadare aadare idu naaji pakshada angasamstheyaayitu. eradane mahayuddhada antyada nantara mitraraashtragala shaktigalu aarr. ell. bii. yannu visarjisidavu. germany samyukta ganaraajyadalli adara uttaradhikariyu bundeswerband farr denne selbstschutz aagittu.
aarr. ell. bii. yuu vaayudaaligala viruddha nagarika jansankhyeya sthaliya swa-sahayakke agatyavaada nagarika raxana karyavidhanagalalli saamaanya german purusharu mattu mahileyarige sikshana mattu tarabeti needuva ustuvaariyannu hondittu. sthaliya mattavannu vayudaliya wardengala suttaloo rachisalaayitu mattu sanna modala madhyasthike tandagalalli nirvahisalaayitu. tarabetiyalli agnishamaka, rasayanika shastraastragala viruddha raksane, samvahana kaaryavidhaanagalu mattu vaayudaaligala viruddha manegalu mattu apartmentgala siddhate serive.
samsthe.
samsthe aarr. ell. bii. yalli sumaru 15 dasalaksha sadasyaru, 820,000 svayamsevaka kaaryakartaru (idaralli 280,000 mahileyaru) mattu 75,000 sthaliya ghatakagaliddavu. 28, 000 bodhakarugalondige 3,800 nagarika raxana shalegalalli sadasyatvakke tarabeti nidalaayitu.
| null | reichsluftschutzbund
reichsluftschutzbund (rlb; "reich air protection leag") hii nazi germanytil eka nimalashkari sanstha hotee jee nivasi bhagat aanee lahan vyavsayanmadhye havai hallyachya savadhgirichi jababdari sambhalate.
uddesh.
1933 madhye herman goring yanni swayamsevi sanghatana mhanoon aar. ell. bii. chey aayojan kele hote. vidyaman svayamsevak havai hallah khabardari sanghatananna aar. ell. bii. madhye villin karnyas bhag padale gele. 1939 madhye aar. ell. bii. hii 'corpershaft days offentlichen rects' (ardh-swayatt bigger-sarkari sanstha) bunley, tarr 1944 madhye tee nazi pakshachi sanlagn sanstha bunley. dusare mahayuddha sampalyanantar mitrarashtranni aar. ell. bii. visarjit kele. germanychya sanghiy prajasattakatil tyacha uttaradhikari bundesworband phara dayne selbstshootz hota.
havai hallyanviruddha nagri loksankhyechya sthanik swayam-madatichya moolbhut patalisathi aavashyak asalelya nagri sanrakshn prakriyanmadhye samanya german purush aanee mahilanna shikshit aanee prashikshan denyacha aar. ell. bii. chaa karyabhar hota. havai hallyachya wardenchya aaspas sthanik patalichi sthapana karnyat aalee aanee lahan pahilya hastakshep pathkanmadhye karyarat hotee. prashikshanamadhye agnishaman, rasayanik shastranpasun sanrakshn, dalanvalan prakriya aanee havai hallyanpasoon ghare aanee sadnika tayar karane yancha samavesh aahe.
sanghatana.
1939 saalee aar. ell. bii. chey sumare 15 dashalaksh sadasya, 820,000 svayamsevak padadhikari (jyapaiki 280,000 mahila) aanee 75,000 sthanik unit hote. 28, 000 prashikshakansah 3,800 nagri sanrakshn shalanmadhye sadasyatvasathi prashikshan denyat aale hote.
| reichsluftschutzbund
reichsluftschutzbund (rlb; "reich air protection ligg") nazi germanyko ek ardhasainik sangathan thiyo june awasiya kshetraharu rar sanah wyawasayaharuma hawai akraman sawadhaniharuko prabhari thiyo.
uddeshya.
sann 1933 maa herman goringle ek swaichik sanghako rupma arelbiko ayojana gareka thie. vidyaman swayamsewak hawai akraman sawadhani sanghaharu arelbisanga vilaya garna badhya bhae. sann 1939 maa rlb "corpersaft days offentlichen rects" (ardha-swayatta gaira-sarkari sangathan) banyo, jabki sann 1944 maa yo nazi partyko sambadha sangathan banyo. dosro wishwayuddhako antyapachhi sahayogi shaktiharule rlb wighatan gareka thie. germanyko sanghiya ganatantrama yasako uttaradhikari bundesbharband ferr dayne selbstsuitz thiyo.
rlb hawai akramanharu viruddha nagarik janasankhyako sthaniya swa-sahayatako adharbhut starka lagi awashyak nagarik raksha prakriyaharuma sadharan german purush rar mahilaharulai shikshit rar prashikshan dine prabhari thiyo. sthaniya star air redd wardenharuko waripari gathan garieko thiyo rar sanah pahilo hastakshep toliharuma sanchalan garieko thiyo. prashikshanma ago nibhaune, rasayanik hatiyarbata suraksha, sanchar prakriya rar hawai akramanbata ghar rar apartmentharuko tayari samawesh chha.
sangathan.
sann 1939 maa rlbka lagbhag 15 million sadasyaharu, 820,000 swayamsewak padadhikariharu (jasmadhye 280,000 mahila) rar 75,000 sthaniya ekaiharu thie. sadasyatalai 28 hazar prashikshaksahit 3,800 nagarik suraksha vidyalayaharuma talim diieko thiyo.
| reichsluftschutzbund
reichsluftschutzbund (rlb; "reicha eyaara protexon ligg") nazi germanyra eka ardhasamarika sangathana thila jaahaa abasic anchalare ebong chhot byabasai madhyare biman aakraman satarkata dajitware thila .
uddeshya.
1933 masihare herman goringnka dwara eka swechasebee sangathana bhabe aarr. ell. bii. ayojan karajaithila. barttamanara swechasebee eyaara redd satarkata sanghagudika rlb sahita mishiba paain badhya hoithile. 1939 masihare aarr. ell. bii. eka "corperschaft dee offentlichen rech" (ardha-swajangsasita anah-sarkari sangathana) ray parinata hoithila, jetebele 1944 masihare ehaa nazi partyra eka anubandhita sangathanare parinata hoithila. dwiteeja biswajudha shesh heba parey sahajogee shaktigudika dwara rlb bhangi jaithila. germany sangheeah ganarajyare ehara uttaradhikari thile bandesbharbanda pharr dayne selbstschutz.
biman aakraman biruddhare besamarika janasankhyara sthaniah swajang sahajaka moulika stara paain aabasyaka besamarika pratirakhya prakrijare sadharana german purush ebong mahilamananku sikhita ebong talim debara dajitwa rlb upare thila. sthaniah starare eyaara redd wardenka charipakhare gathan karajaithila ebong chhot pratham hastakhyepa squadre parichalita hoithila . ehi prashikhyanare agni nirbapaka karjya, rasajanika astrashastraru surakhya, jogajoga prakriya ebong biman aakraman biruddhare ghara ebong apartment prastuta kariba antarbhukta .
sangathana.
1939 masihare rlbr praiah 15 nijuta sadasya, 820,000 swechasebee karjyakarta (jeunthiru 280,000 mahila) ebong 75,000 sthaniah unit thila. sadasyata 28,000 prashikhyakanka sahita 3,800 besamarika pratirakhya bidyalajare talim diajaithila .
| rechsulftshootzbund
rechsulftshootzbund (rlb; "reech air protection leeg") naazi germany witch ikk aradh sainik sangathan see joe rihaishi khetran atey chhote karobaran witch havaai hamle deeaan savdhaniaan daa incharge see.
udesh.
aar. ail. bee. daa ayojan 1933 witch herman goring duaara ikk swaiichhuk association vajon keeta giaa see. maujuda volunteer havaai hamle dee savdhani sangathanan noon aar. ail. bee. witch milaun laee majbur keeta giaa see. sann 1939 witch aar. aill. bee. ikk "corpershaft days offentlican rachts" (aradh-khudmukhtiaar gair-sarkari sangathan) bann giaa, jadon kii 1944 witch ih naazi party naal sabandhat sangathan bann giaa. dooje vishav yuddh dey ant toon baad sehyogi shaktiaan duaara aar. ail. bee. noon bhang qarr ditta giaa see. germany dey sanghi ganraj witch iss daa uttradhikari bundesworband farr dayne salbustschuts see.
aar. ail. bee. havaai hamliaan dey virudh nagrik aabadi dee sathanak sway-sahaita dey buniaadi paddhar laee zaruri nagrik rakkhiaa prakiriaavan witch aam german mardan atey aurtan noon sikkhiat curran atey sikhlai denh daa incharge see. sathanak paddhar daa gathan havaai hamle dey warden dey aale-duaale keeta giaa see atey chhote pahile dakhalandazi dastiaan witch chalaiaa giaa see. sikhlai witch agg bujhauna, rasayanak hathiaaran toon surakhiaa, sanchar prakiriaavan atey havaai hamliaan dey virudh gharan atey apartmentan dee tiaari shamal haii.
sangathan.
sann 1939 witch aar. aill. bee. dey lagbhag 15 million member, 820,000 volunteer karkun (jinhan vicchon 280,000 aurtan sunn) atey 75,000 sathanak ikaiaan sunn. membership noon 28,000 instructoran dey naal 3,800 sival defence schoolan witch sikhlai ditti gaee see.
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reichsluftschutzbn
reachsluftschutzbn (aar. ell. bii.; "reech-vaayu-samrakshana-leag") nazi-germany-deshasya ardhasainika-samsthaa aasit, yaa aavaaseeyakshetreshu laghuvyaapaareshu cha vaayu-aakraman-saavadhaanataayaah prabhaari aasit.
uddeshyam.
aar. ell. bii. ityasya ayojanam herman goyaring ityanena 1933 tame varshe swaicchika-sangharupena krutam. vidyamaanaani svayamsevakaaha vaayu-aakraman-savadhana-sanghatanaah aar. ell. bii. ityanena saha vileeneekartum baadhyaah abhavan. 1939 tame varshe aar. ell. bii. "corpershaft des offentlichen rechts" (ardha-svaayatta-sarvakaareey-samsthaa) abhavat, 1944 tame varshe nazi-pakshasya sambaddh-samsthaa abhavat. dviteeyavishvayuddhasya samaapteh anantaram aar. ell. bii. mitrashaktyaa vighatitam. germany-deshasya sangheey-ganarajye asya uttaraadhikaari bandeswar-bend farr denn selbst-shutz aasit.
aar. ell. bee.-samsthaa, samanya-german-purushaanaam mahilanam krute, vaayu-aakramanasy viruddham nagarika-jananam sthaniya-swa-sahayasya moolastare avashyakanam nagarika-raksha-prakriyaasu shikshanm prashikshanm cha kartum adhiyata. vaayu-aakraman-rakshakanam paritah sthaniya-starasya nirmanam krutam, laghuvidyamaaneshu prathama-hastakshep-dastaasu cha karyam krutam. prashikshanasy madhye agni-yuddham, rasayanika-shastranam viruddham samrakshanam, sampreshana-prakriyaah, vaayu-akramananam viruddham gruhaanaam, nivasasthananam cha tayaareeh cha antarbhavanti.
samsthaa.
1939 tame varshe aar. ell. bii. ityasya praayah 15 dashalakshasadsyah, 820,000 svayamsevaka-karyani (yeshu 280,000 mahilaah aasan), 75,000 sthaniya-ghatakaani cha aasan. 28, 000 prashikshakaih saha 3,800 nagarikaraksha-vidyaalayeshu sadasyatvam prashikshitam aasit. |
reichsluftsuitspunds
reichsluftsuitspunds (rlb; "reech aer protection leak") enbathu naji germanyil ulla oru thunai raanuva amaippaagum, idhu kudiyiruppu pakuthikalilum siriya vanigangkalilum vimanath thaakkuthal munnecharikkai nadavadikkaikalukku poruppaagum.
noakkam.
rlp 1933 aam aandil herman cooring oru thannaarva sangamaaga aerpaadu seiyappattathu. tharpoothulla thannaarva vimaana thaakkuthal munnecharikkai sangangal aarr. ell. pii udan inaikka vaendiya kattaayam aerpattathu. 1939 aam aandil aarr. ell. pii oru "corbersoft tess öffentlichen redches" (arai thannatchi arasu saaraa amaippu) aanathu, athae neraththil 1944 aam aandil idhu naji katchiyin inaikappatta amaippaaga maariyathu. irandaam ulagap poar mudivadaintha piragu aarr. ell. pii. koottani sakthigalaal kalaikkappattathu. germanyin koottaatchi kudiyarasil adhan vaarisaana bundeswerband farr tenne selpstsuits irunththathu.
vimanath thaakkuthalkalukku ethiraaga ulloor makkalin adippadai alavilaana suya uthavikku thevaiyaana sivil paathukaappu nadaimuraigalil saathaarana jerman aangal mattrum penkalukku kalvi karpippatharkum payirchi alippatharkum aarr. ell. pii poruppaaka irunthaar. ulloor mattam vimaana thaakkuthal vaardangalaich suttri uruvaakkappattathu mattrum siriya muthal thalayeettu kuzhukkalaaga iyakkappattathu. thuppaakkich soodu, irasaayana aayuthangkalilirunthu paathukaappu, thagaval thodarbu nadaimuraigal mattrum vimanath thaakkuthalkalukku ethiraaga veedugal mattrum adukumadi kudiyiruppugalaith thayaarippathu aagiyavai payirchiyil adangkum.
amaippu.
1939ill aarr. ell. pii. yill sumar 15 million uruppinarkal, 820,000 thannaarvap paniyaalarkal (idhil 280,000 penkal) mattrum 75,000 ulloor alagugal irunththana. 28, 000 payittruvippaalarkaludan 3,800 sivil paathukaappu palligalil uruppinar payirchi alikkappattathu.
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reichsluftschutzbund
reichsluftschutzbund (rlb; "reach air protection leag") anedi naajii germanylo nivaasa praantaalalo mariyu chinna vyapaaraalalo vaimanika daadula jaagrattalaku baadhyata vahinche paramilitary samstha.
uddesam.
arlbni 1933loe herman goring swachchanda sanghamgaa nirvahinchaaru. ippatike unna swachchanda vaimanika daadi mundu jaagratta sanghaalu arlbto vileenam cheyavalasi vachindi. 1939loe rlb "corperschaft dess öffentlichen rechts" (pakshika-swayampratipatti kaligina prabhutvetara samstha) gaa maarindi, 1944loe idhi naajii party anubandha samsthagaa maarindi. rendava prapancha yuddham mugisina taruvaata mitraraajyaala saktulu arlbni raddu chesaayi. federal republic off germanylo daani varasudu bundeswerband pharr denne selbstshootz.
vaimanika daadulaku vyatiraekamgaa poura janabha yokka sthaanika swayam-sahaya praathamika sthaayiki avasaramaina poura rakshana vidhanalalo saadhaarana german purushulu mariyu mahilalaku vidya mariyu sikshana ichhe baadhyatanu rlb kaligi undhi. sthaanika sthaayini vaimanika daadi wardenla chuttoo erpaatu chesi, chinna modati jokya dalaalalo nirvahinchabadindi. sikshanalo agnimaapaka poraatam, rasayana aayudhaala nundi rakshana, samachara vidhanalu mariyu vaimanika daadula nundi illu mariyu apaartumentla tayari unnaayi.
samstha.
1939loe rlblo sumaru 15 millionla mandhi sabhyulu, 820,000 mandhi swachchanda kaaryakartalu (veerilo 280,000 mandhi mahilalu) mariyu 75,000 sthaanika unitlu undevi. 28, 000 mandhi bodhakulatho 3,800 poura rakshana paatasaalallo sabhyatvaaniki sikshana icchaaru.
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reech sulftischtzbund
reech sulftischtzbund (rlb vovo "reech aiyar protection leeg") naazi germani mein eek neem foji tanzim thee juu rehaishi elaqon aur chhotay karobaron mein fazayi hamlay kii ahtiyati tadabir kaa incharge thaa.
maqsad.
aar eel bee kaa ahtamam 1933 mein harman goring nay eek razakarana aisosi aishan kay toor parr kiyaa thaa. maujudah razakarana fazayi hamlay kii ahtiyati anjumanon kuu aar eel bee kay saath zam karnay parr majbur kiyaa gayaa. 1939 mein aar eel bee eek "corpershaft ddais affentlatchen rects" (neem khood mukhtar ghair sarkaari tanzim) bunn gayee jabkah 1944 mein yaha naazi paarti kii eek mansalk tanzim bunn gayee. dosri jung azeem kay khaatime kay baad itehadi taaqaton nay aar eel bee kuu tehlil kirr diyaa thaa. wafaqi jamhuria germani mein iss kaa jansheen bundsor bend farr deane selbustshotz thaa.
aar eel bee aam german mardon aur auraton kuu shehri dafayi tariqah kaar mein taleem deenay aur tarbiyat deenay kaa incharge thaa juu fazayi hamlon kay khalaaf shehri aabadi kii maqami khood madad kii bunyadi satah kay liye zaruri thaa. maqami satah kuu fazayi hamlay kay wardnon kay ard gird tashkil diyaa gayaa thaa aur chhotay pehley madakhilat kay daston mein kaam kiyaa gayaa thaa. tarbiyat mein aag bajhana kimiyayi hathiyaron say tahfuz mawasilati tariqah kaar aur fazayi hamlon kay khalaaf gharoon aur apartments kii tayari shaamil hay.
tanzim.
1939 mein aar eel bee kay taqriba 15 millin arakeen 820,000 razakar karknan (jinn mein 280,000 khwatin thein) aur 75,000 maqami akayiyan thein. rakniyat kuu 28,000 instructors kay saath 3,800 soul defense schoolon mein tarbiyat dee gayee thee. |
00057de380d570bb3b1b17f8d82b6c5c8ab5b619d75125a6b3faa597bc956685 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=51433892 | New Clark City Sports Hub |
New Clark City Sports Hub
Complex of sports facilities in Capas, Philippines
The New Clark City Sports Hub or the New Clark City Sports Complex (initially known as the Philippine Sports City or Philippine Olympic City) is a complex of sports facilities located inside the National Government Administrative Center of New Clark City in Capas, Tarlac.
History.
Development.
Before the administration of President Rodrigo Duterte, the Philippine Olympic Committee had previous plans to put up a national training center outside Metro Manila but talks to establish such facility did not have any significant progress. Duterte personally directed Philippine Sports Commission head, William Ramirez in 2016 to "take the lead" leading to Ramirez having talks with Executive Secretary Salvador Medialdea about plans for a replacement of the old Rizal Memorial Sports Complex in Manila. There was also an earlier plan in the 2000s to build a sports complex called the Philippine Olympic City in the Clark area, which was intended to be used as a venue for the 2005 Southeast Asian Games.
After the silver medal finish by Filipino weightlifter Hidilyn Diaz at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, the PSC bared plans to build the "Philippine Olympic City" at New Clark City.
Ramirez said that the sports hub, which would house national athletes and sports facilities, would be one of the primary attractions at the New Clark City, then still known as Clark Green City, and could be a possible main venue of the 2019 Southeast Asian Games which would be hosted by the country. Ramirez at that time projected that the sports complex would be open by 2018. The sports complex would have the Bases Conversion Development Authority (BCDA) as the primary involved body in its construction following a meeting between the PSC Board and BCDA president Vince Dizon.
The Philippine Sports Commission estimated that the project would cost between ₱ to ₱. A ₱ savings from the PSC could be used to partly finance the construction by the BCDA, a GOCC that developed the Clark and Subic as well as Villamor Air Base and Fort Bonifacio.
Construction.
Groundbreaking for the National Government Administrative Center (NGAC) as a whole was held on January 23, 2018 and actual construction started on March 15, 2018. The New Clark City Sports Hub forms a significant portion of the Phase 1A of the larger mixed-used government complex's development. Construction of the sports complex itself began on April 25, 2018, which was marked by a cement-pouring ceremony. Around 8,000 people were employed for the project with construction work done continuously or 24 hours a day, seven days a week.
The whole Phase 1A of the NGAC is targeted to be completed by October 2019. As of October 2018, the sports complex is already 30 percent complete. By November 2018, the projected completion of the sports complex was moved earlier to August 2019 with test events planned to be held at the venue from August to October 2019.
Following the 2019 Luzon earthquake, no damage was reported on the site of the sport's complex construction. By June 2019, the facility was 85 to 88 percent complete with most of the remaining work involved the area's landscaping.
The sports complex was 90 percent complete by July 2019 with the Athletics Stadium and Aquatic Center and was set to be completed by the end of August 2019.
Preparation.
The stadium was first used to host the final leg of the Philippine Athletics Track and Field Association weekly relay which was held on September 1, 2019 and the aquatic center for the 2019 Philippine Swimming National Open which began on August 31, 2019. Both events were qualifiers for Filipino athletes aiming to compete for their country in the 2019 Southeast Asian Games.
In the weekend of October 19 and October 20, 2019, the triathlon race event was held for the first time at the sports complex.
On October 26 and 27, 2019, the sports complex also held the test event of the 2019 Southeast Asian Games.
Future.
The BCDA announced its plans to construct additional sports facilities such as an indoor arena that can host indoor events such as basketball, as well as a lot reserved for outdoor sports such as shooting in a six-hectare area. It also announced plans to build other sports facilities for football, tennis, and cycling.
BCDA president Vince Dizon stated that the sports complex will privatize its maintenance and operations right after the SEA Games. Dizon explained that they wanted to privatize it to make the complex being well taken care of unlike being a government-run that became deteriorated. To avoid becoming a "white elephant", they follow the success stories of other world-class sports facilities (such as Singapore Sports Hub in Singapore, Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park in London and Sydney Olympic Park in Sydney). They also planned to turn the complex into a multi-purpose, similar to what London and Sydney did after their hosting of Summer Olympic Games respectively.
The sports complex will serve as the permanent home of the Filipino athletes and to be facilitated by the Philippine Sports Commission.
Architecture and design.
Local architecture firm, Budji + Royal Architecture + Design, were commissioned by the Bases Conversion Development Authority to work on the New Clark City Sports Hub. The firm collaborated with American urban planner and engineering firm AECOM. Architect Royal Pineda and interior designer Budji Layug of Budji + Royal are involved in the sports complex project. The design of the complex was inspired from the parol, a Filipino Christmas lantern. Most structures within the complex has a dark gray lahar finish as nod to the nearby Mount Pinatubo, a volcano.
Surbana Jurong, a Singaporean firm, also did consultation work regarding the design of the facilities. The sports complex was modeled by the firm after the Singapore Sports Hub.
Athletics Stadium.
The main stadium, which had its design was derived from Mount Pinatubo, had its posts and facade made from lahar or volcanic debris from the volcano. Its ringed roofline was made to resemble a crater and be defined by a series of curving canopies. The main facade or the main entrance is covered by glassframes. The stadium's pillars are painted orange to represent the local sunset.
Aquatic Center.
The Aquatic Center's design consist of a huge open shed with a prismatic roof similar to a parol made of capiz coating. The roofing is made from polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), a fiberglass material used for its lightweight property, durability, and weather resistance. The architects intends to cover the facility but still let natural light into its interior. At daytime, the architects intended the roof to resemble capiz windows used by old Philippine houses and has illumination designed to make the structure resemble a lit parol. The venue which hosts two swimming pools, a 10-lane Olympic pool and an 8-lane training pool. The 2,000-seater Aquatic Centre, which hosted the swimming, diving, and water polo competitions of the 2019 Southeast Asian Games, was built to be fully compliant with the global standards set by international aquatic governing body Fédération internationale de natation.
Tenants.
The New Clark City Sports Hub is located inside the National Government Administrative Center (NGAC) which also contains government buildings, government residences, a polyclinic and a commercial center. Located just across the NGAC, is the main campus of the National Academy of Sports which will complement the sporting facilities. It is expected to open in August 2021.
Events.
The New Clark City Sports Hub has hosted major sporting competition from sports organizations, private entities and government agencies.
References.
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| niu clerk chiti krira kendro
niu clerk chiti krira kendro baa niu clerk chiti krira complexes (prothomote philipine krira nogor baa philipine olympic sohor naamere jonajat) hoise rastriyo sorkaror notun clerk sohoror proxaxonik kendror bhitorot owosthito krira xubidhar ek complexes.
itihax.
unnoyon.
rastropoti rodrigu duterter proxaxonor purbe philipine olympic komitiye metro 'manilar bahirot ekhon rastriyo proxikhyon kendro sthaponor purbor porikolpona korisil jodiu ene xubidha sthaponor baabe huwa alusonar kunu ullekhjugyo ogrogoti huwa nasil. duterte byoktigotobhabe 2016 sonot philipine krira aayugor murobbi uilium ramirejok "netritwo lo" boloi "nirdex disil jaar folot ramireze manilat puroni rijal smarok krira complexor xoloni korar porikolponar bixoye karzobahi xosibo sabhadar medialdier xoite alusona korisil. 2000-ror doxokot clerk oncholot philipine olympic sohor naamor ekhon krira complexes nirmanor porikolponau aasil, jaak 2005 sonor dokhyin-pubo asier khelor sthan hisape byobohar korar uddesyo aasil.
brajilor rio "di jeneirut onusthito 2016 sonor grishmokalin olimpikot philipinu bharuttulok hidilyn diyaje rupali podok laabh korar pisot pi. ess. chi.-ye niu clerk chiti-too" philipine olympic chiti "nirmanor porikolpona korisil.
ramireze koichil je rastriyo kheluwoi aaru krira xubidha thoka krira kendrotu notun clerk sohoror onyotomo prathomik aakorxon hoh 'bob, ji tetiyau clerk green chiti naamere jonajat, aaru 2019 sonor dokhyin-pubo asier khelor ek xombhabyo mukhyo sthan hoh' bob paare jitu dexe aayujon koribo. xei xomoyot ramireze onuman korisil je krira complextu 2018 sonor bhitorot mukoli hoh 'bob. pi. ess. chi. bob' rd aaru bi. chi. di. e. ror xobhapoti bhincho daijonor maajot huwa boithokor pisot krira complextur nirmanot prathomik jorito xongstha hisape aadhar rupantor unnoyon kortripokhyo (bi. chi. di. e.) thakibo.
philipine krira aayuge onuman korisil je ei prokolpotur baabe 200 tokar bhitorot khoros hoh 'bob. pi. ess. chi. ror poraa huwa xonsoikhini bi. chi. di. e.-ror dwara nirmanor baabe angxikbhabe bittiyo xahajyo koriboloi byobohar koribo paari, jitu clerk aaru sabikor logote vilara biman ghaati aaru pho 'rt bonifesio' bikoxito koraa etaa go 'koo.
nirman.
2018 sonor 23 januaryt xomogro rastriyo sorkaror proxaxonik kendror (ngac) baabe aadharxila sthapon koraa hoisil aaru prokrito nirman 2018 sonor 15 marchot aarombho hoisil. notun clerk chiti krira kendrotuwe brihot misrito-byobohrito sorkari complexor unnoyonor 1e porzayor ek guruttopurno ongxo gothon kore. krira porikhetrotur nirman nijei 2018 sonor 25 aprilot aarombho hoisil, jitu cement dhaali diya onusthanor dwara sinhito koraa hoisil. prokolpotur baabe pray 8,000 lukok nijukti diya hoisil aaru nirontorbhabe baa dintut 24 ghonta, xoptahot xaat dinn nirmanor kaam koraa hoisil.
ngac-ror xomogro porzay 1e 2019 sonor octoboror bhitorot xompurno korar lokhyo nirdharon koraa hoise. 2018 sonor octoberoloike krira complextu itimodhye 30 xotangxo xompurno hoise. 2018 sonor novemboror bhitorot krira complexor purnotar prokolpo puronor xomoy aagotiya 2019 sonor aagostoloi sthanantorito koraa hoisil aaru 2019 sonor aagostor poraa octoberoloi ei sthanot porikhya onusthan onusthito korar porikolpona koraa hoisil.
2019 sonor lujon bhumikompor pisot, krirar jotil nirmanor sthanot kunu khyoti huwar khobor puwa nog "lo. 2019 sonor june maholoike ei xubidhatu 85ror poraa 88 xotangxo xompurno hoisil aaru baaki thoka besibhag kaam oncholtur bhu-drishyo rosonar xoite jorito aasil.
2019 sonor july maahor bhitorot athletics stadium aaru jolo kendror xoite krira complextu 90 xotangxo xompurno hoisil aaru 2019 sonor aagosto maahor xexor faale xompurno huwar kotha aasil.
prostuti.
stadiumkhon prothome 2019 sonor 1 septemborot onusthito philipine athletics trekk endo field ess "siyesyon xaptahik riler suranto porzay aaru 2019 sonor philipine suiming nesnel openor joliyo kendro aayujon koriboloi byobohar koraa hoisil, ji 2019 sonor 31 aagostot aarombho hoisil. duyuta event 2019 sonor dokhyin-pubo asier khelot nijor dexor hoi protidondita korar lokhyo raakhi philipinu kheluoixokolor baabe jugyota orjon koraa aasil.
19 octobor aaru 20 octobor, 2019-ror xoptahantot krira complexot prothombaror baabe triathlon res event onusthito hoisil.
2019 sonor 26 aaru 27 octoborot krira porixortuwe 2019 sonor dokhyin-pubo asier khelxomuhor porikhya protijugitau onusthito korisil.
bhobisyot.
bi. chi. di. e.-ye otirikto krira xubidha jene ek inned "ror erina nirmanor porikolpona ghuxona korisil jiye basketbolor dore inned" ror event aayujon koribo paare, logote choy hector oncholot swutingor dore baahiror krirar baabe bohutu xongrokhito koribo paare. ee football, tenis aaru cyclingor baabe onyanyo krira xubidha nirmanor porikolponau ghuxona korisil.
bcdar xobhapoti bhincho daijone koichil je krira complextuwe chi gamesor thik pisot iyar rokhyonabekhyon aaru karjyokolapxomuh byoktigotokoron koribo. daijone byakhya korisil je teuluke iyak besorkari koribo bisarisil jaate sorkare porisalito huwar biporite complextur bhaldore jotno luwa hoy. bogaa haati" huwar poraa haat xariboloi teuluke onyanyo biswomanor krira xubidhar xofolotar kahini onuxoron kore (jene xingapuror krira kendro, londonor quin elizabeth olympic park aaru sidneer sidney olympic park). teuluke ei complextuk ek bohumukhi porikhetroloi rupantorit korar porikolpona korisil, ji krome london aaru sidoniye grishmokalin olympic khelor aayujon korar pisot korar dore.
ei krira porikhetrokhone philipinu kheluoixokolor sthayi baxosthan hisape kaam koribo aaru philipine krira aayugor dwara iyak xohoj kori tulibo.
sthapotyo aaru design.
sthaniyo sthapotyo protisthan, budji + royel sthapotyo + design, notun clerk chiti krira kendrot kaam koriboloi aadhar rupantor unnoyon kortripokhyor dwara nijukto koraa hoisil. ei protisthane aamerikar nogor porikolponakari aaru obhijantrik protisthan ikomor xoite xohojugita korisil. sthopoti royel pineda aaru budji + royelor obhyontorin designor budji leig krira complexes prokolpotut jorito. complextur design philipinu khristomasor lalten perolor poraa onupranito hoisil. complextur bhitoror besibhag gathonir usoror aagneyogiri mount pinatubur faale mukh kori thokar baabe gaarh dhurar rongor laahar finiswo aase.
xingapuror etaa protisthan xurbana jurong-u xubidhar designor xondorbhot poramorxomulok kaam korisil. ei krira complextu companye xingapur krira kendror aadorxo hisape nirman korisil.
athletics stadium.
mool stadiumtur design mount pinatubur poraa luwa hoisil, iyar stombho aaru mukhmondol aagneyogirir laahar baa aagneyogirir dhongxaboxexor poraa nirmito aasil. iyar brittakar sador rekhatu etaa gohboror dore toiyar koraa hoisil aaru iyak keibatau bokro sador dwara xongyayito koraa hoisil. mool mukhmondol baa mool prowexdwartu kasor framor dwara abrito. stadiumkhonor stombhobur sthaniyo xurzastok protinidhitwo koriboloi komola rongor rong koraa hoise.
jolo kendro.
joloj kendror designot kepij aaworonore nirmito perolor dore etaa prismetik sador xoite etaa bixal mukoli sauni aase. sadtu politetraflo "ru ethylene (ptfe) ror poraa toiyar koraa hoy, jitu iyar paatol ujonor xompoti, dirghosthayita aaru botor protirudhor baabe byobohar koraa fiberglass xamogri. sthopotibidxokole ei xubidhatu dhaaki rakhiboloi bisare kintu tothapiu iyar bhitoroloi prakritik puhor xumabo diye. dinor xomoyot sthopotibidxokole sadtu puroni philipinor ghorbure byobohar koraa kepij khirikir dore huwatu bisarisil aaru gathonitu puhorere bhora perolor dore koriboloi alukxojjar byowostha koraa hoisil. ei sthanot dutaa suiming pull, etaa 10 lenor olympic pull aaru etaa 8 lenor proxikhyon pull aase. 2019 sonor dokhyin-pubo asier khelxomuhor xatur, diving aaru waatar poo "lo" protijugita aayujon koraa 2,000 aaxonor ei joloj kendrotu antohrastriyo joloj porisalona xongstha federation international di netexonor dwara nirdharito biswojonin mandondor xoite xompurnorupe xongotipurno hoh "boloi nirman koraa hoisil.
bharate.
notun clerk chiti krira kendrotu rastriyo sorkaror proxaxonik kendror (ngac) bhitorot owosthito zo 'too sorkari bhowon, sorkari baxosthan, etaa polyclinic aaru etaa banijyik kendrou aase. ngacr thik uporere owosthito, rastriyo krira academyr mool xibir ji krira xubidhaxomuhor poripurok hoh 'bob. 2021 sonor aagosto maahot iyak mukoli koraa hoh 'bob buli aaxa koraa hoise.
ghotonaxomuh.
notun clerk chiti krira kendroi krira xongstha, byoktigoto xongstha aaru sorkari xongsthar poraa guruttopurno krira protijugitar aayujon korise.
| neu clerk city sportasa haab
neu clerk city sportasa haab baa neu clerk city sportasa complexes (prathomikbhabe phillipine sportasa city baa phillipine olympic city naame porichito) holl jatiya sarkarer notun clerk shohorer proshashonik kendrer abhyantare abosthito krida subidhar ekti complexes.
itihas.
unnayan.
rashtrapati rodrigo duterte proshashoner agey, phillipine olympic komitir metro maniller baire ekti jatiya proshikkhon kendra sthaponer parikalpana chhilo kintu eyi dharaner subidha protisthar alochonar konao ullekhjoggo aggrogoti hoyney. duterte byaktigatabhabe 2016 saale phillipine krida kamishaner prodhan uilium ramirezke nirdesh diyechilen jey tini "netritto neen" jaar foley ramirez manilla purano rijal smritisoudho krida complexes protisthaponer parikalpana somporke nirbahi sachib salvadar medialdear saathe alochona korechen. 2000-err doshke clerk elaka phillipine olympic city naame ekti krida complexes nirmaner parikalpanao chhilo, jaa 2005 saaler dakkhin-purbo eshiya gameser sthan hisabe byabohar korar uddeshye koraa hoyechilo.
braziler reo dii generote 2016 grissokalin olympyke philipino varottolok hiddylene diazer roupyo podok samaptir porr, psc neu clerk sitite "phillipine olympic city" nirmaner parikalpana korechilo.
ramirez bollen jey, krida kendra, jekhane jatiya kridavid ebong krida subidha thakbe, notun clerk shohorer onnotomo prodhan akarshan hobey, jaa tokhono clerk grin city naame porichito chhilo ebong 2019 saaler dakkhin-purbo eshiya gameser ekti sombhabbo prodhan sthan hotey paare jaa desh dwara ayojit hobey. ramirez tokhon anuman korechilen jey 2018 saaler modhye krida complexty khola hobey. psc board ebong bcda sabhapati vins diazoner modhye ekti boithoker porey err nirmane prathomik jorito sangostha hisabe krida complexe bases rupantar unnayan kortripokkho (bcda) thakbe.
phillipine krida kamishana anuman korechilo jey eyi prokolpe kharach hobey 200 tucker modhye. pii. esha. shee theke ekti sanchaya bcda dwara angshikbhabe nirmaner orthayone byabohar koraa jete paare, ekti gock jaa clerk ebong sabik pashapashi vilamor biman ghanti ebong phorta bonifasio toiri korechilo.
nirman.
samogrikbhabe jatiya sarkarer proshashonik kendrer (ngac) vitti prostor 23shhey januari, 2018-ayee onusthito hoyechilo ebong prokrito nirman 15ee march, 2018-ayee shuru hoyechilo. notun clerk city sportasa haab brihottor mishra-byabohrito sarkari complexer unnoyoner unnoyoner porjayer ekti ullekhjoggo ongsho gathon korey. krida complexer nirman kaaj shuru hoy 2018 saaler 25shhey april, jaa ekti cement-ddhala anusthaner madhyome chinnito koraa hoyechilo. eyi prokolper jonno pray 8,000 lokke nijukto koraa hoyechilo ebong nirman kaaj kromagoto baa diney 24 ghanta, saptahe shaat deane koraa hoto.
2019 saaler octoborer modhye ngac-rawr puro 1ayee porjayer kaaj shesh korar lakkhyamatra nirdharan koraa hoyeche. 2018 saaler octobor porjonto, krida complexty itimodhyei 30 shotangsho somponno hoyeche. 2018 saaler novemborer modhye, krida complexer anumanik samapti august 2019-ayee sthanantorito koraa hoyechilo ebong 2019-err august theke octobor porjonto vennute porikkhar eventguli onusthito howar parikalpana koraa hoyechilo.
2019 saaler luzon bhumikamper porr, kheladhular jotil nirmaner jaiga konao khayakkhatir khobor pawa yayni. 2019 saaler june maaser modhye, eyi subidhati 85 theke 88 shotangsho sampurna hoyechilo ebong aboshishto beshirbhag kaaj elakar bhudrishyer saathe jorito chhilo.
athletics stadium ebong joloj kendra soho krida complexty 2019 saaler julaier modhye 90 shotangsho sampurna hoyechilo ebong 2019 saaler auguster shesher dike shesh howar kotha chhilo.
prostuti.
stadiumti prothom phillipine athletics track anned field association saptahik reele-err chudanta porber ayojan korte byabohrito hoyechilo jaa 1laa septembara, 2019-ayee onusthito hoyechilo ebong 2019 phillipine saantaar jatiya open-err jonno joloj kendra jaa 31shhey august, 2019-ayee shuru hoyechilo. ubhoy eventyi philipino kridavidder jonno jogyata orjon korechilo jaa 2019-err dakkhin-purbo eshiya gamese taader desher hoye protidwondita korar lakkhya niyechilo.
19shhey octobor ebong 20shhey octobor, 2019-err saptahante, krida complexe prothombarer moto triathlon reesa event onusthito hoyechilo.
26 oo 27shhey octobor, 2019-ayee, sportasa complexes 2019-err dakkhin-purbo eshiya gameser test eventero ayojan korey.
bhabishyat.
bcda ekti indor erina jemon atirikto krida subidha nirmaner parikalpana ghoshana koreche jaa basketbaler moto indor eventer pashapashi chhoy hector elaka shutingyer moto bahirangan kridar jonno onek kichhu sanrakkhito korte paare. etty football, tennis ebong cyclingyer jonno anyanno krida subidha nirmaner parikalpanao ghoshana koreche.
bcda-rawr sabhapati vins diazon bolechen jey, krida complexty samudrer khelar porei taar rakkhanabekkhan oo karjokrom besarkarikaran korbe. diazon byakhya korechilen jey taaraa etike besarkarikaran korte cheyechilo jaate sarkar porichalito abonotishil howar biporite complextir vall jotno neoa hoy. saadaa haati" haoya edate, taaraa anyanno bishwomaner krida subidhar safalyer golpo anusaran korey (jemon singapur singapur krida kendra, londoner quin elizabeth olympic park ebong sidneyr sidney olympic park). taaraa eyi complextike ekti bahumukhi porisore porinoto korar parikalpana korechilo, jaa jothakrome london ebong sidney grissokalin olympic games ayojoner porey korechilo.
eyi krida complexes philipino kridavidder sthayi basosthan hisabe kaaj korbe ebong phillipine krida kamishana dwara sahajtara hobey.
sthapotto oo naksha.
sthaniya sthapotto sangostha, budji + rajakiya sthapotto + naksha, notun clerk city sportasa haber kaaj korar jonno bases rupantar unnayan kortripokkho dwara kamishana koraa hoyechilo. sangosthati american nogor porikolponabid ebong engineering sangostha ecomer saathe sahojogita koreche. sthopoti rajakiya pineda ebong budji + rajakiya abhyantar nakshakar budji leigh krida complexes prokolper saathe jorito. complexer nakshati philipino chrismus lanthan parol theke anupranito hoyechilo. complexer modhye beshirbhag kathamor ekti gaadh dhusar lalar samapti royeche jaa nikatbarti agneygiri pinatubo porboter dike nirdesh korey.
singapur ekti sangostha surbana jurongo eyi subidhagulir naksha somporke poramorshomulok kaaj korechilo. singapur sportasa haber onukorone eyi sangosthati sportasa complexty toiri korechilo.
athletics stadium.
prodhan stadiumtir naksha chhilo pinatubo porboto theke, err khunti ebong sammukhbhag chhilo agneygirir lahar baa agneygirir dhongshaboshesh theke toiri. err brittakar chhadrekhati ekti gorter moto toiri koraa hoyechilo ebong etty ekadhik bankano chhaad dwara sangyayita koraa hoyechilo. prodhan sammukhbhag baa prodhan probeshdwarti kacher frame dwara abrito. stadiumer stambhaguli sthaniya surjaster protinidhitto korar jonno komla ronge rongo koraa hoyeche.
joloj kendra.
joloj kendrer naksha ekti bishal khola shade royeche jaar chhaad prismatic jaa capiz aboron diye toiri ekti paroler moto. chhadti politetrafluoroethylene (ptfe) theke toiri koraa hoy, jaa ekti fiberglass upadan jaa taar halka ojoner baisishtya, sthayitto ebong abhawa protirodher jonno byabohrito hoy. sthopotira eyi subidhati ddheke rakhte chaan kintu tobuo prakritik aloke err abhyantare probesh korte deena. diner belaay, sthopotira chhadti purano phillipiner badigulir dwara byabohrito capiz janalar anurup korte cheyechilen ebong kathamoti ekti alokito paroler anurup korar jonno aloksajja koraa hoyeche. eyi vennute duti suiming pull, ekti 10-lener olympic pull ebong ekti 8-lener proshikkhon pull royeche. 2, 000 asoner eyi joloj kendroti, jaa 2019 saaler dakkhin-purbo eshiya gameser saantaar, diving ebong watter pollo protijogitar ayojan korechilo, antorjatik joloj porichalona sangostha phedareshana international dii natation dwara nirdharito baishwik mangulir saathe sampurnarupe sangatipurna howar jonno nirmito hoyechilo.
bhadate.
notun clerk city sportasa habti jatiya sarkari proshashonik kendrer (ngac) vitore abosthito, jekhane sarkari bhobon, sarkari basbhobon, ekti polyclinic ebong ekti banijyik kendrao royeche. ngac-rawr thhik opare abosthito, jatiya krida academyr prodhan campus jaa krida subidhar poripurok hobey. etty 2021 saaler auguste khola hobey boley aasha koraa hachche.
ghotonaboli.
notun clerk city sportasa haab krida sangostha, besarkari sangostha ebong sarkari sangosthagulir kachh theke borh krida protijogitar ayojan koreche.
| navoo clark ciity sports hub
nyu clark ciity sports hub athavaa nyu clark ciity sports complexes (sharuaatmaa phillipine sports ciity athavaa phillipine olympic ciity tareeke odakhaatu) aee capass, tarlekma navaa clark cityna raashtriy sarkaarnaa vahivati kendrani andar stheet ramatgamat suvidhaaonu aek sankul chhe.
itihas.
vikaas.
rashtrapati rodrigo dutertenaa vaheevat pahelaa, phillipine olympic sameetiae metro manilani bahaar raashtriy taaleem kendra sthaapavaani agaauni yojnaao banaavi hatee parantu aavee suveedha sthaapit karvaanee vataghatoma koee nondhpaatra pragatee thaee naa hatee. duterte vyaktigat reete reete phillipine sports commissionna vadaa veeliyam ramirezne "aagevani levaa" nirdesh aapyo hato, jenaa kaarane ramireze kaarykaari sacheev salvador medialdia saathe manilaamaa junaa rizzle memorial sports complexene badalvani yojnaa vishe vaatchit curry hatee. hatee daykama clark vistaarmaa phillipine olympic ciity tareeke odakhaata ramatgamat sankulnu nirmaan karvaanee agaauni yojnaa pann hatee, jeno upyog upyog dakshinpurv aeshiyan ramato maatena sthal tareeke karvaano hato.
braazilnaa riyo dii janeiroma janeiroma unaalu olympicma philipino waitlifter hiddlin diaz dwara rajat chandrak melvyaa pachhi, pii. aesa. see. aee navaa clark shaherma "phillipine olympic shaher" banaavvaani yojnaa banaavi hatee.
ramireze janaavyu hatoo keey ramatgamatnu kendra, jemaa raashtriy ramatveero aneey ramatgamatni suveedhao hashe, teey navaa clark cityna praathmeek aakarshanomanu aek hashe, jeey teey samaye pann clark green ciity tareeke odakhaatu hatoo, aneey 2019 dakshinpurv aeshiyan ramatonu sambhaveet mukhya sthal hoi shake chhe, jenu aayojan desh dwara karvaamaa aavashe. teey samaye ramireze andaaj mookyo hato keey ramatgamat sankul 2018 sudhimaa khullu raheshe. psc booard aneey bcdana pramukh wins diazen vachcheni bethak baad tenaa nirmanma praathmeek saamel sanstha tareeke ramatgamat sankulma bays conversion development authority (bii. see. dii. aee.) hashe.
phillipine sports kamishne andaaj mookyo hato keey aaa projectno kharch 200 carode vachche thashe. pii. aesa. see. maanthi thatee bachatno upyog bii. see. dii. aee. dwara bandhkam maate aansheek reete nanankeey sahaay maate thaee shake chhe, jeey aek goqa chhe jene clark aneey sabik temaj vilamore air bays aneey phorta bonifaciono vikaas karyo hato.
bandhkam.
samagr raashtriy sarkari vahivati kendra (aena. jee. aee. see.) maate 23 january, april roj groundbreaking yojaayu hatoo aneey vaastavik bandhkam 15 march, april roj sharoo thayu hatoo. navoo clark ciity sports hub motaa mishra-vaparaayel sarkari sankulnaa vikasna tabakka tabakka nondhpaatra bhaag banaave chhe. ramatgamat sankulnu bandhkam pote 25 april, april roj sharoo thayu hatoo, jeey cement redvana samaroh dwara chinhit karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. aaa project maate lagbhag 8,000 lokone rojgaari aapvama aavee hatee, jemaa satat athavaa divasnaa 24 kalaak, athvadiyana saat divas bandhkamnu kaama karvaamaa aavtu hatoo.
aena. jee. aee. see. noow aakho tabakko 1aee october 2019 sudhimaa purn karvaano lakshyank chhe. october 2018 sudhimaa, ramatgamat sankul pahelethee jaj 30 takaa purn thaee gayoo chhe. november 2018 sudhimaa, ramatgamat sankulni andajit purnataane agau august august khasedvama aavee hatee, jemaa augustthi october 2019 sudhee sthal parr parikshan kaarykramo yojvaanu aayojan karvaamaa aavyu hatoo.
october luzon bhookamp pachhi, ramatnaa jatil bandhkamna sthal parr koee nuksan thayu naa hatoo. juuna 2019 sudhimaa, aaa suveedha 85 thee 88 takaa purn thaee gaee hatee aneey baakinaa motabhagna kaammaan vistaarni landscapping saamel hatee.
julai 2019 sudhimaa ramatgamat sankul 90 takaa purn thayu hatoo aneey athletics stadium aneey jala kendra august october anta sudhimaa purn thavaanu hatoo.
taiyari.
aaa stadiumno upyog saupratham phillipine athletics track anned filled association saaptaahik reelena anteem tabakkaane aayojit karvaa maate karvaamaa aavyo hato, jeey 1 september, october roj yojaayo hato aneey 2019 phillipine swimming national open maate jala kendra jeey 31 august, october roj sharoo thayu hatoo. banne spardhao philipino athlets maate qualifier hatee, jeey jene dakshinpurv aeshiyan ramatomaa temnaa desh maate spardhaa karvaanu lakshya raakhe chhe.
19 october aneey 20 october, october saptaahnaa ante, triathlon reesa event pratham vakhat sports complexemaa yojai hatee.
26 aneey 27 october, october roj, ramatgamat sankulma jene dakshinpurv aeshiyan ramatoni test event pann yojai hatee.
bhavishya.
bii. see. dii. aee. aee indor erena jevee vadhaaraani ramatgamat suveedhao oobhi karvaanee tenee yojnaaoni jaaherat curry hatee, jeey basketball jevee indor spardhaaonu aayojan curry shake chhe, temaj chh hector vistaarmaa shooting jevee outdoor ramato maate ghanee badhee anaamat chhe. tene football, tennis aneey cycling maate anya ramatgamat suveedhao banaavvaani yojnani pann jaaherat curry hatee.
bii. see. dii. aee. naa pramukh wins diazone janaavyu hatoo keey ramatgamat sankul dariyai ramato pachhi tarat jaj tenee jaalvani aneey kaamgirinu khangikaran karashe. diazone samjaavyu keey teo tenu khangikaran karvaa maage chhe jethee sarkaar dwara sanchaalit sankulni saaree reete sambhaal rakhvama aave, jeey bagadatu jaay tenaathi vipareet. safed haathee" banvaanu taalvaa maate, teo anya vishva kakshani ramatgamat suveedhao (jaim keey singaporma singapore ramatgamat kendra, londonma raanee elizabeth olympic paark aneey sidneyma sidnee olympic paark) nee safaltani vaartaaone anusare chhe. teoae aaa sankulne bahuhetukma feravavani pann yojnaa banaavi hatee, jeey london aneey sidneeae anukrame unaalu olympic ramatoni yajmani pachhi karyoo hatoo.
aaa ramatgamat sankul philipino ramatvironaa kaayamee ghar tareeke kaama karashe aneey phillipine ramatgamat aayog dwara tene suveedha aapvama aavashe.
sthapatya aneey design.
sthaaneek sthapatya pedhhi, badji + royal architecture + design, neey navaa clark ciity sports hub parr kaama karvaa maate bays conversion development authority dwara kaaryarat karvaamaa aavee hatee. pedhhiae american shaheri aayojak aneey ijneri pedhhi ecom saathe sahyog karyo hato. architect royal pineda aneey budji + royalnaa interior designer budji leyug sports complexes projectmaa saamel chhe. sankulni rachnaa philipino natalna fanas, perolthi prereet hatee. sankulni andarni motabhagni rachnaaomaa najiknaa mount pinatubo, aek jwalamukhini taraf vadvaa maate gheraa bhukharaa rangnee laahar purnahuti chhe.
singaporni pedhhi surbaanaa juronge pann suveedhaoni rachnaa ange paramarsh kaary karyoo hatoo. aaa ramatgamat sankulnu nirmaan kampani dwara singapore ramatgamat kendrana aadhare karvaamaa aavyu hatoo.
athletics stadium.
mukhya stadium, jenee design pinatubo parvat parthee levaamaa aavee hatee, tenee thambhalaao aneey ravesh jwalamukhina lahaar athavaa jwalamukhina katmalmathi banavvama aavyaa hataa. tenee vintivali chhatni rekhaa khaada jevee jaj banavvama aavee hatee aneey tene valaankvaadi chhatni shrenee dwara vyakhyayit karvaamaa aavee hatee. mukhya ravesh athavaa mukhya praveshdwaar kaachnee framethi dhankayelu chhe. sthaaneek suryaastnu pratinidhitva karvaa maate stadiumna stambhone narangi rangthi rangvaamaa aavyaa chhe.
jala kendra.
jala kendrani rachnaamaa capies kotingthi banelaa perol jevee prismatic chhat saathe vishaal khulli shadeno samaavesh thaay chhe. chhat polytetrafluoroathylene (ptfe) maanthi banavvama aave chhe, jeey fiber glass samagri chhe jeno upyog tenaa hadvaa vajanaa gunadharm, takaaupanu aneey havaman pratikaar maate thaay chhe. architects aaa suvidhaane aavari levaano irado dharaave chhe parantu tema chhataa tenaa aantarik bhagma koodarti prakashne aavvaa deey chhe. divasnaa samaye, architectsno irado hato keey chhat phillipine junaa gharo dwara upyogmaa levaati capies baareeo jevee hoya aneey temaa prakaash hoya chhe jethee maalakhu prakashit perol jevu baney. aaa sthal beey swimming pull, 10-leena olympic pool aneey 8-leena taaleem poolnu aayojan karey chhe. 2, 000 bethakoni jala kendra, jene jene dakshinpurv aeshiyan ramatoni swimming, diving aneey water pooloo spardhaaonu aayojan karyoo hatoo, teey aantarrashtriy jala sanchaalit sanstha federation international dii natation dwara nirdharit vaishvik dhoranonu sampoorn paalan karvaa maate banavvama aavyu hatoo.
bhaaduto.
navoo clark ciity sports hub raashtriy sarkari vahivati kendra (aena. jee. aee. see.) nee andar aavelu chhe, jemaa sarkari imaarato, sarkari rahethaano, aek polyclinic aneey aek vyaapaari kendra pann chhe. aena. jee. aee. see. nee bajuma jaj stheet, raashtriy ramatgamat akaadameenu mukhya parisar chhe jeey ramatgamatni suvidhaaone purak banashe. teey august august khulshe tevee apeksha chhe.
ghatanao.
navaa clark ciity sports habmaa ramatgamat sansthao, khangi sansthao aneey sarkari agencyo tarafthi motee ramatgamat spardhaaonu aayojan karvaamaa aavyu chhe.
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nayaa clark shahar khel kendra
nayaa clark shahar khel kendra yaa nayaa clark shahar khel parisar (shuru mein phillippeans khel shahar yaa phillippeans olympic shahar key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye) capas, tarlack mein nae clark shahar key rashtriya sarkari prashaasnik kendra key ander sthit khel suvidhaon kaa ack parisar haye.
itihas.
vikas.
rashtrapati rodrigo duterte key prashaasan seey pahale, phillippeans olympic samiti kii metro manila key baahar ack rashtriya prashikshan kendra sthaapit karane kii pichhali yojana thee, lekin aisee suvidha sthaapit karane key liye baatchit mein koee mahatvapurna pragati naheen hui thee. duterte ney vyaktigat roop seey 2016 mein phillippeans khel aayog key pramukh villium ramirez koo "netritva karane" kaa nirdesh diyaa, jisase ramirez ney manila mein puraane rizzle smaarak khel parisar key pratisthaapan kii yojana key baare mein karyakari sachiv salvador medialdia key saath baatchit kii. 2000 key dashak mein clark kshetra mein philipine olympic shahar naamak ack khel parisar banaane kii bhee yojana thee, jiska upayog 2005 key dakshin poorv asiai khelon key liye ack sthal key roop mein kiya jaanaa thaa.
brazil key riyo dee janeiro mein 2016 key grishmakaaleen olympic mein philipino bharottolak hiddlin diaz dwara rajat padak samaapt honey key baad, psc ney nae clark shahar mein "philipine olympic shahar" banaane kii yojana banaai.
ramirez ney kahaa kii khel kendra, jisamen rashtriya khilaadi aur khel suvidhaaen hongi, nae clark shahar mein praathamik akarshanon mein seey ack hoga, jise taba bhee clark green city key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, aur 2019 key dakshin poorv asiai khelon kaa ack sambhaavit mukhya sthal hoe sakata haye, jisaki mejbani desh dwara kii jaayegi. usa samay ramirez ney anuman lagaaya thaa kii khel parisar 2018 taka khula hoga. khel parisar mein pee. aiss. see. board aur bee. see. dee. aeye. adhyaksh wins diason key beach ack baithak key baad isake nirmaan mein praathamik shamil nikaay key roop mein aadhar roopaantaran vikas pradhikaran (bee. see. dee. aeye.) hoga.
phillippeans khel aayog ney anuman lagaaya kii iss pariyojana parr lagbhag 200 rupaye kii laagat aaegi. pee. aiss. see. seey ack bachat kaa upayog bee. see. dee. aeye. dwara nirmaan key liye aanshik roop seey vittaposhan key liye kiya jaa sakata haye, ack gock jisane clark aur sabik key saath-saath vilamore air bases aur fort bonifacio vikasit kiya.
nirmaan.
rashtriya sarkaar key prashaasnik kendra (aine. jee. aeye. see.) key liye samagr roop seey 23 janwari, 2018 koo groundbreaking aayojit kii gaee thee aur vaastavik nirmaan 15 march, 2018 koo shuru huaa thaa. nayaa clark city sports hubb badey mishrit-upayog kiye gaye sarkari parisar key vikas key charan 1aeye kaa ack mahatvapurna hissa haye. khel parisar kaa nirmaan 25 aprail, 2018 koo shuru huaa thaa, jise cement daalane key samaroh dwara chihnit kiya gayaa thaa. pariyojana key liye lagbhag 8,000 logon koo kaam parr rakhaa gayaa thaa aur nirmaan kaary lagaatar yaa dinn mein 24 ghante, saptah mein saat dinn kiya jaataa thaa.
aine. jee. aeye. see. key poore charan 1aeye. koo octuber 2019 taka puuraa karane kaa lakshya haye. octuber 2018 taka, khel parisar pahale seey hii 30 pratishat puuraa hoe chuka haye. navambar 2018 taka, khel parisar key anumaanit puuraa honey koo agast 2019 mein sthanantarit curr diyaa gayaa thaa, jisamen agast seey octuber 2019 taka ayojan sthal parr aayojit honey vaale pareekshan karyakramon kii yojana banaai gaee thee.
2019 key luzon bhookamp key baad, khel key jatil nirmaan sthal parr koee nuksan kii soochana naheen millie thee. juuna 2019 taka, yeh suvidha 85 seey 88 pratishat poori hoe gaee thee aur shesh adhikansh kaam kshetra key bhunirman seey judaa huaa thaa.
athletics stadium aur jaleey kendra key saath khel parisar julaai 2019 taka 90 pratishat puuraa hoe gayaa thaa aur agast 2019 key anta taka puuraa honey vaalaa thaa.
taiyari.
stadium kaa upayog pahali baar phillippeans athletics track aind feeled association saptahik rille key antim charan kii mejbani key liye kiya gayaa thaa joe 1 sitambar, 2019 koo aayojit kiya gayaa thaa aur 2019 phillippeans tairaki rashtriya open key liye jaleey kendra joe 31 agast, 2019 koo shuru huaa thaa. donon karyakram philipino athletes key liye qualifier they jinka lakshya 2019 dakshin poorv asiai khelon mein apane desh key liye pratispardha karna thaa.
19 octuber aur 20 octuber, 2019 key saptahant mein, triathlon daud karyakram pahali baar khel parisar mein aayojit kiya gayaa thaa.
26 aur 27 octuber, 2019 koo khel parisar ney 2019 key dakshin poorv asiai khelon kaa pareekshan karyakram bhee aayojit kiya.
bhavishya.
bee. see. dee. aeye. ney ack indor kshetra jaisi atirikt khel suvidhaon key nirmaan kii apani yojanaon kii ghoshana kii joe basketball jaise indor karyakramon kii mejbani curr sakati haye, saath hii saath chhah-hectare kshetra mein shooting jaise outdoor khelon key liye bahut kuchh aarakshit haye. isane football, tennis aur cycling key liye anya khel suvidhaon key nirmaan kii yojana kii bhee ghoshana kii.
bee. see. dee. aeye. key adhyaksh wins diason ney kahaa kii khel parisar samudri khelon key turant baad apane rakharkhaav aur sanchaalan kaa nijikaran karega. diason ney samajhaaya kii way iska nijikaran karna chaahte they taaki sarkaar dwara sanchaalit honey key vipareet parisar kii achchi tarah seey dekhbhal kii jaa sakey joe bigad gayaa. safed haathi" banane seey bachane key liye, way anya vishva stariya khel suvidhaon (jaise singapur mein singapur khel kendra, landan mein queen elizabeth olympic park aur sidney mein sidney olympic park) kii safalata kii kahaaniyon kaa anusaran karate hain. unhone parisar koo ack bahuuddeshiya parisar mein badalane kii bhee yojana banaai, jaisa kii landan aur sidney ney kramshah grishmakaaleen olympic khelon kii mejbani key baad kiya thaa.
khel parisar philipino khilaadiyon key sthaayi ghar key roop mein kaam karega aur phillippeans khel aayog dwara isaki suvidha pradaan kii jaayegi.
vastukala aur design.
sthaaniya vastukala firm, badji + shaahi vastukala + design, koo nae clark shahar khel kendra parr kaam karane key liye aadhar roopaantaran vikas pradhikaran dwara commission kiya gayaa thaa. firm ney americi shahari yojnakar aur engineering firm acom key saath sahyog kiya. khel parisar pariyojana mein vastukar shaahi pineda aur interior designer badji + shaahi shamil hain. parisar kaa design parol, ack philipino chrismus lalten seey prerit thaa. parisar key bheetar adhikansh sanrachanaon mein paas key mount pinatubo, ack jwalamukhi key liye ack gahare bhoore rung kaa lahar finish haye.
singapur kii ack firm surbana jurong ney bhee suvidhaon key design key sambandh mein paramarsh kaary kiya. khel parisar koo singapur khel kendra key baad firm dwara model kiya gayaa thaa.
athletics stadium.
mukhya stadium, jiska design mount pinatubo seey liya gayaa thaa, key stambh aur mukhauta jwalamukhi seey lahar yaa jwalamukhiya malabe seey baney they. isaki ghumaavdaar chhat koo ack gaddhe key samaan banaaya gayaa thaa aur ise ghumaavdaar chhaton kii ack shrinkhala dwara paribhaashit kiya gayaa thaa. mukhya mukh yaa mukhya pravesh dwaar kaanch key frame seey dhakaa huaa haye. stadium key stambhon koo sthaaniya suryast kaa pratinidhitva karane key liye narangi rung seey rangaa gayaa haye.
jaleey kendra.
jaleey kendra key design mein capiz coating seey baney parol key samaan ack vishal khule shade key saath ack prismatic chhat hoti haye. chhat polytetrafluoroethylene (ptfe) seey banaai gaee haye, joe ack fiber glass samagri haye jiska upayog isaki halki sampatti, sthaayitva aur mausam pratirodh key liye kiya jaataa haye. vastukar iss suvidha koo cover karane kaa irada rakhate hain lekin phir bhee isake aantarik hisse mein praakritik prakaash aaney dete hain. dinn mein, vastukaron kaa irada chhat koo puraane phillippeans key gharon dwara upayog kii jaane vaali capiz khidakiyon key samaan banaana thaa aur isamen roshni haye taaki sanrachana koo ack prakaash parol key samaan banaaya jaa sakey. yeh sthaan dou tarann taal, ack 10-laine olympic pool aur ack 8-laine prashikshan pool kii mejbani kartaa haye. 2, 000 seeton vaalaa jaleey kendra, jisane 2019 key dakshin poorv asiai khelon kii tairaki, gotakhori aur jall polo pratiyogitaon kii mejbani kii thee, koo antarrashtriya jaleey shaasi nikaay federation international dee natation dwara nirdhaarit vaishvik manakon key saath poori tarah seey anupaalan karane key liye banaaya gayaa thaa.
kirayedar.
nayaa clark shahar khel kendra rashtriya sarkari prashaasnik kendra (aine. jee. aeye. see.) key ander sthit haye jisamen sarkari bhawan, sarkari awas, ack polyclinic aur ack vaanijyik kendra bhee shamil haye. aine. jee. aeye. see. key thheek paar sthit, rashtriya khel akadami kaa mukhya parisar haye joe khel suvidhaon kaa poorak hoga. isake agast 2021 mein khulane kii ummeed haye.
ghatanaaen.
nae clark shahar key khel kendra ney khel sangathanon, niji sansthaon aur sarkari agencies seey pramukh khel pratiyogitaon kii mejbani kii haye.
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hosa clark city creeda kendra
nyoo clark city sports hub athawa nyoo clark city sports complexes (aarambhadalli phillipine sports city athawa phillipine olympic city endu kareyalaaguttittu) embudu rashtriya sarkaarada aadalita kendravaada hosa clark city, capas, tarlachnalliruva creeda soulabhyagala sankirnavagide.
itihaasa.
abhivruddhi.
adhyaksha rodrigo duterte avara aadalitada modalu, phillipine olympic samitiyu metro manilaada horage rashtriya tarabeti kendravannu sthaapisuva hindina yojanegalannu hondittu aadare antaha soulabhyavannu sthaapisuva matukategalalli yaavude gamanarha pragatiyiralilla. manilaadallina haleya rijal smaaraka creeda sankirnavannu badalisuva yojanegala bagge karyanirvahaka karyadarshi salvador medialdia avarondige ramirej matukate nadesalu kaaranavaaguvante phillipine creeda aayogada mukhyastha vilium ramirez avarige duterte vaiyaktikavagi 2016 ralli nirdeshana niididaru. 2000dha dasakadalli clark pradeshadalli phillipine olympic nagara emba creeda sankirnavannu nirmisuva hindina yojaneyoo ittu, idannu 2005rahra agneya eshyaada kridaakootada sthalavagi balasalu uddeshisalaagittu.
brazilna reo dii janeerodalli nadeda 2016rahra besige olympicsnalli philipino waitlifter hiddlin diaz belli padaka gedda nantara, psc nyoo clark cityalli "phillipine olympic city" annu nirmisuva yojanegalannu roopisitu.
rashtriya kridapatugalu mattu creeda soulabhyagalannu hondiruva creeda kendravu, hosa clark nagarada praathamika akarshanegalalli ondaagiruttade, agaloo clark green city endu kareyalaaguttittu mattu idu 2019rahra agneya eshyaada kridaakootada pramukha sthalavagirabahudu endu ramirej helidaru. aaa samayadalli ramirej creeda sankeernavu 2018 rahra velege tereyuttade endu yojisiddaru. psc mandali mattu bcda adhyaksha wins dyson naduvina sabeya nantara creeda sankeernavu adara nirmaanadalli prathamikavagi bays conversion development authority (bcda) annu olagondiruttade.
ee yojanege sumaru 200 ruu. vechchavaagalide endu phillipine creeda aayogavu andajiside. pii. ess. sii. yinda baruva ulitaayavannu clark mattu subic jotege villamar vayunele mattu fort bonifasiyovannu abhivraddhipadisida bcda nirmanakke bhagashah hanakasu odagisalu balasabahudu.
nirmaana.
ottaareyaagi rashtriya sarkaarada aadalitaatmaka kendrada (enn. zii. aa. sii.) shankusthapaneyannu 2018rahra janavari 23randu nadesalaayitu mattu nijavaada nirmaanavu 2018rahra march 15randu praarambhavaayitu. hosa clark city creeda kendravu dodda mishra-balakeya sarkari sankeernada abhivruddhiya hanta 1eya gamanarha bhagavagide. creeda sankeernada nirmaanavu 2018rahra april 25randu praarambhavaayitu, idu cement-suriyuva samaarambhadinda gurutisalpattitu. ee yojanege sumaru 8,000 janarannu nemisikollalaagiddu, nirmaana kaaryavannu nirantaravagi athawa dinada 24 gantegalu, vaarada elu dinagaloo maadalaaguttittu.
enn. zii. aa. sii. yaya sampoorna hanta 1aa annu 2019rahra october velege poornagolisuva guriyannu hondalaagide. 2018rahra october velege, creeda sankeernavu eegaagale shekada 30rashtu poornagondide. 2018rahra november velege, creeda sankeernada yojita poornagolisuvikeyannu 2019rahra augustge sthalaantarisalaayitu mattu 2019rahra augustninda october varege ee sthaladalli pariksha kaaryakramagalannu nadesalu yojisalagittu.
2019rahra luzhan bhookampada nantara, kreedeya sankeerna nirmaanada sthaladalli yaavude haniyagilla endu varadiyagide. zoon 2019 rahra hottige, soulabhyavu shekada 85 rinda 88 rashtu poornagondittu, ulida hecchina kelasagalu pradeshada bhoodrushyavannu olagondiddavu.
creeda sankeernavu 2019rahra julai velege athletics kridaangana mattu jala kendradondige shekada 90rashtu poornagondittu mattu 2019rahra august antyada velege purnagollalu nirdharisalaagittu.
siddhate.
september 1,2019 randu nadeda phillipine athletics track mattu feeled association saaptaahika rileya antima hantavannu mattu august 31,2019 randu praarambhavaada 2019 phillipine eeju rashtriya opangaagi jala kendravannu aayojisalu ee kridaanganavannu modalu balasalaayitu. eradoo spardhegalu 2019 rahra agneya eshyaa kridakutagalalli tamma deshakkaagi spardhisuva guriyannu hondiruva phillipine kridapatugalige arhata pandyagalaagiddavu.
2019rahra october 19 mattu october 20rahra vaaraantyadalli, modala baarige creeda sankirnadalli trathlon otada spardheyannu nadesalaayitu.
2019rahra october 26 mattu 27randu creeda sankeernavu 2019rahra agneya eshyaa kridaakootada pariksha pandyavannu saha nadesitu.
bhavishya.
byasketbalnantaha olaangana spardhegalannu ayojisabahudada olaangana kridaanganadantaha hechchuvari creeda soulabhyagalannu nirmisuva tanna yojanegalannu bii. sii. dii. aa. ghoshisitu, jotege aaru hectare pradeshadalli shooting maaduvantaha horaangana kridegalige saakashtu misalidalaagide. football, tennis mattu saiklinggagi itara creeda soulabhyagalannu nirmisuva yojanegalannu saha adhu ghoshisitu.
bcda adhyaksha wins dyson, creeda sankeernavu sea games nantara tanna nirvahane mattu karyacharanegalannu khaasageekaranagolisuttade endu helidaru. sarkaaravu nadesuttiruva sankeernavu hadagettante allade, adannu chennagi nodikolluvante maadalu adannu khasagikaranagolisalu avaru bayasiddaru endu dyson vivarisidaru. bili aane" aguvudannu tappisalu, avaru itara vishwa darjeya creeda soulabhyagala (singapurada singapur creeda kendra, london queen elizabeth olympic park mattu sidneya sidani olympic park) yashogaathegalannu anusarisuttaare. london mattu sidney kramavagi besige olympic kridaakootagalannu ayojisida nantara maadidanteye sankirnavannu bahu-uddeshada kridaanganavannaagi parivartisalu avaru yojisidaru.
ee creeda sankeernavu philipino kridapatugala shaashvata neleyaagi kaaryanirvahisuttade mattu phillipine creeda ayogadinda sugamagolisalpaduttade.
vastushilpa mattu vinyasa.
sthaliya vastushilpa samstheyaada budji + raayal architecture + design annu hosa clark city creeda kendradalli kelasa maadalu bays parivartane abhivruddhi praadhikaaravu niyojisitu. ee samstheyu americada nagara yojaka mattu engineering samsthe ikaamnondige sahakarisitu. vaastushilpi raayal pineda mattu budji + rayalna olaangana vinyaasaka budji leyug creeda sankeerna yojaneyalli todagisikondiddaare. sankeernada vinyaasavu philipino chrismus lantern pyaarolninda sphurti padedide. sankirnadolagina hecchina ranchanegalu hattirada jwalamukhiyada pinatubo parvatakke addalaagi gaadha boodu bannada lahar finish annu hondive.
singapurada samstheyaada surbana jurang saha soulabhyagala vinyaasakke sambandhisidante samalochane kaaryavannu maaditu. creeda sankirnavannu samstheyu singapur creeda kendrada maadariyalli roopiside.
athletics kridaangana.
adara vinyaasavannu mount pinaatubodinda padeda mukhya kridaanganavu adara kambagalu mattu mumbhagavannu lahar athawa jwaalaamukhiya avasheshagalinda maadalpattittu. adara vrattakarada chaavaniya rekheyannu ondu kuliyante maadalaagide mattu adannu vakra melaavaranagala saraniyinda vyaakhyaanisalaagide. mukhya mumbhaga athawa mukhya praveshadvaaravu gaajina chaukattugalinda aavrutavaagide. kridaanganada kambagalige sthaliya sooryaastavannu pratinidhisalu kittale bannavannu bannisalaagide.
jala kendra.
jala kendrada vinyaasavu capiz lepanadinda maadida parolgay holuva presmatic chaavaniyondige dodda tereda shhed annu olagondide. chaavaniya haguravaada gunalaksana, baalike mattu havamana pratirodhakkagi balasuva fiberglass vastuvaada polytetrafluoroethylene (ptfe) ninda chaavaniyannu tayaarisalaaguttade. vaastushilpigalu soulabhyavannu muchhalu uddeshisuttare aadare innoo adara olabhaagadalli naisargika belakannu biduttaare. hagalinalli, vaastushilpigalu chaavaniya meelchaavaniyu haleya phillipine manegalu balasuva capiz kitakigalannu holuvante uddeshisiddaru mattu rachaneyu belaguva parol annu holuvante vinyasagolisalada belakannu hondittu. ee sthalavu eradu eejukolagalu, 10-pathada olympic pool mattu 8-pathada tarabeti pool annu hondide. 2019rahra agneya eshyaa kridaakootada eeju, diving mattu water polo spardhegalannu ayojisida 2,000 asanagala jala kendravannu antaaraashtriya jala aadalita mandali federation international dii natation nigadipadisida jagatika manadandagalige sampoornavaagi anugunavaguvante nirmisalaagide.
baadigedaararu.
hosa clark city creeda kendravu rashtriya sarkaarada aadalita kendrada (ngac) olabhaagadallide, idu sarkari kattadagalu, sarkari nivaasagalu, polyclinic mattu vanijya kendravannu saha olagondide. enn. zii. aa. sii. ge addalaagi, rashtriya creeda academy mukhya campus ide, idu creeda soulabhyagalige purakavagide. idu 2021rahra augustinalli tereyuva niriksheyide.
ghatanegalu.
hosa clark city creeda kendravu creeda samsthegalu, khasagi samsthegalu mattu sarkari samsthegalinda pramukha creeda spardhegalannu ayojiside. |
puthiya clark sitti sports hubb
tarlakkile kaapaasile puthiya clark sittiyude deseeya sarkkar bharana kendrathinullil sthithicheyyunna kaayika soukaryangalude oru samuchayamaan nyoo clark sitti sports hubb allengil nyoo clark sitti sports complexes (thudakkathil philippain sports sitti allengil philippain olimbiku sitti ennariyappettirunnu).
charithram.
vikasanam.
president rodrigo duterteyude bharanathinu munbu, philippain olimbiku kammittikk metro manilaykku purathu oru deseeya pariseelana kendram sthaapikkaan munkootty padhathiyundaayirunnuve atharam soukaryam sthaapikkunnathinulla charchakalkku kaaryamaaya purogathi undaayilla. manilayile pazhaya risal memorial sports complexes maattisthaapikkaanulla padhathiyekkurichu executive sekrattari salvador medialdiayumaayi ramires charcha nadathunnathinu kaaranamaaya "neethrthwam" nalkaan 2016 ll philippain sports kammeeshan medhavi vilyam ramiresinu dutert vyakthiparamayi nirddesham nalki. 2005leeii thekkukizhakkan eshyan geyimsinte vediyaayi upayogikkaan uddeshichirunna philippain olimbiku sitti enna peril oru sports complexes clark pradeshathu nirmmikkaan 2000kalil neratthe padhathiyundaayirunnu.
brazeelile rioo dii janeeroyil nadanna 2016 venalkkaala olimbiksil philipino bharodwahana tharam hiddlin dias vellimedal nediya sesham, nyoo clark sittiyil "philippain olimbiku sitti" nirmmikkanulla padhathikal psc upekshichu.
deseeya athlattukalum kaayika soukaryangalum ulkkollunna sports hubb, puthiya clark sittiyile praadhamika aakarshanangalilonnayirikkum, appozhum clark green sitti ennariyappedumennum, raajyam aathidheyathvam vahikkunna 2019 thekkukizhakkan eshyan geyimsinte pradhana vediyaayirikkumennum ramiras paranju. 2018 oode sports complexes thurakkumennu ramiras akkaalat pravachichirunnu. psc board bcda president wins dieson thammilulla koodikkaazhchayethudarnnu sports complexinte nirmmaanatthil praadhamika ulppetta sthaapanamaayi bays kanvershan development authority (bcda) undaayirikkum.
padhathikku 200 roopaykkidayil chelavu varumennu philippain sports kammeeshan kanakkakki. pii. ezz. siyil ninnulla oru sambaadyam clark, subic, villamore eyar bays, fort bonifasio enniva vikasippichedutha bcda nirmmaanathinu bhaagikamaayi dhanasahayam nalkaan upayogikkaam.
nirmmaanam.
deseeya gavanment administrative sentarinu (enn. jii. eiii. sii) mothatthil 2018 januvari 23 nuu tharakkallidal nadathukayum yadhaartha nirmmaanam 2018 march 15 nuu aarambikkukayum cheythu. puthiya clark sitti sports hubb valia mixed-used gavanment complexinte vikasanathinte onnaam ghattatthinte oru pradhana bhagamaanu. 2018 epril 25nuu thanne sports complexinte nirmmaanam aarambhichu, athu simant ozhikkunna chadangiloode adayaalappeduthi. ekadesham 8,000 perr eee padhathikkaayi jolie cheyyukayum thudarchayaayi allengil aazhchayil ezhu divasavum 24 manikkoor nirmmaana pravartthanangal nadathukayum cheythu.
enn. jii. eiii. siyude onnaam ghattam muzhuvan 2019 oktobarode poortthiyaakkaanaanu lakshyamidunnathu. 2018 oktobarile kanakkanusarichu sports complexes ithinakam 30 sathamaanam poortthiyaayi. 2018 navambarode, sports complexinte poorttheekaranam neratthe 2019 augustilekku maatti, 2019 august muthal october vare vediyil testt evantukal nadatthaan padhathiyittittundu.
2019 leeii looson bhookambathetthudarnnu, kaayikarangatthinte sankeernamaaya nirmmaana sthalathu naashanashtangalonnum report cheyyappettitla. 2019 joonode, eee soukaryam 85 muthal 88 sathamaanam vare poortthiyaayi, backie jolikalil bhooribhaagavum pradeshatthinte landscaping ulppedunnu.
athlattiks stadiyavum jalkendravum ulppede sports complexes 2019 joolaiyode 90 sathamaanam poortthiyaayi, 2019 august avasaanathode poortthiyaakkaan theerumaanichirunnu.
thayyaareduppu.
2019 septambar 1 nuu nadanna philippain athlattiks track aandu feeld association vaarika rileyude avasana ghattathinum 2019 august 31 nuu aarambhicha philippain neenthal deseeya ooppaninte akvaattik sentarinum aathidheyathvam vahikkaan stadium aadyamaayi upayogichu. 2019 thekkukizhakkan eshyan gamesil thangalude rajyathinaayi malsarikkaan lakshyamidunna philipino athlattukalkkulla yogyathaa malsarangalaayirunnu rund evantukalum.
2019 october 19, october 20 vaaraanthyangalil aadyamaayi triathlon rays ivant sports complexil nadannu.
2019 october 26,27 theeyathikalil sports complexes 2019 thekkukizhakkan eshyan geyimsinte testt ivantum nadatthi.
bhaviyil.
basketball polulla indor evantukalkku aathidheyathvam vahikkaan kazhiyunna indor areena polulla adhika kaayika soukaryangal nirmmikkanulla padhathikal bii. sii. dii. eiii prakhyaapichu, athupole aarr hector pradeshathu shooting polulla outtdoor sportsinaayi dhaaraalam neekkivachittundu. football, tennies, saikling ennivaykkaayi mattu kaayika soukaryangal nirmmikkanulla padhathikalum ithu prakhyaapichu.
zee geyimukalkku thottupinnaale sports complexes athinte attakuttappanikalum pravartthanangalum svakaaryavalkkarikkumenna bcda president wins daisan paranju. sarkkar nadathunna oru kettidam enna nilayil ninnu vyathyasthamayi samuchayam nannayi paripalikkunnathinaayi athu svakaaryavalkkarikkaan avar aagrahikkunnuvennu daisan vishadeekarichu. oru "velutha aanaa" aakaathirikkaan, avar mattu lokothara kaayika soukaryangalude (singappoorile singapur sports hubb, landanile kween elisabath olimbiku paarkk, sidneyile sidani olimbiku paarkk) vijayagaadhakal pinthudarunnu. venalkkaala olimbiku geyimukalkku yathaakramam aathidheyathvam vahichathin sesham landanum sidney cheythathupole samuchayathe oru multy purposes aakki maattaan avar padhathiyittu.
phillippines kaayika kammeeshan soukaryamorukkunna eee sports complexes philipino athlattukalude sthiramaaya vaasasthalamaayi pravartthikkum.
vaasthuvidya roopakalppanayum.
puthiya clark sitti sports habbil pravartthikkaan bays kanvershan development authority praadeshika vasthuvidyaa sthaapanamaaya budji + royal architecture + design kammeeshan cheythu. american arban planner, enchiniyaring sthaapanamaaya ecom ennivayumaayi kambani sahakarichu. aarkkitekt royal pineda budji + royalinte interior designer budji leugh sports complexes padhathiyil earppettirikkunnu. philipino chrismus vilakku enna parolil ninnu prachodanam ulkkondaanu samuchayathinte roopakalppana. samuchayathinullile mikka gadanakalkkum aduthulla pinettubo parvvathathinu oru agniparvathamaayi irunda chaaraniratthilulla lahar finish undu.
singappoorile oru sthaapanamaaya surbana jurong soukaryangalude roopakalppanayumaayi bandhappett koodiyaalochana nadatthi. singapur sports habinte maathrkayilaanu sports complexes nirmmichathu.
athlattiks stadium.
pinettubo parvathatthil ninnu uruthirinjathaanu pradhana stadium, athinte posttukalum munvashavum lahar allengil agniparvvatha avashishtangal upayogichu nirmmichathaanu. athinte valanja melkoora oru garthatthinu samaanamaayi nirmmikkukayum valanja kanoppikalude oru parambarayaal nirvachikkappedukayum cheythu. pradhana munbhagam allengil pradhana kavaadam glass frameukalaal moodappettirikkunnu. praadeshika sooryaasthamayathe prathinidheekarikkunnathin stadiyathinte thoonukal ooranchu niratthilaanu varachirikkunnath.
jalakendram.
jalakendrathinte roopakalppanayil capis coating kondu nirmmicha parolinu samanamaaya oru presmetic melkoorayulla oru valia thuranna shhed adangiyirikkunnu. bharam kuranja gunangal, eedu, kaalavastha prathirodham ennivaykkaayi upayogikkunna fiberglass metteeriyalaaya polytetrafluoroethyle (ptfe) ninnaan melkoora nirmmichirikkunnathu. aarkkitektukal eee soukaryam ulkkollaan uddeshikkunnundenkum swaabhaavika prakasham athinte akathekku anuvadikkunnu. pakal samayat, aarkkitektukal melkoora pazhaya philippain veedukal upayogikkunna capis janaalakalkk samaanamaayi roopakalppana cheyyukayum ghadana oru laitt parolinu samaanamaakkunnathin roopakalppana cheythirikkunna prakashavum undaayirikkukayum cheythu. rund neenthalkkulangal, 10 varii olimbiku pool, 8 varii pariseelana pool ennivaykku aathidheyathvam vahikkunna vediyaanithu. 2019 leeii thekkukizhakkan eshyan geyimsinte neenthal, diving, vaattar pooloo malsarangalkku aathidheyathvam vahicha 2,000 seettukalulla jala kendram anthaaraashtra jala bharanasamithi federation internaashanal dii naatteshan nischayichittulla aagola maanadandangal poornnamaayum paalikkunnathinaan nirmmichathu.
vaadakakkaar.
sarkkar kettidangal, sarkkar thaamasasthalangal, oru polyclinic, oru vaanijya kendram ennivayum ulkkollunna deseeya sarkkar administrative centarinullilaanu (enn. jii. eiii. sii) puthiya clark sitti sports hubb sthithi cheiyunnathu. enn. jii. eiii. sii. kku kuruke sthithi cheiyunna deseeya kaayika academyude pradhana campus kaayika soukaryangalkku poorakamaayirikkum. 2021 augustil ithu thurakkumennu prathekshikkunnu.
sambhavangal.
puthiya clark sitti sports hubb kaayika samghadanakal, swakaarya sthaapanangal, sarkkar ejansikal ennivayil ninnulla pradhana kaayika malsarangalkku aathidheyathvam vahichittundu.
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nyu clark ciity sports hub
nyu clark ciity sports hub kinwa nyu clark ciity sports complexes (suruvatila phillipine sports ciity kinwa phillipine olympic ciity mhanoon olakhale jaanare) heey rashtriy sarkarchya capas, tarlack yetheel nyu clark citychya prashasakeey kendramadhye sthit creeda suvidhanche eka sankul aahe.
itihas.
vikas.
adhyaksh rodrigo duterte yanchya prashasanapurvi, phillipine olympic samiteene metro manilabaher rashtriy prashikshan kendra ubharanyachi yojana aakhali hotee, parantu ashee suvidha sthapan karnyachya charchemadhye konatihi lakshaniy pragati jhaali nahee. duterte yanni swatah 2016 madhye phillipine creeda aayogache pramukh william ramirez yanna "netrutva karnyache" nirdesh dile, jyamule ramirez yanni karyakari sachiv salvador medialdia yanchyashi manilamadhil junya rizzle smarak creeda sankulachya badalichya yojanambaddal charcha kelee. 2000 chya dashakat clark bhagat philipine olympic shahar navache creeda sankul bandhanyachi yojana dekhil hotee, jyacha 2005 chya aagney ashiyai khelansathi sthal mhanoon vapar karnyacha hetu hota.
brazilmadhil reo dii janeiro yethe 2016 unhali olympicmadhye philipino wetlifter hidilyn diazne raupyapadak jinkalyanantar, pii. ess. see. neey nyu clark ciity yethe "phillipine olympic ciity" bandhanyachi yojana aakhali.
ramirez mhanale qee, rashtriy kheladu aanee creeda suvidha asalele heey creeda kendra, naveen clark shaharatil prathamik aakarshananpaiki eka asel, jeey ajunahi clark green ciity mhanoon olakhale jaate aanee 2019 chya aagney ashiyai khelanche sambhavya mukhya thikan asoo shakate, jeey deshadvare aayojit kele jaeel. tyaveli ramirezne andaj vartavala hota qee creeda sankul 2018 paryant khule hoil. pii. ess. see. mandal aanee bii. see. dii. aii. chey adhyaksh wins diazon yanchyatil baithakinantar creeda sankulat tyachya bandhkamat prathamik sahbhagi sanstha mhanoon bases rupantaran vikas pradhikaran (bii. see. dii. aii.) asel.
phillipine creeda aayogane andaj vartavala qee yaa prakalpasathi sumare 200 rupaye kharch yeil. pii. ess. see. madhoon milanari bachat bii. see. dii. aii. yaa gockdware bandhkamasathi anshatah vittapuravatha karnyasathi vaparali jaau shakate, jyane clark aanee sabik tasech villamore havai tall aanee phorta bonifacio vikasit kele.
bandhkam.
23 janewari 2018 roji sampoorn rashtriy sarkari prashasakeey kendrachi (aine. jee. aii. see.) payabharani karnyat aalee aanee pratyaksh bandhkam 15 march 2018 roji suru jhaale. naveen clark ciity creeda kendra heey mothya mishra-vaparlelya sarkari sankulachya vikasachya pahilya tappyacha eka mahattvapoorn bhag aahe. creeda sankulache bandhkam 25 april 2018 roji suru jhaale, jyache chinh cement otanyachya samarambhane chinhankit kele gele. yaa prakalpasathi sumare 8,000 lokanna rojgar denyat aala hota aanee bandhkam kaam satatyane kinwa divasache 24 taas, aathvadyache saat divas kele jaat hote.
aine. jee. aii. see. chaa sampoorn tappa 1aii. aktoobar 2019 paryant purn karnyache uddisht aahe. aktoobar 2018 paryant, creeda sankul aadhich 30 takke purn jhaale aahe. november 2018 paryant, creeda sankulache andajit purnatva august 2019 paryant pudhe dhakalanyat aale hote aanee august teey aktoobar 2019 yaa kalavadhit yaa thikani chachani spardha aayojit karnyache niyojan karnyat aale hote.
2019 chya luzon bhookampanantar, khelachya guntaguntichya bandhkamachya thikani konatehi nuksan jhaale nahee. juuna 2019 paryant hii suvidha 85 teey 88 takke purn jhaali hotee aanee urvarit bahutansh kamanmadhye yaa bhagache bhudrushya tayar karane samavisht hote.
julai 2019 paryant creeda sankul 90 takke purn jhaale hote aanee tyat ethletics stadium aanee jaleey kendra hote aanee august 2019 chya akheris purn hone apekshit hote.
tayari.
1 september 2019 roji jhalelya phillipine ethletics track andd feeled association saptahik rilechya antim tappyache aanee 31 august 2019 roji suru jhalelya 2019 phillipine jaltaran rashtriy khulya spardhesathi jaleey kendra aayojit karnyasathi yaa kridagruhacha pratham vapar karnyat aala. 2019 chya aagney ashiyai khelanmadhye tyanchya deshasathi spardha karnyachya uddeshane philipino kheladunsathi donhi spardha patrata spardha hotya.
19 aktoobar aanee 20 aktoobar 2019 chya aathvadyachya shevati, triathlon sharyat spardha creeda sankulat prathamach aayojit karnyat aalee hotee.
26 aanee 27 aktoobar 2019 roji creeda sankulane 2019 chya aagney ashiyai khelanchi chachani spardha dekhil aayojit kelee hotee.
bhavishyakal.
bii. see. dii. aii. neey basketballsarkhya antargat spardhanche aayojan karoo shakananya antargehi kridanganasarkhya atirikt creeda suvidha ubharanyachya aaplya yojana jaheer kelya, tasech sahaa hector kshetrat nembajisarkhya bahya khelansathi barech kahee rakheev thewale aahe. football, tennis aanee saykalingsathi itar creeda suvidha ubharanyachya yojanechihi tyanni ghoshana kelee.
bii. see. dii. aii. chey adhyaksh wins diazon yanni sangitale qee, sagari khelannantar lagechach creeda sankul tyachya dekhbhaliche aanee kamkajache khajgikaran karel. diazonne spasht kele qee teey tyache khajgikaran karoo ichchit hote jenekarun sankulachi changli kalji ghetali jaeel, ulat sarkar chalvat asatana teey bighadale. pandhara hatti' banane talhanyasathi, teey itar jaagtik darjachya creeda suvidhanchya (udaharanarth singapurmadhil singapur creeda kendra, londonmadhil queen elizabeth olympic park aanee sidneymadhil sidney olympic park) yashogathanche anusaran karatat. unhali olympic khelanchya yajmanpadanantar london aanee sidney anukrame jeey kele tyachprakare yaa sankulache bahuuddeshiy rupantar karnyachihi tyanni yojana aakhali.
heey creeda sankul philipino kheladunche kayamswarupi ghar mhanoon kaam karel aanee phillipine creeda aayogadvare suvidha puravali jaeel.
vastukala aanee rachana.
sthanik vastukala sanstha, badji + royal architecture + design, bases rupantaran vikas pradhikaranane naveen clark ciity creeda kendravar kaam karnyasathi niyukt kelee hotee. yaa companyne american shahari niyojak aanee abhiyantriki company ekomshi sahkarya kele. creeda sankul prakalpat vastuvisharad royal pineda aanee budji + royalache interior designer budji leyug sahbhagi aahet. sankulachi rachana philipino khrismas kandil asalelya parolpasoon prerit hotee. yaa sankulatil bahutek sanrachananna jawalil jwalamukhi asalelya pinatubo parvatala chikatavanyasathi gadad rakhadi rangachi lahar finish aahe.
surbana jurong yaa singapurchya companynehi suvidhanchya rachnebabat sallamasalatiche kaam kele. yaa creeda sankulache model companyne singapur creeda kendravarun tayar kele hote.
ethletics stadium.
mukhya kridagruhachi rachana mount pinatubopasun tayar karnyat aalee hotee, jyache khamb aanee darshani bhag jwalamukhitil lahar kinwa jwalamukhichya avasheshanpasun tayar karnyat aale hote. tyachi vartulakar chhappar resha eka khaddyasarkhi banavanyat aalee hotee aanee tee vakr chhapparanchya malikedware paribhashit kelee gelee hotee. mukhya mukhavata kinwa mukhya praveshdwar kachechya chaukatine jhakalele aahe. sthanik suryastache pratinidhitva karnyasathi kridagruhachya khambanvar naringi rung lavale aahet.
jalmarg kendra.
jaleey kendrachya rachnet capiz kotingpasoon banavalelya parolsarkhe presammatic chhappar asalele eka vishal khule shade aahe. chhappar polytetrafluoroethylene (ptfe) pasoon tayar kele jaate, jeey fiberglass samagri aahe jee tyachya halakya vajanachya gunadharmansathi, tikaupanasathi aanee hawaman pratirodhasathi vaparali jaate. vastuvishardanna hii suvidha purn karayachi aahe, parantu tarihi naisargik prakash tyachya aateel bhagat yeu dya. divasa, vastuvishardanni chhappar junya philipine gharanni vaparlelya capiz khidkyansarkhe asave assa hetu thewala hota aanee rachana prajjvalit parolsarkhi banavanyasathi prakashyojana kelee aahe. heey thikan done jaltaran talav, 10 padari olympic pool aanee 8 padari prashikshan poolche aayojan karate. 2019 chya aagney ashiyai khelanchya jaltaran, diving aanee watter pooloo spardhanche aayojan karnare 2,000 aasananche jaleey kendra, aantarrashtriy jaleey niyamak sanstha federation international dii natationne nishchit kelelya jaagtik manakanche purnapane palan karnyasathi bandhanyat aale hote.
bhadekaru.
naveen clark ciity creeda kendra rashtriy sarkari prashasakeey kendrachya (aine. jee. aii. see.) aat aahe jyamadhye sarkari imarati, sarkari nivassthane, eka bahu chikitsalay aanee eka vyavsayik kendra dekhil aahe. aine. jee. aii. see. chya agadi palikade sthit, rashtriy creeda akadamicha mukhya parisar aahe joou creeda suvidhanna purak tharel. august 2021 madhye teey ughadanyachi apeksha aahe.
ghatana.
naveen clark ciity creeda kendrane creeda sanstha, khajgi sanstha aanee sarkari sansthankadun mothya creeda spardhanche aayojan kele aahe. |
nayan clark city khelkud kendra
nayan clark city khelkud kendra wa nayan clark city khelkud parisar (suruma phillipines khelkud sahar wa phillipines olympic sahar bhanera chininchha) capass, tarlakma nayan clark saharko rashtriya sarkarko prashasanik kendra bhitra awasthit khelkud suwidhaharuko parisar how.
itihas.
vikas.
rashtrapati rodrigo dutertko prashasanaghi phillipines olympic samitile metro manila bahira rashtriya prashikshan kendra sthapana garne yojana banaeko thiyo tara yasto suwidha sthapana garne wartama kunai ullekhaniya pragati bhaena. dutertele wyaktigat rupma phillipines khelkud ayogka pramukh william ramirejlai sann 2016 maa "netritwa lyne" nirdeshan die jasle garda ramirejle karyakari sachiva salbhador medialdiasanga manilama purano rizal memorial sports complex pratisthapan garne yojanako barema kura gare. sann 2000 ko dashakma clark kshetrama phillipines olympic sahar bhanine khelkud parisar nirman garne yojana pani thiyo, june sann 2005 ko dakshinpurvi asealy khelharuko sthalko rupma prayog garne uddeshyale banaieko thiyo.
brazilko riyo day generioma bhaeko 2016 grishmakalin olympicma philipino bharottolak hiddlin diazle rajat padak jitepachhi, pscle nayan clark saharma "phillipines olympic city" nirman garne yojana banaeko chha.
rashtriya kheladi rar khelkud suwidhaharu rakhne khelkud kendra, nayan clark saharko prathamik akarshanharu madhye ek hunechha, june ajhai pani clark green city bhanera chininchha, rar 2019 dakshinpurva asealy khelharuko sambhawit mukhya sthal huna sakchha june deshle ayojana garnechha. ramirejle tyas samayama khelkud parisar sann 2018 sammama khula hune anuman gareka thie. psc board rar bcda adhyaksha bhinsa digenbichko baithakpachhi yasako nirmanma prathamik sanlagna nikayako rupma khelkud parisarma adhar rupantaran vikas pradhikaran (bcda) hunechha.
phillipines khelkud ayogle yass pariyojanako lagat 1 dekhi 2 samma hune anuman gareko chha. piessibata bachatlai bi. sii. dii. ae. dwara anshik rupma nirman garna vittaposhan garna prayog garna sakinchha, ek gokka jasle clark rar subikaka sathai bhilamore air bases rar fort bonifacio vikas garyo.
nirman.
samagrama rashtriya sarkari prashasanik kendra (ngac) ko lagi adharshila 23 janawari 2018 maa ayojit garieko thiyo rar wastawik nirman 15 march 2018 maa suru bhayo. nayan clark city khelkud hable thulo mishrit prayog garieko sarkari parisarko wikasko charan 1ae ko mahatwapurna hissa banaunchha. khelkud parisarko nirman nai april 25,2018 maa suru bhayo, june cement-khanane samarohadwara chihnit garieko thiyo. yass pariyojanaka lagi lagbhag 8 hazar manisharulai nirantar wa dinko 24 ghanta, haptako saat dina nirman karyaka lagi niyukta garieko thiyo.
ngacko sampurna charan 1ae october 2019 sammama pura garne lakshya rakhieko chha. october 2018 samma, khelkud parisar 30 pratishat pura bhaisakeko chha. november 2018 samma, khelkud parisarko anumanit purnata august 2019 maa sarieko thiyo rar agasta dekhi october 2019 samma sthalma ayojit hune parikshan karyakramharu yojana banaieko thiyo.
sann 2019 ko lujan bhukampapachi, khelko jatil nirmanko sthanma kunai kshati bhaeko khabar aeko thiena. june 2019 sammama, suwidha 85 dekhi 88 pratishat pura bhaeko thiyo rar baanki adhikansh kamma kshetrako bhudrishya samawesh thiyo.
athletics stadium rar jaliya kendrako sath july 2019 sammama khel parisar 90 pratishat pura bhaeko thiyo rar august 2019 ko antyama pura hune taya garieko thiyo.
tayari.
september 1,2019 maa ayojit phillipines athletics track anned field association saptahik rileko antim charan rar agasta 31,2019 maa suru bhaeko 2019 phillipines swimming national opanka lagi jaliya kendrako ayojana garna stadium pahilo patak prayog garieko thiyo. duwai karyakramharu 2019 dakshinpurva asealy khelharuma afno deshka lagi pratispardha garne lakshya rakheka philipina kheladiharuka lagi yogya thie.
october 19 rar october 20,2019 ko saptahantama, triathlon daud pratiyogita pahilo patak khel parisarma ayojit garieko thiyo.
october 26 rar 27,2019 maa, khelkud parisarle 2019 dakshinpurva asealy khelharuko parikshan karyakram pani ayojana garyo.
bhawishya.
bisidale indor erena jasta atirikta khelkud suwidhaharu nirman garne afno yojanako ghoshana garyo jasle basketball jasta indor karyakramharu ayojana garna sakchha, sathai chha hector kshetrama suiting jasta bahiri khelharuka lagi dherai arakshit chha. yasale football, tennis rar cyclingka lagi anya khelkud suwidhaharu nirman garne yojana pani ghoshana gareko chha.
bisidaka adhyaksha bhinsa diasonle khelkud parisarle samudri khelpachhi afno marmat rar sanchalanlai nijikaran garne batae. disonle batae kii uniharu yasalai nijikaran garna chahanchhan taaki complexlai ramrosanga herchah garna sakiyos tara yo sarkari sanchalit bhaeko jasto thiena. seto hatti" bannabata bachna, tiniharule anya vishwa-stariya khelkud suwidhaharu (jastai singapurko singapur khelkud kendra, londonko rani elizabeth olympic park rar sidniko sidney olympic park) ko safaltaka kathaharu pachhyaunchan. uniharule parisarlai bahuddeshyiya banaune yojana pani banae, london rar sidnile kramashah grishmakalin olympic khelharuko ayojana garepachhi gare jastai.
khelkud parisarle philipino kheladiharuko sthayi gharko rupma kaam garnechha rar philipine khelkud ayogdwara suwidha pradan garinechha.
wastukla rar design.
sthaniya wastukla ferm, budji + shahi wastukla + design, bases rupantaran vikas pradhikarandwara nayan clark city khelkud habma kaam garna commission garieko thiyo. farmale americi sahari yojanakar rar engineering ferm ikomsanga sahakarya garyo. khelkud parisar pariyojanama wastukar shahi pineda rar budji + royalka interior designer budji leyug sanlagna chhan. parisarko design philipino christmas lalten, pyarolbata prerit thiyo. parisarabhitraka adhikansh sanrachanaharuma najikaiko jwalamukhi, mount pinatuboko agrabhagko rupma gadha khairo lahar finish chha.
singapurko ferm surbana jurongle pani suwidhaharuko designka sambandhama paramarsha karya gare. khelkud parisar singapur khelkud habko adharma farmadwara model garieko thiyo.
athletics stadium.
mukhya stadium, jasko design mount pinatubobata liieko thiyo, yasako chauki rar anuhar jwalamukhibata lahar wa jwalamukhi bhagnawasheshbata baneko thiyo. yasako ghera bhaeko chhatko rekha euta crater jasto banaieko thiyo rar ghumauro chhatharuko shrinkhaladwara paribhashit garieko thiyo. mukhya anuhar wa mukhya praweshdwar kaanchko framele dhakieko chha. sthaniya suryastako pratinidhitwa garna stadiumka stambhaharu suntala rangle rung garieka chhan.
jaliya kendra.
jaliya kendrako designma capiz kotingbata baneko pyarol jastai prismatic chhatko sath vishal khula shade samawesh chha. chhat politetrafluoroethylene (ptfe) batt baneko chha, fibre glass samagri yasako halka wajanko sampatti, sthayitwa, rar mausam pratirodhka lagi prayog garinchha. wastukarharule suwidha dhakna chahanchhan tara ajhai pani yasako bhitri bhagma prakritik prakash dina sakchhan. dinko samayama, wastukarharule chhatlai purano filipinska gharharule prayog garne capiz jhyalharu jastai banauna chahanthe rar sanrachanalai ujyalo parol jasto banauna design garieko roshani chha. yo sthalle duiwata swimming pull, 10-leine olympic pull rar 8-leine prashikshan pulko ayojana gardacha. 2, 000 sitko jaliya kendra, jasle 2019 dakshinpurva asealy khelharuko paudi, diving, rar water polo pratiyogitaharu ayojana gareko thiyo, antarrashtriya jaliya prashasakiya nikaya federeson international day netesondwara nirdharit vishwawyapi mapdandharusanga purna rupma anupalan garna nirman garieko thiyo.
bhadama lineharu.
nayan clark city khelkud kendra rashtriya sarkari prashasanik kendra (ngac) bhitra awasthit chha jasma sarkari bhawan, sarkari niwas, ek bahu-chikitsalaya rar ek wyawasayik kendra pani samawesh chha. ngacko thik chheuma awasthit, khelkudko rashtriya ekedemiko mukhya campus how jasle khelkud suwidhaharuko purak hunechha. yo august 2021 maa kholne apeksha garieko chha.
ghatana.
nayan clark city khelkud hable khelkud sangathan, niji sanstha rar sarkari agencyharubata pramukh khelkud pratiyogita ayojana gareko chha. |
nutan clark city krida kendra
nutan clark city krida kendra kimba nutan clark city krida parisara (prathame philipine krida sahara kimba philipine olympics sahara bhabare janashuna) heuchhi jatiah sarakaranka prashasanika kendra madhyare abasthita eka creeda subidhara parisara jaahaa nutan clark sahara, capas, tarlakare abasthita .
itihas.
bikash.
rastrapati rodrigo dutertenka prashasana purbaru, phillipines olympics kamitira metro manila bahare eka jatiah talim kendra sthapana karibara purba yojana thila kintu ehipari subidha pratistha paain alochanara kaunasi gurutwapurna agragati hoinathila. duterte byaktigata bhabe 2016 masihare phillipines krida aajogara mukhya william ramirejnku "netrutwa neba" paain nirdesh deithile, jahaphalare ramirez karjyanirbahee sachiba salvadora midialdianka saha manilare thiba puruna rizal smaraki krida complexeku badalaiba paain yojana bishajare alochana karithile. 2000 dashakare madhya clark anchalare phillipines alympic city namaka eka creeda complexes nirmana karibaku eka yojana thila, jaahaa 2005 dakhina purba asiah khela paain eka sthana bhabare byabahara karibaku uddista thila .
brazilara reo dii jenerere 2016 grishma alimpiksare philipino bharottolanakari hiddylene diajnka dwara roupya padaka samapta heba parey, pii. ess. sii. nyu clark saharare "phillipine alympic city" nirmana karibaku yojana karithila.
ramirez kahichanti je ehi krida kendra, jeunthire jatiah athlet ebong creeda subidha rahiba, nutan clark saharar eka prathamika akarshana heba, jaahaa setebele madhya clark green city bhabare janashuna, ebong 2019 dakhina purba asiah creedara eka sambhabya mukhya sthana hoipare jaahaa desh dwara ajojita heba . ramirez sehi samajare akalana karithile je 2018 suddha creeda complexes kholijiba. pii. ess. sii. board ebong bii. sii. dii. aii. sabhapati vince daijananka madhyare eka baithaka parey ehara nirmanare prathamika samprukta sanstha bhabare creeda complexeray bases rupantarana bikash kartrupakhya (bii. sii. dii. aii.) rahiba.
phillipines krida aajoga akalana karithile je ehi prakalpa paain pakhapakhi 100 tanka kharcha heba. pii. ess. sii. ru eka sanchajaku bii. sii. dii. aii. dwara nirmana paain aanshika artha jogaiba paain byabahara karajaipariba, eka guck jaahaa clark ebong subika sahita bhilamar eyaara bases ebong fort bonifacio bikashita karithila .
nirmana.
samagrika bhabe jatiah sarkari prashasanika kendra (ngac) rahr bhittiprastara 23 januari, 2018 ray anusthita hoithila ebong prakruta nirmana 15 march, 2018 ray arambha hoithila. nutan clark city creeda hub bruhata mishrit byabahruta sarkari complexes bikashar parjyaja 1aii rahr eka gurutwapurna ansha gathan kare . krida complexes nirmana karjya nije 2018 masiha april maasa 25 tarikhare arambha hoithila, jaahaa eka cement podibara samaroha dwara chinhita hoithila. ehi prakalpa paain praiah 8,000 lokanku nijukti diajaithila ebong nirmana karjya kramagata bhabe kimba dinara 24 ghanta, saptahare saata deane karajaithila.
ngacra sampurna parjyaja 1aii october 2019 suddha shesh karibaku lakhya rakhajaichhi. october 2018 suddha, creeda complexes 30 pratishata sampurna hoisarichhi. navember 2018 suddha, creeda complexer aanumanika samapti august 2019ku sthanantarita karajaithila ebong augusteru october 2019 parjyanta ehi sthanare parikhya event ayojan karibaku yojana karajaithila.
2019 luzon bhukampa parey, creedara jatila nirmana sthanare kaunasi khyajakhyati hoinathiba suchana milithila. june 2019 suddha, ehi subidha 85 ru 88 pratishata sampurna hoithila ebong abasista karjyagudika madhyaru adhikansha anchalara bhudrushya nirmana sahita jadita thila .
2019 july suddha athletics stadium ebong jala kendra sahita creeda complexes 90 pratishata sampurna hoithila ebong august 2019 shesh suddha sampurna hebara thila .
prastuti.
ehi stadijamaku prathame phillipines athletics track anded field association saptahika rile rahr antim parjyaja ayojan paain byabahara karajaithila jaahaa september 1,2019 ray anusthita hoithila ebong 2019 phillipines santarana jatiah open paain jalaja kendra jaahaa august 31,2019 ray arambha hoithila. ubhaja event philipino athaletmananka paain jogyata arjan thila jaahaa 2019 dakhina purba asiah gamesray semananka desh paain pratidwandita karibaku lakhya rakhithila .
october 19 ebong october 20,2019 rahr saptaha sheshare, krida parisarre pratham thara paain triathlon rays event anusthita hoithila .
october 26 ebong 27,2019 ray, creeda complexes 2019 dakhina purba asiah creedara test event madhya ayojan karithila .
bhabisyata.
bcda eka indor erena bhali atirikta krida subidha nirmana karibara yojana ghoshana karithila jaahaa basketball bhali indor event ayojan karipariba, ebong chhaa hector anchalare suting bhali outdoor khela paain aneka kichhi sanrakhita rahiba. ehaa football, tennis ebong cycle chalana paain anyanya creeda subidha nirmana karibara yojana madhya ghoshana karithila.
bcda sabhapati bhinas diazon kahichanti je creeda complexes samudrika khela parey ehara rakhyanabekhyana ebong parichalanaku gharoikarana kariba. dison bujhaithile je semane ehaaku gharoikarana karibaku chahunthile jaahaa dwara complexeku bhal bhabare jatna niajauchhi jaahaa eka sarkari parichalita jaahaa kharap hoigala . dhalaa haatee" heba edaiba paain, semane anya biswastareeja krida subidha (jepariki singapurara krida kendra, londner raanee elizabeth olympics park ebong sidnire sidney olympics park) rahr saphalata kahani anusarana karanti . semane ehi parisaraku eka bahumukhi parisarre parinata karibaku madhya yojana karithile, jaahaa jathakrame london ebong sidney grishmakalina alympic khela ayojan kariba parey karithile.
ehi krida parisara philipino kreedabitamananka sthajee abas bhabe karjya kariba ebong philipine krida aajoga dwara ehara subidha pradan karajiba.
sthapatya ebong design
sthaniah sthapatya sanstha, budji + rayal sthapatya + design, nutan clark city creeda hub upare karjya kariba paain bases rupantarana bikash kartupakhyanka dwara nijukta karajaithila . ehi sansthati americae saharanchal jojanakara ebong injinijaring sanstha ekam sahita sahjog karithila. sthapati rayal pineda ebong badaji + rayal rahr interior designer badaji leig creeda complexes prakalpare jadita achanti . complexer design parol, eka philipino christmas lanthanaru anupranita hoithila . complexes madhyare thiba adhikansha sanrachanara gadha dhusara rangara lahr finish nikatasta mount pinatubo, eka agnejagiri sahita sanjukta .
singapurara eka sanstha surbana juranga madhya subidhara design sambandhare paramarsha karjya karithile. ehi krida complexeku singapurara krida kendra aadhaarare ehi sanstha dwara prastuta karajaithila.
athletics stadium.
mukhya stadium, jahara design pinatubo parbataru niajaithila, ehara post ebong sammukhabhaga agnejagiriru lahr kimba agnejagirira bhagnabasesharu tiari hoithila . ehara bruttakara chhataku eka gartta bhali tiari karajaithila ebong ehaa aneka bakra chapara dwara byakhya karajaithila. mukhya sammukhabhaga kimba mukhya prabesha dwara catch frame dwara aachadita . sthaniah surjyastara pratinidhitwa kariba paain stadiamera stambhagudiku kamala rangara ranga diajaichhi.
jala kendra.
jalakendra designre eka bishala khola chapara sahita eka prismatic chhaata rahichhi jaahaa capies kotingare tiari eka parol pari . chhatati politetraphloroethylene (ptfe) ru tiari hoichhi, eka fiberglass samagri jaahaa ehara haluka guna, sthajitwa ebong panipaga pratirodha paain byabahruta hue . sthapatimane ehi subidhaku aachadana karibaku chahunchhanti kintu tathapi ehara aabhyantareen anshare prakrutika aloka prabesha karibaku dianti . dinare, sthapatimane chhataku puruna phillipine ghara dwara byabahruta kpj jharaka pari karibaku chahunthile ebong dhanchaku eka alokita parol pari karibaku design karajaichi . ehi sthanare duiti suiming pool, eka 10-laine alympic pool ebong eka 8-laine talim pool achhi . 2, 000 aasana bisista ehi jala kendra, jaahaa 2019 dakhina-purba asiah creedara santarana, daiving ebong water pollo pratijogitara ayojan karithila, antarjatija jala parichalana sanstha federation international dii natason dwara nirdharita biswastareeja manaka sahita sampurna anupalana karibaku nirmita hoithila.
bhadatia.
nutan clark city krida kendra jatiah sarkari prashasanika kendra (ngac) bhitare abasthita jeunthire sarkari kotha, sarkari basabhabana, eka polyclinic ebong eka banijyika kendra madhya rahichhi. ngac nikatare abasthita, jatiah krida ekademira mukhya camps jaahaa krida subidhagudikara paripuraka heba . ehaa august 2021 ray kholajiba bolly aasha karajauchhi.
ghatana.
nutan clark city krida hub krida sangathana, gharoi sanstha ebong sarkari agencymananka thaaru pramukh creeda pratijogita ayojan karichhi . | navaan clark city khed kendra
navaan clark city khed kendra jaan navaan clark city khed complexes (shuru witch philipine khed shehar jaan philipine olympic shehar vajon janhiaa jaanda haii) kapaas, tarlock witch navein clark shehar dey rashtari sarkaar dey parshaski kendra dey ander sathit khed sahulatan daa ikk complexes haii.
itihaas.
vikas.
rashtarpati rodrigo duterte dey parshasana toon pahilan, philipine olympic kameti neey metro manila dey bahr ikk rashtari sikhlai kendra sathapat curran dee yojna banayi see parr ajihi sahulat sathapat curran laee gallbat witch koee mahattavpuran pragati naheen hoee see. duterte neey nijji taur utte 2016 witch philipine khed commission dey mukhi viliam ramirez noon "agvai curran" daa nirdesh ditta jiss naal ramirez neey manila witch purane rizzle yadgar khed complexes noon badlan deeaan yojnavan baare karajkari sakattar salvador medialdia naal gallbat keeti. saal 2000 dey dahake witch clark khetar witch philipine olympic shehar namak ikk khed complexes banaun dee yojna vee see, jiss noon 2005 deeaan dakkhan-purbi aci khedan laee ikk sathaan vajon vartiaa jaanha see.
braazeel dey reo dee janeiro witch 2016 dey garmiaan dey olympic witch philipino wetlifter hiddlin diaaz duaara chaandi daa tagma jittan toon baad, pee. aiss. see. neey nioo clark city witch "philipine olympic city" banaun dee yojna banayi.
ramirez neey kiha kii khed kendra, jiss witch rashtari athleetan atey khed sahulatan hongiaan, navein clark shehar dey muddhale aakarshanan vicchon ikk hovega, jiss noon ajey vee clark green city vajon janhiaa jaanda haii, atey 2019 dakkhan-purbi aci khedan daa ikk sambhavat mukkh sathaan hoow sakda haii. uss samein ramirez neey anuman lagaiaa see kii khed complexes 2018 takk khullh javega. khed complexes witch pee. aiss. see. board atey bee. see. dee. aii. dey pardhan wins diagen darmiaan ikk meating toon baad iss dey nirman witch mukkh shamal sanstha vajon bases conversion development atharty (bee. see. dee. aii.) hovegi.
philipine khed commission neey anuman lagaiaa kii iss project dee laagat 100 croad rupaye dey vichkaar hovegi. pee. aiss. see. toon ikk bacchat dee varton bee. see. dee. aii. duaara nirman laee anshak taur 'teey vitt poshan laee keeti jaa sakadi haii, ikk gauk jiss neey clark atey sabik dey naal-naal vilamore air bases atey fort bonifacio noon vikast keeta.
usari.
samuche taur utte rashtari sarkaar dey parshaski kendra (ainn. jee. aii. see.) dee neenh patthar 23 janwari, 2018 noon rakkhi gaee see atey asal nirman 15 march, 2018 noon shuru hoiaa see. navaan clark city sports habb vadde mishrat-varte gaye sarkari complexes dey vikas dey padaa 1aii daa ikk mahattavpuran hissa haii. khed complexes daa nirman 25 aprail, 2018 noon shuru hoiaa see, jiss witch ikk cement paunh daa samaroh hoiaa see. iss project laee lagbhag 8,000 lokan noon kamm 'teey rakkhiaa giaa see atey nirantar jaan dinn witch 24 ghante, hafte witch satt dinn nirman kaaraj keete jaande sunn.
ainn. jee. aii. see. dey poore padaa 1aii noon aktubar 2019 takk poora curran daa teecha haii. aktubar 2018 takk, khed complexes pahilan hii 30 pratishat poora hoow chukka haii. navambar 2018 takk, khed complexes dey anumanat mukammal honn noon agast 2019 witch tabdil qarr ditta giaa see atey agast toon aktubar 2019 takk iss sathaan utte test event aayojit curran dee yojna banayi gaee see.
2019 dey luzen bhuchal toon baad, khed dey complexes nirman vaali jagha 'teey koee nuksan dee soochna naheen see. juun 2019 takk, ih sahulat 85 toon 88 pratishat puurii hoow gaee see atey baaki ziaadaatar kamm khetar dee landscaping witch shamal sunn.
khed complexes julai 2019 takk athletics stadium atey jall kendra naal 90 pratishat poora hoow giaa see atey agast 2019 dey ant takk poora honaa see.
tiaari.
stadium dee varton pahili vaar philpine athletics track atey feeled association haftavari relay dey antim padaa dee mezbani curran laee keeti gaee see joe 1 satambar, 2019 noon aayojit keeti gaee see atey 2019 philipine tairaki rashtari open laee jall kendra joe 31 agast, 2019 noon shuru hoiaa see. doven event philpine athleetan laee qualifier sunn jinhan daa udesh 2019 dakkhan-purbi aci khedan witch aapne desh laee mukabala karna see.
19 aktubar atey 20 aktubar, 2019 dey hafte dey ant witch, khed complexes witch pahili vaar triathlon daud daa ayojan keeta giaa see.
26 atey 27 aktubar, 2019 noon khed complexes neey 2019 dakkhan-purbi aci khedan daa test event vee aayojit keeta.
bhavikh.
bee. see. dee. aii. neey ikk indor akhade vargiaan vadhu khed sahulatan banaun dee aapni yojna daa ailaan keeta joe basketball varge indor programan dee mezbani qarr sakda haii, naal hii chhe hectare khetar witch shooting vargiaan baahari khedan laee bahut kujh rakhvan rakkhiaa giaa haii. iss neey football, tennis atey cycling laee horr khed sahulatan banaun dee yojna daa vee ailaan keeta.
bee. see. dee. aii. dey pardhan wins diagen neey kiha kii khed complexes samundari khedan toon turant baad aapne rakkh-rakhaa atey sanchalan daa nijjikaran karega. diazen neey samjhaiaa kii uh iss daa nijjikaran karna chahunde sunn taan joe complexes dee changi tarahan dekhbhal keeti jaa sake, joe kii sarkaar duaara chalaiaa jaanda haii joe kii kharaab hoow giaa see. chitta haathi bannan toon bachann laee, uh horr vishav padhri khed sahulatan (jiven kii singapur witch singapur khed kendra, london witch raanee elizabeth olympic park atey sidney witch sidney olympic park) deeaan safalta deeaan kahaniaan dee palna karde hunn. unhan neey complexes noon ikk bahu-mantavi witch badlan dee vee yojna banayi, jiven kii london atey sidney neey kramvaar garmiaan deeaan olympic khedan dee mezbani toon baad keeta see.
khed complexes philipino athleetan dey sathayi gharr vajon kamm karega atey philipine khed commission duaara iss dee sahulat ditti javegi.
architecture atey design
sathanak architecture ferm, badji + shaahi architecture + design, noon bases parivartan vikas atharty duaara navein clark city sports habb 'teey kamm curran laee commission keeta giaa see. iss company neey amriki shahiri yojnakar atey engineering company ecom naal sahiyog keeta. architect shaahi pineda atey buddi + shaahi dey interior designer buddi leigh khed complexes project witch shamal hunn. complexes daa design parol, ikk philipino christmas lalten toon prerit see. complexes dey ander ziaadaatar dhanchiaan witch ikk goodeh slaty parat hundi haii joe kii ikk jualamukhi, nede dey mount pinatubo noon jodadi haii.
singapur dee ikk company surbana jurong neey vee sahulatan dey design dey sambandh witch salaah mashware daa kamm keeta. khed complexes noon ferm duaara singapur khed kendra dey baad tiaar keeta giaa see.
athletics stadium.
mukkh stadium, jiss daa design pinatubo pahaad toon liaa giaa see, deeaan chaukiaan atey chihre noon jawalamukhi dey lahr jaan jualamukhi dey malbe toon banaiaa giaa see. iss dee ringed chhatt dee rekha noon ikk khadde varga banaiaa giaa see atey iss noon karav curran valiaan chhattan dee ikk luddy duaara paribhashit keeta giaa see. mukkh adda jaan mukkh pravesh duaar shishe dey frames naal dhakkiaa hoiaa haii. stadium dey thammhan noon sathanak suraj dubban dee numaindagi curran laee santri rung naal rangiaa giaa haii.
jall kendra.
jall kendra dey design witch ikk vishal khullah shedd hunda haii jiss dee chhatt prismatic hundi haii joe kii capiz coating dey baney parol dey samaan hundi haii. chhatt politetrafluoroethylene (ptfe) toon banayi gaee haii, ikk fiberglass samaggari joe iss dee halki visheshta, sathirta atey mausam pratirodh laee varti jaandi haii. architect iss sahulat noon cover curran daa irada rakkhde hunn parr firr vee iss dey andruni hisse witch kudrati roshni aaunn dinde hunn. dinn vele, architectan daa irada see kii chhatt philpine dey purane gharan duaara vartiaan jaanh valiaan capiz khidkiaan vargi howay atey iss witch roshni haii joe dhanche noon ikk roshan parol vargi banaun laee tiaar keeti gaee haii. ih sathaan doou swimming pool, ikk 10-laine olympic pool atey ikk 8-laine sikhlai pool dee mezbani karda haii. 2, 000 seetan vaala jall kendra, jiss neey 2019 deeaan dakkhan-purbi aci khedan dey tairaki, gotakhori atey water pollo mukabaliaan dee mezbani keeti see, noon antarashtari jall parbandhak sanstha federation international dee natation duaara nirdharat vishav padhri mapdandan dee puurii tarahan palna curran laee banaiaa giaa see.
kiraedar.
navaan clark city sports habb rashtari sarkaar dey parshaski kendra (ainn. jee. aii. see.) dey ander sathit haii jiss witch sarkari imaratan, sarkari rihaishan, ikk polyclinic atey ikk vaparak kendra vee shamal haii. ainn. jee. aii. see. dey bilkul paar sathit, rashtari khed academy daa mukkh camps haii joe khed sahulatan daa poorak hovega. iss dey agast 2021 witch khulhan dee umeed haii.
ghatnavan.
navein clark city sports habb neey khed sangathanan, private sansthavan atey sarkari agencies toon vadde khed mukabale dee mezbani keeti haii.
| nyoo clark city creedaa kendram
nyoo clark city creedaa-kendram athavaa nyoo clark city creedaa-parisarah (praarambhe philipin-creedaa-nagaram athavaa philipin-olympic-nagaram iti namna prasidhah) rashtriya-sarvakaarasya prashaasanik-kendrasya kapaas-nagarasya nyoo clark-city ityasya antah sthitah creedaa-suvidhaanaam sankeernah asti.
itihaasah.
vikaasah.
rashtrapatina rodrigo duterte ityasya prashasanat poorvam, philipin-olympic-samityaah metro-manilaa-nagarasya bahihi rashtriya-prashikshan-kendrasya sthapanasya poorvayojanaah aasan, parantu etaadrushee suvidhaa sthaapayitum vaartaayaah pragatihi naa abhavat. duterte varyaha vyaktigataroopen 2016 tame varshe philipin-creedaa-ayogasya pramukham vilium ramirez ityenam "netrutvam sweekartum" nirdeshm dattavaan, yena ramirez ityeshah, manilaa-nagare puratanam rijal-smaarak-creedaa-sankulasya pratisthaapanasy yojanam vishaye, karyakari-sachivena salvador-medialdia ityanena saha vaartaalaapam krutavaan. 2000 tame dashake clark-kshetre philipin-olympic-nagaram iti creedaa-sankeernasy nirmanasya purvayojana api aasit, yasya upayogah 2005 tame varshe dakshinapoorva-asiayaah kreedaasthalaroopen bhavitum apekshitah aasit.
brazil-deshasya riyo dee janeyaro-nagare 2016 greeshmakaaleen-olympic-kridaayaam philipino-bhaarottolak-hidilyn-diaz ityanena rajatpadakam praapya, pee. ess. see.-samsthaa nootan-clark-nagare "philipin-olympic-nagaram" nirmayitum yojanam niroodavatee.
ramirez ityanena avadat yat rashtriya-kreedakaah creedaa-suvidhaah cha sthitaah creedaa-kendraani nutanasya clark-nagarasya praathamik-aakarshaneshu anyatamaani bhavanti, yat tadaa api clark-green-city iti namna prasidham aasit, tathaa cha 2019 tame varshe deshe aayojite aagneya-asiayaah kridaanaam sambhaavya-mukhya-sthalam api bhavitum arhati iti. tasmin samaye ramirez-varyaha, 2018 tamavarshaparyantam creedaa-sankeernam udghaatitam bhavishyati iti abhidnyaapayat. pi. ess. sii. board tathaa bii. sii. dii. e. adhyakshasy wins daizan-ityasya madhye melanam krutvaa, creedaa-sankeernasy nirmanasya praathamik-samlagnataasambandhi-samsthaa iti bess conversion development authority (bii. sii. dii. e.) iti bhavishyati.
philipin-creedaa-ayogah asya pariyojanaayaah vyayah 200 taha 200 paryantam bhavishyati iti anumanyata. pee. ess. see.-samsthaayaah sanchayasya upayogena bee. see. dee. e. samsthayaa aamshikaroopena nirmanasya vittaposhanam kartum shakyate, yah gok iti samsthaa, clark tathaa subic, tathaa cha villaamor-vaayu-adharaha, fort bonifasio cha vikasitavaan.
nirmaanam.
samagraroopen rashtriyasarvakarasya prashaasanikakendrasy (enn. jee. e. see.) bhoomi-nirmaanam 2018 janavaree 23 dinaanke abhavat, vaastavikanirmaanam 2018 maarch 15 dinaanke aarabdham. nootanam clark-nagar-creedaa-kendram bruhattarasya mishra-upayogitayaha sarvakaareey-sankeernasy vikaasasya charanasya 1e ityasya mahattvapoornam bhaagam bhavati. creedaa-parisarakasya nirmanam 2018 april 25 dinaanke eva aarabdham, yat cement-prasaranaa-samarohena ankitam aasit. pariyojanaayaah krute praayah 8,000 janaah niyuktaah aasan, nirmanakaryani nirantaram vaa dine 24 ghantaah, saptaahe saptadinaani cha krutaani aasan.
enn. jee. e. see. ityasya sampoornah charanah 1e. 2019 october-maasaparyantam poornah bhavitum laxyitam asti. 2018 october-maasaparyantam creedaa-parisarah 30 pratishatam pooritah asti. 2018 tamavarshasya november-maasaparyantam creedaa-sankeernasy anumaanita-samaaptih 2019 tamasya varshasya august-maasaparyantam agre nyastah, yatra 2019 tamasya varshasya august-masat october-maasaparyantam pariksha-kaaryakramaah aayojayitum yojanaa aasit.
2019 tame varshe luzan-bhukampasya anantaram kreedaayaah jatilanirmaanasthale kimapi kshatihi naa abhavat iti soochitam. 2019 joon-maasaparyantam eshaa suvidhaa 85 taha 88 pratishatam yaavat poornam aasit, shesheshu adhikaamsheshu kaaryeshu kshetrasya bhudrushyanirmanam cha antarbhavati sma.
creedaa-parisarah 2019 julai-maasaparyantam 90 pratishatam yaavat athletics-kreedaamganena jala-kendrena cha sampannah aasit, 2019 august-masasya ante poornah bhavitum arhati sma.
tayaaree.
2019 september 1 dinaanke aayojitasy philipin-athletics-track-end-feeled-association-saaptaahik-rile-kreedaayaah antima-charanasya, 2019 august 31 dinaanke aarabhyatasy 2019 philipin-swiming-national-open-kreedaayaah jaliya-kendrasya cha aatitheyatvam kartum prathamam kridaanganam prayuktam aasit. ubhau api kridanganaha 2019 aagneya-asiayaah kreedaasu swadeshasya krute spardhaam kartum lakshytam praptanam philipino-kridapatunam krute arhataa-spardhaah aasan.
2019 october 19 october 20 october masayoho saptahante prathamavaaram creedaa-parisare triathlon-spardhayaha ayojanam krutam.
2019 october 26,27 dinaanke cha creedaa-parisare 2019 aagneya-asiayaah kreedaayaah pareekshan-kaaryakramah api aayojitah.
bhavishyat.
bee. see. dee. e. ityanena atirikta-creedaa-suvidhaanaam nirmanasya yojanaah ghoshitaa yathaa antahsth-kridaanganam, yena basketball ityadinam antahsth-creedaa-aayojanaani aayojayitum shaknuvanti, tathaiva shut-hector-kshetre shooting ityadinam baahya-kreedaam krute cha bahwyah aarakshitah asti. saha football, tennis, sackling ityetayoho krute anyakrida-suvidhaanaam nirmanasya yojanam api ghoshayat.
bee. see. dee. e. adhyakshah wins daizan avadat yat creedaa-parisarah samudra-kreedaayaah anantaram eva swasya rakshanasy, karyanam cha nijeekaranam karishyati iti. daizan ityanena spashteekrutam yat te tasya nijeekaranam kartum icchanti sma yena sankeernasy uttamaparipaalanam bhavet, anyathaa sarvakaarena sanchaalitam sankeernam kshiptam jaatam. shvetagandhaa" iti bhavitum te anyaanaam vishva-stariyaanaam creedaa-suvidhaanaam (yathaa singaapur-kridaasthalam, landan-nagarasya queen elizaabet-olympic-paark, sidney-nagarasya sidney-olympic-paark) safalataakathaan anusaranti. landan-nagare tathaa sidney-nagare greeshmakaaleen-olympic-kreedaayaah ayojananantaram yathaa krutam, tathaiva te api asya parisarasya bahuuddeshyeey-parivartanam kartum yojanam krutavantah.
creedaa-parisarah philipino-kridapatunam sthayee-gruharoopena karyam karishyati, api cha philipain-creedaa-ayogena suvidhaa-pradatta bhavishyati.
vastukala evam rachanaa.
sthaniya-vastukala-samsthaa, budji + rayal-architecture + desain, nootan-clark-city-creedaa-kendre karyam kartum bess-parivartanam-vikasa-praadhikaranen niyojita aasit. amerikaadeshasy nagar-yojanakarena, abhiyaantriki-samsthayaa cha ikom ityanena saha asya samsthaayaah sahayogah abhavat. vaastushilpih rayal pineda, budji + rayal ityasya aantarik-vinyaasakah budji legg cha creedaa-sankeern-pariyojanaayaam samlagnaah santi. asya sankeernasy vinyaasah philipino-chrismus-dipastambhat preritah aasit. sankeernasy antah adhikaamsheshu samrachanaashu samipasthasya pinaatubo-parvatasya jwaalaamukhyaah agrabhaagaroopen krushnavarnee-lahr-finish asti.
singaapurasya surbana juraang iti samsthaa api suvidhaanaam vinyaasasya vishaye paraamarsh-karyam krutavatee. creedaa-sankeernam samsthayaa singaapur-creedaa-kendrasya aadhaaren pratiroopam dattam.
athletics-kridaasthalam.
mukhya-kreedaamganasya vinyaasah pinaatubo-parvataat nishpanah aasit, tasya stambhaah, mukhabhaagah cha lahr-ityanena athavaa jwalamukhi-bhagnaavasheshaat nirmitah aasit. asya vruttaakaarah chatarekhaa crater-sadrusham aasit, tathaa cha vakra-prushtabhaagaanaam shrunkhalayaa paribhaashitam aasit. mukhyapraantah athavaa mukhyapraveshanah kaach-frame-dwara aacchaaditah asti. kreedaamganasya stambhaah sthaniyasya suryastasya pratinidhitvaartham naarangavarnavarnaih varnitaah santi.
jalakendram.
jalakendrasy vinyaase vishaalah muktah gruhah asti yasya prismatic-chhaadah capiz-lepanena nirmitah paarol-sadrushah asti. asya chatasya nirmanam polytetrafluoroethylni (pee. tea. ef. ee.) ityanena krutam asti, yat faberglass-saamagri asti, yasya upayogah laghugunasya, sthairyasya, vayuguna-pratirodhasya cha krute bhavati. vaastukaarah asya saukaryasya aavaranam kartum icchanti, parantu tathaapi praakrutikam prakasham tasya antahbhaage pradaasyanti. dine, vaastukaarah, prachinena philipin-gruhaihi prayuktena capiz-jalikabhihi sadrusham iti chhatam icchanti sma, tathaa cha tasya samrachanaa prakashita-paarol-sadrusham bhavet iti prakaashah kalpayati sma. yatra dwau swimming pool ityetau, 10-lenn-olympic pool, 8-lenn-prashikshan-pool ityetau cha santi. 2019 tame varshe dakshinapoorva-asiayaah kridaanaam tarana-daving-water polo-pratiyogitanam ayojanam kurvataam 2000 asananam jaliya-kendram, antarashtriya-jaliya-shaasee-samsthaa-federation-international-day-natation-dwara nirdhaarite vaishvika-manakanam purnataya anupaalayitum nirmitam aasit.
bhatakanam.
nootanam clark-nagar-creedaa-kendram rashtriya-sarvakaarasya prashaasanik-kendrasya (enn. jee. e. see.) antah sthitam asti, yasmin sarvakaareey-bhavanaani, sarvakaareey-nivasasthanani, bahu-chikitsaalayah, vaanijya-kendram cha santi. enn. jee. e. see. ityasya sameepe eva sthitah rashtriya-creedaa-akadami ityasya mukhya-parisarah asti, yah creedaa-suvidhaanaam poorakah bhavishyati. 2021 august-maase asya udghaatanam apekshitam asti.
ghatanaah.
nootanam clark-city-creedaa-kendram creedaa-sanghatanana, svaayatta-samsthanam, sarvakaareey-samsthanam cha pramukha-creedaa-pratiyogitaayaah ayojanam krutavaan asti.
| puthiya clark chitty vilayaattu maiyam
puthiya clark nagara vilayaattu maiyam allathu puthiya clark nagara vilayaattu valaagam (aarambaththil philippain vilayaattu nagaram allathu philippain olympic nagaram endru azhaikkappattathu) enbathu puthiya clark nagaraththin thaesiya arasu nirvaaga maiyaththirkul amainthulla vilayaattu vasathigalin valaagamaagum.
varalaaru.
valarchi.
janathipathi rodrico tutertavin nirvaagaththirku munbu, philippain olympic kuzhu metro manilaavukku veliyae oru thaesiya payirchi myyaththai amaikka munththaiya thittangalai kondirundhadhu, aanaal aththagaiya vasathiyai niruvuvatharkaana paechchuvaarththaikal kurippidatthakka munnaettraththaik kondirukkavillai. manilaavil ulla pazhaiya risal ninaivu vilayaattu valaagaththai maattruvatharkaana thittangal kuritthu nirvaaga seyalaalar salvador medialdiyaavudan ramires pechchuvaarththai nadaththa vazhivagukkum vagaiyil, philippain vilayaattu aanaiyaththin thalaivar villiyam ramires 2016 aam aandil duderde thanipatta muraiyil uttaravittaar. 2000 kazhil clark paguthiyil philippain olympic nagaram endru azhaikkappadum oru vilayaattu valaagaththai kattuvatharkaana munththaiya tittamum irunththathu, idhu 2005 thenkizhakku aasiya vilaiyaattukalukkaana idamaaga payanpaduththappada vaendum.
brazilin reo dii jenirovil nadantha 2016 koadaikkaala olimpikkil philipino paluthookkupavar hidilin dias vellip pathakkam ventra piragu, puthiya clark nagaril "philippain olympic nagaraththai" katta pii. ess. chii thittamittathu.
thaesiya vilayaattu veerargal mattrum vilayaattu vasathigalaik konda vilayaattu maiyamaanathu, puthiya clark nagaraththin muthanmai eerppugalil ontraaka irukkum, appoathu clark green chitty endru azhaikkappadukirathu, maelum 2019 thenkizhakku aasiya vilaiyaattukalin mukiya idamaaga irukkalaam endru ramires koorinaar. antha neraththil ramires 2018 aam aandukkul vilayaattu valaagam thirakkappadum endru kanitthaar. pii. chii. chii vaariyaththirkum pii. chii. dii. aee thalaivar wins disonukkum idaiyilaana santhippaith thodarnthu adhan kattumaanaththil adippadai maattru maempaattu aanaiyam (pii. chii. dii. aee) muthanmai sambanthappatta amaippaaga irukkum.
philippain vilayaattu aanaiyam inththa thittaththirku 200 roopaai varai selavaagum endru mathippittathu. pii. chii. chii. yill irunthu kidaikkum saemippu, clark mattrum subik, villaamar vimanath thalam mattrum fort phoeniphasio aagiyavattrai uruvaakkiya pii. chii. dii. aee., endra kook moolam kattumaanaththirku oralavu nidhiyalikka payanpaduththappadalaam.
kattumanam.
ottumoththa thaesiya arasu nirvaaga myyaththirkaana (ngac) adikkal naatal janavari 23,2018 andru nadaipettrathu mattrum unmaiyana kattumanam maarch 15,2018 andru thodangiyathu. puthiya clark nagara vilayaattu maiyam periya kalappu-payanpaduththappatta arasaangka valaagaththin valarchchiyin kattam 1aee inn kurippidatthakka paguthiyaagum. vilayaattu valaagaththin kattumanam aepral 25,2018 andru thodangiyathu, idhu cement uutrtrum vilaavaal kurikkappattathu. inththa thittaththirkaaga sumar 8,000 paer paniyamarthappattanar, kattumaanap panikal thodarnthu allathu oru naalaikku 24 manii neramum, vaaraththil aezhu naatkalum seiyappattana.
enn. jii. aee. chii. yinn muzhu kattamum october juun mudikka ilakku nirnayikkappattullathu. october 2018 nilavarappadi, vilayaattu valaagam aerkanavae 30 sathaveetham niraivadainthullathu. navambar navambar, vilayaattu valaagaththin thittamidappatta niraivu august 2019 kku munnathaaka maattrappattathu, soathanai nigazhvugal august muthal october 2019 varai inththa idaththil nadaththa thittamidappattana.
2019 lusanne poogampaththaith thodarnthu, vilaiyaattin sikkalaana kattumaana idaththil endha sethamum aerpadavillai. juun juun, inththa vasathi 85 muthal 88 sathaveetham varai niraivadainthirunthathu, meethamulla perumpaalaana vaelaigal ippaguthiyin nilaparappai ulladakkiyathu.
thadagala arangkam mattrum neervaazh maiyaththudan vilayaattu valaagam 2019 joolaikkul 90 sathaveetham niraivadainthirunthathu, maelum august 2019 iruthikkul mudikka thittamidappattathu.
thayaarpaduththuthal.
septumber 1,2019 andru nadaipettra philippain thadagala track mattrum field association vaaraanthira relavin iruthi kattaththaiyum, august 31,2019 andru thodangiya 2019 philippain neechal thaesiya oopanukkaana neer maiyaththaiyum nadaththa inththa stadium muthanmuthalil payanpaduththappattathu. inththa irandu nigazhvugalum 2019 thenkizhakku aasiya vilaiyaattukalil thangal naattirkaaga poattiyiduvathai nokkamaagak konda philippain vilayaattu veerargalukkaana thaguthip poattikalaakum.
october 19 mattrum october 20,2019 vaara iruthiyil, triathlon pandhaya nigazhvu muthal muraiyaaga vilayaattu valaagaththil nadaipettrathu.
october 26 mattrum 27,2019 andru, vilayaattu valaagam 2019 thenkizhakku aasiya vilaiyaattukalin soathanai nigazhvaiyum nadaththiyathu.
ethirkaalam.
koodaippandhu poantra udpura nigazhvugalai nadaththakoodiya udpura arangkam poantra koodudhal vilayaattu vasathigalaik kattuvatharkaana thanathu thittangalai pcda ariviththathu, athae poal aaru hectare paguthiyil thuppaakkich soodu poantra velippura vilaiyaattukalukku niraiya odhukkappattullathu. kaalpandhu, dennis mattrum cycle oottuvatharkaana pira vilayaattu vasathigalai uruvaakkuvatharkaana thittangalaiyum adhu ariviththathu.
pcda thalaivar wins dyson, vilayaattu valaagam kadal vilaiyaattukalukkup piragu adhan paramarippu mattrum seyalpaadugalai thaniyarmayamaakkum endru koorinaar. moasamadaintha arasaangkaththaal nadatthappadum valaakamaaka illaamal, valaagaththai nanku paraamarikka adhai thaniyarmayamaakka virumbuvathaaga dyson vilakkinaar. vellai yaanai" aaguvathaith thavirppatharkaaga, avarkal mattra ulagath tharam vaaintha vilayaattu vasathigalin (singappooril ulla singapur vilayaattu maiyam, landanil ulla raani elisabeth olympic poongaa mattrum sidniyil ulla sidney olympic poongaa poantravai) vetrtrik kadhaigalaip pinpattrukiraarkal. lundon mattrum sidney muraiyae koadaikkaala olympic poattikalai nadaththiya piragu seithathaip poalavae, inththa valaakaththaiyum pala nokkangkalukkaaga maattra avarkal thittamittanar.
inththa vilayaattu valaagam philippines vilayaattu veerargalin niranthara illamaagavum, philippines vilayaattu aanaiyatthaal vasathiyaagavum seyalpadum.
kattidakkalai mattrum vadivamaippu.
ulloor kattidakkalai niruvanamaana budji + raayal kattidakkalai + vadivamaippu, puthiya clark nagara vilayaattu maiyaththil paniyaattra thazha maattru maempaattu aanaiyatthaal niyamikappattana. inththa niruvanam america nagarppura thittamidupavar mattrum poriiyal niruvanamaana eekoamudan oththulaiththathu. kattidak kalaignar raayal pineda mattrum budji + raayal inn udpura vadivamaippaalar budji laeyuk aagiyoar vilayaattu valaagath thittaththil eedupattullanar. valaagaththin vadivamaippu oru philipino christhumas vilakku, paarolil irunthu eerkkappattathu. valaakaththirkul ulla perumpaalaana kattamaippugal arugilulla erimalaiyaana pinattupoa malaiyin mudippaaga adder saambal nira lahaar poochchu kondullana.
singapur niruvanamaana surbana jurangum vasathigalin vadivamaippu kuritthu aaloasanaip panikalai maerkondathu. inththa vilayaattu valaagam singapur vilayaattu maiyaththin maathiriyaaga niruvanatthaal vadivamaikkappattathu.
thadagala arangkam.
adhan vadivamaippaik kondirundha pirathaana stadium, pinattupoa malaiyilirunthu perappattathu, adhan idugaigal mattrum mugappu laagar allathu erimalai idipaadugalilirunthu erimalai idiththu irunththathu. adhan valaiya koorai oru pallaththai oththathaaga seiyappattathu mattrum thodarchchiyaana valaintha maelmaadigalaal varaiyarukkappattathu. pirathaana mugappu allathu pirathaana nuzhaivaayil kannaadich sattaikalaal moodappattullathu. ulloor sooriya asthamanatthaik kurikkum vagaiyil stadiathin thoongal aaranjchu niraththil varaiyappattullana.
neer maiyam.
neer maiyaththin vadivamaippu capis poochchu seiyappatta oru barol poantra oru presmatic kooraiyudan oru periya thirantha kottakaiyaik kondullathu. koorai polytetrafluoroethylethy (pdfe) moolam thayaarikkappadukirathu, idhu oru kannaadith thazhai porul adhan ilaguraga panbu, aayul mattrum vaanilai ethirppukkup payanpaduththappadukirathu. kattidak kalaignargal inththa vasathiyai mooda virumbukiraargal, aanaal iyarkaiyaana oliyai adhan utpuraththirkul anumathikkiraarkal. pakalil, kattidak kalaignargal kooraiyai pazhaiya philippain veedugalaal payanpaduththappadum capis jannalgalaip poalavae vadivamaikka virumbinar, maelum kattamaippai oru olirum barol poala vadivamaikkum vagaiyil vilakkugal vadivamaikkappattullana. irandu neechal kulangkal, 10 vazhi olympic kulam mattrum 8 vazhi payirchi kulam aagiyavattrai vazhangkum idam idhu. 2019 thenkizhakku aasiya vilaiyaattukalin neechal, diving mattrum watter pooloo poattikalai nadaththiya 2,000 irukkaikal konda neervaazh maiyam, sarvadesa neervaazh nirvaaga amaippu federation international dii natationol nirnayikappatta ulagalaaviya tharangalukku muzhumaiyaaga inangka kattappattathu.
vaadagaithaarargal.
puthiya clark nagara vilayaattu maiyam thaesiya arasaangka nirvaaga maiyaththirkul (ngac) amainthullathu, idhil arasaangka kattidangal, arasaangka kudiyiruppugal, oru baalii clinic mattrum oru vaniga maiyamum ullathu. ngac-kku sattru appaal amainthulla thaesiya vilayaattu akaadamiyin mukiya valaagam, idhu vilayaattu vasathigalai poorthi seiyum. idhu august 2021 ill thirakkappadum endru ethirpaarkkappadukirathu.
nigazhvugal.
puthiya clark nagara vilayaattu maiyam vilayaattu amaippugal, thaniyar niruvanangal mattrum arasu niruvanangalidamirunthu periya vilayaattu poattikalai nadaththiyullathu.
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nyuu clark city sports hub
nyuu clark city sports hub ledhaa nyuu clark city sports complexes (praarambhamlo philippean sports city ledhaa philippean olympic city anie pilustaaru) anedi capas, tarlock looni nyuu clark city yokka jaateeya prabhutva paripalana kendram lopala unna creeda soukaryaala samudaayam.
charitra.
abhivruddhi.
adhyakshudu rodrigo duterte paripalanaku mundu, philippean olympic kamitee metro manila velupala jaateeya sikshanaa kendraanni erpaatu cheyaalani munupati pranaalikalanu kaligi undhi, ayithe atuvanti sadupaayaanni erpaatu cheyadaaniki charchalu gananeeyamaina purogatini saadhinchaledu. manilaalooni paatha rijal smaaraka creeda samudaayam sthaanamlo pranaalikala gurinchi karyanirvahaka karyadarshi salvador medialdiatho ramirage charchalu jarapadaniki daariteese vidhamgaa "naayakatvam vahinchaalani" 2016loe philippean creeda commission adhipati vilium ramirejnu duterte vyaktigatamgaa aadesinchaaru. clark praantamloo philippean olympic city anae creeda samudaayaanni nirminchadaaniki 2000laloe munupati pranaalika kooda undhi, idhi 2005 agneyasia kreedalaku vaedikagaa upayoginchadaaniki uddesinchabadindi.
brazilloni reo dii janeerolo jarigina 2016 vesavi olympicslo philipino weit lifter hiddlin diaz rajata patakam saadhinchina taruvaata, nyuu clark citylo "philippean olympic city" nii nirminchaalani psc pranaalikalu rachinchindi.
jaateeya kreedaakaarulu mariyu creeda soukaryaalaku nilayamgaa unde eee creeda kendram, kotta clark citylo praadhamika aakarshanhalalo okatigaa untundani, appudu kooda clark green city anie piluvabadutundi, mariyu 2019 agneyasia kreedalaku pradhana vaedikagaa undavacchani ramirage chepparu. aaa samayamlo ramirage creeda samudaayam 2018 natiki terichi untundani anchanaa vaesaadu. psc boardu mariyu bcda adhyakshudu wins diazone madhya samavesam taruvaata creeda samudaayam daani nirmaanamloo bays conversion development authority (bcda) nuu praathamikamgaa kaligi untundi.
philippean creeda commission eee prajectuku sumaru ruu. psc nundi podupunu clark mariyu subic, alaage villamar air bays mariyu fort bonifasionu abhivruddhi chesina bcda dwara nirmaanaaniki paakshikamgaa aardhika sahayam cheyadaaniki upayoginchavacchu.
nirmaanam.
mottam jaateeya prabhutva paripalana kendram (ngac) kuu 2018 janavari 23naa sankusthaapana jarigindi mariyu vaastava nirmaanam 2018 marchi 15naa praarambhamaindi. kotta clark city sports hub pedda mishrama-upayoginchina prabhutva samudaayam abhivruddhilo dasha 1elo gananeeyamaina bhaganni kaligi undhi. creeda samudaayam nirmaanam 2018 april 25naa praarambhamaindi, idhi cement poating vedukatho gurtinchabadindi. eee project kosam daadaapu 8,000 mandhi udyogulanu niyaminchaaru, nirmaana panulu nirantaram ledhaa rojuku 24 gantalu, vaaraaniki edu rojulu jarigaayi.
ngac yokka mottam dasha 1eah october 2019 natiki puurti cheyaalani lakshyamgaa pettukunnaru. october 2018 natiki, creeda samudaayam ippatike 30 saatam puurtayimdi. november 2018 natiki, creeda samudaayam yokka anchanaa poortayye prakriyanu augustu 2019kii marcharu, augustu nundi october 2019 varaku eee vedikapai pariksha karyakramalu nirvahinchaalani pranaalika chesaaru.
2019 luzon bhookampam taruvaata, creeda yokka sanklishta nirmaana sthalamlo etuvanti nashtam nivedinchabadaledu. juun 2019 natiki, eee soukaryam 85 nundi 88 saatam puurtayimdi, migilina panulalo ekkuva bhaagam eee praantam yokka thotapanini kaligi undhi.
creeda samudaayam 2019 juulai natiki athletics stadium mariyu jala kendramtho 90 saatam puurtayimdi mariyu 2019 augustu chivari natiki puurti cheyaalani nirnayinchaaru.
tayari.
september 1,2019naa jarigina philippean athletics track und feeled association weakley rile yokka chivari dasaku mariyu augustu 31,2019naa praarambhamaina 2019 philippean swimming national open kosam jala kendram kosam eee stadium modata upayoginchabadindi. eee rendu eeventlu 2019 agneyasia creedalalo tama desham kosam pootii cheyalane lakshyamtho unna philipino athletlaku arhata saadhinchaayi.
october 19 mariyu october 20,2019 vaaraantamlo, triathlon rays eevent modatisaarigaa creeda samudaayamlo jarigindi.
2019 october 26,27 tedeello, creeda samudaayam 2019 agneyasia kreedala test eeventnu kooda nirvahinchindi.
bhavishyattu.
basketball vanti indor eeventlanu nirvahinchagala indor arena vanti adanapu creeda soukaryaalanu nirminchaalani, alaage aaru hectorla praantamloo shooting vanti bahiranga kreedala kosam chaalaa ketayinchabaddayani bcda prakatinchindi. football, tennis mariyu saikling kosam itara creeda soukaryaalanu nirminche pranaalikalanu kooda prakatinchindi.
kreedala samudaayam samudra atalu mugisina ventane daani nirvahana mariyu karyakalapalanu praiveteekaristundani bcda adhyakshudu wins diazone paerkonnaaru. prabhutvam naduputunnadigaa kakunda, klishtamaina paristhitini chakkaga chusukovadaniki vaaru daanini praiveteekarinchaalanukuntu diazone vivarinchaaru. tella enugu" gaa marakunda undataaniki, vaaru itara prapancha sthaayi creeda soukaryaala (singapoorloni singapur creeda kendram, landanlooni queen elizabeth olympic park mariyu sidneylooni sidney olympic park vantivi) vijaya gaathalanu anusaristaaru. london mariyu sidney varusaga vesavi olympic kreedalanu nirvahinchina taruvaata chesina maadirigaane eee samudaayaanni bahula prayojana pradaesamgaa maarchaalani kooda vaaru yochincharu.
eee creeda samudaayam philipino kreedaakaarulaku shaashwata nivasamga panichestundi mariyu philippean creeda commission dwara sulabhataram cheyabadutundi.
nirmaanam mariyu design.
kotta clark city sports hub paie panicheyadaaniki sthaanika nirmaana samstha, budji + raayal architecture + design, bays conversion development authorityche niyaminchabaddaayi. eee samstha american urban planner mariyu injaneering samstha ekomto kalisi panichesindi. eee creeda samudaayam prajectulo vaastusilpi raayal pineda mariyu budji + raayal yokka interior designer budji leyug palgontunnaru. complexes roopakalpana philipino chrismus laantaru ayina parol nundi prerana pondindi. complexes lopala chaalaa nirmaanaalu muduru buudida rangu lahar finishnu kaligi unnaayi, idhi sameepamloni mount pinatubo anae agniparvatam.
singapur samstha surbana jurang kooda soukaryaala roopakalpanaku sambandhinchi sampradimpula pani chesindi. eee creeda samudaayaanni singapur creeda kendram aadhaaramgaa samstha roopondinchindi.
athletics stadium.
pinatubo parvatam nundi roopondinchina pradhana stadium, daani stambhaalu mariyu mukhabhagam agniparvatam nundi lahar ledhaa agniparvata sidhilaalatoe tayaaru cheyabaddaayi. daani valayakara paikappu oka bilaanni pooli undela tayaaru cheyabadindi mariyu varusa vampu pandiri dwara nirvachinchabadindi. pradhana mukhabhagam ledhaa pradhana pravesha dwaaram gaaju chatraalatho kappabadi untundi. sthaanika suuryaastamayaanni suuchimchadaaniki stadium stambhaalu narinja rangulo paint cheyabaddaayi.
jala kendram.
jala kendram yokka roopakalpanalo copiz puuthathoo chesina parol maadirigaane prismatic paikapputho kuudina bhaarii open shed untundi. paikappu polytetrafluoroethylene (ptfe) thoo tayaaru cheyabadindi, idhi telikapati lakshanam, mannika mariyu vaataavarana nirodhakata kosam upayoginche fiberglass padaartham. vaastusilpulu eee sadupaayaanni cover cheyaalani anukuntaaru, conny ippatikee sahaja kaantini daani lopali bhaagamloki anumatinchaaru. pagatipuuta, vaastusilpulu paikappunu paatha philippean illu upayoginche copiz kitikeelanu pooli undaalani uddesinchaaru mariyu nirmaanam veliginchina paarolnu pooli undela roopondinchina prakaasaanni kaligi unnaaru. rendu swimming pools, 10-laenla olympic pool mariyu 8-laenla sikshanaa puulnu kaligi unna vedika. 2019 agneyasia creedalalo eetha, diving mariyu water pooloo pootiilaku aatidhyam icchina 2,000 seetla jala kendram, antarjaateeya jala paalaka samstha federation international dii natashan nirdesinchina prapancha pramaanaalaku puurtigaa anugunamgaa nirminchabadindi.
addedaarulu.
kotta clark city sports hub jaateeya prabhutva paripalana kendram (ngac) lopala undhi, indulo prabhutva bhavanalu, prabhutva nivaasaalu, polyclinic mariyu vaanijya kendram kooda unnaayi. ngacki addamgaa unna national academy off sports yokka pradhana praamganam creeda soukaryaalanu puurti chestundi. idhi augustu 2021loe praarambhamavutundani bhaavistunnaaru.
sanghatanalu.
kotta clark city sports hub creeda samsthalu, private samsthalu mariyu prabhutva samsthala nundi pradhana creeda pootiilanu nirvahinchindi.
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neo clark stee sports hubb
neo clark stee sports hubb yaa neo clark stee sports complex (ibtadayi toor parr filpine sports stee yaa filpine olympic stee kay naam say jaana jaataa hay) kheelon kii sahuliyaat kaa eek complex hay juu caps tarlock mein nayey clark shehar kay qomi hukumat kay intezami markaz kay andar waaqa hay.
tareekh.
tarqi.
sadr rudrego dotertay kii intezamiya say pehley filpine olympic committy nay metro maneela kay baahir eek qomi tarbiti markaz qayem karnay kay pehley mansubay banaye thay leakin iss tarah kii sahulat kay qayaam kay liye baath cheet mein koyee khaas paish raft nahein hoyee. dotertay nay zaati toor parr 2016 mein filpine sports commission kay sarbarah waleem ramriz kuu hidayat kii kahh wah "qayadat karein" jiss kay natijay mein ramriz nay maneela mein paraaney razal memorial sports complex kii tabdili kay mansubon kay baaray mein execto screetry silvador mediadia say baath cheet kii. 2000 kii dahayi mein clark kay elaqay mein filpine olympic stee naami eek sports complex bananay kaa bhee mansubah thaa jasay 2005 kay janub mashriqi aishiyayi kheelon kay maqaam kay toor parr istemaal karnay kaa aradah thaa.
brazeel kay riyo ddee janero mein 2016 kay summer olympics mein filpino weat lifter hudlin ddiyaaz kay chaandi kaa tamgha jeetnay kay baad pee aiss see nay neo clark stee mein "filpine olympic stee" bananay kay mansubay banaye.
ramriz nay kahaa kahh kheelon kaa markaz jiss mein qomi khilaadi aur kheelon kii sahuliyaat hoan gee nayey clark shehar kay bunyadi parkashish maqamat mein say eek hogaa jasay iss waqat bhee clark grain stee kay naam say jaana jaataa hay aur yaha 2019 kay janub mashriqi aishiyayi kheelon kaa mamkanah markazi maqaam how saktaa hay jiss kii mezbani milk karay gaa. ramriz nay iss waqat paish goyee kii thee kahh sports complex 2018 takk khill jaaye gaa. pee aiss see board aur bee see ddee aey kay sadr wanas diazan kay darmiyan mulaqat kay baad iss kii tameer mein bunyadi shaamil idaarey kay toor parr sports complex mein bees conversion development atharti (bee see ddee aey) hogi.
filpine sports commission nay andazah lagaya kahh iss mansubay parr 100 rupay kay darmiyan laagat aayey gee. pee aiss see say honay waali bachat kuu jazwi toor parr bee see ddee aey kay zariye tameer kii maali aanat kay liye istemaal kiyaa jaa saktaa hay eek gok jiss nay clark aur sabak kay saath saath walamor aiyar bees aur fort bonefacio tayaar kiyaa.
tameer.
majmuyi toor parr qomi hukumat kay intezami markaz (aine jee aey see) kii sing bunyaad 23 januri 2018 kuu rakhee gayee thee aur asl tameer 15 maarch 2018 kuu sharoo hoyee thee. neeya clark stee sports hubb baday makhlut istemaal shadah sarkaari complex kii tarqi kay marhalay 1 aey kaa eek aham hasah hay. sports complex kii tameer khood 25 apreel 2018 kuu sharoo hoyee jiss mein sement daalnay kii taqrib hoyee. iss mansubay kay liye taqriba 8,000 afraad kuu mulazimat dee gayee thee aur tamirati kaam muslisil yaa dunn mein 24 ghantay haftay mein saat dunn kiyaa jaataa thaa.
aine jee aey see kay puray marhalay 1 aey kuu aktobar 2019 takk makmal karnay kaa hadaf hay. aktobar 2018 takk sports complex pehley hyee 30 faisad makmal how chakaa hay. nomber 2018 takk sports complex kii matuqa takmeel kuu agast 2019 mein muntaqil kirr diyaa gayaa thaa aur agast say aktobar 2019 takk iss maqaam parr test avents munaqid karnay kaa mansubah banaya gayaa thaa.
2019 kay lozoon zalzalay kay baad kheel kii paichidah tameer kii jagah parr koyee nqsan nahein hawaa. joone 2019 takk yaha sahulat 85 say 88 faisad makmal how chaki thee aur baaqi kaam mein ziyadah tarr elaqay kii zameen kii tazyeen woo aaraish shaamil thee.
athletics steadium aur aabi markaz kay saath sports complex jolayi 2019 takk 90 faisad makmal how chakaa thaa aur agast 2019 kay aakhir takk makmal honaa thaa.
tayari.
steadium kuu sabb say pehley filpine athletics track aind feld aisosi aishan kay haftah waar railay kay aakhri marhalay kii mezbani kay liye istemaal kiyaa gayaa thaa juu yakam satambar 2019 kuu munaqid hawaa thaa aur 2019 kay filpine swiming national open kay liye aabi markaz juu 31 agast 2019 kuu sharoo hawaa thaa. donon avents philpyni khiladiyon kay liye qualifier thay jinn kaa maqsad 2019 kay janub mashriqi aishiyayi kheelon mein apnay milk kay liye muqabilah karnaa thaa.
19 aktobar aur 20 aktobar 2019 kay ikhtatam haftah parr triathlon rees avent pehli baar sports complex mein munaqid hawaa.
26 aur 27 aktobar 2019 kuu sports complex nay 2019 kay janub mashriqi aishiyayi kheelon kaa test avent bhee munaqid kiyaa.
mustaqabil.
bee see ddee aey nay kheelon kii izaafi sahuliyaat jeesay indor airina kii tameer kay apnay mansubon kaa aalaan kiyaa juu basket baal jeesay indor avents kii mezbani kirr saktaa hay saath hyee saath chh hector kay elaqay mein shoting jeesay aaot door kheelon kay liye behat kachh mahfuz hay. iss nay fitt baal tense aur cycling kay liye kheelon kii deegar sahuliyaat bananay kay mansubon kaa bhee aalaan kiyaa.
bee see ddee aey kay sadr wanas diazan nay kahaa kahh sports complex samandari kheelon kay foraa baad apnee deekh bhaal aur karwaiyon kii nijkari karay gaa. diazan nay wazahat kii kahh wah iss complex kuu najee banana chahtay haine taakah iss kii achhi tarah say deekh bhaal kii jaa sakay iss kay barakas kahh yaha hukumat kay zeer intezam hay juu bigad gayaa thaa. safed haathi" bannay say bachnay kay liyay wah deegar aalimi mayaar kii kheelon kii sahuliyaat (jeesay sangapur mein sangapur sports hubb landan mein koyeen alzabth olympic paark aur sudney mein sudney olympic paark) kii kamiyabi kii kahaniyon kii peervi kartay haine. inhon nay complex kuu kaseer maqsadi bananay kaa bhee mansubah banaya jaisa kahh landan aur sudney nay baltarteeb summer olympic games kii mezbani kay baad kiyaa thaa.
sports complex philpyni khiladiyon kay mustaqil gahar kay toor parr kaam karay gaa aur asay filpine sports commission kay zariye sahulat farahim kii jaaye gee.
funn tameer aur design.
maqami funn tameer farm budji + raail funn tameer + design kuu bees conversion development atharti nay nayey clark stee sports hubb parr kaam karnay kay liye commission kiyaa thaa. iss farm nay americi arban planar aur engineering farm accom kay saath taawan kiyaa. architect raail pineda aur budji + raail kay daakhlah designar budji leeg sports complex project mein shaamil haine. complex kaa design pirol eek filpino karsams laltin say mutasir thaa. complex kay andar ziyadah tarr dahanchon mein gehrey sarmayi rung kaa lehad khatam hotaa hay juu kahh eek aatish fashaan qareebi pahaad pinatobo kii taraf jaataa hay.
sangapur kii eek farm sarbana jorong nay bhee sahuliyaat kay design kay hawalay say mashawarti kaam kiyaa. sports complex kuu company nay sangapur kay sports hubb kay baad banaya thaa.
athletics steadium.
markazi stadium jiss kaa design mount pinatobo say makhuz thaa iss kii choki aur agwada lehad yaa aatish fashaan kay malbay say banaa thaa. iss kii chhat kii chhat kii lakeer kuu eek garhay say mashabahat kay liye banaya gayaa thaa aur iss kii wazahat manhani chhaton kay eek silsilay say kii gayee thee. markazi agwada yaa markazi daakhlah sheeshe kay freemon say dahkaa hawaa hay. steadium kay satunon kuu maqami gharub aaftaab kii numaindagi karnay kay liye naranji rung say rangaa gayaa hay.
aabi markaz.
aabi markaz kaa design eek behat badaa khilaa sheed parr mushtamil hay jiss kii chhat parshumati hay juu caps coating say banay pirol kii tarah hay. chhat pouli tetraflovervathelin (pee tye aif ayee) say banayi gayee hay juu eek fibre glaas mawaad hay juu iss kii halki phalki khaasiyat istehkaam aur mosami mazahimat kay liye istemaal hotaa hay. mamaar iss sahulat kaa ahatah karnay kaa aradah rakhtay haine leakin phir bhee iss kay androni hasay mein qadarti roshni aaney deetay haine. dunn kay waqat mamaron kaa aradah thaa kahh chhat filpine kay paraaney gharoon kay istemaal honay waali capes khadkiyon say milti jalti how aur iss mein roshni iss tarah say banayi gayee how kahh dahancha roshan pirol say milta jaltaa how. yaha maqaam jiss mein duu swiming poul 10 leane kaa olympic poul aur 8 leane kaa training poul hay. 2, 000 nashaston waala aabi markaz jiss nay 2019 kay janub mashriqi aishiyayi kheelon kay teraaki ghotah khoori aur waater pollo muqabilon kii mezbani kii thee beenn alaqwami aabi governing baadi federation international ddee natition kay muqarar kardah aalimi mayaraat kay mutabiq makmal toor parr banaya gayaa thaa.
karayah daar.
neeya clark stee sports hubb qomi hukumat kay intezami markaz (aine jee aey see) kay andar waaqa hay jiss mein sarkaari imaaratein sarkaari rehaish gaahein eek pouli cleank aur eek tajarti markaz bhee shaamil hay. aine jee aey see kay balkal iss paar waaqa national academy aaf sports kaa markazi camps hay juu kheelon kii sahuliyaat kii takmeel karay gaa. agast 2021 mein iss kay khilnay kii toqaa hay.
waaqiaat.
nayey clark stee sports hubb nay kheelon kii tanzimon najee idaaron aur sarkaari agenciyon say baday kheelon kay muqabilay kii mezbani kii hay. |
00057f71f8c86084674fe714446858cd911e9e8ceb90879ccb963745fd7d46a6 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43993091 | Dennis Robert Hoagland |
Dennis Robert Hoagland
American plant scientist (1884–1949)
Dennis Robert Hoagland (April 2, 1884 – September 5, 1949) was an American chemist and plant and soil scientist working in the fields of plant nutrition, soil chemistry, agricultural chemistry, biochemistry, and physiology. He was Professor of Plant Nutrition at the University of California at Berkeley from 1927 until his death in 1949.
Dennis Hoagland is commonly known for discovering the active transport of electrolytes in plant cells, using innovative model systems under controlled experimental conditions, such as solution culture.
Hoagland was able to show that various plant diseases are caused by a lack of trace elements such as zinc and established their importance for plant nutrition and development.
He pioneered research into the interactions between plant and soil by establishing soil pH and the importance of soil solution, temperature and light for plant growth.
Hoagland and his associates formulated an artificial, complete inorganic nutrient medium, universally known as Hoagland solution, that continues to be used worldwide for culturing plants hydroponically.
Biography.
Private life.
Dennis Hoagland was the son of Charles Breckinridge Hoagland (1859 – 1934) and Lillian May Hoagland (1863 – 1951). He spent his first eight years in Golden and during his later childhood he lived in Denver. He attended the Denver public schools and in 1903 entered Stanford University. In 1920, Dennis R. Hoagland married Jessie A. Smiley. She died suddenly of pneumonia in 1933. He was left with the responsibility of bringing up three young boys named Robert Charles, Albert Smiley, and Charles Rightmire.
Career.
Hoagland graduated from Stanford University (1907) with a major in chemistry. In 1908 he became an instructor and assistant in the Laboratory of Animal Nutrition at the University of California at Berkeley, an institution with which he would be associated for the remainder of his life. There he worked in the fields of animal nutrition and biochemistry. In 1910 he was appointed assistant chemist in the Food and Drug Administration of the U.S. Department of Agriculture until 1912 (Schmidt and Hoagland, 1912, 1919), when he entered the graduate school in the Department of Agricultural Chemistry with Elmer McCollum at the University of Wisconsin, receiving his master's degree in 1913 (McCollum and Hoagland, 1913). In the fall of that year he became assistant professor of agricultural chemistry and in 1922 associate professor of plant nutrition at Berkeley.
Hoagland was a founder of the "Annual Review of Biochemistry" and a proponent of the "Annual Review of Plant Physiology" and the "Annual Review of Medicine" which first appeared in 1950, after his death.
Work.
Brief overview.
During World War I, Hoagland tried to substitute the lack of imports of potassium-based fertilizers from the German Empire to the United States with plant extracts from brown algae, inspired by the ability of giant kelp to absorb elements from seawater selectively and to accumulate potassium and iodide many times in excess of the concentrations found in seawater (Hoagland, 1915). Based on these findings he investigated the ability of plants to absorb salts against a concentration gradient and discovered the dependence of nutrient absorption and translocation on metabolic energy. Innovative model systems and techniques, used under rigidly controlled experimental conditions, thus enabled the identification and isolation of individual variables in the measurement of plant-specific parameters (Hoagland, Hibbard, and Davis, 1926).
During his systematic research, mainly by solution culture technique, and inspired by a principle of Julius von Sachs and the work of Wilhelm Knop, he developed the basic formula for the Hoagland solution, whose composition was originally patterned after the displaced soil solution obtained from certain soils of high productivity (Hoagland, 1919)1. His research also led to new discoveries on the need and function of trace elements required by living cells, thus establishing the essentiality of molybdenum for the growth of tomato plants, for example (Arnon and Hoagland, 1940; Hoagland, 1945). Hoagland was able to show that various plant diseases are caused by a lack of trace elements such as zinc (Hoagland, Chandler, and Hibbard, 1931, ff.), and that boron, manganese, zinc, and copper are indispensable for normal plant growth (Hoagland, 1937).
He took special interest in plant-soil interrelationships addressing, for example, the physiological balance of soil solutions and the pH dependence of plant growth, in order to gain a better understanding on the availability and absorption of nutrients in soils and (artificial) solutions (Hoagland, 1916, 1917, 1920, 1922; Hoagland and Arnon, 1941). Hoagland and his associates, including his research assistant William Z. Hassid, thus contributed to the understanding of fundamental cellular physiological processes in green plants that are driven by sunlight as the ultimate form of energy (Hoagland and Davis, 1929; Hoagland and Steward, 1939, 1940; Hoagland, 1944, 1946).
Hoagland's and Knop's solutions.
Dennis Hoagland was the first to develop a new type of solution based on the composition of the soil solution (Hoagland, 1919)1. He also developed the first successful concept for distinguishing between concentration and total amount of nutrients in a solution (Johnston and Hoagland, 1929). The term "Hoagland solution" was first mentioned by Olof Arrhenius in 1922 with reference to the Hoagland publication of 1919 where he defined an optimum nutrient solution as "the minimum concentration which gave maximum yield and beyond there was no further improvement". The respective solution published by Hoagland in 1920 was applied to investigate plant growth parameters of barley in comparison with Shive's solution. The growth of Alfalfa in a modified Hoagland solution was investigated at various pH values in the 1920s. Around the 1930s Hoagland and his associates investigated diseases of certain plants, and thereby, observed symptoms related to existing soil conditions such as salinity. In this context, Hoagland undertook water culture experiments with the hope of delivering similar symptoms under controlled laboratory conditions. For these experiments the Hoagland solution (0), including macronutrients, iron, and the supplementary solutions A and B (trace elements), was newly developed to investigate certain diseases of the strawberry in California (Hoagland and Snyder, 1933).
Hoagland's research was supported by the plant pathologists H. E. Thomas and W. C. Snyder, and influenced by another pioneer of plant nutrition and hydroculture, William Frederick Gericke. Gericke's groundbreaking results in applying the principles of water culture to commercial agriculture inspired him to expand his research on the subject finally resulting in the Hoagland solutions (1) and (2) (Hoagland and Arnon, 1938, 1950). The composition and concentration of macronutrients of the Hoagland solutions (0) and (1) can be traced back to Wilhelm Knop's four-salt mixture and the molar ratio to experimental results of Hoagland and his associates (cf. Tables (1) and (2)). Knop's solution, in contrast to Hoagland's solution, was not supplemented with trace elements (micronutrients), with the exception of iron, because the chemicals were not particularly pure in Wilhelm Knop's day. Micronutrients were, without knowing it, already present as impurities in the macronutrient salts. More highly purified chemicals and more sensitive methods for analysing trace concentrations were developed from 1930 and onwards.
Knop's four-salt mixture.
Table (1). Knop's four-salt mixture (1865)
Macronutrients.
Table (2). Composition and full concentration of macronutrients in Hoagland's solution (0, 1, 2) and in Knop's solution
Hoagland's students included Daniel Israel Arnon who modified the composition of macronutrients of the Hoagland solution (2) (cf. Table 2) and the concentration of micronutrients (B, Mn, Zn, Cu, Mo, and Cl) of the Hoagland solutions (1) and (2) (cf. Table (3)) as a result of joint efforts, and Folke Karl Skoog. In contrast to the Murashige and Skoog medium, neither vitamins nor other organic compounds are provided as additives for the Hoagland solution, but only essential minerals as ingredients. Murashige and Skoog concluded that the promotion of growth of tobacco callus cultured on White's modified medium is due mainly to inorganic rather than organic constituents in aqueous tobacco leaf extracts added.
Micronutrients.
Table (3). Composition and full concentration of essential micronutrients in Hoagland's solution (0, 1, 2)
As an additional micronutrient, 9 µM ferric tartrate (C12H12Fe2O18) is added to the Hoagland solution formulations (0, 1, 2), corresponding to a concentration of 18 µmol/L Fe3+. Solution (2) contains ammonium and nitrate salts and may sometimes be preferred to solution (0, 1) (cf. Table 2) because the ammonium ion delays the development of undesirable alkalinity (Hoagland and Arnon, 1938, 1950). However, it is toxic to most crop species and is rarely applied as a sole nitrogen source.
Disputed hypotheses.
Hoagland concluded that solutions of radically different concentrations and salt proportions did not affect the yield of a crop to any important extent. More recent studies, however, revealed that differences in growth and yield persisted among the commonly used nutrient solutions with already small differences in concentration. As an example, Hoagland's solution (2) led to increased growth of fig trees in high-tunnel and open-field conditions, respectively. One important central aspect of Hoagland's hypothesis that water culture was rarely superior to soil culture ("Yields are not strikingly different under comparable conditions") is questionable (Hoagland and Arnon, 1938, 1950). For example, water culture led to highest biomass and protein production of hydroponically grown tobacco plants compared to other growth substrates, cultivated in the same environmental conditions and supplied with equal amounts of nutrients.
In contrast to Gericke, Hoagland regarded solution culture primarily as a method for discovering scientific laws, while Gericke emphasized that hydroponics wasn't yet a precise science. The authors' differing views are illustrated by the following quotations: "Its commercial application is justifiable under very limited conditions and only under expert supervision" (Hoagland and Arnon, 1938, 1950, "The Water Culture Method for Growing Plants Without Soil"); "Indeed, it is obvious that since hydroponics requires a larger expense per unit of area than does agriculture, either yields must be larger, or there must be other compensations, if the method is to succeed commercially. And experience has already shown that it can succeed" (Gericke, 1940, "Complete Guide to Soilless Gardening"). Not surprisingly, the history of hydroponics has proved Gericke right in his claims about the commercial use of this technique as a useful complement to conventional agriculture.
Awards and honors.
Hoagland became a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) in 1916 and member of the National Academy of Sciences in 1934. In recognition of his many discoveries, the American Society of Plant Physiologists elected Dennis Hoagland as president in 1932 and awarded him the first Stephen Hales Prize in 1929. In 1940, together with Daniel I. Arnon, he received the AAAS Newcomb Cleveland Prize for the work "Availability of Nutrients with Special Reference to Physiological Aspects". In 1944 he published his "Lectures on the Inorganic Nutrition of Plants" subtitled "Prather Lectures at Harvard University" which he was invited in 1942 to give at Harvard University. In 1945 he was elected member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
The "Dennis R. Hoagland Award", first presented by the American Society of Plant Biologists in 1985, and "Hoagland Hall", which is home to the Atmospheric Science program as well as the Environmental Health and Safety office at the UC Davis, are named in his honor.
Perception.
Standard nutrient solutions.
Nowadays the most common solutions for plant nutrition and plant tissue cultivation are the formulations from Hoagland and Arnon (1938, 1950), and Murashige and Skoog (1962). The basic formulas of Hoagland and Arnon are being replicated by modern manufacturers to produce liquid concentrated fertilizers for plant breeders, farmers, and average consumers. Even the names of Hoagland, Knop, Murashige and Skoog are used as a brand for innovative products, e.g., "Hoagland's No. 2 Basal Salt Mixture" or "Murashige and Skoog Basal Salt Mixture", which are commonly used as standard chemicals in plant science. The "Hoagland and Knop medium" was specially formulated for plant cell, tissue and organ cultures on sterile agar.
Hoagland and many other plant nutritionists used over 150 different nutrient solution recipes during their careers (cf. Table (4)). In fact, several nutrient recipes refer to a standard name although they have little to do with the original formula. For example, as described by Hewitt, several recipes have been published under the name of "Hoagland", and to this day confusion may arise from a loss of memory about the original composition.
Hewitt's Table 30A.
Table (4). Composition of selected standard nutrient solutions modified according to Hewitt (Table 30A). Full concentration of the (essential) elements as ppm.
Hybrid nutrient solutions.
Hybrid nutrient solutions consisting, for example, of macronutrients of a modified Hoagland solution (1), micronutrients of a modified Long Ashton solution, and iron of a modified Jacobson solution, combine the physiological properties of different standard solutions to create a balanced nutrient solution that enables optimum plant growth diluted to <templatestyles src="Fraction/styles.css" />1⁄3 of the full solution (cf. Table (5)).
Nagel's Table S4.
Table (5). Composition of a hybrid nutrient solution modified according to Nagel "et al." (Table S4). Full elemental concentration in ppm.
Hoagland's legacy.
Dennis Hoagland was considered a leading authority in his field of research and his lingering research merit was to initiate and to establish the solution named after him, thereby, creating the basis for a balanced plant nutrition that is still valid today. The Hoagland solution is not only used on earth, but has also proven itself in plant production experiments on the International Space Station. The findings of Hoagland and his associates are relevant to the sustainable use of natural resources such as soil, water and air, water and nutrient use efficiency in crop production and the production of healthy plant foods. Hoagland's fundamental scientific contributions and widely cited publications are of historical relevance to research in modern plant physiology and soil chemistry, which is reflected in the following bibliography.
Bibliography.
1912
The Determination of Aluminum in Feces. With C. L. A. Schmidt. J. Biol.
Chem., 11(4) :387-391.
1913
Studies of the Endogenous Metabolism of the Pig as Modified by Various
Factors. (I.-III.). With E. V. McCollum. J. Biol. Chem., 16(3) :299-315, 317–320, 321–325.
1915
The Destructive Distillation of Pacific Coast Kelps. J. Ind. Eng. Chem.,
7(8) :673-676.
Organic Constituents of Pacific Coast Kelps. J. Agr. Res., 4(1) :39-58.
The Complex Carbohydrates and Forms of Sulphur in Marine Algae
of the Pacific Coast. With L. L. Lieb. J. Biol. Chem., 23(1) :287-297.
1916
Acidity and Adsorption in Soils as Measured by the Hydrogen Electrode.
With L. T. Sharp. J. Agr. Res., 7 :123-145.
1917
The Effect of Hydrogen and Hydroxyl Ion Concentration on the Growth
of Barley Seedlings. Soil Sci., 3(6) :547-560.
1918
Relation of Carbon Dioxide to Soil Reaction as Measured by the Hydrogen
Electrode. With L. T. Sharp. J. Agr. Res., 12(3) :139-148.
The Freezing-Point Method as an Index of Variations in the Soil Solution
Due to Season and Crop Growth. J. Agr. Res., 12(6) :369-395.
The Chemical Effects of CaO and CaCO3 on the Soil. Part I. The Effect
on Soil Reaction. With A. W. Christie. Soil Sci., 5(5) :379-382.
The Relation of the Plant to the Reaction of the Nutrient Solution. Science,
48(1243) :422-425.
1919
Notes on Recent Work Concerning Acid Soils. With L. T. Sharp. Soil Sci.
7(3) :197-200.
Note on the Technique of Solution Culture Experiments with Plants.
Science, 49(1267) :360-362.
The Effect of Certain Aluminum Compounds on the Metabolism of
Man. With C. L. A. Schmidt. Univ. Calif. Pub. Path., 2(20) :215-244.
Table of pH, H+, and OH− Values; Corresponding to Electromotive
Forces Determined in Hydrogen Electrode Measurements, with a
Bibliography. With C. L. A. Schmidt. Univ. Calif. Pub. Phys., 5(4):
23–69.
Relation of Nutrient Solution to Composition and Reaction of Cell Sap
of Barley. Bot. Gaz., 68(4) :297-304.
Relation of the Concentration and Reaction of the Nutrient Medium
to the Growth and Absorption of the Plant. J. Agr. Res., 18(2) :73-117.1
The Effect of Several Types of Irrigation Water on the pH Value and
Freezing Point Depression of Various Types of Soils. With A. W.
Christie. Univ. Calif. Pub. Agr. Sci., 4(6) :141-158.
1920
Optimum Nutrient Solutions for Plants. Science, 52(1354) :562-564.
Effect of Season and Crop Growth on the Physical State of the Soil.
With J. C. Martin. J. Agr. Res., 20(5) :396-4O3.
Relation of the Soil Solution to the Soil Extract. With J. C. Martin and
G. R. Stewart. J. Agr. Res., 20(5) :381-395.
1922
The Soil Solution in Relation to the Plant. Trans. Far. Soc., 17(2) :249-254.
Soil Analysis and Soil and Plant Interrelations. Calif. Agr. Exp. Sta.
Cir., 235 :1-8.
Soil Analysis and Soil and Plant Interrelations. Citrus Leaves, 2(6) :1-2,
16–17.
1923
The Feeding Power of Plants. With A. R. Davis and C. B. Lipman.
Science, 57(1471) :299-301.
The Composition of the Cell Sap of the Plant in Relation to the Absorption
of Ions. With A. R. Davis. J. Gen. Phys., 5(5) :629-646.
Effect of Salt on the Intake of Inorganic Elements and on the Buffer
System of the Plant. With J. C. Martin. Calif. Agr. Exp. Sta. Tech. P.,
8 :1-26.
Further Experiments on the Absorption of Ions by Plants, Including
Observations on the Effect of Light. With A. R. Davis. J. Gen. Phys.,
6(1) :47-62.
The Absorption of Ions by Plants. Soil Sci., 16(4) :225-246.
A Comparison of Sand and Solution Cultures with Soils as Media for
Plant Growth. With J. C. Martin. Soil Sci., 16(5) :367-388.
The Effect of the Plant on the Reaction of the Culture Solution. Calif.
Agr. Exp. Sta. Tech. P., 12 :1-16.
1924
The Electrical Charge on a Clay Colloid as Influenced by Hydrogen-Ion
Concentration and by Different Salts. With W. C. Dayhuff. Soil Sci.,
18(5) :401-408.
1925
Suggestions Concerning the Absorption of Ions by Plants. With A. R.
Davis. The New Phytologist, 24(2) :99-111.
Physiological Aspects of Soil Solution Investigations. Calif. Agr. Exp.
Sta. Hilg., 1(11) :227-257.
1926
Some Phases of the Inorganic Nutrition of Plants in Relation to the
Soil Solution: 1. The Growth of Plants in Artificial Culture Media.
Sci. Agr., 6(5) :141-151.
Some Phases of the Inorganic Nutrition of Plants in Relation to the
Soil Solution: 2. Soil Solutions as Media for Plant Growth.
Sci. Agr., 6(6) :177-189.
Effect of Certain Alkali Salts on Growth of Plants. With J. S. Burd and
A. R. Davis. (20) Abstract. Nature and Promise of Soil Solution.
(21) Abstract of Papers Read Before Pan-Pacific Scientific Congress,
Australia.
The Influence of Light, Temperature, and Other Conditions on the Ability
of Nitella Cells to Concentrate Halogens in the Cell Sap. With P. L.
Hibbard and A. R. Davis. J. Gen. Phys., 10(1) :121-146.
The Investigation of the Soil from the Point of View of the Physiology
of the Plant. 4th Int. Conf. Soil Sci. Rome, 1924, 3 :535-544.
1927
The Synthesis of Vitamin E by Plants Grown in Culture Solutions. With
H. M. Evans. Am. J. Phys., 80(3) :702-704.
Recent Experiments Concerning the Adequacy of Artificial Culture Solutions
and of Soil Solutions for the Growth of Different Types of Plants.
With J. C. Martin. Proceedings and Papers of the First Int. Cong. Soil
Sci., 3 :1-12.
Resume of Recent Soil Investigations at the University of California. Mo.
Bull. Calif. Dept. Agr., 16(11) :562-568.
1928
First International Congress of Soil Science, Fourth Commission, Soil
Fertility. (Summary.) Soil Sci., 25(1) :45-50.
The Influence of One Ion on the Accumulation of Another by Plant Cells with
Special Reference to Experiments with Nitella. With A. R. Davis
and P. L. Hibbard. Plant Phys., 3(4) :473-486.
An Apparatus for the Growth of Plants in Controlled Environment. With
A. R. Davis. Plant Phys., 3(3) :277-292.
1929
Minimum Potassium Level Required by Tomato Plants Grown in Water
Cultures. With E. S. Johnston. Soil Sci., 27(2) :89-109.
The Intake and Accumulation of Electrolytes by Plant Cells. With A. R.
Davis. Protoplasma, 6(4) :610-626.
1930
Fertilizer Problems and Analysis of Soils in California. Calif. Agr. Exp.
Sta. Cir., 317 :1-16.
Accumulation of Mineral Elements by Plant Cells. Contrib. Marine Biol.,
pp. 131–144.
Recent Advances in Plant Physiology. Ecology, 11(4) :785-786.
1931
Little-Leaf or Rosette in Fruit Trees, I. With W. H. Chandler and P. L.
Hibbard. Proc. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci., 28 :556-560.
Absorption of Mineral Elements by Plants in Relation to Soil Problems.
Plant Phys., 6(3) :373-388.
1932
Little-Leaf or Rosette of Fruit Trees, II: Effect of Zinc and Other Treatments.
With W. H. Chandler and P. L. Hibbard. Proc. Am. Soc. Hort.
Sci., 29 :255-263.
Mineral Nutrition of Plants. Annu. Rev. Biochem., 1 :618-636.
Some Effects of Deficiencies of Phosphate and Potassium on the Growth
and Composition of Fruit Trees under Controlled Conditions. With
W. H. Chandler. Proc. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci., 29 :267-271.
1933
Little-Leaf or Rosette of Fruit Trees, III. With W. H. Chandler and
P. L. Hibbard. Proc. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci., 30 :70-86.
Mineral Nutrition of Plants. Annu. Rev. Biochem., 2 :471-484.
Nutrition of Strawberry Plant under Controlled Conditions. (a) Effects
of Deficiencies of Boron and Certain Other Elements, (b) Susceptibility
to Injury from Sodium Salts. With W. C. Snyder. Proc. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci.,
30 :288–294.
Absorption of Potassium by Plants in Relation to Replaceable, Non-Replaceable, and Soil Solution Potassium. With J. C. Martin. Soil
Sci., 36 :1-33.
Methods for Determining Availability of Potassium with Special Reference
to Semi-Arid Soils. Trans. 2nd Commission and Alkali Subcommission
of the International Soc. Soil Sci. Kjobenhavn (Danmark).
Vol. A, pp. 25–31.
1934
Little-Leaf or Rosette of Fruit Trees, IV. With W. H. Chandler and P. L.
Hibbard. Proc. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci., 32 :11-19.
The Potassium Nutrition of Barley with Special Reference to California
Soils. Proc. Fifth Pacific Science Congress, pp. 2669–2676.
1935
Little-Leaf or Rosette of Fruit Trees, V: Effect of Zinc on the Growth
of Plants of Various Types in Controlled Soil and Water Culture
Experiments. With W. H. Chandler and P. L. Hibbard. Proc. Am.
Soc. Hort. Sci., 33 :131-141.
Comments on the Article by A Kozlowski on "Little Leaf or Rosette of
Fruit Trees in California". With W. H. Chandler. Phytopathology, 25(5) :522-522
Absorption of Potassium by Plants and Fixation by the Soil in Relation
to Certain Methods for Estimating Available Nutrients. With J. C.
Martin. Trans. Third Inter. Cong. Soil Sci., 1 :99-103.
1936
Little-Leaf or Rosette of Fruit Trees, VI: Further Experiments Bearing
on the Cause of the Disease. With W. H. Chandler and P. R. Stout.
Proc. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci., 34 :210-212.
The Plant as a Metabolic Unit in the Soil-Plant System. Essays in
Geobotany in Honor of Wm. A. Setchell. Univ. Calif. Press, pp.
219–245.
General Nature of the Process of Salt Accumulation by Roots with
Description of Experimental Methods. With T. C. Broyer. Plant Phys.,
11(3) :471-507.
1937
Some Aspects of the Salt Nutrition of Higher Plants. Bot. Rev., 3 :307-334.
1938
The Water-Culture Method for Growing Plants without Soil. With
D. I. Arnon. Calif. Agr. Exp. Sta. Cir., 347, pp. 1-39.*
Fertilizer Problems and Analysis of Soils in California. Calif. Agr. Exp.
Sta. Cir., 317 :1-16 (Revision).
1939
A Comparison of Water Culture and Soil as Media for Crop Production.
With D. I. Arnon. Science, 89 :512-514.
Upward and Lateral Movement of Salt in Certain Plants as Indicated by
Radioactive Isotopes of Potassium, Sodium, and Phosphorus Absorbed
by Roots. With P. R. Stout. Am. J. Bot., 26(5) :320-324.
Metabolism and Salt Absorption by Plants. With F. C. Steward. Nature,
143 :1031-1032.
1940
Salt Absorption by Plants. With F. C. Steward. Nature, 145 :116-117.
Hydrogen-Ion Effects and the Accumulation of Salt by Barley Roots as
Influenced by Metabolism. With T. C. Broyer. Am. J. Bot., 27 :173-185.
Upward Movement of Salt in the Plant. With T. C. Broyer and P. R. Stout.
Nature, 146 :340-340.
Minute Amounts of Chemical Elements in Relation to Plant Growth.
Science, 91 :557-560.
Methods of Sap Expression from Plant Tissues with Special Reference to
Studies on Salt Accumulation by Excised Barley Roots. With T. C.
Broyer. Am. J. Bot., 27(7) :501-511.
Crop Production in Artificial Culture Solutions and in Soils with Special
Reference to Factors Influencing Yields and Absorption of Inorganic
Nutrients. With D. I. Arnon. Soil Sci., 50(1) :463-485.
Salt Accumulation by Plant Cells with Special Reference to Metabolism
and Experiments on Barley Roots. Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on
Quantitative Biology, Vol. 8.
Some Modern Advances in the Study of Plant Nutrition. Proc. Am. Soc.
Sugar Beet Tech., Part 1 :18-26.
1941
Water Culture Experiments on Molybdenum and Copper Deficiencies of
Fruit Trees. Proc. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci., 38 :8-12.
Physiological Aspects of Availability of Nutrients for Plant Growth.
With D. I. Arnon. Soil Sci., 51(1) :431-444.
Aspects of Progress in the Study of Plant Nutrition. Trop. Agr., 18 :247.
1942
Accumulation of Salt and Permeability in Plant Cells. With T. C. Broyer.
J. Gen. Physiol., 25(6) :865-880.
1943
Metabolic Activities of Roots and Their Bearing on the Relation of
Upward Movement of Salts and Water in Plants. With T. C. Broyer.
Am. J. Bot., 30(4) :261-273.
Composition of the Tomato Plant as Influenced by Nutrient Supply, in
Relation to Fruiting. With D. I. Arnon. Bot. Gaz., 104(4) :576-590.
1944
General Aspects of the Study of Plant Nutrition. Sci. Univ. Calif., pp.
279–294.
The Investigation of Plant Nutrition by Artificial Culture Methods.
With D. I. Arnon. Biol. Rev. Cambr. Phil. Soc., 19(2) :55-67.
Lectures on the Inorganic Nutrition of Plants. (Prather Lectures at Harvard
University). Published by Chronica Botanica Co. Waltham, Mass.
1945
Molybdenum in Relation to Plant Growth. Soil Sci., 60(2) :119-123.
Potassium Fixation in Soils in Replaceable and Non-Replaceable Forms
in Relation to Chemical Reactions in the Soil. With J. C. Martin and
R. Overstreet. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc., 10 :94-101.
1946
The Nutrition and Biochemistry of Plants, Currents in Biochemical
Research. Interscience Publ. Inc. N. Y., pp. 61–77.
Little-Leaf or Rosette of Fruit Trees, VIII: Zinc and Copper Deficiency
in Corral Soils. With W. H. Chandler and J. C. Martin. Proc. Am. Soc.
Hort. Sci., 47 :15-19.
1947
Trace Elements in Plants and Animals by Walter Stiles. Rev. Arch.
Biochem., 13 :311-312.
Fertilizers, Soil Analysis, and Plant Nutrition. Calif. Agr. Exp. Sta. Cir.,
367 :1-24.
1948
Minute Amounts of "Minor" Elements Essential in Addition to "Regular"
Fertilizer. Agr. Chem.
Some Problems of Plant Nutrition. With D. I. Arnon. Sci. Mo., 67(3) :201-209.
1949
Fertilizers, Soil Analysis, and Plant Nutrition. Calif. Agr. Exp. Sta. Cir.,
367 :1-24 (Revision).
1950 (posthumous)
Absorption and Utilization of Inorganic Substances in Plants. With
P. R. Stout. Chap. VIII of Agricultural Chemistry, ed. by Frear, Van
Nostrand.
The Water-Culture Method for Growing Plants without Soil. With D. I. Arnon.
Calif. Agr. Exp. Sta. Cir., 347, pp. 1-32 (Revision).**
Availability of Potassium to Crops in Relation to Replaceable and Non-Replaceable Potassium and to Effects of Cropping and Organic Matter.
With J. C. Martin. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc., 15 :272-278.
"Courtesy of The National Academy of Sciences Archives, and without these entries it would not have been possible."
References.
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denis robert hogland
denis robert hogland (2 april, 1884-5 septembor, 1949) egoraki aamerikan roxayonobid aaru udbhid aaru maati bigyani aasil jiye udbhid pusti, maati roxayon, joibo roxayon, aaru xorirbigyanor khetrot kaam korisil. 1927 sonor poraa 1949 sonot mrityu porjonto teu barkolir california biswobidyaloyot udbhid pustir odhyapok aasil.
denis hogland xadharonote udbhid kuxot electro 'lightor xokriyo poribohon abiskar korar baabe jonajat, niyontrito porikhyamulok poristhitit udbhawonimulok model pronali byobohar kori, jene xomadhan xongoskriti.
hoglande dekhuwabo parisil je bibhinno udbhidor rug jinkor dore tress upadanor obhawor folot hoy aaru udbhidor pusti aaru bikaxor baabe teulukor gurutwo protistha korisil.
teu maatir pieis aaru maatir drobon, usnota aaru udbhidor briddhir baabe puhoror gurutwo sthapon kori udbhid aaru maatir maajor parosporik xomporkor uporot gowexonar poth prodorxok aasil.
hoh 'golland aaru teur xohojugixokole ek kritrim, xompurno ojoibo pusti madhyom prostut korisil, jaak xarbojoninbhabe hoh' golland drobon buli jonaa yaay, jitu biswojuri udbhidor jolbahi xongrokhyonor baabe byobohar koraa hoy.
jiwani.
byoktigoto jiwan.
denis hogland charls breakinries hogland (1859-1934) aaru lilian mey hogland (1863-1951) ror putro aasil. teu teur prothom aath bosor xunali rupot otibahito korisil aaru xoixowor pisor xomoyot teu denverot baax korisil. teu denver rajohuwa bidyaloyot porhisil aaru 1903 sonot stanford biswobidyaloyot prowex korisil. 1920 sonot, denis aar. hoglande jesi e-koo biyaa koraisil. smiley. 1933 sonot neumoniat akranto hoi teur hothate mrityu hoy. robert charls, elbert smaili aaru charls rightmayer naamor tinijon juwok-jubotik dangor korar dayitwo teur haatot aasil.
keriyar.
hoh 'golande stanford biswobidyaloyor (1907) poraa roxayon bigyanot prodhan degree laabh korisil. 1908 sonot teu barkolir california biswobidyaloyor poxu pustir gowexonagarot ejon proxikhyok aaru xohayok hoisil, jitu protisthanor xoite teu baaki jiwanor baabe jorito thakibo. taat teu poxu pusti aaru joibo roxayon bigyanor khetrot kaam korisil. 1910 sonot teuk eur khadyo aaru ouxodh proxaxonot xohokari roxayonobid hisape nijukto koraa hoisil.ess. 1912 sonoloike krixi bibhag (smitt endo hogland, 1912,1919), jetiya teu wisconcin biswobidyaloyor elmar mekokolamor xoite krixi roxayon bigyan bibhagor snatok bidyaloyot prowex korisil, 1913 sonot teur snatokuttor degree laabh korisil (mekokolam endo hogland, 1913). xei bosoror xexor faale teu krixi roxayon bigyanor xohokari odhyapok aaru 1922 sonot barkolir udbhid pustir xohojugi odhyapok hoisil. teu "joibo roxayon bigyanor barxik porzaluchona" ror protisthapok aasil aaru "udbhid xorirbigyanor barxik porzaluchona" aaru "ouxodhor barxik porzaluchona" ror prostawok aasil, jitu teur mrityur pisot 1950 sonot prothombaror baabe prokax paisil.
kaam kore.
xongkhipto biboron.
prothom biswojudhor xomoyot, hoglande german xamrajyor poraa aamerikaloi potasium-bhittik xaaror aamdanir obhawor xoloni braun xoibalor poraa udbhidor niskaxonor xoite xoloni koriboloi chesta korisil, jitu bixal kelpor xomudror panir poraa upadanbur nirbasitobhabe xuxon korar khyomotar dwara onupranito hoisil aaru xagoror paneet puwa ghonotwor (hogland, 1915) bohubar odhik potasium aaru idide jomaa korisil. ei onuxondhanxomuhor uporot bhitti kori teu ghonotwor dhaalor biporite lowon xuxon korar udbhidor khyomotar bixoye onuxondhan korisil aaru niyontrito porikhyamulok poristhitir odhinot udbhawonimulok model pronali byobohar kori bipakiyo xoktir uporot pusti xuxon aaru sthanantoronor nirbhorxilota abiskar korisil (hogland, hibbard, aaru davies, 1926).
teur poddhotigot gowexonar xomoyot, mukhyotoh xomadhan xongoskriti kouxolor dwara, aaru julias bhon sasor niti aaru uilhelm noo 'por kaamor dwara onupranito hoi, teu hogland xomadhanor baabe moulik xutro bikoxito korisil, jaar gothon mulotoh uscho utpadonxilotar kisuman maatir poraa prapto sthanchyut maatir xomadhanor pisot aarhi diya hoisil (hogland, 1919) 1. teur gowexonai jiwito kuxor dwara proyujoniyo tress upadanor proyujoniyota aaru karjyor uporot notun abiskaror netritwo disil, enedore bilahi udbhidor briddhir baabe molibodenamor proyujoniyota protistha korisil, udahoronsworupe (aarnon aaru hogland, 1940; hogland, 1945). hoh 'golande dekhuwabo parisil je bibhinno udbhidor rug jink (hoh' golland, sandler, aaru hibbard, 1931, ef. ef.) ror dore tress upadanor obhawor folot hoy.), aaru xei boron, menganiz, jink, aaru taam xadharon udbhidor briddhir baabe oporiharzo (hogland, 1937).
teu udbhid-maatir aantoxomporkor proti bixex aagroh dekhuwaisil, udahoronsworupe, maatir xomadhanor xaririk bharxamyo aaru udbhidor briddhir uporot nirbhorxilota, maatit pustir upolobdhota aaru xuxonor uporot unnot bujaar baabe aaru (kritrim) xomadhan (hoh 'lend, 1916,1917,1920,1922; hoh' golland aaru aarnon, 1941). teur gowexona xohokari uilium jedoke dhori hogland aaru teur xohojugixokol. oxubidhar folot xeujiya udbhidor moulik kuxiyo xoririyo prokriyar bujat orihona jugay jibur xurjyor puhoror dwara xoktir suranto rup hisape salit hoy (hoh 'lend aaru debhis, 1929; hoh' lend aaru steward, 1939,1940; hoh 'lend, 1944,1946).
hoh 'glund aaru noo' por xomadhan.
denis hoglande maatir drobonor gothonor uporot aadharito kori ek notun dhoronor drobo bikoxito koraa prothomjon aasil (hogland, 1919) 1. teu etaa drobot ghonotwo aaru muth porimanor pustir maajot parthokyo korar baabe prothom xofol dharonatuu bikoxito korisil (johnston aaru hogland, 1929). hoh 'glund solyusyon" xobdotu prothombaror baabe 1922 sonot oh' lo 'pho aarheniose 1919 sonor hoh' glund prokaxor xondorbhot ullekh korisil zo 'too teu ek xorbuttom pustir xomadhanok "xorbadhik utpadon diya nyuntomo ghonotwo aaru iyar baahire aaru kunu unnoti huwa nasil" buli xongyayito korisil. 1920 sonot hoglande prokax koraa xongslisto xomadhantu xibhor xomadhanor tulnat barlir udbhidor briddhir mapkathi onuxondhan koriboloi proyug koraa hoisil. 1920-ror doxokot bibhinno pieis mulyot poribortito hogland xomadhanot alfalfar briddhir todonto koraa hoisil. 1930-ror doxokor aaxe-paxe hogland aaru teur xohojugixokole kisuman udbhidor rugor todonto korisil, aaru iyar folot, lobonotar dore bidyoman maatir owosthar xoite xomporkito lokhyonxomuh lokhyo korisil. ei xondorbhot, hoglande niyontrito porikhyagaror poristhitit ekedhoronor lokhyon prodan korar aaxare jolo xongoskriti porikhya-nirikhya korisil. ei porikhyaxomuhor baabe californiat stroberir kisuman rugor (hogland aaru snider, 1933) todonto koriboloi mekro "nutrient, aairon, aaru xompurok xomadhan e aaru bi (tress element) xoho hogland xoliusyon (0) notunkoi bikoxito koraa hoisil.
hoh 'glandor gowexona udbhidor rugbigyani eis-ror dwara xomorthito hoisil. ee. thomas aaru dobliu. chi. udbhid pusti aaru jolobidyut utpadonor aan ejon pothoprodorxok uilium frederic geriker dwara probhabito. banijyik krixir khetrot jolo xongoskritir niti proyug korar khetrot geriker jugantokari folafoloi teuk ei bixoyot teur gowexona xomproxaron koriboloi onupranito korisil jaar folot owoxexot hogland xomadhan (1) aaru (2) (hogland aaru aaronon, 1938,1950) hoisil. hogland xomadhan (0) aaru (1) ror mekro "nutrientor gothon aaru ghonotwo uilhelm noo 'por chaari-nimokh mishron aaru hogland aaru teur xohojugixokolor porikhyamulok folafolor mular onupat (cf)-too bisari paab paari. tebul (1) aaru (2). hoh 'golandor drobonor biporite noo' por drobon, aaironor byotikromor xoite tress upadan (maikro 'nutrient) ror xoite xompurok nasil, kiyonu raxayonik podarthobur uilhelm noo' por dinot bixexbhabe bixudho nasil. maikro "nutrientbur, iyak najanuwakoi, itimodhye mekro" nutrient lobonot oxuddhi hisape uposthito aasil. 1930 sonor poraa aaru taar pisor poraa odhik bixudho raxayonik podartho aaru tress ghonotwo bislexonor baabe odhik xongbedonxil poddhoti bikoxito koraa hoisil.
noo 'por chaari-nimkhor mishron.
tebul (1). noo 'por chaari-nimkhor mishron (1865)
mekro "nutrient.
tebul (2). hoglandor drobon (0,1,2) aaru noo 'por drobonot mekro' nutrientor gothon aaru xompurno ghonotwo
hoglandor saatro-satrixokolor bhitorot daniel ijorail aarnon aasil jiye hogland drobor mekro "nutrientor gothon xoloni korisil (2) (chi. ef.). xaroni 2) aaru hogland xomadhanor (1) aaru (2) (chi. ef.) onu-pustir (bi, em. eno, jade. eno, kiu, mu, aaru chi. el.) ghonotwo. tebul (3)) joutho prochestar pholsworupe, aaru fulke carl scoog. murasij aaru sko 'go madhyomor biporite, vitamin baa onyanyo joibik jougoburok hoh' glandor drobonor baabe xongzujon hisape prodan koraa nohoy, kintu kewol otyawosyokiyo khonij podarthobur upadan hisape prodan koraa hoy. murasige aaru sko 'gor mote bogaa ror poribortito madhyomor uporot dhopator kolsaror bikaxor prosar mukhyotoh joliyo dhopat paator niskaxito joibik upadanor poriworte ojoibo upadanor folot hoy.
maikro "nutrient.
tebul (3). hoglandor drobonot otyawosyokiyo maikro "nutrientor gothon aaru xompurno ghonotwo (0,1,2)
otirikto maikro "nutrient hisape, 9 maikro" mii ferik tartretok (c12h12fe2o18) 18 maikro "mull/l fe3 +-ror ghonotwor xoite xomporkito hogland drobo gothonot (0,1,2) jug koraa hoy. drobo (2) too ammonium aaru nitrate lowon thaake aaru ketiyaba drobo (0,1) (chi. ef.) ror poraa posondo koraa hoh 'bob paare. xaroni 2) kiyonu omuniyam aayonor folot obansito khyarotar bikaxot bilombo hoy (hogland aaru aaronon, 1938,1950). obosye, ee besibhag xosyo projatir baabe bixakto aaru iyak ekmatro naitrojen utxo hisape khubo komhe proyug koraa hoy.
bitorkito onuman.
hoglande ei xiddhantot uponeet hoisil je moulikbhabe bibhinno ghonotwo aaru nimkhor onupator xomadhane kunu guruttopurno porimane xosyor utpadonot probhab pelabo nuware. obosye, xehotiya odhyoyonxomuhe prokax korise je briddhi aaru utpadonor parthokyo xadharonote byobohrito pusti xomadhanxomuhor maajot itimodhye ghonotwor xamanyo parthokyor xoite obyahot aasil. udahoronsworupe, hoh 'glandor xomadhan (2) ror folot uscho-xura aaru mukoli-khelpotharor owosthat oh' fima gosor briddhi briddhi hoisil. hoglandor onumanor etaa guruttopurno kendriyo dix je jolo xongoskriti maati xongoskritir tulnat khubo komhe unnot aasil ("tulonamulok poristhitit utpadon lokhyoniyobhabe prithok nohoy") prosnobiddho (hogland aaru aaronon, 1938,1950). udahoronsworupe, jolo xongoskritiye onyanyo briddhir prostoror tulnat jolbahi dhopat udbhidor xorbadhik joibo-bhandar aaru pro 'tinn utpadonor netritwo disil, eke poriwexgot poristhitit kheti koraa hoisil aaru xoman porimanor pusti jugan dhora hoisil.
gerikor biporite, hoglande xomadhan xongoskritik prathomikbhabe boigyanik aain abiskaror ek poddhoti hisape gonyo korisil, aanhate gerike gurutwo disil je jolobidya etiyau ek xothik bigyan nasil. lekhokxokolor bhinno motamotxomuh tolot ullekh koraa uddhritir dwara sposto koraa hoiseh "iyar banijyik proyug oti ximito poristhitit aaru kewol bixexogyor totwawodhanot nyajyo" (hoh 'glund aaru aaronon, 1938,1950, "maati obihone udbhid briddhir baabe jolo xongoskriti poddhoti"); "prokritote, eitu sposto je jihetu jolobidyut bigyanor baabe krixir tulnat proti ekok elekar baabe odhik byoyor proyujon hoy, hoy utpadon besi hoh' bob lagibo, baa jodi poddhotitu banijyikbhabe xofol hoh 'bob laage tente onyo khyotipuron thakibo lagibo. aaru obhigyotai itimodhye dekhuwaise je ee xofol hoh 'bob paare "(gerike, 1940," matihin bagisar xompurno poth prodorxok "). aasorit noho "bob je jolobidyar itihaxe poromporagot krixir baabe ek upojugi poripurok hisape ei kouxoltur banijyik byoboharor bixoye teur dabir khetrot jerike xothik buli promanito korise.
botaa aaru xonman.
1916 sonot hoh 'lend aamerikan ess' siyesyon for dyo advancement owo science (aas) ror egoraki xodosyo hoisil aaru 1934 sonot nesnel academy owo sayensor xodosyo hoisil. teur bohutu abiskaror swikriti sworupe, aamerikan cho 'saiti owo plant physio' logistxokole 1932 sonot denis hoh 'landok xobhapoti hisape nirbasito korisil aaru 1929 sonot teuk prothom stephen hels botaa prodan korisil. 1940 sonot daniel aai-ror xoite ekeloge. aarnon, teu "xaririk dixor bixex proxongor xoite pustir upolobdhota" ror kaamor baabe aas nucomb cleveland botaa laabh korisil. 1944 sonot teu "udbhidor ojoibo pustir uporot teur boktrita" prathar lekcharos ett harbhard university "upoxirxok prokax korisil, jitu teuk 1942 sonot harbhard biswobidyaloyot diboloi aamontron jonuwa hoisil. 1945 sonot teu aamerikan academy owo arts endo sciencesor xodosyo hisape nirbasito hoisil.
denis aar. 1985 sonot aamerikan cho "saiti owo plant baay" logistor dwara prothombaror baabe prodan koraa "hogland botaa" aaru bayumondoliyo bigyan karzoxusir logote euchi debhisot poriwex swasthyo aaru xurokhya karzaloyor ghor huwa "hogland holl" teur xonmanot naamkoron koraa hoise.
upolobdhi.
maanok pusti xomadhan.
aajikali udbhidor pusti aaru udbhidor kolaa khetir baabe ataitkoi xadharon xomadhan hoise hoh 'golland aaru aaronon (1938,1950), aaru moo' rasij aaru sko 'go (1962) ror poraa prostut koraa. aadhunik nirmataxokole udbhid projononkari, krixok aaru gorh grahokxokolor baabe torol xonghot xaar utpadon koriboloi hogland aaru aarononor moulik xutroxomuh protilipi kori aase. aanoki hogland, noo 'poo, murasige aaru skugor naamburu udbhawonimulok xamogrir baabe brend hisape byobohar koraa hoy, jene.ji., hoh 'glandor naai. 2taa besal nimokh mishron "baa" murasij aaru sko 'go besal nimokh mishron ", jibur xadharonote udbhid bigyanot maanok raxayonik podartho hisape byobohar koraa hoy. hoh 'glund aaru noo' poo madhyom" bixexbhabe udbhid kux, kolaa aaru jiwanumukto aagaror ongo xongoskritir baabe prostut koraa hoisil.
hogland aaru aan bohutu udbhid pustibidoi teulukor karrier xomoyot 150tokoiu odhik bibhinno pustir drobo byobohar korisil (chi. ef. tebul (4). dorasolote, keibatau pustir rondhonpronaliye etaa maanok naamtu ullekh kore jodiu xeiburor mool xutror xoite komm xomporko aase. udahoronsworupe, heuitor bornona onuxori, "hogland" naamere keibatau rondhon pronali prokax koraa hoise, aaru mool rosonatur bixoye smritixokti heruwar folot aajiu bibhrantir sristi hoh "bob paare.
hewitor tebul 30e.
tebul (4). nirbasito maanok pustir xomadhanor gothon hewitt (tebul 30e) onuxori poribortito koraa hoise. ppm hisape (otyawosyokiyo) upadanxomuhor xompurno ghonotwo.
hibrid pustir xomadhan.
udahoronsworupe, ek poribortito hoh 'glund drobonor mekro "nutrient (1), poribortito dighol exton drobonor maikro" nutrient, aaru poribortito jacobson drobonor aaironere gothito hibrid pusti drobe bibhinno maanok drobonor xaririk boixistyoxomuhok ekotrito kori ek xontulito pusti drobo sristi kore jiye udbhidor xorbuttom briddhik xompurno drobonoloi paatol koriboloi xokhyom kore (cf. tebul (5).
nagelor tebul ess4।.
tebul (5). nagel "ityadir mote poribortito ek hibrid pusti drobor gothon."(tebul ess4)।. ppmot xompurno moulik ghonotwo.
hoh 'glandor uttoradhikar.
denis hoglandok teur gowexonar khetrot ek aagxarir kortripokhyo hisape gonyo koraa hoisil aaru teur dirghosthayi gowexonar jugyota aasil teur naamere naamkoron koraa xomadhantu aarombho koraa aaru protistha koraa, jaar folot ek xontulito udbhid pustir baabe aadhar sristi hoisil ji aajiu boidho. hoh 'glandor drobo kewol prithibit byobohar koraa nohoy, antohrastriyo mohakax kendrot udbhid utpadonor porikhyatu nijoke promanito korise. bhumi aaru teur xohojugixokolor onuxondhanxomuh maati, paanee aaru bayu, xosyo utpadonot paanee aaru pusti byoboharor dokhyota aaru swasthyokor udbhid khadyor utpadonor dore prakritik xompodor bohonkhyom byoboharor baabe praxongik. aadhunik udbhid xorirbigyan aaru maatir roxayon bigyanor gowexonar baabe hoglandor moulik boigyanik obodan aaru bohulbhabe uddhrito prokaxonxomuh oitihaxik praxongikotar, ji nimnolikhito gronthoporikhyat protipholito hoy.
gronthoponji.
molot aluminiumor nirdharon. chi-ror xoite. el. e. smitt. je. bayul.
kem., 11 (4): 387-391.
bibhinno dhoronor poribortonor dwara poribortito koraa gaahorir ontoxotro bipakor odhyoyon
karokxomuh. (moi.-iii.). ee-ror xoite. bhi. mek 'laam. je. bayul. kem., 16 (3): 299-315,317-320,321-325.
proxanto mohaxagoriyo upokulor kelpochor dhongxatmok paaton. je. ind. ing. kem.,
7 (8): 673-676.
proxanto mohaxagoriyo upokulor kelpochor joibik upadanxomuh. je. aagor. raas., 4 (1): 39-58.
xamudrik xoibalot thoka jotil carb "hydrate aaru salfaror rupxomuh
proxanto mohaxagoriyo upokulor. elor xoite. el. mithya. je. bayul. kem., 23 (1): 287-297.
hydro "zen bidyudwahokor dwara porimapito maatit omlota aaru xuxon.
elor xoite. ti. tikhno. je. aagor. raas., 7:123-145.
briddhir uporot hydro "zen aaru hydro" xil aayonor ghonotwor probhab
barlir chaara. maatir bigyan., 3 (6): 547-560.
hydro "jenor dwara porimapito maatir protikriyar xoite carbon daai oxider xomporko
electro 'dodd. elor xoite. ti. tikhno. je. aagor. raas., 12 (3): 139-148.
maatir drobonor bhinnotar xusokangko hisape himayito-bindu poddhoti
ritu aaru xosyor briddhir baabe. je. aagor. raas., 12 (6): 369-395.
maatit kaau aaru keku 3 ror raxayonik probhab. ongxo 1. probhab
maatir protikriya. e-ror xoite. dobliu. christi. maatir bigyan., 5 (5): 379-382.
udbhidor xomporko pustir drobonor protikriyar xoite. bigyan,
48 (1243): 422-425.
omlo maati xomporkiyo xehotiya kaamor uporot tupula. elor xoite. ti. tikhno. maatir bigyan.
7 (3): 197-200.
udbhidor xoite xomadhan xongoskritir porikhya-nirikhyar kouxolor uporot gurutwo diyok.
bigyan, 49 (1267): 360-362.
bipakor uporot kisuman aluminium jougor probhab
manuh. chi-ror xoite. el. e. smitt. unive. kelif. paab. poth., 2 (20): 215-244.
Ph, h +, aaru oh − maanor talika; boidyutik gotibegor xoite xomporkito
hydro "zen bidyudwahokor porimapot nirdharito boll, etaa
gronthoponji. chi-ror xoite. el. e. smitt. unive. kelif. paab. dehor.5 (4):
23-69.
kuxor roxor gothon aaru protikriyar xoite pustir drobonor xomporko
barlir. bott. goje., 68 (4): 297-304.
pusti madhyomor ghonotwo aaru protikriyar xomporko
udbhidor briddhi aaru xuxonor baabe. je. aagor. raas., 18 (2): 73-117.1
pieis maanor uporot bibhinno dhoronor joloxinchonor panir probhab aaru
bibhinno dhoronor maatir himayito bindur nimnosap. e-ror xoite. dobliu.
christi. unive. kelif. paab. aagor. bigyan., 4 (6): 141-158.
udbhidor baabe xorbuttom pusti xomadhan. bigyan, 52 (1354): 562-564.
maatir bhoutik owosthat ritu aaru xosyor briddhir probhab.
je-ror xoite. chi. martin. je. aagor. raas., 20 (5): 396-4 o3.
maatir drobonor xoite maatir niskaxonor xomporko. je-ror xoite. chi. martin aaru
ji. aar. stewart. je. aagor. raas., 20 (5): 381-395.
udbhidor xomporkot maatir drobon. trains. dur. cho "koo., 17 (2): 249-254.
maati bislexon aaru maati aaru udbhidor aantoxomporko. kelif. aagor. exp. sto.
chir., 235:1-8.
maati bislexon aaru maati aaru udbhidor aantoxomporko. citrus paat, 2 (6): 1-2,
16-17.
udbhidor khadyo xokti. e-ror xoite. aar. debhis aaru chi. bi. lipman.
bigyan, 57 (1471): 299-301.
xuxonor xomporkot udbhidor kuxor roxor gothon
aayonxomuhor. e-ror xoite. aar. debhis. je. jinn. dehor., 5 (5): 629-646.
ojoibo upadanor grohon aaru bafaror uporot nimkhor probhab
udbhidor byowostha. je-ror xoite. chi. martin. kelif. aagor. exp. sto. projukti. pi.,
8:1-26.
udbhidor dwara ayonxomuh xuxonor uporot odhik porikhya-nirikhya, jaar bhitorot aase
puhoror probhawor uporot porzobekhyon. e-ror xoite. aar. debhis. je. jinn. dehor.,
6 (1): 47-62.
udbhidor dwara aayonxomuhor xuxon. maatir bigyan., 16 (4): 225-246.
baali aaru drobo xongoskritir xoite maatir tulona madhyom hisape koraa
udbhidor briddhi. je-ror xoite. chi. martin. maatir bigyan., 16 (5): 367-388.
xongoskriti xomadhanor protikriyar uporot udbhidor probhab. kelif.
aagor. exp. sto. projukti. pi., 12:1-16.
hydro "zen-aayonor dwara probhabito maatir colloidor uporot boidyutik aadhan
ghonotwo aaru bibhinno lobonor dwara. dobliu-ror xoite. chi. dehuf. maatir bigyan.,
18 (5): 401-408.
udbhidor dwara ayonxomuh xuxonor bixoye poramorxo. e-ror xoite. aar.
debhis. notun udbhidbigyani, 24 (2): 99-111.
maatir xomadhanor todontor xaririk dixxomuh. kelif. aagor. exp.
sto. hilog., 1 (11): 227-257.
udbhidor ojoibo pustir kisuman porzay
maatir xomadhanoh 1. kritrim xongoskriti madhyomor udbhidor briddhi.
bigyan. aagor., 6 (5): 141-151.
udbhidor ojoibo pustir kisuman porzay
maatir xomadhanoh 2. udbhidor briddhir madhyom hisape maatir xomadhan.
bigyan. aagor., 6 (6): 177-189.
udbhidor briddhito kisuman khyariyo lobonor probhab. je-ror xoite. ess. buja aaru
e. aar. debhis. (20) bimurto. prokriti aaru maatir xomadhanor protisruti.
(21) proxanto mohaxagoriyo boigyanik congressor aagote porha gowexona potror bimurtangxo,
australia.
xamorthyor uporot puhor, usnota aaru onyanyo poristhitir probhab
kuxor roxot helugenxomuh kendribhut koriboloi naitela kuxxomuhor. pi-ror xoite. el.
hibbard aaru e. aar. debhis. je. jinn. dehor., 10 (1): 121-146.
xorirbigyanor dristikunor poraa maatir todonto
udbhidor. 4rtho int. konof. maatir bigyan. room, 1924,3:535-544.
xongoskritir xomadhanot briddhi koraa udbhidor dwara vitamin ee xongslexon. xoite
eis. em. evance. moi. je. dehor., 80 (3): 702-704.
kritrim xongoskriti xomadhanor porzaptota xomporke xehotiya porikhyaxomuh
aaru bibhinno dhoronor udbhidor briddhir baabe maatir xomadhan.
je-ror xoite. chi. martin. prothom prothomor karzokrom aaru kagoj-potro. koo 'ngo. maati
bigyan., 3:1-12.
california biswobidyaloyot xehotiya maatir todontor punor aarombho korok. mu.
xaar. kelif. bibhag. aagor., 16 (11): 562-568.
prothom antohrastriyo mrittika bigyan congress, soturtho aayug, maati
projonon khyomota. (xarangxo.) maatir maati., 25 (1): 45-50.
udbhidor kuxor dwara aan etaa aayonor xonsito huwar uporot etaa aayonor probhab
naitelar xoite koraa porikhyaxomuhor bixex proxongo. e-ror xoite. aar. debhis
aaru pi. el. hibbard. udbhidor deh., 3 (4): 473-486.
niyontrito poriwexot udbhidor briddhir baabe etaa xojuli. xoite
e. aar. debhis. udbhidor deh., 3 (3): 277-292.
paneet kheti koraa tometu gosor baabe proyujoniyo nimnotomo potasiumor stor
xongoskriti. ee-ror xoite. ess. johnston. maatir bigyan., 27 (2): 89-109.
udbhidor kuxor dwara electro 'lightor grohon aaru xongrokhyon. e-ror xoite. aar.
debhis. pro 'tot' plazma, 6 (4): 610-626.
californiat xaaror xomosya aaru maatir bislexon. kelif. aagor. exp.
sto. chir., 317:1-16.
udbhid kuxor dwara khonij upadanxomuhor xonchoy. obodan korok. xamudrik bayul.,
pi. pi. 131-144.
udbhidor xorirototwor xehotiya ogrogoti. poriwex bigyan, 11 (4): 785-786.
folor gochot xoru paat baa ruchet, oh. dobliu-ror xoite. eis. sandler aaru pi. el.
hibbard. pro 'koo. moi. cho "koo. hort. bigyan., 28:556-560.
maatir xomosyar xondorbhot udbhidor dwara khonij upadanxomuhor xuxon.
udbhidor deh., 6 (3): 373-388.
folor gosor xoru paat baa ruchet, ii: jink aaru onyanyo sikitsar probhab.
dobliu-ror xoite. eis. sandler aaru pi. el. hibbard. pro 'koo. moi. cho "koo. hort.
bigyan., 29:255-263.
udbhidor khonij pusti. ennu. ribh. joibo roxayon., 1:618-636.
fosfet aaru potasiumor obhawor folot briddhir uporot kichu probhab pore.
aaru niyontrito poristhitit folor gosor gothon. xoite
dobliu. eis. sandler. pro 'koo. moi. cho "koo. hort. bigyan., 29:267-271.
folor gosor xoru paat baa ror 'set, iii. dobliu-ror xoite. eis. sandler aaru
pi. el. hibbard. pro 'koo. moi. cho "koo. hort. bigyan., 30:70-86.
udbhidor khonij pusti. ennu. ribh. joibo roxayon., 2:471-484.
niyontrito poristhitit stroberi udbhidor pusti. (koo) probhab
boron aaru aan kisuman upadanor obhab, (kho) xongbedonxilota
cho "dium lobonor poraa huwa aaghat. dobliu-ror xoite. chi. snider. pro 'koo. moi. cho "koo. hort. bigyan.,
30:288-294.
udbhidor dwara potasiumor xuxon, xoloni koribo poraa, xoloni nokora, aaru maatir drobo potasiumor xomporkot. je-ror xoite. chi. martin. maati
bigyan., 36:1-33.
bixex proxongor xoite potasiumor upolobdhota nirdharonor poddhoti
ordho-xusko maatir baabe. trains. dwitiyo aayug aaru khyar upo-aayug
antohrastriyo cho "koo. maatir bigyan. koo 'benhabhon (denmark).
volume. e, pipi. 25-31.
folor gosor xoru paat baa ror 'set, iv. dobliu-ror xoite. eis. sandler aaru pi. el.
hibbard. pro 'koo. moi. cho "koo. hort. bigyan., 32:11-19.
californier bixex proxongor xoite barlir potasium pusti
maati. pro 'koo. ponchom proxanto bigyan congress, pri. 2669-2676.
folor gosor xoru paat baa ruchet, v: briddhir uporot jinkor probhab
niyontrito maati aaru jolo xongoskritit bibhinno prokaror udbhidor
porikhya-nirikhya koraa hoy. dobliu-ror xoite. eis. sandler aaru pi. el. hibbard. pro 'koo. moi.
cho "koo. hort. bigyan., 33:131-141.
xoru paat baa ruchet" ror uporot ejon kojolubhoskiye probondhotur uporot montobyo korise
californiat folor goch. dobliu-ror xoite. eis. sandler. phytopath 'lojee, 25 (5): 522-522
udbhidor dwara potasiumor xuxon aaru maatir dwara sthirokoron
upolobdho pustir onumanor baabe kisuman poddhoti. je-ror xoite. chi.
martin. trains. tritiyo aantoh. koo 'ngo. maatir bigyan., 1:99-103.
folor gosor xoru paat baa ruchet, vi: odhik porikhya-nirikhya
rugor karonor uporot. dobliu-ror xoite. eis. sandler aaru pi. aar. stut.
pro 'koo. moi. cho "koo. hort. bigyan., 34:210-212.
maati-udbhid pronalit ek bipakiyo ekok hisape udbhid. probondhoxomuh
dobliu. em.-ror xonmanot jiubo 'teni. e. sesel. unive. kelif. press korok, pipi.
219-245.
xipar dwara nimokh jomaa huwar prokriyar xadharon prokriti
porikhyamulok poddhotir bornona. ti-ror xoite. chi. broyar. udbhidor deh.,
11 (3): 471-507.
uscho udbhidor nimokh pustir kisuman dix. bott. ribh., 3:307-334.
maati obihone udbhid briddhir baabe jolo-krixi poddhoti. xoite
di. moi. aarnon. kelif. aagor. exp. sto. chir., 347, pipi. 1-39.*
californiat xaaror xomosya aaru maatir bislexon. kelif. aagor. exp.
sto. chir., 317:1-16 (xongxudhon).
xosyo utpadonor madhyom hisape jolo xongoskriti aaru maatir tulona.
di-ror xoite. moi. aarnon. bigyan, 89:512-514.
nirdisto udbhidxomuhot nimkhor uporoloi aaru parswik gotibidhir dwara ingito diya hoise
potasium, cho "dium aaru fosforasor readyo" aakriyo ixutupxomuh xuxit hoy.
xipar dwara. pi-ror xoite. aar. stut. moi. je. bott., 26 (5): 320-324.
udbhidor dwara bipak aaru nimokh xuxon. efor xoite. chi. rokhyok. prokriti,
143:1031-1032.
udbhidor dwara nimokh xuxon. efor xoite. chi. rokhyok. prokriti, 145:116-117.
hydro "zen-aayonor probhab aaru jowor xipar dwara nimokh jomaa huwa
bipakor dwara probhabito. ti-ror xoite. chi. broyar. moi. je. bott., 27:173-185.
udbhidot nimkhor uporoloi goti. ti-ror xoite. chi. broyar aaru pi. aar. stut.
prokriti, 146:340-340.
udbhidor briddhir xoite xomporkito raxayonik upadanor minute poriman.
bigyan, 91:557-560.
udbhidor kolar poraa bixex proxongor xoite roxor obhibyoktir poddhoti
barlir xipar dwara nimokh jomaa huwar uporot odhyoyon. ti-ror xoite. chi.
broyar. moi. je. bott., 27 (7): 501-511.
kritrim xongoskriti xomadhanot aaru bixex maatir xoite xosyo utpadon
ordho-joibik utpadon aaru xuxonok probhabito koraa karokxomuhor proxongo
pusti. di-ror xoite. moi. aarnon. maatir bigyan., 50 (1): 463-485.
bipakor bixex proxongor xoite udbhid kuxor dwara nimokh jomaa huwa
aaru barlir xipar uporot porikhya-nirikhya koraa hoy. xitol boxonto bondor alusonasokro
porimangot jibobigyan, khondo. 8.
udbhidor pustir odhyoyonot kisuman aadhunik ogrogoti. pro 'koo. moi. cho "koo.
sukorar projukti., ongxo 1:18-26.
molybodenum aaru taamor obhawor uporot jolo xongoskritir porikhya-nirikhya
folor goch. pro 'koo. moi. cho "koo. hort. bigyan., 38:8-12.
udbhidor briddhir baabe pustir upolobdhotar xaririk dixxomuh.
di-ror xoite. moi. aarnon. maatir bigyan., 51 (1): 431-444.
udbhidor pustir odhyoyonor progotir dixxomuh. tonaa. aagor., 18:247.
udbhidor kuxxomuhot nimokh aaru pargomyotar xonchoy. ti-ror xoite. chi. broyar.
je. jinn. physiol., 25 (6): 865-880.
xipar bipakiyo karzokolap aaru iyar xomporkor uporot iyar probhab
udbhidor lowon aaru panir uporoloi goti. ti-ror xoite. chi. broyar.
moi. je. bott., 30 (4): 261-273.
pustikor juganor dwara probhabito huwar dore bilahi udbhidor gothon,
folor xoite xomporko. di-ror xoite. moi. aarnon. bott. goje.104 (4): 576-590.
udbhidor pustir odhyoyonor xadharon dixxomuh. bigyan. unive. kelif., pi. pi.
279-294.
kritrim xongoskriti poddhotir dwara udbhidor pustir todonto.
di-ror xoite. moi. aarnon. bayul. ribh. kembor. fill. cho "koo., 19 (2): 55-67.
udbhidor ojoibo pustir uporot boktrita. (harbhardot prather boktrita
biswobidyaloy). kronika botanika ku-ror dwara prokaxito. waltham, gono.
udbhidor briddhir xomporkot molybodenum. maatir bigyan., 60 (2): 119-123.
maatir potaxium sthirokoron xoloni koribo poraa aaru xoloni nokora rupot
maatit huwa raxayonik bikriyar xondorbhot. je-ror xoite. chi. martin aaru
aar. otirikto poth. maatir bigyan. cho "koo. moi. pro 'koo., 10:94-101.
udbhidor pusti aaru joibo roxayon, joibo roxayonor dhaara
gowexona koraa. antohbigyan rajohuwa. inok. eno. y., pi. pi. 61-77.
folor gosor xoru paat baa ruchet, viii: dosta aaru taamor obhab
kurel maatit. dobliu-ror xoite. eis. sandler aaru je. chi. martin. pro 'koo. moi. cho "koo.
hort. bigyan., 47:15-19.
udbhid aaru jibo-jontur upadanxomuhor xondhan korok walter stylor dwara. ribh. khilan.
joibo roxayon., 13:311-312.
xaar, maatir bislexon, aaru udbhidor pusti. kelif. aagor. exp. sto. chir.,
367:1-24.
niyomiya" ror uporiu "xoru" upadanxomuhor proyujoniyo porimanor minute"
xaar. aagor. kem.
udbhidor pustir kisuman xomosya. di-ror xoite. moi. aarnon. bigyan. mu., 67 (3): 201-209.
xaar, maatir bislexon, aaru udbhidor pusti. kelif. aagor. exp. sto. chir.,
367:1-24 (xongxudhon).
udbhidot ojoibo podarthor xuxon aaru byobohar. xoite
pi. aar. stut. saap. krixi roxayon bigyanor viii, xompadona korok. frear, venor dwara
naakor poraa.
maati obihone udbhid briddhir baabe jolo-krixi poddhoti. di-ror xoite. moi. aarnon.
kelif. aagor. exp. sto. chir., 347, pipi. 1-32 (xongxudhon).**
xosyor baabe potasiumor upolobdhota, xoloni koribo poraa aaru xoloni nokora potasiumor xomporko aaru xosyo aaru joibik podarthor probhawor xomporke.
je-ror xoite. chi. martin. maatir bigyan. cho "koo. moi. pro 'koo., 15:272-278.
"rastriyo bigyan academyr archivor xoujonyotare, aaru ei prowexxomuh obihone eitu xombhob noho 'loheten." | dennis robbert hogland
dennis robbert hogland (2raa april, 1884-5ee septembara, 1949) chhilen ekjon markin rasayanabid ebong udbhid oo mrittika bigyani jini udbhid pushti, mrittika rasayan, joibo rasayan ebong sharirbrittiya khettre kaaj korten. 1927 saal theke 1949 saale taanr mrityur agey porjonto tini barklete california bishwobidyaloye udbhid pushtir adhyapak chhilen.
dennis hogland sadharonoto udbhid koshe taditvishleshyer sakriya poribohon abishkarer jonno porichito, niyantrita poriikkhamulok abosthar adhine udbhaboni model system byabohar korey, jemon samadhan sangaskriti.
hogland dekhate sokkhom hoyechilo jey bivinno udbhid roga dosta hisabe trace upadaner abhaber karone hoy ebong udbhid pushti oo bikasher jonno taader gurutto protistha korey.
tini mrittikar paech ebong maatir drobon, tapmatra ebong udbhider briddhir jonno alor gurutto protistha korey udbhid oo maatir modhye mythscrea niye gobeshonar pothprodorshok chhilen.
hogland ebong taar sahojogira ekti kritrim, sampurna ajoibo pushtir madhyam toiri korechilo, jaa sorbojoninbhabe hogland samadhan hisabe porichito, jaa jolobidyut poddhotite udbhid chasher jonno bishwobyapi byabohrito hachche.
jeeboni.
byaktigato jeebon.
dennis hogland charles breakinries hogland (1859-1934) ebong lillian meey hoglander (1863-1951) putro chhilen. tini taanr prothom aatt bochor swarnakeshite katiechilen ebong taanr shoishober poroborti somoye tini denvere bosobas korten. tini denver public schoole padashona corren ebong 1903 saale stanford bishwobidyaloye probesh corren. 1920 saale, dennis arr. hogland jessy ayee-keey biye corren. hassie. 1933 saale tini hothat pneumonia maaraa zaan. robbert charles, albert smiley ebong charles ritemyer naame tinn torun chheleke borh korar dayitto taanr upor chhede deoa hoy.
karmajiban.
hogland stanford vishwavidyalaya theke (1907) rasayane mejor degree orjon corren. 1908 saale tini barklete california bishwobidyaloyer poshu pushti gobeshonagare ekjon proshikkhok ebong sahokari hohn, jey protisthaner saathe tini taanr bucky jeeboner jonno jukto thakben. sekhane tini poshu pushti oo joibo rasayaner khettre kaaj korechilen. 1910 saale tini eu-err khaddo oo oshudh proshashone sahokari rasayanabid nijukto hohn.esha. 1912 saal porjonto krishi bibhag (schmitt ebong hogland, 1912,1919), jokhon tini wisconsin bishwobidyaloyer elmer macolumer saathe krishi rasayan bibhager snatok bidyalaye probesh corren, 1913 saale taanr snatakottar degree orjon corren (macolum ebong hogland, 1913). seii bochorer sharatkale tini krishi rasayaner sahokari adhyapak ebong 1922 saale barklete udbhid pushtir sahojogi adhyapak hohn. tini "joibo rasayaner barshik porjalochona"-err protisthata ebong "udbhid sharirbrittiya barshik porjalochona" ebong "oshudher barshik porjalochona"-err probokta chhilen, jaa taanr mrityur porr 1950 saale prothom prokashito hoyechilo.
kaaj.
sangkhipto biboron.
prothom bishwojuddher somoy, hogland german samrajya theke markin juktorashtre potassium-vittik shaar amdanir abhaber poriborte badami shoibal theke udbhider nirjaser bikalpa hisabe byabohar korar chesta korechilo, jaa bishal keloper samudrer joll theke upadanguli nirbachitovabe shoshan korar khomota dwara anupranito hoyechilo ebong samudrer joley pawa ghonotter (hogland, 1915) anekbar potassium ebong iodide jomaa korar khomota dwara anupranito hoyechilo. eyi anusandhangulir upor vitti korey tini ghonotter ddhaal theke lobon shoshan korar jonno udbhider khomota anusandhan corren ebong niyantrita poriikkhamulok abosthar (hogland, hibbard ebong davies, 1926) adhine udbhaboni model system byabohar korey bipakiya shaktir upor pushti shoshan ebong sthanantarer nirbhorota abishkar corren.
taanr poddhotigoto gobeshonar somoy, prodhanoto samadhan sangaskriti kaushal dwara, ebong julius vone saxer ekti neeti ebong uilhelm noper kaaj dwara anupranito hoye, tini hogland samadhaner jonno moulik sutroti toiri korechilen, jaar gathon mulat uchcho utpadonshilotar nirdishto mutty theke prapto bastuchyuto maatir samadhaner porey pattern koraa hoyechilo (hogland, 1919) 1. taanr gobeshonati jeebonto koshgulir prayojaniya trace upadangulir prayojaniyata ebong karjokarita somporke notun abishkarer dike porichalito korechilo, eibhabe tometo udbhider briddhir jonno molybodenumer prayojaniyata protistha korechilo, udahoronsorup (arnon ebong hogland, 1940; hogland, 1945). hogland dekhate sokkhom hoyechilo jey bivinno udbhid roga dosta (hogland, chandler ebong hibbard, 1931, ff) err moto trace upadaner abhaber karone hoy.), ebong seii boron, manganese, dosta ebong taama swabhabik udbhid briddhir jonno aporiharjo (hogland, 1937).
tini udbhid-mrittika antosomporker proti bishesh agroho prakash corren, udahoronsorup, mrittikar samadhaner sharirbrittiya bharsamyo ebong udbhid briddhir upor nirbhorota, jaate matite pushti ebong (kritrim) samadhaner (hogland, 1916,1917,1920,1922; hogland ebong arnon, 1941) upolobdhota ebong shoshan somporke arow vall dharona orjon koraa yaay. hogland ebong taanr sahojogira, taanr gobeshona sahokari uilium jeeda soho. jhamela, eibhabe sobuj udbhider moulik koshiya sharirbrittiya prokriyaguli bojhar khettre abodan rakhe jaa surjalok dwara shaktir chudanta roop hisabe chaalito hoy (hogland ebong davies, 1929; hogland ebong stuard, 1939,1940; hogland, 1944,1946).
hogland ebong noper samadhan.
dennis hogland prothom mrittika droboner gathoner upor vitti korey ekti notun dharaner drobon toiri korechilen (hogland, 1919) 1. tini ekti drobone ghonotto ebong pushtir moat porimaner modhye parthokyo korar jonno prothom sofol dharonao toiri korechilen (johnston ebong hogland, 1929). hogland saliushana" shobdoti prothom ullekh korechilen 1922 saale olof arhenius 1919 saaler hogland prokashonar prosonge jekhane tini ekti sarbottama pushtir somadhanke "nyuntama ghonotto jaa sorbadhik follon deyo ebong err baire arr konao unnoti chhilo naa" hisabe sangyayita korechilen. 1920 saale hogland dwara prokashito sangshlishto samadhanti shiyever samadhaner tulna jober udbhid briddhir poramitiguli todonter jonno prayog koraa hoyechilo. 1920-err doshke ekti poribortito hogland drobone alfalfar briddhi bivinno paech mangulite todonto koraa hoyechilo. 1930-err doshke hogland ebong taar sahojogira nirdishto kichhu udbhider roga anusandhan korey ebong err foley lobonaktotar moto vidyaman maatir abosthar saathe somporkito lakkhanguli lakkhya korey. eyi prosonge, niyantrita porikkhagarer poristhitite anurup uposorgoguli sarbaraha korar ashay hogland joll sangaskritir porikkha-nirikkha korechilo. eyi porikkhagulir jonno california stroberry kichhu roga (hogland ebong snider, 1933) todonter jonno macronutrient, loha ebong sampurak samadhan ayee ebong bii (trace upadan) soho hogland saliushana (0) notun korey toiri koraa hoyechilo.
hoglander gobeshona udbhid rogotottobid eich dwara somorthito chhilo. ee. thomas ebong dobleeu. shee. snider, ebong udbhid pushti ebong jolobidyut utpadoner arek aggragami, uilium fredrick jerick dwara probhabito. banijyik krishite joll sangaskritir nitiguli prayog korar khettre jeriker jugantokari falafalguli taake eyi bishoye taar gobeshona prosarito korte anupranito korechilo jaar foley abosheshe hogland samadhan (1) ebong (2) (hogland ebong arnon, 1938,1950) hoyechilo. hogland droboner (0) ebong (1) macronutrienter gathon ebong ghonotto uilhelm noper chaar-lobon mishran ebong hogland ebong taar sahojogider (cf) poriikkhamulok folafoler moller anupat theke pawa yaay. tabil (1) ebong (2). hoglander droboner biporite, noper drobonti lohar byatito trace upadan (micronutrient) diye poripurok koraa hoyney, kaaron uilhelm noper diney rasayanikguli biseshbhabe bishuddho chhilo naa. micronutrientagle, etty naa zene, itimadhye macronutrient labangulite amedhya hisabe uposthito chhilo. 1930 saal theke arow beshi bishuddho rasayanik ebong trace ghonotto bishleshoner jonno arow sangbedanshil poddhoti toiri koraa hoyechilo.
noper chaar loboner mishran.
tabil (1). nops phore-solt mixture (1865)
macronutrient.
tabil (2) hoglander drobone (0,1,2) ebong noper drobone macronutrienter gathon ebong purno ghonotto
hoglander chhatroder modhye deniel israel arnon antarbhukta chhilen jini hogland droboner macronutrienter gathonke sangshodhan korechilen (2) (cf. tabil 2) ebong hogland samadhaner (1) ebong (2) (cf) micronutrienter (bii, mn, jdn, cue, moe ebong cl) ghonotto. tabil (3)) joutho prochestar falaswarup, ebong folke curl scoog. murshiz ebong scoog madhyomer biporite, vitamin baa anyanno joibo jougoguli konotai hogland droboner jonno sanjojan hisabe sarbaraha koraa hoy naa, tobey upadan hisabe cable prayojaniya khanizguli sarbaraha koraa hoy. murshige ebong scoog eyi uposonghare poucheche jey, saadaa ronger poribortito madhyome tamak kolaser bikasher prochar mulat joliyo tamak patar nirjase joibo upadaner poriborte ajoibo upadaner karone hoy.
micronutrient.
tabil (3) hoglander drobone prayojaniya micronutrienter gathon ebong purno ghonotto (0,1,2)
ekti atirikto micronutrient hisabe, 9 microne ferrick tartrait tartrait 18 micronol/ell micronol/ell + err ghonotter saathe somporkito, hogland drobon gathone (0,1,2) jog koraa hoy. drobone (2) amonium ebong naitreta lobon thaake ebong kokhono kokhono droboner (0,1) (cf) cheye pochondo koraa jete paare. tabil 2) kaaron amonium ayon abanchito kharotar bikashke bilambito korey (hogland ebong arnon, 1938,1950). tobey, etty beshirbhag fosol projatir jonno bishakto ebong khub komoi ekmatro nitrogen utso hisabe prayog koraa hoy.
bitorkito anuman.
hogland eyi uposonghare poucheche jey, moulikbhabe bivinno ghonotto ebong loboner onupater samadhan konao fosoler folonke konao guruttopurno porimane probhabito korey naa. tobey, samprotik gobeshonai dekha geche jey, ghonotter modhye itimadhye samanno parthokyo soho sadharonbhabe byabohrito pushtikar samadhangulir modhye briddhi ebong utpadoner parthokyo bojay royeche. udahoronsorup, hoglander samadhan (2) jothakrome uchcho-sudanga ebong unmukto khettrer poristhitite dumur gacher briddhi ghotay. hoglander onumaner ekti guruttopurno kendriya dick holl jey joll sangaskriti mutty sangaskritir cheye khub komoi uchchotoro chhilo ("tuloniyo poristhitite follon lakshaniyabhabe alada noy") proshnobiddho (hogland ebong arnon, 1938,1950). udahoronsorup, joll sangaskritir foley anyanno briddhir storer tulna jolobidyutjonitobhabe utpadito tamak udbhider sorbadhik joibobostupunjo ebong protein utpadon hoy, ekoi poribeshgoto poristhitite chaash koraa hoy ebong soman porimane pushti sarbaraha koraa hoy.
jeriker biporite, hogland prathomikbhabe boigyanik aain abishkarer jonno samadhan sangaskritike ekti poddhoti hisabe bibechona koroto, onnodike jerick jore diyechilen jey hydroponics ekhono ekti sunirdishto bigyan chhilo naa. lekhokder vinno motamot nimnolikhito uddhriti dwara chitrito koraa hoyeche "err banijyik prayog khub seemit poristhitite ebong shudhumatra biseshoggo tottabodhane nyajya" (hogland ebong arnon, 1938,1950, "mutty chhada gachpala briddhir jonno joll sangaskriti poddhoti"); "prokritopokkhe, etty sposhto jey jehetu jolobidyutbiddar jonno krishir cheye proti unit jomite beshi kharach prayojan, taai hoy follon beshi hotey hobey, baa anyanno khatipuran thakte hobey, jodi poddhotiti banijjikbhabe sofol hotey hoy. ebong obhiggota itimodhyei dekhiyeche jey etty sofol hotey paare "(jerick, 1940," matihin bagan korar sampurna guide "). ashchorjer vishay noy jey, jolobidyutbiddar itihas procholito krishir jonno ekti darkari poripurok hisabe eyi kaushaltir banijyik byabohar somporke taanr dabir khettre sothik promanito hoyeche.
puraskar oo sommanona.
hogland 1916 saale american association phara dya advancement off sciencer (aas) ekjon fello hohn ebong 1934 saale national academy off scienceser sadasya hohn. taanr onek abishkarer sikritiswarup, american society off plant physiologistora 1932 saale dennis hoglandke sabhapati hisabe nirbachito korey ebong 1929 saale taake prothom steffen hales puraskar pradan korey. 1940 saale, daniel aaee-err saathe. sharirbrittiya dikgulir bishesh ullekh soho pushtir prapyota" kaajer jonno tini aash nucomb cleveland puraskar peyechilen. 1944 saale tini "udbhider ajoibo pushti" shirshok taanr "harvard bishwobidyaloye prathar boktrita" uposhironamer boktrita prakash corren, jaa 1942 saale taanke harvard bishwobidyaloye deoar jonno amantran janano hoyechilo. 1945 saale tini american academy off artasa anned scienceser sadasya nirbachito hohn.
dennis arr. 1985 saale american society off plant biologists dwara prothom uposthapito hogland award ebong bayumandaliya bigyan karmasuchir pashapashi iusi deviser poribeshgoto swastho oo surakkha officer abashsthol hogland holl taanr sommane namkaran koraa hoyeche.
upolobdhi.
standard pushti samadhan.
azkal udbhid pushti ebong udbhid tisue chasher jonno sabcheye sadharan samadhan holl hogland ebong arnon (1938,1950), ebong murashige ebong scoog (1962) theke formulation. adhunik nirmatara udbhid prajanankari, krishak ebong garh bhoktader jonno torol ghonibhuto shaar utpadoner jonno hogland ebong arnoner moulik sutroguli protilipi korche. emonki hogland, nopp, murashige ebong skoger namgulio udbhaboni ponner jonno ekti branned hisabe byabohrito hoy.zii., hoglander naa. 2tii besal loboner mishran baa "murshige ebong skoga besal loboner mishran", jaa sadharonoto udbhid biggane manok rasayanik hisabe byabohrito hoy. hogland ebong nopp madhyam" biseshbhabe udbhid kosh, tisue ebong ongo sangaskritir jonno jibanumukto agorer upor toiri koraa hoyechilo.
hogland ebong anyanno onek udbhid pushtibid taader kormojibone 150 tiro beshi bivinno pushtir samadhaner recipe byabohar korechilen (cf. tabil (4). prokritopokkhe, besh koyekti pushtikar recipe ekti adarsha namke bojhai jodio taader mool sutrer saathe khub komoi somporko royeche. udahoronsorup, heuit dwara bornito, "hogland" naame besh koyekti recipe prokashito hoyeche ebong mool rachona somporke smritishakti hraser karone aajo bibhranti dekha ditey paare.
heuiter tabil 30ayee.
tabil (4) nirbachito manok pushtir samadhaner gathon heuit (tabil 30ayee) onusare poribortito hoyeche. ppm hisabe (prayojaniya) upadangulir purno ghonotto.
sankar pushtir samadhan.
udahoronsorup, ekti poribortito hogland droboner macronutrients (1), ekti poribortito deergho ashton droboner micronutrients ebong ekti poribortito jacobsone droboner ayron samanwito hibrid pushti drobonguli, bivinno manok samadhaner sharirbrittiya boishistagulike ekotrito korey ekti bharsamyopurno pushti drobon toiri korey jaa udbhidke sarbottama briddhi korte sokkhom korey jaa sampurna drobone (cf) patla korey. tabil (5).
nageler tabil tabil.
tabil (5). nagel ityadi onusare poribortito ekti sankar pushtir droboner gathon."(tabil esha 4). ppm-ayee purno moulik ghonotto.
hoglander uttoradhikar.
dennis hoglandke taanr gobeshonar khettre ekti shirshosthaniyo kortripokkho hisabe bibechona koraa hoto ebong taanr dirghasthayi gobeshonar jogyata chhilo taanr naame namkaran koraa samadhanti shuru koraa ebong protistha koraa, jaar foley ekti bharsamyopurno udbhid pushtir vitti toiri koraa jaa aajo boidho. hogland samadhan shudhumatra prithibite byabohrito hoy naa, tobey antorjatik mahakash statione udbhid utpadon parikkhayo nijeke proman koreche. bhumi ebong taar sahojogider anusandhanguli mutty, joll oo bayu, joll ebong pushti byaboharer dokkhota ebong swasthokor udbhid khaddo utpadoner moto prakritik sompoder teksoi byaboharer jonno prasongik. adhunik udbhid sharirbrittiya ebong mrittika rasayaner gobeshonar khettre hoglander moulik boigyanik abodan ebong byapokbhabe uddhrito prokashonaguli oitihasik prasongik, jaa nimnolikhito gronthoponjite protifolito hoy.
granthapanji.
moler modhye aluminium nirdharan. shee-err saathe. ell. ayee. schmitt. jeey. bayol.
qema., 11 (4): 387-391.
bivinno dwara poribortito shukorer antahsatta bipaker adhyayan
kaaron. (aami.-3.). ee-err saathe. vee. macollum. jeey. bayol. qema., 16 (3): 299-315,317-320,321-325.
proshanto mahasagariya upokuler kelpser dhongshattok paton. jeey. inned. ing. qema.,
7 (8): 673-676.
proshanto mahasagariya upokuler kelpser joibo upadan. jeey. agor. reesa., 4 (1): 39-58.
samudrik shoibaler modhye jotil carbohydrate ebong sulfur roop
proshanto mahasagariya upokul. ell sange. ell. mithya. jeey. bayol. qema., 23 (1): 287-297.
hydrogen bidyudwahok dwara porimap koraa matite amlata ebong shoshan.
ell sange. tii. teekkhno. jeey. agor. reesa., 7:123-145.
briddhir upor hydrogen ebong hydroxyl ayon ghonotter prabhab
barley chaara. mutty bigyan., 3 (6): 547-560.
hydrogen dwara porimap koraa carbon dye oxider saathe maatir bikriya somporko
bidyudwahok. ell sange. tii. teekkhno. jeey. agor. reesa., 12 (3): 139-148.
maatir drobone boichitrer suchak hisabe himayit-bindu poddhoti
ritu ebong fosol briddhir karone. jeey. agor. reesa., 12 (6): 369-395.
matite kaao ebong caco 3-err rasayanik prabhab. ongsho 1. prabhab
maatir protikriya. sange a. dobleeu. christy. mutty bigyan., 5 (5): 379-382.
pushtir droboner protikriyar sange udbhider somporko. bigyan,
48 (1243): 422-425.
assid mrittika somporkito samprotik kaajer upor note. ell sange. tii. teekkhno. mutty bigyan.
7 (3): 197-200.
udbhider sange samadhan sangaskritir porikkhar kaushaler upor note korun.
bigyan, 49 (1267): 360-362.
bipaker upor kichhu aluminium jouger prabhab
manush. shee-err saathe. ell. ayee. schmitt. unive. california. pub. poth., 2 (20): 215-244.
paech, eich +, ebong oh-mangulir saroni; taditprabahir saathe somporkito
hydrogen bidyudwahok porimape nirdharito boll, ekti
granthapanji. shee-err saathe. ell. ayee. schmitt. unive. california. pub. shorir.5 (4):
23-69.
kosher roser gathon ebong protikriyar sange pushtir droboner somporko
barley. bott. goj., 68 (4): 297-304.
pushtir madhyomer ghonotto ebong protikriyar somporko
udbhider briddhi ebong shoshan. jeey. agor. reesa., 18 (2): 73-117.1
paech maaner upor bivinno dharaner secher joler prabhab ebong
bivinno dharaner maatir himank bishannata. sange a. dobleeu.
christy. unive. california. pub. agor. bigyan., 4 (6): 141-158.
udbhider jonno sarbottama pushtikar samadhan. bigyan, 52 (1354): 562-564.
maatir bhouto abosthar upor ritu ebong fosoler briddhir prabhab.
jeey-err saathe. shee. martin. jeey. agor. reesa., 20 (5): 396-4 oo3.
maatir nirjaser saathe maatir droboner somporko. jeey-err saathe. shee. martin ebong
zii. arr. stuart. jeey. agor. reesa., 20 (5): 381-395.
udbhider saathe somporkito maatir samadhan. trance. onek doore. shoe., 17 (2): 249-254.
mutty bishleshan ebong mutty oo udbhider modhye antosomporko. california. agor. eksapa. stya.
shee. arr., 235:1-8.
mutty bishleshan ebong mutty oo udbhider modhye antosomporko. citrus paata, 2 (6): 1-2,
16-17.
udbhider khaddo shakti. sange a. arr. davies ebong shee. bii. lipman.
bigyan, 57 (1471): 299-301.
shoshoner saathe somporkito udbhider kosher roser gathon
ayangulir. sange a. arr. davies. jeey. zena. shorir., 5 (5): 629-646.
ajoibo upadan grohoner upor ebong buffer upor loboner prabhab
udbhid system. jeey-err saathe. shee. martin. california. agor. eksapa. stya. prajukti. pii.,
8:1-26.
udbhid dwara ayon shoshoner upor arow porikkha-nirikkha, soho
alor probhaber upor porjobekkhon. sange a. arr. davies. jeey. zena. shorir.,
6 (1): 47-62.
udbhider dwara ayon shoshan. mutty bigyan., 16 (4): 225-246.
bully ebong drobon sangaskritir saathe maatir tulna
udbhider briddhi. jeey-err saathe. shee. martin. mutty bigyan., 16 (5): 367-388.
kalchar solutioner protikriyar upor udbhider prabhab. california.
agor. eksapa. stya. prajukti. pii., 12:1-16.
hydrogen-ayon dwara probhabito ekti kadamatir colloider upor boidyutik charge
ghonotto ebong bivinno lobon dwara. sange dobleeu. shee. dehoof. mutty bigyan.,
18 (5): 401-408.
udbhider dwara ayon shoshan somporkito poramorsho. sange a. arr.
davies. notun udbhidbiggani, 24 (2): 99-111.
mrittika samadhan todonter sharirbrittiya dick. california. agor. eksapa.
stya. hilog., 1 (11): 227-257.
udbhider ajoibo pushtir kichhu porjai
maatir samadhanah 1. kritrim sangaskritir madhyome udbhider briddhi.
bigyan. agor., 6 (5): 141-151.
udbhider ajoibo pushtir kichhu porjai
maatir samadhanah 2. udbhid briddhir madhyam hisabe maatir samadhan.
bigyan. agor., 6 (6): 177-189.
udbhider briddhir upor kichhu kshariya loboner prabhab. jeey-err saathe. esha. bojha ebong
ayee. arr. davies. (20) bimurto. prokriti ebong maatir samadhaner protishruti.
(21) pyana-pacific boigyanik congresser agey padaa gobeshonapotrer bimurto ongsho,
australia.
alor prabhab, tapmatra ebong anyanno abosthar khomota
kosher sapp-ayee halogengulike kendribhuto korar jonno naitela kosher. pii-err saathe. ell.
hibbard ebong ayee. arr. davies. jeey. zena. shorir., 10 (1): 121-146.
sharirbrittiya drishtikon theke maatir todonto
udbhid theke. theke। int. conf. mutty bigyan. roam, 1924,3:535-544.
kalchar solutione utpadito udbhider dwara vitamin ee sangshleshan. sange
eich. emm. evance. aami. jeey. shorir., 80 (3): 702-704.
kritrim sangaskritir samadhaner porjaptota somporkito samprotik porikkhaguli
ebong bivinno dharaner udbhider briddhir jonno maatir samadhan.
jeey-err saathe. shee. martin. prothom inter karjodhara ebong kagajpatra. kongo. mutty
bigyan., 3:1-12.
california bishwobidyaloye samprotik mrittika todonter punohshuchona. moe.
shaand. california. bibhag. agor., 16 (11): 562-568.
prothom antorjatik mrittika bigyan congress, choturtho kamishana, mrittika
prajanan khomota. (sangkhiptasar.) mutty., 25 (1): 45-50.
udbhid kosh dwara onno ayon sanchayer upor ekti ayon-err prabhab
naitela niye porikkhar bishesh ullekh. sange a. arr. davies
ebong pii. ell. hibbard. udbhid shorir., 3 (4): 473-486.
niyantrita poribeshe udbhider briddhir jonno ekti jontro. sange
ayee. arr. davies. udbhid shorir., 3 (3): 277-292.
joley jonmano tometo gacher jonno nyuntama potassium matra prayojan
sangaskriti. ee-err saathe. esha. johnston. mutty bigyan., 27 (2): 89-109.
udbhid kosh dwara taditvishleshya grohon ebong jomaa koraa. sange a. arr.
davies. protoplasma, 6 (4): 610-626.
saarer samasya ebong californier maatir bishleshan. california. agor. eksapa.
stya. shee. arr., 317:1-16.
udbhid kosh dwara khaniz upadaner sangraha. abodan rakhun. samudrik bayol.,
pipi. 131-144.
udbhid sharirbrittiya khettre samprotik aggrogoti. bastutantra, 11 (4): 785-786.
foler gache chhoto paata baa golap, i. sange dobleeu. eich. chandler ebong pii. ell.
hibbard. proqa. aami. shoe. hort. bigyan., 28:556-560.
maatir samasyar saathe somporkito udbhid dwara khaniz upadangulir shoshan.
udbhid shorir., 6 (3): 373-388.
foler gacher chhoto paata baa golap, 2: dosta ebong anyanno chikitsar prabhab.
sange dobleeu. eich. chandler ebong pii. ell. hibbard. proqa. aami. shoe. hort.
bigyan., 29:255-263.
udbhider khaniz pushti. anoo. rebha. joibo rasayan., 1:618-636.
phosphate ebong potassium ghatotir kichhu prabhab briddhir upor
ebong niyantrita poristhitite foler gacher gathon. sange
dobleeu. eich. chandler. proqa. aami. shoe. hort. bigyan., 29:267-271.
chhoto paata baa foler gacher golap, iii. sange dobleeu. eich. chandler ebong
pii. ell. hibbard. proqa. aami. shoe. hort. bigyan., 30:70-86.
udbhider khaniz pushti. anoo. rebha. joibo rasayan., 2:471-484.
niyantrita poristhitite stroberry gacher pushti. (qaa) prabhab
boron ebong anyanno kichhu upadaner ghatoti, (kho) songbedonshilota
sodiyama lobon theke aghat. sange dobleeu. shee. snider. proqa. aami. shoe. hort. bigyan.,
30:288-294.
protisthaponjoggo, protisthaponjoggo noy ebong maatir droboner potassium khettre udbhid dwara potassium shoshan. jeey-err saathe. shee. martin. mutty
bigyan., 36:1-33.
bishesh reference soho potassium prapyota nirdharoner poddhoti
adha-shushko mutty. trance. ট্রান্স। kamishana ebong kkhar upo kamishana
antorjatik societyr. mutty bigyan. kozobenhavn (danmark).
volume. a, pp. 25-31.
chhoto-paata baa foler gacher golap, iv. sange dobleeu. eich. chandler ebong pii. ell.
hibbard. proqa. aami. shoe. hort. bigyan., 32:11-19.
californier bishesh ullekh soho barlir potassium pushti
mutty. proqa. pancham pacific sayensa congress, pri. 2669-2676.
foler gacher chhoto paata baa golap, v: briddhir upor dosta prabhab
niyantrita mutty oo joll sangaskritite bivinno dharaner udbhid
porikkha-nirikkha. sange dobleeu. eich. chandler ebong pii. ell. hibbard. proqa. aami.
shoe. hort. bigyan., 33:131-141.
ekti kozlovskyr nibondhe "chhoto paata baa golap"-err upor montobbo
california foler gaachh. sange dobleeu. eich. chandler. phytopathology, 25 (5): 522-522
udbhid dwara potassium shoshan ebong mrittikar dwara sthirkaran
upolobdho pushtiguli anuman korar jonno nirdishto poddhoti. jeey-err saathe. shee.
martin. trance. tritiya antoh. kongo. mutty bigyan., 1:99-103.
foler gacher chhoto paata baa golap, vi: arow porikkha-nirikkha
roger kaaron somporke. sange dobleeu. eich. chandler ebong pii. arr. stoot.
proqa. aami. shoe. hort. bigyan., 34:210-212.
mutty-udbhid byabasthai ekti bipakiya ekok hisabe udbhid. probondhe
dabluem-err sommane geobotani. ayee. sechel. unive. california. presha korun, pipi.
219-245.
lobon jomaa howar prokriyatir sadharan prokriti
poriikkhamulok poddhotir bornona. tii-err saathe. shee. broyer. udbhid shorir.,
11 (3): 471-507.
uchcho udbhider lobon pushtir kichhu dick. bott. rebha., 3:307-334.
mutty chhada gachpala briddhir jonno joll-chaash poddhoti. sange
dii. aaee. arnon. california. agor. eksapa. stya. shee. arr., 347, pipi. 1-39.*
saarer samasya ebong californier maatir bishleshan. california. agor. eksapa.
stya. shee. arr., 317:1-16 (sangshodhan).
fosol utpadoner madhyam hisabe joll sangaskriti ebong maatir tulna.
dii-err saathe. aaee. arnon. bigyan, 89:512-514.
dwara nirdeshito hisabe nirdishto gachgulite loboner uporer dike ebong parshviya gotibidhi
potassium, sodiyama ebong phosphoruser tejaskriya isotope shoshito hoy.
shikad diye. pii-err saathe. arr. stoot. aami. jeey. bott., 26 (5): 320-324.
udbhid dwara bipak ebong lobon shoshan. eff sange. shee. stuard. prokriti,
143:1031-1032.
udbhid dwara lobon shoshan. eff sange. shee. stuard. prokriti, 145:116-117.
hydrogen-ayon prabhab ebong jober shikad dwara loboner sanchayer
bipak dwara probhabito. tii-err saathe. shee. broyer. aami. jeey. bott., 27:173-185.
udbhide loboner urdhomukhi goti. tii-err saathe. shee. broyer ebong pii. arr. stoot.
prokriti, 146:340-340.
udbhider briddhir saathe somporkito rasayanik upadangulir minit poriman.
bigyan, 91:557-560.
udbhid tisue theke bishesh reference soho sapp eksapreshana poddhoti
barley shikad dwara lobon sanchayer upor gobeshona. tii-err saathe. shee.
broyer. aami. jeey. bott., 27 (7): 501-511.
kritrim sangaskritir samadhane ebong bishesh mrittikate fosol utpadon
utpadon ebong ajoibo shoshanke probhabito korar karongulir ullekh
pushtigun. dii-err saathe. aaee. arnon. mutty bigyan., 50 (1): 463-485.
bipaker bishesh ullekh soho udbhid kosh dwara lobon jomaa haoya
ebong jober shikader upor porikkha-nirikkha. colled spring harbar symposia
porimangoto jibbigyan, khondo. 8.
udbhid pushti adhyayane kichhu adhunik aggrogoti. proqa. aami. shoe.
sugar bitt prajukti., ongsho 1:18-26.
molybodenum ebong tamar ghatotir upor joll sangaskritir porikkha-nirikkha
foler gaachh. proqa. aami. shoe. hort. bigyan., 38:8-12.
udbhider briddhir jonno pushtir upolobdhotar sharirbrittiya dick.
dii-err saathe. aaee. arnon. mutty bigyan., 51 (1): 431-444.
udbhid pushti adhyayaner aggrogotir dick. drop. agor., 18:247.
udbhid koshe loboner sanchaya ebong byaptijogyata. tii-err saathe. shee. broyer.
jeey. zena. physiol., 25 (6): 865-880.
shikader bipakiya criacollup ebong taader somporker upor prabhab
udbhide lobon ebong joler uporer dike chalachal. tii-err saathe. shee. broyer.
aami. jeey. bott., 30 (4): 261-273.
tometo gacher gathon pushti sarbaraha dwara probhabito,
foler sange somporko. dii-err saathe. aaee. arnon. bott. goj.104 (4): 576-590.
udbhid pushtir adhyayaner sadharan dick. bigyan. unive. california., pipi.
279-294.
kritrim sangaskriti poddhotir madhyome udbhid pushtir todonto.
dii-err saathe. aaee. arnon. bayol. rebha. cambro. phila. shoe., 19 (2): 55-67.
udbhider ajoibo pushti niye boktrita. (harvarde prathar boktrita
vishwavidyalaya). chronica botanica koo dwara prokashito. waltham, maas.
udbhider briddhir khettre molybodenum. mutty bigyan., 60 (2): 119-123.
protisthaponjoggo ebong protisthaponjoggo noy emon akare matite potassium sthapon
matite rasayanik bikriya khettre. jeey-err saathe. shee. martin ebong
arr. overstreet. mutty bigyan. shoe. aami. proqa., 10:94-101.
udbhider pushti oo joibo rasayan, joibo rasayaniker sroto
gobeshona. antohbiggan public. inock. enn. oyai., pipi. 61-77.
foler gacher chhoto paata baa golap, viii: dosta ebong tamar ghatoti
coral matite. sange dobleeu. eich. chandler ebong jeey. shee. martin. proqa. aami. shoe.
hort. bigyan., 47:15-19.
walter style dwara udbhid ebong pranider modhye upadanguli trace korun. rebha. khilan.
joibo rasayan., 13:311-312.
shaar, mutty bishleshan ebong udbhid pushti. california. agor. eksapa. stya. shee. arr.,
367:1-24.
niyamita" chharao prayojaniya "chhoto" upadangulir minit poriman"
shaar. agor. qema.
udbhid pushtir kichhu samasya. dii-err saathe. aaee. arnon. bigyan. moe., 67 (3): 201-209.
shaar, mutty bishleshan ebong udbhid pushti. california. agor. eksapa. stya. shee. arr.,
367:1-24 (sangshodhan).
udbhider modhye ajoibo podarther shoshan oo byabohar. sange
pii. arr. stoot. chyap. krishi rasayaner viii, edd. frear, vyana dwara
nasarandhra.
mutty chhada gachpala briddhir jonno joll-chaash poddhoti. dii-err saathe. aaee. arnon.
california. agor. eksapa. stya. shee. arr., 347, pipi. 1-32 (sangshodhan).**
protisthaponjoggo ebong protisthaponjoggo noy emon potassium ebong fosol oo joibo podarther probhaber khettre fosoler jonno potassium prapyota.
jeey-err saathe. shee. martin. mutty bigyan. shoe. aami. proqa., 15:272-278.
"jatiya bigyan academyr sanrakkhanagarer soujanye, ebong eyi entriguli chhada etty sombhob hoto naa."
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dennis roobert hogland
dennis roobert hogland (2 april, 1884-5 september, 1949) aek american rasaayanshaastri aneey vanaspati aneey maatee vaignanik hataa, jeo vanaspati poshan, maatee rasayanshastra, jaiv rasayanshastra aneey sharirvigyanna kshetroma kaama kartaa hataa. teo 1927thee 1949maan temnaa mrutyu sudhee berkley khaate university off california khaate vanaspati poshannaa prophesara hataa.
dennis hogland saamanya reete plant koshikaoma electrolytesna sakreey parivahanni shodh maate jaanitu chhe, jemaa solution culture jevee niyantrit prayogik paristhitio hethal naveen model systemno upyog karvaamaa aave chhe.
hogland aee batavvama saksham hatoo keey viveedh chhodna rogo zink jevaa trace tatvonaa abhavne kaarane thaay chhe aneey chhodna poshan aneey vikaas maate temnu mahatv sthaapit karey chhe.
temane maatee piaech sthaapit kareene aneey maatinaa draavan, taapmaan aneey chhodna vikaas maate prakashna mahatv dwara chhod aneey maatee vachcheni kriyapratikriyaoma sanshodhanni pahel curry hatee.
hogland aneey tenaa sahyogioae aek krutrim, sampoorn acarbonic poshak maadhyam taiyar karyoo, jeey saarvtrik reete hogland solution tareeke odakhaay chhe, jeno upyog vishvbharma chhodna jalsamvardhan maate karvaamaa aave chhe.
jivancharitra.
khangi jeevan.
dennis hogland charles breakinridge hogland (1859-1934) aneey lillion meey hogland (1863-1951) naa putra hataa. temane temnaa pratham aath varsh suvarnamaa vitaavyaa aneey temnaa baadpanna pachhi teo denvermaa raheta hataa. temane denver public schooloma haajari aapee aneey 1903maan stanford universityma pravesh melvyo. 1920maan, dennis aar. hoglande jessy aee saathe lagna karyaa. smiley. 1933maan pneumonia kaarane teneenu achaanak avsaan thayu hatoo. roobert charles, albert smiley aneey charles ritemyer naamnaa trana yuvan chhokaraone uchhervani javabdari temnee paase rahee gaee hatee.
karkirdi.
hoglande stanford university (1907) maanthi rasayanshastrama mukhya saathe snaatak thayaa. 1908maan teo berkley khaate university off california khaate pashu poshanni prayogshalama prashikshak aneey sahayak banyaa, jeey sanstha saathe teo temnaa baakinaa jeevan maate sankalaayela raheshe. tyaan temane pashu poshan aneey jaiv rasayanshastrana kshetroma kaama karyoo hatoo. 1910maan temne yuu. aesa. naa khaadhy aneey davaa vaheevatma sahayak rasaayanshaastri tareeke niyukt karvaamaa aavyaa hataa.aesa. 1912 sudhee krushee vibhag (schmitt aneey hogland, 1912,1919), jyaare temane wisconsin universityma elmer mccollum saathe krushee rasayanshastra vibhagma snaatak shaalaama pravesh karyo, 1913 maan temnee master degree praapt curry (mccollum aneey hogland, 1913). teey varshnaa antamaa teo krushee rasayanshastrana sahayak prophesara aneey 1922maan berkley khaate vanaspati poshannaa sahyogi prophesara banyaa hataa. teo "biochemistryni vaarshik samiksha" naa sthaapak hataa aneey "plant physiologyni vaarshik samiksha" aneey "davaani vaarshik samiksha" naa prastaavak hataa, jeey temnaa mrutyu pachhi 1950maan pratham vakhat dekhaayo hato.
kaama karoo.
sankshipt zankhi.
pratham vishvyuddh darmiyan, hoglande german samrajymathi united statesma potasium aadharit khaataroni aayatna abhavne badaami shevalmathi chhodna arqa saathe badalvaano prayaas karyo, jeey vishaal kelpani dariyai panimathi tatvone pasand kareene shoshvani kshamataathi prereet chhe aneey dariyai paanimaa jovaa malatee saandrata (hogland, 1915) thee ghanee vakhat potasium aneey iodide ekathaa karey chhe. aaa taaranona aadhare temane sandratana dhhaal saame kshaarne shoshvani chhodni kshamataani tapaas curry aneey niyantrit prayogik paristhitio (hogland, hibarda aneey davis, 1926) hethal naveen model systemno upyog kareene chayapachay urjaa parr poshak tattvona shoshan aneey sthaanaantaranni nirbhartani shodh curry.
temnaa vyavsthit sanshodhan darmiyan, mukhyatve solution culture takneek dwara, aneey julius voona seshnaa siddhaant aneey wilhem nopnaa kaarythi prereet, temane hogland solution maate mulbhoot sootra vikasaavyu, jenee rachnaa mulroope uchch utpadaktani chokkas jameenmathi melvelaa visthapit maatinaa ukel pachhi karvaamaa aavee hatee (hogland, 1919) 1. temnaa sanshodhanthi jivant kosho dwara jaroori trace tatvoni jaruriyaat aneey kaary parr navee shodho pann thaee, aama tametana chhodna vikaas maate molybdenumni aavshyakta sthaapit thaee, udaaharan tareeke (arnon aneey hogland, 1940; hogland, 1945). hogland aee batavvama saksham hatoo keey viveedh chhodna rogo zink (hogland, chandler aneey hibarda, 1931, aef. aef.) jevaa trace tatvonaa abhavne kaarane thaay chhe.), aneey teey boron, manganese, zink aneey taambu saamanya chhodna vikaas maate aneevary chhe (hogland, 1937).
temane chhod-maatinaa aantarsambandhoma vishesh rus leedho, udaaharan tareeke, jameenna ukelonu shaaririk santulan aneey chhodni vrudhdhini nirbharta, jethee jameenma poshak tattvoni uplabdhataa aneey shoshan parr vadhu saaree samajan melvee shakaay aneey (krutrim) ukelo (hogland, 1916,1917,1920,1922; hogland aneey arnon, 1941). hogland aneey temnaa sahyogeeo, jemaa temnaa sanshodhan sahayak veeliyam zedno samaavesh thaay chhe. aaa reete mushkeliyukt, leela chhodma mulbhoot cellular shaaririk prakriyaoni samjanma faalo aapyo jeey suryprakash dwara urjaana anteem swaroop tareeke chalavvama aave chhe (hogland aneey davis, 1929; hogland aneey kaarbhaari, 1939,1940; hogland, 1944,1946).
hogland aneey nopnaa ukelo.
dennis hogland aee saupratham hataa jemane maatinaa draavanni rachnaa (hogland, 1919) 1 parr aadharit navaa prakaarno ukel vikasaavyo hato. temane draavanmaa poshak tattvoni saandrata aneey coole maatraa vachche tafaavat karvaa maate pratham safal khyaal pann vikasaavyo hato (johnstone aneey hogland, 1929). hogland solution" shabdno ullekh saupratham 1922maan olof arhenius dwara 1919naa hogland prakashanna sandarbhma karvaamaa aavyo hato, jemaa temane mahattam poshak draavanne "laghutam saandrata keey jeey mahattam upaj aape chhe aneey tenaathi aagad koee sudhaaro thayo naa hato" tareeke vyakhyayit karyoo hatoo. 1920maan hogland dwara prakashit sambandhit ukelne sheev solutionni sarkhaamanimaa javnaa chhodna vikasna parimanoni tapaas karvaa maate laagu karvaamaa aavyo hato. 1920naa daykama viveedh piaech moolyo parr sanshodhit hogland solutionma alfalfani vrudhdhini tapaas karvaamaa aavee hatee. 1930naa daaykaani aaspaas hogland aneey temnaa sahyogioae amuk chhodna rogonee tapaas curry hatee aneey teey reete kharash jevee haalnee jameenni sthitee saathe sambandhit lakshano jovaa malyaa hataa. aaa sandarbhma, hoglande niyantrit prayogshalani paristhitiomaa samaan lakshano pahonchaadvaani aashaa saathe jala samvardhan prayogo haath dharya hataa. aaa prayogo maate macronutrients, aayarn aneey purak ukelo aee aneey bii (trace elements) saheet hogland solution (0), californiama stroberryna chokkas rogonee tapaas karvaa maate navaa vikasavvama aavyu hatoo (hogland aneey snider, 1933).
hoglandnaa sanshodhanne plant pathologist aech dwara teko aapvama aavyo hato. ee. thomas aneey doubleu. see. snider, aneey vanaspati poshan aneey jalutpadanna anya agranee, veeliyam fredarika gereekthee prabhaavit. vyaapaari krushima jala sanskrutinaa siddhaantone laagu karvaamaa gereeknaa abhutpurv parinamoae temne aaa vishhay parr temnaa sanshodhanne vistrut karvaa maate prereet karyaa, jenaa parinaame aakhare hogland solutions (1) aneey (2) (hogland aneey arnon, 1938,1950) maan parinamyu. hogland solutions (0) aneey (1) naa macronutrientsnee rachnaa aneey saandrata wilhem nopnaa chaar-mithaanaa mishran aneey hogland aneey tenaa sahyogiona prayogik parinaamo (see. aef.) naa daadh gunottarmaa shodhee shakaay chhe. koshtako (1) aneey (2). hoglandnaa draavanthi vipareet, nopnaa draavanne aayarnna apvaad saathe trace tatvo (sookshm poshak tattvo) saathe purak karvaamaa aavyu naa hatoo, kaaran keey wilhem nopnaa divase rasaayano khaas kareene shuddh naa hataa. sookshm poshak tattvo, teey jaanya vinaa, macronutrient kshaarmaa ashuddhio tareeke pahelethee jaj haajar hataa. 1930 aneey pachhithi trace sandrataanu vishleshan karvaa maate vadhu atyant shuddh rasaayano aneey vadhu samvedansheel paddhateeo vikasavvama aavee hatee.
nopnu chaar-mithaanu mishran.
table (1). nopnu chaar-mithaanu mishran (1865)
macronutrients.
table (2). hoglandnaa draavanmaa (0,1,2) aneey nopnaa draavanmaa macronutrientsnee rachnaa aneey sampoorn saandrata
hoglandnaa vidhyarthioma daniel israel arnonno samaavesh thaay chhe, jemane hogland solution (2) (see. aef.) naa macronutrientsnee rachnaamaa ferfar karyo hato. koshtak 2) aneey hogland solutions (1) aneey (2) (cf) naa sookshm poshak tattvo (b, mn, zn, cu, mo, aneey cl) nee saandrata. table (3)) sanyukt prayasona parinaame, aneey folke carle skoga. murashes aneey skoga maadhyamthi vipareet, naa too vitamins keey naa too anya carbonic sanyojanone hogland draavan maate umerano tareeke puuraa padvama aave chhe, parantu ghatako tareeke maatra aavashyak khanijo aapvama aave chhe. murashige aneey scooge taaran kaadhyu hatoo keey safed rangnaa sanshodhit maadhyam parr sanskari tamaakuna kolasnee vrudhdhine protsaahan mukhyatve jaleey tamaakuna pandadana arkmaan carbonic ghatakone badale akaarbaneekne kaarane chhe.
sookshm poshak tattvo.
table (3). hoglandnaa draavanmaa aavashyak sookshm poshak tattvoni rachnaa aneey sampoorn saandrata (0,1,2)
vadharana sookshm poshak tattva tareeke, 9 micron ferric tartrait (c12h12fe2o18) neey hogland solution formulation (0,1,2) maan umervaamaa aave chhe, jeey 18 micronol/aela phii 3 + nee saandrataane anuroop chhe. draavan (2) maan emonium aneey naitreta kshaar hoya chhe aneey ketalikvaar draavan (0,1) (cf. koshtak 2) kaaran keey emonium aayan anichchhaniy kshartaanaa vikasma veelamb karey chhe (hogland aneey arnon, 1938,1950). jooe keey, teey motabhagni paak prajaatio maate zerii chhe aneey bhagye jaj ekmatra nitrogen srot tareeke laagu padey chhe.
vivaadit purvadhaarnaao.
hoglande taaran kaadhyu hatoo keey dharmulthi alag saandrata aneey mithaanaa pramanna draavan paaknee upajne koee pann mahatvapurn hudd sudhee assar kartaa nathee. joke, taajetarnaa abhyasoma jaanvaa malyun chhe keey vrudhdhi aneey upajmaa tafaavat saamanya reete upyogmaa levaata poshak draavanmaa ekagratama pahelaathi jaj naana tafavto saathe chaalu rahyo chhe. udaaharan tareeke, hoglandnaa ukel (2) thee anukrame uchch-tunnel aneey khulla medanni sthitima anjeernaa vrukshoni vrudhdhimaa vadhaaro thayo. hoglandnee purvadhaarnaanu aek mahatvapurn kendriya paasu keey jala samvardhan bhagye jaj maatee samvardhan karataa shreshth hatoo ("tulnaatmak paristhitiomaa upaj nondhpaatra reete alag nathee") teey shankaspad chhe (hogland aneey arnon, 1938,1950). udaaharan tareeke, jala samvardhan anya vrudhdhi substratesnee sarkhaamanimaa hydroponically ugadvama aavtaa tamaakuna chhodna sauthee vadhu biomass aneey protein utpaadan taraf doree gayoo, jeey samaan paryaavaraniy paristhitiomaa ugadvama aave chhe aneey poshak tattvoni samaan matrama purvatho puuro paade chhe.
gereekthee vipareet, hoglande ukel sanskrutine mukhyatve vaignanik kaayadaaoni shodh maateni paddhati tareeke ganaavi hatee, jyaare gereeke bhaarpurvak janaavyu hatoo keey hydroponics haju sudhee chokkas vigyaan nahotu. lekhakona judaa judaa mantavyone neechena avtarano dwara sachitra karvaamaa aavyaa chheh "teno vyaapaari upyog khoob jaj maryadit paristhitiomaa aneey maatra nishnaat dekhrekh hethal jaj nyaayi chhe" (hogland aneey arnon, 1938,1950, "maatee vinaa chhod ugaadvaa maate jala samvardhan paddhati"); "kharekhar, teey spasht chhe keey hydroponicsne khetee karataa vistaar deeth aekam deeth motaa kharchnee jaroor hovathi, kaan too upaj motee hovi joiae, athavaa jooe paddhati vyaavsaayik reete safal thavee hoya too anya valtar hovu aavashyak chhe. aneey anoobhavoae pahelethee jaj darshaavyu chhe keey teey safal thaee shake chhe "(gerik, 1940," maatee vinaanaa bagkam maate sampoorn margdarshika "). aashcharyajanak nathee keey, hydroponicsno itihas paramparagat krushee maate upyogi purak tareeke aaa takneeknaa vyaapaari upyog vishenaa temnaa davaoma gereekne yogya saabit karey chhe.
puraskaaro aneey sanmaan.
hogland 1916maan american association phora dhaa advancement off science (aas) naa sabhy banyaa aneey 1934maan national academy off sciencenaa sabhy banyaa. temnee ghanee shodhone maanyata aaptaa, american sosayati off plant physiologistse dennis hoglandne 1932maan pramukh tareeke chuntya aneey temne 1929maan pratham stephen hales puraskar enayat karyo. 1940maan, daniel aaee saathe maleene. arnon, temane "shaaririk pasaona vishesh sandarbh saathe poshak tattvoni uplabdhataa" maate aaas nucumb cleveland puraskar melvyo hato. 1944maan temane "chhodna acarbonic poshan parr vyakhyan" prakashit karyoo hatoo, jenu upshirshak "harvarda universityma prether vyakhyan" hatoo, jene temne 1942maan harvarda universityma aapvaa maate aamantrit karvaamaa aavyaa hataa. 1945maan teo american academy off arts anned sciencenaa sabhy tareeke chuntaya hataa.
dennis aar. hogland award, "saupratham 1985maan american sosayati off plant biologists dwara prastut, aneey" hogland holl ", jeey vaataavaraniy vigyaan kaarykram temaj yuu. see. davis khaate paryaavaraniy aarogya aneey salaamati kaaryaalaynu ghar chhe, tenu naam temnaa sanmaanmaa rakhvama aavyu chhe.
dhaarnaa.
pramanbhut poshak draavan.
aajkaal chhodna poshan aneey chhodna pesheeoni khetee maate sauthee saamanya ukelo hogland aneey arnon (1938,1950), aneey murashige aneey skoga (1962) naa formulation chhe. aadhunik utpaadako dwara chhodna samvardhako, kheduto aneey sarerash graahako maate pravaahi kendrit khaataro utpann karvaa maate hogland aneey arnonna mulbhoot sutroni nakal karvaamaa aavee rahee chhe. hogland, nope, murashige aneey skognaa naamono pann naveen utpaadno maate brand tareeke upyog thaay chhe.jee., hoglandno naa. 2 basel soult mishran athavaa "murashige aneey skoga basel soult mishran", jeno saamanya reete vanaspati vignanma pramanbhut rasaayano tareeke upyog thaay chhe. hogland aneey nope maadhyam" khaas kareene chhodna koshh, pesheeo aneey anga samvardhan maate janturahit aggar parr ghadvama aavyu hatoo.
hogland aneey anya ghanaa vanaspati poshanshastrioae temnee karkirdi darmiyan 150 thee vadhu viveedh poshak draavan vaangeeono upyog karyo hato (see. aef. table (4). hakeekatma, ketalik poshak vaangeeo pramanbhut naamno sandarbh aape chhe, jooe keey teno mool sootra saathe bahoo ochho sambandh chhe. udaaharan tareeke, havit dwara varnavyaa mujab, "hogland" naa naam hethal ghanee vaangeeo prakashit karvaamaa aavee chhe, aneey aaj sudhee mool rachnaa vishe yaadshakti gumaavvaathi munjhavan oobhi thaee shake chhe.
hevitnun table 30aee.
table (4). havit (koshtak 30aee) anusaar sudharel pasand karelaa pramanbhut poshak draavanni rachnaa. ppm tareeke (aavashyak) tatvoni sampoorn saandrata.
sankareet poshak draavan.
udaaharan tareeke, sanshodhit hogland draavanna macronutrients (1), sudharela laambaa ashton draavanna sookshm poshak tattvo aneey sudharela jacobson draavanna aayarnna sankar poshak draavan, santulit poshak draavan banaavvaa maate viveedh pramanbhut draavanna shaaririk gunadharmone jode chhe jeey sampoorn draavan (see. aef.) maan paatala thayela chhodni mahattam vrudhdhine saksham karey chhe. table (5).
nagelnu table aesa4.
table (5). nagel aneey anya anusaar sanshodhit sankar poshak draavanni rachnaa."(table aesa 4). ppma sampoorn tatvani saandrata.
hoglandno vaarso.
dennis hoglandne temnaa sanshodhannaa kshetramaa agranee adheekari manvama aavtaa hataa aneey temnee laambaa samay sudhee chaalati sanshodhanni yogyata temnaa naam parr naam aapvama aavel ukelnee sharuaat aneey sthaapnaa karvaanee hatee, jenaathi, santulit vanaspati poshan maateno aadhaar oobho thayo jeey aaje pann maany chhe. hogland solutionno upyog maatra pruthvi parr jaj thato nathee, parantu aantarrashtriy avkaash mathak parr chhodna utpadanna prayogomaa pann teey saabit thayu chhe. jameen aneey tenaa sahyogiona taarano jameen, paanee aneey havaa, paanee aneey paaknaa utpadanma poshak tattvona upyogni karykshamta aneey tandurast vanaspati khoraaknaa utpaadan jevaa koodarti sansadhanona takaau upyog maate susangat chhe. hoglandnaa mulbhoot vaignanik yogdaan aneey vyaapakpane tankvama aavela prakashno aadhunik vanaspati sharirvigyan aneey maatee rasayanshastrama sanshodhan maate aitihasik susangataa dharaave chhe, jeey neecheni granthsuchima pratibimbit thaay chhe.
granthsuchi.
malmaan aluminiumnu nirdhaaran. see saathe. aela. aee. schmitt. jeey. bayol.
rasayanshastra., 11 (4): 387-391.
viveedh prakaaro dwara sudharel dukkarnaa antajanan chayapachayno abhyaas
pareebalo. (huun.-3.). ee saathe. vee. mccollum. jeey. bayol. rasayanshastra., 16 (3): 299-315,317-320,321-325.
paciphic coast kelpsanu vinashak nisyandan. jeey. inned. angreji. rasayanshastra.,
7 (8): 673-676.
paciphic coast kelpsnaa carbonic ghatako. jeey. aee. jee. aar. reey., 4 (1): 39-58.
dariyai shevaalmaa jatil carbohydrates aneey sulfurnaa swarupo
prashant dariyakanthana. aela. saathe. aela. juthu boola. jeey. bayol. rasayanshastra., 23 (1): 287-297.
hydrogen electrode dwara mapvama aaveli jameenma acidity aneey shoshan.
aela. saathe. tii. tikshna. jeey. aee. jee. aar. reey., 7:123-145.
vrudhdhi parr hydrogen aneey hydroxyl aayannee sandratani assar
javnaa ropaao. maatee vigyaan., 3 (6): 547-560.
hydrogen dwara mapvama aaveli jameenni pratikriyaa saathe carbon dioxideno sambandh
electrode. aela. saathe. tii. tikshna. jeey. aee. jee. aar. reey., 12 (3): 139-148.
jameenna draavanmaa vividhtaona soochkaank tareeke freezing-point paddhati
mosam aneey paaknee vrudhdhine kaarane. jeey. aee. jee. aar. reey., 12 (6): 369-395.
maatee parr kaao aneey keko 3 nee rasayanik asaro. bhaag I. assar
jameen parr pratikriyaa. saathe a. doubleu. christy. maatee vigyaan., 5 (5): 379-382.
poshak draavanni pratikriyaa saathe chhodno sambandh. vigyaan,
48 (1243): 422-425.
acid maatee sambandhit taajetarnaa kaama parr nondho. aela. saathe. tii. tikshna. maatee vigyaan.
7 (3): 197-200.
chhod saathe solution culture prayogoni takneek parr nondh loow.
vigyaan, 49 (1267): 360-362.
chayapachay parr chokkas aluminium sanyojanoni assar
maanas. see saathe. aela. aee. schmitt. unive. califf. pub. maarg., 2 (20): 215-244.
piaech, aech +, aneey oh-moolyoni koshtak; electromotivene anuroop
hydrogen electrode maapanma nirdharit dado, aek saathe
granthsuchi. see saathe. aela. aee. schmitt. unive. califf. pub. shareer.5 (4):
23-69.
koshnaa rasnee rachnaa aneey pratikriyaa saathe poshak draavanno sambandh
java. booat. gaz., 68 (4): 297-304.
poshak maadhyamni ekagrata aneey pratikriyaano sambandh
chhodni vrudhdhi aneey shoshan maate. jeey. aee. jee. aar. reey., 18 (2): 73-117.1
piaech moolya parr sinchaina paaninaa viveedh prakaaroni assar aneey
viveedh prakaarnee jameennu freezing point depression. saathe a. doubleu.
christy. unive. califf. pub. aee. jee. aar. vigyaan., 4 (6): 141-158.
chhod maate shreshth poshak ukelo. vigyaan, 52 (1354): 562-564.
jameenni bhauteek sthitee parr mosam aneey paaknee vrudhdhini assar.
jeey saathe. see. martin. jeey. aee. jee. aar. reey., 20 (5): 396-4 o3.
maatinaa arqa saathe maatinaa draavanno sambandh. jeey saathe. see. martin aneey
jee. aar. kaarbhaari. jeey. aee. jee. aar. reey., 20 (5): 381-395.
chhodna sambandhma maateenu draavan. trans. door sudhee. soow., 17 (2): 249-254.
maateenu vishleshan aneey maatee aneey chhodna aantarsambandh. califf. aee. jee. aar. exp. stay.
siir., 235:1-8.
maateenu vishleshan aneey maatee aneey chhodna aantarsambandh. citrus pandada, 2 (6): 1-2,
16-17.
chhodni khoraak shaktee. saathe a. aar. davis aneey see. bii. lipman.
vigyaan, 57 (1471): 299-301.
shoshannaa sambandhma chhodna koshnee rachnaa
aayan. saathe a. aar. davis. jeey. jiina. shareer., 5 (5): 629-646.
acarbonic tatvonaa sevana aneey buffer parr meethani assar
plant system. jeey saathe. see. martin. califf. aee. jee. aar. exp. stay. teqa. pii.,
8:1-26.
chhod dwara aayanona shoshan parr vadhu prayogo, jemaa
prakashni assar parr avalokno. saathe a. aar. davis. jeey. jiina. shareer.,
6 (1): 47-62.
chhod dwara aayanona shoshan. maatee vigyaan., 16 (4): 225-246.
retee aneey draavan sanskrutioni sarkhaamani jameen saathe maadhyam tareeke
chhodni vrudhdhi. jeey saathe. see. martin. maatee vigyaan., 16 (5): 367-388.
samvardhan draavanni pratikriyaa parr chhodni assar. califf.
aee. jee. aar. exp. stay. teqa. pii., 12:1-16.
hydrogen-aayan dwara prabhaavit maatinaa colloid parr vidhyut charge
ekagrata aneey viveedh kshaar dwara. saathe W. see. dahf. maatee vigyaan.,
18 (5): 401-408.
chhod dwara aayanona shoshan ange soochno. saathe a. aar.
davis. navaa phytologist, 24 (2): 99-111.
maatinaa draavanni tapasna shaaririk paasao. califf. aee. jee. aar. exp.
stay. hilag., 1 (11): 227-257.
chhodna acarbonic poshannaa ketlaak tabakkao
maateenu samadhanah 1. krutrim samvardhan madhyamoma chhodni vrudhdhi.
vigyaan. aee. jee. aar., 6 (5): 141-151.
chhodna acarbonic poshannaa ketlaak tabakkao
maateenu draavanah 2. chhodna vikaas maate maadhyam tareeke maateenu draavan.
vigyaan. aee. jee. aar., 6 (6): 177-189.
chhodna vikaas parr amuk kshaar kshaarnee assar. jeey saathe. aesa. boj aneey
aee. aar. davis. (20) amoort. prakrutee aneey maatinaa draavannu vachan.
(21) samagr prashaantmaa vaignanik parishad pahelaa vaanchela kaagado,
austreliya.
prakaash, taapmaan aneey kshamata parr anya paristhitiono prabhaav
koshnaa rasmaa helogenne kendrit karvaa maate naitela kosho. pii saathe. aela.
hibarda aneey aee. aar. davis. jeey. jiina. shareer., 10 (1): 121-146.
sharirvigyanna drashtikonthi maateeni tapaas
plant. 4 thee int. conf. maatee vigyaan. rooma, 1924,3:535-544.
samvardhan ukelomaa ugadvama aavtaa chhod dwara vitamin inoo sanshleshan. saathe
aech. aema. ivaan. huun. jeey. shareer., 80 (3): 702-704.
krutrim sanskruti ukeloni paryaptataa angenaa taajetarnaa prayogo
aneey viveedh prakaarnaa chhodna vikaas maate maatinaa ukelo.
jeey saathe. see. martin. pratham intani kaaryvaahi aneey kaagado. cong. maatee
vigyaan., 3:1-12.
university off californiama taajetarni maateeni tapaas pharii sharoo karoo. moow.
aakhalo. califf. vibhag. aee. jee. aar., 16 (11): 562-568.
pratham aantarrashtriy maatee vigyaan parishad, chothu aayog, maatee
prajanankshamtaa. (saransh.) maatee., 25 (1): 45-50.
chhodna kosho dwara bijaanaa sanchay parr aek aayanno prabhaav
naitela saathena prayogono vishesh sandarbh. saathe a. aar. davis
aneey pii. aela. hibarda. plant shareer., 3 (4): 473-486.
niyantrit vatavaranma chhodna vikaas maatenu aek upkaran. saathe
aee. aar. davis. plant shareer., 3 (3): 277-292.
paanimaa ugadvama aavtaa tametana chhod maate jaroori ochhama ochhu potasium star
sanskruteeo. ee saathe. aesa. johnstone. maatee vigyaan., 27 (2): 89-109.
chhodna kosho dwara electrolytesnu sevana aneey sanchay. saathe a. aar.
davis. protoplasma, 6 (4): 610-626.
khaatarni samasyao aneey californiama jameennu vishleshan. califf. aee. jee. aar. exp.
stay. siir., 317:1-16.
chhodna kosho dwara khanij tatvonu sanchay. faalo aapo. dariyai bayol.,
pii. pii. 131-144.
chhodna sharirvigyanma taajetarni pragatee. ecology, 11 (4): 785-786.
falonaa vrukshomaa naana pandadaa athavaa gulaabnu phool, etale keey. saathe W. aech. chandler aneey pii. aela.
hibarda. proo. huun. soow. horta. vigyaan., 28:556-560.
jameenni samsyaona sambandhma chhod dwara khanij tatvonu shoshan.
plant shareer., 6 (3): 373-388.
falonaa vrukshonu thodu paandadu athavaa gulaabnu phool, 2: zink aneey anya saarvaaroni assar.
saathe W. aech. chandler aneey pii. aela. hibarda. proo. huun. soow. horta.
vigyaan., 29:255-263.
chhodna khanij poshan. varsh. reeva. biochemical., 1:618-636.
vrudhdhi parr phosphate aneey poteshiyamni unapnee ketalik asaro
aneey niyantrit paristhitiomaa falonaa vrukshoni rachnaa. saathe
doubleu. aech. chandler. proo. huun. soow. horta. vigyaan., 29:267-271.
falonaa vrukshonu naanu paandadu athavaa gulaabnu phool, 3. saathe W. aech. chandler aneey
pii. aela. hibarda. proo. huun. soow. horta. vigyaan., 30:70-86.
chhodna khanij poshan. varsh. reeva. biochemical., 2:471-484.
niyantrit paristhitiomaa stroberryna chhodnu poshan. (aaa) asaro
boron aneey amuk anya tatvoni khaameeo, (bii) samvedansheelta
soodiyama kshaarthi ijaa. saathe W. see. snider. proo. huun. soow. horta. vigyaan.,
30:288-294.
badalee shakaay tevaa, badalee naa shakaay tevaa aneey maatinaa draavan potassiumna sambandhma chhod dwara poteshiyamnu shoshan. jeey saathe. see. martin. maatee
vigyaan., 36:1-33.
khaas sandarbh saathe poteshiyamni uplabdhataa nakki karvaanee paddhateeo
ardh-shushk jameen. trans. beeju commission aneey alkali sub commission
aantarrashtriy soow. maatee vigyaan. kjebenhavan (denmark).
volume. aee, pipi. 25-31.
naana pandadaa athavaa falonaa vrukshoni gulaabnee zaadeeo, IV. saathe W. aech. chandler aneey pii. aela.
hibarda. proo. huun. soow. horta. vigyaan., 32:11-19.
keliforniyana vishesh sandarbh saathe javnu potasium poshan
jameen. proo. paanchmee paciphic science congress, pipi. 2669-2676.
falonaa vrukshonaa naana pandadaa athavaa gulaabnee zaadeeo, v: vrudhdhi parr zinkni assar
niyantrit maatee aneey jala samvardhanmaa viveedh prakaarnaa chhod
prayogo. saathe W. aech. chandler aneey pii. aela. hibarda. proo. huun.
soow. horta. vigyaan., 33:131-141.
kozlowskina lekh parr tippaneeo "naana pandada athavaa gulaabnee
californiama falonaa vruksho. saathe W. aech. chandler. phytopathology, 25 (5): 522-522
chhod dwara poteshiyamnu shoshan aneey jameen dwara fixation
uplabdh poshak tattvono andaaj kaadhvaa maate chokkas paddhateeo. jeey saathe. see.
martin. trans. triju aantar. cong. maatee vigyaan., 1:99-103.
falonaa vrukshonu naanu paandadu athavaa gulaabnu phool, vi: vadhu prayogo
rognaa kaaran parr. saathe W. aech. chandler aneey pii. aar. stoot.
proo. huun. soow. horta. vigyaan., 34:210-212.
maatee-chhod pranaalimaa chayapachay aekam tareeke chhod. nibandho
doubleu. aema. naa sanmaanmaa geoboatni. aee. seshel. unive. califf. presa karoo, pii. pii.
219-245.
mool dwara mithaanaa sanchayni prakriyaanee saamanya prakrutee
prayogik paddhationu varnan. tii saathe. see. broyer. plant shareer.,
11 (3): 471-507.
uchch chhodna mithaanaa poshannaa ketlaak paasao. booat. reeva., 3:307-334.
maatee vinaa chhod ugaadvaa maate jala-samvardhan paddhati. saathe
dii. aaee. arnon. califf. aee. jee. aar. exp. stay. siir., 347, pipi. 1-39.*
khaatarni samasyao aneey californiama jameennu vishleshan. califf. aee. jee. aar. exp.
stay. siir., 317:1-16 (punraavartan).
paak utpaadan maate maadhyam tareeke jala samvardhan aneey maateeni sarkhaamani.
dii saathe. aaee. arnon. vigyaan, 89:512-514.
soochavya mujab amuk chhodma meethani uparnee taraf aneey baajuni hilchal
potasium, soodiyama aneey phosphorusna kiranotsargi isotope shoshaay chhe.
mool dwara. pii saathe. aar. stoot. huun. jeey. booat., 26 (5): 320-324.
chayapachay aneey chhod dwara mithaanu shoshan. aef saathe. see. kaarbhaari. prakrutee,
143:1031-1032.
chhod dwara mithaanu shoshan. aef saathe. see. kaarbhaari. prakrutee, 145:116-117.
hydrogen-aayan asaro aneey javnaa mool dwara mithaanu sanchay
chayapachaythi prabhaavit. tii saathe. see. broyer. huun. jeey. booat., 27:173-185.
chhodma meethani uparnee tarafni hilchal. tii saathe. see. broyer aneey pii. aar. stoot.
prakrutee, 146:340-340.
chhodni vruddhinaa sambandhma rasayanik tatvoni sookshm maatraa.
vigyaan, 91:557-560.
chhodna peshiomathi rasnee abhivyaktini paddhateeo khaas sandarbh saathe
javnaa mulmathi utsarjit mithaanaa sanchay parr abhyaas. tii saathe. see.
broyer. huun. jeey. booat., 27 (7): 501-511.
krutrim samvardhan ukelomaa aneey khaas jameenma paaknu utpaadan
acarbonic utpaadan aneey shoshanne prabhaavit kartaa pareebalono sandarbh
poshak tattvo. dii saathe. aaee. arnon. maatee vigyaan., 50 (1): 463-485.
chayapachayna vishesh sandarbh saathe chhodna kosho dwara meethu ekathaa thavu
aneey javnaa mool parr prayogo. colled spring harber parisamvaad
matratmak jivvigyan, volume. 8.
vanaspati poshannaa abhyasma ketalik aadhunik pragatee. proo. huun. soow.
sugar beat teqa., bhaag 1:18-26.
molybdenum aneey taambaani khaameeo parr jala samvardhan prayogo
falonaa vruksho. proo. huun. soow. horta. vigyaan., 38:8-12.
chhodna vikaas maate poshak tattvoni uplabdhtaanaa shaaririk paasao.
dii saathe. aaee. arnon. maatee vigyaan., 51 (1): 431-444.
vanaspati poshannaa abhyasma pragatinaa paasaa. teepaa. aee. jee. aar., 18:247.
chhodna koshomaa meethu aneey paargamyataano sanchay. tii saathe. see. broyer.
jeey. jiina. physiol., 25 (6): 865-880.
mulnee chayapachayni pravruttio aneey tenaa sambandh parr temnee assar
chhodma kshaar aneey paanini uparnee tarafni hilchal. tii saathe. see. broyer.
huun. jeey. booat., 30 (4): 261-273.
poshak tattvona purvathaathi prabhaavit tametaana chhodni rachnaa,
fala saatheno sambandh. dii saathe. aaee. arnon. booat. gaz.104 (4): 576-590.
vanaspati poshannaa abhyasna saamanya paasao. vigyaan. unive. califf., pii. pii.
279-294.
krutrim samvardhan paddhateeo dwara chhodna poshanni tapaas.
dii saathe. aaee. arnon. bayol. reeva. kembra. phila. soow., 19 (2): 55-67.
chhodna acarbonic poshan parr vyakhyan. (harvarda khaate prether vyakhyan
university). chronica botanica qoo dwara prakashit. waltham, maas.
chhodna vikasna sambandhma molybdenum. maatee vigyaan., 60 (2): 119-123.
jameenma poteshiyamnu sthirikaran badalee shakaay tevaa aneey badalee naa shakaay tevaa svarupomaa
jameenma rasayanik pratikriyaona sambandhma. jeey saathe. see. martin aneey
aar. overstreet. maatee vigyaan. soow. huun. proo., 10:94-101.
chhodna poshan aneey jaiv rasayanshastra, jaiv rasayanik pravaaho
sanshodhan. aantargyan jaaher. ink. aena. vaay., pii. pii. 61-77.
falonaa vrukshonaa naana pandadaa athavaa gulaabnee chhaal, viii: zink aneey taambaani unap
coral jameenma. saathe W. aech. chandler aneey jeey. see. martin. proo. huun. soow.
horta. vigyaan., 47:15-19.
voltara styles dwara chhod aneey pranioma tatvone trace karoo. reeva. kamaan.
biochemical., 13:311-312.
khaatar, maateenu vishleshan aneey chhodnu poshan. califf. aee. jee. aar. exp. stay. siir.,
367:1-24.
niyameet" upraant "naana" tatvoni minuteni maatraa aavashyak chhe"
khaatar. aee. jee. aar. rasayanshastra.
chhodna poshanni ketalik samasyao. dii saathe. aaee. arnon. vigyaan. moow., 67 (3): 201-209.
khaatar, maateenu vishleshan aneey chhodnu poshan. califf. aee. jee. aar. exp. stay. siir.,
367:1-24 (punraavartan).
chhodma acarbonic padaarthonu shoshan aneey upyog. saathe
pii. aar. stoot. chaap. krushee rasaayanshaastranu viii, aeda. freer, vaan dwara
nasika.
maatee vinaa chhod ugaadvaa maate jala-samvardhan paddhati. dii saathe. aaee. arnon.
califf. aee. jee. aar. exp. stay. siir., 347, pipi. 1-32 (punraavartan).**
badalee shakaay tevaa aneey badalee naa shakaay tevaa potassiumna sambandhma aneey paak aneey carbonic padaarthoni asarona sambandhma paakoma poteshiyamni uplabdhataa.
jeey saathe. see. martin. maatee vigyaan. soow. huun. proo., 15:272-278.
"national academy off science archivesna saujanyathi, aneey aaa entrio vinaa teey shakya naa hota." | dennis robert hogland
dennis robert hogland (2 aprail, 1884-5 sitambar, 1949) ack americi rasaayanagya aur paadap aur mrida vaigyaanik they joe paadap poshan, mrida rasayan, jaiv rasayan aur shareer vigyaan key kshetron mein kaam curr rahey they. way 1927 seey 1949 mein apani mrityu taka berkley mein california vishvavidyalaya mein paadap poshan key professor they.
dennis hogland aamtaur parr sanyantra koshikaon mein electrolytes key sakriya parivahan kii khoj key liye jaanaa jaataa haye, jisamen niyantrit prayogaatmak sthitiyon key tahat naveen model pranaliyon kaa upayog kiya jaataa haye, jaise kii samadhan sanskriti.
hogland yeh dikhaane mein saksham thaa kii vibhinn paadap roga jastaa jaise trace tatvon kii kamee key kaaran hotey hain aur paudhon key poshan aur vikas key liye unake mahatva koo sthaapit karate hain.
unhone mitty key ph aur mitty key samadhan, tapman aur paudhe key vikas key liye prakaash key mahatva koo sthaapit karke paudhe aur mitty key beach baatchit mein shodh kaa beedaa uthaaya.
hogland aur unake sahyogiyon ney ack kritrim, poorna acarbonic poshak tatva madhyam taiyar kiya, jise saarvbhaumik roop seey hogland samadhan key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, jiska upayog paudhon koo hydroponic roop seey samvardhit karane key liye duniya bhar mein kiya jaataa haye.
jeevani.
niji jeevan.
dennis hogland charles breakinridge hogland (1859-1934) aur lillion meey hogland (1863-1951) key putra they. unhone apane pahale aathh saal soney mein bitaaye aur baad mein bachpan mein way denver mein rahate they. unhone denver public schools mein padhaai kii aur 1903 mein steinford vishvavidyalaya mein pravesh kiya. 1920 mein, dennis aar. hogland ney jessy aeye seey shaadi kii. smiley. 1933 mein pneumonia seey unaki achaanak mrityu hoe gaee. unake paas robbert charles, albert smiley aur charles ritemyer naamak teen yuva ladakon koo paalane kii jimmedaari reh gaee.
carrier.
hogland ney rasayan vigyaan mein pramukh key saath steinford vishvavidyalaya (1907) seey snaatak kiya. 1908 mein way berkley mein california vishvavidyalaya mein pashu poshan kii prayogshala mein ack prashikshak aur sahayak bunn gaye, ack aisaa sansthaan jisake saath way apane shesh jeevan key liye judey rahenge. vahaan unhone pashu poshan aur jaiv rasayan key kshetra mein kaam kiya. 1910 mein unhein yuu. key. key khaadya aur aushadhi prashaasan mein sahayak rasaayanagya niyukt kiya gayaa thaa.aiss. 1912 taka krishi vibhaag (schmitt aur hogland, 1912,1919), jaba unhone wisconsin vishvavidyalaya mein elmer mccollum key saath krishi rasayan vigyaan vibhaag mein snaatak vidyalaya mein pravesh kiya, 1913 mein apani master degree praapt kii (mccollum aur hogland, 1913). usa varsh key anta mein way krishi rasayan vigyaan key sahayak professor aur 1922 mein berkley mein paadap poshan key sahayogi professor baney. way "jaiv rasayan kii vaarshik sameeksha" key sansthaapak they aur "paadap shareer vigyaan kii vaarshik sameeksha" aur "chikitsa kii vaarshik sameeksha" key prastaavak they, joe unaki mrityu key baad pahali baar 1950 mein dikhaai diyaa thaa.
kaam karate hain.
sankshipt avalokan.
pratham vishva yuddh key dauran, hogland ney german samrajya seey sanyukt raajya mein potasium-adharit urvarakon key ayaat kii kamee koo braun shaiwal seey paudhe key ark key saath pratisthaapit karane kii koshish kii, joe vishal kelp kii kshamata seey prerit thaa joe samudri jall seey tatvon koo chuninda roop seey avashoshit curr sakata thaa aur samudri jall (hogland, 1915) mein paaee jaane vaali sandrata seey adhik potasium aur iodide koo jamaa curr sakata thaa. inn nishkarshon key aadhar parr unhone ack sandrata pravanata key khilaf lavanon koo avashoshit karane kii paudhon kii kshamata kii jaanch kii aur niyantrit prayogaatmak sthitiyon (hogland, hibard aur davis, 1926) key tahat naveen model pranaliyon kaa upayog karke chayapachaya oorjaa parr poshak tatvon key avashoshan aur sthanantaran kii nirbharta kii khoj kii.
apane vyavasthit shodh key dauran, mukhya roop seey samadhan sanskriti takneek dwara, aur julius wonn sax key siddhant aur wilheim nop key kaam seey prerit hocker, unhone hogland samadhan key liye buniyaadi sootra vikasit kiya, jisaki sanrachana mool roop seey uchch utpaadaktaa kii kuchh mitty seey praapt visthaapit mitty key samadhan key baad banaai gaee thee (hogland, 1919) 1. unake shodh ney jeevit koshikaon dwara aavashyak trace tatvon kii aavashyakta aur kaary parr naee khojon koo bhee janm diyaa, iss prakaar tamatar key paudhon key vikas key liye molybdenum kii anivaaryata sthaapit kii, udaaharan key liye (arnon aur hogland, 1940; hogland, 1945). hogland yeh dikhaane mein saksham thaa kii vibhinn paadap roga jastaa (hogland, chandler aur hibard, 1931, aff. aff.) jaise trace tatvon kii kamee key kaaran hotey hain.), aur vaha boron, manganese, jastaa aur tamba samanya paudhe key vikas key liye apariharya hain (hogland, 1937).
unhone mitty mein poshak tatvon kii upalabdhata aur avashoshan parr behtar samajh praapt karane key liye mitty key samadhanon key shaaririk santulan aur paudhe key vikas kii nirbharta (kritrim) samadhanon (hogland, 1916,1917,1920,1922; hogland aur arnon, 1941) koo sambodhit karane key liye paudhe-mitty key paraspar sambandhon mein vishesh ruchi lii. hogland aur unake sahayogi, jisamen unake shodh sahayak villium jaid bhee shamil hain. iss prakaar pareshani, harit paudhon mein maulik koshikiya shaaririk prakriyaon kii samajh mein yogdan detaa haye joe soorya key prakaash dwara oorjaa key antim roop key roop mein sanchaalit hotey hain (hogland aur davis, 1929; hogland aur stevard, 1939,1940; hogland, 1944,1946).
hogland aur nop key samadhan.
dennis hogland mitty key ghol (hogland, 1919) kii sanrachana key aadhar parr ack nae prakaar kaa ghol vikasit karane vaale pahale vyakti they. unhone ghol mein poshak tatvon kii ekagrata aur kull matra key beach antar karane key liye pahali safal avadharana bhee vikasit kii (johnston aur hogland, 1929). hogland ghol" shabd kaa ullekh pahali baar 1922 mein olof arhenius dwara 1919 key hogland prakaashan key sandarbh mein kiya gayaa thaa, jahan unhone ack ishtatam poshak tatva ghol koo "nyuntam sandrata key roop mein paribhaashit kiya thaa joe adhikatam upaj detaa thaa aur isase aage koee sudhaar naheen thaa. 1920 mein hogland dwara prakaashit sambandhit samadhan koo sheev key samadhan kii tulanaa mein jou key paudhe key vikas maapdandon kii jaanch karane key liye lagu kiya gayaa thaa. 1920 key dashak mein ack sanshodhit hogland samadhan mein alfalfa key vikas kii vibhinn ph moolyon parr jaanch kii gaee thee. 1930 key dashak key aspas hogland aur unake sahyogiyon ney kuchh paudhon kii beemariyon kii jaanch kii, aur iss tarah, lavanata jaisi maujooda mitty kii sthitiyon seey sambandhit lakshan dekhe. iss sandarbh mein, hogland ney niyantrit prayogshala sthitiyon mein samaan lakshan dene kii ummeed key saath jall samvardhan prayog kiye. inn prayogon key liye hogland ghol (0), jisamen macronutorients, iron aur poorak samadhan aeye aur bee (trace elements) shamil hain, koo california mein strawberry kii kuchh beemariyon kii jaanch karane key liye nayaa vikasit kiya gayaa thaa (hogland aur snider, 1933).
hogland key shodh koo paadap rogvigyaani aich dwara samarthit kiya gayaa thaa. ee. thomas aur doubleu. see. snider, aur paadap poshan aur jall-utpaadan key ack anya agrani, villium fredrick gerick seey prabhaavit. vaanijyik krishi mein jall sanskriti key siddhanton koo lagu karane mein gerick key abhootpoorv parinamon ney unhein iss vishay parr apane shodh kaa vistaar karane key liye prerit kiya jisake parinamswarup antatah hogland samadhan (1) aur (2) (hogland aur arnon, 1938,1950) huaa. hogland samadhan (0) aur (1) key macro nutrient kii sanrachana aur sandrata kaa pataa wilheim nop key chaar-namak mishran aur hogland aur usake sahyogiyon (see. aff.) key prayogaatmak parinamon key daadh anupaat seey lagaaya jaa sakata haye. talika (1) aur (2). nagland key ghol key vipareet, nagland key ghol koo lohe key apavaad key saath trace tatvon (sookshm poshak tatvon) key saath poorak naheen kiya gayaa thaa, kyonki wilheim naag key dinn rasayan vishesh roop seey shuddh naheen they. sookshm poshak tatva, binaa jaane, pahale seey hii macro nutrient lavanon mein ashuddhiyon key roop mein maujood they. 1930 aur usake baad seey adhik atyadhik shuddh rasayan aur trace sandrata key vishleshan key liye adhik samvedansheel tareeke vikasit kiye gaye they.
nop kaa chaar namak kaa mishran.
talika (1). nop kaa chaar-namak mishran (1865)
macro nutrient.
talika (2). hogland key ghol (0,1,2) aur nop key ghol mein macro nutrient kii sanrachana aur poorna ekagrata
hogland key chhatron mein daniel israel arnon shamil they jinhone hogland samadhan (2) (see. aff.) key macro nutrient kii sanrachana koo sanshodhit kiya. talika 2) aur hogland samadhanon (1) aur (2) (see. aff.) key sookshm poshak tatvon (bee, aim. aine., jaid. aine., see. yuu., moe aur see. ell.) kii sandrata. table (3)) sanyukt prayason key parinamswarup, aur folke carle scog. murasiz aur scog madhyam key vipareet, naa tou vitamin aur naa hii anya carbonic yaugikon koo hogland ghol key liye yojak key roop mein pradaan kiya jaataa haye, lekin kewal aavashyak khanijon koo samagri key roop mein pradaan kiya jaataa haye. murashige aur scog ney nishkarsh nikala kii safed key sanshodhit madhyam parr samvardhit tambaku collus key vikas koo badhaava denaa mukhya roop seey jaleey tambaku key patte key ark mein carbonic ghatakon key bajaay acarbonic key kaaran haye.
sookshm poshak tatva.
talika (3). hogland key ghol mein aavashyak sookshm poshak tatvon kii sanrachana aur poorna ekagrata (0,1,2)
ack atirikt sookshm poshak tatva key roop mein, 9 microne ferric tartrait tartrait koo 18 18 + kii sandrata key anuroop, hogland ghol sutrikaran (0,1,2) mein jodaa jaataa haye. ghol (2) mein amonium aur nitrate lavan hotey hain aur kabhi-kabhi ghol (0,1) (see. aff.) key bajaay ise pasand kiya jaa sakata haye. talika 2) kyonki amonium aayan avaanchhaniya kshaariyata (hogland aur arnon, 1938,1950) key vikas mein deree kartaa haye. haalaanki, yeh adhikansh fasal prajaatiyon key liye vishaakt haye aur shayed hii kabhi ekmatra nitrogen srot key roop mein lagu kiya jaataa haye.
vivaadit parikalpanaaen.
hogland ney nishkarsh nikala kii mool roop seey alag sandrata aur namak anupaat key samadhan kissy bhee mahatvapurna seema taka fasal kii upaj koo prabhaavit naheen karate hain. halanki, haal key adhyayanon seey pataa chalaa haye kii vriddhi aur upaj mein antar pahale seey hii ekagrata mein chhote antar key saath aam taur parr upayog kiye jaane vaale poshak tatvon key samadhanon key beach banaa huaa haye. udaaharan key liye, hogland key samadhan (2) ney kramshah uchch-surang aur khule kshetra kii sthitiyon mein anjir key pedon kii vriddhi koo badhaava diyaa. hogland kii parikalpana kaa ack mahatvapurna kendriya pahalu kii jall sanskriti shayed hii kabhi mitty kii sanskriti seey behtar thee ("tulaniya paristhitiyon mein upaj aashcharyajanak roop seey alag naheen haye") sandigdh haye (hogland aur arnan, 1938,1950). udaaharan key liye, jall samvardhan ney anya vikas substrate kii tulanaa mein hydroponic roop seey ugaaye jaane vaale tambaku paudhon key uchchatam biomass aur protein utpaadan koo janm diyaa, usee paryavaraniya paristhitiyon mein kheti kii gaee aur poshak tatvon kii samaan matra key saath aapoorti kii gaee.
gerick key vipareet, hogland ney samadhan sanskriti koo mukhya roop seey vaigyaanik kaanoonon kii khoj key liye ack vidhi key roop mein maanaa, jabaki geric ney iss baat parr jore diyaa kii hydroponics abhee taka ack sateek vigyaan naheen thaa. lekhakon key alag-alag vichaaron koo nimnalikhit uddharanon seey darshaaya gayaa haih "iska vaanijyik anuprayog bahut seemit paristhitiyon mein aur kewal visheshagya paryavekshan key tahat nyaaysangat haye" (hogland aur arnan, 1938,1950, "mitty key binaa paudhon koo ugaane key liye jall samvardhan vidhi"); vaastav mein, yeh spasht haye kii choonki hydroponics key liye krishi kii tulanaa mein prati ikai kshetra mein adhik kharch kii aavashyakta hoti haye, tou yaa tou paidawar badee honey chaahiye, yaa anya kshatipurti honey chaahiye, yadi vidhi vyaavsaayik roop seey safal honey haye. aur anubhav ney pahale hii dikhaaya haye kii yeh safal hoe sakata haye "(gerick, 1940," mitty rahit bagwani key liye poorna guide "). ashcharya kii baat naheen haye kii hydroponics kaa itihas paaramparik krishi key liye ack upayogi poorak key roop mein iss takneek key vyaavsaayik upayog key baare mein unake daavon mein sahee saabit huaa haye.
puraskar aur sammaan.
hogland 1916 mein american association forr dha advancement off science (aas) key sadasya baney aur 1934 mein national academy off sciences key sadasya baney. unaki kaee khojon kii maanyata mein, american society off plant physiologists ney 1932 mein dennis hogland koo adhyaksh key roop mein chunaa aur unhein 1929 mein pahala stephen hales puraskar seey sammaanit kiya. 1940 mein, daniel aaee key saath milkar. halanki, unhein "shaaririk pahaluon key vishesh sandarbh key saath poshak tatvon kii upalabdhata" key kaam key liye aas nucumb cleveland puraskar milaa. 1944 mein unhone "paudhon key acarbonic poshan parr vyakhyan" prakaashit kiye, jiska upasheershak "harvard vishvavidyalaya mein prathaar vyakhyan" thaa, jise unhein 1942 mein harvard vishvavidyalaya mein dene key liye aamantrit kiya gayaa thaa. 1945 mein way american academy off arts aind sciences key sadasya chune gaye.
dennis aar. hogland puraskar, "pahali baar 1985 mein american society off plant biologists dwara prastut kiya gayaa, aur" hogland holl ", joe vayumandaliya vigyaan karyakram key saath-saath yuu. see. davis mein paryaavaran swaasthya aur suraksha karyalaya kaa ghar haye, unake sammaan mein naamit kiya gayaa haye.
dhaarana.
maanak poshak tatva samadhan.
aajkal paadap poshan aur paadap ootak kheti key liye sabse aam samadhan hogland aur arnon (1938,1950), aur murashige aur scog (1962) seey formulation hain. aadhunik nirmaataon dwara paudhon key prajanankartaon, kisaanon aur ausat upbhoktaon key liye taral kendrit urvarakon kaa utpaadan karane key liye hogland aur arnon key buniyaadi sootron koo dohraya jaa rhaa haye. yahaan taka kii hogland, nop, murashige aur scog key naamon kaa upayog naveen utpaadon key liye ack brand key roop mein kiya jaataa haye.jee., hogland kaa naheen. 2 besal namak mishran "yaa" murashige aur scog besal namak mishran ", joe aamtaur parr paadap vigyaan mein maanak rasayanon key roop mein upayog kiye jaate hain. hogland aur nop madhyam" vishesh roop seey sterile aggar parr paadap koshika, ootak aur anga samvardhan key liye taiyar kiya gayaa thaa.
hogland aur kaee anya paadap poshanvidon ney apane currier key dauran 150 seey adhik vibhinn poshak tatvon key samadhan vyanjanon kaa upayog kiya (see. aff. talika (4). vaastav mein, kaee poshak vyanjan ack maanak naam kaa ullekh karate hain, halanki unakaa mool sootra seey bahut cumm lena-denaa haye. udaaharan key liye, jaisa kii havit dwara varnit haye, "hogland" key naam seey kaee vyanjan prakaashit kiye gaye hain, aur aaj taka mool rachana key baare mein smriti key nuksan seey bhram paida hoe sakata haye.
havit kii mez 30aeye.
talika (4). havit (talika 30aeye) key anusaar sanshodhit chayanit maanak poshak tatvon kii sanrachana. pee. pee. aim. key roop mein (aavashyak) tatvon kii poorna ekagrata.
sankar poshak tatva samadhan.
udaaharan key liye, sankar poshak tatva samadhan jisamen ack sanshodhit hogland samadhan (1) key macronutorients, ack sanshodhit lambe ashton samadhan key sookshm poshak tatva, aur ack sanshodhit jacobson samadhan kaa loha shamil hain, vibhinn maanak samadhanon key shaaririk gunon koo jodate hain taaki ack santulit poshak tatva samadhan banaaya jaa sakey joe poorna samadhan (see. aff.) key liye ishtatam paudhe key vikas koo saksham banaata haye. talika (5).
nagel kii mez mez.
talika (5). nagel "aur anya key anusaar sanshodhit ack sankar poshak tatva samadhan kii sanrachana."(talika mez). pee. pee. aim. mein poorna tatva ekagrata.
hogland kii viraasat.
dennis hogland koo unake shodh key kshetra mein ack pramukh adhikaari maanaa jaataa thaa aur unaki lambe samay taka chalane vaali shodh yogyata unake naam parr samadhan shuru karna aur sthaapit karna thaa, jisase ack santulit paadap poshan kaa aadhar banata haye joe aaj bhee maanya haye. hogland ghol kaa upayog naa kewal prithvi parr kiya jaataa haye, balki antarrashtriya antariksh station parr sanyantra utpaadan prayogon mein bhee khud koo saabit kiya haye. bhoomi aur usake sahyogiyon key nishkarsh praakritik sansadhanon jaise mitty, paani aur havaa, paani aur poshak tatvon key fasal utpaadan mein dakshata aur swasth paadap khaadya padarthon key utpaadan key sthaayi upayog key liye praasangik hain. hogland key maulik vaigyaanik yogdan aur vyaapak roop seey uddhrit prakaashan aadhunik paadap shareer vigyaan aur mitty rasayan vigyaan mein anusandhaan key liye aitihaasik prasangikta key hain, joe nimnalikhit granth soochi mein parilakshit hotaa haye.
granth soochi.
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vibhinn prakaar seey sanshodhit suar key antajanan chayapachaya kaa adhyayan
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prashant tata kelps key javic ghatak. jey. aeye. jee. aar. rez., 4 (1): 39-58.
samudri shaiwal mein jatil carbohydrate aur sulfur key roop
prashant tata. ell key saath. ell. jhooth. jey. bayol. came., 23 (1): 287-297.
hydrogen electrode dwara maapa jaane vaalaa amlata aur mitty mein avashoshan.
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vikas parr hydrogen aur hydroxyl aayan sandrata kaa prabhaav
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hydrogen dwara maapa gayaa carbon dioxide kaa mitty kii pratikriya seey sambandh
electrode. ell key saath. tii. teekha. jey. aeye. jee. aar. rez., 12 (3): 139-148.
mitty key ghol mein bhinnataon key soochkaank key roop mein himank-bindu vidhi
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mitty parr kaao aur caco 3 key rasayanik prabhaav. bhaag I. prabhaav
mitty kii pratikriya. aeye key saath. doubleu. christy. mitty vigyaan., 5 (5): 379-382.
poshak tatva ghol kii pratikriya key liye paudhe kaa sambandh. vigyaan,
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acid mitty seey sambandhit haal key kaam parr nott. ell key saath. tii. teekha. mitty vigyaan.
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paudhon key saath samadhan samvardhan prayogon kii takneek parr dhyaan dein.
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chayapachaya parr kuchh aluminium yaugikon kaa prabhaav
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ph, aich +, aur oh-maanon kii talika; vidyut prerak key anuroop
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koshika russ kii sanrachana aur pratikriya key liye poshak tatva samadhan kaa sambandh
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mitty kii bhautik sthiti parr mausam aur fasal key vikas kaa prabhaav.
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acarbonic tatvon key sevan aur buffer parr namak kaa prabhaav
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paudhon dwara ayanon key avashoshan parr aage key prayog, jinamen shamil hain
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6 (1): 47-62.
paudhon dwara ayanon kaa avashoshan. mitty vigyaan., 16 (4): 225-246.
media key roop mein mitty key saath rait aur samadhan sanskritiyon kii tulanaa
paadap kaa vikas. jey key saath. see. martin. mitty vigyaan., 16 (5): 367-388.
culture samadhan kii pratikriya parr paudhe kaa prabhaav. califfe.
aeye. jee. aar. exp. stay. takneek. pee., 12:1-16.
hydrogen-aayan seey prabhaavit mitty key colloid parr vidyut avesh
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paudhon dwara ayanon key avashoshan key baare mein sujhaav. aeye key saath. aar.
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mitty key samadhan kii jaanch key shaaririk pahalu. califfe. aeye. jee. aar. exp.
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vigyaan. aeye. jee. aar., 6 (5): 141-151.
paudhon key acarbonic poshan key kuchh charan
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vigyaan. aeye. jee. aar., 6 (6): 177-189.
paudhon key vikas parr kuchh kshaariya lavanon kaa prabhaav. jey key saath. aiss. bojh aur
aeye. aar. davis. (20) saar. prakriti aur mitty key samadhan kaa vaadaa.
(21) akhil-prashant vaigyaanik congress seey pahale padhe gaye shodh patron kaa saar,
australia.
kshamata parr prakaash, tapman aur anya sthitiyon kaa prabhaav
koshika russ mein helogen koo kendrit karane key liye nitella koshikaon kaa. pee key saath. ell.
hibard aur aeye. aar. davis. jey. jeane. shareer., 10 (1): 121-146.
shareer vigyaan key drishtikon seey mitty kii jaanch
paudhe seey. chautha int. conf. mitty vigyaan. rome, 1924,3:535-544.
samvardhan samadhanon mein ugaaye gaye paudhon dwara vitamin ee kaa sanshleshan. key saath
aich. aim. evance. main. jey. shareer., 80 (3): 702-704.
kritrim sanskriti samadhanon kii paryaptata key baare mein haal key prayog
aur vibhinn prakaar key paudhon key vikas key liye mitty key samadhan.
jey key saath. see. martin. pratham int kii kaaryavaahi aur kagjat. kaang. mitty
vigyaan., 3:1-12.
california vishvavidyalaya mein haal kii mitty kii jaanch kaa phir seey shuru. moe.
bail. califfe. vibhaag. aeye. jee. aar., 16 (11): 562-568.
mrida vigyaan kii pahali antarrashtriya congress, chautha aayog, mitty
prajanan kshamata. (saransh.) mitty kaa vigyaan., 25 (1): 45-50.
ack aayan kaa prabhaav dusare key sanchay parr paadap koshikaon dwara
nitella key saath prayogon kaa vishesh sandarbh. aeye key saath. aar. davis
aur pee. ell. hibard. paadap shareer., 3 (4): 473-486.
niyantrit vatavaran mein paudhon key vikas key liye ack upkaran. key saath
aeye. aar. davis. paadap shareer., 3 (3): 277-292.
paani mein ugaaye jaane vaale tamatar key paudhon key liye aavashyak nyuntam potasium star
sanskritiyaan. ee key saath. aiss. johnston. mitty vigyaan., 27 (2): 89-109.
paadap koshikaon dwara electrolytes kaa sevan aur sanchay. aeye key saath. aar.
davis. protoplasma, 6 (4): 610-626.
urvarak kii samasyaaen aur california mein mitty kaa vishleshan. califfe. aeye. jee. aar. exp.
stay. sir., 317:1-16.
paadap koshikaon dwara khanij tatvon kaa sanchay. yogdan dein. samudri bayol.,
pee. pee. 131-144.
paadap shareer vigyaan mein haal kii pragati. paaristhitiki, 11 (4): 785-786.
falon key pedon mein chhote patte yaa gulab kaa guchch, i. doubleu key saath. aich. chandler aur pee. ell.
hibard. pro. main. sou. heart. vigyaan., 28:556-560.
mitty kii samasyaon key sambandh mein paudhon dwara khanij tatvon kaa avashoshan.
paadap shareer., 6 (3): 373-388.
falon key pedon kaa chhota-patta yaa gulab, ii: jastaa aur anya upchaaron kaa prabhaav.
doubleu key saath. aich. chandler aur pee. ell. hibard. pro. main. sou. heart.
vigyaan., 29:255-263.
paudhon kaa khanij poshan. ennu. rev. jaiv rasayan., 1:618-636.
vikas parr phosphat aur potasium kii kamee key kuchh prabhaav
aur niyantrit paristhitiyon mein falon key pedon kii sanrachana. key saath
doubleu. aich. chandler. pro. main. sou. heart. vigyaan., 29:267-271.
falon key pedon kaa chhota-saa patta yaa gulab, iii. doubleu key saath. aich. chandler aur
pee. ell. hibard. pro. main. sou. heart. vigyaan., 30:70-86.
paudhon kaa khanij poshan. ennu. rev. jaiv rasayan., 2:471-484.
niyantrit paristhitiyon mein strawberry key paudhe kaa poshan. (a) prabhaav
boron aur kuchh anya tatvon kii kamee, (bee) samvedansheelta
sodium lavanon seey chot lagana. doubleu key saath. see. snider. pro. main. sou. heart. vigyaan.,
30:288-294.
pratisthaapan yogya, gair-pratisthaapan yogya aur mitty key ghol potasium key sambandh mein paudhon dwara potasium kaa avashoshan. jey key saath. see. martin. mitty
vigyaan., 36:1-33.
vishesh sandarbh key saath potasium kii upalabdhata nirdhaarit karane key tareeke
ardh-shushk mitty. trance. doosara aayog aur kshaar upa-aayog
antarrashtriya aiss. oh. see.. mitty vigyaan. jobenhawan (danmark).
khand. aeye, pp. 25-31.
falon key pedon kaa chhota-saa patta yaa gulab, iv. doubleu key saath. aich. chandler aur pee. ell.
hibard. pro. main. sou. heart. vigyaan., 32:11-19.
california key vishesh sandarbh key saath jou kaa potasium poshan
mitty. pro. paanchvin prashant vigyaan congress, pp. 2669-2676.
falon key pedon kaa chhota-patta yaa gulab kaa guldasta, v: vriddhi parr jastaa kaa prabhaav
niyantrit mitty aur jall samvardhan mein vibhinn prakaar key paudhon kaa
prayog. doubleu key saath. aich. chandler aur pee. ell. hibard. pro. main.
sou. heart. vigyaan., 33:131-141.
ack kozlowski dwara "chhote patte yaa guldaste key baare mein lekh parr tippaniyan
california mein phal key pedh. doubleu key saath. aich. chandler. phytopathology, 25 (5): 522-522
paudhon dwara potasium kaa avashoshan aur mitty dwara sambandh mein nirdhaaran
upalabdh poshak tatvon kaa anuman lagaane key liye kuchh vidhiyon key liye. jey key saath. see.
martin. trance. teesara antar. kaang. mitty vigyaan., 1:99-103.
falon key pedon kaa chhota-patta yaa gulab, vi: aage key prayog
roga key kaaran parr. doubleu key saath. aich. chandler aur pee. aar. staat.
pro. main. sou. heart. vigyaan., 34:210-212.
mitty-paudha pranali mein ack chayapachaya ikai key roop mein paudha. nibandh mein
doubleu. aim. key sammaan mein bhoo-vanaspati vigyaan. aeye. sechel. yuu. aine. aaee. vee.. califfe. press karein, pp.
219-245.
jadon seey namak key sanchay kii prakriya kii samanya prakriti
prayogaatmak vidhiyon kaa vivaran. tii key saath. see. broyer. paadap shareer.,
11 (3): 471-507.
uchch paudhon key namak poshan key kuchh pahalu. bott. rev., 3:307-334.
binaa mitty key paudhon koo ugaane key liye jall-kheti kii vidhi. key saath
dee. aaee. arnan. califfe. aeye. jee. aar. exp. stay. sir., 347, pp. 1-39.*
urvarak kii samasyaaen aur california mein mitty kaa vishleshan. califfe. aeye. jee. aar. exp.
stay. sir., 317:1-16 (sanshodhan).
fasal utpaadan key liye jall samvardhan aur mitty kii tulanaa.
dee key saath. aaee. arnan. vigyaan, 89:512-514.
kuchh paudhon mein namak kii oopar kii or aur paarshv gati jaisa kii sanket diyaa gayaa haye
potasium, sodium aur phosphorus key radiodharmi samasthaanik avashoshit hotey hain.
jadon seey. pee key saath. aar. staat. main. jey. bott., 26 (5): 320-324.
paudhon dwara chayapachaya aur namak avashoshan. aff key saath. see. karbhari. prakriti,
143:1031-1032.
paudhon dwara namak kaa avashoshan. aff key saath. see. karbhari. prakriti, 145:116-117.
hydrogen-aayan prabhaav aur jou kii jadon dwara namak kaa sanchay
chayapachaya seey prabhaavit. tii key saath. see. broyer. main. jey. bott., 27:173-185.
paudhe mein namak kii oopar kii or gati. tii key saath. see. broyers aur pee. aar. staat.
prakriti, 146:340-340.
paadap key vikas key sambandh mein rasayanik tatvon kii sookshm matra.
vigyaan, 91:557-560.
vishesh sandarbh key saath paadap ootakon seey russ abhivyakti key tareeke
jou kii utsarjit jadon seey namak key sanchay parr adhyayan. tii key saath. see.
broyer. main. jey. bott., 27 (7): 501-511.
kritrim samvardhan samadhanon mein aur vishesh mitty mein fasal utpaadan
upaj aur acarbonic key avashoshan koo prabhaavit karane vaale karakon kaa sandarbh
poshak tatva. dee key saath. aaee. arnan. mitty vigyaan., 50 (1): 463-485.
chayapachaya key vishesh sandarbh key saath paadap koshikaon dwara namak kaa sanchay
aur jou kii jadon parr prayog. sheet vasant bandargah parr sangoshthi
matratmak jeev vigyaan, khand. 8.
paadap poshan key adhyayan mein kuchh aadhunik pragati. pro. main. sou.
chukandar takneek., bhaag 1:18-26.
molybdenum aur tambe kii kamee parr jall samvardhan prayog
faldar pedh. pro. main. sou. heart. vigyaan., 38:8-12.
paadap key vikas key liye poshak tatvon kii upalabdhata key shaaririk pahalu.
dee key saath. aaee. arnan. mitty vigyaan., 51 (1): 431-444.
paadap poshan key adhyayan mein pragati key pahalu. trop. aeye. jee. aar., 18:247.
paadap koshikaon mein namak aur pargamyata kaa sanchay. tii key saath. see. broyer.
jey. jeane. physiol., 25 (6): 865-880.
jadon kii chayapachaya gatividhiyaan aur unake sambandh parr unakaa prabhaav
paudhon mein lavanon aur paani kii oopar kii or gati. tii key saath. see. broyer.
main. jey. bott., 30 (4): 261-273.
poshak tatvon kii aapoorti seey prabhaavit tamatar key paudhe kii sanrachana,
phal key saath sambandh. dee key saath. aaee. arnan. bott. gaaz., 104 (4): 576-590.
paadap poshan key adhyayan key samanya pahalu. vigyaan. yuu. aine. aaee. vee.. califfe., pp.
279-294.
kritrim samvardhan vidhiyon dwara paadap poshan kii jaanch.
dee key saath. aaee. arnan. bayol. rev. cambra. phil. sou., 19 (2): 55-67.
paudhon key acarbonic poshan parr vyakhyan. (harvard mein predar vyakhyan
vishvavidyalaya). chronica botanica koo dwara prakaashit. waltham, maas.
paadap key vikas key sambandh mein molybdenum. mitty vigyaan., 60 (2): 119-123.
mitty mein pratisthaapan yogya aur gair-pratisthaapan yogya roopon mein potasium nirdhaaran
mitty mein rasayanik pratikriyaon key sambandh mein. jey key saath. see. martin aur
aar. overstreet. mitty vigyaan. sou. main. pro., 10:94-101.
paudhon kaa poshan aur jaiv rasayan, jaiv rasayanik mein dhaaraaen
shodh. antargyaan saarvajanik. ink. aine. vaaee., pp. 61-77.
falon key pedon kaa chhota-saa patta yaa gulab, viii: jastaa aur tambe kii kamee
coral mitty mein. doubleu key saath. aich. chandler aur jey. see. martin. pro. main. sou.
heart. vigyaan., 47:15-19.
padapon aur jaanvaron mein tatvon kaa pataa lagaane key liye walter styles kaa upayog karein. rev. mehrab.
jaiv rasayan., 13:311-312.
urvarak, mitty vishleshan aur paadap poshan. califfe. aeye. jee. aar. exp. stay. sir.,
367:1-24.
niyamit" key alawa aavashyak "laghu" tatvon kii sookshm matra"
urvarak. aeye. jee. aar. came.
paadap poshan kii kuchh samasyaaen. dee key saath. aaee. arnan. vigyaan. moe., 67 (3): 201-209.
urvarak, mitty vishleshan aur paadap poshan. califfe. aeye. jee. aar. exp. stay. sir.,
367:1-24 (sanshodhan).
paudhon mein acarbonic padarthon kaa avashoshan aur upayog. key saath
pee. aar. staat. chap. krishi rasayan vigyaan kaa viii, sanskaran. freer, vaine dwara
nasika.
binaa mitty key paudhon koo ugaane key liye jall-kheti kii vidhi. dee key saath. aaee. arnan.
califfe. aeye. jee. aar. exp. stay. sir., 347, pp. 1-32 (sanshodhan).**
pratisthaapan yogya aur gair-pratisthaapan yogya potasium aur fasal aur javic padarthon key prabhaavon key sambandh mein fasalon key liye potasium kii upalabdhata.
jey key saath. see. martin. mitty vigyaan. sou. main. pro., 15:272-278.
"rashtriya vigyaan akadami key abhilekhagar key saujanya seey, aur inn pravishtiyon key binaa yeh sambhav naheen hotaa."
| dennis robbert hogland
dennis robbert hogland (april 2,1884-september 5,1949) americada rasaayanashaastragna mattu sasya mattu mannina vignaaniyaagiddu, sasya poshane, mannina rasaayanashaastra, jeevarasaayanashaastra mattu sharirashastra kshetragalalli kelasa maaduttiddaru. avaru avaru 1927rinda tamma maranadavaregu berkley california vishvavidyaalayadalli sasya poshaneya pradhyapakaragiddaru.
dennis hogland samanyavagi sasya koshagalalli vidyudvichedyagala sakriya saganeyannu kanduhidiyalu hesaruvaasiyaagide, draavana samskrutiyantaha niyantrita prayogika paristhitigalalli naveena maadari vyavasthegalannu balasuttade.
jhinknantaha jaadina amshagala korateyinda vividha sasya rogagalu untaaguttave endu torisalu hoglandge saadhyavaayitu mattu sasyada poshane mattu abhivruddhige avugala pramukhyateyannu sthaapisitu.
avaru mannina ph annu sthaapisuva moolaka sasya mattu mannina naduvina paraspara kriyegala bagge samshoodhaneya pravartakaraadaru mattu mannina draavana, taapamaana mattu sasyada belavanigege belakina mahatvavannu soochisidaru.
hogland mattu avana sahavartigalu krutaka, sampoorna ajaivika poshakaamsha madhyamavannu roopisidaru, idannu saarvatrikavaagi hogland draavana endu kareyalaaguttade, idannu hydroponic sasyagalannu belesalu vishvaadyanta balasalaaguttide.
jivanacharitre.
khasagi jeevana.
dennis hogland charles breakinridge hogland (1859-1934) mattu lillion mayee hogland (1863-1951) avara maga. aata tanna modala entu varshagalannu suvarnadalli kaledaru mattu tanna nantarada baalyadalli aata denvernalli vaasisuttiddaru. avaru denver saarvajanika shaalegalige haajaraadaru mattu mattu stanford vishvavidyaalayakke praveshisidaru. vyaakhyaanisidaru, dennis aarr. hogland jessy aa. avarannu vivaahavaadaru. smiley. avaru avaru pneumoniyadinda iddakkiddante nidhanaraadaru. robbert charles, albert smiley mattu charles ritemyer emba moovaru yuva hudugarannu belesuva javaabdaariyannu avaru vahisikondaru.
vrattijeevana.
hogland avaru stanford vishvavidyaalayadinda (1907) rasaayanashaastradalli majer padavi padedaru. padedaru avaru berkley california vishvavidyaalayadalli prani poshaneya prayogaalayadalli bodhaka mattu sahaayakaraadaru, ee samstheyondige avaru tamma ulida jivanavannu samyojisidaru. allie avaru prani poshane mattu jeevarasaayanashaastra kshetragalalli kelasa maadidaru. maadidaru aata yuu. esna aahara mattu aushadha aadalitadalli sahayaka rasaayanashaastragnaraagi nemakagondaru.ess. 1912 ravarege krishi vibhaga (schmid mattu hogland, 1912,1919), avaru wisconsin vishvavidyaalayadalli elmer mekkolamnondige krishi rasaayanashaastra vibhagadalli padavi shaalege praveshisidaaga, 1913 ralli tamma snatakottara padaviyannu padedaru (mccollum mattu hogland, 1913). aaa varshada sharatkaaladalli avaru krishi rasaayanashaastrada sahayaka praadhyaapakaraadaru mattu padavannu barkliyalli sasya poshaneya sahayaka praadhyaapakaraadaru. aata "jaivika rasaayanashaastrada varshika vimarshe" yaya sthaapakaraagiddaru mattu "sasya sharirashaastrada varshika vimarshe" mattu avara maranada nantara nantara modala baarige prakatavaada "aushadhada varshika vimarshe" yaya pratipaadakaraagiddaru.
kelasa.
sankshipta avalokana.
modalaneya mahayuddhada samayadalli, hogland german saamraajyadinda united statesge potassium aadhaarita rasagobbaragala aamadina korateyannu kandu pachigalinda sasyada saaragalondige badalisalu prayatnisitu, idu daitya kelpna saamarthyadinda sphurti padedide, idu aayda samudrada nirininda amshagalannu hirikolluttade mattu potassium mattu iodide annu aneka baari sangrahisuttade. ee samshoodhanegala aadhaarada mele avaru saandrateya ilijaarina viruddha lavanagalannu hirikolluva sasyagala saamarthyavannu tanikhe maadidaru mattu niyantrita prayogika paristhitigalalli (hogland, hibbard, mattu davis, 1926) naveena maadari vyavasthegalannu balasikondu chayapachaya shaktiya mele poushtika hirikolluvike mattu sthalaantarada avalambaneyannu kanduhididaru.
mukhyavaagi draavana samskarana tantrada moolaka, mattu julius vaan satchs tatwa mattu wilhelm nope kelasadinda sphurti padeda, avaru tamma vyavasthita samshoodhaneya samayadalli, hogland draavanada moola sutravannu abhivraddhipadisidaru, adara samyojaneyannu moolatah hecchina utpaadakateya kelavu mannugalinda padeda sthalaantaragonda mannina draavanada nantara vinyaasagolisalaagittu (hogland, 1919). avara samshoodhaneyu jeevanta koshagalige agatyaviruva jaadina amshagala agatyate mattu kaaryada bagge hosa aavishkaaragalige kaaranavaayitu, heegaagi tometo sasyagala belavanigege molybdenumn aavashyakateyannu sthaapisitu, udaaharanege (arnan mattu hogland, 1940; hogland, 1945). jhink (hogland, chandler, mattu hibbard, 1931, eff) nantaha jaadina amshagala korateyinda vividha sasya rogagalu untaaguttave endu torisalu hoglandge saadhyavaayitu.), mattu boran, manganese, satu mattu taamravu saamaanya sasyada belavanigege anivaaryavaagive (hogland, 1937).
udaaharanege, mannina draavanagala daihika samatolana mattu sasyada belavanigeya avalambaneyannu uddeshisi, manninallina poshakaamshagala labhyate mattu hirikolluvikeya bagge uttama tiluvalikeyannu padeyalu mattu (krutaka) draavanagalannu (hogland, 1916,1917,1920,1922; hogland mattu arnan, 1941) uddeshisi avaru sasya-mannina paraspara sambandhagalalli vishesha aasaktiyannu hondiddaru. avara samshodhanaa sahayaka vilium jhad seridante hogland mattu avara sahavartigalu. heege, suryana belakannu shaktiya antima roopavaagi balasuva hasiru sasyagalallina moolabhoota jivakoshada shaaririka prakriyegala tiluvalikege tondare niididavu (hogland mattu davis, 1929; hogland mattu stevard, 1939,1940; hogland, 1944,1946).
hoglands mattu nopes parihaaragalu.
dennis hogland mannina draavanada samyojaneya aadhaarada mele hosa reetiya dravanavannu abhivraddhipadisida modala vyaktiyagiddaru (hogland, 1919). draavanadalli saandrate mattu ottu pramanada poshakaamshagala naduvina vyatyaasavannu gurutisalu avaru modala yashasvi parikalpaneyannu saha abhivraddhipadisidaru (johnston mattu hogland, 1929). hogland draavana" emba padavannu padavannu olof arhenius 1919rahra hogland prakataneyannu ullekhisi modalu ullekhisidaru, allie avaru "garishta iluvariyannu needuva mattu adaraache yaavude sudhaaraneyillada kanishta saandrate" endu garishta poushtika dravanavannu vyaakhyaanisidaru. vyaakhyaanisidaru hogland prakatisida ayaa parihaaravannu barleya sasya belavanigeya niyataankagalannu shodhisalu shiv dravanakke holisidare anvayisalaayitu. maarpadisida hogland draavanadalli alfalfada belavanigeyannu 1920rahra dasakadalli vividha ph moulyagalalli tanikhe maadalaayitu. 1930rahra dashakada sumaarige, hogland mattu avana sahavartigalu kelavu sasyagala rogagalannu tanikhe maadidaru mattu aaa moolaka, lavanateyantaha astitvadalliruva mannina paristhitigalige sambandhisida rogalakshanagalannu gamanisidaru. ee sandarbhadalli, niyantrita prayogaalayada paristhitigalalli idhe reetiya rogalakshanagalannu talupisuva bharavaseyondige hogland jalasamskarana prayogagalannu kaigonditu. ee prayogagaligaagi, californiadallina strawberry kelavu rogagalannu tanikhe maadalu (hogland mattu snider, 1933), macronutrientgalu, kabbina mattu puraka pariharagalada aa mattu bii (jaadina amshagalu) seridante hogland dravanavannu (0) hosadaagi abhivraddhipadisalaayitu.
hoglandna samshoodhanege sasya rogashaastragnaru etch. bembala niididaru. ii. thamus mattu doubleu. sii. sasya poshane mattu jalacara sakaneya mattobba pravartaka, vilium frederic jerikeyinda prabhaavitaraada. vanijya krushige jala samskrutiya tatvagalannu anvayisuvalli jerikeya adbhuta phalitaamshagalu ee vishayada bagge tamma samshoodhaneyannu vistarisalu prerepisidavu, antimavagi adara parinaamavaagi hogland parihaaragalu (1) mattu (2) (hogland mattu arnan, 1938,1950). hogland draavanagala (0) mattu (1) macronutrientgala samyojane mattu saandrateyannu wilhelm nopna naalku-uppu mishrana mattu hogland mattu avana sahavartigala prayogika phalitaamshagalige molar anupaatadalli pattehachchabahudu (cf. koshtakagalu (1) mattu (2). naap draavanavu, hoglandna dravanakke vyatiriktavagi, kabbinavannu horatupadisi, jaadina amshagalondige (sukshma poshakaamshagalu) purakavagiralilla, ekendare wilhelm naap dinada rasayanikagalu visheshavaagi shuddhavagiralilla. sukshma poshakaamshagalu, adhu tiliyade, eegaagale sthula poshakaamsha lavanagalalli kalmashagalaagiddavu. kalmashagalaagiddavu mattu nantara jaadina saandrateyannu vishleshisalu hecchu shuddikarisida rasayanikagalu mattu hecchu sukshma vidhaanagalannu abhivraddhipadisalaayitu.
naap naa naalku uppina mishrana.
table (1). nope 's phore-salt mishrana (1865)
sthula poshakaamshagalu.
table (2). hoglandna draavanadalli (0,1,2) mattu naap draavanadalli macronutrientgala samyojane mattu purna saandrate
hoglandna vidyarthigalalli daniel isrel arnan seriddaru, avaru hogland draavanada macronutrientgala samyojaneyannu maarpadisidaru (2) (cf. koshtaka 2) mattu hogland draavanagala (1) mattu (2) (cf) sukshma poshakaamshagala (bii, emn, jhadn, kyu, moow, mattu cl) saandrate. table (3)) junty prayatnagala parinaamavaagi, mattu folke carle scoog. murashiz mattu scoog madhyamakke vyatiriktavagi, jivasatvagalu athawa itara saavayava samyuktagalannu hogland dravanakke serpadegalaagi odagisalaaguvudilla, aadare padaarthagalaagi agatya khanijagalannu maatra nidalaaguttade. murashige mattu scoog, bili bannada samskarisida madhyamadalli belesalaaguva tambaaku kalasna belavanigeya uttejanavu mukhyavaagi jaleeya tambaaku eleya saragalalli serisalaada saavayava ghatakagaliginta ajaivika amshagalindaagide endu tirmaanisidaru.
sukshma poshakaamshagalu.
table (3). hoglandna draavanadalli agatya sukshma poshakaamshagala samyojane mattu purna saandrate (0,1,2)
hechchuvari sukshma poshakaamshavaagi, 9 micrometer ferric tartrate (c12h12fe2o18) annu 18 micromol/l fe3 + saandratege anugunavagi, hogland draavana sootrikaranagalige (0,1,2) serisalaaguttade. draavanavu (2) amonium mattu nitrate lavanagalannu hondiruttade mattu kelavomme draavanakkinta (0,1) (cf) aadyate niidabahudu. koshtaka 2) ekendare amonium ayanu anapekshita kshaaratvada belavanigeyannu vilambagolisuttade (hogland mattu arnan, 1938,1950). aadaagyoo, idu hecchina bele prabhedagalige vishakaariyaagide mattu idannu ekaika saarajanakada moolavaagi aparoopavaagi balasalaaguttade.
vivaadita uhegalu.
moolabhootavaagi vibhinn saandrate mattu uppina anupaatada draavanagalu yaavude pramukha pramaanadalli beleya iluvariya mele parinama biruvudilla endu hogland tirmaanisitu. aadaagyoo, ittichina adhyayanagalu, samanyavagi balasuva poushtika draavanagalalli belavanige mattu iluvariyallina vyatyaasagalu eegaagale saandrateyallina sanna vyatyaasagalondige ulidive endu bahirangapadisive. udaaharanege, hoglandna draavanavu (2) ettarada suranga mattu tereda maidaanada paristhitigalalli anjoorada maragala belavanigeyannu hechchisitu. jalasamvardhaneyu mannina samskaraneginta aparoopavaagi uttamavaagide ("hoolisabahudaada paristhitigalalli iluvari gamanarhavagi bhinnavagilla") emba hoglandna uheya ondu pramukha kendra amshavu prashnaarhavaagide (hogland mattu arnan, 1938,1950). udaaharanege, neerina samskaraneyu itara belavanigeya talaadhaaragalige holisidare hydroponic aagi beleda tambaaku sasyagala hecchina jaivika dravyarashi mattu protein utpaadanege kaaranavaayitu, adhe parisara paristhitigalalli belesalaaguttade mattu samaana pramanada poshakaamshagalannu pooraisalaaguttade.
jerikege vyatiriktavagi, hogland parihara samskrutiyannu prathamikavagi vaignaanika kaanunugalannu kanduhidiyuva vidhaanavendu pariganisitu, aadare jerike hydroponics innoo nikharavaada vijnaanavalla endu otti helidaru. lekhakara vibhinn abhiprayagalannu ee kelagina ullekhagalinda vivarisalaagideh "adara vanijya anvayavu bahala seemita paristhitigalalli mattu tagnara melvichaaraneyadiyalli maatra samarthaneeyavaagide" (hogland mattu arnan, 1938,1950, "manninillade sasyagalannu beleyalu jalasamskarane vidhana"); "hydroponicsge krushiginta prati gatakakke hecchina vechchada agatyaviruvudarinda, eradoo iluvarigalu doddadagirabeku, athawa vidhaanavu vanijyikavagi yashasviyagabekadare itara parihaaragalu irabeku embudu spashtavagide. mattu idu yashasviyaagabahudu endu eegaagale anubhavavu toriside "(jerike, 1940," manninillada totagaarikege sampoorna margadarshi "). ee tantravannu saampradaayika krushige upayukta purakavagi vanijya balakeya bagge aata helikondante jalavidyeya itihaasavu jerikeyannu sariyagiye sabitupadiside embudu aashcharyavenilla.
prashastigalu mattu gouravagalu.
hogland hogland american association phaar dhii advancement off sainsna (aus) sadasyaraadaru mattu mattu national academy off sciencesna sadasyaraadaru. avara aneka aavishkaragalannu gurutisi, american society off plant physiologists physiologists dennis hogland avarannu adhyaksharaagi ayke maaditu mattu mattu avarige modala steffen hales prashastiyannu needitu. needitu daniel aii. daihika amshagalige vishesha ullekhadondige poshakaamshagala labhyate" emba krutigaagi aata aus nukeba cleveland prashastiyannu padedaru. padedaru avaru "sasyagala ajaivika poshaneya kuritaada upanyaasagalu" emba upashirshikeyannu "haarvard vishvavidyaalayadalli pradar upanyaasagalu" emba upashirshikeyalli prakatisidaru, idannu haarvard vishvavidyaalayadalli needalu needalu avarannu aahvaanisalaayitu. aahvaanisalaayitu avaru american academy off arts und sciencesna sadasyaraagi aaykeyaadaru.
dennis aarr. aarr american society off plant biologists needida "hogland prashasti" mattu vatavarana vignaana kaaryakramada neleyaada "hogland haal" mattu yusi davisnalliruva parisara aarogya mattu surakshata kacheriyannu avara gouravaarthavaagi hesarisalaagide.
grahike.
pramanita poushtikaamshada parihaaragalu.
ittichina dinagalli sasya poshane mattu sasya angaamsha krushige atyanta saamaanya parihaaragalendare hogland mattu arnan (1938,1950), mattu muraashige mattu scoog (1962). sasya taligaararu, raitaru mattu sarasari grahakarige drava sandra rasagobbaragalannu utpaadisalu aadhunika tayaarakaru hogland mattu arnan moola sootragalannu punaraavartisuttiddaare. hosa utpannagalige, udaaharanege, hogland, naap, muraashige mattu skooggala hesarugalannu saha brand aagi balasalaaguttade.zii., hoglandna illa. 2 basel uppina mishrana "athawa" murashiz mattu scoog basel uppina mishrana ", ivugalannu samanyavagi sasya vijnaanadalli pramanita rasayanikagalagi balasalaaguttade. hogland mattu naap madhyama" vannu visheshavaagi sasya kosha, angaamsha mattu angagala kalchargaligaagi sterile agar mele roopisalaayitu.
hogland mattu itara aneka sasya poushtikatagnaru tamma vrattijeevanada avadhiyalli avadhiyalli hecchu vibhinn poushtika draavanagala paakavidhaanagalannu balasidaru (cf. table (4). vaastavaagi, halavaaru poushtika paakavidhaanagalu moola sootradondige svalpave sambandhavannu hondiddaroo, pramanita hesarannu ullekhisuttave. udaaharanege, heavit vivarisidante, halavaaru paakavidhaanagalannu "hogland" hesarinalli prakatisalaagide mattu indinavaregu moola samyojaneya bagge nenapina shakti kaledukolluvudarinda gondala untaagabahudu.
heavit avara table 30aa.
table (4). aayda pramanita poushtika draavanagala samyojaneyu heavit (table 30aa) prakara maarpadisalaagide. ppm aagi (agatya) amshagala purna saandrate.
hybrid poushtikaamshada parihaaragalu.
udaaharanege, maarpadisida hogland draavanada sthula poshakaamshagalu (1), maarpadisida uddaneya aash tunn draavanada sukshma poshakaamshagalu mattu maarpadisida jacobson draavanada kabbinavannu olagondiruva hybrid poushtikaamshada draavanagalu, vividha pramanita draavanagala daihika gunalaksanagalannu samyojisi samatolita poushtikaamshada dravanavannu rachisuttave, idu sasyada garishta belavanigeyannu purna dravanakke durbalagolisuttade (cf. table (5).
nagelna table table.
table (5). nagel mattu itarara prakara maarpadisalaada hybrid poushtika draavanada samyojane."(table ess 4). ppmnalli purna amshada saandrate.
hoglandna parampare.
dennis hogland avarannu avara samshodhanaa kshetradalli pramukha praadhikaaravendu pariganisalaagittu mattu avara deerghakaalada samshodhanaa arhateyu avara hesarannu idalaada parihaaravannu praarambhisuvudu mattu sthaapisuvudu, aaa moolaka samatolita sasya poshanege aadhaaravannu srushtisuvudu, adhu indigoo maanyavaagide. hogland dravanavannu bhumiya mele maatra balasalaaguvudilla, aadare antararashtriya bahyakasha nildaanadalli sasya utpadana prayogagalalli saha saabitaagide. hullugavalu mattu adara sahavartigala samshoodhanegalu mannu, neeru mattu gaali, neeru mattu poushtikaamshagala balakeya dakshate mattu bele utpaadaneyalli aarogyakara sasya aaharagala utpaadaneyantaha naisargika sampanmoolagala susthira balakege prastutavagive. hoglandna moolabhoota vaignaanika kodugegalu mattu vyaapakavaagi ullekhisalaada prakatanegalu aadhunika sasya sharirashastra mattu mannina rasaayanashaastradallina samshoodhanege aitihaasika prastutateyannu hondive, idu ee kelagina granthasuchigalalli pratiphalisuttade.
granthasoochi.
maladalli aluminiumna nirnaya. sii. ell. aa. schmid. zhe. biol.
kema., 11 (4): 387-391.
vividha prakaaragalinda maarpadisalaada handiya antarvardhaka chayapachaya krieya adhyayanagalu
amshagalu. (aii.-3.). ii. vii. mccullum. zhe. biol. kema., 16 (3): 299-315,317-320,321-325.
peciphic karavali kelpsna vinashakari butty ilisuvike. zhe. inda. inglish. kema.,
7 (8): 673-676.
peciphic karavali kelpsna saavayava ghatakagalu. zhe. aa. zii. aarr. res., 4 (1): 39-58.
samudra pachigalalli sankeerna carbohydrategalu mattu sulfurn roopagalu
peciphic karavaliya. ell. ell. sullu. zhe. biol. kema., 23 (1): 287-297.
hydrogen vidyudvaaradinda aleyalaadante manninalli aamleeyate mattu hirikolluvike.
ell. tii. tikshna. zhe. aa. zii. aarr. res., 7:123-145.
belavanigeya mele hydrogen mattu hydroxyl ayanu saandrateya parinama
barley molake. mannina vignaana., 3 (6): 547-560.
hydrojanninda aleyalaada mannina pratikriyege ingaalada dioxidena sambandha
vidyudvaara. ell. tii. tikshna. zhe. aa. zii. aarr. res., 12 (3): 139-148.
mannina draavanadallina vyatyaasagala soochyankavaagi ghanikarisuva-bindu vidhana
rtu mattu bele belavanigeya kaaranadindaagi. zhe. aa. zii. aarr. res., 12 (6): 369-395.
mannina mele cavo mattu caco 3 rasayanika parinamagalu. bhaaga I. parinama
mannina pratikriyeyalli. aa jote. doubleu. christy. mannina vignaana., 5 (5): 379-382.
sasyada sambandhavu poshakaamshagala draavanada pratikriyege sambandhiside. vignaana,
48 (1243): 422-425.
aamla mannina kurita ittichina kelasada tippanigalu. ell. tii. tikshna. mannina vignaana.
7 (3): 197-200.
sasyagalondige draavana samskarana prayogagala tantravannu gamanisi.
vignaana, 49 (1267): 360-362.
chayapachaya krieya mele kelavu aluminium samyuktagala parinama
manushya. sii. ell. aa. schmid. unive. calif. pub. daari., 2 (20): 215-244.
ph, h +, mattu oh-moulyagala koshtaka; vidyutprerakakke anugunavagide
hydrogen vidyudvaarada alategalalli nirdharisalaada balagalu,
granthasoochi. sii. ell. aa. schmid. unive. calif. pub. deha.5 (4):
23-69.
jivakoshada rasada samyojane mattu pratikriyege poushtika draavanada sambandha
barleya. boat. gaj., 68 (4): 297-304.
poushtikaamshada madhyamada saandrate mattu pratikriyeya sambandha
sasyada belavanige mattu hirikolluvikege. zhe. aa. zii. aarr. res., 18 (2): 73-117.1
ph moulyada mele halavaaru reetiya neeravari neerina parinama mattu
vividha reetiya mannina ghanikarana bindu kusita. aa jote. doubleu.
christy. unive. calif. pub. aa. zii. aarr. vignaana., 4 (6): 141-158.
sasyagalige atyuttama poushtika parihaaragalu. vignaana, 52 (1354): 562-564.
mannina bhautika sthitiya mele rtuvina parinama mattu bele belavanigeya parinama.
zhe. sii. martin. zhe. aa. zii. aarr. res., 20 (5): 396-4 o3.
mannina dravanakke mannina sarakke sambandha. zhe. sii. martin mattu
zii. aarr. stewart. zhe. aa. zii. aarr. res., 20 (5): 381-395.
sasyakke sambandhisidante mannina draavana. trans. doora. ess. sii., 17 (2): 249-254.
mannina vishleshane mattu mannu mattu sasyagala paraspara sambandhagalu. calif. aa. zii. aarr. expi. stu.
cr., 235:1-8.
mannina vishleshane mattu mannu mattu sasyagala paraspara sambandhagalu. citrus elegalu, 2 (6): 1-2,
16-17.
sasyagala aahara shakti. aa jote. aarr. davis mattu sii. bii. lipman.
vignaana, 57 (1471): 299-301.
hirikolluvikege sambandhisidante sasyada jivakoshada rasada samyojane
ayanugala. aa jote. aarr. davis. zhe. zen. deha., 5 (5): 629-646.
ajaivika amshagala sevaneya mele mattu buffer mele uppina parinama
sasyada vyavasthe. zhe. sii. martin. calif. aa. zii. aarr. expi. stu. tech. pii.,
8:1-26.
sasyagalinda ayanugala hirikolluvikeya mele mattashtu prayogagalu, avugalendare
belakina parinaamada kuritaada avalokanagalu. aa jote. aarr. davis. zhe. zen. deha.,
6 (1): 47-62.
sasyagalinda ayanugala hirikolluvike. mannina vignaana., 16 (4): 225-246.
maralu mattu draavana samskratigalannu manninondige maadhyamavaagi holike maaduvudu
sasyada belavanige. zhe. sii. martin. mannina vignaana., 16 (5): 367-388.
culture draavanada pratikriyeya mele sasyada parinama. calif.
aa. zii. aarr. expi. stu. tech. pii., 12:1-16.
hydrogen-ayaanninda prabhaavitavaada mannina kolaydina melina vidyut charge
ekagrateyinda mattu vividha lavanagalinda. doubleu jote. sii. dahuff. mannina vignaana.,
18 (5): 401-408.
sasyagalinda ayanugala hirikolluvikege sambandhisida salahegalu. aa jote. aarr.
davis. hosa sasyashaastragna, 24 (2): 99-111.
mannina draavanada tanikhegala daihika amshagalu. calif. aa. zii. aarr. expi.
stu. hilg., 1 (11): 227-257.
sasyagala ajaivika poshaneya kelavu hantagalu
mannina dravanah 1. krutaka samskarana madhyamadalli sasyagala belavanige.
vignaana. aa. zii. aarr., 6 (5): 141-151.
sasyagala ajaivika poshaneya kelavu hantagalu
mannina dravanah 2. mannina draavanagalu sasyada belavanigege madhyamavagive.
vignaana. aa. zii. aarr., 6 (6): 177-189.
sasyagala belavanigeya mele kelavu kshaariya lavanagala parinama. zhe. ess. bhaara mattu
aa. aarr. davis. (20) amoorta. prakruti mattu mannina draavanada bharavase.
(21) pyaan-peciphic vaignaanika kangresge modalu odalaada prabandhagala saramsha,
australia.
saamarthyada mele belaku, taapamaana mattu itara paristhitigala prabhaava
jivakoshada rasadalli halogengalannu kendrikarisalu naitella koshagala. pii. ell.
hibbard mattu aa. aarr. davis. zhe. zen. deha., 10 (1): 121-146.
sharirashaastrada drashtikonadinda mannina tanikhe
sasyada. 4neey inta. conf. mannina vignaana. roam, 1924,3:535-544.
samskarana draavanagalalli beleda sasyagalinda vitamin ii samshleshane. jote
etch. emm. evance. naanu. zhe. deha., 80 (3): 702-704.
krutaka samskruti parihaaragala samarpakatege sambandhisida ittichina prayogagalu
mattu vividha reetiya sasyagala belavanigege mannina draavanagalannu.
zhe. sii. martin. modala intna prakriyegalu mattu daakhalegalu. kong. mannu
vignaana., 3:1-12.
california vishvavidyaalayadalli ittichina mannina tanikhegala punararambha. emm.
bull. calif. department. aa. zii. aarr., 16 (11): 562-568.
modala antaaraashtriya mannina vignaanada congress, nalkane aayoga, mannu
phalavattate. (saramsha.) mannina skying., 25 (1): 45-50.
sasya koshagalinda mattondu ayanu sangrahada mele ondu ayanna prabhaava
naitellaadondigina prayogagalige vishesha ullekha. aa jote. aarr. davis
mattu pii. ell. hibbard. sasyada deha., 3 (4): 473-486.
niyantrita parisaradalli sasyagala belavanigege ondu upakarana. jote
aa. aarr. davis. sasyada deha., 3 (3): 277-292.
nirinalli beleyuva tometo sasyagalige agatyaviruva kanishta potassium matta
samskrutigalu. ii. ess. johnston. mannina vignaana., 27 (2): 89-109.
sasya koshagalinda vidyudvichedyagala sevane mattu shekharane. aa jote. aarr.
davis. protoplasma, 6 (4): 610-626.
rasagobbarada samasyegalu mattu californiadallina mannina vishleshane. calif. aa. zii. aarr. expi.
stu. cr., 317:1-16.
sasya koshagalinda khanija amshagala shekharane. koduge needi. sagara biol.,
pii. pii. 131-144.
sasya sharirashaastradalli ittichina belavanigegalu. parisara vignaana, 11 (4): 785-786.
hannina maragalli sanna-ele athawa gulabi, andare. doubleu jote. etch. chandler mattu pii. ell.
hibbard. pro. naanu. ess. sii. heart. vignaana., 28:556-560.
mannina samasyegalige sambandhisidante sasyagalinda khanija amshagala hirikolluvike.
sasyada deha., 6 (3): 373-388.
hannina maragala sanna-ele athawa gulabi, II: satuvu mattu itara chikitsegala parinama.
doubleu jote. etch. chandler mattu pii. ell. hibbard. pro. naanu. ess. sii. heart.
vignaana., 29:255-263.
sasyagala khanija poshane. varsha. rev. biochem., 1:618-636.
belavanigeya mele phosphate mattu potassiumn korateya kelavu parinamagalu
mattu niyantrita paristhitigalalli hannina maragala samyojane. jote
doubleu. etch. chandler. pro. naanu. ess. sii. heart. vignaana., 29:267-271.
sanna-ele athawa hannina maragala gulabi, iii. doubleu jote. etch. chandler mattu
pii. ell. hibbard. pro. naanu. ess. sii. heart. vignaana., 30:70-86.
sasyagala khanija poshane. varsha. rev. biochem., 2:471-484.
niyantrita paristhitigalalli strawberry sasyada poshane. (aa) parinamagalu
boran mattu itara kelavu amshagala korategalu, (bii) olagaaguvike
sodiyam lavanagalinda gaaya. doubleu jote. sii. sneeder. pro. naanu. ess. sii. heart. vignaana.,
30:288-294.
badalayisabahudada, badalaayisalaagada mattu mannina draavanavaada potyasiyamge sambandhisidante sasyagalinda potassium hirikolluvudu. zhe. sii. martin. mannu
vignaana., 36:1-33.
vishesha ullekhadondige potassiumn labhyateyannu nirdharisuva vidhaanagalu
arey-shushka mannu. trans. 2neey aayoga mattu kshara upa aayoga
antararashtriya ess. oo. sii. mannina vignaana. kezobenhavn (danmark).
samputa. aa, pipi. 25-31.
chikka-ele athawa hannina maragala gulabi, IV. doubleu jote. etch. chandler mattu pii. ell.
hibbard. pro. naanu. ess. sii. heart. vignaana., 32:11-19.
californiada vishesha ullekhadondige barleya potassium poshane
mannu. pro. aidane peciphic vignaana congress, pipi. 2669-2676.
hannina maragala chikka-ele athawa gulabi, v: belavanigeya mele satuvina parinama
niyantrita mannu mattu jalasamvardhaneyalli vividha reetiya sasyagala
prayogagalu. doubleu jote. etch. chandler mattu pii. ell. hibbard. pro. naanu.
ess. sii. heart. vignaana., 33:131-141.
little leaf athawa rosset off" emba lekhanada bagge kozlovskyavara abhiprayagalu
californiadalli hannina maragalu. doubleu jote. etch. chandler. phytopathology, 25 (5): 522-522
sasyagalinda potassium hirikolluvike mattu mannina sthirate
labhyaviruva poshakaamshagalannu andaju maadalu kelavu vidhaanagalannu anusarisi. zhe. sii.
martin. trans. moorane inter. kong. mannina vignaana., 1:99-103.
hannina maragala chikka-ele athawa gulabi, vi: hecchina prayogagalu
rogada kaarana. doubleu jote. etch. chandler mattu pii. aarr. stout.
pro. naanu. ess. sii. heart. vignaana., 34:210-212.
mannina-sasya vyavastheyalli chayapachaya ghatakavagi sasya. prabandhagalu
doubluem gaurawartha geobotany. aa. sechel. unive. calif. press, pipi.
219-245.
uppina shekharaneya prakriyeya saamaanya svaroopavu berugalinda
prayogika vidhaanagala vivarane. tii. sii. bryer. sasyada deha.,
11 (3): 471-507.
hecchina sasyagala uppina poshaneya kelavu amshagalu. boat. rev., 3:307-334.
manninillade sasyagalannu beleyalu jala-krishi vidhana. jote
dii. aii. arnon. calif. aa. zii. aarr. expi. stu. cr., 347, pipi. 1-39.*
rasagobbarada samasyegalu mattu californiadallina mannina vishleshane. calif. aa. zii. aarr. expi.
stu. cr., 317:1-16 (parishkarane).
bele utpaadanege jalasamskruti mattu mannina madhyamada holike.
dii. aii. arnon. vignaana, 89:512-514.
soochisidante kelavu sasyagalalli uppina melmukha mattu parshva chalane
potassium, sodiyam mattu ranjakagala vikiranashila aisotopgalu hirikolluttave.
berugalinda. pii. aarr. stout. naanu. zhe. boat., 26 (5): 320-324.
sasyagalinda chayapachaya mattu uppu hirikolluvike. eff. sii. melvichaaraka. prakruti,
143:1031-1032.
sasyagalinda uppina hirikolluvike. eff. sii. melvichaaraka. prakruti, 145:116-117.
hydrogen-ayan parinamagalu mattu barleya berugalinda uppina shekharane
chayapachaya kriyeyinda prabhaavitavaagide. tii. sii. bryer. naanu. zhe. boat., 27:173-185.
sasyadalli uppina melmukha chalane. tii. sii. broyer mattu pii. aarr. stout.
prakruti, 146:340-340.
sasyada belavanigege sambandhisidante rasayanika amshagala sukshma pramanagalu.
vignaana, 91:557-560.
vishesha ullekhadondige sasyada angaamshagalinda sraava abhivyaktiya vidhaanagalu
horategeyalaada barleya berugalinda uppina shekharaneya adhyayanagalu. tii. sii.
bryer. naanu. zhe. boat., 27 (7): 501-511.
krutaka samskarana pariharagalalli mattu vishesha manninondige bele utpaadane
iluvari mattu ajaivika hirikolluvikeya mele prabhaava beeruva amshagala ullekha
poshakaamshagalu. dii. aii. arnon. mannina vignaana., 50 (1): 463-485.
chayapachaya kriyege vishesha ullekhadondige sasya koshagalinda uppu sangrahane
mattu barleya berugala mele prayogagalu. colled spring harber vicharasankirana
parimaanaatmaka jivashastra, samputa. 8.
sasya poshaneya adhyayanadalli kelavu aadhunika pragatigalu. pro. naanu. ess. sii.
sakkare beatroot tantragyaana., bhaaga 1:18-26.
molybdenum mattu taamrada korategala mele jalasamskarana prayogagalu
hannugala maragalu. pro. naanu. ess. sii. heart. vignaana., 38:8-12.
sasyada belavanigege poshakaamshagala labhyateya daihika amshagalu.
dii. aii. arnon. mannina vignaana., 51 (1): 431-444.
sasya poshaneya adhyayanadalli pragatiya amshagalu. tudiyalli. aa. zii. aarr., 18:247.
sasya koshagalalli uppu mattu praveshasaadhyateya shekharane. tii. sii. bryer.
zhe. zen. physiol., 25 (6): 865-880.
berugala chayapachaya chatuvatikegalu mattu avugala sambandhada mele avugala parinama
sasyagalalli lavanagalu mattu neerina melmukha chalane. tii. sii. bryer.
naanu. zhe. boat., 30 (4): 261-273.
tometo sasyada samyojaneyu poshakaamshagala pooraikeyinda prabhaavitavaagide,
hannugala utpaadanege sambandhiside. dii. aii. arnon. boat. gaj., 104 (4): 576-590.
sasya poshaneya adhyayanada saamaanya amshagalu. vignaana. unive. calif., pii. pii.
279-294.
krutaka samskarana vidhaanagalinda sasya poshaneya tanikhe.
dii. aii. arnon. biol. rev. camber. phil. ess. sii., 19 (2): 55-67.
sasyagala ajaivika poshaneya kuritu upanyaasagalu. (harvardinalli prather upanyaasagalu
vishvavidyaalaya). idannu chronica botanica koo prakatiside. waltham, maas.
sasyada belavanigege sambandhisidante molybdenum. mannina vignaana., 60 (2): 119-123.
manninalli potassium sthirikaranavannu badalayisabahudada mattu badalaayisalaagada rupagalalli
manninalli rasayanika pratikriyegala sambandhadalli. zhe. sii. martin mattu
aarr. overstreet. mannina vignaana. ess. sii. naanu. pro., 10:94-101.
sasyagala poshane mattu jeevaraasaayanikate, jeevaraasaayanikadallina pravaahagalu
samshoodhane. saarvajanika antarashikshana. ink. enn. vaii., pii. pii. 61-77.
sanna-ele athawa hannina maragala gulabi, viii: satuvu mattu taamrada korate
karal manninalli. doubleu jote. etch. chandler mattu zhe. sii. martin. pro. naanu. ess. sii.
heart. vignaana., 47:15-19.
sasyagalu mattu pranigalallina amshagalannu walter styles moolaka pattehachchiri. rev. arch.
biochem., 13:311-312.
rasagobbaragalu, mannina vishleshane mattu sasya poshane. calif. aa. zii. aarr. expi. stu. cr.,
367:1-24.
niyamita" jotege agatyavaada "sanna" amshagala nimisha pramanagalu"
rasagobbar. aa. zii. aarr. kema.
sasyagala poshaneya kelavu samasyegalu. dii. aii. arnon. vignaana. emm., 67 (3): 201-209.
rasagobbaragalu, mannina vishleshane mattu sasya poshane. calif. aa. zii. aarr. expi. stu. cr.,
367:1-24 (parishkarane).
sasyagalalli ajaivika padaarthagala hirikolluvike mattu balake. jote
pii. aarr. stout. chaap. krishi rasaayanashaastrada VIII, edi. frear, wyaan
moogina hottu.
manninillade sasyagalannu beleyalu jala-krishi vidhana. dii. aii. arnon.
calif. aa. zii. aarr. expi. stu. cr., 347, pipi. 1-32 (parishkarane).**
badalisabahudaada mattu badalisalaagada potassium mattu bele mattu saavayava padaarthagala parinaamagalige sambandhisidante belegalige potassiumn labhyate.
zhe. sii. martin. mannina vignaana. ess. sii. naanu. pro., 15:272-278.
"national academy off sciences archivesna saujanyadinda, mattu ee namoodugalillade idu sadhyavaguttiralilla."
| dennis roobert hogland
sasya poshakaahaaram, mannu rasathanthram, biochemistry, physiology ennee mekhalakalil pravartthikkunna oru american rasathanthranjanum sasya, mannu shaasthranjanumaayirunnu dennis roobert hogland (epril 2,1884-septambar 5,1949). 1927 muthal 1949ll marikkunnathuvare berkleyile california sarvakalashaalayil sasya poshakaahaara professoraayirunnu addeham.
solution kalchar polulla niyantritha pareekshanathmaka saahacharyangalil noothana maathrukaa samvidaanangal upayogichu sasyakoshangalil electrolyteukalude sajeevamaaya gathagatham kandethunnathiloode dennis hogland saadhaaranayaayi ariyappedunnu.
sink polulla trace moolakangalude abhavam moolamaanu vividha sasyarogangal undaakunnathenn kaanikkan hoglandinu kazhinju, koodaathe sasyangalude poshakaahaarathinum vikasanathinum avayude praadhaanyam sthaapichu.
manninte piechu sthaapikkunnathiloode chedikalum mannum thammilulla edapedalukalekkurichum chedikalude valarchaykku manninte layani, thaapanila, prakasham ennivayude praadhaanyathekkurichum addeham gaveshanathinu thudakkamittu.
hogland koottaalikalum oru krithrimavum samboornnavumaaya ajaiva poshaka maadyamam roopappeduthi, ithu saarvathrikamaayi hogland layani ennariyappedunnu, ithu hydroponic reethiyil sasyangale valarthunnathinu lokamembaadum thudarunnu.
jeevacharitram.
swakaarya jeevitam.
chaals breakinridge hoglandinteyum (1859-1934) lilian meeii hoglandinteyum (1863-1951) makanaayirunnu dennis hogland. addeham thante aadya ettu varshangal svarnnathil chelavazhichu, pilkkala kuttikkaalathu addeham denverilaanu thaamasichirunnathu. denver public skoolukalil chernna addeham 1903ll stanford sarvakalashaalayil chernnu. 1920ll dennis aarr. hogland jessy eye vivaham kazhichu. chirichu. 1933-ll pneumonia baadhichu avar pettennu marichu. roobert chaals, albert smiley, chaals raitmeyar ennee moonnu aankuttikale valarthaanulla utharavaaditham addehathinu vittu.
currier.
hoglaant stanford sarvakalashaalayil ninnu (1907) rasathanthrathil birudam nedi. 1908-ll addeham berkleyile california sarvakalaashaalayile mrugangalude poshakaahaara laboratariyil oru instructor asisttantum aayi, jeevithakalam muzhuvan addeham bandhappettirikkunna oru sthaapanamaayirunnu athu. avide addeham mrugangalude poshakaahaaram, biochemistry ennee mekhalakalil pravarthichu. 1910ll addeham yuu. esinte phudu aandu drugg administrationil asisttant kemistaayi niyamithanaayi.ezz. 1912 vare kaarshika vakupp (shmidtum hogland, 1912,1919), visconsin sarvakalaashaalayile elmer makkolathinoppam kaarshika rasatantra vibhaagathil biruda schoolil praveshichu 1913 ll birudaananthara birudam nedi (mccollum aandu hogland, 1913). aaa varsham avasaanathode addeham kaarshika rasathanthrathinte asisttant professor 1922ll berkleyil sasya poshakaahaaratthinte associate professor aayi. biochemistry vaarshika avalokana" thinte sthaapakanum "plaant physiology vaarshika avalokanathinteyum" 1950-ll maranashesham aadyamaayi prathyakshappetta "vaidyashaasthrathinte vaarshika avalokanathinteyum" vakthaavumaayirunnu addeham.
jolie.
hraswa avalokanam.
onnaam lokamahaayudhasamayathu, jarmman saamraajyathil ninnu amerikkayilekku pottasyam adisthaanamaakkiyulla valangalude irakkumathiyude abhaavathinu pakaram braun aalgakalil ninnulla sasyasasyangal upayogichu maattisthaapikkaan hogland shramichu, ithu samudrajalathil ninnulla moolakangale thiranjedutthu agiranam cheyyaanum kadaljalathil kaanapedunna saandrathayekkaal (hogland, 1915) kooduthal pottasyam, iodide enniva shekharikkaanumulla bheeman kelppinte kazhivil ninnu prachodanam ulkkondirunnu. eee kandethalukalude adisthaanathil addeham saandrata gradiantinethire lavanangal agiranam cheyyaanulla sasyangalude kazhivu parisodhikkukayum niyantritha pareekshanathmaka saahacharyangalil (hogland, hubbard, davis, 1926) noothana maathrukaa samvidaanangal upayogichu poshaka agiranam cheyyappedunnathum upapachayam oorjjathe mattunnathum kandethi.
pradhaanamaayum solution kalchar teknikkiloode, juuliyas voonn sax thathwathil ninnum wilhem noppu pravartthanatthil ninnum prachodanam ulkkond, addeham hogland laayaniyude adisthaana soothravaakyam vikasippichu, athinte ghadana yadhaarthathil uyarnna uthppaadanakshamathayulla chila mannil ninnu labhicha sthaanabhramsham sambhavicha mannu layani adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu (hogland, 1919). jeevakoshangalkk aavashyamaaya trace moolakangalude aavasyakathayeyum pravartthanatheyum kurichulla puthiya kandethalukalilekku addehathinte gaveshanam nayichu, angane tomato chedikalude valarchaykku molybdinathinte aavasyakatha sthaapichu, udaaharanathinu (arnon hogland, 1940; hogland, 1945). sink (hogland, chandler, hubbard, 1931, eph. eph.) polulla trace moolakangalude abhaavamaan vividha sasyarogangalk kaaranamaakunnathenn kaanikkan hoglandinu kazhinju.), boron, manganese, sink, chembu enniva saadhaarana sasyavalarchaykku anivaaryamaan (hogland, 1937).
udaaharanathinu, mannil poshakangalude labhyathayum agiranam cheyyalum (krithrima) parihaarangalekkurichu (hogland, 1916,1917,1920,1922; hogland, aarnon, 1941) nannayi manassilakkunnathinaayi, manninte parihaarangalude shaareerika santhulithaavasthayum sasyavalarchaye ashrayikkunnathum polulla sasya-mannu paraspara bandhangalil addeham prathyeka thaalparyam prakadippichu. hogland addehathinte gaveshana asisttant vilyam isad ulppedeyulla koottaalikalum. angane, sooryaprakaasham oorjjathinte aathyanthika roopamaayi nayikkunna harita sasyangalile adisthaana sellular physiological prakriyakalekkurichu manassilakkaan ithu sahayichu (hogland, davis, 1929; hogland, stuvard, 1939,1940; hogland, 1944,1946).
hogland, noppu pariharangal.
dennis hoglandaanu mannu laayaniyude ghadanaye adisthaanamaakki oru puthiya tharam layani aadyamaayi vikasippichath (hogland, 1919) 1. oru laayaniyile poshakangalude saandrathayum motham alavum thammil verthirichariyunnathinula aadyathe vijayakaramaya ashayavum addeham vikasippichu (jonstanum hogland, 1929). hogland layani" enna padam aadyamaayi paraamarshichathu 1922-ll olof aranius aanu, 1919-leeii hogland prasidheekaranathe paraamarshichu, avide addeham oru opttimal poshaka layani "paramavadhi vilavu nalkunna ettavum kuranja saandrata, athinappuram kooduthal purogathi illa" ennu nirvachichu. 1920-ll hogland prasidheekaricha athath pariharam sheeves layaniyumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol barleyude sasya valarchaa maanadandangal anweshikkaan prayogichu. prayogichu vividha piechu moolyangalil parishkkaricha hogland laayaniyil alfalfayude valarchayekkurichu anweshichu. anweshichu hogland koottaalikalum chila sasyangalude rogangal parisodhikkukayum athuvazhi lavanathvam polulla nilavilulla manninte avasthayumaayi bandhapetta lakshanagal nireekshikkukayum cheythu. eee pashchaathalatthil, niyantritha laborattari saahacharyangalil samanamaaya lakshanagal undaakumenna pratheekshayode hogland vaattar kalchar pareekshanangal nadatthi. eee pareekshanangalkkayi macro neutriyantukal, irumbu, anubandha pariharangalaaya eiii, bii (trace moolakangal) ennivayulppedeyulla hogland layani (0) kaaliforniyayile stroberryude chila rogangalekkurichu anweshikkunnathinaayi puthuthayi vikasippicheduthu (hogland, snider, 1933).
hoglaandinte gaveshanathe plaant paatholajistukal echu pinthunachu. iii. thomas dablyu. sii. sasya poshakaahaaratthinteyum jalakrishiyudeyum mattoru thudakkakkaranaaya vilyam frederic jerick swaadheenichathum. vaanijyakrishiyil jalasamskaara thathwangal prayogikkunnathile jerikkeyude supradhana phalangal eee vishayathekkurichulla thante gaveshanam vipuleekarikkaan addehathe prachodippichu, oduvil ithu hoglaant pariharangal (1), (2) (hoglaant, aarnon, 1938,1950) ennivayil kalaashichu. (0), (1) ennee hoglaant laayanikalude macro nyootriyantukalude ghadanayum saandrathayum wilhem noppinte naalu uppu mishrithathilum hoglaantinteyum avayude asosiyettukaludeyum (cf) pareekshanathmaka falangalumaayulla mollar anupaathathilum kandethaam. pattikakal (1), (2)). wilhem noppinte kaalath rasavasthukkal prathyekichu shudhamallaathathinaal, hoglaandinte laayaniyil ninnu vyathyasthamayi, irumbu ozhike trace moolakangal (micro neutriyantukal) nalkiyirunnilla. micro neutriyantukal, athu ariyaathe, macro nyootriyant lavanangalil ithinakam thanne maalinyangalayi undaayirunnu. 1930 muthal athinusheshavum kooduthal shudheekaricha raasavasthukkalum trace saandrata vishakalanam cheiyunnathinulla kooduthal sensitiivu reethikalum vikasippicheduthu.
noppinte naalu uppu misritham.
mesha (1). noppinte naalu uppu misritham (1865)
macro neutriyantukal.
mesha (2). hoglaantinte laayaniyilum (0,1,2) noppinte laayaniyilum macro nyootriyantinte ghadanayum poornna saandrathayum
hogland laayaniyude macro nyootriyantukalude ghadana parishkaricha danielle israel aarnon hoglaandinte vidyaarthikalil ulppedunnu (2) (cf. pattika 2) koodaathe hoglaant laayanikalude (1), (2) (cf) sookshuma poshakangalude (bii, emn, isadn, kyu, moow, cl) saandrathayum. table (3)) samyuktha parishramangalude falamaayi, folke kaal scoog. murashij, scoog meediyam ennivayil ninnu vyathyasthamayi, vitaaminukalo mattu jaiva samyukthangalo hoglaant laayaniyude aditteevukalaayi nalkunnilla, marichu avashya daathukkal maathrame cheruvakalaayi nalkunnulloo. vellayude parishkaricha maadhyamathil samskaricha pukayila kaalasinte valarcha prothsaahippikkunnath pradhaanamaayum jaleeya pukayila ila sathil cherttha jaiva gadakangalekkaal ajaiva gadakangalaanu ennu murashigeyum scoog nigamanam cheythu.
micro neutriyantukal.
mesha (3). hoglaantinte laayaniyile avashya sookshuma poshakangalude ghadanayum poornna saandrathayum (0,1,2)
oru adhika micro nyootriyant enna nilayil, 9 micrometer ferric taartrett (c12h12fe2o18) 18 micromol/l fe3 + saandrathaykku anusrithamaayi hogland layani formulationukalil (0,1,2) cherkkunnu. layani (2) ll amonium, naitrettu lavanangal adangiyirikkunnu, chilappol layaniyekkaal (0,1) (cf) munganana nalkaam. pattika 2) kaaranam amonium ayoon abhikaamyamallaatha kshaarathvathinte vikasanathe vykippikkunnu (hogland arnon, 1938,1950). ennirunnaalum, ithu mikka vila enangalkkum vishamaan, mathramalla apoorvvamaayi maathrame naitrajan srotassaayi upayogikkappedunnulla.
tharkkavishayamaaya sidhaanthangal.
samoolamaayi vyathyasthamaaya saandrathayudeyum uppu anupaathathinteyum laayanikal oru vilayude vilavu oru pradhana paridhivare baadhikkunnillenn hogland nigamanam cheythu. ennirunnaalum, saandrathayil ithinakam cheria vyathyasangalulla saadhaaranayaayi upayogikkunna poshaka parihaarangalkkidayil valarchayilum vilavilum vyathyaasangal nilanilkkunnuvennu sameepakaala padanangal velippeduthi. udaaharanathinu, hoglaantinte pariharam (2) uyarnna thurankathilum thuranna maithaanathum yathaakramam athippazhangalude valarcha vardhippikkaan kaaranamaayi. jalasamskaranam apoorvvamaayi maathrame mannu samskaarathekkaal mikachathaayirunnulloo enna hoglaandinte sidhaanthathinte oru pradhana kendra vasham ("thaarathamyappeduthaavunna saahacharyangalil vilavu shradheyamaayi vyathyasthamalla") samshayaaspadamaanu (hogland arnon, 1938,1950). udaaharanathinu, jalasamskaranam mattu valarchaa substrateukalumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol hydroponic pukayila chedikalude uyarnna biomass, protein ulppaadanathilekku nayichu, athe paaristhithika saahacharyangalil krishi cheyyukayum thulya alavil poshakangal nalkukayum cheiyunnu.
jerikkil ninnu vyathyasthamayi, hoglaant parihara samskaarathe praadhamikamaayi shaasthreeya niyamangal kandethunnathinulla oru reethiyaayi kanakkakki, athesamayam hydroponics ithuvare krithyamaaya shaasthramallenn jerick oonnipparanju. rachayithaakkalude vyathyastha kaazhchappaadukal inipparayunna udharanikal chithreekarikkunnu "athinte vaanijyaparamaaya prayogam valare parimithamaaya saahacharyangalil nyaayeekarikkaavunnathum vidagdha melnottatthil maathram nyaayeekarikkaavunnathumaaya" (hogland arnon, 1938,1950, "mannillathe sasyangal valarthunnathinulla jalasamskarana reethi"); "theerchayaayum, hydroponicsin krishiyekkaal oru yoonit pradeshathinu valia chelavu aavasyamullathinaal, vilavu valuthayirikkanam, allengil mattu nashtaparihaarangal undaayirikkanam, reethi vaanijyaparamaayi vijayikkukayaanenkil. athinu vijayikkaan kazhiyumennu anubavangal ithinakam theliyichittundu "(jerick, 1940," mannillaatha poonthottaparipaalanathilleka poornna guide "). parambaraagatha krishiyude upayogapradamaaya poorakamaayi eee saankethikavidyayude vaanijyaparamaaya upayogathekkurichulla addehathinte avakaashavaadangalil hydroponicsinte charithram jerick sariyaanennu theliyichathil athishayikkanilla.
avaardukalum bahumathikalum.
1916ll american association phoor dhii advaansment oof sayansinte (aas) fello 1934ll naashanal akkadami oof sayansasinte amgavumaayi. addehathinte niravadhi kandethalukalkk amgeekaaramaayi american sosaitti oof plaant physiologistukal 1932ll dennis hoglandine presidentaayi thiranjedukkukayum 1929ll daniel onnaamanodoppam 1940ll addehathinu aadyathe steefan hails sammanam nalkukayum cheythu. ennirunnaalum, "shaareerika vashangale prathyekamaayi paraamarsikkunna poshakangalude labhyatha" enna kruthiyude peril addehathinu aas nucomb cleveland sammanam labhichu. 1944ll addeham "sasyangalude ajaiva poshakaahaarathekkurichulla prabhashanangal" "harward sarvakalaashaalayile praathar prabhashanangal" enna upasheershakathil prasidheekarichu, athu 1942ll harward sarvakalashaalayil nalkaan kshanichu. 1945ll addeham american akkadami oof arts aandu sciencesile amgamaayi thiranjedukkappettu.
dennis aarr. 1985ll american sosaitti oof plaant biologistukal aadyamaayi nalkia hogland award, anthareekshamashaasthra paripaadiyude aasthaanamaaya hagland haalum, yuu. sii. davisile paristhithi aarogya suraksha offeesum addehathinte bahumaanaartham namakaranam cheyyappettu.
dhaarana.
saadhaarana poshaka pariharangal.
hoglaant aandu aarnon (1938,1950), murashige aandu scoog (1962) ennivayil ninnulla formulationukalaanu innu sasyangalude poshanatthinum sasyangalude tissue krishikkumulla ettavum saadhaaranamaaya pariharangal. sasya breedermark karshakarkum sharashari upabhokthakkalkkum draavaka saandrathayulla valangal uthppaadippikkunnathina aadhunika nirmmathaakkal hoglandinteyum aarnoninteyum adisthaana soothravaakyangal aavarthikkunnu. hogland, noppu, murashige, scoog ennivayude perukal polum noothana uthppannangalude oru brandai upayogikkunnu.jii., hoglaandinte nambar. sasyashaasthrathil saadhaarana rasavasthukkalaayi upayogikkunna 2 basel uppu misritham allengil "murashige, scoog basel uppu misritham". vandhyathayulla agaril sasyakoshangal, tissue, avayava samskaarangal ennivaykkaayi "hogland, noppu meediyam" prathyekamaayi roopappeduthi.
hogland mattu niravadhi sasya poshakaahaara vidagtharum avarude kariyaril 150-ladhikam vyathyastha poshaka layani paachakakkurippukal upayogichu (sii. eph. pattika (4). vaasthavathil, niravadhi poshaka paachakakkurippukal oru saadhaarana perine soochippikkunnundengi avaykku yadhaartha soothravaakyavumaayi kaaryamaaya bandhamilla. udaaharanathinu, hevitt vivarichathupole, "hogland" enna peril niravadhi paachakakkurippukal prasidheekarichittundu, yadhaartha rachanayekkurichulla oormma nashtappedunnathil ninnu innum ashayakkuzhappam undakam.
hevits table 30eiii.
mesha (4). hevitt (pattika 30eiii) anusarichu parishkaricha thiranjeduttha staanderd poshaka parihaarangalude ghadana. ppm aayi (avashya) moolakangalude poornna saandrata.
hibrid poshaka pariharangal.
udaaharanathinu, parishkkaricha hogland laayaniyude macro neutriyantukal (1), parishkkaricha neelamulla aashtan laayaniyude micro neutriyantukal, parishkkaricha jacobson laayaniyude irumbu enniva ulppedunna hibrid poshaka laayanikal, vividha staanderd laayanikalude shaareerika gunangal samyojippichu oru santulita poshaka layani srishtikkunnu, ithu poornna laayaniyilekk nerppicha sasyangalude valarchaye prapthamaakkunnu (cf. pattika (5).
naagalinte table ezz 4.
mesha (5). nagel muthalaayava anusarichu parishkaricha oru hibrid poshaka laayaniyude ghadana."(pattika ezz 4). ppmil poornnamaaya moolaka saandrata.
hoglandinte paarambaryam.
dennis hogland thante gaveshana mekhalayile oru pramukha adhikaariyaayi kanakkaakkappettirunnu, addehathinte neendunilkkunna gaveshana yogyatha addehathinte peril oru pariharam aarambikkukayum sthaapikkukayum cheyyuka ennathaayirunnu, athuvazhi innum saadhuthayulla santhulithamaaya sasya poshakaahaarathinu adithara srishtikkunnu. hogland layani bhoomiyil mathramalla, anthaaraashtra bahirakasha nilayathile sasya ulppaadana pareekshanangalilum svayam theliyichittundu. mannu, jalam, vaayu, jalam, poshakangal ennivayude susthiramaaya upayogam, vila uthppaadanathil karyakshamatha, aarogyakaramaya sasyabhakshanangalude uthppaadanam thudangiya prakrithivibhavangalude susthiramaaya upayogathinu hoglaantinteyum addehathinte koottaalikalkkum ulla kandethalukal prasakthamaanu. aadhunika sasya shareerashaasthrathilum mannu rasathanthrathilum gaveshanathinu hoglaantinte adisthaana shaasthreeya sambhaavanakalum vyaapakamaayi udharikkappedunna prasidheekaranangalum charitraparamaaya prasakthiyaanu, ithu inipparayunna grandhasoochikayil prathifalikkunnu.
grandhasoochika.
malatthil aluminium nirnnayikkunnu. sii. ell. eiii. shmidt. jeey. bayol.
kemm., 11 (4): 387-391.
vividha reethikalil parishkkaricha panniyude endogenous mettabolisathekkurichu padanangal
gadakangal. (aii.-3.). iii. vii. mccollum. jeey. bayol. kemm., 16 (3): 299-315,317-320,321-325.
pasaphik theeradesha kelppukalude vinashakaramaaya vaattiyedukkal. jeey. inn. ing. kemm.,
7 (8): 673-676.
pasaphik theeradesha kelppukalude jaiva gadakangal. jeey. aggar. rez., 4 (1): 39-58.
samudrathile aalgakalile sankeernamaaya carbohydrateukalum sulferinte roopangalum
pasaphik theerathu ninnu. ell. ell. nuna. jeey. bayol. kemm., 23 (1): 287-297.
hydrajan electrode alakkunnathupole mannil acidityum agiranam cheyyalum.
ell. tii. moorchayulla. jeey. aggar. rez., 7:123-145.
valarchayil hydrajan, hydroxyl ayoon saandrathayude swaadheenam
barley thaikal. mannu shaasthram., 3 (6): 547-560.
hydrajan alakkunna kaarban dye ooksaidinte manninte prathikaranavumayulla bandham
electrode. ell. tii. moorchayulla. jeey. aggar. rez., 12 (3): 139-148.
manninte laayaniyile vyathiyaanangalude soochikayaayi freesing-pooyint reethi
kaalavum vila valarchayum kaaranam. jeey. aggar. rez., 12 (6): 369-395.
kaavoyudeyum caco caco raasafalangal mannil. bhagam I. phalam
manninte prathikaranatthil. eiii. dablyu. kristti. mannu shaasthram., 5 (5): 379-382.
poshaka laayaniyude prathikaranavumayi chediyude bandham. shaasthram,
48 (1243): 422-425.
assid manninekkurichulla sameepakaala padanangalekkurichulla kurippukal. ell. tii. moorchayulla. mannu shaasthram.
7 (3): 197-200.
sasyangalumayulla laayaniyude samskaara pareekshanangalude saankethikathayekkurichu shradhikkuka.
sayans, 49 (1267): 360-362.
chila aluminium samyukthangalude mettabolisatthil swaadheenam
manushyan. sii. ell. eiii. shmidt. yunive. california. pub. vazhi., 2 (20): 215-244.
Ph, h +, oh − moolyangalude pattika; vaidyutha prerakavumaayi poruthappedunnu
hydrajan electrode alavukalil nirnnayikkappedunna sakthikal,
grandhasoochika. sii. ell. eiii. shmidt. yunive. california. pub. shareeram.5 (4):
23-69.
poshaka laayaniyude koshasasyathinte gadanayumaayum prathikaranavumayumulla bandham
barleyil ninnu. boat. gass., 68 (4): 297-304.
poshaka maadhyamathinte eakaagrathayudeyum prathikaranatthinteyum bandham
chediyude valarchaykkum agiranam cheiyunnathinum. jeey. aggar. rez., 18 (2): 73-117.1
piechu moolyathilum vividha tharatthilulla jalasechana jalathinte swaadheenavum
vividha tharatthilulla manninte freesing pooyint depression. eiii. dablyu.
kristti. yunive. california. pub. aggar. shaasthram., 4 (6): 141-158.
sasyangalkkulla ettavum mikacha poshaka pariharangal. shaasthram, 52 (1354): 562-564.
manninte bhauthikaavasthayil kaalatthinteyum vilavalarchayudeyum swaadheenam.
jeey. sii. martin. jeey. aggar. rez., 20 (5): 396-4 o3.
manninte laayaniyude mannu sathinte sathinte bandhavum. jeey. sii. martin &
jii. aarr. stuvartt. jeey. aggar. rez., 20 (5): 381-395.
chediyumaayi bandhappett manninte layani. trans. doore. ezz. sii., 17 (2): 249-254.
mannu vishakalanavum mannum sasyangalum thammilulla paraspara bandhavum. california. aggar. expo. staa.
sii. aarr., 235:1-8.
mannu vishakalanavum mannum sasyangalum thammilulla paraspara bandhavum. citrus elakal, 2 (6): 1-2,
16-17.
sasyangalude bhakshana shakti. eiii. aarr. davis sii. bii. lipman.
shaasthram, 57 (1471): 299-301.
agiranam cheiyunnathumaayi bandhappett chediyude koshasasyathinte ghadana
ayonukalude. eiii. aarr. davis. jeey. jenne. shareeram., 5 (5): 629-646.
ajaiva moolakangalude upabhogathilum bufferilum uppinte swaadheenam
plaant sisttam. jeey. sii. martin. california. aggar. expo. staa. saankethikavidya. pii.,
8:1-26.
sasyangal ionukal agiranam cheiyunnathinekkurichu kooduthal pareekshanangal, ulppede
prakaashatthinte phalathekkurichulla nireekshanangal. eiii. aarr. davis. jeey. jenne. shareeram.,
6 (1): 47-62.
sasyangal ayonukale agiranam cheiyunnu. mannu shaasthram., 16 (4): 225-246.
manal, layani samskaarangal ennivaye mannumaayi thaarathamyam cheyyuka
chedikalude valarcha. jeey. sii. martin. mannu shaasthram., 16 (5): 367-388.
kalchar laayaniyude prathikaranatthil chediyude swaadheenam. california.
aggar. expo. staa. saankethikavidya. pii., 12:1-16.
hydrajan-ayoon swaadheenicha kaliman colloydile vaidyutha charge
saandrathayum vyathyastha lavanangalum. oppam dablyu. sii. dahuff. mannu shaasthram.,
18 (5): 401-408.
sasyangal ionukal agiranam cheiyunnathinekkurichu nirddeshangal. eiii. aarr.
davis. puthiya faittolajist, 24 (2): 99-111.
mannu laayaniyude anweshanangalude shaareerika vashangal. california. aggar. expo.
staa. hilg., 1 (11): 227-257.
sasyangalude ajaiva poshakaahaaratthinte chila gattangal
mannu laayani 1. krithrima samskaara maadhyamangalile sasyangalude valarcha.
shaasthram. aggar., 6 (5): 141-151.
sasyangalude ajaiva poshakaahaaratthinte chila gattangal
manninte laayani 2. chedikalude valarchaykkulla maadhyamamaayi manninte layani.
shaasthram. aggar., 6 (6): 177-189.
chila kshara lavanangal sasyangalude valarchayil cheluthunna swaadheenam. jeey. ezz. bharavum
eiii. aarr. davis. (20) amoorthamaanu. prakrithiyum manninte parihaaratthinte vaagdaanavum.
(21) paan-pasaphik scientific kongrassinu munbu vaayicha prabandhangalude sangraham,
austreliya.
prakasham, thaapanila, mattu avasthakal ennivayude swaadheenam
koshatthinte sravathil haalojanukale kendreekarikkunnathinaayi naittella koshangalude ennam. pii. ell.
hibbard eiii. aarr. davis. jeey. jenne. shareeram., 10 (1): 121-146.
shareerashaasthrathinte veekshanakonil ninnu manninte anweshanam
plaantil ninnu. naalaamathe innu. konfidans. mannu shaasthram. roome, 1924,3:535-544.
kalchar laayaniyil valarunna sasyangal vitaamin iyude samanvayamaanu. koode
echu. emm. evens. aam. jeey. shareeram., 80 (3): 702-704.
krithrima samskaara parihaarangalude paryaapthathayekkurichulla sameepakaala pareekshanangal
vividha tharatthilulla sasyangalude valarchaykku mannu parihaarangalum.
jeey. sii. martin. aadya internaashanal proseedingukalum pepparukalum. kong. mannu
shaasthram., 3:1-12.
california sarvakalaashaalayile sameepakaala mannu anweshanangalude punararambham. emm.
kaala. california. vakupp. aggar., 16 (11): 562-568.
aadyathe anthaaraashtra soyil sayans kongras, naalaamathe kammeeshan, soyil
prathyulppaadanakshamatha. (sangraham.) mannu shaasthram., 25 (1): 45-50.
sasyakoshangal mattoru ayoon adinjukoodunnathil cheluthunna swaadheenam
naitellayumaayulla pareekshanangalekkurichulla prathyeka paramarsham. eiii. aarr. davis
koodaathe pii. ell. hubbard. plaant shareeram., 3 (4): 473-486.
niyantritha anthareekshathil sasyangalude valarchaykkulla oru upakaranam. koode
eiii. aarr. davis. plaant shareeram., 3 (3): 277-292.
vellathil valarunna thakkaali chedikalkku aavashyamaaya ettavum kuranja pottasyam alavu
samskaarangal. iii. ezz. jonsttan. mannu shaasthram., 27 (2): 89-109.
sasyakoshangal electrolyteukal kazhikkukayum shekharikkukayum cheiyunnu. eiii. aarr.
davis. protoplasma, 6 (4): 610-626.
valam prashnangalum kaaliforniyayile manninte vishakalanavum. california. aggar. expo.
staa. sii. aarr., 317:1-16.
sasyakoshangal moolakangalude shekharanam. sambhavana cheyyuka. maraine bayol.,
pii. pii. 131-144.
sasya shareerashaasthrathile sameepakaala munnettangal. paristhithi, 11 (4): 785-786.
pazhavrikshangalile cheria ila allengil rossett, athaayath. oppam dablyu. echu. chandler pii. ell.
hubbard. pro. aam. ezz. sii. hortt. shaasthram., 28:556-560.
manninte prasnangalumaayi bandhappett sasyangal dhaathukkale agiranam cheiyunnu.
plaant shareeram., 6 (3): 373-388.
cheria ilayo pazhavrikshangalude rosetto, II: sinkinteyum mattu chikilsakaludeyum phalam.
oppam dablyu. echu. chandler pii. ell. hubbard. pro. aam. ezz. sii. hortt.
shaasthram., 29:255-263.
sasyangalude dhaatu poshanam. aannu. revu. biochemic., 1:618-636.
phosphatinteyum pottaasyathinteyum kurravukal valarchayil undaakkunna chila prathyaaghaathangal
niyantritha saahacharyangalil pazhavrikshangalude ghadanayum. koode
dablyu. echu. chandler. pro. aam. ezz. sii. hortt. shaasthram., 29:267-271.
cheria ilayo pazhavrikshangalude rosapoovo, iii. oppam dablyu. echu. chandler
pii. ell. hubbard. pro. aam. ezz. sii. hortt. shaasthram., 30:70-86.
sasyangalude dhaatu poshanam. aannu. revu. biochemic., 2:471-484.
niyantritha saahacharyangalil stroberry chediyude poshanam. (eiii) phalangal
boroninteyum mattu chila moolakangaludeyum kurravukal, (bii) samvedanakshamatha
soodiyam lavanangalil ninnulla parikkukal. oppam dablyu. sii. snider. pro. aam. ezz. sii. hortt. shaasthram.,
30:288-294.
maattaavunna, maattaanaavaatha, manninte layaniyaya pottasyam ennivayumaayi bandhappett sasyangal pottasyam agiranam cheiyunnu. jeey. sii. martin. mannu
shaasthram., 36:1-33.
prathyeka paraamarshatthode pottasyam labhyatha nirnnayikkunnathinulla reethikal
ardha varanda mannilekku. trans. randaam commission kshara sub commission
anthaaraashtra ezz. oo. sii. mannu shaasthram. kejobenhavan (danmark).
vooliyam. eiii, pipi. 25-31.
cheria ilayo pazhavrikshangalude rosapoovo, IV. oppam dablyu. echu. chandler pii. ell.
hubbard. pro. aam. ezz. sii. hortt. shaasthram., 32:11-19.
california prathyekamaayi paraamarsikkunna barleyude pottasyam poshakaahaaram
mannu. pro. anchaam pasaphik sayans kongras, pii. pii. 2669-2676.
cheria ilayo pazhavrikshangalude rosetto, v: valarchayil sinkinte swaadheenam
niyantritha mannilum jalasamskaranathilum vividha tharatthilulla sasyangalude ennam
pareekshanangal. oppam dablyu. echu. chandler pii. ell. hubbard. pro. aam.
ezz. sii. hortt. shaasthram., 33:131-141.
littil ila allengil rosapove" enna lekhanathekkurichulla oru koslovsky abhipraayangal
kaaliforniyayile pazhavrikshangal. oppam dablyu. echu. chandler. phytopathology, 25 (5): 522-522
sasyangal pottasyam agiranam cheyyukayum mannumaayi bandhappeduthukayum cheiyunnu.
labhyamaya poshakangal kanakkakkunnathinulla chila reethikal. jeey. sii.
martin. trans. moonnaamathe inter. kong. mannu shaasthram., 1:99-103.
cheria ilayo pazhavrikshangalude rosapoovo, vi: kooduthal pareekshanangal
rogathinte kaaranathekkurichu. oppam dablyu. echu. chandler pii. aarr. stautt.
pro. aam. ezz. sii. hortt. shaasthram., 34:210-212.
mannu-chedi samvidaanathile oru upapachayam unitaayi chedi. lekhanangal
dablyuemminte bahumaanaartham jiobotani. eiii. setchal. yunive. california. pras cheyyuka, pipi.
219-245.
verukal vazhi uppu adinjukoodunna prakriyayude pothuvaaya swabhaavam
pareekshanathmaka reethikalude vivaranam. tii. sii. broyer. plaant shareeram.,
11 (3): 471-507.
uyarnna sasyangalude uppu poshanatthinte chila vashangal. boat. revu., 3:307-334.
mannillathe sasyangal valarthunnathinulla jalakrishi reethi. koode
dii. aii. aarnon. california. aggar. expo. staa. sii. aarr., 347, pipi. 1-39.*
valam prashnangalum kaaliforniyayile manninte vishakalanavum. california. aggar. expo.
staa. sii. aarr., 317:1-16 (punaravalokanam).
jalasamskaranatheyum mannineyum vila uthppaadanathinulla maadhyamamaayi thaarathamyam cheyyuka.
dii. aii. aarnon. shaasthram, 89:512-514.
soochippichathupole chila chedikalile uppinte mukalilekkum vashathekkumulla chalanam
pottasyam, soodiyam, phoosphoorus ennivayude radio active isotopukal agiranam cheyyappedunnu.
verukal kondu. pii. aarr. stautt. aam. jeey. boat., 26 (5): 320-324.
sasyangal upapachayam, uppu agiranam enniva cheiyunnu. eph. sii. kaavalkkaaran. prakrithi,
143:1031-1032.
sasyangal uppu agiranam cheiyunnu. eph. sii. kaavalkkaaran. prakrithi, 145:116-117.
hydrajan-ayann phalangalum barley verukal vazhi uppu adinjukoodunnathum
metabolism swaadheenikkunnu. tii. sii. broyer. aam. jeey. boat., 27:173-185.
chediyile uppinte mukalilekkulla chalanam. tii. sii. broyer pii. aarr. stautt.
prakrithi, 146:340-340.
chediyude valarchayumayi bandhappett raasa moolakangalude minitt alavu.
shaasthram, 91:557-560.
prathyeka paraamarshatthode sasyakoshangalil ninnulla sraavathinte avishkaara reethikal
verthirichedutha barley verukal vazhi uppu adinjukoodunnathinekkuru padanangal. tii. sii.
broyer. aam. jeey. boat., 27 (7): 501-511.
krithrima samskaara parihaarangalilum prathyeka mannilum vila uthppaadanam
vilavu, ajaivangalude agiranam ennivaye swaadheenikkunna gadakangalekkurichulla paramarsham
poshakangal. dii. aii. aarnon. mannu shaasthram., 50 (1): 463-485.
mettabolisathe prathyekamaayi paraamarsikkunna sasyakoshangal uppu shekharikkunnu
koodaathe barley verukalil pareekshanangalum. colled spring harber symposia
kvaanditteevu biology, vaalyam. 8.
sasyangalude poshakaahaarathekkurichulla padanatthil chila aadhunika munnettangal. pro. aam. ezz. sii.
panchasaara beatoot saankethikavidya., bhagam 1:18-26.
molybdinum, chembu ennivayude kuravukalekkurichulla jalasamskarana pareekshanangal
pazhavarggangal. pro. aam. ezz. sii. hortt. shaasthram., 38:8-12.
sasyangalude valarchaykku poshakangalude labhyathayude shaareerika vashangal.
dii. aii. aarnon. mannu shaasthram., 51 (1): 431-444.
sasyangalude poshakaahaarathekkurichulla padanatthile purogathiyude vashangal. thuzhayuka. aggar., 18:247.
sasyakoshangalil uppu shekharikkunnathum praveshasaadhyathayum. tii. sii. broyer.
jeey. jenne. physiol., 25 (6): 865-880.
verukalude upapachayam pravartthanangalum avayude bandhathe badhikkunna
sasyangalile lavanangaludeyum vellathinteyum mukalilekkulla chalanam. tii. sii. broyer.
aam. jeey. boat., 30 (4): 261-273.
poshakangalude vitharanam swaadheenichathupole, urulakkizhangu chediyude ghadana,
phalavarggavumaayi bandhappettathaan. dii. aii. aarnon. boat. gass., 104 (4): 576-590.
sasyangalude poshakaahaarathekkurichulla padanatthinte pothuvaaya vashangal. shaasthram. yunive. california., pii. pii.
279-294.
krithrima samskaara reethikal vazhi sasyangalude poshakaahaarathekkurichulla anweshanam.
dii. aii. aarnon. bayol. revu. camb. phil. ezz. sii., 19 (2): 55-67.
sasyangalude ajaiva poshakaahaarathekkurichulla prabhashanangal. (harwardile praathar prabhashanangal
sarvakalashaala). chronica botanica qoo aanu prasidheekarichathu. waltam, maas.
sasyangalude valarchayumayi bandhappett molybdinum. mannu shaasthram., 60 (2): 119-123.
maattaavunna, maattaanaavaatha roopangalil mannil pottasyam sthirappeduthal
mannile rasapravarthanangalumaayi bandhappett. jeey. sii. martin &
aarr. ovarstreett. mannu shaasthram. ezz. sii. aam. pro., 10:94-101.
sasyangalude poshakaahaaravum biochemistry, biochemicalile pravaahangal
gaveshanam. inter sayans public. ink. enn. vaii., pii. pii. 61-77.
cheria ilayo pazhavrikshangalude rosapoovo, VIII: sink, chembu ennivayude kuravu
corell mannil. oppam dablyu. echu. chandler jeey. sii. martin. pro. aam. ezz. sii.
hortt. shaasthram., 47:15-19.
walter stailukal vazhi sasyangalileyum mrugangalileyum gadakangal kandethuka. revu. aarch.
biochemic., 13:311-312.
valangal, mannu vishakalanam, sasyangalude poshanam. california. aggar. expo. staa. sii. aarr.,
367:1-24.
saadhaarana" ennathinupurame aavashyamaaya "cheria" gadakangalude minitt alavu"
valam. aggar. kemm.
sasyangalude poshakaahaaratthinte chila prasnangal. dii. aii. aarnon. shaasthram. emm., 67 (3): 201-209.
valangal, mannu vishakalanam, sasyangalude poshanam. california. aggar. expo. staa. sii. aarr.,
367:1-24 (punaravalokanam).
sasyangalile ajaiva padaarthangalude agiranam, upayogam. koode
pii. aarr. stautt. chaap. kaarshika rasathanthrathinte VIII, edition. friar, vaan
mookk.
mannillathe sasyangal valarthunnathinulla jalakrishi reethi. dii. aii. aarnon.
california. aggar. expo. staa. sii. aarr., 347, pipi. 1-32 (punaravalokanam).**
maattaavunna, maattaanaavaatha pottasyam, vilakalkkum jaivavasthukkalkkum undaakunna prathyaaghaathangal ennivayumaayi bandhappett vilakalkku pottasyam labhyatha.
jeey. sii. martin. mannu shaasthram. ezz. sii. aam. pro., 15:272-278.
"naashanal akkadami oof sciences aarkkaivukalude kadappadum eee entrikal illaayirunnengil athu saadhyamaakumaayirunnilla."
| dennis robbert hogland
dennis robbert hogland (2 april 1884-5 september 1949) heey eka american rasayanshastradnya aanee vanaspati aanee maatee shastradnya hote, jeey vanaspati poshan, maatee rasayanshastra, jaivarsayanshastra aanee sharirshastra yaa kshetrat kaam karat hote. 1927 pasoon 1949 madhye tyanchya mrutyuparyant teey berkley yetheel california vidyapithat vanaspati poshan vibhagache pradhyapak hote.
dennis hogland samanyatah vanaspatinchya peshinmadhye vidyut apghatakanchya sakriy vahatukicha shodh ghenyasathi, dravan sanvardhanasarkhya niyantrit prayogik paristhitit navinyapurn model pranalincha vapar karnyasathi olakhale jaate.
zinksarkhya sookshm ghatakanchya abhavamule vanaspatinche vividh rog hotat heey hogland dakhavu shakale aanee vanaspatinchya poshan aanee vikasasathi tyanche mahatva sthapit kele.
maatee ph sthapit karoon vanaspati aanee maatee yanchyatil parasparsanvad aanee matiche dravan, tapman aanee vanaspatinchya vadhisathi prakashache mahatva yavar tyanni sanshodhanache netrutva kele.
hogland aanee tyachya tyachya eka krutrim, sampoorn ajaivik poshak madhyam tayar kele, jeey sarvatrikpane hogland dravan mhanoon olakhale jaate, jeey jagbharat vanaspatinchya jalchar sanvardhanasathi vaparale jaate.
charitra.
khajgi jeevan.
dennis hogland haah charles breakinridge hogland (1859-1934) aanee lillion meey hogland (1863-1951) yancha mulga hota. tyanni tyanchi pahili aath varshe suvarn rangat ghalavali aanee nantarchya balpanat teey denvermadhye rahat hote. tyanni denver public shalanmadhye shikshan ghetale aanee 1903 madhye stanford vidyapithat pravesh ghetala. 1920 madhye, dennis aar. hoglandne jessy aii. shhee lagn kele. hasate. 1933 madhye pneumoniamule ticha achanak mrutyu jhaala. robbert charles, albert smiley aanee charles ritemyer navachya teen tarun mulanche sangopan karanyachi jababdari tyachyakade rahili.
karkird.
hoglandne stanford vidyapithatun (1907) rasayanshastrat pramukh padvi prapt kelee. 1908 madhye teey berkley yetheel california vidyapithatil prani poshan prayogshalet prashikshak aanee sahayyak banale, jyaa sanstheshi teey urvarit ayushya sambandhit rahtil. tethe tyanni pashu poshan aanee jaivarsayanshastra yaa kshetrat kaam kele. 1910 madhye tyanna yuu. ess. chya ann aanee aushadh prashasanat sahayyak rasayanshastradnya mhanoon niyukt karnyat aale.ess. 1912 paryant krishi vibhag (schmitt aanee hogland, 1912,1919), jevha tyanni wisconsin vidyapithatil elmer mccollums krishi rasayanshastra vibhagat padvidhar shalet pravesh keela, 1913 madhye padvyuttar padvi prapt kelee (mccollum aanee hogland, 1913). tyaa varshichya akheris teey krishi rasayanshastrache sahayyak pradhyapak aanee 1922 madhye berkley yethe vanaspati poshan vibhagache sahyogi pradhyapak jhaale. teey 'jaivarsayanshastrache varshik punaravalokan' chey sansthapak aanee 'vanaspati sharirshastrache varshik punaravalokan' aanee 'aushadhache varshik punaravalokan' yanche samarthak hote, jeey tyanchya mrutyunantar 1950 madhye pahilyanda prakashit jhaale.
kaam.
sankshipt avalokan.
pahilya mahayuddhadarmyan, hoglandne german samrajyatun americet aayat aayat potassium-aadharit khatanchya kamatarteaivaji tapkiri shaivalatoon vanaspatinchya arkancha vapar karnyacha prayatna keela, jeey vishal kelpchya nivadakpane sagari panyatil ghatak shoshanyachya kshamatepasun prerit hote aanee sagari panyat panyat sandratepeksha anek vela potassium aanee iodide jamaa karnyasathi (hogland, 1915). yaa nishkarshanchya aadhare tyanni ekagratechya pravahachya viruddha kshar shoshanyachya vanaspatinchya kshamatecha tapas keela aanee niyantrit prayogik paristhitit (hogland, hibbard aanee davis, 1926) navinyapurn model pranalincha vapar karoon chayapachay urjevar poshak shoshan aanee sthanantaranache avalambitva shodhale.
pramukhyane dravan sanwardhan tantradvare aanee julius wonn saxchya tattvane aanee wilheim nopchya karyane prerit houn, tyanni tyanchya paddhatshir sanshodhanat, hogland dravanasathi moolbhut sootra vikasit kele, jyachi rachana moolatah uchch utpadakatechya kahee matitoon (hogland, 1919) prapt jhalelya visthapit maatee dravnanantar tayar kelee gelee hotee. tyanchya sanshodhanatun jiwant peshinna aavashyak asalelya trace ghatakanchi garaj aanee karya yavar naveen shodh dekhil midale, asha prakare tomato vanaspatinchya vadhisathi molybdenumchi anivaryata sthapit jhaali, udaharanarth (arnon aanee hogland, 1940; hogland, 1945). zink (hogland, chandler aanee hibbard, 1931, eff. eff.) sarkhya sookshm ghatakanchya abhavamule vividh vanaspati rog hotat heey hogland dakhavu shakale.), aanee tyaa boron, manganese, zink aanee tambe heey vanaspatinchya samanya vadhisathi apariharya aahet (hogland, 1937).
matitil poshak tattvanchi upalabdhata aanee shoshan (krutrim) upayayojananchi (hogland, 1916,1917,1920,1922; hogland aanee arnon, 1941) adhik changlya prakare samajoon ghenyasathi, udaharanarth, matichya dravananche sharirik santulan aanee vanaspatinchya vadhivaril avalambitva hyanna sambodhit parinam vanaspati-matichya paraspar sambandhanmadhye tyanni vishesh rus ghetala. hogland aanee tyache sahkari, jyat tyacha sanshodhan sahayyak william zed dekhil aahe. asha prakare, suryaprakashadvare chalavalya chalavalya harit vanaspatinmadhil moolbhut pesheey sharirik prakriyanchya samajoon ghenyamadhye adchaniche yogdan hote, jeey urjeche antim roop aahet (hogland aanee davis, 1929; hogland aanee karbhari, 1939,1940; hogland, 1944,1946).
hoglands aanee nops solutions.
dennis hogland haah matichya dravanachya rachnevar aadharit naveen prakarche dravan vikasit karnara pahila hota (hogland, 1919) 1. tyane dravanatil ekagratemadhye aanee ekoon poshak tattvanmadhye farak karnyasathi pahili yashasvi sankalpana dekhil vikasit kelee (johnston aanee hogland, 1929). hogland solution" yaa shabdacha ullekh 1922 madhye olof arheniusne 1919 chya hogland prakashanachya sandarbhat keela hota, jyamadhye tyanni ishtatam poshak dravanachi vyakhya "kiman ekagrata jee jastit jaast utpadan dete aanee tyapalikade konatihi sudharana jhaali nahee" ashee kelee hotee. 1920 madhye hoglandne prakashit kelele sambandhit upay heey shivhchya dravanachya tulanet javchya vanaspatichya vadhichya mapdandanchi tapasani karnyasathi lagoo kele gele. sudharit hogland dravanatil alfalfachya vadhichi 1920 chya dashakat vividh ph mulyanvar tapasani karnyat aalee. 1930 chya sumaras hogland aanee tyachya tyachya vishisht vanaspatinchya roganchi tapasani kelee aanee tyadvare, ksharata yasarkhya vidyaman matichya sthitishi sambandhit lakshane pahili. yaa sandarbhat, niyantrit prayogshalechya paristhitit samaan lakshane disatil yaa aashene hoglandne jalsanskruti prayog haatee ghetale. yaa prayogansathi californiatil strawberrychya kahee rogancha tapas karnyasathi (hogland aanee snider, 1933) macronutrients, loh aanee purak upay aaa aanee buub (trace ghatak) yasah hogland dravan (0) navyane vikasit kele gele.
hoglandchya sanshodhanala vanaspati rogshastradnya etch. yanni pathimba deela. eae. thomas aanee doubleu. see. snider, aanee vanaspati poshan aanee jalsamvardhan yaa kshetratil aanakhi eka praneta, william fredrick gerik yanchya prabhavakhali. vyavsayik shetimadhye jalsanskrutichi tattve lagoo karnyachya gerikechya abhootpurv parinamanni tyanna yaa vishayavaril tyanchya sanshodhanacha vistar karnyas prerit kele, parinami shevati (1) aanee (2) (hogland aanee arnon, 1938,1950). hogland dravananchi rachana aanee ghanata (0) aanee (1) wilheim nopchya chaar-meeth mishranat aanee hogland aanee tyachya sahyogichya prayogik parinamanchya daadh gunottarat (see. eff.) shodhali jaau shakate. table (1) aanee (2)). hoglandchya dravanachya ulat, nopchya dravanala loh vagalata, sookshm ghatkansah (sookshm poshak tatvansah) purak kele gele nahee, kaaran wilheim nopchya kalat rasayne visheshtah shuddha navhati. sookshm poshakdravye, teey naan kalatach, bruhad paushtik ksharanmadhye ashuddhata mhanoon aadhich upasthit hotee. 1930 aanee tyanantar trace sandrateche vishleshan karnyasathi adhik atyant shuddha rasayne aanee adhik sanvedanshil paddhati vikasit karnyat aalya.
nopche chaar-meeth mishran.
table (1) nopche chaar-meeth mishran (1865)
macronutrients.
table (2) hoglandchya dravnamadhye (0,1,2) aanee nopchya dravanat sthool poshak tatvanchi rachana aanee purn ekagrata
hoglandchya vidyarthyanmadhye daniele israyal arnoncha samavesh hota, jyane hogland dravanachya macronutrientschya rachnet badal keela (2) (see. eff. takta 2) aanee hogland dravananchya sookshm poshak tattvanche (bii, mn, zdn, kyu, moow aanee cl) praman (1) aanee (2) (cf. table (3)) sanyukt prayatnancha parinam mhanoon, aanee folke carl scoose. murashiz aanee scoog madhyamachya ulat, hiravali dravanasathi jivansatve kinwa itar sendriya sanyuge heey purak mhanoon puravale jaat naheet, parantu ghatak mhanoon keval aavashyak khanije puravali jaatat. murshige aanee scoog yanni assa nishkarsh kadhala qee qee rangachya sudharit madhyamavar sanvardhit tambakhuchya calluschya vadhila protsahan dene heey pramukhyane jaleey tambakhuchya pananchya arkatil sendriya ghatkanaivaji ajaivik ghatakanmule aahe.
sookshm poshak tatve.
table (3) hoglandchya dravanatil aavashyak sookshm poshak tattvanchi rachana aanee purn ekagrata (0,1,2)
atirikt sookshm poshak mhanoon, 18 micronol/ell. eff. eae. 3 + chya sandrateshi sambandhit, 9 micronumeter ferrick tartrait tartrait heey hogland dravan sutranmadhye (0,1,2) jodale jaate. dravan (2) madhye amonium aanee nitrate kshar asatat aanee kadhikadhi dravanapeksha (0,1) (see. eff.) pasant kele jaau shakatat. takta 2) kaaran amonium aayan avanchhaniy ksharatechya vikasas vilambit karate (hogland aanee arnon, 1938,1950). tathapi, bahutek pikanchya prajatinsathi heey vishari aahe aanee nitrogencha ekmev srot mhanoon kvachitach vaparale jaate.
vadgrast gruhitak.
moolbhootpane bhinn sandrata aanee mithachya pramanatil dravananmule pikachya utpannavar konatyahi mahattvapoorn pramanat parinam hott nahee assa nishkarsh hoglandne kadhala. tathapi, alikadil abhyasatoon asey disun aale aahe qee vaadh aanee utpannatil farak, ekagratemadhye aadhich lahan farak asalelya samanyatah vaparlya jaanarya poshak dravnanmadhye kayam rahila. udaharanarth, hoglandchya dravnamule (2) anukrame unch-bogda aanee mokalya maidanachya paristhitit anjirchya zadanchi vaadh jhaali. jalsanskruti hii maatee sanvardhanapeksha kvachitach shreshth hotee ("tulanatmak paristhitit utpadan lakshaniyaritya bhinn nasate") haah hoglandchya gruhitkatil eka mahattvacha madhyavarti pailu sanshayaspad aahe (hogland aanee arnon, 1938,1950). udaharanarth, jaal sanvardhanamule, tyach paryavaraniy paristhitit lagwad kelelya aanee samaan pramanat poshak tatvancha puravatha kelelya, itar vadhichya ghatakanchya tulanet, jalsanchayi paddhatine vadhavalelya tambakhu vanaspatinche sarvadhik jaivbhar aanee prathinanche utpadan jhaale.
gerikchya ulat, hoglandne solution culturela pramukhyane vaidnyanik niyam shodhanyachi eka paddhat manale, tarr jerikne yavar bharr deela qee hydroponics heey adyap achook vidnyan navhate. lekhakanchi bhinn matey khaleel uddharanandware spasht kelee jaatatah "tyacha vyavsayik vapar atishay maryadit paristhitit aanee keval tadnyanchya dekharekhikhali nyayya aahe" (hogland aanee arnon, 1938,1950, "matishivay vanaspati vadhavanyasathi jaal sanwardhan paddhat"); "kharokhar, heey spasht aahe qee hydroponicsasthi shetipeksha prati unit kshetrafalachya mothya kharchachi aavashyakta asalyane, ektar utpadan mothe asane aavashyak aahe, kinwa itar bharpai asane aavashyak aahe, jarr paddhat vyavsayikdrushtya yashasvi vhayachi asel tarr. aanee anubhavane aadhich dakhavun dile aahe qee teey yashasvi houu shakate "(gerik, 1940," mativirahit bagkamache sampoorn margdarshak "). paramparik shetila upayukt purak mhanoon yaa tantracha vyavsayik vapar karnyababatchya tyanchya davyanmadhye jalvidhyutshastrachya itihasane gerik barobar asalyache siddha kele aahe yaat aashchary nahee.
puraskar aanee sanman.
1916 madhye american association phaur daad advancement auph science (aaas) chey sadasya aanee 1934 madhye national academy auph scienceche sadasya jhaale. tyanchya anek shodhanchya manyatesathi, american society auph plant physiologistsne dennis hogland yanchi 1932 madhye adhyaksh mhanoon nivad kelee aanee 1929 madhye tyanna pahila stephen hales puraskar pradan keela. 1940 madhye, daniel aay. saha. tathapi, tyanna "sharirik pailunchya vishesh sandarbhasah poshak tattvanchi upalabdhata" yaa karyasathi aas nucumb cleveland puraskar midala. 1944 madhye tyanni tyanchi 'vanaspatinchya ajaivik poshanavaril vyakhyane' prakashit kelee, jyache upashirshak 'harvard vidyapithatil prathar vyakhyane' hote, jeey tyanna 1942 madhye harvard vidyapithat denyasathi aamantrit karnyat aale hote. 1945 madhye teey american academy auph arts andd sciencesche sadasya mhanoon nivadle gele.
dennis aar. 1985 madhye american society auph plant biologistsne pahilyanda pradan kelela 'hogland puraskar' aanee vatavaraniy vidnyan karyakram tasech yuu. see. davis yetheel paryavaran aarogya aanee suraksha karyalay asalelya 'hogland holl' laa tyanchya sanmanarth naav denyat aale aahe.
aaklan.
manak poshak upay.
aajkal vanaspatinchya poshanasathi aanee vanaspatinchya uutinchya lagvadisathi sarvat samanya upay mhanje hogland aanee arnon (1938,1950) aanee murashige aanee scoose (1962) madheel formulation. vanaspati prajanankarte, shetkari aanee sarasari grahakansathi drav kendrit khate tayar karnyasathi aadhunik utpadakanni hogland aanee arnonchya moolbhut sutranchi nakkal kelee aahe. agadi hogland, nop, murashige aanee scog hii nave dekhil navinyapurn utpadanansathi eka brand mhanoon vaparali jaatat, udaa.jee., hoglandcha nahee. 2 besal meeth mishran kinwa "murashige aanee scoose besal meeth mishran", jeey samanyatah vanaspati vidnyanat manak rasayne mhanoon vaparale jaatat. nirjantuk agarvar vanaspati peshi, ootee aanee avyav sanvardhanasathi 'hogland aanee nop madhyam' vishesh tayar kele gele hote.
hogland aanee itar anek vanaspati poshanatadnyanni tyanchya karkirdit 150 hoon adhik vegvegalya poshak dravan pakakruti vaparlya (see. eff. table (4). kharey tarr, anek poshak pakakruti pramanit navacha sandarbh detat, jaree tyancha mool sutrashi farsa sambandh nasla taree. udaharanarth, hevitne varnan kelyapramane, 'hogland' yaa navane anek pakakruti prakashit kelya gelya aahet aanee mool rachnebaddalchi smaranshakti qamee jhalyamule aajahi gondhal nirman houu shakato.
hevitche table 30aii.
table (4) hevitnusar sudharit kelelya nivadalelya pramanit poshak dravananchi rachana (sarani 30aii). pii. pii. emm. mhanoon (aavashyak) ghatakanche purn ekagrat.
sankarit poshak dravye.
udaharanarth, sudharit hogland dravanache macronutrients (1), sudharit lamb eshton dravanache sookshm poshakdravye aanee sudharit jacobson dravanache loh yancha samavesh asalele sankarit poshak dravan, vividh manak dravananche sharirik gunadharm ektrit karoon santulit poshak dravan tayar karatat jeey vanaspatinchi ishtatam vaadh purn dravanat patal karnyas saksham karate (see. eff. table (5).
nagelche table ess 4.
table (5) nagel aanee itarannusar sudharit sankarit poshak dravanachi rachana."(table ess 4). pii. pii. emm. madhye purn tatvik ekagrata.
hoglandcha varsa.
dennis hogland yanna tyanchya sanshodhan kshetratil eka agraganya adhikari manale jaat hote aanee tyanchya dirghkal chalalelya sanshodhanat tyanche naav dilele samadhan suru karane aanee sthapit karane heey guna hote, jyamule santulit vanaspati poshanasathi aadhar tayar jhaala joou aajahi vaidh aahe. hogland dravanacha vapar keval pruthvivarach keela jaat nahee tarr aantarrashtriy antaral sthankavaril vanaspati utpadan prayoganmadhyehi tyane swatahla siddha kele aahe. jameen, paanee aanee havah, paanee aanee poshak tatvancha pikachya utpadanat vapar aanee nirogi vanaspatijanya padarthanchya utpadanat vapar yasarkhya naisargik sansadhananchya shashvat vaparashi hogland aanee tyachya tyachya nishkarsh sambandhit aahet. hoglandche moolbhut vaidnyanik yogdan aanee mothya pramanavar uddhrut keleli prakashne aadhunik vanaspati shariravidnyan aanee maatee rasayanshastratil sanshodhanasathi aitihasik prasangik aahet, jee pudhil granthasuchimadhye pratibimbit hote.
granthasuchi.
malamadhye aluminiumche nirdharan. see. saha. ell. aaa. schmitt. jeey. biole.
qema., 11 (4): 387-391.
vividh prakaranni sudharit kelelya dukkarchya antarjan chayapachay prakriyecha abhyas
ghatak. (aay.-3.). eae. saha. vhee. mccollum. jeey. biole. qema., 16 (3): 299-315,317-320,321-325.
prashant kinarpattichya kelpsche vidhvansak aasavan. jeey. ind. ing. qema.,
7 (8): 673-676.
prashant kinarpattichya kelpsche sendriya ghatak. jeey. aagar. reey., 4 (1): 39-58.
sagari shaivalatil guntaguntiche karbodke aanee gandhakanche prakar
prashant kinarpatti. ell. saha. ell. labadi. jeey. biole. qema., 23 (1): 287-297.
hydrogen electrodware mojalyapramane matitil aamlata aanee shoshan.
ell. saha. tii. tikshna. jeey. aagar. reey., 7:123-145.
vadhivar hydrogen aanee hydroxyl aayanchya ekagratecha parinam
java rope. maatee vidnyan., 3 (6): 547-560.
hydrojandware mojalyapramane carbon dioxidecha matichya pratikriyeshi sambandh
electrode. ell. saha. tii. tikshna. jeey. aagar. reey., 12 (3): 139-148.
matichya dravanatil badalancha nirdeshank mhanoon gothavanyachya binduchi paddhat
hangam aanee pikanchya vadhimule. jeey. aagar. reey., 12 (6): 369-395.
kaav aanee caco 3 chey rasayanik parinam mativar. bhag I. parinam
matichi pratikriya. aaa saha. doubleu. christy. maatee vidnyan., 5 (5): 379-382.
poshak dravanachya pratikriyeshi vanaspatichya sambandh. vidnyan,
48 (1243): 422-425.
aaml matishi sambandhit alikadil kamachi nond. ell. saha. tii. tikshna. maatee vidnyan.
7 (3): 197-200.
vanaspatinvar upay sanwardhan prayoganchya tantrachi nond ghya.
vidnyan, 49 (1267): 360-362.
chayapachayavar kahee aluminium sanyugancha parinam
manus. see. saha. ell. aaa. schmitt. university. california. pub. marg., 2 (20): 215-244.
ph, etch + aanee oh-mulyanchi sarani; vidyut prerakashi sambandhit
hydrogen electrode mojmapanmadhye nirdharit kelelya shaktinsah
granthasuchi. see. saha. ell. aaa. schmitt. university. california. pub. shareer.5 (4):
23-69.
poshak dravanacha peshi rus rachana aanee pratikriyeshi sambandh
javapasoon. bott. gaz., 68 (4): 297-304.
poshak madhyamachya ekagratecha aanee pratikriyecha sambandh
vanaspatichi vaadh aanee shoshan. jeey. aagar. reey., 18 (2): 73-117.1
anek prakarchya sinchanachya panyacha ph mulyanvar honara parinam aanee
vividh prakarchya matiche gothanbindu daab. aaa saha. doubleu.
christy. university. california. pub. aagar. vidnyan., 4 (6): 141-158.
vanaspatinsathi ishtatam poshak upay. vidnyan, 52 (1354): 562-564.
matichya bhautik sthitivar hangam aanee pikachya vadhicha parinam.
jeey. see. martin. jeey. aagar. reey., 20 (5): 396-4 oo3.
matichya dravanacha matichya arkasobat sambandh. jeey. see. martin aanee
jee. aar. karbhari. jeey. aagar. reey., 20 (5): 381-395.
vanaspatichya sandarbhat matiche dravan. trans. durvar. ess. oo. see., 17 (2): 249-254.
matiche vishleshan aanee maatee aanee vanaspatinche paraspar sambandh. california. aagar. exp. stay.
surr., 235:1-8.
matiche vishleshan aanee maatee aanee vanaspatinche paraspar sambandh. limbuvargiy paaney, 2 (6): 1-2,
16-17.
vanaspatinchi poshan shakti. aaa saha. aar. davis aanee see. buub. lipman.
vidnyan, 57 (1471): 299-301.
shoshanasandarbhat vanaspatichya peshi rasanchi rachana
aayan. aaa saha. aar. davis. jeey. jaann. shareer., 5 (5): 629-646.
ajaivik ghatakanchya sevanavar aanee bafarvar mithacha parinam
vanaspati pranali. jeey. see. martin. california. aagar. exp. stay. tantradnyan. pii.,
8:1-26.
vanaspatindware aayan shoshanyavar pudhil prayog, jyat samavisht aahe
prakashachya prabhavavaril nirikshane. aaa saha. aar. davis. jeey. jaann. shareer.,
6 (1): 47-62.
vanaspatindware aayanche shoshan. maatee vidnyan., 16 (4): 225-246.
valoo aanee dravan sanvardhanachi matishi madhyam mhanoon tulana
vanaspatinchi vaadh. jeey. see. martin. maatee vidnyan., 16 (5): 367-388.
sanwardhan dravanachya pratikriyevar vanaspatichya prabhavacha. california.
aagar. exp. stay. tantradnyan. pii., 12:1-16.
hydrogen-aayanne prabhavit kelelya chikanmatichya colloidvaryl vidyut prabhar
ekagrata aanee vegvegalya ksharanni. doubleu. saha. see. dehuff. maatee vidnyan.,
18 (5): 401-408.
vanaspatindware aayan shoshanyababat soochana. aaa saha. aar.
davis. naveen pranshastradnya, 24 (2): 99-111.
matichya dravanachya tapasaniche sharirik pailu. california. aagar. exp.
stay. hilag., 1 (11): 227-257.
vanaspatinchya ajaivik poshanvishayak kahee tappe
matiche dravanah 1. krutrim sanwardhan madhyamanmadhye vanaspatinchi vaadh.
vidnyan. aagar., 6 (5): 141-151.
vanaspatinchya ajaivik poshanvishayak kahee tappe
matiche dravanah 2. vanaspatinchya vadhisathiche madhyam mhanoon matiche dravan.
vidnyan. aagar., 6 (6): 177-189.
vanaspatinchya vadhivar kahee kshariy ksharancha parinam. jeey. ess. bhaar aanee
aaa. aar. davis. (20) amoort. nisarg aanee matichya dravanache vachan.
(21) panne-paisiphik vaidnyanik parishadepurvi vachalelya kagadpatrancha saransh,
austreliya.
prakash, tapman aanee itar paristhitincha kshamatevar prabhav
peshi rasamadhye halogen kendrit karnyasathi nayatela peshinche. pii. saha. ell.
hibbard aanee aaa. aar. davis. jeey. jaann. shareer., 10 (1): 121-146.
sharirshastrachya drushtikonatun maticha tapas
vanaspati. vanaspati int. conf. maatee vidnyan. rome, 1924,3:535-544.
sanwardhan dravnanmadhye vadhavalelya vanaspatindware jivansatva eeche sanshleshan. sobat
etch. emm. evance. mea. jeey. shareer., 80 (3): 702-704.
krutrim sanwardhan upayanchya paryaptateshi sambandhit alikadil prayog
aanee vividh prakarchya vanaspatinchya vadhisathi matiche dravan.
jeey. see. martin. pahilya aay. tii. chee karyavahi aanee kagadpatre. kang. maatee
vidnyan., 3:1-12.
california vidyapithat nuktyach jhalelya matichya tapasanya punha suru qaraa. moow.
bail. california. vibhag. aagar., 16 (11): 562-568.
maatee vidnyanachi pahili aantarrashtriy parishad, chautha aayog, maatee
prajanankshamta. (saransh.) maatee vidnyan., 25 (1): 45-50.
vanaspatichya peshindware peshindware sanchayanavar eka aayancha prabhav
nayatelachya prayogancha vishesh sandarbh. aaa saha. aar. davis
aanee pii. ell. hibbard. vanaspati shareer., 3 (4): 473-486.
niyantrit vatavaranat vanaspatinchya vadhisathi eka upkaran. sobat
aaa. aar. davis. vanaspati shareer., 3 (3): 277-292.
panyat panyat tomatochya ropanna aavashyak asalelya kiman potassiumchi patali
sanskruti. eae. saha. ess. johnson. maatee vidnyan., 27 (2): 89-109.
vanaspatinchya peshindware electrolytes sevan aanee sanchay. aaa saha. aar.
davis. protoplasma, 6 (4): 610-626.
khatanchya samasya aanee californiatil matiche vishleshan. california. aagar. exp.
stay. surr., 317:1-16.
vanaspatinchya peshindware khanij ghatakancha sanchay. yogdan dya. sagari biole.,
pii. pii. 131-144.
vanaspati sharirvidnyanatil alikadil pragati. paryavaranshastra, 11 (4): 785-786.
falanchya zadanmadhye lahan paaney kinwa gulabache phul, i. doubleu. saha. etch. chandler aanee pii. ell.
hibbard. pro. mea. ess. oo. see. tolhee. vidnyan., 28:556-560.
matichya samasyanchya sandarbhat vanaspatindware khanij ghatakanche shoshan.
vanaspati shareer., 6 (3): 373-388.
falanchya zadanchi chhoti paaney kinwa gulabache phal, 2: jast aanee itar upcharancha parinam.
doubleu. saha. etch. chandler aanee pii. ell. hibbard. pro. mea. ess. oo. see. tolhee.
vidnyan., 29:255-263.
vanaspatinche khanij poshan. varsh. rev. jaivarasayan., 1:618-636.
phosphet aanee potassiumchya kamatarateche vadhivar kahee parinam
aanee niyantrit paristhitit falanchya zadanchi rachana. sobat
doubleu. etch. chandler. pro. mea. ess. oo. see. tolhee. vidnyan., 29:267-271.
falanchya zadanchi chhoti paaney kinwa gulabache gule, 3. doubleu. saha. etch. chandler aanee
pii. ell. hibbard. pro. mea. ess. oo. see. tolhee. vidnyan., 30:70-86.
vanaspatinche khanij poshan. varsh. rev. jaivarasayan., 2:471-484.
niyantrit paristhitit strawberrychya vanaspatiche poshan. (aaa) parinam
boron aanee itar kahee ghatakanchya kamataratanchi, (buub) sanvedansheelata
soodiyam ksharanmule dukhapat hone. doubleu. saha. see. snider. pro. mea. ess. oo. see. tolhee. vidnyan.,
30:288-294.
badalnyayogya, badalnyayogya nasalele aanee matitil dravanatil potassiumchya sandarbhat vanaspatindware potassiumche shoshan. jeey. see. martin. maatee
vidnyan., 36:1-33.
vishesh sandarbhasah potassiumchi upalabdhata nishchit karnyachya paddhati
ardh-shushk maatee. trans. dusra aayog aanee kshar up aayog
aantarrashtriy society. maatee vidnyan. cobenhaven (danmark).
khand. aaa, peepi. 25-31.
lahan paaney kinwa falanchya zadanche gulabache phal, 4. doubleu. saha. etch. chandler aanee pii. ell.
hibbard. pro. mea. ess. oo. see. tolhee. vidnyan., 32:11-19.
californiachya vishesh sandarbhasah barliche potassium poshan
maatee. pro. pachvi prashant vidnyan parishad, pru. 2669-2676.
falanchya zadanchi chhoti paaney kinwa gulabache phal, v: vadhivar jastacha prabhav
niyantrit maatee aanee jaal sanvardhanamadhye vividh prakarchya vanaspatinchi sankhya
prayog. doubleu. saha. etch. chandler aanee pii. ell. hibbard. pro. mea.
ess. oo. see. tolhee. vidnyan., 33:131-141.
kozlowskichya "little leaf kinwa roset auph" yaa lekhavaril tippanya
californiatil falanchi zaade. doubleu. saha. etch. chandler. phytopathology, 25 (5): 522-522
vanaspatindware potassiumche shoshan aanee matidware tyaa sandarbhat sthirikaran
upalabdh poshak tattvancha andaj lavnyasathi kahee vishisht paddhati. jeey. see.
martin. trans. tisra aantar. kang. maatee vidnyan., 1:99-103.
falanchya zadanche chhote-paan kinwa gulabache phul, vi: pudhil prayog
rogachya karanabaddal. doubleu. saha. etch. chandler aanee pii. aar. stoot.
pro. mea. ess. oo. see. tolhee. vidnyan., 34:210-212.
maatee-vanaspati pranalimadhye chayapachay ekak mhanoon vanaspati. nibandh
doubleu. emm. chya sanmanarth bhoo-vanaspatishastra. aaa. sechel. university. california. daba, pii. pii.
219-245.
mulandware meeth sathavanyachya prakriyeche samanya swaroop
prayogik paddhatinche varnan. tii. saha. see. dalal. vanaspati shareer.,
11 (3): 471-507.
uchch vanaspatinchya mithachya poshanatil kahee pailu. bott. rev., 3:307-334.
matishivay vanaspati vadhavanyasathi jaal-sanwardhan paddhat. sobat
dii. aay. arnon. california. aagar. exp. stay. surr., 347, pru. 1-39.*
khatanchya samasya aanee californiatil matiche vishleshan. california. aagar. exp.
stay. surr., 317:1-16 (punaravalokan).
peak utpadanasathi madhyam mhanoon jalsanskruti aanee matichi tulana.
dii. saha. aay. arnon. vidnyan, 89:512-514.
darshavilyapramane vishisht vanaspatinmadhye mithachi varchya aanee bajukadil halchal
potassium, soodiyam aanee phosphorus kiranotsargi samasthanike shoshali jaatat
mulanni. pii. saha. aar. stoot. mea. jeey. bott., 26 (5): 320-324.
chayapachay aanee vanaspatindware meeth shoshan. eff. see. karbhari. nisarg,
143:1031-1032.
vanaspatindware meeth shoshale jaate. eff. see. karbhari. nisarg, 145:116-117.
hydrogen-aayan parinam aanee javchya mulandware mithache sanchay
chayapachayane prabhavit. tii. saha. see. dalal. mea. jeey. bott., 27:173-185.
vanaspatimadhye mithachi varchya dishene halchal. tii. saha. see. dalal aanee pii. aar. stoot.
nisarg, 146:340-340.
vanaspatichya vadhichya sambandhat rasayanik ghatakanche sookshm praman.
vidnyan, 91:557-560.
vishesh sandarbhasah vanaspatichya uutinmadhun rus abhivyaktichya paddhati
utsarjit javchya mulandware meeth sathavanyavar abhyas. tii. saha. see.
dalal. mea. jeey. bott., 27 (7): 501-511.
krutrim sanwardhan upayanmadhye aanee vishesh matimadhye peak utpadan
utpadan aanee ajaivik padarthanchya shoshanavar parinam parinam ghatakancha sandarbh
poshak tatve. dii. saha. aay. arnon. maatee vidnyan., 50 (1): 463-485.
chayapachay vishesh sandarbhasah vanaspati peshindware meeth sanchay
aanee javchya mulanvar prayog. sheet vasant bandar parisanvad
parimanatmak jivashastra, khand. 8.
vanaspati poshan abhyasat kahee aadhunik pragati. pro. mea. ess. oo. see.
sakhar beat tantradnyan., bhag 1:18-26.
molybdenum aanee tambyachya kamatartevar jaal sanwardhan prayog
falanchi zaade. pro. mea. ess. oo. see. tolhee. vidnyan., 38:8-12.
vanaspatinchya vadhisathi poshak tattvanchya upalabdhateche sharirik pailu.
dii. saha. aay. arnon. maatee vidnyan., 51 (1): 431-444.
vanaspati poshan abhyasatil pragatiche pailu. fekoon dya. aagar., 18:247.
vanaspatinchya peshinmadhye mithacha sanchay aanee pargamyata. tii. saha. see. dalal.
jeey. jaann. sharirik., 25 (6): 865-880.
mulanchya chayapachay kriya aanee tyanchya sambandhanvar tyancha parinam
vanaspatinmadhye kshar aanee panyachi varchya dishene halchal. tii. saha. see. dalal.
mea. jeey. bott., 30 (4): 261-273.
poshak tattvanchya purvathyane prabhavit jhalelya tomatochya vanaspatichi rachana,
falanchya ugmashi sambandh. dii. saha. aay. arnon. bott. gaz., 104 (4): 576-590.
vanaspati poshan abhyasache samanya pailu. vidnyan. university. california., pii. pii.
279-294.
krutrim sanwardhan paddhatindware vanaspatinchya poshanacha tapas karane.
dii. saha. aay. arnon. biole. rev. cambra. phil. ess. oo. see., 19 (2): 55-67.
vanaspatinchya ajaivik poshanavaril vyakhyane. (harvard yetheel prathar vyakhyane
vidyapith). chronica botanica kampanidware prakashit. waltham, maas.
vanaspatichya vadhichya sandarbhat molybdenum. maatee vidnyan., 60 (2): 119-123.
matimadhye potassiumche sthirikaran badalnyayogya aanee badalnyayogya nasalelya swarupat
matitil rasayanik pratikriyanchya sandarbhat. jeey. see. martin aanee
aar. overstreet. maatee vidnyan. ess. oo. see. mea. pro., 10:94-101.
vanaspatinche poshan aanee jaivarasayanikshastra, jaivarasayanik pravah
sanshodhan. aantardnyan sarvajanik. ink. aine. vaay., pii. pii. 61-77.
falanchya zadanchi chhoti paaney kinwa gulabache phul, VIII: jast aanee tambyachi kamatarata
coral matimadhye. doubleu. saha. etch. chandler aanee jeey. see. martin. pro. mea. ess. oo. see.
tolhee. vidnyan., 47:15-19.
walter shailidware vanaspati aanee pranyanmadhil ghatakancha magova ghya. rev. kamaan.
jaivarasayan., 13:311-312.
khate, matiche vishleshan aanee vanaspati poshan. california. aagar. exp. stay. surr.,
367:1-24.
niyamit' vyatirikt aavashyak asalelya 'kirkol' ghatakanchi sookshm matra"
khat. aagar. qema.
vanaspatinchya poshanvishayak kahee samasya. dii. saha. aay. arnon. vidnyan. moow., 67 (3): 201-209.
khate, matiche vishleshan aanee vanaspati poshan. california. aagar. exp. stay. surr.,
367:1-24 (punaravalokan).
vanaspatinmadhye ajaivik padarthanche shoshan aanee vapar. sobat
pii. aar. stoot. adhyay. krishi rasayanshastrache VIII, aavrutti. frear, vanne
nakala.
matishivay vanaspati vadhavanyasathi jaal-sanwardhan paddhat. dii. saha. aay. arnon.
california. aagar. exp. stay. surr., 347, pru. 1-32 (punaravalokan).**
badalnyayogya aanee badalnyayogya nasalelya potassiumchya sandarbhat aanee peak aanee sendriya padarthanchya parinamanchya sandarbhat pikanna potassiumchi upalabdhata.
jeey. see. martin. maatee vidnyan. ess. oo. see. mea. pro., 15:272-278.
"national academy auph science archiveschya saujanyane aanee yaa nondinshivay heey shakya jhaale nasate."
| denis robert hogland
denis robert hogland (april 2,1884-september 5,1949) ek americi rasayanshastri rar vanaspati poshan, mato rasayan, jaiva rasayan, rar sharira vigyanko kshetrama kaam garne vanaspati rar mato vaigyanik thie. uni sann 1927 dekhi sann 1949 maa afno mrityu nabhaesamma barkalesthit california vishwavidyalayama vanaspati poshanka pradhyapak thie.
denis hogland samanyataya botabiruwako koshikaharuma electrolyteharuko sakriya yatayat patta lagaunaka lagi parichit chha, niyantrit prayogatmak awasthaharuma naveen model pranaliharu prayog garera, jastai samadhan sanskriti.
hoglandle vibhinna botabiruwaka rogharu zink jasta trace tatwaharuko abhawaka karan hune dekhauna saksham bhayo rar botabiruwako poshan rar vikaska lagi tiniharuko mahatwa sthapit garyo.
unle mato ph sthapana garera botabiruwako vikaska lagi matoko samadhan, tapakram rar prakashko mahatwako adharma botabiruwaharu rar matobichko antarkriyama anusandhanko agragami bane.
hogland rar unka sahayogiharule ek kritrim, purna acarbonic poshak madhyam tayar gare, jaslai vishwawyapi rupma hogland samadhan bhanera chininchha, june vishwawyapi rupma hydroponic rupma botabiruwaharuko khetika lagi prayog bhairaheko chha.
jiwani.
niji jiwan.
denis hogland charles brekinridge hogland (1859-1934) rar lillion mey hogland (1863-1951) kaa chhora thie. unle afno pahilo atha warsha sunaulo rangma bitae rar afno balyakalma uni denbharma basthe. unle denbhar public schoolharuma padhe rar sann 1903 maa stanford vishwavidyalayama prawesh gare. sann 1920 maa, denis arr. haglandle jacy ae sanga vivaha gare. muskuraunchin. sann 1933 maa nimoniabata unko achanak mrityu bhayo. robert charles, albert smiley rar charles rightmyer namak tinjana jawan ketaharulai hurkaune jimmewari unisanga baanki thiyo.
currier.
hoglandle stanford vishwavidyalaya (1907) batt rasayanshastrama pramukhko sath snatak gare. sann 1908 maa uni berkleko california wishwawidyalayako pashu poshan prayogshalama prashikshak rar sahayak bane, june sansthansanga uni afno baanki jiwanka lagi sambandhit rahane thie. tyahan unle pashu poshan rar jaiva rasayanko kshetrama kaam gare. sann 1910 maa uni americako khadya rar aushadhi prashasanma sahayak rasayanshastri niyukta bhae.ess. sann 1912 samma krishi vibhag (schmitt rar hogland, 1912,1919), jab uni wisconsin vishwavidyalayama elmer mccollumsanga krishi rasayanshastra vibhagko snatak vidyalayama prawesh gare, sann 1913 maa afno master degree prapta gare (mccollum rar hogland, 1913). tyas warshako antyama uni krishi rasayanshastraka sahayak pradhyapak rar sann 1922 maa berklema vanaspati poshanka sahayak pradhyapak bane. uni "biochemistryko warshik samiksha" kaa sansthapak thie rar "botabiruwako shariravigyanko warshik samiksha" rar "aushadhiko warshik samiksha" kaa prastawak thie june unko mrityupachhi sann 1950 maa pahilo patak dekha paryo.
kaam.
sankshipta awalokan.
pahilo wishwayuddhako samayama, hoglandle german samrajyabata sanyukta rajya americama potassiumma adharit malko ayatko kamilai khairo shaiwalbata botabiruwako arkako sath pratisthapan garne prayas garyo, vishal kelpako samudri panibata tatwaharu chayan garera awashoshit garne kshamatabata prerit rar samudri panima paine sandrata bhanda dherai patak potassium rar iodide jamma garna (hogland, 1915). yee nishkarshaharuko adharma unle ekagrata prawanta viruddha nun awashoshit garne botabiruwako kshamatako anusandhan gare rar niyantrit prayogatmak awasthaharuma naveen model pranaliharu prayog garera metabolic urjama poshak tatwa awashoshan rar sthanantaranko nirbhartako patta lagae (hogland, hibard, rar devis, 1926).
afno wyawasthit anusandhanko kramama, mukhyataya samadhan sanskriti prawidhidwara, rar julius bhon saksako siddhanta rar wilheim nopko kambata prerit bhaera, unle hogland samadhanka lagi adharbhut sutra vikas gare, jasko sanrachana muel rupma uccha utpadakatwako kehi matobata prapta wisthapit mato samadhan pachhi dhancha garieko thiyo (hogland, 1919) 1. unko anusandhanle jiwit koshikaharulai awashyak parne trace tatwaharuko awashyakta rar karyama nayan khojharu pani nimtyayo, yasari tamatarko botabiruwako vikaska lagi molybdenumko awashyakta sthapit bhayo, udaharanka lagi (arnon rar hogland, 1940; hogland, 1945). hoglandle vibhinna botabiruwaka rogharu zink (hogland, chandler, rar hibard, 1931, ff) jasta trace tatwaharuko kamika karan bhaeko dekhauna saksham thiyo.), rar tyo boron, manganese, zink, rar tama samanya botabiruwako vikaska lagi apariharya chhan (hogland, 1937).
unle matoma poshak tatwaharuko upalabdhata rar awashoshan (kritrim) samadhanharu (hogland, 1916,1917,1920,1922; hogland rar arnon, 1941) maa ramro samajh prapta garna, udaharanka lagi, mato samadhanko sharirik santulan rar botabiruwako wridhiko nirbhartalai sambodhan garne botabiruwaharu-matoko antarsambandhama vishesh chaso lie. hogland rar unka sahayogiharu, unka anusandhan sahayak william jade sahit. yass prakar, jhamela, harit biruwaharuma adharbhut cellular sharirik prakriyaharuko bujhaima yogdan puryaunchha june suryako prakashle urjako antim rupko rupma sanchalit hunchha (hogland rar devis, 1929; hogland rar steward, 1939,1940; hogland, 1944,1946).
hogland rar nups samadhanharu.
denis hogland matoko gholko sanrachanama adharit nayan prakarko samadhan vikas garne pahilo wyakti thie (hogland, 1919) 1. unle samadhanma ekagrata rar poshak tatwaharuko kull matra (johnson rar hogland, 1929) beach bhinnata dekhaune pahilo safal awadharana pani vikas gare. hogland samadhan" shabda pahilo patak sann 1922 maa olof araheniyasle sann 1919 ko hogland prakashanko sandarbhama ullekha gareka thie jahaan unle istatam poshak tatwa samadhanlai "nyunatam ekagrata jasle adhikatam utpadan dinchha rar tyasabhanda bahira kunai sudhar thiena" bhanera paribhashit gare. sann 1920 maa hoglandwara prakashit sambandhit samadhan sibhko samadhanko tulanama jauko botabiruwa wriddhi mapdandharuko anusandhan garna lagu garieko thiyo. sann 1920 ko dashakma vibhinna ph manharuma parimarjit hogland samadhanma alfalfako wridhiko anusandhan garieko thiyo. sann 1930 ko dashakma hogland rar unka sahayogiharule kehi botabiruwaka rogharuko anusandhan gare, rar yasari, lawanta jasta awasthit matoko awasthasanga sambandhit lakshanharu awalokan gare. yass sandarbhama, hoglandle niyantrit prayogshala awasthaharuma saman lakshanharu pradan garne ashama water culture prayogharu garyo. yee prayogharuka lagi hogland samadhan (0), macronutrient, falam, rar purak samadhan ae rar bee (trace tatwaharu) sahit, californiama straberryka kehi rogharuko anusandhan garna nayan wiksit garieko thiyo (hogland rar snider, 1933).
hoglandko anusandhanlai plant pathologist echdwara samarthan garieko thiyo. ei. thomas rar w. see. snider, rar botabiruwa poshan rar hydrocultureko arko agragami, william fredrick gerikbata prabhawit. wyawasayik krishima jaal sanskritiko siddhantaharu lagu garnama gerikko abhutpurva parinamharule unlai yass vishayama afno anusandhan wistar garna prerit pradan jasko parinamswarup antatah hogland samadhan (1) rar (2) (hogland rar arnon, 1938,1950) bhayo. hogland samadhan (0) rar (1) ko macronutrientharuk sanrachana rar ekagrata wilheim nopko chaar-nun mishran rar hogland rar unka sahayogiharuko prayogatmak parinamharuma moller anupatma patta lagauna sakinchha (cf. talika (1) rar (2)). hagalandko gholko viparit, nups gholalai falam bahek trace tatwaharu (sukshma poshak tatwaharu) ley purak garieko thiena, kinbhane wilheim napsako dinma rasayanharu vishesh gari shudha thienan. sukshma poshak tatwaharu, yo thaha bina, pahile nai brihat poshak lawanharuma ashuddhatako rupma upasthit thie. sann 1930 rar tyasapachhika samayadekhi trace sandratako vishleshanka lagi adhik atyadhik shudha rasayan rar adhik sanvedanshil vidhiharu wiksit gariyo.
nopko chaar-nun mishran.
table (1) nups fore-salt mixture (1865)
macronutrientharu.
table (2) hoglandko ghol (0,1,2) rar napsako gholma macronutrientharuk sanrachana rar purna ekagrata
hoglandka vidyarthiharuma daniel israel arnon samawesh thie jasle hogland samadhan (2) (cf) ko macronutrientharuk sanrachana parimarjan gare. talika 2) rar hogland samadhan (1) rar (2) (cf) ko sukshma poshak tatwaharu (b, mn, zn, cu, MO, rar cl) ko ekagrata. table (3)) sanyukta prayasko parinamko rupma, rar folke carle scoog. murasiz rar scoog madhyamko viparit, naha tata bhitamin naha tata anya jaivik yaugikharu hogland samadhanka lagi yojakka rupma pradan garinchha, tara samagriko rupma awashyak khanijharu matra pradan garinchha. murasige rar schoogle nishkarsh nikale kii setoko parimarjit madhyamma sanskrit surtijanya kalasko wridhiko prawardhan mukhyataya jaliya surtijanya patko arkama jaivik ghatakharuko satta akarbanikko karanle how.
sukshma poshak tatwaharu.
table (3) hoglandko gholma awashyak sukshma poshak tatwaharuko sanrachana rar purna ekagrata (0,1,2)
atirikta sukshma poshak tatwako rupma, 9 micron ferric tartrate (c12h12fe2o18) 18 micronol/ell fay 3 + ko ekagratasanga sambandhit, hogland samadhan sutra (0,1,2) maa thapincha. samadhan (2) maa ammonium rar nitrate lawanharu hunchhan rar kahilekaahin samadhan (0,1) (cf) bhanda prathamikta dina sakinchha. talika 2) kinbhane ammonium ayanle awanchhaniya kshariyatako vikasma dhilai gardacha (hogland rar arnon, 1938,1950). yadyapi, yo dherai bally prajatiharuka lagi vishakta chha rar wirlai nai ekmatra nitrogen srotko rupma prayog garinchha.
vivadit parikalpanaharu.
maulik rupma bhinna sandrata rar nun anupatko samadhanle baliko utpadanma kunai mahatwapurna hadasamma asar gardaina bhanne nishkarshma hoglandle pugyo. yadyapi, halaika adhyayanharule wriddhi rar utpadanma bhinnata pahile nai ekagrata maa sano bhinnataharu sanga samanya rupma prayog poshak tatwa samadhanharu beach jaari raheko khulasa garyo. udaharanka lagi, hoglandko samadhan (2) ley kramashah uccha-tunnel rar khula-khetra awasthama anjirka rukhharuko wriddhi lyayo. jaal sanskriti mato sanskritibhanda wirlai utkrishta thiyo bhanne hoglandko parikalpanako euta mahatwapurna kendriya paksha ("tulanatmak paristhitiharuma utpadanharu ullekhaniya rupma bhinna hundainan") shankaspad chha (hogland rar arnon, 1938,1950). udaharanka lagi, jaal sanwardhanle anya wriddhi substrateharuko tulanama hydroponic rupma ubjaune surtijanya botabiruwaharuko uccha biomass rar protein utpadan nimtyayo, saman watawarniya awasthama kheti gariyo rar saman matrama poshak tatwaharu apurti gariyo.
jerikko viparit, hoglandle samadhan sanskritilai mukhyataya vaigyanik niyamharu patta lagaune vidhika rupma manthe, jabki jerikle hydroponics ajhai satik vigyan thiena bhanne kurama jode die. lekhakharuko bhinna vicharharu nimna uddharanharudwara chitran garieko chhah "yasako wyawasayik prayog dherai simit paristhitiharuma rar kewal visheshagya paryawekshanma nyayasangat chha" (hogland rar arnon, 1938,1950, "mato bina botabiruwaharu ubjaunaka lagi pani sanwardhan vidhi"); "wastawma, yo spashta chha kii hydroponicslai krishi bhanda prati ekai kshetrafalma thulo kharcha chahinchha, yaa tata utpadan thulo hunuparchha, wa tyahan anya kshatipurti hunupardacha, yadi vidhi wyawasayik rupma safal huna chahiyo bhane. rar anubhawle pahile nai yo safal huna sakchha bhanera dekhaeko chha "(gerik, 1940," matovihin bagawanika lagi purna guide "). achammako kura hoina, hydroponicsko itihasle paramparagat krishika lagi upayogi purakko rupma yass prawidhiko wyawasayik prayogko barema unko dabima geriklai sahi pramanit gareko chha.
puraskar rar samman.
hogland sann 1916 maa american association ferr da advancement aff sines (aaas) kaa felo rar sann 1934 maa national ekedemy aff scienceka sadasya bane. unka dherai awishkarharuko manyatama, american society aff plant physiologistsle denis hoglandlai sann 1932 maa adhyakshaka rupma nirvachit pradan rar unlai sann 1929 maa pahilo stephen hells puraskar pradan pradan. sann 1940 maa daniel aie sanga milera. tathapi, unle "sharirik pakshaharuko vishesh sandarbhaka sath poshak tatwaharuko upalabdhata" kaa lagi ass nucomb cleveland puraskar prapta gare. sann 1944 maa unle "botabiruwako acarbonic poshanma wyakhyan" prakashit gare jasko upashirshak "harward vishwavidyalayama prather wyakhyan" thiyo jaslai unlai sann 1942 maa harward vishwavidyalayama dina amantrit garieko thiyo. sann 1945 maa uni american ekedemy aff arts anned scienceka sadasya chunie.
denis arr. hogland award, "pahilo patak 1985 maa american society aff plant biologistsdwara prastut garieko, rar" hogland hull ", june wayumandaliya vigyan karyakramko sathasathai yusi devisma watawarniya swasthya rar suraksha karyalaya how, unko sammanma naam diieko chha.
dharana.
manak poshak tatwa samadhanharu.
ajkal botabiruwako poshan rar botabiruwako utak khetika lagi sabaibhanda samanya samadhanharu hogland rar arnon (1938,1950), rar murashige rar scoog (1962) batt hune farmulesonharu hun. adhunik nirmataharule botabiruwaka prajanankarta, kissan rar ausat upabhoktaharuka lagi taral kendrit mull utpadan garna hogland rar arnonka adharbhut sutraharu nakkal gardaichhan. yahansamma kii hugland, nup, murashige rar skugko naam pani naveen utpadanharuka lagi brandko rupma prayog garinchha, jastai.zee., haglandko hoina. 2 besal nun mishran "wa" murasiz rar scoog besal nun mishran ", june samanyataya vanaspati vigyanma manak rasayanko rupma prayog garinchha. hogland rar nup madhyam" vishesh gari sterile agarma botabiruwako koshikaharu, utakharu rar anga sanskritiharuka lagi tayar garieko thiyo.
hogland rar anya dherai vanaspati poshanawidharule afno kariyarko samayama 150 bhanda badhi vibhinna poshak tatwa samadhan wyanjanharu prayog gare (cf. table (4). wastawma, dherai poshak tatwaharu prayog garne vidhiharule manak namalai janaunchha yadyapi tiniharuko muel sutrasanga thorai sambandha chha. udaharanka lagi, hewitle warnan gareanusar, "hogland" ko namama dheraiwata parikarharu prakashit bhaeka chhan, rar ajasamma muel rachanako barema smriti gumaunda bhram utpanna huna sakchha.
hewitko table 30ae.
table (4) hewitt (talika 30ae) anusar parimarjan garieka chayan garieka manak poshak tatwa samadhanharuko sanrachana. ppmko rupma (awashyak) tatwaharuko purna ekagrata.
hybrid poshak tatwa samadhanharu.
udaharanka lagi, parimarjit hogland samadhanko macronutrientheru (1), parimarjit lamo ashton samadhanko sukshma poshak tatwaharu, rar parimarjit jacobson samadhanko falamle milera baneko hybrid poshak tatwa samadhanharule vibhinna manak samadhanharuko sharirik gunharulai joddachha jasle santulit poshak tatwa samadhan sirjana gardacha jasle purna samadhan (cf) maa patlo garieko biruwako istatam wriddhilai saksham gardacha. table (5).
nagelko table ess 4.
table (5) nagel "att all" anusar parimarjan garieko sankar poshak tatwa samadhanko sanrachana."(table ess 4). ppmma purna maulik ekagrata.
hoglandko virasata.
denis hoglandlai unko anusandhanko kshetrama ek agrani pradhikaran manincha rar unko lamo anusandhan yogyata unko namama rakhieko samadhan suru garnu rar sthapana garnu thiyo, jasle garda santulit botabiruwako poshanko adhar sirjana bhayo june az pani manya chha. hugland samadhan prithvima matra prayog hundaina, tara antarrashtriya antariksha stationma botabiruwa utpadan prayogharuma pani pramanit bhaeko chha. hogland rar unka sahayogiharuko nishkarshaharu mato, pani rar hawa, pani rar poshak tatwaharu bally utpadanma dakshata rar swastha botabiruwako khanako utpadanma prakritik srotharuko digo prayogsanga sandarbhik chhan. hoglandko maulik vaigyanik yogdan rar wyapak rupma uddhrit prakashanharu adhunik vanaspati sharira vigyan rar mato rasayanshastrama anusandhanka lagi aitihasik sandarbhik chhan, june nimna granthasuchima pratibimbit hunchha.
granthasuchi.
malma aluminiumko nirdharan. C sanga. ell. ae. schmitt. jey. biol.
kem., 11 (4): 387-391.
sungurko antarjan chayapchayako adhyayan vibhinnadwara parimarjan garieko rupma
karakharu. (mahm.-3.). eae sanga. wee. mccollum. jey. biol. kem., 16 (3): 299-315,317-320,321-325.
prashanta tata kelpsko vinashkari asawan. jey. ind. ing. kem.,
7 (8): 673-676.
prashanta tata kelpska jaivik ghatakharu. jey. agar. rey., 4 (1): 39-58.
samudri shaiwalma jatil carbohydrate rar salfarka rupharu
prashanta tatabata. elsanga. ell. jhuta. jey. biol. kem., 23 (1): 287-297.
hydrogen electroadwara mapan garieko matoma amlata rar awashoshan.
elsanga. tea. tikho. jey. agar. rey., 7:123-145.
vridhima hydrogen rar hydroxyl ayanko ekagratako prabhawa
jauko biruwa. mato vigyan., 3 (6): 547-560.
hydrojandwara mapan garieko carbon dioxideko mato pratikriyasangko sambandha
electroad. elsanga. tea. tikho. jey. agar. rey., 12 (3): 139-148.
matoko gholma bhinnataharuko suchakankako rupma freezing-point vidhi
mausam rar bally wridhiko karan. jey. agar. rey., 12 (6): 369-395.
matoma kao rar caco 3 ko rasayanik prabhawharu. bhag I. prabhawa
matoko pratikriyama. ae sanga. w. christy. mato vigyan., 5 (5): 379-382.
poshak tatwako samadhanko pratikriyasanga biruwako sambandha. vigyan,
48 (1243): 422-425.
acid matoko barema halaiko kamko barema tippaniharu. elsanga. tea. tikho. mato vigyan.
7 (3): 197-200.
botabiruwaharusanga samadhan sanwardhan prayogharuko prawidhima note garnuhos.
vigyan, 49 (1267): 360-362.
metabolismma kehi aluminium yaugikharuko prabhawa
manis. C sanga. ell. ae. schmitt. yunibh. california. pub. bato., 2 (20): 215-244.
Ph, h +, rar oh-manharuko talika; electromotivesang sambandhit
hydrogen electroad mapanma nirdharit balharu, ek sanga
granthasuchi. C sanga. ell. ae. schmitt. yunibh. california. pub. sharira.5 (4):
23-69.
koshikako rasko sanrachana rar pratikriyama poshak tatwa samadhanko sambandha
jauko. boat. gaj., 68 (4): 297-304.
poshak tatwako madhyamko ekagrata rar pratikriyako sambandha
biruwako wriddhi rar awashoshanka lagi. jey. agar. rey., 18 (2): 73-117.1
ph manma vibhinna prakarka sinchaiko paniko prabhawa rar
vibhinna prakarka matoko himank bindu awasad. ae sanga. w.
christy. yunibh. california. pub. agar. vigyan., 4 (6): 141-158.
biruwaka lagi istatam poshak samadhanharu. vigyan, 52 (1354): 562-564.
matoko bhautik awasthama mausam rar bally wridhiko prabhawa.
jey sanga. see. martin. jey. agar. rey., 20 (5): 396-4 o3.
matoko gholko matoko arkasanga sambandha. jey sanga. see. martin rar
zee. arr. stuart. jey. agar. rey., 20 (5): 381-395.
biruwako sambandhama matoko samadhan. trans. tadha. soe., 17 (2): 249-254.
mato vishleshan rar mato rar botabiruwako antarsambandha. california. agar. ex. stey.
sira., 235:1-8.
mato vishleshan rar mato rar botabiruwako antarsambandha. citrus paat, 2 (6): 1-2,
16-17.
biruwako poshan shakti. ae sanga. arr. devis rar see. bee. lipman.
vigyan, 57 (1471): 299-301.
awashoshanko sambandhama biruwako koshikako rasko sanrachana
ayanharu. ae sanga. arr. devis. jey. zen. sharira., 5 (5): 629-646.
acarbonic tatwaharuko sevan rar bafarma nunko prabhawa
plantko pranali. jey sanga. see. martin. california. agar. ex. stey. prawidhik. pee.,
8:1-26.
wanaspatiharudwara ayanharuko awashoshanma thap prayogharu, sahit
prakashko prabhawabare awalokan. ae sanga. arr. devis. jey. zen. sharira.,
6 (1): 47-62.
biruwaharudwara ayanharuko awashoshan. mato vigyan., 16 (4): 225-246.
baluwako rar samadhan sanskritiko matosanga mediako rupma tulana
biruwako wriddhi. jey sanga. see. martin. mato vigyan., 16 (5): 367-388.
culture samadhanko pratikriyama biruwako prabhawa. california.
agar. ex. stey. prawidhik. pee., 12:1-16.
hydrogen-ayanbata prabhawit matoko colloidma vidyutiya charge
ekagrata rar vibhinna lawanharudwara. w sanga. see. dehf. mato vigyan.,
18 (5): 401-408.
biruwaharudwara ayanharuko awashoshan sambandhi sujhawaharu. ae sanga. arr.
devis. nayan phytologist, 24 (2): 99-111.
mato samadhan anusandhanko sharirik pakshaharu. california. agar. ex.
stey. hillog., 1 (11): 227-257.
yass sambandhama botabiruwako acarbonic poshanka kehi charanharu
mato samadhanaha 1. kritrim sanskriti mediama botabiruwako wriddhi.
vigyan. agar., 6 (5): 141-151.
yass sambandhama botabiruwako acarbonic poshanka kehi charanharu
mato samadhanaha 2. biruwako vikaska lagi mediako rupma mato samadhan.
vigyan. agar., 6 (6): 177-189.
botabiruwako vikasma kehi kshariya lawanko prabhawa. jey sanga. ess. bhar rar
ae. arr. devis. (20) amurta. prakriti rar mato samadhanko pratigya.
(21) pyan-pasific vaigyanik sammelanaghi padheka kagajatharuko saar,
australia.
prakash, tapakram, rar kshamatama anya awasthaharuko prabhawa
cell rasma halogenharu kendrit garna naitela koshikaharuko. pee sanga. ell.
hibard rar ae. arr. devis. jey. zen. sharira., 10 (1): 121-146.
shariravigyanko drishtikonbata matoko anusandhan
biruwako. chautho int. conf. mato vigyan. rome, 1924,3:535-544.
culture samadhanharuma ubjaune botabiruwaharudwara bhitamin iko sanshleshan. sath
etch. emm. evance. mahm hun. jey. sharira., 80 (3): 702-704.
kritrim sanskriti samadhanharuko paryaptatako barema halaika prayogharu
rar vibhinna prakarka biruwaharuko vikaska lagi mato samadhanharu.
jey sanga. see. martin. pahilo intco karyawahi rar kagajatharu. kang. mato
vigyan., 3:1-12.
california vishwavidyalayama halaiko mato anusandhanko punah suru garnuhos. moe.
saandhe. california. vibhag. agar., 16 (11): 562-568.
mato vigyanko pahilo antarrashtriya sammelan, chautho ayog, mato
prajanan kshamata. (saransh.) mato vigyan., 25 (1): 45-50.
botabiruwako koshikadwara arkoko sanchayama ek ayanko prabhawa
naitelasanga prayog garne vishesh sandarbha. ae sanga. arr. devis
rar pee. ell. hibard. vanaspati sharira., 3 (4): 473-486.
niyantrit watawaranma botabiruwako wriddhika lagi ek upkaran. sath
ae. arr. devis. vanaspati sharira., 3 (3): 277-292.
panima ubjaune tamatarka biruwaharulai awashyak parne nyunatam potassium star
sanskriti. eae sanga. ess. johnson. mato vigyan., 27 (2): 89-109.
botabiruwako koshikadwara electrolyteko sevan rar sanchay. ae sanga. arr.
devis. protoplasma, 6 (4): 610-626.
californiama mull samasya rar matoko vishleshan. california. agar. ex.
stey. sira., 317:1-16.
vanaspati koshikaharudwara khanij tatwaharuko sanchay. yogdan dinuhos. samudri biol.,
pp. 131-144.
vanaspati shariravigyanma halaiko pragati. paristhitiki, 11 (4): 785-786.
falafulka rukhharuma sano paat wa gulab, arthat. w sanga. etch. chandler rar pee. ell.
hibard. pro. mahm hun. soe. heart. vigyan., 28:556-560.
matoko samasyaharuko sambandhama botabiruwaharudwara khanij tatwaharuko awashoshan.
vanaspati sharira., 6 (3): 373-388.
falafulka rukhharuko sano paat wa gulab, 2: zink rar anya upcharharuko prabhawa.
w sanga. etch. chandler rar pee. ell. hibard. pro. mahm hun. soe. heart.
vigyan., 29:255-263.
biruwako khanij poshan. warsha. rev. biochemical., 1:618-636.
vridhima fasfet rar potassiumko kamiko kehi prabhawharu
rar niyantrit awasthama falafulka rukhharuko sanrachana. sath
w. etch. chandler. pro. mahm hun. soe. heart. vigyan., 29:267-271.
falafulka rukhharuko sano paat wa gulab, iii. w sanga. etch. chandler rar
pee. ell. hibard. pro. mahm hun. soe. heart. vigyan., 30:70-86.
biruwako khanij poshan. warsha. rev. biochemical., 2:471-484.
niyantrit awasthama straberry biruwako poshan. (kaka) prabhawa
boron rar kehi anya tatwaharuko kamiharuko, (kha) sanwedanshilta
sodium lawanbata chot. w sanga. see. snider. pro. mahm hun. soe. heart. vigyan.,
30:288-294.
pratisthapan yogya, gaira-pratisthapan yogya, rar mato samadhan potatiumko sambandhama botabiruwaharudwara potatiumko awashoshan. jey sanga. see. martin. mato
vigyan., 36:1-33.
vishesh sandarbhaka sath potassiumko upalabdhata nirdharan garne vidhiharu
ardha-shushka mato. trans. dosro ayog rar kshar upa-ayog
antarrashtriya sos. mato vigyan. kobenhabhan (danmark).
bholyum. ae, pp. 25-31.
falafulka rukhharuko sano paat wa gulab, IV. w sanga. etch. chandler rar pee. ell.
hibard. pro. mahm hun. soe. heart. vigyan., 32:11-19.
californiako vishesh sandarbhaka sath jauko potassium poshan
mato. pro. panchaun pasific vigyan congress, pri. 2669-2676.
falafulka rukhharuko sano paat wa gulab, v: vridhima jinkko prabhawa
niyantrit mato rar jaal sanwardhanma vibhinna prakarka biruwaharuko
prayogharu. w sanga. etch. chandler rar pee. ell. hibard. pro. mahm hun.
soe. heart. vigyan., 33:131-141.
kozlowskiko lekhma tippaniharu "sano paat wa gulabko
californiama falafulka rukhharu. w sanga. etch. chandler. phytopathology, 25 (5): 522-522
botabiruwadwara potassiumko awashoshan rar yass sambandhama matodwara sthirikaran
upalabdha poshak tatwaharuko anuman garna nishchit vidhiharu. jey sanga. see.
martin. trans. tesro antar. kang. mato vigyan., 1:99-103.
falafulka rukhharuko sano paat wa gulab, vi: asar garne thap prayogharu
rogko karan. w sanga. etch. chandler rar pee. arr. stut.
pro. mahm hun. soe. heart. vigyan., 34:210-212.
mato-biruwa pranalima metabolic ekaiko rupma boat. nibandhaharu
wmko sammanma geobotni. ae. sechel. yunibh. california. press, pp.
219-245.
jarabata nun jamma hune prakriyako samanya prakriti
prayogatmak widhiharuko vivaran. tea sanga. see. broyer. vanaspati sharira.,
11 (3): 471-507.
uccha biruwako nun poshanka kehi pakshaharu. boat. rev., 3:307-334.
matobina biruwaharu ubjaunaka lagi jaal-kheti vidhi. sath
dee. mahm. arnon. california. agar. ex. stey. sira., 347, pri. 1-39.*
californiama mull samasya rar matoko vishleshan. california. agar. ex.
stey. sira., 317:1-16 (sanshodhan).
bally utpadanka lagi madhyamko rupma jaal sanskriti rar matoko tulana.
dee sanga. mahm. arnon. vigyan, 89:512-514.
dwara sanket garie anusar kehi botabiruwaharuma nunko mathi rar parshwiya gati
potasium, sodium rar fasforasko radiodharmi aisotopharu awashoshit hunchhan
jarabata. pee sanga. arr. stut. mahm hun. jey. boat., 26 (5): 320-324.
wanaspatiharudwara metabolism rar nun awashoshan. ef. see. karbhari. prakriti,
143:1031-1032.
biruwaharudwara nun awashoshan. ef. see. karbhari. prakriti, 145:116-117.
hydrogen-ayan prabhawharu rar jauko jarabata nunko sanchay
metabolismbata prabhawit. tea sanga. see. broyer. mahm hun. jey. boat., 27:173-185.
botma nunko mathi jaane gati. tea sanga. see. broyer rar pee. arr. stut.
prakriti, 146:340-340.
botabiruwako wridhiko sambandhama rasayanik tatwaharuko minet matra.
vigyan, 91:557-560.
vishesh sandarbhaka sath botko utakharubata rus abhiwyaktiko vidhiharu
utsarjit jauko jarabata nun jamma hunebare adhyayan. tea sanga. see.
broyer. mahm hun. jey. boat., 27 (7): 501-511.
kritrim sanskriti samadhanharuma rar vishesh matoma bally utpadan
utpadan rar akarbanikko awashoshanlai prabhawa parney karakharuko sandarbha
poshak tatwaharu. dee sanga. mahm. arnon. mato vigyan., 50 (1): 463-485.
metabolismko vishesh sandarbhaka sath botabiruwako koshikaharudwara nun jamma
rar jauko jarama prayogharu. cold spring harber symposia
matratmak jiwawigyan, khanda. 8.
vanaspati poshanko adhyayanma kehi adhunik pragatiharu. pro. mahm hun. soe.
chiny chukander prawidhi., bhag 1:18-26.
molybdenum rar tamako kamima jaal sanwardhan prayogharu
falafulka rukhharu. pro. mahm hun. soe. heart. vigyan., 38:8-12.
botabiruwako vikaska lagi poshak tatwaharuko upalabdhatako sharirik pakshaharu.
dee sanga. mahm. arnon. mato vigyan., 51 (1): 431-444.
vanaspati poshanko adhyayanma pragatiko paksha. trop garnuhos. agar., 18:247.
botabiruwako koshikama nun rar paragamyatako sanchay. tea sanga. see. broyer.
jey. zen. physiol., 25 (6): 865-880.
jarako chayapchaya gatiwidhiharu rar tiniharuko sambandhama asar
botabiruwama nun rar paniko mathillo gati. tea sanga. see. broyer.
mahm hun. jey. boat., 30 (4): 261-273.
poshak tatwako apurtibata prabhawit tamatarko biruwako sanrachana,
falafulko utpadansanga sambandhit. dee sanga. mahm. arnon. boat. gaj., 104 (4): 576-590.
vanaspati poshanko adhyayanko samanya pakshaharu. vigyan. yunibh. california., pp.
279-294.
kritrim sanskriti vidhiharudwara botabiruwako poshanko anusandhan.
dee sanga. mahm. arnon. biol. rev. cambra. fill. soe., 19 (2): 55-67.
biruwako acarbonic poshanka barema wyakhyan. (harwardma prather wyakhyanharu
vishwavidyalaya). chronica botanica ko dwara prakashit. waltham, mass.
botabiruwako wridhiko sambandhama molybdenum. mato vigyan., 60 (2): 119-123.
pratisthapan yogya rar gaira-pratisthapan yogya rupharuma matoma potassium sthirikaran
matoma hune rasayanik pratikriyaharuko sambandhama. jey sanga. see. martin rar
arr. overstreet. mato vigyan. soe. mahm hun. pro., 10:94-101.
botabiruwako poshan rar jaiva rasayan, jaiva rasayanikma prawahaharu
anusandhan. antaragyan sarvajanik. Inc. enn. wai., pp. 61-77.
falafulka rukhharuko sano paat wa gulab, VIII: zink rar tamako kami
coral matoma. w sanga. etch. chandler rar jey. see. martin. pro. mahm hun. soe.
heart. vigyan., 47:15-19.
walter shailiharudwara vanaspati rar janawarharuma tatwaharu patta lagaunuhos. rev. arch.
biochemical., 13:311-312.
mull, mato vishleshan, rar vanaspati poshan. california. agar. ex. stey. sira.,
367:1-24.
niyamit" kaa atirikta awashyak "sanah" tatwaharuko minet matra"
mull. agar. kem.
vanaspati poshanka kehi samasyaharu. dee sanga. mahm. arnon. vigyan. moe., 67 (3): 201-209.
mull, mato vishleshan, rar vanaspati poshan. california. agar. ex. stey. sira.,
367:1-24 (sanshodhan).
botabiruwama acarbonic padarthaharuko awashoshan rar upayog. sath
pee. arr. stut. chap. krishi rasayanshastrako VIII, aid. dwara frear, bhyan
nasika.
matobina biruwaharu ubjaunaka lagi jaal-kheti vidhi. dee sanga. mahm. arnon.
california. agar. ex. stey. sira., 347, pri. 1-32 (sanshodhan).**
pratisthapan yogya rar gaira-pratisthapan yogya potassium rar bally rar jaivik padarthako prabhawko sambandhama baliharuma potassiumko upalabdhata.
jey sanga. see. martin. mato vigyan. soe. mahm hun. pro., 15:272-278.
"vigyan abhilekhharuko rashtriya ekedemiko saujanya, rar yee prawishtiharu bina yo sambhawa hune thiena."
| denis robert hogland
denis robert hogland (april 2,1884-september 5,1949) jane americae rasayan bigyani ebong udbhida ebong mruttika baigyanika thile, jie udbhida poshana, mruttika rasayan, jaiba rasayan ebong sharira bigyana khetrare karjya karuthile. shay 1927 ru 1949 ray taanka mrutyu parjyanta barkalere thiba california biswabidyalajare udbhida poshanara professor thile.
denis hogland sadharanatah udbhida koshare electrolytesara sakriya paribahana abishkara paain janashuna, nijantrita parikhyamulaka paristhitire abhinaba model system byabahara curry, jepariki samadhan sanskruti .
hogland dekhaithila je jinka bhali sukshma upadanara abhaba jogun bibhinna udbhida roga hoithae ebong udbhida poshana ebong bikash paain segudikara gurutwa pratistha karithila.
mruttika ph pratistha curry udbhida ebong mruttika madhyare parasparika kriya ebong udbhida brudhi paain mruttika drabana, tapmatra ebong alokar gurutwa upare shay gabeshanara pathapradarshaka thile.
hogland ebong taanka sahajogeemane eka krutrima, sampurna ajaiba poshaka madhyama prastuta karithile, jaahaa sarbabharatija bhabare hogland drabana bhabare janashuna, jaahaa jala-poshika bhabare udbhida chaash paain biswabyapee byabahruta heuchhi .
jeebani.
byaktigata zeeban.
denis hogland charles breakinridge hogland (1859-1934) ebong lilian meey hogland (1863-1951) nka pua thile. shay tankara pratham aatha barsha subarnare bitaithile ebong taanka piladinara parabarti samajare shay denbharare rahuthile. shay denver public schoolre adhyajana karithile ebong 1903 ray stanford biswabidyalajare prabesha karithile. 1920 masihare, denis aarr. hogland jessy aii. nku bibaha karithile. hasila. 1933 masihare nimoniaare shay hathat mrutyubarana karithile. robert charles, albert smiley ebong charles rightmyer namaka tinijana jubakaku lalanapalana karibara dajitwa taanka upare chhadi diajaithila.
kyariyara.
hagland stanford biswabidyalajaru (1907) rasayan bigyanare mejara sahita snataka hassel karithile. 1908 masihare shay barkalesthita california biswabidyalajara pashu poshana parikhyagarare jane prashikhyaka ebong sahajaka hoithile, jeun anusthana sahita shay taanka abasista zeeban paain jadita rahibe. sethare shay pashu poshana ebong jaiba rasayan khetrare karjya karithile. 1910 masihare shay jayu. aii. rahr khadya ebong oushadha prashasanare sahakaree rasayan bigyani bhabare nijukta hoithile.ess. 1912 parjyanta krushi bibhaga (schmitt ebong hogland, 1912,1919), jetebele shay wisconsin biswabidyalajare elmer mccollum sahita krushi rasayan bigyana bibhagare snataka bidyalajare prabesha karithile, 1913 ray snatakottara degree grahan karithile (mccollum ebong hogland, 1913). sehi barsha sharat ruture shay krushi rasayan bigyanara sahakaree professor ebong 1922 masihare barkalire udbhida poshanara sahajogee professor hoithile. shay "jaiba rasayan bigyanara barshika samikhya" rahr pratisthata ebong "udbhida sharira bigyanara barshika samikhya" ebong "oushadhara barshika samikhya" rahr prabakta thile jaahaa taanka mrutyu parey 1950 ray pratham thara paain prakash paithila .
kaama karantu.
sankhipta samikhya.
pratham biswajudha samajare, hogeland german samrajyaru juktarastra aamerikaaku potassium aadharita saara aamadanira abhabaku badami shaibalaru udbhida niryasa sahita badalaibaku chesta karithila, jaahaa samudra jalaru upadanagudiku chayan curry shoshan karibaku ebong samudra jala (hogeland, 1915) ray miluthiba sandrata thaaru adhika thara potassium ebong iodide jamaa karibaku bishala kelper khyamata dwara anupranita . ehi anusandhanagudika aadhaarare shay eka sandrata dhala biruddhare labana shoshan karibara udbhidara samarthya anusandhana karithile ebong nijantrita parikhyamulaka paristhitire (hogland, hibbard, ebong devis, 1926) abhinaba model system byabahara curry metabolic shakti upare poshaka tatwa shoshan ebong sthanantaranara nirbharasheelata abishkara karithile.
tankara byabasthita gabeshana samajare, mukhyatah samadhan sanskruti kaushala dwara, ebong julias bhann saxanka neeti ebong wilhelm nope karjya dwara anupranita hoi, shay hogland samadhan paain moulika sutra bikashita karithile, jahara gathan moolatah uccha utpadakatara nirdista mruttikaru prapta bisthapita mruttika samadhan parey dhancha karajaithila (hogland, 1919) 1. taanka gabeshana madhya jibanta kosh dwara aabasyaka trace upadanara abashyakata ebong karjya upare nutan aabishkarara netrutwa neithila, ehipari tomato gachara brudhi paain malibadenamra atyabashyakata pratistha karithila, udaharana swaroopa (arnon ebong hogland, 1940; hogland, 1945). hogland dekhaiba paain sakhyama hoithila je jink (hogland, chandler, ebong hebard, 1931, aif. aif.) bhali trace upadanara abhaba jogun bibhinna udbhida roga hoithae.), ebong sehi boran, manganij, jink ebong tamba sadharana udbhida brudhi paain apariharjya (hogland, 1937) .
shay udbhida-mruttika parasparika samparka prati bisesh agraha prakash karithile, udaharana swaroopa, mruttika samadhanara sharirika santulana ebong udbhida brudhira ph nirbharasheelata, mruttikare poshaka tatwara upalabdhata ebong shoshan upare eka bhal bujhamana hassel kariba paain ebong (krutrima) samadhan (hugland, 1916,1917,1920,1922; hugland ebong arnon, 1941). hogland ebong taanka sahajogee, taanka gabeshana sahajaka william jedanka sameth. asubidha, ehipari sabuja udbhidare moulika selulara sharirika prakrijagudikara bujhamanare yogdan kallah jaahaa suryaloka dwara shaktira chudanta roop bhabare parichalita hue (hogland ebong devis, 1929; hogland ebong steward, 1939,1940; hogland, 1944,1946) .
hogland ebong nup rahr samadhan.
denis hogland mruttika drabanar gathan (hogland, 1919) 1 upare aadharita eka nutan prakarara drabana bikashita karibare pratham thile. shay eka drabanare poshaka tatwara sandrata ebong mote parimana madhyare parthakya paain pratham saphala dharana madhya bikashita karithile (johnston ebong hogland, 1929). hogland drabana" shabdati prathame 1922 masihare olof aaraheniasanka dwara 1919 masihar hogland prakashan sandarbhare ullekha karajaithila, jeunthire shay eka sarbottama pustikar drabanaku "sarbanimna sandrata jaahaa sarbadhika utpadana deithae ebong ehaa byatita aau kaunasi unnati nathila" bolly byakhya karithile. 1920 masihare hogland dwara prakashita samprukta samadhanaku sibh drabana tulanare barlira udbhida brudhi manadanda anusandhana karibaku prajoga karajaithila . eka paribartita hugland drabanare alfalfar brudhi 1920 dashakare bibhinna ph moolyare anusandhana karajaithila . 1930 dashakare hogland ebong taanka sahajogeemane keteka udbhidara roga anusandhana karithile, ebong ehipari labanaktata pari bidyamana mruttika abastha sahita jadita lakhyanagudiku lakhya karithile. ehi pariprekheere, nijantrita parikhyagara paristhitire samaana lakhyan pradan karibara aasha sahita hogland jala sanskruti parikhyana karithila . ehi parikhyanagudika paain, kalipharniaare straberira keteka rogara anusandhana kariba paain, bruhata pustikar padartha, lauha ebong anupuraka samadhan a ebong b (trace element) sameth, hogeland drabana (0), nutan bhabe bikashita karajaithila (hogeland ebong snider, 1933).
hoglander gabeshanaku udbhida roga bisheshagya etch. ee. thamas ebong wa. sii. snider, ebong udbhida poshana ebong jala krushira anya jane agragami, william fredrick gerikenka dwara prabhabita. byabasajika krushi khetrare jala sanskrutira neetigudiku laagu karibare gerikanka ullekhaneeah phalaphal tanku ehi bishai upare gabeshana bistara karibaku prerita karithila, jaahaa sheshare hugland samadhan (1) ebong (2) (hugland ebong arnon, 1938,1950) ray parinata hoithila. hagland drabana (0) ebong (1) rahr bruhata pustikar padarthara gathan ebong sandrata wilhelm nopra chaari-labana mishran ebong hagland ebong taanka sahajogeemananka parikhyamulaka phalaphal (sii. aif.) sahita molar anupataru chinhat karajaipariba. tebul (1) ebong (2)). hoglandra drabana tulanare nup drabanare lauha byatita, trace element (micro nutrient) paripuraka nathila, kaaran wilhelm napnka dinare rasajanika padartha bisesh bhabare shudha nathila . micro nutrient, ehaa naah jaani, purbaru bruhata pustikar labanare ashuddhata bhabare upasthita thile . 1930 ebong taa 'parey trace sandrata bisleshana paain adhika atyadhika shudha rasajanika ebong adhika sambedanashila paddhati bikashita karajaithila .
nope rahr chaari labana mishran.
tebul (1) nup 'saas chaari-labana mishran (1865)
bruhata poshaka tatwa.
tebul (2) hoglandra drabana (0,1,2) ebong nup drabanare bruhata pustikar padarthara gathan ebong sampurna sandrata
hoglander chatramananka madhyare daniel israela arnon antarbhukta thile jie hogland drabana (2) (sii. aif.) rahr bruhata pustikar upadanara gathanaku paribartana karithile. saaranee 2) ebong hogeland drabana (1) ebong (2) (cf) rahr sukshma poshaka tatwa (b, mn, zn, cu, mo, ebong cl) rahr sandrata. tebul (3)) milita prajasara phalaswaroopa, ebong pholke carle skuga . murashiz ebong scoog madhyama tulanare, hugland drabana paain vitamin kimba anya jaibika jougika jogatmaka bhabare pradan karajae naahin, kintu kebala atyabashyaka khanija padartha upadan bhabare . murashige ebong skuga ehi siddhantare upneet hoithile je dhalaa rangara paribartita madhyama upare paripurna tamakhu kalasra brudhiku prostahana mukhyatah jaleeja tamakhu patra nirjasare thiba jaibika upadan paribarte ajakabika karanaru hoithae.
sukshma poshaka tatwa.
tebul (3) hoglandra drabanare atyabashyaka sukshma poshaka tatwara gathan ebong sampurna sandrata (0,1,2)
eka atirikta micro nutrient bhabare, 9 micronutric tartrate (c12h12fe2o18) ku hugland drabana formulation (0,1,2) ray jodajae, jaahaa 18 micronol/ly. micronol/ly + rahr sandrata sahita anuroopa . drabana (2) ray ammonium ebong nitrate labana thaae ebong belebele drabana (0,1) (sii. aif.) apekhya pasanda karajaipare. saaranee 2) kaaran ammonium ayon abanchhita khyareejatara bikashare bilamba kare (hogland ebong arnon, 1938,1950). tebe, ehaa adhikansha fasal prajati paain bishakta ebong kwachit ekamatra nitrogen utsa bhabare prajoga karajae .
bibadiah anumana.
hogland ehi siddhantare upneet hoithile je moulika bhabe bhinna sandrata ebong labana anupatara drabana kaunasi gurutwapurna parimanare fasalara utpadanaku prabhabita karinathae. tebe, adhika sampratika adhyajanaru janapadichhi je, brudhi ebong utpadanare parthakya, sadharanatah byabahruta heuthiba pustikar drabanagudika madhyare, jeungudikara ekagratare purbaru chhot parthakya rahichhi, bajaiah rahichhi. udaharana swaroopa, hoglandra samadhan (2) phalare jathakrame uccha-sudanga ebong khola padiaare attimba gachara brudhi hoithila. hoglander anumanara eka gurutwapurna kendriah diga je jala sanskruti mruttika sanskruti thaaru kwachit unnat thila ("tulanatmaka paristhitire utpadana ullekhaneeah bhabare bhinna nuhen") prashnabidha (hogland ebong arnon, 1938,1950) . udaharana swaroopa, jala sambardhana dwara jala-bahaka ebong protein utpadanare hydroponic bhabe utpadita tamakhu gachara utpadana anya brudhi stara tulanare adhika hoithila, jaahaa samaana paribesagata paristhitire chaash karajauthila ebong samaana parimanara poshaka tatwa jogai diajauthila.
jerikenka bipareetare, hogland samadhan sanskrutiku mukhyatah baigyanika niam abishkara karibara eka paddhati bhabare bibechana karithile, jetebele kii jerike gurutwaropa karithile je hydroponics eparjyanta eka sathik bigyana nuhen . lekhakamananka bhinna bhinna mott nimnokta uktigudika dwara spust hoichhih "ehara byabasajika prajoga atyanta seemita paristhitire ebong kebala bisheshagya tatwabadhanare nyajasangata" (hugland ebong arnon, 1938,1950, "maati bina udbhida utpadana paain jala sanskruti paddhati"); "bastabare, ehaa spust je jehetu hydroponics krushi apekhya prati unit khetraphalare adhika kharcha aabasyaka kare, utpadana adhika heba aabasyaka, kimba anya khyatipurana rahiba aabasyaka, jadi paddhatiti byabasajika bhabare saphala hebaku hue. ebong abhigyata purbaru darshai sarichhi je ehaa saphala hoipariba "(jerike, 1940," mruttika biheena bagicha paain sampurna guide "). ethire ashcharjya hebara kichhi naahin je, paramparika krushi paain eka upajogee paripuraka bhabe ehi kaushalara byabasajika byabahara bishajare taanka daabire hydroponics itihas sathika pramanita karichhi.
puraskara ebong sammana.
hogland 1916 masihare americae association phara dee advancement off sines (aaas) rahr jane fello ebong 1934 masihare national ekademy off sciencer sadasya hoithile. tankara aneka aabishkaraku swekruti dei, americae society off plant physiologists denis hogalandanku 1932 masihare sabhapati bhabare nirbachita karithile ebong 1929 masihare tanku pratham stephen hells puraskara pradan karithile. 1940 masihare, daniele aai. tathapi, shay "sharirika diga prati swatantra sandarbha sahita poshaka tatwara upalabdhata" karjya paain aasa nyukamba cleveland puraskara paithile. 1944 masihare shay "udbhidara ajaiba poshana upare tankara baktabya" "harbard biswabidyalajare prathara baktabya" upashirshaka prakash karithile, jaahaa tanku 1942 masihare harbard biswabidyalajare deba paain nimantran karajaithila. 1945 masihare shay americae kalaa ebong bigyana ekademira sadasya bhabe nirbachita hoithile.
denis aarr. 1985 masihare americae society off plant bajolojistanka dwara pratham thara paain pradan karajaithiba 'hogland puraskara' ebong bajumandalija bigyana karjyakram tatha jayu. sii. debhisare paribesha swasthya ebong surakhya karjyalajara abasasthali 'hogland hull' taanka sammanare namit hoichhi.
anubhaba.
manaka pustikar samadhan.
ajikali udbhida poshana ebong udbhida tantu chaash paain sabutharu sadharana samadhan heuchhi hogland ebong arnon (1938,1950), ebong murashige ebong skuga (1962) ru formulation . adhunika utpadanakareemane udbhida prajananakaree, krushaka ebong harahari upabhoktanka paain tarala ghanibhuta saara utpadana kariba paain hogeland ebong arnner moulika sutragudiku anukaran karuchanti. epariki hugland, nup, murashige ebong skuga naama madhya abhinaba utpada paain eka brand bhabare byabahruta hue, udaa.jii., hoglander naa. ନା। besal labana mishran "kimba" murashiz ebong scoog besal labana mishran ", jaahaa sadharanatah udbhida bigyanare manaka rasajanika padartha bhabare byabahruta hue . hugland ebong nup madhyama" swatantra bhabare udbhida kosh, tisyu ebong anga sanskruti paain jeebanumukta agara upare prastuta karajaithila .
hogland ebong anyanya aneka udbhida pustibida semananka carrier samajare 150 ru adhika bibhinna pustikar samadhan recipe byabahara karithile (sii. aif. tebul (4) bastabare, aneka pustikar recipe eka manaka naamaku suchita kare jadio segudikara moola sutra sahita kichhi samparka naahin . udaharana swaroopa, hewitnka dwara barnana karajaithiba anujai, "hogland" naamare aneka recipe prakashita hoichhi, ebong aaji parjyanta moola rachna bishajare smrutishakti hrasaru dwandwa srusti hoipare .
hewitanka tebul 30aii.
tebul (4) hewitt (saaranee 30aii) anujai paribartita bachhita manaka pustikar drabanar gathan. ppm bhabe (atyabashyaka) upadanagudikara sampurna sandrata.
hibrid pustikar samadhan.
udaharana swaroopa, eka paribartita hogeland drabanar bruhata pustikar padartha (1), eka paribartita lamba aston drabanar sukshma pustikar padartha, ebong eka paribartita jacobson drabanar lauhaku nei gathita hibrid pustikar drabana, eka santulita pustikar drabana srusti kariba paain bibhinna manaka drabanar sharirika gunaku ekatrita kare jaahaa udbhidara sarbottama brudhiku sampurna drabanare patala karithae (sii. aif. tebul (5).
nagelanka tebul tebul.
tebul (5) nagel "ebong anya mananka anujai paribartita eka sankara poshaka drabanar gathan."(tebul gathan।"(tebul. ppmray sampurna moulika sandrata.
hoglander uttaradhikara.
denis hogland taanka gabeshana khetrare eka agrani kartrupakhya bhabare bibechita hoithile ebong tankara dirghasthaji gabeshana jogyata thila taanka naamare namit samadhan arambha kariba ebong pratistha kariba, jaahaa dwara eka santulita udbhida poshana paain aadhara srusti kare jaahaa aaji madhya baidha . hugland drabana kebala pruthibeere byabahruta hue naahin, barang antarjatija mahakash stationre udbhida utpadana parikhyanare madhya nijaku pramanita karichhi . bhumi ebong taanka sahajogeemananka anusandhana mruttika, jala ebong baaju, jala ebong poshaka tatwa byabahara dakhyata bhali prakrutika sambalara sthajee byabahara ebong fasal utpadanare swasthyakara udbhida khadya utpadana paain prasangika. adhunika udbhida sharira bigyana ebong mruttika rasayan bigyanare gabeshana paain hoglander moulika baigyanika yogdan ebong byapaka bhabe uddhruta prakashanagudika aitihasika prasangikata rahichhi, jaahaa nimnalikhita granthasoocheere pratiphalita hoichhi.
granthasuchi.
malare aluminiamer nirdharana. sii sahita. ell. aii. schmitt. jay. bayol.
came., 11 (4): 387-391.
bibhinna prakara dwara paribartita hoithiba ghushurira antahjanana bipaka sambandheeah adhyajana
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samudrika shaibalare thiba jatila carbohydrate ebong gandhaka
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hydrogen electroad dwara mapa karajauthiba mruttikare amlata ebong shoshan.
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hydrogen dwara parimapa karajaithiba mruttika pratikrija sahita carbon dioxider samparka
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metabolism upare keteka aluminium jaugara prabhaba
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ph, h +, ebong oh-mulyara saaranee; baidyutika preranatmaka sahita anuroopa
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poshaka tatwa madhyamara ekagrata ebong pratikrijara samparka
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ph mulya upare bibhinna prakarara jalasechan jalara prabhaba ebong
bibhinna prakarara mruttikara himanka bindu abanman. a sahita. wa.
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mruttikara bhautika abastha upare rutu ebong fasal brudhira prabhaba.
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jii. aarr. stewart. jay. agra. rays., 20 (5): 381-395.
udbhida sambandhare mruttikara drabana. trans. dooraku. ess. oh. sii., 17 (2): 249-254.
mruttika bisleshana ebong mruttika ebong udbhida madhyare parasparika samparka. california. agra. exp. sta.
sii. aarr., 235:1-8.
mruttika bisleshana ebong mruttika ebong udbhida madhyare parasparika samparka. citrus patra, 2 (6): 1-2,
16-17.
udbhidara khadya shakti. a sahita. aarr. devis ebong sii. bii. lipman.
bigyana, 57 (1471): 299-301.
abasoshana sambandhare udbhidara kosh rasara gathan
ajanagudika. a sahita. aarr. devis. jay. zin. sharira., 5 (5): 629-646.
ajakabika upadan grahan ebong buffer upare lunara prabhaba
udbhidara byabastha. jay. nka sahita. sii. martin. california. agra. exp. sta. baishajika. pii.,
8:1-26.
udbhida dwara ajanagudikara abasoshana upare adhika parikhyana, jeunthire antarbhukta
alokar prabhaba upare parjyabekhyana. a sahita. aarr. devis. jay. zin. sharira.,
6 (1): 47-62.
udbhida dwara ajanagudikara abasoshana. mruttika bigyana., 16 (4): 225-246.
baali ebong drabana sanskrutira tulana mruttika sahita madhyama bhabare
udbhida brudhi. jay. nka sahita. sii. martin. mruttika bigyana., 16 (5): 367-388.
sanskruti samadhanara pratikrija upare gachara prabhaba. california.
agra. exp. sta. baishajika. pii., 12:1-16.
hydrogen-ayon dwara prabhabita eka mruttika colloid upare bidyut charges
sandrata ebong bibhinna labana dwara. wa. sahita. sii. dehf. mruttika bigyana.,
18 (5): 401-408.
udbhida dwara ajanagudikara abasoshana sambandhare paramarsha. a sahita. aarr.
devis. nutan udbhidabigyanee, 24 (2): 99-111.
mruttika drabana anusandhanara sharirika diga. california. agra. exp.
sta. hilly., 1 (11): 227-257.
udbhidara ajaiba pustikar kichhi parjyaja
mruttika samadhanah 1. krutrima sanskruti madhyamare udbhidara brudhi.
bigyana. agra., 6 (5): 141-151.
udbhidara ajaiba pustikar kichhi parjyaja
mruttika drabanah 2. udbhidara brudhi paain madhyama bhabe mruttika drabana.
bigyana. agra., 6 (6): 177-189.
udbhidara brudhi upare keteka khyareeah labanar prabhaba. jay. nka sahita. ess. bojha ebong
aii. aarr. devis. (20) bimurta. prakruti ebong mruttika samadhanara pratishruti.
(21) paana-pasiphic baigyanika congress purbaru pathajaithiba kagajpatra saransha,
astrelia.
khyamata upare aloka, tapmatra ebong anyanya abasthara prabhaba
kosh rasare halojengudiku kendribhuta kariba paain naitela kosagudikara. pii. sahita. ell.
hebard ebong aii. aarr. devis. jay. zin. sharira., 10 (1): 121-146.
sharira bigyana drustikonaru mruttikara anusandhana
udbhidaru. ଉଦ୍ଭିଦରୁ। int. kanaf. mruttika bigyana. rome, 1924,3:535-544.
sanskruti samadhanare badhuthiba udbhida dwara vitamin ee rahr sanshleshana . sahita
etch. emm. evance. aam. jay. sharira., 80 (3): 702-704.
krutrima sanskruti samadhanara parjyaptata sambandheeah sampratika parikhyana
ebong bibhinna prakarara udbhidara brudhi paain mruttika samadhan.
jay. nka sahita. sii. martin. pratham intra karjyanusthana ebong kagajpatra. kang. maati
bigyana., 3:1-12.
california biswabidyalajare nikatare hoithiba mruttika anusandhanara punah arambha. moe.
shasya. california. bibhaga. agra., 16 (11): 562-568.
mruttika bigyanara pratham antarjatija congress, chaturtha commission, mruttika
prajnan khyamata. (saransha.) mruttika bigyana., 25 (1): 45-50.
udbhida koshagudika dwara anya eka ayner sanchai upare eka ayner prabhaba
naitela sahita parikhyanara swatantra sandarbha. a sahita. aarr. devis
ebong pii. ell. hebard. udbhida sharira., 3 (4): 473-486.
nijantrita paribeshare udbhidara brudhi paain eka upakarana. sahita
aii. aarr. devis. udbhida sharira., 3 (3): 277-292.
panire badhuthiba tomato gacha paain aabasyaka sarbanimna potassium stara
sanskruti. ee. sahita. ess. johnston. mruttika bigyana., 27 (2): 89-109.
udbhida koshagudika dwara electrolyte grahan ebong sanchai. a sahita. aarr.
devis. protoplasma, 6 (4): 610-626.
saara samasya ebong californier mruttikara bisleshana. california. agra. exp.
sta. sii. aarr., 317:1-16.
udbhida kosh dwara khanija upadanagudikara sanchai. yogdan karantu. samudrika bayol.,
pipi. 131-144.
udbhida sharira bigyanare sampratika agragati. paribesha, 11 (4): 785-786.
phala gachare chhot patra kimba golap, i. wa. sahita. etch. chandler ebong pii. ell.
hebard. pro. aam. ess. oh. sii. heart. bigyana., 28:556-560.
mruttika samasya sambandhare udbhidamananka dwara khanija upadanagudikara abasoshana.
udbhida sharira., 6 (3): 373-388.
phala gachara chhot patra kimba golap, 2: jinka ebong anyanya chikitsara prabhaba.
wa. sahita. etch. chandler ebong pii. ell. hebard. pro. aam. ess. oh. sii. heart.
bigyana., 29:255-263.
udbhidamankara khanija pustisadhana. barshika. ray. jaiba rasayan., 1:618-636.
fosfet ebong potassiumer abhabaru brudhi upare kichhi prabhaba
ebong nijantrita paristhitire phala gachara gathan. sahita
wa. etch. chandler. pro. aam. ess. oh. sii. heart. bigyana., 29:267-271.
chhot patra kimba phala gachara golap, iii. wa. sahita. etch. chandler ebong
pii. ell. hebard. pro. aam. ess. oh. sii. heart. bigyana., 30:70-86.
udbhidamankara khanija pustisadhana. barshika. ray. jaiba rasayan., 2:471-484.
nijantrita paristhitire strawberry gachara poshana. (qa) prabhaba
boran ebong anyanya keteka moulikara abhaba, (kha) sambedanasheelata
sodium labanaru aaghata. wa. sahita. sii. snider. pro. aam. ess. oh. sii. heart. bigyana.,
30:288-294.
pratisthapanajogya, aparibartaneeja ebong mruttika drabana potassium sambandhare udbhida dwara potassium abasoshana . jay. nka sahita. sii. martin. maati
bigyana., 36:1-33.
bisesh sandarbha sahita potassiumer upalabdhata nirdharana karibara paddhati
ardha-sushka mruttika. trans. ଟ୍ରାନ୍ସ। aajoga ebong khyara upakamisana
antarjatija ess. oh. sii. mruttika bigyana. kobenhavan (danmark).
bhal. a, pp. 25-31.
chhot patra kimba phala gachara golap, IV. wa. sahita. etch. chandler ebong pii. ell.
hebard. pro. aam. ess. oh. sii. heart. bigyana., 32:11-19.
california bishajare bisesh sandarbha sahita barlira potassium poshana
mruttika. pro. pancham prashanta bigyana congress, pru. 2669-2676.
phala gachara chhot patra kimba golap, v: brudhi upare jinka prabhaba
nijantrita mruttika ebong jala sambardhanare bibhinna prakarara udbhidara
parikhyana. wa. sahita. etch. chandler ebong pii. ell. hebard. pro. aam.
ess. oh. sii. heart. bigyana., 33:131-141.
chhot patra kimba golap" upare eka kojlobhaskinka lekha upare mantabya
kalipharniaare phala gacha. wa. sahita. etch. chandler. phytopathology, 25 (5): 522-522
udbhida dwara potassiumer abasoshana ebong mruttika dwara ehi sambandhare stirakarana
upalabdha poshaka tatwara akalana kariba paain keteka nirdista paddhati. jay. nka sahita. sii.
martin. trans. truteeja aantah. kang. mruttika bigyana., 1:99-103.
phala gachara chhot patra kimba golap, vi: adhika parikhyana
rogara kaaran. wa. sahita. etch. chandler ebong pii. aarr. stout.
pro. aam. ess. oh. sii. heart. bigyana., 34:210-212.
mruttika-udbhida pranalire eka bipakiah ekaka bhabare udbhida . prabandhare
dablu. emm. nka sammanare geobotani. aii. sechel. junivis. california. dabantu, pipi.
219-245.
moola dwara labana sanchajara prakrijara sadharana prakruti
parikhyamulaka paddhatira barnana. tii sahita. sii. bryer. udbhida sharira.,
11 (3): 471-507.
uccha udbhidagudikara labana pustikaratara keteka diga. boat. ray., 3:307-334.
maati bina udbhida utpadana paain jala-chaash paddhati. sahita
dii. aai. arnon. california. agra. exp. sta. sii. aarr., 347, pru. 1-39.*
saara samasya ebong californier mruttikara bisleshana. california. agra. exp.
sta. sii. aarr., 317:1-16 (sanshodhana).
fasal utpadana paain madhyama bhabe jala sanskruti ebong mruttikara tulana.
dii sahita. aai. arnon. bigyana, 89:512-514.
nirdista udbhidare labanar upara ebong parswa gatibidhi jaahaa dwara suchita hoithae
potassium, sodium ebong fasafarasra tejaskriya isotope soshita hue
moolaru. pii. sahita. aarr. stout. aam. jay. boat., 26 (5): 320-324.
udbhida dwara metabolism ebong labana abasoshana. aif sahita. sii. tatwabadharaka. prakruti,
143:1031-1032.
udbhida dwara labana shoshan. aif sahita. sii. tatwabadharaka. prakruti, 145:116-117.
hydrogen-ayon prabhaba ebong jaba moola dwara labanar sanchai
metabolism dwara prabhabita. tii sahita. sii. bryer. aam. jay. boat., 27:173-185.
gachare labanar uparaku gati. tii sahita. sii. brajara ebong pii. aarr. stout.
prakruti, 146:340-340.
udbhidara brudhi sambandhare sukshma parimanara rasajanika upadan.
bigyana, 91:557-560.
udbhida tanturu rus abhibyaktira paddhati bisesh sandarbha sahita
uttolita jaba moola dwara labana sanchajara adhyajana. tii sahita. sii.
bryer. aam. jay. boat., 27 (7): 501-511.
krutrima sanskruti samadhanare ebong bisesh mruttikare fasal utpadana
utpadana ebong ajaiba padarthara abasoshanaku prabhabita karuthiba karakgudikar sandarbha
poshaka tatwa. dii sahita. aai. arnon. mruttika bigyana., 50 (1): 463-485.
bipaka sambandheeah bisesh sandarbha sahita udbhida koshagudika dwara labana sanchai
ebong jaba moola upare parikhyana. shital basanta bandara alochanachakra
parimanatmaka jeebabigyana, khanda. 8.
udbhida poshana adhyajanare kichhi adhunika agragati. pro. aam. ess. oh. sii.
chini bitt technology., bhaga 1:18-26.
molybodenum ebong tamara abhaba upare jala sanskruti parikhyana
phala gacha. pro. aam. ess. oh. sii. heart. bigyana., 38:8-12.
udbhidara brudhi paain pustikar upadanara upalabdhatara sharirika diga.
dii sahita. aai. arnon. mruttika bigyana., 51 (1): 431-444.
udbhida poshana adhyajanare pragatira diga. tanaotara karantu. agra., 18:247.
udbhida koshare labanar sanchai ebong prabeshajogyata. tii sahita. sii. bryer.
jay. zin. physiol., 25 (6): 865-880.
mulara bipakiah karjyakalapa ebong ehara samparka upare semanankara prabhaba
udbhidare labana ebong jalara uparamukhi gati. tii sahita. sii. bryer.
aam. jay. boat., 30 (4): 261-273.
poshaka tatwa jogaana dwara prabhabita hoithiba tomato gachara gathan,
phala sahita samparka. dii sahita. aai. arnon. boat. jij., 104 (4): 576-590.
udbhida poshanara adhyajanara sadharana diga. bigyana. junivis. california., pipi.
279-294.
krutrima sanskruti paddhati dwara udbhida poshanara anusandhana.
dii sahita. aai. arnon. bayol. ray. kambra. phila. ess. oh. sii., 19 (2): 55-67.
udbhidara ajaiba poshana upare baktruta. (harbardre prathara baktruta
biswabidyalaja). chronica botanica coe. dwara prakashita. waltham, maas.
udbhida brudhi sambandhare molybodenum. mruttika bigyana., 60 (2): 119-123.
mruttikare potassium stirakarana badalaiba jogya ebong anah-badalaiba jogya roopare
mruttikare rasajanika pratikrija sambandhare. jay. nka sahita. sii. martin ebong
aarr. overstruit. mruttika bigyana. ess. oh. sii. aam. pro., 10:94-101.
udbhidara poshana ebong jaiba rasayan, jaiba rasajanika khetrare srota
gabeshana karantu. aantahbigyana sarbajaneena. Inc. enn. jaiah., pipi. 61-77.
phala gachara chhot patra kimba golap, VIII: jink ebong tamba abhaba
karnal maatire. wa. sahita. etch. chandler ebong jay. sii. martin. pro. aam. ess. oh. sii.
heart. bigyana., 47:15-19.
walter style dwara udbhida ebong pranimananka madhyare thiba upadanagudiku chinhat karantu. ray. arch.
jaiba rasayan., 13:311-312.
saara, mruttika bisleshana ebong udbhida poshana. california. agra. exp. sta. sii. aarr.,
367:1-24.
nijamita" byatita aabasyaka "chhot" upadanagudikara minute parimana"
saara. agra. came.
udbhida poshana sambandheeah kichhi samasya. dii sahita. aai. arnon. bigyana. moe., 67 (3): 201-209.
saara, mruttika bisleshana ebong udbhida poshana. california. agra. exp. sta. sii. aarr.,
367:1-24 (sanshodhana).
udbhidare ajakabika padarthara abasoshana ebong upajoga. sahita
pii. aarr. stout. chap. krushi rasayan bigyanara 7maha sanskarana. frear, bhaan
nasika.
maati bina udbhida utpadana paain jala-chaash paddhati. dii sahita. aai. arnon.
california. agra. exp. sta. sii. aarr., 347, pru. 1-32 (sanshodhana).**
phasalare patasiamara upalabdhata, badalaiba jogya ebong badalaiba jogya nuhen, potassiumer upalabdhata ebong fasal oh jaibika padarthara prabhaba.
jay. nka sahita. sii. martin. mruttika bigyana. ess. oh. sii. aam. pro., 15:272-278.
"jatiah bigyana ekademy sanrakhyanagarara saujanya, ebong ehi prabesha bina ehaa sambhaba hoinathanta ."
| danis robbert hogland
danis robert hogland (2 aprail, 1884-5 satambar, 1949) ikk amriki chemist atey pauda atey mitty vigiaani see joe pauda poshan, mitty rasayan, biochemistry atey sareer vigiaan dey khetran witch kamm qarr riha see. uh 1927 toon 1949 witch aapni maut takk barkale vikhe california university witch pauda poshan dey professor rahey.
danis hogland aam taur utte paude dey saillan witch electrolytes dee sargaram aavajai dee khoj laee janhiaa jaanda haii, niyantrit prayogatmak sathitiaan, jiven kii hall sabheyachar dey tehat navintakari maadal pranaliaan dee varton karde hoye.
hogland ih darsaun dey yog see kii vakkh-vakkh paudiaan deeaan bimariaan zink varge trace tattan dee ghaat caarn hundiaan hunn atey paudiaan dey poshan atey vikas laee uhanan dee mahatta noon sathapit keeta.
unhan neey mitty ph atey mitty dey ghol, tapman atey paude dey vikas laee roshni dey mahattav noon sathapit karke paude atey mitty dey vichkaar persper kriaa witch khoj dee shuruat keeti.
hogland atey uss dey sahiyogiaan neey ikk nakli, sampuran acarbonic paushtik madhiam tiaar keeta, jiss noon vishwaviaapi taur 'teey hogland ghol vajon janhiaa jaanda haii, joe kii paudiaan noon hydroponic taur' teey paalan laee dunia bharr witch vartiaa jaanda haii.
jeevani.
nijji jeevan.
danis hogland charles brackineries hogland (1859-1934) atey lilian meey hogland (1863-1951) daa puttar see. unhan neey aapne pahile atth saal sone witch bitaae atey baad witch bachpan witch uh denner witch rahinde sunn. uss neey danver public schoolan witch padahi keeti atey 1903 witch stanford university witch dakhal hoiaa. 1920 witch, danis aar. hogland neey jaisi aii naal viaah karvaiaa. muskaraundi haii. 1933 witch namunia naal achanak uss dee maut hoow gaee. uss cole tinn naujwan mundiaan dee parvarish curran dee zimmevari chhadd ditti gaee see jinhan daa naam robbert charles, albert samilli atey charles rightmyer see.
carrier.
hogland neey stanford university (1907) toon rasayan vigiaan witch pramukh naal graduation keeti. sann 1908 witch uh barkale vikhe california university witch pashu poshan dee prayogshala witch ikk instructor atey sahaik bann gaye, ikk ajihi sanstha jiss naal uh aapni baaki dee zindagi jude rahey. utthe unhan neey pashu poshan atey biochemistry dey khetran witch kamm keeta. sann 1910 witch uhanan noon yuu. aiss. dey bhojan atey dawai parshasana witch sahaik chemist niyukat keeta giaa see.aiss. khetibadi vibhag 1912 (shmitt atey hogland, 1912,1919) takk, jadon uh visconsin university witch elmer macolum naal khetibadi rasayan vibhag witch graduate school witch dakhal hoiaa, 1913 witch aapni maastar dee digri prapat keeti (macolum atey hogland, 1913). uss saal dey akheer witch uh khetibadi rasayan vigiaan dey sahaik professor atey 1922 witch barkale witch paude poshan dey sehyogi professor baney. uh "biochemistry dee salana samikhiaa" dey sansthapak sunn atey "paude dey sareer vigiaan dee salana samikhiaa" atey "dawai dee salana samikhiaa" dey samarthak sunn joe unhan dee maut toon baad pahili vaar 1950 witch pragat hoye sunn.
kamm crow.
sankhep sankhep jankari.
pahile vishav yuddh dauran, hogland neey german samraj toon sanyukat raaj amrica witch potassium adharat khaadan dee daramad dee ghaat noon bhure elgi toon paudiaan dey kaddan naal badlan dee koshish keeti, joe vishal calp dee samundari paanee dey tattan noon chunhi-chunhi taur 'teey jazab curran dee yogta toon prerit haii atey samundari paanee (hogland, 1915) witch paaee jaanh vaali gadahapan toon vaddh potassium atey iodide noon kaee vaar ikkatha curran laee. inhan khojan dey adhaar utte uhanan neey ikk ikagarta dhaal dey virudh loonn noon jazab curran dee paudiaan dee yogta dee jaanch keeti atey niyantrit prayogatmak sathitiaan (hogland, hibbard atey davis, 1926) dey tehat navintakari maadal pranaliaan dee varton karde hoye paachak shakti utte paushtik tattan dey jazab curran atey translocation dee nirbharta dee khoj keeti.
aapni yojnabadh khoj dauran, mukkh taur utte hall sabheyachar takneek duaara, atey julias vaan saich dey sidhant atey wilham nope dey kamm toon prerit, usne hogland hall laee buniaadi farmula vikast keeta, jiss dee rachna asal witch ucch utpadakta vaali kujh mitty (hogland, 1919) toon prapat visthapit mitty dey hall toon baad tiaar keeti gaee see. hogland ih darsaun dey yog see kii vakkh-vakkh paudiaan deeaan bimariaan zink (hogland, chandler atey hibard, 1931, eff. eff.) varge trace tattan dee ghaat caarn hundiaan hunn.), atey ih kii boran, magneys, zink atey kaapar aam paude dey vikas laee lazmi hunn (hogland, 1937).
uhanan neey mitty dey hallan dey sarirak santulan atey paudiaan dey vikas dee nirbharta noon sambodhan curran laee paude-mitty dey aapsi sabandhan witch vishesh dilchaspi laee, taan joe mitty witch paushtik tattan dee uplabbadhta atey jazab curran atey (nakli) hallan (hogland, 1916,1917,1920,1922; hogland atey arnon, 1941) baare bihtar samajh prapat keeti jaa sake. hogland atey uss dey sehyogi, jiss witch uss daa khoj sahaik viliam zedd vee shamal haii. iss tarahan, harey paudiaan witch buniaadi cellular sarirak prakiriaavan dee samajh witch yogdan paaiaa joe suraj dee raushni duaara sanchalit hunde hunn joe kii shakti dey antam roop vajon hunde hunn (hogland atey davis, 1929; hogland atey steward, 1939,1940; hogland, 1944,1946).
hogland atey nope dey hall.
danis hogland neey mitty dey ghol (hogland, 1919) dee banatar dey adhaar 'teey ikk naveen kisam daa hall vikast curran vaala pahila viakati see. usne ikk ghol witch ikagarta atey paushtik tattan dee kull matra (johnston atey hogland, 1929) witch farak curran laee pahila safal sankalap vee vikast keeta. hogland ghol" shabad daa zikar pahili vaar 1922 witch olof arhenius duaara 1919 dey hogland parkashan dey sandrabh witch keeta giaa see jitthe usne ikk sarvotam paushtik ghol noon "ghatto ghatt ikagarta vajon paribhashit keeta see jiss neey vaddh toon vaddh paidavar ditti atey iss toon agge koee sudhar naheen hoiaa see. 1920 witch hogland duaara prakashit sabandhat hall noon shiv dey hall dee tulna witch jou dey paude dey vikas dey mapdandan dee jaanch curran laee lagu keeta giaa see. 1920 dey dahake witch ikk sodhe hoye hogland ghol witch alfalfa dey vikas dee vakkh-vakkh ph mullan 'teey jaanch keeti gaee see. 1930 dey dahake dey aas paas hogland atey uss dey sahiyogiaan neey kujh paudiaan deeaan bimariaan dee jaanch keeti, atey iss tarahan, mitty deeaan maujuda sathitiaan jiven kii kharepan naal sabandhat lachhan vekhe. iss sandrabh witch, hogland neey niyantrit prayogshala deeaan sathitiaan witch samaan lachhan denh dee umeed naal jall sanskriti prayog keete. inhan prayogan laee hogland ghol (0), jiss witch macrow paushtik tatt, iron atey poorak hall aii atey bee (trace tatt) shamal hunn, noon california witch strawberry deeaan kujh bimariaan dee jaanch curran laee navaan vikast keeta giaa see (hogland atey snider, 1933).
hogland dee khoj noon paude dey rogg vigiaaniaan aich duaara samarthan ditta giaa see. ee. thamas atey w. see. sannaidar, atey paude dey poshan atey hydroculture dey ikk horr pioneer, viliam fredrik gerik toon prabhavit haii. vaparak khetibadi witch jall sabheyachar dey sidhantan noon lagu curran witch gaerik dey shandar natijiaan neey uss noon iss vishe 'teey aapni khoj daa vistaar curran laee prerit keeta jiss dey natije vajon ant witch hogland hall (1) atey (2) (hogland atey arnon, 1938,1950) hoye. hogland ghol (0) atey (1) dey macrow paushtik tattan dee banatar atey ikagarta daa pataa wilham nope dey chaar-loonn dey mishran atey hogland atey uss dey sahiyogiaan (see. eff.) dey prayogatmak natijiaan dey daadhi anupat toon lagaiaa jaa sakda haii. table (1) atey (2)). nagland dey ghol dey ulat, lauhan noon chhadd keey, nope daa ghol, trace tattan (sookham paushtik tatt) naal poorak naheen see, kiunki wilham nope dey dinn witch rasayan vishesh taur 'teey shudh naheen sunn. sookham paushtik tatt, binan jaane, pahilan hii sookham paushtik tattan dey loonn witch ashudhiaan dey roop witch maujood sunn. 1930 atey iss toon baad toon trace gadahapan daa vishleshan curran laee vadhere shudh rasayan atey vadhere sanvedansheel dhang vikast keete gaye sunn.
naup daa chaar-loonn daa mishran.
table (1) naup daa chaar-loonn daa mishran (1865)
macrow paushtik tatt.
table (2) hogland dey ghol (0,1,2) atey nope dey ghol witch macrow paushtik tattan dee banatar atey puurii ikagarta
hogland dey vidiaarthiaan witch daniel israeel arnon shamal sunn jinhan neey hogland ghol (2) (see. eff.) dey macrow paushtik tattan dee banatar noon sodhiaa. saarnee 2) atey hogland hall (1) atey (2) (cf) dey sookham paushtik tattan (b, mn, zn, cu, mo, atey cl) dee gadahapan. table (3)) sanjhe yatnan dey natije vajon, atey folke carle skoog. murashiz atey skoog madhiam dey ulat, naa taan vitamin atey naa hii horr jaivik mishran hogland ghol laee editives vajon pardan keete jaande hunn, parr samaggari vajon siraf zaruri khanij pardan keete jaande hunn. murashige atey skoog neey ih sitta kaddhiaa kii chitte dey sodhe hoye madhiam utte sanskrit tambaku calls dey vikas noon utshahit karna mukkh taur utte tambaku dey pattiaan dey abstract witch jaivik hissiaan dee bajaae acarbonic caarn haii.
sookham poshak tatt.
table (3) hogland dey ghol witch zaruri sookham paushtik tattan dee banatar atey puurii ikagarta (0,1,2)
ikk vadhu sookham paushtik tatt dey roop witch, 9 micrometer ferrick tartrait (c12h12fe2o18) noon hogland ghol farmule (0,1,2) witch jodiaa jaanda haii, joe kii 18 micromol/l fe3 + dee gadahapan dey anusari hunda haii. ghol (2) witch amonium atey nitrate loonn hunde hunn atey kaee vaar ghol (0,1) (cf) noon tarjih ditti jaa sakadi haii. saarnee 2) kiunki amonium aain anchahe alclinity dey vikas witch deree karda haii (hogland atey arnon, 1938,1950). halanki, ih ziaadaatar faslan deeaan kisman laee zahirila haii atey ghatt hii ikk nitrogen sarot vajon vartiaa jaanda haii.
vivadgrast anuman.
hogland neey sitta kaddhiaa kii buniaadi taur utte vakkh-vakkh gadahapan atey namak dey anupat dey hall neey kise vee mahattavpuran hadd takk fasal dee paidavar noon prabhavat naheen keeta. halanki, haal hii dey adhiaenan toon pataa lagga haii kii vikas atey paidavar witch antar aam taur 'teey varte jaande paushtik tattan dey hallan witch baniaa hoiaa haii jiss witch pahilan hii ikagarta witch chhote antar hunn. ikk udaharan dey taur utte, hogland dey hall (2) neey kramvaar ucch-surang atey khulleh-khetar deeaan sathitiaan witch anjir dey rukkhan dey vaadhe witch vaadha keeta. hogland dee kalpana daa ikk mahattavpuran kendri pahilu kii jall sanskriti mitty sanskriti naalon ghatt hii uttam see ("tulnatmak haaltan witch paidavar bahut vakkhari naheen haii") shakki haii (hogland atey arnon, 1938,1950). udaharan dey laee, jall sanskriti neey horr vikas substrates dee tulna witch hydroponic taur 'teey ugaae gaye tambaku paudiaan dey biomass atey protein dey sabh toon vaddh utpadan noon janam ditta, joe use vatavarnak sathitiaan witch kaashat keete gaye atey barabar matra witch paushtik tattan dee saplai keeti gaee.
gaerik dey ulat, hogland neey hall sabheyachar noon mukkh taur 'teey vigiaanak niyaman dee khoj curran dey ikk dhang vajon manniaa, jadon kii gaerik neey zor dey keey kiha kii hydroponics ajey takk ikk sahee vigiaan naheen see. lekhakan dey vakkh-vakkh vicharan noon heth likhe havale duaara darsaiaa giaa haiyav "iss dee vaparak varton bahut seemat haaltan witch atey siraf mahr nigrani adheen jaaiz haii" (hogland atey arnon, 1938,1950, "mitty toon binan paude ugaun laee water culture vidhi"); "asal witch, ih spasht haii kii kiunki hydroponics noon khetibadi naalon pratee unit khetar dey vaddh kharche dee zaroorat hundi haii, taan paidavar vaddi honee chahidi haii, jaan horr muaavze hone chahide hunn, jey vidhi vaparak taur 'teey safal honee haii. atey tajrabe neey pahilan hii dikhaiaa haii kii ih safal hoow sakda haii "(gaerik, 1940," mitty rahit baghbani laee sampuran guide "). hairani dee gall naheen kii hydroponics dey itihaas neey ravaiti khetibadi laee ikk upyogi poorak vajon iss takneek dee vaparak varton baare aapne daaviaan witch gaerik noon sahee saabat keeta haii.
puraskar atey sanman.
hogland 1916 witch american association phaar dii advancement aaf science (aaas) daa ikk failo bann giaa atey 1934 witch national academy aaf sciences daa member bann giaa. uss deeaan bahut saariaan khojan noon maanta dinde hoye, american suciety aaf plant physiologists neey danis hogland noon 1932 witch pardhan chunhiaa atey uss noon 1929 witch pahila stephen hales puraskar ditta. iss dey naal, uss noon "sarirak pahiluaan dey vishesh sandrabh witch paushtik tattan dee uplabbadhta" dey kamm laee aas newkabi cleveland puraskar miliaa. sann 1944 witch uhanan neey "paudiaan dey acarbonic poshan baare aapne bhashan" prakashit keete, jiss daa upp-sirlekh "harward university witch praidar lacture" see, jiss noon uhanan noon 1942 witch harward university witch denh laee sadda ditta giaa see. sann 1945 witch uh american academy aaf arts aind sciences dey member chunhe gaye.
danis aar. hogland award, "pahili vaar 1985 witch american suciety aaf plant biologists duaara pesh keeta giaa see, atey" hogland haal ", joe vayumandal vigiaan program dey naal-naal yuu. see. davis vikhe vatavaran sihat atey surakhiaa daftar daa gharr haii, daa naam uhanan dey sanman witch rakkhiaa giaa haii.
dharna.
paushtik tattan dey miaari hall.
ajj-kallh paudiaan dey poshan atey paudiaan dey tissue dee kaashat laee sabh toon aam hall hogland atey arnon (1938,1950), atey murashiz atey skoog (1962) toon farmule hunn. aadhunik nirmatavan duaara paude paida curran valiaan, kisanan atey ausat khaptkaran laee taral kendrit khaadan daa utpadan curran laee hogland atey arnon dey buniaadi farmule noon duhraiaa jaa riha haii. ithon takk kii hogland, naip, murashige atey skoog dey naam vee navintakari utpadan laee ikk brand vajon varte jaande hunn, jiven kii.jee., hogland daa nann. 2 besal loonn daa mishran "jaan" murashiz atey skoog besal loonn daa mishran ", joe aam taur utte paude vigiaan witch standard rasainan vajon varte jaande hunn. hogland atey nope madhiam" vishesh taur utte sterile agar utte paude dey saill, tissue atey anga culture laee tiaar keeta giaa see.
hogland atey kaee horr pauda poshan vigiaaniaan neey aapne crear dauran 150 toon vaddh vakkh-vakkh paushtik tattan dey hall dey pakwanan dee varton keeti (see. eff. table (4) asal witch, kaee paushtik tattan dey pakwanan daa ikk miaari naam daa havala ditta jaanda haii halanki uhanan daa asal farmule naal bahut ghatt laina denna haii. udaharan dey laee, jiven kii hewitt duaara dassiaa giaa haii, "hogland" dey naam heth kaee pakwanan noon prakashit keeta giaa haii, atey ajj takk mool rachna baare yadadashat dey nuksan naal ulajhan paida hoow sakadi haii.
hewitt dee mez 30aii.
table (4) chunhe gaye standard paushtik tattan dey hallan dee banatar noon hewitt (saarnee 30aii) dey anusar sodhiaa giaa haii. ppm dey roop witch (zaruri) tattan dee puurii ikagarta.
hybrid paushtik hall.
hybrid paushtik tattan dey hall, udaharan vajon, ikk sodhe hoye hogland ghol (1) dey macrow paushtik tattan, ikk sodhe hoye lambe ashton ghol dey sookham paushtik tatt, atey ikk sodhe hoye jacobson ghol daa loha, ikk santulit paushtik tatt daa hall banaun laee vakkh-vakkh standard hallan deeaan sarirak visheshtavan noon jodade hunn joe poore ghol (see. eff.) dey anukool paude dey vikas noon samrath banaunda haii. table (5).
nagel dee mez aiss 4.
table (5) ikk hybrid paushtik ghol dee banatar noon nagel "atey horr dey anusar sodhiaa giaa haii."(table aiss 4). ppm witch puurii tattatmak ikagarta.
hogland dee virasat.
danis hogland noon uss dey khoj dey khetar witch ikk pramukh adhikari manniaa jaanda see atey uss dee lambi khoj yogta uss dey naam utte naam rakkhe hall dee shuruat karna atey sathapat karna see, jiss naal ikk santulit paude dey poshan daa adhaar banada haii joe ajj vee jaaiz haii. hogland ghol dee varton naa siraf dharti utte keeti jaandi haii, balki antarashtari pulad station utte paude dey utpadan dey prayogan witch vee aapne aap noon saabat keeta haii. hogland atey uss dey sahiyogiaan deeaan khojan kudrati sarotan jiven kii mitty, paanee atey havaa, paanee atey paushtik tattan dee varton dee kushalta atey faslan dey utpadan witch tandrusti vaale paudiaan dey bhojan dey utpadan laee dhukvin hunn. hogland dey buniaadi vigiaanak yogdan atey viaapak taur utte havala ditte gaye parkashan aadhunik paude dey sareer vigiaan atey mitty dey rasayan witch khoj laee itihasak sarthakta dey hunn, joe heth likhi pustak suchi witch pratibimbat hunda haii.
pustak-suchi.
mull witch alminium daa nirdharan. see dey naal. aill. aii. shmitt. jey. beol.
caim., 11 (4): 387-391.
suur dey andruni paachak kiriaa daa adhiaen jiven kii vakkh-vakkh duaara sodhiaa giaa haii
kaarak. (I.-3.). ee dey naal. vee. macolum. jey. beol. caim., 16 (3): 299-315,317-320,321-325.
parshant tatt calps daa vinashkari aaswan. jey. inn. inglish. caim.,
7 (8): 673-676.
parshant tatt calps dey jaivik hisse. jey. ainn. rees., 4 (1): 39-58.
samundari elgi witch gunjhaldar carbohydrate atey sulfur dey roop
parshant tatt toon. aill dey naal. aill. jhooth bolda haii. jey. beol. caim., 23 (1): 287-297.
mitty witch acidity atey sokhan noon hydrogen electroad duaara maapiaa jaanda haii.
aill dey naal. tii. tikkhi. jey. ainn. rees., 7:123-145.
vikas utte hydrogen atey hydroxyl aain dee gadahapan daa prabhav
jou dey paude. mitty vigiaan., 3 (6): 547-560.
carbon dioxide daa mitty pratikriaa naal sabndh jiven kii hydrogen duaara maapiaa jaanda haii
electroad. aill dey naal. tii. tikkhi. jey. ainn. rees., 12 (3): 139-148.
mitty dey ghol witch bhinntavan dey soochkank dey roop witch freezing-bindu vidhi
season atey faslan dey vaadhe dey caarn. jey. ainn. rees., 12 (6): 369-395.
mitty utte kaao atey caco 3 dey rasayanak prabhav. bhaag I. prabhav
mitty pratikriaa. aii dey naal. w. christy. mitty vigiaan., 5 (5): 379-382.
paushtik tattan dey ghol dee pratikriaa naal paude daa sabndh. vigiaan,
48 (1243): 422-425.
tezab mitty baare haal hii dey kamm baare notes. aill dey naal. tii. tikkhi. mitty vigiaan.
7 (3): 197-200.
paudiaan naal hall sabheyachar prayogan dee takneek utte nott crow.
vigiaan, 49 (1267): 360-362.
kujh alminium misharnan daa paachak kiriaa utte prabhav
aadmi. see dey naal. aill. aii. shmitt. yuni. calife. pabb. raah., 2 (20): 215-244.
Ph, h +, atey oh-mullan dee saarnee; electromotive dey anusari
hydrogen electroad maap witch nirdharat keetiaan gaeeaan taktan, ikk naal
pustak-suchi. see dey naal. aill. aii. shmitt. yuni. calife. pabb. sareer.5 (4):
23-69.
saill rus dee banatar atey pratikriaa naal paushtik tattan dey ghol daa sabndh
jou daa. boat. gaz., 68 (4): 297-304.
paushtik madhiam dee ikagarta atey pratikriaa daa sabndh
paude dey vikas atey jazab curran laee. jey. ainn. rees., 18 (2): 73-117.1
ph mull utte kaee kisman dey sinchai paanee daa prabhav atey
vakkh-vakkh kisman dee mitty daa freezing bindu dabaa. aii dey naal. w.
christy. yuni. calife. pabb. ainn. science., 4 (6): 141-158.
paudiaan laee sarvotam paushtik hall. vigiaan, 52 (1354): 562-564.
mitty dee bhautik sathiti utte mausam atey fasal dey vaadhe daa prabhav.
jey. naal see. martin. jey. ainn. rees., 20 (5): 396-4 o3.
mitty dey ghol daa mitty dey kaddan naal sabndh. jey. naal see. martin atey
jee. aar. karkunn. jey. ainn. rees., 20 (5): 381-395.
paude dey sabndh witch mitty daa hall. trance. door takk. soe., 17 (2): 249-254.
mitty vishleshan atey mitty atey paude dey aapsi sabndh. calife. ainn. aiks. stae.
sir., 235:1-8.
mitty vishleshan atey mitty atey paude dey aapsi sabndh. khatte patte, 2 (6): 1-2,
16-17.
paudiaan dee bhojan shakti. aii dey naal. aar. davis atey see. bee. lipman.
vigiaan, 57 (1471): 299-301.
jazab curran dey sabndh witch paude dey saill rus dee banatar
aainan daa. aii dey naal. aar. david. jey. general. sareer., 5 (5): 629-646.
acarbonic tattan dey sevan atey buffer utte loonn daa prabhav
paude dee pranali. jey. naal see. martin. calife. ainn. aiks. stae. takniki. pee.,
8:1-26.
paudiaan duaara aainan dey jazab curran baare horr prayog, jinhan witch shamal hunn
parkash dey prabhav baare nirikhan. aii dey naal. aar. david. jey. general. sareer.,
6 (1): 47-62.
paudiaan duaara aainan daa jazab karna. mitty vigiaan., 16 (4): 225-246.
rait atey hall sabheyacharan dee mitty naal media vajon tulna
paude daa vikas. jey. naal see. martin. mitty vigiaan., 16 (5): 367-388.
culture hall dee pratikriaa utte paude daa prabhav. calife.
ainn. aiks. stae. takniki. pee., 12:1-16.
hydrogen-aain duaara prabhavit mitty dey colloid utte bijli daa chaaraj
ikagarta atey vakkh-vakkh loonn duaara. w dey naal. see. dehf. mitty vigiaan.,
18 (5): 401-408.
paudiaan duaara aainan dey jazab curran baare sujhaa. aii dey naal. aar.
david. navaan phytologist, 24 (2): 99-111.
mitty dey ghol dee jaanch dey sarirak pahilu. calife. ainn. aiks.
stae. hilg., 1 (11): 227-257.
paudiaan dey acarbonic poshan dey kujh padaa
mitty daa hallaya 1. nakli sanskriti media witch paudiaan daa vikas.
science. ainn., 6 (5): 141-151.
paudiaan dey acarbonic poshan dey kujh padaa
mitty daa hallaya 2. mitty dey hall paude dey vikas laee media vajon.
science. ainn., 6 (6): 177-189.
paudiaan dey vikas utte kujh alkali loonn daa prabhav. jey. naal aiss. bojh atey
aii. aar. david. (20) sankhep. mitty dey hall dee prakirti atey vaada.
(21) paen-paisifik scientific congress toon pahilan padhe gaye pepran daa saar,
australia.
samratha utte parkash, tapman atey horr sathitiaan daa prabhav
saill rus witch helogen noon kendrit curran laee nitella saillan daa. pee. dey naal. aill.
hibard atey aii. aar. david. jey. general. sareer., 10 (1): 121-146.
sareer vigiaan dey drishtikon toon mitty dee jaanch
paude toon. chautha int. sangh. mitty vigiaan. rome, 1924,3:535-544.
culture gholan witch ugaae gaye paudiaan duaara vitamin ee daa sanshleshan. naal
aich. aim. evens. main. jey. sareer., 80 (3): 702-704.
nakli sabheyachar hallan dee dhukvinta baare haal hii dey prayog
atey vakkh-vakkh kisman dey paudiaan dey vikas laee mitty dey hall.
jey. naal see. martin. pahile int dee karvai atey kagzat. kaang. mitty
science., 3:1-12.
california university witch haal hii witch mitty dee jaanch daa mudd shuru karna. moow.
balad. calife. vibhag. ainn., 16 (11): 562-568.
mitty vigiaan dee pahili antarashtari congress, chautha commission, mitty
upjaoo shakti. (sankhep.) mitty vigiaan., 25 (1): 45-50.
paude dey saillan duaara dooje dey ikkathe honn utte ikk aain daa prabhav
nitella naal prayogan daa vishesh havala. aii dey naal. aar. davis
atey pee. aill. hibard. pauda sareer., 3 (4): 473-486.
niyantrit vatavaran witch paudiaan dey vikas laee ikk upkaran. naal
aii. aar. david. pauda sareer., 3 (3): 277-292.
paanee witch ugaae jaanh vaale tmatter dey paudiaan laee ghatto ghatt potassium daa paddhar zaruri haii.
sabheyachar. ee dey naal. aiss. johnston mitty vigiaan., 27 (2): 89-109.
paude dey saillan duaara electrolytes daa sevan atey ikkatha honaa. aii dey naal. aar.
david. protoplasma, 6 (4): 610-626.
california witch mitty deeaan khaad samassiaavan atey vishleshan. calife. ainn. aiks.
stae. sir., 317:1-16.
paude dey saillan duaara khanij tattan daa ikkatha honaa. yogdan dio. samundari biol.,
pee. pee. 131-144.
paude dey sareer vigiaan witch haal hii witch tarakki. vatavaran, 11 (4): 785-786.
falaan dey rukkhan witch chhote patte jaan gulab, i. w dey naal. aich. chandler atey pee. aill.
hibard. pro. main. soe. hangame. science., 28:556-560.
mitty deeaan samassiaavan dey sabndh witch paudiaan duaara khanij tattan daa jazab karna.
pauda sareer., 6 (3): 373-388.
chhote patte jaan falaan dey rukkhan daa gulab, II: zink atey horr ilaajan daa prabhav.
w dey naal. aich. chandler atey pee. aill. hibard. pro. main. soe. hangame.
science., 29:255-263.
paudiaan daa khanij poshan. saal. rev. biochemical., 1:618-636.
vikas utte fasfet atey potassium dee ghaat dey kujh prabhav
atey niyantrit haaltan witch falaan dey rukkhan dee banatar. naal
w. aich. chandler. pro. main. soe. hangame. science., 29:267-271.
chhote patte jaan falaan dey rukkhan daa gulab, iii. w dey naal. aich. chandler atey
pee. aill. hibard. pro. main. soe. hangame. science., 30:70-86.
paudiaan daa khanij poshan. saal. rev. biochemical., 2:471-484.
niyantrit haaltan witch strawberry dey paude daa poshan. (aaa) prabhav
boran atey kujh horr tattan deeaan kamiaan, (aaa) sanvedansheelta
sodium loonn toon satt laggan laee. w dey naal. see. sandrabh. pro. main. soe. hangame. science.,
30:288-294.
badalyog, gair-badalanyog atey mitty dey ghol potassium dey sabndh witch paudiaan duaara potassium daa jazab karna. jey. naal see. martin. mitty
science., 36:1-33.
vishesh sandrabh naal potassium dee uplabbadhta nirdharat curran dey tarike
aradh-sukki mitty laee. trance. dooja commission atey alkali sabb-commission
antarashtari aiss. ou. see. mitty vigiaan. cobenhaven (danmark).
valiam. aii, peepi. 25-31.
chhote patte jaan falaan dey rukkhan daa gulab, IV. w dey naal. aich. chandler atey pee. aill.
hibard. pro. main. soe. hangame. science., 32:11-19.
california dey vishesh sandrabh witch jou daa potassium poshan
mitty. pro. panjvin parshant vigiaan congress, peepi. 2669-2676.
chhote patte jaan falaan dey rukkhan daa gulab, v: vikas utte zink daa prabhav
niyantrit mitty atey jall sanskriti witch vakkh-vakkh kisman dey paudiaan daa
prayog. w dey naal. aich. chandler atey pee. aill. hibard. pro. main.
soe. hangame. science., 33:131-141.
chhote patte jaan gulab dey patte" utte ikk kozlovsky dey lekh utte tippniaan
california witch fall dey rukkh. w dey naal. aich. chandler. phytopathology, 25 (5): 522-522
paudiaan duaara potassium daa jazab karna atey sabndh witch mitty duaara sathirta
upalbadh paushtik tattan daa andaza lagaun laee kujh tarikiaan laee. jey. naal see.
martin. trance. teeja antar. kaang. mitty vigiaan., 1:99-103.
chhote patte jaan falaan dey rukkhan daa gulab, vi: horr prayog
bimari dey caarn baare. w dey naal. aich. chandler atey pee. aar. stott.
pro. main. soe. hangame. science., 34:210-212.
mitty-paude pranali witch ikk paachak ikai dey roop witch pauda. witch lekh
w. aimm. dey sanman witch geobotney. aii. saichel. yuni. calife. dabao, peepi.
219-245.
jadahn duaara loonn ikkatha curran dee prakiriaa dee aam prakirti
prayogatmak vidhiaan daa verva. tii dey naal. see. dalal. pauda sareer.,
11 (3): 471-507.
ucch paudiaan dey namak poshan dey kujh pahilu. boat. rev., 3:307-334.
mitty toon binan paudiaan noon ugaun laee jall-sanskriti vidhi. naal
dee. I. arnon. calife. ainn. aiks. stae. sir., 347, peepi. 1-39.*
california witch mitty deeaan khaad samassiaavan atey vishleshan. calife. ainn. aiks.
stae. sir., 317:1-16 (sodh).
faslan dey utpadan laee media dey roop witch jall sabheyachar atey mitty dee tulna.
dee dey naal. I. arnon. vigiaan, 89:512-514.
jiven kii darsaae gaye hunn, kujh paudiaan witch loonn dee uppar atey paase dee gatee
potassium, sodium atey phosphorus dey radio active isotope jazab keete jaande hunn.
jadahn duaara. pee. dey naal. aar. stott. main. jey. boat., 26 (5): 320-324.
paudiaan duaara paachak atey namak jazab karna. eff. see. karkunn. kudrat,
143:1031-1032.
paudiaan duaara loonn noon jazab karna. eff. see. karkunn. kudrat, 145:116-117.
hydrogen-aain prabhav atey jou deeaan jadahn duaara loonn daa ikkatha honaa
paachak kiriaa toon prabhavit. tii dey naal. see. dalal. main. jey. boat., 27:173-185.
paude witch namak dee uppar vall gatee. tii dey naal. see. broyer atey pee. aar. stott.
kudrat, 146:340-340.
paude dey vikas dey sabndh witch rasayanak tattan dee mint matra.
vigiaan, 91:557-560.
vishesh sandrabh dey naal paude dey tissues toon rus dey pragtave dey dhang
bahr kaddhiaan gaeeaan jou deeaan jadahn duaara loonn dey ikkathe honn baare adhiaen. tii dey naal. see.
dalal. main. jey. boat., 27 (7): 501-511.
nakli sanskriti hallan witch atey vishesh mitty witch faslan daa utpadan
paidavar noon prabhavat curran vaale karkan atey acarbonic dey jazab curran daa havala
paushtik tatt. dee dey naal. I. arnon. mitty vigiaan., 50 (1): 463-485.
paachak kiriaa dey vishesh sandrabh witch paude dey saillan duaara loonn daa ikkatha honaa
atey jou deeaan jadahn utte prayog. colled spurring bandargah sammelan
matratmak jeev vigiaan, valiam. 8.
paudiaan dey poshan dey adhiaen witch kujh aadhunik tarakki. pro. main. soe.
shugar beat takneek., bhaag 1:18-26.
molybdenum atey tambe deeaan kamiaan 'teey jall sanskriti prayog
faldar rukkh. pro. main. soe. hangame. science., 38:8-12.
paudiaan dey vikas laee paushtik tattan dee uplabbadhta dey sarirak pahilu.
dee dey naal. I. arnon. mitty vigiaan., 51 (1): 431-444.
paudiaan dey poshan dey adhiaen witch pragati dey pahilu. trop crow. ainn., 18:247.
paude dey saillan witch loonn atey pargmakta daa ikkatha honaa. tii dey naal. see. dalal.
jey. general. physiol., 25 (6): 865-880.
jadahn deeaan paachak gatividhiaan atey uhanan dey sabandhan utte uhanan daa assar
paudiaan witch loonn atey paanee dee uppar vall gatee. tii dey naal. see. dalal.
main. jey. boat., 30 (4): 261-273.
poshak tattan dee saplai toon prabhavit tmatter dey paude dee banatar,
falann naal sabndh. dee dey naal. I. arnon. boat. gaz., 104 (4): 576-590.
paude dey poshan dey adhiaen dey aam pahilu. science. yuni. calife., peepi.
279-294.
nakli sanskriti dey tarikiaan duaara paude dey poshan dee jaanch.
dee dey naal. I. arnon. beol. rev. camber. phil. soe., 19 (2): 55-67.
paudiaan dey acarbonic poshan baare bhashan. (harward vikhe praithar lacture
university). chronica botanica company duaara prakashit. waltham, maas.
paude dey vikas dey sabndh witch molybdenum. mitty vigiaan., 60 (2): 119-123.
mitty witch potassium fixation noon badlan yog atey gair-badlan yog roopan witch
mitty witch rasayanak pratikriaavan dey sabndh witch. jey. naal see. martin atey
aar. overstreet. mitty vigiaan. soe. main. pro., 10:94-101.
paudiaan daa poshan atey biochemistry, biochemical witch current
khoj. interciences public. ink. ainn. vaaee., peepi. 61-77.
chhote patte jaan falaan dey rukkhan daa gulab, VIII: zink atey tambe dee ghaat
coral mitty witch. w dey naal. aich. chandler atey jey. see. martin. pro. main. soe.
hangame. science., 47:15-19.
walter stylan duaara paudiaan atey janwaran witch tattan daa pataa lagao. rev. arch.
biochemical., 13:311-312.
khaad, mitty vishleshan atey paude daa poshan. calife. ainn. aiks. stae. sir.,
367:1-24.
niyamat" toon ilava zaruri "chhote" tattan dee mint matra"
khaad. ainn. caim.
paude dey poshan deeaan kujh samassiaavan. dee dey naal. I. arnon. science. moow., 67 (3): 201-209.
khaad, mitty vishleshan atey paude daa poshan. calife. ainn. aiks. stae. sir.,
367:1-24 (sodh).
paudiaan witch acarbonic padarthan dee sokhan atey varton. naal
pee. aar. stott. chaip. khetibadi rasayan vigiaan daa sann. duaara freer, vain
nakk dee noke.
mitty toon binan paudiaan noon ugaun laee jall-sanskriti vidhi. dee dey naal. I. arnon.
calife. ainn. aiks. stae. sir., 347, peepi. 1-32 (sodh).**
faslan noon badli jaa sakann vaale atey naa-badli jaa sakann vaale potassium atey faslan atey jaivik padarthan dey prabhavan dey sabndh witch potassium dee uplabbadhta.
jey. naal see. martin. mitty vigiaan. soe. main. pro., 15:272-278.
"national academy aaf sciences archives dey shishtachar naal, atey inhan aintriaan toon binan ih sambhav naheen hunda."
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denis rabert hogland
dennis rabert hogland (april 2,1884-september 5,1949) ekaha amerikeeyah rasaayanashaastradnyah, sasya-rasayanashastrasya, mruttika-rasayanashastrasya, jaiva-rasayanashastrasya, shareeravidnyaanasya cha kshetreshu karyam kurvan sasya-mruttikaa-vaidnyaanikah cha aasit. saha 1927 taha 1949 tame varshe mrutyum yaavat berkley-nagarasya california-vishvavidyaalaye sasya-poshanasya pradhyapakaha aasit.
dennis hogland samanyataha sasyakoshakeshu vidyudvicchedyaanaam sakriya-parivahanasya anveshanaartham prasidhah asti, yatra niyantrita-prayogaatmak-paristhitishu, yathaa dravana-samskrutihi, naveena-pratiroop-pranalayah upayujyante.
zink ityadinam trace-tattvaanaam abhavena vividhaah sasya-rogaah bhavanti iti niroopayitum hogland samarthah abhavat, sasya-poshanasya vikaasasya cha krute teshaam mahattvam cha sthapitavan.
saha mruttikaayaah pee. ech. ityasya sthapanaya sasyasya mruttikaayaah cha madhye kriyayaha vishaye, sasyasya vruddhehe krute mruttikaayaah draavanam, taapamaanam, prakasham cha iti mahattvasya vishaye cha samshodhane pravartakah aasit.
hogland-ityanena tasya sahakarmibhihi cha krutrimam, poornam ajaivika-poshaka-madhyamam nirmitam, yat sarvavyaapyena hogland-draavanam iti namna prasidhah asti, yat jala-paadap-samvardhanaartham vishvavyaapinam upayujyate.
jeevanacharitram.
vyaktigatajeevanam.
denis hogland ityeshah charles breakinridge hogland (1859-1934), lillion mey hogland (1863-1951) ityetayoho putrah aasit. saha swasya prathama-ashtavarshaani suvarna-kridaayaam vyateetavaan, tathaa cha tasya baalye saha denver-nagare nivasat. saha denver-saarvajanikavidyaalayeshu abhyanayt, 1903 tame varshe stanford-vishvavidyaalaye pravesham praapnot. 1920 tame varshe denis aar. hogland, jessy e ityenam parineetavatee. smailee. saa 1933 tame varshe pneumonia-rogena akasmikataya mrutavatee. rabert charles, albert smailee, charles ratmyer iti trayah baalakaah paalayitum tasya daayitvam avashishtam aasit.
vruttihi.
hogland-varyaha stanford-vishvavidyaalayaat (1907) rasayanashastre pramukhapadaveem praptavan. 1908 tame varshe saha berkley-nagarasya california-vishvavidyaalaye pashu-poshana-prayogashalayam prashikshakah sahaayakah cha abhavat, yayaa samsthayaa saha saha sheshajeevanam sambadhah bhavishyati. tatra saha pashu-poshanasya, jaivarasaayanashaastrasy cha kshetreshu karyam krutavaan. 1910 tame varshe saha yoo. e.-deshasya aahar-aushadha-prashasanasya sahaayak-rasaayanashaastradnyah niyuktah.ess. 1912 tamavarshaparyantam krushivibhaagah (schmidt tathaa hogland, 1912,1919), yadaa saha visconsin-vishvavidyaalaye elmer-mekolam ityanena saha krushi-rasaayanashaastravibhaagasy snaatakavidyaalaye pravishtah, 1913 tame varshe snaatakottarapadaveem praptavan (maikolam tathaa hogland, 1913). tasmin varshe sharatkaale saha krushi-rasayanashastrasya sahaayak-pradhyapakaha, 1922 tame varshe berkley-nagare sasya-poshanasya sahaayak-pradhyapakaha cha abhavat. saha "jaivarasaayanashaastrasy varshikasamiksha" ityasya samsthaapakah aasit, "paadap-shareeravidnyaanasya varshikasamiksha" tathaa cha "aushadhasya varshikasamiksha" ityasya prastaawakah aasit, yat tasya mrutyoho anantaram 1950 tame varshe prathamavaaram prakaashitam.
karyam karotu.
sankshiptam avalokanam.
prathamavishvayuddhe, hogland-deshah german-samrajyat samyuktaraajyam prati potasium-aadhaarit-urvarakanam aayaatasy abhaavasya sthaane godhoom-shaivaalaat sasya-nishkarshanaih samyuktaraajyam prati aagantum prayatatam, yat vishaal-kelp-ityasya samudrajalaat tattvaan chayanaatmakaroopen shoshayitum, samudrajalasya saandrataayaah apekshayaa bahuvaaram adhikatayaa potasium-iodaid-ityasya cha sanchayasya kshamatayaa preritam aasit (hogland, 1915). etaan nishkarshaan aadhrutya saha sasyanam lavanaan ekaagrataayaah pravanataayaah viruddham shoshayitum kshamatam anvishya, niyantrita-prayogaatmak-paristhitishu (hogland, hibbard, davis, 1926) naveena-pratiroop-pranaalim upayujya poshaka-avashoshanasya avalambanam, chayaapachay-urjaayaah sthanamtaranam cha anvishyat.
mukhyataya draavanasamskaran-tantrasya, julius vaan saachs ityasya siddhaanten, vilhelm nope ityasya karyena cha preritah, tasya vyavasthita-shodhakale, saha hogland-draavanasya moolasootram vikasitavaan, yasya rachanaa moolatah uccha-utpadakatayaha katipaya-mruttikaayaah (hogland, 1919) nishpann-mruttikaa-draavanasya aadhaaren nirmitah aasit. tasya samshodhanena jivakoshikanam avashyakanam trace-tattvaanaam aavashyakataayah karyasya cha vishaye nootanaani aavishkaaraani api abhavan, yena tametau-sasyanam vikaasasya krute molybdinum-ityasya aavashyakataam sthaapitam, udaharanartham (arnan-hogland, 1940; hogland, 1945). jigland ityasau, jink (hogland, chandler, hibbard, 1931, ef. ef. ityaadibhih laxan-tattwaih vividhaani sasya-rogaah bhavanti iti darshayitum samarthah abhavat.), tathaa cha boran, myanganees, jink, taamrah cha samanya-sasya-vruddhihi aavashyakam bhavati (hogland, 1937).
saha sasya-mruttikaa-parasparabandheshu vishesham ruchim avaapnot, udaharanartham, mruttikaayaah draavanaanaam shaareerik-santulanam, sasyavruddhehe pee. ech. avalambanam, yena mruttikaayaam poshaka-tattvaanaam upalabdhata, avashoshanam (krutrimam) draavanaani (hogland, 1916,1917,1920,1922; hogland, arnan, 1941) vishaye uttamm avabodham praapyate. hogland tathaa tasya sahacharau, tasya shodhasahaayakah vilium zad ityanena saha. evam, kashtapradah, harita-sasyeshu moolabhoot-koshikiya-shaareerik-prakriyam bodhayitum yogadam dattavaan, ye suryaprakashena urjaayaah antimarooparoopen pravartante (hogland-davis-1929; hogland-steward-1939,1940; hogland-1944,1946).
hogland-nope-ityasya cha upaayah.
denis hogland ityayam prathamah aasit yah mruttikaa-draavanasya rachanaayaah aadhaaren nootanaprakaarasy draavanasya vikaasam krutavaan (hogland, 1919) 1. saha draavanasya ekaagrataayaah kula-poshaka-matrayaha cha bhedartham prathamaa safal-avadharana api vikasitavaan (johnston tathaa hogland, 1929). hogland-draavanam" iti padam prathamavaaram 1922 tame varshe olof-arrenius ityanena 1919 tame varshe hogland-prakashanasya sandarbhena ullikhitam aasit, yatra saha ishtatam-poshaka-draavanam "nyoonatam-sandrata yat adhikatamm utpaadanam dadati, tatah param cha adhikam sudhaarah naa abhavat" iti vyaakhyaay. 1920 tame varshe hogland ityanena prakaashitam tatsambandhitam samadhanam, sheev ityasya draavanasya tulanayam yavasya sasyavruddhehe manadandanam anveshanaartham prayuktam aasit. 1920 tame dashake, samshodhite hogland-draavanasya alfalfa ityasya vruddhihi vividheshu pee. ech-maaneshu anweshtah. 1930 tame dashake, hogland-pradesha tasya sahacharaihi cha katipayanam sasyanam roganam anveshanam krutvaa, tadanusaram lavanataa ityadinam vidyamananam mruttikaa-avasthaanaam lakshanani avadaat. asmin sandarbhe, hogland-deshah niyantrita-prayogashalayaha avasthaasu samanalakshanan pradadat iti ashaya jalasamskaran-prayogaan akarot. eteshu prayoganam krute california-deshe strawberry-ityasya katipayanam roganam anveshanaartham (hogland-snadder-1933) bruhatpaadakaani, lohaani, pooraka-draavanam e tathaa bee (trace-elements) cha sambadhaah hogland-draavanam (0) navavikasitam aasit.
hogland ityasya samshodhanam sasyarogavidnyaani ech. ityanena samarthitam aasit. ee. thaamas tathaa doubleu. sii. snider, sasyaposhanasya jalasamskaranasya cha anyena pravartakena vilium fredrick gerike ityanena prabhaawitah. vaanijyakrushe jalasamskruteh siddhantan upayoktum gerike ityasya abhootapoorvaphalaani, tasya vishaye swasya shodhasya vistaaraay preritaah, yasya parinaamen antatah hogland-samadhanani (1), (2) (hogland-arnan, 1938,1950) abhavan. hogland-draavanaanaam (0) tathaa (1) sthulaposhakanam samrachanaa tathaa sandrata vilhelm-nope ityasya chaturshalasya mishranena, hogland-tasya sahayoginam cha prayogaatmakafalaanaam molar-anupaatena (see. ef.) anveshtum shakyate. (1) tathaa (2) iti. nagland ityasya draavanam, hogland ityasya draavanam vipareetam, loham atirichya, trace-tattwaih (sookshmaposhakaah) poorakam naa jaatam, yatah vilhelm-nope ityasya dine rasaayanaah visheshatayaa shuddhaah naa aasan. sookshmaposhakaah, avidnyaataa, bruhatposhaka-lavaneshu ashuddhi-rupena poorvamev upasthitaah aasan. 1930 taha tatah param adhika-shuddha-rasayanam, trace-sandratayaha vishleshanaartham adhika-samvedanasheela-paddhatihi cha vikasitaani.
nope ityasya chaturnasalluka-mishranm.
saaranee (1). nope ityasya chaturvarna-lavana-mishranm (1865)
sthoolaposhakaah.
saaranee (2). hogland ityasya draavanasya (0,1,2) tathaa nope ityasya draavanasya cha sthulaposhakanam samrachanaa tathaa purnasandrata.
hogland-deshasya chhaatraah daniel-isrel-arnan iti aasan, ye hogland-draavanasya bruhatpadakanam rachanam parivartayan (2) (see. ef.). saaranee 2) tathaa cha hogland-draavanaanaam (1) tathaa (2) (cf) sukshmaposhakanam (b, mn, zn, cu, mo, cl) sandrata. saaranee (3)) samyuktaprayasanam parinaamaroopen, tathaa cha folke carl scoog. murashiz tathaa scoog ityetayoho madhyamanam vipareetam, naa cha whitmins athavaa anyaani jaivika-yaugikaani hugland-draavanasya krute yojakaani rupena pradeeyante, parantu kevalam aavashyakaani khanijaani cha ghatakaaroopen pradeeyante. muraashige tathaa scoog ityeshaa nishkarsham krutavantah yat shvetavarneeya-samskruteshu madhyamena samskruteshu tamaaku-callus ityasya vruddhehe protsaahanam mukhyataya jaliya-tamaaku-patrasya nishkarsheshu yukteshu jaivika-ghatakam apekshayaa ajaivika-karanat bhavati iti.
sookshmaposhakaah.
saaranee (3). hogland ityasya draavanasya aavashyakasya sukshmaposhakanam samrachanaa tathaa purnasandrata (0,1,2)
atiriktasya sookshmaposhakaroopen, 9 macrometer-ferric-tartret (c12h12fe2o18) iti padarthah 18 macrow-moll/l-fay3 + ityasya sandratayaha anuroopam, hogland-dravana-sutrikaraneshu (0,1,2) yojyate. draavane (2) amonium-natrate-lavanaani cha bhavanti, kadaachit draavane (0,1) (see. ef.) apekshayaa adhikam api prayujyate. saaranee 2) yatah amonium-ayaan-ityanena avaamchhaneeya-kshaaratvasya vikaasah vilambitah bhavati (hogland-arnan-1938,1950). parantu, etat adhikamshanam sasya-prajatinam krute vishaaktam asti, tathaa cha ekaika-natrogen-srotatvena viralatayaa prayujyate.
vivaadit-parikalpanaah.
hogland ityanena nishkarshah krutah yat, mularupena bhinna-saandrataayaah lavana-anupatasya cha dravanena sasyasya utpaadanam kasyaapi mahattvapoorna-parimaane naa prabhaavitam. parantu, sadyah eva krutaani adhyayanaani prakatayanti yat, saamaanyaroopen prayuktaanaam poshakadravanam draavanaanaam vruddhi-utpaadanayoh bhedah aviratah aasit, yatra poorvamev ekaagrataayaah alpabhedah aasit. udaharanartham, hogland ityasya dravanena (2) kramashah uccha-surang-kshetre tathaa mukta-kshetre cha anjeeravrukshaanaam vruddhihi abhavat. jalasamskrutih mruttikaasamskrutih apekshayaa viralatayaa shreshtah aasit iti hogland-ityasya parikalpanayaha ekaha mahattwapoornah kendreeyah pakshah ("tulya-paristhitishu utpaadanam vilakshanatayaa bhinnam naasti") shankaneeyah asti (hogland-aand-arnan, 1938,1950). yathaa, jalasamskaranena, anyaanaam vruddhi-staranam apekshayaa jala-samvardhita-tamaaku-sasyanam sarvaadhikam jaiva-dravyaraashi-protein-utpaadanam cha abhavat, samaan-paryaawaran-sthitau krushihi, samaan-matrayam poshaka-tattwaih cha aapoortih cha abhavat.
gerike ityasya vipareetam, hogland-varyaha samaadhaanasamskrutim mukhyataya vaidnyaanikaniyamaan anveshtum vidhihi iti manyamaanah, yadaa cha jerike-varyaha, hydroponics iti adyaapi yathaarthavidnyaanam naasti iti avadhaanam dattavaan. lekhakanam bhinna-mataan nimnalikhitebhyah uddharanaihi spashteekrutam bhavati-"asya vyaavasaayik-prayogah atyantam seemita-paristhitishu nyaayyah asti, kevalam visheshajna-paryavekshanasya antargatah eva" (hogland tathaa arnan, 1938,1950, "mruttikaaviheena-sasyanam utpadanasya jalasamskaran-paddhatihi"); "vastutah, etat spashtam asti yat yatah jala-paadap-vyavasaayasya krute krushyaah apekshayaa prati-ekake adhikavyayam aavashyakam asti, ataha utpaadanam adhikam bhavet, athavaa anyaani pratipoortayah avashyam bhaveyuhu, yadi paddhatihi vyaavasaayikaroopen safalataam praaptum icchati. anubhawah cha poorvamev darshayat yat etat safalam bhavitum arhati "(gerike, 1940," mruttikaaviheena-udyaanasya poorna-margadarshakam "). ashcharyam naasti yat, hydroponics ityasya itihaasah paaramparikakrushyaah upayogeepoorakatwen asya tantrasya vaanijya-upayogasya vishaye tasya daavaasu gerike ityasya yathaartham siddhavaan.
puraskaaraah sammanaha cha.
hogland-varyaha 1916 tame varshe american-association-faar-da-advancement-aaf-sains (aaa) ityasya sadasyah abhavat, 1934 tame varshe rashtriya-vijnaana-akaadameeh sadasyah cha abhavat. tasya anekanam avishkaranam manyatam praapya, american-society-aaf-plant-physiologist-samsthaa denis-hogland-ityenam 1932 tame varshe adhyakshatvena nirvaachat, tathaa cha 1929 tame varshe, 1940 tame varshe daniel-1 ityanena saha prathamam stephen-hells-puraskaram cha dattavatee. tathaapi, saha "shaareerik-pakshaanaam vishesha-sandarbhena poshakanam upalabdhata" ityasya karyasya krute aas nyookamb-cleveland-puraskaram praptavan. 1944 tame varshe saha "sasyanam ajaivika-poshanavishaye vyakhyanani" upasheershake "haarvard-vishvavidyaalaye praathar-vyakhyanani" iti prakashitavan, yat 1942 tame varshe haarvard-vishvavidyaalaye daatum aamantritam aasit. 1945 tame varshe saha american-akadami aaf arts and sainsas ityasya sadasyatvena nirwaachitah.
denis aar. 1985 tame varshe american-society-aaf-plant-biologist-samsthayaa prathamavaaram pradarshita "hogland-award", tathaa cha "hogland-haal", yat vaayumandaleey-vijnaana-karyakramasya, tathaa cha yoo. see. davis-nagarasya paryaawaran-swaasthya-surakshaa-karyalayasya cha kendram asti, tasya sammanartham naamaankitam asti.
dharana.
maanak-poshaka-samadhanani.
adyatve sasya-poshanasya, sasya-ootaka-krusheh cha samanyaha upaayah asti hogland-arnan (1938,1950), muraashige-scoog (1962) ityetayoho sutrikaranani. adhunikanirmataraha sasya-prajananakartrubhyah, krushakaabhyah, samanya-upabhoktrubhyah cha dravaroopa-kendreekruta-urvarakanam utpadanartham hogland-arnan-ityetayoho mulasutranam pratikrutim kurvanti. hugland, nope, muraashige, scoog ityetaani naamaani api navinyapurnanam utpadananam brand-rupena upayujyante, yathaa.jii., hogland ityasya naa. 2 besal-lavana-mishranm "athavaa" muraashige tathaa scoog besal-lavana-mishranm ", ye samanyataha sasyavidnyaanasya maanak-rasayanarupena upayujyante. hogland tathaa nope-madhyamam" visheshatayaa sasyakoshasya, ootakasya, angasamvardhanasya cha krute nirjeeva-agar ityasya upari nirmitam aasit.
hogland tathaa anye aneke sasya-poshana-visheshadnyaah svavruttau 150 taha adhikaani bhinnani poshaka-dravana-pakavidhanani upayujyant (see. ef.). saaranee (4). vastutah, aneke poshaka-paakavidhaanaah maanak-naman soochayanti, yadyapi teshaam mool-sootrena saha sambandhah alpaha asti. yathaa, heavit ityanena varnitam, "hogland" iti namna anekaani pakavidhanani prakashitani santi, adyaavadhi mulasya rachanaayaah vishaye smaranashakteh kshatehe karanat bhramah utpannah bhavet.
heavit ityasya tebul 30e.
saaranee (4). heavit (saaranee 30e) ityasya anusaaram parivartitaah chayanitanam maanak-poshaka-draavanaanaam rachanaah. pee. pee. emm. rupena (aavashyakaani) tattvaani purnataya kendreekrutaani.
sankareet-poshaka-samadhanani.
udaharanartham, samshodhite hogland-draavanasya bruhatpadakanam (1), samshodhite deerghasya eshtan-draavanasya sukshmaposhakanam, samshodhite jacobson-draavanasya lohasya cha yuktte mishraposhakaashrayah, santulitaposhakaashrayasy nirmanartham vibhinnanam maanak-draavanaanaam shaareerik-gunaan samyojayanti yena sasyasya adhikatam-vruddhihi poorna-draavanasya (see. ef.) draavanasya draveekrutam bhavati. saaranee (5).
naagel ityasya tebul ess4..
saaranee (5). naagel ityaadibhih anugunam parivartitam sankar-poshaka-draavanasya rachanaa."(saaraneeh ess4).. pee. pee. emm. madhye poorna-maulika-sandrata.
hogland ityasya viraasatah.
denis hogland ityayam swasya shodhakshetre pramukhah adhikaari iti manyate sma, tasya dirghakalam yaavat prachalan samshodhanasya yogyata tasya namakaranam krutvaa samadhanasya aarambhah sthapanam cha aasit, yena santulita-sasya-poshanasya adharaha nirmitah, yah adyapi maanyah asti. hogland-draavanam naa kevalam pruthivyaam upayujyate, apitu antarashtriya-antariksha-kendre sasya-utpaadana-prayogeshu api siddham asti. hogland-ityasya tasya sahayoginam cha nishkarshah mruttikaa, jalam, vaayuh, jalasya, poshakasya cha upayogasya cha praakrutikasampatteh shaashvata-upayogaay, sasya-utpaadane, swastha-sasya-aahaarasy cha utpadanartham prasangikani santi. hogland-deshasya moolabhoot-vaidnyaanik-yogadanani, vyaapakaroopen uddhrutaani prakashanani cha aadhunik-sasya-shareeravidnyaanasya, mruttikaa-rasayanashastrasya cha samshodhane aitihaasika-prasangikata santi, yat adhah likhita-granthapatal-soochee-madhye pratibimbate.
granthasuchi.
malasya madhye aluminium ityasya nirdhaaranam. sii ityanena saha. a. a. schmid. jey. beol.
kem.11 (4): 387-391.
vividhaihi samshodhitaah shukarasya antarjana-chayaapachayasy adhyayanm.
kaarakaah. (a.-3.) iti. ee ityanena saha. vi. makkollam. jey. beol. kem., 16 (3): 299-315,317-320,321-325.
prashaanta-tatasya kelps ityasya vinaashakaari aasavanam. jey. ind. england-deshe. kem.,
7 (8): 673-676.
prashaanta-tatasya kelps ityasya jaivika-ghatakaah santi. jey. agram. res., 4 (1): 39-58.
samudriya-shaivaalasya jatil-carbohedrates tathaa gandhaka-roopaani
prashaanta-tatasya. saha aii. a. mithyaa. jey. beol. kem., 23 (1): 287-297.
hadrogen-vidyudvaahakena mapayamanam bhoomau amlatvam adhishoshanam cha.
saha aii. tea. teekshna. jey. agram. res., 7:123-145.
vruddhihi hadrogen tathaa hadroxyl ayaan sandratayaha prabhaawah bhavati.
yavasya ropaah. mruttikaa vidnyaanam., 3 (6): 547-560.
carbon-dioxad-ityasya mruttikapratikriyayaha saha sambandhah, yat hadrogen-dwara maapayate.
vidyudvaahah. saha aii. tea. teekshna. jey. agram. res., 12 (3): 139-148.
mruttikaa-draavanasya bhinnatanam soochakaankaroopen sheetalan-bindu-paddhatihi
rutuhu, sasyavruddhihi cha. jey. agram. res., 12 (6): 369-395.
bhoome kaavo tathaa kaiko3 ityetayoho rasayanikaprabhavaha. bhaag-I. prabhaawah
mruttikaayaah pratikriyayam. a ityanena saha. doubleu. christy. mruttikaa vidnyaanam., 5 (5): 379-382.
sasyasya poshakadraavanasya pratikriyaya saha sambandhah. vidnyaanam,
48 (1243): 422-425.
amla-mruttikaayaah vishaye sadyah krutaanaam karyasya vishaye tippanyah. saha aii. tea. teekshna. mruttikaa vidnyaanam.
7 (3): 197-200.
sasyaih saha samaadhaanasamskaran-prayoganam tantram pashyatu.
vidnyaanam, 49 (1267): 360-362.
chayaapachayasy vishaye katipayanam aluminium-yaugikanam prabhaawah.
purushah. sii ityanena saha. a. a. schmid. unive. calif. paba. maargah., 2 (20): 215-244.
pee. ech., echa +, o. ech.-mananam saaranee; vidyutpravaah-anuroopam.
hadrogen-vidyudvaahaka-maapan-dwara nirdhaaritaah balaani,
granthasuchi. sii ityanena saha. a. a. schmid. unive. calif. paba. shareeram.5 (4):
23-69.
koshikaaspasy samrachanaa tathaa pratikriyayaha prati poshakadravyanam samadhanasya sambandhah
yavasya. boat. gaj., 68 (4): 297-304.
poshaka-madhyamena ekaagrataayaah pratikriyayaha cha sambandhah.
sasyasya vruddhihi, shoshanam cha. jey. agram. res., 18 (2): 73-117.1
pee. ech.-manasya upari anekaprakaranam sinchitajalasya prabhaawah tathaa
vividhaprakaaraanaam mruttikaanaam himmon bindavah avakshepah. a ityanena saha. doubleu.
christy. unive. calif. paba. agram. vidnyaanam., 4 (6): 141-158.
sasyanam krute ishtatam poshakam draavanam. vidnyaanam, 52 (1354): 562-564.
rutuhu tathaa sasyavruddhehe prabhaawah mruttikaayaah bhautika-avasthaayaam bhavati.
saha jey. sii. martin. jey. agram. res., 20 (5): 396-4 o3.
mruttikaa-draavanam mruttikaa-nishkarshanen saha sambaddham. saha jey. sii. martin tathaa
jii. aar. karabhari. jey. agram. res., 20 (5): 381-395.
sasyasya vishaye mruttikaa-draavanam. trans. dooram. so., 17 (2): 249-254.
mruttikaa-vishleshanam tathaa mruttikaa-sasyayoho parasparasambandhah. calif. agram. eksa. sta.
sir., 235:1-8.
mruttikaa-vishleshanam tathaa mruttikaa-sasyayoho parasparasambandhah. citrus-patraani, 2 (6): 1-2,
16-17.
sasyanam poshanashaktih. a ityanena saha. aar. davis tathaa cha sii. kha. lipman.
vidnyaanam, 57 (1471): 299-301.
sasyasya koshikaasrpasya samrachanaa, avashoshanena saha.
ayananam. a ityanena saha. aar. davis. jey. janaha. shareeram., 5 (5): 629-646.
ajaivika-tattvaanaam grahanasya, buffer ityasya cha upari lavanasya prabhaawah.
sasyasya vyavasthaa. saha jey. sii. martin. calif. agram. eksa. sta. technola. pee.,
8:1-26.
sasyaih ayananam avashoshane itoapi prayogaah, yathaa -
prakashasya prabhaavasya avalokanam. a ityanena saha. aar. davis. jey. janaha. shareeram.,
6 (1): 47-62.
sasyaih ayananam avashoshanam. mruttikaa vidnyaanam., 16 (4): 225-246.
balukanam draavanaanaam samskrutihi cha mruttikaayaah madhyamena saha tulanam karotu.
sasyasya vruddhihi. saha jey. sii. martin. mruttikaa vidnyaanam., 16 (5): 367-388.
kalchar-draavanasya pratikriyayam sasyasya prabhaawah. calif.
agram. eksa. sta. technola. pee., 12:1-16.
jalajanak-ayanena prabhaawitah kardamasya colloid-upari vidyudaaveshah bhavati.
ekagrataya tathaa bhinna-lavanaihi. va. ityanena saha. sii. day-huff. mruttikaa vidnyaanam.,
18 (5): 401-408.
sasyaih ayananam avashoshanavishaye soochanaah. a ityanena saha. aar.
davis. nootanah paadapavidnyaanee, 24 (2): 99-111.
mruttikaa-dravana-anveshanasya shaareerik-pakshaah. calif. agram. eksa.
sta. hiz., 1 (11): 227-257.
sasyanam akaarbanikaposhanasy kechan charanaah -
mruttikaa-samadhanaha 1. krutrima-samvardhana-madhyamena sasyanam vruddhihi.
vidnyaanam. agram., 6 (5): 141-151.
sasyanam akaarbanikaposhanasy kechan charanaah -
mruttikaa-draavanam-2. sasyavruddhehe madhyamena mruttikaa-draavanam bhavati.
vidnyaanam. agram., 6 (6): 177-189.
sasyanam vruddhihi katipayanam kshar lavananam prabhaawen bhavati. saha jey. ess. bhaarah tathaa
a. aar. davis. (20) amurta. prakrutihi tathaa mruttikaa-samadhanasya pratijnaa.
(21) akhila-prashaanta-vaidnyaanik-sammelanat poorvam patitaanaam shodhapatranam saaraamshaha,
australia.
prakashasya, tapamatrayaha, anyasya cha sthityaah prabhaawah kshamataayaah upari bhavati.
koshikaayaah sraavasya madhye helogen-ityetaan kendreekartum natella-koshikanam. pee saha. a.
hibbard tathaa a. aar. davis. jey. janaha. shareeram., 10 (1): 121-146.
shareeravidnyaanasya drushtyaa mruttikaayaah anveshanam.
sasyasya. chaturtham int. canf. mruttikaa vidnyaanam. rome, 1924,3:535-544.
samvardhana-dravana-madhye vardhamaanaih sasyaih whitmin-ee ityasya samshleshanam. saha.
haha. emm. evens. asmi. jey. shareeram., 80 (3): 702-704.
krutrimasamskruti-samadhananam paryaptatayaha vishaye sadyah eva prayogaah.
tathaa vividhaprakaaraanaam sasyanam vruddhehe krute mruttikaa-draavanaani.
saha jey. sii. martin. prathamasya ee. enn. tii. ityasya kaaryavaahinah tathaa patraani. kang. mruttikaa
vidnyaanam., 3:1-12.
california-vishvavidyaalaye sadyah eva mruttikaa-anveshanasya punaraarambhah. mo.
shaawah. calif. vibhaagah. agram., 16 (11): 562-568.
prathama-antarashtriya-mruttikaa-vijnaana-sammelanam, chaturtha-ayogah, mruttikaa
prajanankshamata. (saaraamshaha.) mruttikaa vidnyaanam., 25 (1): 45-50.
sasyakoshaih anyasya sanchaye eka-ayaan ityasya prabhaawah
naitel ityasya prayoganam vishaye visheshah ullekhah. a ityanena saha. aar. davis
tathaa cha pee. a. hibbard. paadap-shareeram., 3 (4): 473-486.
niyantrita-paryaavarane sasyanam vruddhehe saadhanam. saha.
a. aar. davis. paadap-shareeram., 3 (3): 277-292.
jale vardhamaanaanaam tametoropadanam krute aavashyakam nyunatamam potasium-staram.
samskrutihi. ee ityanena saha. ess. johnston. mruttikaa vidnyaanam., 27 (2): 89-109.
sasyakoshaih electrolate-ityasya grahanam sanchayah cha. a ityanena saha. aar.
davis. protoplasma, 6 (4): 610-626.
california-deshe urvaraka-samasyanam, mruttikaayaah vishleshanasya cha. calif. agram. eksa.
sta. sir., 317:1-16.
paadapakoshaih khanija-tattvaanaam sanchayah. yogadanam. samudrasya jeevah.,
pee. pee. 131-144.
sasya-shareeravidnyaanasya vishaye sadyah pragatihi. paryaavaranam, 11 (4): 785-786.
phalavrukshaanaam laghu-patraani athavaa gulaabih, i. va. ityanena saha. haha. chandler tathaa cha pee. a.
hibbard. pro. asmi. so. heart. vidnyaanam., 28:556-560.
mruttikaa-samasyanam vishaye sasyaih khanija-tattvaanaam avashoshanam.
paadap-shareeram., 6 (3): 373-388.
laghu-patraani athavaa phalavrukshaanaam gulaabih, II: jink ityasya prabhaawah tathaa anya-upachaarah.
va. ityanena saha. haha. chandler tathaa cha pee. a. hibbard. pro. asmi. so. heart.
vidnyaanam., 29:255-263.
sasyanam khanija-poshanam. varsham. reva. jaivarasaayanam., 1:618-636.
phosphetasy, poteshiyamasy cha nyunatayaha vruddhihi prabhaawah.
tathaa niyantrita-sthitau phalavrukshaanaam rachanaa. saha.
doubleu. haha. chandler. pro. asmi. so. heart. vidnyaanam., 29:267-271.
laghu-patraani athavaa phalavrukshaanaam gulaabih, iii. va. ityanena saha. haha. chandler tathaa
pee. a. hibbard. pro. asmi. so. heart. vidnyaanam., 30:70-86.
sasyanam khanija-poshanam. varsham. reva. jaivarasaayanam., 2:471-484.
niyantrita-avasthaayaam strawberry-sasyasya poshanam. (a) prabhaawah
boran tathaa anyaih tattwaih nyunatam, (kha) samvedanasheelataa
sodiyam lavananam kshatehe kshatihi. va. ityanena saha. sii. sneeder. pro. asmi. so. heart. vidnyaanam.,
30:288-294.
pratisthaapanayogyasy, pratisthaapanayogyasy, mruttikaa-draavanasya cha poteshiyamasy vishaye sasyaih poteshiyamasy avashoshanam. saha jey. sii. martin. mruttikaa
vidnyaanam., 36:1-33.
vishesha-sandarbhena saha poteshiyamasy upalabdhata nirdhaarayitum vidhihi
ardhashushkamalam prati. trans. dwiteeya-ayogah kshar-upa-ayogah cha
antarashtriya-ess. o. sii. mruttikaa vidnyaanam. cobenhown (danmark).
vaalyoom. a, pee. pee. 25-31.
laghu-patraani athavaa phalavrukshaanaam gulaabih, IV. va. ityanena saha. haha. chandler tathaa cha pee. a.
hibbard. pro. asmi. so. heart. vidnyaanam., 32:11-19.
california-vishesha-sandarbhena yavasya potassium-poshanam.
mruttikaa. pro. panchamah prashaantawidnyaan-sammelanah, pru. 2669-2676.
laghu-patram athavaa phalavrukshaanaam gulaabih, v: vruddhihi upari jinkasya prabhaawah.
niyantrita-mruttikaayaam jalasamskaare cha vividhaprakaaraanaam sasyanam utpaadanam
prayogaah. va. ityanena saha. haha. chandler tathaa cha pee. a. hibbard. pro. asmi.
so. heart. vidnyaanam., 33:131-141.
little-leaf athavaa rosset-aaf" iti vishaye kozlovsky ityasya lekhasya vishaye tippaneeh.
california-deshe phalavrukshaani santi. va. ityanena saha. haha. chandler. phatopathology, 25 (5): 522-522
sasyaih potassium ityasya avashoshanam, mruttikayaa sthireekaranam cha.
upalabhyamananam poshakanam anumanartham katipayaani vidhaanaani. saha jey. sii.
martin. trans. truteeyah antargrahah. kang. mruttikaa vidnyaanam., 1:99-103.
laghu-patram athavaa phalavrukshaanaam gulaabih, vi: adhika-prayogaah
rogasya karanam. va. ityanena saha. haha. chandler tathaa cha pee. aar. staut.
pro. asmi. so. heart. vidnyaanam., 34:210-212.
mruttikaa-sasyavyavasthaayaam upaapachayanik-ekakam rupena sasyah. nibandhah
doubleu. emm. ityasya sammanartham geoboatnee. a. sechel. unive. calif. press, pee. pee.
219-245.
lavanasya moolaih sanchayasya prakriyayaha saamaanyaprakrutihi
prayogaatmak-paddhatyam vivaranam. tea saha. sii. madhyasthah. paadap-shareeram.,
11 (3): 471-507.
uccha-sasyanam lavana-poshanasya kechan vishayaah. boat. reva., 3:307-334.
mruttikaavihinaanaam sasyanam vruddhihi jalasamskaranapaddhatih asti. saha.
dee. a. arnon. calif. agram. eksa. sta. sir.347, pru. 1-39.*
california-deshe urvaraka-samasyanam, mruttikaayaah vishleshanasya cha. calif. agram. eksa.
sta. sir., 317:1-16 (samshodhanam).
jalasamskaranasya, mruttikaayaah cha tulanam sasyotpaadanasy maadhyamaroopen.
saha D. a. arnon. vidnyaanam, 89:512-514.
soochitah, katipaya-sasyeshu lavanasya oordhvagaamee tathaa paarshveeya-gatihi
potasium, sodium, phosphorus ityetayoho vikiranasheel-samasthaanikaah shoshitaah bhavanti.
moolaih. pee saha. aar. staut. asmi. jey. boat., 26 (5): 320-324.
upaapachayah lavanasya cha sasyaih shoshanam bhavati. cha cha. sii. parichaarakah. prakrutihi,
143:1031-1032.
sasyaih lavanasya shoshanam. cha cha. sii. parichaarakah. prakrutihi, 145:116-117.
jalajanak-ayaan-prabhaawah tathaa yavamoolaih lavanasya sanchayah yathaa
chayapachayaprakriyaya prabhaawitah. tea saha. sii. madhyasthah. asmi. jey. boat., 27:173-185.
sasyasya lavanasya oordhvagaamee gatihi. tea saha. sii. broyer tathaa pee. aar. staut.
prakrutihi, 146:340-340.
sasyavruddhehe sambandhe kshanamaatrasya rasayanika-tattvaani.
vidnyaanam, 91:557-560.
vishesha-sandarbhena sasya-ootakaat sraava-abhivyakti-vidhaanaani
utsarjita-yavamoolaih lavanasangrahanam vishaye adhyayanm. tea saha. sii.
madhyasthah. asmi. jey. boat., 27 (7): 501-511.
krutrimasamskarana-samadhaneshu tathaa visheshena mruttikaasu cha sasyotpaadanam.
utpaadanam, ajaivikasya avashoshanam cha prabhaavayantah kaarakaah
poshakaani. saha D. a. arnon. mruttikaa vidnyaanam.50 (1): 463-485.
upapachayanasya vishesha-sandarbhena sasyakoshaih lavanasangrahanam bhavati.
tathaa yavasya mulanam vishaye prayogaah. sheet-vasanta-naukaashraya-sammelanam
maatraatmak-jeevavidnyaanam, khandah. 8.
sasya-poshanasya adhyayanasya vishaye kechan aadhunik-pragatihi. pro. asmi. so.
shakkar-beat-tantradnyaanam., bhaagah 1:18-26.
jalasamskaran-prayogaah malibdenum tathaa tamrasya nyunatayaha vishaye.
phalavrukshaani. pro. asmi. so. heart. vidnyaanam., 38:8-12.
paadap-vruddhehe krute poshaka-tattvaanaam labhyatayaha shaareerik-pakshaah.
saha D. a. arnon. mruttikaa vidnyaanam.51 (1): 431-444.
paadap-poshanasya adhyayanasya pragatihi. tu tu tu tu. agram., 18:247.
padapakoshakeshu lavanasya sanchayah, paragamyata cha. tea saha. sii. madhyasthah.
jey. janaha. shareer-shaastram., 25 (6): 865-880.
mulanam chayaapachayakriyaah tathaa cha teshaam sambandhah
sasyeshu lavananam jalasya cha oordhvagaamee gatihi. tea saha. sii. madhyasthah.
asmi. jey. boat., 30 (4): 261-273.
poshaka-aapurtyaa prabhaawitah tametorasasya sasyasya rachanaa,
falaanaam sambandhah. saha D. a. arnon. boat. gaj.104 (4): 576-590.
paadap-poshanasya adhyayanasya samanya-pakshaah. vidnyaanam. unive. calif., pee. pee.
279-294.
krutrimasamskaranapaddhatyaam sasyaposhanasya anveshanam.
saha D. a. arnon. beol. reva. kember. fill. so., 19 (2): 55-67.
sasyanam ajaivikaposhanavishaye vyaakhyaanam. (haarvard-nagare praathar-vyaakhyaaneshu
vishvavidyaalayaha). chronica botanica ko. dwara prakaashitam. vaaltham, maas.
sasyavruddhehe vishaye molybdenum iti. mruttikaa vidnyaanam., 60 (2): 119-123.
mruttikaayaam pratisthaapanayogy-aparivartaneeya-roopayoh potasium-sthireekaranam bhavati.
mruttikaayaam rasayanika-pratikriyam bhavati. saha jey. sii. martin tathaa
aar. atimaarga. mruttikaa vidnyaanam. so. asmi. pro., 10:94-101.
sasyanam poshanam tathaa jaivarasaayanashaastram, jaivaraasaayanikakshetre pravaahah
anusandhaana. antarajnaana-saarvajanikam. ee. sii. ena. ya., pee. pee. 61-77.
laghu-patraani athavaa phalavrukshaanaam gulaabih, VIII: jink-tamrasya abhaawah
curl-mruttikaayaam. va. ityanena saha. haha. chandler tathaa jey. sii. martin. pro. asmi. so.
heart. vidnyaanam., 47:15-19.
valter-shailyaa sasyeshu pashunam cha tattvaani dnyaatum shakyate. reva. aarch.
jaivarasaayanam., 13:311-312.
urvarakaani, mruttikaa-vishleshanam, sasya-poshanam cha. calif. agram. eksa. sta. sir.,
367:1-24.
niyamitam" iti atiriktam avashyakanam "laghu" tattvaanaam sukshmaparimanani"
urvarakam. agram. kem.
sasya-poshanasya kaanichan samasyaah. saha D. a. arnon. vidnyaanam. mo., 67 (3): 201-209.
urvarakaani, mruttikaa-vishleshanam, sasya-poshanam cha. calif. agram. eksa. sta. sir.,
367:1-24 (samshodhanam).
sasyeshu ajaivika-padarthanam avashoshanam tathaa upayogah. saha.
pee. aar. staut. cha. krushi-rasayanashastrasya VIII, sampaadayatu. dwara freer, vyaan
nasika.
mruttikaavihinaanaam sasyanam vruddhihi jalasamskaranapaddhatih asti. saha D. a. arnon.
calif. agram. eksa. sta. sir.347, pru. 1-32 (samshodhanam).**
pratisthaapanayogyasy aparivartaneeyasya cha potasium ityasya vishaye, tathaa cha sasyasya jaivikasya cha prabhaavasya vishaye sasyanam krute potasium ityasya upalabdhata.
saha jey. sii. martin. mruttikaa vidnyaanam. so. asmi. pro., 15:272-278.
"neshan-akadami-aaf-sainsas-archaves ityasya saujanyam, etaan pravishtibhihi vinaa etat naa sambhavam aasit." |
dennis robbert hockland
dennis robbert hockland (aepral 2,1884-septumber 5,1949) oru america vaethiyiyalaalar mattrum thaavara vaethiyiyal, mann vaethiyiyal, uyirvaethiyiyal mattrum udaliyal thuraikalil panipuriyum thaavara mattrum mann vinjnaani aavaar. 1927 muthal 1949 ill irakkum varai berkleyil ulla california palkalaikkazhagaththil thaavara uuttachchaththu paeraasiriyaraaga irunthaar.
dennis hockland podhuvaaga thaavara uyiranukkalil electrolytegalin seyalil ulla poakkuvaraththai kandupidippadharkaaga ariyappadugirathu, idhu karaisal kalacharam poantra kattuppadutthappatta soathanai nilaimaigalin keezh puthumaiyaana maathiri amaippugalaip payanpaduththukirathu.
thuththanaagam poantra thadaya koorugal illaathathaal palvaeru thaavara noaikal aerpadukintrana enbathai hockland kaatta mudinthathu mattrum thaavara uuttachchaththu mattrum valarcchikku avattrin mukkiyatthuvaththai niruviyathu.
mann pii. ech mattrum mann karaisal, veppanilai mattrum thaavara valarcchikku olii aagiyavattrin mukkiyatthuvaththai niruvuvathan moolam thaavaraththirkum mannukkum idaiyilaana thodarbugal kuriththa aaraaychchikku avar munnoadiyaaga irunthaar.
hockland mattrum avarathu koottaaligal oru seyarkai, muzhumaiyaana kanima uuttachchaththu uudakaththai uruvaakkinar, idhu ulagalavil hockland karaisal endru azhaikkappadukirathu, idhu thaavarangalai hytrophonicalaga valarkka ulagalavil thodarnthu payanpaduththappadukirathu.
suyasaridhai.
thanipatta vaazhkkai.
dennis hockland charles breakinridge hockland (1859-1934) mattrum lilian mae hockland (1863-1951) aagiyoarin magan aavaar. avar thanathu muthal ettu aandugalai thangaththil kaliththaar, pinnar thanathu kuzhandhaip paruvaththil avar denveril vaalnththaar. avar denver podhup palligalil payintraar, 1903 aam aandil stanford palkalaikkazhagaththil nuzhainthaar. 1920 ill, dennis aarr. hogland jessy aee-vaii mananthaar. sirippu. 1933 aam aandil nimoniawal avar thideerendru iranthaar. robbert charles, albert smiley mattrum charles ridemyer endra moontru ilam siruvarkalai valarkkum poruppu avarukku vidappattathu.
thozhil.
hockland stanford palkalaikkazhagaththil (1907) vaethiyiyalil oru periya pattaththudan pattam pettraar. 1908 aam aandil avar berkleyil ulla california palkalaikkazhagaththil vilangku uuttachchaththu aaivagaththil payittruvippaalaraagavum uthaviyaalaraagavum aanaar, idhu avarathu vaazhnaal muzhuvathum thodarpudaiya oru niruvanamaagum. angku avar vilangku uuttachchaththu mattrum uyirvaethiyiyal thuraikalil paniyaattrinaar. 1910 aam aandil avar yuu. ess. inn unavu mattrum marunthu nirvaagaththil udhavi vaethiyiyalaalaraaka niyamikkappattaar.ess. 1912 varai vivasaayath thurai (shmitt mattrum hockland, 1912,1919), visconsin palkalaikkazhagaththil elmer mccollamudan vivasaaya vaethiyiyal thuraiyil pattathaari pallyil nuzhainthapoathu, 1913 ill thanathu muthukalaip pattam pettraar (mccollum mattrum hockland, 1913). antha aandin ilaiyuthirkaalaththil avar vivasaaya vaethiyiyalin udhavi paeraasiriyaraagavum, 1922 aam aandil berkleyil thaavara uuttachchaththin inai paeraasiriyaraagavum aanaar. avar "uyiriyakkaviyalin varudaanthira mathippaaivu" inn niruvanaraagavum, "thaavara udaliyalin varudaanthira mathippaaivu" mattrum "maruththuvaththin varudaanthira mathippaaivu" aagiyavattrin aatharavaalaraakavum irunthaar, idhu avarathu maranaththirkup piragu 1950 ill muthanmuthalil thoantriyathu.
vaelai.
surukkamaana kannoattam.
muthalaam ulagap poarin poathu, jerman beararasilirunthu amerikkaavirku potasium adippadaiyilaana urangkalin irakkumathi illaathathai paluppu nira paasi thaavarangalin saarugaludan maattruvatharku hockland muyantrathu, idhu maaperum kelbin tiranaal eerkkappattathu, idhu kadal neeril irunthu thernthedukkappatta koorugalai urinchukirathu mattrum potasium mattrum iodide pala murai kadal neeril kaanappadum serivugalai vida athigamaaga kuvikkirathu (hockland, 1915). inththa kandupidippugalin adippadaiyil avar serivu saaivukku ethiraaga uppugalai urinjchum thaavarangalin thiranai aaraaynthaar mattrum kattuppadutthappatta soathanai nilaimaigalin keezh (hockland, hibard mattrum davis, 1926) puthumaiyaana maathiri amaippugalaip payanpaduththi valarsithai maattra aattralin meethu uuttachchaththu urinchuthal mattrum idamaattram saarnthiruppathaik kandupiditthaar.
avarathu muraiyaana aaraaychchiyin poathu, mukkiyamaaga karaisal kalaachaara nutpatthaal, juuliyas vaan sax mattrum wilhelm noap vaelaiyin kolgaiyaal eerkkappatta avar, hockland karaisalukkaana adippadai sooththiraththai uruvaakkinaar, adhan kalavai muthalil adhiga urpathtiththiran konda sila mannidamirunthu perappatta idampeyarntha mann karaisalukkup piragu vadivamaikkappattathu (hockland, 1919) 1. avarathu aaraaichi uyiranukkalukuth thevaiyaana thadaya koorugalin thaevai mattrum seyalpaadu kuriththa puthiya kandupidippugalukku vazhivaguththathu, ithanaal tomato thaavarangalin valarcchikku molyptinamine aththiyaavasiyatthai niruviyathu, eduththukkaattaaga (arnon mattrum hockland, 1940; hockland, 1945). thuththanaagam (hockland, sandler mattrum hibard, 1931, eff. eff. poantra thadaya koorugal illaathathaal palvaeru thaavara noaikal aerpadukintrana enbathai hockland kaatta mudinthathu.), mattrum antha poaraan, manganese, thuththanaagam mattrum taamiram aagiyavai saathaarana thaavara valarcchikku intriyamaiyaathavai (hockland, 1937).
uthaaranamaaga, mann mattrum (seyarkai) karaisalgalil uuttachchaththukkal kidaippadhu mattrum urinchappaduvathu kuritthu (hockland, 1916,1917,1920,1922; hockland mattrum arnan, 1941) sirantha purithalaip peruvatharkaaka, mann theervugalin udaliyal samanilai mattrum thaavara valarchchiyai saarnthiruppathu aagiyavattraik kurikkum vagaiyil thaavara-mann thodarbugalil avar sirappu aarvam kaattinaar. hockland mattrum avarathu koottaaligal, avarathu aaraaichi udhaviyaalar villiyam isat udpada. ithanaal, sooriya oliyaal iyakkappadum pacchai thaavarangalil adippadai sellulaar udaliyal seyalmuraigalaip purinthukolvatharku thontharavu aliththathu (hockland mattrum davis, 1929; hockland mattrum stevard, 1939,1940; hockland, 1944,1946).
hocklands mattrum nopes theervugal.
dennis hockland mann karaisalin kalavaiyin adippadaiyil oru puthiya vagai karaisalai uruvaakkiya muthal nabarawar (hockland, 1919) 1. oru karaisalil serivu mattrum moththa uuttachchaththukkalin alavai vaerupaduththuvatharkaana muthal vetrtrikaramaana karuththaiyum avar uruvaakkinaar (johnston mattrum hockland, 1929). hockland karaisal" endra soll muthanmuthalil 1922 aam aandil ooloaf orhanius enbavaraal 1919 aam aandin hockland veliyeettaik kurippidugaiyil kurippidappattathu, angku avar oru uganththa uuttachchaththu karaisalai "adhigapatcha magasoolai valangkiya kurainthapatcha serivu mattrum adharku appaal endha munnaettramum illai" endru varaiyarutthaar. 1920 aam aandil hockland veliyitta anthantha theervu shiv karaisaludan oppidugaiyil barley thaavara valarchi alavurukkalai aaraya payanpaduththappattathu. 1920kazhil palvaeru ph mathippukalil maattriyamaikkappatta hockland karaisalil alfalbavin valarchi aaraayappattathu. 1930kazhil hockland mattrum avarathu koottaaligal sila thaavarangalin noaikalai aaraaynththanar, idhan moolam, uppupporul poantra nilaththadi nilangkal thodarpaana arikurigalaik kavaniththanar. inththa soozhalil, kattuppadutthappatta aaivaga nilaimaigalin keezh idhae poantra arikurigalai vazhangkum nambikkaiyudan hockland neer kalaachaara soathanaigalai maerkondathu. inththa soathanaigalukkaaga, californiavil strawberryin sila noaikalai aaraaivatharkaaka macro uuttachchaththukkal, irumbu mattrum thunai theervugal a mattrum b (trace koorugal) udpada hockland karaisal (0) puthithaaga uruvaakkappattathu (hockland mattrum snider, 1933).
hoglandin aaraaychchikku thaavara noayiyal nipunarkal ech. aatharavu aliththanar. eee. thamas mattrum doublue. chii. thaavara uuttachchaththu mattrum hytroculturine mattroru munnoadiyaana villiyam frederic jerikin selvaakkudan. vaniga vivasaayaththil neer kalaachaaraththin kolgaigalaip payanpaduththuvathil jerikin arputhamaana mudivugal, inththa vishayathil thanathu aaraaychchiyai virivupaduththa avaraith thoondina, idhan vilaivaaga iruthiyaaka hockland theervugal (1) mattrum (2) (hockland mattrum arnan, 1938,1950). hockland karaisalgalin (0) mattrum (1) macro uuttachchaththukkalin kalavai mattrum serivu wilhelm noappin naanku-uppu kalavaiyilum, hockland mattrum avarathu koottaaligalin soathanai mudivugalukkaana molar vigithaththilum (chii. eff. attavanaigal (1) mattrum (2). noap karaisal, hockland karaisalukku maaraaga, irumbuth thavira, thadaya koorugaludan (nunnoottachchaththukkal) koodudhalaaga illai, aenenil wilhelm noap naalil irasaayanangkal kurippaaga thooimaiyaanavai alla. nunnoottachchaththukkal, adhu theriyaamal, aerkanavae macro uuttachchaththu uppugalil asuththangkalaaga irunththana. 1930 mattrum atharkup piragu, adhiga suththikarikkappatta irasaayanangkal mattrum thadaya serivugalai pakuppaaivu seivatharkaana adhiga unarthiran konda muraigal uruvaakkappattana.
naappin naanku uppu kalavai.
attavanai (1). naappin naanku uppu kalavai (1865)
macro uuttachchaththukkal.
attavanai (2). hockland karaisalil (0,1,2) mattrum naap karaisalil macro uuttachchaththukkalin kalavai mattrum muzhu serivu
hoglandin maanavargalil daniel israel arnan adangkuvaar, avar hockland karaisalin macro uuttachchaththukkalin kalavaiyai maattriyamaithaar (2) (cf. attavanai 2) mattrum nunnoottachaththukkalin serivu (b, mn, zn, cu, mo, mattrum cl) hockland karaisalgal (1) mattrum (2) (cf. dable (3)) koottu muyarchigalin vilaivaaga, mattrum folke carle scook. murashij mattrum scook uudakaththirku maaraaga, vitamingaloa allathu pira karima saermangaloa hockland karaisalukkaana saerkkaikalaaka valangkappadavillai, aanaal aththiyaavasiya kanimangal mattumae moolapporulgalaaga vazhangkappadugindrana. murashij mattrum scook aagiyavai vellaiyin maattriyamaikkappatta uudakaththil valarkappatta pugaiyilai collusin valarchchiyai ookkuvippathu mukkiyamaaga neer pugaiyilai ilai saattril serkkappatta karima koorugalai vida kanima kaaranamaagum endru mudivu seithana.
nunnoottachchaththukkal.
attavanai (3). hockland karaisalil aththiyaavasiya nunnoottachaththukkalin kalavai mattrum muzhu serivu (0,1,2)
oru koodudhal nunnoottachaththu, 9 micromi ferrick dartrade (c12h12fe2o18) hockland karaisal sooththirangalil (0,1,2) saerkkappadukirathu, idhu 18 micromol/ell febe 3 + serivudan thodarpudaiyathu. karaisal (2) ammonium mattrum nitrate uppugalaik kondullathu mattrum sila nerangalil karaisalai vida (0,1) (cf. attavanai 2) aenenil ammonium ayani virumbaththagaatha kaaraththanmaiyin valarchchiyai thaamathappaduththukirathu (hockland mattrum arnan, 1938,1950). iruppinum, idhu perumpaalaana payir inangkalukku nachuththanmai vaainththathu mattrum oray naitrajan moolamaaga arithaagavae payanpaduththappadukirathu.
sarchaikkuriya karudhukoalgal.
muttrilum maarupatta serivugal mattrum uppu vigithangkalin karaisalgal oru payirin vilaichalai endha mukiya alavilum paathikkavillai endru hockland mudivu seithathu. iruppinum, sameepathiya aaivugal, valarchi mattrum vilaichalil ulla vaerupaadugal podhuvaagap payanpaduththappadum uuttachchaththu theervugalil aerkanavae serivil siriya vaerupaadugaludan thodarnthana enbathai velippaduththukintrana. eduththukkaattaaga, hockland theervu (2) muraiyae uyar surangappaathai mattrum thiranthavezhi nilaimaigalil atthi marangkalin valarchchiyai athikarikka vazhivaguththathu. neer kalacharam enbathu mann kalaachaaraththai vida arithaagavae uyarnthathu ("oppidakkoodiya nilaimaigalin keezh vilaichchal kurippidatthakka vagaiyil vaerupattathalla") endra hoglandin karudhukoalin oru mukkiyamaana maiya amsam kelvikkuriyadhu (hockland mattrum arnan, 1938,1950). eduththukkaattaaga, neer valarppu mattra valarchi addii moolakkoorugaludan oppidumpoathu hytrophonicalaga valarkkappadum pugaiyilai thaavarangalin miga uyarnththa biomass mattrum puratha urpathtikku vazhivaguththathu, athae suttruchchoozhal nilaimaigalil payiridappattu sama alavu uuttachchaththukkaludan vazhangkappadukirathu.
jerikkirku maaraaga, hockland theervu kalaachaaraththai muthanmaiyaaga ariviyal sattangalaik kandupidippadharkaana oru muraiyaagak karuthinaar, athae neraththil jerick hytrophonics innum thulliyamaana ariviyal alla endru valiyurutthinaar. ezhuththaalargalin vaerupatta karuththukkal pinvarum maerkoalgalaal vilakkappattullana "adhan vaniga payanpaadu migavum varaiyarukappatta nilaimaigalin keezh niyaayamaanathu mattrum nipunar maerpaarvaiyin keezh mattumae" (hockland mattrum arnan, 1938,1950, "mann illaamal thaavarangalai valarppatharkaana neer kalaachaara murai"); "hytrophonixuku vivasaayaththai vida oru unit parappalavil adhiga selavu thaevaippaduvathaal, vilaichchal athigamaaga irukka vaendum, allathu vaniga reethiyaaga vetrtripera vaendum endraal pira izhappeedugal irukka vaendum enbathu thelivaagirathu. adhu vetrtrikaramaaka mudiyum enbathai anubavam aerkanavae kaattiyullathu "(jerick, 1940," mann illaatha thoattakkalaikkaana muzhumaiyaana vazhikaatti "). hytrophonicsin varalaaru, inththa nutpaththai vaniga reethiyaagap payanpaduththuvathu valakkamaana vivasaayaththirku oru payanulla nirappaagum endra avarathu koottrugalil jerick sariyaanathu enbathai niroopiththathil aachariyamillai.
viruthugal mattrum gowravangal.
1916 aam aandil american association phaar thii advanment off sayins (aaas) inn uruppinaraagavum, 1934 aam aandil thaesiya ariviyal akaadamiyin uruppinaraagavum hockland aanaar. avarathu pala kandupidippugalai angkeekarikkum vagaiyil, american society off bland physiologists 1932 aam aandil dennis hoglandai thalaivaraagath thaerntheduththu, 1929 aam aandil avarukku muthal steben hales parisai valangkiyathu. 1940 aam aandil, daniel aii udan inainthu. udaliyal amsangkalaip pattriya sirappu kurippudan uuttachchaththukkalin kidaikkum thanmai" endra panikkaaga avar aus nucomp cleveland parisaip pettraar. 1944 aam aandil avar "thaavarangalin kanima uuttachchaththu kuriththa virivuraigalai" "haarvard palkalaikkazhagaththil piraathar virivuraigal" endra thunaith thalaippil veliyittaar, idhu 1942 aam aandil haarvard palkalaikkazhagaththil vazhangka azhaikkappattathu. 1945 aam aandil avar american akaadami off ards andd sciencessin uruppinaraaga thernthedukkappattaar.
dennis aarr. 1985 aam aandil american society off bland biologists valangkiya hockland viruthu, mattrum valimandala ariviyal thittaththirkum, yuu. chii. davisil ulla suttruchchoozhal sugaathaaram mattrum paathukaappu aluvalagaththirkum iruppidamaana hockland haal aagiyavai avarathu ninaivaaga peyaridappattullana.
karutthu.
nilaiyaana uuttachchaththu theervugal.
ippoathellaam thaavara uuttachchaththu mattrum thaavara thisu saagupadikkaana migavum podhuvaana theervugal hockland mattrum arnan (1938,1950), mattrum murashij mattrum scook (1962) aagiyavattrilirunthu uruvaanavaiyaagum. thaavara inapperukkarkal, vivasaayigal mattrum sarasari nugarvoarukku thirava serivoottappatta urangkalai urpaththi seiya naveena urpaththiyaalargalaal hockland mattrum arnan aagiyavattrin adippadai sooththirangkal pirathipalikkappadugindrana. hockland, naap, murashij mattrum scook aagiyavattrin peyarkal kooda puthumaiyaana thayaarippukalukkaana oru piraandaaga payanpaduththappadugindrana, eeyee.jii., hockland illai. 2 adiththala uppu kalavai allathu "murashij mattrum scook adiththala uppu kalavai", ivai podhuvaaga thaavara ariviyalil nilaiyaana irasaayanangkalaakap payanpaduththappadugindrana. hockland mattrum noap medium" enbathu thaavara chell, thisu mattrum uruppu kalaachchaaranggalukku steryl agar meethu sirappaaga vadivamaikkappattathu.
hockland mattrum pala thaavara uuttachchaththu nipunarkal thangal thozhil vaazhkkaiyil 150 kkum maerpatta vevvaeru uuttachchaththu karaisal samaiyal kurippugalaip payanpaduththinar (chii. eff. attavanai (4). unmaiyil, pala uuttachchaththu samaiyal kurippugal oru nilaiyaana peyaraik kurikkindrana, iruppinum avai asal sooththiraththudan sirithum thodarpupaduththavillai. eduththukkaattaaga, hevit vivariththapadi, "hockland" endra peyaril pala samaiyal kurippugal veliyidappattullana, maelum asal kalavaiyaip pattriya ninaivaattral izhappaal intru varai kuzhappam aerpadalaam.
hevit dable 30a.
maesai (4). thernthedukkappatta nilaiyaana uuttachchaththu karaisalgalin kalavai hevit (attavanai 30aee) puddy maattriyamaikkappattathu. ppm aaga (aththiyaavasiya) koorugalin muzhu serivu.
kalappina uuttachchaththu theervugal.
eduththukkaattaaga, maattriyamaikkappatta hockland karaisalin macro uuttachchaththukkal (1), maattriyamaikkappatta neenda aashtan karaisalin nunnoottachchaththukkal mattrum maattriyamaikkappatta jacobson karaisalin irumbu aagiyavattraik konda kalappina uuttachchaththu theervugal, vevvaeru nilaiyaana theervugalin udaliyal panbugalai inaiththu oru samanilaiyaana uuttachchaththu karaisalai uruvaakkukintrana, idhu thaavara valarchchiyai muzhu karaisalukku neerththuvida uthavukirathu (chii. eff. attavanai (5).
naagalin mejai ess 4.
attavanai (5). naagal mattrum piravattrirku aerpa maattriyamaikkappatta oru kalappina uuttachchaththu karaisalin kalavai."(attavanai ess 4). ppm ill muzhu uruppu serivu.
hoglandin marabu.
dennis hockland thanathu aaraaichith thuraiyil oru munnani athikaaramaagak karudhappattaar, maelum avarathu neediththa aaraaichi thaguthi avarathu peyaridappatta theervaith thodanguvathum niruvuvathum aagum, idhan moolam, oru seeraana thaavara uuttachchaththukkaana adippadaiyai uruvaakkukirathu, idhu intrum sellupadiyaagum. hockland karaisal poomiyil payanpaduththappaduvathu mattumallaamal, sarvadesa vinveli nilaiyaththil thaavara urpaththi soathanaigalilum thannai niroopiththullathu. nilam mattrum avarathu koottaaligalin kandupidippugal mann, neer mattrum kaattru, payir urpaththiyil neer mattrum uuttachchaththu payanpaattu seyalthiran mattrum aaroakkiyamaana thaavara unavugalin urpaththi poantra iyarkai valangkalin nilaiyaana payanpaattirku porutthamaanavai. hoglandin adippadai ariviyal pankalippukal mattrum paravalaaka maerkoal kaattapatta veliyeedugal naveena thaavara udaliyal mattrum mann vaethiyiyal aaraaychchikku varalaattru porutthaththai kondullana, idhu pinvarum nooliyal vadivaththil pirathipalikkirathu.
nooliyal.
malaththil aluminiyaththin theermaaniththal. chii udan. ell. auuu. shmitt. jay. biol.
kemm., 11 (4): 387-391.
pandriyin endogenous metabolism pattriya aaivugal palvaeru maattrangkalaal maattriyamaikkappattullana
kaaranigal. (naan.-III.). e udan. vii. mccollum. jay. biol. kemm., 16 (3): 299-315,317-320,321-325.
pasipik kadarkarai kelps azhivugaramaana vadikattuthal. jay. indiyan. aangkilam. kemm.,
7 (8): 673-676.
pasipik kadarkarai kelps karima koorugal. jay. auuu. thii. muuu. qalla. rez., 4 (1): 39-58.
kadal paasigalil ulla sikkalaana carbohytrategal mattrum kandhagaththin vadivangkal
pasipik kadarkarai. ell udan. ell. poy. jay. biol. kemm., 23 (1): 287-297.
hydrajan minmunaiyaal alavidappadum mannil amilatthanmai mattrum urinchuthal.
ell udan. dii. koormaiyaana. jay. auuu. thii. muuu. qalla. rez., 7:123-145.
valarchchiyil hydrajan mattrum hydroxyl ayani serivu vilaivu
barley naattrukal. mann ariviyal., 3 (6): 547-560.
hydrajanal alavidappadum mann ethirvinaiyudan corbon dye aaksaidin uravu
minmunai. ell udan. dii. koormaiyaana. jay. auuu. thii. muuu. qalla. rez., 12 (3): 139-148.
mann karaisalil ulla maarupaadugalin kuriyeedaaga uraipani-pulli murai
paruvam mattrum payir valarchi kaaranamaaga. jay. auuu. thii. muuu. qalla. rez., 12 (6): 369-395.
mannil cavo mattrum cago 3 inn irasaayana vilaivugal. pakuthi I. vilaivu
mann ethirvinai. oru udan. doublue. christy. mann ariviyal., 5 (5): 379-382.
uuttachchaththu karaisalin ethirvinaiyudan thaavaraththin uravu. ariviyal,
48 (1243): 422-425.
amila mann thodarpaana sameepathiya vaelai pattriya kurippugal. ell udan. dii. koormaiyaana. mann ariviyal.
7 (3): 197-200.
thaavarangaludan karaisal kalaachaara soathanaigalin nutpaththai kurippu.
ariviyal, 49 (1267): 360-362.
sila aluminiya sermangalin vilaivu valarsithai maattraththil
manithar. chii udan. ell. auuu. shmitt. unive. kalifa. puup. paathai., 2 (20): 215-244.
Ph, h +, mattrum oh− mathippukalin attavanai; minkadatta thodarpudaiyathu
hydrajan minmunai alaveedugalil theermaanikkappatta visaigal, oru
nooliyal. chii udan. ell. auuu. shmitt. unive. kalifa. puup. udal.5 (4):
23-69.
chell saappin kalavai mattrum ethirvinaikku uuttachchaththu karaisalin uravu
barley. poat. kaas., 68 (4): 297-304.
uuttachchaththu uudakaththin serivu mattrum ethirvinaiyin uravu
thaavaraththin valarchi mattrum urinchuthal. jay. auuu. thii. muuu. qalla. rez., 18 (2): 73-117.1
pala vagaiyaana neerppaasana neerin vilaivu pH mathippu mattrum
palvaeru vagaiyaana mannin uraipani nilai azhuththam. oru udan. doublue.
christy. unive. kalifa. puup. auuu. thii. muuu. qalla. ariviyal., 4 (6): 141-158.
thaavarangalukkaana uganththa uuttachchaththu theervugal. ariviyal, 52 (1354): 562-564.
paruvaththin vilaivu mattrum mannin nilaiyaana nilaiyil payir valarchi.
jeey udan. chii. martin. jay. auuu. thii. muuu. qalla. rez., 20 (5): 396-4 o3.
mann karaisalin mann saarudan thodarbu. jeey udan. chii. martin mattrum
jii. aarr. stevard. jay. auuu. thii. muuu. qalla. rez., 20 (5): 381-395.
thaavaraththudan thodarpudaiya mann karaisal. trans. vegu thooram. choow., 17 (2): 249-254.
mann pakuppaaivu mattrum mann mattrum thaavarangal idaiyaeyaana thodarbugal. kalifa. auuu. thii. muuu. qalla. expo. stay.
sirr., 235:1-8.
mann pakuppaaivu mattrum mann mattrum thaavarangal idaiyaeyaana thodarbugal. citrus ilaikal, 2 (6): 1-2,
16-17.
thaavarangalin uutta sakthi. oru udan. aarr. davis mattrum chii. pii. libman.
ariviyal, 57 (1471): 299-301.
urinchuthal thodarbaaga thaavaraththin chell saappin kalavai
ayanigal. oru udan. aarr. davis. jay. jaen. udal., 5 (5): 629-646.
kanima moolakkoorugal utkolvathilum, idaiyagaththilum uppin thaakkam
aalai amaippu. jeey udan. chii. martin. kalifa. auuu. thii. muuu. qalla. expo. stay. thozhilnutpam. puughal.,
8:1-26.
thaavarangal moolam ayanigalai urinjchuvathu kuriththa maelum soathanaigal, idhil adangkum
oliyin vilaivu kuriththa avathaanippukal. oru udan. aarr. davis. jay. jaen. udal.,
6 (1): 47-62.
thaavarangalaal ayanigal urinchappaduthal. mann ariviyal., 16 (4): 225-246.
manal mattrum karaisal kalaachchaaranggalai mannudan uudakamaaka oppiduthal
thaavara valarchi. jeey udan. chii. martin. mann ariviyal., 16 (5): 367-388.
kalaachaara karaisalin ethirvinaiyil thaavaraththin vilaivu. kalifa.
auuu. thii. muuu. qalla. expo. stay. thozhilnutpam. puughal., 12:1-16.
hydrajan-ayaniyal paathikkappatta oru kaliman koozhmaththin meethu minn kattanam
serivu mattrum vevvaeru uppugal moolam. W udan. chii. pakalnaerap payanam. mann ariviyal.,
18 (5): 401-408.
thaavarangal moolam ayanigalai urinjchuvathu thodarpaana parinthuraikal. oru udan. aarr.
davis. puthiya thaavaraviyalaalar, 24 (2): 99-111.
mann karaisal aaivugalin udaliyal amsangkal. kalifa. auuu. thii. muuu. qalla. expo.
stay. hij., 1 (11): 227-257.
thaavarangalin kanima uuttachchaththin sila kattangal
mann karaisal 1. seyarkai kalaachaara uudakangkalil thaavarangalin valarchi.
ariviyal. auuu. thii. muuu. qalla., 6 (5): 141-151.
thaavarangalin kanima uuttachchaththin sila kattangal
mann karaisal 2. thaavara valarcchikkaana uudakamaaka mann karaisalgal.
ariviyal. auuu. thii. muuu. qalla., 6 (6): 177-189.
thaavarangalin valarchchiyil sila kaara uppugalin vilaivu. jeey udan. ess. sumai mattrum
auuu. aarr. davis. (20) surukkamaaga. iyarkai mattrum mann karaisal vaakkuruthi.
(21) paan-pasipik ariviyal maanaattirku munbu padiththa katturaigalin surukkam,
australia.
olii, veppanilai mattrum pira nilaimaigalin thaakkam thiranil
uyiranu saappil aalajangalai kuvikka naidella selgal. p udan. ell.
hibard mattrum oru. aarr. davis. jay. jaen. udal., 10 (1): 121-146.
udaliyakkaththin kannoattaththil mannin visaaranai
thaavaraththin. 4vadhu intelli. conf. mann ariviyal. roam, 1924,3:535-544.
kalaachaara karaisalgalil valarkkappadum thaavarangalaal vitamine eee thoguppu. udan
ech. emm. eevans. aam. jay. udal., 80 (3): 702-704.
seyarkai kalaachaara theervugalin poathumaana thanmai thodarpaana sameepathiya soathanaigal
palvaeru vagaiyaana thaavarangalin valarcchikku mann theervugal.
jeey udan. chii. martin. muthal intin nadavadikkaikal mattrum aavanangkal. cong. mann
ariviyal., 3:1-12.
california palkalaikkazhagaththil sameepathiya mann visaaranaikalai meendum thodangavum. moow.
kaalaiyai. kalifa. thurai. auuu. thii. muuu. qalla., 16 (11): 562-568.
mann ariviyalin muthal sarvadesa maanaadu, naankaavathu aanaiyam, mann
karuvurudhal. (surukkam.) mann ariviyal., 25 (1): 45-50.
thaavara uyiranukkalaal mattroru ayani kuvivathil oru ayaniyin thaakkam
naidella thodarpaana soathanaigal pattriya sirappu kurippu. oru udan. aarr. davis
mattrum pii. ell. hippart. thaavara udal., 3 (4): 473-486.
kattuppadutthappatta soozhalil thaavarangalin valarcchikkaana oru karuvi. udan
auuu. aarr. davis. thaavara udal., 3 (3): 277-292.
thanneeril valarkkappadum thakkaali sedigalukkuth thevaiyaana kurainthapatcha potasium alavu
kalaachchaarangkal. e udan. ess. johnston. mann ariviyal., 27 (2): 89-109.
thaavara uyiranukkalaal electrolytegal utkolluthal mattrum kuviththal. oru udan. aarr.
davis. protoblasma, 6 (4): 610-626.
californiavil urap pirachchanaikal mattrum mannin pakuppaaivu. kalifa. auuu. thii. muuu. qalla. expo.
stay. sirr., 317:1-16.
thaavara uyiranukkalaal kanima koorugal kuviyudhal. pankalippu seiyungal. kadal biol.,
pipi. 131-144.
thaavara udaliyal thuraiyil sameepathiya munnaettrangkal. soozhaliyal, 11 (4): 785-786.
pazha marangkalil siriya ilai allathu rosset, i. W udan. ech. sandler mattrum pii. ell.
hippart. brow. aam. choow. hurt. ariviyal., 28:556-560.
mann pirachchanaikal thodarbaaga thaavarangalaal kanima koorugal urinchuthal.
thaavara udal., 6 (3): 373-388.
pazha marangkalin siriya ilai allathu rosset, II: thuththanaagam mattrum pira sigichchaigalin vilaivu.
W udan. ech. sandler mattrum pii. ell. hippart. brow. aam. choow. hurt.
ariviyal., 29:255-263.
thaavarangalin kanima uuttachchaththu. aanduvilaa. rev. uyirvaethiyiyal., 1:618-636.
baspate mattrum potasium kuraipaadugalin sila vilaivugal valarchchiyil aerpadukintrana.
mattrum kattuppadutthappatta nilaimaigalin keezh pazha marangkalin amaippu. udan
doublue. ech. santler. brow. aam. choow. hurt. ariviyal., 29:267-271.
pazha marangkalin siriya ilai allathu rosset, iii. W udan. ech. santler mattrum
puughal. ell. hippart. brow. aam. choow. hurt. ariviyal., 30:70-86.
thaavarangalin kanima uuttachchaththu. aanduvilaa. rev. uyirvaethiyiyal., 2:471-484.
kattuppadutthappatta nilaimaigalin keezh strawberry thaavaraththin uuttachchaththu. (auuu) vilaivugal
poaraan mattrum sila pira koorugalin kuraipaadugal, (aaa) elithil paathikkappadakkoodiya thanmai
soadiyam uppugalil irunthu kaayam. W udan. chii. snider. brow. aam. choow. hurt. ariviyal.,
30:288-294.
maattrakkoodiya, maattra mudiyaatha mattrum mann karaisal potasium thodarbaaga thaavarangalaal potasium urinchappadukirathu. jeey udan. chii. martin. mann
ariviyal., 36:1-33.
potasium kidaikkum thanmaiyai nirnayikkum muraigal sirappu kurippudan
arai varanda mann. trans. 2vadhu aanaiyam mattrum kaara thunai aanaiyam
sarvadesa samooga. mann ariviyal. kjobenhavn (danmark).
thoguthi. a, pp. 25-31.
siriya ilai allathu pazha marangkalin rosset, IV. W udan. ech. sandler mattrum pii. ell.
hippart. brow. aam. choow. hurt. ariviyal., 32:11-19.
californiavaip pattriya sirappu kurippudan barley potasium uuttachchaththu
mann. brow. ainthaavathu pasipik ariviyal maanaadu, pipi. 2669-2676.
pazha marangkalin siriya ilai allathu rosset, v: valarchchiyil thuththanaagaththin vilaivu
kattuppadutthappatta mann mattrum neer valarppil palvaeru vagaiyaana thaavarangal
soathanaigal. W udan. ech. sandler mattrum pii. ell. hippart. brow. aam.
choow. hurt. ariviyal., 33:131-141.
siriya ilai allathu roja" pattriya oru koslovskyin katturaiyin karuththukkal
californiavil ulla pazha marangkal. W udan. ech. santler. pytopathology, 25 (5): 522-522
thaavarangal pottaasiyaththai urinjchuvathu mattrum mannaal nilainiruththuthal
kidaikkakoodiya uuttachchaththukkalai mathippiduvatharkaana sila muraigal. jeey udan. chii.
martin. trans. moontraavathu idai. cong. mann ariviyal., 1:99-103.
pazha marangkalin siriya ilai allathu rosset, vi: maelum soathanaigal thaangi
noikkaana kaaranam. W udan. ech. sandler mattrum pii. aarr. stowd.
brow. aam. choow. hurt. ariviyal., 34:210-212.
mann-thaavara amaippil oru valarsithai maattra alagaaga thaavaram. katturaigal
dablyuem-aii gowravikkum vagaiyil jiopadani. auuu. setchel. unive. kalifa. azhuththavum, pipi.
219-245.
vaerkalaal uppu kuviyum seyalmuraiyin podhuvaana thanmai
soathanai muraigalin vilakkam. dii udan. chii. praiyar. thaavara udal.,
11 (3): 471-507.
uyar thaavarangalin uppu uuttachchaththin sila amsangkal. poat. rev., 3:307-334.
mann illaamal thaavarangalai valarppatharkaana neer-sagupadi murai. udan
dii. aii. arnon. kalifa. auuu. thii. muuu. qalla. expo. stay. sirr., 347, pipi. 1-39.*
californiavil urap pirachchanaikal mattrum mannin pakuppaaivu. kalifa. auuu. thii. muuu. qalla. expo.
stay. sirr., 317:1-16 (thiruththam).
payir urpathtikkaana uudakamaaka neer kalacharam mattrum mann aagiyavattrai oppiduthal.
dii udan. aii. arnon. ariviyal, 89:512-514.
sila thaavarangalil uppin melnoakki mattrum pakkavaattu iyakkam moolam suttikkaattappadukirathu
potasium, soadiyam mattrum phosphorus aagiyavattrin kathiriyakka isodopegal urinchappadugindrana.
vaerkal moolam. p udan. aarr. stowd. aam. jay. poat., 26 (5): 320-324.
thaavarangal moolam valarsithai maattram mattrum uppu urinchuthal. f udan. chii. thalaimaik kaappaalar. iyarkai,
143:1031-1032.
thaavarangal uppu urinchuthal. f udan. chii. thalaimaik kaappaalar. iyarkai, 145:116-117.
hydrajan-ayan vilaivugal mattrum barley vaerkalaal uppu kuvithal
valarsithai maatraththaal paathikkappadukirathu. dii udan. chii. praiyar. aam. jay. poat., 27:173-185.
thaavaraththil uppin maelnoakkiya iyakkam. dii udan. chii. praiyar mattrum pii. aarr. stowd.
iyarkai, 146:340-340.
thaavara valarchchiyudan thodarpudaiya irasaayana koorugalin nimida alavu.
ariviyal, 91:557-560.
thaavara thisukkalil irunthu saappu velippaattin muraigal sirappu kurippudan
umizhneer vaerkal moolam uppu kuvithal pattriya aaivugal. dii udan. chii.
praiyar. aam. jay. poat., 27 (7): 501-511.
seyarkai kalaachaara theervugal mattrum sirappu mannil payir urpaththi
kanima vilaichchal mattrum urinchuthalai paathikkum kaaranigal pattriya kurippu
uuttachchaththukkal. dii udan. aii. arnon. mann ariviyal., 50 (1): 463-485.
valarsithai maattraththaip pattriya sirappu kurippudan thaavara uyiranukkalaal uppu kuvithal
mattrum barley vaerkal meethu soathanaigal. kulir vasantha thuraimuka karuththarangkugal
alavu uyiriyal, thoguthi. 8.
thaavara uuttachchaththu aaivil sila naveena munnaettrangkal. brow. aam. choow.
sarkkarai beatruit thozhilnutpam., pakuthi 1:18-26.
molyptinum mattrum taamira kuraipaadugal kuriththa neer kalaachaara soathanaigal
pazha marangkal. brow. aam. choow. hurt. ariviyal., 38:8-12.
thaavara valarcchikku uuttachchaththukkal kidaippatharkaana udaliyal amsangkal.
dii udan. aii. arnon. mann ariviyal., 51 (1): 431-444.
thaavara uuttachchaththu aaivil munnaettraththin amsangkal. thulli. auuu. thii. muuu. qalla., 18:247.
thaavara uyiranukkalil uppu mattrum uuduruvakkoodiya thanmai saervathu. dii udan. chii. praiyar.
jay. jaen. udaliyal., 25 (6): 865-880.
vaerkalin valarsithai maattra seyalpaadugal mattrum avattrin uravil avattrin thaakkangkal
thaavarangalil uppugal mattrum neerin maelnoakkiya iyakkam. dii udan. chii. praiyar.
aam. jay. poat., 30 (4): 261-273.
uuttachchaththu viniyoagaththaal paathikkappattullapadi, thakkaali thaavaraththin kalavai,
pazham serppathu thodarpaana. dii udan. aii. arnon. poat. kaas.104 (4): 576-590.
thaavara uuttachchaththu pattriya aaivin podhuvaana amsangkal. ariviyal. unive. kalifa., pipi.
279-294.
seyarkai kalaachaara muraigal moolam thaavara uuttachchaththu pattriya visaaranai.
dii udan. aii. arnon. biol. rev. camber. fill. choow., 19 (2): 55-67.
thaavarangalin kanima uuttachchaththu kuriththa virivuraigal. (haarvardil pirathar virivuraigal
palkalaikkazhagam). idhai chronica potanica coow niruvanam veliyittathu. valtam, maas.
thaavara valarcchikku thodarpudaiya molyptinum. mann ariviyal., 60 (2): 119-123.
mannil potasium nilainiruththal maattrakkoodiya mattrum maattra mudiyaatha vadivangkalil
mannil aerpadum irasaayana ethirvinaikal thodarbaaga. jeey udan. chii. martin mattrum
aarr. overstreed. mann ariviyal. choow. aam. brow., 10:94-101.
thaavarangalin uuttachchaththu mattrum uyirvaethiyiyal, uyirvaethiyiyal neeroattangkal
aaraaichi. podhu idaiththaragar. ink. n. oy., pipi. 61-77.
pazha marangkalin siriya ilai allathu rosset, viii: thuththanaagam mattrum taamira kuraipaadu
karal mannil. W udan. ech. sandler mattrum jay. chii. martin. brow. aam. choow.
hurt. ariviyal., 47:15-19.
thaavarangal mattrum vilangkugalil ulla koorugalai walder styles moolam kandariyavum. rev. valaivu.
uyirvaethiyiyal., 13:311-312.
urangkal, mann pakuppaaivu mattrum thaavara uuttachchaththu. kalifa. auuu. thii. muuu. qalla. expo. stay. sirr.,
367:1-24.
valakkamaana" "udan koodudhalaaga" "siriya" koorugalin nimida alavugal avasiyam "
uram. auuu. thii. muuu. qalla. kemm.
thaavara uuttachchaththu thodarpaana sila pirachchanaikal. dii udan. aii. arnon. ariviyal. moow., 67 (3): 201-209.
urangkal, mann pakuppaaivu mattrum thaavara uuttachchaththu. kalifa. auuu. thii. muuu. qalla. expo. stay. sirr.,
367:1-24 (thiruththam).
thaavarangalil kanimap porutkalin urinchuthal mattrum payanpaadu. udan
puughal. aarr. stowd. aththiyayam. viii vivasaaya vaethiyiyal, pathippu. freer, vaan moolam
mookku.
mann illaamal thaavarangalai valarppatharkaana neer-sagupadi murai. dii udan. aii. arnon.
kalifa. auuu. thii. muuu. qalla. expo. stay. sirr., 347, pipi. 1-32 (thiruththam).**
maattrakkoodiya mattrum maattra mudiyaatha potasium mattrum payir mattrum karima porutkalin vilaivugal thodarbaaga payirkalukku potasium kidaippadhu.
jeey udan. chii. martin. mann ariviyal. choow. aam. brow., 15:272-278.
"thaesiya ariviyal akaadamiyin kaappagangalin mariyaathai, inththa ulleedugal illaamal adhu saaththiyamaagiyirukkaathu."
| dennis robbert hogland
dennis robbert hogland (april 2,1884-september 5,1949) oka american rasayana shaastravetta mariyu mokkala poeshanha, matti rasayana shaastram, jeevarasaayana shaastram mariyu sareeradharma shaastra rangaalalo panichestunna mokka mariyu matti shaastravetta. 1927 nundi nundi thana maranam varaku berkleylooni california vishwavidhyaalayamlo mokkala poeshakaahaara professorga panicheesaaru.
dennis hogland saadhaaranamgaa mokkala kanaalalo electrolytela kriyaaseela ravaanaanu kanugonadaaniki prasiddhi chendindi, niyantrita prayogaatmaka paristhitulalo vinootna namuunaa vyavasthalanu upayoginchi, parishkaram samskruti vantidi.
jink vanti trace elements lekapovadam valla vividha mokkala vyaadhulu sambhavistaayani hogland choopinchagaligindi mariyu mokkala poeshanha mariyu abhivruddhiki vaati praamukhyatanu sthaapinchindi.
mattini sthaapinchadam dwara mokka mariyu matti madhya paraspara charyalapai parisoedhanaku ayana maargadarsakatvam vahinchaaru, matti draavanam, ushnograta mariyu mokkala perugudalaku kaanti yokka praamukhyata.
hogland mariyu athani sahacharulu krutrima, puurti akarbana poeshaka madhyamanni roopondinchaaru, dheenini vishwavyaaptamgaa hogland draavanam anie pilustaaru, idhi prapanchavyaaptamgaa mokkalanu jalasambandhamgaa pempondinchadaaniki upayoginchabadutondi.
jeevita charitra.
vyaktigata jeevitam.
dennis hogland charless breakinridge hogland (1859-1934) mariyu lilian mae hogland (1863-1951) la kumarudu. athanu thana modati enimidi samvatsaraalu bangaaru rangulo gadipadu mariyu thana taruvaati baalyamlo athanu denverlo nivasinchaadu. athanu denver prabhutva paatasaalalaku hajarayyadu mariyu mariyu stanford vishwavidhyaalayamlo pravesinchaadu. nirvachinchaadu, dennis aarr. hogland jessy eah nii vivaham chesukunnadu. chirunavvu. aame aame pneumoniatho akasmaattugaa maraninchindi. robbert charless, albert smiley mariyu charless ritemyer anae mugguru yuvakulanu penche baadhyata ataniki migilipoyindi.
vrutti.
hogland stanford vishwavidyaalayam (1907) nundi rasayana saastramlo majer degreetho pattabhadrudayyaadu. pattabhadrudayyaadu athanu berkleylooni california vishwavidhyaalayamlo janthu poeshanha prayogasaalalo bodhakudu mariyu sahayakudu ayyadu, eee samsthatho athanu thana jeevitaantam anubandham kaligi untaadu. akkada ayana janthu poeshanha mariyu jeevarasaayana shaastra rangaalalo panicheesaaru. panicheesaaru ayana uslo aahara mariyu aushadha paripaalanalo sahaya rasayana saastravettagaa niyamitulayyaaru.ess. 1912 varaku vyavasaya vibhagam (schmid mariyu hogland, 1912,1919), athanu wisconsin vishwavidhyaalayamlo elmer makkolamtho vyavasaya rasayana shaastra vibhaagamlo graduate paatasaalalo pravesinchinappudu, pravesinchinappudu thana masters degreeni andukunnadu (makkolam mariyu hogland, 1913). aaa samvatsaram chivaralo ayana vyavasaya rasayana shaastram yokka assistant professor mariyu padaanni berkley mokkala poeshanha yokka associate professor ayyaru. ayana "biochemistry vaarshika sameeksha" vyavasthaapakudu mariyu "plant physiology vaarshika sameeksha" mariyu mariyu ayana maraninchina taruvaata modatisaarigaa kanipinchina "aushadham yokka vaarshika sameeksha" yokka pratipaadakudu.
pani.
klupta avalokanam.
modati prapancha yuddham samayamlo, hogland german saamrajyam nundi united statesku potassium aadhaarita eruvula digumatula koratanu godhuma rangu algay nundi mokkala saaraalato bharti cheyadaaniki prayatninchindi, idhi samudrapu neeti nundi muulakaalanu empikagaa grahinchagala bhaarii kelp saamarthyam nundi prerana pondindi mariyu potassium mariyu iodidenu aneka saarlu samudrapu neetilo kanipinche saandratala kante ekkuvagaa perukupovadaniki (hogland, 1915). eee phalitaala aadhaaramgaa ayana ekagrata pravanataku vyatiraekamgaa lavanaalanu grahinche mokkala saamarthyaanni parisoedhimchaaru mariyu niyantrita prayogaatmaka paristhitulalo (hogland, hibbard mariyu davis, 1926) vinootna namuunaa vyavasthalanu upayoginchi poeshaka shoshana mariyu jeevakriya saktipai sthaanaantaragamanam yokka aadharapadataanni kanugonnaru.
thana kramabaddhamaina parisoedhana samayamlo, pradhanamgaa solution culture technic dwara, mariyu juuliyas vaan satchs suutram mariyu wilhelm nope pani nundi prerana pondina, athanu hogland parishkaram kosam praathamika suutraanni abhivruddhi chesaadu, dheeni kuurpu modata adhika utpaadakata kaligina konni neelala nundi pondina sthaanabhramsham chendina matti draavanam tarvaata roopondinchabadindi (hogland, 1919) 1. athani parisoedhana jeeva kanaalaku avasaramaina trace muulakaala avasaram mariyu paniteerupai kotta aavishkaranalaku daariteesindi, tadwara tomato mokkala perugudalaku molybdinum yokka aavasyakatanu sthaapinchindi, udaaharanaku (arnan mariyu hogland, 1940; hogland, 1945). jink (hogland, chandler, mariyu hibbard, 1931, eff) vanti trace elements lekapovadam valla vividha mokkala vyaadhulu sambhavistaayani hogland choopinchagaligindi.), mariyu boran, manganese, jink mariyu raagi saadhaarana mokkala perugudalaku entho avasaram (hogland, 1937).
udaaharanaku, neelaloo poeshakaalu mariyu (krutrima) draavanaala labhyata mariyu shoshanapai merugaina avagahana pondadaaniki, matti parishkarala yokka saareeraka samatulyata mariyu mokkala perugudala meeda aadharapadatam (hogland, 1916,1917,1920,1922; hogland mariyu arnan, 1941) vanti vaatini uddesinchi ayana mokkala-naela paraspara sambandhaalapai pratyeka aasaktini kanabaricharu. hogland mariyu athani sahacharulu, athani parisoedhanaa sahayakudu vilium jedd thoo sahaa. eee vidhamgaa ibbandi kaliginche, suuryarashmi dwara shakti yokka antima roopamgaa nadiche aakupaccha mokkalalo praathamika cellular saareeraka prakriyala avagahanaku dohadapadindi (hogland mariyu davis, 1929; hogland mariyu stevard, 1939,1940; hogland, 1944,1946).
hogland mariyu nope yokka parishkaralu.
dennis hogland matti draavanam yokka kuurpu aadhaaramgaa kotta rakam draavanaanni abhivruddhi chesina modati vyakti (hogland, 1919) 1. athanu draavanamloo ekagrata mariyu mottam poeshakaala madhya thedaanu gurtinchadaaniki modati vijayavantamaina bhavananu kooda abhivruddhi chesaadu (johnston mariyu hogland, 1929). hogland solution" anae padaanni padaanni olof arhenius 1919 naati hogland prachuranaku sambandhinchi modatisaarigaa prastaavinchaaru, ikkada athanu vaanchaneeya poeshaka draavanaanni "garishta digubadini ichhe kaneesa ekagrata mariyu antaku minchi etuvanti merugudala ledhu" anie nirvachinchaadu. nirvachinchaadu hogland prachurinchina sambandhita parishkaram shiv draavanamthoo polchinappudu barley yokka mokkala perugudala paaraamitulanu parisoedhinchadaaniki vartinchabadindi. savarinchina hogland draavanamloo alfalfa perugudalanu perugudalanu vividha pihech viluvala vadda parisoedhimchaaru. 1930la chuttoo hogland mariyu athani sahacharulu konni mokkala vyaadhulanu parisoedhimchaaru, tadwara, lavaneeyata vanti prastuta matti paristhitulaku sambandhinchina lakshanaalanu gamaninchaaru. eee sandarbhamlo, niyantrita prayogasaala paristhitulalo ilanti lakshanaalanu andinche aasatoe hogland neeti samskruti prayogaalanu chepattindi. eee prayogaala kosam californialoni strawberry yokka konni vyaadhulanu parisoedhinchadaaniki macronutrients, iron mariyu anubandha parishkaralu a mariyu b (trace elements) thoo sahaa hogland draavanam (0) kottagaa abhivruddhi cheyabadindi (hogland mariyu snider, 1933).
hogland parisoedhanaku mokkala pathologistlu hetch maddatu icchaaru. ii. thamus mariyu doubleu. sii. mokkala poeshanha mariyu jalasamvardhakamlo maroe maargadarsakudu ayina vilium frederic jerike chetha prabhaavitamai, marinta merugupadindi. vaanijya vyavasaayamlo neeti samskruti suutraalanu vartimpajeyadamlo gerike yokka sanchalanaatmaka phalitaalu eee amsampai thana parisoedhananu vistarinchadaaniki prerepinchaayi, phalitamgaa chivaraku hogland parishkaralu (1) mariyu (2) (hogland mariyu arnan, 1938,1950) vachayi. hogland draavanaala (0) mariyu (1) yokka macronutrients kuurpu mariyu yekagratanu wilhelm naap yokka naalugu-uppu misramam mariyu hogland mariyu athani sahacharula prayogaatmaka phalitaalaku molar nishpatti (cf. pattikalu (1) mariyu (2). naap yokka draavanam, hogland yokka draavanaaniki viruddhamgaa, inumu minaha trace elements (suukshmapooshakaala) thoo bharti cheyabadaledu, endukante wilhelm naps rojulo rasayanalu mukhyamgaa swachchamgaa undevi kaavu. suukshmapooshakaalu, teliyakundaane, macronutrient lavanaalalo ippatike malinaluga undevi. 1930 nundi mariyu taruvaata trace saandratalanu vislaeshimchadaaniki marinta suddhi chesina rasayanalu mariyu marinta sunnitamaina paddhatulu abhivruddhi cheyabaddaayi.
naap yokka naalugu uppu misramam.
pattika (1). naps phore-salt mixes (1865)
macro nutrients.
table (2). hogland draavanamloo (0,1,2) mariyu naap draavanamloo macronutrients kuurpu mariyu puurti ekagrata
hogland yokka vidyaarthulaloo daniel izrael arnan unnaaru, veeru hogland draavanam yokka macronutrients kuurpunu savarinchaaru (2) (cf. pattika 2) mariyu pogaaku draavanaala suukshmapooshakaala (bii, emn, jdn, kyu, moe, mariyu cl) gaadata (1) mariyu (2) (cf. table (3)) ummadi prayatnaala phalitamgaa, mariyu folke carle scoog. murashiz mariyu scoog meediyanku viruddhamgaa, vitaminlu ledhaa itara sendriya sammelanaalu pogland draavanaaniki sankalanaluga andinchabadavu, conny padaarthaalugaa avasaramaina khanijalu matrame andinchabadataayi. tellati savarinchina maadhyamamlo culture cheyabadina pogaaku collus perugudalanu prothsahinchadam pradhanamgaa jaleeya pogaaku aaku saralalo sendriya bhagala kante akarbana kaaranamgaane anie murashiz mariyu scoog nirdhaarinchaaru.
suukshmapooshakaala.
table (3). hogland draavanamloo avasaramaina suukshmapooshakaala kuurpu mariyu puurti ekagrata (0,1,2)
adanapu suukshmapooshakam vale, 9 micromy ferrick tartrate (c12h12fe2o18) nuu 18 micromol/l fe3 + gaadataku anugunamgaa, hogland draavana suutreekaranalaku (0,1,2) jodistaaru. draavanam (2) loe ammonium mariyu nitrate lavanaalu untaayi mariyu konnisaarlu draavanam (0,1) (cf) kante praadhaanyata ivvavacchu. pattika 2) endukante ammonium ayan avaanchaneeya kshaaratvam (hogland mariyu arnan, 1938,1950) abhivruddhini alasyam chestundi. ayithe, idhi chaalaa panta jaatulaku vishapuuritam mariyu arudugaa ekaika natrajani vanarugaa vartinchabadutundi.
vivaadaaspada parikalpanalu.
samuulamgaa bhinnamaina saandratalu mariyu uppu nishpattilo unde draavanaalu panta digubadini yea mukhyamaina meraku prabhaavitam cheyaledani hogland teelchindi. ayithe, iteevali adhyayanalu, vruddhi mariyu digubadilo thedaalu, ippatike gaadatalo chinna vyatyaasaalato saadhaaranamgaa upayoginche poeshaka draavanaalaloo konasagayani velladinchaayi. udaaharanaku, hogland yokka parishkaram (2) varusaga adhika-gottapu mariyu bahiranga-kshetra paristhitulalo atthi chetla perugudalaku daariteesindi. neeti samskruti anedi matti samskruti kante arudugaa unnatamainadani hogland yokka parikalpana yokka oka mukhyamaina kendra amsam ("polchadagina paristhitulalo digubadi gananeeyamgaa bhinnamgaa undadu") prashnaarthakamgaa undhi (hogland mariyu arnan, 1938,1950). udaaharanaku, neeti samskruti itara perugudala uparitalaalato poliste hydroponicga pandinche pogaaku mokkala atyadhika jeevaraashi mariyu protein utpattiki daariteesindi, adhe paryaavarana paristhitulalo saagu cheyabadi, samaana mottamlo poeshakaalanu sarafara chestundi.
jerikeku viruddhamgaa, hogland parishkara samskrutini praathamikamgaa shaastreeya chattalanu kanugonadaaniki oka paddhatigaa pariganinchindi, ayithe jerike hydroponics inca khachitamaina shaastram kaadani nokki chepparu. rachayitala vibhina abhiprayalu eee krindi ullekhanaala dwara vivarinchabaddaayih "daani vaanijyaparamaina anuvartanam chaalaa parimita paristhitulalo mariyu nipunula paryaveekshanhaloo matrame samarthaneeyamainadi" (hogland mariyu arnan, 1938,1950, "matti lekunda mokkalanu penchadaaniki neeti samskruti paddhati"); "vaastavaaniki, hydroponics vyavasayam kante prati unitku ekkuva vyayam avasaramavutundi kabatti, digubadi ekkuvagaa undaali, ledhaa itara nashtapariharalu undaali, paddhati vaanijyaparamgaa vijayavantam kavalante. mariyu anubhavam ippatike adhi vijayavantam kaagaladani choopinchindi "(jerike, 1940," matti laeni thotapaniki puurti margadarshi "). sampradaaya vyavasaayaaniki upayogakaramaina paripuurakaramaina eee saanketikatanu vaanijyaparamgaa upayoginchadam gurinchi ayana chesina vaadanalaloo hydroponics charitra sarainadani niroopinchadamlo aascharyam ledhu.
avaardulu mariyu gowravaalu.
hogland hogland american association pharr dhi advancement off sains (aaas) loe phelo ayyadu mariyu mariyu national academy off sciences sabhyudayyadu. athani aneka aavishkaranalaku gurtimpugaa, american society off plant physiologists dennis hoglandnu hoglandnu adhyakshudiga ennukundi mariyu mariyu ataniki modati steffen hales bahumatini pradaanam chesindi. chesindi daniel aito kalisi. arnan, athanu "saareeraka amsaalaku pratyeka suuchanatoe poeshakaala labhyata" kosam aus nukeba cleveland bahumatini andukunnadu. andukunnadu ayana "haarvard vishwavidhyaalayamlo akarbana pooshakaahaarampai upanyaasaalu" anae upasheershikato thana upanyaasaalanu prachurinchaaru, dheenini dheenini haarvard vishwavidhyaalayamlo ivvadaaniki aahvaninchaaru. aahvaninchaaru ayana american academy off arts und sciences sabhyudiga ennikayyaaru.
dennis aarr. aarr american society off plant biologists modatisaarigaa pradaanam chesina hogland avaardu, mariyu vaataavarana shaastra kaaryakramaaniki alaage yusi davis vadda paryaavarana aarogyam mariyu bhadrata kaaryaalayaaniki nilayamaina hogland haall, athani gouravaartham paeru pettabaddayi.
avagahana.
praamaanika poeshaka parishkaralu.
eee rojullo mokkala poeshanha mariyu mokkala kanajaala saguku atyanta saadhaarana parishkaralu hogland mariyu arnan (1938,1950), mariyu murashige mariyu scoog (1962) nundi suutreekaranalu. mokkala pempakandaarulu, raitulu mariyu sagatu viniyogadaarula kosam drava saandrata kaligina eruvulanu utpatti cheyadaaniki aadhunika tayaareedaarulu hogland mariyu arnan yokka praathamika suutraalanu pratiroopam chestunnaru. hogland, nope, murashige mariyu scoog paerlu kooda vinootna utpattulaku brandga upayoginchabadataayi.zii., hogland yokka ledhu. 2 besal uppu misramam "ledhaa" murashige mariyu scoog besal uppu misramam ", ivi saadhaaranamgaa mokkala saastramlo praamaanika rasayanaluga upayoginchabadataayi. steryl aggar meeda mokkala kanaalu, kanajaalam mariyu avayava samskrutula kosam "hogland mariyu nope medium" pratyaekamgaa roopondinchabadindi.
hogland mariyu aneka itara mokkala poeshakaahaara nipunulu tama vrutti jeevitamlo 150 kii paiga vibhina poeshaka draavana vantakaalanu upayoginchaaru (cf. table (4). vaastavaaniki, aneka poeshaka vantakaalu praamaanika paerunu suuchistaayi, ayithe vatiki asalu suutramtoe peddagaa sambandham ledhu. udaaharanaku, heavit vivarinchinatlugaa, "hogland" paerutoe aneka vantakaalu prachurinchabaddaayi, mariyu eee roeju varaku asalu kuurpu gurinchi ghnaapakasakti kolpovadam valla gandaragolam talettavachhu.
heavit yokka table 30a.
table (4). heavit (pattika 30eah) prakaram savarinchina enchukunna praamaanika poeshaka draavanaala kuurpu. ppm gaa (avasaramaina) muulakaala puurti ekagrata.
hybrid poeshaka parishkaralu.
udaaharanaku, savarinchina hogland draavanam (1) yokka macronutrients, savarinchina podavaina yashton draavanam yokka suukshmapooshakaalu mariyu savarinchina jacobson draavanam yokka inumu kaligi unna hybrid poeshaka draavanaalu, vividha praamaanika draavanaala yokka saareeraka lakshanaalanu militam chesi, samatulya poeshaka draavanaanni srushtinchadaaniki veelu kalpistundi, idhi puurti draavanaaniki (cf) tagginchabadina vaanchaneeya mokkala perugudalanu anumatistundi. table (5).
nagel yokka table s4.
table (5). nagel mariyu itarula prakaram savarinchabadina hybrid poeshaka draavanam yokka kuurpu."(pattika s4). ppmlo puurti muulaka ekagrata.
hogland yokka vaarasatvam.
dennis hogland thana parisoedhanaa rangamlo pramukha adhikariga pariganinchabaddaadu mariyu athani sudeergha parisoedhana yogyata athani paeru pettabadina parishkaranni praarambhinchadam mariyu sthaapinchadam, tadwara, samatulya mokkala poeshanhaku aadharaanni srushtinchadam, idhi netikee chellutundi. hogland draavanam bhoomipai matrame kakunda, antarjaateeya antariksha kendramlo mokkala utpatti prayogaalalo kooda niroopinchabadindi. bhoomi mariyu athani sahacharula kanugonna vishayalu matti, neeru mariyu gaali, panta utpattilo neeru mariyu poeshaka viniyoga saamarthyam mariyu aarogyakaramaina mokkala aaharaala utpattilo sahaja vanarula sthiramaina viniyogaaniki sambandhinchinavi. hogland yokka praathamika shaastreeya rachanalu mariyu vistrutamgaa udaharinchabadina prachuranalu aadhunika mokkala sareeradharma shaastram mariyu matti rasayana saastramlo parisoedhanaku chaaritraka sambandham kaligi unnaayi, idhi krindi grandha pattikalo pratibimbistumdi.
grandha pattika.
malam loe aluminium yokka nirdhaarana. sii thoo. ell. eah. schmid. zhe. biol.
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vividha rakaala maarpula dwara savarinchabadina pandhi yokka antarjanyushya jeevakriya yokka adhyayanalu
karakalu. (ii.-3.). e thoo. vii. mccollum. zhe. biol. kemm., 16 (3): 299-315,317-320,321-325.
pasiphik teeram kelps yokka vidhvamsaka swedanam. zhe. ind. aanglam. kemm.,
7 (8): 673-676.
pasiphik teeram kelps yokka sendriya bhagalu. zhe. eah. zii. aarr. res., 4 (1): 39-58.
samudrapu algay loe sanklishta carbohydratelu mariyu sulfur roopaalu
pasiphik teeram. ell thoo. ell. abaddham. zhe. biol. kemm., 23 (1): 287-297.
hydrogen electrode dwara kolichina vidhamgaa mattiloo aamlata mariyu adhishoshanam.
ell thoo. tii. padunaina. zhe. eah. zii. aarr. res., 7:123-145.
perugudalapai hydrogen mariyu hydroxyl ayan gaadata yokka prabhavam
barley molakalu. matti shaastram., 3 (6): 547-560.
hydrogen dwara kolichina matti praticharyaku carbon dioxide sambandham
electrode. ell thoo. tii. padunaina. zhe. eah. zii. aarr. res., 12 (3): 139-148.
matti draavanamloo vaividhyaala suuchikagaa gaddakatte-binduvu paddhati
season mariyu panta perugudala kaaranamgaa. zhe. eah. zii. aarr. res., 12 (6): 369-395.
matti meeda cavo mariyu kakolo rasayana prabhavalu. paart I. prabhavam
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poeshaka draavanam yokka praticharyaku mokka yokka sambandham. sains,
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assid neelalaku sambandhinchina iteevali pani gurinchi gamanikalu. ell thoo. tii. padunaina. matti shaastram.
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mokkala thoo parishkara samskruti prayogaala saanketikata gurinchi gamaninchandi.
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jeevakriyapai konni aluminium sammelanaala prabhavam
manishi. sii thoo. ell. eah. schmid. unive. california. pub. maargam., 2 (20): 215-244.
ph, h +, mariyu oh − viluvala pattika; electromotiveku anugunamgaa untundi
hydrogen electrode kolatalalo nirnayinchabadina saktulu,
grandha pattika. sii thoo. ell. eah. schmid. unive. california. pub. shareera.5 (4):
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poeshaka draavanam yokka sambandham, kana rasapu kuurpu mariyu pratispandanaku
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poeshaka madhyamam yokka ekagrata mariyu pratispandana yokka sambandham
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PH viluvapai aneka rakaala neetipaarudala neeti prabhavam mariyu
vividha rakaala neelala gaddakatte binduvu maandyam. eah thoo. doubleu.
christy. unive. california. pub. eah. zii. aarr. sains., 4 (6): 141-158.
mokkalaku vaanchaneeya poeshaka parishkaralu. sains, 52 (1354): 562-564.
naela yokka bhouthika sthithipai season mariyu panta perugudala prabhavam.
zhe thoo. sii. martin. zhe. eah. zii. aarr. res., 20 (5): 396-4 o3.
matti draavanam yokka matti saaramtho sambandham. zhe thoo. sii. martin mariyu
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mokkaku sambandhinchi matti draavanam. trans. chaalaa dhooram. soe., 17 (2): 249-254.
matti vislaeshanha mariyu matti mariyu mokkala paraspara sambandhaalu. california. eah. zii. aarr. expo. stay.
cr., 235:1-8.
matti vislaeshanha mariyu matti mariyu mokkala paraspara sambandhaalu. citrus aakulu, 2 (6): 1-2,
16-17.
mokkala aahara shakti. eah thoo. aarr. davis mariyu sii. bii. lipman.
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shoshanaku sambandhinchi mokka yokka kana rasapu kuurpu
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akarbana muulakaala teesukovadam mariyu buffer meeda uppu prabhavam
mokka yokka vyavastha. zhe thoo. sii. martin. california. eah. zii. aarr. expo. stay. tech. pii.,
8:1-26.
mokkalu ayanla shoshanapai marinni prayogaalu, veetilo
kaanti prabhaavampai pariseelanalu. eah thoo. aarr. davis. zhe. zen. shareera.,
6 (1): 47-62.
mokkala dwara ayanla shoshana. matti shaastram., 16 (4): 225-246.
isuka mariyu draavana samskrutulanu mattini oka maadhyamgaa polchadam
mokkala perugudala. zhe thoo. sii. martin. matti shaastram., 16 (5): 367-388.
culture parishkaram yokka pratispandanapai mokka yokka prabhavam. california.
eah. zii. aarr. expo. stay. tech. pii., 12:1-16.
hydrogen-ayan dwara prabhaavitamaina matti koloidpai vidyut chaarj
ekagrata mariyu vividha lavanaala dwara. W thoo. sii. day huff. matti shaastram.,
18 (5): 401-408.
mokkalu ayaanlanu grahinchadaaniki sambandhinchina suuchanalu. eah thoo. aarr.
davis. kotta phytologist, 24 (2): 99-111.
matti draavana parisoedhanala yokka saareeraka amsaalu. california. eah. zii. aarr. expo.
stay. hilg., 1 (11): 227-257.
mokkalaku sambandhinchi akarbana poeshanha yokka konni dasalu
matti dravanamha 1. krutrima samskruti maadhyamamlo mokkala perugudala.
sains. eah. zii. aarr., 6 (5): 141-151.
mokkalaku sambandhinchi akarbana poeshanha yokka konni dasalu
matti dravanamha 2. mokkala perugudalaku maadhyamgaa matti draavanam.
sains. eah. zii. aarr., 6 (6): 177-189.
mokkala perugudalapai konni kshaara lavanaala prabhavam. zhe thoo. ess. bhaaram mariyu
eah. aarr. davis. (20) saaraamsam. prakruti mariyu matti parishkaram yokka vaagdaanam.
(21) paan-pasiphik shaastreeya samavesaniki mundu chadivina patraala saaraamsam,
australia.
saamarthyam meeda kaanti, ushnograta mariyu itara paristhitula prabhavam
kana rasamlo hologenlanu kendreekarinchadaaniki naitella kanaalu. p thoo. ell.
hibbard mariyu a. aarr. davis. zhe. zen. shareera., 10 (1): 121-146.
sareeradharma shaastram yokka konam nundi matti yokka parisoedhana
mokka. 4 va inta. conf. matti shaastram. rome, 1924,3:535-544.
samskruti draavanaalaloo perige mokkala dwara vitamin ii samslaeshanha. thoo
hetch. emm. evans. neenu. zhe. shareera., 80 (3): 702-704.
krutrima samskruti parishkarala yokka taginantaku sambandhinchina iteevali prayogaalu
mariyu vividha rakaala mokkala perugudalaku matti parishkaralu.
zhe thoo. sii. martin. modati intlo karyakalapalu mariyu patraalu. kaang. matti
sains., 3:1-12.
california vishwavidhyaalayamlo iteevali matti parisoedhanala punahprarambham. moe.
eddula. california. department. eah. zii. aarr., 16 (11): 562-568.
modati antarjaateeya matti shaastra congress, naalugo commission, matti
santanotpatti. (saaraamsam.) matti., 25 (1): 45-50.
mokkala kanaala dwara maroka ayan perukupovadampai oka ayan yokka prabhavam
naitellaatho prayogaalaku pratyeka suuchana. eah thoo. aarr. davis
mariyu p. ell. hibbard. mokka sareeram., 3 (4): 473-486.
niyantrita vaataavaranamloo mokkala perugudalaku oka upakaranam. thoo
eah. aarr. davis. mokka sareeram., 3 (3): 277-292.
neetilo perige tamota mokkalaku avasaramaina kaneesa potassium sthaayi
samskrutulu. e thoo. ess. johnston. matti shaastram., 27 (2): 89-109.
mokkala kanaala dwara electrolytes teesukovadam mariyu perukupovadam. eah thoo. aarr.
davis. protoplasma, 6 (4): 610-626.
eruvula samasyalu mariyu californialo neelala vislaeshanha. california. eah. zii. aarr. expo.
stay. cr., 317:1-16.
mokkala kanaala dwara khanija muulakaala perukupovadam. thodpaatu andinchandi. samudra biol.,
pp. 131-144.
mokkala sareeradharma saastramlo iteevali purogatulu. paryaavarana shaastram, 11 (4): 785-786.
pandla chetlalo chinna-aakulu ledhaa gulabi, i. W thoo. hetch. chandler mariyu pii. ell.
hibbard. pro. neenu. soe. hurt. sains., 28:556-560.
matti samasyalaku sambandhinchi mokkala dwara khanija muulakaala shoshana.
mokka sareeram., 6 (3): 373-388.
chinna-aakulu ledhaa pandla chetla gulabi, II: jink mariyu itara chikitsala prabhavam.
W thoo. hetch. chandler mariyu pii. ell. hibbard. pro. neenu. soe. hurt.
sains., 29:255-263.
mokkala khanija poeshanha. vaarshikam. rev. biochemistry., 1:618-636.
perugudalapai fasfate mariyu potassium lopaala yokka konni prabhavalu
mariyu niyantrita paristhitulalo pandla chetla kuurpu. thoo
doubleu. hetch. chandler. pro. neenu. soe. hurt. sains., 29:267-271.
chinna-aakulu ledhaa pandla chetla gulabi, iii. W thoo. hetch. chandler mariyu
pii. ell. hibbard. pro. neenu. soe. hurt. sains., 30:70-86.
mokkala khanija poeshanha. vaarshikam. rev. biochemistry., 2:471-484.
niyantrita paristhitulalo strawberry mokka yokka poeshanha. (eah) prabhavalu
boran mariyu konni itara muulakaala lopaalu, (bii) grahanaseelata
sodiyam lavanaala nundi gaayam. W thoo. sii. sneeder. pro. neenu. soe. hurt. sains.,
30:288-294.
marchagala, maarchaleni mariyu matti draavana potassianiki sambandhinchi mokkala dwara potassium shoshana. zhe thoo. sii. martin. matti
sains., 36:1-33.
pratyeka suuchanatoe potassium labhyatanu nirnayinche paddhatulu
pakshika-shushka neelalu. trans. 2va commission mariyu kshaara upa commission
antarjaateeya soe. matti shaastram. kjobenhavn (danmark).
value. a, pp. 25-31.
chinna-aakulu ledhaa pandla chetla gulabi, IV. W thoo. hetch. chandler mariyu pii. ell.
hibbard. pro. neenu. soe. hurt. sains., 32:11-19.
california gurinchi pratyeka suuchanatoe barley yokka potassium poeshanha
neelalu. pro. aidava pasiphik sains congress, pp. 2669-2676.
chinna-aakulu ledhaa pandla chetla gulabi, v: perugudalapai jink prabhavam
niyantrita matti mariyu neeti samskrutilo vividha rakaala mokkalu
prayogaalu. W thoo. hetch. chandler mariyu pii. ell. hibbard. pro. neenu.
soe. hurt. sains., 33:131-141.
chinna aaku ledhaa gulabi" paie oka kozlowski raasina vyaasampai vyaakhyalu
californialo pandla chetlu. W thoo. hetch. chandler. phytopathology, 25 (5): 522-522
mokkala dwara potassium shoshana mariyu matti dwara sthireekarana
andubaatulo unna poeshakaalanu anchanaa vaeyadaaniki konni paddhatulu. zhe thoo. sii.
martin. trans. moodava inter. kaang. matti shaastram., 1:99-103.
chinna-aakulu ledhaa pandla chetla gulabi, vi: tadupari prayogaalu
vyaadhi yokka kaaranam. W thoo. hetch. chandler mariyu pii. aarr. stout.
pro. neenu. soe. hurt. sains., 34:210-212.
matti-mokka vyavasthalo jeevakriya unitga mokka. vyasalu
doubluem gouravaartham geobotany. eah. setchel. unive. california. press, pp.
219-245.
muulaala dwara uppu perukupoye prakriya yokka saadhaarana swabhaavam
prayogaatmaka paddhatula vivarana. tii thoo. sii. bryer. mokka sareeram.,
11 (3): 471-507.
adhika mokkala uppu poeshanha yokka konni amsaalu. boat. rev., 3:307-334.
matti lekunda mokkalanu penchadaaniki neeti saagu paddhati. thoo
dii. ii. arnon. california. eah. zii. aarr. expo. stay. cr., 347, pp. 1-39.*
eruvula samasyalu mariyu californialo neelala vislaeshanha. california. eah. zii. aarr. expo.
stay. cr., 317:1-16 (punarvimarsha).
panta utpattiki neeti samskruti mariyu mattini maadhyamgaa polchadam.
dii thoo. ii. arnon. sains, 89:512-514.
suuchimchina vidhamgaa konni mokkalalo uppu paiki mariyu parshwa kadalika
potassium, sodiyam mariyu bhaswaram yokka rediyodhaarmika isotopulu grahinchabadataayi
muulaala dwara. p thoo. aarr. stout. neenu. zhe. boat., 26 (5): 320-324.
jeevakriya mariyu mokkala dwara uppu shoshana. f thoo. sii. stevard. prakruti,
143:1031-1032.
mokkala dwara uppu shoshana. f thoo. sii. stevard. prakruti, 145:116-117.
hydrogen-ayan prabhavalu mariyu barley muulaala dwara uppu perukupovadam
jeevakriya dwara prabhaavitamavutundi. tii thoo. sii. bryer. neenu. zhe. boat., 27:173-185.
mokkalo uppu paiki kadulutundi. tii thoo. sii. broyer mariyu pii. aarr. stout.
prakruti, 146:340-340.
mokkala perugudalaku sambandhinchi rasayana muulakaala yokka suukshma mottaalu.
sains, 91:557-560.
pratyeka suuchanatoe mokkala kanajaalaala nundi saap vyakteekarana paddhatulu
visarjinchina barley muulaala dwara uppu perukupovadampai adhyayanalu. tii thoo. sii.
bryer. neenu. zhe. boat., 27 (7): 501-511.
krutrima samskruti parishkaralalo mariyu pratyaekamaina neelalaloo panta utpatti
digubadini mariyu akarbana shoshananu prabhaavitam chese kaarakaalaku suuchana
poeshakaalu. dii thoo. ii. arnon. matti shaastram., 50 (1): 463-485.
jeevakriyaku pratyeka suuchanatoe mokkala kanaala dwara uppu perukupovadam
mariyu barley muulaalapai prayogaalu. colled spring harber symposia
parimaanaatmaka jeevasaastram, value. 8.
mokkala poeshanha adhyayanamlo konni aadhunika purogatulu. pro. neenu. soe.
shugarh beat tech., bhaagam 1:18-26.
malibdinum mariyu raagi lopalapai neeti samskruti prayogaalu
pandla chetlu. pro. neenu. soe. hurt. sains., 38:8-12.
mokkala perugudalaku poeshakaalu labhyata yokka saareeraka amsaalu.
dii thoo. ii. arnon. matti shaastram., 51 (1): 431-444.
mokkala poeshanha adhyayanamlo purogati yokka amsaalu. throw. eah. zii. aarr., 18:247.
mokkala kanaalalo uppu mariyu paaragamyata perukupovadam. tii thoo. sii. bryer.
zhe. zen. sareerasambandhamaina., 25 (6): 865-880.
muulaala jeevakriya karyakalapalu mariyu vaati sambandhampai vaati prabhavam
mokkalalo lavanaalu mariyu neeti paiki kadalika. tii thoo. sii. bryer.
neenu. zhe. boat., 30 (4): 261-273.
poeshaka sarafara dwara prabhaavitamaina tamota mokka kuurpu,
falaalaku sambandhinchinadi. dii thoo. ii. arnon. boat. gaj., 104 (4): 576-590.
mokkala poeshanha adhyayanam yokka saadhaarana amsaalu. sains. unive. california., pp.
279-294.
krutrima samskruti paddhatula dwara mokkala poeshanha yokka parisoedhana.
dii thoo. ii. arnon. biol. rev. camber. phil. soe., 19 (2): 55-67.
mokkala akarbana poeshanhapai upanyaasaalu. (harwardlo prathar upanyaasaalu
vishwavidyaalayam). chronica botanika koo prachurinchindi. waltham, maas.
mokkala perugudalaku sambandhinchi malibdinum. matti shaastram., 60 (2): 119-123.
neelalaloo potassium sthireekarananu marchagala mariyu maarchaleni roopaallo
mattiloo rasayana praticharyalaku sambandhinchi. zhe thoo. sii. martin mariyu
aarr. ovar streat. matti shaastram. soe. neenu. pro., 10:94-101.
mokkala poeshanha mariyu jeevarasaayana shaastram, jeevarasaayanamlo pravahalu
parisoedhana. inter sains public. ink. enn. vai., pp. 61-77.
chinna-aakulu ledhaa pandla chetla gulabi, viii: jink mariyu raagi lopam
karral neelalaloo. W thoo. hetch. chandler mariyu zhe. sii. martin. pro. neenu. soe.
hurt. sains., 47:15-19.
walter styles dwara mokkalu mariyu jantuvulalo muulakaalanu gurtinchandi. rev. vampu.
biochemistry., 13:311-312.
eruvulu, matti vislaeshanha mariyu mokkala poeshanha. california. eah. zii. aarr. expo. stay. cr.,
367:1-24.
saadhaarana" thoo paatu avasaramaina "chinna" amsaala yokka nimisha mottaalu"
eruvulu. eah. zii. aarr. kemm.
mokkala poeshanhaloo konni samasyalu. dii thoo. ii. arnon. sains. moe., 67 (3): 201-209.
eruvulu, matti vislaeshanha mariyu mokkala poeshanha. california. eah. zii. aarr. expo. stay. cr.,
367:1-24 (punarvimarsha).
mokkalalo akarbana padaarthaala shoshana mariyu viniyogam. thoo
pii. aarr. stout. chaap. viii off agricultural chemistry, edition. frear, vaan dwara
nasika.
matti lekunda mokkalanu penchadaaniki neeti saagu paddhati. dii thoo. ii. arnon.
california. eah. zii. aarr. expo. stay. cr., 347, pp. 1-32 (punarvimarsha).**
pantalaku potassium labhyata anedi marchagala mariyu maarchaleni potassium mariyu panta mariyu sendriya padaarthaala prabhaavaalaku sambandhinchi.
zhe thoo. sii. martin. matti shaastram. soe. neenu. pro., 15:272-278.
"national academy off sciences archives soujanyamtho, eee entreelu lekunda idhi saadhyamayyedi kaadu."
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dense raabart hogland
dense raabart hogland (2 apreel 1884-5 satambar 1949) eek americi chemist aur plant aind mutty kay sciencedan thay juu podon kii ghazaiyat mutty kii chemistry baiyo chemistry aur physiology kay shoabon mein kaam kirr rahay thay. wah 1927 say 1949 mein apnee moth takk barkalay mein california university mein podon kii ghazaiyat kay professor rahay.
dense hogland aam toor parr podon kay khaliyon mein electrolytes kii faal nql woo hamal kuu driyafat karnay kay liye jaana jaataa hay jiss mein control shadah tajarbati halaat jeesay hall culture kay tahat jadeed maadal system kaa istemaal kiyaa jaataa hay.
hogland yaha zahir karnay mein kamiyab rehaa kahh podon kii mukhtalif beemariyan zank jeesay trace anaasir kii kamee kii wajah say hoti haine aur podon kii ghazaiyat aur nashonuma kay liye inn kii ahmiyat kuu qayem kiyaa.
inhon nay mutty pee aich qayem karkay poday aur mutty kay darmiyan taamlat aur podon kii nashonuma kay liye mutty kay mahlul darjah hararat aur roshni kii ahmiyat parr tehqeeq kaa aaghaz kiyaa.
hogland aur iss kay saathiyon nay eek masnuyi makmal ghair namiyati ghazaiyat kaa zariah tayaar kiyaa jasay aalimi satah parr hogland hall kay naam say jaana jaataa hay juu kahh duniya bhar mein podon kuu hydroponic toor parr kaasht karnay kay liye istemaal hotaa hay.
sawanah umri.
najee zindagi.
dense hogland charlis brekenrage hogland (1859-1934) aur lalyaan may hogland (1863-1951) kaa betaa thaa. inhon nay apnay pehley aath saal sunhari rung mein guzaray aur apnay baad kay bachpan mein wah denor mein rehtay thay. inhon nay denor publik schoolon mein taleem haasil kii aur 1903 mein stenford university mein daakhlah liyaa. 1920 mein dense aar. hogland nay jaisi aey say shaadi kii. maskara dee. 1933 mein namoniya kii wajah say achanak inn kaa inteqal how gayaa. inn kay paas raabart charlis albert ismaili aur charlis raait mayer naami teen naujawan ladkon kii prorish kii zamah daari rahh gayee.
carrier.
hogland nay stenford university (1907) say chemistry mein meejar kay saath graduation kii. 1908 mein wah barkalay mein university aaf california mein janwaron kii ghazaiyat kii libartry mein instructor aur assistent bunn gayey eek aisa idaarah jiss say wah apnee baqiyah zindagi waabistah rahein gay. wahaan inhon nay janwaron kii ghazaiyat aur baiyo chemistry kay shoabon mein kaam kiyaa. 1910 mein inhein yuu aiss kay foud aind drigg administration mein assistent chemist muqarar kiyaa gayaa.aiss. 1912 takk mohkamah zaraat (shamat aind hogland 1912yee 1919)yee jabb wah waskonsan university mein elmer meek colum kay saath shobah zarayi chemistry mein graduate school mein daakhil huay 1913 mein apnee maaster digri haasil kii (meek colum aind hogland 1913). asee saal kay aakhir mein wah zarayi chemistry kay assistent professor aur 1922 mein barkalay mein podon kii ghazaiyat kay aisosi aett professor bunn gayey. wah "baiyo chemistry kay salanah jaizay" kay baanee aur "plant physiology kay salanah jaizay" aur "tabb kay salanah jaizay" kay haami thay juu inn kii moth kay baad 1950 mein pehli baar shaye hawaa thaa.
kaam karein.
mukhtasir jaizah.
pehli jung azeem kay doraan hogland nay german sultanat say riyasathaye muthadah mein potashium parr mubni khaadon kii daraamad kii kamee kuu bhuri tahaalib say podon kay nikaat kay saath tabdil karnay kii koshish kii juu kahh samandari paani say anaasir kuu muntakhib toor parr jazb karnay aur samandari paani mein paaye jaanay waalay artakaz say ziyadah potashium aur ayudide kuu jamaa karnay kii washaal caple kii salahiyat say mutasir hay (hogland 1915). inn nataij kii bunyaad parr inhon nay podon kii eek artakaz kay melaan kay khalaaf namkiyaat kuu jazb karnay kii salahiyat kii tehqiqat kii aur control shadah tajarbati halaat (hogland habard aur ddios 1926) kay tahat jadeed maadal system kaa istemaal kartay hoay metabolic tawanayi parr ghazayi ajzaa kay jazb aur nql makaani kay inhasaar kuu driyafat kiyaa.
apnee manzam tehqeeq kay doraan bunyadi toor parr hall culture taknik kay zariye aur jolees waan seks kay asul aur walaheem nope kay kaam say mutasir how kirr inhon nay hogland hall kay liye bunyadi farmola tayaar kiyaa jiss kii saakhat asl mein aalee paidawariyat waali baaz mutty say haasil honay waalay bay gahar mutty kay hall kay baad tayaar kii gayee thee (hogland 1919) 1. inn kii tehqeeq say zindah khaliyon kay liye darkaar trace anaasir kii zarurat aur afaal parr nayee driyafatein bhee hoyein iss tarah timater kay podon kii nashonuma kay liye molibdenum kii zarurat qayem hoyee misaal kay toor parr (aarnoon aur hogland 1940 vovo hogland 1945). hogland yaha zahir karnay mein kamiyab rehaa kahh podon kii mukhtalif beemariyan trace anaasir jeesay zank (hogland chandler aur habard 1931yee aif aif) kii kamee kii wajah say hoti haine.)yee aur yaha kahh boraan manganeez zanak aur taanbah podon kii mamul kii nashonuma kay liye naguzir haine (hogland 1937).
inhon nay podon aur mutty kay bahami taluqat mein khususi dilchaspi lie misaal kay toor parr mutty kay hall kay jasmani tawazan aur podon kii nashonuma parr pee aich inhasaar taakah mutty mein ghazayi ajzaa kii dastiyabi aur jazb aur (masnuyi) hall (hogland 1916yee 1917yee 1920yee 1922 vovo hogland aur aarnoon 1941) kay baaray mein behatar tafheem haasil kii jaa sakay. hogland aur iss kay saathi bashmol iss kay tehqiqi maawan waleem zeed. pareshani iss tarah sabz podon mein bunyadi cellolar jasmani amal kii tafheem mein maawan saabat hawaa juu soraj kii roshni say tawanayi kii hatmi shakal kay toor parr chalaye jaatay haine (hogland aur ddios 1929 vovo hogland aur steward 1939yee 1940 vovo hogland 1944yee 1946).
hogland aur nope kay hall.
dense hogland sabb say pehley mutty kay mahlul kii saakhat kii bunyaad parr eek nayee qasm kaa hall tayaar karnay waala thaa (hogland 1919) 1. iss nay mahlul mein ghazayi ajzaa kii harasati aur kill maqdar kay darmiyan farq karnay kay liye pehla kamiyab tasavur bhee tayaar kiyaa (janstan aur hogland 1929). hogland solution" kii astalah kaa zakar sabb say pehley 1922 mein auloof aarnees nay 1919 kii hogland ashaat kay hawalay say kiyaa thaa jehaan inhon nay ziyadah say ziyadah ghazaiyat kay hall kii tareef "kumm say kumm artakaz kay toor parr kii thee jiss say ziyadah say ziyadah paidawar milti thee aur iss say aagay koyee behtari nahein thee. 1920 mein hogland kii taraf say shaye kardah mutaliqah hall kaa itlaaq sheev kay mahlul kay muqabilay mein juu kay podon kii nashonuma kay parameters kii tehqiqat kay liye kiyaa gayaa thaa. 1920 kii dahayi mein mukhtalif pee aich aqdaar parr eek tarmim shadah hogland mahlul mein alfalifa kii nashonuma kii tehqiqat kii gayee. 1930 kii dahayi kay aas paas hogland aur iss kay saathiyon nay baaz podon kii beemariyon kii tehqiqat kii aur iss tarah namkiyaat jeesay maujudah mutty kay halaat say mutaliq elamaat kaa mashahidah kiyaa. iss tanazar mein hogland nay control shadah libartry kay halaat mein asee tarah kii elamaat kii farahami kii ameed kay saath waater culture kay tajarbaat kiye. inn tajarbaat kay liye hogland hall (0)yee bashmol macrow nutrients aairan aur izaafi hall aey aur bee (trace anaasir)yee california mein strawberry kii baaz beemariyon kii tehqiqat kay liye neeya tayaar kiyaa gayaa thaa (hogland aur snider 1933).
hogland kii tehqeeq kuu podon kay pathologist aich nay taawan diyaa. ayee. thamas aur dabliyo. see. snider aur podon kii ghazaiyat aur hydro culture kay eek aur alambardar waleem frederk jairek say mutasir. tajarti zaraat mein waater culture kay asulon kuu laago karnay mein jairek kay aham nataij nay inhein iss mozua parr apnee tehqeeq kuu badhanay kay liye mutasir kiyaa jiss kay natijay mein aakhir kaar hogland hall (1) aur (2) (hogland aur aarnoon 1938yee 1950) saamney aayey. hogland kay haloon (0) aur (1) kay macrow nutrients kii saakhat aur artakaz kaa patah walaheem nope kay chaar namak kay markab aur hogland aur iss kay saathiyon kay tajarbati nataij kay daadhi kay tanasib say lagaya jaa saktaa hay (see aif. table (1) aur (2). nope kaa mahlul hogland kay mahlul kay barakas lohay kay elawah trace anaasir (micro nutrients) kay saath makmal nahein kiyaa gayaa thaa keunkah walaheem nope kay dunn chemical khaas toor parr khaalis nahein thay. micro nutrients yaha jaanay baghair pehley say hyee macrow nutrient namkiyaat mein najasat kay toor parr mojud thay. 1930 aur iss kay baad say trace kay artakaz kaa tajziya karnay kay liye ziyadah intehayi saaf shadah chemicals aur ziyadah hasaas tareeqe tayaar kiye gayey.
nope kaa chaar namak kaa markab.
table (1) nope kaa chaar namak kaa markab (1865)
macrow nutrients.
meez (2) hogland kay mahlul (0yee 1yee 2) aur nope kay mahlul mein macrow nutrients kii saakhat aur makmal artakaz
hogland kay talbaa mein denail israel aarnoon shaamil thay jinhon nay hogland hall (2) (see aif) kay macrow nutrients kii saakhat mein tarmim kii. jadool 2) aur hogland kay hall (1) aur (2) (see aif) kay micro nutrients (bii ayem aine zeed aine kiyo ayem awa aur see eel) kaa artakaz. table (3)) mushtarkah koshishon kay natijay mein aur folkay carle scog. morshage aur scog medium kay barakas naha tuu vitamin aur naha hyee deegar namiyati markabaat kuu hogland kay mahlul kay liye izaafi kay toor parr farahim kiyaa jaataa hay balkah ajzaa kay toor parr sarf zaruri maadniyaat farahim kii jaati haine. morshage aur scog nay yaha natijah akhz kiyaa kahh safed rung kay tarmim shadah medium parr culture shadah tambako calls kii nashonuma kaa farogh bunyadi toor parr aabi tambako kay patoon kay nikaat mein shaamil namiyati ajzaa kay bajaye ghair namiyati hay.
micro nutrients.
meez (3) hogland kay mahlul mein zaruri micro nutrients kii saakhat aur makmal artakaz (0yee 1yee 2)
eek izaafi micro nutrient kay toor parr 9 ayem kiyo ayem feerak tartrait (see 12 aich 12 aif ayee 2 awo 18) kuu hogland solution pharmolations (0yee 1yee 2) mein shaamil kiyaa jaataa hay juu 18 ayem awo eel/eel aif ayee 3 + kay artakaz say mutabiqat rakhta hay. mahlul (2) mein amonium aur nitrate namkiyaat hotay haine aur baaz auqaat asay mahlul (0yee 1) (see aif) say tarjih dee jaa sakti hay. jadool 2) keunkah amonium aayin naapsandidah alclinaty kii nashonuma mein takhir kartaa hay (hogland aur aarnoon 1938yee 1950). tahim yaha ziyadah tarr faslon kii anwaa kay liye zahrila hay aur shaaz woo naadir hyee nitrojan kay waahid zariah kay toor parr istemaal hotaa hay.
mutnazah mafruzay.
hogland nay yaha natijah akhz kiyaa kahh bunyadi toor parr mukhtalif artakaz aur namak kay tanasib kay hall say fasal kii paidawar parr kasee aham hadd takk asar nahein padta hay. tahim haaliyah mutaliat say patah chalta hay kahh nashonuma aur paidawar mein farq aam toor parr istemaal honay waalay ghazayi ajzaa kay hall mein barqarar rehaa jiss mein pehley say hyee artakaz mein chhotay farq thay. misaal kay toor parr hogland kay hall (2) say baltarteeb oonchi sarang aur khalay medaan kay halaat mein antar kay darkhaton kii nashonuma mein izafah hawaa. hogland kay mafruzay kaa eek aham markazi pehlu kahh waater culture mutty kii culture say shaaz woo naadir hyee behatar thaa ("mawaznah kay halaat mein paidawar numayan toor parr mukhtalif nahein hay") qaabil aiteraz hay (hogland aur aarnoon 1938yee 1950). misaal kay toor parr waater culture kii wajah say deegar groth substrates kay muqabilay mein hydroponic toor parr agaye jaanay waalay tambako kay podon kii baiyo maas aur protein kii paidawar sabb say ziyadah hoyee juu asee mahuliyati halaat mein kaasht kii jaati hay aur masawi maqdar mein ghazayi ajzaa farahim kii jaati hay.
jairike kay barakas hogland nay hall kii saqafat kuu bunyadi toor parr sciency qawanin kuu driyafat karnay kaa eek tariqah samjha jabkah jairike nay iss baath parr zoor diyaa kahh hydroponics ubhee takk eek eyen mutabiq science nahein thee. masnafeen kay mukhtalif khayalat kuu darj zeel hawalon say waazah kiyaa gayaa hay: "iss kaa tajarti itlaaq behat mahdud halaat mein aur sarf maahir nigrani mein jayez hay" (hogland aur aarnoon 1938yee 1950yee "mutty kay baghair poday agaaney kay liye waater culture kaa tariqah") vovo "darhaqiqat yaha waazah hay kahh chonkah hydroponics kuu zaraat kay muqabilay mein phee yount raqbe parr ziyadah ikhrajat kii zarurat hoti hay iss liye yaa tuu paidawar ziyadah hony chahiye yaa agar tariqah tajarti toor parr kamiyab honaa hay tuu deegar maawaze honay chahein. aur tajarbay say pehley hyee patah chalaa hay kahh yaha kamiyab how saktaa hay "(jairiki 1940yee" mutty say paak baghbani kay liye makmal rehnuma "). hairat kii baath nahein kahh hydroponics kii tareekh nay iss taknik kay tajarti istemaal kay baaray mein inn kay daawon mein jairek kuu rawayati zaraat kay liye eek mufeed takmeel kay toor parr darsat saabat kiyaa hay.
aizazat aur aizazat.
hogland 1916 mein american aisosi aishan faar dee advancement aaf science (aey aey aey aiss) kay filo aur 1934 mein national academy aaf sciences kay rakan bunn gayey. inn kii behat see driyafaton kay aiteraf mein american society aaf plant physiologists nay dense hogland kuu 1932 mein sadr muntakhib kiyaa aur inhein 1929 mein pehla stephan heals anaam say nawaza. 1940 mein denail aayee kay saath mill kirr. tahim inhon nay "jasmani pahluwon kay khususi hawalay say ghazayi ajzaa kii dastiyabi" kay kaam kay liye aas nucomb clealand anaam haasil kiyaa. 1944 mein inhon nay "podon kii ghair namiyati ghazaiyat parr apnay lectures" shaye kiye jiss kaa zeeli anwaan "harward university mein parthar lectures" thaa jasay inhein 1942 mein harward university mein deenay kay liye madau kiyaa gayaa thaa. 1945 mein wah american academy aaf arts aind sciences kay rakan muntakhib hoay.
dense aar. hogland aiward "pehli baar american society aaf plant biologists kay zariah 1985 mein paish kiyaa gayaa aur" hogland haal "yee juu mahuliyati science prograam kay saath saath yuu see ddios mein mahuliyati sehat aur hifazat kay daftar kaa gahar hay inn kay aizaz mein rakhaa gayaa hay.
adraak.
mayari ghazayi hall.
aaj kill podon kii ghazaiyat aur podon kay tisho kii kaasht kay liye sabb say aam hall hogland aur aarnoon (1938yee 1950)yee aur maurashij aur scog (1962) kii pharmolations haine. podon kay afzon kasaanon aur ausat saarfin kay liye maaye parr markoz khaad tayaar karnay kay liye jadeed menofecturers kay zariye hogland aur aarnoon kay bunyadi farmolon kuu nql kiyaa jaa rehaa hay. yahaan takk kahh hogland noop maurashij aur scog kay naam bhee akhtarayi masnuaat kay liye eek braand kay toor parr istemaal hotay haine maslaa.jee.yee hogland kaa nahein. 2 besal namak markab "yaa" morshage aur scog besal namak markab "yee juu aam toor parr podon kii science mein mayari chemical kay toor parr istemaal hotay haine. hogland aur nope medium" kuu khaas toor parr podon kay khalyaat tisho aur aizaa kii afzaish kay liye jaraseem say paak agar parr tayaar kiyaa gayaa thaa.
hogland aur podon kay behat say deegar ghazaiyat kay mahireen nay apnay carrier kay doraan 150 say ziyadah mukhtalif ghazayi ajzaa kay hall kii tarkibein istemaal kein (see aif. table (4). darhaqiqat kayee ghazayi ajzaa kii tarkibein eek mayari naam kaa hawalah deeti haine halankah inn kaa asl farmolay say behat kumm taaluq hay. misaal kay toor parr jaisa kahh heut nay biyaan kiyaa hay "hogland" kay naam say kayee tarkibein shaye kii gayee haine aur aaj takk asl tarkib kay baaray mein yaaddasht kay nqsan say aljhan paida how sakti hay.
heut kii meez 30 aey.
meez (4) heut (table 30 aey) kay mutabiq tarmim shadah muntakhib mayari ghazayi haloon kii saakhat. pee pee ayem kay toor parr (zaruri) anaasir kii makmal harasati.
hibard ghazaiyat kay hall.
hibard ghazaiyat kay hall misaal kay toor parr eek tarmim shadah hogland hall (1) kay macrow nutrients eek tarmim shadah lambay aishtan hall kay micro nutrients aur eek tarmim shadah jacobson hall kay aairan parr mushtamil mukhtalif mayari hall kii jasmani khususiyat kuu yakja kartay hoay eek matwazan ghazaiyat kaa hall banatay haine juu podon kii ziyadah say ziyadah nashonuma kuu makmal hall (see aif) mein patla karnay kay qaabil banata hay. meez (5).
naagil kii meez aiss 4.
meez (5) eek hibard ghazaiyat kay hall kii saakhat naagil "aur deegar kay mutabiq tarmim kii gayee."(table aiss 4). pee pee ayem mein makmal bunyadi artakaz.
hogland kii miraas.
dense hogland kuu inn kay tehqeeq kay shobay mein eek sarkardah atharti samjha jaataa thaa aur inn kii derpa tehqiqi qabiliyat inn kay naam parr rakhay gayey hall kuu sharoo karnaa aur qayem karnaa thaa iss tarah eek matwazan podon kii ghazaiyat kii bunyaad paida karnaa juu aaj bhee darsat hay. hogland kaa hall naha sarf zameen parr istemaal hotaa hay balkah beenn alaqwami khalayi station parr podon kii paidawar kay tajarbaat mein bhee khood kuu saabat kiyaa hay. hogland aur iss kay saathiyon kay nataij qadarti wasail jeesay mutty paani aur hawaa paani aur ghazayi ajzaa kay payedar istemaal say mutaliq haine faslon kii paidawar mein karkardgi aur sehat mund podon kii khuraak kii paidawar. hogland kii bunyadi sciency sharakat aur baday paimanay parr hawalah dee gayee ashaatein jadeed podon kii physiology aur mutty kii chemistry mein tehqeeq kay liye tarikhi mutabiqat rakhti haine juu mandarjah zeel kitabcha mein jhalakti haine.
kitabcha.
pakhanah mein allomenium kaa tayeen. see kay saath. eel. aey. shamat. jay. bayawal.
caim.yee 11 (4): 387-391.
suur kay andogens metabolism kaa mutalah jaisa kahh mukhtalif tareeqon say tarmim kiyaa gayaa hay
awamil. (mein.-III.). ayee kay saath. wee. meek colum. jay. bayawal. caim.yee 16 (3): 299-315yee 317-320yee 321-325.
paisifik coast caps kii tabaah kunn aasteen. jay. ind. ung. caim.yee
7 (8): 673-676.
paisifik coast caps kay namiyati ajzaa. jay. agar. ree.yee 4 (1): 39-58.
samandari tahaalib mein paichidah carbohydrate aur sulfar kii shaklein
bahar alkahil kay saahil say. eel kay saath. eel. jhoot boltay haine. jay. bayawal. caim.yee 23 (1): 287-297.
mutty mein tezabiyat aur jazb jaisa kahh hydrogen electroad kay zariye maapa jaataa hay.
eel kay saath. tye. teez. jay. agar. ree.yee 7:123-145.
tarqi parr hydrogen aur hydroxyl aayin kay artakaz kaa asar
juu kay podon kii. mutty science.yee 3 (6): 547-560.
carbon daayee oxide kaa mutty kay radh amal say taaluq jaisa kahh hydrogen kay zariah maapa jaataa hay
electroad. eel kay saath. tye. teez. jay. agar. ree.yee 12 (3): 139-148.
mutty kay mahlul mein taghiraat kay asharia kay toor parr manjamad naqtah kaa tariqah
mosam aur fasal kii nashonuma kii wajah say. jay. agar. ree.yee 12 (6): 369-395.
mutty parr kaao aur keeko 3 kay kimiyayi asraat. hasah I. asar
mutty kay radh amal parr. aey kay saath. dabliyo. christy. mutty science.yee 5 (5): 379-382.
poday kaa taaluq ghazayi mahlul kay radh amal say hay. science
48 (1243): 422-425.
tezaab kii mutty say mutaliq haaliyah kaam parr nott. eel kay saath. tye. teez. mutty science.
7 (3): 197-200.
podon kay saath hall culture kay tajarbaat kii taknik parr nott karein.
science 49 (1267): 360-362.
metabolism parr baaz allomenium markabaat kaa asar
aadmi. see kay saath. eel. aey. shamat. yuni. california. pub. raastah.yee 2 (20): 215-244.
pee aich aich +yee aur awah − aqdaar kii meez vovo barqi motiyo say mutabiqat rakhti hay
hydrogen electroad kii paimaish mein mutayin quwatein jiss mein
kitabcha. see kay saath. eel. aey. shamat. yuni. california. pub. jasm.5 (4):
23-69.
ghazayi ajzaa kay hall kaa khalyaat kay russ kii saakhat aur radh amal say taaluq
juu kaa. boat. guz.yee 68 (4): 297-304.
ghazaiyat kay zariah kii artakaz aur radh amal kaa taaluq
poday kii nashonuma aur jazb kay liye. jay. agar. ree.yee 18 (2): 73-117.1
pee aich velio parr aabpashi kay paani kii kayee aqsaam kaa asar aur
mukhtalif qasm kii mutty kaa manjamad naqtah dabao. aey kay saath. dabliyo.
christy. yuni. california. pub. agar. science.yee 4 (6): 141-158.
podon kay liye behtareen ghazayi hall. science 52 (1354): 562-564.
mutty kii jasmani haalat parr mosam aur fasal kii nashonuma kaa asar.
jay kay saath. see. maartan. jay. agar. ree.yee 20 (5): 396-4 o3.
mutty kay mahlul kaa mutty kay nikaat say taaluq. jay kay saath. see. maartan aur
jee. aar. stevart. jay. agar. ree.yee 20 (5): 381-395.
poday kay silsilay mein mutty kaa hall. trans. door. aiss awo see.yee 17 (2): 249-254.
mutty kaa tajziya aur mutty aur podon kay bahami taluqat. california. agar. aiks pee. stee.
sarr.yee 235:1-8.
mutty kaa tajziya aur mutty aur podon kay bahami taluqat. leemon kay patay 2 (6): 1-2yee
16-17.
podon kii khuraak kii taaqat. aey kay saath. aar. ddios aur see. bub. lip meen.
science 57 (1471): 299-301.
jazb kay silsilay mein poday kay khaliye kay russ kii saakhat
aainon kaa. aey kay saath. aar. ddios. jay. jaine. jasm.yee 5 (5): 629-646.
ghair namiyati anaasir kii maqdar aur buffer parr namak kaa asar
plant kaa nazaam. jay kay saath. see. maartan. california. agar. aiks pee. stee. technology. pee.yee
8:1-26.
podon kay zariye aainon kay jazb parr mazeed tajarbaat bashmol
roshni kay asraat parr mashahidat. aey kay saath. aar. ddios. jay. jaine. jasm.yee
6 (1): 47-62.
podon kay zariah aainon kaa jazb. mutty science.yee 16 (4): 225-246.
reet aur hall kii saqafaton kaa mawaznah mutty kay saath batoor mediya
podon kii nashonuma. jay kay saath. see. maartan. mutty science.yee 16 (5): 367-388.
culture hall kay radh amal parr poday kaa asar. california.
agar. aiks pee. stee. technology. pee.yee 12:1-16.
mutty kay colloid parr barqi chaarij jaisa kahh hydrogen aayin say mutasir hotaa hay
artakaz aur mukhtalif namkiyaat kay zariye. dabliyo kay saath. see. day huff. mutty science.yee
18 (5): 401-408.
podon kay zariye aainon kay jazb say mutaliq tajaweez. aey kay saath. aar.
ddios. nayey maahir phytologist 24 (2): 99-111.
mutty kay mahlul kii tehqiqat kay jasmani pehlu. california. agar. aiks pee.
stee. hulg.yee 1 (11): 227-257.
podon kii ghair namiyati ghazaiyat kay kachh marahil
mutty kaa hall: 1. masnuyi culture mediya mein podon kii nashonuma.
science. agar.yee 6 (5): 141-151.
podon kii ghair namiyati ghazaiyat kay kachh marahil
mutty kaa hall: 2. podon kii nashonuma kay liye mutty kay hall batoor zariah.
science. agar.yee 6 (6): 177-189.
podon kii nashonuma parr baaz alkali namkiyaat kaa asar. jay kay saath. aiss. bojh aur
aey. aar. ddios. (20) khalasah. mutty kay hall kii noiyat aur waadah.
(21) peen paisifik sciency congress say pehley padhay gayey maqalay kaa khalasah
australia.
roshni darjah hararat aur deegar halaat kaa salahiyat parr asar
khaliye kay russ mein helogen kuu markoz karnay kay liye naitela khaliyon kaa. pee kay saath. eel.
habard aur aey. aar. ddios. jay. jaine. jasm.yee 10 (1): 121-146.
physiology kay naqtah nazar say mutty kii tehqiqat
poday say. chotha int. confeedration. mutty science. room 1924yee 3:535-544.
culture kay hall mein agaye jaanay waalay podon kay zariah vitamin ayee kii tarkib. kay saath
aich. ayem. aiwans. mein. jay. jasm.yee 80 (3): 702-704.
masnuyi culture kay hall kii istedad say mutaliq haaliyah tajarbaat
aur mukhtalif qasm kay podon kii nashonuma kay liye mutty kay hall.
jay kay saath. see. maartan. pehli int kii kararwai aur kaghizat. kaang. mutty
science.yee 3:1-12.
university aaf california mein haaliyah mutty kii tehqiqat kaa dobarah aaghaz. muu.
bail. california. mohkamah. agar.yee 16 (11): 562-568.
mutty science kii pehli beenn alaqwami congress chotha commission mutty
zarkhezi. (khalasah.) mutty science.yee 25 (1): 45-50.
podon kay khaliyon kay zariah dosray kay jamaa honay parr eek aayin kaa asar
naitela kay saath tajarbaat kaa khususi hawalah. aey kay saath. aar. ddios
aur pee. eel. habard. plant faz.yee 3 (4): 473-486.
control shadah maahul mein podon kii nashonuma kay liye eek aalah. kay saath
aey. aar. ddios. plant faz.yee 3 (3): 277-292.
paani mein agaye jaanay waalay timater kay podon kay liye potashium kii kumm az kumm satah darkaar hay
saqafaton. ayee kay saath. aiss. janstan. mutty science.yee 27 (2): 89-109.
podon kay khaliyon kay zariah electrolytes kii maqdar aur jamaa honaa. aey kay saath. aar.
ddios. protoplasma 6 (4): 610-626.
khaad kay masail aur california mein mutty kaa tajziya. california. agar. aiks pee.
stee. sarr.yee 317:1-16.
podon kay khaliyon kay zariye maadni anaasir kaa jamaa honaa. taawan karein. samandari biol.yee
pee pee. 131-144.
podon kii physiology mein haaliyah paish raft. mahuliyat 11 (4): 785-786.
phalon kay darkhaton mein chhotay patay yaa gulaab i. dabliyo kay saath. aich. chandler aur pee. eel.
habard. pru. mein. aiss awo see. haarat. science.yee 28:556-560.
mutty kay masail kay silsilay mein podon kay zariah maadni anaasir kaa jazb.
plant faz.yee 6 (3): 373-388.
phalon kay darkhaton kaa chhota putt yaa gulaab II: zank aur deegar alaaj kaa asar.
dabliyo kay saath. aich. chandler aur pee. eel. habard. pru. mein. aiss awo see. haarat.
science.yee 29:255-263.
podon kii maadni ghazaiyat. aino. riyo. baiyo caim.yee 1:618-636.
faasfet aur potashium kii kamee kay nashonuma parr kachh asraat
aur control shadah halaat mein phalon kay darkhaton kii saakhat. kay saath
dabliyo. aich. chundler. pru. mein. aiss awo see. haarat. science.yee 29:267-271.
phal kay darkhaton kaa chhota putt yaa gulaab iii. dabliyo kay saath. aich. chundler aur
pee. eel. habard. pru. mein. aiss awo see. haarat. science.yee 30:70-86.
podon kii maadni ghazaiyat. aino. riyo. baiyo caim.yee 2:471-484.
control shadah halaat mein strawberry kay poday kii ghazaiyat. (a) asraat
boraan aur kachh deegar anaasir kii kamee (bub) hasasiyat
sodeem namak say choot lagna. dabliyo kay saath. see. snider. pru. mein. aiss awo see. haarat. science.yee
30:288-294.
potashium kaa jazb podon kay zariah qaabil tabdili ghair qaabil tabdili aur mutty kay hall potashium kay silsilay mein. jay kay saath. see. maartan. mutty
science.yee 36:1-33.
khususi hawalah kay saath potashium kii dastiyabi kaa tayeen karnay kay tareeqe
neem khashak mutty takk. trans. dosra commission aur alkali zeeli commission
beenn alaqwami aiss awo see. mutty science. cobin haawan (denmark).
hajm. aey pee pee. 25-31.
phal kay darkhaton kaa chhota patoon yaa gulaab IV. dabliyo kay saath. aich. chandler aur pee. eel.
habard. pru. mein. aiss awo see. haarat. science.yee 32:11-19.
california kay khususi hawalay say juu kii potashium ghazaiyat
mutty. pru. panchwen paisifik science congress pee pee. 2669-2676.
phal kay darkhaton kaa chhota putt yaa gulaab v: nashonuma parr zank kaa asar
control shadah mutty aur paani kii saqafat mein mukhtalif qasm kay podon kaa
tajarbaat. dabliyo kay saath. aich. chandler aur pee. eel. habard. pru. mein.
aiss awo see. haarat. science.yee 33:131-141.
chhota putt yaa gulaab kaa patoon" parr eek kozlowski kay mazmun parr tabsaray
california mein phalon kay darkhat. dabliyo kay saath. aich. chundler. phytopathology 25 (5): 522-522
podon kay zariye potashium kaa jazb aur iss silsilay mein mutty kay zariye fixtion
dastiyaab ghazayi ajzaa kaa andazah laganay kay liye kachh tareeqon kay liye. jay kay saath. see.
maartan. trans. teesra inter. kaang. mutty science.yee 1:99-103.
phal kay darkhaton kaa chhota putt yaa gulaab vi: mazeed tajarbaat
bemari kii wajah say. dabliyo kay saath. aich. chandler aur pee. aar. stawat.
pru. mein. aiss awo see. haarat. science.yee 34:210-212.
mutty kay poday kay nazaam mein eek metabolic yount kay toor parr podaa. mazamin mein
dabliyo ayem kay aizaz mein jiyo boatni. aey. seecheel. yuni. california. prais karein pee pee.
219-245.
jadoon kay zariye namak jamaa honay kay amal kii amumi noiyat
tajarbati tareeqon kii wazahat. tye kay saath. see. broir. plant faz.yee
11 (3): 471-507.
aalee podon kii namak kii ghazaiyat kay kachh pehlu. boat. riyo.yee 3:307-334.
mutty kay baghair podon kuu agaaney kay liye aabi kaasht kaa tariqah. kay saath
ddee. I. aarnoon. california. agar. aiks pee. stee. sarr.yee 347yee pee pee. 1-39.*
khaad kay masail aur california mein mutty kaa tajziya. california. agar. aiks pee.
stee. sarr.yee 317:1-16 (nazar saani).
fasal kii paidawar kay liye zaraye kay toor parr aabi culture aur mutty kaa mawaznah.
ddee kay saath. I. aarnoon. science 89:512-514.
kachh podon mein namak kii oopar kii aur piss manzar kii harkat jaisa kahh asharah kiyaa gayaa hay
potashium sodeem aur phosphorce kay taabkaar osotopus jazb how jaatay haine
jadoon say. pee kay saath. aar. stawat. mein. jay. boat.yee 26 (5): 320-324.
podon kay zariah metabolism aur namak kaa jazb. aif kay saath. see. steward. fitrat
143:1031-1032.
podon kay zariye namak kaa jazb. aif kay saath. see. steward. fitrat 145:116-117.
hydrogen aayin kay asraat aur juu kii jadoon kay zariah namak kaa jamaa honaa
metabolism say mutasir. tye kay saath. see. broir. mein. jay. boat.yee 27:173-185.
poday mein namak kii oopar kii taraf harkat. tye kay saath. see. broir aur pee. aar. stawat.
fitrat 146:340-340.
podon kii nashonuma kay silsilay mein kimiyayi anaasir kii mint maqdar.
science 91:557-560.
podon kay baafaton say russ kay izhaar kay tareeqe jiss kaa khususi hawalah hay
juu kii jadoon kay zariye namak kay jamaa honay parr mutalah. tye kay saath. see.
broir. mein. jay. boat.yee 27 (7): 501-511.
masnuyi culture kay hall mein aur khaas mutty mein fasal kii paidawar
ghair namiyati kii paidawar aur jazb kuu mutasir karnay waalay awamil kaa hawalah
ghazayi ajzaa. ddee kay saath. I. aarnoon. mutty science.yee 50 (1): 463-485.
metabolism kay khususi hawalay say podon kay khaliyon kay zariye namak kaa jamaa honaa
aur juu kii jadoon parr tajarbaat. couled spring harber symposium
maqdari hayatiyat jald. 8.
podon kii ghazaiyat kay mutalah mein kachh jadeed paish raft. pru. mein. aiss awo see.
shogar bait technology.hasah 1:18-26.
molibdenum aur taanbey kii kamee parr waater culture kay tajarbaat
phal daar darkhat. pru. mein. aiss awo see. haarat. science.yee 38:8-12.
podon kii nashonuma kay liye ghazayi ajzaa kii dastiyabi kay jasmani pehlu.
ddee kay saath. I. aarnoon. mutty science.yee 51 (1): 431-444.
podon kii ghazaiyat kay mutalah mein paish raft kay pehlu. trop karein. agar.yee 18:247.
podon kay khaliyon mein namak kaa jamaa honaa aur pargamita. tye kay saath. see. broir.
jay. jaine. physiol.yee 25 (6): 865-880.
jadoon kii metabolic sargarmiyan aur inn kay taluqat parr inn kaa asar
podon mein namkiyaat aur paani kii oopar kii taraf harkat. tye kay saath. see. broir.
mein. jay. boat.yee 30 (4): 261-273.
timater kay poday kii saakhat jaisa kahh ghazaiyat kii farahami say mutasir hay
phal daar honay say taaluq. ddee kay saath. I. aarnoon. boat. guz.yee 104 (4): 576-590.
podon kii ghazaiyat kay mutalah kay amumi pehlu. science. yuni. california.yee pee pee.
279-294.
masnuyi culture kay tareeqon say podon kii ghazaiyat kii tehqiqat.
ddee kay saath. I. aarnoon. bayawal. riyo. camber. fill. aiss awo see.yee 19 (2): 55-67.
podon kii ghair namiyati ghazaiyat parr lecture. (harward mein prether lectures
university). karonika botanica company kay zariah shaye kiyaa gayaa. waltham maas.
podon kii nashonuma kay silsilay mein molibdenum. mutty science.yee 60 (2): 119-123.
mutty mein potashium kii fixtion qaabil tabdili aur ghair qaabil tabdili shaklon mein
mutty mein kimiyayi radh amal kay silsilay mein. jay kay saath. see. maartan aur
aar. auvar strait. mutty science. aiss awo see. mein. pru.yee 10:94-101.
podon kii ghazaiyat aur baiyo chemistry baiyo chemical mein crunt
tehqeeq. inter science publik. incorporated. aine. Y.yee pee pee. 61-77.
phalon kay darkhaton kaa chhota putt yaa gulaab VIII: zank aur taanbey kii kamee
maryee mutty mein. dabliyo kay saath. aich. chandler aur jay. see. maartan. pru. mein. aiss awo see.
haarat. science.yee 47:15-19.
walter style kay zariye podon aur janwaron mein anaasir kaa saraag lagayein. riyo. aark.
baiyo caim.yee 13:311-312.
khaad mutty kaa tajziya aur podon kii ghazaiyat. california. agar. aiks pee. stee. sarr.yee
367:1-24.
baqayedah" kay elawah zaruri "mamuli" anaasir kii mint kii maqdar"
khaad. agar. caim.
podon kii ghazaiyat kay kachh masail. ddee kay saath. I. aarnoon. science. muu.yee 67 (3): 201-209.
khaad mutty kaa tajziya aur podon kii ghazaiyat. california. agar. aiks pee. stee. sarr.yee
367:1-24 (nazar saani).
podon mein ghair namiyati maadon kaa jazb aur istemaal. kay saath
pee. aar. stawat. baab. zarayi chemistry kaa VIIIyee ayee ddee. bazariah freer ween
naak kaa.
mutty kay baghair podon kuu agaaney kay liye aabi kaasht kaa tariqah. ddee kay saath. I. aarnoon.
california. agar. aiks pee. stee. sarr.yee 347yee pee pee. 1-32 (nazar saani).**
qaabil tabdili aur ghair qaabil tabdili potashium aur fasal aur namiyati maaday kay asraat kay silsilay mein faslon mein potashium kii dastiyabi.
jay kay saath. see. maartan. mutty science. aiss awo see. mein. pru.yee 15:272-278.
"national academy aaf sciences archives kay bashkariah aur inn andrajat kay baghair yaha mumkin nahein hotaa." |
000583bfd0df7e059b7bbf19ec8701181d90f617ffbefc9b484be9ee1013631f | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10653470 | Jairo Penaranda |
Jairo Penaranda
Colombian gridiron football player (born 1958)
Jairo Alonso Penaranda (born June 15, 1958) is a Colombian former American football running back for the Los Angeles Rams and the Philadelphia Eagles of the National Football League (NFL). He also played in the United States Football League (USFL) for the Oakland Invaders and Memphis Showboats. Penaranda played college football at the University of California, Los Angeles and was drafted in the 12th round of the 1981 NFL draft. He is distinguished as being the first Colombian to play in the National Football League.
Jairo additionally coached football- first as a graduate assistant with Southern Cal Trojans helping with special teams and linebackers. He then followed John Robinson and returned to LA to work with the Rams; as an assistant before being promoted to special teams coordinator.
References.
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joiru penaranda
jeiru alunsu penaranda (jonmo june 15,1958) hoise rastriyo football leeg (eno. ef. el.) ror los angeles rames aaru philadelphia eegolsor baabe ubhoti ohaa ejon columbian prakton aamerikan football kheluwoi. teu ookland aakromonkari aaru memphis swo 'butor baabe aamerika juktorastror football ligotu (eu. ess. ef. el.) khelisil. penarandai california biswobidyaloy, los angelsot kolej football khelisil aaru 1981 sonor eno. ef. el. draftor dwadox roundot iyar khosora prostut koraa hoisil. rastriyo football leegot khelaa prothom columbian hisape teuk bixisto koraa hoy.
joiruwe iyar uporiu footballor proxikhyon disil-prothome snatok xohokari hisape dokhyinor kell tro 'jenxokole bixex doll aaru linebakerxokolok xohay korisil. taar pisot teu john robinsonor pisot aahisil aaru bixex dolor xomonwoykari hisape podunnoti puwar aagote xohokari hisape remor xoite kaam koriboloi laa-loi ubhoti aahisil. |
jairo penaranda
jairo alonso penaranda (jonmo 15 june, 1958) ekjon columbian praktan american football kheload jini loss angeles rams ebong jatiya football leager (enn. eff. ell) philadelphia eagleser hoye khelen. tini oakland akramankari ebong memphis shoboter jonno markin juktorashtrer football lige (eu. esha. eff. ell) khelechen. penaranda california vishwavidyalaya, loss angelese college football khelechilen ebong 1981 saaler enn. eff. ell khasdar 12tomo rounde khasda toiri korechilen. tini jatiya football leagay khela prothom columbian hisabe bishishto.
jairo atiriktobhabe footballke proshikkhon diyechilen-prothome snatok sahokari hisabe dakkhin kyala trojander saathe bishesh doll ebong linebackerder saathe sahayata korey. erpor tini john robinsonke anusaran corren ebong bishesh doler samanwayakari hisebe padonnati pawar agey sahokari hisebe ryamder sange kaaj korte laa-teey firey asen. | jairo panaranda
jairo elanso panaranda (janm 15 juuna, 1958) aee national football leag (aena. aef. aela.) naa losa angels rames aneey philadelphiya eagles maate dodati columbian bhutpurv american football chhe. teo united states football leag (yuu. aesa. aef. aela.) maan ockland aakramankaro aneey memphis shobots maate pann ramyaa hataa. panaranda university off california, losa angels khaate college football ramyo hato aneey 1981 aena. aef. aela. draftnaa draftnaa roundma teno musaddo taiyar karvaamaa aavyo hato. raashtriy football leegma ramnaar pratham columbian tareeke temne odakhvaamaa aave chhe.
jairoe vadhumaa footballne taaleem aapee hatee-pratham snaatak sahayak tareeke dakshini qela trojan saathe vishesh teamo aneey linebakersne madad curry hatee. tyarbad teo john robinsonne anusaryaa aneey khaas teamnaa sanyojak tareeke badhatee aaptaa pahelaa sahayak tareeke ghetaa saathe kaama karvaa maate laa parat faryaa.
| jairo penaranda
jairo alonso penaranda (janm 15 juuna, 1958) ack kolambiyai poorv americi football haye joe rashtriya football leag (aine. aff. ell.) key loss angils rams aur philadelphia eagle key liye vaapas chala rhaa haye. unhone sanyukt raajya football leag (yuu. aiss. aff. ell.) mein oakland aakramankariyon aur memphis shobots key liye bhee khela. penaranda ney california vishvavidyalaya, loss angils mein college football khela aur 1981 aine. aff. ell. draft key 12vein daur mein taiyar kiya gayaa thaa. unhein rashtriya football leag mein khelane vaale pahale kolambiyai key roop mein pratishthit kiya jaataa haye.
jairo ney atirikt roop seey football koo prashikshit kiya-pahale ack snaatak sahayak key roop mein dakshini calle trojan key saath vishesh teams aur linebackers key saath madad karna. isake baad unhone johnn robbinson kaa anusaran kiya aur vishesh team samanvayak key roop mein padonnat honey seey pahale ack sahayak key roop mein medhon key saath kaam karane key liye laa laut aae.
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jairo penaranda
jairo alonso penaranda (janana zoon 15,1958) kolambiyaada maaji american football aagiddu, laas angelies rams mattu national football leigh (enfl) naa philadelphia haddugalige spardhisuttade. avaru united states football leigh (yuu. ess. eff. ell) nalli okland aakramanakaararu mattu memphis shobotgaligaagi aadidaru. penaranda california vishvavidyaalaya, laas angelisnalli kaaleju football aadidaru mattu 1981rahra enfl draftna 12neey suttinalli karadu siddhapadisalaayitu. rashtriya football leagnalli aadida modala columbian emba heggalikege avaru patraragiddare.
jairo saha footballge tarabeti niididaru-modalu vishesha tandagalu mattu linebackergalige sahaaya maaduva dakshinada call trojangalondige padavi sahayakaragi. nantara aata zaan robbinson avarannu himbaalisidaru mattu vishesha tandada samyojakaragi badti padeyuva modalu sahayakanagi, tagarondige kelasa maadalu laa ge maralidaru. | null | jairo penranda
jairo alonso penaranda (janm 15 juuna 1958) haah eka columbian majee american football aahe joou national football leegchya (aine. eff. ell.) losses angelis rams aanee philadelphiya garud sanghasathi khelato. too united states football leegmadhye (yuu. ess. eff. ell.) oakland aakramankarte aanee memphis shobotsasathihi khelala. penaranda california vidyapith, losses angelis yethe mahavidhyalayin football khelala aanee 1981 chya aine. eff. ell. masudyachya 12 vya fereet tyacha masuda tayar karnyat aala. rashtriy football leegmadhye khelanara too pahila columbian mhanoon olakhala jaato.
jairone footballche prashikshan dekhil dile-pratham padvidhar sahayyak mhanoon dakshini call trojan vishesh sangh aanee linebackersna madat karat hote. tyanantar too johnn robinsonchya mage lagla aanee vishesh sangh samnvayak mhanoon padonnati milanyapurvi sahayyak mhanoon mendhyansobat kaam karnyasathi laa yethe paratala.
| jairo penaranda
jairo alanso penaranda (janma june 15,1958) ek columbian purva americi football how june lus angels rams rar rashtriya football ligg (nfl) ko filadelfia igalharuka lagi daudiraheko chha. unle okland akramankariharu rar memphis shobotharuka lagi sanyukta rajya football ligg (usl) maa pani khele. penarandale california vishwavidyalaya, lus angelsma college football khele rar 1981 nfl draftko 12 aun charanma draft garieko thiyo. uni rashtriya football ligma khelne pahilo columbianka rupma pratishthit chhan.
jairole thap footballai prashikshit gare-pahile dakshini kyal trojanharusanga vishesh toliharu rar linebackerharusanga maddat garne snatak sahayakko rupma. tyasapachhi unle john robinsonlai pachhyae rar bhedaharusanga kaam garna lah farke; vishesh tolly sanyojakma padonnati hunu aghi sahayakko rupma.
| jairo penaranda
jairo alanso penaranda (janma june 15,1958) eka kalambia purbatana americae football jie jatiah football ligg (enn. aif. ell.) rahr lus angeless raama ebong philadelphia eagle paain dauduchhanti. shay oakland aakramanakaree ebong memphis shobot paain juktarastra america football ligg (jayu. ess. aif. ell.) ray madhya khelithile. penaranda california biswabidyalaja, lus enjelesare college football khelithile ebong 1981 nfl drafter 12 tama roundre draft hoithile. jatiah football ligre khelithiba shay pratham columbian bhabare pratisthita .
jairo madhya phutabalaku prasikhyana deithile-prathame jane snataka sahajaka bhabare dakhina call trojan sahita swatantra dala ebong linebackermananku sahajya karithile . ehapare shay zohn rabinsanku anusarana karithile ebong swatantra dalara sanjojaka bhabare padonnati paiba purbaru jane sahajaka bhabare mendhanka saha kaama karibaku laa pherithile.
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jairo penaranda
jairo alonso penaranda (janam 15 juun, 1958) ikk kolambiaai sabka amriki football haii joe national football leeg (nfl) dey laas angels rams atey fildelfia eagles laee daudada haii. uh sanyukat raaj dee football leeg (yuu. aiss. eff. aill.) witch ockland hamlavaran atey memphis shoabotan laee vee khediaa. painaranda neey california university, laas angels vikhe kaalaj football khediaa atey 1981 ainn. aif. ail. draft dey 12ven daur witch tiaar keeta giaa see. uh rashtari football leeg witch khedan vaale pahile columbian vajon prasidh haii.
jairo neey football noon vee sikhlai ditti-pahilan ikk graduate sahaik dey roop witch dakkhni kaell trojanan naal vishesh teaman atey linebackeran dee madad naal. firr uh john robinson daa pichha karda see atey vishesh teaman dey coordinator vajon tarakki milann toon pahilan ikk sahaik vajon bhedan naal kamm curran laee laa waps aaa giaa. |
jairo penaranda
jairo alaanso penaranda (jananam joon 15,1958) ekaha columbia-deshasya poorva-american-football-kreedaaluh asti yah laas-angelies-rames-krute tathaa rashtriya-football-leag (enn. ef. ell.) ityasya philadelphia-eagles-krute dhaavati. saha samyuktarajyamerika-deshasya football-leag (yoo. ess. ef. ell.) madhye oklyaand-akramanakarinam krute, memphis-shobot-krute cha kreeditavaan. penaranda ityayam california-vishvavidyaalaye, laas-angelies-nagare mahaavidyaalaya-football-kreedaam abhyanayt, 1981 tame varshe enn. ef. ell.-draft ityasya 12 tame aavartane cha tasya draft-krutam. rashtriya-football-leag-kridaayaam kreeditah prathamah columbia-deshah iti saha vishishtah asti.
jairo ityayam adhikatayaa football-kreedaayaah prashikshanm dattavaan-prathame snaatak-sahayakatvena, dakshina-call-trojan-kreedakaah vishesha-dalanam, lain-backer-kreedakaih cha sahayyam kurvanti sma. tatah saha jaan rabinson ityasya anusaranam krutvaa, vishesha-dala-samanvayakaroopena padonnateh poorvam sahayakatvena medaihi saha karyam kartum laa-nagaram pratyagatavan. |
jairo beneranda
jairo alanzo beneranda (prappu juun 15,1958) oru kolambiya munnaal america kaalpandhu veerar aavaar, idhu thaesiya kaalpandhu leakin (enn. eff. ell) losses aenjals rames mattrum philatelpia kazhugugalukkaaga meendum oodukirathu. avar ooklaend padaiyeduppaalargal mattrum mempis shoapoattukalukkaaga united states kaalpandhu leekkilum (yuu. ess. eff. ell) vilaiyaadinaar. benaranda california palkalaikkazhagaththil kalluri kaalpandhu vilaiyaadinaar, losses aenjals mattrum 1981 enn. eff. ell varaivin 12 vadhu suttril varaivu seiyappattathu. thaesiya kaalpandhu leakil vilaiyaadiya muthal kolambiyanaaga avar pugazhpettraar.
jairo koodudhalaaga kaalpandhu payitruviththaar-muthalil therku kaall trojankaludan sirappu anigal mattrum linebakergaludan udhavuvathil oru pattathaari uthaviyaalaraaka. pinnar avar john raabinsanaip pinthodarnthu, sirappu anigalin orunginaippaalaraaka padhavi uyarvu peruvatharku munbu oru uthaviyaalaraaka aattukkadaakkaludan paniyaattra laa thirumbinaar. |
jairo penaranda
jairo alanso penaranda (jananam juun 15,1958) oka columbian maajee american football kreedaakaarudu, idhi laas angels rams mariyu national football leag (nfl) yokka philadelphia eagles kosam tirigi nadustundi. athanu united states football leag (yuu. ess. eff. ell) loe oklaand invadors mariyu memphis shobots kosam kooda aadadu. penaranda california vishwavidyaalayam, laas angelslo kalaasaala football aadadu mariyu 1981 nfl draft yokka 12va roundloo draft cheyabaddaadu. jaateeya football leaglo aadina modati kolambiyanga athanu gurtimpu pondaadu.
jairo adanamgaa footballku sikshana icchaadu-modata graduate assistantga dakshina kaalla trojanlu pratyeka jatlu mariyu linebackerlaku sahayam chesaaru. aaa taruvaata athanu zaan robinsonnu anusarinchi, pratyeka jatla samanvayakartagaa padoonnati pondadaaniki mundu sahayakudiga ramsto panicheyadaaniki laa kii tirigi vacchaadu.
| jeero pinaranda
jeero alwanso pinaranda (paidaish 15 joone 1958) columbia kaa eek saabiq americi fitt baal hay juu national fitt baal leeg (aine aif eel) kay laas angeles rems aur fladelfia aqaabon kay liye kheelta hay. wah united steats fitt baal leeg (yuu aiss aif eel) mein ockland hamlah aawaron aur memphis show boats kay liye bhee kheela. pinaranda nay university aaf california laas angeles mein college fitt baal kheela aur 1981 kay aine aif eel draft kay 12 wein round mein iss kaa masudah tayaar kiyaa gayaa. inhein qomi fitt baal leeg mein khelnay waalay pehley columbia kay khilaadi kay toor parr mamtaz kiyaa jaataa hay.
jeero nay fitt baal kii bhee tarbiyat dee-pehley graduate assistent kay toor parr janubi keell trojan kay saath khususi teamon aur line bekaron kii madad kartay hoay. iss kay baad wah jaan rabansan kay peeche chalaa gayaa aur khususi teamon kay coordinator kay toor parr tarqi paaney say pehley batoor assistent mendakon kay saath kaam karnay kay liye laa waps aayaa.
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0005879fce70173996612601e73690b1cad2e7da51c57d11c7b8bfc175b7bbd8 | https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki?curid=20012 | Logan (Utah) |
Logan (Utah)
Logan is a fair-sized town and is growing rapidly, located in the Wasatch Range region of northern Utah. The town is home to Utah State University, a state school with approximately 23,000 students. Logan offers a wealth of outdoor activities, including some excellent hiking, mountain biking, sport climbing, kayaking, fly-fishing, and skiing. Luckily, Logan remains relatively undiscovered, so many of these activities can be experienced in far less crowded conditions than those found in other, similar areas of the US.
Understand.
Climate.
Cache Valley has very unpredictable and extreme weather compared to the urban centers of the Wasatch Range. Winters are very cold, with daytime temperatures rarely getting above freezing and overnight lows frequently dropping below 0 °F (-18 °C). Snow is less frequent than in Salt Lake City but the individual storms are usually larger. Cache Valley also has one of the worst inversions in the state, in which cold, moist air and pollutants can become trapped in the valley. A simple five minute ride up any of the canyons will get you out of the inversion and into some of the most beautiful winter mountain landscapes in all of Utah. Spring and fall are wild and feature frequent temperature changes with possibilities of snow as early as October and as late as May. Summer is cooler than in Salt Lake City but still hot, with daytime temperatures generally ranging from 75 °F (24 °C) to 95 °F (35 °C) - they rarely reach above 100 °F (38 °C). It is, however, far enough north that it avoids most of the summer thunderstorms. Although the city is cozy and the surrounding terrain is spectacular, the unpredictable weather is a turnoff for some. Others find the changing weather enjoyable and enjoy spend time outdoors taking in the many recreational opportunities throughout the valley and its many canyons.
Get in.
Drive north on I-15 from Salt Lake City. Take exit 362 (Brigham City), and follow US 89/91 through the mountains (unofficially referred to as Sardine Canyon) into Cache Valley. The drive should take about 75-90 minutes. US 89 and 91 split in downtown Logan. US 89 heads east through the beautiful Logan Canyon to Bear Lake, a popular tourist destination, while US 91 heads north into Idaho. A regional airport also serves Logan although no commercial commuter flights are available at this time.
Alternately you can also take I-15 N and take Exit 351 for Willard. The short UT126 section branches off towards US-89 for Logan and Ogden. Keep left at that fork and follow the road till you reach Brigham City and then the right lane will lead you towards Logan. This route is 7 miles shorter and a more comfortable drive with very little traffic.
Salt Lake Express and Greyhound provide intercity bus service.
Get around.
Driving, riding the bus, walking, and cycling are convenient ways to get around town. The Cache Valley Transit District (website: ) bus system serves Logan and surrounding communities with a simple route system that radiates out from the transit center every half hour. Fares for CVTD are free. All buses are equipped to carry two or three bicycles. Main Street is heavily used and often congested but parallel streets often provide faster access within Logan. Utah State University, on the east side of town, sits on the Provo Bench of ancient Lake Bonneville, about 250 feet higher than downtown Logan. This elevation difference is a major deterrent to non-motorized transportation. Streets throughout the old grid part of town are wide, thanks to the admonition of Brigham Young to lay out early Utah cities with streets wide enough to turn a double-team of horses and a buck-board around, so there is plenty of room for cyclists.
See.
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Do.
Hiking and mountain biking are very popular in the summer but varied elevation change significantly affects outdoor activity seasons. Low, south facing trails like the Wind Caves can often be hiked as early as March, while areas above 9000' are usually not hikeable until late June or early July, maintaining broad areas of snow until August. Temperature varies with elevation as well, usually temps at 8000' are 20 °F cooler than in Logan, and increasingly colder with elevation gain. Summer hail and rain storms are common in high areas when there is no precipitation in Logan.
Hike the Wind Caves trail. 2.6 mile round trip, 900' elevation gain. The trail winds up the north side of Logan Canyon, through maple groves, to a small formation of caves and arches. Offers a beautiful view down into the canyon as well. Trailhead is ~5 miles up US 89 into Logan Canyon, located on the north side of the road opposite Guinavah-Malibu Campground.
Hike the Naomi Peak trail. 5.8 mile round trip, 1980' elevation gain. Naomi Peak (9980') is the highest point in the Bear River Range. The trail leads through meadows full of wildflowers to the peak, which offers spectacular views of the surrounding peaks and of Cache Valley. Trailhead is located at Tony Grove Lake. Take US 89 approximately 19 miles up Logan Canyon to the Tony Grove turnoff. The lake (and trailhead) are 7 miles from US 89.
More adventurous and in-shape hikers can access Naomi peak from Cherry Creek near Richmond, UT. From Logan drive 13 miles north on US 91 to the town of Richmond. Turn right on Main Street, and go straight until reaching 300 East. Turn left on 300 E and go straight until the road sort of splits, taking a right onto 500 North. The road turns gravel, keep following the gravel road to a parking area, and continue. The road after the parking area is dirt and rocky, but accessible by most vehicles in the summer until a river crossing. High clearance vehicles should have no problem crossing the river, while hikers in cars can start their hike from the river crossing. The trail begins at approx 6000' and climbs east past 9765' Cherry Peak before crossing a basin leading to Naomi Peak.
See also Cache Trails, an online copy of a local trail guide (http://www.logannature.org/cache_trails/canyontrails/ [dead link]), and CacheTrails.org, website for the local trail maintenance organization (http://www.cachetrails.org/ [dead link])
alternatively you can seek detailed descriptions of Logan's trail's here: (http://www.smallsat.org/travel/logan-hiking-guide.pdf [formerly dead link])
Other summer activity's include rock climbing with many walls available with either lead climbing, top roping or both depending on the wall,
notable wall's include:
Date Wall - first turn in logan canyon on the right side of the road (lead climb only)
wonderful place to go if you have only a spare hour and want to get a climb in that day
1st Practice Wall - 1.3 miles from Date wall on the left side
*please update with more details*
2nd Practice Wall - 1.6 miles from date wall, last left turnout available before 2nd dam. (top rope only)
this wall has many fun climbs ranging form 5.7-11 excellent place to push your top roped skills!
Fucoidal Quartzite - 8.5 miles from Date wall, 2nd to last left before bridge and right hand fork turn off. (top rope and lead options)
with 40+ climbs available this is a wonderful place to take friends of any skill level
China Cave - 8.6 miles from Date Wall, last left, immediately before the bridge with very short hike along river to wall. (lead climb only)
this wall contains the worlds 1st 5.13 rated climb.
A number of local businesses as well as some in Bear Lake offer snowmobile rentals. Logan Canyon has four main parking/trailhead areas for snowmobiles (Franklin Basin, Beaver Creek, UDOT shed, and "The Sinks") and there are a number of other areas to start from including Providence Canyon and Blacksmith Fork Canyon near Hardware Ranch. These trailheads offer access to groomed trails, primitive routes, open play areas, and hills. Peter Sinks is one of the top ranked snowmobile areas in the country - generally accessed from the Sinks parking area a few miles north. Logan Canyon trailheads also offer access to trails leading into the Idaho portion of the Bear River Range, providing an equal array of snowmobile activities.
Go next.
To get out of Logan, you can simply backtrack south on US 89-91 through Sardine Canyon and Brigham city to I-15, or you can continue northward on US 91 through Preston, ID, and eventually return to I-15 about 33 miles south of Pocatello, ID.
You can also head west on 200 North/UT-30. 20 miles to I-15.
Stay safe.
Logan has very little crime and has been repeatedly named as one of the safest cities in the country. It is still wise, however, to not forget about the basic tips.
Winters can get very cold in Logan and proper precautions must be taken against the weather. Major snowstorms should also be prepared for, and the winter inversions may aggravate people with respiratory problems such as asthma.
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| lugan (utaah)
logaan ekhon nyajyo aakaror sohor aaru uttor utahor waas range oncholot owosthito, drutogotit briddhi paise. ei sohorkhonot pray 23,000 saatro-satrire gothito ekhon rajyik bidyaloy utaah rajyik biswobidyaloy aase. logane kisuman utkristo hiking, mountain biking, krira aaruhon, kayaking, fly-fiswing aaru skiingke dhori bohutu baahiror karzokolapor xubidha diye. xoubhagyokrome, logaan tulonamulokbhabe abiskar nuhuwa hoi aase, xeyehe ei karzokolapxomuhor bohutu aamerikar onyanyo, ekedhoronor oncholot puwar tulnat bohu komm bhir thoka poristhitit onubhob koribo paari.
buji puwa.
jolobayu.
weses porixoror nogoriya kendror tulnat kes upotyokat oti oproityaxito aaru sorom botor aase. xitkal oti thanda, dinor tapmatra krome himankor uporoloi yaay aaru nixar nimnotomo praye 0° fahrenheit (-18° celsius) tokoi naami yaay. nimokh hrod sohorotkoi borof komm xoghonai pore jodiu prithok prithok dhumuha xadharonote dangor hoy. kes upotyokat rajyokhonor ataitkoi beyaa biporitotau aase, zo 'too thanda, aardro bayu aaru produxok upotyokatut aabodho hoh' bob paare. jikunu upotyokar uporoloi paas minutor xorol jatrai aapunak biporit poristhitir poraa ulai aahi xokolu utaar bhitorot ataitkoi xundor xitkalin porbotmalar drishyopotoloi loi jaabo. boxonto aaru xorotkal bonyo aaru octoboror aarombhonite aaru jiman xunkale xombhob borof porar xombhawonar xoite xoghonai taapmatrar poriworton hoy. grishmokal nimokh hrod sohorotkoi xitol kintu tothapiu gorom, dinor tapmatra xadharonote 75° fahrenheit (24° celsius) ror poraa 95° fahrenheit (35° celsius) loike thaake-xeibur khubo komoi 100° fahrenheit (38° celsius) tokoi uporot uponeet hoy. obosye ee uttor dixot jothesto durot aase je ee grishmokalot huwa odhikangxo dhumuhar poraa haat xaare. jodiu sohorkhon aramdayok aaru iyar sariufalor bhukhondo dorxoniyo, tothapiu kisumanor baabe ei oproityaxito botor ek poriworton. aan kisumane poribortito botorok anondodayok buli bibesona kore aaru xomogro upotyoka aaru iyar bohutu upotyokar bohutu monuronjonor xujug loi bahirot xomoy kotaboloi upobhug kore.
bhitoroloi jauk.
solt lek sitir poraa aai-15 too uttor dixoloi gaari solai jauk. 362 (brighom sohor) ror poraa ulai jauk, aaru porbotxomuhor maajere (onanusthanikbhabe chardin kenyon buli kuwa hoy) kes upotyokat aamar onuxoron korok. drivetuwe pray 75-90 minute xomoy lagibo. eu. ess. 89 aaru 91 downtown loganot bibhokto. eu. ess. 89-e ek jonopriyo porjotonstholi hrod bohon koriboloi xundor logaan upotyokar maajere pubo dixoloi yaay, aanhate eu. ess. 91-e uttor dixor idahuloi yaay. etaa ancholik bimanbondoreu logaan xewa aagborhai jodiu ei xomoyot kunu banijyik jatri biman upolobdho naai.
porobortibhabe aapuni aai-15 eno lo 'bob paare aaru willardor baabe 351 ror poraa baahir hoh' bob paare. suti eu. ti. 126 xakhatu logaan aaru ugdenor baabe eu. ess-89ror faale yaay. xei katasamit baufale raakhok aaru aapuni brighom sohorot uponeet nuhuwaloike pothtu onuxoron korok aaru taar pisot xufalor lene aapunak loganor faale loi jaabo. ei poth 7 maail suti aaru oti komm zaan-baahonor xoite odhik aramdayok gaari soluwa.
solt lek express aaru grehounde aantoh nogor baach xewa prodan kore.
sariufale jauk.
gaari soluwa, baach soluwa, khuj karhiboloi aaru saikel soluwatu sohorkhon ghuri furar xubidhajonok upay. kes veli tranjit jilaa (websiteh) baach byowosthai logaan aaru iyar aaxe-paxe thoka xomprodayxomuhok ek xorol poth byowosthar xoite xewa aagborhai ji proti aadha ghontat tranjit centeror poraa bahiroloi ulai aahe. chi. bhi. ti. di.-ror baabe bhara binamuliya. xokolu baach dutaa baa tinita saikel korhiyai niyar baabe xojjito. mool poth prosur porimane byobohar koraa hoy aaru praye bhir thoka kintu xomantoral pothoxomuhe praye loganor bhitorot drut prowex prodan kore. sohoror pubo faale thoka utaah rajyik biswobidyaloy prasin lek bob 'nobhilor probhu benchot owosthito, jitu downtown loganotkoi pray 250 fut ukh. ei uschotar parthokyotu motorbihin poribohonor baabe ek prodhan baadha. sohoror puroni greed ongxor xomogro rastabur bohol, brigham iyongro poramorxor baabe dhonyobad je ghurar dutaa doll aaru etaa bok-bob 'rd ghurai diboloi jothesto bohol rastare prarombhik utaah sohorxomuh sthapon korr baabe, xeyehe saikel salokxokolor baabe jothesto thaai aase.
sauk.
korok.
grishmokalot hiking aaru mountain biking oti jonopriyo kintu bibhinno uschota poriwortone baahiror karzokolapor botorot guruttopurno probhab pelay. bayu guhaar dore nimno, dokhyinmukhi pothbur praye marchor aagotei uthaa-nomaa koribo paari, aanhate 9000 'ror uporor oncholbur xadharonote junor xexoloike baa julyr aarombhonite uthaa-nomaa koribo nuwari, aagostoloike borphor bohol onchol bojai raakhe. uschotar loge loge tapmatrau xoloni hoy, xadharonote 8000 'too tapmatra loganotkoi 20° fahrenheit xitol hoy, aaru uschota briddhir loge loge kromanwoye xitol hoy. uscho oncholot grishmokalin xilabristi aaru borxunor dhumuha xadharon, jetiya loganot borxun nohoy.
bayu guhaar pothbur uporoloi uthaa. 2.6 maail round trip, 900 'uschota laabh. ei pothkhon logaan upotyokar uttor faale, maple gosor maajere, guha aaru khilanor ek xoru gothonoloi boi yaay. iyar uporiu upotyokatur bhitoroloi ek xundor drishyo dekha yaay. trailhead ~ 5 maail uporot aase, 89 maail uporot logaan upotyokar faale, ji giniva-malibu campgroundor biporite rastar uttor faale owosthito.
naumi xikhor pothtu uporoloi uthaa. 5.8 maail round trip, 1980 'uschota laabh. naumi sringo (9980 ') hoise bhaluk nodir porixoror xorbuscho bindu. ei pothtuwe bonfulore bhora ghahonir maajere xikhoroloi yaay, ji sariufalor sringo aaru kese upotyokar dorxoniyo drishyo prodorxon kore. trailhead tonny grove hrodot owosthito. aamak 89 loi logaan upotyokar poraa pray 19 maail uporoloi tonny grove turnofoloi loi jauk. hrodtu (aaru trailhead) aamar poraa 7 maail durot 89 kilometer durot aase.
odhik duxahxik aaru aakritir porbotaruhixokole eu. ti.-ror rismondor usoror cheri khaarir poraa naumi xikhorot prowex koribo paare. loganor poraa 13 maail uttore aamerikar 91 kilometer durotwot rismond sohoroloi gaari solai jauk. mool pothot xufale ghuri 300 puboloi juwaloike punkoi jauk. 300 ee-too baufale ghuri jauk aaru 500 uttoroloi xufale loi pothtur bibhajon nuhuwaloike punkoi jauk. pothtu nurir dore hoi pore, nurir pothor pisot parking sthanoloi goi thaake, aaru aagbarhi yaay. parking koraa thair pisor pothtu letera aaru xilamoy, kintu grishmokalot nodee paar huwaloike besibhag baahonor dwara prowexjugyo. uscho poriskar zaan-bahonxomuhe nodee paar hoh "boloi kunu oxubidha huwa usit nohoy, aanhate garit bohi thoka porjotokxokole nodee paar huwar poraa teulukor podojatra aarombho koribo paare. ei pothkhon pray 6000 'ror poraa aarombho hoy aaru naumi xikhoroloi juwa owobahika paar huwar aagote 9765' cheri xikhoror pasor poraa puboloi aaruhon kore.
logote kes trails sauk, sthaniyo trail guidor online kopi (HTTP:// Www.loganesar.org/cche _ traels/canyontrail/[dead link]), aaru cchetrail.orgo, sthaniyo trail rokhyonabekhyon xongsthar website (HTTP:// Www.kesetrel.org/[mrito link])
bikolpobhabe aapuni iyat loganor trailor bixod biboron bisaribo paareh (HTTP:// Www.xoru.org/trave/logan-hiking-guide.pdf [purbote mrito link])
onyanyo grishmokalin karzokolapor bhitorot aase xil aaruhon zo 'too bohutu dewal upolobdho thaake zo' too hoy xixa aaruhon, top roping baa dewalor uporot nirbhor korr kori duyutai upolobdho.
ullekhjugyo dewalburor bhitorot aaseh
tarikhor dewal-pothor xufale thoka logaan upotyokar prothom ghura (kewol xixa aaruhon)
jodi aapunar haatot maatro etaa khaali xomoy aase aaru aapuni xei dintut aaruhon koribo bisare tente jaboloi xundor thaai.
1moo onuxilon dewal-baufale khejuror dewalor poraa 1 maail
*onugroho kori odhik biboronor xoite update korok*
dwitiyo onuxilon dewal-khejur dewalor poraa 1.6 maail durot, dwitiyo bandhor aagote xex baufalor bhutdanor baabe upolobdho. (kewol uporor rosi)
ei dewalot aapunar xirxo riking dokhyotak proxarito koriboloi 5.7-11 ror poraa bohutu monuronjonmulok aaruhon aase!
fiuk "idaal cowartjite-khejuror dewalor poraa 8.8 maail durot, 2yor poraa xex baufale dolong aaru xu haator kaata bondho huwar aagote. (uporor rosi aaru xixar bikolpo)
40 + aaruhon upolobdho thokar baabe jikunu dokhyota storor bondhuborgok loi juwar baabe eitu ek xundor thaai.
seenor guha-khejuror dewalor poraa 8.6 maail, xex baufale, nodir paarot dewaloloi oti suti podojatrarere dolongro thik aagote. (kewol xixa aaruhon)
ei dewalot biswor 1moo 5.13 rating thoka aaruhon aase.
keibatau sthaniyo byowoxayor logote kisuman bhaluk hrodore snomubail bharar xubidha diye. logaan upotyokatut snumubailor baabe sarita mukhyo parking/trailhead onchol aase (franklin owobahika, bibhar khaari, udut swead, aaru "dyo chink") aaru hardware rengsor usoror providence keniun aar poraa aarombho kori aan keibatau onchol aase. ei trailheadexomuhor dwara xaaj-xojja koraa trail, aadim poth, mukoli khelor sthan aaru paharoloi prowexadhikar puwa yaay. pitter chink hoise dexor xirxo sthanor snomubail oncholxomuhor bhitorot etaa-xadharonote kei maail uttore thoka chink parking oncholor poraa prowex koribo paari. logaan keniyon trailheade bhaluk nodir porixoror idahu ongxoloi juwa trailot prowex kore, jaar folot xoman porimanor snomubail karzokolap prodan koraa hoy.
poroborti faale jauk.
loganor poraa ulai jaboloi, aapuni chardin kenyon aaru brighem sohoror maajere dokhyine aamar usorot 89-91 ror poraa aai-15 loi pich pori jaabo paare, baa aapuni priston, aaidir joriyote uttoroloi aamar upor 91 loi aagbarhibo paare, aaru owoxexot poo 'ketellu, aaidir poraa pray 33 maail dokhyine aai-15 loi ghuri ahibo paare.
aapuni 200 uttor/eu. ti.-30.20 mailor poraa aai-15 loi poschimoloiu jaabo paare.
xurokhito hoi thakok.
loganot oti komm oporadh aase aaru baare baare iyak dexor onyotomo nirapod sohor hisape namakoron koraa hoise. tothapiu, moulik poramorxoburor bixoye paahori juwatu buddhimanor kaam.
loganot xitkalot bohut thanda hoh "bob paare aaru botoror biruddhe xothik xabodhanota owolombon koribo lagibo. dangor borphor dhumuhar babeu xaju thakibo laage, aaru xitkalor biporitotai hapanir dore swax-proswaxor xomosya thoka lukoxokolok odhik jotil kori tulibo paare. | logan (utah)
logan ekti nyajya akarer shohor ebong uttor utaher washech renz anchale abosthito druto briddhi pachche. shohortite utah steta university royeche, jaa pray 23,000 shikkharthi niye ekti rashtriya vidyalaya. logan kichhu chamatkar hiking, mountain biking, sporta climbing, kayaking, fly-fishing ebong skiing soho prachur bahirangan criacollup sarbaraha korey. soubhagyaboshoto, logan tulonamulokbhabe anabishkrito roye geche, taai eyi kriyakalapgulir anekguli markin juktorashtrer anyanno, anurup anchaler tulna onek qama jonobohul poristhitite obhiggota orjon koraa jete paare.
bujhun.
jalbayu.
wash renjer shahure kendrogulir tulna cashey upottokai khub aprotyashito ebong charam abhawa royeche. shitkal khub thhanda, diner tapmatra khub komoi himanker upore yaay ebong raater sorbonimno tapmatra prayashai 0 degree fahrenheit (-18 degree celsius) err niche neme yaay. labonakto hrod shohorer tulna tusharpat qama hoy tobey prithak jhor sadharonoto borh hoy. cashey upottokai rajyer sabcheye kharap biporitmukhio royeche, jekhane sheetal, ardro batas ebong dushankarira upottokai atka padte paare. jey konao girikhater upor diye panch minuter ekti sahaj jatra aponake biporitmukhi theke berr korey debe ebong samasta utaher modhye shitkalin porbotmalar kichhu sundar prakritik drishye niye jaabe. bosonto ebong shorot bonno ebong octoborer prothom dike ebong meey maaser shesher dike tusharpater sombhabona soho ghono ghono tapmatrar poriborton dekha yaay. labonakto hrod shohorer tulna grissokal sheetal kintu ekhono gorom, diner tapmatra sadharonoto 75 degree fahrenheit (24 degree celsius) theke 95 degree fahrenheit (35 degree celsius) porjonto thaake-taaraa khub komoi 100 degree fahrenheit (38 degree celsius) err upore pouchai. tobey, etty uttor dike jotheshto doore jey etty grisser beshirbhag bojrobidyut edaay. jodio shaharti aramdayak ebong ashepasher bhukhanda darshaniya, aprotyashito abhawa carro carro jonno ekti turn off. onnora poribortito abhawake upobhoggo boley money korey ebong upottoka ebong err onek girikhat judey binodonmulok sujog niye baire somoy katate upobhog korey.
vitore probesh korun.
solt lake city theke aaee-15-ayee uttor dike gaadi chaalan. 362 (brigham shohor) theke beriye asun ebong pahader modhyo diye (ananusthanikbhabe sardina girikhat hisabe porichito) cashey upottokai amader anusaran korun. drivety korte pray 75-90 minit somoy lagbe. us 89 ebong 91 shohorer kendrosthole logane bivokto. us 89 ekti janapriya porjoton gontobbo hrod bohon korar jonno sundar logan girikhater modhyo diye purbo dike yaay, ebong us 91 uttor dike idahore dike yaay. ekti anchalik bimanbandaro logan porisheba pradan korey jodio eyi somoye konao banijyik jatribahi biman upolobdho nei.
bikolpobhabe upney aaee-15 enn nitey paren ebong willarder jonno 351 prosthan korte paren. chhoto euty126 bibhagti logan ebong ogdener jonno us-89-err dike shakha korey. seii kantachamchtir baam dike rakhun ebong rastati anusaran korun jotokkhon naa upney brigham shohore pouchan ebong tarpor dunn lenti aponake loganer dike niye jaabe. eyi pothti 7 myle chhoto ebong khub qama janjot soho arow aramdayak drive.
solt lake eksapresa ebong greyhound antahnagar baas porisheba pradan korey.
ghure asun.
gaadi chalano, baase chadaa, haanta ebong saikela chalano holl shohor ghure bedanor subidhajonok upay. cashey valley transit zela (website) baas byabosthati ekti sahaj rutt systemer saathe logan ebong ashepasher sampradaygulike porisheba deyo jaa proti aadh ghanta ontor transit center theke beriye aase. cvtd-rawr bhada binamulye. samasta baas dui baa tinti saikela bohon korar jonno sajjito. prodhan rastati byapokbhabe byabohrito hoy ebong prayashai jonobohul kintu samantaral rastaguli prayashai loganer modhye druto probesher byabostha korey. shohorer purbo dike utah steta university prachin lake bonniviller provo benche abosthito, jaa shohorer kendrosthol loganer cheye pray 250 foot unchu. eyi uchchotar parthokyo aaa-motor chaalito poribohoner jonno ekti prodhan protibondhok. shohorer purno greed ongsho judey rastaguli proshosto, brigham eong-err poramorsher jonno dhonnobad jey taaraa prathomik utah shaharguli toiri korey jaate ghodar ekti double-doll ebong ekti bock-board ghuriye deoar moto rasta proshosto thaake, taai saikela chalokder jonno prachur jaiga royeche.
dekhun.
korun.
grissokale hiking ebong mountain biking khub janapriya tobey bivinno uchchota poriborton ullekhjoggobhabe bahirangan kriyakalaper morshumke probhabito korey. bayu guhagulir moto nimno, dakkhinmukhi pathguli prayashai marcher prothom dike arohan koraa jete paare, jekhane 9000 'err upore anchalguli sadharonoto juner shesh baa julaier prothom dike arohonjoggo hoy naa, august porjonto tusharpater bistrito anchal bojay rakhe. tapmatrao uchchotar saathe poribortito hoy, sadharonoto 8000 '-ayee tapmatra loganer tulna 20 degree fahrenheit sheetal hoy ebong uchchota briddhir saathe saathe kromobordhomanbhabe sheetal hoy. uchcho anchale grissokalin shilabrishti ebong brishtir jhor sadharan ghotona jokhon logane brishtipat hoy naa.
bayu guhagulir pother upor arohan korun. 2.6 myle round tripa, 900 'uchchota laav. eyi pothti logan girikhater uttor dike, mappel baganer modhyo diye, guha ebong khilaner ekti chhoto gathone probahito hoy. girikhater ekti sundar drishyao royeche. trailheadty ~ 5 myle upore 89 myle upore logan girikhater dike, jaa giniva-malibu campgrounder biporite rastar uttor dike abosthito.
naomi shikharer poth dhorey hantun. 5.8 myle round tripa, 1980 'uchchota laav. naomi shringo (9980 ') holl valluk nodee porbotmalar sorbochcho bindu. pothti bonno phul purno trinobhumir modhyo diye shirshe yaay, jaa parshoborti shringo ebong cashey upottokar darshaniya drishya pradan korey. trailheadty tonny grove hrode abosthito. amader 89-keey pray 19 myle upore logan girikhat theke tonny grove turnoff porjonto niye zaan. hrodti (ebong trailhead) amader theke 7 myle doore 89 myle doore abosthito.
arow dushahosik ebong akarer porbotarohira richmond, utt-err kachhe cherry khandi theke naomi chuday probesh korte paare. logan theke 13 myle uttore amader 91-ayee richmond shohore zaan. prodhan rastai dandike ghurun ebong 300 purbo porjonto naa yawa porjonto soja zaan. 300 ee-teey baan dike ghurun ebong soja zaan jotokkhon naa rastati bivokto hoye 500 uttore dandike choley yaay. rastati nudi hoye yaay, nudi rastar anusaran korey parking elaka choley yaay ebong cholte thaake. parking elakar porer rastati moyla ebong pathure, tobey grisse nodee paar haoya porjonto beshirbhag janbahon dwara accessogyo. hye clearance janbahoner nodee paar hotey konao samasya haoya uchito noy, onnodike gadite chadey chalachalkarira nodee paar haoya theke taader podojatra shuru korte paren. pothti pray 6000 'theke shuru hoy ebong 9765' cherry shringo atikram korey naomi shringer dike yawar agey ekti abobahika atikram korey purbo dike arohan korey.
cashey trails, ekti sthaniya trail guider online anulipi (HTTP:// Www) dekhun.logyanchar.org/cache _ traels/canyontrail/[deeda link]), ebong cashetrail.orgo, sthaniya trail rakkhanabekkhan sangosthar website (HTTP:// Www.cashetrail.org/[mrito link])
bikolpobhabe upney ekhane loganer trailer bistarito biboron petey parenh (HTTP:// Www.chhoto.orgo/travel/logan-hiking-guide.pdf [purbe mrito link])
anyanno grissokalin kriyakalaper modhye royeche pathor arohan, jaar modhye onek deyale seesa arohan, topp roping baa deyaler upor nirbhar korey ubhayi pawa yaay.
ullekhjoggo prachirer modhye royeche
tarikher prachir-rastar dandike logan girikhate prothom ghoran (shudhumatra seesa arohan)
upner jodi matro ekti atirikto somoy thaake ebong seii deane arohan korte chaan tobey yawar jonno durdanto jaiga
1maum anushilan prachir-baam dike khejur prachir theke 1 myle
*dayaa korey arow bistarito update korun*
2yoy anushilan prachir-khejur prachir theke 1.6 myle, 2yoy bandher agey shesh baan dike bhotdaner sujog. (shudhumatra uporer dadi)
eyi deyale upner shirshe thaka dokkhotake egiye niye yawar jonno onek mojar arohan royeche.
fucaidal quartzite-khejur prachir theke 8.8 myle, setu ebong dunn haater kantachamach bondho korar agey 2yoy theke shesh baan dike. (uporer dadi ebong seesar bikalpa)
40 + porbotarohon soho upolobdho jey konao dokkhotar storer bondhuder niye yawar jonno etty ekti durdanto jaiga.
chean guha-khejur prachir theke 8.6 myle, shesh baan dike, setur thhik saamone, nodee borabor khub chhoto hiking soho. (shudhumatra seesa arohan)
eyi dewale bishwer 1maum 5.13 retjukto arohan royeche.
besh koyekti sthaniya byabosar pashapashi kichhu valluk hrode snomobile bhada deoa hoy. logan girikhate snomobiler jonno charti prodhan parking/trailhead elaka royeche (franklin abobahika, bibhar crick, udot shade ebong "dya sinks") ebong hardware khamarer kachhe providence girikhat ebong lohar kaanta girikhat soho arow besh koyekti elaka royeche. eyi trailheadguly sajano trail, adim rutt, khola khelar jaiga ebong pahade probesher sujog korey deyo. pitter sink desher shirshosthaniyo snomobile anchalgulir modhye ekti-sadharonoto koyek myle uttore sink parking elaka theke axes koraa yaay. logan girikhater trailheadguly valluk nodee renjer idaho ongshe yawar pothogulite probesher sujog deyo, jaa snomobile kriyakalaper soman binnas sarbaraha korey.
porer dike zaan.
logan theke beriye aasaar jonno, upney cable amader dakkhine 89-91 sardina girikhat ebong brigham shohorer modhyo diye aaee-15-ayee firey jete paren, athoba upney preston, aidi-err madhyome amader 91-err uttor dike jete paren ebong abosheshe pokatelo, aidi-rawr pray 33 myle dakkhine aaee-15-ayee firey jete paren.
upney 200 uttor/euty-30.20 myle theke aaee-15 porjonto poschimeo jete paren.
nirapode thakun.
logane aporadh khub qama ebong barbar desher onnotomo nirapada shohor hisabe namkaran koraa hoyeche. tobey, moulik poramorshoguli bhule naa yawa ekhono buddhimaner kaaj.
shitkale logane khub thhanda hotey paare ebong abhawar biruddhe jothajotho satarkata abalamban koraa uchito. borh tusharjhader jonnou prostuto thakte hobey ebong sheeter biporitmukhi samasyaguli hapanir moto shashjontrer samasyajukta byaktider arow baadiye tulte paare. | logaan (utaah)
logaan aek vaajbi kadanu shaher chhe aneey zadapthi vikasi rahyu chhe, jeey uttareey utaahnaa vaasech rainz pradeshmaa stheet chhe. aaa nagar utaah state universitynu ghar chhe, jeey aashre 23,000 vidhyarthio dharaavati raajy shaala chhe. logaan ketalik uttam hiking, mountain biking, sporta climbing, kayaking, fly-fishing aneey skiing saheet outdoor pravruttioni sampatti pradaan karey chhe. sadbhagye, logan pramanma shodhaayelu nathee, tethee aamaani ghanee pravruttio yuu. aesa. naa anya, samaan vistaroma jovaa malatee pravruttioni sarkhaamanimaa ghanee ochhi geach paristhitiomaa anoobhavi shakaay chhe.
samajo.
aabohva.
catch kheenma watershatch shreneena shaheri kendroni sarkhaamanimaa khoob jaj anadhaari aneey bhaare havaman chhe. sheeyalo khoob jaj thando hoya chhe, divasnaa taapmaan bhagye jaj thandu thaee jaay chhe aneey raatnaa neechala starmaa vaaramvaar 0 ° phay (-18 ° seey) thee neeche jaay chhe. soult leeka cityni sarkhaamanimaa baraf ochho padey chhe parantu vyaktigat tofaano saamanya reete motaa hoya chhe. cash kheen pann rajyamaa sauthee kharaab ulatafer dharaave chhe, jemaa thandee, bhejwali havaa aneey pradushako kheenma fasai shake chhe. koipan kheenni paanch minuteni saral savaari tamane viparitmathi bahaar kaadhshe aneey tamaam utaahmaa ketlaak sauthee sunder sheeyalana parvateey landscapesma laee jashe. vasant aneey pankhar jungley hoya chhe aneey octoberni sharuaatmaa aneey meey mahinaanaa antamaa baraf padvani shakyatao saathe tapmanma vaaramvaar ferfar thaay chhe. unaalo mithaanaa talavvala shaher karataa thando hoya chhe parantu haju pann garam hoya chhe, divasnaa tapmanma saamanya reete 75 ° phay (24 ° seey) thee 95 ° phay (35 ° seey) sudhee hoya chhe-teo bhagye jaj 100 ° phay (38 ° seey) thee upar pahonche chhe. joke, teey uttarmaa aetalu door chhe keey teey unalana motabhagna vavazodane taale chhe. joke shaher hunfaalu chhe aneey aaspasna bhupradesh adbhoot chhe, ketlaak loko maate anadhaari havaman aek valaank chhe. anya loko badalaata havaamaanne anandprad maane chhe aneey samagr kheen aneey tenee ghanee kheenoma manoranjanni ghanee takono laabh uthavine bahaar samay pasaar karvaano aanand maane chhe.
andar aavo.
soult leeka citythi aaee-15 parr uttar taraf vaahan chalaavo. 362 (brigham shaher) maanthi bahaar neekalo, aneey parvato (binsattavar reete sardina kheen tareeke odakhaay chhe) maanthi cash kheenma amane anusaro. drivemaa lagbhag 75-90 minuteno samay lagshe. yuu. aesa. 89 aneey 91 downtown logaanmaa vibhajit thaay chhe. yuu. aesa. 89 aek lokpreey pravaasan sthal talaavne sahan karvaa maate sunder logan khinmathi purv taraf jaay chhe, jyaare yuu. aesa. 91 uttar taraf idaho taraf jaay chhe. praadeshik hawaimathak pann logaan sevaa aape chhe, joke aaa samaye koee vyaapaari pravasi udaano uplabdh nathee.
vaikalpik reete tame i-15 n pann laee shako chho aneey willard maate 351 bahaar neekali shako chho. laghu yuu. tii. 126 vibhag logan aneey ogden maate yuu. aesa.-89 taraf shaakhao karey chhe. teey kaanto parr daabi bajuae raakho aneey jyaan sudhee tame brigham shaherma naa pahoncho tyaan sudhee rastaane anusaro aneey pachhi jamani leena tamane logan taraf doree jashe. aaa maarg 7 mile tunko chhe aneey khoob jaj ochha traphiqa saathe vadhu aaramdayak vaahan chhe.
soult leeka express aneey greyhound intercity bus sevaa puurii paade chhe.
aaspaas aavo.
vaahan chalaavvu, basmaa savaari karvee, chaalvu aneey cycle chalavvi aee shahernee aaspaas farvani anookool reeto chhe. cash velii transit district (website) bus system logaan aneey aaspasna samudaayone aek saral ruut system saathe sevaa aape chhe jeey darr adadhaa kalaake transit centermathi bahaar nikale chhe. see. vee. tii. dii. maate bhaadu mafat chhe. tamaam baso beey keey trana cycle laee javaa maate sajj chhe. mukhya shereeno bhaare upyog thaay chhe aneey ghanivaar geach hoya chhe parantu samaantar shereeo ghanivaar logaannee andar zadpi pravesh pradaan karey chhe. utaah state university, shahernee purv bajuae, praachin leeka bonvilleni provo bench parr aaveli chhe, jeey downtown logaan karataa lagbhag 250 foot unchee chhe. aaa unchaino tafaavat biin-motara parivahan maate mukhya avrodhak chhe. shahernaa junaa greed bhagma shereeo paholi chhe, brigham yangnee chetvanine kaarane keey teo ghodaaoni beey-team aneey buck-boardne feravvaa maate puratee paholi shereeo saathe praarambhik utaah shahero mooke chhe, tethee tyaan cycle savaaro maate pushkal jagya chhe.
juo.
karoo.
unalama hiking aneey mountain biking khoob jaj lokpreey chhe parantu viveedh unchaina ferfaro outdoor pravruttioni rutuone nondhpaatra reete assar karey chhe. pavannee gufaao jevaa neecha, dakshin tarafnaa rastaao ghanivaar maarchnee sharuaatmaa jaj chadhaavi shakaay chhe, jyaare 9000 'thee uparnaa vistaaro saamanya reete junanaa anta sudhee athavaa julyni sharuaat sudhee chadhavpatra nathee, august sudhee barafnaa vishaal vistaaro jaalvi raakhe chhe. taapmaan unchai saathe pann badalaay chhe, saamanya reete 8000 'parr taapmaan logaan karataa 20° fahrenheit vadhu thandu hoya chhe, aneey unchai vadhvani saathe vadhune vadhu thandu thaay chhe. jyaare logaanmaa varsaad padato nathee tyaare unchaa vistaroma unalana qaraa aneey varsadi tofaano saamanya chhe.
pawan gufaaonaa pagerune uncho karoo. 2.6 mileni round triip, 900 'unchaino laabh. pageru logan kheenni uttar bajuae, maplenaa upavanomathi, gufaao aneey kamaanoni naanee rachnaa taraf aagad vadhe chhe. kheenni nichenu sunder drashya pann pradaan karey chhe. trailhead ~ 5 mile upar chhe, 89 logan kheenma, jeey giniwah-malibu campgroundni saame rastaani uttar bajuae stheet chhe.
naomi shikhar pageru chadho. 5.8 mile round triip, 1980 'unchai laabh. naomi shikhar (9980 ') rinchh nadee shreneenu sauthee unchu bindu chhe. aaa pageru jungley foolothi bharela ghaasnaa medanomathi toach parr jaay chhe, jeey aaspasna shikharo aneey cash kheennaa adbhoot drashyo rajoo karey chhe. trailhead tonny grove talaavmaa aavelu chhe. amane 89 lagbhag 19 mile logan kheenthi tonny grove turnoff sudhee laee jaao. talaav (aneey pageru) amaaraathi 7 mile 89 door chhe.
vadhu saahseek aneey aakaarnaa padayatrio richmond, oot najik cherry khadimathi naomi shikhar sudhee pahonchi shake chhe. loganthee 13 mile uttarmaa yuu. aesa. 91 parr richmond nagar sudhee vaahan chalaavo. mukhya sheree parr jamani taraf vado aneey 300 purv sudhee pahonche tyaan sudhee seedhu jaj jaao. 300 ee parr daabi bajuae vado aneey jyaan sudhee rasto vibhajit naa thaay tyaan sudhee seedha jaj jaao, 500 uttar taraf jamani bajuae jaao. rasto kankari bunny jaay chhe, kankarina rastaane pagale parking vistaar taraf aagad vadhe chhe aneey aagad vadhe chhe. parking vistaar pachhino rasto dhool aneey khadkaal chhe, parantu unalama nadee paar thaay tyaan sudhee motabhagna vaahano dwara sulabh chhe. uchch clearance vaahanone nadee paar karvaamaa koee samasya naa hovi joiae, jyaare kaarmaa savaar pravasio nadee paar karvaathi temno pravaas sharoo curry shake chhe. aaa pageru aashre 6000 'thee sharoo thaay chhe aneey naomi shikhar taraf doree jataa tatpradeshne paar kartaa pahelaa 9765' cherry shikharthi aagad purv taraf chade chhe.
cash trails pann juo, jeey sthaaneek trail margdarshika (HTTP:// Www) nee online nakal chhe.lognature.org/cche _ traels/canyontrail/[deeda link]), aneey cchetrail.org, sthaaneek pagdandi jaalvani sanstha maateni website (HTTP:// Ww.cashtrails.org/[mrut kadee])
vaikalpik reete tame logannaa pagerunnu vigatvaar varnan aheen melvee shako chhoh (HTTP:// Www.naana.org/Travel/logan-hikey-margdarshika.pdf [agaauni mrut kadee])
anya unaalaani pravruttiomaa mukhya chadai, topa ropping athavaa divaalnaa aadhare banne saathe uplabdh ghanee diwalo saathe roqa climbingno samaavesh thaay chhe.
nondhpaatra divaloma nichenaano samaavesh thaay chheh
taarikhni diwal-rastaani jamani bajuae logan kheenma pratham valaank (maatra lead climb)
jooe tamaari paase maatra aek jaj kalaakno samay hoya aneey teey divase chadhaan karvaa maangtaa hoow too javaa maate adbhut sthal chhe.
pratham practices diwal-daabi bajuae taarikhni diwalthi 1.3 mile
*maherbaani kareene vadhu vigato saathe update karoo*
beejee practices diwal-taarikhni diwalthi 1.6 mile door, beeja dame pahelaa uplabdh chhellu daabi bajuae matdaan. (maatra tochno dorado)
aaa diwalma tamaari tochnee kushalataane aagad vadhaarvaa maate 5.7-11 naa rupmaan ghanee manoranjak chadaaio chhe!
fucoidal quartzite-taarikhni diwalthi 8.8 mile, pull aneey jamnaa haathno kaanto bundh thaay teey pahelaa 2jeethi chhelli daabi baaju. (tochno dorado aneey lead vikalpo)
40thee vadhu chadhaan uplabdh hovathi koipan kaushalya starnaa meetrone levaa maate aaa aek adbhut sthal chhe.
chean gufaa-taarikhni diwalthi 8.6 mile, chhelli daabi bajuae, pulnee tarat jaj saame, nadithi diwal sudhee khoob jaj tunkaa pagpala. (maatra lead climb)
aaa diwalma vishwani pratham 5.13 kramaankit chadai chhe.
sankhyaabandh sthaaneek vyavasaayo temaj rinchh talaavmaa ketlaak snomobile bhaada aape chhe. logan kheenma snomobiles (franklin bassin, beaver crick, udot shade aneey "dhaa sink") maate chaar mukhya parking/trailhead vistaaro chhe aneey hardware khetar najik providence kheen aneey luhar kaanto kheen saheet anya sankhyaabandh vistaaro chhe. aaa pagathiyaano taiyar karelaa rastaao, aadeem margo, khulla ramatnaa vistaaro aneey tekreeo sudhee pahonch pradaan karey chhe. pieter sink aee deshnaa tochnaa kramaankit snomobile vistaaromaanu aek chhe-saamanya reete uttarmaa thodaa mile door sink parking vistarmathi pravesh maley chhe. logan kheennaa pageru pann rinchh nadee shreneena idaho bhagma jataa rastaao sudhee pahonch pradaan karey chhe, jeey snomobile pravruttioni samaan shrenee pradaan karey chhe.
aagad jaao.
logaanmaathi bahaar nikalvaa maate, tame fakt amara parr 89-91 parthee dakshin taraf sardina kheen aneey brigham shahermathi i-15 sudhee paachha jaee shako chho, athavaa tame preston, ID dwara amara parr uttar taraf 91 taraf aagad vadhee shako chho, aneey chhevate pokaatelo, IDthee lagbhag 33 mile dakshinma i-15 parr paachha aavee shako chho.
tame 200 uttar/yuu. tii.-30.20 mailthee aaee-15 sudhee pashchim taraf pann jaee shako chho.
suraksheet raho.
logaanmaa khoob jaj ochho guno chhe aneey tene vaaramvaar deshnaa sauthee suraksheet shaheromaanu aek naam aapvama aavyu chhe. joke, mulbhoot tips vishe bhulavu aee haju pann samajdaribharyu chhe.
logaanmaa sheeyalo khoob jaj thando puddy shake chhe aneey havaman saame yogya savcheti rakhvi aavashyak chhe. motaa himvarsha maate pann taiyar rahevu joiae, aneey shiyaalaamaa vipareet ferfaro asthamaa jevee shvasan samasyao dharaavtaa lokone vadhaari shake chhe. | logan (yuu. tii. aeye. aich.)
logan ack badey aakar kaa shahar haye aur teji seey badh rhaa haye, joe uttari utaah key vaashe renz kshetra mein sthit haye. yeh shahar lagbhag 23,000 chhatron key saath ack raajya vidyalaya, utaah raajya vishvavidyalaya kaa ghar haye. logan mein kaee baahari gatividhiyaan hoti hain, jinamen kuchh utkrisht lambi paidal yatra, mountain biking, sport climbing, kayaking, fly-fishing aur skiing shamil hain. saubhagya seey, logan apekshaakrit andekhe rahate hain, isaliye inmein seey kaee gatividhiyon kaa anubhav sanyukt raajya america key anya, samaan kshetron kii tulanaa mein bahut cumm bheed vaali sthitiyon mein kiya jaa sakata haye.
samajhiye.
jalavaayu.
jall-sanrakshan shreni key shahari kendron kii tulanaa mein kaish ghaati mein bahut apratyaashit aur charam mausam haye. sardiyaan bahut thhandi hoti hain, dinn kaa tapman shayed hii kabhi himank seey oopar hoe jaataa haye aur raat kaa nichala star aksar 0 degree fahrenheit (-18 degree celsius) seey neeche chalaa jaataa haye. namak jheel shahar kii tulanaa mein burf cumm hoti haye lekin alag-alag toofaan aamtaur parr badey hotey hain. kaish ghaati mein raajya key sabse kharaab vyutkramon mein seey ack haye, jisamen thhandi, nama havaa aur pradooshak ghaati mein funce sakate hain. kissy bhee ghaati mein paanch minut kii saral sawari aapako vyutkram seey baahar nikalkar poore ootaa mein kuchh sabse khubsurat sheetkaleen pahaadi paridrishyon mein leey jaayegi. vasant aur sharad ritu jangli hotey hain aur octuber key shuru mein aur dair seey barfbari kii sambhaavanaon key saath tapman mein baar-baar parivartan hotey hain. garmiyaan namak jheel shahar kii tulanaa mein thhandi hoti hain lekin phir bhee germ hoti hain, dinn kaa tapman aam taur parr 75 degree fahrenheit (24 degree celsius) seey 95 degree fahrenheit (35 degree celsius) taka hotaa haye-way shayed hii kabhi 100 degree fahrenheit (38 degree celsius) seey oopar pahunchate hain. haalaanki, yeh uttar mein kaafee door haye kii yeh adhikansh garmiyon mein garaj key saath aaney vaali aandhi seey bachaata haye. haalaanki shahar aramdayak haye aur aspas kaa ilaka shandar haye, lekin kuchh logon key liye apratyaashit mausam ack modd haye. anya loga badalate mausam koo sukhad paate hain aur ghaati aur isaki kaee ghaatiyon mein manoranjan key kaee avsaron kaa anand lete hue baahar samay bitaate hain.
ander aaa jaao.
salt lake city seey aaee-15 parr uttar kii or gaadi chalaaen. 362 (brigham shahar) seey baahar nikalen, aur pahaadon (anaupchaarik roop seey sardine ghaati key roop mein sandarbhit) key madhyam seey kaish ghaati mein hamara anusaran karein. drive mein lagbhag 75-90 minut lagane chaahiye. us 89 aur 91 downtown logain mein vibhajit hain. yuu. aiss. 89 ack lokpriya paryatan sthal jheel koo dhaaran karane key liye sunder logain ghaati key madhyam seey poorv kii or jaataa haye, jabaki yuu. aiss. 91 uttar kii or idaho kii or jaataa haye. ack kshetriya havaai adda bhee logan seva pradaan kartaa haye, halanki iss samay koee vaanijyik yatri udaanen upalabdh naheen hain.
vaikalpik roop seey aap aaee-15 aine bhee leey sakate hain aur willard key liye 351 seey baahar nickle sakate hain. laghu yuu. tii. 126 khand logain aur ogden key liye yuu. aiss.-89 kii or jaataa haye. usa kaante parr baain or rakhein aur sadak kaa anusaran karein jaba taka kii aap brigham shahar taka naheen pahunch jaate aur phir dahini laine aapako logan kii or leey jaayegi. yeh maarg 7 meal chhota haye aur bahut cumm yatayat key saath adhik aramdayak drive haye.
salt lake express aur greyhound antar-nagar buss seva pradaan karate hain.
idhar-udhar hoe jaao.
gaadi chalaana, buss kii sawari karna, chalana aur saikil chalaana shahar mein ghoomane key liye suvidhajanak tareeke hain. kaish valley pargaman jilaa (websiteh) buss pranali ack saral maarg pranali key saath logan aur aspas key samudaayon koo seva pradaan karati haye joe harr aadhe ghante mein pargaman kendra seey baahar nikalati haye. see. vee. tii. dee. key liye kiraya muft haye. sabhi basein dou yaa teen saikil leey jaane key liye susajjit hain. mukhya sadak kaa bahut adhik upayog kiya jaataa haye aur aksar bheedbhaad hoti haye lekin samanantar sadaken aksar logain key bheetar teji seey pahunch pradaan karati hain. shahar key poorv kii or, utaah raajya vishvavidyalaya, pracheen jheel bonneville kii provo bench parr sthit haye, joe downtown logan seey lagbhag 250 feat oonchaa haye. yeh oonchaai kaa antar gair-motor chaalit parivahan key liye ack pramukh nivaarak haye. shahar key puraane grid hisse mein sadaken chaudi hain, brigham young kii salah key kaaran kii way shuruati utaah shaharon koo ghodon kii ack double-team aur ack buck-board koo ghumaane key liye paryaapt chaude sadakon key saath taiyar karein, isaliye saikil chalakon key liye bahut jagah haye.
dekhein.
karein.
garmiyon mein lambi paidal yatra aur mountain biking bahut lokpriya hain, lekin vibhinn oonchaai parivartan baahari gatividhi key mausam koo kaafee prabhaavit karate hain. pawan gufaaon jaise nichale, dakshin kii or vaale raaston koo aksar march key shuru mein hii badhaaya jaa sakata haye, jabaki 9000 seey oopar key kshetron mein aamtaur parr juuna key anta yaa julaai kii shuruat taka chadhaai naheen kii jaa sakati haye, jisase agast taka burf key vyaapak kshetra banaae rahate hain. tapman oonchaai key saath bhee badalata rahata haye, aamtaur parr 8000 'parr tapman logan kii tulanaa mein 20 degree fahrenheit thandaa hotaa haye, aur oonchaai badhane key saath teji seey thandaa hotaa jaataa haye. oonche kshetron mein garmiyon mein olavrishti aur barish key toofaan aam hain jaba logan mein koee varsha naheen hoti haye.
pawan gufaaon key raaste koo badhaaen. 2.6 meal kii goal yatra, 900 'oonchaai laabh. pagadandi maple key upavanon key madhyam seey logain ghaati key uttar kii or gufaaon aur mehraabon key ack chhote seey gathan taka jaati haye. ghaati mein ack sunder drishya bhee pradaan kartaa haye. trailhead ~ 5 meal oopar logan ghaati mein 89 meal haye, joe guinawa-malibu shivir key saamane sadak key uttar kii or sthit haye.
naomi shikhar maarg parr chadhaai karein. 5.8 meal kii round trip, 1980 'oonchaai laabh. naomi choti (9980 ') bhalu nadee shrinkhala kaa sabse oonchaa bindu haye. yeh pagadandi jangli foolon seey bharey ghaas key maidanon seey hocker choti taka jaati haye, joe aspas kii chotiyon aur kaish ghaati key shandar drishya pradaan karati haye. trailhead tonny grove jheel mein sthit haye. hamein lagbhag 19 meal kii doori parr logan ghaati seey tonny grove turnoff taka leey jaaen. jheel (aur trailhead) hamse 7 meal kii doori parr haye.
adhik sahsi aur aakar mein parvatarohi richmond, yuu. tii. key paas cherry khaadi seey naomi choti taka pahunch sakate hain. logan seey 13 meal uttar mein us 91 seey richmond shahar taka drive karein. mukhya sadak parr daaen mudein, aur 300 poorv taka pahunchane taka seedhe jaaen. 300 ee parr baaen mudein aur 500 uttar kii or daaeen or jaate hue sadak key alag honey taka seedhe jaaen. sadak bajari seey badal jaati haye, bajari sadak key baad parking kshetra mein jaati rahati haye, aur jaari rahati haye. parking kshetra key baad kii sadak gandi aur chattani haye, lekin garmiyon mein nadee paar karane taka adhikansh vaahanon dwara pahuncha jaa sakata haye. uchch nikasi vaale vaahanon koo nadee paar karane mein koee samasya naheen honey chaahiye, jabaki kaaron mein savaar parvatarohi nadee paar karane seey apani chadhaai shuru curr sakate hain. yeh pagadandi lagbhag 6000 'seey shuru hoti haye aur naomi choti kii or jaane vaale besin koo paar karane seey pahale 9765' cherry choti key poorv mein chadhati haye.
kaish trails, ack sthaaniya trail guide (HTTP:// Www) kii ack online prati bhee dekhein.lognature.org/chache _ traels/canyontraills/[mrit link]), aur cashetrails.oh. aar. jee., sthaaniya pagadandi rakharkhaav sangathan key liye website (HTTP:// Ww.cashetrail.org/[mrit link])
vaikalpik roop seey aap yahaan logain key maarg kaa vistrit vivaran praapt curr sakate hainh (HTTP:// Www.chhota saa.org/yatra/logain-hiking-guide.pee. dee. aff. [poorv mein mrit link])
anya grishmakaaleen gatividhiyon mein chattan parr chadhaai shamil haye jisamen kaee deevaaren yaa tou leed climbing, topp roping yaa deewaar key aadhar parr donon key saath upalabdh hain.
ullekhaniya divaaron mein shamil hainh
tarikh kii deewaar-sadak key daaeen or logain ghaati mein pahali baari (kewal seesa chadhaai)
aggar aapke paas kewal ack khaali ghanta haye aur aap usa dinn chadhaai karna chaahte hain tou jaane key liye adbhut jagah haye.
pahali abhyaas deewaar-baain or khajur kii deewaar seey 1.3 meal kii doori parr
*kripaya adhik jaankaari key saath update karein*
doosari abhyaas deewaar-tarikh kii deewaar seey 1.6 meal, dusare baandh seey pahale antim baaen matdan upalabdh haye. (kewal oopari russie)
iss deewaar mein aapke sheersh recaded kaushal koo aage badhaane key liye kaee majedar chadhaai hain joe 5.7-11 key roop mein utkrisht jagah haye!
fucoidal quartzite-khajur kii deewaar seey 8.8 meal, pull aur daahine haath kaa kaanta bund karane seey pahale dusare seey antim baaen. (sheersh russie aur leed vikalp)
40 seey adhik chadhaai upalabdh honey key kaaran yeh kissy bhee kaushal star key doston koo lene key liye ack adbhut jagah haye.
chean kii gufa-khajur kii deewaar seey 8.6 meal, aakhiri baaen, nadee seey deewaar taka bahut chhoti chadhaai key saath pull seey thheek pahale. (kewal leed chadhaai)
iss deewaar mein duniya kii pahali 5.13 shreni kii chadhaai haye.
kaee sthaaniya vyavsaayon key saath-saath bhalu jheel mein kuchh snomobile kiraaye kii peshkash karate hain. logan ghaati mein snomobile key liye chaar mukhya parking/trailhead kshetra hain (franklin besin, beaver creak, udot shade aur "dha sink") aur hardware khet key paas providence ghaati aur lohar kaante kii ghaati sahit kaee anya kshetra hain. yeye trailhead taiyar kiye gaye trails, adim maargon, khule khel kshetron aur pahaadiyon taka pahunch pradaan karate hain. peater sink desh key sheersh sthaan parr sthit snomobile kshetron mein seey ack haye-aam taur parr kuchh meal uttar mein sink parking kshetra seey pahuncha jaa sakata haye. logan ghaati trailhead bhee bhalu nadee shrinkhala key idaho hisse mein jaane vaale trails taka pahunch pradaan karate hain, joe snomobile gatividhiyon kii ack samaan shrinkhala pradaan karate hain.
aage jaaen.
logan seey baahar nikalane key liye, aap sardine ghaati aur brigham shahar key madhyam seey aaee-15 taka dakshin mein hamaare oopar peechhe hutt sakate hain, yaa aap preston, ids key madhyam seey uttar kii or 91 taka aage badh sakate hain, aur antatah pocatello, ids seey lagbhag 33 meal dakshin mein aaee-15 parr laut sakate hain.
aap 200 uttar/yuu. tii.-30.20 meal seey aaee-15 taka paschim kii or bhee jaa sakate hain.
surakshit rahein.
logan mein bahut cumm aparaadh hotaa haye aur ise baar-baar desh key sabse surakshit shaharon mein seey ack key roop mein naamit kiya gayaa haye. lekin phir bhee, buniyaadi yuktiyon koo naa bhoolana buddhimani haye.
logan mein sardiyon mein bahut thhand parh sakati haye aur mausam key khilaf uchit savdhani barati jaani chaahiye. badey himm-toofaanon key liye bhee taiyar rehna chaahiye, aur sardiyon key vyutkram damaa jaisi shwasan samasyaon vaale logon koo badhaa sakate hain. | logan (utah)
logan ondu nyaayayuta gatrada pattanavagiddu, uttara utaada washach shreniya pradeshadallide mattu vegavagi beleyuttide. ee pattanavu sumaru 23,000 vidyarthigalannu hondiruva raajya shaaleyaada utaa raajya vishvavidyaanilayakke neleyagide. logan kelavu atyuttama charana, parvata biking, creeda climbing, kayaking, fly-fishing mattu skiing seridante horaangana chatuvatikegala sampattannu odagisuttade. adrishtavashat, logan tulanaatmakavaagi patteyagade ulidide, aaddarinda ee chatuvatikegalalli heccinavugalannu yuu. esna itara, idhe reetiya pradeshagalalli kandubaruvavugaliginta kadime jananibida paristhitigalalli anubhavisabahudu.
artha madikolli.
havamana.
cash kaniveyu jalanayana vyaaptiya nagara kendragalige holisidare bahala anireekshita mattu tivravaada havaamaanavannu hondide. chaligaalavu tumba tampagiruttade, hagalina taapamaanavu viralavaagi ghanikaranakkinta hechchagiruttade mattu ratriya kanishta mattavu aagaagge 0 ° eff (-18 ° sii) ginta kadimeyaguttade. uppu sarovarada nagarakkinta himavu kadime aagaagge kandubaruttade aadare pratyeka birugaaligalu samanyavagi doddadagiruttave. cash kaniveyu rajyada atyanta ketta vilomagalalli wandannu hondide, idaralli tampaada, tevaamshavulla gaali mattu maalinyakaarakagalu kaniveyalli silukikollabahudu. yaavude kaniveya mele aidu nimishagala saralavaada sawari nimmannu vilomadinda horategeyuttade mattu ellah utaahnallina kelavu sundaravaada chaligaalada parvata bhoodrushyagalige karedoyyuttade. vasanta mattu sharatkaalagalu kaadugalaagive mattu october tingala aarambhadalli mattu mayee tingala koneyalli hima beeluva saadhyategalondige aagaagge taapamaanadalli badalaavanegalannu hondiruttave. besigeyu uppina sarovarada nagarakkinta tampagiruttade aadare hagalina ushnaamshavu samanyavagi 75 fahrenheit (24 ise) ninda 95 fahrenheit (35 ise) varege iruttade-avu aparoopavaagi 100 fahrenheit (38 ise) ginta hechchagiruttave. aadaagyoo, idu uttarakke saakashtu dooradallide, besigeya gudugu minchugalannu tappisuttade. nagaravu snehashilavaagiddaroo mattu suttamuttalina bhoopradeshavu adbhutavaagiddaroo, anireekshita havaamaanavu kelavarige tiruvu niiduttade. itararu badalaaguttiruva havaamaanavannu anandadayakavagi kaanuttaare mattu kanive mattu adara aneka kanivegalaadyanta aneka manaranjana avakaashagalannu balasikondu horaanganadalli samayavannu kaleyuttaare.
olage bunny.
salt lake cityalli aii-15 moolaka uttarakke prayanisi. 362 (brigham nagara) dinda nirgamisi, mattu parvatagala moolaka (anadhikrutavaagi sardine kanive endu kareyalaaguttade) cash kanivege nammannu anusarisi. drive sumaru 75-90 nimishagalannu tegedukollabeku. yuu. ess. 89 mattu 91 downtown logannalli vibhajanegondive. yuu. ess. 89 sundaravaada logan kaniveya moolaka purvakke hoguttade, idu janapriya pravasi taanavaada sarovaravannu hondide, aadare yuu. ess. 91 uttarakke idaahoge hoguttade. ee samayadalli yaavude vanijya prayanika vimaanagalu labhyavilladiddaroo, praadeshika vimaana nildaanavu logan annu saha odagisuttade.
paryayavagi neevu aii-15 enn annu saha tegedukollabahudu mattu villardgaagi nirgamana 351 annu tegedukollabahudu. sanna yuti126 vibhagavu logan mattu ogdengaagi yuu. ess-89 kadege kavalodeyuttade. aaa forknalli edakke irisi mattu neevu brigham nagaravannu talupuvavarege rasteyannu anusarisi mattu nantara bala laine nimmannu logan kadege karedoyyuttade. ee maargavu 7 maili chikkadaagide mattu kadime sanchara dattaneyondige hecchu aaramadaayakavaada vaahanavaagide.
salt lake express mattu grayhound nagargala naduvina bus seveyannu odagisuttave.
suttaloo hogi.
vaahana chalaayisuvudu, bassinalli sawari maaduvudu, nadeyuvudu mattu saikling maaduvudu pattanavannu suttuvaredukollalu anukulakara maargagalaagive. cash valley transit district (jalatanah) bus vyavastheyu prati ardha gantegomme transit centerninda horahommuva sarala maarga vyavastheyondige logan mattu suttamuttalina samudaayagalige seve sallisuttade. sii. vii. tii. dii. yaya daragalu uchitavaagive. ellah bassugalu eradu athawa mooru saikalgalannu sagisalu sajjugondive. mukhya rasteyannu hechchaagi balasalaaguttade mattu aagaagge jananibida aadare samaanaantara rastegalu aagaagge logan olage vegavagi praveshavannu odagisuttave. pattanada purva bhagadalliruva utaa raajya vishvavidyaalayavu praachina sarovarada bonnevilleya provo benchnallide, idu downtown loganginta sumaru 250 addi ettaradallide. ee ettarada vyatyaasavu motaru rahita saarigeya pramukha pratibandhakavagide. nagarada haleya grid bhaagadaadyantada beedigalu agalavagive, brigham yuvakara echcharikeyindaagi arambhika utah nagaragalannu nirmisalu eradu-tandagala kuduregalannu mattu buck-board annu tirugisuvashtu agalavaada beedigalannu nirmisalu dhanyavaadagalu, aaddarinda cyclistgalige saakashtu sthalaavakaashavide.
nodi.
madisi.
besigeyalli charana mattu parvata biking bahala janapriyavagive aadare vividha ettarada badalaavanegalu horaangana chatuvatikegala rtugala mele gamanarha parinama biruttave. gaaliya guhegalantaha dakshinakke eduraagiruva kelabhaagada haadigalannu samanyavagi march tingalashte airuttade, aadare 9000kkinta melpatta pradeshagalannu samanyavagi zoon antyadavarege athawa julai aarambhadavarege airuvudilla, august varege himada vishala pradeshagalannu kaapaadikolluttade. taapamaanavu ettarakke anugunavagi badalaaguttade, samanyavagi 8000 'taapamaanavu loganginta 20 ° eff tampagiruttade mattu ettara hechchaadante hecchu tampagiruttade. logannalli maleyagadiddaga ettarada pradeshagalalli besige aalikallu maley mattu maley birugaaligalu saamaanyavaagide.
gaali guhegala haadiyannu hechchisi. 2.6 maili suttina prayana, 900 'ettarada labha. ee haadiyu logan kaniveya uttara bhagavannu maypal topugala moolaka guhe mattu kamanugala sanna ranchanege tirugisuttade. idu kaniveya sundara notavannu saha niiduttade. trail head ~ 5 maili melininda 89 logan kaniveyavarege, idu giniwah-malibu camp groundna eduru rasteya uttara bhagadallide.
navomi shikharada haadiyannu hattiri. 5.8 maili round trip, 1980 'ettarada labha. navomi shikharavu (9980 ') karadi nadhi shreniya athi ettarada sthalavagide. ee haadiyu kaadu hoovugalinda tumbida hullugaavalugala moolaka shikharakke hoguttade, idu suttamuttalina shikharagalu mattu cash kaniveya adbhuta notavannu niiduttade. trial head toney grove sarovaradallide. sumaru 19 mailugalashtu uddada logan kaniveyavarege toney grove turnofge 89 annu karedoyyiri. sarovaravu (mattu trial head) namminda 7 maili dooradallide.
hecchu sahasamaya mattu aakaarada parvataaroohigalu yuti yaya richmond baliya cherry kreekninda navomi shikharavannu praveshisabahudu. logan ninda 13 maili uttarakke namma 91rahra mele richmond pattanakke prayanisi. mukhya rasteyalli balakke tirugi, 300 purvakke talupuvavarege neravagi hogi. 300 ii nalli edakke tirugi, 500 uttarakke balakke tegedukondu, raste vibhajaneyaguvavarege neravagi hogi. rasteyu jallige tiruguttade, jalli rasteyannu anusarisi parking pradeshakke munduvariyuttade. parking pradeshada nantarada rasteyu kolaku mattu kallinaddaagide, aadare besigeyalli nadhi daatuvavarege hecchina vaahanagalinda praveshisabahudu. hye clearance vaahanagalige nadhi daatalu yaavude samasye irabaaradu, aadare karugalalli charanigaru nadhi daatuvikeyinda tamma charanavannu praarambhisabahudu. ee haadiyu sumaru 6000 'nalli praarambhavaagi 9765' cherry shikharavannu daati purvakke airuttade mattu nomi shikharakke hoguva jalanayana pradeshavannu daatuttade.
sthaliya trial guidena anline pratiyaada cash trailgalannu saha nodi (HTTP:// Www.logneture.org/cache _ traels/canyontrail/[dead link]), mattu cachetrail.org, sthaliya trial nirvahanaa samstheya jaalataana (HTTP:// Ww.cashtrelgalu.org/[dead link])
paryayavagi neevu logan jadugala vivaravaada vivaranegalannu illi padeyabahuduh (HTTP:// Www.chikkadaagide.org/travel/logan-hiking-guide.pdf [hinde dead link)
itara besige chatuvatikegalalli rock climbing, seesada climbing, top roping athawa godeyannu avalambisi eradoo labhyaviruva aneka godegalu serive.
gamanarhavada godegalu seriveh
dinankada gode-rasteya balabhagadalliruva logan kaniveyalli modala tiruvu (seesada aarohana maatra)
nimage kevala ondu biduvina samayaviddare mattu aaa dina hattalu bayasidare hogalu adbhutavaada sthala
1neey abhyasa godeyu-edabhagadalliruva kharjurada godeyinda 1.3 maili dooradallide
*dayawittu hecchina vivaragalondige navikarisi*
2neey abhyasa godeyu-dinankada godeyinda 1.6 maili dooradalliddu, 2neey anekattina modalu koneya edakke matadaanada avakaashavide. (melina hagga maatra)
ee godeyu nimma unnata shreniya kaushalyagalannu hechhisalu atyuttamavaada sthalavaada aidi1nantaha aneka mojina aarohanagalannu hondide!
fucoidal quartjite-kharjurada godeyinda 8.8 mailugalashtu, setuve mattu balagai fork annu off maaduva modalu 2 rinda koneya edakke. (melina hagga mattu seesada aaykegalu)
40 + aarohanagalu labhyaviruva idu yaavude kaushalya mattada sneehitarannu karedoyyalu adbhuta sthalavagide.
cheena guheyu-setuveya swalpa munchitavaagi koneya edabhagadalli, kharjurada godeyinda 8.6 mailugalashtu dooradalli, nadiya uddakkoo bahala kadime ettarakke airuttade. (lead climbing maatra)
ee godeyu vishvada 1neey 5.13 shreyankada aarohanavannu hondide.
halavaaru sthaliya udyamagalu mattu karadi sarovaradalliruva kelavu snomobile baadigegalannu niiduttave. logan kaniveyu snomobailgaligaagi naalku mukhya parking/trial head pradeshagalannu hondide (franklin jalanayana pradesha, beaver creak, udat shhed mattu "dhii sink") mattu hardware ranch bully providence kanive mattu kammara fork kaniveyannu olagondante halavaaru itara pradeshagalive. ee trial hedgalu susajjitavaada haadigalu, praachina maargagalu, tereda aatada pradeshagalu mattu bettagalige praveshavannu odagisuttave. peater sinkgalu deshada agra shreyankada snomobile pradeshagalalli ondaagide-samanyavagi uttarakke kelavu mailigalashtu dooradalliruva sink parking pradeshadinda praveshisabahudu. lagan kaniveya jadugalu karadi nadhi shreniya idaho bhagakke hoguva haadigalige praveshavannu odagisuttave, idu hima sanchara chatuvatikegala samaana shreniyannu odagisuttade.
munde hogi.
loganninda horabaralu, neevu saralavagi namma mele dakshinakke hintirugabahudu 89-91 sardine kanive mattu brigham nagarada moolaka aii-15 ge, athawa neevu uttarakke munduvariyabahudu priston, aidi moolaka 91, mattu antimavagi aii-15 ge hintirugabahudu pocatello, aidi yinda dakshinakke sumaru 33 maili.
neevu aii-15 ge 200 uttara/yuti-30.20 mailigala moolaka paschimakke hogabahudu.
surakshitavagiri.
logan bahala kadime aparaadhagalannu hondide mattu padhe padhe deshada surakshita nagargalalli ondaagide endu hesarisalaagide. aadaagyoo, moolabhoota salahegala bagge mareyadiruvudu innoo buddhivantikeyaagide.
chaligaalavu logannalli tumba tampagabahudu mattu havaamaanada viruddha sariyaada munneccharikegalannu tegedukollabeku. pramukha hima birugaligaligoo saha siddharagirabeku, mattu chaligaalada vilomagalu astamadantaha usiraatada samasyegaliruva janarannu ulbanagolisabahudu. | logan (udah)
vadakkan uttayile washech rench mekhalayil sthithi cheiyunna nyayamaaya valippamulla oru pattanamaan logan. ekadesham 23,000 vidyaarthikalulla samsthaana skoolaaya uttaa stettu yooniversittiyude aasthaanamaanu eee nagaram. chila mikacha kaalnadayaathra, moundan biking, sports climbing, kayaking, fly fishing, skiing ennivayulppede niravadhi outtdoor pravartthanangal logan vaagdaanam cheiyunnu. bhagyavashaal, logan thaarathamyena kandethappedathe thudarunnu, athinaal eee pravarthanangalil palathum amerikkayile mattu samanamaaya pradeshangalil kaanunnathinekkaal valare kuranja tirakkeriya saahacharyangalil anubhavikkan kazhiyum.
manassilakkuka.
kaalavastha.
washech renchile nagara kendrangalumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol kaashe thaazhvarayil valare pravachanatheethavum theevravumaaya kaalaavasthayundu. shaithyakaalam valare thanuppullathaan, pakal thaapanila apoorvvamaayi thanne maravippikkunnathin mukalilekku pookukayum raathriyile thaazhnna nila 0 digri fahrenheatil (-18 digri selshyas) thazheyaayi kurayukayum cheiyunnu. salt lake cityekkaal manju kuravaanengilum oro kodunkaattum saadhaaranayaayi valuthaanu. samsthaanathe ettavum mosham vyathiyaanangalilonnaya kaashe thaazhvarayil thanutha, eerppamulla vaayuvum malineekaranavasthukkal thaazhvarayil kudungiyekkaam. eathenkilum malayidukkukaliloode anchu minitt dairkhyamulla oru lalithamaaya sawari ningale vipareethathil ninnu puratthekkum ellah uttayileyum ettavum manoharamaaya shaityakaala parvatha bhooprakrithiyilekkum kondupokum. vasanthakaalavum sharathkaalavum vanyamaanu, october aadyakaalathum meyy avasaanathilum manju veezhaan saadhyathayulla thapanilayil idaykkide mattangal undaakunnu. venalkkaalam uppu thadaaka nagarathekkaal thanuppullathaanenkilum ippozhum choodullathaanu, pakal thaapanila saadhaaranayaayi 75 digri fahrenheit (24 digri selshyas) muthal 95 digri fahrenheit (35 digri selshyas) vare aayirikkum-avaa apoorvvamaayi 100 digri fahrenheatinu (38 digri selshyas) mukaliletthum. ennirunnaalum, venalkkaalathe idiminnal ozhivakkaan ithu valare vadakku bhagathaanu. nagaram sukhakaravum chuttumulla bhoopradesam athishayakaravumaanenkilum, pravachanatheethamaaya kaalavastha chilarkk oru vazhithirivaan. mattullavar maarikkondirikkunna kaalaavasthaye aasvaadyakaramaayi kaanukayum thaazhvarayilum athinte niravadhi malayidukkukalilum udaneelamulla niravadhi vinoda avasarangal prayojanappedutthi purathu samayam chelavazhikkukayum cheiyunnu.
akathekku kayaruka.
salt lake sittiyil ninnu aii-15-ll vadakkott drive cheyyuka. 362 (brigam sitti) ll ninnu purathukadannu parvathangaliloode (anaudyogikamaayi mankoona malayidukku ennu vilikkunnu) kaashe thaazhvarayilekku njangale pinthudaruka. drive ekadesham 75-90 minitt edukkum. yuu. ezz. 89 umm 91 umm dauntaun logaanil vibhajikkapettu. yuu. ezz. 89 manoharamaaya logan malayidukkiloode kizhakode oru janapriya vinodasanjaara kendramaaya thadaakam vahikkaan pookumbool yuu. ezz. 91 vadakkott idahoilekku pookunnu. vaanijya yaathraavimaanangal labhyamallengilum oru praadeshika vimanathavalavum logan sevanam nalkunnu.
marimari ningalkk aii-15 enn eduthu villaardinaayi 351 ll ninnu eksitt cheyyaam. loganum ogdanum vendi hrasvamaaya yuu. tii. 126 vibhaagam yuu. ezz-89 lake shaakhakal cheiyunnu. aaa forkkil idathuvashathu nilkkuka, ningal brigam sittiyil athunnathuvare rooad pinthudaruka, thudarnnu valath paatha ningale loganilekku nayikkum. eee root 7 mile cheruthaanu, valare kuranja gathagatha soukaryamulla kooduthal sukhapradamaaya drivaanu.
salt lake express greyhoundum intersity buzz sarvees nalkunnu.
chuttum nadakkuka.
driving, buzz sawari, nadattham, saikkil chavittal enniva nagaratthilekku chuttikkaranganulla soukaryapradamaaya vazhikalaanu. oro aramanikkoorilum traansit sentaril ninnu puratthekku puratthekku puratthekku varunna lalithamaaya root samvidaanathode kaashe vaali traansit distrikt (websaita) buzz samvidaanam loganum chuttumulla communitykalkkum sevanam nalkunnu. sii. vii. tii. diyude nirakkukal soujanyamaanu. ellah basukalilum rando moonno cycleukal vahikkaan soukaryamundu. pradhana theruvu valareyadhikam upayogikkukayum palappozhum thirakkeriyathaanenkilum samanthara theruvukal palappozhum logaaninullil vegathil praveshikkaan sahayikkunnu. pattanatthinte kizhakk bhaagathulla uttaa stettu yooniversitti, purathana thadaakamaaya bonvilleyude provo benjilaanu sthithicheyyunnathu, dauntaun loganinekkaal 250 adii uyaramundu. eee uyaravyathyasam motor ithara gathaagathathinu oru pradhana thadassamaanu. nagaratthinte pazhaya grid bhaagathudaneelamulla theruvukal vishaalamaan, eratta kuthirakalude oru teamin oru buck bordineyum tirikkaan paryapthamaaya veethikal ulla aadyakaala uttaa nagarangal sthaapikkaan brigam yamginte upadesham kaaranam saikkil yaathrakkaarkk dhaaraalam idamundu.
nokkoo.
cheyyuka.
venalkkaalath kaalnadayaathrayum moundan biking valare janapriyamaanengilum vyathyasthamaaya uyarathilulla maattam outtdoor pravartthana seasonukale ganyamaayi badhikkunnu. kaattinte guhakal polulla thaazhnna, thekkott abhimukeekarikkunna pathakal palappozhum march maasathil thanne kayaran kazhiyum, athesamayam 9000 'nuu mukalilulla pradeshangal saadhaaranayaayi juun avasaanam vare allengil juulai aadyam vare kaalnadayaayi pokaanaavilla, august vare vishalamaaya manju nilanirthunnu. thapanilayum uyarathinanusarichu vyathyaasappedunnu, saadhaaranayaayi 8000 'thaapanila loganinekkaal 20 digri fahrenheit thanuppullathum uyaram koodunnathinanusarichu kooduthal thanuppullathumaan. logaanil mazha labhikkatha uyarnna pradeshangalil venalkkaala aalippazhavum mazha kodunkaattum saadhaaranamaanu.
kaattil guhakalude paatha uyarthuka. 2.6 mile raundu trip, 900 'uyaram. logan malayidukkinte vadakku bhaagathekku, maple thoppukaliloode, guhakaludeyum kamaanangaludeyum oru cheria roopeekaranathilekku eee paatha kaatt veeshunnu. malayidukkilekkulla manoharamaaya kazhchayum nalkunnu. gwina-malibu camp groundinu athirvashathulla roadinte vadakku bhaagath sthithi cheiyunna logan malayidukkilekku ekadesham 5 mile mukalilaanu 89.
navomi kodumudiyude paathayilekku kayaruka. 5.8 mile raundu trip, 1980 'elevation gaine. karadi nadeethadatthile ettavum uyaram koodiya sthalamaanu navomi kodumudi (9980 '). chuttumulla kodumudikaludeyum kaashe thaazhvarayudeyum manoharamaaya kazhchakal nalkunna eee paatha kaattupookkal niranja pulmedukaliloode kodumudiyilekku nayikkunnu. tonny grove thadaakathilaanu trailhead sthithi cheiyunnathu. ekadesham 19 mile uyarathil logan malayidukkilekku tonny grove tenofilekku njangale 89 lake kondupookuka. thadaakavum (trailhead) njangalil ninnu 7 mile akaleyaan 89.
kooduthal saahasikarum aakruthiyilullavarumaaya malakayattakkarkk yuu. tii. yile richmandinaduthulla cherry kreekkil ninnu navomi kodumudiyilekku praveshikkaan kazhiyum. logan muthal 13 mile vadakkott njangal 91 vazhi richmond pattanatthilekku drive cheyyuka. pradhana theruvil valathottu thirinj 300 kizhakode athunnathuvare nere pookuka. 300 iii-yill edathottu thirinj rooad pilarunnathuvare nere pookuka, 500 vadakkott valathottu pookuka. rooad charal aayi maarunnu, charal roadine pinthudarnnu oru parking eriyayilekku pookunnu, thudarnnu. parking eriyaykku sheshamulla rooad azhukkum paarakalum niranjathaanenkilum venalkkaalath nadhi kadakkunnathuvare mikka vaahanangalum athicheraam. hye clearance vaahanangalkk nadhi kadakkaan oru prashnavum undaakaruth, athesamayam kaarukalile kaalnadayaathrakkaarkk nadhi murichukadakkunnathil ninnu kaalnadayaathra aarambhikkam. ekadesham 6000 'll aarambikkunna paatha 9765' cherry kodumudiyiloode kizhakode kayarukayum navomi kodumudiyilekku nayikkunna oru thadam kadakkukayum cheiyunnu.
oru praadeshika trial guidinte (HTTP:// Www) oonlain pakarppaya kaashe trailukalum kaanuka.loganechar.org/cache _ traels/canyontrail/[dedd link]), koodaathe cachetrail.oorgu, praadeshika trail maintainance oorganaiseshante websait (HTTP:// Www.kaashetreyilukal.org/[dedd link])
pakaramaayi ningalkk logante paathayude vishadamaaya vivaranagal ivide thedaam (HTTP:// Www.cheria.oorgu/traval/logan-hiking-guide.pii. dii. eph [munbu maricha link])
leed climbing, topp ropping allengil mathiline aashrayich randum labhyamaya niravadhi mathilukalulla roock climbing mattu venalkkaala pravarthanangalil ulppedunnu.
sradheyamaaya mathilukalil iva ulppedunnu
theeyathi mathil-roadinte valathuvashathulla logan malayidukkilekku aadyam thiriyuka (leed climb maathram)
ningalkk oru ozhivu samayam maathrame ulloovenkil aaa divasam oru kayattam nadatthaan aagrahikkunnuvenkil pookaan pattiya oru athbhuthakaramaaya sthalam
onnaam pariseelana mathil-idathuvashathulla eenthappana mathilil ninnu 1.3 mile akale
*kooduthal vishadaamshangal sahitam dayavaayi update cheyyuka*
randaamathe pariseelana mathil-eenthappana mathilil ninnu 1.6 mile akale, randaamathe anakkettin munbu avasana idathu vottucheyyal labhyamaan. (mukalile kayar maathram)
ningalude mikacha kaipidicha kazhivukal munnott kondupokaan eee mathilil niravadhi rasakaramaaya malakayattangalund, athaayath 5.7-11.
fucoidal kwaartsait-eenthappanayude mathilil ninnu 8.8 mile akale, paalatthinum valathukaiyyile fork oof cheiyunnathinu munbu randaamathethu muthal avasaanatheth vare idathuvashathekku. (topp ropp, leed oopshanukal)
40 + malakayatangal labhyamayathinaal eathu naipunya thalatthilumulla suhruthukkaleyum kondupokaanulla athbhuthakaramaaya sthalamaanithu
chaina guha-eenthappaalathil ninnu 8.6 mile akale, avasana idathuvashathu, paalathinu thottumunbu, nadiyude theerathu ninnu mathililekku valare cheria kaalnadayaathra. (leed climbing maathram)
eee mathilil lokathile aadyathe 5.13 rating kayattam undu.
niravadhi praadeshika bisinessukalum karadi thadaakatthile chilathum snomobile vaadaka vaagdaanam cheiyunnu. logan malayidukkil snomobileukalkkaayi naalu pradhana parking/trailhead eriyakalundu (franklin thadam, beaver creak, udot shhed, "sinks") koodaathe hardware ranchinu sameepamulla providence malayidukku, blacksmith fork malayidukku enniva ulppede mattu niravadhi pradeshangalundu. eee paathamukhangal valarthiyedutha pathakal, aadima roottukal, thuranna kalisthalangal, kunnukal ennivayilekku praveshanam nalkunnu. raajyathe ettavum uyarnna raankulla snomobile pradesangalilonnaanu peettar sinks-saadhaaranayaayi kurachu mile vadakkulla sink parking eriyayil ninnu axus cheyyaan kazhiyum. logan kaanyan trailheadukal karadi nadeethadatthinte idaho bhaagathekku nayikkunna paathakalkkum praveshanam nalkunnu, ithu thulyamaaya snomobile pravartthanangal nalkunnu.
aduthathaayi pookoo.
logaanil ninnu purathukadakkaan, ningalkk thekk ninnu thekk ninnu sardine malayidukkiloodeyum brigam sittiyiloodeyum aii-15 lake pinnott pookaam, allengil ningalkk vadakkott 91 lake preesttan, aidi vazhi thudaraam, oduvil aii-15 lake madangaam, pocatello, idic ekadesham 33 mile thekk.
ningalkk 200 vadakku/yuu. tii.-30.20 mile dooram aii-15 lake padinjarottu pookaam.
surakshitharayi irikkuka.
logaanil kuttakrithyangal valare kuravaanu, raajyathe ettavum surakshithamaaya nagarangalilonnayi ithu aavarthichu ariyappedunnu. ennirunnaalum, adisthaana nurungukal marakkathirikkuka ennathu ippozhum budhiparamaanu.
logaanil shaithyakaalam valare thanuppullathayirikkukayum kaalaavasthaykkethire sariyaaya munkaruthalukal edukkukayum venam. valia manjuveezhchakalkkum thayyaaredukkanam, koodaathe shaityakaala vyathiyanangal aasthma polulla shwaasakosha prasnangalulla aalukale vashalaakkum. | logan (utah)
logan heey eka vajvi aakarache shahar aahe aanee uttarekadil utahchya washey rainz pradeshat sthit aahe aanee teey vegane vadhat aahe. yaa shaharat utah rajya vidyapith aahe, jee andaje 23,000 vidyarthi asaleli rajya shaala aahe. logainmadhye kahee utkrusht hiking, mounton biking, spoort climbing, kayaking, fly-fishing aanee skiing yasah anek bahya upkram upalabdh aahet. sudaivane, loggan tulanene naan shodhalele aahe, tyamule yapaiki anek upkram amerikechya itar, tatsam bhaganchya tulanet khoopach qamee gardichya paristhitit anubhavale jaau shakatat.
samajoon ghya.
hawaman.
panlot kshetrachya shahari kendranchya tulanet cashey khonyat atishay anpekshit aanee tivra hawaman aahe. hiwala khoop thund asato, divasache tapman kvachitach gothanpoti jaate aanee ratricha nichank varanvar 0° fahrenheit (-18° seey.) peksha khalee yeto. meeth talav shaharapeksha burf qamee varanvar padato parantu vaiyaktik vadale sahasa mothee asatat. cashey khonyat rajyatil sarvat white ulatya avasthanpaiki eka aahe, jyamadhye thund, olsar havah aanee pradushak khonyat adaku shakatat. konatyahi khoyatil paach minitanchi sadhee sahal tumhala ulatya avasthetun baher kadhel aanee sampoorn utahmadhil kahee sarvat sunder hivalyatil parvatiy bhupradeshanmadhye gheuun jaeel. vasant rutoo aanee sharad rututil rutoo heey jangali asatat aanee octoberchya suruvatila aanee mechya akheris barfavrushti honyachi shakyata asalelya tapmanat varanvar badal hotat. unhala haah meeth talav shaharapeksha thund asato parantu tarihi garam asato, divasache tapman samanyatah 75° fahrenheit (24° seey.) teey 95° fahrenheit (35° seey.) paryant asate-teey kvachitach 100° fahrenheit (38° seey.) peksha jaast pohochatat. tathapi, teey uttarekade itake door aahe qee unhalyat bahutansh vadal talhate. jaree shahar ubdar asale aanee aajubajucha bhoobhag netradipak asala, taree kahee lokansathi anpekshit hawaman eka valan aahe. itaranna badalatya havamanacha anand midato aanee sampoorn khonyat aanee tethil anek khonyanmadhye manoranjanachya anek sandhee gheuun gharabaher vel ghalavanyacha anand ghetat.
aat jaa.
sault lake citypasoon aay-15 varr uttarekade gaadee chalwa. 362 (brigham shahar) madhoon baher padaa aanee dongaranmadhun (anadhikrutpane sardin canyon mhanoon sandarbhit) cashey khonyat jaaun aamche anusaran qaraa. drivela sumare 75-90 minite lagtil. yu. ess. 89 aanee 91 heey downtown logainmadhye vibhajit jhaale aahet. yu. ess. 89 heey eka lokpriy paryatan sthal asalelya sarovarala dharan karnyasathi sunder loggan khonyatoon purvekade jaate, tarr yu. ess. 91 heey idahochya uttarela jaate. sadhya konatihi vyavsayik pravasi uddane upalabdh nasali taree pradeshik vimantal dekhil loggan seva puravato.
paryayipane tumhi aay-15 aine dekhil gheu shakata aanee willardsathi 351 baher padoo shakata. laghu yuu. tii. 126 vibhag loggan aanee augdensathi yuu. ess.-89 kadey jaato. tyaa kontyavar davikade thewa aanee tumhi brigham shaharat pohocheparyant rastyache anusaran qaraa aanee nantar ujavi bajuchi galli tumhala loganchya dishene gheuun jaeel. haah marg 7 mail lahan aahe aanee atishay qamee rahdarisah adhik aaramdayak vahan aahe.
salt lake express aanee grehaund aantarnagar bus seva puravatat.
aajubajoola jaa.
vahan chalvane, bus chalvane, chalane aanee cycle chalvane heey shaharbhar firanyache soyiche marg aahet. cashey valley transit district (sanketsthalah) bus pranali, darr ardhya tasala transit centermadhun baher padananya sadhya marg pranalisah logan aanee aaspaschya samudayanna seva dete. see. vhee. tii. dii. chey bhade vinamulya aahe. serve basgadya done kinwa teen sayakali vahoon nenyasathi susajj aahet. mukhya rasta mothya pramanat vaparla jaato aanee anekada gardiche asate parantu samantar raste anekada logainmadhye jalad pravesh pradan karatat. shaharachya purvela asalele utah rajya vidyapith, bonneville talavachya provo benchvar aahe, jeey downtown loganpeksha sumare 250 phoot unch aahe. unchitil haah farak motar nasalelya vahatukisathi eka pramukh pratibandh aahe. shaharachya junya grid bhagamadhye raste rund aahet, brigham yangchya takidimule ghodyanchi duheri team aanee buck-board firavanyasathi purese rund raste asaleli prarambhik utah shahare tayar karnyacha sallah deela jaato, tyamule cycleswaransathi bharpur jaaga aahe.
bagha.
qaraa.
unhalyat hiking aanee mounton biking khoop lokpriy aahet parantu vividh unchitil badal bahereel kriyakalap hangamavar lakshaniy parinam karatat. vaayachya guhansarkhya khalchya, dakshinekade pahana payyanvar anekada marchchya suruvatilach chadhai karata yete, tarr '9000' peksha jaast kshetra samanyatah junachya akheris kinwa julaichya suruvatiparyant chadhanyayogya nasate, jyamule augustparyant barfache vistrut kshetra tikoon rahate. tapman dekhil unchinusar badalate, sahasa 8000 'varche tapman loganpeksha 20° phai. thund asate aanee unchi vadhalyane adhikadhik thund hote. jevha loganmadhye paus padat nahee tevha unch bhaganmadhye unhali garpeat aanee pavasachi vadale samanya aahet.
pawan guhancha marg chadhava. 2.6 mail pherii, 900 'unchicha laabh. heey marg logan khonyachya uttar bajula, mepalachya zadanmadhun, guha aanee kamanichya chhotya rachaneparyant vahatat. khalee khonyache sunder drushya dekhil disate. trailhead heey giniva-malibu camp groundchya samore rastyachya uttar bajula sthit asalelya logan canyonmadhye 5 mail varr aahe.
naomi shikhar marg chadhava. 5.8 mail pherii, 1980 'unchi vaadh. naomi shikhar (9980 ') heey aswal nadichya parvataranganmadhil sarvoch bindu aahe. haah marg jangali fulanni bharalelya kuranatoon shikharaparyant jaato, jyamule aajubajuchya shikharanche aanee cashey khonyache netradipak drushya disate. trailhead heey toney grove talavat aahe. aamhala sumare 19 mail varr logan canyonpasoon toney grovechya valanaparyant gheuun jaa. talav (aanee paywat) aamchyapasun 7 mail antaravar 89 antaravar aahe.
adhik sahsi aanee aakarache giryarohak richmond, yuu. tii. jawalil cherry khaditoon naomi shikharavar jaau shakatat. loganpasoon 13 mail uttarekade chalavun aamhi 91 varr richmond shaharakade. mukhya rastyavar ujavikade vala aanee 300 purveparyant pohocheparyant saral jaa. 300 eae varr davikade vala aanee rasta futato toparyant saral jaa, 500 uttarekade ujavikade jaa. rasta khadkal hoto, khadkal rastyane parkingchya jageparyant jaat rahato aanee pudhe jaat rahato. parking kshetranantarcha rasta ghaan aanee khadkal aahe, parantu unhalyat nadee olandanyaparyant bahutek vahananni pravesh keela jaau shakato. uchch safsafaichya vahananna nadee olandanyas konatihi adchan yeu naye, tarr karmadhil giryarohak nadee olandalyavar tyanchi chadhai suru karoo shakatat. haah marg andaje 6000 'pasoon suru hoto aanee naomi shikharakade jaananya khonyacha paar karnyapurvi 9765' cherry shikhar olandun purvekade chadhato.
sthanik paywat margdarshakachi online prat (HTTP:// Www) cashey paywat dekhil pahaa.loganature.org/chase _ traels/canyontraills/[deed link]) aanee chachetraels.oo. aar. jee., sthanik paywata dekhbhal sansthesathiche sanketsthal (HTTP:// Ww.cashetrails.org/[mrut duva])
vaikalpikaritya tumhi yethe loganchya payanche tapshilvar varnan shodhu shakatah (HTTP:// Ww.lahan.org/Travel/logan-hiking-guide.pdf [purvicha mrut duva])
itar unhali upkramanmadhye, eka tarr lead climbing, top roping kinwa bhintinusar donhisah upalabdh asalelya anek bhintinsah rock climbingcha samavesh hoto.
ullekhaneey bhintinmadhye khaleel goshtincha samavesh aaheh
tarikh bhint-rastyachya ujavya bajula asalelya loggan khonyat pratham valane (fakt aaghadi chadhane)
jarr tumchyakade fakt eka mokala taas asel aanee tyaa divashi tumhala chadhai karayachi asel tarr jaanyasathi chhan jaaga aahe.
pahili sarav bhint-davya bajula khajinyachya bhintipasoon 1 mail
*kripaya adhik tapshilansah adyayavat qaraa*
dusari practices bhint-khajur bhint pasoon 1.6 mailanvar, dusya dharanapurvi shevatchya davya bajula matdan upalabdh aahe. (fakt varchya dorkhandat)
yaa bhintivar tumchya varchya payathyashi lavalelya kaushalyanna chalana denyasathi anek majedar chadhan aahet, jyaa 5.7-11 chya rupat utkrusht aahet!
fucoidal quartzite-kharjur bhintipasoon 8.8 mail, pull aanee ujavya hatacha kaata bund karnyapurvi davikadoon dusya teey shevatchya. (varchya dorkhand aanee aaghadiche paryay)
40 + chadhanya upalabdh asalyane konatyahi kaushalya patalivaril mitranna gheuun jaanyasathi heey eka adbhut thikan aahe.
cheenchi guha-kharjur bhintipasoon 8.6 mail, shevatchya davikade, pulachya agadi aadhi, nadipasoon bhintiparyantchya agadi chhotya chadhanisah. (keval aaghadi chadhane)
yaa bhintivar jagatil pahili 5.13 kramankit chadhai aahe.
anek sthanik vyavasay tasech aswal talavatil kahee vyavasay snomobile bhadyane detat. logan khonyat snomobilesathi chaar mukhya parking/trailhead kshetre aahet (franklin khore, beaver khadee, udo shade aanee "daad sink") aanee hardware ranchjaval providence khore aanee lohar konk khore yasah itar anek kshetre aahet. yaa payathyanvarun sajavalele paywat, pracheen marg, mokali khelachi kshetre aanee tekadya yethe pravesh midato. pieter sink haah deshatil sarvoch darjachya snomobile kshetranpaiki eka aahe-samanyatah uttares kahee mail antaravar asalelya sink parking kshetratun pravesh keela jaato. loggan canyon trailheads aswal nadichya parvataranganchya idaho bhagat jaananya payyanmadhye pravesh dekhil detat, jyamule snomobile kriyakalapanchi samaan shreni upalabdh hote.
pudhe jaa.
loganmadhun baher padnyasathi, tumhi fakt sardin canyon aanee brigham citymadhun dakshinekade aay-15 paryant mage jaau shakata kinwa tumhi preston, aayadidware uttarela aay-91 varr jaau shakata aanee akheris pokatelo, aayadichya dakshines sumare 33 mail antaravar aay-15 varr parat yeu shakata.
tumhi 200 uttarevar/yuu. tii.-30 varr paschimekade jaau shakata. aay-15 paryant 20 mail.
surakshit raaha.
loganmadhye gunhegari phaar qamee aahe aanee varanvar deshatil sarvat surakshit shaharanpaiki eka mhanoon tyache naav ghetale gele aahe. tathapi, moolbhut tipa visaroo naye heey ajunahi shahanpanache aahe.
logainmadhye hiwala khoop thund houu shakato aanee havamanababat yogya tee khabardari ghene aavashyak aahe. mothya himavrushtisathi dekhil tayari thewali pahije aanee hivalyatil ulatya damaa sarkhya shvasanachya samasya asalelya lokanna tras deu shakatat. | logan (utaha)
logan euta nishpaksha akarko sahar how rar uttari utahako wasyach renz kshetrama awasthit druta gatima badhdai gaeko chha. yo sahar yutah rajya wishwawidyalayako ghar how, lagbhag 23,000 vidyarthiharu bhaeko rajya vidyalaya. loganle kehi utkrishta padayatra, mountain biking, sport climbing, kayaking, fly-fishing rar skiing sahit bahiri gatiwidhiharuko khajana pradan gardacha. bhagyawas, lagan apekshakrit agyat rahanchha, tyasaile yee dherai gatiwidhiharu sanyukta rajyaka anya, saman kshetraharuma paineharuko tulanama dherai cum bhidbhadko awasthama anubhav garna sakinchha.
bujhnuhos.
mausam.
kyas uptyakako waterach dayarako sahari kendraharuko tulanama dherai apratyashit rar charam mausam chha. jado dherai chiso hunchha, dinko tapakram wirlai himankabhanda mathi janchha rar ratko nyunata prayaha 0 degree fahrenheit (-18 degree celcius) bhanda tall jharchha. sult lake saharko tulanama hiun cum hunchha tara wyaktigat aandhibehariharu samanyataya thula hunchhan. kyashe upatyakama rajyako sabaibhanda kharab inversionharu madhye ek chha, jasma chiso, ardra hawa rar pradushakharu upatyakama fasna sakchhan. kunai pani ghatima paanch minetko sadharan sawarile tapainlai wyutkrambata bahira nikalnechha rar sabai yutahama kehi sabaibhanda sunder jado pahadi paridrishyaharuma पुऱ्याउनेchha. wasanta rar sharad ritu jungley hunchhan rar octoberko suruma rar dhilo huna sakne hiun parne sambhawanaka sath barambar tapakram pariwartanharu hunchhan. garmi nun taal saharko tulanama chiso hunchha tara ajhai pani tato hunchha, dinko tapakram samanyataya 75 degree fahrenheit (24 degree celcius) dekhi 95 degree fahrenheit (35 degree celcius) samma hunchha-tiniharu wirlai 100 degree fahrenheit (38 degree celcius) bhanda mathi pugchhan. yadyapi, yo uttarma dherai tadha chha kii yasale garmiko adhikansh andhibeharibata bachaunchha. yadyapi sahar aramdayak chha rar warparko bhubhag shandar chha, apratyashit mausam kehika lagi ek turnuff how. arule pariwartanshil mausamlai ramailo manchan rar upatyaka rar yasaka dherai ghatiharuma dherai manoranjanatmak awasarharu liera bahira samaya bitaune ananda linchhan.
bhitra pase.
salt lake sitibata ai-15 maa uttartira drive garnuhos. 362 (brigham sahar) batt bahira niskanuhos, rar hamilai 89/91 pahadharu (anaupacharik rupma sardine canyon bhanera chininchha) batt kyashe upatyakama pachhyaunuhos. drivele lagbhag 75-90 minet linuparchha. yues 89 rar 91 downtown laganma vibhajit chhan. yues 89 euta lokpriya paryatakiya gantawya taal bokna sunder logan ghati hundai purvatira janchha, jabki yues 91 uttartira idahotira janchha. yass samayama kunai wyawasayik yatri udanharu upalabdha nabhae pani khetriya wimansthalle pani lagan sewa pradan gardacha.
vaikalpik rupma tapainle ai-15 enn pani lyne saknuhunchha rar willardka lagi 351 nicas lyne saknuhunchha. chhoto yout126 khanda lagan rar ogdenka lagi yues-89 tira shakha hunchha. tyas kantama bayan rakhnuhos rar tapain brigham saharma pugdasamma sadak pachhyaunuhos rar tyasapachhi dayan lenle tapainlai logantira laijanchha. yo marga 7 mile chhoto chha rar dherai cum traficko sath adhik aramdayak drive how.
salt lake express rar greyhoundle intercity bus sewa pradan gardacha.
waripari januhos.
gadi chalaunu, basma chadhnu, hindnu rar cycle chalaunu sahar waripari ghumnaka lagi suwidhajanak tarikaharu hun. kyashe bhyali transit zilla (websiteh) bus pranalile pratyek adha ghantama transit centrebata bahira niskane saral marga pranaliko sath logan rar warparka samudayharulai sewa dinchha. सिभिटिडीका lagi bhada nihshulk chhan. sabai basharu dui wa tinawata cycle boknaka lagi susajjit chhan. mukhya sadak dherai prayog garinchha rar prayaha bhidbhad hunchha tara samanantar sadakharule prayaha lagan bhitra chhito pahunch pradan gardacha. saharko purvatira raheko yutah state university, prachin taal bonebhilko probho benchma awasthit chha, june downtown loganbhanda lagbhag 250 fitt aglo chha. yo uchai bhinnata gaira-motor chalit yatayatko lagi ek pramukh awarodhak how. saharko purano grid bhagbharka sadakharu chauda chhan, brigham yangko sallahaka lagi dhanyawad prarambhik utaha shaharharu ghodaharuko double-tolly rar buck-board ghumauna paryapta chauda sadakharu rakhnaka lagi, tyasaile tyahan cycle chalakharuka lagi prashasta thaaun chha.
hernuhos.
ger.
garmima padayatra rar mountain biking dherai lokpriya hunchhan tara vibhinna uchai pariwartanle bahiri gatiwidhiko mausamlai ullekhaniya rupma asar garchha. hawaka gufaharu jasta tallo, dakshinmukhi trailharu prayaha marchko suruma hindna sakinchha, jabki 9000 'bhanda mathika kshetraharu samanyataya juneko antyasamma wa julyko surusamma chadhai yogya hundainan, augustsamma hiunko farakilo kshetraharu kayam rakhchhan. tapakram pani uchaisangai bhinna hunchha, samanyataya 8000 'maa tapakram loganko tulanama 20° fahrenheit chiso hunchha, rar uchai badhdai jaanda chiso badhdai janchha. garmiko asina rar warsha andhibehari uccha kshetraharuma samanya hunchha jab loganma warsha hundaina.
hawako gufako bato chadhnuhos. 2.6 mile round trip, 900 'uchai labh. traille logan canyonko uttartarfa, maple grobhharu hundai, gufa rar mehrabharuko sano gathanma hawa chadhayo. yasale ghatima pani sunder drishya pradan gardacha. trailhead ~ 5 mile mathi hammy 89 maa logan ghatima chha, गुइनाभा-maaलिबु shivir maidanko viparit sadakko uttartira awasthit chha.
naomi shikhar trail chadhnuhos. 5.8 mile round trip, 1980 'uchai labh. naomi shikhar (9980 ') bhalu nadi shringkhalako sabaibhanda aglo bindu how. trail jungley fulharule bharieko ghaanse maidanbata shikharma janchha, jasle warparka chuchuraharu rar kyashe uptyakako shandar drishyaharu pradan gardacha. trailhead tony grobh talma awasthit chha. hamilai 89 lagbhag 19 mile aglo lagan canyonbata tony grobh turnafma laijanuhos. taal (rar trailhead) hamibata 7 mile 89 maa chha.
adhik sahasi rar akarka parwatarohiharule richmond, yout najikaiko chery khadibata naomi shikharma pugna sakchhan. loganbata 13 mile uttarma yues 91 maa richmond saharma drive garnuhos. mukhya sadakma dayantira farkanuhos, rar 300 purvama pugdasamma sidha januhos. 300 eae maa bayantira ghumaunuhos rar sadak vibhajit nabhaesamma sidha januhos, 500 uttarma dayan liera. sadak bajari banchha, bajari sadak pachhyaera parking kshetrama janchha, rar jaari rahanchha. parking khetra pachhiko sadak fohor rar chattani chha, tara garmima nadi parr nabhaesamma adhikansh sawari sadhanharudwara pahunchayogya hunchha. uccha nikasi sawari sadhanharulai nadi parr garna kunai samasya hunu hundaina, jabki karharuma sawar parwatarohiharule nadi parr garera afno padayatra suru garna sakchhan. yo trail lagbhag 6000 'maa suru hunchha rar naomi shikharma pugne besin parr garnu aghi 9765' chery shikharko purvatira chadhchha.
kyash trailharu pani hernuhos, sthaniya trail guideko unline pratilipi (HTTP:// Www.laganचrar.org/cache _ traels/canyontrail/[mrit link]), rar kyasheट्rarेलहrarू.org, sthaniya trail marmat sangathanko website (HTTP:// Www.kyasheट्rarेलहrarू.org/[mrit link])
vaikalpik rupma tapainle yahan laganko trailko wistrit vivaran khojna saknuhunchhah (HTTP:// Www.sano.org/travel/lagan-hiking-guide.pdf [pahile mrit link])
anya garmi gatiwidhiharuma chattan arohan samawesh chha jasma dherai parkhalharu upalabdha chhan kii tata netritwa arohan, shirsha roping wa duwai bhittama nirbhar gardai,
ullekhaniya bhittaharuma samawesh chhanh
miti parkhal-sadakko dayan chheuma raheko logan ghatima pahilo mode (netritwa arohan matra)
yadi tapainsanga kewal ek khali ghanta chha rar tyas dina chadhna chahanuhunchha bhane janka lagi adbhut thaaun how.
pahilo abhyas parkhal-bayanpatti miti parkhalbata 1 mile
*kripaya thap wiwaranharusit adyawadhik garnuhos*
dosro abhyas parkhal-miti parkhalbata 1.6 mile, dosro bandha aghi upalabdha antim bayan matadan. (kewal mathillo dori)
yass bhittama tapainko shirsha rack garieko kaushallai dhakelnaka lagi 5.7-11 ko rupma dherai ramailo arohanharu chhan!
फ्युkoइडल quartzite-khajirko parkhalbata 8.8 mile, pull rar dayan hatko kanta banda garnu aghi dosrodekhi antim bayan. (shirsha dori rar netritwa wikalpaharu)
40 + arohanharu upalabdha bhaeko yo kunai pani kaushal starka sathiharulai linka lagi adbhut thaaun how.
chinn gufa-kharjurko parkhalbata 8.6 mile, antim bayan, pulko thik agadi, nadibata parkhalsamma dherai chhoto padayatra. (netritwa arohan matra)
yass bhittama wishwako pahilo 5.13 rated arohan samawesh chha.
dherai sthaniya wyawasayaharu sathai kehi bhalu talle snomobile bhadama prastawa gardacha. logan canyonma snomobileharuka lagi chaar mukhya parking/trailhead kshetraharu chhan (franklin besin, bibhar creak, udot shade, rar "sink") rar tyahan hardware khet najikai providence canyon rar lohar kaantaako canyon samawesh garera suru garna anya dherai kshetraharu chhan. yee trailheadharule sajaieko trails, adim margharu, khula khel kshetraharu rar pahadharuma pahunch pradan gardacha. pieter sink deshko shirsha sthanma raheko snomobile kshetraharu madhye ek how-samanyataya kehi mile uttarma sink parking kshetrabata pahunch garinchha. lagan canyon trailheadharule bhalu nadi shringkhalako idaho bhagma jaane trailharuma pani pahunch pradan gardacha, jasle snomobile gatiwidhiharuko saman sarani pradan gardacha.
arko januhos.
laganbata bahira niscan, tapain kewal hamima dakshinma 89-91 batt sardine canyon rar brigham saharbata i-15 samma firta zahn saknuhunchha, wa tapain preston, ID marfat hamima 91 maa uttartira jaari rakhna saknuhunchha, rar antatah pokatelo, ID batt lagbhag 33 mile dakshinma i-15 maa farkan saknuhunchha.
tapain 200 uttar/yout-30 maa paschimatira zahn saknuhunchha.
surakshit rahanuhos.
loganma dherai thorai aparadh chha rar barambar deshko sabaibhanda surakshit saharharu madhye ekko rupma naam diieko chha. yadyapi, adharbhut sujhawaharu nabirsanu ajhai pani buddhimani how.
laganma jado dherai chiso huna sakchha rar mausam viruddha uchit sawadhani apanaunu parchha. thula hiunka aandhika lagi pani tayar hunuparchha, rar jadoko wyutkramle damajasta shwasprashwasasambandhi samasyaharu bhaeka manisharulai ajha badhauna sakchha. | logan (utaha)
logan heuchhi eka sunder akarara sahara ebong druta gatire brudhi pauchhi, jaahaa uttara utahara wachach renz anchalare abasthita . ehi saharare praiah 23,000 chhatrachhatrinku nei eka rajya bidyalaja, utaha rajya biswabidyalaja rahichhi. logan aneka bahya karjyakalapa pradan kare, jeunthire kichhi utkrusta haiking, mountain baiking, sport climbing, kajaking, fly-fishing ebong skiing antarbhukta . soubhagyabashatah, lagaan apekhyakruta anabishkruta hoi rahichhi, tenu ehi karjyakalapagudika madhyaru aneka americara anya, samaana anchalare dekhajauthiba tulanare bahuta comm janagahali paristhitire anubhaba karajaipariba .
bujhantu.
jalabaju.
waashe renjara saharanchal kendragudika tulanare cashe upatyakare atyanta apratyashita ebong charam panipaga rahichhi. sheeta rutu atyanta thanda hoithae, dinara tapmatra kwachit himanka thaaru adhika hoithae ebong ratarati sarbanimna tapmatra prajatah 0°fahrenheit (-18°shay.) talaku khasi jaithae. labana hrada sahara tulanare tusharpat comm hoithae, kintu byaktigata jhada sadharanatah adhika hoithae. cashe upatyakare madhya rajyara sabutharu kharap biparitamukhi sthiti rahichhi, jeunthire thanda, ardra baaju ebong pradooshakamane upatyakare fasi rahiparanti. jekaunasi upatyaka upare eka sarala pancha minitor jatra aapananku bipareetaru bahara curry samagra utahara keteka sunder shitakalina parbata drushyaku neijiba. basanta ebong sharat banya hoithae ebong october maasa prarambhare ebong meey maasa shesh suddha tusharpat hebara sambhabana sahita barambar tapmatra paribartana hoithae. labana hrada sahara tulanare greeshmrutu thanda hoithae, kintu tathapi garam rahithae, dinara tapmatra sadharanatah 75°fahrenheit (24°shay.) ru 95°forenheit (35°shay.) parjyanta rahithae-segudika kwachit 100°forenheit (38°shay.) ru adhika hoithae. tebe ehaa uttarare yathesta doorare rahichhi je ehaa grishma ruture adhikansha bajrapataku edai thaae. jadio saharati aaramadajaka ebong akhpakhar bhubhaga chamatkara, kichhi lokanka paain apratyashita paaga eka turn off . anyamane badaluthiba pagaku anandadajaka maneh karanti ebong samagra upatyaka ebong ehara aneka upatyakare aneka manoranjan sujoga nei bahare samai bitai ananda karanti .
bhitaraku jaantu.
sult lake sahararu aai-15ray uttaraku gaadi chalantu. 362 (brigham sahara) ru prasthana karantu, ebong cashe upatyakaku parbata (anaanusthanika bhabare sardine canyon bhabare janashuna) madhyamare aamaku anusarana karantu. draivati praiah 75-90 minute neba uchita. jayu. ess. 89 ebong 91 downtown loganre bibhakta hoichhi. jayu. ess. 89 sunder lagaan canyon dei purba digaku eka lokpriya parjyatan sthalee hrada bahn karibaku jauthibabele jayu. ess. 91 uttara digaku idaho aadaku agrasara heuchhi. eka anchalika bimanbandar madhya logan seba pradan kare jadio ehi samajare kaunasi banijyika jatri biman upalabdha naahin .
bikalpa bhabare apana aai-15 enn madhya neiparibe ebong willard paain prasthana 351 neiparibe . khudra jayu. tii. 126 bibhagati jayu. ess.-89 aadaku lagaan ebong ogden paain shakha kare . sehi kantaku baama pate rakhantu ebong brigham saharare pahanchiba parjyanta rasta anusarana karantu ebong taa 'parey dahana leena aapananku logan aadaku neijiba . ehi margati 7 mile chhot ebong bahuta comm traphik sahita eka adhika aaramadajaka drive .
sult lake express ebong greyhound aantahnagara bus seba pradan karanti .
chariade jaantu.
gaadi chalaiba, bus chalaiba, chaliba ebong cycle chalana sahara buliba paain subidhajanaka upaiah. cashe upatyaka paribahana zillah (websaitah) bus system eka sarala marga system sahita logan ebong akhpakh sampradajaku seba pradan kare jaahaa prati adha ghantare paribahana kendraru baharithae . sii. bhi. tii. dii. paain bhada magana. samasta bus dui kimba tinoti cycle bahn kariba paain sajjit . mukhya rastatira bahula byabahara karajaithae ebong prajatah bhida jamithae, kintu samantarala rastagudika prajatah lagaan madhyare druta prabesha subidha pradan karithae. saharar purba parsware thiba utaha rajya biswabidyalaja pracheen hrada bonivilara probho benchare abasthita, jaahaa downtown logan thaaru praiah 250 phuta uccha . ehi uchchata parthakya anah-motor paribahana paain eka pramukh pratibandhaka . saharar puruna greed bhagare rastagudika prasasta, brigam jubabarganka upadesh paain dhanyabada je prarambhika jutaha saharagudika ghodara eka double-team ebong eka buck-boardku ghuraiba paain yathesta prasasta rasta sahita sthapana karantu, tenu cycle chalakanka paain prachur sthana achhi .
dekhantu.
karantu.
grishma ruture haiking ebong mountain baiking atyanta lokpriya, kintu bibhinna uchchata paribartana bahya karjyakalapa rutuku gurutwapurna bhabare prabhabita kare . nimna, dakhinamukhi pathare thiba pabana gumpha bhali pathare jatra arambha heba belaku hinn aarohan karajaipariba, jetebele kii '9000' ru adhika anchala sadharanatah june shesh parjyanta kimba july arambha parjyanta arohanajogya nuhen, jaahaa august parjyanta barfar prasasta anchalaku bajaiah rakhithae. uchchata anusare tapmatra madhya bhinna hoithae, sadharanatah 8000 'ray tapmatra logan tulanare 20°F thanda hoithae, ebong uchchata brudhi sahita adhika thanda hoithae. jetebele logaanare barsha hue naahin, setebele uccha anchalare grishma kaalara kuapathara barsha ebong jhada barsha sadharana kathaa.
pabana gumpha pathare chadhantu. 2.6 mile round trip, 900 'uchchata laabh. ehi path lagaan canyonara uttara parswaku, maple upabana dei, gumpha ebong khilanara eka chhot gathanaku prabahita kare . ehaa madhya upatyaka bhitaraku eka sunder drushya pradan kare . trailhead aamatharu 5 mile uparaku 89 kilometer lamban canyon parjyanta, jaahaa guinabha-malibu camp grounder bipareet parsware rastara uttara parsware abasthita .
naomi shikhar pathare chadhantu. 5.8 mile round trip, 1980 'uchchata laabh. naomi shrunga (9980 ') heuchhi bhalu nadee renjara sarbocha bindu. ehi pathati banya phulare paripurna trinabhumi dei shikharaku jaithae, jaahaa akhpakhar shrunga ebong cashe upatyakara chamatkara drushya pradan kare . trailhead tony grobh hradare abasthita . aamaku 89 pakhapakhi 19 mile lamban canyon uparaku tonny grobh turnoff parjyanta neijantu . ehi hrada (ebong trailhead) aamatharu 7 mile doorare 89 kilometer doorare abasthita.
adhika duhsahasika ebong aakarare thiba parbatarohimane richmond, yuta nikatabartee cherry kreekru naomi shikharaku prabesha kariparibe . loganru 13 mile uttarare jayu. ess. 91ray gaadi chalai richmond saharaku jaantu. mukhya rastare dahanaku ghunchantu, ebong 300 purbare pahanchiba parjyanta sidha jaantu . 300 ee ray bamaku ghunchantu ebong rastati bibhajan heba parjyanta sidha jaantu, 500 uttaraku dahanaku niantu . rastati bajra pathare parinata hoithae, bajra path anusarana curry parking anchalaku jaithae, ebong aagaku badhithae. parking sthana pachara rastati aliaa ebong patharajukta, kintu grishma ruture nadee paara heba parjyanta adhikansha janabahana dwara prabeshajogya . haai clearance janagudikara nadee paara hebare kaunasi asubidha heba uchita nuhen, jetebele kii karare thiba parbatarohimane nadee paararu semananka padajatra arambha kariparibe . ehi path praiah 6000 'ru arambha hoi 9765' cherry shikhar atikrama curry purba digaku uthi naomi shikharaku jauthiba eka ababahika atikrama karithae.
cash trails madhya dekhantu, eka sthaniah trail guider eka unline kapi (HTTP:// Www.laganchar.org/case _ traels/canyontrail/[mruta linka]), ebong cchetrail.arga, sthaniah trail rakhyanabekhyana sangathana paain website (HTTP:// Www.cashetrail.org/[mruta linka])
bikalpa bhabe apana ethaare loganra pathara bistruta barnana paiparibehe (HTTP:// Www.chhot chhot.org/travel/logan-haiking-guide.pdf [purbaru mruta linka])
anyanya grishmakalina karjyakalapa madhyare rahichhi pathara aarohan, jeunthire aneka kanth upalabdha rahichhi, jeunthire seesa aarohan, shirsha ropinga kimba kanth upare nirbhara curry ubhaja rahichhi.
ullekhaneeah pracheeragudika madhyare rahichhih
tarikh prachira-rastara dahana parsware thiba logan kyanianare prathame ghunchantu (kebala seesa aarohan)
jadi aapananka pakhare kebala eka atirikta ghanta achhi ebong sehi deane aarohan karibaku chahunchhanti tebe jiba paain eka chamatkara sthana .
pratham abhyasa prachira-baama parsware tarikh prachiraru 1.3 mile
*dajakari adhika bibaranee sahita adyatana karantu*
2jaiah abhyasa prachira-tarikh prachiratharu 1.6 mile, 2jaiah dyam purbaru shesh baama matadana upalabdha . (kebala upara russie)
ehi kanthare apanankara sheershare thiba dakhyataku aagaku badhaiba paain 5.7-11 thaaru arambha curry aneka mazadar aarohan sthana rahichhi!
fucoidal quartgite-kharjur prachiratharu 8.8 mile, setu ebong dahana hatara kaanta banda heba purbaru 2jaru shesh baama. (shirsha dadi ebong seesa bikalpa)
40 + aarohan upalabdha thiba ehaa jekaunasi dakhyata starar bandhunku neba paain eka chamatkara sthana .
chean gumpha-kharjur prachira thaaru 8.6 mile, shesh baama, nadee koolare ati chhot padajatra sahita sethur turanta purbaru. (kebala seesa aarohan)
ehi kanthare biswara 1maha 5.13 rated aarohan rahichhi.
aneka sthaniah byabasai tatha keteka bhalu hradara snomobile bhada pradan karanti . logan canyonre snomobile paain charoti mukhya parking/trailhead anchala achhi (phrankalin ababahika, bibhar crick, udot sayed, ebong "sink") ebong hardware rench nikatare providence canyon ebong kalaa karigara kanta canyon sameth arambha karibaku anyanya aneka anchala achhi . ehi trailheadgudik susajjita trail, adim marga, khola khela khetra ebong pahadaku prabesha subidha pradan kare . pieter sinka heuchhi deshar shirsha manyata prapta snomobile anchala madhyaru gotie-sadharanatah uttarare kichhi mile doorare thiba sinka parking anchalaru prabesha karajaipariba . lagaan canyon trailhead madhya bhalu nadee renjara idaho anshaku jauthiba trelku prabesha pradan kare, jaahaa samaana bhabare snomobile karjyakalapa pradan kare .
aagaku jaantu.
laganru bahariba paain, apana kebala aama upare dakhinaku pachaku hutty paribe 89-91 sardine canyon ebong brigham sahara dei aai-15 ku, kimba apana priston, id madhyamare uttaraku aama upare 91 ku chaliparibe, ebong sheshare pocatello, id thaaru praiah 33 mile dakhinare aai-15 ku pheriparibe.
apana madhya 200 uttara/jayu. tii.-30.20 mailaru aai-15 parjyanta paschima digaku jaiparibe.
surakhita ruhantu.
logaanare aparadha bahuta comm ebong barambar deshar sabutharu surakhita sahara madhyaru gotie bhabare namit hoichhi . tathapi, moulika paramarshagudika bishajare bhulijiba buddhimanara kathaa.
sheeta ruture logaanare bahuta thanda padipare ebong panipaga prati upajukta satarkata ablamban karajiba aabasyaka. budd budd tushar jhada paain madhya prastuta rahiba uchita, ebong shitakalina paribartana dwara swasakrija janita samasya thiba lokamane jathaa-aajma bhali samasya bhogi paranti. | logan (yuu. tii. aii. aich.)
logan ikk nirpakh aakaar daa shehar haii atey tezi naal vadh riha haii, joe uttri utaah dey vaisaich rainz khetar witch sathit haii. iss shehar witch lagbhag 23,000 vidiaarthiaan vaala ikk raaj school, utaah state university haii. logan baahari gatividhiaan dee ikk daulat dee peshkash karda haii, jiss witch kujh shandar hiking, mountain biking, sports climbing, coiking, fly-fishing atey skiing shamal hunn. khushkismat haii kii laugan mukabaltan anjaan haii, iss laee ihanan vicchon bahut saariaan gatividhiaan daa anubhav amrica dey horr, samaan khetran witch paae jaanh vaale bahut ghatt bheed valiaan sathitiaan witch keeta jaa sakda haii.
samajh jaao.
jalvayu.
kaish valley witch waterch rainz dey shahiri kendran dee tulna witch bahut hii anhona atey bahut ziaada mausam haii. sardiaan bahut thandiaan hundiaan hunn, dinn daa tapman ghatt hii jamman toon uppar hunda haii atey raat daa neevan tapman aksar 0 ° fahrenheit (-18 ° celsius) toon hethan chalaa jaanda haii. sult lake city dee tulna witch baraf ghatt aksar hundi haii parr viaktigat toofan aam taur utte vadde hunde hunn. kaish valley witch raaj dey sabh toon bhaide ulat vee hunn, jiss witch thandi, namee vaali havaa atey pardushak ghaati witch phas sakde hunn. kise vee ghaati witch panj mint dee ikk sadharan swari tuhanun ulat toon bahr kaddhegi atey saare yoota witch kujh sabh toon sunder sardiaan dey pahadi drishan witch lae javegi. basant atey patjhad jangli hunde hunn atey aktubar dey shuru witch atey dair naal barafbari deeaan sambhavnavan dey naal tapman witch aksar tabdiliaan hundiaan hunn. garmiaan sult lake city naalon thandhi hundiaan hunn parr firr vee garam hundiaan hunn, dinn daa tapman aam taur utte 75 °F (24 °C) toon 95 °F (35 °C) takk hunda haii-uh shayed hii kadey 100 °F (38 °C) toon uppar pahunchade hunn. halanki, ih uttar witch kaafi door haii kii ih garmiaan dey ziaadaatar toofan toon bachda haii. halanki shehar aaramdaik haii atey aale duaale daa ilaka shandar haii, parr kujh lokan laee anhona mausam ikk modd haii. doosre badalde mausam noon anandmai mannade hunn atey vaadi atey iss deeaan bahut saariaan ghatiaan witch manoranjan dey bahut saare maukiaan noon lainde hoye bahr samaan bitaun daa anand lainde hunn.
ander jaao.
salt lake city toon aaee-15 utte uttar vall gaddi chalao. 362 (brigham shehar) toon bahr niklo, atey pahadan (gair-adhikarat taur 'teey sardine ghaati vajon janhiaa jaanda haii) raahin kaish ghaati witch saade naal challo. drive witch lagbhag 75-90 mint laggange. yuu. aiss. 89 atey 91 downtown laugan witch vande gaye hunn. yuu. aiss. 89 sunder laugan ghaati vicchon langh keey purab vall jaanda haii, ikk prasidh sair-spata sathaan jheel noon sehann curran laee, jadon kii yuu. aiss. 91 uttar vall idaho vall jaanda haii. ikk khetri havaai adda vee laugan dee seva dinda haii halanki iss samein koee vaparak yaatari udanan upalbadh naheen hunn.
badalven taur utte tusin aaee-15 ainn vee lae sakde hoow atey willard laee 351 toon bahr nickle sakde hoow. chhota yuu. tii. 126 section laugan atey ogan laee yuu. aiss.-89 vall jaanda haii. uss kaante utte khabbe paase rakkho atey sadak utte udon takk challo jadon takk tusin brigham shehar takk naheen pahunch jaande atey firr sajji laine tuhanun logan vall lae javegi. ih rasta 7 meal chhota haii atey bahut ghatt aavajai dey naal ikk vadhere aramdaik drive haii.
salt lake express atey grehound intercity buss seva pardan karde hunn.
aale-duaale jaao.
shehar dey aale-duaale jaanh laee gaddi chalauna, buss chalauna, turna atey cycle chalauna suvidhajanak tarike hunn. kaish valley transit zilha (websiret) buss pranali ikk sadharan ruut pranali naal logan atey aale duaale dey bhaichariaan dee seva kardi haii joe harr addhe ghante witch transit center toon bahr nikaldi haii. see. vee. tii. dee. laee kiraiaa mufat haii. saariaan bassan doou jaan tinn cycle lijaan laee tiaar hunn. mukkh glee bahut ziaada varti jaandi haii atey aksar bheed-bhadakke vaali hundi haii parr samanantar sadkan aksar laugan dey ander tezi naal pahunch pardan kardiaan hunn. shehar dey purab vaale paase, yoota state university, prachin jheel bonville dey provo bench utte baithadi haii, joe downtown logan toon lagbhag 250 futt ucchi haii. ih uchaee daa antar gair-motor aavajai laee ikk vadda rukawat haii. shehar dey purane grid hisse witch sadkan chaudiaan hunn, brigham naujwan dee salaah daa dhanvad kii uh ghodiaan dee ikk double-team atey ikk buck-board noon badlan laee sadkan dey naal shuruati yoota shahiran noon tiaar curran, iss laee cycle swaran laee kaafi jagha haii.
dekho.
crow.
garmiaan witch hiking atey mountain biking bahut mashur hundi haii parr vibhinn uchaee tabdili baahari gatividhiaan dey mausam noon mahattavpuran taur 'teey prabhavat kardi haii. havaa deeaan gufavan varge hethle, dakkhan vaale rastiaan noon aksar march dey shuru witch hii vadhaiaa jaa sakda haii, jadon kii 9000 toon uppar dey khetar aam taur 'teey juun dey akheer jaan julai dey shuru witch naheen hunde, jiss naal agast takk baraf dey viaapak khetran noon kaaim rakkhiaa jaanda haii. tapman uchaee dey naal-naal badalda rahinda haii, aam taur utte 8000 'teey tapman logan naalon 20 ° fahrenheit thanda hunda haii, atey uchaee vadhan dey naal tezi naal thanda hunda jaanda haii. garmiaan dey gadey atey meenh dey toofan ucche khetran witch aam hunn jadon logan witch koee varkha naheen hundi.
havaa deeaan gufavan dey raah noon vadhao. 2.6 meal dee goal yaatra, 900 'uchaee daa laabh. ih pagdandi maple dey upp-bagichiaan raahin laugan ghaati dey uttri paase, gufavan atey kamanan dey ikk chhote jihe gathan takk jaandi haii. ih ghaati witch ikk sunder drish vee pesh karda haii. trailhead ~ 5 meal uppar haii joe kii logan ghaati witch 89 meal utte haii, joe kii guinawah-malibu camp graoond dey sahmane sadak dey uttar vaale paase sathit haii.
naomi choti dey raste noon chadho. 5.8 meal dee goal yaatra, 1980 'uchaee daa laabh. naomi choti (9980 ') richh nadee luddy daa sabh toon uccha bindu haii. ih trail jangli fullan naal bharey ghaah dey maidanan vicchon langh keey sikhar takk jaandi haii, joe aale duaale deeaan chotiaan atey kaish ghaati dey shandar drish pesh kardi haii. trailhead tonny grove jheel utte sathit haii. saanoon 89 lagbhag 19 meal dee doori utte laugan ghaati toon tonny grove turnoff takk lae jaao. jheel (atey trailhead) saade toon 7 meal 89 door haii.
vadhere saahsi atey aakaar dey yaatari richmond, yuu. tii. dey nede cherry creak toon naomi choti takk pahunch qarr sakde hunn. logan toon 13 meal uttar vall saade 91 utte richmond shehar takk gaddi chalao. mukkh glee utte sajje paase mudo atey 300 purab takk pahunchan takk siddha jaao. 300 ee utte khabbe paase mudo atey siddhe jaao jadon takk sadak vakkh naheen hoow jaandi, 500 uttar vall sajje paase lae jaandi haii. sadak bajjari bann jaandi haii, bajjari sadak toon ikk parking khetar takk jaandi rahindi haii, atey jaari rahindi haii. parking khetar toon baad dee sadak gandgi atey pathrili haii, parr garmiaan witch ziaadaatar vaahanan duaara nadee paar curran takk pahunchyog haii. ucch nikasi vaale vaahanan noon nadee paar curran witch koee samassiaa naheen honee chahidi, jadon kii kaaran witch swaar yaatari nadee paar curran toon aapna chadahi shuru qarr sakde hunn. ih trail lagbhag 6000 'toon shuru hunda haii atey naomi choti vall jaanh vaale besin noon paar curran toon pahilan 9765' cherry choti toon purab vall chadahda haii.
kaish trails, ikk sathanak trail guide (HTTP:// Www) dee ikk online kaapi vee dekho.lognature.org/cache _ traels/canyontrail/[dedd link]), atey cashtrell.sathanak trail rakkh-rakhaa sangathan laee website (HTTP:// Ww.cashtrell.org/[dedd link])
vikalpik taur utte tusin itthe laugan dey trail daa vistrit verva lae sakde how (HTTP:// Www.chhota.org/yaatra/logain-hiking-guide.pdf [pahilan dedd link])
garmiaan deeaan horr gatividhiaan witch chattan chadhan dey naal-naal bahut saariaan kandhan upalbadh hunn joe jaan taan leed chadhan, topp roping jaan kandh dey adhaar teey doven hunn.
mahattavpuran kandhan witch shamal hann
mitee dee kandh-sadak dey sajje paase laugan ghaati witch pahila modd (siraf leed chadahi)
jaanh laee shandar jagha jey tuhade cole siraf ikk khaali ghanta haii atey uss dinn chadahi karna chahunde hoow
pahili abhiaas kandh-khabbe paase dee kandh toon 1 meal
*kripa karke vadhere verviaan naal update crow*
duji abhiaas kandh-mitee dee kandh toon 1.6 meal, dooje daim toon pahilan aakhri khabbe paase matdan upalbadh haii. (siraf upparli rassi)
iss kandh witch tuhade choti dey hunar noon agge vadhaun laee bahut saariaan mazedar chadahiaan hunn joe 5.7-11 shandar jagha hunn!
fucoidal quartzite-khajur dee kandh toon 8.8 meal, pull atey sajje hatth daa fork bnd curran toon pahilan khabbe paase toon aakhri paase. (sikharli rassi atey leed wicklup)
40 toon vaddh chadahiaan upalbadh honn dey naal ih kise vee hunar paddhar dey dostan noon lainn laee ikk shandar jagha haii.
cheen dee gufa-kandh toon 8.6 meal, aakhri khabbe paase, pull toon turant pahilan, nadee toon kandh takk bahut chhoti chadahi dey naal. (siraf leed chadahi)
iss kandh witch dunia dee pahili 5.13 rating vaali chadahi haii.
kaee sathanak karobaran dey naal-naal kujh richh jheel witch snomobile kiraae dee peshkash karde hunn. laugan ghaati witch snomobilan (franklin besin, beaver creak, eudot shedd atey "sink") laee chaar mukkh parking/trailhead khetar hunn atey hardware khet dey nede providence ghaati atey lohar fork ghaati noon shamal curran toon shuru curran laee kaee horr khetar hunn. ih trailhead tiaar keete trail, aarambhik rootan, khulleh khed khetran atey pahadiaan takk pahunch dee peshkash karde hunn. pieter sink desh dey choti dey darja prapat snomobile khetran vicchon ikk haii-aam taur utte kujh meal uttar witch sink parking khetar toon pahunch keeti jaandi haii. laugan canyon trailheads vee richh nadee rainz dey idaho hisse vall jaanh vaale trailan takk pahunch dee peshkash karde hunn, joe baraf deeaan gatishil gatividhiaan dee ikk barabar luddy pardan karde hunn.
agge jaao.
laugan toon bahr nikalan laee, tusin sardine ghaati atey brigham shehar toon aaee-15 takk saade utte dakkhan vall waps jaa sakde hoow, jaan tusin preston, id raahin saade uttar vall 91 vall jaari rahi sakde hoow, atey aakharkar pocatello, id toon lagbhag 33 meal dakkhan vall aaee-15 teey waps aaa sakde hoow.
tusin 200 uttar/yuu. tii.-30.20 meal toon aaee-15 takk pachham vall vee jaa sakde hoow.
surakhiat raho.
logan witch bahut ghatt apradh hunda haii atey iss noon vaar-vaar desh dey sabh toon surakhiat shahiran vicchon ikk vajon namzad keeta giaa haii. parr firr vee, ih budhiman haii kii tusin mudhle sujhavan noon naa bhullo.
logan witch sardiaan bahut thandhi hoow sakdiaan hunn atey mausam dey virudh uchit savdhaniaan vartiaan janhiaan chahidiaan hunn. vadde baraf dey toofan laee vee tiaar rahina chahida haii, atey sardiaan dey ulat saah deeaan samassiaavan jiven kii damey vaale lokan noon vadha sakde hunn. | logan (utaah)
logan-nagaram nyaayayutam nagaram asti, uttariya-utaah-pradeshasya vaashech-shreni-kshetre drutagatyaa vardhate cha. asmin nagare utaah-rajya-vishvavidyaalayaha asti, yah praayah 23,000 chhaatraah vidyamaane rajya-vidyaalayah asti. logan-nagare bahihi-pravruttehe sampadah asti, yathaa kechan utkrushtaani parvataarohanaani, mountain backing, creedaa-aarohanam, kayaaking, flai-fishing, skeeying cha. saubhaagyena, logan-yaanam apekshaakrutam naa anveshtam asti, etaasu bahavah kriyaah samyuktarajyamerikadesha anyeshu, samaaneshu kshetreshu drushyamananam apekshayaa atyalpa-janasamarditeshu avasthaasu anubhavayitum shaknuvanti.
avaganotu.
vaayugunah.
jala-parikshetrasya nagarakendranam apekshayaa kyaashe-upatyakayam ateeva apratyashitam, ati-vaayugunah cha bhavati. shitakale ateeva sheetah bhavati, dina-taapamaanam viralatayaa ghaneebhavanaat adhikam bhavati, raatrau nyoonam cha praayah 0 fahreinheitat (-18 masee) adhah patati. lavana-sarovar-nagarasya apekshayaa himapaatah nyunaa bhavati, parantu vyaktigata-vaatalah praayah bruhattaraah bhavanti. raajye kesh-upatyakayam api atyantam durbhedyam asti, yasmin shitali, aardravaayuh, pradooshakaah cha upatyakayam sankramitaah bhavitum arhanti. kasyaapi girikhaatasy upari panchanimeshasya saralayatraya bhavaan vyutkramaat bahihi, sampornasya utaah-nagarasya keshuchit ati sundaram sheetakaalasy parvata-drushye cha gantum shaknoti. vasantakaalah, patanakalah cha vanyah bhavati, tathaa cha october-masat poorvamev, yathashighram cha himasya sambhaavanaam saha taapamaanasy parivartanaani cha bahudhaa drushyante. greeshmakaalah lavana-sarovar-nagarasya apekshayaa sheetalah bhavati, parantu tathaapi ushnah bhavati, dina-taapamaanam samanyataya 75 fahreirenheit (24 mase.) taha 95 fahreirenheit (35 mase.) paryantam bhavati-te viralatayaa 100 fahreirenheit (38 mase.) taha adhikam bhavanti. parantu, uttardishi eva etat paryaaptam doore asti yat grishmakaale adhikaamsham meghaavrushtihi nivaarayati. yadyapi nagaram sukhakaram asti, paritah bhoobhaagah cha darshanee asti, tathaapi katipayanam krute apratyaashit-vaayugunah parivartaneeyah bhavati. anye parivartamaana-vaayugunam anandadayakam manyante, sampoorne upatyakayam, tasya aneka-upatyakaasu cha manoranjanasya anekaan avasaraan sveekrutya bahihi samayam yaapayanti.
pravishatu.
salt leck-city-nagaraat aii-15 maarge uttardishi vaahanachaalanam karotu. 362 (brighaam-nagaram) ityatah nirgamya, parvateshu (anaupachaarikaroopena sardain-kenyan iti nirdishyamaanah) margena kyaashe-upatyakayam asman anugantavyam. drave-krute praayah 75-90 nimeshaan lagnuyat. yu. ess. 89 tathaa 91 nagarmadhyasth-logan-madhye vibhajyante. yu. ess. 89, sundarasya logan-girikhaatasy madhyamena poorvadishi lokapriyam paryatansthalam sarovaram dhaarayitum gacchati, asmaabhih 91 uttare idaaho-nagaram prati gacchatah. praadeshikavimaanasthanakam api logan-sevaa pradadaati, yadyapi asmin samaye vaanijya-yaatri-vimaanayaanaani naa upalabhyante.
vaikalpikaroopen bhavaan aii-15 enn api graheetum shaknoti tathaa cha willard ityasya nirgamanam 351 cha graheetum shaknoti. laghuhu yu. tii. 126 khandah yu. ess-89 prati logan tathaa ogden ityetayoho krute pravahati. tasmin kaante vaamabhaage sthapayitva yaavat bhavaan brigham-nagaram naa prapnuyat taavat maargam anusaratu, tatah dakshinamargah bhavantam logan-nagaram prati netum arhati. ayam maargah 7 mail-mitam laghutaram, atyalpa-yaataayaaten saha adhika-aramadayaka-vaahanachaalanam cha asti.
salt leck-express tathaa grehand ityetaani cha intercity bus-sevaa pradaasyanti.
paritah gacchatu.
vaahanachaalanam, bus-yaanam, padacharanam, dwichakrikaayaah cha madhyamena nagaram paritah gantum sulabhaani maargaani santi. kyaashe-vyaalee-transit-mandalasya (jaalaputah) bus-vyavasthaa, logan-samudaayasy tathaa parisarasthanam samudayanam krute, saral-maarga-vyavasthayaa sevaa-pradatta asti, yaa prati ardhaghantayam transit-kendraat bahihi vikiranam karoti. see. vee. tea. dee. ityasya bhatakani nihshulkaani santi. sarvaani bus-yaanaani dwichakrikaadwayam vaa treeni vaa chaalayitum susajjaani santi. mukhyamargah bahudhaa upayogitah, praayah jansammarditah cha bhavati, parantu samantaramargaha praayah logan-madhye drutagatyaa pravesham pradadaati. ootaa-rajya-vishvavidyaalayaha, nagarasya poorvadishi, prachinasya bonneville-sarovarasya provo-bench ityatra sthitah asti, yah downtown-logan-nagaraat praayah 250 feet-adhikam oordhwah asti. ayam oordhvataa-bhedah motor-rahita-parivahanasya pramukhah nivaarakah asti. puraanaam grid-bhagasya maargah vistrutah asti, brigham-yuvakaah, ashvanam dvitala-dalam, buck-board ityetaan cha paritah parivartayitum paryaaptam vistrutam veethyaam yukttam praarambhik-utaah-nagaraani sthaapayitum prabodhanam akurvan, ataha atra dwichakrikachaalakebhyah paryaaptam sthaanam asti.
pashyatu.
karotu.
grishmakaale parvataarohanam, parvata-backing cha ateeva lokapriyaani bhavanti, parantu vividha-oordhvataa-parivartanaani baahya-kriyaakalaap-rutuhu mahattvapoornaroopena prabhaavayanti. vaayu-guhaasah ityaadayah nimna-dakshina-mukha-maargaah praayah maarch-masat eva arohanartham shakyante, parantu 9000 'taha adhika-kshetraani praayah joon-masasya ante vaa julai-masasya aarambhe vaa aarohanayogyaani naa bhavanti, august-maasaparyantam vistruta-kshetraani hima-rupena dhaarayanti. taapamaanam api oordhvataayaah anuroopam parivartate, samanyataya 8000 'taapamaanam logan ityasya apekshayaa 20 fahreirenheit-parimitam sheetalam bhavati, oordhvataayaah vruddhyaa saha sheetalam cha vardhate. grishmakaale aalingan-vrushtihi, warshaawaat-vaatalah cha ucchakshetreshu samanyaha bhavanti, yadaa logan-pradeshe varshaa naa bhavati.
vaayu-guhaasu maargam agruhnaat. 2.6 mail-parimitam vrutta-yatram, 900 'oordhvataa-labha. maargah logan-giri-giri-kshetrasya uttardishi, maple-upavanaihi, laghunagaraanaam, kamananam cha nirmanam prati pravahati. giribhitteh adhah api sundaram drushyam asti. margasya agrabhaagah ~ 5 mail-oordhvatah 89 mail-mitam yaavat laagan-girikhaatam yaavat asti, yat margasya uttardishi ginivaa-maalibu-shibirasya viruddham sthitam asti.
naomi shikharamaargam aarohanam karotu. 5.8 mail-parimiti-bhramanam, 1980 'iti oordhvataa-praaptih. naomi-shikharam (9980 ') bhaaluk-nadee-shrunkhalaayaah sarvochcham sthaanam vartate. ayam maargah vanyapushpaihi poornaih trunabhumya shikharam prati gacchati, yena paritah shikharanam, kesha-upatyakayaha cha adbhutadrushyaani drushyante. trailhead iteedam toney-grove-sarovarasya sameepe asti. 89 yaavat praayah 19 mail-mitam yaavat logan-girikhaatam yaavat toney-grove-turn-aaf-paryantam nayantu. sarovarah (tathaa trail-hayd) asmaabhih 89 mail doore asti.
adhika-saahasee, aakaar-yukttaah cha parwataaroheeh richmond, yu. tii. ityasya sameepe cheree-creak ityatah naomi-shikharam praaptum shaknuvanti. logan-nagaraat 13 mail-uttardishi asmaabhih 91-mitam yaavat drave krutvaa richmond-nagaram prati gacchatu. mukhyamaarge dakshinam gacchatu, 300 poorvam yaavat naa gacchatu. 300 ee-madhye vaamam tirya, yaavat maargah vibhaktaa naa bhavati taavat sakshat gacchatu, 500 uttardishi dakshinam prati gacchatu. maargah grail-rupena parivartate, parking-kshetram prati grail-maargam anusrutya nirantaram prachalati, cha. parking-kshetrasya pashchat maargah malinah shilaayuktah cha asti, parantu grishmakaale nadiparam yaavat adhikaamshaah vaahanaani praapyante. uccha-nirgamana-yaanaani nadiparam naa samasyaayuktaani bhaveyuhu, vaahanaani chaalayanta nadiparam gatvaa aarohanam aarabhant. praayah 6000 'taha aarabhy 9765' cheree-shikharam poorvadishi aarohanam krutvaa naomi-shikharam prati netum paatram atikramayati.
kyaash-trails api pashyatu, sthaniya-trail-gaid ityasya anlain-pratilipihi (HTTP:// Www.laghu-aakrutihi.org/cach _ traels/canyontrail/[mruta-link]), tathaa cachetrail cha.org, sthaniya-maarga-rakharakhaaw-samsthaa-website (HTTP:// Www.cashetrails.org/[mruta-link])
vaikalpikaroopen bhavaan atra logan-margasya vistrutavivaranam anveshtum shaknotih (HTTP:// Www.laghuhu.org/Travel/logan-haaikim-gaid.pi. dii. ef. [poorvam mrutam link])
anyeshu greeshmakaaleen-kriyakalapeshu shilaarohanam antarbhavati, yatra anekaani bhittayah upalabhyante, seesam aarohanam, shirsha-roping athavaa bhittim ashritya ubhau api upalabhyante.
ullekhaniyanam bhittim antarbhavati.
dinank-bhittihi-prathame margasya dakshinabhaage sthitasya logan-girikhaateh parivarttanam karotu (kevalam seesam arohanam).
yadi bhavatah sameepe kevalam ekam avadhikaalam vartate, tasmin dine aarohanam kartum icchati tarhi gantum adbhutam sthalam vartate.
prathamaprashikshan-bhittihi-vaamapaarshve dinank-bhitteh 1.3 mail doore asti.
*krupayaa adhikavivaranaih saha adyataneekaranam karotu.*
dwiteeya-abhyasa-bhittihi-dinank-bhitteh 1.6 mail-doore, dwiteeya-jalabandhat poorvam antimam vamabhaga-matadanm upalabhyte. (kevalam upari-rope)
asmin bhittau bhavatah shirsha-yukta-kaushalaan pravardhayitum 5.7-11 iti shrenyaah anekaani vinodam aarohanaani santi!
fucoidal quartjet-kharjoor-bhitteh 8.8 mail doore, setunah dakshinahast-kaantaah cha nishkaasayitum dwiteeyatah antimatah vaamatah. (shirsha-rope tathaa sisa vikalpaah)
40 + aarohanaani upalabhy, kasyaapi kaushala-starasya mitraan gantum etat adbhutam sthalam asti.
cheena-guhaa-kharjoor-bhitteh 8.6 mail doore, antimah vaamatah, setunah poorvam, nadyaah paarshve prachiraparyantam atyalpam arohanam. (kevalam sisa arohanam)
asmin bhittau vishvasya prathamam 5.13 shrenayuktam arohanam asti.
aneke sthaniyavyavasayaha api cha kechan berr-leck-madhye cha sno-mobail-bhatakani pradaasyanti. logan-giri-giri-kshetre sno-mobails-krute chatwaarah mukhyaani parking/trailhead-kshetraani santi (franklin-nadee-tatah, beaver-creak, udot-shade, "da-sink"), yantraamsha-kshetrasya sameepe providence-giri-giri-giri-giri-giri-giri-giri-giri-giri-giri-giri-giri-giri-giri-giri-giri-giri-giri-giri-giri-giri-giri-giri-giri-giri-giri-giri-giri-giri-giri-giri-giri-giri-giri-giri-giri-giri-giri-giri-giri-giri-giri-giri-giri-giri-giri-giri-giri-giri-giri-giri-giri-giri-giri-giri-giri-giri-giri-giri-giri-giri-giri-giri-giri-giri-giri-giri-giri-giri-giri-giri-giri-giri-giri-giri-giri-giri-giri-giri-giri-giri-giri-giri-giri-giri-giri-giri-giri-giri-giri-giri-giri-giri ete margashikharani, susajjitamargan, adimamargan, mukta-kridaakshetraan, parwataih cha prapyatam pradaasyanti. peater-sink iti deshasya shirshasthaneshu sno-mobail-kshetreshu anyatam asti-praayah uttardishi katipayeshu mail-dooreshu sthitaat sink-parking-kshetraat praapyate. logan-kenyan-trail-heads ityetaani, bhaaluk-nadee-shrunkhalaayaah idaaho-bhaagam prati gantum margan api pradadaati, yena sno-mobail-kriyakalapanam samaan-shreneem pradadaati.
agrime.
logan-taha bahihi gantum, bhavaan kevalam sardin-kenyan-dwara tathaa brigham-nagaraat dakshinadishi dakshinadishi aii-15 paryantam pashchadagamanam kartum shaknoti, athavaa preston-aii. dii. dwara uttardishi 91 paryantam agre gantum shaknoti, ante aii-15 prati paukaatello-aii. dii. taha dakshinadishi praayah 33 mail doore pratyaagantum shaknoti.
bhavaan 200 uttar/yu. tii.-30.20 mail-dooram yaavat aii-15 paryantam paschimadishi gantum shaknoti.
surakshitam bhavantu.
logan-nagare aparaadhah atyalpah asti, deshasya surakshitatamaasu nagareshu anyatamah iti pade pade namankitaha asti. tathaapi, mulasuchanaha naa vismaranam tu adyaapi buddhipoorvakam bhavati.
shitakale logan-pradeshe ateeva sheetah bhavet, vaayugunasya viruddham cha samuchitaani savadhanani sweekartum shakyate. pramukheshu himavatanam krute api sajjataam karaneeyam, shitakale vyutkramanaah asthamaa-rogena sadrushaah shvaasocchvaasa-samasyayuktan janaan teevrataram kartum shaknuvanti. | logan (utta)
logan oru niyayamaana alavilaana nagaramaagum, maelum idhu vadakku udaavin wassatch raench paguthiyil vaekamaaka valarnthu varukirathu. inththa nagaraththil sumar 23,000 maanavargalaik konda oru maanilap palliyaana utta maanilap palkalaikkazhagam ullathu. sila sirantha nadaippayanam, malai biking, vilayaattu aeruthal, kayaking, fly-fishing mattrum panicharukku ullitta velippura seyalpaadugal aeraalamaanavattrai logan valangkukirathu. athirshtavasamaaga, logan oppeettalavil kandupidikkappadavillai, enavae inththa seyalpaadugal pala americavin pira, oththa pakuthikalil kaanappaduvathu vida migak kuraindha nerisalaana nilaimaigalil anubavikka mudiyum.
purinthukollungal.
kaalanilai.
kaech pallatthaakku migavum kanikka mudiyaatha mattrum theevira vaanilai kondathaaga ullathu, idhu vaatch varambin nagarppura maiyangkaludan oppidugaiyil. kulirkaalam migavum kuliraaga irukkum, pakalnaera veppanilai arithaagavae uraipanikku mael sellum mattrum eravil kuraindha veppanilai adikkadi 0 digiri fahrenheit (-18 digiri celsius) kkum keezhae vizhum. uppu aeri nagaraththai vida panippozhivu kuraivaaga ullathu, aanaal thanipatta puyalgal podhuvaaga periyathaaka irukkum. kaech pallatthaakku maanilaththin miga moasamaana thalaikeezh maattrangkalil ontraakum, idhil kulirntha, eerappathamaana kaattru mattrum maasupaduththigal pallaththaakkil sikkik kollalaam. endhavoru pallaththaakkilum oru eliya ainthu nimida sawari ungkalai thalaikeezhaaga irunthu veliyae kondu varum mattrum anaitthu uttaakkalilum ulla miga azhagaana kulirkaala malai nilapparappugalil silavattrirkul kondu sellum. vasantha kaalam mattrum ilaiyuthir kaalam kaattup paruvaththil irukkum, maelum october maatha thodakkaththil mattrum mae maathaththin pirpaguthiyil panippozhivu aerpaduvatharkaana saaththiyakkoorugaludan adikkadi veppanilai maattrangkalaik kondullana. koodaikkaalam uppu aeri nagaraththai vida kuliraaga irukkirathu, aanaal innum soodaaga irukkirathu, pakalnaera veppanilai podhuvaaga 75 digiri fahrenheit (24 digiri celsius) muthal 95 digiri fahrenheit (35 digiri celsius) varai irukkum-avai arithaagavae 100 digiri fahrenheit (38 digiri celsius) kku mael adaiyum. iruppinum, idhu vadakkae ulla thooraththil thaan koadaik kaala idiyudan koodiya perumpaalaana mazhaippozhivugalaith thavirkkirathu. nagaram vasathiyaanathu mattrum suttriyulla nilaparappu kankavar entraalum, kanikka mudiyaatha vaanilai silarukku oru thiruppumunaiyaaga irukkum. mattravargal maarivarum vaanilai magizhchchiyaaga iruppathaik kaankiraargal, maelum pallatthaakku mattrum adhan pala pallaththaakkugal muzhuvathum ulla pala pozhuthupoakku vaaippugalai eduththu veliyil neraththai selavidugiraargal.
ullae poa.
uppu aeri nagaraththilirunthu aii-15 ill vadakkae sellungal. 362 (brigam nagaram) ilirunththu veliyaerungkal, maelum malaikal vazhiyaaga (athikaarappoorvamaaga saardin pallatthaakku endru kurippidappadugiradhu) kaech pallaththaakkirkul engkalaip pinthodaravum. inththa iyakki sumar 75-90 nimidangal edukka vaendum. yuu. ess 89 mattrum 91 nagarap paguthiyil pirinththana. yuu. ess. 89 azhagaana logan pallatthaakku vazhiyaaga kizhakkae sendru aeriyaik kondu selkirathu, idhu oru pirabalamaana suttrulaath thalamaagum, athae neraththil yuu. ess. 91 vadakkae idaahoavirku selkirathu. inththa neraththil vaniga payanigal vimaanangkal ethuvum kidaikkavillai entraalum oru piraanthiya vimaana nilaiyamum logan sevaiyai valangkukirathu.
maattraaka neengkal aii-15 enn eduththu villarttukku 351 veliyaerum edukkalaam. kurumpadamaana yudi126 pirivu logan mattrum ookten aagiyavattrirkaaga yuu. ess-89 aii noakki kilaigal. antha mutkarandiyil idathupuram vaiththu, neengkal brigam nagaraththai adaiyum varai saalaiyaip pinpattrunggal, pinnar valathu paathai ungkalai loaganai noakki alaiththuch sellum. inththa paathai 7 mile kurugiyadhu mattrum migak kuraindha poakkuvaraththudan migavum vasathiyaana vaaganam.
salt lake express mattrum grayhound aagiyavai nagarangalukku idaiyaeyaana paerunthu sevaiyai vazhangkukintrana.
suttrip paarungkal.
vaaganam oottuthal, paerunththil sawari seithal, nadaipayirchi mattrum cycle oottuthal aagiyavai nagaraththaich suttri varuvatharkaana vasathiyaana vazhigalaagum. kaech pallatthaakku poakkuvaraththu maavattam (valaithalam) paerunthu amaippu logan mattrum suttriyulla samoogangalukku oru eliya paathai amaippudan saevai seikirathu, idhu ovvoru arai manii neeraththirkum poakkuvaraththu maiyaththilirunthu veliyae paravukirathu. chii. vii. dii. kkaana kattanangal ilavasam. anaitthu paerunththugalum irandu allathu moontru midhivandigalai eduththuch sellakkoodiya vagaiyil amaikkappattullana. pirathaana theru perithum payanpaduththappadukirathu mattrum perumpaalum nerisalaanathu aanaal inaiyaana therukkal perumpaalum logonukkul viraivaana anugalai vazhangkukintrana. nagaraththin kizhakkup paguthiyil ulla utta maanila palkalaikkazhagam, pandaiya aeri poanvillin provo benjil amainthullathu, idhu downtown loaganai vida sumar 250 addii uyaraththil ullathu. inththa uyara vaerupaadu motor allaatha poakkuvaratthukku oru mukiya thadaiyaaga ullathu. nagaraththin pazhaiya kattap pakuthi muzhuvathum ulla therukkal agalamaaga ullana, irandu kuthiraigal mattrum oru buck-poardai suttri thirumbum alavukku agalamaana therukkaludan aarambagaala utta nagarangalai amaikka brigam ilainyargalin arivuraikku nandri, enavae cycle oottupavargalukku aeraalamaana idam ullathu.
paarungkal.
seiyungal.
nadaipayanam mattrum malai biking koadaiyil migavum pirabalamaaga ullana, aanaal maarupatta uyara maattram velippura seyalpaattu paruvangkalai kanisamaaga paathikkirathu. kaattru kugaigal poantra kuraindha, therku noakkiya paathaikalai perumpaalum maarch maathaththilaeyae uyarthalaam, athae neraththil 9000 'kku mael ulla pakuthikal podhuvaaga juun pirpaguthi allathu juulai thodakkam varai aera mudiyaathu, august varai parantha panippozhivugalai paraamarikkirathu. veppanilai uyaraththirku aerpa maarupadum, vazhakkamaaga 8000 'veppanilai loaganai vida 20 digiri fahrenheit kuliraagavum, uyaram athikarippudan maelum maelum kuliraagavum irukkum. loganil mazhaippozhivu illaathapoathu, adhiga idangkalil koadaikkaala alangatti mazhai mattrum mazhaip puyalgal aerpaduvathu podhuvaanathu.
kaattru kugaigal paathaiyai uyarththavum. 2.6 mile suttruppayanam, 900 'uyaram aathaayam. inththa paathai logan pallaththaakkin vadakkup paguthiyil, maple thoappukal vazhiyaaga, kugaigal mattrum valaivugalin oru siriya vadivaththirkuch selkirathu. pallaththaakkin oru azhagaana kaatchiyaiyum valangkukirathu. kiniva-maalibu mugaamukku ethir thisaiyil saalaiyin vadakkup paguthiyil amainthulla logan pallaththaakkil irunthu 5 mile maelae 89 mile thooraththil ullathu.
navomi sigarap paathaiyai aeravum. 5.8 mile suttruppayanam, 1980 'uyaram aathaayam. nayomi sigaram (9980 ') karadi nadhi malaiththodarin miga uyaramaana idamaagum. inththa paathai kaattuppookkal niraintha pulveligal vazhiyaaga uchchikkuch selkirathu, idhu suttriyulla sigarangal mattrum kaech pallaththaakkin kankavar kaatchigalai valangkukirathu. trailhead donny thoav aeriyil amainthullathu. sumar 19 mile thooraththil ulla logan pallatthaakku varai donny thoappin tiruppumunaikku engkalaith alaiththuch sellungal. aeri (mattrum paathai) engkalidamirunthu 7 mile tholaivil 89 mile tholaivil ullathu.
adhiga saagasa mattrum vadiva malaiyaerupavargal richmond, yudikku arugilulla cherri sittroadaiyilirunthu navomi sigaraththai anugalaam. loganil irunthu 13 mile vadakkae engkal 91 ill richmond nagaraththirkuch sellungal. pirathaana theruvil valathupuram thirumbi, 300 kilakku noakki sellum varai neraagach sellungal. 300 eee ill idathupuram thirumbi, saalai pilavupadum varai neraagach sendru, 500 vadakkae valathupuram selka. saalai saralai aagi, saralai saalaiyaip pinpattri oru vaagana niruththumidaththirkuch sendru thodarum. vaagana niruththumidaththirkup pinththaiya saalai alukku mattrum paarai, aanaal koadaiyil perumpaalaana vaaganangkal aattraik kadakkum varai anugalaam. adhiga thooram sellum vaaganangkal aattraik kadappathil endhap pirachchanaiyum irukkak koodaathu, athae neraththil kaarkalil malaiyaerupavargal aattraik kadakkum idaththilirunththu thangal nadaippayanatthaith thodangalaam. inthap paathai sumar 6000 'ill thodangi 9765' cherri sigaraththai kadanthu kizhakkae aerum, pinnar navomi sigaraththirkuch sellum oru padugaippagudhiyaik kadakkirathu.
ulloor paathai vazhikaattiyin anline nagalaana kaech paathaikalaiyum paarkkavum (HTTP:// Www.madakkai.org/cach _ traels/canyontraills/[tett link]), mattrum cachetrals.org, ulloor paathai paramarippu amaipukkaana valaiththalam (HTTP:// Ww.kaetchtreylgal.org/[tett link])
maattraaka, logon paathaikal pattriya virivaana vilakkangkalai neengkal ingkae barkalam (HTTP:// Www.siriyathu.org/Travel/logan-haaiking-vazhikaatti.pdf [munbu iranththa inaippu])
mattra koadaikkaala nadavadikkaigalil, munnani aeruthal, mael ropping allathu suvaraip porutthu irandaiyum konda pala suvarkaludan paarai aeruthal adangkum.
kurippidatthakka suvarkalil pinvaruvana adangum
thaethich suvar-saalaiyin valathu pakkaththil ulla logan pallaththaakkil muthal murai thirumbavum (munnani aeruthal mattumae)
ungkalukku oru oaivu neram mattumae irunthaal, antha naalil aera virumbinaal sella arputhamaana idam
1 vadhu payirchi suvar-idathu pakkaththil ulla thaethi suvaril irunthu 1.3 mile tholaivil ullathu
*maelum vivarangkaludan puthuppikkavum*
2vadhu payirchich suvar-thaethich suvarilirunthu 1.6 mile tholaivil, 2vadhu anaikku muun kadaisi idathupuram vaakkuppathivu ullathu. (mael kayiru mattum)
inththa suvar ungkal sirantha kaiththozhil thirankalaith thoonduvatharku sirantha idamaaga 5.7-11 vadivil pala vaedikkaiyaana aeruthalkalaik kondullathu!
fuguidal gwardsite-paereechchampazhach suvarilirunthu 8.8 mile tholaivil, paalam mattrum valathu kaii mutkarandi anaikkappaduvatharku munbu 2 vadhu muthal kadaisi idathupuram. (mael kayiru mattrum munnani viruppangkal)
40 + aeruthalkal kidaippathaal, endhavoru thiran mattaththilum nanbarkalai alaiththuch sella idhu oru arputhamaana idamaagum.
seena kugai-paereechchampazhach suvarilirunthu 8.6 mile tholaivil, kadaisi idathupuram, baalaththirku sattru munbu, aattrin kurukkae irunthu suvarukku miga kurugiya nadaippayanaththudan. (munnani aeruthal mattumae)
inththa suvar ulagin muthal 5.13 mathippeettu aeruthalaik kondullathu.
pala ulloor vanigangkalum, karadi aeriyil ulla sila vanigangkalum snomobile vaadagaikalai vazhangkukintrana. logan pallaththaakkil panii vaaganangkalukkaana naanku mukiya barking/trailhead pakuthikal ullana (franklin padugai, beaver creak, udoad shhed mattrum "thii sink") maelum vanporul pannaikku arugilulla providence pallatthaakku mattrum karuppar fork pallatthaakku udpada thodanga pala pakuthikal ullana. inththa paathaikal, seer seiyappatta paathaikal, palamaiyaana paathaikal, thiranthavezhi vilayaattu pakuthikal mattrum malaikal aagiyavattrirkaana anugalai vazhangkukintrana. piittar sink enbathu naattin muthalidaththil ulla snomobile pakuthikalil ontraakum-podhuvaaga vadakkae sila mile tholaivil ulla sink barking paguthiyilirunthu anugappadugiradhu. logan pallatthaakku paathaikal karadi nadhi varambin idaho pakuthikku sellum paathaikalaiyum vazhangkukintrana, idhu samamaana panicharukku nadavadikkaigalai valangkukirathu.
aduththu sellungal.
loganil irunthu veliyaera, neengkal sirthine pallatthaakku mattrum brigam nagaram vazhiyaaga aii-15 kku therkae engkalidam pinvaangalaam, allathu neengkal breston, aidi vazhiyaaga 91 ill vadakkae thodaralaam, iruthiyil aii-15 kku pogadello, aidikku therkae sumar 33 mile tholaivil thirumbalaam.
neengkal aii-15 kku 200 vadakku/yudi-30.20 mile thooraththil maerku noakkich sellalaam.
paathukaappaaka irungkal.
loganil migak kuraindha kuttrangal ullana, maelum idhu naattin paathukaappaana nagarangalil ontraaka meendum meendum peyaridappattullathu. iruppinum, adippadai kurippugalai maranthuvidaamal iruppathu innum buddhisalithanam.
kulirkaalam loganil migavum kuliraaga irukkalaam, maelum vaanilaikku ethiraaga sariyaana munnecharikkai nadavadikkaikal edukkappada vaendum. periya panii puyalkalukkum thayaaraaga irukka vaendum, maelum kulirkaala thalaikeezhaana maattrangkal astuma poantra suvaasap pirachchanaikal ullavargalai moasamaakkakkoodum. | logan (utah)
logaon oka sarasamaina parimaanapu pattanam mariyu uttara utaalooni washach shreni praantamloo vaegamgaa abhivruddhi chendutondi. eee pattanam sumaru 23,000 mandhi vidyaarthulatho kuudina rashtra paatasaala ayina utaa state universityki nilayam. logaon konni adbhutamaina hiking, mountain biking, sport climbing, kayaking, fly fishing mariyu skiingtoo sahaa bahiranga karyakalapala sampadanu andistundi. adrushtavasaattuu, logaon saapekshamgaa kanugonabadaledu, kabatti eee karyakalapalu chaalaa varaku samyukta raashtraalloni itara, saaruupya praantaalalo kanipinche vaati kante chaalaa takkuva raddi paristhitulalo anubhavinchavacchu.
ardham chesukondi.
vaataavaranam.
washach shreni pattana kendraalato poliste cash loyalo chaalaa anoohyamaina mariyu teevramaina vaataavaranam untundi. sheethaakaalam chaalaa challaga untundi, pagati ushnogratalu arudugaa gaddakatte kante ekkuvagaa untaayi mariyu ratriputa kanishtalu tarachugaa 0 efo (-18 masim) kante takkuvagaa untaayi. uppu sarassu nagaram kante manchu takkuvagaa untundi, conny okkokkati saadhaaranamgaa pedda tuphaanulu untaayi. kaash loya raashtramlo atyanta ghoramaina vilomaalalo okati, dheenilo challani, thematho kuudina gaali mariyu kalushya karakalu loyalo chikkukupotayi. edainaa loya paiki aidu nimishala saadhaarana prayaanam mimmalni vilomam nundi bayataku testundi mariyu mottam utahloni konni andamaina sheethaakaala parvata prakruti drushyaalaku cherutundi. vasanta rutuvu mariyu patanam adavulu mariyu october praarambhamlo mariyu mae chivari varaku manchu padee avakaasaalatoe tarachugaa ushnogratalo maarpulanu kaligi untaayi. salt lake city kante vesavi challaga untundi, conny ippatikee vaedigaa untundi, pagati ushnogratalu saadhaaranamgaa 75 efo (24 masim) nundi 95 efo (35 masim) varaku untaayi-avi arudugaa 100 efo (38 masim) kante ekkuvagaa untaayi. ayithe, idhi chaalaa varaku vesavi urumulato kuudina urumulanu nivaarinchadaaniki uttaraana chaalaa dhooramlo undhi. nagaram hayiga mariyu chuttupakkala bhuubhaagam adbhutamainadi ayinappatikee, anoohya vaataavaranam kontamandiki tirogamanam. itarulu maarutunna vaataavaranaanni aanandamgaa bhaavistaaru mariyu loya antataa mariyu daani aneka loyalalo aneka vinoda avakaasaalanu pondutuu bayata samayanni gadapadam aanandistaaru.
lopaliki vellandi.
salt lake city nundi ii-15 loe uttaraana drive cheyandi. 362 (brigham nagaram) nundi nishkraminchi, parvataala gundaa (anadhikarikamga sardine loya anie pilustaaru) kaash loyaloki mammalni anusarinchandi. drive sumaru 75-90 nimishalu teesukoovaali. yuu. ess. 89 mariyu 91 diguva pattana logaanlo vibhajinchabaddaayi. yuu. ess. 89 oka prasiddha paryataka gamyasthaanamaina sarasunu moyadaniki andamaina logan loya gundaa thoorpuvaipuku velutundagaa, yuu. ess. 91 uttaraana idahoku velutundi. eee samayamlo vaanijya prayaanikula vimanalu andubaatulo laenappatikee praantiiya vimaanaasrayam kooda logaon sevalanu andistundi.
pratyamnaayamgaa meeru ii-15 enn kooda teesukoni willard kosam 351 nundi nishkramana cheyavachu. chinna yuti126 vibhagam logaon mariyu ogden kosam us-89 vaipu pravahistundi. aaa fork vadda edamavaipuku unchandi mariyu meeru brigham nagaraniki cherukune varaku rahadaarini anusarinchandi, aapai kudi laine mimmalni logaon vaipu nadipistundi. eee maargam 7 mailla chinnadi mariyu chaalaa takkuva trafficto marinta soukaryavantamaina drive.
salt lake express mariyu grayhound intercity bassu sevalanu andistaayi.
chuttoo tiragandi.
driving, bassu nadapadam, nadavadam mariyu saikling pattanaanni chuttadaniki anukuulamaina margalu. cash valley transit district (website) bassu vyavastha prati aragantaku ravana kendram nundi bayataku pravahinche saadhaarana maarga vyavasthatho logaon mariyu chuttupakkala communitylaku sevalu andistundi. sii. vii. tii. dii. kii chaarjeelu uchitam. anni bassulu rendu ledhaa moodu saikillanu teesukelladaaniki amarchabadi untaayi. pradhana veedhi ekkuvagaa upayoginchabadutundi mariyu tarachugaa raddiigaa untundi, conny samaantara veedhulu tarachugaa logaon lopala vaegamgaa cherukovadaniki veelu kalpistaayi. pattanaaniki thoorpu vaipuna unna yuta state university, puraatana sarassu bonneville yokka provo bench meeda undhi, idhi diguva pattana logaon kante 250 adugula ettulo undhi. eee ettulo vyatyaasam motaru rahita ravaanaaku pradhana nirodhakam. pattanamlooni paatha grid bhaagam antataa veedhulu vedalpugaa unnaayi, rendu gurraala brundaanni mariyu oka buck-boardnu tippenta vedalpu gala veedhulatho prarambha utah nagaralanu erpaatu cheyamani brigham yuvakula heccharikaku dhanyavaadaalu, kabatti cyclistulaku pushkalamgaa sthalam undhi.
chudandi.
cheyandi.
vesavilo hiking mariyu mountain biking chaalaa prachuryam pondaayi, ayithe vividha ettulo maarpu bahiranga karyakalapala seasonlanu gananeeyamgaa prabhaavitam chestundi. gaali guhalu vanti takkuva, dakshina mukhamgaa unna kaalibaatalu tarachugaa marchi praarambhamloonae ekkavacchu, ayithe 9000 'kante ekkuva unna praantaalu saadhaaranamgaa juun chivari varaku ledhaa juulai prarambham varaku ekkalevu, augustu varaku manchu yokka vistruta praantaalanu nirvahistaayi. ushnograta kooda ettunu batti maarutuu untundi, saadhaaranamgaa 8000 'vadda ushnogratalu logaon kante 20 ° eff challaga untaayi mariyu etthu perugudalato marinta challaga untaayi. logaanlo avapaatam lenappudu ettaina praantaalalo vesavi vadagallu mariyu varshapu tuphaanulu sarvasaadhaaranam.
gaali guhala kaalibaatanu ekki vellandi. 2.6 mailla round trip, 900 'etthu perugudala. eee kalibata logan loya yokka uttara vaipu, mapul thotala dwara, guhalu mariyu vampu yokka chinna nirmaanam varaku velutundi. idhi loyaloki kooda andamaina drushyaanni andistundi. trail head ~ 5 mailla etthu maaku 89 logan loyalo undhi, idhi ginawa-malibu camp ground edurugaa rahadaariki uttaraana undhi.
navomi sikharam kaalibaatanu adhirohinchandi. 5.8 mailla round trip, 1980 'elevation geyin. naomi sikharam (9980 ') elugubanti nadhi shrenilo ettaina pradaesam. eee kalibata adavi puvvulatho nindina pacchika bayalla gundaa sikharaaniki velutundi, idhi chuttupakkala sikharaalu mariyu cash loya yokka adbhutamaina drushyaalanu andistundi. trail head toney grove sarassu vadda undhi. maaku 89nii sumaru 19 mailla logaon loya varaku toney grove turnoff varaku teesukellandi. sarassu (mariyu kalibata) maaku 89 mailla dhooramlo undhi.
marinta saahasopetamaina mariyu aakaaramlo unna parvataaroohakulu richmond, yuti sameepamloni cherry creak nundi navomi sikharaanni cherukovacchu. logaon nundi 13 mailla uttaraana yuu. ess. 91 nundi richmond pattanaaniki drive cheyandi. pradhana veedhiloo kudivaipuki tiragandi, 300 thoorpuku cherukune varaku neerugaa vellandi. 300 e loe edamavaipuku tiragandi mariyu rahadari vibhajinche varaku neerugaa vellandi, 500 uttaraana kudivaipuki teesukuvellandi. rahadari kankaragaa maari, kankara rahadaarini anusarinchi parking praantaaniki velli konasaagutundi. parking praantam taruvaata unna rahadari muriki mariyu raathi, conny vesavilo nadhi daatadam varaku chaalaa vahanalu cherukovacchu. adhika clearance vaahanaalaku nadhi daatadamlo etuvanti samasya undakudadu, ayithe kaarlalo unna parvataaroohakulu nadhi daatadam nundi vaari ekkini praarambhinchavacchu. eee kalibata sumaru 6000 'vadda praarambhamai 9765' cherry sikharaanni daati thoorpu vaipuku ekki, navomi sikharaaniki daariteese pareevaahaka praantaanni daatutundi.
sthaanika trial guide yokka online coppy ayina cash trials (HTTP:// Www) kooda chudandi.lagnature.org/cache _ traels/canyontraills/[ded link]), mariyu cachetraills.org, sthaanika kalibata nirvahana samstha website (HTTP:// Ww.cashtrails.org/[ded link])
pratyamnaayamgaa meeru logaon yokka kalibata yokka vivaranaatmaka vivaranalanu ikkada pondavachuhu (HTTP:// Www.chinnadi.org/travel/logaon-hiking-guide.pdf [gatamlo ded link])
itara vesavi karyakalapalalo pradhana adhirohana, top roping ledhaa godanu batti rendintitho andubaatulo unna aneka godalatho rock climbing unnaayi.
mukhyamaina godalu
thedhee goda-rahadari kudi vaipuna unna logan loyalo modati malupu (lead climb matrame)
meeku khaalii ganta matrame unte, aaa roeju ekkaalanukunte velladaaniki adbhutamaina pradaesam
1va practies goda-edama vaipuna unna kharjuram goda nundi 1.3 mailla dhooramlo
*dayachesi marinni vivaraalatoe update cheyandi*
2va practies goda-thedhee goda nundi 1.6 maillu, 2va anakatta mundu chivari edamavaipu oating andubaatulo undhi. (paie taadu matrame)
eee goda mea agrashreni naipunhyaalanu penchadaaniki 5.7-11 adbhutamaina pradaesam nundi aneka sarada aarohanalanu kaligi undhi!
fucoidal quartjite-kharjuram goda nundi 8.8 maillu, vantena mariyu kudi chethi fork off cheyadaaniki mundu 2 va nundi chivari edama vaipuku. (top rope mariyu lead empikalu)
40 + aarohanalu andubaatulo unnanduna, yea naipunhyam sthaayi snehitulanu teesukelladaaniki idhi oka adbhutamaina pradaesam
chaina guha-kharjurapu goda nundi 8.6 maillu, chivari edama, vantenaku mundu nadhi nundi goda varaku chaalaa chinna ekki. (lead climbing matrame)
eee goda prapanchamlooni 1va 5.13 rated aarohananu kaligi undhi.
aneka sthaanika vyaparalu alaage konni elugubanti sarassulo snomobile addelanu andistaayi. logan loyalo snomobiles (franklin besin, beaver creak, udot shed mariyu "sinks") kosam naalugu pradhana parking/trail head praantaalu unnaayi mariyu hardware ranch sameepamlo providence loya mariyu kammari fork loyatho sahaa aneka itara praantaalu unnaayi. eee kaalibaatalu, alankarinchabadina kaalibaatalu, praacheena margalu, bahiranga aata sthalaalu mariyu kondalaku pravesaanni andistaayi. peater sinklu desamloni agrashreni snomobile praantaalalo okati-saadhaaranamgaa uttaraana konni mailla dhooramlo unna sink parking praantam nundi cherukovacchu. logan loya kaalibaatalu elugubanti nadhi shreniloni idaho bhaagamloki vellae kaalibaatalaku kooda pravesaanni andistaayi, ivi samaana shreni snomobile karyakalapalanu andistaayi.
tadupari vellandi.
logaon nundi bayatapadataaniki, meeru sardine loya mariyu brigham nagaram dwara ii-15 varaku dakshinaana maaku venukaku vellavacchu, ledhaa meeru preston, idi dwara maaku 91 varaku uttara disagaa konasaagavacchu, chivariki pokatello, aidiki dakshinaana 33 mailla dhooramlo unna ii-15kii tirigi raavacchu.
meeru ii-15 varaku 200 uttara/yuti-30.20 mailla dhooramlo kooda paschimaaniki vellavacchu.
surakshitamgaa undandi.
logaon loe chaalaa takkuva neeraalu unnaayi mariyu padepade desamloni surakshitamaina nagarallo okatigaa paeru pettabadindi. ayithe, praathamika chitkaala gurinchi marchipokapovadam ippatikee telivaina pani.
sheethaakaalam logaanlo chaalaa challaga untundi mariyu vaataavaranaaniki vyatiraekamgaa saraina jaagrattalu teesukoovaali. pedda manchu tuphaanulaku kooda siddhamgaa undaali, mariyu siitaakaalapu vilomaalu ubbasam vanti swaasakosha samasyalatho badhapaduthunna vyaktulanu teevrataram cheyavachu. | logan (yutah)
logan eek munsifana size kaa qasbah hay aur teezi say badh rehaa hay juu shamali yutah kay waashich renj kay elaqay mein waaqa hay. iss qasbey mein yutah steat university hay juu taqriba 23,000 talbaa parr mushtamil eek sarkaari school hay. logan beruni sargarmiyon kii dolat paish kartaa hay jinn mein kachh behtareen paidal safar mountain biking sports climbing kaiking flayee fashing aur skiing shaamil haine. khush qasmati say logan nasbata ghair driyafat shadah rehta hay iss liye inn mein say behat see sargarmiyon kaa tajarbah america kay dosray asee tarah kay elaqon kay muqabilay mein behat kumm hujum waalay halaat mein kiyaa jaa saktaa hay.
samajh lain.
aab woo hawaa.
waasich renj kay shehri marakaz kay muqabilay mein keesh veeli mein behat ghair matuqa aur intehayi mosam hay. sardiyan behat thandi hoti haine dunn kaa darjah hararat shaaz woo naadir hyee manjamad say oopar hotaa hay aur raat kii kumm tareen satah aksar 0 digri faarin hight (-18 digri celsis) say neechey girr jaati hay. saalt leek stee kay muqabilay mein barf baari kumm hoti hay leakin infiradi toofan aam toor parr baday hotay haine. keesh veeli mein riyasat kay badtareen alt mein say eek hay jiss mein thandi numm hawaa aur aaludgiyan waadi mein phans sakti haine. kasee bhee waadi parr paanch mint kii saadah sawari aap kuu altaa say nikaal kirr puray yutah mein kachh khubsurat tareen sardiyon kay pahaadi munazir mein lay jaaye gee. mosam bahaar aur mosam khazaan jangli hotay haine aur aktobar kay awail mein aur deer say barf baari kay amkanat kay saath darjah hararat mein baar baar tabdiliyan hoti haine. saalt leek stee kay muqabilay mein mosam garma thandaa hotaa hay leakin phir bhee garm hotaa hay dunn kay waqat kaa darjah hararat aam toor parr 75 digri faarin hight (24 digri celsis) say 95 digri faarin hight (35 digri celsis) takk hotaa hay-wah shaaz woo naadir hyee 100 digri faarin hight (38 digri celsis) say oopar pahunchtay haine. tahim yaha shamaal mein kaafi door hay kahh yaha mosam garma kay ziyadah tarr girj chamak say bachta hay. agarcha shehar perscon hay aur aas paas kaa elaqah shandar hay leakin ghair matuqa mosam kachh logon kay liye eek moad hay. dosray loag badaltay hoay mosam kuu khushgawar samajhte haine aur waadi aur iss kii behat see waadiyon mein behat say tafrihi mawaqa say lataf andoz hotay hoay baahir waqat guzarnay say lataf andoz hotay haine.
andar daakhil how jayein.
saalt leek stee say aayee-15 parr shamaal kii taraf gaadi chalayein. 362 (bregham shehar) say baahir niklein aur pahaadon (ghair sarkaari toor parr sardeen waadi kay toor parr jaana jaataa hay) say keesh veeli mein hamaray saath 89/91 chalayein. drive mein taqriba 75-90 mint lagna chahiye. yuu aiss 89 aur 91 shehar kay markaz kay logan mein taqsim haine. yuu aiss 89 khubsurat logan waadi say guzar kirr jheel kuu bardasht karnay kay liye mashriq kii taraf jaataa hay juu eek mashhur seyahati maqaam hay jabkah yuu aiss 91 shamaal kii taraf adaho kii taraf jaataa hay. eek elaqayi hawai addah bhee logan kii khadmat kartaa hay halankah iss waqat koyee tajarti musafir parwazein dastiyaab nahein haine.
muthbadil toor parr aap aayee-15 aine bhee lay saktay haine aur willard kay liye 351 say baahir nikal saktay haine. mukhtasir yuu tye 126 section logwan aur ogdan kay liye yuu aiss-89 kii taraf jaataa hay. iss kaantay parr bayein taraf rakhein aur sadak parr iss waqat takk chalein jabb takk kahh aap bregham shehar naha pahunch jayein aur phir daayein leane aap kuu logan kii taraf lay jaaye gee. yaha raastah 7 meel chhota hay aur behat kumm trafic kay saath ziyadah aaraam dhah drive hay.
saalt leek express aur garee hound interesty buss saros farahim kartay haine.
ard gird jayein.
shehar kay gird ghoomnay kay liye driving buss kii sawaari paidal chalna aur cycle chalana aasaan tareeqe haine. keesh veeli transt distrikt (waib saait:) buss system eek saadah roat system kay saath logan aur aas paas kii communities kuu khidmaat farahim kartaa hay juu harr aadhay ghantay mein transt center say baahir nikalta hay. see wee tye ddee kay karayah mufta haine. tamaam basein duu yaa teen cyclen lay jaanay kay liye lees haine. markazi glee behat ziyadah istemaal hoti hay aur aksar bhed bharee hoti hay leakin matwazi sadkein aksar laag inn kay andar teez rasayi farahim karti haine. yutah steat university shehar kay mashriq kii taraf qadeem jheel boone weel kay parwo bench parr waaqa hay juu shehar kay markaz kay logan say taqriba 250 fitt oonchi hay. yaha bulandi kaa farq ghair motor nql woo hamal kay liye eek badaa rukawat hay. shehar kay paraaney gird hasay mein sadkein chodi haine bregham yang kii tanbiah kii badolat kahh wah ibtadayi yutah shehron kuu ghodon kii double team aur buck board kuu ghoomnay kay liye kaafi chodi galiyon kay saath tartib dain iss liye cycle sawaron kay liye kaafi jagah hay.
dekhein.
karein.
mosam garma mein paidal safar aur mountain biking behat maqbool haine leakin bulandi mein mukhtalif tabdili beruni sargarmiyon kay mosamon kuu numayan toor parr mutasir karti hay. hawaa kay ghaaron jeesay nichlay janub kii taraf waalay raaston kuu aksar maarch kay awail mein hyee badhaya jaa saktaa hay jabkah 9000 say oopar kay elaqay aam toor parr joone kay aakhir yaa jolayi kay awail takk qaabil paidal nahein hotay haine agast takk barf kay wasee elaqon kuu barqarar rakhtay haine. darjah hararat bulandi kay saath bhee mukhtalif hotaa hay aam toor parr 8000 'parr darjah hararat logan kay muqabilay mein 20 digri faarin hight thandaa hotaa hay aur bulandi kay badhnay kay saath teezi say thandaa hotaa hay. oonche elaqon mein garmiyon kay aulay aur baarish kay toofan aam haine jabb logan mein baarish nahein hoti hay.
hawaa kay ghaaron kay raastay kuu oopar uthayein. 2.6 meel round trip 900 'bulandi kaa fayedah. pagdandi logan waadi kay shamaal kii taraf mepal kay baghat kay zariye ghaaron aur mehrabon kii eek chhoti see tashkil takk jaati hay. waadi mein neechey say bhee eek khubsurat nizarah paish kartaa hay. trail head ~ 5 meel oopar 89 meel oopar logan waadi mein hay juu giona-malibo camp ground kay saamney sadak kay shamaal kii taraf waaqa hay.
nomi chooti kay raastay parr chadh jayein. 5.8 meel round trip 1980 'bulandi kaa fayedah. nomi chooti (9980 ') reechh nadee kay silsilay mein sabb say ooncha maqaam hay. yaha pagdandi jangli phulon say bharay gahaas kay medanon say guzar kirr chooti takk jaati hay juu aas paas kii chootiyon aur keesh veeli kay shandar nizaray paish karti hay. trail head tony grove jheel parr waaqa hay. hamein 89 taqriba 19 meel kii doori parr logan caneen say tony grove turn aaf takk lay jayein. jheel (aur trail head) humm say 7 meel 89 kay fasilay parr hay.
ziyadah muham juu aur shakal kay koah paima rekhmand yuu tye kay qareeb cheeri crack say nomi chooti takk rasayi haasil kirr saktay haine. logan say 13 meel shamaal mein yuu aiss 91 parr rekhmand kay qasbey takk gaadi chalayein. markazi glee parr daayein madein aur 300 mashriq takk pahunchnay takk seedhay jayein. 300 ayee parr bayein madein aur seedhay jayein jabb takk kahh sadak 500 shamaal kii taraf daayein taraf naha jaaye. sadak bajri kii taraf moad deeti hay bajri kii sadak kay peeche parking kay elaqay takk jaati rehti hay aur jaari rehti hay. parking kay elaqay kay baad kii sadak gandgi aur pathreeli hay leakin mosam garma mein ziyadah tarr gaadiyon kay zariye daryaa abur karnay takk qaabil rasayi hay. hayee clarence gaadiyon kuu daryaa abur karnay mein koyee dushwari nahein hony chahiye jabkah kaaron mein sawaar paidal safar karnay waalay daryaa abur karnay say apnee paidal safar sharoo kirr saktay haine. yaha pagdandi taqriba 6000 'say sharoo hoti hay aur nomi chooti kii taraf jaanay waalay besan kuu abur karnay say pehley 9765' cheeri chooti kay mashriq mein chadh jaati hay.
keesh trails maqami trail guide kii aann line kaapi (HTTP:// Www) bhee dekhein.laginature.org/cche _ traels/canyontrail/[deed lunk])yee aur cashtrile.maqami trail kii deekh bhaal kii tanzim kay liye waib saait (HTTP:// Ww.keesh trails.org/[deed lunk])
muthbadil toor parr aap logan kay raastay kii tafsili wazahat yahaan haasil kirr saktay haine: (HTTP:// Ww.chhota saa.org/Travel/Logan-hiking-guide.pee ddee aif [sabqah deed lunk])
mosam garma kii deegar sargarmiyon mein chataan parr chadhna shaamil hay jiss mein behat see dewarein dastiyaab haine jinn mein yaa tuu leed climbing topp ruping yaa dewaar kay lahaaz say donon dastiyaab haine.
qaabil zakar dewaron mein shaamil haine:
tareekh kii dewaar-sadak kay daayein taraf logan waadi mein pehli baari (sarf leed chadhna)
agar aap kay paas sarf eek faarig ghantah hay aur iss dunn chadhna chahtay haine tuu jaanay kay liye behat achhi jagah hay.
pehli mashq dewaar-khajoor kii dewaar say 1.3 meel bayein taraf
*braah karam mazeed tafsilaat kay saath app ddait karein*
dosri practs waal-khajoor kii dewaar say 1.6 mail dosray ddaim say pehley dastiyaab aakhri bayein turn aaot. (sarf oopar kii rasee)
iss dewaar mein aap kii aalee darjay kii maharat kuu aagay badhanay kay liye behat see tafrihi chadhaiyan haine jinn mein say eek hay 5.7-11 behtareen jagah!
fucoidal quartzite-khajoor kii dewaar say 8.5 mail pull aur daayein haath kaa kaanta bund honay say pehley bayein taraf say aakhri. (oopar rasee aur leed kay akhtiyarat)
40 + chadhayi dastiyaab honay kay saath yaha kasee bhee maharat kii satah kay doston kuu leenay kay liye eek shandar jagah hay.
cheen kaa ghaar-khajoor kii dewaar say 8.6 mail aakhri bayein pull say foraa pehley daryaa say dewaar takk behat mukhtasir paidal safar kay saath. (sarf leed chadhna)
iss dewaar mein duniya kii pehli 5.13 darjah bundi waali chadhayi hay.
mutadid maqami karobar kay saath saath reechh jheel mein kachh asno mobile karayah kii paishkash kartay haine. logan waadi mein snomobile kay liye chaar aham parking/trail head airiya haine (franklin baisan beaver crack adot sheed aur "sink") aur haard wayer rench kay qareeb providence waadi aur lohay kay kaantay kii waadi sameet sharoo karnay kay liye kayee deegar elaqay haine. yaha trail heads tayaar shadah trails qadeem raaston khalay kheel kay elaqon aur pahadiyon takk rasayi farahim kartay haine. petter sink milk kay aalee darjay kay snomobile elaqon mein say eek hay-aam toor parr shamaal mein chand meel kay fasilay parr sink parking kay elaqay say rasayi haasil kii jaati hay. logan caneen trail heads bhee reechh nadee kay silsilay kay adaho hasay mein jaanay waalay trails takk rasayi farahim kartay haine juu snomobile sargarmiyon kii masawi sif farahim kartay haine.
aagay badho.
logan say baahir nikalnay kay liyay aap sarf hamaray janub mein 89-91 say cerdian caneen aur bregham stee kay zariye aayee-15 takk peeche hutt saktay haine yaa aap prestin aayee ddee kay zariye hamaray 91 parr shamaal kii taraf jaari rahh saktay haine aur aakhir kaar pocatillo aayee ddee say taqriba 33 meel janub mein aayee-15 parr waps jaa saktay haine.
aap 200 shamaal/yuu tye-30.20 meel say aayee-15 takk maghrab kii taraf bhee jaa saktay haine.
mahfuz rahein.
logan mein behat kumm jaraim hotay haine aur asay baar baar milk kay mahfuz tareen shehron mein say eek qaraar diyaa gayaa hay. tahim yaha abb bhee danishmandana hay kahh bunyadi tajaweez kuu naha bhulein.
logan mein sardiyan behat thandi how sakti haine aur mosam kay khalaaf munasib ahtiyati tadabir akhtiyar kii jaanee chahein. baday barfani toofanon kay liye bhee tayaar rehna chahiye aur sardiyon kay alt honay say damah jeesay saans kay masail waalay loag badh saktay haine. |
000588130def262fb09ee3f1a185818c0f8c040f46b91d2c69e735c0df6860a6 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11881125 | Árni Þorláksson |
Árni Þorláksson
Árni Þorláksson (1237 – 17 April 1298; Old Norse: ; Modern Icelandic: ) was an Icelandic Roman Catholic clergyman, who became the tenth bishop of Iceland (1269–1298).
He served in the diocese of Skálholt. Árni had orders from his superior in Norway to take control of local church property away from secular chieftains. He was largely successful in this.
References.
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aarni thorlakchon
aarni tho "rlakchon (1237-17 april 1298; puroni norsoh; aadhunik icelandicoh) ejon icelandic ruman ketholik parthixonghor aasil, ji icelandor doxom bixop hoisil (1269-1298).
teu scalholtor daay "sisot xewa aagborhaisil. orniye norober teur jyesthojonor poraa dhormoniropekhyo prodhanxokolor poraa aatori sthaniyo girjar xompotir niyontron lo 'boloi aadex disil. ei khetrot teu jothesto xofol hoisil. | arnie thorlaxon
árni θorlákson (1237-17 april 1298; puratan norsoh; adhunik icelandic) ekjon icelandic roman catholic padri chhilen, jini icelander dasham bishop (1269-1298) hoyechilen.
tini sculholter diosis-ayee kaaj korechilen. norwete taanr urdhoton theke arnir adesh chhilo jey tini dhormoniropekkho prodhander kachh theke sthaniya girjar sampattir niyantran kede neben. tini eyi khettre byapokbhabe sofol hoyechilen.
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ornie thorlexon
árni θorlákson (1237-17 april 1298; junaa norsah; aadhunik icelandic) aek icelandic rooman ketholik paadari hataa, jeo icelandnaa dasmaa bishop (1269-1298) banyaa hataa.
temane scalholtnaa diosisma sevaa aapee hatee. arnine tenaa uparnaa adheekari tarafthi binsapradayik sardaarothi door sthaaneek churchnee meelkat parr niyantran levaano aadesh malyo hato. temaa teo motaa bhaage safal rahyaa hataa. |
ornie thorlexon
árni θorlákson (1237-17 aprail 1298; purana norseh; aadhunik icelandicah) ack icelandic roman catholic paadari they, joe iceland (1269-1298) key dasaven bishap baney.
unhone scalholt key diosis mein seva kii. earnie koo norwey mein apane varishth seey sthaaniya church kii sampatti koo dharmnirpeksh sardaaron seey door karane kaa adesh milaa thaa. vaha isamen kaafee hudd taka safal rahey.
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arnie tharkson
arnie thorlaxon (1237-17 april 1298; haleya norse; aadhunika islandic) obba islandic roman catholic paadriyaagiddaru, avaru aislyaandna hattane bishop aadaru (1269-1298).
avaru scalholt diasysnalli seve sallisidaru. arnige norweyallina tanna meladhikaariyinda sthaliya church aastiya niyantranavannu jatyatita mukhyastharinda duravirisalu aadeshavittu. idaralli aata bahumattige yashasviyaadaru. |
aarni thorlaaksan
aislaantile pathaamatthe bishappaayitheernna oru islaantik roman catholica purohithanaayirunnu aarni thorlaaksan (1237-17 epril 1298; pazhaya norse; aadhunika islaantika).
addeham scullholt roopathayil sevanamanushtichu. mathethara thalavanmaaril ninnu praadeshika palli swathinte niyanthranam ettedukkaan norwayile thante meludyogasthanil ninnu aarnikk utharavukal undaayirunnu. ithil addeham valia thothil vijayichu.
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ornie thorlexon
arnie thorlexon (1237-17 april 1298; june norseh; aadhunik icelandicah) haah eka icelandic roman catholic padri hota, joou eyeslandcha dahava bishop (1269-1298) jhaala.
tyane scalholtchya bishapprasadat seva kelee. arnila norvetil tyachya varishthankadun sthanik charchchya malmattevar dharmnirpeksh sardaranpasun niyantran ghenyache aadesh midale hote. yaat too mothya pramanat yashasvi jhaala. |
arnie thorlexon
arnie thorlexon (1237-17 april 1298; purano norsah; adhunik aislandikah) ek icelandic roman catholic padari thie, jo aislandko dashaun bishop bane (1269-1298).
unle scalholtko diocesema sewa gare. arnilai narvema afna warishthabata dharmanirapeksha sardarharubata tadha sthaniya church sampattiko niyantran lyne adesh diieko thiyo. uni yasama dherai hadasamma safal bhae. | arnie therlaxon
arnie therlaxon (1237-17 april 1298; puruna narsah; adhunika aaisalyandikh) jane icelandic roman catholic padri thile, jie icelander dasham bishop hoithile (1269-1298).
shay scalholtra dajosijare karjya karithile. aarninku narwere thiba taanka baristhanka thaaru sthaniah church sampattira nijantrana dharmanirapekhya mukhiankatharu doorei nebaku adesh milithila. ethire shay besh saphala hoithile.
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aarni thorlexon
árni θorlákson (1237-17 aprail 1298; purana norsa; aadhunik icelandic) ikk icelandic roman catholic padri see, joe eyesland (1269-1298) daa daswan bishop bann giaa.
uss neey scalholt dey diocese witch seva keeti. aarni noon narve witch aapne ucch adhikari toon dharam nirpakh sardaran toon door sathanak church dee jaidad daa niyantaran lainn dey adesh mille sunn. uh iss witch bahut hadd takk safal riha. |
aarnee thorlexon
aarnee thorlockson (1237-17 april 1298; puratanah naarsh; aadhunikah aislandikhi) ekaha islandic-roman-catholic-paadrih aasit, yah island-ityasya dashamah bishap abhavat (1269-1298).
saha scalholt-prantasya diocese-madhye karyam krutavaan. aarnee ityasmai naarve-deshe sthitaat swasya varishtaat, laukika-pramukhebhya doore sthaniya-charch-sampattim niyantrayitum adeshah aasit. asmin saha bahudhaa saphalah abhavat. |
arnie thaarlaksan
arnie tharlockson (1237-17 aepral 1298; pazhaiya norse; naveena islantic) oru islaandik roaman catholica madhaguru aavaar, avar aislaanthin paththaavathu bishab (1269-1298) aanaar.
avar scalhold maraimaavattaththil paniyaattrinaar. oorni noarvaeyil ulla thanathu maelathikaariyidamirunthu ulloor devalaya sothukkalai mathachchaarpattra thalaivarkalidamirunthu agattra uttaravittaar. idhil avar perumalavil vettri pettraar. |
aarni tharkson
arnie thorlockson (1237-17 april 1298; paatha norse; aadhunika island) oka island roman catholic mataadhikaari, athanu island yokka padava bishop ayyadu (1269-1298).
athanu scalholt dioceslo panicheesaadu. loukika adhipatula nundi sthaanika charchi aastini swaadheenam chesukovalani naarvelooni thana paie adhikari nundi arneeki aadesaalu vachayi. eee vishayamlo ayana chaalaa varaku vijayam saadhinchaaru.
| aaran thorlockson
aaaर्नी thorlockson (1237-17 apreel 1298 vovo praana norse: vovo jadeed aais landic:) eek aais landic roman catholic paadri thaa juu aais lend kaa daswaan bashp (1269-1298) banaa.
inhon nay schol holt kay ddaisis mein khidmaat anjaam dain. aaaर्नी kuu naarway mein apnay aalee kii taraf say hakam milaa thaa kahh wah maqami charch kii jayedad kaa control secular sardaron say door kirr day. wah iss mein bury hadd takk kamiyab rehaa.
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000588697b321bc7f426a6ea41f7fa3dbf57dfa00942dc3a50ea86fa3663d4de | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70086544 | Roger W. Toll |
Roger W. Toll
American mountaineer and author
Roger Wolcott Toll (October 17, 1883 – February 25, 1936) was an American mountaineer, writer, and a National Park Service official who served as the superintendent of Mount Rainier, Rocky Mountain, and Yellowstone National Parks.
Biography.
Toll was born in Denver on October 17, 1883, the second of four sons of Charles Hansen Toll and Katherine Wolcott Toll, who is the daughter of Congregationalist minister Samuel Wolcott, a distant relative of colonial governor Roger Wolcott and United States Founding Father Oliver Wolcott. His uncle, Edward O. Wolcott, was a United States senator from Denver, and his aunt was the educator Anna Wolcott Vaile.
Toll graduated from Manual High School in Denver and attended the University of Denver for one year before transferring to Columbia University, from which he graduated with a B.S. in engineering in 1906.
After graduation, he spent a year traveling around the world before returning to work for the Massachusetts Department of Public Health. In 1908, he was hired by the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey and was tasked to survey the coastline of Cook Inlet in Alaska from April to October 1908. Upon his return, Toll began a position with the Denver Tramway Company, eventually being promoted to chief engineer of the company. He was also one of the founding members of the Colorado Mountain Club. In 1916, he made the first ascent of Mount Columbia, and named it after his alma mater.
During World War I, Toll served in the Ordnance Corps and was promoted to the rank of major. In the army, Toll befriended Horace M. Albright, who recommended Toll to National Park Service director Stephen T. Mather as a possible candidate for the superintendent position at Mount Rainier National Park. Toll was hired in May 1919 and served as superintendent until 1921, when he transferred to Rocky Mountain National Park as superintendent, serving in the position until 1929. He made the first recorded ascent of Kautz Glacier at Mount Rainier and built the Agnes Vaille Shelter in honor of his cousin, Agnes Wolcott Vaille, who died in a climbing accident.
In 1929, he took over the superintendent's position from Albright at Yellowstone National Park and served as field assistant to director Albright. In 1936, Toll served on a commission to charter potential international parks and wildlife refuges along the Mexico–United States border and died in an automobile accident near Deming, New Mexico.
He is the namesake for Mount Toll in Colorado. The mountain was officially named in his honor in 1940.
References.
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ror 'gaar dobliu. tool
ror 'gaar wolcott tool (17 octobor, 1883-25 february, 1936) egoraki aamerikan porbotaruhi, lekhok, aaru rastriyo udyan xewar bixoya aasil jiye mount rainier, ror' ki mountain aaru yelostun rastriyo udyanor odhikhyok hisape xewa aagborhaisil.
jiwani.
1883 sonor 17 octoborot denverot jonmogrohon koraa tool charls hensen tool aaru ketherin ulkot tulor sarijon putror bhitorot dwitiyojon aasil, ji ouponibexik gowornor ror 'gaar ulkot aaru aamerika juktorastror protisthapok pitri olibhar ulokotor dur xomporkiyo mondolibadi montri semuwel ulokotor konya. teur khurak edward oh ". walcott denveror aamerika juktorastror ejon xenetar aasil, aaru teur khuri aasil xikhyabid aanna wolcott bhail.
tool denveror menual haiskulor poraa snatok degree laabh korisil aaru kolombiya biswobidyaloyoloi sthanantorito huwar aagote denver biswobidyaloyot ebosoror baabe odhyoyon korisil, jaar poraa teu e bi degree laabh korisil.ess. 1906 sonot obhijantrik bigyanot.
snatok degree laabh korar pisot, teu mesasusets jonoswasthyo bibhagor baabe kaam koriboloi ubhoti ohaar aagote gutei biswo bhromon kori ebosor otibahito korisil. 1908 sonot teuk aamerika juktorastror upokul aaru bhu-ganitik joripor dwara nijukti diya hoisil aaru 1908 sonor aprilor poraa octoberoloike alaskar rondhon prowex pothor upokulrekha joreep korar dayitwo diya hoisil. ubhoti ohaar pisot, tool denavor trumway companyr xoite etaa podd aarombho korisil, owoxexot companytur mukhyo obhijonta hisape podunnoti laabh korisil. teu colorado mountain clubber onyotomo protisthapok xodosyo aasil. 1916 sonot teu kolombiya porbotor prothom aaruhon korisil aaru iyar naam teur prothom xikhyarthir naamere rakhisil.
prothom biswojudhor xomoyot tool bahiniye ordnance kurpochot xewa aagborhaisil aaru teuk mejor podoloi unnit koraa hoisil. xenabahinit, tulor xoite hures em-ror bondhutwo hoisil. albrite, jiye rastriyo udyan xewa xonsalok stephen ti-koo tulor poramorxo disil. mount rainier rastriyo udyanot odhikhyok podor baabe xombhabyo prarthi hisape mether. 1919 sonor mey "maahot tulok nijukti diya hoisil aaru 1921 sonoloike odhikhyok hisape karzonirbah korisil, jetiya teu odhyokhyo hisape xilamoy pahariya rastriyo udyanoloi sthanantorito hoisil, 1929 sonoloike ei podot xewa aagborhaisil. teu mount rainierot coutz glacieror prothom obhilekh koraa aaruhon korisil aaru teur khurak bhai agness walcott velor xonmanot agness bhel xelter nirman korisil, ji ek aaruhon durghotonat mrityu hoisil.
1929 sonot teu yelostun rastriyo udyanor albritor poraa odhikhyokor podd grohon kore aaru porisalok albritor khyetro xohayok hisape karzonirbah kore. 1936 sonot, maxico-united rajyor ximantot xombhabyo antohrastriyo udyan aaru bonyoprani aashroy kendroxomuhor baabe ek commissionot tulor xewa aagborhaisil aaru niu maxicor demingor usorot ek automobile durghotonat mrityu hoisil.
teu koll "radur mount tulor naam. 1940 sonot teur xonmanot ei porbotor anusthanikbhabe naamkoron koraa hoisil. |
roser dobleeu. toll
roser olcott toll (17 octobor, 1883-25 february, 1936) ekjon markin porbotarohi, lekhok ebong jatiya uddan porisheba kormokorta chhilen jini mount rainier, pathure porboto ebong ielostone jatiya uddaner tottabodhayok hisabe dayitto palon korechilen.
jeeboni.
1883 saaler 17ee octobor denvere charles hansen toll ebong cathryn olcott toler chaar putrer modhye dwitiya, jini mandalibadi montri samuel olkoter konna, ouponibeshik governor roser olkoter durborti atmiya ebong markin juktorashtrer protisthata pita oliver olcott. taar caca, edward oo. olcott, denver ekjon markin sinetara chhilen ebong taanr massie chhilen shikkhika aanaa olcott vile.
toll denver manual hye school theke snatok hohn ebong kalambia bishwobidyaloye sthanantorito howar agey eka bochor denver bishwobidyaloye padashona corren, jekhan theke tini bii degree orjon corren.esha. 1906 saale engineering-ayee.
snatok howar porr, tini massachusets jonosastho bibhage kaaj korte firey aasaar agey eka bochor vishwajude bhromon korechilen. 1908 saale, markin juktorashtrer upokul ebong bhu-ganitik jorip dwara taanke niyog koraa hoy ebong 1908 saaler april theke octobor porjonto alasca rannar probeshpother upokulrekha jorip korar dayitto deoa hoy. firey aasaar porr, toll denver trumway companyr saathe ekti abosthan shuru korey, abosheshe companyr prodhan prakaushali hisabe padonnati paay. tini colorado mountain cluber onnotomo protisthata sadasyao chhilen. 1916 saale tini kalambia porboter prothom arohan corren ebong taanr alma metarer naame err namkaran corren.
prothom bishwojuddher somoy, toll ordnance corpsey kaaj korechilo ebong mejor podey unnito hoyechilo. senabahinite, toll horres emm-err saathe bondhutto korey. albrite, jini jatiya uddan porisheba porichalok stephen tii-keey toler superish korechilen. mount rainier jatiya uddane superintendent poder sombhabbo prarthi hisabe mather. 1919 saaler meey maase toll niyog koraa hoy ebong 1921 saal porjonto tottabodhayok hisabe dayitto palon corren, jokhon tini pathure porboto jatiya uddane tottabodhayok hisabe sthanantorito hohn, 1929 saal porjonto eyi podey dayitto palon corren. tini mount rainier-ayee coutz himbaher prothom record arohan corren ebong taanr khudtuto bhai agness olcott bhailer sommane agness vile ashray nirman corren, jini ekti arohan durghotonai maaraa zaan.
1929 saale tini ielostone jatiya uddaner albrite theke superintendenter dayitto grohon corren ebong porichalok albriter field assistant hisabe dayitto palon corren. 1936 saale, mexico-united states seemanto borabor sombhabbo antorjatik park ebong bonnoprani ashrayakendraguli bhada korar jonno ekti komishone toll kaaj korey ebong neu mexicor demingyer kachhe ekti gaadi durghotonai maaraa yaay.
tini coloradote mount toler naam. 1940 saale taanr sommane anusthanikbhabe porbottir namkaran koraa hoy. |
rojar doubleu. toll
rojar volcott toll (17 october, 1883-25 februari, 1936) aek american parvataarohi, lekhak aneey raashtriy udhyaan sevaana adheekari hataa, jemane mount rainier, khadkaal parvat aneey yelostone raashtriy udhyanona adhikshak tareeke sevaa aapee hatee.
jivancharitra.
tolano janm 17 october, 1883naa roj denvermaa thayo hato, charles henson toll aneey katherine volcott tolnaa chaar putromaa beeja, jeey mandalvadi mantree semual volkotnee putri chhe, jeey vasaahati governor rojar volcott aneey united statesnaa sthaapak pitaa olivara volkotnaa durnaa sambandhi chhe. tenaa kaaka, edward oo. volcott, denvernaa united statesnaa senator hataa, aneey temnee kaakee shikshak aenaa volcott weil hatee.
toll denverni manual haai schoolmathi snaatak thayaa aneey kolambiya universityma transfer thataa pahelaa aek varsh maate denver universityma haajari aapee, jyanthi temane bii. saathe snaatak thayaa.aesa. 1906maan angineeringma.
snaatak thayaa pachhi, temane mesatusates department off public health maate kaama parr paachha fartaa pahelaa vishvbharma pravaas kartaa aek varsh vitaavyu. 1908maan, temne united states coast aneey geodetic survey dwara niyukt karvaamaa aavyaa hataa aneey aprilthi october 1908 sudhee alaskama rasoiya praveshnaa dariyakinaranu sarvekshan karvaanu kaama sonpavama aavyu hatoo. parat faryaa pachhi, tolae denver tramway kampani saathe pada sharoo karyoo, aakhare temne companyna mukhya ijner tareeke badhatee aapvama aavee. teo colorado mountain klabnaa sthaapak sabhyomana aek hataa. 1916maan, temane kolambiya parvatni pratham chadai curry aneey tenu naam temnaa purv shikshaknaa naam parthee raakhyu.
pratham vishvyuddh darmiyan, toll ordnance corpsmaa sevaa aapee hatee aneey tene mejarnaa hodda parr badhatee aapvama aavee hatee. senaama, toll horres aema saathe mitrataa karey chhe. albrite, jemane raashtriy udhyaan sevaa niyaamak stephen tii. neey tolnee bhalaaman curry hatee. mount rainier raashtriy udhyanma adhikshak pada maate sambhaveet umedvaar tareeke mather. meey 1919maan tolnee nimanook karvaamaa aavee hatee aneey 1921 sudhee adhikshak tareeke sevaa aapee hatee, jyaare teo khadkaal parvateey raashtriy udhyanma adhikshak tareeke sthaanaantarit thayaa hataa, 1929 sudhee aaa hodda parr sevaa aapee hatee. temane mount rainier khaate kautz himnadini pratham nondhaayel chadai curry hatee aneey temnaa pitarai bhaai, agness volcott vailenaa maanmaa agness vaile aashraysthaannu nirmaan karyoo hatoo, jeo chadata akasmatma mrutyu pamya hataa.
1929maan, temane yelostone raashtriy udhyanma albrite adhikshaknu pada sambhaalyu aneey nirdeshak albritena kshetra sahayak tareeke sevaa aapee. 1936maan, meksiko-united states sarhad parr sambhaveet aantarrashtriy udhyaano aneey vanyajeev aashraysthaanone charter karvaa maate commission parr toll sevaa aapee hatee aneey damming, nyu meksiko najik automobile akasmatma mrutyu pamya hataa.
koloradoma mount toll maate teey naam chhe. 1940maan temnaa sanmaanmaa aaa parvatnu sattavaar naam rakhvama aavyu hatoo. |
roser doubleu. toll
roser volcott toll (17 octuber, 1883-25 farwari, 1936) ack americi parvatarohi, lekhak aur rashtriya udyaan seva key adhikaari they, jinhone mount ranier, chattani parvat aur yelostone rashtriya udyaanon key adheekshak key roop mein kaary kiya.
jeevani.
toll kaa janm 17 octuber 1883 koo denver mein huaa thaa, charles hanson toll aur catherine volcott toll key chaar beton mein seey dusare, joe aupaniveshik governor roser volcott aur sanyukt raajya america key sansthaapak pitaa oliver volcott key door key rishtedaar, mandaliwadi mantri saimuel volcott kii betty hain. usake chaacha, edward oh. volcott, denver seey sanyukt raajya america key senator they, aur unaki chaachi shikshak enaa volcott vail theen.
toll ney denver mein manual hyee school seey snaatak kiya aur kolambiya vishvavidyalaya mein sthanantarit honey seey pahale ack saal key liye denver vishvavidyalaya mein bhaag liya, jahan seey unhone bee key saath snaatak kiya.aiss. 1906 mein engineering mein.
snaatak honey key baad, unhone massachusets saarvajanik swaasthya vibhaag key liye kaam parr lautane seey pahale duniya bhar mein yatra karate hue ack saal bitaaya. 1908 mein, unhein sanyukt raajya key tata aur bhoo-sthaanik sarvekshan dwara kaam parr rakhaa gayaa thaa aur aprail seey octuber 1908 taka alaska mein cook inlet kii tatrekha kaa sarvekshan karane kaa kaam saunpa gayaa thaa. unaki vaapsee parr, toll ney denver tramway company key saath ack sthiti shuru kii, jise antatah company key mukhya abhiyanta key roop mein padonnat kiya gayaa. vaha colorado mountain club key sansthaapak sadasyon mein seey ack they. 1916 mein, unhone mount columbia kii pahali chadhaai kii, aur iska naam apane alma matter key naam parr rakhaa.
pratham vishva yuddh key dauran, toll ney ayudh senaa mein seva kii aur mejar key pada parr padonnat kiya gayaa. senaa mein, toll ney horres aim seey dosti kii. albrite, jinhone rashtriya udyaan seva nideshak stephen tii koo toll kii sifarish kii. mount ranier rashtriya udyaan mein adheekshak pada key liye ack sambhaavit ummidwar key roop mein mather. maee 1919 mein toll koo kaam parr rakhaa gayaa thaa aur 1921 taka adheekshak key roop mein kaary kiya, jaba unhein pathrile parvat rashtriya udyaan mein adheekshak key roop mein sthanantarit kiya gayaa, 1929 taka iss pada parr rahey. unhone mount ranier mein coutz glacier kii pahali darj chadhaai kii aur apane chachere bhaai, agness volcott vail key sammaan mein agness vail aashray kaa nirmaan kiya, jinaki ack chadhaai durghatana mein mrityu hoe gaee thee.
1929 mein, unhone yelostone rashtriya udyaan mein albrite seey adheekshak kaa pada sambhala aur nideshak albrite key kshetra sahayak key roop mein kaary kiya. 1936 mein, mexico-sanyukt raajya seema parr sambhaavit antarrashtriya udyaanon aur vanyajeev sharan sthalon koo charter karane key liye ack aayog parr toll seva pradaan kii gaee aur daming, nyu maxico key paas ack automobile durghatana mein unaki mrityu hoe gaee.
vaha colorado mein mount toll key liye naam haye. 1940 mein unake sammaan mein iss parvat kaa naam aadhikarik taur parr rakhaa gayaa thaa.
| rogar doubleu. sunka
roser volcott toll (october 17,1883-phebravari 25,1936) obba american parvatarohi, barahagara mattu rashtriya udyaanavana seveya adhikaariyaagiddu, avaru mount rainier, rock parvata mattu yellostone rashtriya udyaanavanagala melvichaarakaraagi seve sallisidaru.
jivanacharitre.
charles hansen toll mattu catherine volcott tolra naalvaru putraralli eradaneyavaraada, 1883rahra october october denvernalli janisida tolravaru, vasaahatushaahi governor rogar volcott mattu united statesna samsthaapaka tande olivar volcott avara doorada sambandhiyaagidda sabeya mantri samuel volcott avara putriyaagiddaare. avana chikkappa, edward oo. volcott, denverna united states senator aagiddaru, mattu avara chikkamma annah volcott wile emba shikshaki.
toll avaru denverna manual proudhashaaleyinda padavi padedaru mattu columbia vishvavidyaanilayakke vargaavaneyaaguva modalu ondu varsha denver vishvavidyaanilayakke seridaru, allinda avaru bii. padavi padedaru.ess. padedaru.ess engineeringnalli.
padavi padeda nantara, avaru mastusets saarvajanika aarogya vibhagadalli kelasa maadalu hindiruguva modalu ondu varsha jagattinaadyanta prayanisidaru. prayanisidaru, avarannu united states karavali mattu geodetic samiksheyinda nemisalaayitu mattu eprilninda october october alaaskaadallina aduge olaharivina karaavaliyannu samikshe maaduva kaaryavannu avarige vahisalaayitu. avaru hindirugida nantara, toll denver tramway kampaniyalli sthaanavannu praarambhisidaru, antimavagi kampaniya mukhya enginiyar aagi badti padedaru. avaru colorado parvata clubna sthapaka sadasyaralli obbaraagiddaru. obbaraagiddaru, aata columbia parvatada modala aarohanavannu maadidaru mattu adakke tamma matrubhoomiya hesarannu ittaru.
modalane mahayuddhada samayadalli, toll ordnance corpsonalli seve sallisitu mattu majer huddege badti padeyitu. sainyadalli, toll horace emm. jote sneha belesidaru. albrite, rashtriya udyaanavanada sewa nirdeshaka stephen tii. ge sunkavannu shipharasu maadidaru. mount rainier rashtriya udyaanavanadalli superintendent huddege sambhaavya abhyarthiyaagi mather. 1919rahra mayee tingalalli toll avarannu nemisalaayitu mattu mattu superintendent aagi seve sallisidaru, nantara avaru kallina parvata rashtriya udyaanavanakke superintendent aagi vargaayisalpattaru, vargaayisalpattaru ee sthaanadalli seve sallisidaru. avaru mount rainiernalli kautz himanada modala daakhalita aarohanavannu maadidaru mattu aarohana apaghaatadalli nidhanaraada tamma sodarasambandhi agnes volcott vailra gouravaarthavaagi agnes vailra aashrayavannu nirmisidaru.
nirmisidaru, avaru yellostone rashtriya udyaanavanada albraitninda superintendent sthaanavannu vahisikondaru mattu nirdeshaka albritege kshetra sahayakaragi seve sallisidaru. sallisidaru, mexico-united states gadiyuddakkoo sambhaavya antararashtriya udyaanavanagalu mattu vanyajeevi ashrayadhamagalannu baadigege padeyuva aayogadalli toll seve sallisitu mattu nyoo meksikoda deming bully nadeda vaahana apaghaatadalli nidhanaraadaru.
aata koloradodalli mount tolge hesaraagiddaane. hesaraagiddaane avara gouravaarthavaagi ee parvatakke adhikrutavaagi hesarisalaayitu.
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rogger dablyu. toll
oru american parvatharohakanum ezhuthukaaranum deseeya paarkk sevana udyogasthanumaayirunnu rogger volcoat toll (october 17,1883-februvari 25,1936).
jeevacharitram.
colonial govarnor rogger volcottinteyum american aikyanaadukalude sthaapaka pithaav olivar volcottinteyum vidoora bandhuvaya sabhaa mantri saamuval volcottinte makalaaya chaals hansen toll, catherine volcott toll ennivarude naalu puthranmaaril randaamanaayi 1883 october 17nuu denveril toll janichu. avante ammavan edward oo. denveril ninnulla yunaittad stetts senattaraayirunnu volcott, addehathinte ammayi adthyaapika anna volcott vailaayirunnu.
toll denverile maanuval haiskoolil ninnu birudam nedukayum columbia sarvakalaashaalayilekk maarunnathin munbu oru varsham denver sarvakalashaalayil cherukayum avide ninnu bii birudam nedukayum cheythu.ezz. 1906ll enchineeyaringil.
birudaananthara birudatthinu sesham, masaachyusets pothujanaarogya vakuppil jolic madangunnathinumumbu addeham oru varsham lokamembaadum sanjarichu. 1908-ll, yunaittad stetts koost aandu geodetic sarway addehathe niyamikkukayum 1908 epril muthal october vare alaskayile paachaka inlettinte theerapradesham sarway cheyyaan chumathalappeduthukayum cheythu. madangiyethiya sesham, toll denver tramway kambaniyil oru sthaanam aarambhichu, oduvil kambaniyude cheef enchineeyaraayi sthaanakkayattam labhichu. collado moundan klabbinte sthaapaka amgangalil oraalaayirunnu addeham. 1916ll addeham columbia parvathatthinte aadya aarohanam nadathukayum athinu thante alma mettarinte peru nalkukayum cheythu.
onnaam lokamahaayudhasamayathu toll oordanans corpsil sevanamanushtikkukayum mejar rankilekku sthaanakkayattam nedukayum cheythu. sainyathil, toll hooras emm. mumaayi sauhrudam sthaapichu. naashanal paarkk sarvees director steefan tii. kku toll shupaarsha cheytha aalbrait. moundu rainier desheeyodyaanathile suuprand sthaanathekku saadhyamaaya sthaanaarthiyaayi maathar. 1919 meyy maasathil toll niyamikkappedukayum 1921 vare sooprandaayi sevanamanushtikkukayum cheythu, pinneedu addeham rockie moundan naashanal paarkkilekk sooprandaayi maari, 1929 vare aaa sthaanathu sevanamanushtichu. addeham moundu reyniyaril kautts himaniyude aadya record kayattavum oru malakayatta apakadatthil maricha thante cussin agnez volcott vaileyude bahumaanaartham agnez weyl shelter nirmmichu.
1929-ll addeham yelloston naashanal paarkkile albraittil ninnu sooprandinte sthaanam ettedukkukayum director aalbraittinte feeld asisttantaayi sevanamanushtikkukayum cheythu. 1936ll, meksikoo-yunaittad stetts athirthiyile saadhyathayulla anthaaraashtra paarkkukalum vanyajeevi abhayakendrangalum charter cheiyunnathinulla oru commissionil toll sevanamanushtikkukayum nyoo meksikkoyile demingin sameepam oru vaahanaapakadathil marikkukayum cheythu.
colladoyile moundu tollinte peraanavan. 1940ll addehathinte bahumaanaartham parvathathinu audyogikamaayi peru nalki. | roser doubleu. toll
rogger volcott toll (17 aktoobar 1883-25 februwari 1936) haah eka american giryarohak, lekhak aanee rashtriy udyan seva adhikari hota, jyane mount renier, khadkal parvat aanee yelostone rashtriy udyanancha adhikshak mhanoon kaam kele.
charitra.
charles hanson toll aanee catherine volcott toll yanchya chaar mulanpaiki mulanpaiki mulasah, 17 aktoobar 1883 roji, tolcha janm denver yethe jhaala, jeey vasahatvadi governor rogger volcott aanee amerikeche sansthapak vadil oliver volcott yanche durche natevaik, mandalache mantri samuel volcott yanchi mulgi aahet. tyache kaka edward oo. volcott, denverche united statesche sinetara hote aanee tyanchi mavashi shikshika eenaa volcott vile hotee.
tolane denvermadhil manual highschoolmadhun padvi prapt kelee aanee kolambiya vidyapithat badali karnyapurvi eka varsh denver vidyapithat shikale, jithun tyane bii. aii. saha padvi prapt kelee.ess. 1906 madhye abhiyantrikimadhye.
padvinantar, massatusates sarvajanik aarogya vibhagat kaam karnyasathi parat yenyapurvi tyanni eka varsh jagbhar pravas keela. 1908 madhye, tyanna united states coast aanee geodetic sarvekshanadvare niyukt karnyat aale aanee april teey aktoobar 1908 paryant alaskamadhil swayampaki praveshdvarachya kinarpattiche sarvekshan karnyache kaam tyanchyavar sopavanyat aale. teey paratalyanantar, tolane denver tramway companymadhye kaam suru kele, akheris tyanna companyche mukhya abhiyanta mhanoon padonnati midali. colorado parvat mandalachya sansthapak sadasyanpaiki teey eka hote. 1916 madhye tyanni mount kolambiyavar pahile chadhai kele aanee tyala tyanchya matrubhumiche naav dile.
pahilya mahayuddhachya kalat tolane shastrastra dalat kaam kele aanee tyala mejar padavar badhati denyat aalee. lashkarat, tolane horace emm. shhee maitri kelee. albrite, jyane rashtriy udyan seva sanchalak stephen tii. yanna tolchi shifaras kelee. mount renier rashtriy udyanatil adhikshak padasathi sambhavya umedvar mhanoon mather. meey 1919 madhye tolchi nemanook karnyat aalee aanee 1921 paryant adhikshak mhanoon kaam kele, jevha tyanchi adhikshak mhanoon khadkal parvatiy rashtriy udyanat badali jhaali, 1929 paryant yaa padavar tyanni kaam kele. tyanni mount renier yethe coutz himnadichi pahili nond keleli chadhai kelee aanee chadhaichya apghatat maran pavalelya tyanchya chulat bhavachya sanmanarth agness valcott valle shelter bandhale.
1929 madhye tyanni yelostone rashtriy udyanatil albrite yethoon adhikshakache padd sweekarle aanee sanchalak albrite yanche kshetriy sahayyak mhanoon kaam kele. 1936 madhye, mexico-sanyukt rajyachya simevaril sambhavya aantarrashtriy udyane aanee vanyajeev aashraysthananna bhadepattivar ghenyasathi tolane eka aayogavar kaam kele aanee nyu meksikochya demingjaval eka vahan apghatat tyacha mrutyu jhaala.
koloradomadhye mount tolsathi too naav aahe. 1940 madhye tyanchya sanmanarth yaa dongarala adhikrutpane naav denyat aale.
| null | roser dablu. toll
roser walkat toll (october 17,1883-februari 25,1936) jane americae parbatarohi, lekhaka ebong jatiah udyan seba adhikari thile jie mount rainier, pathara parbata ebong yelostone jatiah udyanara adhikhyaka bhabare karjya karithile.
jeebani.
1883 masiha october 17 tarikhare denabharthare charles hansen toll ebong catherine olkat tolanka chaari puanka madhyaru dwiteeja putra bhabe toll janmagrahana karithile, jieki mandaleeja mantri samuel olkatnka jhia, jieki upanibeshabadee gabharnara roser olkat ebong juktarastra americara pratisthata pita alibhar olkatnka jane doora samparkeeah thile. taanka maamun, edward oh. walkat, denver ru jane juktarastra americara sinetara thile, ebong taanka mausi thile sikhyaka annah walkat bhail .
toll denveror manual haiskularu snataka hassel karithile ebong kalambia biswabidyalajaku sthanantara heba purbaru eka barsha paain denver biswabidyalajare joga deithile, jeunthiru shay aii. bii. ray snataka hassel karithile.ess. 1906 masihare injinijaringre.
snataka parey, shay massachusets public health bibhagare kaama karibaku feriba purbaru eka barsha saaraa biswa bhraman karithile. 1908 masihare, tanku juktarastrara upakula ebong bhu-bhougolika sarbekhyana dwara nijukti diajaithila ebong eprilaru october 1908 parjyanta alaskare roshei prabesha pathara upakula sarbekhyana karibara dajitwa diajaithila. feriba parey, toll denver tramaway companyre eka padabee arambha karithile, sheshare companyra mukhya engineer bhabare padonnati paithile. shay madhya colorado mountain clubber pratisthata sadasyamananka madhyaru jane thile. 1916 masihare shay kalambia parbata upare pratham aarohan karithile ebong taanka matrubhumira namanusare ehara namakarana karithile.
pratham biswajudha samajare, toll ordnance korare karjya karithila ebong mejara pahyaku padonnati paithila . senare, toll horace emm. nka saha bandhuta karithile. albrite, jie jatiah udyan seba nirdeshaka stephen tii. nku toll suparish karithile. mount renier jatiah udyanare adhikhyaka padabee paain sambhabya prarthi bhabare mather . meey 1919 ray toll nijukta hoithile ebong 1921 parjyanta adhikhyaka bhabare karjya karithile, jetebele shay pathara parbata jatiah udyanaku adhikhyaka bhabare badali hoithile, 1929 parjyanta ehi padabeere karjya karithile. shay mount reinijarare coutz glacier pratham record aarohan karithile ebong taanka samparkeeah, agnous walkat bhelenka sammanare agnous bhele ashrai nirmana karithile, jie eka aarohan durghatanare mrutyubarana karithile .
1929 masihare shay yelostone jatiah udyanara albritru adhikhyaka padabee grahan karithile ebong nirdeshaka albraitanka khetra sahajaka bhabe karjya karithile. 1936 masihare, mexico-united rajya seemaare sambhabya antarjatija park ebong banyajantu aashrajasthali charter karibaku toll eka commissionre karjya karithila ebong nyu mexicore deming nikatare eka automobile durghatanare mrutyubarana karithila.
shay kaloradore mount toller naama atanti . 1940 masihare taanka sammanare ehi parbataku aanusthanika bhabe namit karajaithila.
| rojar w. toll
rojar volcoat toll (17 aktubar 1883-25 farvari 1936) ikk amriki parbatarohi, lekhak atey ikk rashtari park seva adhikari see jiss neey mount renier, chatani pahaad atey yelostone rashtari parkan dey superdent vajon seva nibhai.
jeevani.
toll daa janam 17 aktubar 1883 noon danver witch hoiaa see, joe charles hanson toll atey catherine volcoat toll dey chaar puttran vicchon dooja see, joe kii bastiwadi governor rojar volcoat atey sanyukat raaj dey sansthapak pitaa olivar volcoat dey door dey rishtedaar, sangatvadi mantri semual volcoat dee dhee haii. uss dey chaache, edward ou. volcoat, danver toon ikk sanyukat raaj senator see, atey uss dee maasi sikkhiak ainaa volcoat vail see.
toll neey danver dey manual hyee school toon graduation keeti atey columbia university witch tabdil honn toon pahilan ikk saal laee danver university witch padahi keeti, jithon usne bee. aii. naal graduation keeti.aiss. 1906 witch engineering witch.
graduation toon baad, unhan neey massachusets jantak sihat vibhag laee kamm curran laee waps aaunn toon pahilan ikk saal dunia bharr dee yaatra keeti. sann 1908 witch, uss noon sanyukat raaj dey tatt atey bhuu-vigiaanak sarvekhan duaara niyukat keeta giaa see atey aprail toon aktubar 1908 takk alasca witch rasoia pravesh duaar dey samundari kandhe daa sarvekhan curran daa kamm saunpiaa giaa see. uss dee vaapsee utte, toll neey danver tramway company naal ikk sathiti shuru keeti, jiss noon aakharkar company dey mukkh engineer vajon tarakki ditti gaee. uh colorado mountain club dey sansthapak memberan vicchon ikk see. sann 1916 witch, uss neey columbia parbat dee pahili chadahi keeti atey iss daa naam aapne alma metter dey naam utte rakkhiaa.
pahile vishav yuddh dauran, toll neey ordnance coor witch seva nibhai atey mejar dey ahude utte tarakki ditti gaee. fauj witch, toll neey horace aimm naal dosti keeti. albrite, jiss neey national park service director stephen tii noon toll dee sifarash keeti. mount renier national park witch superdent dey ahude laee ikk sambhavit umidwar vajon maithar. toll noon maee 1919 witch niyukat keeta giaa see atey 1921 takk superdent vajon seva nibhai, jadon uh story mountain national park witch superdent vajon tabdil hoow giaa, 1929 takk iss ahude utte seva nibhai. usne mount renier vikhe cotz glacier dee pahili ricard chadahi keeti atey aapne chachere bharaa, agnus volcoat vaile dey sanman witch agnus vaile shelter banaiaa, jiss dee ikk chadahi hadse witch maut hoow gaee see.
sann 1929 witch, unhan neey yelostone national park witch albrite toon superdent daa ahuda sambhaliaa atey director albrite dey feeled sahaik vajon seva nibhai. sann 1936 witch, toll neey mexico-sanyukat raaj dee sarhadd dey naal sambhavit antarashtari parkan atey jangli jeevan dey sharnarthiaan noon charter curran laee ikk commission utte seva nibhai atey damming, nioo mexico dey nede ikk automobile hadse witch usdi maut hoow gaee.
uh colorado witch mount toll daa naam haii. iss pahaad daa naam adhikarat taur utte 1940 witch uhanan dey sanman witch rakkhiaa giaa see.
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roser doubleu. shulkam
roser volcat toll (october 17,1883-februvari 25,1936) ekaha amerikeeyah parvataarohee, lekhakah, rashtriya-udyaana-sevaa-adhikaari cha aasit yah maunt-renier, shilaa-parwatah, yelostone-rashtriya-udyananam adheekshakaroopen karyam krutavaan.
jeevanacharitram.
1883 october 17 dinaanke denver-nagare charles hanson-toll tathaa catherine-volcat-toll ityetayoho chaturnau putreshu dwiteeyah, toll-varyaha ajayata, yah mandaleevaad-mantree syaamuyel-volcat ityasya putree asti, yah aupaniveshika-governor roser-volcat ityasya, samyuktarajyamerikadesha samsthaapakasya pitaa olivar-volcat ityasya cha doorasamparkinah aasit. tasya maama edward o. volcat, denver-nagarasya samyuktarajyamerika-senator aasit, tasya attai cha annaa volcat vail iti shikshikaa aasit.
tolaha denver-nagarasya hastachaalit-ucchavidyaalayaat snaatakapadaveem praptavan, tathaa cha columbia-vishvavidyaalayam prati sthanantaranat poorvam ekavarsham yaavat denver-vishvavidyaalaye abhyanayt, yasmaat saha e. bii. padaveem praptavan.ess. 1906 tame varshe abhiyantre.
snaatakapadaveem praapya, saha massachusets-saarwajanik-swaasthya-vibhaagasya krute karyartham punaragamanat poorvam ekavarsham yaavat yaavat vishvaparyatanam krutavaan. 1908 tame varshe, saha samyuktaraajyaamerikaayah tate bhoo-bhaumitika-sarvekshane niyuktah abhavat, api cha april-masat october-maasaparyantam alasca-deshasya paaka-pravesha-tatasya sarvekshanasya karyam saha pradattavaan. pratyaagatya, toll-samsthaa denver-tramway-samsthaayaam sthaanam aarabhat, antatah tasya mukhya-abhiyantruroopena padonnatim avaapnot. saha colorado-parvata-club ityasya samsthaapak-sadasyeshu anyatamah aasit. 1916 tame varshe, saha columbia-parvatasya prathamam aarohanam krutvaa, tasya maatru-naamnah namna tasya namakaranam krutavaan.
prathamavishvayuddhe, toll-sevaa-vibhaagah ayudha-dale karyam krutavaan, measure-padaveem prati padonnatim avaapnot. senayam, tolaha horace emm ityanena saha mitrah abhavat. albrat, yah rashtriya-udyaana-sevaa-nirdeshakaay stephen tea. ityasmai toll ityasya anushamsaam akarot. maunt-renier-rashtriya-udyaane adheekshakaroopen sambhaavya-abhyarthiroopen maathar. 1919 mey-maase toll-varyaha niyuktah, 1921 paryantam adheekshakaroopen karyam krutavaan, yadaa saha adhipatyaah rupena shilaa-parvata-rashtriya-udyaanam prati sthanantaritaha, 1929 paryantam pade sewaarat. saha maunt-renier ityatra kautz-himanadasya prathamam abhilekhitam aarohanam krutavaan, tathaa cha aarohan-durghatanayam mrutasya swasahotrasya aagnes-volcat-vail ityasya sammanartham aagnes-vail ashrayasthanam niramaat.
1929 tame varshe, saha yellostone-rashtriya-udyaane albrat-taha adheekshakaroopen sthaanam sveekrutavaan, nirdeshakasya albrat-ityasya kshetra-sahayakatvena cha karyam krutavaan. 1936 tame varshe, meksiko-samyuktaraajyasya simayam sambhaavya-antarashtriya-udyaaneshu, vanyajeeva-sharanasthaaneshu cha shulkam daatum toll-ayogah kaaryam akarot, nyoo-meksiko-deshasya deming-nagarasya sameepe vaahan-apadayam cha mrutah.
colorado-nagare maunt-toll ityasya naam saha asti. 1940 tame varshe tasya sammanartham asya parvatam aadhikaarikaroopen namakaranam krutam. |
rogar doublue. sungavari
rojar volcott doll (october 17,1883-pipravari 25,1936) oru america malaiyaerupavar, ezhuththaalar mattrum thaesiya poongaa saevai adhigaari aavaar, avar mound rainier, paarai malai mattrum manjal cull thaesiya poongkaakkalin kankaanippaalaraaga paniyaattrinaar.
vaazhkkai varalaaru.
october 17,1883 andru denveril pirantha doll, charles haansan dolin naanku magangalil irandaavathu, mattrum keththarin volcott dolin magal, avar kaalanitthuva covernor rogar volcott mattrum america sthaabaga thanthai olivar volcott aagiyoarin tholaithoora uravinaraana sabaiyiyal mandhiri saamuvel volcatin magal aavaar. avarathu maama, edward ooo. volcott, denveriche saerntha america senattaraaga irunthaar, avarathu aththai kalviyaalar annah volcott vail aavaar.
denveril ulla kaiyedu uyarnilaip pallyil pattam pettra doll, kolambiya palkalaikkazhagaththirku maattrappaduvatharku munbu oru varudam denver palkalaikkazhagaththil payintraar, angkirunthu avar pii. aee pattam pettraar.ess. 1906ill poriiyal pattam pettraar.
pattam pettra piragu, avar massusets podhu sugaathaarath thuraiyil paniyaattrath thirumbuvatharku munbu oru varudam ulagam muzhuvathum payanam seithaar. 1908 aam aandil, avar america kadarkarai mattrum puvisaar kanakkeduppu moolam paniyamarthappattaar, maelum aepral muthal october 1908 varai alascavil ulla samaiyal nuzhaivaayilin kadarkaraiyai aaivu seiyum panii avarukku vazhangkappattathu. avar thirumbiya piragu, doll denver tramway niruvanaththil oru pathaviyaith thodangkinaar, iruthiyil niruvanaththin thalaimai poriyaalaraaka padhavi uyarvu pettraar. avar colorado malaik kazhagaththin niruvana uruppinargalil oruvaraagavum irunthaar. 1916 aam aandil, avar kolambiya malaiyin muthal aeruthalai maerkondaar, maelum adharku thanathu alma matterine peyarai soottinaar.
muthalaam ulagap poarin poathu, sungavari aayuthap padaiyil paniyaattrinaar mattrum mejar pathavikku uyarthappattaar. iraanuvaththil, doll hoaraes emm udan natpu kondaar. albride, thaesiya poongaa saevai iyakkunar stephen dii. kku sungachchaavadikku parinthuraiththaar. mound rainier thaesiya poongaavil kankaanippaalar pathavikku saathiyamaana vaetpaalaraaka maethar. mae 1919 ill sungachavadi paniyamarthappattu 1921 varai kankaanippaalaraaga paniyaattrinaar, pinnar avar paarai malai thaesiya poongaavukku kankaanippaalaraaga maattrappattaar, 1929 varai antha pathaviyil paniyaattrinaar. avar mound rainiyaril cowds panippaaraiyin muthal pathivu seiyappatta aeruthalai seithaar mattrum avarathu uravinar agnez volcott vailleyin ninaivaaga agnez vaille thangkumidaththai kattinaar, avar oru aeruthal vibaththil iranthaar.
1929 aam aandil, avar yellostone thaesiya poongaavil albritil irunthu kankaanippaalar padhaviyai aetrtraar mattrum iyakkunar albritine kazha uthaviyaalaraaka paniyaattrinaar. 1936 aam aandil, mexico-united states ellaiyil saathiyamaana sarvadesa poongkaakkal mattrum vanavilangku adaikkalangkalai vaadagaikku viduvatharkaana aanaiyaththil doll paniyaattrinaar, maelum neu mexikovin deming arugae oru vaagana vibaththil iranthaar.
avar kolaraadoavil mound doll peyaraaga ullaar. 1940 aam aandil avarathu ninaivaaga inththa malai athikaarappoorvamaaga peyaridappattathu.
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rogar doubleu. toll
roser volcott toll (october 17,1883-fibravari 25,1936) oka american parvataaroohakudu, rachayita mariyu national park servies adhikari, ayana mount rainer, rock mountain mariyu ellostone national paarkula superintendentga panicheesaaru.
jeevita charitra.
charless hansen toll mariyu catherine volcott tolla naluguru kumaarulalo rendava kumarudu ayina toll 1883 aktobaru 17naa denverlo janminchaadu, athanu valasavaada governor rogar volcott mariyu united states vyavasthaapaka tandri olivar volcott yokka suduura bandhuvu ayina sanghavaada mantri shamyul volcott kumarte. athani maama, edward oo. volcott, denver nundi united states senator, mariyu athani attha vidyavetta annah volcott vail.
toll denverloni manueval haiskool nundi pattabhadrudayyaadu mariyu columbia vishwavidhyaalayaaniki badilee kaavadaaniki mundu oka samvatsaram denver vishwavidhyaalayaaniki hajarayyadu, akkada nundi athanu bii thoo pattabhadrudayyaadu.ess. 1906loe injaneeringlo cheraaru.
graduation taruvaata, athanu masachusets department off public healthlo panicheyadaaniki tirigi raakamundu prapanchavyaaptamgaa oka samvatsaram gadipadu. 1908loe, united states coast und geodetic survey dwara niyaminchabaddaadu mariyu april nundi october 1908 varaku alaskaloni vanta inlet teerapraantaanni survey chese panini appaginchaaru. athanu tirigi vacchina taruvaata, toll denver tramway companylo oka padavini praarambhinchindi, chivariki company cheef injaneergaa padoonnati pondindi. athanu kolarado parvata club vyavasthaapaka sabhyulalo okadu kooda. 1916loe, athanu columbia parvataanni modati saari adhirohinchi, daaniki thana alma matter paeru pettadu.
modati prapancha yuddham samayamlo, toll ordinance corps loe panicheesaaru mariyu majer hodaaku padoonnati pondaaru. sainyamlo, toll horace m thoo sneham chesaadu. national park servies director stephen tii. kii tolnu sifaarsu chesina albrite. mount raine jaateeya udyaanavanamlo superintendent sthaanaaniki saadhyamayye abhyardhigaa mather. 1919 maeloe tolnu niyaminchaaru mariyu 1921 varaku superintendentga panicheesaaru, aaa tarvaata ayana raathi parvata jaateeya udyaanavanaaniki superintendentga badilee ayyaru, 1929 varaku aaa padaviloe panicheesaaru. athanu mount rainer vadda coutz himaninadam yokka modati namodu aarohana chesadu mariyu aarohana pramaadamloo maraninchina thana bandhuvu augness volcott vaille gouravaartham augness vaille aasrayaanni nirminchaadu.
1929loe, athanu ellostone national paarklooni albrite nundi superintendent padavini sweekarinchi, director albriteku kshetra sahayakudiga panicheesaadu. 1936loe, mexico-united states sarihaddu vembadi sambhaavya antarjaateeya paarkulu mariyu vanyapraanula saranaalayaalanu charter cheyadaaniki oka commissionlo toll panichesindi mariyu nyuu meksikoolooni deming sameepamlo jarigina automobile pramaadamloo maraninchindi.
athanu kolaradolo mount tolku paeru. 1940loe ayana gouravaartham eee parvataaniki adhikarikamga paeru pettaru. |
rogar dabliyo. toal
rogar volcoat toal (17 aktobar 1883-25 faroori 1936) eek americi koah paima masnaf aur national paark saros kaa eek ahalkaar thaa jiss nay mount renair raaki mountain aur yelo stone national parks kay sprintendent kay toor parr khidmaat anjaam dain.
sawanah umri.
toal 17 aktobar 1883 kuu denor mein paida hawaa charlis hanson toal aur catherine volcoat toal kay chaar beton mein say dosra juu kahh jamaat parsat wazeer simoil volcoat kii betty hay juu nawabadiyati governor rogar volcoat aur riyasathaye muthadah kay baanee waalid auliver volcoat kay door kay rishtah daar haine. iss kay chachaa edward awo. volcoat denor say taaluq rakhnay waalay riyasathaye muthadah kay senitor thay aur inn kii khaalah astaad anaa volcoat weel thein.
toal nay denor kay dasti hayee school say graduation kii aur columbia university mein muntaqil honay say pehley eek saal takk denor university mein taleem haasil kii jehaan say inhon nay bee kay saath graduation kii.aiss. 1906 mein engineering mein.
graduation kay baad inhon nay misachosts mohkamah sehat aamah kay liye kaam parr waps aaney say pehley duniya bhar kaa safar kartay hoay eek saal guzara. 1908 mein inhein riyasathaye muthadah kay saahil aur geodetic sarway nay mulazimat parr rakhaa thaa aur inhein apreel say aktobar 1908 takk alaska mein bawarchi kay inlet kay saahil kaa sarway karnay kaa kaam sonpa gayaa thaa. inn kii wapsi parr toal nay denor traum way company kay saath eek position sharoo kii balaakhir company kay cheef engineer kay toor parr tarqi dee gayee. wah colorado mountain kalb kay baanee arakeen mein say eek thay. 1916 mein iss nay columbia pahaad kii pehli chadhayi kii aur iss kaa naam apnay almaa metter kay naam parr rakhaa.
pehli jung azeem kay doraan toal nay ordinance coor mein khidmaat anjaam dain aur asay meejar kay ahday parr tarqi dee gayee. foj mein toal nay horais ayem say dosti kii. albrite jiss nay national paark saros kay director stephan tye kuu toal kii sfarish kii. mount renair national paark mein sprintendent kay ahday kay liye mamkanah amidwar kay toor parr methar. toal kii khidmaat mayee 1919 mein haasil kii gayein aur 1921 takk sprintendent kay toor parr khidmaat anjaam dain jabb wah raaki mountain national paark mein sprintendent kay toor parr muntaqil huay 1929 takk iss ahday parr khidmaat anjaam dain. inhon nay mount renair mein coutz glasheer kii pehli record chadhayi kii aur apnay kazan agnees volcoat weel kay aizaz mein agnees weel shelter tameer kiyaa juu eek chadhayi kay haadise mein halaak how gayey.
1929 mein inhon nay yelo stone national paark mein albrite say sprintendent kaa ahdah sanbhala aur director albrite kay feld assistent kay toor parr khidmaat anjaam dain. 1936 mein toal nay mexico-united steat kii sarhad kay saath mamkanah beenn alaqwami parkon aur jangli hayaat kii panah gaahon kuu charter karnay kay liye eek commission parr kaam kiyaa aur deming neo mexico kay qareeb eek automobile haadise mein halaak how gayaa.
wah colorado mein mount toal kaa naam hay. 1940 mein inn kay aizaz mein iss pahaad kaa bazabtah naam rakhaa gayaa. |
00058c3300e9284edb188a7d743ecd94dff17bdbd4cddb00ad56cb4b94f71bfc | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=74321109 | Development Challenges in Bhutan |
Development Challenges in Bhutan
2017 edited volume by Johannes Dragsbæk Schmidt
Development Challenges in Bhutan: Perspectives on Inequality and Gross National Happiness is an edited volume by Johannes Dragsbæk Schmidt and belongs to the "Contemporary South Asian Studies" book series published by Springer Nature.
Background.
The book consists of 10 chapters written by different authors and offers an academic perspective on the development challenges faced by Bhutan. It provides a deep insights into the country's unique development approach—the concept of Gross National Happiness. Furthermore, the book presents a comprehensive and critical assessment of Bhutan's political economy, focusing on key areas such as education policy, health, information and communication technology (ICT), and migration.
Reception.
In "Asian Affairs", Wolfgang Drechsler writes, "This book has an outsider's perspective to an extent that is astonishing for our time, i.e., hardly anyone from Bhutan was asked to join the effort, and it hardly ever takes Bhutanese approaches seriously. Rather, the authors seem perennially discontented that Bhutan has not taken "the road to Denmark", refusing to develop in what they suggest to be a more equitable way, but which mostly seems more neo-liberal in (quantitative) methods and values."
Writing for "Mountain Research and Development", Frank Rennie of the University of the Highlands and Islands writes, "This book makes a very useful start to the deeper critical scrutiny of those issues, but what seems to be missing is the injection of any Bhutanese voice—any real contextual analysis of pragmatic politics."
References.
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bhutanor unnoyonor proityahbanxomuh
bhutanor unnoyonor proityahbanxomuhoh oxomota aaru muth rastriyo xukhor uporot dristibhongi hoise juhanes dragsback smitor dwara xompadito khondo aaru ee springor prokritir dwara prokaxito "xomoxamoyik dokhyin esiya odhyoyon" grontho sringkholar ontorgoto.
potobhumi.
ei gronthokhonot bibhinno lekhokor dwara likhito 10taa odhyay aase aaru iyat bhutanor dwara xonmukhin huwa unnoyonmulok proityahbanxomuhor uporot ek xoikhyik dristibhongi prodan koraa hoise. ee dexor ononyo unnoyonor dristibhongi-muth rastriyo xukhor dharonar ek gobhir ontordristi prodan kore. todupori, kitapkhone xikhya niti, swasthyo, tothyo aaru jugajug projukti (ict), aaru probrojonor dore mool khetroxomuhor uporot gurutwo di bhutanor rajnoitik orthonitir ek byapok aaru xomaluchonamulok mulyayon uposthapon kore.
obhyorthona.
asean bixoy" too, wolfgang drackcholare likhise, "ei kitapkhonot ek bahyik dristibhongi aase ji aamar xomoyor baabe aasorit kore, oh '.ee.bhutanor poraa kunuwe ei prochestat jugdan koriboloi kuwa huwa nasil, aaru ee bhutanixokolor dristibhongik ketiyau guruttoxohokare luwa nasil. iyar poriworte, lekhokxokole bohu bosor dhori oxontusto zen onubhob kore je bhutanoi "denmarkor poth" luwa naai, teuluke odhik nyayxongot upay hisape poramorxo diyar poraa birot aase, kintu jitu besibhagei (porimangot) poddhoti aaru mulyobudhot odhik nobyo-udarbadi zen laage."
porbot gowexona aaru unnoyon" ror baabe likhi, uschobhumi aaru dippunj biswobidyaloyor frank reniye likhise, "ei gronthokhone xei bixoiburor gobhir xomaluchonamulok porikhyar baabe ek oti upojugi aarombhoni kore, kintu ji onuposthito zen laage xeya hoh 'lo jikunu bhutani konthosworor bezi-praboharik rajneetir jikunu prokrito praxongik bislexon." | bhutaner unnoyonmulok challenge
bhutane unnayan chyalenjah baisamma ebong sthul jatiya sukher drishtibhongi johannes dragback schmitter ekti sampadito khondo ebong spring prokriti dwara prokashito "somosamoyik dakkhin eshiya adhyayan" boi sirijer ontorgoto.
patabhumi.
boitite bivinno lekhokder lekha 10tii adhyay royeche ebong etty bhutaner sammukhin haoya unnoyonmulok chyalenjgulir upor ekti academic drishtibhongi pradan korey. etty desher ananya unnayan poddhotir govir antardrishti pradan korey-moat jatiya sukher dharona. echhadao, boiti shikkha neeti, swastho, tothyo oo jogajog prajukti (aaee. shee. tii) ebong abhibashoner moto mool khetrogulite mononibesh korey bhutaner rajnaitik orthonitir ekti bistrito ebong samalochanamulak mulyayan uposthapon korey.
abhyarthana.
asean affairs"-ayee, olfgang dretchler likhechen, "eyi boitite bairer manusher drishtibhongi royeche jaa amader somoyer jonno vismayakar.ee.bhutaner khub komoi kauke eyi prochestai jog ditey bolla hoyechilo ebong etty khub komoi bhutanider poddhotike gurutto deyo. borong, lekhakra chirokalyi asantushta boley money corren jey, bhutan "denmarker poth" neoni, taaraa jaa arow nyayasangata upay boley money korey taa bikash korte aswikar koreche, tobey jaa beshirbhag khettre (porimangoto) poddhoti ebong mulyabodhe arow nobbo-udar boley money hoy."
porboto gobeshona oo unnayan"-err jonno likhte giye, parbotto oo dweeppunjo bishwobidyaloyer frank renee likhechen, "eyi boiti seii vishaygulir govir samalochanamulak todonter jonno ekti khub darkari suchona korey, tobey jeti onuposthito boley money hoy taa holl jey konao bhutani kanthaswarer inajekashana-bastob rajneetir jey konao prasongik bishleshan."
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bhutaanmaa vikasna padkaaro
bhutaanmaa vikasna padkaaroh asamanta aneey coole raashtriy sukh parnaa pariprekshyo aee johannis dragback schmitt dwara sampadit granth chhe aneey teey springer nature dwara prakashit "samkalin dakshin aeshiyan abhyaas" pustak shrenee saathe sambandhit chhe.
prushthbhumi.
aaa pustakma viveedh lekhako dwara lakhaayela 10 prakarano chhe aneey bhutaan dwara saamno karvaamaa aavtaa vikasna padkaaro parr aek shaikshanik pariprekshya pradaan karey chhe. teey deshnaa ananya vikaas abhigam-coole raashtriy sukhnee vibhavnama undee aantardrushti pradaan karey chhe. vadhumaa, aaa pustak shikshan neetee, aarogya, maahitee aneey sanchaar technology (aaee. see. tii.) aneey sthalaantar jevaa mukhya kshetro parr dhyaan kendrit kareene bhutaannaa raajkeey arthtantranu vyaapak aneey nirnayak mulyankan rajoo karey chhe.
swaagat.
aeshiyan baabto" maan, wolfgang dretchler lakhe chhe, "aaa pustakma bahaarnaa vyaktino drashtikon chhe jeey aapana samay maate aashcharyajanak chhe, etale keey.ee.bhutanmathi bhagye jaj koine aaa prayasma jodava maate kahevama aavyu hatoo, aneey teey bhagye jaj bhutaannaa abhigamone gambhirtathi leey chhe. tenaa badale, lekhako kaayam asantusht laage chhe keey bhutaanae "denmarkno maarg" leedho nathee, teo jeey vadhu nyaayi reete soochave chhe temaa vikaas karvaano incar karey chhe, parantu jeey mote bhaage (matratmak) paddhateeo aneey mulyomaa vadhu niyo-liberal laage chhe."
parvateey sanshodhan aneey vikaas" maate lakhata, uchch pradesho aneey tapuoni universityna frank renee lakhe chhe, "aaa pustak teey muddaaoni undee vivechanaatmak tapaas maate khoob jaj upyogi sharuaat karey chhe, parantu jeey khoote chhe teey koipan bhutaani avaajnu injection chhe-vyavhaaru rajkarannu koipan vaastavik sandarbhit vishleshan." |
bhootaan mein vikas kii chunauti
bhootaan mein vikas kii chunautih asamaanta aur sakal rashtriya khushi parr drishtikon johannes dragsback schmitt dwara sampaadit ack khand haye aur springer prakriti dwara prakaashit "samkaaleen dakshin asiai adhyayan" pustak shrinkhala seey sambandhit haye.
prishthabhoomi.
iss pustak mein vibhinn lekhakon dwara likhe gaye 10 adhyaay hain aur yeh bhootaan key saamane aaney vaali vikas chunautiyon parr ack shaikshanik drishtikon pradaan karati haye. yeh desh key advitiya vikas drishtikon-sakal rashtriya khushi kii avadharana mein ack gahari antardrishti pradaan kartaa haye. isake alawa, yeh pustak shiksha neeti, swaasthya, soochana aur sanchaar praudyogiki (aaee. see. tii.) aur pravaas jaise pramukh kshetron parr dhyaan kendrit karate hue bhootaan kii raajneetik arthavyavastha kaa ack vyaapak aur mahatvapurna mulyankan prastut karati haye.
swaagat.
asiai mamalon" mein, wolfgang drackler likhate hain, "iss pustak mein ack hudd taka baahari vyakti kaa drishtikon haye joe hamaare samay key liye aashcharyajanak haye.ee.bhootaan key shayed hii kissy koo iss prayaas mein shamil honey key liye kahaa gayaa thaa, aur yeh shayed hii kabhi bhootaan key drishtikon koo gambhirta seey letaa haye. balki, lekhakon koo lagata haye kii way iss baat seey baar-baar asantusht hain kii bhootaan ney "denmark kaa raasta" naheen apanaaya haye, aur way joe adhik nyaaysangat tareeke seey vikasit karane kaa sujhaav dete hain, usey vikasit karane seey incar curr rahey hain, lekin joe jyaadaatar (matratmak) tarikon aur moolyon mein adhik nava-udaarvaadi lagata haye."
parvatiya anusandhaan aur vikas" key liye likhate hue, uchch bhoomi aur dweepon key vishvavidyalaya key frank renee likhate hain, "yeh pustak una muddon kii gahari aalochanatmak jaanch key liye ack bahut hii upayogi shuruat karati haye, lekin joe gayab prateet hotaa haye vaha haye kissy bhee bhutani aavaaj kaa injection-vyaavhaarik rajneeti kaa koee bhee vaastavik praasangik vishleshan."
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bhootaannalli abhivruddhi savaalugalu
bhootaannalli abhivruddhi savaalugaluh asamanate mattu ottu rashtriya santoshada bagegina drashtikonagalu johannes dragsbake schmid avara sampaadisida samputavaagide mattu idu springer prakruti prakatisida "samakaalina daksina eshyaada adhyayanagalu" pustaka saranige seride.
hinnele.
ee pustakavu vividha lekhakaru bareda 10 adhyayagalannu olagondide mattu bhutan edurisuttiruva abhivruddhi savaalugala bagge shaikshanika drashtikonavannu niiduttade. idu deshada ananya abhivruddhi vidhaanada bagge aalavaada olanotavannu odagisuttade-ottu rashtriya santoshada parikalpane. idallade, ee pustakavu sikshana neeti, aarogya, mahiti mattu samvahana tantragyaana (aii. sii. tii) mattu valaseyantaha pramukha kshetragala mele kendrikarisuva bhutanna rajakiya aarthikateya samagra mattu nirnayaka moulyamaapanavannu prastutapadisuttade.
svaagata.
asean vevahaaragalalli", wolfgang drexler bareyuttaare, "ee pustakavu horaginavara drashtikonavannu hondide, adhu namma samayakke aashcharyakaravaagide, andare.ii.bhutanna yaarannoo ee prayatnadalli seralu kelalaagilla, mattu idu bhutan vidhaanagalannu gambhiravagi tegedukolluvudilla. badalige, lekhakaru bhootaananu "denmarkge daari" tegedukollalilla, avaru hecchu nyaayayutavaada reetiyalli abhivraddhipadisalu nirakarisiddare, aadare idu hechchaagi (parimaanaatmaka) vidhaanagalu mattu moulyagalalli hecchu nava-udaaravaadi endu toruttade."
parvata samshoodhane mattu abhivruddhi" gaagi bareyutta, parvata pradeshagalu mattu dweepagala vishvavidyaanilayada fraank rennie bareyuttaare, "ee pustakavu aaa samasyegala aalavaada vimarshaatmaka parisheelanege bahala upayukta aarambhavannu niiduttade, aadare kaaneyaagide endu toruva yaavude bhutani dhwaniya chuchchumaddu-yaavude vaastavika sandarbhochita vishleshane prayogika rajakiya." |
bhoottaanile vikasana velluvilikal
bhoottaanile vikasana velluvilikal asamathvatheyum motha deseeya santhoshatheyum kurichulla kaazhchappaadukal johannes dragsbake shmidt edittucheytha oru vaalyamaan, ithu springer nechar prasidheekaricha "samakaalika dakshineshyan padanangal" pusthaka parambarayil ulppedunnu.
pashchaathalam.
vividha rachayithakkal ezhuthiya 10 adhyayangal ulkkollunna eee pusthakam bhootaan abhimukeekarikkunna vikasana velluvilikalekkurichu academic veekshanam nalkunnu. ithu raajyathinte athulyamaaya vikasana sameepanathekkurichulla aazhathilulla ulkkaazhcha nalkunnu-motha deseeya santhosham enna ashayam. koodaathe, vidyaabhyaasa nayam, aarogyam, vivarasaankethikavidya (aii. sii. tii), kudiyettam thudangiya pradhana mekhalakalil shradha kendreekarichukondu bhoottaante rashtreeya sambadvyavasthayekkurichu samagravum vimarsanaathmakavumaaya vilayiruthal pusthakam avatharippikkunnu.
sweekaranam.
eshyan afayezhsil", wolfgang drexler ezhuthunnu, "eee pusthakathinu oru paridhivare purathuninnulla kaazhchappaadund, athu nammude kaalathe athbhuthappeduthunnu, athaayath.iii.bhoottaanil ninnulla aarodum eee shramathil cheraan aavasyappettitla, athu bhutanese sameepanangale orikkalum gauravamaayi edukkunnilla. pakaram, bhoottaan "denmarkkilekkulla paatha" sweekarichittillennum avar kooduthal nyayamaaya reethiyil vikasippikkaan visammathikkunnundenum, ennaal (alavu) reethikalilum moolyangalilum kooduthal navaa-udaaravaadamaanennu thonnunnuvennum rachayithakkal nirantharam asamthriptharaanennu thonnunnu."
parvatha gaveshanathinum vikasanathinum" vendi ezhuthumbol, malayora pradeshangaludeyum dveepukaludeyum sarvakalaashaalayile frank rennie ezhuthunnu, "eee pusthakam aaa prashnangalekkurichulla aazhathilulla vimarsanaathmaka parishodhanaykk valare upayogapradamaaya thudakkamaanu nalkunnathu, ennaal eathoru bhutanese shabdathinteyum kuthivayppaanu nashtamayathaayi thonnunnathu-praayogika raashtreeyathekkurichu eathenkilum yadhaartha sandarbhochitha vishakalanam." | bhutanmadhil vikasachi aavhane
bhutanmadhil vikas aavhaneh asamanata aanee sakal rashtriy aanandavaril drushtikon haah johannes dragsback schmitt yancha sampadit khand aahe aanee springer necharne prakashit kelelya "samkalin dakshin ashiyai abhyas" yaa pustak malikeshi sambandhit aahe.
parshvabhoomi.
yaa pustakat vegvegalya lekhakanni lihilele 10 adhyay aahet aanee bhutanla bhutanla vikasachya aavhananvar eka shaikshanik drushtikon aahe. heey deshachya adviteey vikas drushtikonabaddal-sthool rashtriy aanandachi sankalpana yabaddal sakhol antardrushti pradan karate. yashivay, heey pustak shikshan dhoran, aarogya, mahitee aanee dalanvalan tantradnyan (aay. see. tii.) aanee sthalantar yasarkhya pramukh kshetranvar laksh kendrit karoon bhutanchya rajkiy arthvyavastheche sarvasamaveshak aanee gambhir moolyankan sadar karate.
swagat.
ashiyai vyavhar' yaa pustakat, wolfgang drexler lihitat, 'yaa pustakat bahereel vyakticha drushtikon aahe joou aaplya kalasathi aashcharyakarak aahe, mhanje.eae.bhutanmadhil kvachitach konalahi yaa prayatnat sahbhagi honyas sangitale gele hote aanee teey bhutanchya drushtikonanna kvachitach gambhiryane ghete. tyaeivaji, bhutanane 'denmarkcha marg' swikarla nahee, teey jeey adhik nyayya marg suchavatat tyat vikasit honyas nakar dett aahet, parantu jeey bahutek vela (parimanatmak) paddhati aanee mulyanmadhye adhik navudarvadi disate, yavar lekhak kayamche asamadhani asalyache disate."
parvatiy sanshodhan aanee vikas" sathee lihitana, dongral pradesh aanee betanchya vidyapithache phrank renee lihitat, "heey pustak tyaa samasyanchya sakhol gambhir chhananisathi eka atishay upayukt suruvat karate, parantu jyaa goshti gahal asalyache disate tee mhanje konatyahi bhutanij aavajache injection-vyavharik rajkaranache konatehi vastavik sandarbhatmak vishleshan."
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bhutanma vikas chunautiharu
bhutanma vikas chunautiharuh asamanta rar samagra rashtriya khusiko pariprekhya johannes dragsback shmitdwara sampadit khanda how rar springer nechardwara prakashit "samakalin dakshin asealy adhyayan" pustak shringkhalasanga sambandhit chha.
prishthabhumi.
yass pustakma vibhinna lekhakharule lekheka 10 wata adhyayharu chhan rar yasale bhutanle samana garne vikas chunautiharuma shaikshik pariprekhya pradan gardacha. yasale deshko adwitiya vikas drishtikon-samagra rashtriya khusiko awadharanama gahiro antardrishti pradan gardacha. yasabahek, pustakle shiksha niti, swasthya, suchana rar sanchar prawidhi (ict), rar aprawasana jasta pramukh kshetraharuma kendrit gardai bhutanko rajnitik arthatantrako wyapak rar alochanatmak mulyankan prastut gardacha.
swagat.
asealy mamilaharuma", wolfgang drexler lekhchan, "yass pustakma ek hadasamma bahiriko drishtikon chha june hamro samayaka lagi ashcharyajanak chha, arthat.ei.bhutanka sayed nai kasailai yass prayasma samel huna bhanieko thiyo, rar yasale bhutani drishtikonlai kahilyai gambhirtaka sath lindaina. baru, lekhakharu bhutanle "denmarkko bato" lieko chhaina bhanera chirkal asantushta dekhinchhan, uniharule ajha nyayapurna tarikama vikas garna aswikar garchhan, tara june prayaha (matratmak) vidhiharu rar mulyaharuma badhi nav-udar dekhinchha."
parwatiya anusandhan rar vikas" kaa lagi lekhdai, hylands rar tapuharuko vishwavidyalayaka frank renee lekhchan, "yass pustakle tee muddaharuko gahiro alochanatmak chhanwinko lagi dherai upayogi suruwat gardacha, tara june kura haraeko dekhinchha tyo kunai pani bhutani awajko injection how-wyawaharik rajnitiko kunai pani wastawik sandarbhik vishleshan." | bhutan ray bikash aahwana
bhutan ray bikash aahwanah asamanata ebong mote jatiah sukha upare drustikona johannes dragswake shmitanka dwara eka sampadita khanda ebong springara prakruti dwara prakashita "samasamajika dakhina asiah adhyajana" pustaka shrunkhalara antarbhukta .
prusthabhumi.
ehi pustakare bibhinna lekhakanka dwara likhita likhita adhyaja rahichhi ebong bhutan sammukheen heuthiba bikash aahwana upare eka academic drustikona pradan kare . ehaa deshar ananya bikash abhimukhya-mote jatiah sukhar dharana bishajare eka gabhira antardrusti pradan kare . ehaa byatita, ehi pustakare sikhya neeti, swasthya, suchana ebong jogajoga prajukti (aai. sii. tii.) ebong sthanantarana bhali pramukh khetra upare dhyana kendrit curry bhutanara rajanaitika arthabyabasthara eka byapaka ebong gurutwapurna mulyankana upasthapana karajaichi.
swagata.
asiah byapara" ray, walfaganga drexler lekhichhanti, "ehi pustakare jane bahara byaktinka drustikona rahichhi jaahaa aama samai paain ashcharjyajanaka, arthat.ee.bhutan ru kwachit kahaku ehi prajasare jogadebaku kuhajaithila, ebong ehaa bhutani drustikonaku kebe bii gambhiratara saha neuni . barang, lekhakamane chirantan asantusta thiba pari manehue je bhutan "denmarker rasta" grahan karinahin, jaahaa semane adhika nyajasangata upaajare bikash karibaku manah karichanti, kintu jaahaa mukhyatah (parimanatmaka) paddhati ebong moolyabodhare adhika nabo-udaara bolly dekhajae ."
parbata gabeshana ebong bikash" paain lekhi, uchchabhumi ebong dwepapunja biswabidyalajara phranka renee lekhichhanti, "ehi pustaka sehi prasangagudikara gabhira samalochanatmaka jancha paain eka atyanta upajogee arambha kare, kintu jaahaa anupasthita bolly manehue taaha heuchhi kaunasi bhutani swarara injection-byabaharika rajneetira kaunasi prakruta prasangika bisleshana ."
| bhutan witch vikas deeaan chunotiaan
bhutan witch vikas chunotiaan asmanta atey kull rashtari khushi baare drishtikon johannes dragsbake shmitt duaara sampadit valiam haii atey ih springer kudrat duaara prakashit "samkali dakkhni aci adhiaen" pustak luddy naal sabandhat haii.
pichokad.
iss pustak witch vakkh-vakkh lekhakan duaara likhe gaye 10 adhiaai hunn atey ih bhutan noon darpesh vikas chunotiaan baare ikk akadamik drishtikon pesh kardi haii. ih desh dee vilakkhan vikas pahunch-kull rashtari khushi dee dharna witch dunghi samajh pardan karda haii. iss toon ilava, ih pustak bhutan dee rajneetak arthvivastha daa ikk viaapak atey aalochnatmak mulankan pesh kardi haii, jiss witch sikkhiaa neeti, sihat, soochna atey sanchar technology (aaee. see. tii.) atey parvas varge pramukh khetran 'teey dhiaan kendrat keeta giaa haii.
suagat.
aci mamlian" witch, wolfgang drackler likhda haii, "iss kitaab witch ikk baahari drishtikon haii joe saade samein laee heranijanak haii, I.ee.bhutan dey shayed hii kise noon iss yatan witch shamal honn laee kiha giaa see, atey ih shayed hii kadey bhutani pahunch noon gambhirta naal lainda haii. iss dee bajaae, lekhak iss gall toon hamesha asantusht jaapde hunn kii bhutan neey "danmark daa raah" naheen apnaiaa haii, uh vadhere niaanpuran tarike naal vikast curran toon inkaar qarr rahey hunn, parr joe ziaadaatar (matratmak) tarikiaan atey kadran-keematan witch vadhere navv-udarvadi japda haii."
pahadi khoj atey vikas" laee likhade hoye, highlands atey tapuan dee university dey frank renee likhade hunn, "ih kitaab unhan muddiaan dee dunghi aalochnatmak padtal laee ikk bahut hii labhdaik shuruat kardi haii, parr joe gumm japda haii uh haii kise vee bhutani aavaaz daa teeka-viharak rajneeti daa koee vee asal prasangik vishleshan."
| bhutana-deshe vikasa-samasyaayaah
bhutan-deshe vikasa-chunauteeh asamanata tathaa samagra-rashtriya-sukhasya vishaye drushtikonah iti johannes-dragsback-schmid-ityanena sampaaditah khandah asti, yat springer-nechar ityanena prakashitasya "samakaaleen-dakshina-asean-adhyayanasya" pustaka-shrunkhalaayaah antargatah asti.
prushtabhoomau.
asmin pustake bhinnaih lekhakaih likhitaani 10 adhyayani santi, bhutanasya vikaasapratispardhah vishaye shaikshanik-drushtikonah cha pradadaati. ayam deshasya adwiteeyawikaas-drushtikonasya gahanam antardrushtim pradadaati-sthool-rashtriya-sukhasya avadharana. etadatirichya, idam pustakam shiksha-neetih, swaasthyam, suchana-sanchaar-praudyogikee (aii. sii. tii.), pravaasaha ityadinam pramukhakshetraani kendreekrutam bhutanasya raajanaitik-arthavyavasthaayaah vistrutam vimarshaatmakam cha mulyamkanam prastooyati.
sweekaranam.
asean affairs" ityasmin, wolf-gyaang-drexler likhati, "asmin pustake bahihsthasya drushtikonah asti yat asmakam kaalasy krute ashcharyakaram bhavati, arthaat.ee.bhutanasya praayah kashchit api asmin prayaase bhaagam graheetum naa prushtah, bhutanasya drushtikonaan api kadaapi gambhirataya naa sweekaroti. apitu, bhutana-samsthaa "denmark-maargam" naa sveekrutavatee iti lekhakaah chirakaalam asantushtaah iti drushyante, adhika-nyayayukta-rupena vikasayitum niraakaroti, parantu (parimanatmaka-) vidhayah moolyeshu cha praayah nava-udaaravaadinah iti drushyante."
parvata-anusandhaana-vikasa-vishaye" likhantee, ucchabhoomi-dweepa-vishvavidyaalayasya frank renee likhati, "etat pustakam teshaam vishayanam gahan-vimarshaatmak-parikshanasya krute ateeva upayogee arambham karoti, parantu yat anupasthitam iti drushyate tatt kasyaapi bhutani-dhwanyaah-vyaavahaarik-rajanityaha vaastavika-praasangika-vishleshanasya-injekshan iti."
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puuttaanil valarchi savaalgal
puuttaanil valarchi savaalgal samathuvaminmai mattrum moththa thaesiya magizhchchi kuriththa munnoakkugal enbathu johannes tragusbeck shmitt ezhuthiya thirutthappatta thoguthiyaagum, idhu sprinker nechar veliyitta "samagaala therkaasiya aaivugal" puththagath thodaraich saernthathu.
pinnani.
inththa puththagam vevvaeru ezhuththaalargalaal ezhuthappatta 10 aththiyaayangkalaik kondullathu mattrum puuttaan ethirkollum valarchi savaalgal kuriththa kalvik kannoattaththai valangkukirathu. idhu naattin thaniththuvamaana valarchi anugumurai-moththa thaesiya magizhchchiyin karutthai pattriya aalamaana nunnarivugalai valangkukirathu. maelum, kalvik kolgai, sugaathaaram, thagaval mattrum thagaval thodarbu thozhilnutpam (aisidi) mattrum idampeyarvu poantra mukiya pakuthikalil kavanam seluththi, puuttanin arasiyal porulaathaaraththaip pattriya virivaana mattrum vimarsana mathippeettai inththa puththagam valangkukirathu.
varavaerpu.
aasiya vivagaarangkalil", wolfgang tressler ezhuthukiraar, "inththa puththagam oru velippuraththin munnokkaik kondullathu, idhu namm kaalaththirku aachchariyamaaka irukkirathu, athaavathu.eee.puuttaanil irunthu yaarume inththa muyarchiyil saerumpadi ketkappadavillai, maelum idhu puuttaaniya anugumuraigalai theeviramaaga eduththukkolvathillai. maaraaga, puuttaan "denmaarkkirkaana paathaiyai" edukkavillai endru ezhuththaalargal aanduthoarum athirupthi adainthathaagath therikirathu, avarkal migavum samamaana vazhiyaaga irukka parinthuraippathai uruvaakka marukkiraargal, aanaal idhu perumpaalum (alavu) muraigal mattrum mathippukalil migavum nava-thaaraalavaathamaagath therikirathu."
malai aaraaichi mattrum maempaattirkaaga ezhuthukaiyil, malaippaguthigal mattrum theevugal palkalaikkazhagaththin frank rennie ezhuthukiraar, "inththa puththagam antha pirachchanaikalai aazhamaaga vimarsana reethiyaaga aaraaivatharku migavum payanulla thodakkaththai alikkirathu, aanaal endha puuttaaniya kuralin oosi-nadaimurai arasiyalin endhavoru unmaiyana soozhal pakuppaaivu."
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bhutan loe abhivruddhi savaallu
bhootaanlo abhivruddhi savaallu asamaanata mariyu sthuula jaateeya anandampai drukpathaalu anedi johannes dragsbake schmidt sampaadakeeyam chesina valume mariyu spring prakruti prachurinchina "samakaaleena dakshinasia adhyayanalu" pustaka shreniki chendinadi.
nepathyam.
eee pustakamlo vividha rachayitalu raasina 10 adhyayalu unnaayi mariyu bhutan edurkontunna abhivruddhi savaallapai vidyaaparamaina drukpathaanni andistundi. idhi desham yokka pratyaekamaina abhivruddhi vidhanam-sthuula jaateeya aanandam anae bhavana gurinchi lothaina antardrushtulanu andistundi. inca, eee pustakam vidya vidhanam, aarogyam, samachara mariyu samachara saanketikata (ii. sii. tii) mariyu valasa vanti keelaka rangaalapai drushti saarinchi, bhutan raajakeeya aardhika vyavasthapai samagramaina mariyu vimarsanaatmaka anchanaanu andistundi.
reception.
asea vyavaharalalo", wolfgang dretchsler ilaa vraasaadu, "eee pustakam mana kaalaaniki aascharyapariche meraku bayati vyakti yokka drukpathaanni kaligi undhi, antey.ii.bhutan nundi evarinee eee prayatnamlo cheramani adagaledu, mariyu idhi bhutani vidhaanaalanu eppuduu teevramgaa teesukodu. badulugaa, bhutan "denmark kuu maargam" teesukoledani, vaaru marinta samaanamaina maargamgaa soochinche vidhamgaa abhivruddhi chendadaaniki niraakarinchaarani, conny idhi ekkuvagaa (parimaanaatmaka) paddhatulu mariyu viluvalalo marinta nava-udaaramgaa anipistundani rachayitalu saasvatamgaa asantruptigaa unnatlu anipistundi."
parvata parisoedhana mariyu abhivruddhi" kosam vraastuu, parvata praantaalu mariyu deevula vishwavidhyaalayaaniki chendina fraank rennie ilaa vraasaaru, "eee pustakam aaa samasyala yokka lothaina vimarsanaatmaka pariseelanaku chaalaa upayogakaramaina prarambhanni istundi, conny edainaa bhutanese vois yokka injection-aacharanaatmaka rajakeeyaala yokka edainaa nijamaina sandarbhochita vislaeshanha."
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bhutaan mein tarqiyati challenges
bhutaan mein tarqiyati challenges: adam masawaat aur majmuyi qomi khushi kay tanazar johans dragsback shamat kaa eek tarmim shadah jald hay aur iss kaa taaluq springer neacher kay zariah shaye kardah "asree janubi aishiyayi mutaliat" kii kitaab kii seerez say hay.
piss manzar.
yaha kitaab mukhtalif masnafeen kay likhay hoay 10 abwaab parr mushtamil hay aur bhutaan kuu darpesh tarqiyati challenges parr eek taleemi naqtah nazar paish karti hay. yaha milk kay manfard tarqiyati naqtah nazar-majmuyi qomi khushi kay tasavur kay baaray mein gehri basirat farahim kartaa hay. mazeed baraan yaha kitaab bhutaan kii seyasi maeshat kaa eek jaamaa aur tanqidi jaizah paish karti hay jiss mein taleemi policy sehat information aind communication technology (aayee see tye)yee aur hijrat jeesay kaleedi shoabon parr taujah markoz kii gayee hay.
isteqbaliya.
aishiyayi amoor" mein walaf gaing dreachsler likhtay haine "iss kitaab mein eek beruni kaa naqtah nazar iss hadd takk hay juu hamaray waqat kay liye hairat angez hay yauni.ayee.bhutaan say shayed hyee kasee kuu iss koshish mein shaamil honay kay liye kahaa gayaa thaa aur yaha shayed hyee kabhi bhutani naqtah nazar kuu sanjeedgi say leeta hay. balkah masnafeen hamishah iss baath say bay atminani kaa izhaar kartay nazar aatay haine kahh bhutaan nay "dunmark kaa raastah" nahein akhtiyar kiyaa hay aur wah iss mein tarqi karnay say ankaar kirr rahay haine jasay wah ziyadah masawi andaaz mein tajweez kartay haine leakin juu ziyadah tarr (maqdari) tareeqon aur aqdaar mein ziyadah noow libral lagtaa hay."
pahaadi tehqeeq aur tarqi kay liye likhtay huay pahaadi elaqon aur jazair kii university kay frank renee likhtay haine "yaha kitaab inn masail kii gehri tanqidi jaanch padtaal kay liye eek behat mufeed aaghaz karti hay leakin juu cheez ghaib malum hoti hay wah hay kasee bhee bhutani aawaz kaa injection-emli seyasat kaa koyee bhee haqeeqi seyaq woo sabaaq kaa tajziya." |
00058c4deee893e0fb8df54b742d8fc15fc5354e7cb377e0fffa2be256841130 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70003235 | BM Babak-Matveev |
BM Babak-Matveev
Ukrainian art duo
BM Babak-Matveev is an art-duo of Ukrainian artists Mykola Babak and Evgene Matveev, created in 2014. Before working together, they were successfully realized as independent artists and won the highest state title, becoming People's Artists of Ukraine and winners of the Taras Shevchenko National Prize.<br>
Mykola Babak in 2005 represented Ukraine at the Venice Biennale with the national project "Your Children, Ukraine". Evgene Matveev was a participant of the Autumn Salon in Paris in 1990. Both artists have participated in many exhibitions, competitions, biennials in Ukraine and abroad. They have created dozens of large-scale art projects and won national and international awards and prizes.<br>
The first collaboration between Babak and Matveev took place within the framework of the implementation of unique art publishing projects. The artists created their first art project called "Sacrifice" in 2014. It consists of six epic compositions measuring each. Since 2017, BM has been collaborating with the New York Gallery AGCA and its owner Alexandre Gertsman. In 2018, the first personal exhibition of artists took place in the United States. In 2021, BM was for three times successfully presented at the American auction ShapiroAuctions, where their paintings "Bon Appetites" and "I'll be back", and a series of digital photos "Messages from "Paradise" were purchased for private collections.<br>
BM works in almost all types and genres of contemporary art. As the result of collaboration they've created more than a dozen large art projects and series, numbering several hundred works. To date, the artists' latest project is the polyptych "13 Covid Rooms" (2021, digital art, ), which after a successful presentation in Ukraine is exhibited at the AGCA Gallery on Broadway (New York).
Exhibitions.
Personal exhibitions
Group exhibitions
References.
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External links.
Donald Kuspit. Mykola Babak And Evgene Matveev: Dialectical Subversives WHITEHOT MAGAZINE OF CONTEMPORARY ART
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bi. em. babak-matvev
bi. em. babak-matvev hoise 2014 sonot sristi koraa ukrainor xilpi maikula babak aaru evgen matvevor ek kolaa-jugol, ekeloge kaam korar aagote, teulukok xofolotare swadhin xilpi hisape upolobdhi koraa hoisil aaru xorbuscho rajyik khitap laabh korisil, ukrainor jonoxadharonor xilpi aaru taras swebhsengku rastriyo botar bijoyi hoisil.<bro.>
2005 sonot maikula babake venis binalot ukrainok "aapunar xontan, ukrain" ror rastriyo prokolpor xoite protinidhitwo korisil. 1990 sonot perisor xorotkalin selnot evgen matvev ongxogrohon korisil. duyujon xilpiye ukrain aaru bidexot bohutu prodorxoni, protijugita, dibarxik onusthanot ongxogrohon korise. teuluke dozon dozon brihot porimanor kolaa prokolpo sristi korise aaru rastriyo aaru antohrastriyo botaa aaru puroskar laabh korise.<bro.>
ononyo kolaa prokax prokolpoxomuhor rupayonor porikathamur bhitorot babak aaru matvevor maajot prothom xohojugita hoisil. xilpixokole 2014 sonot "tyag" naamor teulukor prothom kolaa prokolpo sristi korisil. iyat protiture porimap koraa soita mohakabyik rosona aase. 2017 sonor poraa bi. em.-e nework gallery e. ji. chi. e. aaru iyar maalik alekjendre gertsmenor xoite xohojugita kori aahise. 2018 sonot aamerikat xilpixokolor prothom byoktigoto prodorxoni onusthito hoisil. 2021 sonot aamerikar nilam swapir "khyonot tinibar xofolotare uposthapon koraa hoisil bi. em., zo 'too teulukor chitro" bob' noo appetite "aaru" aai uil bi bek ", aaru" paradise "ror poraa digital photu" bartar etaa sringkhola byoktigoto xongrohor baabe kroy koraa hoisil.<bro.>
bi. em.-e xomoxamoyik kolar pray xokolu dhoronor aaru dharat kaam kore. xohojugitajonito pholsworupe teuluke ek dojonotkoiu odhik brihot kolaa prokolpo aaru sringkhola sristi korise, jaar xongkhya keibax. etiyaloike, xilpixokolor xehotiya prokolpotu hoise polyptic "13 koo" vid rum "(2021, digital art,), ji ukrainot ek xofol uposthaponor pisot broadway (nework) too thoka aga galleryt prodorxito koraa hoy.
prodorxoni.
byoktigoto prodorxoni
dolgoto prodorxoni
bahyik xongzug.
donald kuspit. maikula babak aaru evgen matvevoh xomoxamoyik kolar upadeyo dhongxatmok swetgolpo alusoni |
bm babak-matvev
bm babak-matvev 2014 saale toiri eukranian shilpi maikola babak ebong evgen matvever ekti shilp-jutee. eksange kaaj korar agey, taaraa safalbhabe swadhin shilpi hisabe upolobdhi korechilen ebong sorbochcho rashtriya khetab jitechilen, ukrainer jonogoner shilpi ebong taras shevchenko jatiya puroskarer vijayi hoyechilen.<bii. arr>
2005 saale maikola babak venis bienale ukrainer protinidhitto korechilen jatiya prokolpo "upner bachchara, ukraine"-err saathe. 1990 saale pyariser shorot selune evgen matvev ongshogrohon korechilen. ubhoy shilpii ukraine ebong bideshe onek prodorshoni, protijogita, dwibarshik anusthane ongshogrohon korechen. taaraa koyek dozon borh akarer shilp prokolpo toiri koreche ebong jatiya oo antorjatik puraskar oo puraskar jiteche.<bii. arr>
ananya shilp prokashona prokolpo bastobayoner kathamor modhye babak ebong matvever modhye prothom sahojogita hoyechilo. shilpira 2014 saale "tyag" naame taader prothom shilp prokolpo toiri korechilen. etty chhoyti mahakabyik rachona niye gothito jaar protiti porimap koraa hoy. 2017 saal theke, bm neu eork gallery aga ebong err malik alekjandar gartsmaner saathe sahojogita korche. 2018 saale, markin juktorashtre shilpider prothom byaktigato prodorshoni onusthito hoy. 2021 saale, bii. emm tinbar safalbhabe american nilame uposthapito hoyechilo, jekhane taader chitrokormo "bow 'nawh apitites" ebong "aaee uil bii byaka" ebong "paradise" theke digital photo "bartagulir ekti sirij byaktigato sangraher jonno kenaa hoyechilo.<bii. arr>
bii. emm somosamoyik shilper pray sobb dharaner ebong gharana kaaj korey. sahojogitar foley taaraa eka dozonero beshi borh shilp prokolpo ebong sirij toiri koreche, jaar sankhya koyeksho. aaz abodhi, shilpider sorboshesh prokolpo holl polyptic "13 covid room" (2021, digital art,), jaa ukraine ekti sofol uposthaponar porey broadway (neu eork)-err aga galleryte prodorshito hoy.
prodorshoni.
byaktigato prodorshoni
dolgoto prodorshoni
bahyik link.
donald kuspit. maikola babak ebong evgen matvev somosamoyik shilper dwandik dhongshattok saadaa hott magazine | bii. aema. baabak-matviv
bm baabak-matviv aee ukrainian kalakaro mycola baabak aneey evagine matvivni aek qalaa-jodee chhe, jeey 2014 maan banavvama aavee hatee. saathe kaama kartaa pahelaa, teo swatantra kalakaro tareeke safaltapurvak anubhavaaya hataa aneey sarvoch raajy khitaab jeetya hataa, ukraine lokonaa kalakaro aneey taras shevchenko raashtriy puraskaarnaa vijeta banyaa hataa.<bii. aar.>
aar.> mycola baabke raashtriy project "tamara baadako, ukrain" saathe venis baynelma ukraine pratinidhitva karyoo hatoo. hatoo pereesmaa pankhar saloonma evagine matviv sahbhagi hataa. banne kalakaroae ukrain aneey videshma ghanaa pradarshno, spardhao, dhvivarshik karykramoma bhaag leedho chhe. temane dozneck motaa paaye qalaa pariyojnaao banaavi chhe aneey raashtriy aneey aantarrashtriy puraskaaro aneey inamo jeetya chhe.<bii. aar.>
baabak aneey matviv vachcheno pratham sahyog ananya qalaa prakaashan pariyojanaona amalikaranna malkhama thayo hato. kalakaroae kalakaroae "balidan" naamnee temnee pratham qalaa pariyojnaa banaavi hatee. temaa darekne maaptee chh mahakavya rachanaaono samaavesh thaay chhe. 2017 thee, bm newyork gallery aee. jee. see. aee. aneey tenaa maaleek alexander gertsman saathe sahyog curry rahyu chhe. chhe, kalakaronu pratham vyaktigat pradarshan united statesma yojaayu hatoo. hatoo, bii. aema. neey american harajina shapioctionma trana vakhat safaltapurvak rajoo karvaamaa aavyu hatoo, jyaan temnaa chitro "booan appetites" aneey "aaee will bii beeka" aneey "paradise" maanthi digital fotaa "sandeshaoni shrenee khangi sangrah maate khareedvama aavee hatee.<bii. aar.>
bii. aema. samkalin kalaana lagbhag tamaam prakaaro aneey shailioma kaama karey chhe. sahyognaa parinaame teoae aek dozenthi vadhu motaa qalaa project aneey shreneeo banaavi chhe, jemaa senkado kruteeo chhe. aajnee taarikhe, kalaakaarono naveentam project polyptic "13 covid room" (2021, digital aart,) chhe, jeey ukrainema safal prastuti pachhi broadway (newyork) parr aee. jee. see. aee. galleryma pradarshit karvaamaa aave chhe.
pradarshno.
vyaktigat pradarshno
jooth pradarshno
baahy kadeeo.
donald kuspit. mycola baabak aneey evagine matvivah dialectical subversives whitehot magazine off contemperary aart
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bee. aim. baabak-matviv
bm baabak-matviv ukraini kalakaron mycola baabak aur evagene matviv kii ack kalaa-jodee haye, jise 2014 mein banaaya gayaa thaa. ack saath kaam karane seey pahale, unhein safaltapurvak swatantra kalakaron key roop mein mahsoos kiya gayaa thaa aur unhone sarvocch raajya khitaab jeetaa thaa, joe ukraine key logon key kalakar aur taras shevchenko rashtriya puraskar key vijeta baney.<bee. aar.>
2005 mein mycola baabak ney rashtriya pariyojana "aapke bachche, ukraine" key saath venis dvivaarshik mein ukraine kaa pratinidhitva kiya. 1990 mein peris mein sharad ritu sailoon mein avgene matweave ack pratibhaagi they. donon kalakaron ney ukraine aur videshon mein kaee pradarshaniyon, pratiyogitaon, dvivaarshik karyakramon mein bhaag liya haye. unhone darjanon badey paimaane parr kalaa pariyojanaaen banaai hain aur rashtriya aur antarrashtriya puraskar aur puraskar jeete hain.<bee. aar.>
baabak aur matviv key beach pahala sahyog advitiya kalaa prakaashan pariyojanaon key karyanvayan key dhaanche key bheetar huaa. kalakaron ney 2014 mein "tyag" naamak apani pahali kalaa pariyojana banaai. isamen pratyek koo maapane vaali chhah mahakavya rachanaaen shamil hain. 2017 seey, bm newyork gallery aeye. jee. see. aeye. aur isake malik alexander gertsman key saath sahyog curr rhaa haye. 2018 mein, kalakaron kii pahali vyaktigat pradarshani sanyukt raajya america mein hui. 2021 mein, bee. aim. koo americi nilami shopyroction mein teen baar safaltapurvak prastut kiya gayaa thaa, jahaan unake chitra "achchi bhookh" aur "aaee will bee back" they, aur "paradise" seey digital photo "sandeshon kii ack shrinkhala niji sangrah key liye kharidi gaee thee.<bee. aar.>
bee. aim. samkaaleen kalaa key lagbhag sabhi prakaron aur shailiyon mein kaam kartaa haye. sahyog key parinamswarup unhone ack darjan seey adhik badee kalaa pariyojanaaen aur shrinkhalaaen banaai hain, jinamen kaee sou kritiyaan hain. aaj taka, kalakaron kii navintam pariyojana polyptic "13 covid room" (2021, digital art,) haye, joe ukraine mein ack safal prastuti key baad broadway (newyork) parr aeye. jee. see. aeye. gallery mein pradarshit kii jaati haye.
pradarshani.
vyaktigat pradarshaniyan
samooh pradarshaniyan
baahari link.
donald kuspit. mycola baabak aur evagene maatveevah samkaaleen kalaa kii dwandwaatmak vidhvansak shwet-chitra patrika |
bii. emm. babak-mathviv
bii. emm. babak-mathviv embudu 2014ralli rachisalaada ukrainian kalaavidaraada maikola babak mattu evgene mathviv avara kalaa-jodiyagide. ottige kelasa maaduva modalu, avaru swatantra kalaavidaraagi yashasviyagi aritukondaru mattu atyunnata raajya prashastiyannu geddaru, ukrenna janara kalaavidaru mattu taras shevchenko rashtriya prashastiya vijetaraadaru.<bii. aarr.>
maikola babak 2005ralli venis bainelnalli "yuvar childrance, ukrain" emba rashtriya yojaneyondige ukrain annu pratinidhisidaru. 1990ralli parisna sharatkaalada saloonnalli bhagavahisidda evgen matweave, ibbaroo kalaavidaru aneka pradarshanagalu, spardhegalu, ukrain mattu videshagalallina dwaiwaarshikagalalli bhagavahisiddare. avaru dajangattale dodda pramanada kalaa yojanegalannu rachisiddaare mattu rashtriya mattu antararashtriya prashastigalu mattu bahumaanagalannu geddiddaare.<bii. aarr.>
babak mattu mathviv naduvina modala sahayogavu vishishta kalaa prakashana yojanegala anushthaanada choukattinolage nadeyitu. kalaavidaru 2014ralli "tyaga" emba tamma modala kalaa yojaneyannu rachisidaru. idu talaa aaru mahakavya samyojanegalannu olagondide. 2017rinda, bii. emm. newyork gallery agka mattu adara maalikaraada alexander gertsmen avarondige sahayogavannu hondide. 2018ralli, kalaavidara modala vaiyaktika pradarshanavu united statesnalli nadeyitu. 2021ralli, bii. emm. annu mooru baari american haraju shaapirokshangalalli yashasviyagi prastutapadisalaayitu, allie avara varnachitragalu "uttama hasivu" mattu "aii will bii byaak", mattu "paradise" ninda digital photogala "sandeshagala saraniyannu khasagi sangrahanegaligaagi khareedisalaayitu.<bii. aarr.>
bii. emm. samakaalina kaleya bahuteka ellah prakaaragalu mattu prakaragalalli kelasa maaduttade. sahayogada parinaamavaagi avaru nooraru krutigalannu olagonda ondu dajangoo hecchu dodda kalaa yojanegalu mattu saranigalannu rachisiddaare. illiyavarege, kalaavidara ittichina yojaneyu polyptic "13 covid roomgalu" (2021, digital art,), idu ukrennalli yashasvi prastutiya nantara broadway (newyork) nalliruva agka galleryalli pradarshisalpattide.
pradarshanagalu.
vaiyaktika pradarshanagalu
gumpu pradarshanagalu
baahya samparkagalu.
donald kuspit. maikola babak mattu evgene matweave samakaalina kaleya upabhashatmaka vidhvamsaka whitehot niyatakaalike | null |
bii. emm. babak-matviv
bii. emm. babak-matviv hii 2014 madhye tayar jhaleli ukrainean kalakar mycola babak aanee evgen matviv yanchi qalaa-jodee aahe. ekatra kaam karnyapurvi, tyanna swatantra kalakar mhanoon yashasviritya olakhale gele aanee sarvoch rajya padvi jinkley, ukraineche lock kalakar aanee taras shevchenko rashtriy puraskarache vijete banale.<bii. aar.>
2005 madhye mycola babakne 'tumchi mule, ukraine' yaa rashtriy prakalpasah venis dvivarshik spardhet ukraineche pratinidhitva kele. 1990 madhye parismadhil sharad rututil saloonmadhye evgen matviv sahbhagi hota. donhi kalakaranni ukraine aanee paradeshatil anek pradarshananmadhye, spardhanmadhye, dvivarshik spardhanmadhye bhag ghetala aahe. tyanni dazanbhar mothya pramanavar qalaa prakalp tayar kele aahet aanee rashtriy aanee aantarrashtriy puraskar aanee bakshise jinkley aahet.<bii. aar.>
adviteey qalaa prakashan prakalpanchya amalbajavanichya chaukatit rahoon babak aanee matviv yanchyatil pahila sahyog jhaala. kalakaranni 2014 madhye 'tyag' navacha tyancha pahila qalaa prakalp tayar keela. tyat pratyeki mojmap karananya sahaa mahakavyanchya rachanancha samavesh aahe. 2017 pasoon, bm newyork gallery aii. jee. see. aii. aanee tyache malak alekzandar gertsman yanchyashi sahkarya karat aahe. 2018 madhye, kalakaranche pahile vaiyaktik pradarshan americet jhaale. 2021 madhye, american lilav shapiroctionmadhye bm teen vela yashasviritya sadar karnyat aale, jithe tyanchi chitre 'uttam bhook' aanee 'mea parat yein' aanee 'paradise' madheel digital chhayachitranchya sandeshanchi malika khajgi sangrahansathi kharedi karnyat aalee.<bii. aar.>
bii. emm. samkalin kaleche jawaljawal serve prakar aanee shailinmadhye kaam karate. sahkaryacha parinam mhanoon tyanni dazanbharahun adhik mothe qalaa prakalp aanee malika tayar kelya aahet, jyat shekado kalakruti aahet. aajparyant, kalakarancha navintam prakalp polyptic "13 covid rooms" (2021, digital aart) aahe, jeey yukrenmadhil yashasvi sadarikaranantar broadway (newyork) vareel aii. jee. see. aii. gallerymadhye pradarshit kele jaate.
pradarshan.
vaiyaktik pradarshane
samooh pradarshan
bahya duve.
donald kuspit. mycola babak aanee evgen matvivah dialectical subversives whitehot magazin auph contemperary aart | bm babak-matwibh
biem babak-matwibh yukreni kalakarharu maikola babak rar ibhjen matwibhko ek kala-jody how, june 2014 maa sirjana garieko thiyo. sangai kaam garnu aghi, tiniharu safalatapurwak swatantra kalakarharuko rupma mahasus bhae rar sarvochcha rajya upadhi jite, yukrenka janatako kalakar rar taras sebhchenko rashtriya puraskarko vijeta bane.<bra>
sann 2005 maa maikola babakle bhenis binalema yukrenko pratinidhitwa gardai rashtriya pariyojana "yuwar children, yukrena" ko sath pratinidhitwa gare. ibhjen matbhibh sann 1990 maa perisko sharad salunka sahabhagi thie. duwai kalakarharule yukrena rar videshma dherai pradarshaniharu, pratiyogitaharu, dwiwarshikharuma bhag lieka chhan. tiniharule darjanaun thula-thula kala pariyojanaharu sirjana gareka chhan rar rashtriya tatha antarrashtriya puraskar rar puraskarharu jiteka chhan.<bra>
babak rar matwibhabichko pahilo sahakarya adwitiya kala prakashan pariyojanaharuko karyanwayanko dhanchabhitra bhaeko thiyo. kalakarharule sann 2014 maa "balidan" namak afno pahilo kala pariyojana sirjana gare. yasama pratyek mapan garne chhawata mahakawya rachanaharu chhan. sann 2017 dekhi, bmle newyork gallery agca rar yasaka malik alekjandre gertsmansanga sahakarya gardai aeko chha. sann 2018 maa, kalakarharuko pahilo wyaktigat pradarshani sanyukta rajya americama bhaeko thiyo. sann 2021 maa, biemlai americi lilami shapiraksanma tean patak safalatapurwak prastut garieko thiyo, jahaan tiniharuko chitraharu "bone appetites" rar "aie will bee back", rar "paradise" batt digital photoharuko sandeshharuko ek shrinkhala niji sangrahaka lagi kharid garieko thiyo.<bra>
bmle samakalin kalako lagbhag sabai prakar rar vidhaharuma kaam gardacha. sahakaryako parinam swarup uniharule sayaun kritiharuko sankhyama ek darjanbhanda badhi thula kala pariyojanaharu rar shringkhala sirjana gareka chhan. ajasamma, kalakarharuko navinatam pariyojana polyptic "13 covid kotha" (2021, digital kala,) how, june yukrenma safal prastuti pachhi broadway (newyork) maa ejie galleryma pradarshan garieko chha.
pradarshaniharu.
wyaktigat pradarshaniharu
samuha pradarshaniharu
bahya linkharu.
donald kuspit. maikola babak rar ibhjen matwibhah samakalin kalako dialectical subversives whitehot patrika
| bii. emm. babak-matabhibh
bii. emm. babak-matabhibh heuchhi 2014 masihare srusti hoithiba yukreneeah kalakara mycola babak ebong ebhejen matabhibhnka eka kalaa-jodi, jaahaa ekathi kaama kariba purbaru, semane saphalatara saha swadheena kalakara bhabare anubhaba karithile ebong sarbocha rajya title jitithile, yukrenara pipuls kalakara ebong taras shebhachenko jatiah puraskarara bijeta hoithile.<bii. aarr.>
2005 masihare mycola babak bhenis binale ray ukraine ku jatiah prakalpa "aapananka pilamane, ukraine" sahita pratinidhitwa karithile. 1990 masihare ebhajen matabhibh pyarisra sharat selunre anshagrahana karithile. ubhaja kalakara ukraine ebong bideshare aneka pradarshani, pratijogita, dwibarshika karjyakramare anshagrahana karichanti. semane dozen dozen bruhat kalaprakalpa srusti karichanti ebong jatiah tatha antarjatija puraskara ebong puraskara jitichanti.<bii. aarr.>
babak ebong matabhibhnka madhyare pratham sahjog ananya kalaa prakashan prakalpara karjyakaritara dhancha madhyare hoithila . kalakaramane 2014 ray "balidana" namaka semanankara pratham kalaa prakalpa srusti karithile. ethire chhaati mahakabya rachna rahichhi jaahaa pratyekaku mapa kare . 2017 masiharu, bii. emm. nyujarka gallery aii. jii. sii. aii. ebong ehara malika alekajandre gertasmyanka saha sahjog kariasuchhi. କରିଆସୁଛି।, kalakaramananka pratham byaktigata pradarshani aamerikare anusthita hoithila. 2021 ray, bii. emm. americara nilam shapioksanare tini thara saphalatara saha upasthapita hoithila, jeunthare semanankara penting "bohn appetites" ebong "aai wil bii back" ebong "paradise" ru digital phato "barta eka sirij gharoi sangraha paain kinajaithila .<bii. aarr.>
bii. emm. samasamajika kalaara praiah samasta prakara ebong saileere karjya kare . sahjogar phalaswaroopa semane eka dajanaru adhika budd kalaa prakalpa ebong sirij srusti karichanti, jeunthire shaha shaha karjya rahichhi. aaji parjyanta, kalakaramananka sadyatama prakalpa heuchhi polyptic "13 kovida room" (2021, digital art,), jaahaa ukraine ray eka saphala upasthapana parey broadway (nyujarka) ray aii. jii. sii. aii gyalereere pradarshita hoichhi .
pradarshani.
byaktigata pradarshani
gosthi pradarshani
bahya linka.
donald kuspit. mycola babak ebong ebhejen matabhibh samasamajika kalaara dwandwabadee dhwansakaree whitehot patrika
| bee. aimm. babak-matviv
bee. aimm. babak-matviv yukreni kalakar mycola babak atey ivjin matviv dee ikk qalaa-jodee haii, joe 2014 witch banayi gaee see. ikkathe kamm curran toon pahilan, uhanan noon sutantar kalakaran vajon safaltapurvak mahisus keeta giaa see atey uhanan neey sabh toon vadda raaj daa khitaab jittiaa see, joe ukraine dey lokan dey kalakar atey taras shevchenko rashtari puraskar dey jetu bann gaye sunn.<bee. aar.>
mycola babak neey 2005 witch vanis binale witch rashtari project "tuhade bacche, ukraine" naal ukraine dee numaindagi keeti. ivjin matviv 1990 witch paris witch patjhad sailoon daa bhagidar see. dovan kalakaran neey ukraine atey videshan witch bahut saariaan pradarshaniaan, mukabaliaan, doou saala witch hissa liaa haii. unhan neey vadde paddhar dey darjanan qalaa project banaae hunn atey rashtari atey antarashtari puraskar atey puraskar jitte hunn.<bee. aar.>
babak atey matviv vichkaar pahila sahiyog vilakkhan qalaa parkashan projectan noon lagu curran dey dhanche dey ander hoiaa. kalakaran neey 2014 witch aapna pahila qalaa project "balidan" banaiaa. iss witch chhe mahankavi rachnavan hunn joe harek noon mapada haii. 2017 toon, bee. aimm. newyork gallery aii. jee. see. aii. atey iss dey maalak alegzander gertsman naal sahiyog qarr riha haii. sann 2018 witch, kalakaran dee pahili nijji pardarshani sanyukat raaj witch hoee see. saal 2021 witch, bee. aimm. noon amriki nilami shopyrooutions witch tinn vaar safaltapurvak pesh keeta giaa see, jitthe unhan deeaan pentingan "bohn appetits" atey "aaee will bee baek" atey "paradise" toon digital fotoan dey sandeshan dee ikk luddy nijji sangrah laee kharidi gaee see.<bee. aar.>
bee. aimm. samkali qalaa deeaan lagbhag harr kisam atey shailiaan witch kamm karda haii. sahiyog dey natije vajon uhanan neey ikk darjan toon vaddh vadde qalaa project atey ladiwar banaae hunn, jinhan witch kaee saun rachnavan hunn. ajj takk, kalakaran daa navintam project polypteach "13 covid room" (2021, digital aart,) haii, joe kii ukraine witch ikk safal peshkari toon baad broadway (newyork) utte aii. jee. see. aii. gallery witch pradarshit keeta giaa haii.
pradarshaniaan.
nijji pradarshaniaan
samooh pradarshaniaan
baahari link
donald kuspit mycola babak atey ivjin matviav samkali qalaa daa upbhashak vinashkari whitehot magazine
| bii. emm. baabak-maatveev
bii. emm. baabak-maatveev iti 2014 tame varshe nirmitasya yukreniyan-kalakaranam maikolaa baabak tathaa evagene maatveev ityetayoho kalaa-yugalam asti. militvaa karyat poorvam, te swatantra-kalakararupena safalatayaa abhidnyaanam avaapnot, sarvoccha-rajya-upaadhim cha praaptavantah, yena te ukren-deshasya janakalakaraha, taras-shevchenko-rashtriyapuraskarasya vijetaah cha abhavan.<bee. aar.>
2005 tame varshe maikolaa baabak ityayam venis-dvivaarshika-kridaayaam "yuvar-chaild-ukren" iti rashtriya-pariyojanena saha ukren-deshasya pratinidhitvam krutavaan. 1990 tame varshe evgena maatveev ityayam pyaris-nagarasya sharad-saloon-madhye sahabhagi aasit. ubhau kalaakaarau anekaasu pradarshaneshu, spardhaasu, dvivaarshikeshu cha ukren-deshe videsheshu cha bhaagam agruhnaat. te dozen-dozen-yaavat bruhad-kalaa-pariyojanaani nirmitaah, rashtriya-antarashtriya-puraskaran cha praaptavantah.<bee. aar.>
baabak-maatveev-ityetayoho madhye prathamah sahayogah adviteeya-kalaa-prakaashan-pariyojananam kaaryaanvayanasya samrachanaayaah antargatah abhavat. kalaakaaraih 2014 tame varshe "tyaagah" iti prathamam kalaa-prakalpam nirmitam, yasmin pratyekam parimaniyani shut mahakavyaha rachanaah santi. 2017 tamaat varshaat bee. emm. nyuyaark-gallery-e. jee. see. e. ityanena, tasya swami alexandre-gertsmen ityanena cha saha sahayogam kurvan asti. 2018 tame varshe amerikaadeshe kalaavidaanaam prathamam vyaktigatapradarshanam jaatam. 2021 tame varshe american-lilaave shapirakshan ityasmin bee. emm. iteedam trivaaram safalatayaa prastutam abhavat, yatra teshaam chitraani "uttama-kshudhaa", "aii will bee byaak" cha, tathaa "paradise" ityatah digital-chhayachitranam sandeshaanaam shrunkhalaa cha nijisangrahartham krinita.<bee. aar.>
bee. emm. samakalinakalayaha praayah sarvaprakaareshu, prakaareshu cha karyam karoti. sahayogasya parinaamen te ekadashebhyah api adhikaah bruhad-kalaa-prakalpaah, shrunkhalaah cha nirmitavantah, yeshu anekeshu krutishu sankhyaa aasit. adyaavadhi, kalakaranam naveenatamam prakalpam polyptic "13 covid-kakshaani" (2021, digital-art) asti, yat ukrain-deshe safalapradarshanena anantaram broadway (nyuyaark) ityatra e. jee. see. e. gallery ityatra pradarshitam asti.
pradarshane.
vyaktigatapradarshanee
samooh-pradarshanani
baahya-samparkah.
donald kuspit. maikolaa baabak tathaa evagene maatweewh samakalinakalayaha dialectical subversives waithaat iti patrikaa.
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pm paapak-madweave
pm paapak-madweave enbathu 2014 aam aandil uruvaakkappatta ukraeniya kalaignargalaana mycola paapak mattrum evjene madweave aagiyoarin kalai-irattaiyargal aagum. ontraaka vaelai seivatharku munbu, avarkal vetrtrikaramaaka suyaatheena kalaignargalaaga unarapattu miga uyarnththa maanila pattatthai ventranar, ukrain makkal kalaignargal mattrum taras shevshengo thaesiya parisai ventravargal.<pr>
2005 aam aandil mycola paapak, venis binalil ukrainai pirathinithiththuvappaduththi, "ungkal kuzhandhaigal, ukrain" endra thaesiya thittaththudan. 1990 aam aandil paarisil ulla ilaiyuthirkaala varavaerparaiyil evjene madweave pankettraar. iru kalaignargalum pala kankaatchigal, poattikal, ukrain mattrum velinaadugalil ulla iru varudaanthira nigazhchchigalil pankettrullanar. avarkal dajan kanakkaana periya alavilaana kalaith thittangalai uruvaakki thaesiya mattrum sarvadesa viruthugalaiyum parisugalaiyum ventrullanar.<pr>
paapak mattrum madhviv idaiyaeyaana muthal oththulaippu thaniththuvamaana kalai veliyeettu thittangalai seyalpaduththum kattamaippirkul nadanthathu. kalaignargal 2014 aam aandil "thiyaagam" endru azhaikkappadum thangal muthal kalaith thittatthai uruvaakkinar. idhu ovvondraiyum alavidum aaru kaaviya paadalkalaik kondullathu. 2017 muthal, pm newyorg calory agaa mattrum adhan urimaiyaalar alexandre jertmanuden oththulaiththu varukirathu. 2018 aam aandil, kalaignargalin muthal thanipatta kankaatchi americavil nadaipettrathu. 2021 aam aandil, america aela shabroctionsil pm moontru murai vetrtrikaramaaka vazhangkappattathu, angku avarkalin ooviyangkal "paan abetites" mattrum "aii will pii paek", mattrum "paradise" ilirunththu thodarchchiyaana digital pugaippadangkal "seithigal thaniyar sekarippukalukkaaga vaangkappattana.<pr>
pm kittatthatta anaitthu vagaiyaana mattrum samagaala kalai vagaikalilum vaelai seikirathu. oththuzhaippin vilaivaaga avarkal oru dajanukkum athigamaana periya kalaith thittangal mattrum thodarkalai uruvaakkiyullanar, idhil pala nooru padaippugal ullana. intruvarai, kalaignargalin sameepathiya thittam polyptic "13 koovit araikal" (2021, digital kalai,) aagum, idhu ukrainil vetrtrikaramaana vilakkakkaatchikkup piragu broadway (newyorg) ill ulla agaa caloryil kaatchippaduththappadugiradhu.
kankaatchigal.
thanipatta kankaatchigal
kuzhu kankaatchigal
veli inaippugal.
donaldu guspit. mycola paapak mattrum evjene madweave samagaala kalaiyin kilaimozhip paerazhivugal vellai-olii idhazh |
bm babak-mathviv
bm babak-matweave anedi 2014loe srushtinchabadina ukrainian kalaakaarulu maikola babak mariyu evgene matweave yokka kala-janta. kalisi panicheyadaaniki mundu, vaaru swatantra kalakaruluga vijayavantamgaa gurtinchabaddaaru mariyu atyunnata rashtra birudunu geluchukunnaru, ukrain yokka prajala kalaakaarulu mariyu taras shevchenko jaateeya bahumati vijaetalu ayyaru.<br>
2005loe maikola babak jaateeya project "yuvar childrance, ukrain" thoo venis binello ukreyinku praatinidhyam vahinchaadu. 1990loe paarislooni saradrutuvu seloonlo evgene matweave palgonnadu. iddaru kalaakaarulu ukrain mariyu videshaalalo aneka pradarsanalu, pootiilu, dwaivarshikalalo palgonnaru. vaaru dozenla koddi pedda ettuna kalaa prajectulanu srushtinchaaru mariyu jaateeya mariyu antarjaateeya avaardulu mariyu bahumatulanu geluchukunnaru.<br>
babak mariyu mathviv madhya modati sahakaram pratyaekamaina kalaa prachurana prajectula amalu chatramlo jarigindi. kalaakaarulu 2014loe "tyaagam" anae vaari modati kalaa prajectunu srushtinchaaru. indulo prati okkati aaru mahakavya rachanalanu kaligi untundi. 2017 nundi, bm newyork gallery agka mariyu daani yajamani alegzander gertsman thoo kalisi panichestondi. 2018loe, kalaakaarula modati vyaktigata pradarsana united stateslo jarigindi. 2021loe, american vaelam shapiroctionlalo bm moodusaarlu vijayavantamgaa pradarsinchabadindi, akkada vaari paintings "manchi aakali" mariyu "ii will bii byaak", mariyu "paradise" nundi digital photola sandeshaala shrenini private sekaranala kosam konugolu chesaaru.<br>
bm daadaapu anni rakaala mariyu samakaaleena kalala sailulalo panichestundi. sahakaram phalitamgaa vaaru dozenuku paiga pedda kalaa prajectulu mariyu sireeslanu srushtinchaaru, aneka vandala rachanalu unnaayi. eee roeju varaku, kalaakaarula taja project polyptic "13 covid rooms" (2021, digital art,), idhi ukreyinlo vijayavantamaina pradarsana tarvaata broadway (newyork) looni agka gallerylo pradarsinchabadutundi.
pradarsanalu.
vyaktigata pradarsanalu
samuuha pradarsanalu
bahya linkulu.
donald kuspit. maikola babak mariyu evgen matviv maandalika vidhvamsaka whitehot magazine off contemporary art | bee ayem baabak-matweef
bee ayem baabak-matweef yukarayan kay funkaron micola baabak aur ayojin matweef kii eek aart jodee hay jasay 2014 mein banaya gayaa thaa. eek saath kaam karnay say pehley inhein kamiyabi kay saath aazaad funkaron kay toor parr mahsus kiyaa gayaa aur inhon nay ukareen kay awami fankaar aur taraas shiochinko qomi anaam kay faatah bunn kirr aalee tareen riyasati khataab jeeta.<bee aar>
micola baabak nay 2005 mein qomi mansubay "aap kay bachay ukareen" kay saath wens beneel mein ukareen kii numaindagi kii. ayojin matweef 1990 mein peers mein khazaan seelon mein shareek thay. donon funkaron nay ukareen aur berun milk behat see numaishon muqabilon duu saalah muqabilon mein hasah liyaa hay. inhon nay darjanon baday paimanay parr aart projects banaye haine aur qomi aur beenn alaqwami ewards aur anaamaat jeetay haine.<bee aar>
baabak aur matweef kay darmiyan pehla taawan manfard aart publishing projects kay nafaz kay freem wark kay andar hawaa. funkaron nay 2014 mein "qurbani" kay naam say apnaa pehla aart project banaya. yaha chh mahakawi composition parr mushtamil hay jiss mein say harr eek kii paimaish kii jaati hay. 2017 say bee ayem neoyork gallery aey jee see aey aur iss kay maalik alegzender gairtsmen kay saath taawan kirr rehaa hay. 2018 mein funkaron kii pehli zaati numaish riyasathaye muthadah mein hoyee. 2021 mein bee ayem kuu americi nilami kii numaishon mein teen baar kamiyabi kay saath paish kiyaa gayaa jehaan inn kii pentings "" behtareen bhok "aur" "mein waps aaon gaa"yee aur "" jinat "say degital tasavir" kay paighamat kaa eek silsilah najee majmuon kay liye kharida gayaa thaa.<bee aar>
bee ayem asree funn kii taqriba harr qasm aur anwaa mein kaam kartaa hay. taawan kay natijay mein inhon nay eek darjan say ziyadah baday aart projects aur seerez banaye haine jinn kii taadad kayee sue hay. aaj takk funkaron kaa taazah tareen project polipatch "13 coved romaz" (2021yee degital aart) hay juu ukareen mein eek kamiyab paishkash kay baad braad way (neoyork) parr waaqa aey jee see aey gallery mein numaish kay liye rakhaa gayaa hay.
numaishein.
zaati numaishein
grop numaishein
beruni rawabit.
donald cospit. micola baabak aur ayojin matweef: asree funn kaa jadliyati takhrib kaaree waait hott megzin
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00059041bd11f8610b8f576ba1779450580585e280c85719bcf3640468fc8f71 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6931465 | Classical Mandolin Society of America |
Classical Mandolin Society of America
The Classical Mandolin Society of America Inc., or CMSA, is a 501 (C)(3) not for profit corporation committed to promoting the playing and study of mandolin instruments in the United States. The organization was founded in 1986 by Norman Levine.
The organization works to promote knowledge and interest in the mandolin family of fretted instruments; (mandolin, mandola, mandocello, mando-bass) and guitar, with a focus on Classical Mandolin. It actively sponsors grants and scholarships for mandolin education and instruction for children and adults in North America. Currently, there are over 400 members worldwide. The CMSA holds a Convention in a different city in North America each year. Among other functions, the CMSA Convention hosts an En Masse Orchestra, which for its brief existence each year, is the largest mandolin orchestra in the United States, and has historically included as many as 180 musicians. The CMSA serves as a source of information about how to find or create mandolin ensembles around the United States, Canada and the world.
The organization is staffed by unpaid volunteers and is structured with officers of the corporation (president, vice president, secretary and treasurer), and a board of directors, which currently has nine members. The CMSA membership votes on candidates to fill officer and board member positions in accordance with its bylaws.
The CMSA publishes a quarterly newsletter, "The Mandolin Journal", which contains legal notifications for the corporation and current organizational news, along with contributed articles and music. The organization also maintains an internet website that contains information on the organization and its activities, membership application forms and convention registration forms.
References.
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| aamerikar classical mendolin cho "saiti
classical mendolin cho "saiti owo aamerika inok.baa chi. em. ess. e. hoise aamerika juktorastrot mendolin badyojontro bojuwa aaru odhyoyonor prosaror baabe daybodho ek 501 (chi) (3) olabhjonok nigom. 1986 sonot norman lebhine ei xongstha protistha korisil.
ei xongsthai classical mendulinor uporot gurutwo di mendolin poriyalor frated badyojontro (mendolin, mendula, menduchelu, mendu-baax) aaru gitter gyan aaru aagroh briddhir baabe kaam kore. ee xokriyobhabe uttor aamerikar xixu aaru praptoboyoskoxokolor baabe mendolin xikhya aaru nirdexonar baabe onudan aaru britti pristhopuxokota kore. bortoman biswojuri biswojuri odhik xodosyo aase. chi. em. ess. e.-ye proti bosore uttor aamerikar ekhon beleg sohorot ek xonmilon onusthito kore. onyanyo onusthanor bhitorot, chi. em. ess. e. conventione ek xamuhik orkestra aayujon kore, ji proti bosore iyar xongkhipto ostitwor baabe aamerika juktorastror xorbobrihot mendolin orkestra, aaru oitihaxikbhabe 180 john xongitogyok ontorbhukto korise. chi. em. ess. e.-ye aamerika juktorastro, kanada aaru biswor bibhinno prantot mendulinor gutt kenekoi bisari uliyaboloi baa sristi koribo laage xei bixoye tothyor utxo hisape kaam kore.
ei xongsthatu betonhin sessaxewokor dwara kormorot aaru nigomor bixoyaxokolok (xobhapoti, upo-xobhapoti, xosibo aaru khojanosi) aaru bortoman nojon xodosyo thoka porisalok porixodor xoite gothon koraa hoise. chi. em. ess. e. xodosyoporixode iyar upo-aain onuxori bixoya aaru bob "rdor xodosyo podd puron koriboloi prarthixokolor uporot bhutdan kore.
chi. em. ess. e.-ye "mendolin journal" naamor etaa troimaxik baatori kakot prokax kore, zo 'too obodan koraa probondho aaru xongitor logote nigom aaru bortomanor xangothonik batorir baabe aainee janoni thaake. xongothontuwe etaa internet websaitou porisalona kore zo 'too xongstha aaru iyar karzokolap, xodosyopodor aabedon pro-potro aaru xonmilonor ponjiyon pro-potror tothyo thaake.
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americar dhrupadi mandoline samaj
dya classical mandoline society off america inock.shee. emm. esha. ayee baa shee. emm. esha. ayee holl ekti 501 (shee) (3) olabhjonok karporeshana jaa markin juktorashtre mandoline jontro bajano ebong adhyayan procharer jonno protishrutiboddho. sangosthati 1986 saale norman levin dwara protisthito hoyechilo.
sangosthati shastriya mandoliner upor drishti niboddho korey mandoline poribarer fratted jontro (mandoline, mandola, mandocello, mando-baas) ebong gitter gyan ebong agroho procharer jonno kaaj korey. etty uttor americar shishu oo praptoboyoskoder jonno mandoline shikkha ebong shikkhar jonno anudan ebong brittir sokriyobhabe pristhoposhokota korey. bortomane, bishwobyapi 400-row beshi sadasya royeche. proti bochor uttor americar ekti vinno shohore shee. emm. esha. ayee ekti sommeloner ayojan korey. anyanno anusthaner modhye, shee. emm. esha. ayee sommelone ekti enn myasa orchestra onusthito hoy, jaa proti bochor taar sangkhipto astitter jonno, markin juktorashtrer brihottomo mandoline orchestra, ebong oitihasikbhabe 180 john sangitagyake antarbhukta koreche. shee. emm. esha. ayee markin juktorashtro, kanada ebong vishwajude mandoline ensembleguli kibhabe khunje berr koraa yaay baa toiri koraa yaay seey somporke tothyer utso hisabe kaaj korey.
sangosthati aboitonik swechchasebokder dwara porichalito hoy ebong corporationer adhikarikder (sabhapati, soho-sabhapati, sachib ebong treasurer) ebong ekti porichalona porshod niye gothito, jaar bortomane nayajan sadasya royeche. shee. emm. esha. ayee sadasyapada taar upo-aain onusare kormokorta ebong boarder sadasyader podo puroner jonno prarthider upor bhot deyo.
shee. emm. esha. ayee ekti troimasik newzletter prakash korey, "mandoline journal", jekhane abodankari nibondho ebong sangiter pashapashi karporeshana ebong bortoman sangathanik sangbader jonno aini biggopti royeche. sangosthati ekti internet website bojay rakhe jaate sangostha ebong err criacollup, sadasyapada abedanpatra ebong sommeloner nibondhokoron form somporke tothyo thaake. | classical mandolin sosayati off america
classical mandolin sosayati off america ink.athavaa see. aema. aesa. aee. aee 501 (see) (3) binanfakarak nigam chhe jeey united statesma mandolin vagadvana aneey abhyasne protsaahan aapvaa maate pratibaddh chhe. aaa sansthaani sthaapnaa sthaapnaa norman levin dwara karvaamaa aavee hatee.
aaa sanstha shaastriy mandolin parr dhyaan kendrit kareene, mandolin, mendola, mandocello, mendo-baas aneey gitaarnaa mandolin parivaarmaa gyaan aneey rasne protsaahan aapvaa maate kaama karey chhe. teey uttar americama baadako aneey pukht vayanaa loko maate mandolin shikshan aneey soochnaa maate anudaan aneey shishyavruttine sakreey reete prayojit karey chhe. haalmaa, vishvbharma 400 thee vadhu sabhyo chhe. see. aema. aesa. aee. darr varshe uttar americana aek alag shaherma sammelannu aayojan karey chhe. anya kaarykramo upraant, see. aema. aesa. aee. sammelanmaa aek saamuhik orchestranu aayojan karvaamaa aave chhe, jeey darr varshe tenaa sankshipt astitva maate, united statesma sauthee motoo mandolin orchestra chhe, aneey aitihasik reete temaa 180 jetla sangitkaarono samaavesh thaay chhe. see. aema. aesa. aee. united states, keneda aneey vishvamaa mandolin samooh kevee reete shodhvo athavaa banaavvo teey vishe maahitinaa srot tareeke kaama karey chhe.
aaa sansthama avetan svayamsevako dwara karmcharioni vyavastha karvaamaa aave chhe aneey temaa nigamnaa adheekario (pramukh, upadhyaksh, sacheev aneey khajanchi) aneey niyaamak mandalni rachnaa karvaamaa aave chhe, jemaa haalmaa nava sabhyo chhe. see. aema. aesa. aee. sabhyapad tenaa petaa kaayada anusaar adheekari aneey boardnaa sabhyani jagyaao bharvaa maate umedvaarone mutt aape chhe.
see. aema. aesa. aee. trimasik newslator, "dhaa mandolin journal" prakashit karey chhe, jemaa yogdaan aapnara lekho aneey sangeet saathe corporation aneey vartmaan sansthakeey samacharo maate kaanuni soochnaao hoya chhe. sanstha aek internet website pann jaalve chhe jemaa sanstha aneey tenee pravruttio, sabhyapad arji phorma aneey sammelan nondhani phorma visheni maahitee hoya chhe.
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america kaa shaastriya mandolin samaaj
dha classical mandolin society off america ink.see. aim. aiss. aeye., yaa see. aim. aiss. aeye., ack 501 (see) (3) gair-laabhkaari nigam haye joe sanyukt raajya america mein mandolin vaadyayantron key vaadan aur adhyayan koo badhaava dene key liye pratibaddh haye. sangathan kii sthaapana 1986 mein norman levin dwara kii gaee thee.
sangathan shaastriya mandolin parr dhyaan kendrit karate hue, mandolin, mandola, mandocello, mando-baas aur gitar key mandolin parivaar mein gyaan aur ruchi koo badhaava dene key liye kaam kartaa haye. yeh sakriya roop seey uttar america mein bachchon aur vayaskon key liye mandolin shiksha aur nirdesh key liye anudan aur chhatravritti praayojit kartaa haye. vartamaan mein, duniya bhar mein 400 seey adhik sadasya hain. see. aim. aiss. aeye. harr saal uttari america key ack alag shahar mein ack sammelan aayojit kartaa haye. anya samarohon key beach, see. aim. aiss. aeye. sammelan ack saamoohik orchestra kii mejbani kartaa haye, joe pratyek varsh apane sankshipt astitva key liye, sanyukt raajya america mein sabse badaa mandolin orchestra haye, aur aitihaasik roop seey isamen 180 sangeetkaar shamil hain. see. aim. aiss. aeye. sanyukt raajya america, kanada aur duniya bhar mein mandolin samooh koo khojane yaa banaane key baare mein jaankaari key srot key roop mein kaary kartaa haye.
sangathan avaitanik swayamsevakon dwara sanchaalit haye aur nigam key adhikaariyon (adhyaksh, upaadhyaksh, sachiv aur khajanchi) aur ack nideshak mandal key saath sanrachit haye, jisamen vartamaan mein nau sadasya hain. see. aim. aiss. aeye. sadasyata apane upniyamon key anusaar adhikaari aur board sadasya padon koo bharane key liye ummidvaaron parr vote karati haye.
see. aim. aiss. aeye. ack traimasik samachar patra, "dha mandolin journal" prakaashit kartaa haye, jisamen yogdan lekhon aur sangeet key saath nigam aur vartamaan sangathanaatmak samacharon key liye kanuni adhisoochanaaen shamil hain. sangathan ack internet website bhee rakhta haye jisamen sangathan aur isaki gatividhiyon, sadasyata aavedan patra aur sammelan panjikaran prapatron key baare mein jaankaari hoti haye. |
americada shaastriya mandoline samaja
dhii classical mandoline society off america ink.sii. emm. ess. aa., athawa sii. emm. ess. aa., 501 (sii) (3) laabharahita nigamavagiddu, united statesnalli mandoline vaadyagala nudisuvike mattu adhyayanavannu uttejisalu baddhavaagide. ee samstheyannu 1986ralli norman levin sthaapisidaru.
ee samstheyu shaastriya mandoline mele kendrikarisi, mandolin kutumbadalli gnaana mattu aasaktiyannu uttejisalu kelasa maaduttade; (mandoline, mandola, mandocello, mando-baas) mattu guitar. idu uttara americadalli makkalu mattu vayaskarige mandoline sikshana mattu boodhanegaagi anudaana mattu vidyaarthivetanagalannu sakriyavagi prayojisuttade. prastuta, vishvaadyanta 400kkoo hecchu sadasyariddaare. sii. emm. ess. aa. yuu prati varsha uttara americada bere bere nagargalalli samaveshavannu nadesuttade. itara karyakramagala jotege, sii. emm. ess. aa samaveshavu saamuhika vaadyavrundavannu ayojisuttade, idu prati varsha adara sankshipta astitvakkagi, united statesna atidodda mandoline vaadyavrundavaagide mattu aitihaasikavaagi 180 sangeetagaararannu olagondide. united states, kenada mattu vishvadaadyanta mandoline samoohagalannu hege kanduhidiyuvudu athawa rachisuvudu embudara bagge maahitiya moolavaagi sii. emm. ess. aa kaaryanirvahisuttade.
samstheyalli vetana padeyada svayamsevakaru karyanirvahisuttare mattu nigamada adhikaarigalu (adhyaksharu, upadhyaksharu, karyadarshi mattu khajanchi) mattu nirdesakara mandaliyannu hondiddu, idu prastuta ombattu sadasyarannu hondide. sii. emm. ess. aa. sadasyatvavu tanna upavidhigalige anugunavagi adhikari mattu mandaliya sadasyara sthaanagalannu bharti maadalu abhyarthigalige matha haakuttade.
sii. emm. ess. aa. traimasika suddipatravaada "mandoline journal" annu prakatisuttade, idu nigamakke kaanoonu adhisuchanegalannu mattu prastuta samsthika suddigalannu olagondiruttade, jotege koduge needida lekhanagalu mattu sangeetavannu olagondide. samstheyu samsthe mattu adara chatuvatikegalu, sadasyatva arji namoonegalu mattu samavesha nondani namoonegala maahitiyannu olagondiruva antarjala jaalataanavannu saha nirvahisuttade.
| classical mandolin sosaitti oof america
classical mandolin sosaitti oof america ink.yunaittad stetsil mandolin upakaranangalude vayana padanatheyum prothsaahippikkunnathi prathijnjaabadhamaaya 501 (sii) (3) laabhechayillaatha korppareshanaanu sii. emm. ezz. eiii. 1986ll norman levin aanu eee samghadana sthaapichathu.
classical mandolinil shradha kendreekarichu (mandolin, mandola, mandosello, mando-baas), gitaar ennivayude mandolin kudumbatthil arivum thaalpparyavum prolsaahippikkunnathi samghadana pravartthikkunnu. vadakke amerikkayile kuttikalkkum muthirnnavarkkum mandolin vidyaabhyaasathinum prabodhanathinumulla graantukalum skolarshippukalum ithu sajeevamaayi sponsor cheiyunnu. nilavil lokamembaadumaayi 400-ladhikam amgangalundu. vadakke amerikkayile mattoru nagaratthil oro varshavum sii. emm. ezz. eiii oru kanvenshan nadathunnu. mattu chadangukalkoppam, oro varshavum athinte hrasvamaaya nilanilppinaayi, yunaittad stetsile ettavum valia mandolin orkkastrayaaya oru enn maas orkkastraykku cmsa kanvenshan aathidheyathvam vahikkunnu, koodaathe charitraparamaayi 180 samgeethajnjare ulppeduthiyittundu. america, canada, lokamembaadum mandolin samghangal engane kandethaam allengil srishtikkaam ennathinekkurichulla vivarangalude uravidamaayi sii. emm. ezz. eiii pravartthikkunnu.
shambalamillaatha sannadhapravarthakaraanu samghadanayil pravartthikkunnathu, korppareshanile udyogastharum (president, vais president, sekrattari, treasurer) nilavil ombathu amgangalulla oru director board chernnaanu ithu roopeekarikkunnathu. sii. emm. ezz. eiii amgathvam athinte niyamaprakaramulla officer, board anga thasthikakalil sthaanaarthikalkku vottu cheiyunnu.
corporation nilavile samghadanaa vaarthakalum, sambhaavanakalulla lekhanangalum samgeethavum ulkkollunna "mandolin jenal" enna traimasa warthacurip sii. emm. ezz. eiii prasidheekarikkunnu. samghadanayeyum athinte pravarthanangaleyum kurichulla vivarangal, angathwa apeksha foomukal, kanvenshan rajistreshan foomukal enniva ulkkollunna oru internettu websaittum samghadana paripaalikkunnu.
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classical mandolin society auph america
daad classical mandolin society auph america ink.see. emm. ess. aii. kinwa see. emm. ess. aii. hii 501 (see) (3) hii eka naa-napha company aahe jee americet mandolin vadyanchya vadan aanee abhyasala protsahan denyasathi vachanbaddha aahe. yaa sanghatanechi sthapana 1986 madhye norman levin yanni kelee hotee.
hii sanstha shastriy mandolinavar laksh kendrit karoon, mandolin, mandola, mandocello, mando-baas) aanee gitar yaa vadyanchya mandolin kutumbatil dnyan aanee swarsyala protsahan denyasathi kaam karate. tee uttar americetil mule aanee praudhansathi mandolin shikshan aanee shikshanasathi anudan aanee shishyavrutti sakriyapane prayojit karate. sadhya jagbharat 400 hoon adhik sadasya aahet. see. emm. ess. aii. darvarshi uttar americetil vegalya shaharat adhiveshan aayojit karate. itar karyakramanmadhye, see. emm. ess. aii. adhiveshan eka samoohik vadyavrund aayojit karate, jeey tyachya alpakalin astitvasathi darvarshi americetil sarvat mothe mandolin vadyavrund aahe aanee tyat aitihasikdrushtya 180 sangitkarancha samavesh aahe. see. emm. ess. aii. heey america, canada aanee jagbharat mandolineche samooh kase shodhayache kinwa tayar karayache yabaddal mahiticha srot mhanoon kaam karate.
sansthemadhye vinavetan svayamsevak kaam karatat aanee tyat mahamandalache adhikari (adhyaksh, upadhyaksh, sachiv aanee khajindar) aanee sanchalak mandal asate, jyache sadhya nauu sadasya aahet. see. emm. ess. aii. sadasyatva tyachya upaniyamannusar adhikari aanee mandalachya sadasyanchi padey bharnyasathi umedvaranna matdan karate.
see. emm. ess. aii. eka traimasik vruttpatra prakashit karate, 'daad mandolin journal', jyamadhye yogdan dilele lekh aanee sangitasah mahamandalasathi kayadeshir soochana aanee sadhyachya sanghatanatmak batamya asatat. sanstha eka internet sanketsthal dekhil sambhalate jyamadhye sanstha aanee tichya kriyakalapanchi mahitee, sadasyatva arj aanee adhiveshan nondani form asatat. | americako classical mandolin society
classical mandolin society aff america ink.wa cmsa, ek 501 (see) (3) nafaka lagi nigam how june sanyukta rajya americama mandolin upkaranharuko wadan rar adhyayanlai badhawa dina pratibadha chha. yo sangathan sann 1986 maa norman lebhindwara sthapana garieko thiyo.
yass sangathanle shastriya mandolinma dhyan kendrit gardai, mandolin, mandola, mandocelo, mando-bass) rar gitarko mandolin pariwarma gyan rar chaso prawardhan garna kaam gardacha. yasale sakriya rupma uttar americama balbalika rar wayaskaharuka lagi mandolin shiksha rar nirdeshanka lagi anudan rar chhatrawrittiharu prayojan gardacha. hall, vishwawyapi rupma 400 bhanda badhi sadasyaharu chhan. cmsale pratyek warsha uttari americako farak saharma euta sammelan ayojana gardacha. anya samarohharu madhye, cmsa sammelanle ek samuhik archestra ayojana gardacha, june pratyek warsha yasako chhoto astitwaka lagi, sanyukta rajya americako sabaibhanda thulo mandolin archestra how, rar aitihasik rupma 180 zana sangitkarharu samawesh garieko chha. cmsale sanyukta rajya america, canada rar vishwabhari mandolin samuhaharu kasari fela parney wa sirjana garne bhanne bare jankariko srotko rupma kaam gardacha.
yo sangathan awaitanik swayamsewakharudwara karyarat chha rar nigamka adhikariharu (adhyaksha, upadhyaksha, sachiva rar khajanedar), rar nirdeshakharuko boardsanga sanrachit chha, jasma hall nau sadasyaharu chhan. cmsa sadasyatale yasako upaniyam anusar adhikari rar board sadasya padaharu bharna ummedwarharulai matadan gardacha.
cmsale traimasik samachar patra "da mandolin journal" prakashit gardacha, jasma yogdan garieka lekhharu rar sangitka sath nigam rar halko sangathanatmak samacharka lagi kanuni suchanaharu samawesh chhan. sangathanle euta internet website pani rakhchha jasma sangathan rar yasaka gatiwidhiharu, sadasyata avedan faramharu rar sammelan darta faramharuko barema jankari samawesh chha.
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americara shastriya mandolin society
classical mandolin society off america ink.sii. emm. ess. aii., baa sii. emm. ess. aii., heuchhi eka 501 (sii) (3) labhahina nigama jaahaa aamerikare mandolin badyajantrara badana ebong adhyajanaku prostahita karibaku pratishrutibadha. ehi sangathana 1986 masihare narman lebhinnka dwara pratisthita hoithila.
ehi sangathana shastriya mandolin upare dhyana dei, mandolin paribara (mandolin, mandola, mandocello, mando-baas) ebong gitaarare gyaana ebong aagrahaku prostahita kariba paain karjya kare . ehaa uttara aamerikare shishu ebong bajaskamananka paain mandolin sikhya ebong nirdesh paain anudan ebong chhatrabrutti sakriya bhabare prajojita kare . bartamana saaraa bisware 400ru adhika sadasya achanti. sii. emm. ess. aii. pratibarsha uttara americara eka bhinna saharare eka sammilani ayojan karithae. anya karjyakramagudika madhyare, sii. emm. ess. aii. sammilani eka samuhika arkestra ayojan karithae, jaahaa ehara sankhipta astitwa paain pratibarsha juktarastra americara sarbabruhata mandolin arkestra, ebong aitihasika bhabare 180 john sangeetagyanku antarbhukta karichhi . sii. emm. ess. aii. juktarastra america, kanada ebong bisware mandolin samooha kipari khojibe kimba srusti karibe shay bishajare suchanara eka utsa bhabare karjya kare .
ehi sangathanare abaitanika swechasebeemane karjya karanti ebong corporessionera adhikarimane (sabhapati, upadhyakhya, sachiba ebong khajanadhikari) ebong eka nirdeshaka mandaleeku nei gathita, jeunthire bartamana naaa john sadasya achanti. sii. emm. ess. aii. sadasyata ehara upaniam anujai adhikari ebong board sadasya padabee purana kariba paain prartheenka upare bhot deithae.
sii. emm. ess. aii. eka traimasika sambadapatra, "mandolin journal" prakash kare, jeunthire yogdan karithiba nibandha ebong sangeeta sahita nigama ebong barttamanara sangathanika khabara paain aaingata bigyapti achhi . ehi sangathana eka internet website madhya parichalana karithae jeunthire sangathana ebong ehara karjyakalapa, sadasyata abedan form ebong sammilani panjikaran form bishajare suchana thaae . |
amrica dee classical mandolin suciety
classical mandolin suciety aaf america ink.jaan see. aimm. aiss. aii. ikk 501 (see) (3) gair-labhkari nigam haii joe sanyukat raaj witch mandolin yantran dey khedan atey adhiaen noon utshahit curran laee vachanbadh haii. sangathan dee sathapana 1986 witch norman levin duaara keeti gaee see.
sangathan classical mandolin utte dhiaan kendrat curran dey naal, mandolin, mandola, mandocello, mendo-baas) atey gitar dey mandolin parivaar witch giaan atey dilchaspi noon utshahit curran laee kamm karda haii. ih uttri amrica witch bacchiaan atey balgan laee mandolin sikkhiaa atey sikkhiaa laee grantan atey scholarshipan noon sargarmi naal spancer karda haii. iss vele dunia bharr witch 400 toon vaddh member hunn. see. aimm. aiss. aii. harr saal uttri amrica dey ikk vakkhre shehar witch ikk sammelan aayojit karda haii. horr samagman dey naal, see. aimm. aiss. aii. sammelan ikk samooh archestra dee mezbani karda haii, joe harr saal aapni sankhep hond laee, sanyukat raaj witch sabh toon vadda mandolin archestra haii, atey itihasak taur 'teey 180 sangeetkaran noon shamal keeta giaa haii. see. aimm. aiss. aii. sanyukat raaj, canada atey dunia bharr witch mandolin samoohan noon labbhan jaan banaun baare jankari dey sarot vajon kamm karda haii.
sangathan witch ann-tankhah volunteeran duaara staff keeta jaanda haii atey iss witch nigam dey adhikari (pardhan, upp pardhan, sakattar atey khazanchi) atey ikk board aaf directors shamal hunde hunn, jiss dey iss vele naun member hunn. see. aimm. aiss. aii. membership aapne upp-kanoonan anusar adhikari atey board member dey ahudiaan noon bharan laee umidwar noon vott dindi haii.
see. aimm. aiss. aii. ikk timahi newslatter, "mandolin journal" prakashit karda haii, jiss witch yogdan paunh vaale lekhan atey sangeet dey naal-naal nigam atey maujuda sangathnatmak khabran laee kanunni soochnavan shamal hunn. sangathan ikk internet website vee rakkhda haii jiss witch sangathan atey iss deeaan gatividhiaan, membership arzi farm atey sammelan registration farm baare jankari hundi haii. |
amerikaadeshasy shaastreey-mandolin-samaajah
amerikaadeshasy shaastreey-mandolin-samaajah ink.sii. emm. ess. e. athavaa sii. emm. ess. e. iti 501 (sii) (3) naa-laabh-nigamah asti yah samyuktarajyamerikadesha mendolin-vaadyaanaam vaadanasya adhyayanasya cha pracharartham pratibadhah asti. 1986 tame varshe naarman levin ityanena asya samsthaayaah sthapana abhavat.
samsthaa shaastreey-mandolin-vaadyaanaam (mandolin, mandolaa, mandoselo, mando-baas), gitaar-vaadyaanaam mandolin-parivaarasya gyaanasya, abhiruchiyasya cha pracharartham karyam karoti. saa sakriyaroopen uttaramerikadeshasya balanam vayaskaanaam cha krute mandolin-shikshayaha krute anudaanam, shishyavruttim cha praayojayati. samprati, vishve 400 taha adhikaah sadasyaah santi. see. emm. ess. e. prativarsham uttaramerikadeshasya bhinnagare sammelanam aayojayati. anyeshu karyakrameshu, sii. emm. ess. e.-sammelanasy ayojanam enn maas-archestra iti bhavati, yat prativarsham tasya alpakaalasy astitvaartham samyuktarajyamerikadesha bruhattamam mendolin-archestra asti, aitihaasikadrushtyaa 180 sangeetajnaan cha samaaveshayati. see. emm. ess. e. samyuktarajyamerika-kenada-desheshu, jagati cha mandolin-samuhan katham anveshtum vaa nirmaatum vaa iti vishaye suchana-srotatvena karyam karoti.
samsthaa avaitanikaih swayamsewakaih karyam karoti, nigamasya adhikaribhih (adhyakshen, upaadhyakshen, sachivena, khajanadarena cha), nirdeshakamandalen cha samrachitaa asti, yasya vartamaanakaale nava sadasyaah santi. see. emm. ess. e. sadasyatvam, upaniyamanam anusaaram adhikarinam, board-sadasyanam cha padanam poorane abhyarthinaam krute matam adadaati.
sii. emm. ess. e., traimasika-vaartaalekham prakaashayati, "da-mandolin-journal" iti, yasmin nigamasya vartamaan-sangatanaatmak-vaartaanaam cha krute vidhisammataani soochanaah santi, yogdan-lekhaih sangeeten cha saha. samsthaa antarjalajalaputam api nirvahati yasmin samsthaa tathaa tasya karyani, sadasyatva-aavedanapatraani, sammelan-panjeekaran-patraani cha santi. | americavin paarambariya maandalin samoogam
classical maandalin society off america ink.cmsa enbathu americavil maandalin karuvigalai vaachippathaiyum padippathaiyum ookkuvikka uruthipoondulla 501 (chii) (3) ilaaba noakkattra niruvanamaagum. inththa amaippu 1986 aam aandil norman levin enbavaraal niruvappattathu.
inththa amaippu paarambariya maandalin meethu kavanam seluththi, maandalin kudumbaththin fretted karuvigal (maandalin, mandola, mandocello, mando-baas) mattrum kittar aagiyavattril arivaiyum aarvaththaiyum ookkuvikka seyalpadugirathu. idhu vada americavil ulla kuzhandhaigal mattrum periyavarkalukkaana maandalin kalvi mattrum arivurutthalukkaana maaniyangkal mattrum uthaviththogaikku theeviramaaga nidhiyudhavi seikirathu. tharpoothu, ulagalavil 400 kkum maerpatta uruppinarkal ullanar. cmsa ovvoru aandum vada americavin vevvaeru nagarangalil oru manattai nadaththukirathu. mattra nigazhchchigaludan, cmsa maanaadu oru koottamaana isaikkuzhuvai nadaththukirathu, idhu ovvoru aandum adhan surukkamaana iruppu, americavin migapperiya maandalin isaikkuzhuvaagum, maelum varalaattru reethiyaaga 180 isaikkalainarkalai ulladakkiyullathu. america, kanada mattrum ulagengkilum maandalin kuzhukkalai evvaaru kandupidippadhu allathu uruvaakkuvathu enbathu pattriya thagavalkalin aathaaramaaka cmsa seyalpadugirathu.
inththa niruvanaththil uuthiyam peraatha thannaarvalargal paniyaattrukintranar, maelum idhu maanagaraatchiyin athikaarikal (thalaivar, thunaith thalaivar, seyalaalar mattrum porulaalar) mattrum iyakkunarkal kuzhu aagiyavattraik kondu kattamaikkappattullathu, idhu tharpoothu onbathu uruppinargalaik kondullathu. cmsa uruppinar adhan thunaich sattangalinpadi adhigaari mattrum vaariyam uruppinar padhavigalai nirappa vaetpaalargalukku vaakkalikkiraar.
cmsa oru kaalandu seithimadalai veliyidugirathu, "maandalin journal", idhu corporation mattrum tharpoothaiya niruvana seithigalukkaana satta arivippugalaik kondullathu, pankaliththa katturaigal mattrum isaiyudan. inththa amaippu oru inaiya valaithalaththaiyum paraamarikkirathu, athil amaippu mattrum adhan seyalpaadugal, uruppinar vinnapa padivangkal mattrum maanattu pathivu padivangkal pattriya thagavalkal ullana.
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classical mandolin society off america
dhi classical mandolin society off america ink.cmsa, ledhaa cmsa, anedi 501 (sii) (3) labhapeksha laeni samstha, idhi united stateslo mandolin vaayidyaala vaayidyaanni mariyu adhyayananni prothsahinchadaaniki kattubadi undhi. eee samsthanu 1986loe norman levin sthaapinchaaru.
eee samstha saampradaaya mandolinpai drushti saarinchi, mandolin kutumbamloni (mandolin, mandola, mandosello, mando-baas) mariyu guitar vaayidyaalalo ghnaanam mariyu aasaktini prothsahinchadaaniki panichestundi. idhi uttara americaloni pillalu mariyu peddalaku mandolin vidya mariyu bodhana kosam grantlu mariyu scholarshiplanu churukuga spaansar chestundi. prastutam, prapanchavyaaptamgaa 400 mandiki paiga sabhyulu unnaaru. prati samvatsaram uttara americaloni vaerae nagaramlo cmsa oka samavesanni nirvahistundi. itara kaaryakramaalato paatu, cmsa convention oka saamuuhika archestranu nirvahistundi, idhi prati samvatsaram daani sankshipta uniki kosam, united stateslo atipedda mandolin archestra, mariyu chaaritraatmakamgaa 180 mandhi sangeetakaarulanu kaligi undhi. united states, kenada mariyu prapanchavyaaptamgaa mandolin samuuhaalanu elaa kanugonaali ledhaa srushtinchaali anae daani gurinchi samachara vanarugaa cmsa panichestundi.
eee samsthalo jeetam laeni swachchanda sevakulu panicheestaaru mariyu corporation adhikarulu (adhyakshudu, upaadhyakshudu, karyadarshi mariyu koshadhikari) mariyu prastutam tommidi mandhi sabhyulatho kuudina directorla boardu kaligi untundi. cmsa sabhyatvam daani upa chattalaku anugunamgaa adhikari mariyu boardu sabhyula sthaanaalanu bharti cheyadaaniki abhyardhulapai ootu vestundi.
cmsa traimaasika vaartaalekha "dhi mandolin journal" nuu prachuristundi, indulo corporation mariyu prastuta samsthaagata vaartalatoe paatu andinchina kathanaalu mariyu sangeetamtho paatu chattaparamaina notifications untaayi. samstha mariyu daani karyakalapalu, sabhyatva darakhaastu faaraalu mariyu convention registration faaraala gurinchi samacharanni kaligi unna internet websitenu kooda samstha nirvahistundi. | classici mendolan society aaf america
classici mendolan society aaf america incorporated.yaa see ayem aiss aey eek 501 (see) (3) ghair munafa bakhash corporation hay juu riyasathaye muthadah mein mendolan aalat kay bajanay aur mutalah kuu farogh deenay kay liye parazam hay. iss tanzim kii bunyaad 1986 mein naarman leone nay rakhee thee.
yaha tanzim classici mendolan parr taujah markoz kartay huay ferted aalat kay mendolan khaandaan mein alam aur dilchaspi kuu farogh deenay kay liye kaam karti hay vovo (mendolan mendola mandocello mendo baas) aur gataar. yaha shamali america mein bachon aur badoon kay liye mendolan kii taleem aur taleem kay liye grants aur scholarship kuu faal toor parr sponsor kartaa hay. iss waqat duniya bhar mein 400 say ziyadah arakeen haine. see ayem aiss aey harr saal shamali america kay eek mukhtalif shehar mein eek convention munaqid kartaa hay. deegar taqribaat kay alawah see ayem aiss aey convention eek ijtemayi archistra kii mezbani kartaa hay juu harr saal apnay mukhtasir wajood kay liyay riyasathaye muthadah mein sabb say badaa mendolan archistra hay aur tarikhi toor parr iss mein 180 mausiqar shaamil haine. see ayem aiss aey riyasathaye muthadah canada aur duniya bhar mein mendolan kay majmuay kuu talaash karnay yaa bananay kay baaray mein malumat kay zariah kay toor parr kaam kartaa hay.
tanzim kaa emlah blaa maawazah razakaron kay zariah hotaa hay aur iss mein corporation kay afsaran (sadr naib sadr screetry aur khazanchi)yee aur eek board aaf directors hotay haine jiss kay phee alhaal noow arakeen hotay haine. see ayem aiss aey rakniyat ameedwaron kuu iss kay zamni qawanin kay mutabiq afsar aur board kay arakeen kay ahadon kuu parr karnay kay liye woat deeti hay.
see ayem aiss aey eek sah maahi newz latter "mendolan journal" shaye kartaa hay jiss mein corporation aur maujudah tanzimi khabron kay liye qanuni itlaat kay saath saath taawan shadah mazamin aur mausiqi shaamil hoti hay. tanzim eek internet waib saait bhee barqarar rakhti hay jiss mein tanzim aur iss kii sargarmiyon rakniyat kii darkhwast faarm aur convention registration faarm kay baaray mein malumat hoti haine.
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000593f2dd6c5ee6086e2480363beaa6d625d5b4880c621618ff5ba43ffdc049 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53596566 | Melinda Nadj Abonji |
Melinda Nadj Abonji
Melinda Nadj Abonji (born 22 June 1968 in Bečej, Yugoslavia) is a Hungarian-Swiss writer, musician, and performance artist. Melinda Nadj Abonji was born in the Hungarian part of Vojvodina, in present-day Serbia. She came to Switzerland at the age of 5 to join her refugee parents.
After finishing her studies at the University of Zurich, she wrote a novel, "Fly Away, Pigeon", based on her refugee experiences, which in 2010 won the German Book Prize and the Swiss Book Prize.
References.
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| melinda naadoj aabunji
melinda naadoj aabonji (jonmo 22 june 1968, besej, eugoslaviat) egoraki hangeria-suis lekhok, xongitogyo aaru prodorxon xilpi. melinda naadoj aabunjir jonmo hoisil bortomanor charbiyat thoka bhujbhudinar hangeria ongxot. teu 5 bosor boyoxot teur xoronarthi pitri-matrir xoite jug diboloi suijarlendoloi aahisil.
juris biswobidyaloyot porha xex korar pisot teu nijor xoronarthir obhigyotar uporot aadharito kori "fly ewe, pijon" naamor ekhon uponyax likhisil, jikhone 2010 sonot german grontho botaa aaru suis grontho botaa laabh korisil.
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melinda nadz abanji
melinda nadz abanji (jonmo 22 june 1968, bechez, eugoslavia) ekjon hangerian-suis lekhok, sangitagya ebong abhinoy shilpi. melinda nadz abonji bortoman serbier bhojbhodinar hangerian ongshe jonmogrohon korechilen. tini 5 bochor boyse taar sharanarthi pitamatar saathe jog ditey suizerlande asen.
jurikh bishwobidyaloye padashona shesh korar porr, tini taanr sharanarthi obhiggotar upor vitti korey "fly ayaoye, pizon" naame ekti uponyas lekhen, jaa 2010 saale german boi puraskar ebong suis boi puraskar jitechilo. |
melinda naad abonji
melinda naad abonji (janm 22 juuna 1968, batchage, yugoslaviyama) hungarian-swis lekhak, sangeetkaar aneey pradarshan kalakar chhe. melinda naad abonjino janm haalnaa serbiama vojavodinana hungarian bhagma thayo hato. teey 5 varshnee ummare tenaa sharnaarthi matapita saathe jodava maate switzerland aavee hatee.
zurich universityma abhyaas purn karyaa pachhi, temane temnaa sharnaarthi anoobhavo parr aadharit aek navalkathaa "fly away, kabootar" lakhee, jene 2010maan german pustak puraskar aneey swis pustak puraskar jeetyo hato. | melinda naad abonji
melinda naad abonji (janm 22 juuna 1968 mein bechez, yugoslavia mein) ack hangerian-swiss lekhak, sangeetkaar aur pradarshan kalakar hain. melinda nadaj abonji kaa janm vartamaan serbia mein vojavodina key hangerian bhaag mein huaa thaa. vaha apane sharanarthi maataa-pitaa key saath shamil honey key liye 5 saal kii umr mein switzerland aaee thee.
zurich vishvavidyalaya mein apani padhaai poori karane key baad, unhone apane sharanarthi anubhavon parr adharit ack upanyaas, "fly away, kabootar" likhaa, jisane 2010 mein german pustak puraskar aur swiss pustak puraskar jeetaa.
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melinda nudge abonji
melinda nodge abonji (janana 22 zoon 1968, besez, yugoslaviyadalli) hangerian-swiss barahagaarti, sangeetagaarti mattu pradarshana kalaavide. melinda nudge abonji indina serbiyaadalli vojvodinaada hangerian bhagadalli janisidaru. aake tanna 5neey vayassinalli tanna niraashritara poshakarondige seralu switzerlandge bandaru.
jurich vishvavidyaalayadalli tanna adhyayanavannu poornagolisida nantara, aake tanna niraashritara anubhavagalannu aadharisida "fly away, pariwala" emba kaadambariyannu baredaru, idu 2010 ralli german pustaka prashasti mattu swiss pustaka prashastiyannu geddukonditu. | melinda naju abonchi
oru hangarian-swis ezhuthukaariyum samgeethajnjayum prakadana kalakaariyumaanu melinda nadju abonchi (jananam 22 juun 1968, besej, yugoslavia). innathe serbiayile vojvodinayile hangarian bhagathaanu melinda nadju abonchi janichathu. 5-aamm vayassil abhayaarthi maathapithaakkalodoppam cheraan avar swittsarlandilekku vannu.
soorich sarvakalashaalayil patanam poortthiyaakkiya sesham, thante abhayaarthi anubhavangale adisthaanamaakki "fly away, praav" enna oru noval avar ezhuthi, athu 2010 ll jarmman pusthaka sammaanavum swis pusthaka sammaanavum nedi.
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melinda naad abonji
melinda naad abonji (janm 22 juuna 1968, bechej, yugoslavia) hii hungarian-swees lekhika, sangitkar aanee sadarikaran kalakar aahe. melinda naad abonjicha janm sadhyachya sarbiyatil vojavodinachya hungarian bhagat jhaala. tee tichya nirvasit palkansobat jaanyasathi vayachya 5 vya varshi switzerlandla aalee.
zurich vidyapithat shikshan purn kelyanantar tine tichya nirvasitanchya anubhavanvar aadharit 'fly away, kabootar' hii kadambari lihili, jine 2010 madhye german pustak puraskar aanee swis pustak puraskar jinkla. | melinda naad abonji
melinda naad abonji (janma 22 june 1968 bechez, yugoslaviama) ek hangeri-swis lekhak, sangitkar, rar pradarshan kalakar hun. melinda nudge abonjiko janma wartaman serbiako bhojabhodinako hangeri bhagma bhaeko thiyo. uni 5 warshako umerma afna sharanarthi amababusanga samel huna swizerland aeki thiin.
jurich vishwavidyalayama afno adhyayan samapta garepachhi, unle afno sharanarthi anubhawharuma adharit upanyas "fly awe, pijan" lekhe, jasle 2010 maa german pustak puraskar rar swis pustak puraskar jityo.
| melinda nadz abonji
melinda nadz abonji (janma 22 june 1968, bechez, jugoslabhiare) jane hangereeja-swis lekhaka, sangeetagya ebong pradarshan kalakara. melinda nudge abonji barttamanara cerbiar bhojabhodinara hangereeja bhagare janmagrahana karithile. shay 5 barsha bajasare taanka sharanarthi pitamatanka saha jogadeba paain swijaralanda aasithile.
jurich biswabidyalajare adhyajana shesh kariba parey, shay taanka sharanarthi abhigyata upare aadharita eka upenyas "fly ewe, pijan" lekhithile, jaahaa 2010 ray german pustaka puraskara ebong swis pustaka puraskara jitithila .
|
melinda nudge abonji
melinda naad abonji (janam 22 juun 1968 noon bechej, yugoslavia witch) ikk hangri-swis lekhak, sangeetkar atey pardarshan kalakar haii. melinda nudge abonji daa janam vojvodina dey hangri hisse witch, varatman sarbia witch hoiaa see. uh 5 saal dee umar witch aapne sharnarthi maapiaan naal shamal honn laee switzerland aaee see.
zurich university witch aapni padahi puurii curran toon baad, uss neey aapne sharnarthi tazarbiaan dey adhaar utte ikk nawal, "fly avey, kabootar" likhiaa, jiss neey 2010 witch german pustak puraskar atey swis pustak puraskar jittiaa. |
melinda nadja abonji
melinda naadj abonji (janma 22 joon 1968 besej, yugoslavia) ekaa hangeriyan-swis-lekhikaa, sangeetajnaa, pradarshana-kalakara cha asti. melinda naadj abonji ityasyaah janma vartamaanasya serbia-pradeshe, vojvodinaa-nagarasya hangeriyan-pradeshe abhavat. saa 5 vayasi sharanarthi-maataapitrubhihi saha sammilayitum switzerlyaand-desham aagacchat.
zurich-vishvavidyaalaye adhyayanm samaaptam krutvaa, saa sharanarthinam anubhavanam aadhaaren "flai ave, pijan" iti upanyasam likhitavatee, yat 2010 tame varshe german-pustakapuraskaram swis-pustakapuraskaram cha praapnot. |
melinda nathj abonji
melinda nodge abonji (prappu juun 22,1968, besej, yugoslavia) oru hangaeriya-suvis ezhuththaalar, isaikkalainar mattrum seyalthiran kalaignar aavaar. melinda nathj abonji intraiya serbiyaavil ulla vojvodinavin hangaeriya paguthiyil piranthaar. avar thanathu 5 vayathil thanathu agathi pettroarudan saera switcherlaandhukku vanthaar.
soorich palkalaikkazhagaththil thanathu padippai mudiththa piragu, avar thanathu agathigal anubavangkalai adippadaiyaagak kondu "paranthu sellungal, puraa" endra naavalai ezhuthinaar, idhu 2010 aam aandil jerman puthagap parisaiyum suvis puthagap parisaiyum ventrathu. |
melinda nudge abonji
melinda nadz abonji (jananam 22 juun 1968 besez, yugoslavialo) oka hangerian-swiss rachayitri, sangeetakaaruraalu mariyu pradarsana kalaakaarini. melinda nudge abonji prastuta cerbialoni vojvodinaloni hangerian bhaagamlo janminchaaru. aame thana saranaarthi thallidandrulatho chaeradaaniki 5 samvatsaraala vayassulo switzerlandku vachindi.
jurich vishwavidhyaalayamlo thana chaduvunu puurti chesina taruvaata, aame thana saranaarthula anubhavaala aadhaaramgaa "fly away, pavuram" anae navala rasindi, idhi 2010loe german pustaka bahumati mariyu swiss pustaka bahumatini geluchukundi. |
melanda naadij abunji
melanda naadij abunji (paidaish 22 joone 1968 mein baicheej yogoslavia mein) eek hungri sois masnaf mausiqar aur performans artist haine. melanda naadij abunji maujudah sarbiya mein waujudina kay hungri kay hasay mein paida hoyein. wah 5 saal kii amar mein apnay panah gazeen waldeen kay saath shaamil honay kay liye sweatzerland aayee thein.
zewarkh university mein apnee taleem makmal karnay kay baad iss nay apnay panah gazinon kay tajarbaat parr mubni eek naawal "flayee away paijan" likhaa jiss nay 2010 mein german kitaab kaa anaam aur sois kitaab kaa anaam jeeta. |
0005940ae088d84cf96bd195dda01f1eb2b79af7b31307bc0172f382a286447e | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=51894924 | Anson Paul |
Anson Paul
Indian film actor
Anson Paul is an Indian actor who has appeared in Malayalam Cinema along with a few Tamil language films. Paul made his acting debut in the 2013 Malayalam film, "KQ", along with Parvathy Omanakuttan, and was noticed in "Su.. Su... Sudhi Vathmeekam" and the tamil blockbuster "Remo".
Career.
Anson Paul, a Bachelor of Engineering, played a major role in "Abrahaminte Santhathikal" (2018), along with Mammootty, where his role was reviewed as "fantastic performance, making him one of the promising actors" by "Times of India". He also played the lead in "The Gambler (2019 film)", touted as the first superhero movie of Malayalam film industry.
Now Paul is playing the lead along with Aditi Rao Hydari and Ketika Sharma in a Tamil-Telugu bi-lingual directed by Rajesh M. Selva.
References.
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| enson poll
aanson poll egoraki bharotiyo obhineta jiye maloyalomor logote taamil bhaxar solositro aaru hindike dhori bohutu elbamot obhinoy korise. poo 'ley 2013 sonot porboti umankuttonor xoite malayalom sobi "key. kiu" too obhinoyot aatmoprokax korisil aaru "su" too teur prodorxon hoisil.. su... xudhi batmikom "aaru taamil blockbuster" remu ".
keriyar.
obhijantrik snatok enson paale mamuttir xoite "abrahaminte xantathikal" (2018) too ek guruttopurno bhumika paalon korisil, zo 'too teur bhumikak "utkristo prodorxon" hisape porzaluchona koraa hoisil, jaar folot teu "times owo india" ror dwara onyotomo protisrutipurno obhineta hisape porigonito hoisil. teu "dyo gamber (2019 sonor solositro)" too mukhyo soritrot obhinoy korisil, jaak malayalam solositro udyugor prothom suparhiru solositro buli kuwa hoy.
| anson poll
anson poll ekjon bharatiya abhineta jini malayalam ebong tamil bhasar cholochchitre ebong hindi soho onek albume abhinoy korechen. poll 2013 saale parboti omankuttoner saathe malayalam cholochchitro 'kekiu'-teey abhinoy shuru corren ebong 'shoo'-teey taanr abhinoyer kotha jaanaa yaay.. shoo... sudhi batmikam "ebong tamil blockbuster' remo".
pesha.
engineering-ayee snatok anson poll mamuttir saathe "abrahaminte santathikal" (2018)-ayee ekti prodhan bhumika palon korechilen, jekhane taanr bhumikake "durdanto abhinoy" hisabe porjalochona koraa hoyechilo, jaa taanke "times off india" dwara onnotomo protishrutishil abhineta korey tulechilo. tini "dya juadi" (2019 saaler cholochchitro)-eoo prodhan choritre abhinoy korechilen, jaa malayalam cholochchitro shilper prothom superhero cholochchitro hisabe bibechito hoyechilo.
| enson poola
enson poola aek bhaartiy abhineta chhe, jeey malayalam temaj tamil bhashani feelmoma aneey hindi saheet ghanaa albumsma jovaa malyaa chhe. poley poley malayalam film 'keey. kyoo.' maan paarvati omankuttan saathe abhinayni sharuaat curry hatee aneey 'suu' maan tenee nondh thaee hatee.. suu... sudhee vatmikam "aneey tamil blockbuster' remo".
karkirdi.
angineeringma snaatak enson poley 'abrahminte santhathikal' (2018) maan mamutty saathe mukhya bhoomika bhajvi hatee, jyaan temnee bhoomikani samiksha 'adbhoot pradarshan' tareeke karvaamaa aavee hatee, jeey temne 'times off india' dwara aashaspad abhinetaomana aek banaave chhe. temane "dhaa gambler (2019 film)" maan pann mukhya bhoomika bhajvi hatee, jene malayalam film udhyogni pratham superheero film tareeke odakhvaamaa aave chhe.
| enson paul
enson paul ack bhaaratiya abhineta hain joe malayalam key saath-saath tamil bhasha kii filmon aur hindi sahit kaee albums mein dikhaai diye hain. paul ney 2013 kii malayalam film 'key. kyu.' mein paarvati omankuttan key saath abhinay kii shuruat kii aur 'sue' mein unhein dekhaa gayaa.. sue... sudhi vathamikam aur tamil blockbuster "remo".
carrier.
engineering mein snaatak, enson paul ney maimooti key saath "abrahminte santhathikal" (2018) mein ack pramukh bhoomika nibhai, jahan unaki bhoomika kii sameeksha "shandar pradarshan" key roop mein kii gaee, jisase way "times off india" dwara ashajanak abhinetaon mein seey ack bunn gaye. unhone "dha gambler (2019 film)" mein bhee mukhya bhoomika nibhai, jise malayalam film udyog kii pahali superheiro film key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye.
| unson paul
unson paul obba bhaaratiya nataragiddu, avaru malayalam mattu tamilu bhasheya chalanachitragalalli mattu hindi seridante aneka aalbangalalli kanisikondiddare. paul avaru 2013rahra malayalam chitra 'keey. kyoo.' nalli parvati omanakuttan avarondige natisidaru mattu 'suu' nalli kanisikondaru.. suu... sudi vatmikam' mattu tamilu blockbuster 'remo'.
vrattijeevana.
engineering padavidhararaada unson paul, mammutty avarondige "abrahaminte shantathikal" (2018) nalli pramukha patravannu nirvahisidaru, allie avara patravannu "adbhuta abhinaya" endu vimarshisalaayitu, idu avarannu "times off india" ninda bharavaseya nataralli obbarannagi maaditu. malayalam chalanachitrodyamada modala suuper heero chalanachitravendu hesaraada "dhii jujukora (2019rahra chalanachitra)" dalli avaru naayakanatanaagi natisidaru.
| null | anson paul
anson paul haah eka bharatiy abhineta aahe, joou malayalam tasech tamil bhashetil chitrapatanmadhye aanee hindisah anek dhvanimudrikanmadhye disala aahe. paulane 2013 madhye parvati omankuttansobat 'keey. kyu.' yaa malayalam chitrapatatun abhinayat padarpan kele aanee 'suu' madhye tyachi dakhal ghetali gelee.. suu... sudhee vathamikam' aanee tamil blockbuster 'remo'.
karkird.
abhiyantriki padvidhar asalelya anson paulane 'abrahminte santhathikal' (2018) madhye mamuttys pramukh bhoomika sakarli, jithe tyachya bhoomikeche 'vilakshan kamgiri' mhanoon punaravalokan kele gele, jyamule too 'times auph india' dware eka aashadayak abhineta banala. tyane 'daad jugari' (2019 chitrapat) madhye dekhil mukhya bhoomika sakarli, joou malayalam chitrapat udhyogatil pahila superhero chitrapat mhanoon olakhala jaato.
| enson pall
enson pall ek bharatiya abhineta hun jo malayalamka sathai tamil bhashaka chalchitraharu rar hindisahit dherai albumharuma dekha pareka chhan. palale sann 2013 ko malayalam film 'kakyu' maa parvati omankuttansanga abhinayako suruwat gareka thie rar 'su' maa pani unko abhinaya dekhiyo.. su... sudhi vatmikam "rar tamil blockbuster" remo ".
currier.
engineeringka snatak anson palale mamuttisangai "abrahaminte santathikal" (2018) maa pramukh bhumika khele, jahaan unko bhumikalai "utkrishta pradarshan" ko rupma samiksha garieko thiyo, jasle unlai "times aff india" dwara ek honhar abhineta banaeko thiyo. unle malayalam film udyogko pahilo superhiro chalchitraka rupma chinine "da gambler (2019 chalchitra)" maa pani mukhya bhumika nibhaeka thie.
| anson paul
anson pull jane bharatiah abhineta jieki malayalam tatha tamil bhasara chalachitra ebong hindi sameth aneka alabamare abhinai karichanti. pull 2013 ray malayalam chalachitra "kee. kyu" ray parbati omanakuttanka saha abhinai arambha karithile ebong "suu" ray nazar aasithile... suu..... sudhi batmikam "ebong tamil blockbuster' remo".
kyariyara.
injinijaringre snataka hoithiba anson pull mamutinka saha 'abrahaminte santathical' (2018) ray eka pramukh bhumika grahan karithile, jeunthare taanka bhumikaku 'chamatkara pradarshan' bhabare samikhya karajaithila, jaahaa tanku 'time off india' dwara jane ashajanaka abhineta bhabare parinata karithila. shay "daa juari (2019 chalachitra)" ray madhya mukhya bhumikare abhinai karithile, jaahaa malayalam chalachitra silpara pratham superhero chalachitra bhabare janashuna .
| anson paal
enson paal ikk bharti adakar haii joe malialam dey naal-naal tamil bhasha deeaan filman atey hindi samet kaee ailabman witch nazar aaa chukka haii. paal neey aapni adakari dee shuruat 2013 dee malialam film "keey. kioo" witch parvati omankuttan naal keeti see atey "sue" witch nazar aaiaa see.. sue... sudhi vathimikam' atey tamil blockbuster 'remo'.
carrier.
engineering witch bachelor, anson paal neey maimooti dey naal "abrahminte santhathikal" (2018) witch ikk pramukh bhumika nibhai, jitthe uss dee bhumika dee samikhiaa "shandar pardarshan" vajon keeti gaee, jiss naal uh "times aaf india" duaara ikk honhar adakar bann giaa. unhan neey "juaari (2019 dee film)" witch vee mukkh bhumika nibhai, jiss noon malialam film udyog dee pahili superhero film vajon janhiaa jaanda haii.
|
unson paal
unson paal ityeshah ekaha bharatiyaha abhinetaa asti yah malayaalam-bhashayam tamilu-bhashayaha chalacchitreshu, hindee-bhashaya saha anekeshu aalbam-madhye cha abhyanayt. paal 2013 tame varshe paarvatee omankuttan ityanena saha "key. kyoo" iti malayaalam-chalachchitre abhinayasy arambham krutavaan, tathaa cha "su" ityasmin api saha drushtah.. su... sudhi vaatmeekam "tathaa cha tamil-blockbuster" remo "iti.
vruttihi.
angineering-snaatakah unson paal, mamutty ityanena saha "abrahaminte santathikal" (2018) ityasmin chalachchitre pramukham paatram niravahat, yatra tasya paatram "adbhutam pradarshanam, saha" tams aaf india "ityanena ashajanaka-abhinetrushu anyatamah iti samikshitam. saha "da-joojugaarah (2019 chalacchitram)" ityasmin api mukhyapaatram niravahat, yat malayaalam-chalacchitra-udyogasya prathamam soopar heero-chalacchitram iti khyaatam. |
unson paal
unson paal oru inthiya nadigar aavaar, avar malaiyaalam mattrum tamizh mozhi thiraippatankalilum, hinthi udpada pala aalbangkalilum thoantriyullaar. 2013 aam aandu malaiyaala thiraippatamaana "kae. kyuu" endra thiraippataththil parvati oomaanakuttanudan inainthu paal arimugamaanaar, maelum "chuu" endra thiraippataththil naditthaar.. chuu... sudhi vaathmeegam mattrum tamizh plackpuster "remo".
thozhil.
ilangkalai poriiyal pattam pettra unson paal, mammuttiyudan inainthu "aapiragamindae santhathical" (2018) padaththil mukiya pangku vagiththaar, angku avarathu paaththiram "arputhamaana nadippu, avarai nambikkaikkuriya nadigargalil oruvaraaga" "times off india" vimarsiththathu. malaiyalath thiraippadath thuraiyin muthal suuppar hiiroo thiraippatamaaga karudhappadum "thii soothaattakkaarar (2019 thiraippadam)" padaththilum avar kathaanaayaganaaga naditthaar. |
unson paal
unson paal malayaalamtho paatu tamila bhasha chitraalalo mariyu hindeetho sahaa aneka albumlalo kanipinchina bharatiya natudu. paal 2013loe parvati omaanakuttantho kalisi malayaala chitram "kq" loe natinchaadu mariyu "suu" loe kanipinchaadu.. suu... sudhi vaatmeekam" mariyu tamila blockbuster "remo".
vrutti.
injaneering bachelor ayina unson paal, mammuttitho paatu "abrahaminte santatikal" (2018) loe pradhana paatra pooshinchaaru, akkada athani paatra "adbhutamaina natana" gaa sameekshinchabadindi, idhi "times off india" dwara aasaajanaka natulalo okarigaa nilichindi. malayaala chitra parisramalo modati suupar heero chitramgaa perondina "dhi judagadu (2019 chitram)" loe kooda ayana pradhana paatra pooshinchaaru. | ainson paal
ainson paal eek hindustani adakaar haine juu malyalim kay saath saath taamil zabaan kii filmon aur hindy sameet kayee albumz mein nazar aaa chakay haine. paal nay 2013 kii malyalim film "kay kiyo" mein parwati auman kathan kay saath adakari kaa aaghaz kiyaa aur "sue" mein nazar aayey.. sue... sadhee vathamikam "aur taamil block bister" remo ".
carrier.
bachelor aaf engineering ainson paal nay memoti kay saath "ibrahmente santhikal" (2018) mein eek aham kirdaar adaa kiyaa jehaan inn kay kirdaar kuu "shandar karkardgi" kay toor parr jaizah liyaa gayaa jiss say wah "times aaf indiya" kay zariye eek ameed afza adakaar bunn gayey. inhon nay "dee jawari (2019 kii film)" mein bhee markazi kirdaar adaa kiyaa jasay malyalim film industry kii pehli spir herow film qaraar diyaa gayaa.
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0005985c31d5162dd36993a17b5f35a985e87bcda1a4e98e642ea2507365cf3d | https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki?curid=8748805 | po ptokach |
po ptokach
Polish.
Etymology.
. The word "ptokach" is a nonstandard spelling which reflects the regional pronunciation of the word .
| pu potukas
palis.
byutpotti.
. tukas" xobdotu etaa oh-maanok baanan jiye xobdotur ancholik ussaronok protipholito kore. | poe potocuch
polisha.
byutpatti.
. tokach" shobdoti ekti aaa-manok banan jaa shobder anchalik uchcharonke protifolito korey. | poow tokach
polisha.
vyutpatti.
. tokach" shabd aek biin-maanak jodani chhe jeey shabdnaa praadeshik uchchaaranne pratibimbit karey chhe. | poe ptokach
polish karein.
vyutpatti.
. ptokach" shabd ack gair-maanak vartani haye joe shabd key kshetriya uchchaaran koo darshaati haye. | poe pokach
palish.
vyutpatti.
. ptokach" emba padavu pramanitavallada kagunitavagiddu, idu padada praadeshika uchchaaraneyannu pratibimbisuttade. | poow tokkach
poolish.
padavyuthpathishaasthram.
. tokkach" enna vaakk padatthinte praadeshika uchaaranathe prathifalippikkunna oru nilavaaramillaatha aksharavinyasamaanu. | poe ptokach
polish.
vyutpatti.
. ptokach' haah shabd eka manak nasalela shabdalekhan aahe joou shabdacha pradeshik uchchar pratibimbit karato. | poe tokach
police.
wyutpatti.
. tokach" shabda ek gaira-manak hizze how jasle shabdako khetriya uchcharanlai pratibimbit gardacha. | null | poe tokach
palish.
shabdawali.
. shabad "tokach" ikk gair-miaari spelling haii joe shabad dey khetri ucharan noon darsaundi haii. | po tokaach
polish.
vyutpattih.
. ttokaach" iti shabdah ekaha maanak-rahitah vartanee asti yah asya shabdasya praadeshika-ucchaaranam pratibimbayati. | poa tokach
balish.
sorpirappiyal.
. togach" endra soll oru tharamattra ezhuththuppizhai aagum, idhu vaarthaiyin piraanthiya ucharippai pirathipalikkirathu. | poe ptokach
palish.
vyutpatti.
. ptokach" anae padam praamaanikam kaani spelling, idhi padam yokka praantiiya uchchaarananu pratibimbistumdi. | puu pokach
paalish.
siftiyat.
. lafz "potokach" eek ghair mayari hajay hay juu lafz kay elaqayi talfaz kii akaasi kartaa hay. |
0005989a31685f99b6b497e58e30170f9da6f7a04f838d746d85c5008836f40b | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46656377 | Marjorie Townsend |
Marjorie Townsend
American electrical engineer (1930–2015)
Marjorie Trees Townsend (née Rhodes; March 12, 1930 – April 4, 2015) was an American electrical engineer, and the first woman to manage a spacecraft launch for NASA.
Early life and education.
Marjorie Trees Rhodes was born in Washington, D. C. At age 15 she started college, and was the first woman to earn an engineering degree from George Washington University when she graduated in 1951.
Career.
Early in her career, Townsend worked for the National Institute of Standards and Technology, and at the Naval Research Laboratory. She joined NASA in 1959. Her early work there involved weather satellites such as TIROS-1 and Nimbus. In time she was the first woman to become a spacecraft project manager at Goddard Spaceflight Center, responsible for Uhuru, the first satellite designed for x-ray astronomy. It was also the first American spacecraft to be launched from outside the United States, in 1970.
She worked with Bruno Rossi and Nobel laureate Riccardo Giacconi on the Small Astronomy Satellite program, and went to Kenya when Uhuru was launched by the Italian space program from the San Marco platform there.
Townsend retired from NASA in 1980, having received the Exceptional Service Medal and Outstanding Leadership Medal for her work. After that, she served as director of space systems engineering for BDM International, and was vice president at Space America. She retired from her private-sector work in 1996.
Townsend was co-inventor of a digital telemetry system, patented in 1968, which was part of the Nimbus program weather satellite.
Honors and professional service.
Marjorie Townsend was president of the Washington Academy of Sciences. She was a fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, and chaired a local chapter of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. In 1972 she was named a Knight of the Italian Republic Order for her work on Uhuru. She was named a Distinguished Alumnus of George Washington University in 1976. In 2006 she was inducted into the Engineering Hall of Fame at her alma mater.
Personal life and legacy.
Marjorie Rhodes married Charles E. Townsend Sr., a medical student, in 1948. The couple had four sons together, and lived in the Cleveland Park neighborhood of Washington DC. Marjorie was widowed in 2001.
The Marjorie Rhodes Townsend Papers are held in the Special Collections library at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University.
References.
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marj 'ree townsand
marj 'ree trease townsand (nee rudes; march 12,1930-april 4,2015) egoraki aamerikan boidyutik obhijonta aasil, aaru nasar baabe mohakaxjan utkhyepon porisalona koraa prothomgoraki mohila aasil.
prarombhik jiwan aaru xikhya.
marj 'ree gosor roadsor jonmo hoisil waswington, di. too. chi. 15 bosor boyoxot teu kolej aarombho korisil, aaru 1951 sonot snatok degree laabh korar xomoyot jorjo waswington biswobidyaloyor poraa obhijantrik degree laabh koraa prothom goraki mohila aasil.
keriyar.
teur karrier aarombhonite townchande rastriyo mandondo aaru projukti protisthanor baabe aaru nouxenar gowexona gowexonagarot kaam korisil. 1959 sonot teu nasat jugdan korisil. taat teur prarombhik kaamot taair 'cho-1 aaru nimbasor dore botoror upogroho jorito aasil. xei xomoyot teu ex-rey jyotirbigyanor baabe design koraa prothom upogroho uhurur baabe daybodho goddard mohakax biman kendrot mohakaxjan prokolpo byowosthapok huwa prothom goraki mohila aasil. 1970 sonot aamerika juktorastror baahiror poraa utkhyepon koraa eitu prothom aamerikan mohakaxjan aasil.
teu brunu ruchi aaru nobel botaa bijoyi rikardu giyakonir xoite xoru jyotirbigyan upogroho karzoxusit kaam korisil, aaru jetiya uhuruk italy mohakax karzoxusiye taat thoka chaan marku platformor poraa mukoli korisil tetiya keniyaloi goisil.
townchande 1980 sonot nasar poraa owoxor grohon korisil, teur kaamor baabe byotikromi xewa podok aaru utkristo netritwor podok laabh korisil. taar pisot, teu bi. di. em. internationalor baabe mohakax pronali obhijantrikor xonsalok hisape karzonirbah korisil, aaru mohakax aamerikat upo-xobhapoti aasil. 1996 sonot teu nijor byoktigoto khondor kaamor poraa owoxor grohon korisil.
townsand 1968 sonot patent koraa digital telemetry pronalir xoho-udbhawok aasil, ji nimbas programor botor upogrohor ongxo aasil.
xonman aaru pesadari xewa.
marj 'ree townsand waswington academy owo sciencesor xobhapoti aasil. teu institut owo electrical endo electronics engineeror egoraki xohojugi aasil, aaru aamerikan institut owo aerontics endo estro 'nikchor sthaniyo odhyayor odhyokhyo aasil. 1972 sonot uhurut koraa kaamor baabe teuk italy gonorajyor night order hisape namakoron koraa hoisil. 1976 sonot teuk jorjo waswington biswobidyaloyor egoraki bixisto prakton chatri hisape namakoron koraa hoisil. 2006 sonot teuk teur aalma metaror obhijantrik holl owo femot ontorbhukto koraa hoisil.
byoktigoto jiwan aaru uttoradhikar.
marj 'ree rudese charls ee-koo biyaa koraisil. townsand shro.1948 sonot egoraki sikitsa chatri, dompotihalor sarijon putro ekeloge aasil, aaru waswington di. chi.-ror cleveland parkor suburit baax korisil. marj 'ree 2001 sonot bidhowa hoisil.
marj 'ree roads townchandor kagoj-potroxomuh virginia polytechnic institut aaru rajyik biswobidyaloyor bixex xongroho puthibhoralot onusthito hoy. |
margery townsand
margery trija townsand (nee roads; march 12,1930-april 4,2015) ekjon american boidyutik prakaushali chhilen ebong nasser jonno ekti mahakashjan utkhepon porichalonakari prothom mohila chhilen.
prathomik jeebon ebong shikkha.
margery gaachh roadeser jonmo hoyechilo washingtone, dii. shee. 15 bochor boyse tini college shuru corren ebong 1951 saale snatok howar somoy george washington vishwavidyalaya theke engineering degree arjankari prothom mohila chhilen.
karmajiban.
taar kormojiboner prothom dike, townsand jatiya maan oo prajukti institute ebong nou gobeshona porikkhagare kaaj korechilen. tini 1959 saale nasay jog deena. sekhane taanr prathomik kaaje tyros-1 ebong nimbaser moto abhawa upogroho jorito chhilo. seii somoye tini goddard spaceflight centere mahakashjan prokolpo byabosthapok haoya prothom mohila chhilen, jini eksa-reey jyotirbigyaner jonno design koraa prothom upogroho uhuru-err jonno dayee chhilen. etty 1970 saale markin juktorashtrer baire theke utkhepon koraa prothom markin mahakashjano chhilo.
tini bruno rossie ebong nobel vijayi ricardo giacnir saathe chhoto jyotirbidya upogroho programe kaaj korechilen ebong jokhon uhuruke italian mahakash programa dwara shaan marco platform theke chaalu koraa hoyechilo tokhon tini kenia giechilen.
townsand 1980 saale nassa theke abosar grohon corren, taanr kaajer jonno byatikrami porisheba podok ebong asamanno netritter podok peyechilen. err porey, tini bii. dii. emm international-err space system engineering-err porichalok hisabe dayitto palon corren ebong space america vice presidenta chhilen. 1996 saale tini taanr besarkari khettrer kaaj theke abosar nene.
townsand ekti digital telemetry systemer soho-udbhabok chhilo, jaa 1968 saale patent koraa hoyechilo, jaa nimbas programa abhawa upogroher ongsho chhilo.
somman ebong peshadar porisheba.
margery townsand washington academy off scienceser sabhapati chhilen. tini institute off electrical anned electronics engineerder ekjon fello chhilen ebong american institute off aeronautics anned astronoticser ekti sthaniya adhyayer sovapotitto korechilen. 1972 saale uhurute taanr kaajer jonno taanke italiya projatontrer night namkaran koraa hoy. 1976 saale tini george washington bishwobidyaloyer bishishto praktan chhatro hisabe manoneet hohn. 2006 saale tini taanr alma metarer engineering holl off feme antarbhukta hohn.
byaktigato jeebon ebong uttoradhikar.
margery roads charles ee-keey biye korechilen. townsand esr.1948 saale eyi dampatir chaar chhele chhilo ebong taaraa washington disir cleveland parker paday thakat. 2001 saale marjorir bidhoba hoy.
marjori roads townsand kagajpatraguli virginia polytechnic institute ebong rajyo bishwobidyaloyer bishesh sangraha gronthagare onusthito hoy. |
marjori townsand
marjori trease townsand (nee roads; march 12,1930-april 4,2015) aek american electrical angineer hataa, aneey nassa maate avkashayan prakshepannu sanchalan karnari pratham maheela hatee.
praarambhik jeevan aneey shikshan.
marjori vruksho roadsno janm washington, dii. maan thayo hato. see. 15 varshnee ummare temane collegeni sharuaat curry hatee aneey george washington universitymathi angineeringni degree melavnaar pratham maheela hatee jyaare temane 1951maan snatakni padvi melvee hatee.
karkirdi.
temnee karkidrini sharuaatmaa, townsande raashtriy dhorano aneey takneeki sanstha maate aneey naukadalni sanshodhan prayogshalama kaama karyoo hatoo. teo 1959maan nasama jodaya hataa. tyaan temnaa praarambhik kaaryamaa tyros-1 aneey nimbus jevaa havaman upgraho saamel hataa. teey samaye teo goddard spaceflite centermaa avkashayan project manager bananaar pratham maheela hataa, jeey ex-reey khagolshastra maate rachaayel pratham upgrah uhuru maate jawabdar hataa. teey 1970maan united statesnee bahaarthi prakshepit karaayel pratham american avkashayan pann hatoo.
temane bruno rossie aneey nobel vijeta ricardo giakoni saathe naana khagolshastra upgrah kaarykram parr kaama karyoo hatoo aneey jyaare uhurune italyna avkaash kaarykram dwara seena marco platform parthee lonch karvaamaa aavyo tyaare teo kenya gayaa hataa.
townsand 1980maan nasamathi nivrutt thayaa hataa, temne temnaa kaama maate asadharan sevaa chandrak aneey utkrusht netrutva chandrak malyo hato. teey pachhi, temane bii. dii. aema. international maate spaces systems angineeringna director tareeke sevaa aapee hatee aneey spaces americama wies president hataa. teo 1996maan temnaa khangi kshetrana kaammathi nivrutt thayaa hataa.
townsand digital telemetry systemna saha-shodhak hataa, jeey 1968maan pattent karvaamaa aavee hatee, jeey nimbus prograam havaman upgrahno bhaag hato.
sanmaan aneey vyaavsaayik sevaa.
marjori townsand washington academy off sciencenaa pramukh hataa. teo institute off electrical anned electronics angineersna phelo hataa aneey american institute off aeronotics anned astronoticsna sthaaneek prakaranni adhyakshta curry hatee. 1972maan teneene uhuru parnaa temnaa kaama maate italian ripablika ordernaa night tareeke naam aapvama aavyu hatoo. teneene 1976maan george washington universityna pratishthit bhutpurv vidhyarthi tareeke naam aapvama aavyu hatoo. 2006maan teneene teneena alma matter khaate engineering holl off femamaa saamel karvaamaa aavee hatee.
vyaktigat jeevan aneey vaarso.
marjori rodese charles ee saathe lagna karyaa. townsand aesa. aar.1948maan tabibi vidhyarthi tareeke aaa dampatine chaar putro hataa aneey teo washington dii. see. naa cleveland parkma raheta hataa. marjori 2001maan vidhavaa thaee hatee.
marjori roads townsandnaa kaagado virginia polytechnic institute aneey state university khaate vishesh sangrah pustakalayma rakhvama aave chhe. |
marjori townsand
marjori trease townsand (nee roads; 12 march, 1930-4 aprail, 2015) ack americi vidyut engineer theen, aur nassa key liye antariksh yaan prakshepan kaa prabandhan karane vaali pahali mahila theen.
praarambhik jeevan aur shiksha.
marjori trease roads kaa janm washington, dee mein huaa thaa. see. 15 saal kii umr mein unhone college shuru kiya, aur 1951 mein snaatak honey parr george washington vishvavidyalaya seey engineering kii degree arjit karane vaali pahali mahila theen.
carrier.
apane currier kii shuruat mein, townsand ney rashtriya maanak aur praudyogiki sansthaan aur nausena anusandhaan prayogshala mein kaam kiya. vaha 1959 mein nassa mein shamil huin. vahaan unake shuruati kaam mein tyros-1 aur nimbus jaise mausam upgrah shamil they. samay key saath vaha goddard antariksh udaan kendra mein antariksh yaan pariyojana prabandhak banane vaali pahali mahila theen, joe aiks-ray khagol vigyaan key liye design kiye gaye pahale upgrah uhuru key liye jimmedaar theen. yeh 1970 mein sanyukt raajya america key baahar seey prakshepit kiya jaane vaalaa pahala americi antariksh yaan bhee thaa.
unhone bruno rossie aur nobel puraskar vijeta ricardo giaconi key saath chhote khagol vigyaan upgrah karyakram parr kaam kiya, aur kenya chully gaeen jaba uhuru koo saine marco platform seey italvi antariksh karyakram dwara launch kiya gayaa thaa.
townsand ney apane kaam key liye asadharan seva padak aur utkrisht netritva padak praapt karane key baad 1980 mein nassa seey sevaanivritt hue. usake baad, unhone bee. dee. aim. international key liye antariksh pranali engineering kii nideshak key roop mein kaary kiya, aur antariksh america mein upaadhyaksh theen. vaha 1996 mein apane niji kshetra key kaam seey sevaanivritt huin.
townsand ack digital telemetry pranali kaa saha-aavishkaarak thaa, jise 1968 mein patent karaaya gayaa thaa, joe nimbus karyakram mausam upgrah kaa hissa thaa.
sammaan aur peshevar seva.
marjori townsand washington vigyaan akadami key adhyaksh they. vaha vidyut aur electronics engineer sansthaan kii ack saathi theen, aur american institute off aeronautics aind astronautics key ack sthaaniya adhyaay kii adhyakshata kii. 1972 mein uhuru parr unake kaam key liye unhein italvi ganarajya adesh kaa ack shurveer naamit kiya gayaa thaa. unhein 1976 mein george washington vishvavidyalaya kii ack pratishthit poorv chhaatra naamit kiya gayaa thaa. 2006 mein unhein apane alma matter mein engineering holl off fame mein shamil kiya gayaa thaa.
vyaktigat jeevan aur viraasat.
marjori roads ney charles ee seey shaadi kii. townsand aiss. aar.1948 mein ack medical chhaatr, dampati key chaar bete they, aur way washington dee. see. key cleveland park pados mein rahate they. marjori 2001 mein vidhwa hoe gaee thee.
marjori roads townsand pepper virginia polytechnic sansthaan aur raajya vishvavidyalaya mein vishesh sangrah pustakalaya mein aayojit kiye jaate hain.
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marjori tounsand
marjori trease tounsand (nee roads; march 12,1930-april 4,2015) obba american electrical enginiyar aagiddaru mattu naasaada bahyakasha naukeya udaavaneyannu nirvahisida modala mahileyagiddaru.
arambhika jeevana mattu sikshana.
marjori maragala roads washington, dii. yalli janisidaru. sii. 15neey vayassinalli avaru kaaleju praarambhisidaru mattu 1951ralli padavi padedaga georg washington vishvavidyaalayadinda engineering padavi padeda modala mahileyagiddaru.
vrattijeevana.
tanna vrattijeevanada aarambhadalli, tounsand rashtriya manadandagalu mattu tantragyaana samstheyalli mattu nauka samshodhanaa prayogaalayadalli kelasa maadidaru. avaru 1959ralli nasage seridaru. allie avara arambhika kelasadalli tyros-1 mattu nimbasnantaha havamana upagrahagalu olagondiddavu. kaalaanantaradalli, avaru ex-ray khagolashastrakkagi vinyasagolisalada modala upagrahavaada uhuruge javabdararada goddard bahyakasha harata kendradalli bahyakasha naukeya yojana vyavasthapakaraada modala mahileyagiddaru. idu 1970ralli americada horagininda udaavaneyaada modala american bahyakasha naukeyoo aagittu.
avaru bruno rossi mattu nobel prashasti vijeta ricardo giaconiyondige sanna khagolashastra upagraha kaaryakramadalli kelasa maadidaru mattu allina syaan marco vedikeyinda italian bahyakasha kaaryakramavu uhuru annu prarambhisidaga keenyakke hodaru.
tounsand avaru tamma kaaryakkaagi asadharana sewa padaka mattu atyuttama naayakatvada padakavannu padeda nantara 1980ralli naasaadinda nivruttaraadaru. adara nantara, avaru bii. dii. emm. internationalgaagi space systems engineeringna nirdeshakaragi seve sallisidaru mattu space americadalli upadhyaksharagiddaru. aake 1996ralli tamma khasagi valayada kelasadinda nivruttaraadaru.
tounsand 1968ralli paytent padeda digital telemetry vevastheya saha-aavishkaarakanaagiddanu, idu nymbus havamana upagraha kaaryakramada bhagavagittu.
gouravagalu mattu vruttipara seve.
marjori tounsand avaru washington academy off sciencesna adhyaksharaagiddaru. avaru institute off electrical und electronics engineers naa phelo aagiddaru mattu american institute off aeronautics und austronauticsna sthaliya adhyaayada adhyaksharaagiddaru. 1972ralli uhuru kurita aakeya kelasakkagi aakeyannu italian ganarajyada kudure endu hesarisalaayitu. 1976ralli georg washington vishvavidyaanilayada pratishthita haleya vidyarthiyagi avarannu hesarisalaayitu. 2006ralli aakeyannu tamma alma matter nalli engineering haal off fame ge serisalaayitu.
vaiyaktika jeevana mattu parampare.
marjori roads charles ii. avarannu vivaahavaadaru. tounsand ess. aarr.1948ralli vaidyakeeya vidyaarthiyaagidda ee dampatige naalvaru putrariddaru mattu avaru washington dii. sii. yaya cleveland park nerehoreyalli vaasisuttiddaru. marjori 2001ralli vidhaveyaadalu.
marjori roads tounsand pepargalannu virginia polytechnic institute mattu raajya vishvavidyaalayada vishesha sangrahana granthaalayadalli nadesalaaguttade.
| marjori tounsend
oru american electrical enchineeyarum naasaykkaayi oru bahirakasha pedaka vikshepanam kaikaaryam cheytha aadya vanithayumaayirunnu marjori trease tounsend (nee roads; march 12,1930-epril 4,2015).
aadyakaala jeevithavum vidyaabhyaasavum.
marjori trease roads washington dii. yilaanu janichathu. sii. 15-aamm vayassil avar koleju aarambhichu, 1951-ll birudam nediyappol jorjju washington sarvakalashaalayil ninnu enchiniyaring birudam nediya aadya vanithayaayirunnu.
currier.
kariyarinte thudakkathil, tounsend naashanal instittyoott oof staanderds aandu teknolajiyilum naavika gaveshana laborattariyilum jolie cheythu. 1959ll avar naasayil chernnu. avide avarude aadyakaala pravarthanangalil tyros-1, nimbus thudangiya kalavastha upagrahangal ulppettirunnu. ex-reey jyothishaasthrathinaayi roopakalppana cheytha aadyathe upagrahamaaya uhuruvinte utharavaadithamulla goddard bahirakasha yaathraakendrathil bahirakasha pedaka project maanejar aaya aadya vanithayaayirunnu avar. 1970ll americaykku purathu ninnu vikshepicha aadyathe american bahirakasha pedakam koodiyaayirunnu ithu.
cheria jyotishaasthra upagraha paripaadiyil bruno rossie, nobel jethaav ricardo giaconi ennivarodoppam pravarthicha avar, avidatthe saan marco plaattphomil ninnu itaaliyan bahirakasha paripadi uhuru vikshepichappol keniyayilekk pooyi.
asaadhaaranamaaya sevana medal mikacha neethrthwa medal labhicha tounsend 1980 ll naasayil ninnu viramichu. athinusesham, avar bii. dii. emm internaashanalinte space systems enchineeyaringinte director space amerikkayil vais presidentaayum sevanamanushtichu. 1996ll svakaaryamekhalayil ninnu avar viramichu.
1968ll pettant nediyathum nimbus prograam kalavastha upagrahathinte bhagavumaaya oru digital telemetry samvidaanathinte saha-kandupiduthakkaaranaayirunu tounsend.
bahumathikalum professional sevanavum.
washington akkadami oof sayansasinte prasidantaayirunnu marjori tounsend. instittyoott oof electrical aandu electronics enchineeyarmaarude fello ayirunna avar american instittyoott oof aeronotics aandu aastronattiksinte praadeshika adhyaayathinte adhyakshayaayirunnu. 1972ll uhuruvile avarude pravarthanatthinu avar itaaliyan republic oordarinte naitt aayi thiranjedukkappettu. 1976ll jorjju washington sarvakalaashaalayile vishishta poorvva vidyaarthiyaayi avar thiranjedukkappettu. 2006ll avarude alma mettaril enchiniyaring haal oof faimil avare ulppeduthi.
vyakthiparamaaya jeevithavum paarambaryavum.
marjori roads chaals iii. yeei vivaham kazhichu. tounsend ezz. ezz medical vidyaarthiyaaya eee dambathikalkku naalu aanmakkalundaayirunnu, washington dcyude cleveland paarkk parisarathaanu avar thaamasichirunnathu. 2001ll marjori vidhavayayi.
virgenia polytechnic instittyoottileyum stettu universittiyileyum prathyeka shekhara libraryilaanu marjori roads tounsend pepparukal sookshikkunnathu.
| marjori townsand
marjori trease townsand (nee roads; 12 march 1930-4 april 2015) hii eka american vidyut abhiyanta aanee nasasathi antaral yaan prakshepan vyavasthapit karnari pahili mahila hotee.
prarambhik jeevan aanee shikshan.
marjori trease roadscha janm washington, dii. yethe jhaala. see. vayachya 15 vya varshi tine mahavidhyalayin shikshan suru kele aanee 1951 madhye padvi midavalyavar george washington vidyapithatun abhiyantriki padvi padvi tyaa pahilya mahila hotya.
karkird.
tichya karkirdichya suruvatila, townsendne rashtriy manak aanee tantradnyan sansthesathi aanee naudal sanshodhan prayogshalet kaam kele. 1959 madhye tee nasamadhye ruju jhaali. tithe tichya suruvatichya kamat tyros-1 aanee nimbus sarkhya hawaman upgrahancha samavesh hota. kalantarane, ksh-kiran khagolshastrasathi tayar kelelya uhuru yaa pahilya upgrahasathi jababdar asalelya goddard antaral uddan kendrat antaral yaan prakalp vyavasthapak bananari tee pahili mahila hotee. 1970 madhye amerikebaherun prakshepit kelele heey pahile american antaral yaan dekhil hote.
tine bruno rossie aanee nobel paritoshik vijete ricardo giaconi yanchyasobat chhotya khagolshastra upgrah karyakramavar kaam kele aanee jevha uhuruche sann marco platformwaroon italian antaral karyakramadvare prakshepan karnyat aale tevha tee keniyala gelee.
townsand 1980 madhye nasamadhun nivrutt jhaali, teela tichya kamasathi apavadatmak seva padak aanee utkrusht netrutva padak midale. tyanantar, tyanni bii. dii. emm. internationalsathi space systems engineeringchya sanchalak mhanoon kaam kele aanee space americet upadhyaksh mhanoon kaam kele. 1996 madhye tyaa khasgi kshetratil kamatoon nivrutt jhalya.
townsand haah digital telemetry pranalicha saha-shodhak hota, jyache 1968 madhye paytant jhaale, joou nimbus karyakram hawaman upgrahacha bhag hota.
sanman aanee vyavsayik seva.
marjori townsand heey washington academy auph sciencesche adhyaksh hote. tyaa vidyut aanee electronics abhiyantyanchya sansthechya sadasya hotya aanee american institute auph aeronautics andd astronautics sthanik shakhechya adhyaksh hotya. 1972 madhye uhuruvareel tichya kamasathi teela italian republic ordercha night mhanoon naav denyat aale. 1976 madhye tyanna george washington vidyapithachya pratishthit majee vidyarthini mhanoon naav denyat aale. 2006 madhye tyancha tyanchya alma metermadhil abhiyantriki holl auph femmadhye samavesh karnyat aala.
vaiyaktik jeevan aanee varsa.
marjori roads yanni charles eae. yanchyashi vivah keela. townsand ess.1948 madhye vaidyakeey vidyarthini asalelya yaa jodpyala chaar mule jhaali aanee teey washington dii. see. chya cleveland park parisarat rahat hote. marjori 2001 madhye vidhva jhaali.
marjori roads townsendche pepper virginia polytechnic institute aanee rajya vidyapithatil vishesh sangrah granthalayat thewale jaatat.
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marjori tounsand
marjori trease tounsand (nee roads; march 12,1930-april 4,2015) ek americi electrical engineer, rar nasaka lagi antariksha yann prakshepan wyawasthapan garne pahilo mahila thiin.
prarambhik jiwan rar shiksha.
marjori trea roadsko janma wassington, dee maa bhaeko thiyo. see. 15 warshako umerma unle college suru garin, rar sann 1951 maa snatak garda george wassington vishwavidyalayabata engineering degree prapta garne pahilo mahila thiin.
currier.
afno kariyarko suruma, tounsandle rashtriya manak rar prawidhi sansthanka lagi rar nausena anusandhan prayogshalama kaam garin. uni sann 1959 maa nasama samel bhain. tyahan unko prarambhik kamma tyros-1 rar nimbus jasta mausam upagrahaharu samawesh thie. samayasangai uni ex-rey khagol vigyanka lagi design garieko pahilo upagraha uhuruka lagi jimmewar goddard spaceflight centrema antariksha yann pariyojana prabandhak banne pahilo mahila thiin. yo sann 1970 maa sanyukta rajya america bahirbata prakshepan garieko pahilo americi antariksha yann pani thiyo.
unle sano khagol vigyan upagraha karyakramma bruno rossy rar nobel puraskar vijeta ricardo giyakonisanga kaam garin, rar uhurulai italyko antariksha karyakramdwara saan marco platformbata prakshepan garda kenya gain.
tounsandle afno kamko lagi asadharan sewa padak rar utkrishta netritwa padak prapta garera sann 1980 maa nasabata sewaniwritta bhain. tyasapachhi, unle bdm internationalka lagi space system engineeringko nirdeshakko rupma sewa garin, rar space americama upadhyaksha thiin. uni sann 1996 maa niji kshetrako kambata sewaniwritta bhain.
tounsand digital telemetry pranaliko saha-awishkarak thiyo, june 1968 maa patent garieko thiyo, june nimbus karyakram mausam upagrahako bhag thiyo.
samman rar wyawasayik sewa.
marjori tounsand wassington ekedemy aff scienceka adhyaksha thie. uni institute aff electrical anned electronics engineerki felo thiin, rar american institute aff aeronautics anned astronoticsko sthaniya adhyayako adhyaksha thiin. sann 1972 maa unlai uhuruma unko kamka lagi italian ganatantra adeshko night naam diieko thiyo. unlai sann 1976 maa george wassington wishwawidyalayako pratishthit purva vidyarthi naam diieko thiyo. sann 2006 maa unlai unko alma meterma engineering hull aff femma samawesh garieko thiyo.
wyaktigat jiwan rar virasata.
marjori roadsle charles isanga vivaha gare. tounsand sr.sann 1948 maa medical vidyarthi raheka yee dampatika chaar chhora thie rar wassington disiko cleveland park chhimekma basthe. marjori sann 2001 maa vidhava bhaeko thiyo.
marjori roads tounsand peparharu bharjinia polytechnic sansthan rar rajya wishwawidyalayako vishesh sangraha pustakalayama ayojit garinchha. | marjori tounsand
marjori trij tounsand (nee roades; march 12,1930-april 4,2015) jane americae baidyutika engineer thile, ebong nassa paain eka mahakashyan utakhyepana parichalana karibare pratham mahila thile.
prarambhika zeeban ebong sikhya.
marjori tri roades washington, dii. ray janmagrahana karithile. sii. 15 barsha bajasare shay college arambha karithile, ebong 1951 ray snataka heba parey george washington biswabidyalajaru injinijaring degree hassel karibare shay pratham mahila thile .
kyariyara.
taanka carriara prarambhare, tounsand jatiah manaka ebong prajuktibidya pratisthana ebong nausena gabeshana parikhyagarare karjya karithile. shay 1959 ray nasare joga deithile. sethare tankara prarambhika karjyare tyros-1 ebong nimbus pari panipaga upgraha antarbhukta . samajakrame shay goddard spaces flyte sentarare eka mahakashyan prakalpa manager hebare pratham mahila thile, jaahaa ex-ray jyotirbigyana paain design hoithiba pratham upgraha uhuru paain daie . 1970 masihare america bahare utakhyepana karajaithiba ehaa pratham americae mahakashyan thila.
shay bruno rossy ebong nobel bijeta ricardo gijakoninka saha khudra jyotirbigyana upgraha karjyakramare karjya karithile, ebong jetebele uhuruku italiah mahakash karjyakram dwara saana marco platformru utakhyepana karajaithila setebele shay kenia jaithile.
taanka karjya paain asadharana seba padaka ebong ullekhaneeah netrutwa padaka paai tounsand 1980 ray nasaru absar neithile. ehaa parey, shay bii. dii. emm. international paain spaces system injinijaringra nirdeshaka bhabare karjya karithile, ebong spaces aamerikare upadhyakhya thile. shay 1996 ray taanka gharoi khetrara karjyaru absar neithile.
tounsand eka digital telemetry systemer saha-udbhabaka thile, jaahaa 1968 ray patent hoithila, jaahaa nimbus programme panipaga upagrahar ansha thila .
sammana ebong bruttigata seba.
marjori tounsand washington ekademy off sciencesra sabhapati thile. shay institute off electrical anded electronics injinijaranka jane fello thile, ebong americae institute off aeronatics anded astronoticsra eka sthaniah adhyajara adhyakhyata karithile. 1972 masihare uhuru upare tankara karjya paain tanku italiah ganatantra adeshar eka night bhabare namit karajaithila. 1976 masihare shay george washington biswabidyalajara jane bisista purbatana chhatra bhabe manoneet hoithile. 2006 masihare tanku taanka alma metarare injinijaring hull off femre samil karajaithila.
byaktigata zeeban ebong uttaradhikara.
marjori roads charles ee. nku bibaha karithile. tounsand ess. aarr.1948 masihare, ehi dampatinkara chaari pua thile, ebong semane washington dii. sii. rahr cleveland parkre rahuthile. marjori 2001 ray bidhaba hoithile.
marjori roades tounsand kagajpatra bharjinia polytechnic institute ebong rajya biswabidyalajara swatantra sangraha laibrereere anusthita hue .
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marjori tounsand
marjori trease tounsand (nee roades; 12 march, 1930-4 aprail, 2015) ikk amriki electrical engineer see, atey naasa laee pulad yaan lanch daa parbandhan curran vaali pahili aurat see.
mudhla jeevan atey sikkhiaa.
marjori rukkhan dey roads daa janam washington, dee witch hoiaa see. see. 15 saal dee umar witch uss neey kaalaj dee shuruat keeti atey 1951 witch graduate honn toon baad jaaraj washington university toon engineering dee digri prapat curran vaali pahili aurat see.
carrier.
aapne carrier dey shuru witch, tounsand neey rashtari miaar atey technology sanstha atey jall saina khoj prayogshala witch kamm keeta. uh 1959 witch naasa witch shamal hoee. utthe uss dey shuruati kamm witch tyros-1 atey nimbs varge mausam upgrah shamal sunn. samein dey naal uh goddard pulad udaann kendra witch pulad yaan project manager bannan vaali pahili aurat see, joe kii aiks-reey khagol vigiaan laee tiaar keete gaye pahile upgrah uhuru laee zimmevar see. ih sann 1970 witch sanyukat raaj toon baahron lanch keeta jaanh vaala pahila amriki pulad yaan vee see.
uss neey chhote khagol vigiaan upgrah program utte bruno rossie atey nobal puraskar jetu ricardo giaconi naal kamm keeta, atey jadon uhru noon sainn marco platform toon italvi pulad program duaara lanch keeta giaa see taan uh keenia gaee see.
tounsand neey aapne kamm laee bemisal seva tagma atey shandar agvai tagma prapat curran toon baad 1980 witch naasa toon sevamukt hoow gaee see. uss toon baad, uss neey bee. dee. aimm. international laee pulad pranali engineering dee director vajon seva nibhai, atey pulad amrica witch upp pardhan see. uh 1996 witch aapne nijji khetar dey kamm toon sevamukt hoow gaee.
tounsand ikk digital telemetry pranali daa sahi-khoji see, jiss daa patent 1968 witch keeta giaa see, joe kii nimbs program mausam upgrah daa hissa see.
sanman atey peshevar seva.
marjori tounsand washington academy aaf sciences dey pardhan sunn. uh institute aaf electrical aind electronics engineers dee ikk failo see, atey american institute aaf aeronautics aind astronautics dey ikk sathanak adhiaai dee pardhangi keeti. sann 1972 witch uss noon uhuru utte uss dey kamm laee italian ganraj arder daa ikk night namzad keeta giaa see. uss noon 1976 witch jaaraj washington university dee ikk ugghi sabka vidiaarthi daa naam ditta giaa see. 2006 witch uss noon aapne alma metter witch engineering haal aaf fame witch shamal keeta giaa see.
nijji jeevan atey virasat.
marjori roads neey charles ee naal viaah karvaiaa. tounsand aiss. aar.sann 1948 witch, uh ikk medical vidiaarthi see, iss jode dey chaar puttar sunn, atey uh washington dee. see. dey cleveland park dey guaandh witch rahinde sunn. marjori 2001 witch vidhwa hoow gaee see.
marjori roades tounsand paper virginia polytechnic institute atey state university dee vishesh sangrah library witch rakkhe jaande hunn. |
marjori tounsand
marjori treas tounsand (nee roads; maarch 12,1930-april 4,2015) ekaa amerikiya-vidyut-abhiyantri aasit, nassa-samsthaayaah krute antarikshayaanasy prakshepanasya prabandham kartum prathamaa mahilaa cha aasit.
praarambhikajeevanam tathaa shiksha.
marjori-vrukshaanaam roads ityasya janma washington-nagare abhavat. sii. 15 vayasi saa mahaavidyaalayam aarabhat, 1951 tame varshe snaatakapadaveem praapya jaarj-washington-vishvavidyaalayaat abhiyaantriki-upaadhim praaptavatee prathamaa mahilaa aasit.
vruttihi.
svakarmajeevanasya aarambhe, tounsand ityeshaa rashtriya-maanak-praudyogikee-samsthaayaam, nausenaa-anusandhaana-prayogashalayam cha karyam krutavatee. saa 1959 tame varshe nasayam sammilitaa. tatra tasyaah prarambhikakarye taros-1, nimbus ityadini vayuguna-upagrahaani aasan. kalantare saa godard-antarikshayaanakendre antarikshayaan-pariyojanaa-vyavasthaapikaa prathamamahila aasit, yaa eksa-rey-khagolashaastrasy krute parikalpitasya uhuru-prathamasya upagrahasya krute uttaradaayi aasit. 1970 tame varshe samyuktarajyamerika-deshaat bahihi prakshepitam prathamam amerikiya-antariksha-yaanam api aasit.
saa bruno rossie tathaa nobel-puraskaar-praaptah ricardo giaconi ityanaya saha laghu-khagolashastra-upagraha-kaaryakrame karyam krutavatee, tathaa kenyaa-nagaram prati gataa yadaa uhuru-nagaram italian-antariksha-karyakramena syaan-maarko-manchaat prakshepitam.
tounsand ityeshaa 1980 tame varshe nassa-samsthaayaah nivruttayaa, tasyaah karyasya krute asaadhaaran-sevaa-padakam, utkrushta-netrutva-padakam cha praapnot. tatah param saa bee. dee. emm.-antarashtriya-samsthaayaah space-system-angineering ityasya nirdeshikaa, space-amerikaadeshasy upadhyaksha cha aasit. saa 1996 tame varshe swa-nijee-kshetrasya karyat nivruttavatee.
tounsand ityayam 1968 tame varshe patent praaptasya, nimbus-karyakramasya vayuguna-upagrahasya bhagasya, digital-telemetry-vyavasthaayaah saha-aavishkartru aasit.
sammanam tathaa vyaavasaayikasevaa.
marjori tounsand ityeshah washington-vijnaana-akadami ityasya adhyakshah aasit. saa vidyuta-tathaa-electronics-abhiyantru-samsthaayaah sadasyaa aasit, american-institute-aaf-aeronautics-end-astronautics ityasya sthaniyasya adhyayaha adhyakshaa cha aasit. 1972 tame varshe uhuru-vishaye krutakarmanaat saa italian-ganarajya-aadeshasy nait iti namankita. saa 1976 tame varshe jaarj-washington-vishvavidyaalayasya vishishta-poorvavidyaarthinee iti namankita aasit. 2006 tame varshe saa svavidyaalayaabhyantare abhiyaantriki-haal-aaf-fame ityasmin samaveshtita.
vyaktigatajeevanam tathaa uttaradhikaraha.
marjori roads ityayam charles ee ityenam parineetavaan. nagar-send shree.1948 tame varshe, vaidyashaastrasya chhaatrah, dampatyoho, ekatra chatwaarah putraah aasan, tathaa washington-dee. see. ityasya cleveland-paark-parisarasya nivaasam cha aasit. marjori 2001 tame varshe vidhavaa abhavat.
marjori roads tounsand ityasya shodhapatraani virginia polytechnic-samsthaanasya raajyavishvavidyaalayasya cha visheshasangraha-pustakaalaye sthaapyante. |
marjori downcent
marjori trease downcent (nee roads; maarch 12,1930-aepral 4,2015) oru america minn poriyaalar mattrum naasaavukkaana vinkala aevuthalai nirvagikkum muthal penn aavaar.
aarambagaala vaazhkkai mattrum kalvi.
marjori marangkal roads washingtonil piranththana, dii. chii. 15 vayathil avar kalluriyaith thodangkinaar, maelum 1951 aam aandil pattam petrtrapoathu jaarj washington palkalaikkazhagaththil poriiyal pattam pettra muthal penn aavaar.
thozhil.
thanathu thozhil vaazhkkaiyin thodakkaththil, downcent thaesiya tharanilaikal mattrum thozhilnutpa niruvanaththilum, kadarpadai aaraaichi aaivagaththilum paniyaattrinaar. avar 1959 aam aandil naasaavil saernthaar. angku avarathu aarambagaala vaelaiyil diros-1 mattrum nimbus poantra vaanilai seyarkaikkoalgal adangkum. kaalappoakkil, goddard vinveli vimaana maiyaththil vinkala thitta maelaalaraaka maariya muthal penn aavaar, idhu exray vaaniyalukkaaga vadivamaikappatta muthal seyarkaikkolaana uhuruvukku poruppaagum. 1970 aam aandil amerikkaavirku veliyae irunthu aevappatta muthal america vinkalam idhuvaagum.
avar siriya vaniel seyarkaikkoal thittaththil bruno rossie mattrum noapal parisu pettra ricardo kyakoniyudan panipurinthaar, maelum angkulla chaan marco maedaiyil irunthu itaaliya vinveli thittatthaal uhuru thodangappattapoathu kenya sentraar.
downcent 1980 aam aandil naasaavilirunthu oaivu pettraar, avarathu panikkaaga vithivilakkaana saevai pathakkam mattrum sirantha thalaimaip pathakkam pettraar. adhan piragu, avar pii. dii. emm internationalukkaana vinveli amaippugal poriyiyalin iyakkunaraagavum, vinveli americavil thunaith thalaivaraagavum paniyaattrinaar. avar 1996 aam aandil thanathu thaniyar thuraiyil irunthu oaivu pettraar.
downcent oru digital telemetry amaippin inai kandupidippaalaraaga irunthaar, idhu 1968 ill kaappurimai pettrathu, idhu nimbus thitta vaanilai seyarkaikkoalin oru paguthiyaaga irunththathu.
gowravangal mattrum thozhilmurai saevai.
marjori downcent washington akaadami off sciencessin thalaivaraaga irunthaar. avar minn mattrum minnanu poriyaalarkal niruvanaththin saga uuzhiyaraaka irunthaar, maelum american institute off aeronatics andd untranotics inn ulloor aththiyaayaththin thalaivaraaga irunthaar. 1972 aam aandil avar uhuruvil thanathu panikkaaga itaaliya kudiyarasu varisaiyin kudhirai endru peyaridappattaar. 1976 aam aandil jaarj washington palkalaikkazhagaththin pugazhpettra munnaal maanavaraaga avar peyaridappattaar. 2006 aam aandil avar thanathu alma matteril poriiyal haal off famil serkkappattaar.
thanipatta vaazhkkai mattrum marabu.
marjori roads charles eee. aii mananthaar. nagarai anuppungkal ess. aarr.1948 aam aandil oru maruththuva maanavaraana inththa thambathiyinarukku naanku magangal irunththanar, maelum washington dii. chii. yinn cleveland poongaavin suttruppuraththil vasiththu vanthanar. marjori 2001 ill vidhavai aanaar.
marjori roads downcent aavanangkal virginia polytechnic niruvanam mattrum maanila palkalaikkazhagaththil ulla sirappu sekarippu noolagaththil nadaththappadugindrana.
| marjori tounsand
marjori trease tounsand (nee roads; marchi 12,1930-april 4,2015) oka american electrical injanir, mariyu nassa kosam antariksha nauka prayogaanni nirvahinchina modati mahila.
prarambha jeevitam mariyu vidya.
marjori chetla roads washington, dii loe janminchindi. sii. 15 samvatsaraala vayassulo aame kalaasaalanu praarambhinchindi, mariyu aame aame pattabhadruraalainappudu georg washington vishwavidyaalayam nundi injaneering degreeni sampaadinchina modati mahila.
vrutti.
thana kereer praarambhamlo, tounsand national institute off standards und technology kosam mariyu navika parisoedhanaa prayogasaalalo panicheesaaru. aame aame nasalo cherindi. akkada aame prarambha paniloo tyros-1 mariyu nymbus vanti vaataavarana upagrahaalu unnaayi. kalakramena aame ex-rae khagola shaastram kosam roopondinchina modati upagrahamaina uhuruku baadhyata vahinche goddard antariksha prayaana kendramlo antariksha nauka project managerga maarina modati mahila. idhi idhi united states velupala nundi prayoginchina modati american antariksha nauka kooda.
aame bruno rossie mariyu nobel graheeta ricado giaconito kalisi chinna khagola shaastra upagraha kaaryakramamlo panicheesaaru, mariyu akkada shaan marco platfam nundi italian antariksha karyakramam dwara uhuru praarambhinchinappudu kenyaku vellaaru.
thana krushiki asaadhaaranamaina seva patakam mariyu atyuttama nayakatva patakaanni andukunna tounsand tounsand nassa nundi padavee viramana chesaaru. aaa taruvaata, aame bii. dii. emm. international kosam space systems injaneering directorga panicheesaaru, mariyu space americalo vais presidentga panicheesaaru. aame aame thana private ranga udyogam nundi padavee viramana chesaaru.
tounsand tounsand patent pondina digital telemetry vyavasthaku saha-aavishkarta, idhi nymbus programme vaataavarana upagrahamlo bhaagam.
gowravaalu mariyu vruttiparamaina seva.
marjori tounsand washington academy off sciences adhyakshudiga unnaaru. aame institute off electrical und electronics injaneers loe sabhyuralu, mariyu american institute off aeronautics und austronautics yokka sthaanika adhyaayaaniki adhyakshata vahinchaaru. vahinchaaru uhurupai aame chesina krushiki gaanu aameku italian republic arder yokka nait gaa paeru pettaru. pettaru georg washington vishwavidyaalayam yokka vishishta puurva vidyaarthigaa aame paeru pettaru. pettaru aame thana alma matterlo injaneering haall off fameloki pravesinchaaru.
vyaktigata jeevitam mariyu vaarasatvam.
marjori roads charless ii. nuu vivaham chesukunnadu. tounsand tounsand vaidya vidyaarthi ayina eee dampatulaku naluguru kumaarulu kalisi unnaaru, vaaru washington dii. sii. looni cleveland park parisaraallo nivasinchaaru. marjori marjori vitantuvu ayyindi.
marjori roads tounsand peparlu virginia polytechnic institute mariyu state universityloni pratyeka sekaranala librarylo nirvahinchabadataayi.
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marjori touncend
marjori trease touncend (nee roads vovo 12 maarch 1930-4 apreel 2015) eek americi electrical engineer thee aur naasa kay liye khalayi jehaaz kay laanch kaa intezam karnay waali pehli khaatun thee.
ibtadayi zindagi aur taleem.
marjori trease roads washington ddee mein paida hoay. see. 15 saal kii amar mein inhon nay college kaa aaghaz kiyaa aur 1951 mein graduation kartay waqat jaarj washington university say engineering kii digri haasil karnay waali pehli khaatun thein.
carrier.
apnay carrier kay awail mein touncend nay national insity teut aaf standardz aind technology aur neol recerch libartry mein kaam kiyaa. inhon nay 1959 mein naasa mein shamoliyat akhtiyar kii. wahaan inn kay ibtadayi kaam mein tyros-1 aur numbus jeesay mosami satellite shaamil thay. waqat guzarnay kay saath wah godard spees flyte center mein khalayi jehaaz kay project meniger bannay waali pehli khaatun thein juu kahh aiks ray falkiyaat kay liye design kiyaa gayaa pehla satellite ahoro kay liye zamah daar thein. yaha pehla americi khalayi jehaaz bhee thaa jasay 1970 mein riyasathaye muthadah say baahir say laanch kiyaa gayaa thaa.
iss nay chhotay falkiyaat kay satellite prograam parr barno rosee aur nobal anaam yaaftah recordo gayakoni kay saath kaam kiyaa aur jabb auhoro kuu atalvi khalayi prograam nay wahaan kay saan marco plait faarm say laanch kiyaa tuu wah kinya chalee gayee.
touncend 1980 mein naasa say retire hoyee inhein apnay kaam kay liye ghair mamuli saros medal aur shandar qayadat kaa tamgha milaa. iss kay baad inhon nay bee ddee ayem international kay liye spees systems engineering kii director kay toor parr khidmaat anjaam dain aur spees america mein naib sadr rahein. wah 1996 mein apnay najee shobay kay kaam say sabkadosh hoyein.
touncend eek degital teeli metry system kaa shareek mojad thaa jiss kaa pattent 1968 mein hawaa juu numbus prograam waidar satellite kaa hasah thaa.
aizazat aur paishah waranah khidmaat.
marjori touncend washington academy aaf sciences kay sadr thay. wah insity teut aaf electrical aind electronks engineers kii filo thein aur american insity teut aaf aeronautics aind stronautics kay eek maqami baab kii sadarat kii. 1972 mein inhein ahoro parr inn kay kaam kay liye night aaf dee atalin republik arder kaa naam diyaa gayaa. inhein 1976 mein jaarj washington university kii mamtaz saabiq talibah namzad kiyaa gayaa. 2006 mein inhein apnay almaa metter mein engineering haal aaf faim mein shaamil kiyaa gayaa.
zaati zindagi aur miraas.
marjori roads nay charlis ayee say shaadi kii. touncend aiss aar.1948 mein medical kay taalib alam iss joday kay eek saath chaar betay thay aur wah washington ddee see kay क्ली lend paark kay pados mein rehtay thay. marjori 2001 mein bewah how gayee thee.
marjori roads touncend kay kaghizat warjiniya pouli technic insity teut aur steat university kii khususi clection library mein rakhay jaatay haine. |
0005999785b50f458294647d1891c89164a4812f86a64a08f180a8cb4575c076 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=51531534 | Filippo Cavolini |
Filippo Cavolini
Italian marine biologist (1756–1810)
Filippo Cavolini (8 April 1756 – 15 March 1810) was an Italian marine biologist.
Filippo Cavolini was born in Vico Equense, the son of Nicola Cavolini, a Neapolitan lawyer, and Angela Auriemma, and left a legal career to devote himself to natural history. He became the Professor of Zoology at the University of Naples and Director of the Zoological Museum.
His research style, similar to that of Lazzaro Spallanzani, led to important results in the arena of marine biology and botany ("Memorie per servire alla storia de' polipi marini" -1785- "Memoria per servire alla generazione dei pesci e dei granchi" - 1787).
He died following an assault by a soldier while he was researching by boat in the Gulf of Naples: he fell into the sea and died in Naples a few days later from pneumonia.
The opisthobranch family Cavoliniidae honours his name.
| philippu kevulini
philippu kevulini (8 april 1756-15 march 1810) ejon italy xamudrik jibobigyani aasil.
phillip 'kebhulinir jonmo hoisil bhiku equenceot, nikula kebhulinir putro, egoraki napolitan odhibokta, aaru angela aarima, aaru prakritik itihaxor proti nijoke utxorgito koriboloi aainee keriyar eri goisil. teu naple biswobidyaloyor prani bigyanor odhyapok aaru prani bigyan xongrohaloyor xonsalok hoisil.
teur gowexona xoili, lejaru spalanjanir dore, xamudrik jibobigyan aaru udbhidbigyanor khetrot guruttopurno folafolor netritwo disil ("memuri pri sarbhir elaa sto" riya di 'polipi marini "-1785-" memuria pri sarbhir elaa generagion dei pesi ee dei granchi "-1787).
naplesor upoxagorot nabere gowexona kori thokar xomoyot ejon xoinikor aakromonor pisot teur mrityu hoisiloh teu xagorot porisil aaru keidinmanor pisot neumonier folot napleot mrityu hoisil.
upistubranch poriyalor kebhulinideye teur naamtu xonman kore.
| philipo cavolini
philipo cavolini (8 april 1756-15 march 1810) ekjon italiya samudrik jibbigyani chhilen.
philipo cavolini vico equence jonmogrohon korechilen, nicola cavolini, ekjon nepolitan aainjibi ebong angella arimemar putro, ebong prakritik itihase nijeke utsarga korar jonno ekti aini karmajiban chhedechilen. tini naples bishwobidyaloyer pranibigyaner adhyapak ebong pranibigyan jadughar porichalok hohn.
taanr gobeshona shaili, lazarro spalanzanir moto, samudrik jibbigyan ebong udbhidbigganer khettre guruttopurno folafoler dike porichalito korey ("proti sarbhire memori allah storia dii 'polipi marini"-1785-"proti sarbhire memorea allah generagion dei pesky ee dei granchi"-1787).
naple uposagore nauka korey gobeshona korar somoy eka sainiker akromoner porr tini maaraa jaanoh tini samudre porey zaan ebong koyek deane porey pneumonia akranto hoye napley maaraa zaan.
opistobranch poribar cavolinidae taanr namke somman korey.
| philippo kevolini
philippo kevolini (8 april 1756-15 march 1810) aek italian dariyai jivvigyani hataa.
philipo kevolini janm nikola kevolini, aek neopolitan vakeel aneey angella orimaanaa putra, veeko equencemaa thayo hato aneey tene koodarti itihaasmaa potaane samarpeet karvaa maate kaanuni karkirdi chhodi hatee. teo napples universityma pranishastrana prophesara aneey pranee sangrahalayna nirdeshak banyaa hataa.
temnee sanshodhan shailee, lezaro spalanzani jaim, dariyai jivvigyan aneey vanaspatishaastranaa kshetramaa mahatvapurn parinaamo taraf doree gaee ("sevaa deeth yadgiri elaa storia dii 'polipi mereeni"-1785-"sevaa deeth yadgiri elaa generazione dei pasky ee dei granchi"-1787).
naplesnee khaadimaa hoady dwara sanshodhan karatee vakhate aek saineekna humalaane pagale tenu mrutyu thayunh teey dariyaamaa padyo aneey thodaa divaso pachhi pneumonia kaarane naplesmaa mrutyu paamyo.
opistobranch parivaar cavolinidae temnaa naamnu sanmaan karey chhe.
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philippo cavolini
philippo cavolini (8 aprail 1756-15 march 1810) ack italvi samudri jeevvigyaani they.
philipo cavolini kaa janm nikola cavolini, ack niapolitan vakeel aur angella aurima key bete, viko equence mein huaa thaa, aur unhone praakritik itihas mein khud koo samarpit karane key liye ack kanuni currier chhod diyaa thaa. way naples vishvavidyalaya mein prani vigyaan key professor aur prani sangrahalaya key nideshak baney.
unaki shodh shally, lazarro spalanzani key samaan, samudri jeev vigyaan aur vanaspati vigyaan key kshetra mein mahatvapurna parinam detee haye ("prati seva yaad rakhna, alaa storia dee 'polipi marini"-1785-"prati seva yaad rakhna, all general day pesky ee dei granchy"-1787).
naples kii khaadi mein naav seey shodh karate samay ack sanic key hamale key baad unaki mrityu hoe gaeeh way samudra mein gir gaye aur kuchh dinon baad pneumonia seey naples mein unaki mrityu hoe gaee.
opistobranch parivaar cavolinidae unake naam kaa sammaan kartaa haye.
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philippo cavolini
philippo cavolini (april 8,1756-march 15,1810) obba italian sagara jivashaastragnaraagiddaru.
neopolitan vakeela nikola cavolini mattu angela ouriyemmaara maganaada philipo cavolini vico eekvensnalli janisidanu mattu naisargika itihaasakke tannannu taanu arpisikollalu kaanoonu vrattijeevanavannu toredanu. avaru naples vishvavidyaalayadalli praanishaastrada praadhyaapakaraadaru mattu praanishaastrada vastusangrahaalayada nirdeshakaraadaru.
avara samshodhanaa shailiyu, lazarro spallaanjaaniyanteye, sagara jivashastra mattu sasyashaastrada kshetradalli pramukha phalitaamshagalige kaaranavaayitu ("memori purr server allah storia dii 'polipi marini"-1785-"memoria purr server allah generagione dii pesky ii dii granchi"-1787).
aata nopples kolliyalli dooniyalli samshoodhane nadesuttiddaaga sainikanobbana daaliya nantara maranahondidanuh aata samudradalli biddu kelavu dinagala nantara pneumoniyadinda napalsnalli maranahondidanu.
opistobranch kutumbavaada cavolinidae avana hesarannu gouravisuttade.
| null |
philipo cavolini
philipo cavolini (8 april 1756-15 march 1810) heey eka italian sagari jivashastradnya hote.
philipo cavolinicha janm vico equence yethe jhaala, nikola cavolini, eka napolitan vakeel aanee engela aurima yancha mulga aanee tyane naisargik itihasasathi swatahla samarpit karnyasathi kayadeshir karkird sodali. teey naples vidyapithat pranishastrache pradhyapak aanee pranishastriy sangrahalayache sanchalak jhaale.
tyanchya sanshodhan shailimule, lazarro spalanzanipramanech, sagari jivashastra aanee vanaspatishastra kshetrat mahattvapoorn parinam disun aale ('memori parr service alah storia dii' polipi marini '-1785-' memoria parr service alah generazione dei pesky aii dei granchy '-1787).
napleschya aakhatat botitoon sanshodhan karat asatana eka sainikane kelelya hallyanantar tyacha mrutyu jhalah too samudrat padala aanee kahee divasanni pneumoniamule nepalsmadhye tyacha mrutyu jhaala.
opistobrunch cavolinidae kutumb tyachya navacha sanman karate. | philipo cabholini
philipo cabholini (8 april 1756-15 march 1810) ek italian samudri jiwawigyani thie.
philipo cabholiniko janma bhiko equencema bhaeko thiyo, nikola cabholini, ek napoliton wakil, rar angela auriyemako chhora, rar prakritik itihasma afulai samarpit garna kanuni carrier chhode. uni naples vishwavidyalayama pranishastraka pradhyapak rar prani sangrahalayaka nirdeshak bane.
lajaro spalanzaniko jastai unko anusandhan shailile samudri jiwawigyan rar vanaspati vigyanko kshetrama mahatwapurna parinamharu lyayo ("memori prati sarbhis alah storia day 'polypy marini"-1785-"memoria prati sarbhis alah generagion dei pesky ae dei granchi"-1787).
naplesko khadima dungama anusandhan garda ek sainikko akramanpachi unko mrityu bhayoh uni samudrama khase rar kehi dinpachhi nimoniabata naplesma marey.
opistobranch pariwar cabholinidaele unko namko samman gardacha.
| philipo kavolini
philipo kavolini (8 april 1756-15 march 1810) jane italiah samudrika jeebabigyanee thile.
philipo kavolini bhiko equencere janmagrahana karithile, nicola kavolini, jane neopolitan okil ebong angela ouriemmanka pua, ebong prakrutika itihasare nijaku utsarga kariba paain eka aaingata kyariyara chadithile . shay naples biswabidyalajare prani bigyanara professor ebong prani bigyana sangrahalajara nirdeshaka hoithile.
lazarro spalanjaninka bhali tankara gabeshana sailee samudrika jeebabigyana ebong udbhida bigyana khetrare gurutwapurna phalaphal aanithila ("memori purr sarbhire allah storia dii 'policy marini"-1785-"memoria purr sarbhire allah generagion dei pesky ee dei granchi"-1787).
shay upasagarare dangare anusandhana karuthibabele jane sainikanka aakraman parey tankara mrutyu hoithilah shay samudrare padithile ebong kichhi deane parey nimoniaare mrutyu barana karithile.
opisthobrancha paribara kavolinidi taanka naamaku sammana kare .
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philipo cavolini
philipo cavolini (8 aprail 1756-15 march 1810) ikk italvi samundari jeev vigiaani see.
philipo cavolini daa janam viko equence witch hoiaa see, ikk nipolitan vakeel nikola cavolini atey angella aurima dey puttar, atey kudrati itihaas noon samarpit curran laee ikk kanunni carrier chhadd ditta. uh napples university witch jeev vigiaan dey professor atey jeev vigiaan ajaib gharr dey director baney.
uss dee khoj shaili, lazaro saplanjani dey samaan, samundari jeev vigiaan atey banaspati dey khetar witch mahattavpuran natije dindi haii ("yaadan pratee seva alaa storia dee polipi marini"-1785-"yaadan pratee seva alaa generalzion deei pesci ee deei granchi"-1787).
uh nappel dee khaadi witch kishti duaara khoj qarr rahey ikk sipahi dey hamle toon baad marr giaa uh samunder witch digg giaa atey kujh dinan baad namunia toon baad nappel witch marr giaa.
opisthobrank parivaar cavolinidae uss dey naam daa sanman karda haii. | philipo cavolini
philippo cavolini (8 april 1756-15 maarch 1810) ekaha italian-samudriya-jeevavidnyaanee aasit.
philipo cavolini, neopolitan-adhivaktaa nikolaa cavolini, tathaa angela auriyammaa ityetayoho putrena, viko equence-nagare ajayata, praakrutika-itihaase samarpayitum vidhi-vruttim avasare. saha naples-vishvavidyaalaye pranishastrasya pradhyapakaha, pranishastriya-sangrahaalayasy nirdeshaka cha abhavat.
laajaaro spallanzani ityanena sadrusham tasya shodhashaili, samudriya-jeevavidnyaanasya vanaspatishaastrasya cha kshetre mahattvapoornaani parinaamaani praapnot ("memori purr sarveer allaa storia day 'polipi marini"-1785-"memoria purr sarveer allaa generaajiyone deee pesky e deee granchi"-1787).
naples-upasaagare naukayaa shodhanam kurvan sainikasya akramanat saha mrutah, saha samudre patitah, katipayadinaani yaavat pneumoniayaah karanat naples-madhye mrutah.
opistobraanch-parivaarah cavolinidae iti tasya naam sammaanayati.
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philippo kaavoalini
philippo kaavoalini (aepral 8,1756-maarch 15,1810) oru itaaliya kadal uyiriyalalar aavaar.
filipo kaavoalini oru neapolidan vazhakkarinyar nikola kaavoalini mattrum aenjalaa riyemmaavin maganaana vikoo equencil piranthaar, maelum iyarkai varalaattrukku thannai arppaniththuk kolla oru satta vaazhkkaiyai vittuch sentraar. avar napals palkalaikkazhagaththil vilangkiyal paeraasiriyaraagavum, vilangkiyal arungaatchiyagaththin iyakkunaraagavum aanaar.
avarathu aaraaichi paani, lajaro spallansaniaip poalavae, kadal uyiriyal mattrum thaavaraviyal thuraiyil mukkiyamaana mudivugalukku vazhivaguththathu ("oru sevaikku manappaadam allah storia dii 'polipi marini"-1785-"oru sevaikku manappaadam allah generasian dii besky eee dii grancy"-1787).
avar naabilgal valaikudaavil padagu moolam aaraaichi seithu kondirunthapoathu oru sippaai thaakkuthalaith thodarnthu iranthaar avar kadalil vilunththaar, sila naatkalukkup piragu nimoniawal naabilgalil iranthaar.
oopistoapraanch kudumbam cavolinidae avarathu peyarai mathikkirathu. | philippo kaavolinii
philippo kaavolinii (april 8,1756-marchi 15,1810) oka italian samudra jeevasaastravetta.
philippo kaavolinii neopalitan nyaayavaadi nikola kaavolinii mariyu angela auriemma kumarudu viko equencelo janminchaadu mariyu sahaja charitraku tananu taanu ankitam chesukovadaniki chattaparamaina vruttini vidichipettadu. ayana naples vishwavidhyaalayamlo jantusastra professor mariyu zoological museum director ayyaru.
lazaro spallanzani maadirigaane athani parisoedhanaa shaili, samudra jeevasaastram mariyu vrukshashaastra rangamlo mukhyamaina phalitaalaku daariteesindi ("memory purr sarvi allah storia dii 'paaleepi merini"-1785-"memoria purr sarveer allah generagione dii peski eee dii granchi"-1787).
athanu gulph off naples loe padavalo parisoedhana chestunnappudu oka sainikudi daadi taruvaata maraninchaaduh athanu samudramlo padi pneumoniatho konni rojula taruvaata naples loe maraninchaadu.
opistobranch kutumbam cavolinidae athani paerunu gouravistundi.
| fleepo culiny
fleepo culiny (8 apreel 1756-15 maarch 1810) eek atalvi samandari maahir hayatiyat thay.
fleepo culiny viko acconus mein paida huay necola culiny eek napolin wakeel aur anjala aureema kay betay aur inhon nay qadarti tareekh kay liye khood kuu waqaf karnay kay liye qanuni carrier chhod diyaa. wah napples university mein haiwanat kay professor aur haiwanat kay ajayeb gahar kay director banay.
inn kaa tehqiqi andaaz lazaro splanzani kii tarah samandari hayatiyat aur nabatat kay medaan mein aham nataij kaa baais banaa ("memori phee saros alaa storia ddee polipi maarini"-1785-"memoria phee saros alaa janraziyoon dee paiski ayee dee granchi"-1787).
wah khaleej naplon mein kashti kay zariye tehqeeq kirr rahay eek foji kay hamlay kay baad marr gayaa: wah samandar mein girr gayaa aur namoniya say chand dunn baad naplon mein marr gayaa.
opestobranch khaandaan culinoidae iss kay naam kaa ehteram kartaa hay.
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00059a3b7087415c4909ad2fc983c4b29016bb37dfd3b633aaa23bc615d8a1dd | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30076686 | Abdelaziz Ali Guechi |
Abdelaziz Ali Guechi
Algerian association football player
Abdelaziz Ali Guechi (born 1 November 1990) is an Algerian footballer who plays as a defender.
International career.
Ali Guechi was called up to participate in the 2010 UNAF U-23 Tournament. On 15 December 2010, he scored the first goal against the Moroccan under-23 side. On 16 November 2011, he was selected as part of Algeria's squad for the 2011 CAF U-23 Championship in Morocco.
References.
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| abdulaziz aali guyesi
abdelaziz aali guyesi (jonmo 1 novembor 1990) ejon algerian football kheluwoi ji ejon defender hisape khele.
antohrastriyo keriyar.
2010 sonor unaf onurdho-23 protijugitat ongxogrohon koriboloi aali guyesik maati onaa hoisil. 2010 sonor 15 disemborot teu morokko 'kenn ondar-23 dolor biruddhe prothom go' lotu korisil. 2011 sonor 16 novemborot, teuk morokkut 2011 sonor kephe onurdho-23 championswipor baabe algerier dolor ongxo hisape nirbasito koraa hoisil.
| abdelaziz allie guechi
abdelaziz ally guechi (jonmo 1 navembar 1990) ekjon algerian football kheload jini ekjon defender hisabe khelen.
antorjatik karmajiban.
2010 saaler unaf anurdho-23 turnamente ongshogrohoner jonno ally guechike daca hoyechilo. 2010 saaler 15ee december tini moroccore anurdho-23 doler bipokkhe prothom golti corren. 2011 saaler 16ee navembar, tini morokkote 2011 caffe anurdho-23 championshiper jonno algeria doler ongsho hisabe nirbachito hohn.
| abdelaziz allie guechi
abdelaziz allie guechi (janm 1 november 1990) aek algerian footballer chhe jeey defender tareeke ramey chhe.
aantarrashtriy karkirdi.
allie guaecheene guaecheene yunaf under-23 tournamentma bhaag levaa maate bolavvama aavyo hato. 15 december december roj, tene morokkan under-23 team saame pratham goal karyo hato. 16 november november roj, morokkoma 2011 kaafe under-23 championship maate algeriani teamnaa bhaag rupe temnee pasandagi karvaamaa aavee hatee.
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abdelaziz allie guechi
abdelaziz allie guechi (janm 1 navambar 1990) ack algerian footballer haye joe ack rakshak key roop mein khelata haye.
antarrashtriya currier.
allie guechi koo 2010 yuu-23 yuu-aff tournament mein bhaag lene key liye bulaaya gayaa thaa. 15 disambar 2010 koo, unhone morocan under-23 paksh key khilaf pahala goal kiya. 16 navambar 2011 koo, unhein morakko mein 2011 kaife yuu-23 championship key liye algeria key daste key hisse key roop mein chunaa gayaa thaa.
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abdelaziz allie guechi
abdelogies allie guechi (janana 1 november 1990) obba aljiriyaada football aatagararagiddu, avaru defenderga aduttare.
antaaraashtriya vrattijeevana.
2010rahra yunaf under-23 pandyaavaliyalli bhagavahisalu allie guechiyannu karesalaayitu. 2010rahra december 15randu, avaru morokkaada 23 varshadolaginavara tandada viruddha modala golu galisidaru. 2011rahra november 16randu, morokkodalli nadeda 2011rahra kefeya under-23 champiyanshipgagi aljiriyaada tandada bhagavagi avarannu ayke maadalaayitu.
| abdul assies alii guyichi
prathirodhakkaaranaayi kalikkunna oru aljeeriyan football kalikkaranaanu abdul assies alii guvechi (jananam november 1,1990).
anthaaraashtra currier.
currier yunaf under-23 toornamentil pankedukkaan alii guwechi vilichirunnu. 2010 desember desember morocan under-23 teaminethire addeham aadya goal nedi. 2011 november november morocoyil nadanna 2011 kaphe under-23 chaambyanshippinulla aljeeriyayude teaminte bhaagamaayi addeham thiranjedukkappettu.
| abdelaziz allie guechi
abdelaziz allie guechi (janm 1 november 1990) haah algeriacha footballpatu aahe joou bachavpatu mhanoon khelato.
aantarrashtriy karkird.
allie guechila guechila yunaf yuu-23 spardhet sahbhagi honyasathi bolavanyat aale hote. 15 december 2010 roji tyane 23 varshankhalil morokkon sanghaviruddha pahila goal keela. 16 november 2011 roji, morokko yethe 2011 cafey under-23 ajinkyapad spardhesathi algeriachya sanghacha bhag mhanoon tyachi nivad karnyat aalee.
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abdelaziz alie guechi
abdelaziz alie guechi (janma 1 november 1990) ek algeriali footballer hun jo defenderko rupma khelchhan.
antarrashtriya currier.
alie guechilai 2010 yunaf yu-23 pratiyogitama bhag lyne bolaieko thiyo. 15 december 2010 maa, unle morakkoko 23 warsha muniko pakshako viruddhama pahilo goal gare. 16 november 2011 maa, uni morokkoma 2011 cafe yu-23 championshipka lagi algeriako toliko bhagko rupma chayan bhaeka thie. | abdelaziz allie guechi
abdelaziz aali guechi (janma 1 navember 1990) jane algeria football khelali jie jane defender bhabare khelanti .
antarjatija kyariyara.
2010 yunaf under-23 turnamentare anshagrahana kariba paain aali guechinku dakajaithila. 2010 december 15 tarikhare shay 23 barsharu comm moroccore dala bipakhyare pratham goal deithile. 2011 navember 16 tarikhare, shay morokkore 2011 kaaphe under-23 championship paain algeria dalara ansha bhabare manoneet hoithile.
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abdelaziz allie guechi
abdelaziz allie guechi (janam 1 navambar 1990) ikk algeriaai footballer haii joe ikk defender vajon khedada haii.
antarashtari carrier.
allie goochi noon 2010 dey yuu. ainn. aii. eff. under-23 tournament witch hissa lainn laee bulaiaa giaa see. 15 dasambar 2010 noon, uss neey morakko dee under-23 team virudh pahila goal keeta. 16 navambar 2011 noon, uss noon morakko witch 2011 kaife under-23 championship laee algeria dee team dey hisse vajon chunhiaa giaa see. | abdelazz allie guchee
abdelaziz allie guchee (janma 1 november 1990) ekaha algerian-football-kreedakah asti yah rakshakaroopen kreeditavaan.
antarashtriya-vruttihi.
2010 tame varshe younaf-23-taha nyoon-spardhayam bhaagam graheetum allie-guchee ityayam aahuya. 2010 december 15 dinaanke, saha 23 varshaanaam adhah morokkan-pakshasya viruddham prathamah goal krutavaan. 2011 tame varshe navambaramaasasy 16 dinaanke morokko-nagare 2011 tame varshe kefe-yoo-23-championship-krute algeria-deshasya dalasya bhagarupena saha chitah.
| abdalaziz alii quichi
abdalaziz alii quichi (prappu navambar 1,1990) oru algeria kaalpandhu veerar aavaar, avar oru paathukaavalaraaka vilaiyaadugiraar.
sarvadesa thozhil.
2010 yunaf yuu-23 poattiyil pankerka alii quichi alaikkappattaar. disambar 15,2010 andru, avar 23 vayathukkutpatta moraco anikku ethiraaga muthal cole adiththaar. 2011 navambar 16 andru, moracovil nadantha 2011 kafe yuu-23 saambiyanshippirkaana algeriavin aniyin oru paguthiyaaga avar thernthedukkappattaar.
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abdelaziz allie guichi
abdelogies allie guichi (jananam 1 november 1990) defenderga aadee algerian football kreedaakaarudu.
antarjaateeya vrutti.
2010 yunaf under-23 tornamentlo paalgonadaaniki allie guechini pilicharu. 2010 december 15naa, athanu moraco under-23 jattuku vyatiraekamgaa modati goal saadhinchaadu. 2011 november 16naa, athanu moracolo jarigina 2011 cafe under-23 championship kosam algerialo jattulo bhaagamgaa empikayyaadu.
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abad alaziz alee gochi
abad alaziz alee gochi (paidaish 1 nomber 1990) eek aljazair kaa fitt baalar hay juu batoor muhafiz kheelta hay.
beenn alaqwami carrier.
alee gochi kuu 2010 kay alaaf inder 23 tornament mein hasah leenay kay liye blaya gayaa thaa. 15 dasambar 2010 cow inhon nay marakash kii inder 23 team kay khalaaf pehla goal kiyaa. 16 nomber 2011 cow inhein marakash mein 2011 kii kaifay inder 23 champine ship kay liye aljazair kay schwad kay hasay kay toor parr muntakhib kiyaa gayaa. |
00059c78670c95280c0863f965c3aec7c611f774ece4415205526abe8804ee76 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9156306 | Interagency Border Inspection System |
Interagency Border Inspection System
The Interagency Border Inspection System (IBIS) is a United States computer-based system that provides the law enforcement community with files of common interest. IBIS provides access to the Federal Bureau of Investigation National Crime Information Center (NCIC) and allows its users to interface with all 50 U.S. states via the National Law Enforcement Telecommunications System (NLETS). IBIS physically resides on the Treasury Enforcement Communications System (TECS) at the U.S. Customs and Border Protection Data Center.
Regulatory and law enforcement personnel from more than 20 federal agencies or bureaus use IBIS, including:
Field access is provided by a network with more than 24,000 IBIS terminals, located at ports of entry including border checkpoints, seaports, and airports to track information on suspect individuals, businesses, vehicles, aircraft, and watercraft. IBIS terminals can also be used to access records on wanted persons, stolen vehicles, vessels or firearms, license information, criminal histories, and previous federal inspections, allowing the border enforcement agencies to focus their limited resources on those potential non-compliant travelers.
Notes.
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aantoxongsthamulok ximanto porikhya byowostha
aantoxongsthamulok ximanto porikhya byowostha (aai. bi. aai. ess.) hoise aamerika juktorastror etaa computer-aadharito byowostha jiye aain probortonkari xomprodayok xadharon swarthor file prodan kore. ibs-e federal byur 'owo investigation nesnel crime information center (ncic)-loi prowexadhikar prodan kore aaru iyar byowoharkarixokolok xokolu 50 eu-ror xoite antoxongzug koriboloi onumoti diye.ess. rastriyo aain probortonkari durxongzug byowostha (eno. el. ee. ti.) ror joriyote rajyoxomuh. aaibise xaririkbhabe eu-too kuxagar proborton jugajug byowostha (tek) too baax kore.ess. xulko aaru ximanto xurokhya tothyo kendro.
20khonotkoiu odhik federal xongstha baa byur "ror niyontrok aaru aain probortonkari kormosarixokole ibs byobohar kore, jaar bhitorot aaseh
xondehjukto byokti, byoboxai, baahon, biman aaru jolojanor tothyo onuxoron koriboloi ximanto porikhya kendro, xagoriyo bondor aaru bimanbondoroke dhori prowex bondorxomuhot owosthito 24,000 tokoiu odhik ibs terminal thoka etaa networkor dwara field prowexadhikar prodan koraa hoy. ibs terminalxomuh bisari thoka byokti, suri koraa baahon, jahaj baa aagneyastro, onugyapotror tothyo, oporadhmulok itihax, aaru purbor federal porikhyar tothyo prowex koriboloiu byobohar koribo paari, jaar folot ximanto probortonkari xongsthaxomuhe teulukor ximito xompodbur xei xombhabyo onupaloniyo bhromonkarixokolor uporot kendribhut koribo paare. | antoshongstha seemanto poridorshon byabostha
antoshongstha seemanto poridorshon byabostha (aaee. bii. aaee. esha) holl markin juktorashtrer ekti computer-vittik byabostha jaa aain prayogkari sampradayke sadharan swarther file sarbaraha korey. ibis federal bureau off investigation national crime inapharameshana center (enn. shee. aaee. shee)-ayee probeshadhikar pradan korey ebong err byaboharkarider samasta 50 eu-err saathe interfaces korar anumati deyo.esha. jatiya aain prayogkari telijogajog byabosthar (enn. ell. tii. esha) madhyome rajyaguli. ibis sharirikbhabe eu-teey treasury enforcement communication system (teeka)-ayee thaake.esha. shulk oo seemanto surakkha tothyo kendra.
কেন্দ্র। beshi federal agency baa beuro niyantrak ebong aain prayogkari karmira aaee. bii. aaee. esha byabohar corren, jaar modhye royeche
sandehabhajan byakti, byabosa, janbahon, biman ebong joljan somporke tothyo track korar jonno seemanto checkpoint, samudrabandar ebong bimanbandar soho probesher bondorgulite abosthito 24,000-ero beshi ibis terminal soho ekti network dwara field axes sarbaraha koraa hoy. ibis terminalguli kankhito byakti, churi haoya janbahon, jahaz baa agneyastra, licenser tothyo, fauzdari itihas ebong purboborti federal poridorshongulir record axes korteo byabohar koraa jete paare, jaa seemanto prayogkari sangosthagulike taader seemit sangosthangulike seii sombhabbo aaa-meney chola bhromonkarider upor focus korar anumati deyo.
| aantar agency sarhad nirikshan pranali
interagency boarder inspection system (aaee. bii. aaee. aesa.) aee united statesnee computer aadharit system chhe jeey kaayada amalikaran samudaayne saamanya hitnee failo pradaan karey chhe. ibis federal beuro off investigation national crime infirmation center (aena. see. aaee. see.) nee aikses pradaan karey chhe aneey tenaa vapraashkartaaone tamaam 50 yuu saathe interfaces karvaanee manjuri aape chhe.aesa. raashtriy kaayada amalikaran dursanchaar pranali (aena. aela. ee. tii.) dwara raajyo. ibis bhauteek reete yuu khaate treasury enforcement communication system (teqa) parr rahe chhe.aesa. customs aneey sarhad suraksha detaa center.
20 thee vadhu federal agencyo athavaa beurona niyamankari aneey kaayada amalikaran karmchaareeo ibisno upyog karey chhe, jemaa nichenaano samaavesh thaay chheh
shankaspad vyakteeo, vyavasaayo, vaahano, vimaano aneey jalayaan visheni maahiteene track karvaa maate sarhad chokeeo, bandaro aneey hawaimathako saheet praveshnaa bandaro parr stheet 24,000 thee vadhu ibis terminals saathe network dwara filled axes pradaan karvaamaa aave chhe. ibis terminalno upyog vonted vyakteeo, choraayela vaahano, jahajo athavaa hathiyaaro, licenseni maahitee, gunaahit itihas aneey agaauna sangheey nirikshano parnaa recordne aikses karvaa maate pann thaee shake chhe, jenaathi sarhad amalikaran agencyone temnaa maryadit sansadhanone teey sambhaveet biin-paalan pravasio parr dhyaan kendrit karvaanee manjuri maley chhe.
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antar-agency seema nireekshan pranali
antar-agency seema nireekshan pranali (aaee. bee. aaee. aiss.) ack sanyukt raajya computer-adharit pranali haye joe kaanoon pravartan samudaay koo samanya hita kii faailen pradaan karati haye. aaee. bee. aaee. aiss. sanghiya jaanch beuro rashtriya aparaadh soochana kendra (aine. see. aaee. see.) taka pahunch pradaan kartaa haye aur apane upayogkartaon koo sabhi 50 yuu. key saath interfaces karane kii anumati detaa haye.aiss. rashtriya kaanoon pravartan dursanchar pranali (aine. ell. ee. aiss.) key madhyam seey raajya. aaee. bee. aaee. aiss. bhautik roop seey yuu. mein koshagar pravartan sanchaar pranali (tii. ee. see.) parr rahata haye.aiss. seema shulk aur seema suraksha detta kendra.
20 seey adhik sanghiya agencies yaa beuro key niyaamak aur kaanoon pravartan karmi aaee. bee. aaee. aiss. kaa upayog karate hain, jinamen shamil hainh
sandigdh vyaktiyon, vyavsaayon, vaahanon, vimaanon aur jalayanon parr jaankaari kaa pataa lagaane key liye seema chaukiyon, bandargaahon aur havaai addon sahit pravesh key bandargaahon parr sthit 24,000 seey adhik aaee. bee. aaee. aiss. terminals key saath ack network dwara kshetra taka pahunch pradaan kii jaati haye. aaee. bee. aaee. aiss. terminals kaa upayog vaanchhit vyaktiyon, chori kiye gaye vaahanon, jahaajon yaa agneyastron, licenses kii jaankaari, aaparaadhik itihas aur pichhale sanghiya nirikshanon parr record taka pahunchane key liye bhee kiya jaa sakata haye, jisase seema pravartan agencies koo una sambhaavit gair-anupaalan yaatriyon parr apane seemit sansadhanon parr dhyaan kendrit karane kii anumati milati haye. | antara agency gadi tapasana vyavasthe
intergency barder inspection system (aii. bii. aii. ess) yuu united statesna computer aadhaarita vyavastheyaagiddu, idu kaanoonu jaari samudaayakke saamaanya aasaktiya kadatagalannu odagisuttade. aibis federal beuro off investigation national crime information center (enn. sii. aii. sii) ge praveshavannu odagisuttade mattu adara balakedaararige ellah 50 yuu.ess. rashtriya kaanoonu jaari durasamparka vevastheya (nle) moolaka rajyagalu. aibis yuu. yuu. nalli khazane jaari samvahana vyavastheyalli (tech) bhautikavagi vaasisuttade.ess. customs mattu gadi samrakshana dattaamsha kendra.
kendra hecchu federal agencygalu athawa byoorogala niyantraka mattu kaanoonu jaari sibbandigalu aibis annu balasuttaare, avugalendareh
shankita vyaktigalu, vyavahaaragalu, vaahanagalu, vimaanagalu mattu jalayanagala maahitiyannu pattehachchalu gadi tapasana kendragalu, bandarugalu mattu vimaana nildaanagalu seridante praveshada bandarugalalli nelegondiruva 24,000 kkoo hecchu aibis terminalgalannu hondiruva jaalavu kshetra praveshavannu odagisuttade. wanted vyaktigalu, kalavu maadida vaahanagalu, hadagugalu athawa bandookugalu, paravaanagi mahiti, criminal itihaasagalu mattu hindina federal tapasanegala daakhalegalannu praveshisalu aibis terminalgalannu balasabahudu, idu gadi jaari samsthegalige tamma seemita sampanmoolagalannu aaa sambhaavya anusarane maadada prayanikara mele kendrikarisalu anuvu maadikoduttade.
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inter ejansi athirthi parisodhana samvidaanam
niyama nirvvahana samoohathinu pothu thaalpparyamulla fayalukal nalkunna oru yunaittad stetts computer adhishtitha samvidaanamaanu inter ejansi boarder inspection sisttam (aii. bii. aii. ezz). federal beuro oof investigation naashanal crime information sentarilekku (enn. sii. aii. sii) ibis praveshanam nalkukayum athinte upayokthaakkale ellah 50 yuu.ezz. deseeya niyama nirvvahana telecommunication sisttam (enn. ell. iii. tii.) vazhi samsthaanangal. ibis bhouthikamaayi yuu. esile treasury enfozhsment communication systethilaanu (tech) thaamasikkunnath.ezz. kasttams aandu boarder protection dattaa sentar.
20-ladhikam federal ejansikalil ninno byoorokalil ninno ulla regulatory, niyama nirvvahana udyogasthar inipparayunnava ulppede ibis upayogikkunnu
athirthi chekkposttukal, thuramukhangal, vimaanathavalangal ennivayulppede praveshana thuramukhangalil sthithicheyyunna 24,000-ladhikam ibis terminalukalulla oru netvarkkaanu samshayaaspadamaaya vyakthikal, bisinasukal, vahanangal, vimanangal, watercraft ennivayekkurichulla vivarangal tracucheyyunnathinu feeld axus nalkunnathu. aavasyamulla vyakthikal, moshticha vahanangal, kappalukal allengil thokkukal, licenses vivarangal, criminal charithrangal, munkaala federal parisodhanakal ennivayekkurichulla rekhakal axus cheiyunnathinum ibis terminalukal upayogikkaam, ithu athirthi enfozhsment ejansikale avarude parimithamaaya vibhavangal paalikkaatha yaathrakkaaril shradha kendreekarikkaan anuvadikkunnu.
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aantarsansthiy seema tapasani pranali
aantarsansthiy seema tapasani pranali (aay. bii. aay. ess.) hii united stateschee sanganak-aadharit pranali aahe jee kayadyachi amalbajavani karananya samudayala samaan hitachya fayali pradan karate. aay. bii. aay. ess. federal beuro auph investigation national crime information center (aine. see. aay. see.) madhye pravesh pradan karate aanee tyachya vaparkartyanna serve 50 yuu.ess. rashtriy kayada amalbajavani dursanchar pranalidware (aine. ell. eae. tii.) rajye. ibis pratyakshapane yuu. aii. madheel koshagar amalbajavani sampreshan pranalivar (take) rahate.ess. simashulk aanee seema sanrakshn deta center.
20 peksha jaast federal agency kinwa beuronmadhil niyamak aanee kayada amalbajavani karmchari aay. bii. aay. ess. vapartat, jyat khaleel goshtincha samavesh aaheh
sanshayit vyakti, vyavasay, vahane, viman aanee jalvahatuk yanchya mahiticha magova ghenyasathi seema chaukya, bandare aanee vimantalansaha pravesh bandaranvar asalelya 24,000 hoon adhik aay. bii. aay. ess. terminal asalelya jaaladware kshetra pravesh pradan keela jaato. aay. bii. aay. ess. terminalcha vapar ichchit vyakti, choraleli vahane, jahaje kinwa banduka, parvanyachi mahitee, gunhegari itihas aanee mageel sanghiy tapasani yanchya nondi midvinyasathi dekhil keela jaau shakato, jyamule seema amalbajavani sansthanna tyanchya maryadit sansadhananvar tyaa sambhavya anupalanatil pravashanvar laksh kendrit karanyachi parvanagi milate. |
antar-agency sima nirikshan pranali
antar-agency sima nirikshan pranali (ibis) sanyukta rajya americako computer-adharit pranali how jasle kanuna prawartan samudayalai sajha chasoka fileharu pradan gardacha. ibisle anusandhan rashtriya aparadh suchana kendra (ncci) ko sanghiya bureauma pahunch pradan gardacha rar yasaka prayogkartaharulai sabai 50 yu sanga interfaces garna anumati dinchha.ess. rashtriya kanuna prawartan dursanchar pranali (enlets) marfat rajyaharu. ibis bhautik rupma yuma treasury prawartan sanchar pranali (tech) maa rahanchha.ess. bhansar rar sima suraksha deta centre.
20 bhanda badhi sanghiya agencyharu wa byuroharuka niyamak rar kanuna prawartan karmachariharule ibis prayog garchhan, jasma samawesh chhah
sandigdha wyakti, wyawasaya, sawari sadhan, viman rar watercraftko jankari track garna sima chaukiharu, bandargahaharu rar airportharu sahit praweshka bandargahaharuma awasthit 24,000 bhanda badhi ibis terminalharu bhaeko networkdwara field axes pradan garieko chha. ibis terminalharu wanchhit wyaktiharu, chori garieka sawari sadhanharu, jahajharu wa agneyastraharu, ijajatpatra jankari, aparadhik itihasharu, rar aghillo sanghiya nirikshanharuma recordharu pahunch garna prayog garna sakinchha, jasle sima prawartan agencyharulai tee sambhawit gaira-anupalan yatriharuma afno simit srotharu kendrit garna anumati dinchha. | aantah agency seema jancha byabastha
inter agency border inspection system (aai. bii. aai. ess.) heuchhi eka juktarastra computer-aadharita system jaahaa ine prabartana sampradajaku sadharana swarthara file pradan kare . ibc federal byurora anusandhana jatiah aparadha suchana kendra (enn. sii. aai. sii.) ku prabesha pradan kare ebong ehara byabaharakareemananku samasta 50 jayu.ess. jatiah ine prabartana telecom system (enn. ell. ee. tii.) madhyamare rajyagudika. ibc sharirika bhabe jayu. aii. ray treasury prabartana jogajoga byabastha (tii. ee. sii.) ray rahithae.ess. seema shulka ebong seema surakhya tathya kendra.
20 ru adhika sangheeah agency kimba byurora nijamaka ebong ine prabartanakaree karmachari ibc byabahara karanti, jeunthire antarbhuktah
sandigdha byakti, byabasai, yaana, biman ebong jalajana bishajare suchana track kariba paain seema checkpoint, bandara ebong bimanbandar sameth prabesha bandara abasthita 24,000 ru adhika ibc terminal sahita eka netawarka dwara field access pradan karajae . ibc terminalgudika madhya aabasyaka byakti, chori hoithiba yaana, jahaz kimba agnejastra, licences suchana, aparadhika itihas ebong purbabarti sangheeah jancha upare record hassel karibaku byabahruta hoipare, jaahaa seema prabartana sansthagudiku sehi sambhabya anah-anupalana jatrinka upare semanankara seemita sambala dhyana debaku anumathi deithae .
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antar-agency sarhaddi nirikhan pranali
inter agency barder inspection system (aaee. bee. aaee. aiss.) ikk sanyukat raaj amrica dee computer-adharat pranali haii joe kanoon lagu curran vaale bhaichare noon sanjhe hitt deeaan faeelan pardan kardi haii. aaee. bee. aaee. aiss. jaanch dey rashtari apradh soochna kendra (ainn. see. aaee. see.) dey sanghi beoro takk pahunch pardan karda haii atey iss dey upbhogtavan noon saare 50 yuu. naal interfaces curran dee aagiaa dinda haii.aiss. rashtari kanoon lagu curran vaali dursanchar pranali (ainn. aill. ee. aiss.) raahin raaj. aaee. bee. aaee. aiss. sarirak taur utte yuu. aiss. witch khazana lagu curran vaale sanchar pranali (tii. ee. see.) utte rahinda haii.aiss. customs atey sarhaddi surakhiaa daata center
20 toon vaddh sanghi agencies jaan beoriaan dey regulatory atey kanoon lagu curran vaale karamchari aaee. bee. aaee. aiss. dee varton karde hunn, jiss witch shamal hann
shakki viaktiaan, karobaran, vaahanan, jahazan atey watercraft baare jankari noon track curran laee sarhaddi chaukiaan, bandargahan atey havaai addiaan samet pravesh deeaan bandargahan 'teey sathit 24,000 toon vaddh aaee. bee. aaee. aiss. terminalan vaale network duaara feeled pahunch pardan keeti jaandi haii. aaee. bee. aaee. aiss. terminalan dee varton lodinde viaktiaan, chori hoye vaahanan, jahazan jaan hathiaaran, licences dee jankari, apradhik itihaas atey pichle sanghi nirikhanan dey ricard takk pahunch curran laee vee keeti jaa sakadi haii, jiss naal sarhaddi lagu curran valiaan agencies noon aapne seemat sarotan noon uhanan sambhavit gair-palna yatrian 'teey kendrat curran dee aagiaa mildi haii. | antara-abhikarana-sima-nireekshan-pranaali
antara-abhikarana-sima-nireekshan-pranaali (aii. bii. aii. ess.) samyuktarajyamerika-deshasya sanganak-aadhaarit-pranaali asti yaa vidhi-pravartana-samudayaya samanya-hitasya sanchikaah pradadaati. aii. bii. aii. ess. samsthayaa federal byooro aaf investigation-rashtriya-aparaadh-suchana-kendram (enn. sii. aii. sii.) prati abhigamyam pradadaati tathaa cha tasya upayoktaarah sarwaih 50 yoo.-samsthaih saha samparkam kartum anumanyate.ess. raashtriyawidhiprawartan-doorasanchaar-pranalidwara (enn. ell. ee. tea.) rajyani. aibis bhautikaroopena yoo-nagare treasury-pravartana-sanchaar-vyavasthaayaam (takes) nivasati.ess. simashulkam tathaa sima-samrakshana-dattaamsha-kendram.
20 taha adhikanam sangheey-samsthanam athavaa byurogananam viniyaamakaanaam tathaa vidhi-pravartananam karmacharinam aii. bii. aii. ess. ityasya upayogah bhavati, yathaa -
sandigdhanam vyaktishu, vyavasaayeshu, vaahanaanaam, vimananam, jalayananam cha vishaye suchanam nireekshayitum sima-nirikshanasthanakeshu, naukaashrayeshu, vimaanasthaanakeshu cha sthitaih 24,000 taha adhikaih aibis-terminal-yukttaih jaalasy madhyamena kshetrapraveshah pradatta asti. aii. bii. aii. ess. terminals ityetaani, vanted-vyaktishu, chorita-vaahanaanaam, naukanayananam vaa agneyastranam vaa, anujnaapatra-soochanaah, aparaadh-itihasasya, poorvavartee-sangheey-nirikshananam cha abhilekhanaani praaptum api upayujyante, yena sima-pravartana-samsthah teshaam sambhaavya-anupalaneshu yatrikanam krute seemita-samsadhanan kendreekartum shaknuvanti.
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niruvanangalukkidaiyeyaana ellai aaivu amaippu
niruvanangalukkidaiyeyaana ellai aaivu amaippu (aii. pii. aii. ess) enbathu oru america kanini adippadaiyilaana amaippaagum, idhu satta amalakka samoogaththirku podhuvaana aarvamulla kooppugalai valangkukirathu. ipis thaesiya kuttrath thagaval maiyaththin (enn. chii. aii. chii) koottaatchi pulanaaivu paniyagaththirkaana anugalai valangkukirathu mattrum adhan payanarkal anaitthu 50 yuu udan idaimugappaduththa anumathikkirathu.ess. thaesiya satta amalakka tholaiththodarpu amaippu (nle) moolam maanilangkal. ips udal reethiyaaga yuu. aee. will ulla karuvoola amalakka thagaval thodarbu amaippil (teck) vaazhkirathu.ess. sunga mattrum ellai paathukaappu tharavu maiyam.
20 kkum maerpatta koottaatchi mugamaigal allathu paniyagangkalaich saerntha ozhungkumurai mattrum satta amalakka paniyaalarkal ips payanpaduththukintranar, avattrul pinvaruvana adangum
santhegaththirkidamaana nabarkal, vanigangkal, vaaganangkal, vimaanangkal mattrum neervimaanangkal pattriya thagavalkalaik kankaanikka ellai soathanaich saavadigal, thuraimugangal mattrum vimaana nilaiyangkal ullitta nuzhivuth thuraimugangalil amainthulla 24,000 kkum maerpatta ipis munaiyangkalaik konda oru netvorkaal kazha anugal vazhangkappadukirathu. thaedappadum nabarkal, thirudapatta vaaganangkal, kappalkal allathu thuppaakkikal, urimath thagavalkal, kuttraviyal varalaarugal mattrum munththaiya koottaatchi aaivugal pattriya pathivukalai anugavum ipis munaiyangkalaip payanpaduththalaam, idhu ellai amalakka mugamaigalai thangal varaiyarukappatta valangkalai antha inangkaatha payanigalil kavanam seluththa anumathikkirathu.
| intergency sarihaddu tanikhi vyavastha
intergency sarihaddu tanikhi vyavastha (ibis) anedi united states computer aadhaarita vyavastha, idhi chatta amalu samaajaaniki saadhaarana aasakti gala faillanu andistundi. ibis federal beuro off investigation national crime information center (enn. sii. ii. sii) kuu praapyatanu andistundi mariyu daani viniyogadaarulanu mottam 50 yuu.ess. jaateeya chatta amalu telecommunications system (nlets) dwara rashtraalu. ibis bhouthikamgaa yuu vadda treasury enforcement communications system (tech) loe nivasistundi.ess. customs mariyu sarihaddu rakshana dayta center.
20 kante ekkuva federal agencylu ledhaa beurola nundi niyantrana mariyu chatta amalu sibbandi aibisnu upayogistaaru, veetilo
anumaanita vyaktulu, vyaparalu, vahanalu, vimanalu mariyu jalayanalapai samacharanni track cheyadaaniki sarihaddu tanikhi kendraalu, odarevulu mariyu vimaanaasrayaalatoe sahaa pravesha naukaasrayaala vadda unna 24,000 kante ekkuva ibis terminals unna network dwara feeled access andinchabadutundi. vanted vyaktulu, dongilinchabadina vahanalu, noukalu ledhaa tupaakulu, licenses samacharam, naera charitralu mariyu munupati samakhya tanikheelapai recordulanu access cheyadaaniki kooda ibis terminalsnu upayoginchavacchu, sarihaddu amalu samsthalu tama parimita vanarulanu aaa sambhaavya kattubadi laeni prayaanikulapai drushti pettadaniki veelu kalpistundi.
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beenn agency sarhadi muainah kaa nazaam
inter agency barder inspection system (aayee bee aayee aiss) riyasathaye muthadah kaa eek computer parr mubni nazaam hay juu qanoon naafiz karnay waalay idaaron kuu mushtarkah dilchaspi kii failein farahim kartaa hay. aayee bee aayee aiss federal beuro aaf investy gation national karaem information center (aine see aayee see) takk rasayi farahim kartaa hay aur apnay saarfin kuu tamaam 50 yuu kay saath interface karnay kii ajazat deeta hay.aiss. qomi qanoon naafiz karnay waalay teeli mawasilat kay nazaam (aine eel ayee tye) kay zariye riyasatein. aayee bee aiss jasmani toor parr yuu mein treasury inforcement communication system (tye see aiss) parr rehta hay.aiss. custom aur barder protection ddita center.
20 say ziyadah wafaqi agenciyon yaa beuro kay regulatory aur qanoon naafiz karnay waalay ahalkaar aayee bee aayee aiss kaa istemaal kartay haine jinn mein shaamil haine:
feld rasayi 24,000 say ziyadah aayee bee aiss terminals waalay neet wark kay zariye farahim kii jaati hay juu daakhli bandargahon parr waaqa hay jiss mein sarhadi chokiyan bandargahein aur hawai aday shaamil haine taakah mushtabah afraad karobar gaadiyan hawai jehaaz aur waater craft kay baaray mein malumat kaa saraag lagaya jaa sakay. aayee bee aayee aiss terminals kuu matlub afraad choori shadah gaadiyon jehazon yaa aatishein hathiyaron license kii malumat mujarimanah tareekhon aur pachlay wafaqi muainey kay record takk rasayi kay liye bhee istemaal kiyaa jaa saktaa hay jiss say sarhadi nafaz kay idaaron kuu apnay mahdud wasail kuu inn mamkanah ghair tameel karnay waalay musafiron parr markoz karnay kii ajazat milti hay. |
0005a0505c2a860442e1d7e6ca59b5d330311c246e56e1daf531fa916fff7fe2 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3898987 | Stambolov Crag |
Stambolov Crag
Stambolov Crag (, ) rises to 820m in Friesland Ridge, Tangra Mountains, Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica with steep, snow-free western slopes. The crag surmounts Huntress Glacier to the northwest and its tributary to the north, and Ruen Icefall to the southwest.
The feature is named after Stefan Stambolov (1854–1895), prominent Bulgarian statesman.
Location.
The crag is located at , which is 1.77 km west of Simeon Peak, 2 km northwest of St. Cyril Peak, 2.63 km north of St. Methodius Peak, 1.2 km north of Troyan Peak, 850 m east-northeast of Kikish Crag, 4.87 km southeast of Napier Peak, 4.63 km south-southeast of Willan Nunatak and 1.39 km south-southwest of Tran Crag (Bulgarian mapping in 2005 and 2009).
External links.
"This article includes information from the Antarctic Place-names Commission of Bulgaria which is used with permission."
| stamebulov kregg
friezland riz, tengra porbot, dokhyin sweatland dippunjor livingston dip, thiyo borof mukto poschim dhaalor xoite entarctika-too stamebulov kregg (,) 820 mitaroloi briddhi paay. krege uttor-poschim dixot sikari himbah aaru uttor dixot iyar uponodi aaru dokhyin-poschim dixot ruyen borof porbot otikrom kore.
ei boixistyotur naamkoron koraa hoise bulgariyar bixisto rajneetibid stephen stambulvor (1854-1895) naamere.
owosthan.
ei kharitu simiun sringor poraa 1.77 kilometer poschime, saintor poraa 2 kilometer uttor-poschime owosthito. siril sringo, saintor poraa 2.63 kilometer uttore. methorius sringo, troyan sringor poraa 1.2 kilometer uttorot, kikis kregor poraa 850 mitter pubo-uttor-pubot, napier xikhoror poraa 4.87 kilometer dokhyin-pubot, uilan nunatakor poraa 4.63 kilometer dokhyin-dokhyin-pubot aaru traan kregor poraa 1.39 kilometer dokhyin-dokhyin-poschimot (2005 aaru 2009 sonot bulgarian mapping).
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stambolov cragg
stambolov cragg (,) freesland riz, tangra porboto, dakkhin shetland dweeppunjer livingston dweep, khada tushar mukto poschim ddhaal soho antarctica theke 820 mitter porjonto utthito hoy. cragg uttor-poschime huntress himbah ebong uttore err uponodi ebong dakkhin-poschime ruen tusharpat atikram korey.
eyi boishistatir namkaran koraa hoyeche bishishto bulgarian rashtranayak stephan stambolver (1854-1895) naame.
abosthan.
eyi khadati abosthito, jaa simeon shringo theke 1.77 kilometres poschime, seenta theke 2 kilometres uttor-poschime abosthito. siril shringo, seenta theke 2.63 kilometres uttore. methodius shringo, troyan shringo theke 1 kimmy uttore, kikish shringo theke 850 mitter purbo-uttor-purbe, napier shringo theke 4.87 kimmy dakkhin-purbe, uilan nunatak theke 4.63 kimmy dakkhin-dakkhin-purbe ebong trana shringo theke 1.39 kimmy dakkhin-dakkhin-poschime (2005 ebong 2009 saale bulgarian mapping). |
stambolov craigg
stambolov craigg (,) freesland reej, tangra parvato, dakshin shetland tapuoma livingston taapu, teevra baraf mukt pashchimi dhholaav saathe entarcticama 820 meater sudhee vadhe chhe. craigg uttarpashchimma sheekari himnadi aneey uttarmaa tenee sahayak nadee aneey dakshinpashchim ruen himprapaatne vataavi jaay chhe.
aaa lakshannu naam bulgariana agranee rajkarani stephen stambolov (1854-1895) naa naam parthee rakhvama aavyu chhe.
sthaan.
aaa craigg aheen stheet chhe, jeey simone shikharthi 1.77 kimee pashchimma, sentathi 2 kimee uttarpashchimma chhe. siril shikhar, sentathi 2.63 kimee uttarmaa chhe. methodius shikhar, troyan shikharthi 1.2 kimee uttarmaa, kikish kregthee 850 meater purv-uttarpurvmaa, napier shikharthi 4.87 kimee dakshinpurvma, veelan nunatakthi 4.63 kimee dakshin-dakshinpurvma aneey traan kregthee 1.39 kimee dakshin-dakshinpashchim (2005 aneey 2009maan bulgarian mapping). | stambolov kregg
stambolov kregg (,) friesland riz, tangra pahaadon, dakshin shetland dweepon mein livingston dweep, khadee burf mukt paschimi dhalanon key saath antarctica mein 820 meater taka badhata haye. chattan uttar-paschim mein glacier aur uttar mein isaki sahayak nadee kaa shikaar karati haye, aur dakshin-paschim mein barfbari hoti haye.
iss visheshta kaa naam pramukh bulgarian rajneta stephen stambolov (1854-1895) key naam parr rakhaa gayaa haye.
sthaan.
yeh chattan simone choti seey 1.77 kimmy paschim mein sthit haye, joe sent seey 2 kimmy uttar-paschim mein haye. siril shikhar, sent seey 2.63 kimmy uttar mein. methodius choti, troyan choti key uttar mein 1.2 kimmy, kikish chattan key poorv-uttar poorv mein 850 meater, napier choti key dakshin-poorv mein 4.87 kimmy, vilan nunatak key dakshin-dakshin poorv mein 4.63 kimmy aur train chattan key dakshin-dakshin paschim mein 1.39 kimmy (2005 aur 2009 mein bulgarian maanchitran).
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stambolov cragg
stambolov cragg (,) friesland ridge, tangra parvatagalu, daksina shetland dweepagalallina livingston dweepa, kadidaada hima mukta paschima ilijaarugalannu hondiruva antaarktikaadalli 820 meater ettarakke airuttade. ee crogg vayuvyadalli huntress himanadi mattu uttaradalli adara upanadiyannu mattu nairtyadalli ruen himakusitavannu mirisuttade.
ee vaishishtyakke balgeriyaada pramukha rajakarani stephan stambolov (1854-1895) avara hesarannu idalaagide.
sthala.
ee cragg simeon shikharada paschimakke 1.77 kii. mea. dooradallide, sentninda vaayuvyakke 2 kii. mea. dooradallide. siril shikharavu sentninda uttarakke 2.63 kii. mea. dooradallide. methodius shikharavu, troyan shikharada uttarakke 1.2 kii. mea., kikish cragna purva-eeshaanyakke 850 mea., napier shikharada agneyakke 4.87 kii. mea., villan nunatakna agneyakke 4.63 kii. mea. mattu tron cragna nairtyakke 1.39 kii. mea. (2005 mattu 2009ralli bulgarian nakshe).
| null | stambolov cragg
stambolov cragg (,) friesland rij, tangra parvat, dakshin shetland betanvaril livingstone bett, unch barfmukt paschim utaransah antarcticamadhye 820 meetarparyant unch hoto. cragg vayvyes shikari himnadi aanee uttarela tyachi upanadi aanee nairutyela ruen himprapatavar maat karate.
bulgariyache prakhyat rajkarani stephen stambolov (1854-1895) yanchya navavarun yaa vaishishtyala heey naav denyat aale aahe.
thikan.
haah khadak simone shikharachya paschimes 1.77 kiimii antaravar, sentchya vayvyes 2 kiimii antaravar aahe. siril shikhar, sentchya uttares 2.63 kiimii. methodius shikhar, troyan shikharachya uttares 1.2 kiimii, kikish cragchya purv-ishanyes 850 meater, napier shikharapasun aagneyela 4.87 kiimii, vilan nunatakchya dakshin-aagneyela 4.63 kiimii aanee tran cragchya dakshin-nairutyela 1.39 kiimii (2005 aanee 2009 madhye bulgarian mapping).
| stambolov kryag
stambolov kryag (,) freesland riz, tangra pahad, dakshin shetland tapuharuma livingston tapu, thado hiun mukta paschimi dhalanharu bhaeko antarcticama 820 mittersamma badhcha. kryagle uttarapashchimma huntress glacier rar uttarma yasako sahayak nadi rar dakshinapashchimma ruena himaskhalanlai parr gardacha.
yo suwidhako naam bulgariaca pramukh rajnitigya stefan stambolov (1854-1895) ko namama rakhieko how.
sthan.
yo kryag simone shikharbata 1.77 kilometer paschimma, centbata 2 kilometer uttarapashchimma awasthit chha. siril shikhar, centbata 2.63 kimmy uttarma. methodius shikhar, troyan shikharbata 1.2 kilometer uttarma, kikish kryagbata 850 mitter purva-uttarpurvama, napier shikharbata 4.87 kilometer dakshinpurvama, willan nunatakbata 4.63 kilometer dakshin-dakshinpurvama rar tran kryagbata 1.39 kilometer dakshin-dakshinapashchimma (2005 rar 2009 maa bulgarian mapping).
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stambolov cragg
stambolov cragg (,) frysland riz, tangra parbata, dakhina shetland dwepapunjara livingston dwepa, tibra baraf mukta paschima dhalu sahita antarctica ray 820 mitter parjyanta uthithae . kragg uttara-paschimare huntress glacier ebong uttarare ehara upanadi ebong dakhina-paschimare ruen baraphapataku atikrama karichhi.
ehi baisistyati bulgariar bisista rajneta stephan stambolov (1854-1895) nka naamare namit hoichhi.
sthana.
ehi kragati abasthita, jaahaa simeon shikhararu 1.77 kilometer paschimare, centre uttara-paschimaru 2 kilometer doorare abasthita. siril shrunga, centre uttarare 2.63 kii. mea. doorare abasthita. methodius shrunga, train shrungatharu 1.2 kii. mea. uttarare, kikish kragara 850 mea. purba-uttara-purbare, napier shrungaru 4.87 kii. mea. dakhina-purbare, willan nunatakaru 4.63 kii. mea. dakhina-dakhina-purbare ebong tran kragara 1.39 kii. mea. dakhina-dakhina-paschimare (2005 ebong 2009ray bulgarian myaping). | stambolov cragg
stambolov cragg (,) friesland rij, tangra pahadan, dakkhni shetland tapuan witch livingston tapu, ucchi baraf mukat pachmi dhalanan dey naal antarctica witch 820 meeter takk uthhada haii. ih kregg uttar-pachham witch huntress glacier atey uttar witch iss dee sahaik nadee atey dakkhan-pachham witch ruen barafbari noon paar qarr jaanda haii.
iss visheshta daa naam pramukh bulgarian rajneta stephen stambolov (1854-1895) dey naam utte rakkhiaa giaa haii.
sathaan.
ih patthar simeon choti toon 1.77 kilometer pachham witch, cent toon 2 kilometer uttar-pachham witch sathit haii. siril choti, cent toon 2.63 kilometer uttar vall. methodius choti, troyan choti toon 1.2 kilometer uttar, keekish cragg toon 850 meeter purab-uttar-purab, napier choti toon 4.87 kilometer dakkhan-purab, willen nunatak toon 4.63 kilometer dakkhan-dakkhan-purab atey train cragg toon 1.39 kilometer dakkhan-dakkhan-pachham (2005 atey 2009 witch bulgarian mapping).
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stambolov kregg
stambolov kregg (,) 820 meater yaavat oordhvataayaam freslyaand riz, tangraa parwataah, dakshinashetlyand-dweepeshu livingston-dweepah, teevra-himamukta-pashchim-vaalanayukte antarctica-deshe cha asti. kregg-nadee vaayavyadishi huntress-himanadeem, uttardishi tasya upanadee cha, dakshinapaschimadishi ruyen-himaprapatam cha atikramati.
asya visheshataayaah naam balgeriyaadeshasy pramukhasya raajaneetidnyasy stephan stambolov (1854-1895) ityasya namna asti.
sthaanam.
ayam kregg-pradesha simeon-shikharaat 1.77 kii. mee. pashchime, sent-nagaraat 2 kii. mee. vaayavyadishi asti. siril shikharh, sent-nagaraat uttardishi 2.63 kii. mee. doore asti. methodius shikharh, troyan shikharaat 1.2 kii. mee. uttardishi, kikish-kregg ityasya 850 mee. poorva-eeshaanye, napier-shikharasy 4.87 kii. mee. dakshinapoorvadishi, villan-nunaatak ityasya 4.63 kii. mee. dakshina-dakshinapoorvadishi, traan-kregg ityasya 1.39 kii. mee. dakshina-nairutyadishi (2005,2009 tame varshe bulgarian-manachitranam) asti. | stambolov sengol
stambolov grack (,) friesland ridge, dangra malaikal, therku shetland theevugalil ulla livingston theevu, sengkuththaana panippozhivu illaatha maerku sarivugaludan andaardigaavil 820 meettar varai uyarkirathu. inththa paaraiyaanathu vadamaerkil vaettaiyaadum panippaaraiyaiyum, vadakkil adhan thunai nathiyaiyum, thenmaerkil panippozhivaiyum kadanthu selkirathu.
inththa amsam pirabala palkeriya arasiyalvaathi stefan stambolov (1854-1895) peyaraal azhaikkappadukirathu.
idam.
simeon sigaraththirku maerkae 1.77 kii. mee. tholaivil, saint sigaraththirku vadamaerkae 2 kii. mee. tholaivil inththa paaraikal amainthullana. saint nagaraththilirunthu vadakkae 2.63 kii. mee. tholaivil ulla siril sigaram. methodius sigaram, troyan sigaraththirku vadakkae 1.2 kimee, kikkish paaraiyin kilakku-vadakizhakkil 850 mee, nabier sigaraththirku thenkizhakkae 4.87 kimee, villan nunaadakkirku thenn-thenkizhakkae 4.63 kimee mattrum tiraan paaraiyin thenn-thenmaerkae 1.39 kimee (2005 mattrum 2009 aam aandugalil bulgarian varaipadam).
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stambolov crogg
stambolov crogg (,) frisland ridge, tangra parvataalu, dakshina shetland deevulalooni livingston dveepam, nitaruga manchu laeni paschima vaalulatoe antarciticalo 820 meterla varaku perugutundi. eee crogg vaayuvya disalo vaeta himaninadam mariyu uttaraana daani upanadi mariyu nairuti disalo ruen manchu jalapaataanni adhigamistundi.
pramukha bulgarian raajaneetignudu stephan stambolov (1854-1895) paeru meeda eee lakshanam paeru pettabadindi.
sthaanam.
eee konda simeon sikharaaniki paschimaana 1.77 kii. mea. dhooramlo, seyint kii vaayuvya disalo 2 kii. mea. dhooramlo undhi. siril sikharam, seyint kuu uttaraana 2.63 kii. mea. methodius sikharam, troyan sikharaaniki uttaraana 1.2 kimmy, kikish kraagku thoorpu-eesaanyamgaa 850 mea, napier sikharaaniki aagneyamgaa 4.87 kimmy, villan nunaatakku aagneyamgaa 4.63 kimmy mariyu trans kraagku nairuti-nairutigaa 1.39 kimmy (2005 mariyu 2009loe bulgarian mapping).
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stambolof kareeg
stambolof kareeg (yee) freesland rajj tangra pahaadon janubi shutt lend jazair mein leongston jaziray khadee barf say paak maghrabi dhalwanon kay saath intarctica mein 820 metter takk uthta hay. kareeg shamaal maghrab mein huntrace glasheer aur shamaal mein iss kii maawan nadee aur janub maghrab mein raveen aais faal say tajawaz kartaa hay.
iss khususiyat kaa naam mamtaz balghariyayi seyasat daan stephan steambolof (1854-1895) kay naam parr rakhaa gayaa hay.
maqaam.
yaha kareeg waaqa hay juu saaiman chooti say 1.77 chlometer maghrab mein sent say 2 chlometer shamaal maghrab mein hay. seeral chooti sent say 2.63 chlometer shamaal mein. methodius chooti troyan chooti say 1.2 chlometer shamaal mein kekash kareeg say 850 metter mashriq-shamaal mashriq mein neeper chooti say 4.87 chlometer janub mashriq mein walaan nanatak say 4.63 chlometer janub-janub mashriq mein aur traan kareeg say 1.39 chlometer janub-janub maghrab mein (2005 aur 2009 mein bulgarine nqsha saazi). |
0005a0e42008517d32372939ac47d7775d5c0ef6a642edb66d0d4a350f4bd0bc | https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki?curid=3331161 | айах |
айах
Khakas.
Etymology.
From .
Yakut.
Etymology.
From .
| aah khaaka. byutpotti. poraa. yakut. byutpotti. poraa. | ayakh khaqas. byutpatti. theke. iaquit. byutpatti. theke. | aayakh khaaka. vyutpatti. maanthi. yakut. vyutpatti. maanthi. | aayakh khaaka. vyutpatti. seey. yakut. vyutpatti. seey. | aayak khakas. vyutpatti. ninda. yakut. vyutpatti. ninda. | ayaakh khaakas. padavyuthpathishaasthram. ninnu. yakut. padavyuthpathishaasthram. ninnu. | aah khaka. vyutpatti. pasoon. yakut. vyutpatti. pasoon. | ayak khakaharu. wyutpatti. batt. yakut. wyutpatti. batt. | ayak khaqa. byutpatti. ru. yakut. byutpatti. ru. | aah khaaka. shabdawali. toon. yakutt. shabdawali. toon. | aayak-khakaha. vyutpattih. ityatah. yaakut. vyutpattih. ityatah. | aagaak kaakkaakkal. sorpirappiyal. irunthu. yagud. sorpirappiyal. irunthu. | ayak khaakaalu. vyutpatti. nundi. yakut. vyutpatti. nundi. | aayakh khikaas. siftiyat. say. yakot. siftiyat. say. |
0005a121a2c446f2c52afae269d65bf1e14a9506355a62fa3f73dbec03057513 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17249093 | Mihail Mihaylov |
Mihail Mihaylov
Bulgarian footballer
Mihail Mihaylov () (born 4 March 1973) is a Bulgarian former football midfielder who played several seasons for PFC Velbazhd Kyustendil. He also had a brief stint in Germany for SSV Ulm 1846.
Mihaylov was the leading scorer in the league during the Bulgarian A Liga's 1999-2000 season, scoring 20 goals for Velbazhd.
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mihel mihailov
mihel mihailov () (jonmo 4 march 1973) ejon bulgarian prakton football midfielder ji pi. ef. chi. velbazdo custandilor baabe keibatau sijon khelisil. 1846 sonot ess. ess. bhi. ulomor baabe teu germanyt ek xongkhipto xomoy aasil.
bulgarian e ligaar 1999-2000 sijonor xomoyot velbajhodor hoi 20taa go "lo kori mihailov leegor aagxarir sko" raar aasil. | mihel mihailov
mihel mihailov () (jonmo 4 march 1973) ekjon bulgarian praktan football midfielder jini pfc velbazd custandiler hoye besh koyekti morshum khelechen. 1846 saale germanyte esha. esha. vee. ulomer jonnou taanr ekti sangkhipto karmajiban chhilo.
bulgarian ayee ligger 1999-2000 morshume velbazder hoye 20tii goal korey mihailov leagay shirshosthaniyo scorer chhilen.
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mihel mihaylov
mehail mihaylov () (janm 4 march 1973) bulgariana bhutpurv football midfielder chhe, jeey pii. aef. see. wellbazd custandil maate ghanee season ramyaa hataa. temane 1846maan aesa. aesa. vee. oolm maate germanyma pann tunko kaarykaad karyo hato.
mihaylov bulgarian aee liga 1999-2000 season darmiyan leegma agranee scorer hataa, jemane wellbazed maate 20 goal karyaa hataa. |
mihel mihaylov
mihel mihaylov () (janm 4 march 1973) ack bulgarian poorv football midfielder hain jinhone pee. aff. see. welbazd custandil key liye kaee satra khele. unhone aiss. aiss. vee. ulm 1846 key liye germany mein bhee ack sankshipt karyakal kiya thaa.
mihaylov bulgarian aeye leega key 1999-2000 satra key dauran leag mein agrani scorer they, jinhone welbazd key liye 20 goal kiye.
| mihail mihaylov
mihail mihaylov () (janana 4 march 1973) balgeriyaada maaji football midfielder aagiddu, avaru pfc velbajhd custandilgaagi halavaaru rtugalannu adiddare. aata 1846rahra ess. ess. vii. ulmgaagi germaniyalli sankshipta avadhiyannoo hondiddaru.
bulgarian aa liga 1999-2000 rtuvinalli leagnalli mihaylov agra scorer aagiddaru, velbajhadgaagi 20 golugalannu galisidaru.
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mihail mihaylov
pii. eph. sii velbasd custendilinu vendi niravadhi seasonukal kalicha oru bulgarian muun football midfielderaanu mihail mihelov (jananam march 4,1973). 1846 ll ezz. ezz. vii. ulminaayi germmaniyil oru hraswakaala sevanavum addeham nadathiyirunnu.
bulgarian eiii ligayude <aii. dii. 1> seasonil leagile munnira skoraraayirunna mihaylov velbasdinaayi 20 golukal nedi. |
mihel mihayalov
mihel mihayalov () (janm 4 march 1973) haah bulgariacha majee football madhyamathcha kheladu aahe, joou pii. eff. see. wellbazd custandilsathi anek hangam khelala aahe. 1846 madhye ess. ess. vhee. ulmasathi germanyt tyancha eka alpakalin karyakal hota.
bulgarian aii ligachya 1999-2000 hangamat mihayalov haah leegmadhye aaghadicha golrakshak hota, jyane velbazadsathi 20 goal kele. | null |
mihel mihajalobha
mihel mihajalobha () (janma 4 march 1973) jane bulgaria purbatana football midfielder jie pii. aif. sii. velvajda custandil paain aneka rutu khelithile. shay germanyre madhya 1846 masihare ess. ess. bhi. ulma paain eka sankhipta karjyakala karithile.
bulgarian aii ligara 1999-2000 ruture miheilobh ligre agrani scorer thile, bhelwajdanka paain 20 goal score karithile. | mihel mihayalov
mihel mihelov (janam 4 march 1973) ikk bulgarian sabka football midfielder haii jiss neey pee. eff. see. vailbazad custandal laee kaee season khede. uss neey germany witch aiss. aiss. vee. ulam 1846 laee vee ikk sankhep karajkal keeta see.
mihayalov bulgarian aii leega dey 1999-2000 season dauran leeg witch pramukh scorer see, jiss neey velbazad laee 20 goal keete.
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mihail mihaaylov
mihail mihaaylov () (janma 4 maarch 1973) ekaha bulgarian-poorva-football-madhya-kreedakah asti yah pee. ef. see. welbazd custandil ityasya krute aneke rutushu kreeditavaan. saha germany-deshe ess. ess. vi. ulm 1846 ityasmin api alpakalam yaavat kaaryam akarot.
bulgarian-e-ligaa ityasya <aii. dii. 1> kreedaarutuve leag-madhye mihelov ityeshah pramukhah scorer aasit, welbazd-krute 20 goals krutavaan. |
miheyil mihailov
miheyil mihelov (prappu maarch 4,1973) oru bulgarian munnaal kaalpandhu midbuilder aavaar, avar pii. eff. chii velbajd custandil anikkaaga pala paruvangkalil vilaiyaadinaar. avar 1846 aam aandu ssv ulm-kkaaga germanyil oru kurugiya kaalaththaiyum kondirundhaar.
bulgarian likaavin 1999-2000 paruvaththin poathu leakil munnani skooraraaga irunththa mihelov, velpaajdukkaaga 20 koolgalai adiththaar.
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0005a6484b4d863ebbd8ba2af5e8989f41e86570f6942f0a45451d0fcdb72eb7 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19342713 | Blow Out (Prison Break) |
Blow Out (Prison Break)
"Blow Out" is the 63rd episode of the American television series "Prison Break" and was broadcast on September 29, 2008 in the United States on the Fox Network.
Plot.
Michael Scofield, Brad Bellick, Lincoln Burrows, Alex Mahone, Fernando Sucre and Sara Tancredi are at the horse track where they are to find their next card holder. Although they successfully manage to copy the card's contents on to Roland's device, Alex, who has the device with him, is arrested after punching a cop and trying to flee the scene. At the police station, Mahone is locked up and his possessions, including the device, are stored away. The gang informs Donald Self of the news and ask him to free Mahone. Don tries to use his federal badge to wriggle out of the mess, but only manages to strike a deal to get Mahone's possessions. Mahone reluctantly agrees and signs the papers so Don can do so.
Later, Don is confronted by Wyatt, who warns him that the Pad Man likes his privacy and tells Self to stay out of company business. Self stands his ground and walks off.
As Mahone is scheduled to go to court, he realizes that Wyatt intends to be at the hearing to kill him. He informs Michael, who convinces everyone to help rescue him instead of focusing on the next card holder. Sara, posing as Mahone's representative, manages to take his file and fingerprints to hide the evidence. Lincoln and Michael blow the power to the building, and in the confusion, Sucre helps Mahone escape. Wyatt notices the gang leaving, but is unable to shoot them due to the police around the area. Mahone thanks the gang at the warehouse for saving him and then makes a surreptitious call to Wyatt telling him that it is personal. Mahone throws Wyatt's number away, but Roland manages to dig it out of the trash.
Back at Gate Corporation, T-Bag uses the clues in Whistler's book to deduce there is something hidden in a supply closet connected to his office. Before he can investigate further, however, he is revealed to be a fraud and flees back to his suite. Meanwhile, Gretchen, having escaped confinement by Wyatt, hides out at her sister's house to wash up. She stays briefly before heading off to find Whistler, but it is also revealed she has a daughter. Gretchen then heads to the coroner's office to gather Whistler's file; although she claims to be his wife, Gretchen is forced to knock out the guard to claim Whistler's records and belongings. This leads her to the suite where T-Bag is staying. As T-Bag is frantically wiping down surfaces to hide his fingerprints, Gretchen arrives and knocks him to ground, demanding to know who he is.
Reception.
IGN gave the episode 6.4 saying that the only way to enjoy the episode is if you turn off "your brain and accept all of the ridiculous plot twists and character decisions at face value".
References.
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| blue out (karagar bhaang)
"blue out" hoise aamerikar television dharabahik "jail break" ror 63 xongkhyok khondo aaru 2008 sonor 29 septemborot aamerikat fox networkot xomprosar koraa hoisil.
plot.
michael sko 'field, bread belik, linkon bor' jo, alex mahune, fernandu sukre aaru chaara tencredy ghurar pothot aase zo 'too teuluke teulukor poroborti carddhari bisari paab. jodiu teuluke cardor xomolbur rolandor deviceot xofolbhabe kopi koriboloi byowostha kore, alex, jaar logot devicetu aase, ejon poolichor haatot mustijudho korar pisot aaru ghotonastholir poraa polayon koriboloi chesta korar pisot greptar koraa hoy. aarokhyi thanate mahunek bondho kori diya hoy aaru jontrotuke dhori teur xompotibur aatorai rokha hoy. doltuwe donaldok khobortur bixoye obogoto kore aaru teuk mahunek mukto koriboloi koy. done teur federal bez byobohar kori bisringkholotar poraa ulai jaboloi chesta kore, kintu kewol mahuner xompoti paboloi sukti koriboloi byowostha kore. mahune onischakritobhabe xonmot hoy aaru kagojburot swakhyor kore jaate done xeitu koribo paare.
pisot, done wayator xonmukhin hoy, jiye teuk xotorko kori diye je pedmane teur guponiyota bhaal paay aaru nijoke companyr byowoxayor poraa aatori thakiboloi koy. nijor maati thiyo hoi yaay aaru guchi yaay.
mahune aadalotot juwar kotha thokar baabe, teu upolobdhi kore je waiyate teuk hotya koriboloi xunanito uposthito hoh 'bob bisare. teu michaelok jonay, jiye poroborti carddharir uporot monujug diyar poriworte teuk uddhar korat xohay koriboloi xokoluke protisruti diye. mahuner protinidhi hisape obhinoy kori xarai proman lukuwaboloi teur file aaru aangulir saap lo 'boloi byowostha kore. linkon aaru michaele ottalikaloi xokti proyug kore, aaru ei bibhrantito, sukre mahune polayon korat xohay kore. waiyate doltu ulai juwatu lokhyo kore, kintu oncholtur sariufale aarokhyir baabe teulukok gulee koribo nuware. mahune teuk rokhya korar baabe gudamor doltuk dhonyobad jonay aaru taar pisot waatok etaa gupone phone kori koy je eitu byoktigoto. mahune wayator nombortu aatorai pelai diye, kintu rolande iyak aaborjonar bakchor poraa uliyai uliyai uliyai aane.
get korpuresonor pasfale, ti-bege teur karzaloyor xoite xongzukto etaa jugan almarir bhitorot kiba lukuwai aase buli onuman koriboloi huisolor kitapkhonor khutixomuh byobohar kore. obosye, teu odhik todonto korar aagotei teu ejon protarona buli prokax paay aaru nijor suitoloi ubhoti yaay. ifale, wayator dwara bondi hoi thokar poraa rokhya puwa gresen, gaa dhuwar baabe taair bhoniyekor ghorot lukai thaake. xira bisari jaboloi juwar aagote taai olop xomoy thaake, kintu eituu prokax paay je taair egoraki konya aase. gresene taar pisot huisoloror file xongroho koriboloi koo "runar karzaloyoloi yaay; jodiu taai teur potni buli daabi kore, gresene huisoloror record aaru xamogri daabi koriboloi rokhyokok nok out koriboloi badhyo hoy. iyar folot taai ti-begg thoka suitoloi yaay. jetiya ti-bege teur aangulir saap lukuwaboloi unmottobhabe pristhobhag mosi pelay, gresen aahi teuk maatit pelai diye, teu coon xeitu janiboloi daabi kore.
obhyorthona.
igne ei khondotur 6.4 nomborot koichil je ei khondotu upobhug korar ekmatro upay hoh "lo jodi aapuni" aapunar mogoju bondho kori raakhe aaru xokolu haisyorxatmok kahinir murh aaru soritror xiddhantoxomuh mukh mulyot grohon kore ".
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bishforon (karagar biroti)
"blow out" holl markin television sirij "jeela break"-err 63tomo porbo ebong etty 29shhey septembara, 2008-ayee markin juktorashtre fox networke somprocharito hoyechilo.
plot.
michael schofield, bradd belic, linkon buro, alex mahone, fernando sukro ebong saaraa tancredy ghodar pothe royechen jekhane taaraa taader poroborti card holder khunje paben. jodio taaraa safalbhabe rolander device carder visayavastu anulipi korte sokkhom hoy, alex, jaar kachhe devicety royeche, ekjon policeke ghushi marrar porey ebong ghotonasthol theke palanor chesta korar porey greptar koraa hoy. thanay, mahoneke talaboddho korey rakha hoy ebong jontro soho taar jinispatra sanrakkhan koraa hoy. dolti donaldke khabarti jaanaay ebong taake mahoneke mukto korte boley. donn taar federal byaj byabohar korey bishrinkhala theke beriye aasaar chesta korey, kintu shudhumatra mahoner sampatti pawar jonno ekti chukti korte sokkhom hoy. mahone anichchakritobhabe raji hohn ebong kagojpotrogulite swakkhar corren jaate donn taa korte paare.
porey, donn wayater mukhomukhi hoy, jey taake sotorko korey jey pyada myana taar gopaniyata pochondo korey ebong nijeke companyr byabosa theke doore thakte boley. nijer matite dandiye yaay ebong choley yaay.
mahone adalte yawar kotha thakay, seey bujhte paare jey oyyat taake hotya korar jonno shunanite thakte chaay. seey michaelke jaanaay, jey porer karddharir dike mononibesh korar poriborte taake uddhar korte sahajyo korar jonno sobaike raji koriye deyo. mahone-err protinidhi hisabe saaraa proman lukanor jonno taar file ebong anguler chhaap nitey sokkhom hoy. linkon ebong michael buildinger bidyut jaliye deyo ebong bibhrantir modhye, sukro mahonke palate sahajyo korey. oyyat dolti choley jete lakkhya korey, kintu elakar charpashe pulisher karone taader gully korte akkham hoy. mahone taake banchanor jonno gudame thaka doltike dhonnobad jaanaay ebong tarpore watke ekti gopon qala korey boley jey etty byaktigato. mahone oyyater nambarta chhunde feley deyo, kintu roland seta aborjona theke berr korey aante sokkhom hoy.
geeta corporatione firey, tii-bagti huiselarer boiyer sutroguli byabohar korey anuman korey jey taar officer saathe sangjukto ekti sarbaraha almarite kichhu lukiye achhe. tobey, arow todonto korar agey, seey protarok boley prakash paay ebong taar suite firey yaay. edike, grechen, wayater karaboron theke rakkha peye, dhoar jonno taar boner barite lukiye thaake. huisel khunjte yawar agey seey kichukkhan thaake, tobey etio prokashito hoy jey taar ekti meye royeche. grechen tokhon huiselarer file sangraha korte mrityu-nirnaiker office yaay; jodio seey taar stree boley daabi korey, grechen huiselarer record ebong jinispatra daabi korar jonno rakkhike chhitke ditey badhyo hoy. etty taake seii suite niye yaay jekhane tii-bagti thaake. jokhon tii-byag taar anguler chhaap lukanor jonno unmottobhabe pristhoguli muche felche, tokhon grechen eshe taake matite aghat korey, seey keey taa jaante chaay.
abhyarthana.
igon porboti 6.4 diyechen ebong bolechen jey porboti upobhog korar ekmatro upay holl jodi upney "upner mostishko bondho korey deena ebong samasta hasyokor plot modd ebong choritrer siddhantaguli mukher mulye grohon corren". |
visfot (jail veeram)
"blow out" aee american television shrenee "jail brack" noow 63moow episode chhe aneey 29 september, 2008naa roj united statesma foakes network parr prasaarit karvaamaa aavyo hato.
plooat.
michael scofield, bread beliqa, linken buroz, alex maahone, fernando sukre aneey saaraa tancredy hoars track parr chhe jyaan teo temnaa aagaami card dhaarakne shodhvaanaa chhe. jooe keey teo cardnee saamgreene rollandnaa upkaran parr safaltapurvak nakal karvaamaa safal thaay chhe, alex, jenee paase upkaran chhe, tenee policekarmine mukko maareene aneey ghatnaa sthalethee bhaagi javaano prayaas karyaa pachhi dharapkad karvaamaa aave chhe. police stationma, mahonene taalu maaree devaamaa aave chhe aneey upkaran saheet tenee sampattine sangraheet karvaamaa aave chhe. geng donaldne samaachaarni jaana karey chhe aneey tene maahonene mukt karvaa maate kahe chhe. doona avyavsthamathi bahaar nikalvaa maate tenaa federal bejno upyog karvaano prayaas karey chhe, parantu maatra maahoneni sampatti melavaa maate sodo karvaamaa safal thaay chhe. mahone anichchhae sammat thaay chhe aneey kaagado parr sahee karey chhe jethee doona aama curry shake.
baadmaa, donno saamno vyaat saathe thaay chhe, jeey tene chetvani aape chhe keey paid menane tenee gopaniyataa game chhe aneey teey potaane companyna vyavsaythi door rahevaa kahe chhe. pote potaani jameen parr oobho rahe chhe aneey chaalyo jaay chhe.
mahone adalatma javaanu nakki hovathi, tene khabar padey chhe keey vyaat tene maaree nakhva maate sunavanima haajar rahevaano irado dharaave chhe. teey maikalne jaana karey chhe, jeey darekne aagaami card dhaarak parr dhyaan kendrit karvaane badale tene bachavvama madad karvaa maate sahmat karey chhe. mahonena pratinidhi tareeke rajoo thaine saaraa puraava chhupavva maate tenee file aneey fingerprints levani vyavastha karey chhe. linken aneey michael imaaratni vijadee udaade chhe, aneey munjhavanma, sukre maahonene chhataki javama madad karey chhe. vyaat tolkine jataa joyee leey chhe, parantu vistaarni aaspasni policene kaarane temne golee marvama asamarth chhe. mahone tene bachavva badal warehousema aaveli gangno aabhaar maane chhe aneey pachhi vyaatne goopt phone kareene kahe chhe keey teey vyaktigat chhe. maahone vyaatno number fenki deey chhe, parantu rolland tene kacharamathi bahaar kadhvama safal rahe chhe.
geta corporationmaa, tii-bagg seaty vagadnarna pustakma sanketo upyog karey chhe teey jaanvaa maate keey tenee offices saathe jodaayel purvathaa kabaatmaa kaneek chhupayelu chhe. teey vadhu tapaas curry shake teey pahelaa, jooe keey, teey chhetarpindi karato hovaanu bahaar aave chhe aneey tenaa suitma paachho bhaagi jaay chhe. darmiyan, gratchen, vyaat dwara kedmathi bacheene, tenee bahennaa ghare dhovaa maate chhupay chhe. seaty shodhvaa maate jataa pahelaa teey thodaa samay maate rahe chhe, parantu teey pann jaaher thaay chhe keey teneene aek putri chhe. gratchen pachhi seaty vagaadnaarni file aektrit karvaa maate mrutyu samikshakni kacheree taraf jaay chhe; jooe keey teey tenee patnee hovaano daavo karey chhe, gratchenne seaty vagadnarna reqorda aneey saamaanno daavo karvaa maate rakshakne bahaar kaadhvaani faraj padey chhe. aaa teneene teey suit taraf doree jaay chhe jyaan tii-bagg rahe chhe. jyaare tii-bagg tenee aangalina nishanne chhupavva maate ugrataathi sapaateeo luchhi rahee hoya, tyaare gratchen aave chhe aneey tene jameen parr thoke chhe, teey janvani maang karey chhe keey teey koona chhe.
swaagat.
igne episodene 6.4 aapyo aneey kahyoo keey episodeno aanand maanvaano ekmatra rasto aee chhe keey jooe tame "tamara magajne bundh karoo aneey tamaam hasyaspad plooat twist aneey paatrana nirnayone phesa value parr sweekaaro". | baahar udaao (jail break)
"blow out" americi television shrinkhala "jail break" kaa 63vaan episode haye aur ise 29 sitambar, 2008 koo sanyukt raajya america mein fox network parr prasaarit kiya gayaa thaa.
plot.
michael schofield, brad belic, linken buro, alex maahone, fernando sukra aur saaraa tancredy ghode key raaste parr hain jahan unhein apana agala card dhaarak dhoondhana haye. haalaanki way safaltapurvak card kii samagri koo roland key upkaran parr coppy karane kaa prabandhan karate hain, alex, jisake paas upkaran haye, ack pulis vaale koo ghoonsa maarne aur ghatnasthal seey bhaagne kii koshish karane key baad giraftar kiya jaataa haye. pulis station mein, maahone koo bund curr diyaa jaataa haye aur upkaran sahit usaki sampatti koo door rakhaa jaataa haye. giroh donald koo swayam khabar bataata haye aur usey maahone koo mukt karane key liye kahata haye. donn gadbad seey baahar nikalane key liye apane sanghiya baij kaa upayog karane kii koshish kartaa haye, lekin kewal maahone kii sampatti praapt karane key liye ack sauda karane kaa prabandhan kartaa haye. maahone anichha seey sahmat hoe jaataa haye aur kagjat parr hastakshar kartaa haye taaki aisaa naa kiya jaa sakey.
baad mein, donn kaa saamana vyaat seey hotaa haye, joe usey chetavani detaa haye kii paid maine koo usaki gopaniyata pasand haye aur vaha khud koo company key vyavasaay seey baahar rahane key liye kahata haye. swayam apani jameen parr khadaa hoe jaataa haye aur chalaa jaataa haye.
jaise hii mahone adalat jaane vaalaa haye, usey pataa chalata haye kii vyaat usey maarne key liye sunavaai mein rahane kaa irada rakhta haye. vaha michael koo soochit kartaa haye, joe agale card dhaarak parr dhyaan kendrit karane key bajaay usey bachaane mein madad karane key liye sabhi koo manaata haye. saaraa, mahone key pratinidhi key roop mein, saboot chhipaane key liye apani file aur ungaliyon key nishan lene kaa prabandhan karati haye. linken aur michael imarat kii bijli udaa dete hain, aur bhram mein, shukra mahon koo bachane mein madad kartaa haye. vyaat giroh koo jaane parr notice kartaa haye, lekin kshetra key aspas pulis key kaaran unhein goli maarne mein asamarth haye. mahone usey bachaane key liye godam mein giroh koo dhanyavaad detaa haye aur phir usey yeh bataate hue ack gupt coll kartaa haye kii yeh vyaktigat haye. maahone vyaat kaa number fenk detaa haye, lekin roland ise kachare seey baahar nikaalane mein kamyab rahata haye.
gett nigam mein, tii-bagg ct bajaane vaale kii kitab mein surag kaa upayog kartaa haye taaki yeh pataa lagaaya jaa sakey kii usake karyalaya seey judee aapoorti almari mein kuchh chhipa huaa haye. isase pahale kii vaha aage kii jaanch curr sakey, haalaanki, vaha ack dhokhadhadi karane vaalaa honey kaa khulasa hotaa haye aur apane kamare mein vaapas bhaag jaataa haye. iss beach, gratchen, vyaat dwara kaid seey bachane key baad, apani bahan key ghar mein dhone key liye chhip jaati haye. ct bajaane key liye jaane seey pahale vaha kuchh samay key liye rahati haye, lekin yeh bhee pataa chalata haye kii usaki ack betty haye. gratchen taba ct maarne vaale kii file ikattha karane key liye mrityu sameekshak key karyalaya mein jaataa haye; haalaanki vaha usaki patni honey kaa daavaa karati haye, gratchen koo ct maarne vaale key record aur saman kaa daavaa karane key liye gaard koo baahar karane key liye majboor kiya jaataa haye. yeh usey usa kamare mein leey jaataa haye jahan tii-bagg rahata haye. jaise hii tii-bagg apani ungaliyon key nishan chhipaane key liye satahon koo ponchh rhaa haye, gratchen aataa haye aur usey jameen parr giraa detaa haye, yeh jaanane kii maang kartaa haye kii vaha kaun haye.
swaagat.
ign ney episode koo yeh kahate hue diyaa kii episode kaa anand lene kaa ekmatra tarika yeh haye kii aap "apane dimag koo bund curr dein aur sabhi hasyaspad kathaanak modd aur charitra nirnayon koo sweekaar karein.
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spotisu (jailu virama)
"blow out" embudu american duradarshana sarani "" jailu break "naa 63neey sanchikeyaagiddu, september 29,2008 randu united statesnalli foxes networknalli prasaaravaayitu".
plat.
micheal schofield, broad bellick, linken buros, alex mahon, fernando sukre mattu saaraa tancredy avaru tamma mundina cord holder annu hudukuva kudure tracknalliruttare. avaru cardna vishayagalannu rolandna saadhanadalli nakalisuvalli yashasviyaadaru, saadhanavannu hondiruva aleksnannu, policege guddida nantara mattu sthaladinda palayana maadalu prayatnisida nantara bandhisalaaguttade. police thaneyalli, mahoneyannu bandhisalaaguttade mattu sadhana seridante avana vastugalannu sangrahisalaaguttade. tandavu swatah donaldge ee suddiya bagge tilisuttade mattu mahonnannu bidugade maaduvante keluttade. daan tanna federal badge annu avyavastheyinda horabaralu prayatnisuttaane, aadare mahon aastiyannu padeyalu maatra oppanda maadikolluttaane. mahone manassilladeye opputtaane mattu daan haage maadabahudaaddarinda patrikegalige sahi haakuttaane.
nantara, daan tanna goupyateyannu ishtapaduttaane mattu kampaniya vyavahaaradinda duraviralu helikolluttaane endu echcharisuva wyaat annu edurisuttaane. tanna nelavannu taane nillisi allinda horatu hoguttaane.
mahone nyayalayakke hogalu nirdharisiddarinda, wyaat tannannu kollalu vichaaraneyalli iralu uddeshisiddaane endu avanu aritukolluttaane. avanu maikelge tilisuttaane, avanu mundina cord hondiruvavara mele gamana kendrikarisuva badalu tannannu rakshisalu sahaaya maaduvante ellara manavolisuttaane. mahoneya pratinidhiyagi natisida saaraa, saakshyavannu maremachalu avana kadata mattu beralacchugalannu tegedukolluvalli yashasviyaguttane. linken mattu micheal kattadakke vidyut annu spotisuttaare, mattu gondaladalli, suker mahon tappisikollalu sahaaya maaduttade. aaa tandavu horahoguttiruvudannu wyaat gamanisidanu, aadare aaa pradeshada suttalina polisara kaaranadindaagi avarannu gundu haarisalu sadhyavaguvudilla. tannannu ulisiddakkagi mahone ugraanadalliruva gumpige dhanyavaada heluttaane mattu nantara vyaatge idu vaiyaktika endu heluva rahasya karey maaduttaane. mahon watna sankhyeyannu eseyuttaane, aadare roland adannu kasada buttininda horategeyuvalli yashasviyaguttane.
gate corporationnalli, tii-byag tanna kacherige samparkisalaada sarabaraju kapaatinalli enannaadaroo maremaadalaagide endu uhisalu wisler pustakadallina sulivugalannu balasuttade. aadaagyoo, aatanu hecchina tanikhe nadesuva modalu, aata vanchaka endu bahirangavaguttade mattu tanna koonege odihoguttaane. etanmadhye, gretchen, vyaatninda bandhanadinda tappisikonda nantara, tanna sahodariya maneyalli snana maadalu adagikolluttaale. shilleyannu hudukalu horaduva modalu avalu swalpa samayadavarege uliyuttaale, aadare aakege magaliddaale endu saha tilidubandide. gretchen nantara seaty haakuvavara kadatavannu sangrahisalu maranottara pariksheya kacherige hoguttaane; avalu avana hendati endu helikondaru, gretchen seaty haakuvavara daakhalegalu mattu vastugalannu padeyalu kaavalugaaranannu horahaakabekaaguttade. idu avalannu tii-byag iruva koonege karedoyyuttade. tanna beralacchugalannu maremaadalu tii-byag huchchutanadinda melmaigalannu oresuttiruvaaga, gretchen bandu avanannu nelakke tattuttaane, avanu yaarendu tiliyalu ottaayisuttaane.
svaagata.
nimma medulannu off maadi mattu ellah haasyaaspada kathaavastuvina tiruvugalu mattu patrada nirdhaaragalannu mukhabelege sweekarisidare" episode annu anandisuva ekaika maargavaagide endu ign episodge 6.4 niididaru.
| spodanam (jayil break)
"american television parambarayaaya jayil brekkinte 63-aamathe episodaaya "blow outtu" 2008 septambar 29 nuu amerikkayil phoox netvarkkil prakshepanam cheythu.
plott.
maikkal scofield, brad bellic, linkon baros, alex mahon, fernando sukre, saaraa tancredy ennivar avarude adutha card holdere kandethunna kuthirappathayilaanu. cardinte ulladakkangal rollandinte upakaranathil pakarthaan avarkk vijayakaramaayi kazhinjenkilum, upakaranam kaivasham vachirikkunna alex, oru poleesukaarane idichu sambhavasthalathu ninnu rakshappedaan sramichathinu sesham arast cheyyappedunnu. police steshanil, mahone poottukayum upakaranam ulppedeyulla avante vasthukkal sookshikkukayum cheiyunnu. samgham donaldine vaartha ariyikkukayum mahone mochippikkaan aavasyappedukayum cheiyunnu. kuzhappathil ninnu purathukadakkaan doonn thante federal badge upayogikkaan shramikkunnu, pakshe mahoneyude swathukkal nedunnathinaayi oru karar undakkaan maathrame kazhiyukayulloo. doninu angane cheyyaan kazhiyunnathinayi mahon vimukhathayode sammathikkukayum pepparukalil oppidukayum cheiyunnu.
pinneedu, doonn thante svakaaryatha eshtappedunnuvennum kambani bisinessil ninnu vittunilkkan svayam parayukayaanennum munnariyipp nalkunna vyaatt donine abhimukeekarikkunnu. svayam nilathu nilkkukayum nadakkukayum cheiyunnu.
mahone kodathiyil pookaan theerumaanichappol, thanne kollan vichaaranayil pankedukkaan vyaatt uddeshikkunnuvennu avan manassilakkunnu. adutha card udamayil shradha kendreekarikkunnathinum thanne rakshikkaan sahayikkaan ellaavareyum bodhyappeduthunna maikkeline addeham ariyikkunnu. mahoneyude prathinidhiyayi veshamidunna saara, thelivukal marachuvekkaan thante file viraladayaalangalum edukkaan kazhiyunnu. linken michael kettidatthilekku vaidyuthi oothividukayum aashayakkuzhappathil, sukar mahone rakshappedaan sahayikkukayum cheiyunnu. samgham pogunnathu vyaatt shradhikkunnundenkilum pradeshathinu chuttumulla police kaaranam avare vedivaykkaan kazhiyilla. thanne rakshichathinu warehouseile samghathinu mahon nandi parayukayum thudarnnu athu vyakthiparamaanennu paranju vyaattinodu rahasyamaayi vilikkukayum cheiyunnu. mahon vyaattinte nambar erinjukalayunnu, pakshe rolland athu chavattukuttayil ninnu kuzhikkaan kazhiyunnu.
gettu korppareshanil thirichethumbol, tii-bagg vislarude pusthakatthile soochanakal upayogichu thante offeesumaayi bandhippichirikkunna oru vitharana alamarayil entho olippichirikkunnu kandethunnu. kooduthal anweshikkunnathinu munbu, addeham oru thattippukaaranaanennu velippeduthukayum thante suitilekku madangukayum cheiyunnu. athesamayam, grechan, vyaattinte thadavil ninnu rakshapetta sesham, kazhukaan sahodariyude veettil olichirikkunnu. wisler kandethaan pookunnathinumumbu aval kurachu samayam thaamasikkunnu, pakshe avalkk oru makalundennum velippedunnu. thudarnnu grechan vislarude phayal shekharikkaan maranananthara offeesilekku pookunnu; aval thante bhaaryayaanennu avakaashappedunnundenkum, vislarinte rekhakalum vasthukkalum avakashappedaan grechan gaardine thallikkalayaan nirbandhithanaakunnu. ithu avale tii-bagg thamasikkunna suitilekku nayikkunnu. viraladayaalangal maraykkaan tii-bagg parannukidakkunnathinaal, grechan vannu avane nilathu thatti, avan aaraanenn ariyanamennu aavasyappettu.
sweekaranam.
ningalude masthishkam oof cheyyukayum parihasyamaaya ellah kathaaprasamgangalum mukhavilaykku sweekarikkukayum cheyyuka" ennathaanu episode aaswadikkaanulla eaka maargam ennu ign episode nalki.
| fatake (turungatil vishranti)
"blow out' haah american durchitravani malika 'jail break' chaa 63 vaa bhag aahe aanee 29 september 2008 roji americet fox networkwar prasarit karnyat aala.
plot.
michael schofield, brad belic, linken baroj, elex mahone, fernando sukra aanee saara tancredy heey ghodyachya margavar aahet jithe tyanna tyanche pudhche card dharak shodhayache aahet. jaree teey cardmadhil samagri rolandchya upkarnavar yashasviritya coppy karnyat yashasvi jhaale asale taree, jyachyakade upkaran aahe asha elexla eka polisala mukka maroon aanee ghatanasthalavarun paloon jaanyacha prayatna kelyanantar atak kelee jaate. police thanyat, mahonela bandist kele jaate aanee upkaranasah tyachi malmatta sathavali jaate. tolhee swatah donaldla yaa batamichi mahitee dete aanee tyala mahonela mukt karnyas sangate. donn gondhalatoon baher padnyasathi tyachya federal badgecha vapar karnyacha prayatna karato, parantu keval mahonechi malmatta midvanyasathi karar karnyat yashasvi hoto. mahone anichhene sahmat hoto aanee kagadpatranvar swakshari karato jenekarun donn tase karoo shakel.
nantar, doncha samna vyatashi hoto, joou tyala ishara deto qee padd manla tyachi gopaniyata aavadate aanee too swatahla companychya vyavasayapasun door rahnyas sangato. swatah tyachi jameen ubhi thevato aanee nighun jaato.
mahone nyayalayat jaanar asalyane tyala kalate qee tyala thaar marnyasathi vyat sunavanila upasthit rahanyacha hetu aahe. too maykelala kalavato, joou pudhchya card dharkavar laksh kendrit karnyaivaji tyala vachavanyat madat karnyasathi sarvanna patvoon deto. mahonecha pratinidhi mhanoon saara purava lapavanyasathi tyachi file aanee botanche thase ghenyas yashasvi hote. linken aanee michael imarativar veej fektat aanee gondhalat, sukre mahonela paloon jaanyas madat karate. gut nighun jaatana watchya lakshat yete, parantu parisarat asalelya polisanmule too tyanna golya ghaloo shakat nahee. mahone tyala vachavalyabaddal godamatil toliche aabhar manato aanee nantar too vaiyaktik asalyache sangoon vyatala guptapane phone karato. mahone vyatcha number fekoon deto, parantu roland too too baher kadhanyas yashasvi hoto.
gett corporationmadhye, tii-bagg tyachya karyalayala jodalelya puravatha kapatat kahitari lapale aahe heey samajoon ghenyasathi shittichya pustakatil khuna vaparte. matra, too adhik tapas karnyapurvich too fasavanuk karnara asalyache ughad hote aanee tyachya kholeet parat paloon jaato. darmyan, grechen, vyatchya bandivasatun sutka karoon gheuun, tichya bahinichya gharee kapade dhunyasathi lapate. shitty shodhanyasathi nighanyapurvi tee kahee kaal rahate, parantu teela eka mulgi asalyachehi ughad hote. tyanantar grechen seaty shitty file gola karnyasathi mrutyunivarak karyalayat jaate; jaree tee tyachi patni asalyacha dawa karat asali taree, grechenla shitty shitty nondi aanee vastooncha dawa karnyasathi gardla baher kadhanyas bhag padale jaate. yamule tee tii-bagg asalelya kholeet jaate. tii-bagg tyachya botanchya thipkyanna lapavanyasathi unmattapane prushthbhag pusat asatana, grechen yeto aanee too kona aahe heey jaanun ghenyachi magani karat tyala jaminivar thothavato.
swagat.
ignane haah bhag 6.4 deela aanee mhatale qee yaa bhagacha anand ghenyacha ekmev marg mhanje jarr tumhi tumcha mendu bund keela aanee serve hasyaspad kathankatil valane aanee charitryache nirnay ankit moolyane sweekarle.
| blo out (zell break)
"blo out" americi television shringkhala "zell break" ko 63 aun episode how rar september 29,2008 maa sanyukta rajya americama fucks networkma prasaran garieko thiyo.
plut.
micheal schofield, brad belik, linken buro, alex mahone, fernando sukra rar sara tancredy hears trackma chhan jahaan uniharule afno arko card holder fela parchhan. yadyapi tiniharule cardko samagrilai rolandko upkaranma pratilipi garna safalatapurwak wyawasthapan gare pani alex, jassanga upkaran chha, ek policelai mukka hanepachhi rar ghatanasthalbata bhagne prayas garepachhi pakrau garinchha. police stationma, mahonelai banda garieko chha rar upkaransahit usako sampatti bhandar garieko chha. girohale donaldlai samacharko barema jankari dinchha rar unlai mahonelai mukta garna agraha gardacha. dunle afno sanghiya byaj prayog garera awyawasthamabata bahira niscan khojchha, tara mahoneko sampatti prapta garna matra samjhauta garna safal hunchha. mahone anichchhapurwak sahamat hunchhan rar kagajatharuma hastakshar garchhan taaki dunle tyaso garna sakos.
pachhi, danlai wyatle samana garchha, jasle usalai padmanle afno gopaniyata munn paraunchha rar afulai companyko wyawasayabata tadha rahan bhancha bhanera chetawani dinchha. swayan afno bhumima khada hunchha rar janchha.
mahone adalatma jaane taya bhaepachi, usale thaha paunchha kii wyatle usalai marne sunuwaima upasthit huna chahanchha. usale maikallai suchit gardacha, jasle arko card dharakma dhyan kendrit garnuko satta usalai bachauna maddat garna sabailai wishwasta parchha. mahoneko pratinidhiko rupma dekhaundai sarale praman lukauna afno file rar aunlakhuttaharu lyne prabandha garchhin. linken rar maikalle bhawanma shakti udaunchhan, rar bhramma, sukrale mahonlai bhagna maddat gardacha. wyatle girohalai chhodera gaeko dekhcha, tara khetra warparko policeka karan uniharulai goli hannah asamartha chha. mahonele godamma raheko girohalai usalai bachaekoma dhanyawad dinchha rar tyasapachhi yo wyaktigat how bhanera wyatlai gopya cull gardacha. mahonele wyatko number fyankchhan, tara rolandle yasalai fohorbata bahira nikalna safal hunchhan.
gett corporationma, tea-byagle sisiko pustakma raheko suragharu prayog garera unko karyalayama jodieko apurti almarima kehi lukeko chha bhanera patta lagaunchha. usale thap anusandhan garnaghi, tathapi, uu thageko khulasa hunchha rar afno suitema farkinchha. yasaibich, grechen, wyatko bandibata umkan, afnie bahiniko gharma luga dhuneka lagi lukaunchhin. sisi khojna januaghi uni kehi samaya baschhin, tara unko chhori bhaeko pani thaha hunchha. grechen tyasapachhi sisiko file sankalan garna koronerko karyalayama janchha; yadyapi unle afnie patni bhaeko dabi garchhin, grechenlai sisiko record rar samanharu davi garna gardlai bahira nikalna badhya parinchha. yasale unlai tii-byag raheko suitema laijanchha. jab tea-byagle afno aunlachhap lukaunaka lagi satahaharu unmattatapurwak unmattatapurwak chha, grechen aipugchha rar uu ko how bhanera janna mag gardai usalai bhuinma khasalchha.
swagat.
ignale episodlai 6.4 die rar bhane kii episodko ananda line ek matra tarika bhaneko yadi tapainle "afno mastishka banda garnubhayo rar sabai hasyaspad kathanak twist rar charitra nirnayaharu anuhar mulyama swikar garnubhayo" bhane how.
|
bisphorana (jail birati)
"blo out" heuchhi americae television dharabahika "jail break" rahr 63tama adhyaja ebong ehaa september 29,2008ray aamerikare foxes netawarkare prasarita hoithila.
plut.
michael schofield, brad belik, linkan buros, alex mahon, fernando sukra ebong saaraa tancredy aswapathare achanti jeunthare semane semanankara parabarti card dharakanku khojibe . jadio semane carder bishajabastugudiku rolandnka upakaranare nakal karibare saphala huanti, alex, jahanka pakhare upakarana achhi, jane pulisku mustijuddha curry ghatanasthalaru palaibaku chesta kariba parey girapha hue . police stationre, mahonnku banda karidiajaithae ebong upakarana sameth taanka sampatti sabu gachhita curry rakhajae. ehi gyang nije donaldnku khabarati janaithae ebong tanku mahonenku mukta karibaku kahe. donn gandagolaru bahariba paain taanka federal byaj byabahara karibaku chesta karanti, kintu kebala mahonnka sampatti paiba paain eka chukti karibaku parichalana karanti . mahon anichakruta bhabare raaji huanti ebong kagajapatrare dastakhat karanti jaahaa dwara donn taaha kariparibe .
parey, donn watnka sammukheen huanti, jie tanku chetabani dianti je padd myan tankara gopaneejata pasanda karanti ebong company byabasajaru doorare rahibaku nijaku kuhanti . niz maatire thia hoi chaali jaanti.
jehetu mahon adalataku jibaara karjyakram rahichhi, shay anubhaba karanti je waat tanku hatya kariba paain shunanire rahibaku chahunchhanti. shay maikelanku suchana dianti, jie parabarti carddharinka upare dhyana deba paribarte tanku uddhara karibare sahajya karibaku samastanku raaji karaithanti. mahonenka pratinidhi bhabare abhinai curry saaraa pramana luchaibaku taanka file ebong fingerprinta nebaku parichalana karanti . linkan ebong michael buildingku shakti udai dianti, ebong dwandware, sukr mahonnku palaibare sahajya kare . waat gyang chalijibaku lakhya kare, kintu sehi anchalara police hetu semananku guli karibaku asamartha . mahone tanku banchaiba paain godamare thiba gyangaku dhanyabada dianti ebong taa 'parey watnku eka gupta cull karanti jaahaa tanku byaktigata bolly kuhanti . maahone watnka nambaraku phingidianti, kintu roland ehaaku abarjana bhandararu bahara karibare saphala huanti .
gett karporesanare, tii-bagg whisler pustakare thiba sutra byabahara curry taanka karjyalaja sahita jadita eka jogaana alamarire kichhi luchi achhi bolly anumana kare . adhika tadanta kariba purbaru, shay jane thakeikaree bolly janapade ebong niz suite ku palai jaanti . iti madhyare, watnka dwara bandeetwaru rakhya paai grechen, gadhoiba paain taa 'bhaunira ghare luchithae . shay sitira khojiba paain jiba purbaru kichhi samai ruhanti, kintu ehaa madhya prakash paichi je tankara eka jhia achhi . grechen taa 'parey huislarara file sangraha karibaku coroner officeku jaanti; jadio shay taanka patni bolly daabi karanti, grechen huislarara record ebong jinishpatra daabi karibaku gardaku nuck out karibaku badhya huanti . ehaa tanku sehi suitaku neijae jeunthare tii-bagg rahichhi. jetebele tii-bagg nijara aanguthi chhapa luchaiba paain prusthabhagaku unmatta bhabare pochhi deuchhi, grechen aasi tanku bhumire pitithae, shay kie janibaku daabi kare .
swagata.
ign ehi adhyajaku 6.4 pradan curry kahithile je ehi adhyajaku upavoga karibara ekamatra upaiah heuchhi jadi apana "niz mastishkaku banda karidianti ebong samasta hasyaspada plut mode ebong charitra nishpattiku mukh moolyare grahan karanti". |
udao (jailh todd)
"blau aaoot" amriki television ladiwar "jailh break" daa 63vaan episode haii atey 29 satambar, 2008 noon sanyukat raaj amrica witch fox network utte prasarit keeta giaa see.
plaat.
michael scofield, bradd bailik, linken buroz, alex mahone, fernando sukre atey saara tancredy ghode dey track 'teey hunn jitthe uh aapna agla card dhaarak labbh rahey hunn. halanki uh card dee samaggari noon roland dey upkaran 'teey nakal curran witch safalta prapat karde hunn, alex, jiss cole upkaran haii, noon ikk pulis vaale noon mukka maaran atey mauke toon bhajjan dee koshish curran toon baad griftar qarr liaa jaanda haii. pulis station witch, mahone noon bnd qarr ditta jaanda haii atey uss dee sampati, jiss witch upkaran vee shamal haii, noon bhandar qarr liaa jaanda haii. giroh neey khud donald noon iss khabar baare soochit keeta atey uss noon mahone noon rihaa curran laee kiha. daan gadbad toon bahr nikalan laee aapne sanghi baij dee varton curran dee koshish karda haii, parr siraf mahone dee sampati prapat curran laee ikk sauda curran daa parbandh karda haii. mahone anishchitta naal sehmat hoow jaanda haii atey kagazan utte dastkhat karda haii taan joe daan ajiha qarr sake.
baad witch, daan daa sahmana vait naal hunda haii, joe uss noon chetavani dinda haii kii paed maen noon uss dee nijjata pasand haii atey uh aapne aap noon company dey carobar toon bahr rahinn laee kahinda haii. aap aapni zameen utte khadah rahinda haii atey chalaa jaanda haii.
jiven hii mahone adalat jaanh vaala haii, uss noon ahsas hunda haii kii witt uss noon maaran laee sunwai witch shamal honaa chahunda haii. uh michael noon soochit karda haii, joe agle card dhaarak 'teey dhiaan kendrat curran dee bajaae uss noon bachaun witch madad curran laee harr kise noon yakeen divaunda haii. saara, mahone dey numainde vajon pesh hoow keey, saboot lukaun laee uss dee file atey unglan dey nishan lainn daa parbandh kardi haii. linken atey michael imaarat noon bijli udaunde hunn, atey ulajhan witch, sukar mahon noon bachann witch madad karda haii. white neey giroh noon chaley jaande dekhiaa, parr ilaake dey aale-duaale pulis dey caarn uh unhan noon goli maaran witch asamrath haii. mahone neey uss noon bachaun laee warehouse witch giroh daa dhanvad keeta atey firr viot noon ikk gupat qaal karke kiha kii ih nijji haii. mahone viate daa number sutt dinda haii, parr roland iss noon koodedan vicchon bahr kaddhan witch kamyab rahinda haii.
gett corporation witch waps, tii-baig ceaty dee kitaab witch lagge suragan dee varton karda haii taan joe ih pataa lagaiaa jaa sake kii uss dey daftar naal jude saplai almari witch kujh lukiaa hoiaa haii. iss toon pahilan kii uh horr jaanch qarr sake, halanki, uss noon dhokhadhadi curran vaala dassiaa jaanda haii atey uh aapne kamre witch waps bhajj jaanda haii. iss dauran, grechen, white duaara qaid toon bachann toon baad, nahaun laee aapni bhainn dey gharr look jaandi haii. uh ceaty labbhan laee jaanh toon pahilan kujh samein laee rahindi haii, parr ih vee pataa chalda haii kii uss dee ikk dhee haii. grechen firr ceaty chalaun vaale dee file ikkathi curran laee maut dee jaanch curran vaale dey daftar vall jaanda haii; halanki uh uss dee patni honn daa daava kardi haii, grechen noon ceaty maaran vaale dey ricard atey samaan daa daava curran laee gaard noon bahr kaddhan laee majbur keeta jaanda haii. ih uss noon uss kamre vall lae jaanda haii jitthe tii-baig rahi riha haii. jiven hii tii-baig aapniaan unglan dey nishan lukaun laee satah noon putt riha haii, grechan pahunchada haii atey uss noon zameen 'teey khadkaunda haii, ih jaanan dee mung karda haii kii uh kaunn haii.
suagat.
igg neey episode noon 6,4 dinde hoye kiha kii episode daa anand lainn daa ikko ikk tarika ih haii kii tusin "aapne dimag noon bnd crow atey saare hasohine kahani dey modd atey charittar dey faisliaan noon chihre dey mull 'teey savikar crow". |
visphotah (karagarasya viraamah)
"blo aut" iti american-dooradarshan-dhaaraavaahikasy "jail break" ityasya 63 tamah khandah asti, 2008 september 29 dinaanke samyuktarajyamerikadesha faaks-network ityatra prasaaritah.
plut.
mckell scofield, brad belik, linkan buros, alex mahon, fernando sukre, saara tancredy cha ashvamaargasya sthaane santi yatra te swasya agrimam card-dhaarakam anvishyanti. yadyapi te card ityasya vishayavastoonaam pratilipim roland ityasya upakaranm prati safalatayaa kartum shaknuvanti, tathaapi alex, yasya sameepe yantram asti, saha arakshakam mushtyaa praharya, drushyaat palaayanam kartum cha prayatayitvaa gruheetah bhavati. aarakshak-sthaane mahone ityeshah bandhitah bhavati, tasya upakaranam api cha sampattih sanchitaa bhavati. girohah donald-varyam vaartaam soochayati, mahone-varyam mukttum cha praarthayati. daan ityeshah avyavasthaayaah bahihi gantum swasya sangheey-mudraamkasya upayogam kartum prayatate, parantu mahone ityasya sampattim praaptum eva karaaram kartum shaknoti. mahone anicchaabhihi sammatam krutvaa patreshu hastaaksharam karoti yena daan-varyaha tatt kartum shaknoti.
pashchat, daan-varyaha vyaat-ityanena saha sammukheekaroti, yah tam chetayati yat pyaad-myaan-vyaktihi swasya gopyataa rochati, kampanee-vyavasaayaat bahihi tishtitum cha swayam vadati iti. swayam bhoomau sthayitva cha gacchati.
yadaa mahone nyayalayam gantum nirneetah, tadaa saha jaanaati yat vyaat tam maarayitum vichaaranaayaam upasthitum icchati iti. saha mckell ityasmai soochayati, yah agrimam card-dharakasya upari dhyanam kendreekartum naa tu tam rakshayitum sahayyam kartum sarvaan sammohayati. mahone ityasya pratinidhihi iti bhaavam krutvaa saara, sakshyam lapishtum swasya sanchikaa, angulimudrika cha sweekartum prabalam bhavati. linkan tathaa mckell cha bhavanasya vidyut praavartayanti, tathaa cha bhramane sukre mahone ityenam palaayanam kartum sahayyam karoti. vyaat ityeshah giroham nishkaasayati iti avadat, parantu kshetrasya paritah aarakshakaih teshaam shoot kartum naa shaknoti. mahone, tam rakshayitum verhouse-madhye sthitasya girohasya dhanyavaadam karoti, tatah vyaat-ityasmai guptam aahvayitvaa tatt vyaktigatam iti vadati. mahone vyaat ityasya sankhyaam vidit, parantu roland ityeshah tasya apashishtat khananm kartum shaknoti.
gett-nigamm prati punah, tea-byaag, tasya karyalayena sambaddhasy aapoorti-alamaryam kimapi guptam asti iti dnyaatum, wisler-pustakasya sanketaan upayujyate. parantu, tasya agre anveshanam kartum praak, saha vanchakah iti prakatitah, punah swagruham prati palaayanam karoti. etasmin samaye, grechen, vyaat ityanena bandhanaat paraavartya, swasahotreegruham paravashaat. shitty-yantram anveshtum prasthanat poorvam saa alpakalam yaavat tishtati, parantu tasyaah putree asti iti api dnyaayate. tatah grechen, sisa-patram sangruheetum mrutyuparikshalayam gacchati; yadyapi saa tasya patnee iti udghoshayati, tathaapi grechen, sisa-patraani, vastooni cha graheetum rakshikaam nakshaat kartum baadhyah bhavati. etena saa sweet-prati netti yatra tea-byaag asti. yadaa tea-byaag swasya angulipataan lukoyitum unmattataya prushtabhaagaan pooshati, tadaa grechen aagaty tam bhoomau nakshati, saha kah iti dnyaatum yachana karoti.
sweekaranam.
ign ityayam prakaranam 6.4 iti dattavaan yat prakaranasya anandasya ekamaatrah upaayah asti yadi bhavaan "swasya mastishkam nishkriyam krutvaa, sarvaani hasyaspada-kathaanak-vakraani, charitra-nirnayaan cha mukhamoolyen sweekarotu" iti. | vedikkavum (sirai idaiveli)
"ploa awood" enbathu america tholaikaatchi thodaraana "" jail break "" inn 63 vadhu aththiyaayamaagum, idhu septumber 29,2008 andru americavil fax netvorkkil oliparappappattathu ".
sathi.
michael scofield, broad bellick, lingan poros, alex mahoan, fernando sukre mattrum saaraa dancreddy aagiyoar kudhirai paathaiyil ullanar, angku avarkal thangal aduththa attai vaiththirupavaraik kandupidippaargal. attaiyin ulladakkangkalai rolandin saathanaththil vetrtrikaramaaka nagaledukka avarkal mudinththaalum, antha saathanaththai thannudan vaiththirukkum alex, oru boliskararai kutthiya pinnar kaithu seiyappattu sambava idaththilirunththu thappikka muyarchikkiraar. kaaval nilaiyaththil, mahoan poottappattu, saathanam udpada avarathu udaimaigal saemikkappadugindrana. antha kumbal donalduku seithiyai therivikkirathu mattrum mahoanai viduvikkumaaru kaetkirathu. dawn thanathu koottaatchi badgipe payanpaduththi kuzhappaththilirunthu veliyaera muyarchikkiraar, aanaal mahon udaimaigalaip pera oru oppanthaththai mattumae seiya mudigirathu. mahoan thayakkaththudan oppukondu aavanangkalil kaiyezhuththidugiraar, enavae dawn avvaaru seiya mudiyum.
pinnar, dawn thanathu thaniyurimaiyai virumbuvathaagavum, niruvana vanigaththilirunthu vilagi irukkach solkiraar endrum echchariththa vyaattai ethirkolkiraar. suyamaaga nilaththil nindru vilagich selkiraar.
mahoan neethimantraththirkuch sella thittamidappattullathaal, thannaik kolluvatharkaaga visaaranaiyil irukka viat virumbukiraar enbathai avar unarkiraar. aduththa attai vaithiruppavar meethu kavanam seluththuvatharkup pathilaaka thannaik kaappaattra udhavumaaru anaivaraiyum namba vaikkum maikkaelukku avar therivikkiraar. mahon pirathinithiyaaga nadiththu, aathaarangkalai maraikka avarathu kooppu mattrum kairegaigalai edukka zaaraa nirvagikkiraar. linganum maikkaelum kattidaththin meethu sakthiyai veesukiraargal, maelum kuzhappaththil, sugar mahoan thappikka uthavukirathu. antha kumbal veliyaeruvathai vaat kavanikkiraar, aanaal appaguthiyaich suttriyulla poleesaar kaaranamaaga avarkalaich suda mudiyavillai. thannaik kaappaattriya kidangkil ulla kumbalukku mahoan nandri therivikkiraar, pinnar adhu thanipattathu endru vaittirku ragasiyamaaga alaikkiraar. mahoan viaattin ennai thookki erikiraar, aanaal roland adhai kuppaiyilirunthu thondi edukka mudigirathu.
caded corporationil, dii-paek visilarin puththagaththil ulla thadayangalaip payanpaduththi avarathu aluvalagaththudan inaikappatta viniyoaga alamariyil aethoa maraikkappattullathu enbathaik kandariyirathu. iruppinum, avar maelum visaarippatharku munbu, avar oru moasadi endru theriyavarukirathu, maelum thanathu araikku thappi oodugiraar. idharkidaiyil, cretson, viat siraiyil irunthu thapiya pinnar, kazhuvuvatharkaaga thanathu sagoathariyin veettil olinthu kolgiraar. visilaraik kandupidikkach selvatharku munbu aval sirithu neram thangiyirukkiraal, aanaal avalukku oru magal iruppathaakavum theriyavarukirathu. credsen pinnar visilarin kooppai sekarikka maranathandanai adhigaari aluvalagaththirkuch selkiraar; aval avarathu manaivi endru koorinaalum, credsen visilarin pathivukal mattrum udaimaigalaik kooruvatharkaaga kaavalaraith thatta vaendiya kattaayam aerpadukirathu. idhu avalai dii-paek thangiyirukkum araikku alaiththuch selkirathu. dii-paek thanathu kairegaigalai maraikka veriththanamaaga maerparappugalai thudaikkumpoathu, cretson vandhu avarai tharaiyil thatti, avar yaar endru ketkiraar.
varavaerpu.
ungkal moolaiyai anaiththu, abaththamaana kadhai thiruppankal mattrum kathaabaaththira mudivugal anaiththaiyum muga mathippil aetrtrukkondaal" aththiyaayatthai anubavikka oray vazhi endru ign aththiyaayaththirku 6.4 aik kodutthaar.
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pelchiveyandi (jailu viramam)
"bloe avt" anedi american television syries "" jailu viramam "yokka 63va episode, idhi september 29,2008naa united stateslo faaks networklo prasaram cheyabadindi".
plaat.
maikhel schofield, broad bellic, linkan buros, alex mahon, fernando sukre mariyu saaraa tancredy gurrapu track vadda unnaaru, akkada vaaru tama tadupari kaardu holdernu kanugontaaru. vaaru kaardu yokka vishayalanu roland parikaramlo coppy cheyadamlo vijayavantamainappatiki, thanatho parikaram unna alex, oka pooliisunu guddukuni, sanghatana sthalam nundi paaripovadaaniki prayatninchina tarvaata arrestu cheyabadatadu. police stationlo, mahon lock cheyabadi, parikaramtho sahaa athani aastulu nilva cheyabadataayi. muthaa aaa vaarta gurinchi donald kuu teliyajesi, mahonnu vidipinchamani adugutundi. daan gandaragolam nundi bayatapadataaniki thana federal byaadjnu upayoginchadaaniki prayatnistaadu, conny mahon yokka aastulanu pondadaaniki matrame oppandam kudurchukogaladu. mahon ayishtamgaane angeekarinchi, patraalapai santakam chestaadu, tadwara daan alaa cheyagaladu.
taruvaata, daan vyaatnu edurkontaadu, athanu pyaad myaan thana gopyatanu ishtapadataadani heccharistaadu mariyu company vyaapaaraaniki dhooramgaa undamani chebutuntaadu. thana naela meeda nilabadi, vellipotaadu.
mahon kortuku vellalsi unnanduna, tananu champadaaniki vyaat vichaaranaku haajaru kavalanukuntunnadani athanu telusukuntaadu. athanu maikhelku teliyajestaadu, athanu tadupari kaardu holderpy drushti pettadaniki badulugaa tananu rakshinchadamlo sahayapadamani prati okkarinee oppistaadu. mahone pratinidhigaa natistuu, sakshyalanu daachadaaniki saaraa athani file mariyu velimudralanu teesukogaladu. linkan mariyu maikhel bhavananiki saktini ooputaaru, mariyu gandaragolamlo, sukre mahon tappinchukovadaaniki sahaayapadutundi. muthaa vellipovadaanni vyaat gamaninchaadu, conny aaa praantam chuttoo unna pooliisula kaaranamgaa vaarini kalchalekapoyadu. tananu rakshinchinanduku giddangiloni mutaaku mahon krutagnatalu teluputuu, aapai adhi vyaktigatamani cheppi vyaatku rahasyamgaa coll chestaadu. mahon vyaat sankhyanu visurutaadu, conny roland daanini chettha nundi tavvagalugutundi.
gate corporation vadda, tii-byaag thana kaaryaalayaaniki anusandhaaninchabadina sarafara almaralo edho dachabadi undani oohinchadaaniki eela pustakam looni aadhaaraalanu upayogistundi. ayithe, athanu marinta daryaaptu cheyadaaniki mundhe, athanu mosagadu anie velladai, thana suut kii tirigi paaripotaadu. intalo, grechen, vyaat nirbandham nundi tappinchukunna taruvaata, kadagadaniki thana sodari intlo daakkundi. eela vetakadaaniki bayaludere mundu aame kontakaalam untundi, conny aameku oka kumarte kooda undani telustundi. grechen appudu eela failunu sekarinchadaaniki maranasiksha adhikari kaaryaalayaaniki veltaadu; aame athani bhaarya anie cheppukunnappatiki, grechen eela recordulu mariyu vastuvulanu pondadaaniki gaardunu kottavalasi vastundi. idhi aamenu tii-byaag unna suut kii teesukuvelutundi. thana velimudralanu daachadaaniki tii-byaag uparitalaalanu ukkiribikkiri chestu undagaa, grechen vacchi atanni neelapaiki kotti, athanu evaro telusukovalani demand chestaadu.
swaagatam.
ign episode 6,4 nuu icchaaru, meeru "mea medadunu aapivesi, anni haasyaaspada kathaamsa malupulu mariyu paatra nirnayaalanu mukha viluvatho angeekarinchadam" episodenu aasvaadinchadaaniki ekaika maargam anie chepparu.
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phainka (jail break)
"blow aaot" americi teeli vision seerez "jail break" kii 63 wein qast hay aur asay 29 satambar 2008 kuu riyasathaye muthadah mein faaks neet wark parr nashar kiyaa gayaa thaa.
plaat.
michael scofield bread belak lankan boroz aleks mahun fernando seekar aur saara tancready haars track parr haine jehaan inhein apnaa aglaa card holder talaash karnaa hay. agarcha wah card kay mandarjat kuu roland kay aalay parr kaapi karnay mein kamiyabi haasil kartay haine aleks jiss kay paas aalah hay kuu eek police ahalkaar kuu makay maar kirr aur jaaye waquah say faraar honay kii koshish kay baad giraftar kirr liyaa jaataa hay. thanay mein mahunay kuu bund kirr diyaa jaataa hay aur iss kay saamaan bashmol aalah kuu zakhirah kirr liyaa jaataa hay. gaing khood donald kuu iss khabar say aagah kartaa hay aur asay mahunay kuu aazaad karnay kay liye kehta hay. ddaan garbad say baahir nikalnay kay liye apnaa wafaqi beej istemaal karnay kii koshish kartaa hay leakin sarf mahunay kay maal haasil karnay kay liye muahidah karnay mein kamiyab hotaa hay. mahunay hichkichate hoay raazi how jaataa hay aur kaghizat parr dastakhat kartaa hay taakah ddaan aisa kirr sakay.
baad mein ddaan kaa saamna viat say hotaa hay juu asay khabardar kartaa hay kahh peed meen kuu iss kii privaisi pasand hay aur wah khood say company kay karobar say baahir rehney kuu kehta hay. khood apnee zameen parr khadaa how kirr chalaa jaataa hay.
chonkah mahunay adaalat jaanay waala hay asay ahsaas hotaa hay kahh viat asay maarnay kay liye samaat mein shaamil honay kaa aradah rakhta hay. wah michael kuu matlaa kartaa hay juu aglay card holder parr taujah markoz karnay kay bajaye asay bachanay mein madad karnay kay liye sabb kuu qayel kartaa hay. saara mahunay kay numayende kaa ruup mein sabut chhapanay kay liye iss kii fayel aur funger prents leenay kaa intezam karti hay. lankan aur michael emarat parr bajli chalatay haine aur aljhan mein shakar maahun kuu faraar honay mein madad kartaa hay. viat gaing kuu jaatay hoay dekhta hay leakin elaqay kay ard gird police kii wajah say inhein golee maarnay say qaasir hay. mahunay asay bachanay kay liye godaam mein mojud gaing kaa shakriyah adaa kartaa hay aur phir viat kuu khafiya kaal kartaa hay aur asay batata hay kahh yaha zaati hay. mahunay viat kaa number phaink deeta hay leakin roland asay koday daan say baahir nikalnay mein kamiyab how jaataa hay.
gait corporation mein tye beeg seaty kii kitaab mein mojud saraag kaa istemaal kartaa hay taakah yaha andazah lagaya jaa sakay kahh iss kay daftar say mansalk supplie almaari mein kachh chhapa hawaa hay. iss say pehley kahh wah mazeed taftish kirr sakay tahim iss kay dhokah dahee karnay kaa inkshaf hotaa hay aur wah apnay kamray mein waps bhaag jaataa hay. darein asnaa greachan viat kii qaid say bach kirr apnee behan kay gahar dhonay kay liye chhap jaati hay. wah seaty talaash karnay kay liye jaanay say pehley thodi deer rehti hay leakin yaha bhee inkshaf hotaa hay kahh iss kii eek betty hay. iss kay baad greachan seaty bajanay waalay kii fayel jamaa karnay kay liye moth kii jaanch karnay waalay kay daftar jaataa hay vovo agarcha wah iss kii bewi honay kaa daawi karti hay greachan kuu seaty bajanay waalay kay record aur saamaan kaa daawi karnay kay liye muhafiz kuu baahir nikalnay parr majbur kiyaa jaataa hay. yaha asay iss kamray kii taraf lay jaataa hay jehaan tye beeg rahh rehaa hay. jeesay hyee tye beeg apnay funger prents chhapanay kay liye sathon kuu dhoo rehaa hay greachan aataa hay aur asay zameen parr dastak deeta hay yaha jaannay kaa mutalibah kartaa hay kahh wah coone hay.
isteqbaliya.
agnee nay qast 6.4 deetay hoay kahaa kahh qast say lataf andoz honay kaa waahid tariqah yaha hay kahh agar aap "apnay dimagh kuu bund kirr dain aur plaat kay tamaam mazhakah khaiz moad aur kirdaar kay faisalon kuu fees velio parr qabool karein". |
0005a7496fabaccbe2b4c2aa6cd46e0c34eef31f8c91f14e628e8846868430f4 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5737555 | KVFD (AM) |
KVFD (AM)
Radio station in Fort Dodge, Iowa
KVFD (1400 AM) is a radio station that broadcasts from Fort Dodge, Iowa. It airs a talk format. A local news and talk program is hosted by Mike Devine.
History.
On March 15, 2009, KVFD changed its format from oldies to talk.
KVFD is not to be confused with KFVD, a Los Angeles area station using a similar call sign from 1925 to 1955.
References.
<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />
| key. bhi. ef. di. (am)
key. bhi. ef. di. (puwa 1400 bojat) hoise etaa readyo 'steson ji aaiwar pho' rt dojor poraa xomprosar kore. ee etaa tok formate xomprosar kore. maik devine (sthaniyo dangor mukh) aayujon koraa sthaniyo baatori aaru boktrita.
itihax.
2009 sonor 15 marchot kvfdye iyar formatetu bridhoxokolor poraa kothupkothonot xoloni korisil.
1925 sonor poraa 1955 sonoloike ekedhoronor koll sinho byobohar koraa los angeles oncholor steson key. ef. bhi. di.-ror xoite key. bhi. ef. di.-koo bibhranto koribo nalage.
purbor lugu.
(key. bhi. ef. di.-ror lugutu iyar purbor puroni formator odhinot)
| kvfd (am)
kvfd (1400 am) ekti redio steshana jaa phorta dozz, aioa theke somprocharito hoy. etty ekti alap binnas samprachar korey. maik debhaina (sthaniya borh mukh) dwara ayojit sthaniya khobor ebong alap.
itihas.
2009 saaler 15ee march kvfd taar binnaske briddhoder theke alap korar jonno poriborton korey.
1925 theke 1955 saal porjonto ekoi dharaner qala saina byabohar korey loss angeles elakar steshana keey. vee. eff. dii-rawr sange keey. vee. eff. dii-keey bibhranto koraa uchito noy.
purboborti logo.
(kvfd-rawr logoti taar purboborti purono binnaser adhine)
| kvfd (am)
keey. vee. aef. dii. (1400 AM) aee aek rediyo station chhe jeey phorta doj, aayovathi prasaaran karey chhe. teey vaatchitnu swaroop prasaarit karey chhe. mike devine (sthaaneek motaa mone) dwara sthaaneek samachar aneey charchaao hoosta karvaamaa aave chhe.
itihas.
15 march, march roj, keey. vee. aef. dii. aee tenu swaroop vruddhothi badaline bolvaanu swaroop karyoo.
kvfdne 1925 thee 1955 sudhee samaan qola saainno upyog kartaa losa angels eriya station kfvd saathe bhelsel naa karvee joiae.
agaauno logo.
(keey. vee. aef. dii. noow logo tenaa agaauna junaa swaroop hethal)
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key. vee. aff. dee. (am)
key. vee. aff. dee. (1400 baje) ack radio station haye joe fort dozz, ayova seey prasaarit hotaa haye. yeh ack vaarta praarup haye. mike devine (sthaaniya badey munh) dwara sthaaniya samachar aur vaarta kii mejbani kii gaee.
itihas.
15 march, 2009 koo, key. vee. aff. dee. ney apane praarup koo puraane seey badalkar baat karane key liye badal diyaa.
key. vee. aff. dee. koo 1925 seey 1955 taka isi tarah key coll saain kaa upayog karate hue key. aff. vee. dee., ack loss angils kshetra station key saath bhramit naheen kiya jaanaa chaahiye.
pichla logo.
(key. vee. aff. dee. kaa logo isake pichhale puraane praarup key tahat)
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kvfd (am)
kvfd (1400 aa. emm) ayovaada fort dadgeninda prasaaravaaguva ondu radeo kendravagide. idu maatina svaroopavannu prasara maaduttade. mike devine (sthaliya dodda baayi) ayojisida sthaliya suddi mattu bhashana.
itihaasa.
march 15,2009 randu, kvfd tanna svaroopavannu haleyavarinda maatanaadalu badalaayisitu.
kvfdyannu 1925rinda 1955ravarege idhe reetiya karey chihneyannu balasuva laas angelies pradeshada kendravaada kvvd endu gondalagolisabaaradu.
hindina laanchana.
(kvfd laanchanavu adara hindina haleya svaroopadallide)
| kvfd (aam)
ayovayile fort dodjil ninnu prakshepanam cheiyunna oru radio steshanaanu kvfd (1400 AM). ithu oru toock formaattaanu. mike devine (praadeshika bigg-vaay) aathidheyathvam vahikkunna praadeshika vaarthakalum samsaaravum.
charithram.
2009 march march kvfd athinte formet pazhayavaril ninnu samsarikkaan maatti.
1925 muthal 1955 vare samanamaaya kooll saine upayogichirunna loss enchals eriya steshanaaya keey. eph. vii. diyumayi keey. vii. eph. diye thettidharikkaruthu.
muun logo.
(kvfdude logo athinte munkaala formaattinu keezhil)
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keey. vhee. eff. dii. (aii. emm.)
keey. vhee. eff. dii. (sakali 1400) heey eka redio station aahe jeey phorta dodge, iova yethoon prasarit hote. teey charcheche swaroop prasarit karate. mike devine (sthanik mothya tondane) dware aayojit sthanik batamya aanee charcha.
itihas.
15 march 2009 roji keey. vhee. eff. dii. neey tyache swaroop vruddhanpasun bolanyaparyant badalale.
1925 teey 1955 yaa kalat ashach prakarche coll chinh vaparoon keey. vhee. eff. dii. aanee losses angelis kshetra sthanak yancha gondhal ghaloo naye.
purvicha logo.
(keey. vhee. eff. dii. chaa logo tyachya aadhichya junya swarupakhali) |
kvfd (am)
kvfd (bihan 1400 baje) euta radio station how june fort doz, aiowabata prasaran hunchha. yo wartako dhancha how. mick devine (sthaniya thula-mukh) dwara ayojit sthaniya samachar rar warta.
itihas.
march 15,2009 maa, kvfdle afno dhancha wridhaharubata kurakanima pariwartan garyo.
kbhiefdilai 1925 dekhi 1955 samma saman cull sine prayog garne lus angels khetra station kfvdsanga bhramit hunu hundaina.
aghillo logo.
(kbhiefdiko logo yasako aghillo purano dhancha antargat) | kee. bhi. aif. dii. (aii. emm.)
kee. bhi. aif. dii. (sakaala 1400) heuchhi eka redio station jaahaa fort dodge, aiowaru prasarana kare . ehaa eka alochana formatt prasarana kare . mick devin (sthaniah budd-muhn) dwara ajojita sthaniah khabara ebong bartalapa.
itihas.
march march, kee. bhi. aif. dii. ehara pharmataku purunatharu kathabartta paain badalaithila.
1925 ru 1955 parjyanta samaana cull shine byabahara curry kee. bhi. aif. dii. ku kee. aif. bhi. dii. sahita bhramita karajiba uchita nuhen, eka lus angeless anchala station .
purba logo.
(kee. bhi. aif. dii. rahr logo ehara purba puruna formatt adheenare)
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keey. vee. eff. dee. (aimm.)
keey. vee. eff. dee. (1400 vaje) ikk radio station haii joe fort doj, iova toon prasarit hunda haii. ih ikk gallbat daa format haii. mike devine (sathanak vadde moonh) duaara sathanak khabran atey gallbat dee mezbani keeti gaee.
itihaas.
15 march, 2009 noon, keey. vee. eff. dee. neey aapna format bazurgan toon badal keey gall curran laee badal ditta.
keey. vee. eff. dee. noon 1925 toon 1955 takk isey tarahan dey qaal sanket dee varton curran vaale ikk laas angels eria station keey. eff. vee. dee. naal ulajhan witch naheen paina chahida.
pichla logo.
(keey. vee. eff. dee. daa logo iss dey pichle purane format adheen) | key. vee. ef. dee. (e. emm.)
key. vee. ef. dee. (1400 e. emm.) iti radio-kendram asti yat fort dadge, ayovaa ityatah prasaaryate. etat vartalaparupam asti. maik-devain (sthaaneeyah bruhad-mukhah) ityanena aayojitaah sthaniya-vaartaah, vaartaah cha.
itihaasah.
2009 maarch 15 dinaanke key. vee. ef. dee. samsthayaa swasya swaroopam vruddhaanaam bhashanebhyah parivartitam.
1925 taha 1955 paryantam samaanam kaal-chihnam upayujya key. vee. ef. dee. iteedam key. ef. vee. dee. ityanena laas-angelies-kshetra-sthanakena saha bhramm maa bhavet.
poorvam logo.
(key. vee. ef. dee. ityasya logo poorvatan-vruddhaanaam swaroope asti)
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kae. vii. eff. dii (aee. emm)
kvft (kaalai 1400 manii) enbathu ayovaavin fort dodgeil irunthu oliparappappadum oru vanoli nilaiyamaagum. idhu oru paechchu vadivaththai oliparappukirathu. ulloor seithigal mattrum paechchu maik devine (ulloor periya vaai) moolam nadaththappadukirathu.
varalaaru.
maarch 15,2009 andru, kvft adhan vadivamaippai vayathaanavarkalidamirunthu paesuvatharku maattriyathu.
1925 muthal 1955 varai idhae poantra alaippu adaiyaalaththaip payanpaduththi losses aenjals pakuthi nilayamaana kft udan kvft kuzhappamadaiyakkoodaathu.
munththaiya chinnam.
(kvftyin logo adhan munththaiya pazhaiya vadivaththin keezh ullathu) |
kvfd (am)
kvfd (udayam 1400) anedi fort dodge, ayova nundi prasaram chese radeo station. idhi tock formatt loe prasaram avutundi. mike devine (sthaanika pedda noti) sthaanika vaartalu mariyu charchalanu nirvahistundi.
charitra.
marchi 15,2009naa, kvfd thana aakrutini vruddhula nundi maatlaadataaniki maarchindi.
1925 nundi 1955 varaku idhe vidhamaina coll gurtunu upayoginchina laas angels area station ayina kvfdtho kvfdni ayomayam chendakudadu.
munupati logo.
(kvfd yokka logo daani munupati paatha formatt kinda)
| kay wee aif ddee (aey ayem)
kay wee aif ddee (1400 bajay) eek redio station hay juu fort dooj aaiyowa say nashar hotaa hay. yaha baath cheet kaa eek formate hay. mayik devine (maqami baday manah) kay zariah maqami khabrein aur guftagu kii mezbani kii gayee.
tareekh.
15 maarch 2009 kuu kay wee aif ddee nay apnee shakal kuu oldez say badal kirr taak kirr diyaa.
kay wee aif ddee kuu kay aif wee ddee kay saath aljhan mein nahein daalna chahiye juu 1925 say 1955 takk asee tarah kay kaal saain kaa istemaal karnay waala laas angeles kaa eek airiya station hay.
pichla logo.
(kay wee aif ddee kaa logo iss kii sabqah oldez formate kay tahat)
|
0005ab8966224a3da2f68da6af8350ba301a0c3a957d7ef315208f8830c076a7 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14987622 | John R. Gordon |
John R. Gordon
British writer (born 1964)
John R. Gordon (born 1964) is a British writer. His work – novels, plays, screenplays and biography - deals with the intersections of race, sexuality and class. With Rikki Beadle-Blair he founded and runs queer-of-colour-centric indie press Team Angelica. Although he was a "white person from a white suburb", according to Gordon, in the 1980s he became deeply interested in black cultural figures such as James Baldwin, Malcolm X and Frantz Fanon, and they have influenced his work ever since.
Early work.
Between 1993 and 2001 Gordon published three groundbreaking novels of Black gay British life, "Black Butterflies", "Skin Deep", and "Warriors & Outlaws" (the first two with Gay Men's Press, the third with Millivres/Prowler). In 1995 he directed his play "Wheels of Steel", about a closeted young thug paralysed in a joyriding accident and his flamboyant male nurse, at the Gate Theatre, London. It starred Rikki Beadle-Blair and Karl Collins, who went on to play each other's estranged husbands in Beadle-Blair's Channel 4 series "Metrosexuality". He wrote a 1999 sitcom pilot "The Melting Pot" about a macho black British man (Felix Dexter) coming to terms with his long-lost Jamaican brother's homosexuality. Although it never made it beyond Channel 4's Sitcom Festival to television, "The Independent" praised it for offering innovative characters and situations. It also starred Terry Alderton.
"Noah's Arc".
Gordon script-edited two seasons of Patrik-Ian Polk's television show "Noah's Arc" (2005–6) for the US cable channel Logo. He wrote two episodes of the second season,("Desperado" and "Under Pressure"), and across 2007 co-storylined (with Polk and Q. Allan Brocka) the spin-off feature-film, subsequently co-writing the screenplay with Polk. The film, ', was given a limited release in six American cities, where it played to sold-out houses at the end of October 2008 and recouped $500,000 in ticket sales alone. The "Jumping The Broom" script that Gordon and Polk wrote was nominated for an NAACP Image Award, as was the film itself in the Best Independent Feature category. In April 2009 the film won the GLAAD Best (limited release) Feature Film Award. In 2020 he co-executive produced ', a reunion episode written and directed by Polk, and presented by Gilead Sciences on 5 July. It starred all original cast members and included a feature cameo by Wanda Sykes as Noah's mother, for which she was nominated for a 2021 Emmy for Outstanding Guest Performer in a Daytime Fiction Program. In January 2021 it was awarded a GLAAD Special Recognition Award.
"Souljah" (short film).
His 10-minute short film "Souljah" – about a gay African former child soldier (B3/Angelica Entertainments 2007), and directed by Rikki Beadle-Blair – premiered at the London Film Festival on 30 October 2007. In July 2008 "Souljah" won the award for Best Short Film at the Rushes Soho Shorts Film Festival. April 2009 it won Best International Short at the Toronto Reelworld Film Festival. It was directed by Rikki Beadle-Blair for Team Angelica Productions and produced by Beadle-Blair, Gordon and Carleen Beadle.
As publisher.
In 2011, with Rikki Beadle-Blair he established the radical queer-of-colour-focused imprint Team Angelica Publishing. Its first book was Beadle-Blair's "What I Learned Today". In 2013 they published the well-received and groundbreaking short-story collection "Fairytales for Lost Children" by gay Somali author Diriye Osman. On 8 October 2014 "Fairytales for Lost Children" won the Polari First Book Prize. In 2015 they published Roz Kaveney's novel, "Tiny Pieces of Skull", which went on to win the 2016 Best Trans Fiction Lambda Literary Award. In November 2017 they published the first ever gay African memoir, "Lives of Great Men" by Chike Frankie Edozien. It was favourably reviewed in the London "Financial Times" and won the Best Gay Memoir/Non Fiction Lambda Literary Award in 2018. It went on to be republished by Jacana Books in South Africa, in July 2018, and by Ouida Books in Nigeria. In February 2018 they published "Sista!", an anthology of writings by same-gender-loving women of African/Caribbean descent with a UK connection, edited by Gordon, Beadle-Blair and UK Black Pride co-founder Phyll Opoku-Gyimah; it included writers such as Yrsa Daley-Ward and was shortlisted for a 2019 Lambda Literary Award.
In 2020 he and Beadle-Blair contracted iconic gay African-American author Larry Duplechan to write a memoir of his love of film, "Movies That Made Me Gay": it was published October 2nd 2023.
"Black and Gay in the UK: an anthology".
Published on 20 October 2014, "Black and Gay in the UK" was co-edited with Rikki Beadle-Blair for their Team Angelica imprint. Its 352 pages of poems, memoirs, fictional stories and essays exploring the lives of black gay men with some connection to the United Kingdom includes writers, artists and activists such as Leee John, Travis Alabanza, Dean Atta, Adam Lowe, David McAlmont, Bisi Alimi, black British photographer Robert Taylor, Topher Campbell and Jide Macaulay.
Other work.
In 2009 he co-wrote the screenplay for the short film "Manali Cream" (dir. Navdeep Kandola). In summer 2009 his one-act play "Afro-Pik - a play about Black Man Hair", featuring Fisayo Akintunde was premiered at the Central School of Speech and Drama summer school. In summer 2010 his short play "Work!" premiered at Theatre503 as part of Golden Delilah's production, "7:1 Beyond Control".
Gordon was art designer on the feature films "Fit", "KickOff", "Bashment", and the hour-long film "Free" (2014) (all Team Angelica productions).
2012–017 Gordon and Beadle-Blair co-mentored "Angelic Tales" at the Theatre Royal Stratford East, a lengthy development project for new writers culminating in two-week-long seasons of staged readings on the theatre's main stage. Several of the plays they developed, such as Somalia Seaton's "Crowning Glory" (2013), Lynette Linton's "Step" (2013) and Alexis Gregory's "Slap" (2018) have gone on to full productions and/or tours. In 2017 he dramaturged Linton's exploration of mixed race British identity, "Lightie", which played to sold-out audiences at the Arcola Theatre; the playtext was published by Team Angelica, as was the playtext of "Slap".
Gordon was script consultant and associate producer on Patrik-Ian Polk's feature film "Blackbird" (2014) – a Tall Skinny Black Boy/Hicks Media co-production, written by Rikki Beadle-Blair and Polk, adapted from Larry Duplechan's novel of that name, and starring Mo'Nique and Isiah Washington.
"Faggamuffin" (novel).
Gordon's fourth novel, "Faggamuffin", was published in 2012. It is about a gay Jamaican reggae producer - Cutty, a character who first appeared in "The Melting Pot" - on the run from the authorities.
On 3 November 2015 a theatrical version of "Faggamuffin", directed by Rikki Beadle-Blair and starring Nathan Clough, Marlon Kameka and Savannah Rae, was presented at the Bush Theatre as part of the "Gay Buddies Week".
The novel inspired the formation in 2020 of the queer carnival activist group Faggamuffin Bloc Party.
"Souljah" (novel).
On 22 September 2014 Gordon's sixth novel, "Souljah", was published by Team Angelica. It's an extrapolation of characters and situations first presented in the award-winning short film of the same name. It was favourably reviewed by ka-os.blogspot.com: "this is a story that deserves everyone's attention. Souljah is truly breathtaking, in scale, and in ambition. I cried like a baby at times, and as events rapidly escalated in the novel's final act, I just couldn't put it down" and in the Huffington Post: "...a novel that defies categorization. It's a mashup of the immigrant saga, a chilling gangster thriller, a state-of-the-nation novel, a coming-of-age story and an intimate family portrait with a harrowing war crime at its heart. The fact that Gordon never once drops the ball makes Souljah a sprawling, visually arresting masterpiece." On 4 March 2015 it was shortlisted for a Lambda Literary Award.
Yemi and Femi.
Yemi and Femi are cartoon characters created by Gordon ('my lil' nephews'), British-Nigerian gay teen clubkid best friends, who first appeared in the graphic novella "Yemi & Femi's Fun Night Out". Published in September 2015, it is a 42-page black-and-white graphic novella about Yemi and Femi and Femi's boyfriend Mixtape, and their adventures one night after being thrown out of a nightclub. The graphic novella explores issues around HIV, safe sex, PEP (post-exposure prophylaxis), PrEP (pre-exposure prophylaxis) and sero-discordancy in a comical way, in street-level language and urban slang. Gordon received an Arts Council grant to make copies available free to gay urban young people and sexual health charities.
On 28 April 2016 Gordon's short HIV-themed comedy play "Yemi and Femi go da Chemist" was premiered at Team Angelica's "Boom!" event as part of the "AmBush" at London's highly respected Bush Theatre, to an enthusiastic response from the sold-out audience. He and Beadle-Blair co-dramaturged the event, which showcased thirty-eight writers over two nights. The text of the play was included in the Team Angelica anthology, "Black and Gay in the UK".
On May 9th 2023 Gordon's one-act play, "Yemi & Femi Go Windrush", which sees the titular characters go back in time and encounter a gay Caribbean couple having a secret affair in 1950s Notting Hill, was presented as a staged reading as part of Tom Ratcliffe's Platform festival at the King's Head Theatre, dir. Rikki Beadle-Blair.
"Drapetomania" (novel).
Published in May 2018, "Drapetomania" is a 500-page novel set in the American South. Ten years in the writing, it is an epic tale of black freedom, uprising, and a radical representation of romantic love between black men in slavery times. Patrik-Ian Polk has called it 'an all-out masterpiece'; Michael Eric Dyson has haled it as 'a dazzling work of imagination'; and Audre Lorde biographer Alexis De Veaux described it as 'a riveting, masterful work'. It was favourably reviewed in the London Financial Times, which said it was 'a damning indictment of America's racist history... often deeply moving and gripping'. On 25 April 2019 it won the Publishing Triangle's prestigious Ferro-Grumley Award for best LGBTQ fiction.
"Hark" (novel).
"Hark", pub Sept 2020, is a gay teen interracial romance set in a present-day extrapolation of the Southern Gothic landscape of "Drapetomania". It contains a supernatural element exploring American's racially haunted past, and the turning of lynching photographs into postcards as souvenirs. Award-winning black gay fantasy writer Craig Laurance Gidney called it 'audaciously provocative, sexy and spooky all at once. And very much of the zeitgeist'; "Blackbird" author Larry Duplechan described it as 'a welcome addition to the tradition.' It was listed as a Book of the Year by Books for Keeps.
A Curious World.
With queer Rwandan performance artist Urban Wolf, in 2022 Gordon created a series of interlinked works, featuring the same cast of Black queer characters, set in 'the endz' in South London: the 40-minute grime audio drama "Scooters, Shooters & Shottas: a Curious tale" (launched at Theatro Technis on 19th April) and a raucous 17-minute short film, "Curious" - both directed by Rikki Beadle-Blair, about a closeted rapper's quest for self-expression and liberation, also starring Dior Clarke and Curtis Brown.
References.
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| john aar. go "rdon
john aar. go 'rdon (jonmo 1964) ejon britis lekhok. teur kaam-uponyax, naatok, sitronatyo aaru jiwani-jaati, jounota aaru shrenir sedor xoite jorito. rikki beedle-blair xoite teu protistha korisil aaru rongo-kendrik indie press doll angelica solay. jodiu teu "etaa bogaa uponogoror bogaa byokti" aasil, go "rdonor mote, 1980-ror doxokot teu james baldwin, malcom ex aaru frantz fenonor dore koo" laa xangoskritik byoktitwor proti gobhir aagrohi hoi porisil, aaru tetiyare poraa teuluke teur kaamok probhabito korise.
prarombhik kaam.
1993 sonor poraa 2001 sonor bhitorot go 'rdone koo' laa ge britis jiwanor tinita jugantokari uponyax prokax korisil, "koo 'laa pokhila", "saalor gobhirota", aaru "juddha aaru oporadhi" (prothom dutaa xomokami puruxor presor xoite, tritiyokhon milliver/pro' laaror xoite). 1995 sonot teu londonor get theaterot ek anondodayok durghotonat pokhyaghatgrosto huwa ejon bondho juwo thaag aaru teur probhawxali purux nursor bixoye teur naatok "huils owo steel" porisalona korisil. iyat rikki beedle-blair aaru carl collinse obhinoy korisil, jiye beedle-blair senel 4 sirij "metro" sexuality "too ijone xijonor bischinno swamir bhumikat obhinoy korisil. teu 1999 sonot etaa chitcom pilot "dyo melting pott" likhisil zo 'too teu ejon masu black britis manuh (felix dexter) ror bixoye likhisil ji teur dirghodin dhori heruwa jamaikan bhatrir xomokamitar xoite xamonjosyo raakhe. jodiu ee ketiyau senel 4-ror chitcom festivalor poraa durodorxonoloi juwa nasil, "dyo independent"-e udbhawonimulok soritro aaru poristhiti aagborhuwar baabe iyak proxongxa korisil. iyat terry eldertonoku obhinoy koraa hoisil.
"nuhor saap.
gordon script-xompadona koraa dutaa sijonor dexpremi-ian pulkor television swo '"nuyas aark" (2005-6) aamerika juktorastror kebul senelor lugur baabe. teu dwitiyo sijonor dutaa khondo likhisil, ("hotax" aaru "sapot"), aaru 2007 sonor gutei xomoisuwat xoho-kahinibodho (polk aaru q ror xoite. olen broka) spin-off fisar-film, poroborti xomoyot poo 'lokor xoite sitronatyor xoho-rosona korisil. sobikhone aamerikar soikhon sohorot ximito mukti laabh korisil, zo 'too ee 2008 sonor octoboror xexot bikri huwa ghorburot obhinoy korisil aaru kewol tikot bikrit 500,000 dollar ghurai paisil. go 'rdon aaru polke likha "jumping dyo broom" sitronatyotu ek nakpo sobi botar baabe monunit hoisil, jenekoi sobikhon nijei shrestho swotontro boixistyo shrenit aasil. 2009 sonor aprilot sobikhone shrestho (ximito mukti) solositro botaa laabh kore. 2020 sonot teu xoho-karzobahi hisape 'runion ep "dodd' projujona korisil, jitu poo 'lkor dwara likhito aaru porisalito, aaru 5 julyte gilliad sayenchor dwara uposthapon koraa hoisil. iyat xokolu mool obhineta-obhinetriye obhinoy korisil aaru iyat wanda saikche nuyar maatri hisape etaa bixex otithi obhinoy korisil, jaar baabe teuk 2021 sonor emmir baabe monunit koraa hoisil. 2021 sonor januaryt iyak ek glad bixex swikriti botaa prodan koraa hoisil.
"cho 'lojah" (suti solositro).
teur 10 minutor suti sobi "cho 'lojah"-egoraki ge african prakton xixu xoinikor bixoye bixoye enterment 2007), aaru rikki beedle-blair dwara porisalito-2007 sonor 30 octoborot london solositro mohutxowot primiyar koraa hoisil. 2008 sonor julyte "cho' lojah"-e raas cho 'hu suti solositro mohutxowot shrestho suti solositror botaa laabh korisil. 2009 sonor aprilot ee torontu reelworld solositro mohutxowot shrestho antohrastriyo suti solositro botaa laabh korisil. iyak rikki biddle-bleyare dolor angelica projujonar baabe porisalona korisil aaru biddle-blair, go 'rdon aaru carlin biddlor dwara projujit hoisil.
prokaxok hisape.
2011 sonot rikki beedle-blair xoite teu radical quier-owo-kolor-kendribhut imprint doll angelica prokax protistha korisil. iyar prothom grontho aasil beedle-blair "aaji moi ji xikisu". 2013 sonot teuluke xomokami xumali lekhok diriye uxomanor dwara "heruwa xixur baabe rupkotha" naamor ek oti jonopriyo aaru jugantokari suti golpor xongroho prokax korisil. 2014 sonor 8 octoborot "heruwa xixur baabe rupkotha"-e polari prothom kitapor botaa laabh korisil. 2015 sonot teuluke ruj kabhenir uponyax "scolor xoru tukura" prokax korisil, ji 2016 sonor shrestho trains fiction lamboda xahityo botaa laabh korisil. 2017 sonor novembor maahot teuluke chik franky edujiyenor prothom xomokami african smoron "lifes owo great menn" prokax korisil. londonor "bittiyo xomoyot" iyak onukulbhabe porzaluchona koraa hoisil aaru 2018 sonot shrestho xomokami smoron/nono fiction lamboda xahityo botaa laabh korisil. iyak dokhyin africat jakana bukche, 2018 sonor julyte aaru nigeriat oh 'idaa bukche punor prokax korisil. 2018 sonor februaryt teuluke "chista!" prokax korisil.", go" rdon, beedle-blair aaru iuke black pridor xoho-protisthapok philuku-giyamar dwara xompadito iuke xongzugor xoite african/keribiyan bongxodruhi eke-lingo-premik mohilar likhonir ek xongkolon; iyat yorsa daali-wardor dore lekhok ontorbhukto aasil aaru 2019 sonor lamboda xahityo botar baabe xongkhipto talikabhukto koraa hoisil.
2020 sonot teu aaru beedle-bleyare teur solositror premor smoron "chinema jiye muk xomokami kori tulisil", 2023 sonor octoborot prokax korar baabe iconic ge african-aamerikan lekhok leri duplesanor xoite sukti korisil.
"" "britainot koo 'laa aaru xomokamih ek xongkolon.
2014 sonor 20 octoborot prokaxito, "black endo ge inn dyo iuke" teulukor dolor angelica imprintor baabe rikki beedle-blair xoite xoho-xompadona koraa hoisil. iyar 352 pristhar kobita, smoron, kalponik kahini aaru rajyor xoite kichu xomporko thoka koo 'laa xomokami puruxor jiwan onwexon koraa probondhoxomuhot lekhok, xilpi aaru kormi jene lee john, travis alabonja, dinn aata, edaam luwe, david macalmont, bisi aalimi, koo' laa britis photographer robert tailor, topoher campbell aaru jaide mek 'ley ontorbhukto aase.
onyo kaam.
2009 sonot teu suti sobi "manali kreem" (dir) ror sitronatyo xoho-likhisil. novdeep kandula). 2009 sonor grishmokalot teur ek-akriya naatok "aafru-pick-koo 'laa manuhor sulir bixoye ekhon naatok", zo' too fisayu aakintunder boixistyo aasil, centrel skool owo spich endo drama grishmokalin bidyaloyot primiyar koraa hoisil. 2010 sonor grishmokalot teur suti naatok "work!"golden delilahor projujonar ongxo hisape theater 503-too primiyar koraa hoisil," "7:1 niyontronor bahirot.
go 'rdon "fitt", "kikof", "baswoment" aaru ghonta-dighol sobi "free" (2014) (xokolu dolor angelica projujona) ror kolaa designor aasil.
2012-017 gordon aaru beedle-bleyare theater royel stratford istot "angelic tails" ror xoho-proxongxa korisil, notun lekhokxokolor baabe ek digholiya unnoyon prokolpo ji theater mool monchot dui xoptah dhori monchostho porhar sijonot porinot hoisil. teuluke bikoxito koraa keibakhonu naatok, jene xumalia sitonor "crowning glo" ree "(2013), linet lintonor" step "(2013) aaru alexis gregurir" slape "(2018) xompurno projujona aaru/baa bhromonoloi goise. 2017 sonot teu lintonor misrito jaatir britis porisoyor onwexon, "light" natokiyo korisil, ji archola theaterot bikri huwa dorxokor baabe khelaa hoisil; platextu team angelicai prokax korisil, jenekoi "slyap" ror platext aasil.
go 'rdon aasil petrik-ian pulkor fisar film "blackbird" (2014)-ror chitro poramorxodata aaru xohojugi projujok-rikki beedle-blair aaru pulkor dwara likhito ek ukh skinny black boy/hicks miriya xoho-projujona, leri duplesanor xei naamor uponyaxor poraa obhijujit, aaru mu' nik aaru iyah waswington obhineet.
"fegumphin" (uponyax).
go 'rdonor soturthokhon uponyax, "fegumphin", 2012 sonot prokaxito hoisil. ee hoise egoraki xomokami jamaikar regee projujok-kaatir bixoye, jijon prothombaror baabe "dyo melting pott" too dekha goisil-kortripokhyor poraa polayon kori.
2015 sonor 3 novemborot rikki beedle-blair dwara porisalito aaru nathan cloff, marlon kameka aaru sabhana rey obhineet "fegumphin" ror ekhon naatyo xongskoron "ge bodij week" ror ongxo hisape buswo theaterot uposthapon koraa hoisil.
ei uponyaxkhone 2020 sonot kuir carnivalor kormi gutt fegamafin block partyr gothonok onupranito korisil.
"cho 'lojah" (uponyax).
2014 sonor 22 septemborot go 'rdonor xostho uponyax "cho' lojah" doltur angelicai prokax korisil. eitu eke naamor botaa bijoyi suti solositrokhonot prothome uposthapon koraa soritro aaru poristhitir ek extrapolation. kaa-oh "sor dwara iyak onukulbhabe porzaluchona koraa hoisil.blogospot.komoh "eitu etaa kahini ji xokolure monujugor jugyo. aatma xosakoiye swax-proswaxor, scalot, aaru ussakangkhyat. moi ketiyaba xixur dore kandisilu, aaru uponyaxkhonor suranto karzot ghotonabur drutogotit briddhi puwar loge loge, moi iyak tolot rakhibo nuwarilu "aaru huffington postot...shrenibibhajonor birudhita koraa ekhon uponyax. eitu probrojonkari kahinir ek mishron, ek xitol gengstar thriller, ek rastriyo uponyax, ek boyoxor kahini aaru ek ghonistho poriyalor chitro jaar hridoyot ek kostodayok juddho oporadh aase. go 'rdone ketiyau ebaar boltu pelai nidiye buli kuwar folot cho' lojah ek bistrito, dristixoktire aakorxoniyo shrestho xilpokormo hoi pore."2015 sonor 4 marchot iyak lamboda xahityo botar baabe basoni koraa hoisil.
iyemi aaru femi.
iyemi aaru femi hoise go 'rdon (' mur lill 'bhotija'), britis-nigerian ge tinn clubber ataitkoi bhaal bondhur dwara sristi koraa cartoon soritro, ji prothombaror baabe graphik uponyax "iyemi aaru femir faan night out" too dekha goisil. 2015 sonor septembor maahot prokaxito, ee hoise iyemi aaru femi aaru femir premik mixtepor bixoye 42 pristhar koo 'laa-bogaa graphik uponyaxika, aaru etaa noixo clubber poraa bahiroloi peluwar pisot edin nixa teulukor duxahxik obhijan. graphik uponyaxkhone eis. aai. bhi., nirapod jounota, pep (post-exp 'jaar profilexis), prip (pri-exp' jaar profilexis) aaru seru-discordencyr sariufalor bixoibur rasta-storor bhaxa aaru nogoriya opobhaxar haisyorxatmokbhabe onwexon kore. go 'rdone xomokamitaxokolor nogoriya juwok-juboti aaru jouno swasthyo datobyo xongsthaxomuholoi protilipixomuh binamuliyabhabe upolobdho koriboloi ek kolaa porixodor onudan laabh korisil.
2016 sonor 28 aprilot go 'rdonor suti eis. aai. bhi-thimjukto comedy naatok "yemi endo femi gu daa chemist"-ror primiyar koraa hoisil team angelicar "bum!"londonor otyonto xonmaniyo buswo theaterot" "aakosmik aakromon" "ror ongxo hisape onusthito huwa ei onusthantur baabe bikri huwa dorxokxokolor poraa ek utxahi xohari puwa yaay. teu aaru beedle-bleyare ei onusthantu xoho-natokiyo korisil, zo 'too dui nixar bhitorot orotrixjon lekhokor prodorxon koraa hoisil. natokhonor pathtu dolor angelica xongkolonot ontorbhukto koraa hoisil, "britainot koo 'laa aaru ge".
2023 sonor 9 mey 'too go' rdonor ek-akriya naatok, "yemi endo femi gu windras", zo 'too naamor soritrobur xomoyor logot ghuri juwa dekha yaay aaru 1950-ror doxokot ek xomokami keribiyan dompotir xoite ek gupon xomporko thoka dekha yaay. rikki biddle-blair.
"drapetumania" (uponyax).
2018 sonor mey "maahot prokaxito" drapetumania "hoise aamerikar dokhyinot sthapito ekhon 500 pristhar uponyax. doh bosoror ei lekhonitu koo 'laa swadhinota, bidruh aaru daxotwor xomoyot koo' laa puruxor maajot romantik premor ek aamul protinidhitwor ek mohakabyik kahini. petrik-ian polke iyak 'ek xompurno shrestho kriti' buli obhihito korise; michael irik daisone iyak 'kolponar ek somotkar kaam' hisape obhihito korise; aaru oh 'drey lordor jiwonikar alexis di vacce iyak' ek reveting, dokhyo kaam 'hisape bornona korise. londonor bittiyo xomoyot iyak onukulbhabe porzaluchona koraa hoisil, zo 'too kuwa hoisil je ee aamerikar bornobadi itihaxor ek bhoyanok obhijug... praye gobhirbhabe goti kore aaru aakorxoniyo hoy. 2019 sonor 25 aprilot ee shrestho el. ji. bi. ti. kiu. kolpokahinir baabe prokax tribhujor xonmaniyo feru-grumoli botaa laabh korisil.
"hark" (uponyax).
"hark", paab sept 2020, hoise ek xomokami kixur-kixuri antohrastriyo romanch ji bortoman "drapetumania" ror dokhyin gothik bhudrisyor ek extrapolationot set koraa hoise. iyat aamerikar jatigotovabe bhutpurno otit onwexon koraa ek otiprakrito upadan aase, aaru linching photographbur smritisihno hisape postcardoloi rupantorit koraa hoise. botaa bijoyi koo 'laa ge fantaxy lekhok craig larence gidone iyak' eke xomoyote duxahxikbhabe uskanimulok, sexi aaru bhoyongkor buli obhihito korisil. aaru bohut besi jeitjisto; "blackbird" lekhok leri duplesone iyak 'poromporar ek swagotomo jug hisape bornona korisil.'iyak rokhar baabe kitapor dwara bosoror kitap hisape talikabhukto koraa hoisil.
| john arr. gherao
john arr. gordon (jonmo 1964) ekjon british lekhok. taanr kaaj-uponyas, natok, chitronatto ebong jeeboni-jaati, jounota ebong shrenir chhed niye kaaj korey. rikki biddle-blair saathe tini quier-off-kaalar-centric indie presha team angelica protistha corren ebong porichalona corren. jodio tini "ekti saadaa shahartalir saadaa byakti" chhilen, gordoner motey, 1980-err doshke tini james baldowin, malcom eksa ebong frantz fannoner moto krishnanga sangoskritik byaktittoder proti govirbhabe agrahi hoye othen ebong taaraa tokhon thekei taanr kaajke probhabito koreche.
prathomik kaaj.
1993 theke 2001 saaler modhye gordon kaalo samakami british jeeboner tinti jugantokari uponyas prakash koreche, "black prajapati", "twaker govirota" ebong "oyariyarsa anned outle" (prothom duti samakami purushder presser saathe, tritiyoti milliver/proller saathe). 1995 saale tini taanr natok 'huils off still' porichalona corren, jaa londoner geeta theatrey ekti joyriding durghotonai pokkhaghatgrosto eka bondho jubok ebong taar jhalmale purush nurse somporke. etey abhinoy korechen rickie biddle-blair ebong curl collins, jaaraa biddle-blair channel 4 sirij "metrosexuality"-teey eke oporer bichchinno swamider choritre abhinoy korechilen. tini 1999 saale ekti sitcom pilot "dya melting pott" likhechilen jeti ekjon kaalo purush british (felix dexter) somporke jaa taar deergho-hariye yawa jamaikan bhaiyer somokamitar saathe samanjasyapurna. jodio etty channel 4-err sitcom utsab theke televisioner baire kokhono yayni, "swadhin" udbhaboni choritro ebong poristhiti prodaner jonno etir proshongsha koreche. etey terry aldertono abhinoy korechilen.
"" "noher chup.
markin cable chyaneler logor jonno patrick-iyana polker television shoe "noah 'shha arch" (2005-6)-err duti morshumer chitronatto-sampadana korechen gordon. tini dwitiya morshumer duti porbo likhechilen, ("hotash" ebong "chaaper modhye"), ebong 2007 judey soho-golpoboddho (polk ebong cue soho. allan broka) spina-off fitcher-film, porobortikale polker saathe chitronatto soho-likhechen. cholochchitroti, ', chhoyti markin shohore seemit mukti deoa hoyechilo, jekhane etty octobor 2008-err sheshe bikri hoye yawa badigulite khelechilo ebong shudhumatra ticket bikrite 500,000 dollar punoruddhar korechilo. gordon ebong polk jey "jumping dya broom" scripti likhechilen taa ekti naap image awarder jonno manoneet hoyechilo, jemonti cholochchitroti nijei sera swadhin baisishtya bibhage chhilo. 2009 saaler aprile cholochchitroti sera (seemit mukti) fitcher filmer puraskar jitechilo. 2020 saale tini soho-nirbahi prajojana korechilen ', polk dwara likhito ebong porichalito ekti punarmilaner porbo, ebong 5 julai gilliade sciences dwara uposthapito hoyechilo. etey mool custer samasta sadasya abhinoy korechilen ebong noher maa hisabe wanda saikoser ekti fitcher cameo antarbhukta korechilen, jaar jonno tini ekti diner kathasahitya programe asamanno atithi abhinetar jonno 2021 saaler emmy-rawr jonno manoneet hoyechilen. 2021 saaler januaryte etty ekti glad bishesh swikriti puraskar laav korey.
"soljah" (swalpodoirgho cholochchitro).
taanr 10 minuter swalpodoirgho cholochchitro "soljah"-ekjon samakami african praktan shishu sainik sainik binodan 2007) somporke ebong rikki biddle-blair dwara porichalito-30 octobor 2007-ayee london cholochchitro utsabe premiere hoyechilo. julai 2008-ayee "soljah" raash soho shorts film festivale sera swalpodoirgho cholochchitrer puraskar jitechilo. 2009 saaler april maase etty torronto reelworld cholochchitro utsabe sera antorjatik short puraskar jitechilo. etty porichalona korechilen rickie biddle-blair team angelica projojonar jonno ebong prajojana korechilen biddle-blair, gordon ebong carlin biddle.
prokashok hisebe.
2011 saale, rikki biddle-blair saathe tini radical quier-off-kaalar-focused imprint team angelica publishing protistha corren. err prothom boiti chhilo biddle-blair "aaz aami jaa shikhechi". 2013 saale taaraa samakami somali lekhok diriye osmaner "hariye yawa shishuder jonno rupkathar golpo" naame ekti suproshongsito ebong jugantokari chhotogolpo sangkalan prakash korey. 2014 saaler 8ee octobor "hariye yawa shishuder jonno rupkathar golpo" polari prothom boiyer puraskar jitechilo. 2015 saale taaraa roze kavenir uponyas "sculper khudro tukro" prakash korey, jaa 2016 saaler sera trance fiction lambda sahitya puraskar jitechilo. 2017 saaler novembore taaraa chick franki adogener prothom samakami african smritikatha, "lifes off greta meena" prakash korey. etty londoner "arthik somoye" onukulbhabe porjalochona koraa hoyechilo ebong 2018 saale sera samakami smritikatha/aaa-kalpakahini lambda sahitya puraskar jitechilo. etty dakkhin africar jacana boi dwara, julai 2018 saale ebong nigeria ouida boi dwara punra prokashito hoyechilo. 2018 saaler februaryte taaraa "sista!" prakash korey.", juktorajyo sangjog soho african/carribean bongshodbhuto ekoi ling-premi mohilader lekhagulir ekti sangkalan, jaa gordon, biddle-blair ebong euke black prider soho-protisthata philoku-gaimah dwara sampadito; etey iyarsa dully -oyarder moto lekhok antarbhukta chhilen ebong 2019 saaler lambda sahitya puroskarer jonno sangkhipto talikabhukto koraa hoyechilo.
2020 saale tini ebong biddle-blair iconic geey african-american lekhok larry duplechanke taanr cholochchitrer proti bhalobasar ekti smritikatha lekhar jonno chukti korechilen, "cholochchitro jaa amake samakami korey tulechilo", jaa 2023 saaler octobore prokashito hobey.
"juktorajye kaalo ebong somokami ekti sangkalan.
2014 saaler 20shhey octobor prokashito, "black anned geey inn dya euke" taader doler angelica chhaper jonno rickie biddle-blair saathe soho-sampadito hoyechilo. err 352 pristhar kobita, smritikatha, kalponik golpo ebong probondhoguli juktorajyer saathe kichhu sangjog soho krishnanga samakami purushder jeebon anweshan korey jemon lekhok, shilpi ebong karmi jemon ly john, travis alabanja, dinn aataa, adam loow, david mccullmont, bisi alimi, krishnanga british photographer robbert telor, topper campbell ebong jaida mccullay.
onno kaaj.
2009 saale tini swalpodoirgho cholochchitro 'manali crim "-err chitronatto soho-rachona corren. navdeep condola). 2009 saaler grisse taanr eka-ackott natok "afro-pick-kaalo manusher chull niye ekti natok", fisayo akintande samanwito, central school off spitch anned drama samar schoole premiere hoyechilo. 2010 saaler grisse taanr chhoto natok "work!"golden delilah-err projojonar ongsho hisabe theater 503-ayee premiere hoyechilo," "7:1 niyantraner baire.
gordon "phita", "kickoff", "bashment" ebong ghantabyapi cholochchitro "phri" (2014) (samasta doll angelica prajojana)-err shilp designer chhilen.
2012-017 gordon ebong biddle-blair theater rayyal stratford east-ayee "angelic tails"-err soho-poramorsho diyechilen, notun lekhokder jonno ekti deergho unnayan prokolpo jaa theater prodhan monche manchayita patther dui saptahabyapi morshume shesh hoyechilo. taader toiri besh koyekti natok, jemon somalia seaton-err "crowning glory" (2013), linnet lintoner "stepa" (2013) ebong alexes gregorir "slap" (2018) purno prajojana ebong/athoba sofore geche. 2017 saale tini lintoner mishra jaati british porichoy, "light"-err anweshanke natakiya korey tolen, jaa arcola theatrey bikri hoye yawa dorshokder kachhe bajano hoyechilo; natoker patthyoti team angelica dwara prokashito hoyechilo, jemon "slap"-err natoker patthyo chhilo.
gordon patrick-iyana poloker fitcher film "blackbird" (2014)-err script poramorshodata ebong sahojogi projojok chhilen-ekti lomba charmasar kaalo chhele/hicks midia soho-prajojana, jaa rikki biddle-blair ebong polk dwara likhito, larry duplechaner seii naamer uponyas theke abhijojito, ebong moe 'nick ebong iah washington abhineet.
"fagamphin" (uponyas).
gordoner choturtho uponyas, "fagamphin", 2012 saale prokashito hoyechilo. etty ekjon samakami jamai reggy projojok-kaati, ekti choritro jaa prothom "dya melting pott"-ayee uposthito hoyechilo-kortripokkher kachh theke paliye yawar somoy.
2015 saaler 3 navembar rikki biddle-blair porichalito ebong nathan cloff, marlon kameka ebong savanah reey abhineet "fagamphin"-err ekti natyo sanskaran "geey friends wick"-err ongsho hisabe bush theatrey uposthapon koraa hoyechilo.
uponyasti 2020 saale quier carnival activist group fagamphin block partyr gathonke anupranito korechilo.
"soljah" (uponyas).
2014 saaler 22shhey septembara gordoner shostho uponyas "soljah" team angelica dwara prokashito hoy. etty ekoi naamer puraskar vijayi swalpodoirgho cholochchitre prothom uposthapito choritro ebong poristhitir ekti bohirmukhi bornona. qaa-osha dwara etty onukulbhabe porjalochona koraa hoyechilo.blogspot.komoh "etty emon ekti golpo jaa sobar monojog pawar jogyo. soljah sottii swasoruddhokor, scale ebong uchchakangkhay. aami majhe majhe shishur moto kandte thaki, ebong uponyasher chudanta abhinoye ghotonaguli druto briddhi pawa, aami etike namiye rakhte paari naa "ebong huffington poste boleh..ekti uponyas jaa shrenibibhagke aswikar korey. etty abhibasi kahinir ekti mishran, ekti sheetal gangster thriller, ekti rashtrer uponyas, ekti boyoser golpo ebong ekti antaranga paribarik protikriti jaar hridaye ekti bednadayak juddho aporadh royeche. eyi satya jey, ekbaro bolti kokhonyi drop naa korle, etty soljahke ekti bistrito, drishtigocharbhabe akarshaniya masterpiece korey toley."2015 saaler 4thhaa march etty ekti lambda sahitya puroskarer jonno sangkhipto talikabhukto koraa hoy.
iemi ebong femi.
iemi ebong femi holl british-nigerian samakami kishore club-bandhab gordon ('maai lill' bhatija ') dwara nirmito cartoon choritro, jaaraa prothom graphika uponyas' iemi anned femi 'shha phaan night out'-ayee uposthito hoyechilo. 2015 saaler septembore prokashito, etty ekti 42 pristhar kaalo-saadaa graphika uponyas jaa iemi ebong femi ebong femi 'rawr premik mixtep ebong ekti niteclub theke berr hoye aasaar eka raate taader adventure somporke. graphika uponyasti aichiv, nirapada jounota, pepa (poosta-exposure prophylaxis), prip (prii-exposure prophylaxis) ebong sero-discordancy-keey ghire ekti hasyokor upaye, rastar storer bhasha ebong shahure apobhashai vishayguli anweshan korey. gordon samakami shahure torunder ebong jouno swastho datobbo sangosthagulir jonno binamulye anulipi upolobdho korar jonno ekti colla council anudan peyechilen.
2016 saaler 28shhey april gordoner swalpodoirgho aichiv-thimjukto comedy natok "iemi anned femi goo daa chemist" team angelicar "boom!"-ayee premiere koraa hoy."londoner atyanta sommanito bush theatrey" "otorkito humler" "ongsho hisabe anusthanti, bikri haoya dorshokder kachh theke ekti utsahi protikriya. tini ebong biddle-blair eyi anusthanti soho-natyayito korechilen, jaa dui raate atatrishjan lekhokke prodorshon korechilo. natoktir patthyoti angelica doler sangkalan "black anned geey inn dya euke"-teey antarbhukta koraa hoyechilo.
2023 saaler 9ee meey gordoner eka-ackott natok, "iemi anned femi goo windrash", jaa namkara choritrogulike somoyer pichhone firey jete ebong 1950-err doshke ekti samakami carribean dampatir saathe ekti gopon somporker mukhomukhi hotey dekhe, rajar heeda theatrey tomm ratcliffer platform festivaler ongsho hisabe ekti manchayita paatth hisabe uposthapon koraa hoyechilo. rikki biddle-blair.
"drapetmania" (uponyas).
2018 saaler meey maase prokashito, "drapetmania" holl markin dakkhiner ekti 500 pristhar uponyas. dosho bochor dhorey lekha, etty kaalo swadhinota, bidroh ebong dasotter somoye kaalo purushder modhye romantic premer ekti amul uposthapona. patrick-iyana polk etike 'ekti sorbattok masterpiece' boley abhihito korechen; michael erik dyson etike 'kolponar ekti chamakprada kaaj' hisabe bornona korechen; ebong audr lord jeebonikar alexes dii vex etike 'ekti akarshaniya, dokkho kaaj' hisabe bornona korechen. etty londoner arthik somoye onukulbhabe porjalochona koraa hoyechilo, jaa bolechilo jey etty 'americar bornobadi itihaser ekti jaghanya abhijog... prayashai govirbhabe nadachada korey ebong aankde dhorey. 25 april 2019-ayee etty sera elgbtq kathasahityer jonno prokashona trivujer morjadapurno ferro-groomly puraskar jiteche.
"harqa" (uponyas).
"harqa", "pub septembara 2020, ekti samakami kishore antohjatigoto romans jaa" "drapetmania" "-rawr dakkhin gothik prakritik drishyer bortoman diner bohirmukhi seeta. etey ekti atiprakrito upadan royeche jaa americander jatigotovabe preto atito anweshan korey ebong postcardgulite smritichinho hisabe linching photogulike porinoto korey. puroskarprapto krishnanga samakami fantacy lekhok kregg laurence gidney etike 'ekbarei dushahosikbhabe uttejok, madokasokto ebong bhayankar' boley abhihito korechen. ebong 'jeijishto'-err onek kichui; 'blackbird' lekhok lerry duplechan etike 'oitijhyer ekti swagoto sanjojan' hisabe bornona korechen.'etty boiyer dwara bochorer sera boi hisabe talikabhukto hoyechilo.
| john aar. gorden
john aar. gorden (janm 1964) aek british lekhak chhe. temnee kruteeo-navalkathaao, natako, patkathaao aneey jivancharitra-jaatee, jatiyata aneey vargnaa aantarchhedo saathe sambandhit chhe. rikki beedle-blair saathe temane rung-kendrit indii presa team angelicani sthaapnaa curry aneey tenu sanchalan karyoo. gorden anusaar, teo "shvet upnagarnaa shvet vyaktee" hovaa chhataa, chhataa daykama temne james baldwin, malcum ex aneey frientz fannon jevaa kaalaa saanskrutik vyaktioma undo rus padyo aneey tyaarthi jaj temane temnaa kaaryane prabhaavit karyoo chhe.
praarambhik kaama.
1993 aneey 2001 nee vachche gordne black geey british jeevanni trana abhutpurv navalkathaao prakashit curry, "black butterfly", "tvachaa undee" aneey "yoddhaao aneey gerkaydesar" (geey mains presa saathe pratham beey, millivers/proveler saathe triji). triji) temane londonna geta theatrema aek aananddayak akasmatma lakvagrast thayela aek bundh yuvan thug aneey tenee zagamgat karatee purush nurse vishenaa temnaa naatak 'wheels off steel' noon nirdeshan karyoo hatoo. temaa rikki beedle-blair aneey carle collins hataa, jemane beedle-blairni chenal 4 shrenee "metrosexuality" maan aekbijaanaa vimukh patini bhoomika bhajvi hatee. temane temane aek sitcom pylot "dhaa melting pooat" lakhyu hatoo, jemaa aek kaalaa purush british maanas (felix dextor) tenaa laambaa samaythi gumaavelaa jamaikan bhaaini samlaingikta saathe sahmat thayo hato. joke teey kyaarey chenal chenal sitcom festivalthi door television sudhee pahonchyu naa hatoo, tema chhataa "dhaa independent" aee naveen paatro aneey paristhitio pradaan karvaa maate tenee prashansa curry hatee. temaa terry alderton pann hataa.
"nohno chaap".
gordanae yuu. aesa. cable chenalnaa logo maate patrick-iaan polknaa television shho "noah aark" (2005-6) nee beey seasonnu script-editing karyoo hatoo. temane beejee seasonna beey episode lakhyaa, ("hataash" aneey "dabaan hethal"), aneey 2007 darmiyan saha-vaarta (polk aneey kyoo saathe). aelan broka) spina-off feature-film, jeey pachhithi polk saathe saha-patkathaa lakhee hatee. film ',' neey chh american shaheroma maryadit rajuaat aapvama aavee hatee, jyaan teey october october antamaa vechai gayelaa gharomaa ramaai hatee aneey maatra tikitnaa vechaanmaa vechaanmaa bharpai curry hatee. gorden aneey polke lakhelee "jumping dhaa broom" scriptne naacp image award maate namankit karvaamaa aavee hatee, jaim keey film pote shreshth swatantra feature shreneema hatee. april kaama aaa filme glade besta (maryadit rajuaat) feature filmno award jeetyo hato. navalkathaae temane polk dwara lakhaayel aneey nirdeshit aneey 5 julyna roj gilliod science dwara prastut 'runion episode' noon saha-kaarykaari nirmaan karyoo hatoo. temaa tamaam mool kalakaroae abhinay karyo hato aneey temaa nohni maataa tareeke wanda sikes dwara aek feature kemiyo saamel hato, jenaa maate teneene divasnaa kaalpaneek karykrama utkrusht maheman kalakar maate 2021 aemee maate namankit karvaamaa aavee hatee. january january tene glade vishesh maanyata puraskar enayat karvaamaa aavyo hato.
"soljah" (tunkee film).
temnee 10 minuteni tunkee film "soljah"-geey african bhutpurv baad sainik sainik entertainment 2007) vishe, aneey rikki beedle-blair dwara nirdeshit-30 october october roj london film festivalmaa premiere thaee. julai julai "soljah" aee rushes soho shorts film festivalmaa shreshth tunkee filmno award jeetyo. april kaama tene torrento reelworld film festivalmaa shreshth aantarrashtriy tunkee filmno award jeetyo hato. tenu nirdeshan rikki beedle-blair dwara team angelica productions maate karvaamaa aavyu hatoo aneey beedle-blair, gorden aneey carlin beedle dwara tenu nirmaan karvaamaa aavyu hatoo.
prakashak tareeke.
2011 maan, rikki beedle-blair saathe temane radical kweer-off-cullar-kendrit chhaap team angelica prakashanni sthaapnaa curry. tenu pratham pustak beedle-blairnu "huun aaje shun sheekhyo" hatoo. 2013 maan teoae geey somali lekhak direeye osman dwara saaro pratisaad malelo aneey abhutpurv tunkee vaarta sangrah "khovaayela baadako maateni parikathaao" prakashit karyo. 8 october september roj "khovaayela baadako maateni parikathaao" aee polari pratham pustak puraskar jeetyo hato. september teoae rose keveneeni navalkathaa, "khoparinaa naana tukadao" prakashit curry, jene jene shreshth trans fiction lambada saahityik puraskar jeetyo. november chhe teoae chick franky adozian dwara pratham geey african sansmaran, "lifes off greta meena" prakashit karyoo. londonna "nanakiy samayma" tenee tarfenkari samiksha karvaamaa aavee hatee aneey meey shreshth geey sansmarano/none fiction lambada saahityik puraskar jeetyo hato. teey dakshin africama jekaana books dwara, julai meey aneey nigeriama oyuda books dwara fareethi prakashit karvaamaa aavyo hato. februari meey teoae "sista!" prakashit karyoo.", yuke jodaan saathe african/kerebiyan vanshnee samaan-ling-premaal mahilaaonaa lakhaanonu sankalan, gorden, beedle-blair aneey yuke black pridenaa saha-sthaapak phila opoku-geemah dwara sampadit; temaa yersa delly-varda jevaa lekhakono samaavesh thato hato aneey tene april lambada saahityik puraskar maate shortlist karvaamaa aavyo hato.
navalkathaae temane aneey beedle-blairae pratishthit geey african-american lekhak lerii duplechan saathe temnaa film premnu sansmaran lakhvaa maate karaar karyo, "filmo jene maney geey banaavi", jeey october october prakashit thavaani chhe.
"yukemaa black anned geh aek kavyasangrah.
20 october september roj prakashit, "black anned geey ina dhaa yuke" neey temnee team angelica chhaap maate rikki beedle-blair saathe saha-sampadit karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. tenee 352 paanaani kaveetao, sansmarano, kaalpaneek vaartao aneey nibandho keey jeey united kingdom saathe ketlaak jodaan saathe kaalaa geey purushonaa jeevanni shodh karey chhe temaa lii john, travis alabanza, deane attaa, edam love, david macalont, bisii alimi, kaalaa british photographer roobert taylor, topper campbell aneey jaid mekaale jevaa lekhako, kalakaro aneey kaarykartaaono samaavesh thaay chhe.
anya kaama.
kaama temane tunkee film 'manali cream "(dee. navdeep kandola). kandola) unalama fisayo akintande darshaavtu temnu aek-abhinay naatak "ephro-pick-black meena hair vishenu naatak" central school off spitch anned drama summer schoolma rajoo karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. hatoo unalama temnu tunku naatak "varqa!"golden delilahna nirmanna bhaag rupe theatre 503 khaate premiere," "7:1 niyantranni bahaar".
gorden feature filmo "fita", "kickoff", "bashment" aneey kalaak laambi film "free" (2014) (ola team angelica productions) maan aart designer hataa.
gorden aneey beedle-blere theatre royal straitford ist khaate "angelic tails" noon saha-margdarshan karyoo hatoo, jeey navaa lekhako maate aek laambo vikaas project chhe, jeey theatres mukhya munch parr beey athvadiya laambaa tabakkana stage vaanchanmaa pariname chhe. temane vikasaavela ketlaak natako, jaim keey somalia seatone "kraaun glory" (2013), linnet lintonnu "stepa" (2013) aneey alexes gregarinu "thappad" (2018) sampoorn nirmaan aneey/athavaa pravasoma gayaa chhe. chhe temane lintonni mishra jaatee british odakh, "lighty" naa sanshodhanne naatkeey banaavyu, jeey arcola theatrema vechai gayelaa prexako maate vagadvama aavyu hatoo; platext team angelica dwara prakashit karvaamaa aavyu hatoo, jaim keey "thappad" noow platext hato.
gorden patrick-iaan polknee feature film "blackbird" (2014) parr patkathaa salaahkaar aneey sahyogi nirmata hataa-aek uncho paatalo black boya/hicks media saha-nirmaan, jeey rikki beedle-blair aneey polk dwara lakhaayelu chhe, jeey lerii duplechanni teey naamnee navalkathaa parthee rupantarit chhe, aneey temaa moow 'niqa aneey isiya washington abhineet chhe.
"fagumfin" (navalkathaa).
gordannee chothee navalkathaa, "fagumfin", "fagumfin" prakashit thaee hatee. teey aek geey jamaikan rege nirmata-katti vishe chhe, jeey paatra pratham vakhat "dhaa melting pooat" maan dekhaayu hatoo-jeey sattavalao pasethi bhaagi rahyu hatoo.
3 november march roj rikki beedle-blair dwara nirdeshit aneey nathan kloo, marlon kameka aneey savanna reey abhineet "fagumfin" noon naaty sanskaran "geey buddys weak" naa bhaag rupe busch theatrema rajoo karvaamaa aavyu hatoo.
aaa navalkathaae navalkathaae kweer carnival activist group fagumfin bloqa partyni rachnaane prereet curry hatee.
"soljah" (navalkathaa).
22 september september roj gordannee chhaththi navalkathaa, "soljah", team angelica dwara prakashit karvaamaa aavee hatee. teey paatro aneey paristhitionu aek vistrut varnan chhe jeey pratham vakhat aaa jaj naamnee puraskar vijeta tunkee filmmaan rajoo karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. qaa-osa dwara tenee tarfenkari samiksha karvaamaa aavee hatee.blogspot.komah "aaa aek aevee vaarta chhe jeey dareknaa dhyaanne paatra chhe. soljah kharekhar shvaas levaamaa, kadamaa aneey mahatvakankshama chhe. huun ketalikvaar baadakni jaim radatee hatee, aneey navalkathaanaa anteem kaaryamaa ghatanao zadapthi vadhee rahee hovathi, huun tene neeche mookie shakyo nahee "aneey huffington postamaa..aek navalkathaa jeey vargikaranne avganati hoya chhe. teey immigrant saaga, aek chittakarshak gangster thriller, aek raashtrani sthitee, aek aavnari vayanee vaarta aneey tenaa hradayma aek pidadayak yuddh apraadh saathe ghanishth paarivaarik cheetra chhe. hakeekat aee chhe keey gorden kyaarey aek vaar dado chhodato nathee teey soljahne aek vishaal, drashtini aakarshak shreshth krutee banaave chhe."4 march march roj tene laambaa saahityik puraskar maate pasand karvaamaa aavee hatee.
yemee aneey feemee.
yemee aneey fammy aee british-nigerian geey kishore clubkid shreshth mitro, gorden ('maaraa lill' bhatrijao ') dwara banavvama aavela cartoon paatro chhe, jeo pratham graphika navalkathaa "yemee anned famies phana night out" maan dekhaaya hataa. september september prakashit, teey 42 paanaani kaalaa aneey safed graphika navalkathaa chhe jeey yemee aneey fammy aneey femeena boyfriend mixtep aneey niteclubmanthi bahaar kaadhya pachhi aek raat temnaa saahso vishe chhe. graphika navalkathaa aech. aaee. vee., salaamat seqsa, pepa (poosta-exposure prophylaxis), prep (prii-exposure prophylaxis) aneey sero-disordancyni aaspasna muddaaone sheree-starnee bhaasha aneey shaheri asheesht bhashama hasyajanak reete shodhe chhe. gordanane geey shaheri yuvaano aneey jaatiy svaasthya sakhaavati sansthao maate nakalo mafatma uplabdh karaavvaa maate arts councilni anudaan malee hatee.
28 april april roj gordananu tunku aech. aaee. vee.-theem aadharit komedi naatak "yemee anned fammy goo daa chemist" noon team angelicana "boom!" maan premiere karvaamaa aavyu hatoo."londonna atyant aadarneey busch theatre khaate" "ghaat" "naa bhagroope yojaayeli aaa ghatanaane vechai gayelaa prexako tarafthi utsaahpurn pratisaad malyo hato". temane aneey beedle-blere aaa kaarykramnu saha-natyakaran karyoo hatoo, jemaa beey raat sudhee 38 lekhakonu pradarshan karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. aaa natakno lakhaan team angelica kavyasangrahma saamel karvaamaa aavyo hato, "yukemaa black anned geey".
geey" meey meey roj gordananu aek-abhinay naatak, "yemee anned fammy goo windrush", jemaa namdhari paatro samaysar paachha jataa jovaa maley chhe aneey aneey daykama aek geey kerebiyan dampatine notting heelmaan goopt sambandh dharaavtaa juae chhe, tene raajaana mukhya theatre, dii. aar. khaate tooma ratcliffena platform festivalnaa bhaag rupe stage vaanchan tareeke rajoo karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. rikki beedle-blair.
"drapetomania" (navalkathaa).
meey meey prakashit, "drapetomania" aee 500 paanaani navalkathaa chhe jeey dakshin americana itihas parr aadharit chhe. lekhannaa dass varsh, teey kaalee svatantrataa, badvo aneey gulaaminaa samayma kaalaa purusho vachchena romentic premnu aamul pratinidhitva karatee mahakavya vaarta chhe. patrick-eoin poley tene 'sampoorn shreshth krutee' ganaavi chhe; michael erick diasne tene 'kalpanaanu aek chamakatu kaary' ganaavyu chhe; aneey odre lordnaa jivancharitrakaar alexes dii vacce tene 'aek aakarshak, nipun kaary' tareeke varnavyu chhe. londonna nanakiy samayma tenee tarfenkari samiksha karvaamaa aavee hatee, jemaa kahevama aavyu hatoo keey teey 'americana jativadi itihaasno aek dhikkarpatra aarop hato... ghanivaar undanpurvak halaavtaa aneey pakadata '. 25 april april roj tene shreshth lgbtq saahitya maate prakaashan trikonno pratishthit phero-groomley award jeetyo hato.
"haark" (navalkathaa).
"haark", "pub september 2020, aek geey kishoro vachcheno aantarjatiy romans chhe, jeey" "drapetomania" "naa dakshin gothik landscapena haalnaa extrapolationmaa seeta chhe". temaa americanna vansheey reete bhuteeya bhutkaalni shodh karatu aek alaukik tatva chhe, aneey linching photographsne tathaa tenaa jevee reete postcardma feravavaanu chhe. puraskar vijeta black geey kaalpaneek lekhak craigg laurence gidney tene 'aek jaj samaye saahseek reete uttejak, maadak aneey daramani' ganaavi hatee. aneey 'blackbird' naa lekhak lerii duplechne tene 'paramparama aavkardayak umero' tareeke varnavyo hato.'tene pustako dwara varshnaa shreshth pustako tareeke soochibaddh karvaamaa aavyu hatoo.
| johnn aar. gherabandi
johnn aar. gorden (janm 1964) ack british lekhak hain. unakaa kaam-upanyaas, naatak, patkatha aur jeevani-jaati, kamukta aur varg key pratichhedan seey sambandhit haye. rikki beedle-blair key saath unhone rung-kendrit indee press team angelica kii sthaapana kii aur usey chalaaya. halanki vaha ack "safed upnagar kaa ack safed vyakti" thaa, garden key anusaar, 1980 key dashak mein vaha james baldwyn, malcum aiks aur frantz fannon jaise kaale saanskritik hastiyon mein gahari ruchi lene lagaa, aur unhone taba seey unake kaam koo prabhaavit kiya haye.
praarambhik kaary.
1993 aur 2001 key beach gorden ney kaale samlaingik british jeevan key teen abhootpoorv upanyaas prakaashit kiye, "black butterflies", "skin deep" aur "warriers aind outloys" (samlaingik purushon key press key saath pahale dou, millivers/proveler key saath teesara). 1995 mein unhone apane naatak 'wheels off steel' kaa nirdeshan kiya, jisamen ack bund yuvak thhag key baare mein likhaa thaa joe ack anandadayak durghatana mein lakvagrast hoe gayaa thaa aur usaki tej-tarrar purush nurse, gett theatre, landan mein thee. isamen rickie beedle-blair aur carle collins ney abhinay kiya, joe beedle-blair key channel 4 shrinkhala "metrosexuality" mein ack-dusare key alag pati kii bhoomika nibhaate gaye. unhone 1999 mein ack sitcom pilot "dha melting pott" likhaa thaa, jisamen ack ashwet british vyakti (felix dextor) key baare mein likhaa thaa, joe lambe samay seey khoye hue apane jamaika key bhaai kii samalaingikta key saath samjhauta kartaa haye. haalaanki isane ise kabhi bhee channel 4 key sitcom festival seey door television taka naheen banaaya, "swatantra" ney naveen paatron aur sthitiyon kii peshkash key liye isaki prashansa kii. isamen terry alderton ney bhee abhinay kiya.
"noa kaa chaap.
gorden script ney us cable channel key logo key liye deshbhakt-iaan polk key television show "noaaz aark" (2005-6) key dou season kaa sampadan kiya. unhone dusare season key dou episode likhe, ("hatash" aur "dabaav mein"), aur 2007 mein saha-kahani (polk aur kyu key saath. ellen broka) spin-off feature-film, baad mein polk key saath patkatha kaa saha-lekhan kiya. film, 'koo chhah americi shaharon mein seemit release dee gaee thee, jahan yeh octuber 2008 key anta mein bick chuke gharon mein chully gaee aur akele tikat bikri mein $500,000 kii kamai kii. jumping dha jhaadoo" script joe gorden aur polk ney likhi thee, usey ack nacp chhavi puraskar key liye namankit kiya gayaa thaa, jaisa kii film swayam sarvshreshth swatantra feature shreni mein thee. aprail 2009 mein film ney sarvshreshth (seemit release) feature film kaa puraskar jeetaa. 2020 mein unhone polk dwara likhit aur nirdeshit ack punarmilan prakaran 'kaa saha-karyakari nirmaan kiya, aur 5 julaai koo gilliod sciences dwara prastut kiya gayaa. isamen sabhi mool kalakaron ney abhinay kiya aur isamen noa kii maan key roop mein wanda sikes dwara ack feature cameo shamil kiya gayaa, jisake liye unhein ack dinn key samay key kaalpanik karyakram mein utkrisht atithi kalakar key liye 2021 ammy key liye namankit kiya gayaa thaa. janwari 2021 mein ise ack vishesh maanyata puraskar seey sammaanit kiya gayaa thaa.
"soljah" (laghu film).
unaki 10 minut kii laghu film "soljah"-ack samlaingik african poorv baal sanic sanic entertainment 2007) key baare mein, aur rikki beedle-blair dwara nirdeshit-30 octuber 2007 koo landan film samaroh mein premiere hui. julaai 2008 mein "soljah" ney rush soho laghu film mahotsav mein sarvshreshth laghu film kaa puraskar jeetaa. aprail 2009 mein isane torrento reelworld film festival mein sarvshreshth antarrashtriya laghu film kaa puraskar jeetaa. iska nirdeshan team angelica production key liye rikki beedle-blair ney kiya thaa aur beedle-blair, gorden aur carlene beedle dwara nirmit kiya gayaa thaa.
prakaashak key roop mein.
2011 mein, rikki beedle-blair key saath unhone kattarpanthi kweer-off-culler-kendrit chhaap team angelica prakaashan kii sthaapana kii. isaki pahali pustak beedle-blair kii "aaj maine joe seekha" thee. 2013 mein unhone samlaingik somali lekhak diriye osman dwara "khoye hue bachchon key liye pariyon kii kahaaniyan" kaa achchi tarah seey praapt aur abhootpoorv laghu-kahani sangrah prakaashit kiya. 8 octuber 2014 koo "khoye hue bachchon key liye pariyon kii kahaaniyon" ney polari pratham pustak puraskar jeetaa. 2015 mein unhone rose keveni kaa upanyaas, "khopadi key chhote tukade" prakaashit kiye, jisane 2016 kaa sarvshreshth trance fiction lambda saahityik puraskar jeetaa. navambar 2017 mein unhone chick franky adozian dwara pahala samlaingik african sansmaran, "mahaan purushon kaa jeevan" prakaashit kiya. landan key "vittiya samay" mein isaki anukool sameeksha kii gaee aur 2018 mein sarvshreshth samlaingik sansmaran/gair-kathaa lambda saahityik puraskar jeetaa. ise dakshin africa mein jaikana pustakon dwara, julaai 2018 mein aur nigeria mein ouida pustakon dwara punah prakaashit kiya gayaa. farwari 2018 mein unhone "sista!" prakaashit kiya.", ack yuu. key. sambandh key saath african/carribean mool kii samaan-ling-premi mahilaaon dwara lekhan kaa ack sankalan, jise gorden, beedle-blair aur yuu. key. black pride key saha-sansthaapak philoku-gaimah dwara sampaadit kiya gayaa thaa; isamen yersa delly -word jaise lekhak shamil they aur 2019 key lambda saahityik puraskar key liye unhein chunaa gayaa thaa.
2020 mein unhone aur beedle-blair ney pratishthit samlaingik african-americi lekhak lairi duplecan koo apane film prem kaa ack sansmaran likhane key liye anubandh kiya, "filmein jinhone mujhe samlaingik banaa diyaa", joe octuber 2023 mein prakaashit honey vaali hain.
"britten mein kaalaa aur samalaingikah ack sankalan.
20 octuber 2014 koo prakaashit, "black aind gey inn dha yuke" koo unaki team angelica chhaap key liye rikki beedle-blair key saath saha-sampaadit kiya gayaa thaa. isake 352 prishthon kii kavitaaen, sansmaran, kaalpanik kahaaniyan aur nibandh joe sanyukt raajya seey kuchh sambandh key saath ashwet samlaingik purushon key jeevan kii khoj karate hain, unamen lekhak, kalakar aur karyakarta jaise lii johnn, travis alabanza, deane attaa, addam loway, david mccullmont, bisi alimi, ashwet british photographer robbert teller, topper campbelle aur jide maikaale shamil hain.
anya kaary.
2009 mein unhone laghu film 'manali cream' (dir) key liye patkatha kaa saha-lekhan kiya. navdeep kandola). 2009 kii garmiyon mein unakaa ack-aikt naatak "afro-pick-black maine hayer key baare mein ack naatak", jisamen fisayo akintunde kii visheshta thee, kaa premiere central school off speach aind drama summer school mein kiya gayaa thaa. 2010 kii garmiyon mein unakaa laghu naatak "work!"golden delilah key nirmaan key hisse key roop mein theatre 503 mein premiere kiya gayaa," "7:1 niyantran seey parey.
gorden feature filmon "fitt", "kickoff", "bashment" aur ghante bhar chalane vaali film "free" (2014) (sabhi team angelica productions) parr kalaa designer they.
2012-017 gorden aur beedle-blair ney theatre royal stratford east mein "angelic tails" kaa saha-ullekh kiya, joe nae lekhakon key liye ack lambi vikas pariyojana haye joe theatre key mukhya munch parr dou saptah taka chalane vaale manchan key satron mein samaapt hoti haye. unake dwara vikasit kaee naatak, jaise kii somalia seaton kaa "crown glory" (2013), linnet linton kaa "step" (2013) aur alexes gregory kaa "slap" (2018) poorna prastutiyon aur/yaa dauron parr chaley gaye hain. 2017 mein unhone linton kii mishrit nasl british pehchaan, "lighty" kii khoj koo naatakiya roop diyaa, joe arcola theatre mein bikane vaale darshakon key liye khela gayaa thaa; naatak kaa paath team angelica dwara prakaashit kiya gayaa thaa, jaisa kii "thappad" kaa naatak paath thaa.
gorden patrick-eoin polk kii feature film "blackbird" (2014) parr patkatha salaahkaar aur sahayogi nirmaata they-ack lamba dubla kaalaa ladka/hicks media saha-nirmaan, jise rickie beedle-blair aur polk dwara likhaa gayaa haye, joe usa naam key lairi duplecan key upanyaas seey anukoolit haye, aur isamen moe 'nick aur isiya washington ney abhinay kiya haye.
"faggamphin" (upanyaas).
gorden kaa chautha upanyaas, "faggamphin", 2012 mein prakaashit huaa thaa. yeh ack samlaingik jamaikan rege nirmaata-katti key baare mein haye, ack charitra joe pahali baar "dha melting pott" mein dikhaai diyaa thaa-adhikaariyon seey bhaagate hue.
3 navambar 2015 koo rikki beedle-blair dwara nirdeshit aur nathan cloff, marlen kameka aur sawana ray abhineet "faggamphin" kaa ack naatakiya sanskaran, "gey buddies weak" key hisse key roop mein busch theatre mein prastut kiya gayaa thaa.
upanyaas ney 2020 mein kweer carnival karyakarta samooh faggamphin block party key gathan koo prerit kiya.
"soljah" (upanyaas).
22 sitambar 2014 koo gorden kaa chhathaa upanyaas, "soljah", team angelica dwara prakaashit kiya gayaa thaa. yeh paatron aur sthitiyon kaa ack vistaar haye jise pahali baar isi naam kii puraskar vijeta laghu film mein prastut kiya gayaa haye. kaa-oss dwara isaki anukool sameeksha kii gaee thee.blogspot.comh "yeh ack aisee kahani haye joe sabhi key dhyaan aakarshit karane kii hakdar haye. aatma vaastav mein lubhavani, paimaane mein aur mahatvakanksha mein haye. main kabhi-kabhi ack bachche kii tarah roya, aur jaise-jaise upanyaas key antim kaary mein ghatanaaen teji seey badheen, main ise neeche naheen rakh sakaa "aur huffington post menh..ack upanyaas joe vargeekaran koo nakaartaa haye. yeh apravasi gaatha kaa ack mishran haye, ack daravana gangster thriller, ack rashtra kii sthiti vaalaa upanyaas, ack aaney vaali umr kii kahani aur ack antarang parivarik chitra haye jisamen ack dardanaak yuddh aparaadh haye. yeh tathya kii gherabandi kabhi bhee gend koo ack baar naheen giraati haye, soljah koo ack vishal, drishti seey aakarshak utkrisht kriti banaati haye."4 march 2015 koo ise lambda saahityik puraskar key liye chunaa gayaa thaa.
yemi aur feamy.
yemi aur feamy cartoon paatr hain joe british-nigerian samlaingik kishore club key sabse achche doston, joe pahali baar graphic upanyaas "yemi aind feamies funn night out" mein dikhaai diye, ney banaaya haye. sitambar 2015 mein prakaashit, yeh 42-prishth kaa ack kaalaa-aur-safed graphic upanyaas haye joe yemi aur feamy aur feamy key premi mixtep key baare mein haye, aur ack raat night club seey baahar fenk diye jaane key baad unake romanch key baare mein haye. graphic upanyaas sadak-star kii bhasha aur shahari apshabd mein hiv, surakshit sex, pape (post-exposure prophylaxis), prep (pree-exposure prophylaxis) aur siro-discardency key aspas key muddon kii khoj kartaa haye. gey shahari yuvaaon aur yaun swaasthya daanon key liye pratiyaan muft mein upalabdh karaane key liye gorden koo ack kalaa parishad anudan praapt huaa.
28 aprail 2016 koo gorden key laghu aich. aaee. vee-theem vaale comedy naatak "yemi aind feamy goo daa chemist" kaa premiere team angelica key "boom!" mein kiya gayaa thaa."landan key atyadhik sammaanit busch theatre mein ghaat key hisse key roop mein karyakram, bikane vaale darshakon seey ack utsaahi pratikriya key liye. unhone aur beedle-blair ney iss karyakram koo saha-naatakiya banaaya, jisamen dou raaton mein adtis lekhakon koo pradarshit kiya gayaa. naatak kaa paath team angelica sankalan, "black aind gey inn dha yuke" mein shamil kiya gayaa thaa.
9 maee 2023 koo gorden kaa ack-aikt naatak, "yemi aind feamy goo vinderus", jisamen nammatra key paatr samay parr vaapas jaate hain aur 1950 key dashak mein ack samlaingik carribean jode kaa ack gupt sambandh honey kaa saamana karate hain, koo raajaa key mukhya theatre, dir mein tomm ratcliffe key munch utsav key hisse key roop mein ack manchbaddh pathan key roop mein prastut kiya gayaa thaa. rikki beedle-blair.
"drepatomania" (upanyaas).
maee 2018 mein prakaashit, "drepatomania" americi dakshin mein sthaapit 500 prishthon kaa upanyaas haye. duss saal key lekhan mein, yeh kaale swatantrata, vidroh aur gulami key samay mein kaale purushon key beach romantic prem kaa ack kattarpanthi pratinidhitva kii ack mahakavya kahani haye. patrick-eoin polk ney ise 'ack utkrisht kriti' kahaa haye; michael erich dyson ney ise 'kalpana kaa ack chamakdaar kaam' key roop mein varnit kiya haye; aur audrey lord jeevanikaar alexes dee weaks ney ise 'ack aakarshak, kushal kaam' key roop mein varnit kiya haye. landan key vittiya samay mein isaki anukool sameeksha kii gaee, jisamen kahaa gayaa kii yeh 'america key naslavaadi itihas kaa ack hanikarak abhiyog thaa... aksar gaharaai seey hilate aur pakadate hue. 25 aprail 2019 koo isane sarvshreshth ell. jee. bee. tii. kyu. kathaa key liye prakaashan trikon kaa pratishthit ferro-grumley puraskar jeetaa.
"haark" (upanyaas).
"haark", "pub sitambar 2020, ack samlaingik kishore antar-jaatiya romans haye joe" "drepatomania" "key dakshini gothic paridrishya key vartamaan mein ack bahirveshan mein sett haye. isamen ack alaukik tatva haye joe americi key nasleeya bhootiya ateet kii khoj kartaa haye, aur linching tasveeron koo smriti chinh key roop mein postcard mein badal detaa haye. puraskar vijeta ashwet samlaingik kalpana lekhak kregg laurence gidney ney ise ack baar mein 'sahsi uttejak, maadak aur daravana' kahaa. aur bahut adhik zitzist; "blackbird" lekhak lairi duplecan ney ise 'parampara mein ack swaagat yogya jodd' key roop mein varnit kiya.'ise pustakon dwara varsh kii pustak key roop mein soochibaddh kiya gayaa thaa.
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zaan aarr. garden
zaan aarr. garden (janana 1964) obba british barahagara. avara krutigalu-kaadambarigalu, natakagalu, chitrakathegalu mattu jivanacharitre-jananga, laingikate mattu vargada vibhajanegala bagge vyavaharisuttave. rikki beedle-blernondige avaru kweer-off-colour-centric indee press tanda angelicavannu sthaapisidaru mattu nadesuttaare. garden prakara, aata "biliya upanagarada biliya vyaktiyagi"ddaroo, 1980rahra dasakadalli aata james baldwyn, malcum ex mattu frantz fannon avarantaha kappu saamskrutika vyaktigala bagge aalavaada aasaktiyannu hondiddaru mattu avaru andinindaloo aatana kelasada mele prabhaava biriddaare.
arambhika kelasa.
1993 mattu 2001rahra naduve garden british jivanavannu kurita mooru adbhuta kaadambarigalannu prakatisidaru, "black butterflies", "skin deep" mattu "warriers & out laa" (modala eradu salingakami purushara patrikegalondige, mooraneyadu milliverse/provalargalondige). 1995ralli avaru london gate theaternalli, santoshadaayaka apaghaatadalli paarshvavaayuvige olagaada muchchida yuva darodekora mattu avana aadambarada purusha daadiya bagge tamma nataka 'wheels off steel' annu nirdeshisidaru. idu rikki beedle-blair mattu carle collins natisiddaare, avaru beedle-blairn channel 4 sarani "metrosexuality" nalli parasparara vichchedita gandandira patravannu nirvahisiddaare. aata 1999ralli sitcomna prayogika "dhii melting pott" annu baredaru, idu obba maco black british vyakti (felix dexter) tanna deerghakaaladinda kaleduhoda jamaikaada sahodarana salingakaamadondige hondikolluvudara bagge. idu channel 4rahra sitcom utsavadinda duradarshanakke endigoo meeradiddaroo, naveena patragalu mattu sanniveshagalannu odagisiddakkagi "dhii independent" idannu shlaaghisitu. idaralli terri alderton kooda natisiddaare.
"nohana chaapa".
garden yuu. ess. cable channel laanchanakkaagi patriac-eoin polkna duradarshana karyakrama "nohas arch" (2005-6) naa eradu seesangalannu script-edit maadidaru. avaru eradane season naa eradu kantugalannu baredaru, ("hatashe" mattu "ottadadalli"), mattu 2007 rahra uddakkoo saha-kathaahandaravannu baredaru (polk mattu kyoo nondige. allan broka) spin-off chalanachitravagiddu, taruvaaya polknondige chitrakatheyannu saha-barediddaare. ee chalanachitravu, ', aaru american nagargalalli simitavagi bidugadeyaayitu, allie idu october 2008 rahra koneyalli maaratavaada manegalige pradarshanagonditu mattu ticket maaraatadalli maatra $500,000 annu marupadeyitu. garden mattu polk bareda "jumping dhii broom" chitrakatheyannu enn. aa. sii. pii. chitra prashastige namanirdeshana maadalaayitu, haageye ee chitravu atyuttama swatantra vaishishtya vibhagadalli serittu. 2009rahra aprilnalli ee chitravu atyuttama (seemita bidugade) chalanachitra prashastiyannu geddukonditu. 2020ralli avaru saha-karyanirvahaka nirmaanavannu maadidaru, idu polk bareda mattu nirdeshisida punarmilanada sanchikeyaagiddu, julai 5randu gilyad sciences prastutapadisitu. idu ellah moola patravargada sadasyarannu natisitu mattu nohna taayiyaagi wanda saiks avara vaishishtyada atithi patravannu olagondittu, idakkaagi avaru hagalina kaalpanika kaaryakramadalli atyuttama atithi kalavidarigagi 2021 rahra emmige namanirdeshanagondaru. 2021rahra janavariyalli idakke glad vishesha mannane prashastiyannu nidalaayitu.
"soljah" (kiruchitra).
avara 10 nimishagala kiruchitra "soljah"-aafrikaada salingakami maaji baala sainikana bagge (bii3/angelica entertainments 2007), mattu rikki beedle-blair nirdeshisida-30 october 2007 randu london chalanachitrotsavadalli prathama pradarshanagonditu. julai 2008 ralli "soljah" rush soho kiruchitrotsavadalli atyuttama kiruchitrakkagi prashastiyannu geddukonditu. 2009rahra aprilnalli toronto reel worled chalanachitrotsavadalli idu atyuttama antaaraashtriya kiruchitra prashastiyannu geddukonditu. idannu angelica nirmaanada tandakkagi rikki beedle-blair nirdeshisidaru mattu beedle-blair, garden mattu carlene beedle nirmisidaru.
prakaashakaraagi.
2011ralli, rikki beedle-blernondige avaru amulagra kweer-off-colour-kendrita mudrana tandavaada angelica publishing annu sthaapisidaru. adara modala pustakavu beedle-blair avara "waat aii learning today" aagittu. 2013ralli avaru salingakami somali lekhaka diriye osman avara "kaleduhoda makkaligaagi kaalpanika kathegalu" emba uttama pratikriye mattu adbhutavaada sanna-kathaa sangrahavannu prakatisidaru. 2014rahra october 8randu "kaleduhoda makkala kaalpanika kathegalu" polari modala pustaka prashastiyannu geddukondavu. 2015ralli avaru roze kaveni avara "sanna taleburudegala tunukugalu" emba kaadambariyannu prakatisidaru, idu 2016rahra atyuttama trans fiction lambda sahitya prashastiyannu geddukonditu. november 2017 ralli avaru chike franky edogean avara "lifes off grate menn" emba modala salingakami african aatmacharitreyannu prakatisidaru. idannu london "financial times" nalli anukulakaravagi vimarshisalaayitu mattu 2018 ralli atyuttama salingakami aatmacharitre/kaalpanikavallada lambda sahitya prashastiyannu geddukonditu. idannu daksina aafrikaada jacana books, julai 2018 ralli mattu naijeeriyaada oyida books maruprakatisitu. 2018rahra phebravariyalli avaru "sista!" annu prakatisidaru.", idu garden, beedle-blair mattu yuke black pride saha-samsthaapaka phil opoku-gaima sampaadisida yuke samparkadondige african/keribean moolada salinga-preetiya mahileyara barahagala sankalanavagide; idu yarsa dolly-vardnantaha barahagararannu olagondittu mattu 2019rahra lambda sahitya prashastige shortlist aagittu.
2020ralli aata mattu beedle-blair avaru african-american salingakami lekhaka larry duplecan avarondige oppanda maadikondaru, avaru tamma chalanachitra premada aatmacharitre, "nannannu salingakamigalannagi maadida chalanachitragalu", october 2023ralli prakatagollalide.
"" "black und gay inn dhii yuke aun anthology". "
20 october 2014 randu prakatavaada, "black und gay inn dhii yuke" annu avara tandada angelica mudregaagi rikki beedle-blernondige saha-sampaadisalaayitu. united kingdange kelavu sambandha hondiruva kappu salingakami purushara jivanavannu anveshisuva 352 putagala kavitegalu, aatmacharitregalu, kaalpanika kathegalu mattu prabandhagalalli lea zaan, travis alabanza, deane atta, aadam love, david mclant, bisi alimi, kappu british chayagrahaka robbert taylor, topper camp bell mattu jaid myaakaaleyantaha barahagararu, kalaavidaru mattu kaaryakartaru seriddaare.
bere kelasa.
2009ralli avaru "manali cream" (dirr) emba kiruchitrada chitrakatheyannu saha-baredaru. navdeep kandola). 2009rahra besigeyalli fisayo akintunde avarannu olagonda avara eka-nataka nataka "afro-pick-aa play about black myaan hair" annu central school off speach und drama summer schoolnalli prathama pradarshana nidalaayitu. 2010rahra besigeyalli avara kiru nataka "work!"golden delila avara nirmaanada bhagavagi theatre 503 ralli prathama pradarshanagonditu," "7:1 niyantrana meeride".
garden avaru "fitt", "kickoff", "bashment" mattu ondu gante avadhiya chalanachitra "free" (2014) (ellah tanda angelica nirmaanagalu) chitragalalli kalaa vinyasakaragiddaru.
garden mattu beedle-blair avaru theatre raayal stratford eestnalli "angelic kathegalu" annu saha-bodhisidaru, idu hosa barahagaararige ondu sudirgha abhivruddhi yojaneyagiddu, rangabhumiya mukhya vedikeyalli eradu vaaragala kaala nadeyuva rangamandirada oduvikeya rtugalalli konegolluttade. avaru abhivraddhipadisida halavaaru naatakagalaada somalia sitanna "crowning glory" (2013), linette linton avara "step" (2013) mattu alexes gregoriyavara "slap" (2018) purna nirmaana mattu/athawa pravasagalige hogive. 2017ralli avaru lintenra mishra janangada british gurutina anveshaneyaada "laiti" annu naatakiyavaagi pradarshisidaru, idu arcola rangamandiradalli maaratavaada prekshakarige pradarshanagonditu; ee naatakavannu team angelica prakatisitu, haageye "slap" naa naatakavoo saha prakatavaayitu.
garden avaru patrick-aiyaan polkna chalanachitra "blackbird" (2014) nalli script salahegaara mattu sahayaka nirmaapakaraagiddaru-idu rikki beedle-blair mattu polk bareda ettarada tellagina kappu huduga/hicks madhyamada saha-nirmaana, idu laurie duplechan aaa hesarina kaadambariyinda alavadisalpattide mattu moow 'nick mattu isiya washington natisiddaare.
"faggamafin" (kadambari).
garden avara nalkane kadambari, "faggamafin", 2012 ralli prakatavaayitu. idu salingakami jamaikaada reggie nirmapakara bagge-"dhii melting pott" nalli modala baarige kanisikonda patravada katti-adhikaarigalinda odihogide.
3 november 2015 randu rikki beedle-blair nirdeshisida mattu nathan clau, marlan kameka mattu savannah ray natisida "faggamafin" naa natakiya aavruttiyannu "gay friends weak" naa bhagavagi bush theaternalli prastutapadisalaayitu.
ee kadambariyu 2020ralli kweer corneval kaaryakarta gumpu faggamafin block party ranchanege sphurti needitu.
"soljah" (kadambari).
22 september 2014 randu garden avara aarane kadambari, "soljah" annu team angelica prakatisitu. idu adhe hesarina prashasti vijeta kiruchitradalli modalu prastutapadisalaada patragalu mattu sanniveshagala vivaraneyagide. idannu qaa-os avaru anukulakaravagi parishilisidaru.blogg spot.kaamh "idu ellara gamanakkoo arhavaada katheyaagide. soljah nijavagiyoo usirugattisuva, pramaanadalli mattu mahatvaakaanksheyallide. naanu kelavomme maguvinante aluttidde, mattu kadambariya antima krutiyalli ghatanegalu vegavagi ulbanagolluttiddante, nanage adannu kadime maadalu sadhyavagalilla "mattu huffington postnelli"...vargeekaranavannu dhikkarisuva kadambari. idu valasigara katheya mashup, tampaada darodekora thriller, raashtrada-raashtrada kadambari, mumbaruva vayassina kathe mattu hrudayadalli novuntumaduva yuddha aparaadhavannu hondiruva nikata kutumbada bhaavachitravaagide. garden omme chendannu beelisuvudilla emba amshavu soljavannu vistaaravaada, drashtigocharavagi serehidiyuva merukrutiyannagi maaduttade."2015rahra march 4randu idannu lamba sahitya prashastige ayke maadalaayitu.
yemi mattu femi.
yemi mattu femi cartoon patragalagiddu, british-nigerian salingakami hadihareyadavara sneehitaraada garden ('mye lill' sodaraliyaru ') avaru rachisiddaare, avaru graphic kadambari "yemi & femi' s funn nait out" nalli modalu kanisikondiddare. september 2015 ralli prakatavaada idu, yemi mattu femi mattu femia geleyana mixtape mattu naitklabninda horahakalpatta ondu ratri avara sahasagala bagge 42-putagala kappu-bilupu graphic kaadambariyaagide. graphic kadambariyu aichvi, surakshita laingikate, pep (post-exposure prophylaxis), preparation (pree-exposure prophylaxis) mattu sero-disordency suttalina samasyegalannu beedi-mattada bhasheyalli mattu nagara aadubhasheyalli hasyamaya reetiyalli parishodhisuttade. nagarada salingakami yuvajanarige mattu laingika aarogya datti samsthegalige pratigalannu uchitavaagi labhyavaguvante maadalu garden kalaa mandaliya anudaanavannu padedaru.
2016rahra april 28randu garden kiru aichvi-vishayada haasya nataka "yemi mattu femi goo daa chemist" annu team angelica avara "boom!" nalli prathama pradarshana maadalaayitu."london atyanta gouravaanvita bush theaternalli" "honchudaaliya" "bhagavagi nadeda ee ghatanege maaratavaada prekshakarinda utsaahabharita pratikriye vyaktavaayitu". avaru mattu beedle-blair ee kaaryakramavannu saha-naatakeeyagolisidaru, idu eradu ratrigalalli moovattentu barahagararannu pradarshisitu. ee naatakada pathyavannu angelica sankalanada tandadalli serisalaagide, "yukeyalli kappu mattu salingakami".
mayee 9,2023 randu garden one-act nataka, "yemi & femi goo windrush", idu naamamaatrada patragalu samayakke hintirugi 1950 rahra dasakadalli noating hilnalli salingakami keribean dampatigalu rahasya sambandhavannu edurisuvudannu noduttade, idannu tomm ratcliffen platform festivalna bhagavagi ondu vedikeya oduvikeyaagi prastutapadisalaayitu. rikki beedle-blair.
"drapetomania" (kadambari).
mayee 2018ralli prakatavaada "drapetomania" yuu daksina americada hinneleya 500 putagala kaadambariyaagide. hattu varshagala baravanigeyalli, idu kappu swatantrya, dange mattu gulamagiriya kaaladalli kappu purushara naduvina pranaya preetiya amulagra praatinidhyada mahaakaavyavaagide. patrick-eoin polk idannu 'sampoorna merukruti' endu karediddaare; micheal erich dyson idannu 'kalpaneya beragugolisuva kelasa' endu karediddaare; mattu adrey lard jivanacharitrekaara alexes dii walks idannu 'akarshaka, nipuna kruti' endu bannisiddaare. idannu london financial timesnalli anukulakaravagi parisheelisalaayitu, idu 'americada janangiya itihaasada ketta dosharopane' endu helide... aagaagge aalavaagi chalisuva mattu hidita '. 2019rahra april 25randu idu atyuttama elgibitike kaadambarigaagi trikonada pratishthita ferro-grammli prashastiyannu geddukonditu.
"hark" (kadambari).
"hark", "pub september 2020, salingakami hadihareyadavara antarajanangiya pranayavagiddu, idu" "drapetomania" "dha daksina gothik bhoodrushyada indina baahya chithranavannu hondide". idu americannara janangiyavagi geeluhidida bhootakaalavannu anveshisuva aloukika amshavannu olagondide mattu linching chayachitragalannu postcardgalagi smarakagalagi parivartisuttade. prashasti vijeta kappu salingakami fantacy barahagara kraigg laurence gidney idannu 'ekakaaladalli dhairyashali prachodanakaari, maadaka mattu bhayanaka' endu karedaru. mattu bahuteka jeatjist; "blackbird" lekhaka larry duplechan idannu "sampradaayakke swaagataarha serpade" endu bannisiddaare.'keepgaligaagi pustakagalinda idu varshada pustakavendu patti maadalpattide. |
joonn aarr. gorden
joonn aarr. oru britiish ezhuthukaaranaanu gorden (jananam 1964). addehathinte kruthikal-novalukal, naadakangal, thirakkadhakal, jeevacharitram-vamsham, laingikatha, vargam ennivayude vibhajanangale kaikaaryam cheiyunnu. rickie beedle-blairinoppam addeham kweer-oof-kalar-centric indi pras team anjalikka sthaapikkukayum nadathukayum cheythu. gorden parayunnathanusarichu, addeham "oru velutha praanthapradeshathu ninnulla vellakkaranaaya vyakthi" aayirunnengilum, 1980kalil jaims baldwin, malcom ex, frants phaanan thudangiya karutha saamskaarika vyakthikalil addehathinu aazhathilulla thaalpparyamundaayi, avar annumuthal addehathinte srishtikale swaadheenichittundu.
aadyakaala jolie.
1993num 2001num idayil gorden karutha swavarggaanuraagikalaaya britiish jeevithathekkurichulla moonnu supradhana novalukal prasidheekarichu, "black butterflies", "skin deep", "warriers & outlose" (aadya rund swavarggaanuraagikalaaya purushanmaarude pathrangalilum moonnaamathethu millivarukal/prolarukalilumaayi). 1995ll landanile gettu theaterilvechu oru santhoshakaramaaya apakadatthil thalarnnupoya oru yuva gunda thante adambara purusha nazhsineyum kurichu addeham thante "wheels oof steel" enna naadakam samvidaanam cheythu. beedle-blairinte chaanal 4 seereesaaya "metrosexuality" yill parasparam verpirinja bharthaakkanmaaraayi abhinayicha rickie beedle-blair kaal collins ithil abhinayichu. deerghakaalamaayi nashtappetta jamaikkan sahodarante swavarggalaingikathayumaayi poruthappedunna oru maacho black britiish manushyane (felix dekstar) kurichu addeham 1999 ll oru sitcom pailat "dhii melting pottu" ezhuthi. chaanal 4-nte sitcom festivalinu purake televisionilekku orikkalum athiyillengilum, noothana kathaapaathrangalum saahacharyangalum vaagdaanam cheythathinu "dhii indipendant" athine prashamsichu. athil terry alderton abhinayichu.
"noayude arck".
us cable chaanal logoikaayi patrick-iyaan polkkinte television shhow "nohas arck" (2005-6)-nte rund seasonukal gorden skript edittu cheythu. randaam seasonile rund episodukal addeham ezhuthi ("nirasha", "sammarddathil"), 2007 ll polkkinoppam (kyu). alaan broka) spin-oof feature-philim, pinneedu polkkumaayi chernnu thirakkathayezhuthi. aarr american nagarangalil parimithamaaya release nalkia eee chithram 2008 october avasaanathode vittupoya veedukalil pradarshippikkukayum ticket vilppanayil maathram 500,000 dollar veendedukkukayum cheythu. gorden polum ezhuthiya "jumping dhaa broom" thirakkadhayum mikacha swatantra feature vibhaagathile chithravum oru naakp imej awardinu naamanirddesham cheyyappettu. 2009 eprilil eee chithram mikacha (parimitha release) feature philim award nedi. 2020 ll addeham qoo-executive nirmmikkukayum polkku ezhuthukayum samvidaanam cheyyukayum juulai 5 nuu gileyad sciences avatharippikkukayum cheytha oru reunion episode nirmmikkukayum cheythu. ellah yadhaartha abhinethaakkalum abhinayicha eee chithratthil noayude ammayayi wanda saiks avatharippicha oru feature athidhiveshathil noayude ammayayi abhinayichu, athinaayi oru pakal fiction prograamile mikacha athidhi kalakaariykkulla 2021 emmick avar naamanirddesham cheyyappettu. 2021 januvariyil ithinu oru glad special recognission award labhichu.
"solja" (hraswachithram).
rickie beedle-blair samvidaanam cheytha oru swavarggaanuraagiyaaya muun aafrikkan baala sainikane (bii3/anchalikka entertainments 2007) kurichulla addehathinte 10 minitt dairkhyamulla hraswachithram "solja" 2007 october 30 nuu lunden chalachithrothsavathil pradharshippichu. 2008 joolaiyil "solja" rush soho shorts philim festivalil mikacha hraswachithrathinulla award nedi. 2009 eprilil torrento reelweld philim festivalil mikacha anthaaraashtra hraswachithrathinulla puraskaaram nedi. team anchalikka productionsinaayi rickie beedle-blair samvidaanam cheytha eee chithram beedle-blair, gorden, carlene beedle ennivar chernnaanu nirmmichathu.
prasadhakan enna nilayil.
2011-ll, rickie beedle-blairumaayi chernnu addeham radical kweer-oof-kalar-focused imprond team anjalikka publishing sthaapichu. athinte aadya pusthakam beedle-blairinte "innu njaan padichathu" aayirunnu. swavarggaanuraagiyaaya somali ezhuthukaaranaaya diriye oosmaante "nashtappetta kuttikalkkayulla yakshikkadhakal" enna mikacha sweekaaryathayum puthumayum niranja cherukathaa samahaaram 2013-ll avar prasidheekarichu. 2014 october 8 nuu "nashtappetta kuttikalkkulla yakshikkadhakal" polari onnaam pusthaka sammanam nedi. 2015ll avar rooss kaaveniyude "skill pease oof scroll" enna noval prasidheekarichu, athu 2016leeii mikacha trans fiction lamda saahitya puraskaaram nedi. 2017 novemberil avar chick franky edosien ezhuthiya "lifes oof grettu menn" enna aadya swavarggaanuraagikalaaya aafrikkan ormmakkurippu prasidheekarichu. lunden 'financial timesy' ll anukoolamaayi avalokanam cheyyappedukayum 2018 ll mikacha swavarganuraga ormmakkurippu/noonn fiction lamda saahitya award nedukayum cheythu. ithu dakshinaafrikkayile jacana bukkukalum 2018 joolaiyil nigeriayile ooyida bukkukalum veendum prasidheekarichu. 2018 februvariyil avar "sistta!" prasidheekarichu.", gorden, beedle-blair, yuke black pride sahasthaapakanaaya phail oppokku-gima ennivar edittu cheytha yuke bandhamullah aafrikkan/caribean vamshajaraaya swavargasnehikalaaya sthreekalude rachanakalude samahaaram; ithil irsa dally-ward polulla ezhuthukaar ulppedunnu, koodaathe 2019 leeii lamda saahitya awardinu shortlist cheyyappettu.
2020 ll adhehavum beedle-blair 2023 octoberil prasidheekarikkaanirikkunnu thante pranayachitramaaya "enne swavarggaanuraagiyaakkiya sinimakal" enna ormmakkurippu ezhuthaan aafrikkan-american ezhuthukaaranaaya laari duplechane karaaril earppeduthi.
"black aandu geey inn dhaa yuke aan antology".
2014 october 20 nuu prasidheekaricha "black aandu geey inn dhaa yuke" avarude team anjalikka mudraykkaayi rickie beedle-blairumaayi saha-edittu cheythu. liie joonn, travis alabanza, deane attaa, aadam love, david malmond, bisi alimi, black britiish photographer roobert tailor, toffer campbel, jaid mccalle thudangiya ezhuthukaar, kalakaaranmaar, pravartthakar ennivar ulppedunna 352 pejukalulla kavithakal, oormmakkurippukal, saangalppika kathakal, yunaittad kingdavumaayi bandhapetta karutha swavarggaanuraagikalude jeevithathe paryavekshanam cheiyunna lekhanangal enniva ithil ulppedunnu.
vere jolie.
2009ll 'manali cream' (dhir) enna hraswachithrathinte thirakkatha addeham rachichu. navdeep kandola). 2009 venalkkaalath fizayo akindande avatharippikkunna addehathinte otta naadakamaaya "afro-pick-black maan hairinekkurichulla oru naadakam" central school oof speach aandu drama summer schoolil pradharshippichu. 2010 venalkkaalath addehathinte hraswa naadakam "varkk!"golden delela nirmmaanatthinte bhaagamaayi thiyettar 503 ll" "7:1 niyantranaatheetham" "enna chithram pradharshippichu".
phitt", "kickoff", "bashment", manikorukal neenduninna "free" (2014) (ellah team anchalikka productions) ennee feature philimukalil art designaraayirunnu gorden.
thiyettar royal stratford eesttil gorden beedle-blair chernnu "enchalik stolukal" paraamarshichu, ithu puthiya ezhuthukaarkkulla oru neenda vikasana padhathiyaanu, ithu thiyettarinte pradhana vediyil randaazhcha neendunilkkunna steju readingukalude seasonukalil kalaashikkunnu. somalia seettante "kireedadhaaranam" (2013), linettu lintante "steppu" (2013), alexes gregoryude "slap" (2018) thudangiya avar vikasippicha niravadhi naadakangal poornna nirmmaanatthilekko toorukalilekko pooyi. 2017-ll addeham lintante mixed rays britiish identittiyekkurichulla paryavekshanam naadakeeyamaakki, "laitti", athu arcola thiyettaril vittupoya prekshakarkku avatharippichu; play tekst team anchalikka prasidheekarichu, athupole "slap" enna play teksttum.
patrick-iyaan polkkinte feature chithramaaya blackbird (2014)-rickie beedle-blair polum chernnu rachicha, laari duplechante aaa perilulla novalil ninnu sweekarichu monic isiya washington abhinayicha, neelamulla karutha booy/hicks media sahanirmmaanathil skript kansalttantum associate produserumaayirunnu gorden.
"faggamaphin" (noval).
gordante naalaamathe novalaaya "faggamaphin" 2012-ll prasidheekarikkappettu. ithu oru swavarggaanuraagiyaaya jamaikkan reggy nirmmathaavaaya-"dhii melting pottu" enna chithratthil aadyamaayi prathyakshappetta oru kathaapaathramaaya kattiyekkurichaanu-adhikaarikalil ninnu olichodumbol.
2015 november 3 nuu rickie beedle-blair samvidaanam cheyth nathan kloo, maarlon kameka, savanna reey ennivar abhinayicha "faggamaphin" enna chithratthinte oru thiyettar pathipp "geey buddies weak" enna paripaadiyude bhaagamaayi bush thiyettaril avatharippichu.
2020ll kweer carnival aaktivist grouppaaya faggamaphin block party roopeekaranathinu eee noval prachodanamaayi.
"solja" (noval).
2014 septambar 22nuu gordante aaraamathe novalaaya "solja" team anchalikka prasidheekarichu. athe perilulla award nediya hraswachithrathil aadyamaayi avatharippikkappedunna kathaapaathrangaludeyum saahacharyangaludeyum oru extraapoleshanaanu ithu. qaa-oss ithu anukoolamaayi avalokanam cheythu.blogg spott.koom "ellaavarudeyum shradha arhikkunna oru kathayaanithu. soljia sarikkum athishayakaravum alavilum abhilaashathilumaanu. njaan chila samayangalil oru kunjineppole karanju, novalinte avasana prakadanatthil sambhavangal athivegam vardhichathode, enikku athu thaazhtthikkettaanaayilla ", huffington posttil paranju...vargeekaranathe ethirkkunna oru noval. kudiyetta kathayude oru mashop, oru thanutha gundaasaahityam, oru raajyathinte avastha, oru varaanirikkunna praaya katha, hridayathil vedanaajanakamaaya yudhakkuttamulla oru aduppamulla kudumba chhaayaachitram ennivayaanu ithu. gorden orikkalum panthu oru thavana polum thaazhthunnilla enna vastutha solja vishalavum kaazhchayil aakarshakavumaya oru maastarpees akkunnu."2015 march 4 nuu ithu lamda saahitya puraskaaratthinaayi shortlist cheyyappettu.
yemium femiyum.
yemi & femiyude phann naitt outtu" enna graphik novalil aadyamaayi prathyakshappetta britiish-nigerian swavarggaanuraagikalaaya kaumaarakkaarude uttasuhrithukkalaaya gorden ('mye lill' anantharavanmaar ') srishticha cartoon kathaapaathrangalaanu yemium femiyum. 2015 septambaril prasidheekaricha ithu, yemi, femi, femiyude kaamukan mixtape ennivayekkurichum oru naitt clubble ninnu purathaakkappetta oru ratri avarude sahasikathakalekkurichum 42 pejulla black aandu vaitt graphik novalaanu. echuaivi, saphe sex, pep (poost-exposure prophylaxis), pree-exposure prophylaxis, sero-disordency ennivayekkurichulla prasnangal graphik noval theruvu thalatthilulla bhashayilum nagara bhashayilum haasyaparamaayi paryavekshanam cheiyunnu. swavarggaanuraagikalaaya nagarangalile yuvakkalkkum laingika aarogya chaarittikalkkum pakarppukal soujanyamaayi labhyamakkunnathinaayi gorden oru arts kaunsil graant labhichu.
2016 epril 28 nuu gordante hraswa echuaivi-theem komadi naadakam "yemi aandu femi goo daa kemist" team aanjalikkayude "boom!"landanile valare bahumaanikkappedunna bush thiyettarile" "pathiyirippinte" "bhaagamaayi nadanna paripaadikku prekshakaril ninnu aaveshakaramaaya prathikaranamaanu labhichathu". adhehavum beedle-blair chernnu rund rathrikalilaayi muppathiyettu ezhuthukaare pradharshippicha paripadi saha-naadakeeyamaakki. black aandu geey inn dhaa yuke" enna anjalikka antology teamil eee naadakatthinte vaachakam ulppeduthiyittundu.
2023 meyy 9 nuu gordante vann-aakt naadakamaaya "yemi & femi goo windresh", taittilar kathaapaathrangal samayathinu thirike pookukayum 1950 kalil oru swavarggaanuraagikalaaya caribean dambathikalkku oru rahasyabandham undaakukayum cheiyunna notting hill kaanukayum cheiyunnu, ithu toom raatklifinte plaattphom festivalinte bhaagamaayi oru steju readingayi avatharippichu. rickie beedle-blair.
"drapettomaniya" (noval).
2018 meyy maasathil prasidheekaricha "drapettomaniya" american thekk pashchaathalamaakkiyulla 500 pejulla novalaanu. ezhuthinte patthu varshathinullil, karuthavarggakkaarude swaathanthryam, prakshobham, adimatha kaalaghattatthile karuthavarggakkaar thammilulla pranayatthinte samoolamaaya praathinidhyam ennivayude oru itihaasa kathayaanithu. patrick-iyaan polkku ithine 'oru samboornna maastarpees' ennu visheshippichu; maikkal eric daisan ithine 'bhaavanayude thilakkamaarnna srishti' ennu visheshippichu; oodre loard jeevacharithrakaaran alexes dii weaks ithine 'aakarshakavum mikachathumaaya kruthi' ennu visheshippichu. amerikkayude vamseeya charithrathe apakeerthippeduthunna kuttaaropana' mennu paranjukondu lunden financial timesil ithu anukoolamaayi avalokanam cheyyappettu... palappozhum aazhathil chalippikkukayum pidichedukkukayum cheiyunnu. 2019 epril 25 nuu mikacha elgibiticu fictionulla prasidheekarana trikonatthinte abhimaanakaramaaya ferro-grumley award nedi.
"hark" (noval).
"hark", "pub septambar 2020, oru swavarggaanuraagiyaaya kaumaarakkaarude vamseeya pranayamaanu, ithu" "drapettomaniya" "yude thekkan gothik bhooprakrithiyude innathe extrapolationil sajjeekarichirikkunnu". amerikkayude vamsheeyamaayi vettayaadappetta bhoothakaalam paryavekshanam cheiyunna oru amanushika ghadakam ithil adangiyirikkunnu, koodaathe linching photographukale smarakangalaayi postkaardukalaayi maattunnu. award jethaavaaya karuthavargakkaaranaaya faantasi ezhuthukaaranaaya craig laurence gidney ithine 'oresamayam aaveshakaravum sexiyum bhayappeduthunnathumaaya' sambhavamennu visheshippichu. blackbird' ezhuthukaaranaaya laari duplechan ithine 'paarambaryatthilekku swaagathaarhamaaya kootticherkkal' ennu visheshippichu.'sookshikkunnathinulla pusthakangal prakaram eee varshathe pusthakamaayi ithu pattikapedutthi.
| johnn aar. gorden
johnn aar. gorden (janm 1964) heey eka british lekhak aahet. abhootpurv, natake, patkatha aanee charitra yaa tyanchya kamanmadhye vansh, laingikta aanee varg yanchya parasparsanvadancha samavesh aahe. rikki beedle-blairs tyane rangeet-kendrit indii press sangh angelicachi sthapana kelee aanee chalavato. jaree too too upnagaratil pandhara manus' asala taree, gordenchya matey, 1980 chya dashakat tyala james baldwin, malcum ex aanee frantz fannon yansarkhya krishnavarniy sanskrutik vyaktinmadhye kholvar rus vatoo lagla aanee tevhapasoon tyanni tyachya kamavar prabhav padala aahe.
suruvatiche kaam.
1993 aanee 2001 chya darmyan, gorden yanni krishnavarniy samalingi british jivanachya teen abhootpurv abhootpurv prakashit kelya, 'black butterfly', 'skiin deep' aanee 'warriers andd outlow' (samalingi purushanchya vruttapatratil pahilya done, millivers/provelers millivers/provelers. 1995 madhye tyanni londonchya gett theatermadhe, aanandadayak apghatat ardhangvayu jhalelya eka bandist tarun thagabaddal aanee tyachya zagmagatya purush paricharikebaddalache tyanche 'vheels auph steel' heey natak digdarshit kele. yaat rikki beedle-blair aanee carl collins yanni abhinay keela, jyanni beedle-blairchya channell 4 maliketil 'metrosexuality' madhye ekmekanchya vimukh patichi bhoomika sakarli. tyane 1999 saalee 'daad melting pott' haah vinodi karyakram prayogik paddhatine lihila, jyamadhye eka matcho black british mansababat (felix dextor) tyachya tyachya kalapasoon haravalelya jamaikan bhavachya samalaingikteshi julavun ghenyabaddal lihile hote. jaree too channell 4 chya sitcom mahotsavachya palikade durdarshanparyant kadhich pohochala nahee, taree navinyapurn patre aanee paristhiti sadar kelyabaddal 'daad independent' neey tyache kautuk kele. yaat terry uldertonnehi bhoomika sakarli hotee.
"nohachi chaap".
gorden yanni yuu. ess. kebal channelchya logosathi deshbhakt-iaan polkchya television karyakram 'noah' sha aark '(2005-6) chya done hangamanche sampadan kele. tyane tyane hangamache done bhag lihile, ('hatash' aanee 'dabavakhali') aanee 2007 madhye saha-katha (polk aanee kyu saha) lihili. alaan broka) haah up-chitrapat, tyanantar polksobat saha-patkatha lihila. haah chitrapat, sahaa american shaharanmadhye maryadit pramanat pradarshit karnyat aala, jithe aktoobar 2008 chya akheris too vikalya gelelya gharanmadhye pradarshit jhaala aanee keval tikitanchya vikritoon $500,000 parat midavale. gorden aanee polk yanni lihilelya 'jumping daad zaadu' yaa patkatheche navahi sarvotkrusht swatantra vaishishtya shrenitil chitrapatapramanech aine. aii. aii. see. pii. pratima puraskarasathi namankit karnyat aale hote. april 2009 madhye yaa chitrapatane sarvotkrusht (maryadit prakashan) chitrapat mhanoon puraskar jinkla. 2020 madhye tyanni saha-karyakari nirmiti kelee, polkne lihilela aanee digdarshit kelela aanee 5 julai roji gilliod sciencessne sadar kelela 'punarmilan bhag. yaat serve mool kalakaranni abhinay keela aanee tyat nohachya aaichi bhoomika bhoomika wanda saiksachya vaishishtyapurn camiocha samavesh hota, jyasathi teela divasachya kalpanik karyakramat utkrusht atithi kalakarasathi 2021 chya emisathi namankan denyat aale hote. janewari 2021 madhye tyala glad vishesh manyata puraskar pradan karnyat aala.
"soljah" (laghupat).
soljah' haah tyacha 10 minitancha laghupat-eka samalingi african majee baal sainikabaddal sainikabaddal entertainment 2007) aanee rikki beedle-blair digdarshit-30 aktoobar 2007 roji london chitrapat mahotsavat pradarshit jhaala. julai 2008 madhye 'soljah' neey 'rashsoho laghupat mahotsavat sarvotkrusht laghupat mhanoon puraskar jinkla. april 2009 madhye toronto reelworld chitrapat mahotsavat yaa chitrapatane sarvotkrusht aantarrashtriy laghupat puraskar jinkla. haah chitrapat rikki beedle-blairne team angelica productionsathi digdarshit keela hota aanee beedle-blair, gorden aanee carlene beedle yanni tyachi nirmiti kelee hotee.
prakashak mhanoon.
2011 madhye, rikki beedle-blairs tyane radical kweer-auph-cullar-kendrit chhap team angelica publishingchi sthapana kelee. tyache pahile pustak beedle-blairche 'aaj mea kaay shikalo' heey hote. 2013 madhye tyanni samalingi somali lekhak diriye osman yancha 'haravalelya mulansathi parikatha' haah changla pratisad midavanara aanee abhootpurv laghukathasangrah prakashit keela. 8 aktoobar 2014 roji 'haravalelya mulansathichya parikathan' neey polari pratham pustak paritoshik jinkale. 2015 madhye tyanni rose kevenichi 'kavatiche lahan tukade' hii kadambari prakashit kelee, jee pudhe jaaun 2016 chaa sarvotkrusht trans fiction lambda sahityik puraskar jinkley. november 2017 madhye tyanni chick franky adozian yanche 'lifes auph gret maine' heey pahile samalingi african sansmaran prakashit kele. londonchya 'financial times' madhye tyacha anukool aadhava ghenyat aala aanee 2018 madhye sarvotkrusht samalingi sansmaran/naun fiction lambda sahityik puraskar jinkla. dakshin aafriketil jekana booksne julai 2018 madhye aanee nayajeriyatil oyuda booksne too punha prakashit keela. februwari 2018 madhye tyanni "sista!" prakashit kele.", brittenshee sambandh asalelya african/caribean vanshachya samaan-ling-premal mahilanchya lekhanacha sangrah, jyache sampadan gorden, beedle-blair aanee britton black prideche saha-sansthapak phil opoku-gima yanni kele aahe; tyat yersa delly-verd sarkhya lekhakancha samavesh hota aanee 2019 chya lambda sahityik puraskarasathi tyanchi nivad karnyat aalee hotee.
2020 madhye tyane aanee beedle-blairne prasiddha samalingi african-american lekhak larry duplechanshi tyachya chitrapatavaril premache sansmaran lihinyasathi karar keela, 'chitrapat jyane mallah samalingi banavale', jeey aktoobar 2023 madhye prakashit honar aahe.
"black andd geey inn daad yukeh aine anthology'.
20 aktoobar 2014 roji prakashit jhalelya 'black andd geey inn daad yooke' chey tyanchya sangh angelica chhapasathi rikki beedle-blairs saha-sampadan karnyat aale hote. united kingdamshi kahee sambandh asalelya krishnavarniy samalingi purushanchya jivanacha shodh shodh 352 pananchya kavita, sansmarane, kalpanik katha aanee nibandhanmadhye lii johnn, travis alabanza, deane atta, addam love, david mcclemont, bisi alimi, krishnavarniy british chhayachitrakar robbert teller, topper campbelle aanee jaid mccaulay yansarkhe lekhak, kalakar aanee karyakarte yancha samavesh aahe.
itar kaame.
2009 madhye tyanni 'manali cream' (diar) yaa laghupatasathi saha-patkatha lihili. navdeep kandola). 2009 chya unhalyat fisayo akintundeche vaishishtya asalele tyache eka-abhinay natak 'afro-pick-black mann kesambaddalche natak' central school auph speach andd drama summer skoolmadhye pradarshit karnyat aale. 2010 chya unhalyat tyanche laghupat 'vark!"golden delilahchya nirmiticha bhag mhanoon theater 503 madhye," "7:1 niyantranabaher".
fitt', 'kickoff', 'bashment' aanee 'free' (2014) (serve sangh angelica nirmiti) yaa tasbhar tasbhar chitrapatanmadhye gorden heey qalaa designer hote.
gorden' aanee 'beedle-blair' yanni 'angelic tails' yaa chitrapatgruhatil royal straitford east 'yaa naveen lekhakansathicha eka pradirgh vikas prakalpache saha-margadarshan kele, jyachi sangata natyagruhachya mukhya manchavaril done aathvadyanchya rangeet vachanachya hangamat hote. tyanni vikasit keleli anek natake, udaharanarth somalia seatonchi 'kraun glory' (2013), linnet lintonchi 'step' (2013) aanee alexes gregarichi 'thappad' (2018) purn nirmiti aanee/kinwa aanee/kinwa gelee aahet. 2017 madhye tyanni lintonchya mishra vansh british olakh, 'lighty' chya shodhavar natyarup dile, jeey arcola theatermadhe vikri jhalelya prekshakansamor khelale gele; haah natyabhag team angelicane prakashit keela hota, tasech 'thappad' chaa natyabhagahi hota.
gorden haah patrick-eoin polkchya 'blackbird' (2014) yaa chitrapatasathi patkatha sallagar aanee sahyogi nirmata hota-eka unch patal kaala mulga/hicks media saha-nirmiti, rikki beedle-blair aanee polk yanni lihileli, larry duplechanchya tyaa navachya kadambarivar aadharit aanee moow 'nick aanee isiya washington yanni abhinay kelela.
"faggamphin" (kadambari).
gordenchi chauthi kadambari, 'faggamphin', 2012 madhye prakashit jhaali. hii eka samalingi jamaikan rege nirmatyabaddal aahe-katti, eka patra jeey pahilyanda 'daad melting pott' madhye madhye paloon jaat hote.
3 november 2015 roji rikki beedle-blair digdarshit aanee nathan cloff, marlen kameka aanee savana reey abhineet 'faggamphin' chee natya aavrutti 'geey friends weak' chaa bhag mhanoon busch theatermadhe sadar karnyat aalee.
yaa kadambarine 2020 madhye kweer carnival karyakarte gut fagamphin block partychya nirmitila prerana dilee.
"soljah" (kadambari).
22 september 2014 roji gordenchi sahavi kadambari, 'soljah', team angelicane prakashit kelee. tyach navachya puraskar vijetya laghupatamadhye pahilyanda sadar keleli patre aanee paristhiti yanche heey eka sankshipt varnan aahe. qaa-osa yanni tyacha anukool aadhava ghetala.blogspot.comh "hii eka ashee katha aahe jee pratyekachya lakshas patra aahe. soljah kharokharach shwas rokhoon dharnara, mothya pramanat aanee mahattvakankshecha aahe. mea kahee vela lahan mulapramane rudlo aanee kadambarichya antim krutimadhye ghatana zapatyane vadhalya, tyamule mea teey khalee thevu shakalo nahee "aanee huffington postmadhyeh..vargikaranala virodh karnari kadambari. haah sthalantaritanchya kathecha eka mishra roop aahe, eka thararak gund thararpat, eka rashtra-sthitichi kadambari, eka eka vayachi katha aanee hrudayat eka vednadayak yuddh gunhegari asalele eka jivhalyache kautumbik chitra aahe. gorden kadhihi chendula khalee sodat nahee hii vastusthiti soljahla eka vistirn, netraheen aakarshak utkrusht kalakruti banavate."4 march 2015 roji tyala lambada sahitya puraskarasathi nivadanyat aale.
yemi aanee stree.
yemi' aanee 'femi' hii british-nigerian samalingi kishoravayin mulanche mitra asalelya, 'gorden' ('majhe lill' putane ') yanni tayar keleli vyangchitra patre aahet, jeey' yemi andd famies funn nite out 'yaa graphik kadambarimadhye pahilyanda disale. september 2015 madhye prakashit jhaleli hii 42 pananchi kalya aanee aanee rangachi graphik kadambari aahe, jee yemi aanee femi aanee femichya priyakaravar aadharit aahe aanee eka ratri niteclubmadhun baher fekoon dilyanantar tyanchya sahsambaddal aahe. graphik kadambarimadhye etch. aay. vhee., surakshit laingik sambandh, pep (poost-exposure prophylaxis), prep (prii-exposure prophylaxis) aanee sero-disordancychya samasyancha rastyavaril bhashemadhye aanee shahari apshabdanmadhye vinodi paddhatine shodh ghetala aahe. samalingi shahari tarunanna aanee laingik aarogya dharmaday sansthanna pratee mofat upalabdh karoon denyasathi gordenla qalaa parishadeche anudan midale.
28 april 2016 roji, gordenche etch. aay. vhee.-theemvareel laghupat 'yemi andd femi goo daa chemist' haah team angelicachya 'boom!' madhye pradarshit karnyat aala."londonchya atyant aadaraniy busch theatermadhil" "hallyacha" "bhag mhanoon, vikri jhalelya prekshakankadun utsahpurn pratisad midala". tyanni aanee beedle-blair yanni yaa karyakramache saha-natyikaran kele, jyat done ratri 38 lekhakanni sadarikaran kele. yaa natakacha majkoor 'black andd geey inn daad yooke' yaa angelicachya sanghik sankalanat samavisht karnyat aala hota.
9 meey 2023 roji, gordenche eka-abhinay natak, "yemi andd femi goo winders", jyamadhye namdhari patre velevar parat jaatana disatat aanee 1950 chya dashakat notting hilmadhye eka samalingi caribean jodpyache gupt sambandh asalyache disun yete, teey rajachya mukhya natyagruhat tomm ratcliffchya munch mahotsavacha bhag mhanoon eka munch vachan mhanoon sadar karnyat aale. rikki beedle-blair.
"drapetomania" (kadambari).
meey 2018 madhye prakashit jhaleli 'drapetomania' hii 500 pananchi kadambari aahe jee dakshin americetil aahe. daha varshe lihilelya yaa lekhanat, kalya swatantryachi, uthav aanee gulamgirichya kalat kalya purushanmadhil pranayramya premache aamulagra pratinidhitva karnari eka mahakavya katha aahe. patrick-eoin polkne yala 'eka utkrusht utkrusht krutee' mhatale aahe; michael erich diasonne yala 'kalpaneche eka chamakdar karya' mhanoon olakhale aahe; aanee audrey lordche charitrakar alexes dii wakes yanni tyache varnan 'eka chittavedhak, nipun karya' asey kele aahe. london financial timesmadhye tyacha anukool aadhava ghenyat aala, jyat mhatale gele qee haah amerikechya varnadveshi itihasacha eka bhayankar aarop aahe... anekada kholvar halvinare aanee pakadanare '. 25 april 2019 roji tyane sarvotkrusht ell. jee. bii. tii. kyu. kalpanaramya chitrapatasathi prakashan trikonacha pratishthit ferro-groomley puraskar jinkla.
"hark" (kadambari).
"hark", pub september 2020, haah eka samalingi kishoravayin aantarjatiy pranay aahe joou sadhyachya dakshinekadil gothick landskepchya "" drapetomania "" chya bahyarupat seet keela aahe ". tyat amerikechya vanshikdrushtya bhootgrast bhootkalacha shodh ghenara eka alaukik ghatak aahe aanee linching chhayachitranche smaranika mhanoon postcardmadhye rupantar kele aahe. puraskar vijete krishnavarniy samalingi kalpanaramya lekhak kregg laurence gidney yanni yala 'ekach velee dhadsipane uttejak, madak aanee bhitidayak' mhatale. aanee barechase zeatjist; 'blackbird' lekhak larry duplechan yanni tyache varnan 'paramparet eka swagatarh bharr mhanoon kele.'kipasathichya pustakandware teey varshatil pustak mhanoon soochibaddha karnyat aale hote.
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john arr. gerden
john arr. gorden (janma 1964) ek britis lekhak hun. unka kamharu-upanyas, natak, patakatha rar jiwani-jaati, yaunata rar wargako antarkriyasanga sambandhit chhan. rikki biddle-blairsanga unle kweer-aff-colour-centric indie press tolly angelica sthapana gare rar chalaunchhan. yadyapi uni "seto upanagarko seto wyakti" thie, gordenka anusar, sann 1980 ko dashakma uni james baldwyn, malkam ex rar frantz fannon jasta callo sanskritik wyaktitwaharuma gahiro ruchi lyne thale, rar tiniharule unko kamlai tyasabeladekhi prabhawa pareka chhan.
prarambhik kaam.
sann 1993 rar 2001 ko bichma gordenle callo samalingi britis jiwanko tean abhutpurva upanyasharu prakashit gare, "callo titliharu", "chhala gahiro", rar "yoddhaharu rar gairakanuniharu" (samalingi purushharuko preska sath pahilo dui, millivers/provelerko sath tesro). sann 1995 maa unle londonko gett thieterma euta anandadayi durghatanama pakshaghatgrasta ek banda yuwa thag rar unko tej purush narsako barema afno natak "stilko pangra" nirdeshan gare. yasama rikki biddle-blair rar carle collinsle abhinaya gareka thie, jasle biddle-blairko channel 4 shringkhala "metrosexuality" maa ek arkaka alag patiharuko bhumika kheleka thie. unle sann 1999 ko sitcom pilot "da melting putt" lekhe jasma ek macho black britis manis (felix dextor) afno lamo samayadekhi haraeko jamaikan bhaiko samalaingiktasanga samjhauta garne bare lekhe. yadyapi yasale channel 4 ko sitcom festivaldekhi televisionsamma kahilyai parr garena, "da independent" ley naveen patraharu rar paristhitiharu prastawa garekoma yasako prashansa garyo. yasama terry aldertonle pani abhinaya gareka thie.
"nohako chap.
gordenle yues kebal channel logoka lagi patrick-ian polkko television karyakram "nohako chap" (2005-6) ko dui sijanharu script-sampadan gare. unle dosro sijanka dui episodharu lekhe, ("hatash" rar "dababma"), rar 2007 maa saha-kathatmak (polk rar kyuko sath. alon broka) spin-aff fitcher-film, pachhi polksanga patakatha saha-lekhan. film, ', chhawata americi saharharuma simit rilij diieko thiyo, jahaan yo october 2008 ko antyama bikri bhaeka gharharuma khelieko thiyo rar tikat bikrima matra $500,000 firta bhayo. gerden rar polkle lekheko "jumping da jhadu" scriptlai naacp chhawi puraskarka lagi manonit garieko thiyo, jasari film afai utkrishta swatantra fitcher kotima thiyo. april 2009 maa filmle glad best (limited rilij) fitcher film award jityo. sann 2020 maa unle saha-karyakari rupma 'polkdwara likhit rar nirdeshit rar 5 julyma gilead sciencedwara prastut garieko punarmilan episode' nirman gare. yasama sabai muel kalakar sadasyaharule abhinaya gare rar nohaki amako rupma wanda saiksdwara fitcher cameo samawesh gariyo, jaska lagi uni dinko kalpanik karyakramma utkrishta atithi kalakarka lagi 2021 emmika lagi manonit bhaeki thiin. janawari 2021 maa yasalai glade vishesh manyata puraskar pradan garieko thiyo.
"soljah" (chhoto film).
unko 10 minetko chhoto film "soljah"-ek samalingi africi purva ball sainik (bee 3/angelica manoranjan 2007) ko barema, rar ricky beedle-blairdwara nirdeshit-30 october 2007 maa london film festivalma premiere bhayo. july 2008 maa "soljah" ley rus soho certs film festivalma sarwashreshtha chhoto filmko puraskar jityo. april 2009 maa yasale toranto reelworld film festivalma utkrishta antarrashtriya cert jityo. yo tolly angelica productionka lagi rikki biddle-blairdwara nirdeshit thiyo rar biddle-blair, gorden rar carlene bidaldwara nirmit thiyo.
prakashakko rupma.
sann 2011 maa, rikki biddle-blairko sath unle kattarpanthi kweer-aff-colour-kendrit chhap tolly angelica prakashan sthapana gare. yasako pahilo pustak biddle-blairko "maile az key sikeko chhu" thiyo. sann 2013 maa uniharule samalingi somali lekhak diriye osamandwara ramro-prapta rar abhutpurva chhoto katha sangraha "haraeko bachchaharuka lagi parikatha" prakashit gare. 8 october 2014 maa "haraeko bachchaharuka lagi parikathaharule" polari pahilo pustak puraskar jityo. sann 2015 maa uniharule rose kebheniko upanyas "sano khopadika tukraharu" prakashit gare, jasle sann 2016 ko utkrishta trans fixon lambada sahityik puraskar jityo. november 2017 maa tiniharule chick franky adojiandwara pahilo samalingi africi sansmaran, "lifes aff great maine" prakashit gare. yasalai london "wittiya samaya" maa anukul samiksha garieko thiyo rar 2018 maa sarwashreshtha samalingi sansmaran/gaira katha lambada sahityik puraskar jityo. yo dakshin africama jakana pustakharudwara july 2018 maa rar nigeriama ouida pustakharudwara punah prakashit bhayo. february 2018 maa uniharule "sista!" prakashit gare.", belayatko sambandhaka sath africi/caribean wanshaka saman-ling-premi mahilaharudwara likhit lekhanharuko sangraha, gorden, beedle-blair rar yuke black prideka saha-sansthapak fill opoku-gimahadwara sampadan garieko; yasama yersa deli-word jasta lekhakharu samawesh thie rar 2019 lamba sahityik puraskarka lagi chayan garieko thiyo.
sann 2020 maa unle rar biddle-blairle october 2023 maa prakashit hune afno chalchitra premko sansmaran lekhnaka lagi pratishthit samalingi africi-americi lekhak leri duplechanlai anubandha gare.
"belayatma callo rar samalingih ek sankalan.
20 october 2014 maa prakashit, "black anned ge inn da yuke" tiniharuko tolly angelica chhapka lagi rikki biddle-blairsanga saha-sampadan garieko thiyo. yasaka 352 prishthaka kawitaharu, sansmaranharu, kalpanik kathaharu rar sanyukta adhirajyasanga kehi sambandha bhaeka callo samalingi purushharuko jiwan anweshan garne nibandhaharuma lekhak, kalakar rar karyakarta jastai lea john, travis alabanza, dinn atta, adom lowe, devid mcmont, bisi alimi, callo british photographer robert taylor, topper campbelle rar jade mccalle samawesh chhan.
anya kaam.
sann 2009 maa unle chhoto film 'manali crim' (diar) ko patakatha saha-lekhe. navdeep kandola). sann 2009 ko garmima unko ek-abhinaya natak "afro-pick-callo manis kapalko barema ek natak", fisayo akintandeko visheshta raheko central schol aff spitch anned drama samar schoolma premiere garieko thiyo. garmi 2010 maa unko chhoto natak "kaam!"golden delilako utpadanko bhagko rupma theater 503 maa premiere bhayo," "7:1 niyantran bahira.
gorden fitcher filmharu "fitt", "kickuff", "bashment", rar ek ghanta lamo film "free" (2014) (sabai tolly angelica prodaksanharu) maa kala designer thie.
2012-017 gorden rar beedle-blairle theater royal stratford istma "angelic tails" ko saha-paramarsha die, nayan lekhakharuka lagi ek lamo vikas pariyojana thietarko mukhya manchama manchit pathanko dui hapta lamo sijanma samapta hunchha. uniharule vikas gareka dherai natakharu, jastai somalia sitanko "croun glory" (2013), linet lintonko "step" (2013) rar alexes gregoriko "thappad" (2018) purna utpadan rar/wa bhramanharuma gaeka chhan. sann 2017 maa unle lintonko mishrit jaati britis pahichanko anweshan, "lighty"-lai natakiya banae, june arcola thieterma bikri bhaeka darshakharulai khelieko thiyo; platext tolly angelicadwara prakashit garieko thiyo, jastai "thappad" ko platext thiyo.
gorden petrick-ian polkko fitcher film "blackbird" (2014)-ek aglo patlo callo ketako/hicks midia saha-nirman, rikki biddle-blair rar polkdwara likhit, leri duplechanko tyo namko upanyasbata anukulit, rar moe 'nick rar isiya wassington abhinit script sallahakar rar sahayogi nirmata thie.
"faggamfin" (upanyas).
gordenko chautho upanyas, "faggamfin", 2012 maa prakashit bhaeko thiyo. yo ek samalingi jamaikan reggy nirmata-katti, ek charitra jo pahilo patak "da melting putt" maa dekha paryo-adhikariharubata bhageko barema how.
3 november 2015 maa rikki biddle-blairdwara nirdeshit rar nathan cluff, marlen kameka rar sawana rey abhinit "faggamfin" ko natya sanskaran "ge buddies weak" ko bhagko rupma bush thieterma prastut garieko thiyo.
upanyasle sann 2020 maa kweer carnival karyakarta samuha faggamfin block partyko gathanlai prerit गऱ्यो।.
"soljah" (upanyas).
22 september 2014 maa gordenko chhaitaun upanyas, "soljah", tolly angelicadwara prakashit garieko thiyo. yo uhi namko puraskar vijeta chhoto chalchitrama pahilo patak prastut garieka patraharu rar paristhitiharuko ek bahirveshan how. yasalai kaa-osadwara anukul samiksha garieko thiyo.blogspot.kamah "yo euta katha how june sabaiko dhyan pauna yogya chha. soljah sanchchai lukne, mapanma, rar mahatwakankshama chha. mahm kahilekaahin bachchajstai roen, rar upanyasko antim abhinayama ghatanaharu druta gatima badhdai jaanda, maile yasalai tall rakhna sakin "rar huffington postmah"...wargikaranlai bewasta garne upanyas. yo aprawasi gatha, ek chiso gangster thriller, ek rashtrako rajya upanyas, ek umerko katha rar hridayama ek pidadayi yuddha aparadhko sath ek antaranga pariwarik chitrako mishran how. yo tathya kii gordenle ek patak pani ball chhoddaina, solajahalai ek farakilo, drishtigat rupma akarshak utkrishta kriti banaunchha."4 march 2015 maa yasalai lambada sahityik puraskarka lagi chhanot garieko thiyo.
yami rar fammy.
yemi rar fammy cartoon patraharu hun june gorden ('mero lill' bhatija '), britis-nigerially samalingi kishore clubkidka sabaibhanda milne sathiharudwara sirjana garieko how, jo pahilo patak graphic upanyas "yemi anned famies funn night out" maa dekha pare. september 2015 maa prakashit, yo 42-prishthako callo rar seto graphic upanyas how june yemi rar fammy rar femiko premi mixtep, rar night clubbata bahira fyaankieko ek raat pachhi uniharuko sahasik karyaharuko barema how. graphic upanyasle sadak-starko bhasha rar sahari apashabdama hasyapurna tarikama hiv, surakshit sex, pape (post-exposure profilexis), prep (pri-exposure profilexis) rar sero-disordancy warparka muddaharu anweshan gardacha. gordenle samalingi sahari yuwaharu rar yauna swasthya paropkari sansthaharulai pratilipiharu nihshulk upalabdha garauna kala parishad anudan prapta gare.
28 april 2016 maa gordenko chhoto hiv-thimayukta kamedi natak "yemi rar fammy go daa chemist" ko premiere team angelicako "boom!" maa bhaeko thiyo."londonko atyadhik sammanit bush thieterma" "ghaat" "ko bhagko rupma karyakram, bikri-out darshakharubata utsahajanak pratikriyako lagi. unle rar biddle-blairle yass karyakramko saha-natyakaran gare, jasma dui ratma adtis lekhakharu pradarshan gariyo. natakko path tolly angelica anthology, "black anned ge inn da yuke" maa samawesh garieko thiyo.
mey 9,2023 maa gordenko ek-abhinaya natak, "yemi anned fammy go windrus", jasma namamatraka patraharu samayamai farkera jaane rar 1950 ko dashakma ek samalingi caribean jodiko notting hilma gopya sambandha bhaeko dekhcha, rajako head theater, diarma tom ratclifko platform festivalko bhagko rupma stage garieko pathanko rupma prastut garieko thiyo. rikki biddle-blair.
"drapetomania" (upanyas).
mey 2018 maa prakashit, "drapetomania" americi dakshinma sett garieko 500 prishthako upanyas how. lekhanko das warsha, yo callo swatantrata, vidroha, rar dasatwako samayama callo purushharu bichko romantic premko kattarpanthi pratinidhitwako mahakawya katha how. patrick-ian polkle yasalai 'ek utkrishta utkrishta kriti' bhaneka chhan; micheal erich diasonle yasalai 'kalpanako chakachaundhapurna kaam' ko rupma hereka chhan; rar adra leard jiwanikar alexes day bhaksle yasalai 'ek akarshak, utkrishta kaam' ko rupma warnan gareka chhan. london financial timesma yasako anukul samiksha garieko thiyo, jasle yasalai 'americako jatiwadi itihasko euta hanikarak abhiyog' bhaneko thiyo... prayaha gahiro rupma hidney rar gripping garne '. 25 april 2019 maa yasale utkrishta elgibitkyu kathaka lagi prakashan trikonko pratishthit fero-grumli puraskar jityo.
"hark" (upanyas).
"hark", pub september 2020, ek samalingi kishore antarjatiya romans how june "" draptomania "" ko dakshini gothik paridrishyako wartaman extrapolationma sett garieko chha. yasama americiko jatiya rupma pretawadhit wigatko anweshan garne ek alaukik tatwa samawesh chha, rar linching photoharulai smriti chinhako rupma postcardharuma parinat garne. puraskar vijeta callo samalingi kalpanik lekhak kregg lawrence gidneyle yasalai 'ekaichoti sahasi uttejak, kamuk rar darawana' bhaneka chhan. rar dherai jaso jitjista '; "blackbird" lekhak leri dupleconle yasalai' paramparama swagatyogya thap 'ko rupma warnan gare.'yasalai pustakharudwara kipka lagi warshako pustakko rupma suchibadha garieko thiyo. | zohn aarr. gerden
zohn aarr. gerden (janma 1964) jane british lekhaka. taanka rachna-upenyas, nataka, chitranatya ebong jeebani-jaati, jounata ebong shrenira chhedaku nei alochana kare . rikki biddle-blair sahita shay 'quire-off-colour-centric indi press team angelica' pratistha karithile ebong parichalana karithile. jadio shay "eka dhalaa upakantharu eka sweta byakti" thile, gardanka anujai, 1980 dashakare shay james baldwin, malcome ex ebong frantz fannon pari kalaa sanskrutika byaktitwanka prati gabhira agrahi hoithile, ebong semane sebetharu taanka karjyaku prabhabita karichanti .
prarambhika karjya.
1993 ebong 2001 madhyare gerden kalaa samalingi british jeebner tinoti jugantakaree upenyas, "kalaa prajapati", "twacha gabhira", ebong "joddha ebong beaina" (pratham duiti samalingi purushanka press sahita, truteejati millivres/proller sahita) prakash karithile. 1995 masihare shay londner gett thietarare eka anandadajaka durghatanare pakhyaghatagrasta hoithiba jane bandha jubaka thaka ebong taanka chamkrar purush narsanka bishajare tankara nataka 'whill off still' rahr nirdeshana deithile. ethire rikki biddle-blair ebong carle collins abhinai karithile, jeunmane biddle-blejaranka channell 4 sirij "metrosexuality" ray paraspar bichhinna swamee bhumikare abhinai karithile. shay 1999 masihare eka sitcom pilot "daa melting putt" lekhithile, jeunthire jane macho black british byakti (felix dextor) taanka dirgha dinaru haraithiba jamaikan bhainka samalingi samparka saha sahmat hoithile. jadio ehaa kebe bii channell 4 rahr sitcom phestibhalaru television parjyanta pahanchi nathila, "dee independent" abhinaba charitra ebong paristhiti pradan karithibaru ehaaku prashansa karithila. ethire terry alderton madhya abhinai karithile.
"nohanka chaap.
gerden jayu. ess. kebul channell logo paain desh-ian polknka television shoe "nohas arch" (2005-6) rahr duiti sijanku script-edit karithile. shay dwiteeja sijinara duiti episode lekhithile, ("hatash" ebong "chaapare"), ebong 2007 ray saha-kahanibaddha (polk ebong kyu sahita. alan broka) spin-off fitcher-film, parabarti samajare polknka saha saha-script lekhile . ehi chalachitraku, ', americara chhaati saharare seemita muktilabha diajaithila, jeunthare ehaa october 2008 sheshare bikri hoijaithiba gharagudikare khelajaithila ebong kebala ticket bikrajare $500,000 punaruddhara karithila . gerden ebong polk lekhithiba "jamping daa broom" skriptaku eka nakpi emage puraskara paain manoneet karajaithila, jepari chalachitrati nije shrestha swadheena fitcher bargare thila . 2009 masiha april maasare ehi chalachitrati shrestha (seemita muktilabha) chalachitra puraskara jitithila. 2020 ray shay 'saha-karjyanirbahee' prajojana karithile, eka punarmilana adhyaja jaahaa polk dwara likhita ebong nirdeshita, ebong july 5 ray gilead sciences dwara upasthapita . ethire samasta moola kalakara abhinai karithile ebong nohanka maa 'bhabare wanda saiksnka dwara eka fitcher cameo antarbhukta karajaithila, jeunthipain shay eka dibaloka kalpanika karjyakramare utkrusta atithi kalakara paain 2021 emi paain manoneet hoithile. januari 2021 ray ehaaku eka glade swatantra manyata puraskara pradan karajaithila.
"soljah" (khudra chalachitra).
tankara 10 minitor khudra chalachitra "solzah"-jane samalingi african purbatana shishu sainika sainika manoranjan 2007) bishajare, ebong rikki biddle-blejaranka dwara nirdeshita-30 october 2007 ray london chalachitra mahostabare premiyara hoithila. july 2008 ray "solzah" rush soho certs chalachitra mahostabare shrestha khudra chalachitra paain puraskara jitithila . 2009 masiha april maasare ehaa torranto relworld chalachitra mahostabare shrestha antarjatija khudra chalachitra puraskara jitithila. ehaa rikki biddle-blair dwara team angelica prodoxon paain nirdeshita hoithila ebong biddle-blair, gerden ebong carlin biddle dwara nirmita .
prakashaka bhabe.
2011 ray, rikki biddle-blair sahita shay radikal quire-off-ranga-focused imprint team angelica prakashan pratistha karithile . ehara pratham pustaka thila biddle-blejaranka "aaji mun jaahaa shikhichhi". 2013 ray semane samalingi somali lekhaka dirije osamananka dwara prashansita ebong jugantakaree khudra galpa sangraha "hajijaithiba pilamananka paain parikalpana" prakash karithile. 8 october 2014 ray "hajijaithiba pilamananka paain parikatha" polari pratham pustaka puraskara jitithila . 2015 ray semane rose kaveninka upenyas, "khudra khuntira khanda" prakash karithile, jaahaa 2016 rahr shrestha trans ficson lambada sahitya puraskara jitithila . navember 2017 ray semane pratham samalingi african smrutikatha, "mahan purushanka zeeban" chick phranki edojiennka dwara prakashita karithile. londner "arthika samajare" ehara anukula samikhya karajaithila ebong 2018 ray shrestha samalingi smrutikatha/anah-kalpanika lambada sahitya puraskara jitithila . ehaa july 2018 ray dakhina africare zacana book dwara ebong naijeriaare ouida book dwara punah prakashita hoithila . februari 2018 ray semane "sista!" prakash karithile.", eka jayu. kee. sanjoga sahita african/caribean banshodbhaba sama-linga-premi mahilanka lekhagudikara eka sankalana, gerden, biddle-blair ebong jayu. kee. black pride saha-pratisthata phila opoku-gaimahanka dwara sampadita; ethire yarsa daali-wardnka pari lekhaka antarbhukta thile ebong 2019 lambada sahitya puraskara paain sankhipta talikabhukta hoithile .
2020 masihare shay ebong biddle-blair october 2023 ray prakashita hebaku thiba chalachitra prati tankara prem, "chalachitra jaahaa mote samalingi karithila" rahr eka smruti lekhibaku iconic gey african-americae lekhaka leri duplechanku chukti karithile.
"black anded gey inn daa jukeh enn anthology'.
20 october 2014 ray prakashita, "black anded gey inn dee jayu. kee." rahr saha-sampadana karajaithila rikki biddle-blair sahita semanankara dala angelica imprint paain . ehara 352 prusthara kabita, smruti, kalpanika kahani ebong prabandhagudika kalaa samalingi purushanka zeeban upare anusandhana karuchhi, jahara juktarajya sahita kichhi samparka rahichhi, jeunthire lekhaka, kalakara ebong karjyakarta jathaa lea zohn, travisa alabanja, dinn aataa, adam lowe, devida mccallmont, bisi alimi, kalaa british photographer robert taylor, toffer campbelle ebong zide mccally antarbhukta.
anya kaama.
2009 masihare shay khudra chalachitra 'manali cream "(dir) rahr chitranatya saha-rachna karithile. nabadeep kandola). 2009 grishma ruture tankara eka-abhinai nataka "afro-pick-kalaa manish kesh bishajare eka nataka", fisaio aakintundenku pradarshita curry central skula off spitch anded drama grishma bidyalajare premiyara karajaithila . 2010 grishma ruture tankara khudra nataka "wark!"golden delilahanka prodoxnra anshabisesha bhabe theatre theatre pratham pradarshan karajaithila," "7:1 nijantrana bahare.
gerden fitcher film "fitt", "kickoff", "bashment", ebong ghanta-dirgha chalachitra "free" (2014) (samasta dala angelica prodoxons) ray art designer thile .
gerden ebong biddle-bler theatre rayal stratford purbare "angelic tails" ku saha-paramarsha deithile, nutan lekhakamananka paain eka dirgha bikash prakalpa jaahaa theatrer mukhya manchare dui saptaha-dirgha manchita pathare samapta hoithila . semane bikashita karithiba aneka nataka, jepariki somalia sitannka "krauning glory" (2013), linet lintannka "step" (2013) ebong alexes gregareenka "slap" (2018) sampurna prajojana ebong/kimba gastaku jaichhi . 2017 ray shay lintannka mishrit jaati british parichai, "lighty" rahr anusandhanaku natakiah karithile, jaahaa arcola thietarare bikri hoithiba darshakanka paain khelajaithila; platest team angelica dwara prakashita hoithila, ebong "thappad" rahr platest thila .
gerden petrick-ayon polkanka fitcher film "blackbird" (2014) ray script paramarshadata ebong sahajogee nirmata thile-eka lamba charmasara kalaa balaka/hicks midia saha-prajojana, rikki biddle-blair ebong polkanka dwara likhita, sehi namara laari duplechanka upanyasaru anukoolita, ebong moe 'nick ebong isia washington abhinai karithile .
"faggamufin" (upenyas).
gardanka chaturtha upenyas, "fagamfin", 2012 ray prakashita hoithila. ehaa jane samalingi jamaikan reggy nirmata-kati, eka charitra jie prathame "daa melting putt" ray upasthita hoithile-kartupakhyanka thaaru palajana karithile .
3 navember 2015 ray rikki biddle-blejaranka dwara nirdeshita ebong nathan clow, marlen kameka ebong sabhana ray abhineet "fagamfin" rahr eka theatre sanskarana "gey bandhu saptaha" rahr ansha bhabare bush thietarare upasthapita hoithila .
ehi upanyasati 2020 masihare quire carnival karjyakarta gosthi fagamfin block partyra gathanaku prerana deithila.
"soljah" (upenyas).
22 september 2014 ray gardananka shastha upenyas, "soljah", team angelica dwara prakashita hoithila . ehaa charitra ebong paristhitira eka bahirbibhajana jaahaa pratham thara paain samaana naamare puraskara bijeta khudra chalachitrare upasthapita hoithila . kaa-osh dwara ehara anukula samikhya karajaithila.blogspot.kamah "ehaa eka kahani jaahaa samastanka dhyana akarshana kariba jogya. solzaha prakrutare swasaruddhakara, skelare ebong uchchakangkhyare . mun belebele eka shishu pari kanduthili, ebong upanyasara antim abhinajare ghatana druta gatire brudhi paiba sahita, mun ehaaku hrass kariparili naahin "ebong hafingatan postareh....eka upenyas jaahaa bargeekaranaku asweekara kare . ehaa prabasi kahanira eka mishran, eka chittakarshaka gangstera thriller, eka rastrara rajya upenyas, eka agami baisar kahani ebong eka antaranga paribarika chitra jahara hrudajare eka bhajankara juddha aparadha achhi . gerden thare bii bull drop karinathae, ehaa soljaku eka bistruta, drustigochara aakarshaneeah shrestha kruti kare ."2015 masiha march 4 tarikhare ehaaku eka lambada sahitya puraskara paain chayan karajaithila.
yemi ebong femi.
yemi ebong femi heuchhi cartoon charitra jaahaa gerden ('moe lill' putura ') nka dwara srusti hoichhi, british-nigerian samalingi kishore clubkid best friends, jeunmane prathame graphic upenyas "yemi anded femi' saas mamwa raati bahare" ray upasthita hoithile . september 2015 ray prakashita, ehaa eka 42 prusthara kalaa ebong dhalaa graphic upenyas jaahaa yemi ebong femi ebong pheminka boyfriend mixtep ebong eka night klabaru bahara karideba parey gotie raatire semanankara duhsahasika karjya bishajare . graphic upanyasati echa. aai. bhi., nirapada jouna samparka, pape (post-exposure profilaxis), prastuti (pri-exposure profilaxis) ebong sero-disordancy sambandheeah prasangaku eka hasyaspada upaajare, rasta-stariah bhasha ebong saharanchal apabadare anusandhana kare . samalingi saharanchalara jubaka ebong jouna swasthya databya sansthagudika paain maganare kapi upalabdha karaiba paain gerden eka kalaa parishad anudan paithile.
28 april 2016 ray girdner khudra etch. aai. bhi-thim kamedi nataka "yemi ebong femi goo daa chemist" team anjelikanka "boom!"londner atyanta sammanita bush thietarare" "atarkita aakraman" "rahr ansha bhabare karjyakram, bikri hoithiba darshakanka utsahajanaka pratikrija . shay ebong biddle-blair ehi karjyakramaku saha-natya roop deithile, jeunthire dui raatire 38 john lekhakanku pradarshita karajaithila. ehi natkar pathaku 'brittener kalaa ebong samalingi' namaka 'angelica' rahr dalgat sankalanare antarbhukta karajaithila.
meey 9,2023 ray gardananka eka-abhinai nataka, "yemi anded femi goo windras", jeunthire namamatra charitramane samajaku pachaku jaai 1950 dashakare eka samalingi caribean dampatinka eka gupta samparkaku bhetithibara dekhibaku mile, rajanka mukhya theatre, dir ray tomm ratklifnka platform phestibhalara ansha bhabare eka mancha pathana bhabare upasthapita hoithila . rikki biddle-blair.
"drapetomania" (upenyas).
meey 2018 ray prakashita, "drapetomania" heuchhi 500 prusthara upenyas jaahaa dakhina americara prusthabhumi . dasha barsha lekhare, ehaa kalaa swadheenata, bidroha ebong dasatwa samajare kalaa purushanka madhyare romantic premer eka moulika upasthapana . eka chamatkara kruti' bolly patrick-ian polk ehaaku kahichanti; michael erich dyson ehaaku 'kalpanashaktira eka chamakprad karjya' bolly kahichanti; ebong 'audrey lord' rahr jibanikara alexes dii vakes ehaaku 'eka aakarshaneeah, nipuna karjya' bhabare barnana karichanti. londner arthika samajare ehara anukula samikhya karajaithila, jeunthire kuhajaichhi je ehaa americara jatibadi itihasara eka bhajankara abhijoga..... aneka samajare gabhira bhabe gatishila ebong griping '. 25 april 2019 ray ehaa shrestha ell. jii. bii. tii. kyu. kalpanika paain prakashan trikoneeara sammanajanaka ferro-grumli puraskara jitithila.
"hark" (upenyas).
"hark", "pub sept 2020, eka samalingi kishore aantahjati prem jaahaa" "draptomanier" "dakhina gathika landscapre barttamanara extrapolationre sett hoichhi . ethire eka alaukika upadan rahichhi jaahaa americae jaatira bhutapurba ateetaku anweshana karuchhi, ebong linching phatogudiku postcardre parinata karichhi. puraskara bijeta kalaa samalingi fantacy lekhaka kregg lurance gidney ehaaku 'duhsahasika bhabare uttejaka, madaka ebong ekakaleena bhajankara bolly kahichanti. ebong 'jetjist' rahr bahuta kichhi; 'blackbird' lekhaka lerry duplechan ehaaku 'paramparare eka swagatajogya sanjojana' bhabare barnana karithile.'pustaka sanrakhyana paain ehaaku barshar pustaka bhabare talikabhukta karajaithila.
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john aar. gerdon
john aar. gorden (janam 1964) ikk british lekhak haii. uss daa kamm-nawal, natak, screenplay atey jeevani-nasal, lingakta atey varag dey antar-antar naal sambandhit haii. rakki beedle-blair naal uhanan neey queer-aaf-cler-centric indee presses team angelica dee sathapana keeti atey chalaunde hunn. gorden dey anusar, halanki uh ikk "chitte upnagar daa ikk chitta viakati" see, parr 1980 dey dahake witch uh james baldwyn, malkam aiks atey frantz fannon vargiaan kaliaan sabheyacharak shakhsiatan witch dunghi dilchaspi lainn lagg piaa, atey unhan neey udon toon hii uss dey kamm noon prabhavat keeta haii.
shuruati kamm.
1993 atey 2001 dey vichkaar gorden neey kaale geya british jeevan dey tinn itihasak nawal prakashit keete, "black butterflies", "chamdi dunghi" atey "yodhiaan atey kanunni" (pahile doou geya purshan dey presses naal, teeja milliver/proveler naal). sann 1995 witch uhanan neey aapna natak 'wheels aaf steel' daa nirdeshan keeta, joe kii gett theatre, london witch ikk khushi dey hadse witch adhrang hoow gaye ikk naujwan thhagg atey uss dee shandar purash nurse baare haii. iss witch rakki beedle-blair atey carle collins neey abhinai keeta, jinhan neey beedle-blair dey channel 4 seereez "metrosexuality" witch ikk dooje dey vakkh-vakkh patiaan dee bhumika nibhai. uss neey ikk maco black british aadmi (felix dextor) baare 1999 witch ikk sitcom pilot "dha pighlan vaala ghada" likhiaa joe aapne lambe samein toon guache hoye jamaika dey bharaa dee samlingta naal mail khanda haii. halanki ih kadey vee channel 4 dey sitcom festival toon television takk naheen pahunchiaa, "sutantar" neey navintakari patran atey sathitiaan dee peshkash curran laee iss dee parshansa keeti. iss witch terry alderton neey vee kamm keeta.
"noa daa chaap.
gorden neey yuu. aiss. cable channel dey logo laee patrick-iaan polluck dey television shoa "noahs aarak" (2005-6) dey doou seezanan daa sampadan keeta. uss neey dooje season dey doou episode likhe, ("nirashajanak" atey "dabaa heth"), atey 2007 witch sahi-kahani (polluck atey kioo dey naal). ailan baraka) spin-aaf feature-film, jiss neey baad witch polluck naal screenplay daa sahi-lekhan keeta. film, ', noon chhe amriki shahiran witch ikk seemat rileez ditti gaee see, jitthe ih aktubar 2008 dey ant witch wick chukke gharan witch khedi gaee see atey ikalle tikatan dee vikri witch $500,000 dee kamai keeti see. gorden atey polluck neey joe script likhi see, uss noon ainn. aii. see. pee. chittar puraskar laee namzad keeta giaa see, jiven kii film aapne aap witch sarbottam sutantar feature shreni witch see. aprail 2009 witch iss film neey glade baist (seemat rileez) feature film daa puraskar jittiaa. 2020 witch uhanan neey polluck duaara likhiaa atey nirdeshit ikk runion episode 'daa sahi-karajkari nirman keeta, atey 5 julai noon gilead sciences duaara pesh keeta giaa. iss witch saare mool cast memberan neey abhinai keeta atey vinda six duaara noa dee maan dey roop witch ikk feature cameo shamal keeta giaa, jiss laee uss noon ikk dinn dey glup program witch shandar mehmann kalakar laee 2021 aimee laee namzad keeta giaa see. janwari 2021 witch iss noon ikk glade vishesh maanta puraskar naal sanmanit keeta giaa see.
"soljah" (laghu film).
uss dee 10 mint dee laghu film "soljah"-ikk samlingi african sabka baal sipahi (bee 3/angelica entertainment 2007) baare, atey rakki beedle-blair duaara nirdeshit-30 aktubar 2007 noon london film festival witch premiere keeti gaee. julai 2008 witch "soljah" neey rashas soho shorts film festival witch sarbottam laghu film daa puraskar jittiaa. aprail 2009 witch iss neey torranto reelworld film festival witch sarbottam antarashtari laghu film daa puraskar jittiaa. iss daa nirdeshan team angelica productions laee rakki beedle-blair duaara keeta giaa see atey beedle-blair, gorden atey carlene beedle duaara nirmit keeta giaa see.
parkashak vajon.
2011 witch, rakki beedle-blair naal usne radical queer-aaf-cler-kendrit chhaap team angelica publishing dee sathapana keeti. iss dee pahili kitaab beedle-blair dee "joe main ajj sikkhiaa" see. sann 2013 witch uhanan neey samlingi somali lekhak diri osman duaara changi tarahan prapat atey shandar laghu kahani sangrah "gumm hoye bacchiaan laee parii-kahaniaan" prakashit keeta. 8 aktubar 2014 noon "gumm hoye bacchiaan laee parii-kahaniaan" neey polari pahila pustak puraskar jittiaa. saal 2015 witch uhanan neey rose kaiveni daa nawal, "khopdi dey chhote tukde" prakashit keeta, jiss neey 2016 daa sarbottam trance glup lambada sahitak puraskar jittiaa. navambar 2017 witch uhanan neey chick franky adozian duaara pahili samlingi african sway-jeevani, "mahaan purshan dee zindagi" prakashit keeti. iss dee london witch "vitti samein" witch anukool samikhiaa keeti gaee see atey 2018 witch sarbottam geya yaadan/gair glup lambada sahitak puraskar jittiaa see. iss noon dakkhni africa witch jaikana books duaara julai 2018 witch atey nigeria witch oyuda books duaara dubara prakashit keeta giaa see. farvari 2018 witch uhanan neey "cista!" prakashit keeta.", ikk yuu. keey. connection dey naal african/carribean mool deeaan samaan-ling-premi aurtan duaara likhiaan likhtan daa sangrah, gorden, beedle-blair atey yuu. keey. black pride dey sahi-sansthapak phil opoku-geemah duaara sampadit; iss witch yarsa delly-verd varge lekhak shamal sunn atey 2019 dey lamba sahitak puraskar laee shortlist keeta giaa see.
2020 witch uss neey atey beedle-blair neey prasidh gey african-amriki lekhak lairi duplechan naal aktubar 2023 witch prakashit honn vaali film dey aapne piaar dee ikk yaad-chittar likhan laee samjhauta keeta, "filman jiss neey mainoon gey banaiaa".
"yuu. keey. witch qaala atey geyov ikk sangrah.
20 aktubar 2014 noon prakashit, "yuu. keey. witch kaale atey geya" noon uhanan dee team angelica chhaap laee rakki beedle-blair naal sahi-sampadit keeta giaa see. iss deeaan 352 panniaan deeaan kavitavan, yaadan, kalpanik kahaniaan atey lekh joe kaale samlingi purshan dey jeevan dee padchol karde hunn atey united kingdom naal kujh sabndh rakkhde hunn, witch lekhak, kalakar atey karkun jiven kii lee john, travis alabanza, deane atta, aidam love, david mcclemont, bisi alimi, kaale british photographer robbert teller, topper campbelle atey jaded maikale shamal hunn.
horr kamm.
sann 2009 witch uhanan neey laghu film 'manali kareem' (dee. aaee. aar.) laee screenplay daa sahi-lekhak see. navdeep kandola). garmiaan 2009 witch uss daa ikk-aikat natak "afro-pick-kaale aadmi dey vaalan baare ikk natak", jiss witch fisayo akintande dee visheshta see, daa premiere kendri school aaf speech aind drama summer school witch keeta giaa see. garmiaan 2010 witch uhanan daa chhota natak "kamm!"theatre 503 witch golden delilah dey nirman dey hisse vajon premiere keeta giaa," "7:1 niyantaran toon bahr".
gorden feature filman "fitt", "kickoff", "bashment" atey ghante bharr challan vaali film "free" (2014) (saariaan teaman angelica productions) witch qalaa designer sunn.
gorden atey beedle-blair neey theatre raail stratford east vikhe "doot kahaniaan" daa sahi-parbandh keeta, joe navein lekhakan laee ikk lamma vikas project haii joe theatre dey mukkh munch 'teey stage keete reeding dey doou haftiaan dey lambe season witch khatam hunda haii. uhanan duaara vikast keete gaye kaee natak, jiven kii somalia seaton dee "tajposhi dee shaan" (2013), linnet lynton dee "kadam" (2013) atey alexis gregory dee "thappad" (2018) puurii production atey/jaan tooran 'teey chaley gaye hunn. 2017 witch uhanan neey lynton dee mishrat nasal dee british pachanh, "light" dee khoj noon nataki roop ditta, joe kii arkola theatre witch vikann vaale darshakan laee khedi gaee see; play text noon team angelica duaara prakashit keeta giaa see, jiven kii "thappad" daa play text see.
gorden patrick-iaan polluck dee feature film "blackbird" (2014) 'teey script salahkar atey sehyogi nirmata see-ikk lamma patla qaala munda/hicks media sahi-nirman, joe kii rakki beedle-blair atey polluck duaara likhiaa giaa haii, jiss noon lairi duplechan dey uss naam dey nawal toon anukulit keeta giaa haii, atey jiss witch moow' nick atey isiaa washington neey abhinai keeta haii.
"faggamphin" (nawal).
gorden daa chautha nawal, "faggamphin", 2012 witch prakashit hoiaa see. ih ikk samlingi jamaika dey rege nirmata-katti, ikk paatar baare haii joe pahili vaar "pighalde ghade" witch dikhai ditta see-adhikariaan toon bhajjan 'teey.
3 navambar 2015 noon rakki beedle-blair duaara nirdeshit atey nathan clau, marlen kameka atey swana reey duaara abhinit "faggamphin" daa ikk theatre sanskaran, "geya buddies weak" dey hisse vajon bush theatre witch pesh keeta giaa see.
iss nawal neey 2020 witch queer carnival karkun samooh fagamphin block party dey gathan noon prerit keeta.
"soljah" (nawal).
22 satambar 2014 noon gorden daa chhevan nawal, "soljah", team angelica duaara prakashit keeta giaa see. ih isey naam dee puraskar jetu laghu film witch pahili vaar pesh keete gaye patran atey sathitiaan daa ikk vistrit varnan haii. iss dee qaa-oss duaara anukool samikhiaa keeti gaee see.blogg spaat.kamau "ih ikk ajihi kahani haii joe harr kise dey dhiaan daa hakkdaar haii. soljah sachmuch saah lainn vaala, paimane witch atey abhilasha witch haii. main kaee vaar ikk bacche wang roiaa, atey jiven-jiven nawal dey antam kaaraj witch ghatnavan tezi naal vadhdiaan gaeeaan, main iss noon hethan naheen rakkh sakiaa "atey huffington post witchea..ikk nawal joe vargikaran dee ulanghna karda haii. ih parvasi kahani, ikk thanda gangster thriller, ikk raaj-dey-rashter nawal, ikk aaunn-umar dee kahani atey ikk dunghe parivarak chittar haii jiss dey dill witch ikk bhiaanak jangi apradh haii. ih tatth kii gorden kadey vee ikk vaar gend noon naheen suttda, soljah noon ikk vishal, drishtigat taur teey aakarshak masterpiece banaunda haii."4 march 2015 noon iss noon ikk lambda sahitak puraskar laee chunhiaa giaa see.
yemi atey feemi.
yemi atey feemi cartoon paatar hunn joe gorden ('merey lill' bhatije ') duaara banaae gaye hunn, british-nigeria dey geya tean clubkid sabh toon change dosat, joe pahili vaar graphik nawal "yemi aind feamies funn night aaoot" witch dikhai ditte sunn. satambar 2015 witch prakashit, ih ikk 42-safiaan daa qaala atey chitta graphik nawal haii joe yemi atey feemi atey feemi dey premi mixtep atey ikk night club toon bahr suttan toon ikk raat baad unhan dey saahas baare haii. graphik nawal glee-padhri bhasha atey shahiri bhasha witch aich. aaee. vee., surakhiat ling, pape (post-exposure profilexis), prep (pree-exposure profilexis) atey siro-disordency dey aale duaale dey muddiaan dee padchol karda haii. gorden noon samlingi shahiri naujwanan atey jinsi sihat charities laee kapiaan mufat upalbadh karaun laee ikk arts consul grant millie.
28 aprail 2016 noon gorden daa chhota aich. aaee. vee.-theem vaala kamedi natak "yemi atey fammy goo daa chemist" daa premiere team angelica dey "boom!" witch keeta giaa see."london dey bahut satikarat bush theatre witch ghaat dey hisse vajon, vikann vaale darshakan toon ikk utshahjanak hungara miliaa. unhan atey beedle-blair neey iss program daa sahi-natak keeta, jiss witch doou raatan witch athti lekhakan noon pradarshit keeta giaa. natak daa paath team angelica sangrah, "yuu. keey. witch qaala atey gey" witch shamal keeta giaa see.
9 maee 2023 noon gorden daa ikk-aikat natak, "yemi aind fammy goo windersh", jiss witch namvar paatar samein witch waps jaande hunn atey 1950 dey dahake witch ikk samlingi carribean jode daa ikk gupat sabndh honn daa sahmana karde hunn, noon tomm ratcliffe dey platform festival dey hisse vajon ikk stage reeding vajon pesh keeta giaa see. rakki beedle-blair.
"drapetomania" (nawal).
maee 2018 witch prakashit, "drapetomania" ikk 500-panniaan daa nawal haii joe amrica dey dakkhan witch sathapat haii. likhan dey dass saal, ih kaali aazadi, vidroh atey gulami dey samein witch kaale aadmiaan darmiaan romantic piaar dee ikk kattadpanthi numaindagi dee ikk mahankavi kahani haii. patrick-iaan polluck neey iss noon 'ikk sarab-uttam masterpiece' kiha haii; michael erik dyson neey iss noon 'kalpana daa ikk chamakdar kamm' dassiaa haii; atey auder lard dey jivanikar alexis dee wakes neey iss noon 'ikk dilchsap, nipun kamm' dassiaa haii. london vitti samein witch iss dee anukool samikhiaa keeti gaee see, jiss witch kiha giaa see kii ih 'amrica dey nasalvadi itihaas daa ikk bhiaanak dosh see... aksar dunghai naal hilaun atey fadan '. 25 aprail 2019 noon iss neey sarbottam ail. jee. bee. tii. kioo glup laee parkashan tikonh daa vakkari faero-grammi puraskar jittiaa.
"haark" (nawal).
"haark", "pabb satambar 2020, ikk samlingi kishore antar-nasli romance haii joe" "drapetomenia" "dey dakkhni gothik landscape dey varatman samein dey vistrit roop witch sathapat haii. iss witch ikk alaukik tatt haii joe amriki nasli taur 'teey bhoot-pret ateet dee padchol karda haii, atey linching deeaan fotoan noon postcardan witch yadgari chinnh vajon badalda haii. puraskar jetu kaale geya kalpana lekhak kregg laurence gidney neey iss noon 'ikko samein' witch 'dalerana bhadkau, sexi atey drauna' kiha. atey bahut saare zeatjist; "blackbird" lekhak lairi duplechan neey iss noon 'parampra witch ikk suagatyog vaadha' dassiaa.'iss noon kitaban duaara saal dee kitaab vajon suchibadh keeta giaa see. | jaan aar. gorden
jaan aar. gorden (janma 1964) ekaha british-lekhakah asti. tasya rachanaa-upanyasani, naatakaani, patakathaah, jeevanacharitram cha-jaati-laingikataayaah varga-vibhaajanam vivarishyati. rickie beedle-bler ityanena saha saha kweer-aaf-colour-centric indee-press-dalam angelica samsthaapayitvaa cha chaalayati. yadyapi saha "shveta-upanagarasy shveta-vyaktihi" aasit, tathaapi garden ityasya matena 1980 tame dashake james baldwyn, maalkam eksa, frants fennon ityaadayah krushnavarneeya-saamskrutika-vyaktitvaani prati saha ateeva ruchim avaapnot, tatah param te tasya kaaryam prabhaavayan.
prarambhikam karyam karotu.
1993 taha 2001 paryantam gorden ityayam krushna-samalingi-british-jeevanasya trayah abhootapoorvaani upanyasani prakashitavan, "krushna-chitraphalaah", "twak-gahanah", "yoddhaah tathaa aparaadhee" (prathamadwayam samalingi-purushaanaam press-dwara, truteeyam millivers/proveler-dwara). 1995 tame varshe saha landan-nagarasya gett-theatre-madhye, anandadayaka-durghatanayam pakshaghatam jatasya, tasya cha tejaha purusha-paricharika cha vishaye, "wheels-aaf-steel" iti swasya natakasya nirdeshanm krutavaan. asmin rickie beedle-bler tathaa carl callins cha abhyanayt, ye beedle-bler ityasya chaanal 4 shrunkhalaayaam "metrosexuality" ityasmin parasparm vikshiptapatnyaah paatram niravahan. saha 1999 tame varshe sitcom-prayogasya "da melting paat" iti lekhanam krutavaan, yasmin saha ekaha maacho-krushnavarneeyaha british-purushah (felix dextor) swasya dirghakalam yaavat nashtasy jamaikan-bhraatuh samalingi-vyavahaaram anugunam krutavaan. yadyapi etat kadaapi chaanal 4 ityasya sitcom-utsavaat dooradarshanebhyah ateetam naa abhavat, tathaapi "da independent" iti samsthaa nutanapatrani paristhitayah cha pradadat iti prashamsaam akarot. asmin terry alderton api abhyanayt.
"nohs aark" iti.
gorden ityayam yoo. ess. kebal-chaanal-logo ityasya krute petriac-ian polk ityasya dooradarshan-karyakramasya "nohs aark" (2005-6) ityasya dwayoh rutuyoho script-sampaadanam krutavaan. saha dwiteeya-satrasya prakaranadwayam ("hataashah" tathaa "dabaawah"), tathaa cha 2007 tame varshe saha-kathaavastu (polk tathaa kyoo ityetaih saha) likhitavaan. allan broca) iti spin-aaf iti feature-film, tadanantaram polk ityanena saha chitrakathaam saha-likhati. iti chalacchitram amerikaadeshasy shut nagareshu seemitaroopen pradarshitam, yatra 2008 october-masasya ante vikreetagruheshu pradarshitam, kevalam $500,000 yaavat tiket-vikrayanena cha punah praaptam. gorden tathaa polk ityetabhyam likhitasya "jamping da broom" iti chitrakathaayaah namankanam naakp-image-puraskaaraay krutam, tathaiva chalacchitram api sarvottama-swatantra-feature-shrenee-madhye aasit. 2009 april-maase etat chalacchitram glade-sarvashreshtam (seemita-vimochanam) feature-film-puraskaram praapnot. 2020 tame varshe saha saha-kaaryakaareeroopen 'iti, polk ityanena likhitasya nirdeshite cha punarmilan-prakaranasya nirmanam krutavaan, julai 5 dinaanke gilyad sainsas ityanena prastutah cha. asmin sarve mool-kalakara-sadasyaah abhyanayt, noh-ityasyaah maataaroopen vanda-saiks-varyena ekam vishesha-atithi-paatram api antarbhavati sma, yasya krute saa dina-kaalpanik-kaaryakrame utkrushta-atithi-kalakarasya krute 2021 emmi-krute namankita aasit. 2021 janavaree-maase etat glade-vishesha-manyata-puraskaaren puraskrutam.
"soljaah" (laghupatam).
tasya 10 nimeshasya laghupatah "soljaah"-ekaha samalingi-aafrikan-poorva-baal-sainikasya vishaye vishaye 2007), rickie beedle-bler ityanena nirdeshitam cha-2007 october 30 dinaanke landan-chalacchitra-mahotsave prathamapradarshitam. 2008 julai-maase "soljaah" iti chalacchitram rush-soho-laghu-chalacchitra-mahotsave sarvashreshta-laghupatasya puraskaram praapnot. 2009 april-maase torrento reel-world chalacchitra-mahotsave sarvashreshtam antarashtriya-laghuchitram praapnot. asya nirdeshanm rickie beedle-bler ityanena angelica-nirmaana-dalasya krute krutam, beedle-bler, garden, carlene beedle ityetaih cha nirmitam.
prakaashakaroopen.
2011 tame varshe, rickie beedle-bler ityanena saha saha radical-kweer-aaf-colour-focused-imprint-team-angelica pablishing iteedam sthapitavan. asya prathamam pustakam beedle-bler ityasya "vaat aii learn" iti aasit. 2013 tame varshe te samalingi-somali-lekhakasy diriye osman ityanena "haarit-balanam pareekathaah" iti supraapyam, abhootapoorvam cha laghukathaasangraham prakaashitavantah. 8 october 2014 dinaanke "haritabalanam pareekathaah" iti pustakam polaari-prathama-pustakapuraskaram praapnot. 2015 tame varshe te rose-kevenee ityasya "smail-pees-aaf-scale" iti upanyasam prakaashitavantah, yat 2016 tame varshe sarvashreshtam trans-fikshan-lamba sahityapuraskaram praapnot. 2017 tame varshe november-maase te chike franky adogean ityasya "lafs aaf gret menn" iti prathamam samalingi-aafrikan-samsmaranam prakaashitavantah. landan-nagare "vitteeyakaale" asya anukool-samiksha krutaa, 2018 tame varshe sarvashreshta-samalingi-samsmaranam/akalpita-lamba-saahitya-puraskaram cha praapnot. dakshina-africa-deshasya jakana-pustakaani, 2018 julai-maase, nigeria-deshasya oyida-pustakaani cha punah prakashitani. 2018 februvari-maase te "sistaa!" iti prakaashitavantah.", yoo. key. sambadhaayaah aafrikan/caribean-vamshasya samalingi-snehinam mahilanam lekhananam sangrahah, gorden, beedle-bler tathaa yoo. key. black-praid ityasya saha-samsthaapakena phil opoku-geemaa ityanena sampaaditah; asmin yarsa delly-word ityaadayah lekhakaah aasan, 2019 tame varshe lamba-sahityapuraskaraya cha naamaankitaah abhavan.
2020 tame varshe saha, beedle-bler cha, aafrikan-american-american-lekhakaay lairee duplechan ityanena saha, swasya chalacchitrapremam atmakatham likhitum, "movies dutt medd ge" iti, october 2023 tame varshe prakaashayitum, anubandham krutavantah.
"yooke-deshe krushna-samalingeeh ekaha sankalanam" iti.
20 october 2014 dinaanke prakaashitam "blaak and ge inn da yoo. key" iti pustakam teshaam dalasya angelica-mudrane rickie beedle-bler ityanena saha-sampaaditam aasit. asya 352 prushtaanaam kavitaanaam, samsmaranaanaam, kalpanikakathanam, samyuktaraajyam ityanena saha sambadhaanaam krushna-samalingi-purushaanaam jeevanasya anveshanaartham lekhanam cha lekhanam cha madhye lee jaan, travis alabanza, dean attaa, aadam love, david mcclant, bisi alimee, krushna-british-chaayaachitrakaarah rabert teller, toffer campbell, jaid maikaale ityaadayah lekhakaah, kalakaraha, karyakartaraha cha santi.
anyam karyam.
2009 tame varshe saha "manali kreem" (dir) iti laghupatasya chitrakathaam saha-likhitavaan. navadeep-kandolah). 2009 tame varshe grishmakaale tasya eka-abhinaya-natakasya "aafro-pick-e play aan blaak myaan hayer" iti, fisaayo akintunde ityanena abhineetasy, kendriya-bhaashan-naatak-greeshmakaaleen-vidyaalaye prathamapradarshanm krutam. 2010 grishmakaale tasya laghu-naatakam "work!" iti aasit."golden delila ityasya nirmanasya bhagarupena 503 iti natyashalayam" 7:1 niyantranaateetam "iti prathamapradarshitam.
gorden ityayam "fitt", "kickoff", "bashment", tathaa cha ekaghantaayaah chalacchitrasya "free" (2014) (aal-team-angelica productions) ityasmin kalaa-vinyaasakah aasit.
gorden tathaa beedle-bler" ityetaah cha rayal-stratford-east iti naatyakshetre "angelic-kathaah" iti saha-upadesham akurvan, nutanalekhakanam krute dirgha vikasa-pariyojanaa, yaa naatyagruhasya mukhyastare saptahadvayanam deerghaavadhou mancheekruta-pathana-rutushu paryavasaanam abhavat. somalia seatone ityasya "crowning glory" (2013), linet linton ityasya "step" (2013), alexis gregori ityasya "slep" (2018) ityadini naatakaani poornaroopen nirmitaani tathaa/athavaa paryatanani krutaani. 2017 tame varshe saha linton ityasya mishra-jaati-british-parichayah "laitee" iti anveshanam naatakeeyaroopen abhyanayt, yat arcola-natyashalayam vikreeta-prekshakanam krute pradarshitam aasit; naatak-paathah dala-angelica ityanena prakaashitah, tathaiva "threp" ityasya naatak-paathah api aasit.
garden ityayam petriac-ian polk ityasya "blackbird" (2014) iti feature-chalacchitrasya script-consultant tathaa associate-producer aasit-rikki beedle-bler tathaa polk ityanena likhitasya, laaree duplechan ityasya tasmin naamnah upanyasat abhiyojitasya, monic tathaa isia washington ityetabhyam abhineetasy, ekam deergham skini-blaak-baay/hicks media saha-nirmaanam.
"faggamafin" (upanyaasah).
gorden ityasya chaturtham upanyasam "faggaamafin" 2012 tame varshe prakaashitam aasit. etat samalingi-jamaikan-rege-nirmaatru-katti ityasya vishaye asti, yah paatram prathamavaaram "da melting paat" ityasmin pratyakshah aasit-adhikaaribhyah bhaage.
3 november 2015 dinaanke rickie beedle-bler ityanena nirdeshitam, naathan klau, marlan kameka, savannaa rey cha abhineetam cha "faggamafin" ityasya naatyasamskaranam "ge-buddies-veek" ityasya bhagarupena bush-theatre-madhye upasthaapitam.
eshaa kathaa 2020 tame varshe kweer carnieval-kaaryakartrusamoohasy faggamafin-blaak-party ityasya nirmaanaay preritaa.
"soljaah" (upanyaasah).
22 september 2014 dinaanke gorden ityasya shashtam upanyasam "soljaah" iti, dalena angelica ityanena prakaashitam. etat prathamavaaram eva puraskarapraptasya tasmin eva laghupatasya patranam paristhitinam cha vivaranam asti. kaa-oss ityanena asya anukulataya samiksha krutaa.blagg-spaat.kaamh "eshaa kathaa sarvanam dhyanasya yogyah asti. soljaah iti vastutah utkatah, parimaanah, mahattvaakaankshaa cha asti. aham kadaachit shishuroopen vilaapam akarot, tathaa cha yadaa kathaam upanyaasasy antima-kriyayam ghatanaah drutagatyaa vardhante sma, tadaa aham tatt naa sthaapayitum shaknomi "tathaa huffington-post madhyeh"...ekaha upanyaasah yah vargeekaranam avahelayati. etat aapravaasan-gaatha, sheetal-gamster-thriller, rashtrasya-rajya-upanyasam, yugasya-kathaa, hrudayaat duhkhadaayak-yuddha-aparaadhayuktasya antaranga-paarivaarik-chitram cha asti. gorden-varyaha kadaapi ekavaaram kandukam naa patayati iti satyam soljaah-ityenam vishaalam, drushyadrushtyaa aakarshaniyam utkrushtam krutim karoti."2015 maarch 4 dinaanke ayam lamba sahityapuraskaraya chayanam krutam.
yamee tathaa stree.
yemee tathaa femi iti cartoon-paatraani santi, ye gorden ('mai lill' bhraatujaah ') ityanena nirmitaani, british-nigerian-ge tean-club-kidd iti uttama-mitraani, ye prathamam graphic-upanyaasake "yemee end femis funn-nait-aut" ityasmin drushtaah. 2015 september-maase prakaashitam, etat 42 prushtaani krushna-shveta-chitraatmak-upanyasam asti, yat yemee tathaa feemee tathaa feemee ityasya premikasya mixtep ityasya vishaye, tathaa natclub-taha nishkaasy eka raatrau teshaam sahasasya vishaye asti. graphic-upanyaasah, ech. aii. vi., seph-sex, pep (post-exposure-prophylaxis), pree-exposure-prophylaxis, seero-disordancy ityetaan vishayeshu haasyakrutyaroopen, veethi-stara-bhashayam, nagar-ashishtabhashayam cha anveshayati. ge-nagar-yuvaanaam krute, yauna-swaasthya-danasamsthanam cha krute pratilipayah nihshulkaroopen upalabhyante iti hetuhu gorden-varyaha kalaa-parishadasya anudaanam praptavan.
2016 april 28 dinaanke, gorden ityasya laghu-ech. aii. vi-vishayavastu-hasya-natakasya "yemee and femi go daa chemist" ityasya prathamapradarshanm dalena angelica ityasya "boom!" ityasmin abhavat."landan-nagarasya atyantam sammaanite bush-natyashalayam" ghatasya "bhagarupena kaaryakramah, vikrayitaah prekshakaih utsahapurnapratikriyam praapnot. saha, beedle-bler cha saha-natakikaranam krutvaa, raatrau dvivaaram ashtatrimshatijanaah lekhakaah pradarshitaah. natakasya paathah angelica-sankalanasya "blaak and ge inn da yoo. key" iti dale antarbhavati sma.
2023 mey 9 dinaanke, gorden ityasya eka-abhinaya-naatakam "yemee end femi go vindrash" iti, yasmin namakam paatraani kalantare gacchanti, 1950 tame dashake notting hill ityasmin gupta-sambandham kurwantah samalingi-caribean-dampatee militavantah iti drushyate, tatt rajasya mukhya-natyashalayam, dir ityatra taam-ratcliffe ityasya mancha-utsavasya bhagarupena mancha-patanaroopena prastutam. rickie beedle-bler.
"drapetomania" (upanyaasah).
2018 mey-maase prakaashitam "drepatomania" iti 500 prushtaanaam upanyasam dakshinamerikadeshasya vishaye asti. dashavarshebhyah likhitam eshaa kathaa krushnaswaatantryasya, vidrohasya, dasyakale krushnapurushaanaam madhye pranayaramyasy aamoolaagr-pratinidhitvasya cha mahakavyakatha asti. petriac-ian polk ityanena etat 'sarva-utkrushta-krutihi' iti abhinidishtam; mckell rikk daisan ityanena etat 'kalpanaayaah chascharyakaram krutihi' iti abhinihitam; tathaa cha audrey-lard ityasya jeevanacharitrakaarah alexis dee wakes ityanena etat 'utkeernakam, nipunam krutihi' iti varnitam. landan-vitteey-kaale asya anukool-samiksha krutaa, yasmin etat "amerikaadeshasy jativada-itihasasya nindaniya-abhiyogah" iti avadat... praayah gabhirataya chalayati, graahishyati cha. 2019 april 25 dinaanke, etat sarvottamasya ell. jee. bee. tea. kyoo. kathaa-saahityasya krute prakaashan-trikonah pratishtitam phero-grumley-puraskaram praapnot.
"hark" (upanyaasah).
"hark", pub sept 2020, ekaha samalingi kishor-antarajaateey-pranayah asti yah "dropatomania" ityasya dakshinagothik-bhoodrushyasya vartamaanakaale bahirveshe sthaapitah asti. asmin amerikiyaanaam jaativiruddha-bhutat atitasya anveshanam, tathaa cha linching-chhayachitranam smaarakapatraroopen postcard-rupena parivartanam cha ekam alaukikam tattvam asti. puraskaravijeta krushna-samalingi-kaalpanik-lekhakah kregg laurence gidney ityeshah tatt 'ekavaaram eva sahasikataya uttejakam, madakam, bhayankaram cha iti uktavaan. tathaa cha bahubhyah 'jeetjist' iti; 'blackbird' ityasya lekhakah lairee duplechan ityeshah etat 'paramparayam swaagatamah samyojanam' iti varnayat.'pustakanam keep-dwara varshasya pustakatvena soocheebaddham.
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john aarr. koadu
john aarr. carden (pirappu 1964) oru british ezhuththaalar aavaar. avarathu padaippugal-naavalkal, naadagangal, thiraikkathaikal mattrum suyasaridhai-inam, paaliyal mattrum varkkaththin vettukkalaik kaiyaalgindrana. rickie peedal-blair moolam avar niratthai maiyamaagak konda indee piras aniyaana aenchalikaavai niruvinaar. carden koottruppadi, avar oru "vellai puranagarp paguthiyaich saerntha vellai nabar" entraalum, 1980 kazhil james baldwin, maalgam ex mattrum france fanan poantra karuppina kalaachaara nabarkalil avar aazhnththa aarvam kaattinaar, andrilirunthu avarkal avarathu vaelaiyil selvaakku seluththiyullanar.
aarambagaala vaelai.
1993 mattrum 2001 kku idaiyil carden karuppu orinachchaerkkai british vaazhkkaiyin moontru arputhamaana naavalkalai veliyittaar, "karuppu pattaampoochchigal", "thoal aazhamaanathu", mattrum "poarveerargal & sattaviroathamaanavargal" (orinachchaerkkai aangalin paththirigaigaludan muthal irandu, millivers/proavalarudan moontraavathu). 1995 aam aandil avar thanathu naadagamaana "wheels off steel" aii iyakkinaar, idhu landanil ulla caded theateril oru magizhchchiyaana vibaththil mudangkiya oru ilam kundar mattrum avarathu aadambaramaana aann seviliyar pattri. idhil rickie peedal-blair mattrum carle collins aagiyoar nadiththanar, avarkal peedal-player saenal 4 thodaril "metro sexuality" ill oruvarukkoruvar pirintha kanavargalaaga nadiththanar. neenda kaalamaaga ilanththa thanathu jamaikka cakoothararin oorinachchaerkkaiyudan oru macho pilaak british manithar (felix texter) udanpaduvathaip pattri 1999 sitcom bilate "thii melting paat" ezhuthinaar. idhu orupoathum saenal 4 inn sitcom thiruvizhaavilirunthu tholaikaatchikku appaal sellavillai entraalum, puthumaiyaana kathaapaaththirangal mattrum soozhnilaigalai vazhangkiyatharkaaga "suyaatheenamaana" adhai paaraattiyathu. idhil terri altertonum naditthaar.
"noah 'sh aark".
carden script-edit seiyappatta irandu paruvangkal paetrik-ayan polkkin tholaikaatchi nigazhchchi "nohs aark" (2005-6) america cable saenal loagoavirkaaga. avar irandaavathu season irandu aththiyaayangkalai ezhuthinaar, ("virakthi" mattrum "azhuththaththin keezh"), mattrum 2007 muzhuvathum (poalk mattrum kyuu udan) inai kadhai. allan broka) spin-off amsam-padam, pinnar poalk udan thiraikkathaiyai inai ezhuthinaar. aaru america nagarangalil varaiyarukappatta veliyeettaip pettra inththa padam, october 2008 iruthiyil virkapatta veedugalukku virkappattathu mattrum dickett virpanaiyil mattum $500,000 aii meetteduththathu. carden mattrum poalk ezhuthiya "jumping thii broom" script oru naakp imaej viruthukku parinthuraikkappattathu, athae poal padam sirantha suyaatheena amsa pirivil irunththathu. aepral 2009 ill inththa padam sirantha (varaiyarukappatta veliyeedu) thiraippataththirkaana viruthai ventrathu. 2020 aam aandil avar inai nirvaagiyaaga 'endra thiraippataththai thayaaritthaar, idhu poalk ezhuthi iyakkiya oru maruu orunginaippu aththiyayam, mattrum juulai 5 aam thaethi gilliot sciences moolam vazhangkappattathu. idhu anaitthu asal nadigargalaiyum nadiththathu mattrum noahaavin thaayaaga wanda sikes oru sirappuk kaatchiyai ulladakkiyathu, idharkaaga avar oru pakalnaera punaikathai nigazhchchiyil sirantha virunththinar kalaignarukkaana 2021 emmikku parinthuraikkappattaar. janavari 2021 ill idhu oru claut sirappu angkeekaara viruthai valangkiyathu.
"solja" (kurumpadam).
avarathu 10 nimida kurumpadamaana "solja"-oru oorinachchaerkkaiyaalar aaprikka munnaal kuzhandhai sippaai (pii3/aenjalikkaa entertainments 2007) pattri, mattrum rickie peedal-blair iyakkiya-october 30,2007 andru lundon thiraippada vizhaavil thiraiyidappattathu. juulai 2008 ill "solja" rush soho kurumpada vizhaavil sirantha kurumpadaththirkaana viruthai ventrathu. aepral 2009 ill torrando reel world thiraippada vizhaavil sirantha sarvadesa kurumpadaththai ventrathu. idhu rickie peedal-player moolam kuzhu aenjalikkaa thayaarippukalukkaaga iyakkappattathu mattrum peedal-blair, carden mattrum carlene peettil thayaariththathu.
veliyeettaalaraaka.
2011 aam aandil, rickie peedal-blair moolam avar niratthai maiyamaagak konda mutthirai kuzhuvaana aenchalikkaavai niruviyathu. adhan muthal puththagam peedal-player ezhuthiya "intru naan kattrukkondadhu". 2013 aam aandil avarkal orinachchaerkkai somali ezhuththaalar diri osman ezhuthiya "ilanththa kuzhandhaigalukkaana visithirak kadhaigal" endra nalla varavaerpaip pettra mattrum arputhamaana sirukathaith thoguppai veliyittanar. october 8,2014 andru "ilanththa kuzhandhaigalukkaana visithirak kadhaigal" bolari muthal puththaga parisai ventrathu. 2015 aam aandil avarkal roas keveniyin navalaana "siriya mandai oadu thundugal" endra naavalai veliyittanar, idhu 2016 aam aandin sirantha trans fiction lampta ilakkiya viruthai ventrathu. navambar 2017 ill avarkal sikke franki edosian ezhuthiya muthal orinachchaerkkai aaprikka ninaivuk kurippaana "liffs off grade manes" aii veliyittanar. idhu lundon "nidhi kaalangalil" saathagamaaga mathippaaivu seiyappattathu mattrum 2018 aam aandil sirantha orinachchaerkkai ninaivu/punaikathai allaatha lampta ilakkiya viruthai ventrathu. idhu thennaapirikkaavil jacana puththagangkalaalum, juulai 2018 ill naijeeriyaavil oyidaa puththagangkalaalum meendum veliyidappattathu. pipravari 2018 ill avarkal "sistha!" endra noolai veliyittanar.", oru englaanthu inaippudan aaprikka/caribean vamsaavaliyaich saerntha oray paalina-anbaana penkalin ezhuththukkalin thoguppu, carden, peedal-blair mattrum yuu. kae pilaak bride inai niruvanar fillogu-kiaima aakiyoaraal thiruththappattathu; idhil yarza dolly-vard poantra ezhuththaalargal adangkuvar mattrum 2019 lampta ilakkiya viruthukku pattiyalidappattaar.
2020 aam aandil avarum peedal-pilaeyarum chinnamaana orinachchaerkkai aaprikka-america ezhuththaalar laurie dublechanai thanathu thiraippataththin meethaana anbin ninaivuk kurippai ezhutha oppantham seithanar, "ennai orinachchaerkkai seitha thiraippatankal", october 2023 ill veliyidappada ullathu.
"" "englaanththil karuppu mattrum oorinacherkkaih oru thoguppu".
october 20,2014 andru veliyidappatta, "englaanththil karuppu mattrum orinachchaerkkai" avarkalin kuzhu aenjalikkaa muththiraikkaaga rickie peedal-pilaeyarudan inai thiruththappattathu. adhan 352 pakkankal konda kavidhaigal, ninaivuk kurippugal, karpanaik kadhaigal mattrum katturaigal aagiyavai karuppina oorinachchaerkkaiyaalarkalin vaazhkkaiyai aaraaikintrana, idhil liie john, travis alabanza, deane attaa, aadam loav, davit mccallmond, pisi alimi, karuppu british pugaippadak kalaignar robbert daylor, dobber cambell mattrum jide makkaale poantra ezhuththaalargal, kalaignargal mattrum aarvalargal adangkuvar.
vaeru vaelai.
2009 aam aandil "manali gream" (thir) endra kurumpadaththirkaana thiraikkathaiyai avar inainthu ezhuthinaar. navdeep kandola). 2009 koadaiyil avarathu oru naadagamaana "abro-bick-karuppu manitha mudi pattriya oru naadagam", fizayo agindandevaik konda matthiya paechchu mattrum naadaga koadaip pallyil thiraiyidappattathu. 2010 koadaiyil avarathu kurugiya naadagam "vaelai!"colton telela thayaarippin oru paguthiyaaga theater 503 ill thiraiyidappattathu," "7:1 kattuppaattirku appaarpattathu".
carden "phit", "kickoff", "bashment" mattrum oru manii naera thiraippatamaana "free" (2014) (anaitthu kuzhu aenjalikaa thayaarippukal) aagiyavattril kalai vadivamaippaalaraaga irunthaar.
2012-017 carden mattrum peedal-blair aagiyoar theater raayal stradford eestil "aenchalik kadhaigalai" inai-parinthuraiththanar, idhu puthiya ezhuththaalargalukkaana oru neenda valarchi thittamaagum, idhu theaterine mukiya maedaiyil irandu vaara kaala arangaettrappatta vaachippukalin paruvangkalil mudivadaigirathu. avarkal uruvaakkiya pala naadagangal, somalia seaton "kireedam magimai" (2013), linet linton "step" (2013) mattrum alexes gregoriyin "slaap" (2018) aagiyavai muzhu thayaarippukal mattrum/allathu suttruppayanangkalukkuch sendrullana. 2017 aam aandil avar lindon kalappu inam british adaiyaalaththin aaraaychchiyai naadagamaakkinaar, idhu arcola theateril virkapatta paarvaiyaalarkalukku isaikkappattathu; naadaga urai kuzhu aenchalikaavaal veliyidappattathu, athae poal "slaap" inn naadagamum irunththathu.
carden paetrik-ayan poalkin thiraippatamaana "blackbird" (2014)-oru uyaramaana olliyana karuppu baiyan/hicks media inai thayaarippu, rickie peedal-blair mattrum poalk ezhuthiya, laurie dublechan navalil irunthu thazhuvi, moow 'nick mattrum rhea washington nadiththa script aaloasagar mattrum inai thayaarippaalaraaga irunthaar.
"fakkamafin" (naaval).
carden naankaavathu navalaana "fakkamafin" 2012 aam aandil veliyidappattathu. idhu oru orinachchaerkkai jamaika reke thayaarippaalar-katti, "thii melting paat" ill muthanmuthalil thoantriya oru kathaapaaththiram-athikaarikalidamirunthu oodivittathu.
navambar 3,2015 andru rickie peedal-player iyakkiya mattrum naathan clow, marlen kamekha mattrum savannah raey nadiththa "fakkamafin" inn naadaga pathippu, bush theateril "kae nanbarkal vaaraththin" oru paguthiyaaga vazhangkappattathu.
inththa naaval 2020 aam aandil kweer cornival aarvalar kuzhu fagamafin pilaak katchiyin uruvaakkathai ookkuviththathu.
"solja" (naaval).
22 septumber 2014 andru carden aaraavathu navalaana "solja", kuzhu aenchalikkaavaal veliyidappattathu. athae peyaril viruthu pettra kurumpadaththil muthanmuthalil valangkappatta kathaapaaththirangal mattrum soozhnilaigalin virivaakkam idhu. idhu qaa-oas moolam saathagamaaga mathippaaivu seiyappattathu.valaippathivu.comm "idhu anaivarin kavanaththirkum thaguthiyaana kadhai. admaja unmaiyilaeyae moochadaikkakkoodiyavar, alavilum, latchiyaththilum irukkiraar. naan sila nerangalil oru kuzhandhaiyaip poala azhuthaen, naavalin iruthich seyalil nigazhvugal vaekamaaka athikariththathaal, ennaal adhai keezhae vaika mudiyavillai "mattrum huffington idugaiyil..vagaippaattai meerum oru naaval. idhu pulampeyarnthoar kadhaiyin oru mashub, oru silirppoottum kundar thriller, oru dhesaththin nilai naaval, oru vayathu varum kadhai mattrum oru nerukkamaana kudumba uruvappadam adhan idhayaththil oru vaethanaiyaana poark kutraththudan. carden orupoathum pandhai orupoathum kaividaathu endra unmai, aathmaavai oru parantha, paarvaikku pidikkum thalaisirantha padaippaaga aakkukirathu."4 maarch 2015 andru idhu oru lampta ilakkiya viruthukku pattiyalidappattathu.
yami mattrum penn.
yemi mattrum femi cartoon kathaapaaththirangal carden ('enn lill' marumagangal '), british-naijeeriya orinachchaerkkai deane kilap kitt sirantha nanbarkal, graphic navalaana "yemi & femiyin vaedikkaiyaana iravu veliyae" ill muthanmuthalil thoantrinar. septumber 2015 ill veliyidappatta idhu, yemi mattrum femi mattrum femiyin kaathalan mixtape mattrum oru iravu iravu kilappil irunthu veliyaettrappatta oru iravu avarkalin saagasangalaip pattriya 42 pakka karuppu mattrum vellai graphic naaval aagum. graphic naaval eichvi, paathukaappaana sex, pepp (poast-exposure profiloxis), bree-exposure prophyloxis) mattrum sero-discordency aagiyavattraich suttriyulla sikkalkalai nagaichchuvaiyaana vazhiyil, theru-nilai mozhi mattrum nagarppura paechchu aagiyavattril aaraaikirathu. orinachchaerkkai nagarppura ilainyargal mattrum paaliyal sugaathaara thondu niruvanangalukku nagalkalai ilavasamaaka vazhangkuvatharkaaga carden oru kalai council maaniyatthaip pettraar.
aepral 28,2016 andru carden kurugiya ech. aii. vii-karupporul nagaichchuvai naadagamaana "yemi andd femi coow daa chemist" anii aenchalikkaavin "poom!"landanin migavum mariyaathaikkuriya bush theateril" "pathungkiyirunthu" "oru paguthiyaaga nigazhvu, virkapatta paarvaiyaalarkalidamirunthu urchaakamaana pathilukku". avarum peedal-pilaeyarum inainthu inththa nigazhvai naadagamaakkinar, idhu irandu iravugalil muppatthettu ezhuththaalargalaik kaattiyadhu. naadagaththin urai aenjalikkaa kuzhu thoguppil serkkappattathu, "englaanththil karuppu mattrum orinachchaerkkai".
mae 9,2023 andru carden oru-seyal naadagamaana "yemi & femi coow vindrash", peyaralavu kathaapaaththirangal kaalappoakkil thirumbich sendru 1950 kazhil oru orinachchaerkkai caribean thambathiyinarukku oru ragasiya vivagaaraththai santhippathaik kaankirathu. rickie peedal-blair.
"trabedomania" (naaval).
mae 2018 ill veliyidappatta, "trabedomania" enbathu america therkil amaikappatta 500 pakka naaval aagum. paththu aandugal ezhuthappatta inththa naaval, karuppina suthanthiram, ezhuchchi mattrum adimaiththana kaalangalil karuppina aangalukku idaiyilaana kaathal anbin theevira pirathinithiththuvam aagiyavattrin kaaviyak kathaiyaagum. patriac-ayan poalk idhai 'oru muzhumaiyaana thalaisirantha padaippu' endru alaiththullaar; michael erik dyson idhai 'karpanaiyin thigaippoottum vaelai' endru varnitthullaar; audrey lard vaazhkkai varalaattraasiriyar alexes dii weaks idhai 'oru arputhamaana, tiramaiyaana vaelai' endru vivaritthaar. idhu lundon nidhi kaalangalil saathagamaaga mathippaaivu seiyappattathu, idhu 'americavin inaveri varalaattrin moasamaana kuttrachchaattu' endru kooriyadhu... adikkadi aazhamaaga nagarnthu pidippathu '. aepral 25,2019 andru idhu sirantha ell. jii. pii. dii. kyuu punaikathaikalukkaana veliyeettu mukkoanaththin mathippumikka ferro-crumley viruthai ventrathu.
"haark" (naaval).
"haark", "puup septumber 2020, oru orinachchaerkkai deane aej inangkalukkidaiyeyaana kaathal, idhu" "trabedomaniavin" "therku koathik nilapparappin intraiya velippuraththil amaikkappattullathu". idhu oru iyarkaikku apparpatta uruppu america ina reethiyaaga paei kadantha kaalatthai aaraaikirathu, maelum linching pugaippadangkalai tabal attaikalaaka ninaivup parisugalaaka maattrukirathu. viruthu pettra karuppina orinachchaerkkai karpanai ezhuththaalar graik laurence kidney idhai 'oray neraththil thairiyamaaga aathiramoottum, kavarchiyaana mattrum payamuruththum endru alaiththaar. maelum 'blackbird' ezhuththaalar laurie dublechan idhai 'bhaarambariyaththirku oru varavaerkathakka koodudhalaaga' vivaritthaar.'idhu puththagangkal moolam aandin puththagamaaga pattiyalidappattathu.
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zaan aarr. garden
zaan aarr. gordan (jananam 1964) oka british rachayita. athani rachanalu-navalalu, natakalu, screenplay mariyu jeevita charitra-jaathi, laingikata mariyu taragati yokka vibhajanalatho vyavaharistaayi. rikki beedle-blair thoo kalisi athanu kweer-off-colour-centric indii press team angelica nuu sthaapinchi naduputaadu. athanu "tellati shivaaru praantaaniki chendina tella vyakti" ayinappatikee, 1980laloe james baldwyn, malkam ex mariyu frantz fyaan vanti nallajati saamskrutika vyaktulapai athanu chaalaa aasakti chuupaadu, mariyu vaaru appati nundi athani panini prabhaavitam chesaaru.
prarambha pani.
1993 mariyu 2001 madhya, gordan block gay british life yokka moodu sanchalanaatmaka navalalu, "block butterflies", "skin deep" mariyu "warriers & avtlas" (modati rendu gay purushula presto, moodavadi millievers/provlertho) prachurinchindi. 1995loe landanlooni gate theatres jarigina oka joy riding pramaadamloo pakshavaataaniki guraina oka moosivunna yuva vyakti gurinchi, athani aadambaramaina maga narsu gurinchi ayana thana natakam "wheels off steel" kuu darsakatvam vahinchaadu. indulo rikki beedle-blair mariyu carle callins natinchaaru, veeru beedle-blair yokka chaanal 4 syries "metrosexuality" loe okarikokaru vidipoyina bhartalugaa natinchaaru. athanu 1999 sitcom pilate "dhi melting pott" nuu oka macho block british myaan (felix dexter) gurinchi vrasadu, athanu thana deerghakaalamgaa kolpoyina jamaikan sodarudi swalinga samparkamtho oppandam kudurchukunnadu. idhi chhaanel 4 yokka sitcom festivalku minchi televisionku ennadoo cheyakapoyinappatiki, vinootna paatralu mariyu paristhitulanu andinchinanduku "swatantra" dheenini prasamsimchimdi. indulo terrie alderton kooda natinchaaru.
"noah yokka aark".
us cable chaanal logo kosam patriac-eoin polk yokka television show "nohs aark" (2005-6) yokka rendu seasonlanu gordan script-edit chesindi. athanu rendava seasonlo rendu bhaagaalanu ("niraasa" mariyu "ottidilo"), mariyu 2007 antataa (polk mariyu kyootho) saha-kathanu vraasaadu. allan broka) spin-off feature-film, taruvaata polk thoo kalisi screen play raasaaru. eee chitram, ', aaru american nagarallo parimita vidudala ivvabadindi, akkada idhi october 2008 chivarilo ammudupoyina illaku aadabadindi mariyu ticket ammakaalalo matrame $500,000 tirigi pondindi. eee chitram uttama swatantra feature vibhaagamlo unnatlugaa, garden mariyu polk raasina "jumping dhi broom" script oka nockp image avaarduku nominate cheyabadindi. 2009 eprillo eee chitram uttama (parimita vidudala) chalana chitra avaardunu geluchukundi. 2020loe ayana saha-karyanirvahaka nirmaatagaa 'runion episode' nuu nirminchaaru, dheenini polk rachinchi, darsakatvam vahinchaaru, mariyu juulai 5naa gilead sciences samarpinchindi. indulo original taaraaganam sabhyulandaruu natinchaaru mariyu noah talligaa wanda saiks yokka atidhi paatranu kaligi undhi, dheeni kosam aame pagatipuuta kalpita kaaryakramamlo atyuttama athidhi natigaa 2021 emmeeki nominate cheyabadindi. 2021 janavarilo dheeniki glad pratyeka gurtimpu avaardu labhinchindi.
"soljah" (laghu chitram).
athani 10 nimishala laghu chitram "soljah"-oka swalinga samparka african maajee chiled solzer (bii3/angelica entertainments 2007) gurinchi, mariyu rikki beedle-blair darsakatvam vahinchinadi-30 october 2007naa london film festivallo pradarsinchabadindi. juulai 2008loe "soljah" rush soho laghu chitrotsavamlo uttama laghu chitramgaa avaardunu geluchukundi. 2009 eprillo torranto reel varald film festivallo uttama antarjaateeya laghu chitramgaa avaardu geluchukundi. idhi team angelica productions kosam rikki beedle-blair darsakatvam vahinchindi mariyu beedle-blair, garden mariyu carlene beedle nirminchaaru.
prachuranakartagaa.
2011loe, rikki beedle-blair thoo athanu radikal kweer-off-colour-focused imprint team angelica publishingnu sthaapinchaadu. daani modati pustakam beedle-blair yokka "neenu eee roeju neerchukunnadi". 2013loe vaaru swalinga samparkulaina somali rachayita diriye osman raasina "kolpoyina pillala kosam adbhuta kathalu" anae manchi aadarana pondina mariyu sanchalanaatmaka chinna kathala sekarananu prachurinchaaru. 2014 aktobaru 8naa "kolpoyina pillala kosam adbhuta kathalu" polari modati pustaka bahumatini geluchukunnayi. 2015loe vaaru roez keveni navala "chinna purre mukkalu" nuu prachurinchaaru, idhi 2016loe uttama trans fiction lambda saahitya avaardunu geluchukundi. november 2017loe vaaru chike franky edogean rachinchina mottamodati gay african ghnaapakam, "lifes off grate menn" nuu prachurinchaaru. idhi london "financial times" loe anukuulamgaa sameekshinchabadindi mariyu 2018loe uttama gay ghnaapakam/naan fiction lambda saahitya avaardunu geluchukundi. idhi dakshinaafrikaalooni jacana books, juulai 2018loe mariyu nigerialoni oyidaa books dwara tirigi prachurinchabadindi. fibravari 2018loe vaaru "sista!" prachurinchaaru.", oka UK anusandhaanamtho african/carabian santatiki chendina oke linga-premagala mahilala rachanala sankalanam, dheenini garden, beedle-blair mariyu UK block pride saha vyavasthaapakudu philloku-gyimah savarinchaaru; indulo yarsa dolly-vard vanti rachayitalu unnaaru mariyu 2019 lambda saahitya puraskaaraaniki shortlist cheyabaddaaru.
2020loe athanu mariyu beedle-blair, african-american rachayita ayina laurie duplechan thoo oppandam kudurchukunnaru, ayana chitram patla thana premaku sambandhinchina oka ghnaapakam, "nannu swalinga samparkudigaa chesina sinimaalu", october 2023loe prachurinchabadataayi.
"" "block und gay inn dhi yuke yaan anthology".
20 october 2014naa prachurinchabadina, "block und gay inn dhi yuke" vaari jattu angelica mudra kosam rikki beedle-blertho saha-edit cheyabadindi. daani 352 paejeela kavitalu, ghnaapakaalu, kaalpanika kathalu mariyu united kingdamku kontha sambandham unna nalla swalinga samparkula jeevitaalanu anveshinche vyasalalo rachayitalu, kalaakaarulu mariyu lii zaan, travis alabanza, deane atta, aadam love, david mccallmont, bisi alimi, block british photographer robbert taylor, topper camp bell mariyu gday makaale vanti kaaryakartalu unnaaru.
vaerae pani.
2009loe ayana "manali cream" (dhir) anae laghu chitraaniki screen play raasaaru. navdeep kandola). 2009 vesavilo athani vann-act natakam "afro-pick-block myaan hair gurinchi oka natakam", indulo fisayo akintande natinchaaru, central school off speach und drama summer schoollo pradarsinchabadindi. 2010 vesavilo athani chinna natakam "work!"golden delila yokka nirmaanamloo bhaagamgaa theatre 503loe pradarsinchabadindi," "7:1 niyantranaku minchinadi".
fitt", "kickoff", "bashment" mariyu ganta nidivi gala chitram "free" (2014) (aall team angelica productions) laloe gordan art designer gaa panicheesaaru.
2012-017 garden mariyu beedle-blair theatre raayal stratford eest vadda "angelic kathalu" saha-prasamsimchaaru, kotta rachayitala kosam oka sudeergha abhivruddhi project, theatre yokka pradhana vedikapai rendu vaaraala paatu pradarsinche seasonlalo mugustundi. somalia seaton yokka "crownying glory" (2013), linet linton yokka "step" (2013) mariyu alexes gregori yokka "slap" (2018) vanti vaaru abhivruddhi chesina aneka natakalu puurti nirmaanaalu mariyu/ledhaa paryatanalaku vellaayi. 2017loe athanu lynton yokka mishrama jaathi british gurtimpu yokka anveshana, "lighty" nuu natakeeyamgaa pradarsinchaadu, idhi arcola theatres ammudupoyina prekshakulaku pradarsinchabadindi; eee naataka paataanni team angelica prachurinchindi, alaage "slap" yokka naataka paatham kooda.
garden patriac-eoin polk yokka chalana chitram "block burd" (2014) loe script consultant mariyu associate producer-oka podavaina sannani nalla baaludu/hicks media saha-nirmaanam, rikki beedle-blair mariyu polk raasinadi, laurie duplechan yokka aaa paerutoe navala nundi sweekarinchabadindi, mariyu moe 'nick mariyu eejaa washington natinchaaru.
"faggamafin" (navala).
gordan yokka nalgava navala, "faggamafin", 2012loe prachurinchabadindi. idhi oka gay jamaikan rege nirmaata-kaddii, "dhi melting pott" loe modatisaari kanipinchina paatra-adhikaarula nundi paaripotundi.
3 november 2015naa rikki beedle-blair darsakatvam vahinchina mariyu nathan clau, marlan kameka mariyu savannah rae natinchina "faggamafin" yokka theatrical version "gay buddies weak" loe bhaagamgaa bush theatres pradarsinchabadindi.
eee navala 2020loe kweer corniwall kaaryakarta samuuham faggamafin block party erpaatuku prerananichindi.
"soljah" (navala).
22 september 2014naa garden yokka aarava navala, "soljah", team angelica prachurinchindi. idhi adhe paerutoe avaardu geluchukunna laghu chitramlo modata pradarsinchabadina paatralu mariyu paristhitula vivarana. dheenini kaa-oos anukuulamgaa sameekshinchindi.blogg spot.com "idhi andari drushtiki arhamaina katha. aatma nijamgaa utkantabharitamgaa, parimaanamlo, mariyu aasayam loe undhi. neenu konnisaarlu sisuvulaa edchanu, navala yokka chivari charyalo sanghatanalu vaegamgaa peragadamtho, neenu daanini tagginchalekapoyanu "mariyu huffington postlo"...vargeekarananu dhikkarinche navala. idhi valasa katha, oka challati muthaa thriller, oka rashtra-off-dhi-nation navala, oka raboye vayassu katha mariyu hrudayamlo oka baadhaakaramaina yuddha neramtho sannihita kutumba chitram. gordan eppuduu bantini padagottadu anae vaastavam soljanu vistaaramaina, drushyaparamgaa aakarshinche kalakhandamga chestundi."4 marchi 2015naa idhi lambda saahitya puraskaaraaniki empika cheyabadindi.
yamee mariyu femi.
yemee mariyu femi anevi british-nigerian gay tean club kid best friends ayina garden ('mye lill' menalludu ') roopondinchina cartoon paatralu, veeru modata graphic navala "yemee & femis funn nait avt" loe kanipinchaaru. 2015 septembarulo prachurinchabadina, idhi yemee mariyu femi mariyu femi yokka priyudu mixes tape gurinchi 42 paejeela block und white graphic navala, mariyu oka raatri nait club nundi bayataku visirina taruvaata vaari saahasaala gurinchi. graphic navala hechaivi, saphe sex, pep (post-exposure prophyloxis), prii-exposure prophyloxis) mariyu sero-discordency chuttoo unna samasyalanu veedhi-sthaayi bhaashalo mariyu pattana yaasalo haasyabharitamgaa anveshistundi. swalinga samparkula pattana yuvataku mariyu laingika aarogya swachchanda samsthalaku kaapeelanu uchitamgaa andubaatulo unchadaaniki gordan oka arts council graantnu andukunnaru.
2016 april 28naa garden yokka chinna hechaivi-nepathya haasya natakam "yemee und femi goo daa chemist" team angelica yokka "boom!" loe pradarsinchabadindi."landanlooni atyanta gouravaneeyamaina bush theatres" "aakasmika daadi" "loe bhaagamgaa jarigina eee kaaryakramaaniki ammudupoyina prekshakula nundi utsaahabharitamaina spandana labhinchindi". athanu mariyu beedle-blair eee karyakramanni saha-natakeeyamgaa roopondinchaaru, idhi rendu raatrulalo muppai enimidi mandhi rachayitalanu pradarsinchindi. eee natakam yokka paatham "block und gay inn dhi yuke" anae brundam angelica sankalanamlo cherchabadindi.
mae 9,2023naa garden yokka vann-act natakam, "yemee & femi goo windrush", idhi naamamaatrapu paatralu samayaniki tirigi velli 1950laloe notting kondalo oka rahasya vyavaharam kaligi unna swalinga samparkulaina carabian jantanu edurkontundi, idhi raaju yokka head theatre, dirlo tomm ratcliffe yokka platfam festivallo bhaagamgaa oka vedika pathanamgaa pradarsinchabadindi. rikki beedle-blair.
"drapetomania" (navala).
mae 2018loe prachurinchabadina "drapetomania" anedi dakshina americaloni 500 paejeela navala. padhi samvatsaraala rachanalo, idhi nalla swechcha, tirugubaatu mariyu banisatva kaalamlo nallajaateeyula madhya srungaara prema yokka samoola praatinidhyam yokka itihaasa katha. patriac-eoin polk dheenini 'sampoorna kalakhandam' anie pilicharu; maikhel eric dyson dheenini 'oohaatmakamaina adbhutamaina pani' gaa abhivarninchaaru; mariyu adrey lard jeevitacharitrakaarudu alexes dii weaks dheenini 'oka adbhutamaina, naipunhyam kaligina pani' gaa abhivarninchaaru. idhi london financial times loe anukuulamgaa sameekshinchabadindi, idhi 'america jaatyahankaara charitraku ghoramaina neraropana' anie perkondi... tarachugaa lothugaa kadulutuu, pattukuni untundi. 25 april 2019naa idhi uttama elgibiticue kalpanaku gaanu trikonam yokka pratishtaatmaka ferro-grumley avaardunu geluchukundi.
"hark" (navala).
"hark", "pub sept 2020, anedi" "drapetomania" "yokka dakshina gothik prakruti drushyam yokka prastuta extrapolationlo sett cheyabadina swalinga samparka teanage intracial romans". idhi american jaathi ventade gataanni anveshinche oka atindriya muulakaanni kaligi undhi, mariyu linching chaayaachitraalanu postcarduluga smaaraka chihnaluga marchadam. avaardu geluchukunna nalla swalinga samparkula fontasy rachayita craigg laurence gidney dheenini 'okesari saahasopetamgaa rechagotte, sexy mariyu bhayaanakamainadi' anie pilicharu. mariyu chaalaa varaku 'jetjist'; 'block burd' rachayita laurie duplechan dheenini 'sampradaayaaniki swaagathinche adanamgaa' varninchaaru.'idhi pustakaala dwara samvatsarapu pustakamgaa jabita cheyabadindi.
| jaan aar. gorden
jaan aar. gorden (paidaish 1964) eek bartanvi masnaf haine. inn kaa kaam-naawal dramay screen play aur sawanah umri-nasal jansiyat aur tabqe kay chorahon say mutaliq hay. reeki beddle blair kay saath inhon nay koyar aaf cler parr markoz indee prais team anjaleka kii bunyaad rakhee aur chalatay haine. gorden kay mutabiq agarcha wah "eek safed faam mazafati elaqay say taaluq rakhnay waala safed faam shaqs" thaa leakin 1980 kii dahayi mein asay jaims baldoon melcom aiks aur franz fennon jaisi seeyah faam saqafati shaqsiyat mein gehri dilchaspi paida how gayee aur tubb say inn kaa kaam mutasir hawaa hay.
ibtadayi kaam.
1993 aur 2001 kay darmiyan gorden nay seeyah faam humm jans paraston kii bartanvi zindagi kay teen aham naawal shaye kiyay "bleek butter flies"yee "sakan deep"yee aur "wariars aind aaot laa" (pehley duu humm jans parsat mardon kay prais kay saath teesra milyors/proler kay saath). 1995 mein inhon nay apnay dramay "wahilaz aaf steel" kii hidayat kaaree kii juu landan kay gait theater mein eek khushgawar haadise mein mafluj honay waalay eek bund naujawan thagg aur iss kii chamakdar mard nars kay baaray mein hay. iss mein reeki beddle blair aur carle colanz nay adakari kii jinhon nay beddle blair kay chinal 4 seerez "metro sexuality" mein eek dosray kay alg thalag shoharon kaa kirdaar adaa kiyaa. inhon nay 1999 mein eek seet kaam pilot "dee melting paat" likhaa jiss mein eek maacho bleek bartanvi aadmi (felks dextor) kay baaray mein likhaa gayaa thaa juu apnay taweel arsey say gumshidah jamika kay bhayee kii humm jans parasti say ittefaq kartaa hay. agarcha yaha kabhi bhee chinal 4 kay seet kaam festival say teeli vision takk nahein pahuncha "dee independent" nay akhtarayi kirdaron aur halaat kii paishkash kay liye iss kii tareef kii. iss mein terry elderton nay bhee adakari kii.
"nawah kaa aark.
gorden nay yuu aiss cable chinal kay logo kay liye patrack-ayaan polk kay teeli vision show "nawahiz aark" (2005-6) kay duu seasons mein tarmim kii. inhon nay dosray seezan kii duu aqsaat likhein ("mayus" aur "dabao mein")yee aur 2007 mein mushtarkah kahaani (polk aur qha kay saath. ailan broka) eek spin aaf fatcher film jiss nay baad mein polk kay saath mill kirr screen play likhaa. film 'yee kuu chh americi shehron mein mahdud release dee gayee jehaan yaha aktobar 2008 kay aakhir mein farokhat shadah gharoon mein chalee gayee aur sarf tikton kii farokhat mein 500,000 ddaalar kii wasooli kii. gorden aur polk nay juu "chharo kuu chhalang lagaana" script likhaa thaa asay aine aey aey see pee ameej aiward kay liye namzad kiyaa gayaa thaa jaisa kahh film khood behtareen aazaad fatcher zamray mein thee. apreel 2009 mein iss film nay behtareen (mahdud release) fatcher film kaa aiward jeeta. 2020 mein inhon nay mushtarkah toor parr prodios kiyaa polk kay zariah likhee aur hidayat kii gayee eek ree union qast aur 5 jolayi kuu galloid sciences kay zariah paish kii gayee. iss mein tamaam asl cast mumbaran nay adakari kii aur iss mein wanda sykes kaa batoor nawah kii maan eek fatcher chemio shaamil thaa jiss kay liye inhein day tyme fakshan prograam mein shandar mahman adakaar kay liye 2021 kay aimi kay liye namzad kiyaa gayaa thaa. januri 2021 mein asay glade special recognation aiward say nawaza gayaa.
"soljah" (mukhtasir film).
inn kii 10 mint kii mukhtasir film "soljah"-eek humm jans parsat afriqi saabiq child soljar (bee 3/angelica entertainment 2007) kay baaray mein aur reeki beddle blair kii hidayat kaaree mein-30 aktobar 2007 kuu landan film festival mein premier hoyee. jolayi 2008 mein "soljah" nay rash sohoo shorts film festival mein behtareen mukhtasir film kaa aiward jeeta. apreel 2009 mein iss nay torrento rail world film festival mein behtareen beenn alaqwami shaart kaa aiward jeeta. iss kii hidayat kaaree reeki beddle blair nay team angelica productions kay liye kii thee aur asay beddle blair gorden aur carlin beddle nay prodios kiyaa thaa.
naashir kay toor parr.
2011 mein reeki beddle blair kay saath inhon nay redical koyar aaf cler focused imprent team anjaleka publishing qayem kii. iss kii pehli kitaab beddle blair kii "aaj mein nay juu seekha" thee. 2013 mein inhon nay humm jans parsat somaliyon kay masnaf dariye asmaan kaa khoob pazirayi yaaftah aur aham mukhtasir kahaniyon kaa majmuah "gumshidah bachon kay liye pariyon kii kahaniyan" shaye kiyaa. 8 aktobar 2014 kuu "gumshidah bachon kay liye pariyon kii kahaniyon" nay polari pehla kitaab anaam jeeta. 2015 mein inhon nay roz caviny kaa naawal "khopdi kay chhotay takday" shaye kiyaa jiss nay 2016 kaa behtareen trans fakshan lambda adbi aiward jeeta. nomber 2017 mein inhon nay pehli humm jans parsat afriqi yaaddasht shaye kii "azeem mardon kii zindagiyan" bazariah cheek frenki aduzeen. landan kay "financial times" mein iss kaa masbat jaizah liyaa gayaa aur 2018 mein behtareen humm jans parsat yaaddasht/ghair afsanvi lambada adbi aiward jeeta. asay janubi afriqah mein jikana bucks nay jolayi 2018 mein aur nigeria mein oyda bucks nay dobarah shaye kiyaa. faroori 2018 mein inhon nay "seesta!" shaye kiyaa."yee bartaniah say taaluq rakhnay waali afriqi/caribean nasal kii humm jans parsat khwatin kii tehreeron kaa eek majmuah jiss kii tarmim gordan beddle blair aur bartaniah bleek priod kay shareek baanee fail opoco gimah nay kii hay. iss mein yarsa daili word jeesay masnafeen shaamil thay aur asay 2019 kay lambda adbi aiward kay liye shaart list kiyaa gayaa thaa.
2020 mein iss nay aur beddle blair nay mashhur humm jans parsat afriqi-americi masnaf leeri doplechan say muahidah kiyaa taakah wah apnee film say mohabat kii eek yaaddasht likhein "filmein jiss nay majhay humm jans parsat banaa diyaa"yee juu aktobar 2023 mein shaye honay waali haine.
"bartaniah mein seeyah aur humm jans parsat: eek anthology.
20 aktobar 2014 kuu shaye honay waali "bleek aind gee inn dee yukay" kuu inn kii team anjaleka imprent kay liye reeki beddle blair kay saath mushtarkah toor parr tarmim kiyaa gayaa thaa. iss kii 352 safhaat parr mushtamil nazmein yaadein afsanvi kahaniyan aur mazamin juu seeyah faam humm jans parsat mardon kii zindagiyon kii khooj kartay haine aur bartaniah say kachh taaluq rakhtay haine inn mein masnafeen fankaar aur karknan jeesay lee jaan traves albanza deane ataa addam low dude macalmont basee aleemi seeyah faam bartanvi photographer raabart teller topper camp bail aur jaid mikalay shaamil haine.
dosra kaam.
2009 mein inhon nay mukhtasir film "manali cream" (diyaar) kaa screen play mushtarkah toor parr likhaa. naudeep kandola). 2009 kay mosam garma mein inn kaa eek aikat dramah "afro pukk-seeyah faam aadmi kay baalon kay baaray mein eek dramah"yee jiss mein faisayo akantande kuu dikhaya gayaa thaa kaa premier central school aaf speach aind dramah summer school mein hawaa. 2010 kay mosam garma mein inn kaa mukhtasir dramah "kaam!"theater 503 mein golden dalilah kii production kay hasay kay toor parr premier kiyaa gayaa" "7:1 qaabu say baahir.
gorden fatcher filmon "fitt"yee "kick aaf"yee "bashment"yee aur eek ghantay takk chalnay waali film "free" (2014) (aal team angelica productions) mein aart designar thay.
gorden aur beddle blair nay theater raail strait ford aist mein "farishton kii kahaniyon" kii mushtarkah sarparasti kii juu nayey masnafeen kay liye eek taweel tarqiyati mansubah hay jiss kaa ikhtatam theater kay markazi stage parr stage shadah reding kay duu haftay taweel seezan mein hotaa hay. inn kay tayaar kardah kayee dramay jeesay somaliya seaton kaa "crowning glory" (2013)yee lent lantan kaa "steep" (2013) aur aleksis gregori kaa "thapad" (2018) makmal production aur/yaa dooron parr chalay gayey haine. 2017 mein inhon nay lantan kii makhlut nasal kii bartanvi shanakhat "lighty" kii khooj kuu dramayi shakal dee juu aarkola theater mein farokhat honay waalay saamayin kay liye paish kii gayee thee. play text kuu team angelica nay shaye kiyaa thaa jaisa kahh "thapad" kaa play text thaa.
gorden patrack-ayaan polk kii fatcher film "bleek bird" (2014) parr script consultant aur aisosi aett producer thay-eek lamba patla seeyah ladka/hicks mediya shareek production jasay reeki beddle blair aur polk nay likhaa hay juu leeri dopulchan kay iss naam kay naawal say dahaal liyaa gayaa hay aur iss mein moneek aur eisi washington nay adakari kii hay.
"fegamefen" (naawal).
gorden kaa chotha naawal "fegamphan"yee 2012 mein shaye hawaa thaa. yaha eek humm jans parsat jamikan reegi producer-cutty eek kirdaar kay baaray mein hay juu pehli baar "dee melting paat" mein namodar hawaa thaa-hakaam say bhagtay hoay.
3 nomber 2015 kuu reeki beddle blair kii hidayat kaaree mein aur naathan clowe maarlan kamika aur sawana ray kii adakari mein "fegamphan" kaa eek theater warzan "humm jans paraston kay dost haftay" kay hasay kay toor parr bash theater mein paish kiyaa gayaa.
iss naawal nay 2020 mein koyar carniol kay srgarm kaarkan grop fegamefen block paarti kii tashkil kuu mutasir kiyaa.
"soljah" (naawal).
22 satambar 2014 kuu gorden kaa chhataa naawal "soljah" team angelica nay shaye kiyaa. yaha kirdaron aur halaat kaa eek khalasah hay juu pehli baar asee naam kii aiward yaaftah mukhtasir film mein paish kiyaa gayaa hay. kaa-aus nay iss kaa masbat jaizah liyaa.blog spot.kaam: "yaha eek aisi kahaani hay juu sabb kii taujah kaa hqdar hay. soljah waaqee dilkash paimanay mein aur azayem mein hay. mein baaz auqaat bachay kii tarah rotee thee aur jeesay jeesay naawal kay aakhri aikat mein waaqiaat teezi say badhay mein asay neechey nahein rakh skee "aur huffington post mein:..eek naawal juu darjah bundi kii khalaaf warzi kartaa hay. yaha tarkeen watan kii daastaan kaa eek nqsha hay eek thandaa karnay waala gangster therler eek qomi naawal eek aaney waali amar kii kahaani aur eek mubashirat khaandaani tasveer hay jiss kay dall mein eek taklif dhah jangi jarm hay. yaha haqeeqat kahh gorden kabhi bhee gaind kuu eek baar nahein girata hay soljah kuu eek wasee woo areez basri toor parr dilkash shahkar banata hay."4 maarch 2015 kuu asay lambda adbi aiward kay liye shaart list kiyaa gayaa.
yamee aur femi.
yamee aur femi carton kirdaar haine juu gorden ('miray lalee' bhatijay ')yee bartanvi-nigerian humm jans parsat noamar kalb kay behtareen doston kay zariah banaye gayey haine juu pehli baar graphik naawal "yamee aind femiz faine night aaot" mein nazar aayey thay. satambar 2015 mein shaye honay waalaa yaha 42 safhaat parr mushtamil bleek aind waait graphik naawal hay juu yamee aur femi aur femi kay bawaae friend miks taip aur eek night kalb say baahir phainaknay kay baad eek raat inn kii muham joyee kay baaray mein hay. graphik naawal mein aich aayee wee saif seeks peep (post exposure proflexus)yee prep (paree exposure proflexus) aur seero discardency kay masail kuu glee kii satah kii zabaan aur shehri zabaan mein mazahiya andaaz mein talaash kiyaa gayaa hay. gorden kuu humm jans parsat shehri naujawanon aur jansi sehat kay khairati idaaron kuu kaapiyan mufta dastiyaab karaaney kay liye arts konsal kii grant milly.
28 apreel 2016 kuu gorden kaa mukhtasir aich aayee wee theem waala mazahiya dramah "yamee aind femi gow daa chemist" team angelica kay "boam!" mein premier kiyaa gayaa."landan kay intehayi muaziz bash theater mein" "gahaat lagaa kirr hamlah" "kay hasay kay toor parr taqrib farokhat shadah saamayin kii taraf say parjosh radamil kay liye. inhon nay aur beddle blair nay iss taqrib kuu mushtarkah toor parr drama banaya jiss mein duu raaton mein athtees masnafeen kuu dikhaya gayaa. dramay kaa mutan team anjaleka anthology "bleek aind gee inn dee yukay" mein shaamil kiyaa gayaa thaa.
9 mayee 2023 kuu gorden kaa winn aikat dramah "yamee aind femi gow wondersh"yee jiss mein titler kirdaron kuu waqat parr waps jaatay hoay dekha gayaa hay aur 1950 kii dahayi mein eek humm jans parsat caribean joday kaa noting hull mein khafiya taaluq honay kaa saamna hotaa hay kuu kangaz head theater ddee aar mein tomm retcliff kay plait faarm festival kay hasay kay toor parr eek staged reding kay toor parr paish kiyaa gayaa thaa. reeki beddle blair.
"drepatomenia" (naawal).
mayee 2018 mein shaye honay waalaa "drepatomenia" 500 safhaat parr mushtamil naawal hay juu janubi america mein tartib diyaa gayaa hay. tehreer mein duss saal yaha seeyah faam aazadi baghawat aur ghalami kay zamanay mein seeyah faam mardon kay darmiyan romanvi mohabat kii bunyaad parsat numaindagi kii eek mahakawi kahaani hay. patrack-ayaan polk nay asay 'eek makmal shahkar' qaraar diyaa hay vovo michael airak ddaisan nay asay 'takheel kaa eek chamakdar kaam' qaraar diyaa hay vovo aur auder laard kay sawanah nigaar aleksis ddee wokes nay asay 'eek dilkash mahirana kaam' qaraar diyaa hay. landan financial times mein iss kaa masbat jaizah liyaa gayaa jiss mein kahaa gayaa kahh yaha 'america kii nasal parastana tareekh kaa eek sharmanak fard jarm hay... aksar gahrayi say harkat aur pakadna. 25 apreel 2019 kuu iss nay behtareen eel jee bee tye kiyo fakshan kay liye publishing trigonal kaa bawaqar fero-gromli aiward jeeta.
"haark" (naawal).
"haark"yee "pub satambar 2020yee eek humm jans parsat noamar nasli romans hay juu" "drapeto minya" "kay janubi gothak manzar naamay kay maujudah door kay eek extrapolation mein tartib diyaa gayaa hay. iss mein eek mafuq alfitrat ansar hay juu americi kay nasli toor parr bhoot zadah maazi kii khooj kartaa hay aur linching kii tasavir kuu yaadgaari kay toor parr post card mein tabdil kartaa hay. aiward yaaftah seeyah faam humm jans paraston kay fantasi masnaf kareeg laurence gadni nay asay eek hyee waqat mein 'shararti toor parr ashtaal angez sexy aur khufnaak qaraar diyaa. aur behat ziyadah zetjust vovo "bleek bird" kay masnaf leeri doplechan nay asay "rawayat mein eek khush aaind izafah" qaraar diyaa.'asay kitaabon kay zariah saal kii behtareen kitaab kay toor parr darj kiyaa gayaa thaa.
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0005acbb44799c6a72ff416da159e57d0f45f900213949e7e1ec07a29adfd776 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58922487 | Flight Stakes (United States) |
Flight Stakes (United States)
The Flight Stakes was an American Thoroughbred horse race first run in 1887 at Sheepshead Bay Race Track in Sheepshead Bay, Brooklyn, New York. A race for horses of either sex and of all ages, it was run on dirt over a distance of seven furlongs.
An annual event, the Flight Stakes was last run in September 1909 and was won by Jack Atkin. After the Republican controlled New York Legislature under Governor Charles Evans Hughes passed the Hart–Agnew anti-betting legislation on June 11, 1908 with penalties allowing for fines and up to a year in prison. The owners of Sheepshead Bay Race Track, and other racing facilities in New York State, struggled to stay in business without betting. Racetrack operators had no choice but to drastically reduce the purse money being paid out which by 1909 saw the Flight Stakes offering a purse that was as little as one-fifth of what it had been in earlier years. Further restrictive legislation was passed by the New York Legislature in 1910 which deepened the financial crisis for track operators and led to a complete shut down of racing across the state during 1911 and 1912. When a Court ruling saw racing return in 1913 it was too late for the Sheepshead Bay horse racing facility and it never reopened.
Records.
Speed record: (at current distance of 1-1/16)
Most wins:
Most wins by a jockey:
Most wins by a trainer:
Most wins by an owner:
References.
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| flyte stake (aamerika juktorastro)
flyte stakes aasil 1887 sonot neworkor broklinor bherar mukhor ber bherar mukhor bey res trekot prothombaror baabe soluwa ek aamerikan xompurno jaator ghura dour. jikunu lingor aaru xokolu boyoxor ghurar baabe ek dour, iyak xatota farlong durotwot leterar uporot soluwa hoisil.
etaa barxik onusthan, flyte stake xexbaror baabe 1909 sonor septemborot soluwa hoisil aaru jek etokine joy korisil. republicane rajyopal charls evancer odhinot nework aainxobha niyontron korar pisot 1908 sonor 11 junot heart-megonyu anty-batting aainkhon jorimona aaru ebosoroloike karadondor onumoti diyar xoite grihit kore. bherar mukhor bey res trekk aaru nework rajyor onyanyo resing xubidhar malikxokole baaji nologa byowoxayot thakiboloi xonggram korisil. resetrek operatorxokolor haatot dhon porixudh koraa dhon jothesto hraax korar baahire kunu bikolpo nasil, jitu 1909 sonor bhitorot bimanor ongxidarxokole purbor bosorburot thoka dhonor ek-ponchomangxor dore komm dhon porixudh korisil. 1910 sonot nework aainxobhar dwara odhik bidhinixedhmulok aain grihit hoisil jiye trekk operatorxokolor baabe bittiyo xongkot gobhir korisil aaru 1911 aaru 1912 sonor xomoisuwat rajyokhonot resing xompurnorupe bondho kori disil. jetiya 1913 sonot aadalotor raaye resing punor ghuri ohaa dekhisil tetiya bherar mukhor bey ghura douror xubidhar baabe bohut deri hoisil aaru ee ketiyau punor khula huwa nasil.
record.
gotir obhilekhoh (1-1/16 ror bortoman durotwot)
xorbadhik joyoh
ejon jokir dwara xorbadhik joyoh
ejon proxikhyokor dwara xorbadhik joyoh
ejon malikor dwara xorbadhik joyoh
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flight stakes (markin juktorashtro)
flight stakes chhilo ekti american sampurna jaater ghoda daud jaa 1887 saale neu iyarker brookliner bheda matha beey-teey bheda matha beey reesa tracke prothom chalano hoyechilo. ubhoy linger ebong samasta boyoser ghodar jonno ekti daud, etty satti farlong durotter moyla diye chalano hoto.
ekti barshik event, flight stakes sheshbar 1909 saaler septembore chalano hoyechilo ebong jack atkin jitechilen. governor charles evancer adhine neu eork ainsabha projatontrer niyantrane aasaar porr, 1908 saaler 11ee june heart-magnew anty-betting aain pusses korey, jaar jonno jarimana ebong eka bochor porjonto karadonder anumati deoa hoy. bheda matha beey reesa tracker malikra ebong neu eork rajyer anyanno racing subidhaguli buzzy chharai byabosai thucker jonno ladai korechilo. restrack operatorder kachhe purses ortho pradan koraa byapokbhabe hrass koraa chhada konao upay chhilo naa, jaa 1909 saaler modhye flight stackguli ekti purses offer korte dekhechilo jaa ager bochorgulite jaa chhilo taar eka-panchamangsher moto chhilo. 1910 saale neu eork ainsabha arow bidhinishedhmulok aain pusses korey jaa track operatorder jonno arthik sangkatke govir korey toley ebong 1911 ebong 1912 saale rajyo judey resingyer sampurna bondher dike porichalito korey. 1913 saale adaloter ekti raye jokhon racing firey aase tokhon bheda matha beey ghoddouder subidhar jonno khub deri hoye giechilo ebong etty kokhonyi punra khola hoyney.
record.
goti record (1-1/16-err bortoman durotte)
sorbadhik jayah
ekjon jokir dwara sorbadhik jayah
ekjon proshikkhoker sorbadhik jayah
ekjon maliker dwara sorbadhik jayah |
flight stacks (united states)
flight stacks aee american sampoorn jaatini hoars reesa hatee jeey 1887 maan nyu yorknaa brooklinma ghetaanna maathaani khaadimaa ghetaanna maathaani khaadi reesa track parr pratham vakhat dodvaamaa aavee hatee. banne jaatinaa aneey tamaam umarnaa ghodaao maateni aek spardhaa, teey saat farlongnaa antare dhool parr dodavvama aavtee hatee.
vaarshik kaarykram, flight stacks chhelle september 1909maan chalavvama aavyo hato aneey jeeka aetkeene jeetyo hato. governor charles evancena shaasan hethal prajasattak dwara newyork vidhaansabhaane niyantrit karyaa pachhi, hugsey 11 juuna, 1908naa roj dund aneey aek varsh sudhini jailni manjuri saathe haart-hagnew anty-batting kaayado pasaar karyo hato. nyu york rajyamaa ghetaanna maathaani beey reesa track aneey anya racing suveedhaona malikoae sattabaji vagar vyavsayma rahevaa maate sangharsh karyo hato. resetrack operatoro paase chukavani karvaamaa aavtaa persna nananne bhaare ghatadva sivaay koee vikalp nahoto, jeey 1909 sudhimaa flight staxma aek purse ofara karato jovaa malyo hato jeey agaauna varshomaa jetalo hato tenaa paanchmaa bhaag jetalo ochho hato. 1910maan newyork vidhansabha dwara vadhu pratibandhaatmak kaayado pasaar karvaamaa aavyo hato, jene track operatoro maate nanakiy katokateene vadhu undee banaavi hatee aneey 1911 aneey 1912 darmiyan samagr rajyamaa resingne sampoorn reete bundh curry deedhi hatee. jyaare adalatna chukada 1913maan resingne parat fartaa joyo tyaare ghetaanna maathaani beey hoars racing suveedha maate khoob modu thaee gayoo hatoo aneey teey kyaarey pharii kholvaamaa aavyu naa hatoo.
reqorda.
zadap reqordah (1-1/16 naa vartmaan antar parr)
sauthee vadhu jityaanh
jokey dwara sauthee vadhu jeetah
prashikshak dwara sauthee vadhu jeetah
maaleek dwara sauthee vadhu jeetah |
udaan hissedari (sanyukt raajya)
udaan daanv ack americi poori nasl kii ghode kii daud thee joe pahali baar 1887 mein bhed key sir kii khaadi, brooklin, newyork mein bhed key sir kii khaadi daud track parr chalaai gaee thee. kissy bhee ling aur sabhi umr key ghodon key liye ack daud, yeh saat farlong kii doori parr mitty parr chalaai jaati thee.
ack vaarshik karyakram, udaan hissedari aakhiri baar sitambar 1909 mein chalaai gaee thee aur jack etkin dwara jeeti gaee thee. governor charles evance key adheen nyu york vidhaayika key ganarajya dwara niyantrit honey key baad, 11 juuna, 1908 koo heart-magnew anty-batting kaanoon paarit kiya gayaa, jisamen jurmaane aur ack saal taka kii jail kii anumati dee gaee. bhed key sir kii bey races track aur newyork raajya mein anya racing suvidhaon key maalikon koo binaa sattebaji key vyavasaay mein baney rahane key liye sangharsh karna padaa. restrack operators key paas paise key bhugtan koo kaafee cumm karane key alawa koee vikalp naheen thaa, joe 1909 taka udaan hissedari key roop mein ack purse kii peshkash kartaa thaa joe pahale key varshon mein thaa. 1910 mein newyork vidhaayika dwara aage pratibandhaatmak kaanoon paarit kiya gayaa thaa, jisane track operators key liye vittiya sankat koo gahara curr diyaa aur 1911 aur 1912 key dauran raajya bhar mein racing koo poori tarah seey bund curr diyaa. jaba 1913 mein ack adalat key faisale mein racing kii vaapsee dekhi gaee tou bhed key sir vaali bey horse racing suvidha key liye bahut dair hoe gaee thee aur yeh kabhi phir seey naheen khola gayaa.
abhilekh.
gati recordh (1-1/16 kii vartamaan doori parr)
sabse adhik jeetah
ack jockey dwara sabse adhik jeetah
ack prashikshak dwara sabse adhik jeetah
ack malik dwara sabse adhik jeetah |
vimaanada hakkannu (united states)
vimaanada hakkannu americada sampoorna taligala kudure otada spardheyagi 1887ralli newyorkna brooklinnalliruva shep head beyalli nadeda modala otada otavagittu. eradoo lingagala mattu ellah vayassina kuduregala otada spardheyaada idu elu farlaanggala dooradalli kolaku mele oduttittu.
varshika karyakramavada ee haaraatada hakkannu koneyadaagi 1909rahra septembernalli nadesalaayitu mattu idannu jack atkin geddaru. governor charles evance avara netrutvadalli newyork shasakangavu ganarajyada niyantranadalliddaaga, 1908rahra zoon 11randu haart-magnev aanti-betting shaasanavannu jaarige tandaru, danda mattu ondu varshada jailu shikshege avakasha maadikottitu. newyork rajyada shep head bay rays track mattu itara racing soulabhyagala malikaru betting maadade vyaapaaradalli uliyalu henagaadidaru. 1909rahra hottige vimaanada palugalu hindina varsagalalli idda hanada aidane ondu bhagadashtu kadime mottada purse annu niiduvudannu kanda rays track nirvaahakarige paavatisalaaguttidda purse hanavannu tivravagi kadime maaduvudannu bittu bere ayke iralilla. 1910ralli newyork shasakangavu mattashtu nirbandhita shaasanavannu angeekarisitu, idu track nirvaahakarige arthika bikkattannu gaadhavaagisitu mattu 1911 mattu 1912rahra avadhiyalli raajyadaadyanta racing annu sampoornavaagi sthagitagolisitu. 1913ralli nyaayaalayada tirpinalli racing maralalu kandaga, kurigala tale bay kudure racing soulabhyakke tumba tadavaayitu mattu adhu endigoo matte tereyalilla.
daakhalegalu.
vegada daakhaleh (prastuta 1-1/16 dooradalli)
hecchina geluvu
jakigala hecchina geluvugaluh
tarabetudaararinda hecchina geluvugalu
malikara hecchina geluvu
|
flaitt stakes (yunaittad stetts)
1887ll newyorkkile brooklin, sherpshed beyile sherpshed bay rays trackle aadyamaayi nadanna oru american kuthirappanthayamaayirunnu flaitt stakes. ellah lingathilumulla ellah praayathilumulla kuthirakalkkayulla oru malsaramaaya ithu ezhu furlong doorathil azhukkilaanu oodichirunnathu.
oru vaarshika paripaadiyaaya flaitt stekku avasaanamaayi 1909 septambaril nadathukayum jacq atkin vijayikkukayum cheythu. republican niyanthranatthilulla newyork niyamanirmmaanasabhaykk sesham govarnor chaals evans hugues 1908 juun 11 nuu hart-agan aanti-betting niyamanirmmanam pasaki, pizhayum oru varsham vare thadavum anuvadichu. shepshed bay rays trackinteyum newyork samsthaanathe mattu racing soukaryangaludeyum udamakal vaathuveppillathe bisinessil thudaraan paadupettu. rays track oopparettarmaarkku nalkunna pezhs panam ganyamaayi kuraykkunnathallaathe mattu maargamillaayirunnu, 1909 aayappozhekkum flaitt oharikal muun varshangalile pezhsinte anjilonnu maathram vaagdaanam cheythu. 1910-ll newyork niyamasabha kooduthal niyantritha niyamanirmmanam pasaki, ithu track oopparettarmaarude saambathika prathisandhi kooduthal aazhathilaakkukayum 1911-lum 1912-lum samsthaanathudaneelam racing poornnamaayum adachupoottunnathilekku nayikkukayum cheythu. 1913-ll oru kodathi vidhi racing thirichuvannappol shephead bay kuthirappanthaya soukaryam valare vaikukayum athu orikkalum veendum thurakkathirikkukayum cheythu.
rekhakal.
vegatha recorda (nilavile 1-1/16 akalatthil)
ettavum kooduthal vijayangal
oru jokkiyude ettavum kooduthal vijayangal
oru pariseelakan ettavum kooduthal vijayangal nedunnathu
oru udamayude ettavum kooduthal vijayangal
| uddan haqq (united states)
daad flight stakes hii american sampoorn jaatichi ghodadaud hotee jee pahilyanda 1887 madhye newyorkmadheel brooklin yetheel sheephead beey yetheel sheephead beey race trackver dhawali gelee. konatyahi lingatil aanee serve vayogatatil ghodyansathichi hii sharyat saat furlongchya antaravar chikhalavar chalavali jaat asey.
varshik karyakram, uddan bhag shevatcha september 1909 madhye chalavala gela hota aanee jacq etkinne jinkla hota. governor charles evance hugs yanchya netrutvakhalil newyork vidhimandalachya niyantranakhalil prajasattakane 11 juuna 1908 roji dand aanee eka varshaparyant turungvasachi parvanagi denara haart-agnew sattebajivirodhi kayada manjur keela. newyork rajyatil sheephead beey race track aanee itar sharyati suvidhanchya malakanna sattebaji naan karata vyavasayat rahnyasathi sangharsh karava lagla. dhavpatti chalkankade paise mothya pramanat qamee karnyashivay paryay navhata, jyamule 1909 paryant vimanatil bhagbhandavlane purvichya varshanchya tulanet eka panchmansh itaki qamee rakkam deu kelee. 1910 madhye newyork vidhimandalane aanakhi pratibandhatmak kayada manjur keela jyamule track chalkansathi aarthik sankat adhik tivra jhaale aanee 1911 aanee 1912 darmyan rajyabhar sharyati purnapane bund jhalya. 1913 madhye nyayalayachya nirnayat sharyati parat aalya tevha mendhyachya mathyavaril beey ghodyanchya sharyatichya suvidhesathi khoop usheer jhaala hota aanee tee punha kadhihi ughadali gelee nahee.
nondi.
gatee nondah (1-1/16 chya sadhyachya antaravar)
sarvadhik vijayh
jockyche sarvadhik vijayh
prashikshakache sarvadhik vijayh
malakache sarvadhik vijetepadah
| udan stack (sanyukta rajya america)
flyte stakes ek americi purna naslako ghodako daud thiyo june pahilo patak sann 1887 maa bhedsed bey, brooklin, newyorkko bhedsed bey race trackma daudiyo. kunai pani ling rar sabai umerka ghodaharuka lagi daud, yo saat farlangko durima matoma chalainthyo.
ek warshik karyakram, udan stack antim patak september 1909 maa chalaieko thiyo rar jack etkinle jiteka thie. governer charles ibhansako netritwama newyork wyawasthapikalai ganatantrale niyantran garepachhi hyugsle june 11,1908 maa hart-agneu anty-batting kanuna parit gare jasma jariwana rar ek warshasamma zell sajayako anumati diieko thiyo. bhedhead bey race tracka malikharu, rar newyork rajyama anya resing suwidhaharu, sattebaji bina wyawasayama rahan sangharsh gare. restrack aparetarharusanga bhuktan bhairaheko pers paisa bhari matrama ghataunu bahek kunai vikalpa thiena june sann 1909 sammama udanko stackle pers prastawa gareko thiyo june pahileka warshaharuma bhaeko bhanda ek-panchaun bhagko rupma thorai thiyo. sann 1910 maa newyork widhanmandalle thap pratibandhatmak kanuna parit parit jasle track aparetarharuka lagi wittiya sankatlai gahiro banayo rar sann 1911 rar 1912 ko awadhima rajyabhari daudako purna banda bhayo. jab adalatko faisalale sann 1913 maa daud firta bhaeko dekhyo taba bhedako tauko bey ghoda daud suwidhaka lagi dherai dhilo bhayo rar yo kahilyai punah kholiena.
recordharu.
gati recordah (1-1/16 ko halko durima)
sabaibhanda dherai jitah
jakidwara sabaibhanda badhi jitharuh
prashikshakdwara sabaibhanda badhi jitharuh
malikdwara sabaibhanda badhi jitharuh
| udaana stake (juktarastra america)
flyte stakes eka americae sampurna jaatira ghoda dauda thila jaahaa prathame 1887 ray nyujarkara brooklin rahr bheda munda bay rays track ray hoithila . ubhaja linga ebong samasta baisar ghoda paain eka dauda, ehaa saata pharlanga durata upare aliaa upare parichalita hoithila .
eka barshika karjyakram, flyte stake shesh thara paain september 1909 ray chalithila ebong jack atkin jitithile . gabharnara charles ivansanka adheenare nyujarka bidhanasabha upare ripablikana nijantrana parey, hugs 1908 masiha june 11 tarikhare hart-angna anty-beting ine parita karithile, jeunthire zarimana ebong eka barsha parjyanta jaildandar anumathi diajaithila. bheda munda bay rays track ebong nyujarka rajyara anyanya resing subidhara malikamane baaji bina byabasajare rahibaku sangharsha karithile. restrack parichalakamananka pakhare deiah karajauthiba arthaku byapaka bhabe hrass kariba byatita anya kaunasi bikalpa nathila, jaahaa 1909 masiha suddha bimanara anshadhana eka artharashi pradan karuthila, jaahaa purba barshagudikare jetiki thila, tahar eka-panchamansha thila. 1910 masihare nyujarka bidhanasabha dwara ahuri pratibandhaka ine parita hoithila jaahaa track operatormananka paain arthika sankataku gabhira karithila ebong 1911 ebong 1912 masihare rajyabyapee resingku sampurna banda karideithila. jetebele eka adalat raiah 1913 ray resing pratyabartana dekhithila, setebele bheda munda bay ghoda resing subidha paain bahuta bilamba hoithila ebong ehaa kebe punarbara kholinathila .
record.
bega rekardah (bartamana 1-1/16 rahr duratare)
sarbadhika bijajah
jane jakinka dwara sarbadhika bijajah
jane prashikhyakanka dwara sarbadhika bijajah
jane malikanka dwara sarbadhika bijajah
| flight stack (sanyukat raaj amrica)
flight stack ikk amriki puurii nasal dee ghode dee daud see joe pahili vaar 1887 witch sheepshead beey, brooklin, newyork witch sheepshead beey races track utte chalai gaee see. kise vee ling atey harr umar dey ghodiaan laee ikk daud, ih satt furlong dee doori utte gandgi utte chalai gaee see.
ikk salana program, flight stack aakhri vaar satambar 1909 witch chalaiaa giaa see atey jaik atkin duaara jittiaa giaa see. governor charles evens hugs dey adheen republican niyantrit newyork vidhan sabha neey 11 juun, 1908 noon haart-agnew ainti-batting kanoon paas keeta jiss witch jurmane atey ikk saal takk dee jailh dee aagiaa ditti gaee see. nioo yarak raaj witch bhed dey sir beey races track atey horr racing sahulatan dey malkan neey sattebazi toon binan carobar witch rahinn laee sanghrash keeta. restrack appretran cole paise dee adaigi noon bahut ghatt curran toon ilava koee chaara naheen see, jiss witch 1909 takk flight stack ikk perce dee peshkash karde sunn joe kii pichle saalan witch ikk panjwan hissa see. 1910 witch newyork vidhan sabha duaara horr pabandishuda kanoon paas keeta giaa see jiss neey track appretran laee vitti sankat noon dungha qarr ditta atey 1911 atey 1912 dauran raaj bharr witch racing noon puurii tarahan bnd qarr ditta. jadon 1913 witch ikk adalat dey faisle witch racing dee vaapsee vekhi gaee taan bhed dey sir vaali beey ghode dee racing sahulat laee bahut dair hoow gaee see atey ih kadey dubara naheen khulhiaa.
ricard.
gatee record (1-1/16 dee maujuda doori utte)
sabh toon vaddh jittaon
ikk jauki duaara sabh toon vaddh jittaon
ikk trainer duaara sabh toon vaddh jittaon
maalak duaara sabh toon vaddh jittaon
|
vimaanayaanaani (samyuktaraajyaani)
da flat stakes iti amerikaadeshasy sampoorn-jaatyaah ashva-spardhayaha prathamadautyam 1887 tame varshe nyuyaark-nagarasya brooklin-nagarasya sheep-hayd-bey-madhye sheep-hayd-bey-res-track ityatra abhavat. ubhayalinginam sarvavayaskaanaam cha ashvanam krute, sapta farlaang-dooraantare, dhooli-upari dhavita aasit.
vaarshik-kaaryakramah, vimana-panktayah antimavaaram 1909 september-maase sanchaalitah, tathaa cha jyaak etkin ityanena vijayitah. governor charles evance hyoogs ityasya adheene republican-niyantritam nyuyaark-vidhayika, 1908 joon 11 dinaanke haart-agnave-aanti-betting-vidhim paaritavatee, yasmaat dandena dandam, ekavarshaparyantam karavasaha cha anumanyata. nyuyaark-rajyasya sheep-hayd-bey-res-track ityasya, anyaanaam resing-suvidhaanaam cha swaaminah, sattavina vyaapaare tishtitum sangharsham krutavantah. res-track-nirvahakanam sameepe, pradeyamaanasy purse-dhanam atyantam nyooneekartum vihaay anyat vikalpah naseet, yat 1909 tamavarshaparyantam vimana-panktayah, poorvavarsheshu yat aasit tasya panchamamshat alpam purse-pradanam kurvan drushyata. 1910 tame varshe nyuyaark-vidhayakena adhikah pratibandhaatmakah vidhihi sweekrutah, yena track-chalakanam krute vitteeyasankatam gahanam jaatam, tathaa 1911 tathaa 1912 tame varshe raajye spardhayaha purnataya viraamah abhavat. yadaa nyayalayasya nirnayena 1913 tame varshe spardhayaha punaraagamanam drushtam tadaa bheda-shiraha bey-ashva-spardhayaha suvidhaah ateeva vilambitaa aasit, punah kadaapi naa udghatita.
abhilekhaah.
gati-abhilekhah (vartamaan-doorat 1-1/16)
sarvaadhikam vijayah.
jakidwara sarvaadhikam vijayah.
prashikshakasya adhikaamshavijayaha
adhikaamshaah vijayah malikadwara praaptah. |
vimaanap pankukal (aikkiya america)
flied stakes enbathu oru america muzhumaiyaana kudhirai panthayamaakum, idhu 1887 aam aandil newyorkin brooklinil ulla semmari aadugalin thalai valaikuda pandhaya paathaiyil muthanmuthalil oodiyathu. paalina mattrum anaitthu vayathinarukkum sonthamaana kuthiraigalukkaana oru pandhayam, idhu aezhu furlang thooraththil alukkil oodiyathu.
oru varudaanthira nigazhvu, vimaana pankukal kadaisiyaaga septumber 1909 ill nadaththappattathu mattrum jaak adkin ventraar. kudiyarasuk katchiyin kattuppaattil irunththa newyorg sattamandraththin keezh covernor charles eevans kattippiditthu juun 11,1908 andru hartechnew ethirppu panthayach sattaththai niraivaettrinaar, abaraathangkal mattrum oru aandu varai siraiththandanai vithikkappattathu. semmari aadugal thalai valaikuda pandhaya paathai mattrum newyorg maanilaththil ulla pira pandhaya vasathigalin urimaiyaalargal, pandhayam kattaamal vanigaththil irukka poaraadinar. racetrock aaparaettarkalukku panam selutthappaduvathai veguvaagak kuraippathaith thavira vaeru vazhiyillai, idhu 1909 vaakkil vimaana pankukal munththaiya aandugalil irunthathai vida ainththil oru pangaik kuraivaaga irunththathu. 1910 aam aandil newyorg sattamandraththaal maelum kattuppadutthappatta sattam niraivaettrappattathu, idhu track aaparaettarkalukkaana nidhi nerukkadiyai aazhappaduththiyathu mattrum 1911 mattrum 1912 aam aandugalil maanilam muzhuvathum panthayaththai muzhumaiyaaga mooda vazhivaguththathu. 1913 aam aandil oru neethimandrath theerppil panthayangkal thirumbiyapoathu, semmari aadu pae kudhirai pandhaya vasathikku migavum thaamathamaakivittathu, adhu meendum thirakkappadavillai.
pathivukal.
vaekap pathivu (tharpoothaiya thooraththil 1-1/16)
adhiga vetrtrikal
oru jackiol perumpaalaana vetrtrikal
oru payirchiyaalarin perumpaalaana vetrtrikal
oru urimaiyaalarin perumpaalaana vetrtrikal
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vimaana pandem (united states)
flight stakes anedi 1887loe newyorkloni brooklinlooni shep head bay looni shep head bay rays track vadda jarigina mottamodati american sampoorna jaathi gurrapu pandem. lingabhedam mariyu anni vayasula gurraala kosam oka resu, idhi edu furlangla dhooramlo muriki meeda nadichedi.
vaarshika karyakramam, flight stakes chivarisariga 1909 septembarulo jarigindi mariyu jaak atkin geluchukunnadu. governor charless evans kougilinchukunna taruvaata, republican niyantranalo unna newyork saasanasabha, 1908 juun 11naa haart-magnew anty-betting chattanni aamodinchindi, jarimaanaalu mariyu oka samvatsaram varaku jailu sikshanu anumatinchindi. newyork raashtramlo sheps head bay rays track mariyu itara racing soukaryaala yajamaanulu betting lekunda vyaparamlo undataaniki chaalaa kashtapaddaru. rays track operatorlaku chellinchabadutunna purse dabbunu teevramgaa tagginchadam tappa vaerae maargam ledhu, idhi 1909 natiki vimaana vaatalu munupati samvatsaraalalo unna daanilo aidava vanthu kante takkuva. 1910loe newyork saasanasabha marinta nirbandha chattanni aamodinchindi, idhi track operatorlaku aardhika sankshobhaanni marinta teevrataram chesindi mariyu 1911 mariyu 1912loe rashtravyaaptamgaa racingnu puurtigaa muusivaeyadaaniki daariteesindi. 1913loe kortu teerpu racing tirigi ravadam chusinappudu gorrela thala bay haars racing soukaryam chaalaa alasyam ayyindi mariyu adhi mallee teravaledu.
recordulu.
vaega recordu (prastuta 1-1/16 dhooramlo)
atyadhika vijayalu
jaakii dwara atyadhika vijayalu
oka sikshakudu saadhinchina atyadhika vijayalu
yajamani atyadhika vijayalu
| flyte steaks (riyasathaye muthadah)
flyte steaks eek americi makmal nasal kii ghoday kii dodh thee juu pehli baar 1887 mein bhed kay sarr kii khaleej brokleen neoyork mein bhed kay sarr kii khaleej kii dodh kay raastay parr chalayi gayee thee. kasee bhee jans aur harr amar kay ghodon kay liye eek doad yaha saat farlang kay fasilay parr mutty parr chalayi jaati thee.
eek salanah taqrib flyte steaks aakhri baar satambar 1909 mein chalayi gayee thee aur asay jeek atkan nay jeeta thaa. governor charlis avens hugs kay tahat republican kay zeer control neoyork maqnanah kay baad 11 joone 1908 kuu haart agnee ainti batting qanoon saazi manzoor kii gayee jiss mein jarmanay aur eek saal takk qaid kii ajazat thee. sheep head bay rees track aur riyasat neoyork mein resing kii deegar sahuliyaat kay maalkaan nay baghair batting kay karobar mein rehney kay liye jadujahad kii. rees track operators kay paas iss kay elawah koyee chaarah nahein thaa kahh wah adaa kii jaanay waali purse kii raqam kuu behat kumm kirr dain jiss mein 1909 takk flyte steaks nay eek purse kii paishkash kii juu kahh ibtadayi saalon mein thaa iss kaa panchwan hasah thaa. 1910 mein neoyork kii maqnanah nay mazeed paband qanoon saazi manzoor kii jiss nay track operators kay liye maali behraan kuu gehra kirr diyaa aur 1911 aur 1912 kay doraan riyasat bhar mein resing kuu makmal toor parr bund kirr diyaa. jabb 1913 mein eek adalati faislay mein resing kii wapsi dekhi gayee tuu bhed kay sarr kii khaleej ghoday kii dodh kii sahulat kay liye behat deer how chaki thee aur asay kabhi dobarah nahein khola gayaa.
record.
raftaar kaa record: (1-1/16 kay maujudah fasilay parr)
sabb say ziyadah jeeth:
eek jaaki kii taraf say sabb say ziyadah jeeth:
trainer kii taraf say sabb say ziyadah jeeth:
maalik kii taraf say sabb say ziyadah jeeth:
|
0005ada4c5de7417f323ee798a312462ab13d08f02d40d3cc7b54a04f80c3bff | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36721800 | Bhagath Manuel |
Bhagath Manuel
Indian actor (born 1986)
Bhagath Manuel (born November 26, 1986) is an Indian actor who appears in Malayalam cinema. He made his debut in Vineeth Sreenivasan's "Malarvadi Arts Club". He is known for his performance in "Doctor Love" and "Thattathin Marayathu" and has appeared in more than 50 films.
Personal life.
He married Daliya on 26 December 2011 and they later divorced. The couple's son Steve was born on 2 January 2013. In late September 2019 he married Shelin Cherian.
References.
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| bhogoth haturi
bhogot manuwel (jonmo 26 novembor, 1986) ejon bharotiyo obhineta jigorakik malayalam chinemat dekha yaay. teu bineet srinibaxonor "malarbadi arts club" too aatmoprokax korisil. teu "doctor laabh" aaru "tatthin marayothu" too obhinoyor baabe jonajat aaru aaru odhik sobit obhinoy korise.
byoktigoto jiwan.
2011 sonor 26 disemborot teu daliak biyaa koraisil aaru pisot teulukor bibah bisched hoisil. dompotihalor putro stevor jonmo hoisil 2013 sonor 2 januaryt. 2019 sonor septemboror xexor faale teu swelin cheriyanok biyaa koraisil.
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bhagat manuel
bhagath manuel (jonmo navembar 26,1986) ekjon bharatiya abhineta jini malayalam cholochchitre abhinoy corren. tini bineet srinibasaner "malarbadi artasa club"-ayee atmoprokash corren. tini 'doctor laav' ebong 'tatthin maraythu' chhobite abhinoyer jonno porichito ebong 50tiro beshi chhobite abhinoy korechen.
byaktigato jeebon.
2011 saaler 26shhey december tini daliake biye corren ebong porey taader bibahobiched hoy. eyi dampatir chhele stibha 2013 saaler 2 januari jonmogrohon corren. 2019 saaler september shesher dike tini shellin cherianke biye corren. |
bhagvat manual
bhagat manuel (janm 26 november, 1986) aek bhaartiy abhineta chhe jeey malayalam cinemama dekhaay chhe. temane vineeth shrinivasanna "malarwadi arts club" maan padaarpan karyoo hatoo. teo 'doctor lava' aneey 'tattathin maraaythu' maan temnaa abhinay maate jaanita chhe aneey 50thee vadhu feelmoma jovaa malyaa chhe.
angat jeevan.
tene 26 december 2011naa roj dalia saathe lagna karyaa aneey baadmaa temnaa chhutachheda thaee gayaa. aaa dampatinaa putra steveno janm 2 january 2013naa roj thayo hato. september 2019naa antamaa tene shellin cheriyan saathe lagna karyaa hataa. | bhagat manuel
bhagat manuel (janm 26 navambar, 1986) ack bhaaratiya abhineta hain joe malayalam cinema mein dikhaai dete hain. unhone draksharas srinivasana key "malarwadi arts club" mein apani shuruat kii. unhein "doctor lava" aur "tatathin marayathu" mein unake pradarshan key liye jaanaa jaataa haye aur way 50 seey adhik filmon mein dikhaai diye hain.
vyaktigat jeevan.
unhone 26 disambar 2011 koo dalia seey shaadi kii aur baad mein unakaa talaak hoe gayaa. dampati key bete steve kaa janm 2 janwari 2013 koo huaa thaa. sitambar 2019 key anta mein unhone sheleen cherian seey shaadi kii.
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bhagat kaipidi
bhagat manuel (janana november 26,1986) malayalam chitrarangadalli kanisikolluva bhaaratiya nata. aata vineet srinivasana avara "malarwadi arts club" nalli paadaarpane maadidaru. avaru "doctor love" mattu "tattin marayattu" chitragalallina abinayakke hesaruvasiyagiddare mattu 50kkoo hecchu chalanachitragalalli kanisikondiddare.
vaiyaktika jeevana.
aata 2011rahra december 26randu daaliyaalannu vivaahavaadaru mattu nantara avaru vichchedana padedaru. dampatigala maga steve 2013rahra janavari 2randu janisidanu. 2019rahra september antyadalli aata shellin cherian avarannu vivaahavaadanu. |
bhagat maanuval
malayaala sinimayil prathyakshappedunna oru indian nadanaanu bhagat maanuval (jananam november 26,1986). vineet sreenivaasante "malarwadi arts clubble" addeham arangettam kurichu. doctor lavu', 'thatthin marayat' ennee chithrangalile abhinayathiloode ariyappedunna addeham 50 ladhikam sinimakalil prathyakshappettittundu.
vyakthiparamaaya jeevitam.
2011 desember 26nuu addeham dalia vivaham kazhikkukayum pinneedu avar vivaahamochanam nedukayum cheythu. dambathikalude makan steevu 2013 januvari 2 nuu janichu. 2019 septambar avasaanathode addeham shelin cheriyane vivaham kazhichu.
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bhagvat hatmoje
bhagvat manuel (janm 26 november 1986) haah eka bharatiy abhineta aahe joou malayalam chitrapatsrushtit disato. tyane vineeth shrinivasanchya 'malarwadi arts club' madhoon padarpan kele. too 'doctor love' aanee 'tatathin marayathu' yaa chitrapatanmadhil tyachya abhinayasathi olakhala jaato aanee 50 hoon adhik chitrapatanmadhye disala aahe.
vaiyaktik jeevan.
tyane 26 december 2011 roji daliyashi lagn kele aanee nantar tyancha ghatasfot jhaala. yaa jodpyachya mull stevecha janm 2 janewari 2013 roji jhaala. september 2019 chya uttaradhat tyane shellin cheriyanshi lagn kele. |
bhagawat manuel
bhagat manuel (janma november 26,1986) ek bharatiya abhineta hun jo malayalam cinemama dekha parchhan. unle winith shriniwasanko "malarwadi arts club" batt afno debue gare. uni "doctor labh" rar "tattathin marayathu" maa afno abhinayaka lagi parichit chhan rar 50 bhanda badhi chalchitraharuma dekha pareka chhan.
wyaktigat jiwan.
unle 26 december 2011 maa daliyasanga vivaha gare rar pachhi uniharule sambandhawiched gare. dampatiko chhora steveko janma 2 janawari 2013 maa bhaeko thiyo. september 2019 ko antyama unle selene cheriyansanga vivaha gare. |
bhagat manuel
bhagat manuel (janma navember 26,1986) jane bharatiah abhineta jieki malayalam chalachitrare abhinai karanti. shay draneet shreenibasanka "malarawadi arts club" ray debyu karithile. shay 'doctor labh "ebong' tatin marajatu" ray abhinai paain janashuna ebong 50 ru adhika chalachitrare abhinai karichanti.
byaktigata zeeban.
shay 26 december 2011 ray dalianku bibaha karithile ebong parey semane chadapatra deithile. ehi dampatinka pua stibh 2 januari 2013 ray janmagrahana karithile. september 2019 sheshare shay shellin cheriannku bibaha karithile. |
bhagat manual
bhagat manuel (janam 26 navambar, 1986) ikk bharti adakar haii joe malialam cinema witch dikhai dinda haii. unhan neey aapni shuruat vineeth srinivasana dey "malarwadi arts club" naal keeti. uh 'doctor lava' atey 'tatthin maraithu' witch aapni adakari laee jaane jaande hunn atey 50 toon vaddh filman witch nazar aaa chukke hunn.
nijji jeevan.
uss neey 26 dasambar 2011 noon dalia naal viaah keeta atey baad witch uhanan daa talaak hoow giaa. jode dey puttar steve daa janam 2 janwari 2013 noon hoiaa see. satambar 2019 dey akheer witch usne shelin chirian naal viaah karwa liaa. | bhagat-myanuyal
bhagat-manuyel (janma 26 november 1986) ekaha bharatiyaha abhinetaa asti yah malayaalam-chalachchitre drushyate. saha vineet shrinivasan ityasya "malarwadi arts club" ityasmin padaarpanam krutavaan. saha "doctor love" tathaa "taatin marayattu" ityasmin chalacchitreshu abhinayay prasidhah asti, 50 taha adhikeshu chalacchitreshu api abhyanayt.
vyaktigatajeevanam.
saha 26 december 2011 dinaanke dalia ityanaya saha vivaahah krutavaan, anantaram te cha vivaahavicchedam krutavantah. dampatyoho putrah steve 2013 janavaree 2 dinaanke ajayata. 2019 september-masasya ante saha shelin cherian ityenam parineetavaan.
| pagath kaiyedu
pagath manuvael (prappu navambar 26,1986) malaiyaala chinimaavil thoandrum oru inthiya nadigar aavaar. avar vineeth srinivasan "malarwadi kalaik kazhagaththil" arimugamaanaar. avar "doctor love" mattrum "thaththin maraayatthu" aagiya padangkalil nadiththatharkaaga ariyappadugiraar, maelum 50 kkum maerpatta padangkalil thoantriyullaar.
thanipatta vaazhkkai.
avar 26 disambar 2011 andru taliavai mananthaar, pinnar avarkal vivaagaraththu seithanar. inththa thambathiyinarin magan steve 2 janavari 2013 andru piranthaar. septumber 2019 inn pirpaguthiyil avar shellin seriyanai mananthaar.
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bhagat manueval
bhagat manuel (jananam november 26,1986) malayaala chalanachitraalalo kanipinche bharatiya natudu. ayana vineet srinivasana yokka "malarwadi arts club" loe tolisaarigaa natinchaaru. ayana "doctor love" mariyu "tattin marayatu" chitraalalo natanaku prasiddhi chendaaru mariyu 50 kii paiga chitraalalo kanipinchaaru.
vyaktigata jeevitam.
athanu 26 december 2011naa dalianu vivaham chesukunnadu, taruvaata vaaru vidaakulu teesukunnaru. eee janta kumarudu steve 2 janavari 2013naa janminchaadu. 2019 september chivaralo athanu shellin cheriyannu vivaham chesukunnadu. |
bhagath minoal
bhagath manual (paidaish 26 nomber 1986) eek hindustani adakaar hay juu malyalim cinema mein nazar aataa hay. inhon nay vineet saree nawasana kay "milarwadi arts kalb" say apnaa aaghaz kiyaa. wah "doctor low" aur "taathan marayathu" mein apnee adakari kay liye jaanay jaatay haine aur 50 say ziyadah filmon mein nazar aaa chakay haine.
zaati zindagi.
iss nay 26 dasambar 2011 kuu daliya say shaadi kii aur baad mein inn kii talaaq how gayee. iss joday kaa betaa steve 2 januri 2013 kuu paida hawaa. satambar 2019 kay aakhir mein iss nay shileen chereen say shaadi kii. |
0005b774a165d83687be8d459eb7082cec524a872f9b5a56279f78e39e53ae53 | https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki?curid=120981 | Infrastructure |
Infrastructure
Infrastructure is the facilities which support modern human life, namely: water supply, sewage plants, housing, roads, cable networks, food supply facilities, schools, hospitals, airports, community meeting places, business and government buildings, bridges, railways.
Infrastructure is closely connected with standard of living and population. Every time the population doubles, it follows that the infrastructure must at least double, often more than that.
If a country is poor – and the highest population growth is in poor countries – then its government cannot provide the needed infrastructure. Standard of living drops, and this may lead to other evils.
| antohgathoni antohgathoni hoise aadhunik manob jiwanak xomorthon koraa xubidhaxomuh, jeneh paanee jugan, nordoma prokolpo, griho, poth, kebol network, khadyo jugan xubidha, bidyaloy, sikitsaloy, bimanbondor, xamuhik xobha sthan, byoboxai aaru sorkari bhowon, dolong, rey "lowe. antohgathoni jiwan dharonor mandondo aaru jonoxongkhyar xoite ghonisthobhabe jorito. protibar jonoxongkhya dugun hoh "ley, iyar folot antohgathoni komeu dugun hoh" bob lagibo, praye tatkoi odhik hoh "bob lagibo. jodi ekhon dex doridro hoy-aaru xorbadhik jonoxongkhya briddhi doridro dexxomuhot hoy-tente iyar sorkare proyujoniyo antohgathoni prodan koribo nuware. jiwan dharonor mandondo hraax paay, aaru iyar folot onyanyo kuprothar sristi hoh "bob paare. | porikatthamo porikatthamo holl emon subidhaguli jaa adhunik manob jeebonke samarthan korey, jemonoh joll sarbaraha, payahnishkashan kendra, abason, rasta, cable network, khaddo sarbaraha subidha, school, hospital, bimanbandar, community mitting sthan, byabosa oo sarkari bhobon, setu, railpoth. porikatthamo jeebonjatrar maan ebong jonosongkhar sange ghonisthobhabe jukto. protibar jonosongkha dwigun holey porikathamoke ontoto dwigun korte hobey, prayashai taar cheye beshi. jodi ekti desh daridra hoy-ebong daridra deshgulite sorbadhik jonosongkha briddhi hoy-tobey taar sarkar prayojaniya porikatthamo sarbaraha korte paare naa. jeebonjatrar maan komey yaay ebong etty anyanno kuprathar dike niye jete paare. | maalkhaagat maalkhaagat suveedhao aee aevee suveedhao chhe jeey aadhunik manav jeevanne teko aape chhe, etale keh paanee purvatho, gutter plant, aavaas, rastaao, cable network, khaadhy purvathaa suveedhao, shaalao, hospitalo, hawaimathako, saamudaayik sabhaa sthalo, vyavsaay aneey sarkari imaarato, pulo, railway. maalkhaagat suveedhao jivandhoran aneey vastee saathe gaadh reete sankalaayelee chhe. darr vakhate jyaare vastee bamanee thaay chhe, tyaare teey anusare chhe keey maalkhaagat suveedhao ochhama ochhi bamanee hovi joiae, ghanivaar tenaa kartaa vadhu. jooe koee desh garib chhe-aneey sauthee vadhu vastee vrudhdhi garib deshomaa chhe-too tenee sarkaar jaroori maalkhaagat suveedhao puurii paadee shaktee nathee. jivandhoran ghatee jaay chhe, aneey aaa anya dushtatao taraf doree shake chhe. | buniyaadi dhancha buniyaadi dhancha way suvidhaaen hain joe aadhunik maanav jeevan kaa samarthan karati hain, arthaath jall aapoorti, maljal sanyantra, awas, sadaken, cable network, khaadya aapoorti suvidhaaen, school, aspatal, havaai adde, samudayik sabhaa sthal, vyavasaay aur sarkari bhawan, pull, railway. buniyaadi dhancha jeevan star aur jansankhya key saath nikatata seey judaa huaa haye. harr baar jaba aabaadi doguni hoti haye, tou buniyaadi dhaanche koo cumm seey cumm doguna honah chaahiye, aksar usase adhik. yadi koee desh garib haye-aur sabse adhik jansankhya vriddhi garib deshon mein haye-tou usaki sarkaar aavashyak buniyaadi dhancha pradaan naheen curr sakati haye. jeevan star mein girawat aatee haye, aur isase anya buraaiyaan hoe sakati hain. | moolasoukarya moolasoukaryavu aadhunika manava jivanavannu bembalisuva soulabhyagalaagive, avugalendareh neeru sarabaraju, olacharandi sthaavaragalu, vasati, rastegalu, cable jaalagalu, aahara puraike soulabhyagalu, shalegalu, aaspatregalu, vimaana nildaanagalu, samudaaya sabhe sthalagalu, vyapara mattu sarkari kattadagalu, setuvegalu, railway. moolasoukaryavu jeevana matta mattu janasankhyeyondige nikata sambandha hondide. prati baari janasankhyeyu dwigunagondaga, moolasoukaryavu kanishta dwigunagollabeku, samanyavagi adakkinta hecchu. ondu deshavu badavaraagiddare-mattu athi hecchu janasankhye beleyuvudu bada deshagalalliddare-adara sarkaaravu agatyavaada moolasoukaryagalannu odagisalu sadhyavilla. jeevana mattavu kusiyuttade, mattu idu itara dushtatanagalige kaaranavaagabahudu. | jalavitharanam, malinajala nirmmaanashaalakal, paarppidam, roadukal, cable shringalakal, bhakshya vitharana soukaryangal, schoolukal, aashupathrikal, vimaanathavalangal, saamoohika yogasthalangal, bisinesses, sarkkar kettidangal, paalangal, railway enniva aadhunika manushyajeevithathe pinthunaykkunna soukaryangalaanu. adisthaana soukaryangal jeevithanilavaaravumaayum janasamkhyayumaayum adutha bandhamullathaan. oro thavanayum janasamkhya erattiyaakumbol, adisthaana soukaryangal kuranjathu erattiyaayi varanam, palappozhum athinekkaal kooduthal. oru raajyam daridravum ettavum kooduthal janasamkhya valarcha daridra raajyangalilumaanenkil, athinte sarkkaarin aavashyamaaya adisthaana soukaryangal nalkaan kazhiyilla. jeevithanilavaram kurayunnu, ithu mattu thinmakalilekku nayichekkaam. | payabhoot suvidha yaa aadhunik manvi jivanala aadhar denanya suvidha aaheth paanee puravatha, sandapani prakalp, ghare, raste, kebal jaale, ann puravatha suvidha, shaala, rugnalaye, vimantal, samudayik sabhasthale, vyavasay aanee sarkari imarati, pool, railway. payabhoot suvidha jivanman aanee loksankhyeshi jawalun jodalelya aahet. pratyek velee jevha loksankhya duppat hote, tevha payabhoot suvidha kiman duppat jhalya pahijet, byavachada tyahoon adhik. jarr ekhada desh garib asel aanee loksankhyetil sarvadhik vaadh garib deshanmadhye asel tarr tyache sarkar aavashyak tyaa payabhoot suvidha puravu shakat nahee. jivanmanacha darja qamee hoto aanee yamule itar white goshti houu shakatat. | purwadhar purwadhar adhunik manav jiwanlai samarthan garne suwidhaharu hun, arthath pani apurti, dhal sanyantra, awas, sadak, kebal network, khadya apurti suwidhaharu, vidyalaya, aspatal, vimansthal, samudayik baithak sthalharu, wyapar rar sarkari bhawanharu, pulharu, railway. purwadhar jiwanstar rar janasankhyasanga najikbata jodieko chha. pratyek patak janasankhya dobbar hunda, yasale nimna gardacha kii purwadhar kamtima dobbar hunuparchha, prayaha tyo bhanda badhi. yadi kunai desh garib chha-rar sabaibhanda badhi janasankhya wriddhi garib deshharuma chha-taba yasako sarkarle awashyak purwadhar pradan garna sakdaina. jiwanstarma girawat aunchha, rar yasale anya dushtataharu nimtyauna sakchha. | bhittibhumi bhittibhumi heuchhi sehi subidha jaahaa adhunika manab jeebanaku samarthan kare, jathah jala jogaana, barjyajala plant, abas, sadaka, kebul netawarka, khadya jogaana subidha, bidyalaja, daktarakhana, bimanbandar, gosthi sabha sthana, byabasai ebong sarkari kotha, setu, relabai . bhittibhumi jeebanadharanara maana ebong janasankhya sahita nibida bhabe jadita. pratyeka thara jetebele janasankhya dwigunita hue, ehaa anusarana kare je bhittibhumi ati kamare dwigunita heba aabasyaka, prajatah ehatharu adhika . jadi kaunasi desh gariba atte-ebong sarbadhika janasankhya brudhi gariba deshagudikare hoithae-tebe ehara sarkar aabasyaka bhittibhumi jogai paribe naahin. jeebanadharanara maana hrass paithae, ebong ehaa anya kupratha aadaku nei jaipare. | buniaadi dhancha uh sahulatan hunn joe aadhunik manukkhi jeevan daa samarthan kardiaan hunn, arthaat paanee dee saplai, severage plant, rihaish, sadkan, cable network, bhojan saplai sahulatan, school, hospital, havaai adde, community meating sathaan, carobar atey sarkari imaratan, pull, railway. buniaadi dhancha jeevan paddhar atey aabadi naal nediyon judiaa hoiaa haii. harr vaar jadon aabadi duggani hundi haii, taan ih iss tarahan hunda haii kii buniaadi dhanche noon ghatto ghatt duggna honaa chahida haii, aksar iss toon vaddh. jacker koee desh garib haii-atey sabh toon vaddh aabadi vaadha garib deshan witch haii-taan uss dee sarkaar zaruri buniaadi dhancha muhaiya naheen karwa sakadi. jeevan paddhar witch girawat aaundi haii, atey ih horr buraiaan daa caarn bann sakda haii. | aadhaarabhootasamrachanaah aadhunik-manavajivanasya sahaayak-suvidhaah asti, yathaa-jala-aapoortih, malajal-nishkaasan-prakalpaah, aawaasah, maargaah, kebal-jaalah, khaadya-aapoorti-suvidhaah, vidyaalayaah, chikitsaalayaah, vimaanasthaanakaani, samudayika-sabhaa-sthalaani, vyaapaar-sarvakaareey-bhavanaani, setuhu, rail-maargah cha. jeevanastaren janasankhyaya cha saha aadhaarabhotasamrachanaa nikatayaa sambadhah asti. yadaa api janasankhyaa dwigunitaa bhavati, tadaa avasamrachanaa nyunatinyoonam dwigunitaa bhavet, praayah tadapekshaya adhikaa bhavet iti. yadi kashchan deshah daridrah asti-tathaa cha sarvaadhikam janasankhyaavruddhihi daridreshu desheshu bhavati-tarhi tasya sarwakaarah aavashyakaani moolasaukaryam daatum naa shaknoti. jeevanastarah nyoonah bhavati, anena anyaani dushtaani bhavitum arhanti. | ulkattamaippu ulkattamaippu enbathu naveena manitha vaazhkkaiyai aatharikkum vasathigalaakum, adhavathu neer vazhangkal, kazhivuneer aalaikal, veettuvasathi, saalaigal, cable netvorkkugal, unavu vazhangkal vasathigal, palligal, maruththuvamanaigal, vimaana nilaiyangkal, samoogak kootta idangkal, vaniga mattrum arasu kattidangal, paalangkal, rayilway. ulkattamaippu vaazhkkaith tharam mattrum makkalthogai aagiyavattrudan nerukkamaaga inaikkappattullathu. ovvoru muraiyum makkal thogai irattippaakum poathu, ulkattamaippu kurainthapatcham irattippaaka vaendum, perumpaalum adhai vida athigamaaga irukka vaendum. oru naadu aezhaiyaaka irunthaal-mattrum miga adhiga makkal thogai valarchi aezhai naadugalil irunthaal-adhan arasaangkaththaal thevaiyaana ulkattamaippai vazhangka mudiyaathu. vaazhkkaith tharam kuraindhu, idhu mattra theemaigalukku vazhivagukkalaam. | moulika sadupayala moulika sadupayalu aadhunika maanava jeevitaaniki maddatu ichhe soukaryaalu, avih neeti sarafara, muruguneeti karmagaralu, gruhalu, roadlu, cable netvarklu, aahara sarafara soukaryaalu, paatasaalalu, aasupatrulu, vimaanaasrayaalu, samaja samavesa pradaesaalu, vyaparam mariyu prabhutva bhavanalu, vantenalu, railvelu. moulika sadupayalu jeevana pramaanaalu mariyu janaabhaato daggari sambandham kaligi unnaayi. janabha rettimpu ayina pratisaaree, moulika sadupayalu kaneesam rettimpu kaavaali, tarachugaa daani kante ekkuva. oka desham paedha deshamaithe-mariyu atyadhika janabha perugudala paedha deshaalalo unte-appudu daani prabhutvam avasaramaina moulika sadupaayaalanu andinchadu. jeevana pramaanaalu taggutaayi, idhi itara chedulaku daariteeyavachchu. | bunyadi dahancha wah sahuliyaat haine juu jadeed insani zindagi kii himayat karti haine yauni: paani kii farahami severage plants rehaish sadkein cable neet wark khuraak kii farahami kii sahuliyaat school hospital hawai aday community metting kii jagahein karobar aur sarkaari imaaratein pull railway. bunyadi dahancha mayaar zindagi aur aabadi say qareeb say jadaa hawaa hay. harr baar jabb aabadi dogni hoti hay tuu iss kay baad bunyadi dahanchay kuu kumm az kumm dogna honaa chahiye aksar iss say ziyadah. agar koyee milk gharib hay-aur aabadi mein sabb say ziyadah izafah gharib mamalik mein hay-tuu iss kii hukumat matlubah bunyadi dahancha farahim nahein kirr sakti. mayaar zindagi mein kamee aatee hay aur yaha dosri buraiyon kaa baais bunn saktaa hay. |
0005b828a5f85a25520902422c123f51945107021c1dec59465c292075524db1 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3448063 | WHLO |
WHLO
Radio station in Akron, Ohio
WHLO (640 AM) is a commercial radio station licensed to Akron, Ohio, carrying a news/talk format. Owned by iHeartMedia, the station serves both the Akron and Canton metro areas as the local affiliate for ABC News Radio, "The Clay Travis and Buck Sexton Show", "The Sean Hannity Show", the Akron RubberDucks and the Akron Zips. WHLO's studios are located in North Canton, while the station transmitter is housed in Copley. In addition to a standard analog transmission, WHLO streams online via iHeartRadio.
History.
WJAY.
The station began operations during a chaotic period when most government regulation had been suspended, with new stations free to be set up with few restrictions, including choosing their own transmitting frequencies. It was original authorized, as WJAY, on January 5, 1927, to the Cleveland Radio Broadcasting Company, located at the Hotel Hollenden, and transmitting on a self-assigned frequency of 688 kHz.
Following the reestablishment of government control by the formation of the Federal Radio Commission (FRC), the new regulators issued a series of temporary authorizations beginning on May 3, 1927, with WJAY moved to a more traditional frequency of 680 kHz. Stations were also informed that if they wanted to continue operating, they needed to file a formal license application by January 15, 1928, as the first step in determining whether they met the new "public interest, convenience, or necessity" standard. On May 25, 1928, the FRC issued General Order 32, which notified 164 stations, including WJAY, that "From an examination of your application for future license it does not find that public interest, convenience, or necessity would be served by granting it." However, the station successfully convinced the commission that it should remain licensed.
On November 11, 1928, the FRC implemented a major reallocation of station transmitting frequencies, as part of a reorganization resulting from its implementation of General Order 40. WJAY was assigned to 1390 kHz, sharing this frequency with WHK.
WCLE.
WJAY was purchased on October 30, 1936 by United Broadcasting, which also owned WHK in Cleveland. The new owners changed WJAY's call sign to WCLE.
In August 1941 the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) adopted a "duopoly" rule, which restricted licensees from operating more than one radio station in a city. At this time, United Broadcasting owned two stations in Cleveland, WCLE and WHK, in addition to WHKC in Columbus. As part of a successful plan to avoid having to give up one of its Cleveland stations, United arranged for a frequency swap between WCLE, then on 610 kHz, and WHKC on 640 kHz.
WHKK.
In order to conform to the duopoly restrictions, WCLE was moved from Cleveland to Akron, where its call sign was changed to WHKK on February 25, 1945, and its frequency to 640 kHz. This in turn made it possible for WHKC (formerly WBAV and WAIU) in Columbus to move from 640 to 610 kHz.
In the 1950s, WHKK was in the forefront of stations broadcasting rock and roll, led by Pete "Mad Daddy" Myers. Myers' contribution to the story of rock and roll has been overshadowed by other better known DJs such as Alan Freed. He began his career in 1957 at WHKK, and he developed into one of the most distinctive DJs in the northeast. As Mad Daddy, he had a frenetic, rapid-fire patter delivered entirely in rhyme. Playing an eclectic mixture of rock and roll and rhythm and blues, he coined phrases still used today, such as "wavy gravy" and "mellow jello". By January 1958 he moved on to WJW radio in Cleveland, which he promptly left in June of that year. After staying off the air until August 1958 as required by his WJW contract, he switched to WHK in Cleveland, where he reached the peak of his popularity, hosting record hops and live after-midnight shows dressed in a Dracula costume.
WHLO.
WHKK became WHLO on January 18, 1960, reflecting "Hello Radio" due to its low dial position. The station continued to operate as a "daytimer" for many years, having to sign off at Los Angeles sunset for I-A clear channel signal KFI. This would mean that WHLO would stay on until around 7:30pm during the winter, and as late as 11:00pm during certain summer months. WHLO would attain nighttime service many years later, but it would only be at 500 watts as opposed to their 5,000 daytime signal. After airing a popular top-40 format featuring disk jockeys known as "The Good Guys," WHLO turned to news/talk radio in the mid-1970s. By then, the station came under the ownership of Susquehanna Radio Corporation, which had acquired WNYN-FM in Canton, changing the FM station's call sign to WHLQ in the process.
Some of the personalities on WHLO's first talk incarnation include Nick Anthony (now an executive at Rubber City Radio), Steve Cannon (later at WTVN), Steve Fullerton (later at multiple Cleveland stations), Ron Vereb (today with WKBN as "Ron Verb"), and Lee "Hacksaw" Hamilton (heard today on XEPRS in San Diego).
After a brief attempt at an all-news format, WHLO aired "Middle of the Road" music until Mortenson Broadcasting changed it to a religious format in 1987. This "Middle of the Road" format was a mixture of Big Band and ballads of the 1940s, 1950s & 1960s. Listeners tuning in then would have heard the likes of Don Dempsey in morning drive, Tom Joliffe, Norm Marriott, Brooks Morton, Chris "Daniels" Eicher, and Brad Davis. In news department was Christy Gibbs, Joe Shaheen, and Don Olson. On the weekends there was specialty programming including the Dick Waco show.
After the purchase by Mortenson Broadcasting at the first of 1987, the station began programming "Contemporary Christian" music, featuring core artists such as Russ Taff, Twila Paris, Amy Grant, The Imperials, White Heart, Phil Keaggy and many others. Garry Meeks served as General Manager for over ten years. Mortenson tagged the station "The Light". The station broadcast in "AM Stereo". Because AM Stereo didn't take off, on air references to it were mostly dropped. The summer 1996 program guide still referenced the station as "WHLO 640 AM STEREO". Some of the air talent over the years included Ben Birdsong, Brian Brooks, Ed Bostic, Jeff Dunn, David Pierce, Dan Popp, Jan Watson, Erick Hogue, and Brad England. The station aired "20 The Countdown Magazine" with host Jon Rivers each Sunday. Meteorologist Andre Bernier from WJW-TV (FOX 8) provided live weather from about 1994 until the programming change in 1997. Jan Watson moved to Canton's WNPQ 95.9 FM, which was, like WHLO, branded as "The Light". She served there until the station was bought by Educational Media Foundation in early 2022.
About 20% of weekdays was dedicated to block programming. Between 9:00 a.m. and 1:00 p.m. the station aired mostly nationally known Christian teaching programs from Focus on the Family (James Dobson), In Touch (Charles Stanley), Thru the Bible (J. Vernon McGee), and several others. In 1995, Truth for Life (Alistair Begg) was added at 8:30 a.m., shortening the morning show by 30 minutes. Saturday and Sunday mornings also included paid block programming from various national and local ministries. An hour long locally produced talk show aired weekday evenings for a time in the early 1990s.
The talent produced several niche music programs. In 1989, Brad England began hosting a show that focused on Christian Rock called "Solid Rock" that aired from 10:00 p.m until midnight on Saturdays. Later it was called "House Party" and hosted by John Hassett. In 1996, Brian Brooks began hosting "Classics Lunch", which featured songs that at the time were the Contemporary Christian oldies, mainly from the late 1970s and early 1980s. According to GM Garry Meeks, it was the most popular music program they did over the ten years.
Sometime in the middle 1990s Mortenson relocated the studios from Fairlawn, joining the studios with their FM sister, WTOF, 98.1 at 2780 South Arlington Road. In October 1996, the trade paper Christian Research Report(CRR) reported that Mortenson was selling both stations to Salem Communications. The first week of June 1997 the announcement was made that effective Monday, June 8, music programming would change to one of Salem's inspirational satellite delivered formats, "The Word in Praise". The last song played by morning show hosts Brian and Jan, on Friday, June 5, was "Do I Trust You" by Twila Paris.
In 1998, Salem relocated WHLO's operations to their Independence facility.
Eventually the music programming was changed to Salem's "Solid Gospel" southern gospel format, another satellite delivered music format.
In the fall of 2001, WHLO was sold to Clear Channel Communications (which would become iHeartMedia in 2014). The station briefly simulcast Hot AC WKDD during this period, and adopted their second talk format (this time featuring syndicated talkers) in June 2002.
On April 28, 2008, Matt Patrick began a local late-afternoon talk show, which later moved to late mornings. Patrick was known as the long-time morning host at WKDD, and continued that role along with the late afternoon show on WHLO. In December 2009, Patrick left his programs on both stations. In July 2009, WHLO began simulcasting on the FM radio band, via the HD2 (digital radio) subchannel of sister station WRQK (106.9 FM). On September 12, 2010, it moved to broadcasting on the HD2 of other sister station WKDD replacing the Club Phusion programming on the station's HD2 signal.
Programming.
WHLO's lineup is entirely syndicated, including "This Morning, America's First News with Gordon Deal", "The Brian Kilmeade Show", "The Clay Travis and Buck Sexton Show" and "The Sean Hannity Show", along with programs hosted by Joe Pags, Jesse Kelly, Todd Schnitt, and Dave Ramsey. Weekend offerings include "In the Garden with Ron Wilson", "At Home with Gary Sullivan", "Leo Laporte The Tech Guy", "Bill Handel on the Law", "Sunday Night Live with Bill Cunningham", "Somewhere in Time with Art Bell" and the weekend editions of "Coast to Coast AM".
WHLO is the radio home for both University of Akron Zips football and basketball, and the Akron RubberDucks baseball team, which is the AA affiliate for the Cleveland Guardians.
References.
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| waalu
wulu (puwa 640 bojat) hoise ek banijyik tok readyo 'steson ji ek tok readyo' formate bohon kori oh 'hio' ror ekoronoloi onugyapotroprapto. iheartmedier malikanadhin ei stationtuwe e. bi. chi. niuj readyo ', "kle travis endo baak secton swo", "dyo chenn henity swo", ekoron roberducks aaru ekoron jipchor baabe sthaniyo xohojugi hisape ekoron aaru kenton metro "onchol duyutate xewa aagborhai. wolur studio 'xomuh uttor kentonot owosthito, aanhate steson trensmittertu kopolit owosthito. etaa maanok analog trensmissionor uporiu, ihearteradeor joriyote waalu online xomprosar kore.
itihax.
wajoy.
besibhag sorkari niyontron sthogito korar xomoyot ek bisringkhol xomoisuwat stationtur karjyokolap aarombho hoisil, notun stationbur kisuman nixedhagyar xoite sthapon koriboloi mukto aasil, jaar bhitorot aase teulukor nijor prosar compank basoni koraa. 1927 sonor 5 januaryt hotel hoh 'landenot owosthito cleveland readyo' xomprosar companyloi aaru 688 key. eis. ji.-ror swo-nirdharito compancot prosar koriboloi iyak mulbhabe onumudit koraa hoisil.
federal readyo 'commission (ef. aar. chi.) gothonor dwara sorkari niyontron punor sthaponor pisot, notun niyontrokxokole 1927 sonor 3 mey' ror poraa aarombho kori osthayi onumudonor ek sringkhola jaari korisil, zo 'too dobliu. je. ee 680 key. eis. ji. ror odhik poromporagot kompankoloi sthanantorito hoisil. stationxomuhok eituu jonuwa hoisil je jodi teuluke kaam kori thakibo bisare, tente teuluke notun "rajohuwa swartho, xubidha, baa proyujoniyota" mandondo puron korise ney naai xeitu nirdharonor prothom podokhyep hisape 1928 sonor 15 januaryr bhitorot anusthanik onugyapotror aabedon daakhil korar proyujon. 1928 sonor 25 mey "too ef. aar. chi.-ye xadharon aadex 32 jaari korisil, jiye waaje-key dhori 164 khon stationok janoni disil je" bhobisyotor onugyapotror baabe aapunar aabedon porikhya korar poraa eitu puwa nayay je iyak prodan kori rajohuwa swartho, xubidha baa proyujoniyota puron koraa hoh 'bob."obosye, stationtuwe aayugok xofolotare biswax koraisil je ee onugyapotroprapto hoi thakibo laage.
1928 sonor 11 novemborot ef. aar. chi.-ye xadharon aadex 40 ror rupayonor folot punorgothonor ongxo hisape stationor xomprosarito kompankor ek guruttopurno punorbonton rupayan korisil. dobliu. je. ee. koo 1390 key. eis. ji.-loi nirdharon koraa hoisil, ei companktu wekor xoite bhag koraa hoisil.
wekel.
1936 sonor 30 octoborot united broadcasting-e wajek kroy korisil, ji clevelandot wahkoru malikanadhin aasil. notun malikxokole waajer koll sinhotu wekeloloi xoloni korisil.
1941 sonor aagosto maahot federal communication commissione (ef. chi. chi.) ekhon "duupoli" niyom grohon korisil, ji onugyapotrodharixokolok ekhon sohorot etatkoi odhik readyo 'steson soluwat baadha disil. ei xomoyot united broadcasting-ror cleveland, wekol aaru wek-too dutaa steson aasil, iyar uporiu kolombasot wekchi aasil. iyar etaa cleveland steson tyag korar poraa haat xariboloi ek xofol porikolponar ongxo hisape, unitedoi wekolor maajot frecowency swepor baabe byowostha korisil, taar pisot 610 key. eis. ji. too, aaru 640 key. eis. chi. too.
waak.
duupoli nixedhagya onuxoron koriboloi, wekol clevelandor poraa ekronoloi sthanantorito koraa hoisil, zo 'too iyar koll sinhotu 25 february, 1945-too wekloi xoloni koraa hoisil, aaru iyar compank 640 key. eis. ji. loi xoloni koraa hoisil. iyar folot kolombasot waas. key. chi. (purbote wabhabh aaru waiu) ror baabe 640ror poraa 610 key. eis. ji. loi sthanantor koratu xombhob hoisil.
1950-ror doxokot, waakok rok endo rul xomprosar koraa stationxomuhor aagxarit aasil, jaar netritwo disil peti "medd deady" maiyars. rok endo rulor kahineet maiyarsor obodan aalan freedor dore aan odhik porisito dijese saap khaise. 1957 sonot wasokot teur keriyar aarombho hoisil aaru teu uttor-pubor ataitkoi bixisto dije hisape bikoxito hoisil. paagol deuta hisape teur etaa unmotto, drut-ognir poriwexon aasil ji xompurnorupe sondot prodan koraa hoisil. rok endo roll aaru ridom endo bluesor ek poriwex nirikhyonmulok mishron bojai teu aajiu byobohrito bakyangxoxomuh sristi korisil, jene "wavy gravy" aaru "mell 'jelu". 1958 sonor january maahor bhitorot teu clevelandot wazdablu readyo 'loi yaay, jitu teu totkhyonat xei bosoror june maahot eri diye. 1958 sonor aagosto maholoike teur dobliu. je. dobliu. suktir proyujon onuxori botorot thokar pisot, teu wek inn clevelandoloi xoloni hoisil, zo 'too teu teur jonopriyotar xirxot uponeet hoisil, record hoh' posor aayujon korisil aaru dracula puchak pindhi modhyo nixar pisot live swo 'korisil.
waalu.
hraak 1960 sonor 18 januaryt hraak hoi porisil, jaar folot iyar nimno dial owosthar baabe "helu readyo" protipholito hoisil. ei stationtuwe bohu bosor dhori "day-timer" hisape kaam kori aasil, aai-e clear senel xignal key. ef. aai.-ror baabe los angelesor xurzastot saain off koribologiya hoisil. iyar ortho hoh 'lo xitkalot hu' ror ror raati 7h30 bojaloike aaru kisuman grishmokalin maahot 11:00 bojaa loike thaake. bohu bosoror pisot raatir xewa laabh koribo, kintu ee teulukor 5,000 dinor xongketor biporite maatro 500 waatot hoh 'bob. dyo good gaiz" naamere jonajat disk jokir xoite etaa jonopriyo xirxo-40 formate xomprosar korar pisot, 1970-ror doxokor majbhagot wolu baatori/tok readyo 'loi porinot hoisil. tetiyaloike, stationtu sukiyana readyo 'nigomor malikanar odhinot aahisil, jiye kentonot winn-fm odhigrohon korisil, prokriyat fm stationor koll sinhotu welkloi xoloni korisil.
welur prothom tok obotaror kisuman byoktitwor bhitorot aase nik enthoni (etiya robar chiti readyo 'too egoraki karzobahi), steve kenon (pisoloi doblutivienot), steve fullerton (pisoloi ekadhik cleveland stationot), ronn verebo (aaji wkbnok "ronn kriya" hisape), aaru lee "hekch" hamilton (aaji chaan daigur exoipirsot xuna).
xokolu xongbador formatot ek xongkhipto prochestar pisot, 1987 sonot mortension xomprosare iyak dhormiyo formetoloi xoloni nokoraloike hu "" middle owo dyo road "xongit xomprosar koraa hoisil. ei" middle owo dyo road "formatetu 1940,1950 aaru 1960-ror doxokor dangor bendo aaru ballador mishron aasil. tetiyar tuning koraa shrutaxokole donn dempse inn roning drive, tomm jo 'liff, normo mariott, brooks morton, crich "daniels" aaisar, aaru bread debhisor dore aasoron xunisil. xongbad bibhagoto aasil christi gibcho, ju swahin aaru donn olson. xoptahantot dick waaku swo 'key dhori bixex karzoxusi aasil.
1987 sonor prothom maahot mortensionor kroyor pisot, stationtuwe "xomoxamoyik khristan" xongitor programing aarombho korisil, zo "too raas tuff, tuila peris, emi grant, imperial, swet hridoy, fill kegi aaru aan bohutu mool xilpir boixistyo aasil. geree mixe doh bosororu odhik xomoy dhori xadharon porisalok hisape xewa aagborhaisil. mortensone stationtuk "light" buli tegg korisil. stationtu "em sterio" too xomprosar koraa hoisil. jihetu aami sterio "e uri juwa nasil, iyar besibhag bataxot ullekh koraa hoisil. 1996 sonor grishmokalin karzoxusir guiday etiyau stationtuk "waalu 640 am steriu" buli ullekh korisil. bosor bosor dhori kisuman bayu protibhar bhitorot aasil benn birding, briyan brooks, aid bostik, jeff donn, david pirch, dane poo 'poo, zen watson, erik hoh' go, aaru bread england. stationtuwe proityek deubare host john nodir xoite "20 dyo countdown alusoni" xomprosar korisil. dobliu. je. dobliu-tibhi (fox 8) ror botor bigyani endore barniere pray 1994 sonor poraa 1997 sonot programing poriworton nuhuwaloike live botor prodan korisil. zen watsone kentonor dobliu. eno. pi. kiu. 95.9 ef. em.-loi sthanantorito hoisil, jaak dobliu. eis. u.-ror dore "light" buli brend koraa hoisil. 2022 sonor aarombhonite xoikhyik miriya foundationor dwara stationtu kroy koraa porjonto teu taat xewa aagborhaisil.
xoptahor dinburor pray 20 xotangxo block programingor baabe utxorgito aasil. puwa 9 bojar bhitorot.em. aaru 1h00 bojat.em. stationtuwe besibhag rastriyobhabe jonajat khristan xikhyon karzoxusixomuh poriyalor uporot (james dobxon), sporxor (charls stanly), bibleor (je. wernon meki), aaru aan keibajonu. 1995 sonot, xotyor baabe jiwan (elisteyar begg) puwa 8h30 bojat jug koraa hoisil.em., ratipuwar swo 'tu 30 minutor baabe suti koraa. xonibar aaru deubare ratipuwa bibhinno rastriyo aaru sthaniyo montraloyor poraa paid block programingwo ontorbhukto koraa hoisil. ek ghonta dhori sthaniyobhabe prostut koraa tok swo "1990-ror doxokor aarombhonite kichu xomoyor baabe xoptahor dinor xondhiya xomprosarito hoisil.
protibhatuwe keibatau bixex xongit karzoxusi prostut korisil. 1989 sonot bread englande khristan rokor uporot gurutwo diya "solid rok" naamor etaa onusthan aayujon koriboloi aarombho korisil jitu 10:00 p ror poraa xomprosarito hoisil.xonibare majnixa loike mii. pisoloi iyak "house party" buli kuwa hoisil aaru john hesete aayujon korisil. 1996 sonot briyan brookche "classic lanch" aayujon koriboloi aarombho korisil, zo "too xei xomoyot xomoxamoyik khristan bridhoxokolor geet aasil, mukhyotoh 1970-ror doxokor xexor poraa aaru 1980-ror doxokor aarombhonir poraa. gm geree mikchor mote, eitu doh bosorot teuluke koraa ataitkoi jonopriyo xongit karzoxusi aasil.
1990-ror doxokor majbhagot mortensone fairol 'nor poraa studio' xomuh sthanantor kori 2780 sauth arlington rudot teulukor ef. em. bhogni dobliu. ti. oh '. ef.-ror xoite studio' too jugdan korisil. 1996 sonor octobor maahot trade pepar khristan gowexona protibedonot (chi. aar. aar.) prokax paisil je mortensone duyuta steson chelem jugajugoloi bikri korisil. 1997 sonor june maahor prothom xoptahot ghuxona koraa hoisil je probhawxali xumbare, june 8, xongit programing chelemor onupreronamulok upogroho prodan koraa phormetxomuhor bhitorot etaloi xoloni hoh 'bob, "proxongxar xobdo". ratipuwar onusthanor aayujok briyan aaru jene 5 junor xukrobare bojuwa xexortu gittu aasil toyila perise "du aai trest eu".
1998 sonot, saleme wulur karjyokolapbur teulukor swadhinota xubidhaloi sthanantor korisil.
owoxexot xongit programing chelemor "kothin gospel" dokhyin gospel formetoloi xoloni koraa hoisil, jitu aan etaa upogrohor dwara xongitor formate prodan koraa hoisil.
2001 sonor xexor faale, wulok clear senel komiunikesonoloi bikri koraa hoisil (jitu 2014 sonot iheartmedia hoi porisil). ei xomoisuwat stationtuwe xongkhiptobhabe hott esi dobliu. key. di. di.-ror xoite ekerahe kotha patisil, aaru 2002 sonor june maahot teulukor dwitiyo tok formate (eibar sindicated tokorxokolor boixistyojukto) grohon korisil.
2008 sonor 28 aprilot mett petorike etaa sthaniyo derikoi-duporiyar tok swo 'aarombho korisil, jitu pisot ratipuwar xexor faale sthanantorito hoisil. petrikok wi. key. di. di.-too dirghodiniya ratipuwar aayujok hisape jonaa goisil, aaru dobliu. eis. el. owo waarot duporiyar xur logote xei bhumika obyahot rakhisil. 2009 sonor disembor maahot petorike duyuta stationote nijor karzoxusi eri disil. 2009 sonor july maahot, weluwe ef. em. readyo 'bendot, bhogni steson dobliu. aar. kiu. key. (<aai. di. 1> ef. em.) ror eis. di. 2 (digital readyo') upo-senelor joriyote ekerahe xomprosar koriboloi aarombho korisil. 2010 sonor 12 septemborot, ee stationor eis. di. 2. xignalot club fiujon programing xoloni kori aan bhogni steson dobliu. key. di. di. ror eis. di. 2. too xomprosar koriboloi sthanantorito hoisil.
programing.
hu 'ror lineup xompurnorupe xindicate, jaar bhitorot aase "aaji ratipuwa, aamerikar prothom niuj uith go' rdon diyel", "dyo briyan kilmade swo", "dyo kle travis endo baak secton swo" aaru "dyo chenn henity swo", logote ju pegoch, jese keli, todd swonit aaru debh remsei aayujon koraa karzoxusi. xoptahantor upoharxomuhor bhitorot aase "inn dyo garden uith ronn uilson", "geree sulivanor xoite ghorot", "leu laperte dyo tek gaai", "bill handle ono dyo lo", "" robibaror nixa bill kaninghamor xoite live "," koo 'robat xomoyot kolaa ghontar xoite "aaru" upokulor poraa upokulor poraa aam "ror xoptahantor xongskoron.
waalu hoise ekron jips football aaru busketball biswobidyaloy aaru ekron roberducks besbol doll duyutar baabe readyo 'hoom, ji cleveland gordianxokolor baabe e. e. onumudit.
bahyik xongzug.
|
huo
hulo (sokal 640 taa) ekti banijyik tock redio steshana jaa ekti tock redio format bohon korey, ohior akron-ayee licensprapt. iheartmedier malikanadhin, stationti acron ebong canton metro anchal ubhaykei ayee. bii. shee newz redio, "clay travis ebong buck sexton shoe", "dya shaan hannity shoe", acron rubbarducks ebong acron jipser jonno sthaniya adhibhukto hisabe porisheba deyo. hollo studioguli uttor cantone abosthito, jekhane steshana transmitterty copley abosthito. ekti standard enalog transmission chharao, ihertradior madhyome online probahito hoy.
itihas.
oyaja.
stationti ekti bishrinkhal somoye kaaj shuru korey jokhon beshirbhag sarkari niyantran sthogito koraa hoyechilo, notun stationguli taader nijaswa preron frequency nirbachan soho koyekti bidhinishedh soho sthapon koraa uchito. etty 1927 saaler 5ee januari hotel hollendene abosthito cleveland redio samprachar sangosthake ebong 688 khjd swa-nirdharito frequencite preroner jonno onumodito hoyechilo.
federal redio kamishana (eff. arr. shee) gathoner madhyome sarkari niyantraner punoprotishthar porey, notun niyantrakra 1927 saaler 3raa meey theke asthayi onumodoner ekti sirij jaari korey, jekhane dobleeujei 680 khjd-err arow oitijjobahi frequencite sthanantorito hoy. stationgulike arow janano hoyechilo jey, taaraa jodi kaaj chaliye jete chaay, tahle taader notun "jonosartho, subidha baa prayojaniyata" maan puron koreche kina taa nirdharoner prothom podokkhep hisabe 1928 saaler 15ee januarir modhye ekti anusthanik licenses abedon dakhil korte hobey. 1928 saaler 25shhey meey, eff. arr. shee sadharan adesh 32 jaari korey, jaa dobleeu. jeey. ee soho 164tii stationke abohito korey, jey "bhabishyater licenser jonno upner abedoner porikkha theke etty pawa yaay naa jey etty prodaner madhyome jonosartho, subidha baa prayojaniyata puron koraa hobey."tobey, stationti safalbhabe komishonke ashwasto korey jey etty licensprapt thaka uchito.
1928 saaler 11ee navembar, eff. arr. shee. sadharan order 40 bastobayoner foley punargathaner ongsho hisabe steshana transmitting frequencyr ekti borh punarbantan bastobayon korey. dabluzei-keey 1390 caged baradda koraa hoyechilo, eyi frequencity dobliueichke-err saathe bhag korey neoa hoyechilo.
wackel.
1936 saaler 30shhey octobor united broadcasting dwara oyaje croy koraa hoyechilo, jaa clevelande oyaka-ero malikanadhin chhilo. notun malikra oyajoyer qala saina poriborton korey wakele porinoto korey.
1941 saaler auguste federal communication kamishana (eff. shee. shee) ekti "duopoli" niyam grohon korey, jaa ekti shohore ekadhik redio steshana porichalona theke licensedharider seemaboddho korey. eyi somoye, united broadcasting clevelande duti steshana, kolombase dobleeueichsi chharao dobleeukle ebong dobliueichke-err malikanadhin chhilo. ekti sofol porikolponar ongsho hisabe err cleveland stationgulir modhye ekti chhede deoa edanor jonno, united dablucler modhye frequency adalbadal korar byabostha korey, tarpore 610 khjd ebong 640 khjd-ayee dobleeueichkesi.
hook.
dwaito niyantraner saathe samanjasyapurna howar jonno, wakelke cleveland theke akrone sthanantorito koraa hoyechilo, jekhane err qala sainti 25 february, 1945-ayee wake poriborton koraa hoyechilo ebong err frequency 640 khj. err foley kolombase dobleeueichsi (purbe dablubievi ebong oyaiu) 640 theke 610 khj sorano sombhob hoyechilo.
1950-err doshke, pitt "myada daddy" myerser netritte rock anned roll somprocharer stationgulir shirshe chhilo hook. rock anned roler golpe myerser abodan alan muktir moto arow porichito dije dwara chhapiye geche. tini 1957 saale dobleeu. eich. keey. keey-teey taanr karmajiban shuru corren ebong tini uttor-purber onnotomo swatantra dii. jeey.-teey porinoto hohn. pagal baba hisabe, tini ekti unmotto, druto-fayara patter sampurnarupe chhora diye diyechilen. rock anned roll ebong ridam anned blues-err ekti sargrahi mishran bajiye tini aajo byabohrito bakyangsho toiri korechilen, jemon "oyebhi gravy" ebong "mello jello". 1958 saaler januarir modhye tini clevelande dabluzedablu radiote choley zaan, jaa tini seii bochorer june maase abilambe chhede deena. 1958 saaler august porjonto taanr dobliuzedablue chuktir prayojaniyata anujayi batase naa thucker porey, tini whatsapp inn clevelande choley zaan, jekhane tini record hopp hoasting ebong dracula poshak porihito live-after-midnite shoyer madhyome taanr janapriyatar shirshe pouchechilen.
hollo.
1960 saaler 18ee januari dobleeueichkeke dablueicho hoye othe, jaa taar nimno dial abosthaner karone "hallow redio" protifolito korey. stationti bohu bochor dhorey "deey-timer" hisabe kaaj korey jachchilo, loss angeles surjaster somoy aaee-ayee clear channel signal keey. eff. aaee-err jonno saina off korte hoyechilo. err ortho holl jey shitkale sandhya 7taa 30 minit porjonto ebong nirdishto grisser masgulite 11:00 porjonto deri korey hoo-loow cholte thakbe. onek bochor porey raater porisheba pawa jeto, tobey etty taader 5,000 diner sangketer biporite matro 500 watte hobey. dya good gaiz" naame porichito disk jokigulir samanwaye ekti janapriya sheersho-40 format samprachar korar porey, 1970-err doshoker majhamajhi somoye sangbad/tock radiote porinoto hoyechilo. totodine, stationti saskihanna redio corporationer malikanadhin hoye othe, jaa cantone uin-fm orjon korechilo, ebong eyi prokriyay fm stationer qala sineke doblueichlq-teey poriborton korey.
hollo-err prothom alap abotarer kichhu byaktitter modhye royeche nick anthony (ekhon rabar city radiote ekjon nirbahi), stibha cannon (porey doublutivn-ayee), stibha fullerton (porey ekadhik cleveland statione), ronn vereb (aaz dablukebien-keey "ronn crea" hisabe), ebong ly "hacks" hamilton (aaz shaan diagote exeppers-ayee shona geche).
samasta sangbader binnase ekti sangkhipto prochestar porey, hollo "mida off dya road" sangeet somprocharito korey jotokkhon naa 1987 saale mortenson sampracharti etike ekti dharmiya binnase poriborton korey. eyi "mida off dya road" binnasti 1940,1950 ebong 1960-err doshoker borh banned ebong ballader mishran chhilo. takhankar surkar shrotara donn dempsy inn morning drive, tomm jolif, normo marriott, brooks morton, criss "daniels" aisher ebong bradd deviser moto gaan shunechen. sangbad bibhage chhilen christy gibbs, jooe shaheen ebong donn olson. saptahante dick oaco shoe soho bishesh anusthan chhilo.
1987 saaler prothom dike mortenson somprocharer croy korar porr, stationti "somosamoyik khristan" sangiter anusthan shuru korey, jekhane ross tuff, tuila parris, ammy granta, imperial, hoait heart, phila keggy ebong arow onek shilpider antarbhukta koraa hoy. gyari micks dosho bochorero beshi somoy dhorey general manager hisabe kaaj korechen. mortenson stationtike "dya light" tagg korechilen. stationti "ayam stereo"-teey somprocharito hoy. kaaron aami stereo chaalu korini, err beshirbhagi somprocharito referenceguli baad deoa hoyechilo. 1996 saaler grissokalin programa guide ekhono stationtike "huolo 640 am stereo" hisabe ullekh koreche. bochorer porr bochor dhorey kichhu bayu protibha beena birdsong, brian brooks, edd bostic, jeff dunn, david pears, dyana popp, jyana watson, erik hugg ebong bradd ingland antarbhukta chhilo. stationti proti robibar john nadigulir saathe "20 dya countdown magazine" somprocharito korey. dabluzedablu-tibhi (fox 8)-err abhawabid ebong reey bernier 1994 saal theke 1997 saale programming poriborton naa haoya porjonto sarasari abhawa sarbaraha korechilen. jyana watson cantoner dabluenpque 95.9 fm-ayee choley zaan, jaa hollo-err moto "alo" hisabe branned koraa hoyechilo. 2022 saaler godar dike educational midia phaundeshana dwara stationti kenaa naa haoya porjonto tini sekhane kaaj korechilen.
saptaher pray 20 shotangsho deane programming block korar jonno nibedito chhilo. sokal 9taar modhye.emm. ebong 1taa।emm।. stationti beshirbhag jatiyobhabe porichito khristan shikkhon anusthanguli poribare (james dobsone), sporshokator (charles stanly), baibeler madhyome (jeey. vernon mczee), ebong arow besh koyekjon. 1995 saale sokal 8taa 30 minute jeeboner jonno satya (alastair begg) jog koraa hoy.emm.sokaler anusthanti 30 minuter modhye sangkhipto korey. shanibar ebong robibar sokale bivinno jatiya ebong sthaniya montroker prodotto block programming antarbhukta chhilo. sthaniyobhabe nirmito eka ghanta deergho tock shoe 1990-err doshoker godar dike ekti somoyer jonno saptaher diner sandhyay procharito hoyechilo.
protibhati besh koyekti bishesh sangeet anusthan toiri korechilo. 1989 saale, bradd ingland ekti anusthan ayojan shuru korey jaa khristan rokke kendra korey "solid rock" naame porichito jaa 10:00 pii theke procharito hoyechilo.shanibar modhyorato porjonto. porey etike "house party" bolla hoy ebong john hasset dwara ayojit hoy. 1996 saale, brian brooks "classic lunch" hosta koraa shuru korey, jekhane seii somoye somosamoyik khristan briddhoder ganguli chhilo, mulat 1970-err doshoker shesher dick theke ebong 1980-err doshoker godar dick theke. gm gyari mixer motey, etty chhilo dosho bochore taader koraa sabcheye janapriya sangeet anusthan.
1990-err doshoker majhamajhi somoye mortenson fairloner studioguli sthanantorito corren, 2780 south arlington roade taader eff. emm boone, dobleeu. tii. oo. eff, 98.1-err saathe studiote jog deena. 1996 saaler octobore, trade pepper christian research report (crr) jaanaay jey mortenson ubhoy stationyi selem jogajoger kachhe bikri korchilo. 1997 saaler june maaser prothom saptahe ghoshana koraa hoy jey karjokor sombar, june 8, sangeet anusthanti salemer onupreronamulok upogroho bitoronkrito binnase poribortito hobey, "proshongshai shobdo". shukrobar, 5 june, sokaler shoe hosta brian ebong jyaner dwara bajano shesh ganti chhilo tuila pyariser "doo aaee trust eu".
1998 saale, salem hollo-err karjokrom taader swadhinota kendre sthanantorito korey.
abosheshe sangeet anusthanti salemer "kathin gospel" dakkhin gospel binnase poribortito hoy, arekti upogroho sangeet binnas pradan korey.
2001 saaler sharatkale, hollo channel jogajoger kachhe bikri koraa hoyechilo (jaa 2014 saale ihertmedia hoye uthbe). eyi samaykale stationti sangkhiptabhabe hott essie dobliukedidi samprachar korey ebong june 2002 saale taader dwitiya alap binnas (eyi somoy syndicated tockers baisistyajukta) grohon korey.
2008 saaler 28shhey april, myata patrick ekti sthaniya derite-bikele tock shoe shuru corren, jaa porey govir sokale choley yaay. patrick dobleeu. keey. dii. dii-teey deergho somoyer sokaler uposthapok hisabe porichito chhilen ebong dablu. eich. dii. dii-teey bikeler shoyer saathe seii bhumika abyahoto rekhechilen. 2009 saaler decembere, patrick ubhoy statione taanr anusthan chhede choley zaan. julai 2009 saale, hollo fm redio bande, cyster steshana dabluarcuke (106.9 fm)-err eichdi2 (digital redio) saab chyaneler madhyome symolcusting shuru korey. 12ee septembara, 2010-ayee, etty stationer eichdi2 signyale club fusion programmingke protisthapon korey onno sahojogi steshana dobliukedidi-rawr eichdi2-ayee samprachar korte choley yaay.
programming.
hollo 'shha lineup sampurnarupe syndicate, jaar modhye royeche "aaz sokale, americar prothom khobor sange gordon chukti", "brian killmade shoe", "clay travis ebong buck sexton shoe" ebong "dya sian hannity shoe", pashapashi jooe pags, jese kellie, todd snita ebong debha ramsi dwara ayojit anusthan. saptahanter prostabgulir modhye royeche "inn dya garden uith ronn willson", "ayata home uith gyari sulivan", "leo laport dya teeka gaai", "bill handle ono dya lawl", "sunday night live uith bill cunningham", "kothao art beler saathe" ebong "coast too coast ayam"-err saptahanter sanskaran.
hulo holl acron gips football ebong basketball vishwavidyalaya ebong acron rubbarducks baseball doll ubhoyer jonno redio home, jaa cleveland guardiander jonno aa onumodito.
bahyik link. |
vooloo
vhlo (savaare 640 vaagye) aee aek vyaavsaayik toqa rediyo station chhe jeey acron, oheeyone licenses dharaave chhe, jeey toqa rediyo formate dharaave chhe. ihartmediani malikinu aaa station abc news rediyo, "clay travis anned buck sexton shho", "dhaa siina hannity shho", acron rubberdox aneey acron zips maate sthaaneek sanlagn tareeke acron aneey qentana metro vistaaro bannene sevaa aape chhe. vhlonaa studiyo uttar kentanmaa stheet chhe, jyaare station transmitter kopalimaa aavelu chhe. pramanbhut analogue prasaaran upraant, vhlo ihartradio dwara online stream karey chhe.
itihas.
jaya.
aaa stationni kamgiri astavyast samaygaalaa darmiyan sharoo thaee hatee jyaare motabhagna sarkari niyamanne sthageet karvaamaa aavyaa hataa, jemaa navaa stationone temnaa potaana prasaaran aavartan pasand karvaa saheet thodaa pratibandho saathe sthaapit karvaa maate mukt karvaamaa aavyaa hataa. teey 5 january, 1927naa roj hotel hollendon khaate stheet cleveland rediyo prasaaran companyne adheekrut karvaamaa aavyu hatoo, aneey 688 khzednee swa-sonpayel aavartan parr prasaarit karvaamaa aavyu hatoo.
federal rediyo commission (aef. aar. see.) nee rachnaa dwara sarkari niyantranni punsthaapnaa pachhi, navaa niyamankaroae 3 meey, 1927thee sharoo kareene kaamchalaau adhikrutataani shrenee bahaar paadee, jemaa doubleujey 680 khzednee vadhu paramparagat aavartan taraf aagad vadhyu. stationone aevee pann jaana karvaamaa aavee hatee keey jooe teo kamgiri chaalu raakhvaa maangtaa hoya, too teoae 15 january, 1928 sudhimaa aupcharik licenses arji dakhal karvaanee jaroor chhe, jeey teey nakki karvaanaa pratham pagla tareeke chhe keey teo navaa "jaaher heet, suveedha athavaa aavshyakta" dhoranne purn karey chhe keey qema. 25 meey, 1928naa roj, aef. aar. see. aee saamanya aadesh 32 jaaree karyo, jemaa doubleujey saheet 164 stationone soochit karvaamaa aavyaa hataa keey, "bhavishyanaa licenses maateni tamaari arjini tapasmathi teey janaatu nathee keey tene aapeene jaaher heet, suveedha athavaa jaruriyaat puurii padvama aavashe."joke, stationae commissionne safaltapurvak khaatari aapee keey tene licenses hovu joiae.
11 november, 1928naa roj, aef. aar. see. aee tenaa saamanya order 40naa amalikaranna parinaame punargathannaa bhagroope station transmit frequenciesna mukhya punsthapanno amal karyo hato. doubleu. jeey. aee. neey 1390 keey. aech. jee. sonpavama aavyo hato, jeey aaa frequencyne doubleu. aech. keey. saathe vahenche chhe.
doubleu.
30 october, 1936naa roj united broadcasting dwara doubleujey khareedvama aavyu hatoo, jeey clevelandma pann doubleuechkeni maliki dharaavtu hatoo. navaa malikoae vaaynaa qola saainne doubleu. see. aela. maan badalyu.
august 1941maan federal communications commission (fcc) aee "duopoly" niyam apnaavyo hato, jene licensedharakone shaherma aekthee vadhu rediyo station chalaavvaa parr pratibandh mookyo hato. aaa samaye, united broadcasting kolambasmaa doubluechcasy upraant cleveland, doubleucle aneey doubleuechkema beey stationoni maliki dharaavtu hatoo. tenaa cleveland stationomathi aekne chhodvaanu taalvaa maate safal yojnana bhagroope, doubleu. see. aela. vachche aavartan vineemay maate sanyukt vyavastha karvaamaa aavee, pachhi 610 keey. aech. jee. parr, aneey 640 keey. aech. see. parr doubleu. aech. see.
whock.
bevafaainaa pratibandhone anuroop, doubleu. see. aela. neey clevelandthi acronma khasedvama aavyu hatoo, jyaan 25 februari, 1945naa roj tenee coll saainne doubleu. aech. keey. maan badalvama aavee hatee aneey tenee aavartan 640 keey. aech. jee. hatee. aaa badalaama kolambasmaa vhkc (agau wbav aneey viyu) maate 640 thee 610 cahzed sudhee khasedvaanu shakya banyu.
1950naa daykama, whack, 'meeyd deady' myers dwara sanchaalit roqa anned roll prasaaran stationoma mokhare hatoo. roqa anned rolnee vaartaama myersnu yogdaan anya vadhu jaanita deeje jaim keey alaan fried dwara chhavayelu chhe. temane 1957maan whack khaate temnee karkidrini sharuaat curry hatee aneey teo purvottarmaa sauthee vishisht deejema vikasya hataa. pagal pitaa tareeke, temnee paase aek unmatt, zadpi-agnini dhoon hatee jeey sampurnpane kaveetaoma vitareet karvaamaa aavee hatee. roqa anned roll aneey lya aneey bluesnun saargraahi mishran vagaadtaa, temane aaje pann upyogmaa levaata shabdsamuho banaavya, jaim keey "vevee gravy" aneey "melo jello". january 1958 sudhimaa teo clevelandma doubluesedablue rediyo taraf aagad vadhyaa, jeey temane teey varshnaa junamaa tarat jaj chhodi didhu. temnaa doubluesedablue karaar dwara jaroori august 1958 sudhee havamathi door rahyaa pachhi, temane clevelandma doubleuechake taraf valyaa, jyaan teo temnee lokpriyataani toach parr pahonchya, reqorda hops hoosta karyaa aneey dracula poshaak paherelaa live-adharaat shho karyaa.
voo.
18 january, 1960naa roj doubleu. aech. keey. doubleu. aech. keey. doubleu. aech. keey. doubleu. aech. keey. doubleu. aech. keey. doubleu. keey. doubleu. keey. doubleu. keey. doubleu. keey. doubleu. keey. doubleu. keey. doubleu. keey. doubleu. keey. doubleu. keey. doubleu. keey. doubleu. keey. doubleu. keey. doubleu. keey. doubleu. keey. doubleu. keey. doubleu. keey. doubleu. keey. doubleu. keey. doubleu. keey. doubleu. keey. doubleu. keey. doubleu. keey. doubleu. keey. doubleu. keey. keey. doubleu. keey. doubleu. keey. doubleu. keey. aaa station ghanaa varsho sudhee "deey-timer" tareeke kaama karvaanu chaalu raakhyu, jene losa angelsnaa suryaast samaye aaee-aee clear chenal signal keey. aef. aaee. maate saain off karavu padyu. aano arth aee thashe keey sheeyala darmiyan lagbhag 7:30 vaagyaa sudhee aneey unalana amuk maheenao darmiyan 11:00 vaagyaa sudhee teey chaalu raheshe. ghanaa varsho pachhi teey ratrina samaye sevaa praapt karashe, parantu teey temnaa 5,000 divasnaa sanketnaa virodhmaa maatra 500 voota parr hashe. dhaa good guys" tareeke odakhaata disk jokey darshaavtaa lokpreey topa-40 formatne prasaarit karyaa pachhi, 1970 naa daykana madhyamaa samachar/toqa rediyo taraf valyaa. tyaan sudhimaa, station suskiana rediyo corporationni maliki hethal aavee gayoo hatoo, jene kentanmaa doubluen-fm hastgat karyoo hatoo, aneey aaa prakriyaamaa fm stationna qola saainne doubleuechelcuma badalyu hatoo.
vhlonaa pratham toqa avtaar parnee ketalik hasteeoma niqa anthony (havey rubber ciity rediyomaa executive), steve cannon (pachhithi doublutivn parr), steve fullerton (pachhithi bahuveedh cleveland stationo parr), roona verab (aaje doubleukbn saathe "roona kriyapad" tareeke), aneey lii "hexo" hamilton (aaje seena diyegomaa zapers parr sambhalvama aave chhe) noow samaavesh thaay chhe.
tamaam samacharona swarupma sankshipt prayaas pachhi, 1987maan mortensen prasaaran dwara tene dhaarmik swarupma badalvama naa aavyu tyaan sudhee "rastaani vachche" sangeet prasaarit karvaamaa aavyu. aaa "rastaani vachche" swaroop 1940,1950 aneey 1960naa daykana motaa benned aneey lokgitonaa mishrannu hatoo. teey samaye tuning kartaa shrotaoae doona dempsy ina morning drive, tooma jolif, norm marriott, brooks morton, criss "daniels" aisher aneey braad devisnee pasand sambhali hashe. samachar vibhagma christy gibbs, jooe shaheen aneey doona olson hataa. saptaahnaa ante dick veko shho saheet vishesh kaarykramo hataa.
1987nee sharuaatmaa mortensen dwara khareedi baad, stationae "samkalin khristi" sangeetnu prograaming sharoo karyoo, jemaa rus taaf, twilla paris, aemee grant, imperials, white haart, phila kegee aneey anya ghanaa mukhya kalakaro saamel hataa. geree mixe dass varshthi vadhu samay sudhee general manager tareeke sevaa aapee hatee. mortense stationne "dhaa light" tareeke tagg karyoo hatoo. station "aema stereo" maan prasaarit thaay chhe. kaaran keey aema stereo bundh thayo naa hato, tenaa parr prasaarit sandarbho mote bhaage chhodvama aavyaa hataa. 1996naa unalana kaarykram margdarshikama haju pann stationne "vhlo 640 am stereo" tareeke odakhvaamaa aavyu hatoo. varshothi havaamaa kaama karatee ketalik pratibhaoma bayne birdsong, bryan brook, aeda boostik, jeff dunn, david piirs, dayne pope, jaine watson, erick hoog aneey braad englandno samaavesh thaay chhe. station darek ravivaare yajmaan joona nadeeo saathe "20 dhaa countdown magazine" prasaarit karatu hatoo. doubluesedablue-tivi (foakes 8) naa havamanshastri aneey reey berniere 1994 thee 1997 maan prograamingmaa ferfar naa thaay tyaan sudhee jivant havaman purun paadyu hatoo. jaine watson kentonnaa wnpq 95.9 efaemmaa gayaa hataa, jeey, vhlonee jaim, "prakaash" tareeke branded hatoo. 2022nee sharuaatmaa shaikshanik media foundation dwara station khareedvama aavyu tyaan sudhee temane tyaan sevaa aapee hatee.
athvadiyana divasonaa lagbhag 20 takaa kaarykramo avrodhit karvaa maate samarpeet hataa. savaare 9 vagyani vachche.aema. aneey bapore 1 vaagye.aema. aaa station mote bhaage raashtriy stare jaanita khristi shikshan kaarykramo parivaar (james dobson), samparkma (charles stanly), bible (jeey. vernan mcg), aneey anya ghanaa. 1995maan, satya maate jeevan (elister bagg) savaare 8:30 vaagye umervaamaa aavyu hatoo.aema., savaarnaa shone 30 minut sudhee tunko karoo. shanivaar aneey ravivaarni savaare viveedh raashtriy aneey sthaaneek mantralayona paid bloqa prograamingno pann samaavesh thato hato. aek kalaak laambo sthaaneek reete utpaadit toqa shho 1990naa daaykaani sharuaatmaa amuk samay maate athvadiyana divasni sanje prasaarit thayo hato.
pratibhaae ghanaa vishisht sangeet kaarykramo taiyar karyaa. 1989maan, bread inglande aek shho hoosta karvaanu sharoo karyoo jeey khristi roqa parr kendrit hatoo jene "solid roqa" kahevaay chhe jeey 10:00 p thee prasaarit thayu hatoo.shanivaarni madhyaratri sudhee aema. paachhalthi tene "house party" kahevama aavee hatee aneey john hesset dwara tenu aayojan karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. 1996maan, bryan brookse "classic lunch" noon aayojan karvaanu sharoo karyoo, jemaa teey samaye samkalin khristi vruddho hataa, mukhyatve 1970naa daykana anta aneey 1980naa daaykaani sharuaatnaa geeto darshavvama aavyaa hataa. jee. aema. geree meaks anusaar, teey dass varshmaa temane karelo sauthee lokpreey sangeet kaarykram hato.
1990naa daykana madhyamaa mortansane ferralonmathi studiyone sthaanaantarit karyaa, 2780 south arlington rooad parr temnee aef. aema. bahen, doubleu. tii. oo. aef., 98.1 saathe studiyomaa jodaya. october 1996maan, trade papper christian research report (see. aar. aar.) aee ahewal aapyo hato keey mortensen banne stationne selam sanchaar maate vechee rahyaa hataa. juuna 1997naa pratham saptaahmaa jaaherat karvaamaa aavee hatee keey somvaar, juuna 8, sangeet kaarykramo salemna prernadayi upgrah vitareet swarupomathi aekmaa badalashe, "prashansama shabd". shukravaar, 5 junanaa roj morning shonaa yajmaan bryan aneey jaana dwara vagadvama aavelu chhellu geet, twilla paris dwara "duu aaee trust yuu" hatoo.
1998maan, saleme vhlonee kaamgeereene temnee svatantrataa suvidhama sthaanaantarit curry.
aakhare sangeet kaarykramne salemna "solid gospel" dakshini gospel formatemaa badalvama aavyo, jeey anya satellite sangeet swaroop hatoo.
2001naa antamaa, vhlone spasht chenal sanchaarne vechvaamaa aavyo hato (jeey 2014maan ihartmedia bunny jashe). aaa samaygaalaa darmiyan station tunkma hooat aesee doubleu. keey. dii. dii. noon anookaran karey chhe, aneey juuna 2002maan temnu beeju toqa formate (aaa vakhate syndicated tockers darshaavtu) apnaavyu.
28 april, 2008naa roj, meeyt patrickse sthaaneek modee baporno toqa shho sharoo karyo, jeey pachhithi modee savaare sharoo thayo. patrickne WKDD khaate laambaa samay sudhee savaarnaa yajmaan tareeke odakhvaamaa aavtaa hataa, aneey teey bhoomika WHLO parr modee bapornaa shho saathe chaalu raakhi hatee. december 2009maan, patrickae banne stationo parr temnaa kaarykramo chhodi deedhaa. julai 2009maan, vhloae bahen station wrq (106.9 fm) naa aechadee2 (digital rediyo) subchannel dwara fm rediyo benned parr simulcasting sharoo karyoo. 12 september, 2010naa roj, teey stationna aech. dii. 2 signal parr club fusion prograamingne badale anya bahen station doubleu. keey. dii. dii. naa aech. dii. 2 parr prasaaran karvaa maate khasedvama aavyu.
prograaming.
vhlonee shrenee sampurnpane syndicated chhe, jemaa "aaj savaare, americana pratham samachar saathe gorden sodo", "bryan kilmed shho", "clay travis anned buck sexton shho" aneey "dhaa siina hannity shho", saathe jooe pags, jesse kelee, tooad snitt aneey dave ramsey dwara hoosta karvaamaa aavela kaarykramo saamel chhe. saptaahnaa ante arpan karvaamaa aavtee vastuoma "ina dhaa garden with roona willson", "ghare geree sullivan saathe", "liyo laport dhaa teqa gaay", "bill handell ona dhaa loow", "sunday night live with bill cunningham", "kyaank aart bail saathe" aneey "coast too coast aema" nee saptaahnaa sanskaranono samaavesh thaay chhe.
vhlo aee akron zips football aneey basketball banne university maate rediyo hooma chhe, aneey acron rubberdox baseball team, jeey cleveland vaaleeo maate aeae sanlagn chhe.
baahy kadeeo. |
volo
vhlo (subah 640 baje) ack vaanijyik vaarta radio station haye joe acron, ohiyo key liye licenses praapt haye, joe ack vaarta radio praarup leey jaataa haye. ihartmedia key swaamitva vaalaa, station abc samachar radio, "clay travis aur buck sexton show", "dha seane hannity show", acron rubberdox aur acron zips key liye sthaaniya sambaddh key roop mein acron aur canton metro kshetron donon mein seva pradaan kartaa haye. vhlo key studio uttari canton mein sthit hain, jabaki station transmitter copley mein rakhaa gayaa haye. ack maanak analogue sancharan key alawa, vhlo ihartradio key madhyam seey online stream kartaa haye.
itihas.
jaya.
station ney ack arajak avadhi key dauran sanchaalan shuru kiya jaba adhikansh sarkari viniyaman nilambit curr diye gaye they, nae stations koo kuchh pratibandhon key saath sthaapit kiya jaa sakata thaa, jisamen unaki apani sanchaaran aavrittiyon kaa chayan karna bhee shamil thaa. yeh mool roop seey 5 janwari, 1927 koo hotal hollenden mein sthit cleveland radio prasaran company koo adhikrit kiya gayaa thaa, aur 688 kilohertz kii swa-nirdisht aavritti parr prasaarit kiya gayaa thaa.
sanghiya radio aayog (aff. aar. see.) key gathan dwara sarkari niyantran kii punah sthaapana key baad, nae niyamakon ney 3 maee, 1927 seey asthaayi pradhikaranon kii ack shrinkhala jaari kii, jisamen doubleu. jey. aeye. 680 key. aich. jee. kii adhik paaramparik aavritti mein sthanantarit hoe gayaa. stations koo yeh bhee soochit kiya gayaa kii yadi way sanchaalan jaari rakhna chaahte hain, tou unhein 15 janwari, 1928 taka ack aupchaarik licenses aavedan daayar karane kii aavashyakta haye, yeh nirdhaarit karane key liye kii kyaa way nae "saarvajanik hita, suvidha, yaa aavashyakta" maanak koo puuraa karate hain. 25 maee, 1928 koo aff. aar. see. ney samanya adesh 32 jaari kiya, jisamen doubleu. jey. aeye. sahit 164 stations koo adhisoochit kiya gayaa kii "bhavishya key licenses key liye aapke aavedan kii jaanch seey yeh naheen pataa chalata haye kii ise dene seey saarvajanik hita, suvidha yaa aavashyakta poori hogi."halanki, station ney safaltapurvak aayog koo aashvast kiya kii ise licenses praapt rehna chaahiye.
11 navambar, 1928 koo, aff. aar. see. ney samanya adesh 40 key karyanvayan key parinamswarup ack punargathan key hisse key roop mein station sanchaarit aavrittiyon key ack pramukh punarvitaran koo lagu kiya. doubleu. jey. aeye. koo 1390 key. aich. jey. koo saunpa gayaa thaa, joe iss aavritti koo doubleu. aich. key. key saath saajha kartaa thaa.
doubleu. see. ell.
doubleuse koo 30 octuber, 1936 koo united broadcasting dwara kharida gayaa thaa, joe cleveland mein whk kaa bhee swaamitva rakhta thaa. nae maalikon ney doubleuse key coll saain koo doubleucle mein badal diyaa.
agast 1941 mein sanghiya sanchaar aayog (aff. see. see.) ney ack "ekadhikar" niyam apanaaya, jisane licensedhariyon koo ack shahar mein ack seey adhik radio stations key sanchaalan seey pratibandhit curr diyaa. iss samay, sanyukt prasaran columbus mein doubleu. aich. key. see. key alawa cleveland, doubleu. see. ell. aur doubleu. aich. key. mein dou stations kaa swaamitva rakhta thaa. apane cleveland stations mein seey ack koo chhodane seey bachane key liye ack safal yojana key hisse key roop mein, sanyukt roop seey doubleu. see. ell. key beach aavritti vinimay kii vyavastha kii gaee, phir 610 key. aich. jee. parr, aur 640 key. aich. see. parr.
vee. aich. key.
duopoly pratibandhon key anuroop, doubleu. see. ell. koo cleveland seey acron mein sthanantarit curr diyaa gayaa thaa, jahaan 25 farwari, 1945 koo isake coll saain koo doubleu. aich. key. mein badal diyaa gayaa thaa, aur isaki aavritti 640 key. aich. jee. thee. isake parinamswarup columbus mein doubleu. aich. key. see. (poorv mein doubleu. bee. aeye. vee. aur vee. ee. yuu.) key liye 640 seey 610 key. aich. jee. taka jaanaa sambhav hoe gayaa.
1950 key dashak mein, whack rock aind roll prasaran stations mein sabse aage thaa, jiska netritva pett "maid daddy" myers ney kiya thaa. rock aind roll kii kahani mein myers key yogdan koo anya behtar gyaat deeje jaise kii alaan freed ney prabhaavit kiya haye. unhone 1957 mein doubleu. aich. key. mein apana currier shuru kiya aur way poorvottar mein sabse vishisht deeje mein seey ack key roop mein vikasit hue. pagal daddy key roop mein, unake paas ack unmaadi, rapid-fayer patter thaa joe poori tarah seey tukbandi mein diyaa gayaa thaa. rock aind roll aur ridam aind blues kaa ack sargrahi mishran bajaate hue, unhone aaj bhee upayog kiye jaane vaale vakyanshon koo gadhaa, jaise kii "lahardaar gravy" aur "mello jello". janwari 1958 taka way cleveland mein doubluesedblue radio parr chaley gaye, jise unhone turant usa varsh juuna mein chhod diyaa. agast 1958 taka apane doubluesedblue anubandh kii aavashyakta key anusaar, havaa seey door rahane key baad, unhone whk inn cleveland mein switch kiya, jahan way apani lokpriyata key shikhar parr pahunch gaye, record hops kii mejbani kii aur dracula poshak pahane live-after-midnite show kii mejbani kii.
volo.
18 janwari, 1960 koo doubleu. aich. key. doubleu. ell. oh. bunn gayaa, joe apani cumm dial sthiti key kaaran "hallow radio" koo darshaata haye. station ney kaee varshon taka "day-timer" key roop mein kaam karna jaari rakhaa, jise aaee-aeye clear channel signal key. aff. aaee. key liye loss angils suryast parr saain off karna padaa. iska matlab yeh hoga kii sardiyon key dauran shaam karib 7.30 baje taka aur kuchh garmiyon key maheenon key dauran dair seey aaee. dee. 1 baje taka doubleu. ell. oh. chalata rahega. kaee varshon baad raat key samay seva praapt hogi, lekin yeh unake 5,000 dinn key sanket key vipareet kewal 500 vaat parr hogi. disk jockey kii visheshta vaale ack lokpriya sheersh-40 praarup koo prasaarit karane key baad, jise "achche logon" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, 1970 key dashak key madhya mein samachar/vaarta radio kii or rukh kiya. taba taka, station suskyuhanna radio nigam key swaamitva mein aaa gayaa, jisane canton mein wnn-fm kaa adhigrahan curr liya thaa, aur iss prakriya mein fm station key coll saain koo whlq mein badal diyaa thaa.
vhlo key pahale vaarta avtaar parr kuchh vyaktitvon mein nick anthony (abb rubber city radio mein ack karyakari), steve cannon (baad mein wtvn mein), steve fullerton (baad mein kaee cleveland stations parr), ronn verab (aaj wkbn key saath "ronn kriya" key roop mein), aur lii "haxo" hamilton (aaj saine diago mein xeprs parr sunaa gayaa) shamil hain.
ack sabhi samachar praarup mein ack sankshipt prayaas key baad, vhlo ney "beach kii sadak" sangeet prasaarit kiya jaba taka kii mortension ney 1987 mein ise ack dhaarmik praarup mein naheen badal diyaa. yeh "beach kii sadak" praarup 1940,1950 aur 1960 key dashak key badey baind aur gaathaagit kaa mishran thaa. taba tuning karane vaale shrotaon ney donn dempsy inn morning drive, tomm jolif, norm marriott, brooks morton, criss "daniels" aisher aur brad davis kii pasand sunee hogi. samachar vibhaag mein christy gibbs, joe shaheen aur donn olson they. saptahant parr dick vaco show sahit vishesh karyakram they.
1987 key pahale prasaran mein mortension dwara khareed key baad, station ney "samkaaleen isai" sangeet kii prograaming shuru kii, jisamen russ toff, twilla peris, ammy grant, imperial, white haart, phil keegi aur kaee anya jaise mukhya kalakar shamil they. gairi meaks ney duss varshon seey adhik samay taka mahaprabandhak key roop mein kaary kiya. mortensen ney station koo "dha light" tagg kiya. station "aim stereo" mein prasaarit hotaa haye. kyonki main stereo naheen chalaa, isake baare mein prasaran sandarbh jyaadaatar giraaye gaye they. 1996 key grishmakaaleen karyakram guide ney abhee bhee station koo "who 640 am stereo" key roop mein sandarbhit kiya. inn varshon mein kuchh vayu pratibhaon mein bayne birdsong, bryan brook, aid bostic, jeff dunn, david piers, danne popp, zaan watson, erich hog aur brad ingland shamil they. station ney pratyek ravivaar koo mezban johnn nadiyon key saath "20 dha countdown patrika" prasaarit kii. doubluesedblue-tv (fox 8) key mausam vigyaani aur ray bernier ney lagbhag 1994 seey 1997 mein prograaming parivartan taka live mausam pradaan kiya. zaan watson canton key wnpq 95.9 fm mein chaley gaye, jise who kii tarah, "prakaash" key roop mein branded kiya gayaa thaa. unhone 2022 kii shuruat mein shaikshik media foundation dwara station koo khareede jaane taka vahaan seva kii.
saptah key lagbhag 20 pratishat dinn karyakram koo avaruddh karane key liye samarpit they. subah 9 baje key beach.aim. aur dopahar 1 baje.aim. station ney jyaadaatar rashtriya star parr jaane jaane vaale isai shikshan karyakramon koo parivaar (james dobson), touch (charles steinly), bible (jey. vernan mcjee), aur kaee anya. 1995 mein, satya key liye jeevan (alastyre begg) koo subah 8:30 baje jodaa gayaa thaa.aim.subah key show koo 30 minut taka chhota curr dein. shaniwar aur ravivaar kii subah mein vibhinn rashtriya aur sthaaniya mantralayon seey bhugtan block karyakram bhee shamil they. ack ghante taka chalane vaalaa sthaaniya roop seey nirmit tock show 1990 key dashak kii shuruat mein saptah key dinon mein shaam koo prasaarit huaa.
pratibha ney kaee vishisht sangeet karyakramon kaa nirmaan kiya. 1989 mein, brad ingland ney ack show kii mejbani shuru kii joe "solid rock" naamak isai rock parr kendrit thaa joe 10:00 p seey prasaarit huaa.shaniwar kii madhyaraatri taka. baad mein ise "house party" kahaa gayaa aur johnn hasset dwara isaki mejbani kii gaee. 1996 mein, bryan brook ney "classic lunch" kii mejbani shuru kii, jisamen una geeton koo dikhaaya gayaa joe usa samay samkaaleen isai puraane they, mukhya roop seey 1970 key dashak key anta aur 1980 key dashak kii shuruat seey. jee. aim. gairi meaks key anusaar, yeh duss varshon mein unakaa sabse lokpriya sangeet karyakram thaa.
1990 key dashak key madhya mein kabhi-kabhi mortenson ney studio koo fairlon seey sthanantarit curr diyaa, 2780 south arlington road parr apani aff. aim. bahan, doubleu. tii. oh. aff., 98.1 key saath studio mein shamil hoe gaye. octuber 1996 mein, trade pepper christian research report (see. aar. aar.) ney bataaya kii morton donon stations koo selam sanchaar koo betch rhaa thaa. juuna 1997 key pahale saptah mein ghoshana kii gaee kii somwar, juuna 8, sangeet karyakram salem key preranadayak upgrah vitarit praarupon mein seey ack mein badal jaayega, "prashansa mein shabd". shukravaar, 5 juuna koo morning show host bryan aur zaan dwara bajaaya gayaa antim geet twilla peris dwara "doo aaee trust yuu" thaa.
1998 mein, salem ney vhlo key sanchaalan koo apani swatantrata suvidha mein sthanantarit curr diyaa.
antatah sangeet karyakram koo salem key "thhos susamachar" dakshini susamachar praarup mein badal diyaa gayaa, ack anya upgrah sangeet praarup vitarit kiya.
2001 key anta mein, vhlo koo channel sanchaar koo betch diyaa gayaa thaa (joe 2014 mein ihartmedia bunn jaayega). iss avadhi key dauran station ney sankshipt roop seey germ assie wcadd kaa prasaran kiya, aur juuna 2002 mein apane dusare vaarta praarup (iss baar syndicated tockers kii visheshta) koo apanaaya.
28 aprail, 2008 koo mait patrick ney ack sthaaniya dair dopahar kaa tock show shuru kiya, joe baad mein dair subah taka chalaa gayaa. patrick koo doubleu. key. dee. dee. mein lambe samay taka subah key mezban key roop mein jaanaa jaataa thaa, aur unhone vhlo parr dopahar key show key saath usa bhoomika koo jaari rakhaa. disambar 2009 mein, patrick ney donon stations parr apane karyakram chhod diye. julaai 2009 mein, vhlo ney bahan station wrq (106.9 fm) key hd2 (digital radio) upa-channel key madhyam seey fm radio baind parr ack saath prasaran karna shuru kiya. 12 sitambar, 2010 koo, yeh station key aich. dee. 2 signal parr club fusion prograaming kii jagah anya bahan station doubleu. key. dee. dee. key aich. dee. 2 parr prasaran karane key liye chalaa gayaa.
prograaming.
vhlo kii lineup poori tarah seey syndicated haye, jisamen "aaj subah, america kii pahali khabar key saath gorden sauda", "bryan kilmed show", "clay travis aur buck sexton show" aur "dha seane hannity show", joe pags, jesse kellie, todd schnit aur dave ramsey dwara host kiye gaye karyakramon key saath shamil hain. saptahant key prastaavon mein shamil hain "inn dha garden vid ronn willson", "ghar parr gairi sullivan key saath", "leo laporte dha tech gaay", "bill handell onn dha low", "ravivaar kii raat bill canningham key saath live", "kaheen naa kaheen art bell key saath" aur "coast too coast aim" key saptahant sanskaran.
doubleu. aich. oh. acron zips football aur basketball donon vishvavidyalayon key liye radio ghar haye, aur acron rubberdox baseball team, joe cleveland guardians key liye aeye. aeye. sambaddh haye.
baahari link.
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vlo
volo (640 aa. emm) embudu tock radeo svaroopavannu hondiruva akran, ohiyokke paravaanagi padeda vanijya tock radeo kendravagide. ihartmedia odetanada ee nildaanavu akran mattu canton metro pradeshagaleradakku abc suddi radeo, "clay travis mattu buck sexton show", "dhii seane hanity show", akran rubbarducks mattu akran jipgalige sthaliya angasamstheyagi seve sallisuttade. vlo studiyogalu uttara cantannallive, aadare station transmitter annu kopliyalli irisalaagide. pramanita analog prasaranada jotege, ihartradio moolaka anlinelli vaahinigalu prasaaravaaguttave.
itihaasa.
vjoy.
hecchina sarkari niyantranagalannu amaanatugolisidaaga astavyastavaada avadhiyalli nildaanavu karyacharaneyannu praarambhisitu, hosa kendragalannu tammade aada prasarana aavartanagalannu ayke maaduvudoo seridante kelavu nirbandhagalondige sthapisalu muktavaagittu. idu 1927rahra janavari 5randu, hotel haalendennalliruva cleveland radeo prasara kampanige adhikrutavaayitu mattu 688 keey. etch. zii. swayam-niyojisida aavartanadalli prasaaravaayitu.
federal radeo aayogada (efrc) rachaneyinda sarkaarada niyantranavannu punah sthaapisida nantara, hosa niyantrakaru mayee 3,1927 randu praarambhavaaguva taatkaalika adhikaragala saraniyannu bidugade maadidaru, jotege doubleujeyannu 680 kehechjhna hecchu saampradaayika aavartanakke sthalaantarisalaayitu. avaru karyacharaneyannu munduvarisalu bayasidare, avaru hosa "saarvajanika hitasakti, anukulate athawa avashyakate" manadandavannu pooraisuttaareye embudannu nirdharisuva modala hantavagi janavari 15,1928 rolage oupachaarika paravaanagi arjiyannu sallisabekagide endu kendragalige tilisalaayitu. 1928rahra mayee 25randu, efrc saamaanya adesha 32nnu horadisitu, idu doubleujeyannu olagondante 164 nildaanagalige adhisuchane needitu, "bhavishyada paravanagigagi nimma arjiya parisheelaneyinda adannu needuva moolaka saarvajanika hitasakti, anukulate athawa agatyavannu puraisalaaguvudilla endu adhu kandukolluttade."aadaagyoo, nildaanavu ayogakke paravaanagi padeyabeku endu yashasviyagi manavarike maaditu.
november 11,1928 randu, efrc tanna saamaanya adesha 40 rahra anushthaanada parinaamavaagi marusanghataneya bhagavagi station transmitting aavartanagala pramukha maruhanchikeyannu jaarige tanditu. doubleujeyannu 1390 kehechjege niyojisalaayitu, ee aavartanavannu doubluech keey jote hanchikollalaayitu.
valk.
doubleu. zhe. yannu 1936rahra october 30randu united broadcasting khareedisitu, idu clevelandnalli doubleu. etch. keey. yaya malikatvavannu saha hondittu. hosa malikaru doubleu. jay. yaya karey chihneyannu doubleu. clell endu badalaayisidaru.
august 1941ralli federal communications commission (eff. sii. sii) "duopoly" niyamavannu alavadisikonditu, idu paravaanagi padedavaru nagaradalli wandakkinta hecchu radeo kendragalannu nirvahisuvudannu nirbandhisitu. ee samayadalli, united broadcasting cleveland, doubleu. keey. ell mattu doubleu. etch. keey. nalli eradu kendragalannu hondittu, jotege kolambasnalli doubleu. etch. keey. sii. yannoo hondittu. adara cleveland stationgalalli wandannu bittukoduvudannu tappisuva yashasvi yojaneya bhagavagi, doubleukle naduve aavartana vinimayakke vyavasthegolisalaayitu, nantara 610 keey. etch. zii mattu 640 keey. etch. zii. nalli doubleu. etch. keey. sii.
vii. keey.
ekaswaamya nirbandhagalige anugunavagi, doubleukleyannu clevelandninda akrange sthalaantarisalaayitu, allie adara karey chihneyannu phebravari 25,1945 randu doubluech kege badalaayisalaayitu mattu adara aavartanavannu 640 kehechjhge badalaayisalaayitu. idu kolambasnalli vhkc (hinde doubleubav mattu vaiyu) 640 rinda 610 kehechjhge chalisalu saadhyavaagisitu.
1950rahra dasakadalli, vii. etch. keey. rock und roll prasara kendragalalli munchooniyallittu, idara netrutvavannu pete "myaad daddy" myers vahisiddaru. rock und rolna kathege myersna kodugeyannu alan friednantaha itara prasiddha dijegalu maremachive. avaru 1957ralli vii. etch. keey. nalli tamma vrattijeevanavannu praarambhisidaru mattu eeshaanyadalli atyanta vishishtavaada dii. zhe. galalli ondaagi beledaru. huccha appanaagi, aatanu sampoornavaagi prasabaddhavagi, ksipra-agni-patavannu hondiddanu. rock und roll mattu rhythm und bluesna sarasangrahi mishranavannu nudisutta, avaru indigoo balasalaaguva "alegala gravy" mattu "mello jello" nantaha nudigattugalannu srushtisidaru. 1958rahra janavariya velege avaru clevelandnalli doubleu. zhe. doubleu. radiokke teralidaru, adannu avaru aaa varshada joonnalli takshanave toredaru. tanna doubleu. zhe. doubleu. oppandada agatyakke anugunavagi august 1958 ravarege prasaaradinda duravidda nantara, avaru doubleu. etch. keey. inn clevelandge badalaayisidaru, allie avaru tamma janapriyateya uttungavannu talupidaru, daakhaleya hops annu ayojisidaru mattu dracula veshabhushanavannu dharisida live-madhyaahnada pradarshanagalannu niididaru.
vlo.
1960rahra janavari 18randu doubluech keey, adara kadime dial sthaanadindaagi "halo radeo" annu pratibimbisuva moolaka doubluech keey aagi maarpattitu. ee nildaanavu halavu varshagala kaala "hagalina veleya" yantravagi kaaryanirvahisuttale ittu, laas angelies sooryaastada samayadalli aii-aa clear channel signal keey. eff. aii. gaagi sahi haakabekaagittu. idarartha chaligaaladalli sanje 7:30 ravaregoo mattu kelavu besigeya tingalugalli madhyaahnada 11:00 varege idu munduvariyuttade. aneka varshagala nantara ratri seveyannu sadhisalu saadhyavaaguttittu, aadare idu avara hagalina signal 5,000kke viruddhavaagi kevala 500 vyaatgalashtittu. dhii good guys" endu kareyalpaduva disk jakigalannu olagonda janapriya top-40 svaroopavannu prasara maadida nantara, 1970 rahra dashakada madhyabhaagadalli suddi/tock rediyoge tirugitu. ashtaralli, cantonnalli doubluen-efm annu swadhinapadisikondidda suskwehanna radeo corporation malikatvada adiyalli ee nildaanavu banditu, ee prakriyeyalli efm station naa karey chihneyannu doubluelkyooge badalaayisitu.
vlo avara modala maatina avataaradalliruva kelavu vyaktigalalli nick anthony (eega rabbar city rediyodalli karyanirvahaka), steve firangi (nantara doublutvn nalli), steve fullerton (nantara aneka cleveland stationgalalli), raan vereb (indu wkbn annu "raan kriyapada" endu kareyalaaguttade), mattu lea "haxa" hamilton (indu syaan diyagodalli excepressionalli kelalaagide) serive.
ellah-suddigala svaroopadalli sankshipta prayatnada nantara, 1987ralli martensen prasara maaduvavarege "middle off dhii road" sangeetavannu prasara maadalaayitu. ee "middle off dhii road" svaroopavu 1940,1950 mattu 1960rahra dasakagala dodda byaand mattu laavanigala mishranavagittu. aaga dhwanimudrana maaduva kelugaru marning drive, tomm jolif, norm marriott, brooks marton, criss "daniels" aishar mattu broad davisonalli daan dempsy avarantahavugalannu keluttiddaru. suddi vibhagadalli christy gibbs, zoo shine mattu daan olson iddaru. vaaraantyagalalli dick vaco show seridante vishesha kaaryakramagalu nadeyuttiddavu.
1987rahra modalaneyalli martensen avaru khareedisida nantara, ee kendravu "samakaalina christian" sangeetavannu prasara maadalu praarambhisitu, idaralli rus toff, twilla paris, amii grant, dhii imperials, white haart, phil keegi mattu itara aneka pramukha kalaavidaru iddaru. gyaari meaks hattu varshagala kaala general manager aagi seve sallisidaru. martensen nildaanavannu "dhii light" endu tagg maadidaru. aum stereo" nalli station prasaaravaaguttade. ekendare naanu stereo annu tegeyalilla, adara bagge prasaaradalli ullekhagalannu hechchaagi kaibidalaayitu. besige 1996rahra karyakrama margadarshiyu innoo nildaanavannu "vlo 640 am stereo" endu ullekhiside. kelavu varshagala kaala vaayu pratibhegalalli benn birds, brian brooks, edd bostic, jeff dunn, david piers, daan pop, zaan whatson, erich hogg mattu broad inglend seriddavu. ee kendravu prati bhanuvaravu "20 dhii countdown magazine" annu prasara maaditu, idaralli host zaan nadigalu iruttave. doubleu. zhe. doubleu-tv (foxes 8) yaya havaamaanashaastragna mattu reey burnier sumaru 1994 rinda 1997 ralli programming badalaavaneyavarege nera havaamaanavannu odagisidaru. zaan whatson canton doubluempq 95.9 efmge sthalaantaragondaru, idu volo nante, "belaku" endu brand aagittu. 2022rahra aarambhadalli shaikshanika madhyama pratishthaanavu nildaanavannu kharidisuvavarege aake allie seve sallisidaru.
vaarada dinagala sumaru 20 pratishatadashtu samayavannu block prograamingge misalidalaagittu. belagge 9 ganteya naduve.emm. mattu madhyahna 1 gantege.emm. ee kendravu hechchaagi raashtriyavaagi prasiddhavaada christian bodhana kaaryakramagalannu kutumbada (james dobson), sparshadalli (charles stanly), baibal moolaka (zhe. vernon mczee), mattu halavaaru itararu. 1995ralli, satyakkagi jivanavannu (alastyre begg) belagge 8:30kke serisalaayitu.emm.belagina pradarshanavannu 30 nimishagalashtu kadime maadi. shaniwara mattu bhanuvara beligge vividha rashtriya mattu sthaliya sachivaalayagalinda pavatisida block kaaryakramagalannu saha olagondittu. ondu gante kaala sthaliyavaagi nirmisalaada tock show 1990 rahra dashakada aarambhadalli vaarada sanje prasaaravaayitu.
pratibhegalu halavaaru vishishta sangeeta kaaryakramagalannu nirmisidaru. 1989ralli, broad inglend, christian rock mele kendrikrutavaada "salid rock" emba kaaryakramavannu aayojisalu praarambhisitu, adhu 10:00 p ninda prasaaravaayitu.shaniwara madhyaratriyavarege emm. nantara idannu "house party" endu kareyalaayitu mattu zaan hasset avaru ayojisidaru. 1996ralli, brian brooks "classic lunch" annu aayojisalu praarambhisitu, idaralli aaa samayadalli samakaalina christian haleya haadugalu, mukhyavaagi 1970rahra dashakada antya mattu 1980rahra dashakada aarambhada haadugalu iddavu. gm gyaari meaks prakara, idu hattu varsagalalli avaru maadida atyanta janapriya sangeeta kaaryakramavaagide.
1990rahra dashakada madhyabhaagadalli, martensen avaru tamma efm sahodari doubleu. tii. oo. eff., 98.1 jote 2780 south arlington rasteyalli studiyogalige serikondu, studiyogalannu ferlaanninda sthalaantarisidaru. october 1996ralli, tradepupper christian research report (sii. aarr. aarr) varadiyu martensen eradoo kendragalannu selam samvahanagalige marata maduttiddane endu varadi maaditu. zoon 1997rahra modala vaaradalli, zoon 8randu somavaaradandu, sangeeta kaaryakramavu selamna spurtidaayaka upagraha vitaranaa svaroopagalalli ondaada "prashamseya pada" kke badalaaguttade endu ghooshisalaayitu. shukravara, zoon 5randu belagina kaaryakramada aatitheya brian mattu zaan avaru nudisida koneya haadu twilla paris avara "du aii trust yuu" aagittu.
1998ralli, salem avaru volo karyacharanegalannu tamma swatantrya soulabhyakke sthalaantarisidaru.
antimavagi sangeetada kaaryakramagalannu selemna "ghana suvaarte" daksina suvaarte svaroopakke badalaayisalaayitu, idu mattondu upagraha sangeetada svaroopavannu talupisitu.
2001rahra sharatkaaladalli, vaahini samvahanagalannu teravugolisalu volovannu marata maadalaayitu (idu 2014ralli ihartmedia aayitu). ee avadhiyalli station sankshiptavaagi bisi ac doubleukedidy annu prasara maaditu mattu zoon 2002 ralli tamma eradane tock formatt annu (ee baari syndicated tockers annu olagonda) alavadisikonditu.
2008rahra april 28randu, myaat patrick sthaliya madhyaahnada tock shovannu praarambhisidaru, nantara adhu tadaraatrige sthalaantaragonditu. patrick avarannu dablyukedidiyalli deerghaavadhiya belagina niroopaka endu kareyalaaguttittu, mattu avaru aaa patravannu madhyaahnada kaaryakramada jotege munduvarisidaru. 2009rahra decembernalli, patrick eradoo nildaanagalalli tamma kaaryakramagalannu toredaru. julai 2009ralli, volo efm radeo bandnalli, cyster station wrkuke (106.9 efm) yaya echdi2 (digital radeo) upa channel moolaka prasaaravannu praarambhisitu. september 12,2010 randu, idu nildaanada etch. dii. 2 signalnallina club fusion programming annu badalaayisuva itara sahodari station doubleu. keey. dii. dii. yaya etch. dii. 2 nalli prasara maadalu sthalaantaragonditu.
programming.
vlos tandavu sampoornavaagi syndicated aagide, idaralli "indu beligge, garden dealnondige americada modala suddi", "dhii brian killmade show", "dhii clay travis und buck sexton show" mattu "dhii seane hanity show", joy pags, jesse kelli, todd sknit mattu dave ramsi avaru ayojisida kaaryakramagalu serive. vaaraantyada arpanegalalli "inn dhii garden vith raan willson", "gyaari sullivan avarondige maneyalli", "leo laport dhii tech gai", "bill handell aun dhii laa", "sunday nait live vith bill cunningham", "ello art bell" mattu "coast tuu coast aum" naa vaaraantyada aavruttigalu serive.
volo akran gyps football mattu basketball vishvavidyaanilayada radeo home aagide, mattu akran rubbarducks baseball tanda, idu cleveland guardiansge aaa angasamstheyagide.
baahya samparkagalu.
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vooloo
toock radio formet vahikkunna ohaayoyile acronil licensulla oru vaanijya toock radio steshanaanu vooloo (raavile 640). hartmediayude udamasthathayilulla eee steshan, aakron, kantan metro pradeshangalkk abc nyoos radio, "clay travis aandu buck sekstan shhow", "seane haanitti shhow", aakron rubbardakkukal, aakron sippukal ennivayude praadeshika anubandhamaayi sevanam nalkunnu. voloyude studiyokal north kantonilum steshan traansmittar kopliyilumaanu sthithi cheiyunnathu. oru staanderd analog transmission purame, ihartradio vazhi oonlainil dablyuelo stream cheiyunnu.
charithram.
jayy.
mikka sarkkar niyanthranangalum thaalkkaalikamaayi nirtthivacha oru araajakathva kaalaghattatthilaanu steshan pravartthanam aarambhichath, puthiya steshanukal svanthamaayi traansmitting freekwansikal thiranjedukkunnathu ulppede kurachu niyanthranangalumaayi sthaapikkaan swaathanthryamundu. hotel hollandanil sthithicheyyunna cleveland radio broadcasting kambanikku 1927 januvari 5 nuu 688 kiloherts svayam-niyukta aavruthiyil prakshepanam cheyyaan ithu yadhaarthathil adhikaarappeduthiyirunnu.
federal radio kammeeshan (efrc) roopeekarichathiloode sarkkar niyanthranam punasthaapichathinethudar, puthiya regulatormaar 1927 meyy 3 muthal thaalkkaalika amgeekaarangalude oru parambara purappeduvichu, koodaathe dablyuje 680 kiloherts enna parambaraagatha aavruthiyilekku maari. pravartthanam thudaraan aagrahikkunnuvenkil, puthiya "pothuthaalpparyam, soukaryam allengil aavasyakatha" maanadandam paalikkunnundo ennu nirnnayikkunnathinulla aadyapadiyaayi 1928 januvari 15 nakam aupachaarika licenses apeksha phayal cheyyendathundennum steshanukale ariyichu. 1928 meyy 25 nuu efrc 32-aamm pothu utharavu purappeduvichu, athu jayy ulppede 164 steshanukale ariyichu, "bhaaviyile licencinaayulla ningalude apekshayude parisodhanayil athu nalkunnathiloode pothuthaalpparyamo soukaryamo aavashyamo niravettappedumennu kandethunnilla."ennirunnaalum, licensullathaayi thudaranamennu steshan kammeeshane vijayakaramaayi bodhyappedutthi.
1928 november 11 nuu, general oordar 40 nadappaakkiyathinte falamaayundaaya punasamghadanayude bhaagamaayi efrc steshan traansmitting freekwansikalude oru pradhana punarvinyaasam nadappaakki. eee freekwansi dablyuechkeyumaayi pankidunna 1390 kegahertsylake dablyuja niyogichu.
vii. sii.
1936 october 30nuu clevelandile dablyuechke udamasthathayilulla yunaittad broadcasting aanu dablyuja vaangiyath. puthiya udamakal jayude kooll saine doublucle aayi maatti.
1941 augustil federal communications kammeeshan (eph. sii. sii) oru nagaratthil onniladhikam radio steshanukal pravarthippikkunnathil ninnu licensukaare niyanthricha oru "erattakuthaka" niyamam sweekarichu. eee samayat, kolambasile dablyuechkisikku purame, yunaittad broadcastinginu clevelandile doublucle, doubleuechsy ennee rund steshanukalum undaayirunnu. cleveland steshanukalilonnu upekshikkendivarunnathu ozhivakkaanulla vijayakaramaya padhathiyude bhaagamaayi, yunaittad doublucle, thudarnnu 610 kegaherts, 640 kegaherts dablyuechkesi ennivaykkidayil oru freekwansi swaapp krameekarichu.
vii. keey.
erattakuttappullikale niyanthranangalkk anusrithamaayi, dablyu. cley clevelandil ninnu akronilekku maatti, avide athinte kooll saine 1945 februvari 25 nuu dablyu. echu. keey. keey. yilekkum athinte aavruthi 640 keey. echu. asilekkum maatti. ithu kolambasile dablyuechkisi (munbu dablyubavum vyuvum) 640 ll ninnu 610 kilohartsilekku neengaan saadhyamaakki.
1950kalil, peett "maadu daddy" maiyarsinte neethrthwathilulla roock aandu roll prakshepanam cheiyunna steshanukalil dablyuechke munpanthiyilaayirunnu. roock aandu rolinte kathaykku mayers nalkia sambhaavanakale alan freed polulla mattu ariyappedunna djs marachuvechittundu. 1957ll dablyuechkeyil addeham thante currier aarambikkukayum vadakkukizhakkan mekhalayile ettavum savisheshamaaya dijeyimaaril oralaayi addeham valarukayum cheythu. bhranthanaaya achhan enna nilayil, addehathinu oru bhranthanum drutha-thee padartthalum poornnamaayum kavithayil avatharippikkappettu. roock aandu rollinteyum rhythm aandu bluesinteyum oru saaragraaheemaaya misritham vaayikkunna addeham, "vevi gravy", "mello jello" thudangiya padangal innum upayogikkunnu. 1958 januvariyode addeham clevelandile dablyu. jeey. dablyu radioyilekku maari, athu addeham aaa varsham juunil upekshichu. 1958 august vare thante dablyu. jeey. dablyu karar prakaram sampreshanam cheyyaathathinu sesham, addeham clevelandile dablyu. echu. keey. yilek maari, avide addeham thante janapreethiyude unnathiyilethi, record hoppukal hosttucheythu, dracula vasthradhaaranam dharichu ardharaathrikku sheshamulla thalsamaya shokal nadatthi.
voo.
1960 januvari 18nuu kuranja dial sthaanam kaaranam "haloo radio" prathifalippichukondu whklo aayi maari. aii-eiii clear chaanal signal keey. eph. aii. kku vendi loss enchals sooryaasthamaya samayat saine oof cheyyendivanna eee steshan varshangalolam oru "day timeraayi" pravartthikkunnathu thudarnnu. ithinartham shaithyakaalath ratri 7.30 munny vareyum chila venal maasangalil ratri 11:00 vareyum dablyuelo nilanilkkum ennaanu. varshangalkkusesham rathrisamaya sevanam labhikkaan saadyathayullathinaal, avarude 5,000 pakal signalinu pakaram 500 vaatt mathramaayirikkum ithu. dhii good gaze" ennariyappedunna disk jokkikal ulkkollunna oru janapriya topp-40 formet sampreshanam cheytha sesham, 1970 kalude madhyathil vaarthakal/toock radioyilekku thirinju. appozhekkum, steshan kantonile dablyu. enn. aii. enn.-eph. emm ettedutha suskwehanna radio korppareshante udamasthathayilaayi, eee prakriyayil eph. emm. steshante kooll saine dablyu. ell. kyu. aayi maatti.
nick aanthani (ippol rubber sitti radioyile executive), steevu peeranki (pinneedu dablyutiviennil), steevu fullerton (pinneedu onniladhikam cleveland steshanukalil), roonn vereb (innu doubleukbn "roonn kriya" aayi), liie "haxav" haamilttan (innu saan diegoyile sepressil kelkkunnu) enniva voloyude aadya prabhaashana avathaarathile chila vyakthithvangalil ulppedunnu.
oru muzhuvan warta formaattilum oru hraswa sramathinu sesham, 1987 ll mortenson prakshepanam oru mathaparamaya formattilekku maattunnathuvare vooloo "middle oof dhii rooad" samgeetham prakshepanam cheythu. eee "middle oof dhii rooad" formet 1940,1950,1960 kalile valia baandinteyum baaladukaludeyum mishrithamaayirunnu. appol tyoon cheiyunna srothaakkal doonn dempsy inn morning drive, toom jolif, norm maariyat, brooks morttan, kriss daniels aisher, brad davis thudangiyavare kelkkumaayirunnu. warta vibhaagathil kristti gibbs, joou shaheen, doonn oolsan ennivar undaayirunnu. vaaraanthyangalil dick vaco shhow ulppedeyulla prathyeka paripaadikal undaayirunnu.
1987-nte thudakkathil mortenson broadcasting vaangiyathin sesham, ruzz taff, twila paarees, aami graant, dhii imperials, vaitt hart, phil keegi thudangi niravadhi pradhana kalakaaranmaare ulkkollunna "samakaalika kristhyan" samgeetham steshan prograaming aarambhichu. gaari meaks patthu varshathilere general maanejarayi sevanamanushtichu. mortenson steshane "laitt" ennu tagg cheythu. aam steeriyo" yill steshan prakshepanam cheiyunnu. am steeriyo take oof cheyyaathathinaal, athinekkurichulla oonn eyar referenceukalaanu kooduthalum upekshikkappettath. 1996leeii venalkkaala prograam guide ippozhum steshane "dablyuelo 640 am steeriyo" ennu paraamarshichu. benn birdsong, bryan brooks, eddu boostik, jeff dunn, david piers, daan poppu, jaann vaatsan, eric hogg, brad englandu enniva varshangalolam eyar prathibhakalil chilathaayirunnu. oro njayarazhchayum joonn reverse enna aathidheyarumaayi "20 dhii kauntdaun magazin" steshan sampreshanam cheythu. dablyujedablyu-tvyil (phoox 8) ninnulla kalavastha shaasthranjanaaya andrey bernier 1994 muthal 1997 leeii prograaming maattam vare thalsamaya kaalavastha nalki. jaann vaatsan kantoninte dablyuenpiki 95.9 efmilekku maari, ithu dablyuelo pole "laitt" ennu brand cheyyappettu. 2022 nte thudakkathil educational media foundeshan steshan vaangunnathuvare avar avide sevanamanushtichu.
pravrithidivasangalude 20 sathamaanavum block prograaminginaayi neekkivachirunnu. raavile 9 munny muthal.emm. oppam uchaykku 1 munny.emm. kudumbatthil (jaims dobson), sparshanathil (chaals staanli), baibil (jeey. vernon mcgee), koodaathe mattu niravadhi. 1995ll raavile 8:30nuu trooth phoor life (alastair begg) chertthu.emm., prabhatha shhow 30 minitt hraswamaakkunnu. shaniyazhchayum njayarazhchayum raavile vividha deseeya, praadeshika manthraalayangalil ninnulla paid block prograamukalum ulppedunnu. oru manikkoor dairkhyamulla praadeshikamaayi nirmmicha toock shhow 1990 kalude thudakkathil oru samayathekku pravrithidivasangalil vaikunnerangalil sampreshanam cheythu.
eee prathibha niravadhi vishishta sangeetha paripaadikal nirmmichu. 1989-ll brad englandu kristhyan rokkine kendreekarichulla "soolid roock" enna shhow aathidheyathvam vahikkaan thudangi, athu 10:00 p-ll ninnu sampreshanam cheythu.shaniyazhchakalil ardharaathri vare emm. pinneedu ithine "house party" ennu vilikkukayum joonn haassett aathidheyathvam vahikkukayum cheythu. 1996-ll, bryan brooks "classic uchabhakshanam" hostucheyyaan thudangi, athil akkaalat samakaalika kristhyan vrudharaayirunna ganangal, pradhaanamaayum 1970 kalude avasaanathilum 1980 kalude thudakkathilum undaayirunnu. gm gaari meeksinte abhipraayathil, patthu varshathinide avar nadatthiya ettavum janapriyamaaya sangeetha paripaadiyaayirunnu ithu.
1990 kalude madhyathil mortenson fairlonil ninnu studiyokal maatti, 2780 southu arlington roadle avarude efm sahodari dablyu. tii. oo. eph 98.1-noppam studiyokalil chernnu. 1996 octoberil, mortenson rund steshanukalum salem communicationukalkku vilkkukayaanennu trade paper kristhyan research report (crr) report cheythu. 1997 juun aadya aazhchayil praabalyatthil varunna thinkalaazhcha, juun 8, sangeetha prograaming saleminte prachodanaathmaka upagraha vitharanam cheytha formaattukalilonnaaya "prasamsayil vaakk" aayi maarumennu prakhyaapichu. juun 5 velliyaazhcha prabhatha shhow avatharakaraaya brian jaanum avasaanamaayi aalapicha gaanam twila paareesinte "duu aii trastt yuu" aayirunnu.
1998ll salem dablyuechoyude pravartthanangal avarude swaathanthrya kendrathilekku maatti.
oduvil sangeetha paripadi saleminte "soolid gospel" thekkan gospel formattilekku maatti, mattoru upagraham sangeetha formet nalki.
2001 avasaanathode, vooloo clear chaanal communicationukalkku vittu (ithu 2014 ll ihartmediayaayi maari). eee kaalayalavil steshan hrasvamaayi hoott essy dablyu. keey. dii. dii. orepole prakshepanam cheyyukayum 2002 juunil avarude randaamathe toock formet (ithavana syndicated tokkarmare avatharippikkunnu) sweekarikkukayum cheythu.
2008 epril 28 nuu maatt patrick oru praadeshika uchakazhinjulla toock shhow aarambhichu, athu pinneedu athiraavile maatti. dablyu. keey. dii. diyile deerghakaala prabhatha avatharakanaayi patrick ariyappedukayum dablyu. echu. oo. yile uchakazhinju nadanna paripaadiyodoppam aaa vesham thudarukayum cheythu. 2009 desemberil patrick rund steshanukalileyum paripaadikal upekshichu. 2009 joolaiyil, sahodari steshanaaya dablyuaarkekeyude (106.9 efm) echdi2 (digital radio) sub chaanal vazhi efm radio bandle dablyuelo oresamayam prakshepanam cheyyaan thudangi. 2010 septambar 12 nuu, steshante echdi2 signalile club fusion prograaminginu pakaram mattu sisttar steshan dablyu. keey. dii. diyude echdi2-ll prakshepanam cheiyunnathilekku maari.
prograaming.
joou pags, jessy kellie, tooad sknitt, dave ramse ennivar aathidheyathvam vahikkunna paripaadikalodoppam "innu raavile, gorden dealinoppam amerikkayile aadyathe vaartha", "brian kilmead shhow", "dhii clay travis aandu buck sekstan shhow", "dhii seane haanitti shhow" enniva ulppede voloyude lineup poornnamaayum syndicated aanu. vaaranthya oofarukalil "inn dhaa garden vithu roonn vilson", "ettu hoome vithu gaari sullivan", "lioo laporte dhaa tech gaii", "bill handell oonn dhaa loow", "sanday naitt live vithu bill kanham", "evideyengilum art bell", "koost tuu koost aam" ennivayude vaaranthya pathippukal enniva ulppedunnu.
akron sips football, basketball sarvakalashaala ennivayude radio hoome aanu vooloo, koodaathe cleveland guardianmaarude anubandha sthaapanamaaya akron rubbardux baseball teamaanu.
baahya linkukal.
| vlo
vlo (sakali 640) heey eka vyavsayik charcha redio station aahe, jeey acron, ohayola parwana dilele aahe, jeey charcha redio swaroop dharan karate. ihartmediachya malakiche heey sthanak abc news redio, 'clay travis andd buck sexton shhow', 'daad seane hannity shhow', 'daad acron rubberdox' aanee 'acron zips' sathee sthanik sanlagn mhanoon acron aanee canton metro kshetranna seva dete. vhloche studio uttar cantonmadhye aahet, tarr station transmitter kopalimadhye aahe. manak analogue prasaranavyatirikt, vlo ihartradiodware online pravahit hote.
itihas.
jaya.
bahutek sarkari niyam sthagit karnyat aale hote, tevha tyanchya swatachya prasaran varanvarta nivadanyasah kahee nirbandhansah naveen sthanke swatantrapane ubharali jaau shakali hotee, asha arajak kalat yaa sthanakache kaam suru jhaale. 5 janewari 1927 roji hottel hollendon yethe sthit cleveland redio prasaran companyla aanee 688 kilohertzchya swayam-niyukt varanvartevar prasarit karnyasathi, doubleu. jeey. aii. mhanoon, teey adhikrut hote.
federal redio commissionchya (eff. aar. see.) sthapanedvare sarkari niyantranachi punarsthapana jhalyanantar, naveen niyamkankadun 3 meey 1927 pasoon tatpuratya adhikrutatechi malika jaaree karnyat aalee, jyat doubleu. jeey. vaay. 680 keey. etch. zed. chya adhik paramparik varanvartekade valale. kendranna asehi sanganyat aale qee jarr tyanna kaam suru thevayache asel tarr tyanna 15 janewari 1928 paryant aupcharik parvanyacha arj dakhal karava lagel, heey teey naveen "sarvajanik heet, suvidha kinwa aavashyakta" manakanchi purtata karatat qee nahee heey tharvinyache pahile paul aahe. 25 meey 1928 roji eff. aar. see. neey samanya aadesh 32 jaaree keela, jyamadhye doubleu. jeey. vaay. saha 164 sthanke adhisuchit kelee gelee, qee "bhavishyatil parvanyasathichya tumchya arjachya tapasanitun asey disun yet nahee qee teey manjur kelyane sarvajanik heet, suvidha kinwa aavashyakta purn hoil."tathapi, sthanakane aayogala yashasviritya patvoon dile qee too parvanadharak rahila pahije.
11 november 1928 roji, eff. aar. see. neey samanya aadesh 40 chya amalbajavanimule jhalelya punarrachanecha eka bhag mhanoon, station transmitting frequencyche mothe punarvitaran lagoo kele. doubleu. jeey. vaay. laa 1390 keey. etch. zed. varr niyukt karnyat aale, hii frequency doubleu. etch. keey. saha samayik kelee gelee.
doubleu. see. ell.
doubleu. jeey. jaya 30 aktoobar 1936 roji united broadcastingne vikat ghetale, jyachi clevelandmadhil doubleu. etch. keey. chee malkihi hotee. naveen malakanni jayache coll chinh badaloon doubleu. see. ell. kele.
august 1941 madhye federal communication kamishanane (eff. see. see.) eka 'duheri' niyam swikarla, jyane parvanadharkanna shaharat ekapeksha jaast redio station chalavanyavar bandee ghatali. yaa velee, united broadcastingkade clevelandmadhye doubleu. etch. keey. see. vyatirikt doubleu. see. ell. aanee doubleu. etch. keey. yaa done sthanakanchi malki hotee. tyachya cleveland sthanakanpaiki eka sodane talhanyasathi yashasvi yojanecha eka bhag mhanoon, unitedne doubleu. see. ell., nantar 610 keey. etch. zed. aanee doubleu. etch. keey. see. madhye 640 keey. etch. zed. darmyan varanvarta adlabadal karanyachi vyavastha kelee.
vhik.
duheri ekadhikar nirbandhanche palan karnyasathi, doubleu. see. ell. clevelandhoon acronmadhye halavanyat aale, jithe 25 februwari 1945 roji tyache coll chinh doubleu. etch. keey. keey. madhye badalanyat aale aanee tyachi varanvarta 640 keey. etch. zed. karnyat aalee. yamule kolambasmadhil doubleu. etch. keey. see. (purvi doubleu. bii. aii. vhee. aanee veyu) sathee 640 pasoon 610 keey. etch. zed. paryant jaane shakya jhaale.
1950 chya dashakat, vhee. etch. keey. keey. heey piit "madd daddy" myers yanchya netrutvakhali rock andd roll prasarit prasarit kendranmadhye aaghadivar hote. rock andd rolchya katheteel myerschya yogdanacha prabhav alaan friid sarkhya itar prasiddha digene jhakala aahe. 1957 madhye tyanni doubleu. etch. keey. keey. yethe aaplya karkirdichi suruvat kelee aanee teey ishanyekadil sarvat vishisht djpacky eka mhanoon vikasit jhaale. vede baba mhanoon, tyachyakade eka unmatt, jalad-agni patpat hota joou purnapane prasbaddh hota. rock andd roll aanee ridam andd bluesche sargrahi mishran vajavat, tyanni aajahi vaparlya jaanarya vakye tayar kelee, jase qee 'wavy gravy' aanee 'melo jello'. janewari 1958 paryant teey clevelandmadhil doubleu. jeey. doubleu. rediokade valale, jeey tyanni tyaa varshi junmadhye lagech sodale. doubleu. jeey. doubleu. kararanusar august 1958 paryant prasarapasoon door rahilyanantar, tyane clevelandmadhye doubleu. etch. keey. kadey valale, jithe too tyachya lokpriyatechya shikharavar pohochala, reecord hops hoost karat aanee dracula veshbhusha paridhan karoon madhyaratrinantarche thet karyakram aayojit karat hota.
vlo.
doubleu. etch. keey. keey. 18 janewari 1960 roji vlo jhaale, jeey tyachya qamee dial sthitimule 'hallow redio' pratibimbit karate. aay-aii clear channell signal keey. eff. aay. sathee losses angelischya suryastachya velee sine auph karave lagalyane heey sthanak anek varshe 'day-timer' mhanoon kaam karat rahile. yacha arth assa qee hivalyat sandhyakali 7.30 chya sumaras aanee unhalyachya kahee mahinyant ratri 11:00 paryant doubleu. etch. oo. chaloo raheel. anek varshannantar ratrichi seva vlola milel, parantu tyanchya divasachya 5,000 signalchya ulat tee fakt 500 whatswar asel. daad good guys' mhanoon olakhalya olakhalya disk jockycha samavesh asalelya lokpriy top-40 swarupache prasaran kelyanantar, 1970 chya dashakachya madhyat, vlone batamya/charcha rediokade valale. toparyant, heey sthanak suskehanna redio corporation malkikhali aale, jyane cantonmadhil wnn-fm vikat ghetale hote, aanee yaa prakriyet fm stationche coll chinh badaloon doubleu. ell. kyu. kele hote.
vhlochya pahilya bhashan avtaratil kahee vyaktinmadhye nick anthany (aata rubber ciity rediomadhye karyakari), steve cannon (nantar doubleu. tii. vhee. aine. madhye), steve fullerton (nantar anek cleveland sthankanvar), ronn vereb (aaj doubleu. keey. bii. aine. laa "ronn kriyapad" mhanoon) aanee lii "haxo" hamilton (aaj sann diyegomadhil zeppersver aikalele) yancha samavesh aahe.
serve-batmyanchya swarupatil sankshipt prayatnannantar, vlone 1987 madhye mortension prasaranane teey dharmik swarupat badallyashivay 'miid auph daad road' sangeet prasarit kele. heey 'miid auph daad road' swaroop 1940,1950 aanee 1960 chya dashkatil mothya band aanee gathanche mishran hote. tyaveli aavaj aavaj shrotyanni morning drivemadhil donn dempsy, tomm jolif, norm marriott, brooks morton, criss "daniels" eisher aanee brad davis hyanche gaane aikale asel. khristi gibbs, joou shaheen aanee donn olson heey vrutt vibhagat hote. aathvadyachya shevati dick vaco shosah vishesh karyakram asat.
1987 chya suruvatila mortensonne kharedi kelyanantar, yaa sthanakane 'samkalin khrishchan' sangitache karyakram suru kele, jyat rus taaf, twilla parris, emee grant, daad imperials, white haart, phil keegi aanee itar anek pramukh kalakarancha samavesh hota. garry meaks yanni daha varshanhun adhik kaal mahavyavasthapak mhanoon kaam kele. mortensonne sthankala 'daad light' asey tagg kele. station "emm styrio" madhye prasarit hote. kaaran mea styrio take auph keela nahee, tyache aun air sandarbh bahutek vela sodale gele. 1996 chya unhali karyakram margdarshakane ajunahi yaa sthankala "vlo 640 aii. emm. styrio" asey sambodhale aahe. gelya kahee varshant kahee havai pratibhanmadhye baine birdsong, bryan brooks, edd bostic, jeff dunn, david piers, danne popp, zaan watson, erich hogg aanee brad ingland yancha samavesh hota. yaa sthanakane pratyek ravivari yazman johnn reverses '20 daad countdown magazin' prasarit kele. doubleu. jeey. doubleu.-tv (fox 8) madheel havamanshastradnya andrey bernier yanni 1994 pasoon 1997 madhye karyakram badalnyaparyant thet hawaman pradan kele. johnn watson cantonchya doubleu. aine. pii. kyu. 95.9 eff. emm. kadey gela, jyala vhlopramanech 'prakash' mhanoon chinhankit kele gele. 2022 chya suruvatila shaikshanik madhyam sansthene heey sthanak vikat gheiparyant tine tethe kaam kele.
aathvadyache sumare 20 takke divas block programingsathi samarpit hote. sakali 9 vajanyachya darmyan.emm. aanee dupari 1.emm. yaa sthanakane kutumbavar (james dobson), samparkat (charles stanly), bayabaldware (jeey. vernon mcgui) aanee itar anek. 1995 madhye sakali 8h30 vajata 'trooth phaur life' (elistyre begg) jodanyat aale.emm.sakalcha karyakram 30 minitanni qamee qaraa. shaniwar aanee ravivar sakali vividh rashtriy aanee sthanik mantralayanchya sashulk gut karyakramanchahi samavesh hota. sthanik patalivar tayar kelela eka taas chalanara charcha karyakram 1990 chya dashakachya suruvatila kahee kalasathi aathvadyachya sandhyakali prasarit jhaala.
yaa pratibhanni anek vishisht sangeet karyakram tayar kele. 1989 madhye, brad englandne khristi rockver laksh kendrit karnara 'solid rock' navacha karyakram aayojit karnyas suruvat kelee, joou 10:00 pii. pasoon prasarit jhaala.mea shaniwari madhyaratriparyant. nantar tyala 'haus party' asey sambodhale gele aanee johnn hassetne tyache aayojan kele. 1996 madhye, bryan brookney 'abhijat duparche jevan' aayojit karnyas suruvat kelee, jyat tyaa velee samkalin khrishchan vruddha asaleli ganee hotee, pramukhyane 1970 chya dashakachya uttaradhat aanee 1980 chya dashakachya suruvatipasun. jee. emm. garry meakschya matey, tyanni gelya daha varshant kelela haah sarvat lokpriy sangeet karyakram hota.
1990 chya dashakachya madhyat kadhikadhi mortensonne fairlonmadhun studio halavale, 2780 dakshin arlington rodvar tyanchi eff. emm. baheen doubleu. tii. oo. eff. 98.1 saha studiomadhye sameel jhaale. aktoobar 1996 madhye, khristi sanshodhan ahwal (see. aar. aar.) yaa vyaparpatrikene nondavale qee mortensen donhi kendre salem communicationsla vikat hote. juuna 1997 chya pahilya aathvadyat ghoshana karnyat aalee qee prabhavi somwar, juuna 8, sangeet karyakram salemchya preranadayi upgrah vitarit swarupanpaiki eka, 'stutee shabd' madhye badalel. morning shoche sutrasanchalak bryan aanee zaan yanni shukravari, 5 juuna roji vajavalele shevatche gaane, twilla parisache 'duu aay trust yuu' hote.
1998 madhye salemne vhlochya karyanna tyanchya swatantrya suvidhet sthalantarit kele.
akheris sangeet karyakram salemchya 'solid gospel' dakshini gospel swarupat badalanyat aala, joou aanakhi eka upgrah sangeet swaroop pradan karato.
2001 chya akheris, vlo heey vahinyanmadhil sampreshanachya marganna (jeey 2014 madhye ihartmedia banale) vikale gele. yaa kalavadhit stationane sankshiptapane hott essie doubleu. keey. dii. dii. chey prasaran kele aanee juuna 2002 madhye tyanche dusare charcha swaroop (yaveli syndicated vakte asalele) sweekarle.
28 april 2008 roji matt patrickne sthanik usheera-duparcha charcha karyakram suru keela, joou nantar usheera sakali jhaala. patrickla doubleu. keey. dii. dii. yethe sakalche dirghkalche sutrasanchalak mhanoon olakhale jaat asey aanee tyane vloveryl duparchya shosah tee bhoomika chaloo thewali. december 2009 madhye, patrickne donhi sthankanvarche tyache karyakram sodale. julai 2009 madhye, vlone fm redio bandwar, cyster station wrkuke (106.9 fm) chya chya (digital redio) upavahinidvare ekach velee prasaran karnyas suruvat kelee. 12 september 2010 roji, teey teey sahyogi station doubleu. keey. dii. dii. chya etch. dii. 2. varr prasaran karnyasathi stationchya etch. dii. 2. signalvaril club fusion programingchya jaagi halale.
programming.
vlochi malika purnapane syndicated aahe, jyat 'aaj sakal, amerikechi pahili batami v gorden deal', 'daad bryan kilmed shhow', 'daad clay travis andd buck sexton shhow' aanee 'daad seane hannity shhow', joou pags, jessy kelee, todd snit aanee dave ramsey yanni aayojit kelelya karyakramansah samavisht aahe. saptahantatil bhetvastunmadhye 'inn daad garden with ronn willson', 'garry sulivansobat gharee', 'lio laporte daad take gaay', 'biil handle aun daad low', 'ravivarchi ratra biil conninghamsobat thet', 'kuthetari velevar aart bail' aanee 'coast too coast emm' chya saptahant aavrutyancha samavesh aahe.
doubleu. etch. oo. heey akron zips football aanee basketball vidyapith aanee clevelandchya palkansathi aa sanlagn asalelya akron rubberdox baseball sangh yaa donhisathi redio ghar aahe.
bahya duve.
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waho
whlo (bihan 640 baje) ek wyawasayik tuck radio station how june akron, ohayoma ijajatpatra prapta chha, jasle tuck radio dhancha bokchha. ihartmediako swamitwama raheko yass stationle abc news radio, "clay travis anned buck sexton show", "da sayne hanity show", da acron roberdox rar acron jipska lagi sthaniya sambadhako rupma acron rar canton metro kshetraharu duwailai sewa dinchha. whloka studiyoharu uttari cantonma awasthit chhan, jabki station transmitter koplima rakhieko chha. manak analog prasaranko atirikta, whlo ihartradio marfat unline streamharu.
itihas.
jaya.
dheraijaso sarkari niyamharu nilamban garieko bela nayan stationharu afnai prasaran awrittiharu chhanauta garne sahit kehi pratibandhaharusanga sthapana garna swatantra bhaeko awyawasthit awadhima stationle sanchalan suru गऱ्यो।. yo muel rupma adhikrit thiyo, janawari 5,1927 maa, hotel hollendenma awasthit cleveland radio prasaran companylai, rar 688 kilohertzko swa-tokieko frequencyma prasaran garne.
sanghiya radio ayog (frc) ko gathandwara sarkari niyantranko punah sthapana pachhi, nayan niyamakharule 3 mey 1927 dekhi asthayi pradhikaranharuko ek shringkhala jaari gare, jasma wjay 680 kilohertzko paramparagat awrittima sario. stationharulai yo pani suchit gariyo kii yadi tiniharu sanchalan jaari rakhna chahanchhan bhane, tiniharule nayan "sarvajanik hita, suwidha, wa awashyakta" manak pura gare kii bhanera nirdharan garne pahilo charanko rupma janawari 15,1928 samma aupacharik ijajatpatra avedan file garna awashyak chha. 25 mey 1928 maa, frcle samanya adesh 32 jaari garyo, jasle wjay sahit 164 stationharulai suchit garyo, kii "bhawishyako ijajatpatraka lagi tapainko awedanko janchbata yasale sarvajanik hita, suwidha, wa awashyakta pradan garera sewa pradan garine chhaina."yadyapi, stationle safalatapurwak ayoglai yo ijajatpatra rahanuparchha bhanera wishwasta banayo.
november 11,1928 maa, frcle samanya arder 40 ko karyanwayanko parinamswarup punargathanko bhagko rupma station prasaran frequencyko pramukh punah vibhajan lagu garyo. wjelai 1390 khjdma tokieko thiyo, yo frequencylai dabluechkesanga sajhedari gardai.
Wcle.
wjay october 30,1936 maa united broadcastingdwara kharid garieko thiyo, jasko swamitwa pani clevelandma whke thiyo. nayan malikharule jayako cull sainlai dabluklama pariwartan gare.
august 1941 maa sanghiya sanchar ayog (fcc) ley "ekadhikar" niyam apanaeko thiyo, jasle ijajatpatra praptakartaharulai saharma ekbhanda badhi radio station sanchalan garna pratibandha lagaeko thiyo. yass samayama, united broadcasting kolambasma dabluechsisisang sathai cleveland, dablukle rar dabluechakema dui stationharuko swamitwama thiyo. yasako euta cleveland stationlai chhodnabata bachnako lagi safal yojanako ek bhagko rupma, unitedle dabluklel, tyasapachhi 610 khjd, rar 640 khjdma dabluechkesi beach frequency swyapko wyawastha garyo.
wah.
duopoli pratibandhaharu anurup huna, dabluklelai clevelandbata akronma sario, jahaan yasako cull sine february 25,1945 maa dabluechkekema pariwartan garieko thiyo, rar yasako awritti 640 khjdma pariwartan garieko thiyo. yasale badalama kolambasma whkc (pahile wbabh rar waiyu) lai 640 dekhi 610 khjdma sarna sambhawa banayo.
sann 1950 ko dashakma, wheck ruck anned roll prasaran garne stationharuma sabaibhanda agadi thiyo, jasko netritwa pite "pagal dady" myersley gareka thie. ruck anned rolko kathama myersko yogadanlai anya prasidha djeharu jastai alan friedle chhaeko chha. unle sann 1957 maa whekma afno currier suru gare, rar uni uttarpurwako sabaibhanda wishishta djeharu madhye ekka rupma wiksit bhae. pagal babuko rupma, unisanga ek unmadi, druta-fire patter thiyo june purna rupma tukbandima witarit garieko thiyo. ruck anned roll rar rhythm anned bluezko sargrahi mishran bajaundai, unle az pani prayog hune wakyanshharu, jastai "vebhi grebhi" rar "melo jello", sirjana gare. janawari 1958 sammama uni clevelandko wsadablu radioma gae, june unle turuntai tyas warshako junema chhode. afno wsadablu samjhautako awashyakta anusar august 1958 samma prasaranbata tadha rahepachhi, uni wheck inn clevelandma gae, jahaan uni record hapsako ayojana gardai rar drakula poshakma pratyaksha madhyaratko karyakramharu ayojit gardai afno lokapriyatako shikharma puge.
wah.
wheck janawari 18,1960 maa whlo banyo, yasako cum dial sthitika karan "helo radio" pratibimbit gardai. stationle dherai warshasamma "detimer" ko rupma kaam garna jaari rakhyo, lus angelesko suryastama aie-ae clear channel signal kfika lagi sine aff garnuparyo. yasako artha yo how kii jadoma sanjha 7ah30 bajetira rar garmika kehi mahinaharuma 11:00 bajesamma dhilo hune chha. dherai warshapachhi whlole ratko samayama sewa prapta garnechha, tara yo uniharuko 5,000 dinko sanketko viparit 500 watma matra hunechha. da good kej" bhanera chinine disk jakiharu bhaeko lokpriya shirsha-40 dhancha prasaran garepachhi, 1970 ko dashakko madhyama samachar/tuck radioma parinat bhayo. tyatinjelsamma, station suskuhanna radio karporesanko swamitwama ayo, jasle cantonma wnin-fm adhigrahan gareko thiyo, yass prakriyama fm stationko cull sainlai wlkuma pariwartan gareko thiyo.
whloko pahilo warta awatarma kehi wyaktitwaharuma nick anthony (ahile robber city radioma karyakari), steve cannon (pachhi dablutibhienma), steve fullerton (pachhi dherai cleveland stationharuma), runn bherab (az wkbnlai "runn kriyapad" ko rupma), rar lea "haxave" hamilton (az saan diagoma xeprsma suneka chhan) samawesh chhan.
sabai-samachar dhanchama chhoto prayas pachhi, whlole "midd aff da road" sangit prasaran garyo jabasamma kii mortension prasaranle yasalai 1987 maa dharmik dhanchama pariwartan garena. yo "midd aff da road" dhancha 1940,1950 rar 1960 ko dashaka thula banned rar gathaharuko mishran thiyo. tyasabela tuning garne shrotaharule dunn dempsy inn merning drive, tom jolief, narma mariot, brooks morton, criss "daniels" aysher rar brad devis jasta kuraharu suneka hunechhan. samachar vibhagma christy gibbs, jo sahin rar dunn olson thie. saptahantama dick wako sosahit vishesh karyakramharu thie.
sann 1987 ko pahilo patak mortension prasarandwara kharid garepachhi, stationle rus taff, twilla peris, ammy grant, imperial, white hart, fill kegi rar anya dherai jasta mukhya kalakarharu samawesh gardai "samakalin isai" sangitko karyakram suru garyo. gyari mixle das warshabhanda badhi samaya mahaprabandhakko rupma sewa gare. mortensionle stationlai "da light" tagg gare. stationle "emm stereo" maa prasaran gardacha. kinbhane mahm stereole tech aff garena, yasako prasaran sandarbhaharu prayaha drop garieko thiyo. grishma 1996 karyakram guidele ajhai pani stationlai "whlo 640 am stereo" ko rupma sandarbha gareko chha. warshaundekhi kehi air pratibhaharuma bayne birdsong, bryan brooks, aid bostic, jeff dunn, devid pears, daan pup, zahn watson, erich hog rar brad england samawesh thie. stationle pratyek aitbar host john nadiharusanga "20 da countdown magjin" prasaran गऱ्यो।. wsadablu-tivi (fucks 8) kaa mausamvid andrey bernierle sann 1994 dekhi sann 1997 maa karyakram pariwartan nabhaesamma pratyaksha mausam pradan gare. zahn watson cantonko wnpku 95.9 fmma sareka thie, june, whlo jastai, "prakash" ko rupma brand garieko thiyo. sann 2022 ko suruma shaikshik midia foundationle station kharid nagaresamma unle tyahan sewa garin.
karyadiwasko lagbhag 20 pratishat karyakram awaruddha garna samarpit thiyo. 9 bajetira.emm. anie diunso 1 baje.emm. stationle pariwar (james dobson), samparkama (charles stanly), bible (jey) marfat kendrit bhaeka prayaha rashtriya rupma chinine isai shikshan karyakramharu prasaran गऱ्यो।. wernan makgi), rar anya dherai. sann 1995 maa, satyaka lagi jiwan (alastair begg) bihan 8ah30 maa thapieko thiyo.emm., bihanko karyakram 30 minetle chhoto parnuhos. shanibar rar aitwar bihan vibhinna rashtriya rar sthaniya mantralayaharubata bhuktan block karyakramharu pani samawesh thie. ek ghanta lamo sthaniya rupma nirmit tuck soe sann 1990 ko dashakko suruma kehi samayaka lagi haptako sanjha prasarit bhayo.
pratibhale dherai wishishta sangit karyakramharu nirman gare. sann 1989 maa, brad englandle "solid ruck" namak christian rakma kendrit euta karyakram host garna thalyo june 10:00 p batt prasarit bhayo.shanibar madhyaratsamma emm. pachhi yasalai "house party" bhaninthyo rar john hassetdwara ayojana garieko thiyo. sann 1996 maa, bryan brookharule "classic lunch" ko ayojana garna thale, jasma tyas samayaka samakalin isai wridhaharu thie, mukhyataya 1970 ko dashakko antya rar 1980 ko dashakko suruwatka githaru samawesh thie. gm gyari mikska anusar yo uniharule das warshama gareko sabaibhanda lokpriya sangit karyakram thiyo.
sann 1990 ko dashakko madhyama mortensionle fairlonbata studiyoharu sthanantaran gare, 2780 south arlington roadma 98.1 maa uniharuko fm bahini, wtofsanga studioma samel bhae. october 1996 maa, trade paper christian research report (crr) ley mortensionle selam sancharka lagi duwai stationharu bechdai gareko report garyo. june 1997 ko pahilo haptama ghoshana garieko thiyo kii sombar, june 8, sangit karyakram salemko preranadayi upagraha deliver garieko dhanchaharu madhye ekma pariwartan hunechha, "prashansama shabda". shukrabar, june 5 maa bihanko karyakram host bryan rar janle bajaeko antim geet twilla perisko "du aie trust yu" thiyo.
sann 1998 maa, salemle whloko sanchalanlai uniharuko swatantrata suwidhama sthanantaran gare.
antatah sangit karyakramlai salemko "thosa susamachar" dakshini susamachar dhanchama pariwartan gariyo, arko upagrahale sangit dhancha pradan garyo.
sann 2001 ko antyama, whlolai channel sancharharu safa garna bechieko thiyo (june sann 2014 maa hartmedia banne thiyo). yass awadhima stationle chhoto rupma hutt ac wkddko prasaran garyo, rar june 2002 maa uniharuko dosro warta dhancha (yass patak syndicated takarharu prastut gardai) apanaeko thiyo.
april 28,2008 maa, matt patrickle sthaniya lett-aftern soe suru gare, june pachhi dhilo bihanma sario. patricklai dablukedidima lamo samayasamma bihanko hostko rupma chininthyo, rar whloma diunsoko shoko sath tyo bhumika jaari rakhyo. december 2009 maa, patrickle duwai stationma afna karyakramharu chhode. july 2009 maa, whlole fm radio bandma cyster station wrkuke (106.9 fm) ko hd2 (digital radio) upa-channel marfat simalcasting suru garyo. september 12,2010 maa, yo stationko hd2 sanketma club fusion programinglai pratisthapan gardai anya bhagini station wkddko hd2 maa prasaran garna sareko thiyo.
programming.
jo pags, jais kelly, tud snitt rar debh ramasedwara ayojana garieka karyakramharusahit, "az bihan, americako gorden samjhautako sath pahilo samachar", "bryan kilmade show", "clay travis rar buck sexton show" rar "sayne hanity show" sahit, whloko lineup purna rupma syndicated chha. saptahanta prastawharuma "inn da garden whith rone wilson", "gyari suliwansanga gharma", "leo laporte da tech gai", "bill handell unn da law", "aitbar raat bill kaninghamsanga laibh", "kunai thaunma art belsanga" rar "coast too coast emm" ko saptahanta sanskaranharu samawesh chhan.
dabluecho acron jips football rar basketball vishwavidyalaya, rar acron roberdox baseball tolly duwaika lagi radio ghar how, june cleveland abhibhawakharuka lagi eae sambadha how.
bahya linkharu. | hwaa.
hlo (sakaala 640) heuchhi eka banijyika tock redio station jaahaa eka tock redio formatt bahn curry ohiora aakronaku licences paichi . ihartmedr malikanare thiba ehi station ubhaja acron ebong canton metro anchalaku abc nyuj redio, "clay travisa ebong buck sexton shoe", "dee sinh hanity shoe", acron roberdox ebong acron jip paain sthaniah anubandhita bhabare seba pradan kare . hwalonka studio uttara kyantanare abasthita, jetebele kii station transmitter koplire abasthita . eka manaka analogue prasarana byatita, whallo ihartradio madhyamare unline stream kare .
itihas.
we.
ehi station eka bishrunkhalita samajare karjya arambha karithila jetebele adhikansha sarkari nijamabali sthagita karajaithila, nutan stationgudika swadheena bhabare kichhi pratibandhaka sahita sthapana karajaithila, jeunthire semanankara nijaswa prasarana frequency chayan kariba antarbhukta . ehaa moola bhabe, 1927 masiha januari 5 tarikhare, hotel hollandenre abasthita cleveland redio prasarana companyku adhikruta hoithila, ebong 688 khjdra swajang-nirdharita phrikwensire prasarana karajauthila.
federal redio commission (frc) gathan dwara sarkari nijantranara punahsthapana parey, nutan nijamakamane meey 3,1927 ru arambha curry asthajee pradhikaranara eka sirij jaari karithile, jeunthire waaje 680 khjr adhika paramparika freekwensiku sthanantarita hoithile . stationgudiku ehaa madhya abgat karajaithila je jadi semane karjya jaari rakhibaku chahanti, tebe semane nutan "janaswartha, subidha, kimba abashyakata" manaka purana karanti kii naahin taaha nirdharana karibara pratham padakhyepa bhabare januari 15,1928 suddha eka aanusthanika licences abedan dakhal karibaku padiba. 1928 masiha meey 25 tarikhare, aif. aarr. sii. sadharana adesh 32 jaari karithila, jeunthire waaje sameth sameth stationku suchita karajaithila je "bhabisyatara licences paain aapananka abedanaku jancha kariba parey ehaa janapade naahin je ehaaku pradan kariba dwara janaswartha, subidha kimba abashyakata purana heba."tebe, station saphalatara saha aajoganku biswasa karaila je ehaa licensprapta rahiba uchita.
navember 11,1928 ray, aif. aarr. sii. station transmitting frequencyra eka pramukh punah abunton karjyakaree karithila, ehara sadharana order 40 karjyakaree heba parey eka punrgathanara ansha bhabare. waaje 1390 khjku nijukta karajaithila, ehi freekwensiku wech. kee. sahita anshidara karithila .
waakal.
weje october 30,1936 ray united broadcasting dwara kinajaithila, jaahaa klivalyandare wech. kee. rahr malika madhya thila . nutan malikamane jajanka cull chinhaku waklaku paribartana karithile.
august 1941 ray federal jogajoga aajoga (aif. sii. sii.) eka "duopoli" niam grahan karithila, jaahaa laisensadhareemananku gotie saharare ekadhika redio station parichalana karibaku barana karithila. ehi samajare, kalambasare dablu. etch. kee. sii. byatita, united broadcasting klivelyandare duiti station, dablyu. sii. ell. ebong dablyu. etch. kee. rahr malikanare thila. ehara gotie cleveland stationku parityaga karibaku nadeba paain eka saphala yojanara ansha bhabare, united dablyu. sii. ell. madhyare eka frequency adalabadala paain byabastha karithila, taa 'parey 610 kee. etch. jii. ray, ebong 640 kee. etch. jii. ray dablyu. etch. kee. sii.
whack.
duopali pratibandhakaku palana kariba paain, wakleku klivelyandaru aakronaku sthanantarita karajaithila, jeunthare ehara cull chinhaku februari 25,1945 ray waakku paribartana karajaithila ebong ehara frequency 640 khjdku paribartana karajaithila. ehaa phalare kalambasare thiba dablu. etch. kee. sii. (purbaru wababha ebong wai. jayu.) paain 640 ru 610 kee. etch. jii. ku jiba sambhaba hoithila.
1950 dashakare, whack rock anded roll prasarana karuthiba stationre agrani thile, jahara netrutwa neithile pitt "madd daddy" myers. rock anded rolra kahanire majarsanka abdan alan fried bhali anya janashuna deejenka dwara chhajabruta hoichhi . shay 1957 ray waak thaare nijara kyariyara arambha karithile, ebong shay uttara-purbare sabutharu swatantra dije bhabare bikashita hoithile. pagala bapa bhabare, tankara eka unmatta, druta-agni putter thila jaahaa sampurna bhabare chhandare bitarana karajaithila . rock anded roll ebong ridam anded blueser eka saragrahi mishran bajai shay aaji madhya byabahruta bakyansha srusti karithile, jepariki "webhi grebhi" ebong "melo jelo" . 1958 masiha januari maasa suddha shay clevelander dablyu. jay. dablyu. rediore joga deithile, jaahaaku shay sehi barsha juna maasare turanta chhadi deithile. taanka dablyu. jay. dablyu. chuktinama anujai august 1958 parjyanta prasaranaru doorei rahiba parey, shay whack inn klibhlandaku badalijaithile, jeunthare shay record hup ayojan curry ebong dracula poshaka pindhi madhyahna parey live shoe 'ray pahanchi taanka lokaprijatara sheershare pahanchithile.
hwaa.
whack 1960 masiha januari 18 tarikhare whatchol hoithila, jaahaa ehara nimna dial sthiti karanaru "hello redio" ku pratiphalita karuthila. ehi station aneka barsha dhari eka "dibaloka" bhabe karjya jaari rakhithila, ebong aai-aii clear channell signal kee. aif. aai. paain lus angels surjyasta samajare banda karibaku padithila. ehara artha heuchhi sheeta ruture who praiah sandhya 7.30 parjyanta ebong nirdista grishma maasare <aai. dii. 1> aparanha parjyanta rahiba. aneka barsha parey whelo ratrikaleena seba hassel kariba, kintu ehaa semanankara 5,000 dinara sanketa paribarte kebala 500 waatare heba . daa good guise" naamare janashuna disk jakinka eka lokpriya top-40 formatt prasarana kariba parey, 1970 dashkar madhyabhagare whelo khabara/tock redioku pherithila . setebelaku, stationti suskehanna redio corporessionera malikanare asithila, jaahaa kyantanare winin-fm adhigrahan karithila, ehi prakrijare fm stationer cull sainaku dablyuechaelkyure paribartana karithila .
hwalonka pratham baktabya abatara thiba keteka byaktitwanka madhyare nick anthony (bartamana rabar city rediore jane karjyanirbahee), stibh cannon (parey dablyutivienare), stibh fullerton (parey ekadhika cleveland stationre), runn bhereb (aaji dablukebienaku "runn kriya" bhabare), ebong ly "hacks" hamilton (aaji shaan dijegore xeprsray sunagala) antarbhukta .
eka samasta-sambada pharmatare eka sankhipta prayasa parey, 1987 ray mortension prasarana ehaaku eka dharmika pharmatare paribartana kariba parjyanta whlo "middle off daa road" sangeeta prasarana karithila. ehi "middle off daa road" formatt 1940,1950 ebong 1960 dashkar budd banned ebong balladra mishran thila . setebele tune karuthiba shrotamane marning draivare donn dempsy, tomm jolief, narma mariot, brooks morton, criss "daniels" icer ebong brad devisnka pari sunithibe . sambada bibhagare christy gibbs, joe shaheen ebong donn olson thile. saptahantare dick wako shoe sameth swatantra karjyakram thila .
1987 masihar pratham bhagare mortensonanka kraiah parey, station "samasamajika khristian" sangeeta karjyakram arambha karithila, jeunthire rus taff, twila paris, aami grant, imperial, white hart, phil kegi ebong anyanya aneka pramukh kalakaranku sthana diajaithila. gyari meaks dasha barsharu adhika samai dhari general manager bhabe karjya karithile. mortension stationku "daa light" tagg karithile. stationti "aam stereo" ray prasarana kare . kaaran emm stereo udaana arambha karinathila, ehara aun eyaara sandarbhagudika adhikansha drop karajaithila . grishma 1996 karjyakram margadarshika tathapi stationku "whallo 640 aii. emm. stereo" bhabare ullekha karithila . barsha barsha dhari keteka eyaara pratibha madhyare bayne birdsng, brian brooks, aid bostic, jeff donn, devida pears, daan pop, zohn watson, erich hugg ebong brad englanda antarbhukta . stationti pratyeka rabibara deane host zohn nadee sahita "20 daa countdown patrika" prasarana karithila. dablujedablyu-tibhi (foxes 8) rahr panipaga bigyani andrey bernier 1994 masiharu 1997 masihare karjyakram paribartana parjyanta sidhasalakha panipaga pradan karithile. zohn watson cantoner dabluenapiku 95.9 fmku sthanantarita hoithile, jaahaa whelo pari "light" bhabare branded hoithila . 2022 prarambhare ejukesan midia foundation dwara stationku kraiah karajiba parjyanta shay sethare karjya karithile.
saptahara praiah 20 pratishata deane karjyakramaku abarodh kariba paain utsargeekruta thila. sakaala sakaala madhyare.emm. ebong aparanha aparanha. ehi station mukhyatah jatiah starare janashuna khristian sikhyadana karjyakramaku paribara (james doubson), jogajogare (charles stanly), bible (jay. warnan mackie), ebong ahuri aneka. 1995 masihare, 'satya paain zeeban' (alastair bega) sakaala sakaala 8taa jodajaithila.emm., sakaala shoe 'ku 30 minute chhot karidiantu. shanibara ebong rabibara sakale bibhinna jatiah ebong sthaniah mantranalajara paid block programing madhya antarbhukta . eka ghanta dhari sthaniah bhabe nirmita tock shoe 1990 dashkar prarambhare kichhi samai paain saptahara sandhyare prasarita hoithila.
ehi pratibha aneka bisesh sangeeta karjyakram prastuta karithile. 1989 ray, brad englanda eka shoe 'rahr ayojan arambha karithila jaahaa khristian rock upare dhyana kendrit karithila jaahaaku "salid rock" kuhajae jaahaa 10:00 p ru prasarita hoithila .shanibara madhyaratri parjyanta mea. parey ehaaku "houses party" kuhajauthila ebong zohn hasetnka dwara ajojita hoithila. 1996 masihare, brian brooks "classic madhyahna bhojan" ayojan kariba arambha karithile, jeunthire sehi samajare samasamajika khristian brudhamane, mukhyatah 1970 dashkar shesh bhaga ebong 1980 dashkar prarambharu geetman pradarshita hoithila. jii. emm. gaari meexanka anujai, ehaa dasha barsha madhyare semane karithiba sabutharu lokpriya sangeeta karjyakram thila.
1990 dashkar madhyabhagare, mortension fairlon thaaru studiogudiku sthanantarita karithile, 2780 dakhina arlington roadre semanankara aif. emm. bhaunee, dablu. tii. oh. aif., 98.1 sahita studiore joga deithile. october 1996 ray, trade pepara khristian research report (crr) report karithila je mortension ubhaja stationku salem jogajogaku bikri karuchanti. 1997 masiha junra pratham saptahare ghoshana karajaithila je somabaratharu junra 8 tarikh parjyanta, sangeeta karjyakram salemra preranadaji upgraha bitarana formatt madhyaru gotiere paribartita heba, "prashansare sabda". sukrabara, june 5 ray marning shoe 'rahr host brian ebong jannka dwara bajajaithiba shesh geeta thila twila pyarisnka dwara "du aai trust jayu" .
1998 masihare salem whelora karjyakalapaku semananka swadheenata subidhaku sthanantara karithile.
sheshare sangeeta karjyakramaku salemer "kathina susamachara" dakhina susamachara pharmatare paribartana karajaithila, anya eka upgraha pradan sangeeta formatt .
2001 masiha sharatare, hwaloku clear channell jogajogaku bikri karajaithila (jaahaa 2014 masihare ihartmediare parinata hoithila). ehi samai madhyare stationti sankhipta bhabe hutt ac dablyu. kee. dii. dii. rahr prasarana karithila, ebong june 2002 ray semanankara dwiteeja tock formatt (ether syndicated takarmananku nei) grahan karithila.
2008 masiha april 28 tarikhare, matt patrick eka sthaniah bilambita-madhyahna tock soe arambha karithile, jaahaa parey bilambita sakalaku sthanantarita hoithila. patrick dablyu. kee. dii. dii. ray deerghakaleena sakalara host bhabare janashuna thile, ebong whalora bilambita madhyahna shoe sahita sehi bhumika jaari rakhithile . 2009 masiha december maasare, patrick ubhaja stationre nijara karjyakram chhadi deithile. july 2009 ray, welo aif. emm. redio byandare, bhaunee station wark (<aai. dii. 1> aif. emm.) rahr echa. dii. 2 (digital redio) subchanel madhyamare simalkasting arambha karithila. september 12,2010 ray, ehaa stationer rahr siganalare club fusion programingku badalai anya bhaunee station dablyu. kee. dii. dii. rahr rahr ray prasarana karibaku sthanantarita hoithila.
programing.
welonka lineup sampurna bhabare syndicated, jeunthire "aaji sakale, americara pratham khabara sahita gerden dill", brian kilmade shoe "," clay travisa ebong buck sexton shoe "ebong" dee sinh hanity shoe ", joe pags, jese kelly, todd snitt ebong debh ramase dwara ajojita karjyakram sahita antarbhukta . saptahanta upahara madhyare "inn daa garden with runn wilson", "ett home with gaari sulivan", "leo laporte daa tech gaai", "bill handle aun daa laal", "rabibara raati bill kaninghamnka saha laiva", "keunthi naa keunthi art bail sahita" ebong "coast tuu coast aam" rahr saptahanta sanskarana antarbhukta .
dablyu. etch. oh. heuchhi ubhaja acron jip football ebong basketball biswabidyalaja ebong acron roberdox baseball dala paain redio home, jaahaa cleveland abhivabakanka paain aa anubandhita .
bahya linka.
|
vaaho
w. aich. ou. (savere 640 vaje) ikk vaparak tock radio station haii joe ikk tock radio format noon lae keey ikktron, ohio noon laisanshuda haii. ihartmedia dee malkiat vaala ih station acron atey canton metro khetran noon aii. bee. see. news radio, "clay travis atey buck sexton shoa", "seen hannity shoa", acron rubbed dakk atey acron zips laee sathanak sehyogi vajon seva pardan karda haii. w. aich. ou. dey studio uttri canton witch sathit hunn, jadon kii station transmitter kopli witch sathit haii. ikk standard analogue transmission toon ilava, w. aich. ou. aaee. aar. tii. aii. raahin online stream karda haii.
itihaas.
jaii.
station neey ikk gadbad vaale samein dauran kamm karna shuru keeta jadon ziaadaatar sarkari niyaman noon muattal qarr ditta giaa see, navein station kujh pabandiaan dey naal sathapat keete jaanh laee sutantar sunn, jiss witch uhanan dee aapni sanchar frequency dee chonh karna vee shamal see. ih 5 janwari, 1927 noon hotel hollandon vikhe sathit cleveland radio prasaran company noon adhikarat keeta giaa see, atey 688 kilohters dee sway-nirdharat barambarta 'teey prasarit keeta giaa see.
federal radio commission (eff. aar. see.) dey gathan duaara sarkari niyantaran dee mudd sathapana toon baad, navein regulatoran neey 3 maee, 1927 noon asthai adhikar jaari keete, jiss witch vaije 680 kilohters dee vadhere ravaiti barambarta witch chaley gaye. stationan noon ih vee dassiaa giaa kii jey uh kamm karna jaari rakkhna chahunde hunn, taan unhan noon ih nirdharat curran laee pahile kadam vajon 15 janwari, 1928 takk ikk rasmi licences arzi dakhal curran dee zaroorat haii kii qee uh navein "jantak hitt, sahulat jaan zaroorat" miaar noon poora karde hunn. 25 maee, 1928 noon, eff. aar. see. neey aam adesh 32 jaari keeta, jiss neey 164 stationan noon notify keeta, jiss witch dablioo. jey. aii. vee shamal haii, kii "bhavikh dey licences laee tuhadi arzi dee jaanch toon ih naheen milda kii iss noon denh naal jantak hitt, sahulat jaan zaroorat dee purti hovegi."halanki, station neey commission noon safaltapurvak yakeen diwa ditta kii iss noon licences prapat rahina chahida haii.
11 navambar, 1928 noon, eff. aar. see. neey station sanchar frequency dee ikk vaddi mudd vandd noon lagu keeta, joe kii iss dey aam arder 40 noon lagu curran dey natije vajon punargathan dey hisse vajon see.
w. see. aill.
30 aktubar, 1936 noon united broadcasting duaara wja noon kharidiaa giaa see, jiss dee malkiat vee cleveland witch w. aich. keey. see. see. see. see. see. see. see. see. see. see. see. see. see. see. see. see. see. see. see. see. see. see. see. see. see. see. see. see. see. see. see. see. see. see. see. see. see. see. see. see. see. see. see. see. see. see. see. see. see. see. see. see. see. see. see. see. see. see. see. see. see. see. see. see. see. see. see. see. see. see. see. see. see. see. see. see. see. see. see. see. see. see. navein malkan neey jaii dey qaal sine noon badal keey w. see. aill. qarr ditta.
agast 1941 witch sanghi sanchar commission (eff. see. see.) neey ikk "duopoli" niyam apnaiaa, jiss neey licences noon ikk shehar witch ikk toon vaddh radio station chalaun toon roque ditta. iss samein, united broadcasting cole columbs witch w. aich. keey. see. toon ilava cleveland, w. see. ail. atey w. aich. keey. witch doou stationan dee malkiat see. aapne cleveland stationan vicchon ikk noon chaddan toon bachann laee ikk safal yojna dey hisse vajon, united neey w. see. ail. dey vichkaar ikk frequency swap daa parbandh keeta, firr 610 keey. aich. jee. teey, atey 640 keey. aich. jee. teey w. aich. keey. see.
WHKK.
doou-hathdari deeaan pabandiaan dey anukool honn laee, w. see. aill. noon cleveland toon acron witch tabdil qarr ditta giaa see, jitthe 25 farvari, 1945 noon iss dey qaal chinnh noon badal keey w. aich. keey. keey. qarr ditta giaa see atey iss dee barambarta 640 kilohters qarr ditti gaee see. iss neey badle witch columbs witch w. aich. keey. see. (pahilan w. bee. aii. vee atey vaaee. yuu.) laee 640 toon 610 kilohters takk jaanha sambhav bnaa ditta.
1950 dey dahake witch, w. aich. keey. keey. rock aind roll prasaran curran vaale stationan witch sabh toon agge see, jiss dee agvai piit "maid daddy" myrus neey keeti see. rock aind roll dee kahani witch myrus dey yogdan noon horr jaane-pachane deeje jiven kii alaan freed duaara chhaiaa giaa haii. unhan neey 1957 witch w. aich. keey. keey. vikhe aapne crear dee shuruat keeti atey uh uttar-purab witch sabh toon vilakkhan deejez vicchon ikk bann gaye. pagal daddy dey roop witch, uss neey ikk pagal, tez-agg vaala patter puurii tarahan kavita witch pesh keeta see. rock aind roll atey ridam aind blues daa ikk chonven mishran vajaunde hoye, usne ajj vee varte jaande vakansh tiaar keete, jiven kii "wave gravy" atey "mailo jailo". janwari 1958 takk uh cleveland witch w. jey. w. radio vall chaley gaye, jiss noon unhan neey uss saal juun witch turant chhadd ditta. aapne w. jey. w. ikrarname dee zaroorat anusar agast 1958 takk prasaran toon door rahinn toon baad, uh cleveland witch w. aich. keey. witch chaley gaye, jitthe uh aapni prasidhi dey sikhar 'teey pahunch gaye, ricard hops dee mezbani keeti atey ikk dracula pushak witch kappde paae live addhi raat dey shoa keete.
vaaho.
w. aich. keey. keey. 18 janwari, 1960 noon w. aich. ou. see. bann giaa, joe iss dee ghatt dial sathiti dey caarn "hallow radio" noon darsaunda haii. ih station kaee saalan takk ikk "daye timer" vajon kamm karda riha, jiss noon aaee-aii clear channel signal keey. eff. aaee. laee laas angels dey suraj dubban vele sine aaf karna piaa. iss daa matlab ih hovega kii Whlo sardiaan dauran lagbhag 7.30 vaje takk atey garmiaan dey kujh mahiniaan dauran 11:00 vaje takk rahega. kaee saalan baad raat vele seva prapat hovegi, parr ih uhanan dey 5,000 dinn dey sanket dey ulat siraf 500 wats 'teey hovegi. ikk prasidh choti dey-40 format noon prasarit curran toon baad jiss witch disk jockies noon "change munde" vajon janhiaa jaanda haii, 1970 dey dahake dey maddh witch khabran/tock radio vall mudd giaa. udon takk, station suskihana radio corporation dee malkiat heth aaa giaa, jiss neey canton witch w. ainn. aaee. ainn.-aif. aim. prapat qarr liaa see, iss prakiriaa witch aif. aim. station dey qaal sine noon w. aich. ail. kioo. witch badal ditta see.
vlo dey pahile bhashan avtaar deeaan kujh shakhsiatan witch nick anthony (hunn rubbed city radio witch ikk karajkari), steve cannon (baad witch wtvn witch), steve fullerton (baad witch kaee cleveland stationan utte), rone vaireb (ajj wkbn noon "rone kiriaa" vajon), atey lee "hexa" hamilton (ajj sainn digo witch xeprs utte suniaa giaa) shamal hunn.
ikk aal-news format witch ikk sankhep koshish toon baad, w. aich. ou. neey "maddh sadak" sangeet prasarit keeta jadon takk kii mortenson prasaran neey iss noon 1987 witch ikk dharmik format witch badal ditta. ih "maddh sadak" format 1940,1950 atey 1960 dey dahake dey vadde baind atey gaathan daa ikk mishran see. uss samein dey sarotiaan neey 'daan dempsy inn morning drive', 'tomm jolif', 'nauram marriott', 'brooks morton', 'criss' daniels 'eicher atey' bradd davis 'varge geet sune honge. samachar vibhag witch christy gibbs, joe shaheen atey daan olson sunn. hafte dey ant witch dick vaco shoa samet vishesh program hunde sunn.
1987 dey pahile prasaran witch mortenson duaara khareed toon baad, station neey "samkali isai" sangeet dee prograaming shuru keeti, jiss witch rus toff, twilla paris, aimee grant, imparial, white haart, phil keegi atey kaee horr pramukh kalakar shamal sunn. gairi meaks neey dass saalan toon vaddh samein takk general manager vajon seva nibhai. mortenson neey station noon "light" taeg keeta. station "aimm stereo" witch prasarit hunda haii. kiunki aimm stereo neey udaann naheen bharee, iss dey aana air havale ziaadaatar sutte gaye sunn. garmiaan 1996 dey program guide neey ajey vee station noon "w. aich. ou. ail. ou. 640 aii. aim. stereo" vajon darsaiaa haii. pichle saalan dauran kujh havaai pratibhavan witch baine birdzong, bryne brooks, aidd bostic, jeff dunn, david peers, daena popp, jaan watson, erik hogg atey bradd england shamal sunn. station neey harr aitwar noon mezban john nadiaan naal "20 dha countdown magazine" prasarit keeta. w. jey. w.-teevi (fox 8) dey mausam vigiaani andrey bernier neey lagbhag 1994 toon lae keey 1997 witch prograaming tabdili takk live mausam pardan keeta. jaan watson canton dey w. ainn. pee. kioo. 95.9 aif. aim. witch chaley gaye, jiss noon w. aich. w. dee tarahan, "light" vajon brand keeta giaa see. uss neey 2022 dey shuru witch viddiak media foundation duaara station noon kharidan takk utthe seva nibhai.
hafte dey dinan daa lagbhag 20 pratishat block prograaming laee samarpit see. savere 9 vaje dey vichkaar.aim. atey duphir 1 vaje.aim. station neey ziaadaatar rashtari paddhar 'teey jaane jaande isai adhiaapan programan noon parivaar (james dobson), samparak (charles stanly), bible (jey. vernan mcgie), atey kaee horr. sann 1995 witch sacch laee jeevan (elistair begg) savere 8:30 vaje jodiaa giaa see.aim.sware dey shoa noon 30 mint takk chhota crow. shanivar atey aitwar dee sware witch vakkh-vakkh rashtari atey sathanak mantraliaan dey paid block program vee shamal sunn. ikk ghante takk challan vaala sathanak taur utte tiaar keeta tock shoa 1990 dey dahake dey arambh witch ikk samein laee hafte dey dinan dee shaam noon prasarit keeta giaa see.
pratibha neey kaee vishesh sangeet program tiaar keete. sann 1989 witch, bradd england neey ikk shoa dee mezbani curney shuru keeti joe isai chattan 'teey kendrit see jiss noon "solid rock" kiha jaanda haii joe 10:00 p toon prasarit hoiaa see.shanivar noon addhi raat takk m. baad witch iss noon "haaoos party" kiha giaa atey jauhan hasset duaara iss dee mezbani keeti gaee. 1996 witch, bryne brooks neey "classic lunch" dee mezbani curney shuru keeti, jiss witch uh geet shamal sunn joe uss samein samkali isai bazurg sunn, mukkh taur 'teey 1970 dey dahake dey akheer atey 1980 dey dahake dey arambh toon. jee. aimm. gairi meaks dey anusar, ih unhan daa pichle dass saalan witch sabh toon prasidh sangeet program see.
1990 dey dahake dey maddh witch kise samein mortenson neey studio noon fairlon toon tabdil qarr ditta, 2780 south arlington road 'teey aapni eff. aimm. bhainn, dablioo. tii. ou. eff., 98.1 naal studio witch shamal hoow gaye. aktubar 1996 witch, vapaar pattar krishchian risarch report (see. aar. aar.) neey dassiaa kii mortenson doven station selam sanchar noon wetch riha see. juun 1997 dey pahile hafte witch ih ailaan keeta giaa see kii somwar, 8 juun toon prabhavi, sangeet program salem dey prernadaik upgrah pardan keete gaye formattan vicchon ikk witch badal javega, "parshansa witch shabad". sware dey shoa dey mezban bryne atey jaan duaara shukkarwar, 5 juun noon khediaa giaa aakhri geet tavila paris duaara "duu aaee trust yuu" see.
saal 1998 witch, salem neey w. aich. ou. dey sanchalan noon aapni sutantarta sahulat witch tabdil qarr ditta.
akheer witch sangeet program noon salem dey "thos injeel" dakkhni injeel format witch badal ditta giaa, ikk horr upgrah sangeet format pardan karda haii.
2001 dey patjhad witch, w. aich. ou. noon channel sanchar noon wetch ditta giaa see (joe kii 2014 witch ihartmedia bann giaa see). iss samein dauran station neey sankhep witch hott ac w. keey. dee. dee. daa prasaran keeta atey juun 2002 witch aapne dooje tock format (iss vaar syndicated takran dee visheshta) noon apnaiaa.
28 aprail, 2008 noon, mait patrick neey ikk sathanak dair duphir daa tock shoa shuru keeta, joe baad witch dair sware takk chalaa giaa. patrick noon w. keey. dee. dee. vikhe lambe samein takk sware dey mezban vajon janhiaa jaanda see, atey usne w. aich. ou. ou. utte dair duphir dey shoa dey naal iss bhumika noon jaari rakkhiaa. dasambar 2009 witch, patrick neey doven stationan utte aapne program chhadd ditte. julai 2009 witch, w. aich. ou. neey eff. aimm. radio baind utte, bhainn station w. aar. kioo. (106.9 eff. aimm.) dey aich. dee. 2 (digital radio) upp-channel raahin simalcasting shuru keeti. 12 satambar, 2010 noon, ih station dey aich. dee. 2 signal utte club fusion prograaming dee thaan dooje bhainn station w. keey. dee. dee. dey aich. dee. 2 utte prasaran curran laee chalaa giaa.
prograaming.
w. aich. ou. dee lineup puurii tarahan syndicated haii, jiss witch "ajj savere, gorden saude naal amrica dee pahili khabar", "bryne kilmade shoa", "clay travis atey buck sexton shoa" atey "seen hannity shoa" shamal hunn, joye pags, jaisi callie, todd shanit atey dave ramsey duaara aayojit programan dey naal. hafte dey ant deeaan peshakshan witch "inn dha garden vid rone wilson", "gharr witch gairi sulivan naal", "leo laporte dha taek gaai", "bill handell aana dha laa", "aitwar dee raat bill kaningham naal live", "kitey samein 'teey qalaa ghanti naal" atey "coast too coast aimm" dey hafte dey ant dey sanskaran shamal hunn.
w. aich. ou. acron zips football atey basketball university atey ikron rubdox baseball team, joe kii cleveland guardians laee aeae affiliate haii, dovan laee radio home haii.
baahari link |
vaah
doubleu. ech. o. (praatah 640 vaadane), acron, ohiyo-nagaram prati anudnyaapatram praaptam vaanijya-varta-radio-kendram asti, yat varta-radio-swaroopam vahati. ehartmedia ityasya svaamitvam praaptam etat sthanakam e. bee. see.-nyoos-radio, "kle-travis-end-buck-sexton-sho", "da seen-hanity-sho", da-acron-rabardaks, da-acron-zips ityetayoho sthaniya-sambaddharoopen acron-kenton-metro-kshetrayoho sevaam karoti. vlo ityasya studios uttar-kenton-nagare sthitaah santi, station-transmitter-nagaram copley-nagare sthitaa asti. maanak-unlog-prasaranena saha, vhlo-streams itihartradio-madhyamena antarjaaliyam pravahati.
itihaasah.
jayaha.
asya sthanakasya kaaryam astavyastakaale aarabdham, yadaa adhikaamshasarvakaareeyaniyamanaa sthagitaah aasan, nootanaani sthanakaha swatantraroopena sthaapayitum, swakeeya-prasaar-aavrutti-chayanam sahitam, katipaya-pratibandhaih saha, aasan. 1927 janavaree 5 dinaanke, hotel-hollendon-madhye sthitasya cleveland-radio-prasaarak-samsthaayai, swayam-niyukta-aavrutti-688 key. ech. ess. madhye prasaaranam cha, doubleu. jey. ee. ityanena adhikrutam, mularupena adhikrutam cha aasit.
federal radio commission (ef. aar. sii.) ityasya nirmanadvara sarvakaareey-niyantranasya punahsthapananantaram, nootan-niyantrakaah 1927 mey 3 dinaankaat aarabhy asthayee-pradhikarananam shrunkhalaam jaareevantah, yatra doubleu. jey. ee. 680 key. ech. ess. ityasya paaramparika-aavruttihi prati sthanantaritaha. yadi te kaaryam anityantum icchanti tarhi 1928 janavaree 15 paryantam aupachaarika-anujnaapatra-aavedanapatram daakhilam kartum arhanti iti api kendraani soochitaani aasan, yat te nootanam "saarwajanik-hitam, suvidhaa, athavaa aavashyakataa" maanakam poorayanti vaa iti nirnetum prathamam sopaanam aasit. 1928 mey 25 dinaanke, ef. aar. sii.-ityanena samanya-adeshah 32 praavartat, yasmin doubleu. jey. ee. ityanena saha 164 sthaanakeshu soochitam aasit, yat "bhavishyasya anujnaapatrasya krute bhavatah aavedanasya parikshanaat etat naa drushyate yat saarwajanik-hitam, suvidhaa, aavashyakataa vaa tatt pradaatum prayujyate iti."tathaapi, sthaanakam aayogam safalatayaa pratyayojayat yat tatt anudnyaapatram praapya eva bhavet iti.
1928 tame varshe navambaramaasasy 11 dinaanke, ef. aar. sii. ityanena samanya-aadeshasy 40 ityasya kaaryaanvayanasya parinaamen punahsamrachanaah abhavat, yena prasaarak-aavrutti-kendrasya pramukham punahvinyaasam kaaryaanvitam. doubleu. jey. ee. ityasmai 1390 key. ech. ess. iti niyuktam jaatam, yena eshaa aavruttihi doubleu. ech. key. ityanena saha saha vibhaktah.
vakle.
1936 october 30 dinaanke doubleu. jey. ee. iteedam unated broadcasting ityanena kreenitam, yasya cleveland-deshe doubleu. ech. key. ityasya api svaamitvam aasit. nootan-swaaminah doubleu. jey. ityasya kaal-sain iteedam doubleu. see. ell iti parivartayan.
1941 tame varshe august-maase sangheey-sanchaar-ayogah (ef. sii. sii.) "ekaadhikaar"-niyamanam sveekrutavaan, yena anudnyaapatradhaarinah ekasmin nagare ekaadhika-radio-kendranam sanchaalane pratibandhitaah abhavan. asmin samaye, unated broadcasting-samsthaayaah cleveland-deshe dablyookle, doubleu. ech. key. iti dwau kendrau aasan, tathaa cha columbus-nagare doubleu. ech. key. see. iti cha aasit. swasya cleveland-sthaanakeshu ekam tyaagam naa kartavyam iti safal-yojanayaha bhagarupena, unated-samsthaa dablyookle-ityasya madhye, tatah 610 key. ech. ess-madhye, doubleu. ech. key. sii. ityasya 640 key. ech. ess-madhye cha aavrutti-vinimayasya vyavasthaa krutaa.
vkak.
dwaipaakshika-pratibandhanam anuroopam, dablyookle cleveland-deshaat akran-nagaram prati sthanantaritam, yatra tasya kaal-chihnam 1945 februvari-masasya 25 dinaanke doubleu. ech. key. key. iti parivartitam, tasya aavruttihi cha 640 key. ech. ez. iti abhavat. anena kramena columbus-madhye doubleu. ech. key. see. (poorvam doubleu. bee. e. vee tathaa vai) ityasya 640 taha 610 key. ech. ess. paryantam sthanantaram sambhavam abhavat.
1950 tame dashake, vi. ech. key. raak-end-roll ityasya prasaaraneshu kendreshu agrabhaage aasit, yasya netrutvam peet "myaad-daddy" mairs ityanena krutam. raak-end-roll ityasya kathayam mairs ityasya yogadam anyaih prasiddhaih deeje-ityanena yathaa alan-freed ityanena aacchaaditam asti. saha 1957 tame varshe doubleu. ech. key. key. ityatra swasya vruttijeevanam aarabdhavaan, tathaa cha saha eeshaanye vishishteshu deeje-ityeteshu anyatamah abhavat. unmatapituh rupena tasya unmattah, druta-agni-putter purnataya padyarupena pradatta aasit. raak-end-roll, ridam-end-blues ityetayoho saragrahi-mishranm vaayantee, saha adyapi prayuktaan vaakyaamshaan nirmitavaan, yathaa "vevi-gravy", "melo-jello" cha. 1958 janavaree-maasaparyantam saha cleveland-deshasya doubleu. jey. doubleu. radio-ityatra aagatah, yat saha tasmin eva varshe joon-maase tatkshanameva nishkaasayat. 1958 august-maasaparyantam, swasya doubleu. jey. doubleu. anubandhasya aavashyakataayah anusaaram, prasarat doore tishtan, saha doubleu. ech. key inn cleveland-nagaram prati gatavaan, yatra saha swasya lokapriyataayaah shikharam praapnot, abhilekha-hops-ityasya aatitheyatvam krutavaan, dracula-veshabhooshayaa sajjaam madhyaratryaha anantaram laiv-sho-karyakraman cha akarot.
vaah.
doubleu. ech. key. key. 1960 tamasya varshasya janavaree-masasya 18 dinaanke doubleu. ech. key. key. iti abhavat, yat tasya nimna-dial-sthanasya karanat "halo-radio" iti pratibimbitam. aii-e-clear-chaanal-signal-key. ef. aii. krute laas-angelies-ityasya suryastasamaye sain-aaf karaneeyam iti karanat, etat sthanakam anekavarshaani yaavat "day-tammer" rupena karyam kurvan aasit. asya arthah bhavati yat shishirakaale praayah saayam 7.30 paryantam, katipayaasu grishmakaaleshu saayam 11:00 yaavat cha doubleu. ell. o. prachalati iti. bahubhyah varshaanaam anantaram vee. ech. o., raatrikaalasevanam prapnuyat, parantu teshaam 5,000 dina-sanketasya viruddham kevalam 500 vyaat-maatram eva syaat. da good gais" iti namna khyataha disk-jaakee-visheshaah lokapriyam top-40 praarupam prasarya, 1970 tamasya dashakasy madhyabhaage varta/varta-radio-prati pravruttah. tadaa, etat kendram suskyuhanna-radio-nigamasya svaamitvasya adheene aagatam, yah kenton-nagare doubleu. enn. aii. enn.-ef. emm. iteedam praptavan, tathaa cha prakriyayam ef. emm.-kendrasya kaal-sain iteedam doubleu. ech. ell. kyoo. iti parivartayat.
volo ityasya prathama-bhaashan-avataarasya keshuchit vyaktitveshu nick enthonee (adhunaa rabbar-city-radio-madhye karyakari), steve-cannon (pashchat doubleu. tea. vee. enn. ityatra), steve-fullerton (pashchat bahunam cleveland-sthaanakeshu), raan-verab (adya doubleu. key. bee. enn. ityanena "raan-kriyaapadam" iti namna), lee "haxa"-hamilton (adya saan-diyego-nagarasya zeppers-madhye shrutam) cha antarbhavanti.
sarva-samaachaar-praaroopasy sankshiptaprayaasasya anantaram, 1987 tame varshe mortensen-prasaranena dhaarmik-swaroopam yaavat naa parivartitam, taavat yaavat volo "middle-aaf-da-road" iti sangeetasy prasaaranam krutavaan. etat "middle-aaf-da-road" swaroopam 1940,1950,1960 tame dashakasy bruhad-vaadyavrundasya, gathanam cha mishranam aasit. tadaa tune kurwantah shrotaarah marning drave ityasmin daan dempsy, taam jolif, naarm marriott, brooks morton, criss "daniels" aishar, brad davis ityaadibhyah vishayeshu shrutavantah syaat. varta-vibhaage christy gibbs, jo shain, daan olson cha aasan. saptahanteshu dick-vaako-sho sahitam vishesha-kaaryakramah aasit.
1987 tame varshe prathamavaaram mortenson-ityasya prasaranena krayananantaram, asmin kendrasya "samakaaleen-christian" sangeetasy kaaryakramah aarabdhah, yasmin rus-toff, twilla-pyaris, emee-grant, da imperials, vait-haart, phil-keegee ityadini pramukha-kalakarani aasan. gyaaree meaks ityayam dashavarshaanaam api adhikam yaavat mahaaprabandhakatven karyam krutavaan. mortenson ityanena "da lait" iti sthaanakam tyag krutam. emm stereo" ityasmin madhyamena asya prasaaranam bhavati. yatah emm-stereo naa uddiyata, ataha tasya vishaye prasaarane ullekhah bahudhaa nishkaasitaah. 1996 tamasya varshasya greeshmakaaleenasy karyakrama-margadarshakena adyaapi asya sthanakasya ullekhah "doubleu. ech. o. 640 e. emm. stereo" iti krutah. varshaanaam madhye keshuchit vaayu-pratibhaasu benn birdsang, brian brooks, edd bostic, jeff dunn, david piers, daan pope, jaan watson, rikk haag, brad england cha aasan. asya sthaanake "20 da kauntdaun myagajain" iti patrikaa prasarita, yatra prati ravivaasare jaan-nadyaah upasthapika aasit. wjdablyoo-tea. vee. (faaks 8) ityasya havaamaanashaastradnyah endre bernier ityeshah 1994 tamaat varshaat 1997 tame varshe kaaryakramaparivartanaparyant tatsamay-vaayugunasya pradaatum pravruttah. jaan watson ityeshah kenton-nagarasya wnpku 95.9 ef. emm. ityatra gatavaan, yat doubleu. ech. o. ityanena sadrusham "da lait" iti mudritam aasit. 2022 tamavarshasya aarambhe ejukeshanal media foundation ityanena etat sthanakam kreenitam yaavat saa tatra karyam krutavatee.
kaaryadivasasya praayah 20 pratishatam bhaagam avaruddhaprograaming krute samarpitam aasit. praatah 9 vaadane.emm. tathaa aparaahn 1 vaadane.emm. asya kendram adhikatayaa rashtriya-khyataha christian-shikshan-karyakraman parivaarasya (james dobson), samparkarupena (charles stanly), bable-dwara (jey. vernon makgee), tathaa anye cha aneke. 1995 tame varshe satyasya jeevanam (elister begg) praatah 8hah30 vaadane yojitam.emm.praatahkaalasy pradarshanm 30 nimeshaan laghuvayati. shanivaasare ravivaasare cha praatahkaale vividhaah rashtriya-sthaniya-mantraalayaih sashulka-khanda-kaaryakramah api antarbhavanti sma. ekaghantaam yaavat yaavat sthaniyarupena nirmitah taak-sho 1990 tamasya dashakasy aarambhe katipayakaalaay kaaryadivasasya sayankale prasaaritah.
pratibhaa aneke vishishtasangeet-karyakraman niramaat. 1989 tame varshe brad england-deshah christian-raak-vishaye "salid-raak" iti kendritam pradarshanm aayojayitum aarabdhavaan, yat 10:00 p ityatah prasaaritam.shanivaarah madhyaraatraparyantam mall. pashchat etat "house-paarti" iti namna namna khyaatam, jaan-haaset ityanena aayojitam. 1996 tame varshe, brian-brooks-samsthaa "classic-madhyaahnabhojanam" aayojayitum aarabhat, yasmin geetaani aasan ye tasmin samaye samakaaleen-christian-vruddhaha aasan, mukhyataya 1970 dashakasy ante 1980 dashakasy aarambhe cha. jii. emm. gyaaree meaks ityasya matena, dashavarsheshu te krutah ayam sarwaadhikah lokapriyah sangeeta-kaaryakramah aasit.
1990 tamasya dashakasy madhyabhaage kadaachit mortenson ityayam ferr-laan-nagaraat studios iteedam sthanantaram krutvaa 2780 dakshina-arlington-maarge swasyaah ef. emm. bhaginyaa doubleu. tea. o. ef. 98.1 ityanaya saha studios madhye sammilayt. 1996 october-maase, tradepaper christian research report (sii. aar. aar) ityanena soochitam yat mortenson ityeshah selam-sanchaaraay dwayoh kendrayoho vikrayanam karoti iti. 1997 joon-masasya prathamasaptaahe ghoshanaa krutaa yat somavaasare, joon 8 dinaanke, sangeeta-kaaryakramah salem ityasya preranaadaayi-upagraha-pradatt-swaroopeshu "prashamsaayaam shabdah" iti parivartayishyati iti. marning sho hosts brian tathaa jaan ityanena joon 5 dinaanke shukravaasare, twilla-pyaris ityanena "doo aii trust yoo" iti antimam geetam shrutam.
1998 tame varshe saalem ityayam doubleu. ech. o. ityasya karyani swaswatantrataa-kendraya sthanantarayat.
ante sangeeta-kaaryakramah saalem ityasya "solid-gospel" dakshina-gospel-swaroopam prati parivartitah, anyah upagrah sangeeta-swaroopam pradadat.
2001 tamasya varshasya sharatkaale, doubleu. ech. o., vaahinyaah sanchaarasy krute vikreeyat (yat 2014 tame varshe hartmedia iti bhavishyati). asmin kaale, kendram alpakalam yaavat haat e. sii. doubleu. key. dee. dii. ityasya ekasamanaprasaranam krutavaan, tathaa cha 2002 joon-maase teshaam dwiteeyam varta-swaroopam (asmin samaye syndicated-taakar-visheshanam) sveekrutavaan.
2008 april 28 dinaanke myaat petrick ityanena sthaniyam aparaahne varta-pradarshanm aarabhat, yat pashchat praatahkaale eva abhavat. petrick ityeshah doubleu. key. dee. dee. ityatra dirghakalam praatahkaalasy upasthaapakah iti prasidhah aasit, tathaa cha vo-leey-madhyaahnasya karyakramena saha tatt paatram nirantayat. 2009 december-maase, petrick ityayam dwayoh sthaanakeshu cha swasya karyakraman niraakrutavaan. 2009 julai-maase, doubleu. ech. o., ef. emm. radio-bend ityatra, cyster-steshan doubleu. aar. kyoo. key. (<aii. dee. 1> ef. emm.) ityasya echa. dee. 2 (digital-radio) upa-chaanal-dwara, ekasamaan-prasaaranam aarabdhavaan. 2010 september 12 dinaanke, etat anyasya bhaginee-kendrasya doubleu. key. dee. dee. ityasya echa. dee. 2. madhye prasaaranam kartum praavartat, yena kendrasya echa. dee. 2. sanketasya club-fusion-prograaming sthaanaapannam abhavat.
kaaryakramah.
volo ityasya shrunkhalaa sampurnataya sanghatitah asti, yasmin "aaja praatah, amerikaadeshasy prathama-varta-vida-garden deal", "da brian kilmead sho", "da kle travis and buck sexton sho", "da seen hanity sho" cha santi, yaihi saha jo-pyaags, jesse-kelee, taad-schnit, dave-raamse ityetaabhih aayojitaah kaaryakramaah api santi. saptaahaant-upahaareshu "inn da garden vith raan willson", "att home vith gairee sullivan", "leo laporte da tech gai", "bill hendell aan da laa", "sunday nait laiv vith bill kaninghaam", "kasminshchit inn taim vith art bell", tathaa "coast too coast emm" ityasya saptaahaant-samskaranaani cha antarbhavanti.
doubleu. ech. o., acron-zips-football-basketball-vishvavidyaalayasya, tathaa acron-rabardaks-besball-dalasya cha radio-gruham asti, yat cleveland-samrakshakaanaam e. e. sambaddham vartate.
baahya-samparkah. |
vlo
voo (kaalai 640 manii) enbathu oru paechchu vanoli vadivaththai eduththuch sellum oru vaniga paechchu vanoli nilaiyamaagum, idhu ohiyoavin agranukku urimam pettrathu. ihaartmeediyaavukkuch sonthamaana inththa nilaiyam, agron mattrum canton metro pakuthikal irandirkum aepici seithi vanoli, "kaliman travis mattrum buck sexton show", "chiin hunnity show", agron rabbardux mattrum agron jibbs aagiyavattrirkaana ulloor inaippaaka saevai seikirathu. vlovin studiyoakkal vadakku cantonil amainthullana, athae neraththil station transmitter koopliyil vaikkappattullathu. oru nilaiyaana analock parimaattraththudan koodudhalaaga, ihartradio vazhiyaaga anline stream seikirathu.
varalaaru.
vaiya. jaey.
perumpaalaana arasaangka ozhungkumuraigal idainiruthappatta oru kuzhappamaana kaalakattathil inththa nilaiyam seyalpaadugalaith thodangiyathu, puthiya nilaiyangkal thangal sontha parimaattra athirvenkalaith thaerntheduppathu udpada sila kattuppaadugaludan amaikkappada vaendum. idhu janavari 5,1927 andru, hootal hollendonil amainthulla cleveland radio oliparappu niruvanaththirku asal angkeekaaram pettrathu, maelum 688 kilohardsin suya-odhukkappatta athirvennil anuppappattathu.
koottaatchi vanoli aanaiyam (efrc) uruvaanathan moolam arasaangkak kattupaattai meendum niruviyathaith thodarnthu, puthiya kattuppaattaalargal mae 3,1927 andru thodangi thartkaalika angkeekaarangkalin thodarai veliyittanar, maelum dablyuje 680 kilohardsin paarambariya athirvennukku maattrappattathu. nilaiyangkal thodarnthu seyalpada virumbinaal, avai puthiya "podhu nalan, vasathi allathu thaevai" tharanilaiyai poorthi seikirathaa enbathai theermaanippatharkaana muthal padiyaaga janavari 15,1928 kkul muraiyaana urima vinnapaththai thaakkal seiya vaendum endrum therivikkappattathu. 1928 mae 25 andru, efrc podhu aanai 32 aii veliyittathu, idhu 164 nilaiyangalukku arivikkappattathu, idhil doubleujay udpada, "ethirkaala urimathirkaana ungkal vinnappaththin parisoathanaiyilirunthu podhu nalan, vasathi allathu thaevai aagiyavai vazhangkuvathan moolam saevai seiyappadum enbathaik kandariyavillai."iruppinum, adhu urimam petrtrathaaka irukka vaendum endru aanaiyatthai nilaiyam vetrtrikaramaaka namba vaiththathu.
navambar 11,1928 andru, eff. aarr. chii. podhu varisai 40 aii amalpaduththiyathan vilaivaaga maruseeramaippin oru paguthiyaaga, nilaiya parimaattra athirvenkalin oru periya maruu odhukkeettai seyalpaduththiyathu. doubleujay 1390 kilohardsukku odhukkappattathu, inththa athirvennai dablyuech. kae udan pagirnthu kondadhu.
wickle.
october 30,1936 andru united broadcasting niruvanatthaal oije vaangkappattathu, idhu clevelandil oyh. kae. kku sonthamaanathu. puthiya urimaiyaalargal vajayin alaippu adaiyaalaththai vagle endru maattrinar.
august 1941 ill koottaatchi thagaval thodarbu aanaiyam (eff. chii. chii) oru "dupoli" vithiyai aetrtrukkondathu, idhu oru nagaraththil ondrukku maerpatta vanoli nilaiyangalai iyakka urimam pettravargalai kattuppaduththiyathu. inththa neraththil, united broadcasting clevelant, doublue. kae. ell mattrum doublue. ech. kae aagiya irandu nilaiyangalai sonthamaaga vaiththirunthathu, maelum columbusil doublue. ech. kae. chii. adhan cleveland nilaiyangalil ontraik kaividuvathaith thavirppatharkaana oru vetrtrikaramaana thittaththin oru paguthiyaaga, Wcle kku idaiyil oru athirven maattraththirku aerpaadu seiyappattathu, pinnar 610 kz ill, mattrum 640 kz ill Whkc.
vii. kae.
irupaalar kattuppaadugalukku inangka, doublue. kae. ell clevelandle irunthu agranukku maattrappattathu, angku adhan alaippu adaiyaalam pipravari 25,1945 andru doublue. ech. kae aaga maattrappattathu, adhan athirven 640 kilohardsaaga irunththathu. idhaiyotti columbusil ulla dablyuechi (munbu dablyubav mattrum view) 640 muthal 610 kilohardsukku nagarththa mudinthathu.
1950 kazhil, vh. kae. raak andd roll oliparappu nilaiyangalil munnaniyil irunththathu, idhu beat "maedi doddy" myers thalaimaiyil irunththathu. raak andd roll kadhaikku myers aliththa pankalippu alaan freet poantra nanku ariyapatta dii. jay. kkalaal maraikkappattullathu. avar 1957 aam aandil vh. kae. will thanathu vaazhkkaiyaith thodangkinaar, maelum avar vadakizhakkil migavum thaniththuvamaana dii. jay. kazhil ontraaka valarnthaar. paiththiyakkaara appaavaaga, avar oru verithanamaana, viraivaana thee patter muttrilum raimil valangkinaar. raak andd roll mattrum ritham andd blues aagiyavattrin oru thernthedukkappatta kalavaiyai vilaiyaadiya avar, "alai alai" mattrum "mello jello" poantra sottrodargalai intrum payanpaduththinaar. janavari 1958kkul avar clevelandil ulla doublue. jay. doublue vanolikku sentraar, adhai avar udanadiyaaga antha aandu juun maatham vittuch sentraar. august 1958 varai thanathu dablyujedaplue oppanththaththin puddy kaattril irunthu vilagi irunththa piragu, avar clevelandil dablyuechpi-kku maarinaar, angku avar thanathu pirabalaththin uchaththai adainthaar, pathivu hopsai thoguththu valangkinaar mattrum tracula aadai anintha nalliravukkup piragu neralai nigazhchchigalai nadaththinaar.
vlo.
janavari 18,1960 andru dablyuech. kae. dablyuech. ooo. aaga maariyathu, idhu adhan kuraindha dial nilai kaaranamaaga "haloo radio" aii pirathipalikkirathu. inththa nilaiyam pala aandugalaaka oru "pagalnaeramaaga" thodarnthu iyangkiyathu, losses aenjals sooriya asthamanaththil aii-aee clear saenal signal kae. eff. aii. kku kaiyezhuththida vaendiyirunththathu. idhan porul ennaventraal, kulirkaalaththil iravu 7.30 manii varai, sila koadai maathangkalil 11:00 manii varai thaamathamaaga irukkum. pala aandugalukkup piragu iravu naera sevaiyai adhu adaiyum, aanaal adhu avarkalin 5,000 pakalnaera samiknaikku maaraaga 500 vaat mattumae irukkum. nallavargal" endru azhaikkappadum disk jaakkigalaik konda pirabalamaana topp-40 vadivamaippai oliparappiya piragu, 1970 kalin naduppaguthiyil seithi/paechchu vanolikku maarinaar. atharkul, inththa nilaiyam saskyuhanna radio corporation urimaiyin keezh vanthathu, idhu cantonil dablyuen-efm aip pettrathu, efm station alaippu adaiyaalaththai dabluelque aaga maattriyathu.
vlovin muthal paechchu avathaaraththil ulla sila aalumaigalil nick anthoni (ippoathu rubber chitty radiovil oru nirvaagi), steve beerangi (pinnar dablyoodivien ill), steve fullerton (pinnar pala cleveland nilaiyangalil), raan vereb (intru dabluegabn udan "raan vinaichchol"), mattrum liie "haaksaa" haamiltan (intru chaan diagovil exepersil kaetkappattathu) aagiyavai adangkum.
anaitthu seithi vadivaththilum oru surukkamaana muyarchikkup piragu, 1987 aam aandil mortensen oliparappu adhai oru madha vadivamaaga maattrum varai "nadu saalai" isaiyai oliparappiyathu. inththa "nadu saalai" vadivam 1940,1950 mattrum 1960 kalin periya isaikkuzhu mattrum paadalkalin kalavaiyaaga irunththathu. appoathu duning seiyum kaetpavargal dawn dempsy inn marning trive, daam jolif, norm mariott, brooks morton, chriss "daniels" aichar mattrum broad davis poantravargalaik kaelvippattiruppaargal. seithi thuraiyil christy kips, joow shaheen mattrum dawn oolsan irunththanar. vaara iruthi naatkalil tick vago show udpada sirappu nigazhchchigal irunththana.
1987 aam aandin muthal kattaththil mortensen oliparappiyatharkup piragu, ruzz toff, twila baris, amii grand, imperials, vellai idhayam, fill keeki mattrum pala pira mukiya kalaignargalaik konda "samagaala christhava" isaiyai inththa nilaiyam niralaakkath thodangiyathu. carrie meaks paththu aandugalukkum maelaaga podhu maelaalaraaka paniyaattrinaar. mortensen nilaiyatthai "olii" endru kurivaitthaar. nilaiyam "aam stereo" ill oliparappappattathu. aenenil naan stereo purappadavillai, adhu pattriya kaattril kurippugal perumpaalum kaividappattana. 1996 koadaikkaala thitta vazhikaatti innum nilaiyatthai "dablyooech 640 am stereo" endru kurippidugiradhu. pala aandugalaaka sila vaanvali thiramaikalil penn bareds, praiyan brooks, edd paastik, jeff dunn, davit bears, dawn paap, john watson, erik haak mattrum broad englaanthu aagiyavai adangkum. inththa nilaiyam ovvoru nyaayitrukkizhamaiyum john nadhigalin thoguppaalarudan "20 thii kavunddavun idhazh" oliparappappattathu. vaanilai aaivaalar mattrum dablyujedaplue-divi (fax 8) inn bernier sumar 1994 muthal 1997 ill niralakka maattram varai neradi vaanilai valangkinaar. john watson canton dabluenbque 95.9 efm kku sentraar, idhu volovaip poalavae, "olii" endru mutthirai kuththappattathu. 2022 aam aandin thodakkaththil kalvi uudaga arakkattalaiyaal nilaiyam vaangkappadum varai avar angku paniyaattrinaar.
vaara naatkalil sumar 20 sathaveetham niralaakkatthai thaduka arppanikkappattathu. kaalai 9 manikkul.emm. mattrum mathiyam 1 manii.emm. inththa nilaiyam perumpaalum thaesiya alavil ariyapatta christhava karpiththal nigazhchchigalai kudumbaththin meethu kavanam seluththuthal (james topson), thoduthal (charles stanly), bible moolam (jay. vernon mekki), mattrum pala. 1995 aam aandil, satthiya vaazhkkai (alastyre beck) kaalai 8:30 manikku serkkappattathu.emm.kaalai nigazhchchiyai 30 nimidangal surukkavum. sanii mattrum gnaayiru kaalai palvaeru thaesiya mattrum ulloor amaichchagangkalin kattana pilaak niralaakkangkalum adangkum. 1990kalin thodakkaththil oru manii neram ullnaattil thayaarikkappatta paechchu nigazhchchi vaara iruthi maalaikalil oliparappappattathu.
inththa thiramai pala mukiya isai nigazhchchigalai uruvaakkiyathu. 1989 aam aandil, broad englaanthu christhava raak meethu kavanam seluththiya "solit raak" endra nigazhchchiyai nadaththath thodangiyathu, idhu 10:00 p ilirunththu oliparappappattathu.sanikkizhamai nalliravu varai emm. pinnar idhu "havus barty" endru azhaikkappattathu mattrum john haasset thoguththu valangkinaar. 1996 aam aandil, praiyan brooks "classic mathiya unavai" vazhangkath thodangiyathu, idhil antha neraththil samagaala christhava muthiyavarkal, mukkiyamaaga 1970 kalin pirpaguthi mattrum 1980 kalin murpaguthiyil irunthu paadalkal idampettrana. gm carrie meaks puddy, idhu paththu aandugalil avarkal seitha migavum pirabalamaana isai nigazhchchiyaagum.
1990 kalin naduppaguthiyil oru kaalaththil mortensen studiokkalai fairlanil irunthu maattri, 2780 therku arlington saalaiyil 98.1 ill thangal efm chakoothari doublue. dii. ooo. eff udan studiyoakkalil saernthaar. october 1996 ill, varththaga kaagitha christhava aaraaichi arikkai (chii. aarr. aarr) mortensen irandu nilaiyangalaiyum saelam thagavalthodarpugalukku vitrtrathaaka ariviththathu. juun 1997 muthal vaaraththil thinkatkizhamai muthal juun 8 andru isai niralaakkam saalamin uthvaegam alikkum seyarkaikkoal vadivangkalil ontraana "paraattuthal varththai" aaga maarum endru arivikkappattathu. juun 5, vellikkilamai andru kaalai nigazhchchiyin thoguppaalargalaana praiyan mattrum john paadiya kadaisi paadal, twila baris ezhuthiya "duu aii trust yuu" aagum.
1998 aam aandil, saalam volovin seyalpaadugalai avarkalin sudhanthira vasathikku maatrinaar.
iruthiyil isai niralaakkam saalamin "thidamaana narcheythi" therku narcheythi vadivamaaga maattrappattathu, idhu mattroru seyarkaikkoal isai vadivaththai valangkiyathu.
2001 aam aandin ilaiyuthirkaalaththil, vovo thelivaana saenal thagavalthodarpugalukku virkappattathu (idhu 2014 aam aandil ihartmedia aaga maarum). inththa kaalakattathil nilaiyam surukkamaaga hott aesi doublue. kae. dii. dii. yaii oray maathiriyaaga oliparappiyathu, maelum juun 2002 ill avarkalin irandaavathu paechchu vadivaththai (inththa murai syndicated paechchaalargalaik kondullathu) aetrtrukkondathu.
aepral 28,2008 andru, maed paetrik oru ulloor pirpakal paechchu nigazhchchiyaith thodangkinaar, adhu pinnar pirpakalil kaalai neeraththirku maattrappattathu. paatrik doublue. kae. dii. dii. yill neenda kaala kaalai thoguppaalaraaga ariyappattaar, maelum antha paaththiraththai pirpakal nigazhchchiyudan thodarnthaar. disambar 2009 ill, paetrik irandu nilaiyangalilum thanathu nigazhchchigalai vittu veliyaerinaar. juulai 2009 ill, volo efm radio isaikkuzhuvil, chakoothari nilayamaana dabluarcugae (106.9 efm) inn ech. dii. 2 (digital radio) thunai alaivarisai vazhiyaaga oray maathiriyaaga oliparappath thodangiyathu. septumber 12,2010 andru, idhu nilaiyaththin ech. dii. 2 samignaiyil kilap fusion niralaakkaththirku pathilaaka mattra chakoothari nilaiyaththin ech. dii. 2 ill oliparappappattathu.
niralaakkam.
volovin varisai muttrilum orunginainthathaakum, idhil "intru kaalai, carden oppanththaththudan americavin muthal seithi", "praiyan gilmate show", "kaliman travis mattrum buck sexton show" mattrum "chiin hunnity show" aagiyavai adangkum, joow bakes, jessy kellie, tadshionit mattrum dave ramsi aakiyoaraal thogukkappatta nigazhchchigal adangkum. vaara iruthi salugaigalil "roone vilsonudon thoattaththil", "kaarii sullivanudan veettil", "leoo laborde thozhilnutpa baiyan", "sattaththil pill handle", "pill kaningaamudan nyaayittrukkizhamai iravu neralai", "ard manii neraththil engo" mattrum "kadarkarai muthal kadarkarai varai" vaara iruthi pathippukal adangkum.
voaloa enbathu agran jibbs kaalpandhu mattrum koodaippandhu palkalaikkazhagam mattrum agran rubbertooks baseball anii aagiya irandirkum vanoli illamaagum, idhu cleveland paathukaavalarkalukkaana aee. aee. inaippaagum.
veli inaippugal.
| vlo
vlo (udayam 640) anedi tock radeo formatnu kaligi unna akran, ohiyoku licenses pondina vaanijya tock radeo station. ihartmedia yaajamaanyamloni eee station akran mariyu canton metro praantaalaku sthaanika anubandhamgaa ebisi nyuus radeo, "clay travis und buck sexton show", "dhi seen hanity show", akran rubbarducks mariyu akran gyps kosam sevalu andistundi. vlo studiolu uttara cantonlo unnaayi, ayithe station transmitter copley undhi. praamaanika analog prasaaramtho paatu, ihartradio dwara aanlainlo prasaram avutundi.
charitra.
vjoy.
chaalaa prabhutva niyantranalu nilipiveyabadinappudu astavyastamaina kaalamlo station karyakalapalu praarambhinchindi, kotta stationlu tama sonta prasaara pounahpunyaalanu enchukovadamtho sahaa konni parimitulatoe erpaatu cheyabadataayi. idhi janavari 5,1927naa, hotel hollenden vadda unna cleveland radeo broadcasting companyki, mariyu 688 kiloj sweeya-ketaayinchina frequencylo prasaram cheyadaaniki, asalu adhikaram pondindi.
federal radeo commission (frc) erpaatu dwara prabhutva niyantrananu tirigi sthaapinchina taruvaata, kotta niyantrakaalu mae 3,1927 nundi praarambhamaina taatkaalika adhikaaraala shrenini jaarii chesaayi, doubluese 680 kiloj yokka marinta saampradaaya frequenseeki maarindi. vaaru karyakalapalanu konasaginchalanukunte, vaaru kotta "praja prayojanam, soulabhyam ledhaa avasaram" pramaanaaniki anugunamgaa unnara anie nirnayinchadamlo modati dasagaa janavari 15,1928 natiki adhikaarika licenses darakhaastunu daakhalu cheyalsina avasaram undani kooda stationlaku teliyajeyabadindi. 1928 mae 25naa, frc saadhaarana uttarvu 32 jaarii chesindi, idhi doubleujeytho sahaa 164 stationlaku teliyajesindi, "bhavishyat licenses kosam mea darakhaastunu pariseelinchadam dwara daanini manjuru cheyadam dwara praja prayojanam, soulabhyam ledhaa avasaram neraverutundani kanugonabadadu."ayithe, adhi licenses kaligi undaalani station kamishannu vijayavantamgaa oppinchindi.
november 11,1928naa, frc, saadhaarana arder 40 amalu phalitamgaa punarvyavastheekaranalo bhaagamgaa, station transmitting frequenciela pradhana punarvyavastheekarananu amalu chesindi. doubluese 1390 kehejku ketayinchabadindi, eee frequencini doubleuhetch keey thoo panchukundi.
valk.
doubleujeni 1936 aktobaru 30naa united broadcasting konugolu chesindi, idhi clevelandlo doubleuhechseeki kooda yajamanyamlo undhi. kotta yajamaanulu doubluese coll sainnu doubleukleyga marcharu.
aagashtu aagashtu federal communications commission (eff. sii. sii) "dupoly" niyamanni sweekarinchindi, idhi licensulu nagaramlo okati kante ekkuva radeo stationlanu nirvahinchakundaa parimitam chesindi. eee samayamlo, united broadcasting cleveland, wcl mariyu doubleuhechsylo rendu stationlanu kaligi undhi, columbus loe doubleuhechseeki adanamgaa. daani cleveland stationlalo okadaanni vadulukokunda undataaniki vijayavantamaina pranaalikaloo bhaagamgaa, Wcle, taruvaata 610 kz, mariyu 640 kz paie Whkc madhya frequency marpidi kosam erpaatu cheyabadindi.
WHK.
dupoly parimitulaku anugunamgaa, doubleukleeni cleveland nundi akranku marcharu, akkada daani coll saine fibravari 25,1945naa doubleuhetch keki maarchabadindi mariyu daani frequency 640 kehejku maarchabadindi. idhi columbus loe doubleuhechkesi (gatamlo doubleubav mariyu vaiu) 640 nundi 610 khz kuu taralinchadaaniki veelu kalpinchindi.
kalpinchindi, white rock und roll prasaara kendraalalo mundanjalo undhi, dheeniki peat "myaad doddy" myers naayakatvam vahinchaaru. rock und roll kathaku myers chesina sahakaranni alan freed vanti itara baga telisina digelu kappivesaaru. athanu athanu vh keey vadda thana vruttini praarambhinchaadu, mariyu athanu eshaanyamlo atyanta vilakshanhamaina dije laloe okarigaa abhivruddhi chendaadu. picchi tandrila, athanu puurtigaa padyamloo oka unmaada, vegavantamaina-agni paatarnu pradarsinchaadu. rock und roll mariyu rhythm und blues yokka pariseelanaatmaka misramaanni vaayistuu, athanu netikee upayoginche "alala gravy" mariyu "melo jello" vanti padabandhaalanu roopondinchaadu. 1958 janavari natiki athanu clevelandloni doubluesedablue radioku vellaadu, aaa samvatsaram juunloo athanu ventane daanini vidichipettadu. thana doubluesedablue oppandam prakaram augustu 1958 varaku prasaaraaniki dhooramgaa unna taruvaata, athanu doubleuhechk inn clevelandku maaradu, akkada athanu thana prajaadarana yokka sikharaaniki cherukunnadu, rikaardu haaplanu host chesaadu mariyu dracula dustulu dharinchi ardharaatri tarvaata pratyaksha pradarsanalu icchaadu.
volo.
1960 janavari 18naa takkuva dial sthaanam kaaranamgaa "halo radeo" nii pratibimbistuu doubleuhetch kae doubleu hetch oo gaa maarindi. eee station chaalaa samvatsaraalu "day timer" gaa panicheyadam konasaaginchindi, ii-eah clear chaanal signal kfi kosam laas angels suuryaastamayam vadda saine off cheyalsi vachindi. dheeni ardham sheethaakaalamlo raatri 7.30 gantala varaku, mariyu konni vesavi nelallo 11:00 varaku aalasyamgaa untundi. chaalaa samvatsaraala taruvaata raatri samayamlo sevanu saadhinchedi, conny vaari 5,000 pagatipuuta sankethaalaku viruddhamgaa idhi 500 vaatla vadda matrame untundi. dhi good guys" anie piluvabade disk jaakeelanu kaligi unna oka pramukha top-40 formatnu prasaram chesina taruvaata, 1970la madhyalo nyuus/tock rediyoki maarindi. appatiki, station suskwehanna radeo corporation yaajamaanyamloki vachindi, idhi cantonlo doubluen-efmnu konugolu chesindi, eee prakriyaloo efm station coll sainnu doubleuhetchelkga maarchindi.
vlo yokka modati tock avataaramlo unna kontamandi vyaktulalo nick anthony (ippudu rabbaru city radiolo executive), steve phirangi (taruvaata wtvn vadda), steve fullerton (taruvaata bahula cleveland stationlalo), raan vereb (nedu wkbn thoo "raan kriya" gaa), mariyu lii "haxa" hamilton (shaan diagoloni expers loe eee roeju vinabadindi) unnaayi.
anni-vaartala formatlo oka sankshipta prayatnam taruvaata, taruvaata mortensen prasaram chese varaku "middle off dhi road" sangeetaanni prasaram chesindi. eee "middle off dhi road" formatt 1940,1950,1960la pedda byaand mariyu jaanapada geetaala misramam. appudu tune chese shrotalu marning drive loe daan dempsey, tomm jolif, norm marriott, brooks morton, criss "daniels" aisher mariyu broad davis vanti vaatini vinee untaaru. vaartaa vibhaagamlo christy gibbs, jooe shaheen mariyu daan olson unnaaru. vaaraantaallo dick vaco shoto sahaa pratyeka karyakramalu undevi.
1987 modati samvatsaramlo mortensen konugolu chesina taruvaata, station "samakaaleena kraistava" sangeetaanni prasaram cheyadam praarambhinchindi, indulo rus toff, twila paris, amee grant, dhi imperials, white haart, phil keegee mariyu aneka itara pradhana kalaakaarulu unnaaru. gyaarii meaks padeella paatu general managerga panicheesaaru. mortensen stationku "light" anie tagg chesaadu. station "aam stereo" loe prasaram cheyabadindi. endukante neenu stereo takeoff cheyaledu, daani gurinchi prasaaramlo ekkuvagaa prastaavinchabaddaayi. vesavi 1996 programme guide ippatikee stationnu "vlo 640 am stereo" gaa suuchimchimdi. samvatsaraalugaa konni vaayu pratibhalalo benn birds, brian brooks, edd bostic, jeff dunn, david piers, daan pop, zaan watson, eric hogg mariyu broad ingland unnaayi. prati aadivaaram host john nadulatho station "20 dhi countdown magazine" prasaram chesindi. doubluesedablue-tv (faaks 8) nundi vaataavarana shaastravetta mariyu rae bernier 1994 nundi nundi prograaming maarpu varaku pratyaksha vaataavaranaanni andinchaaru. zaan watson canton yokka wnpq 95.9 efmki vellaaru, idhi doubleuhecho laaga, "kaanti" gaa brand cheyabadindi. 2022 praarambhamlo educational media foundation dwara station konugolu cheyabade varaku aame akkada panicheesaaru.
varapu rojulalo daadaapu 20 saatam kaaryakramaalanu nirodhinchadaaniki ankitam cheyabadindi. udayam 9 gantala madhya.emm. mariyu madhyahnam 1 gamm.emm. eee station ekkuvagaa jaateeyamgaa prasiddhi chendina kraistava bodhanaa kaaryakramaalanu kutumbam (james dobson), touchlo (charless stanley), baibil dwara (zhe. vernon mcjee), mariyu aneka itara. itara, trooth pharr life (alastyre begg) nuu udayam 8:30 gantalaku jodinchaaru.emm.udayam pradarsananu 30 nimishalu tagginchandi. sanivaaram mariyu aadivaaram udayam vividha jaateeya mariyu sthaanika mantritva saakhala nundi chellimpu block prograaming kooda unnaayi. oka ganta paatu sthaanikamgaa nirminchina tock show 1990la praarambhamlo kontakaalam vaaraantapu saayantram prasaram cheyabadindi.
eee pratibha aneka samuchita sangeeta kaaryakramaalanu roopondinchindi. roopondinchindi, broad ingland christian rock meeda drushti saarinchina "salid rock" anae pradarsananu nirvahinchadam praarambhinchindi, idhi 10:00 p nundi prasaram cheyabadindi.sanivaaram ardharaatri varaku m. taruvaata dheenini "house party" anie pilicharu mariyu zaan hasset chetha nirvahinchabadindi. october, brian brooks "classic lunch" nuu host cheyadam praarambhinchindi, indulo aaa samayamlo samakaaleena kraistava vruddhulu, pradhanamgaa 1970la chivara mariyu 1980la praarambhamlo unna paatalu unnaayi. gm gyaarii meaks prakaram, idhi padhi samvatsaraalalo vaaru chesina atyanta prajaadarana pondina sangeeta karyakramam.
1990la madhyalo kontakaalam mortensen studiolanu fairlan nundi marchadu, 2780 south arlington road vadda vaari efm sodari wtof, 98.1 thoo studiolalo cheraadu. october october, trade paper christian research report (crr) mortensen rendu stationlanu saelam communicationlaku vikrayistunnatlu nivedinchindi. juun 1997 modati vaaramlo somavaaram, juun 8, sangeeta karyakramalu saelam yokka sphuurtidaayakamaina upagraha pampinhee formatlalo okadaaniki marutayani, "prasamsalo padam" anie prakatana cheyabadindi. sukravaaram, juun 5naa marning show host brian und zaan paadina chivari paata twila paris "doo ii trust yuu".
yuu", salem, vollo karyakalapalanu vaari swaatantrya kendraaniki marcharu.
chivariki sangeeta kaaryakramaalanu salem yokka "ghana suvaarta" dakshina suvaarta aakrutiki marcharu, maroka upagraham andinchina sangeeta aakruti.
2001 chivaralo, whetchl clear chaanal communicationlaku vikrayinchabadindi (idhi (idhi ihartmedia avutundi). eee kaalamlo station kluptamgaa hott esi doubleukedidy nii prasaram chesindi, mariyu juun juun vaari rendava tock formatnu (esaari syndicated tockers kaligi) sweekarinchindi.
april 28,2008naa, mott patrick sthaanika madhyahnam tock shoni praarambhinchaadu, taruvaata adhi aalasyamgaa udayam varaku maarindi. paatriknu doubleukedidy vadda sudeergha kaala udayam hostga pilicheevaaru, mariyu aaa paatranu doubleuhetcholo madhyahnam chivarilo pradarsanatoe paatu konasaaginchaaru. 2009 decemberulo, patrick rendu stationlalo thana kaaryakramaalanu vidichipettadu. juulai juulai, Whlo, sodari station Wrqk (106.9 fm) yokka hetch. dii. 2 (digital radeo) upa chaanal dwara eff. emm. radeo bandlo okesari prasaram cheyadam praarambhinchindi. september 12,2010naa, idhi station yokka yokka signallo club fusion prograaming sthaanamlo itara cyster station doubleukedidy yokka yokka prasaram cheyadaaniki maarindi.
prograaming.
eee udayam, america yokka modati vaartalatoe kuudina garden deal", "dhi brian killmade show", "dhi clay travis und buck sexton show" mariyu "dhi seen hannity show", jooe pags, jesse kellie, tudsionit mariyu dave ramse nirvahinchina kaaryakramaalato sahaa, vlo yokka lineup puurtigaa sindiketedgaa undhi. vaaraantapu samarpanhala "inn dhi garden vith raan willson", "intlo gyaarii sullivan", "leo laporte dhi tech gai", "bill handell aann dhi laa", "sunday nait live vith bill cunningham", "ekkado oka chota art bell" mariyu "coast tuu coast aam" vaaraantapu editionlu unnaayi.
doubleuhechovo anedi akran gyps football mariyu basketball vishwavidyaalayam mariyu akran rubbarducks baseball jattu rendintikee radeo home, idhi cleveland guardianlaku anubandhamgaa undhi.
bahya linkulu.
|
waah
dabliyo aich awo (sabah 640 bajay) eek tajarti taak redio station hay juu akroon auhaiyo kuu license yaaftah hay jiss mein taak redio formate hay. aayee haart mediya kii malkiyat waala yaha station ackern aur canton metro donon elaqon kuu aey bee see newz redio "dee klee traves aind buck sexton show"yee "dee seen hannity show"yee ackern rabad dicks aur ackern zips kay liye maqami alhaaq kay toor parr khidmaat farahim kartaa hay. dabliyo aich awo kay studio shamali canton mein waaqa haine jabkah station transmitter kopli mein waaqa hay. eek mayari ainalog transmission kay alawah dabliyo aich eel awo aayee haart redio kay zariye aann line silsilah jaari kartaa hay.
tareekh.
jay.
station nay eek afratafri kay door mein kaam sharoo kiyaa jabb ziyadah tarr sarkaari zabtay muatil kirr diye gayey thay nayey stationon kuu chand pabandiyon kay saath qayem karnay kay liye aazaad kiyaa gayaa thaa bashmol inn kii apnee transmating freekwensi kaa intekhaab karnaa. asay asl toor parr 5 januri 1927 cow hotelon holanden mein waaqa cleoland redio broadcasting company cow aur 688 clow heartz kii khood tafviz shadah freekwensi parr muntaqil karnay kaa akhtiyar diyaa gayaa thaa.
wafaqi redio commission (aif aar see) kay qayaam kay zariye hukumati control kay dobarah qayaam kay baad nayey regulators nay 3 mayee 1927 say aarizi ajazaton kaa eek silsilah jaari kiyaa jiss mein jay 680 clow heartz kii ziyadah rawayati taadad parr muntaqil how gayaa. stationon kuu yaha bhee bataya gayaa kahh agar wah kaam jaari rakhna chahtay haine tuu inhein 15 januri 1928 takk bazabtah license kii darkhwast dayer karnay kii zarurat hay yaha tay karnay kay liye pehla qadm kahh aayaa wah nayey "mafaad aamah sahulat yaa zarurat" kay mayaar parr poraa utartay haine yaa nahein. 25 mayee 1928 cow aif aar see nay aam hakam naamah 32 jaari kiyaa jiss mein jay jay sameet 164 stationon kuu matlaa kiyaa gayaa kahh "mustaqabil kay license kay liye aap kii darkhwast kay jaizay say yaha nahein malum hotaa kahh asay deenay say mafaad aamah sahulat yaa zarurat poori hogi."tahim station nay kamiyabi kay saath commission kuu qayel kiyaa kahh asay license yaaftah rehna chahiye.
11 nomber 1928 cow aif aar see nay general arder 40 kay nafaz kay natijay mein tanzim noow kay eek hasay kay toor parr station transmating frequencies kii eek bury dobarah taqsim kuu naafiz kiyaa. dabliyo jayey kuu 1390 clow heartz kuu tafviz kiyaa gayaa iss freekwensi kuu dabliyo aich kay kay saath baantatay hoay.
dabliyo see eel.
jay kuu 30 aktobar 1936 kuu united broadcasting nay kharida thaa juu cleoland mein dabliyo aich kay kii bhee malkiyat thee. nayey maalkaan nay jay kay kaal saain kuu dabliyo see eel mein tabdil kirr diyaa.
agast 1941 mein wafaqi mawasilati commission (aif see see) nay eek "dopoli" qayedah apnaya jiss nay license yaaftah afraad kuu shehar mein eek say ziyadah redio station chalanay say rook diyaa. iss waqat columbus mein dabliyo aich kay see kay elawah united broadcasting kay paas cleoland dabliyo see eel aur dabliyo aich kay mein duu station thay. apnay eek klee lend station kuu chhodnay say bachnay kay liye eek kamiyab mansubay kay hasay kay toor parr united nay dabliyo see eel kay darmiyan freekwensi kay tabadle kaa ahtamam kiyaa phir 610 clow heartz parr aur 640 clow heartz parr dabliyo aich kay see.
dabliyo aich kay.
duu ajaarah daari kii pabandiyon kay mutabiq dabliyo see eel kuu klee lend say ackern muntaqil kirr diyaa gayaa jehaan 25 faroori 1945 kuu iss kay kaal saain kuu dabliyo aich kay mein tabdil kirr diyaa gayaa aur iss kii freekwensi 640 clow heartz kirr dee gayee. iss kay natijay mein columbus mein dabliyo aich kay see (sabqah dabliyo bee aey wee aur viev) kaa 640 say 610 clow heartz takk muntaqil honaa mumkin how gayaa.
1950 kii dahayi mein dabliyo aich kay kay raak aind roll nashar karnay waalay stationon mein sabb say aagay thaa jiss kii qayadat peetay "paagal waalid" mires kirr rahay thay. raak aind roll kii kahaani mein mires kii sharakat kuu deegar mashhur ddee jay jeesay kahh ailaan fried nay chhapa diyaa hay. inhon nay apnay carrier kaa aaghaz 1957 mein dabliyo aich kay kay mein kiyaa aur wah shamaal mashriq mein sabb say makhsus ddee jay mein say eek bunn gayey. paagal waalid kay toor parr iss kay paas eek januni teez raftaar petter thaa juu makmal toor parr shayeri mein paish kiyaa gayaa thaa. raak aind roll aur taal aur blues kaa eek intekhabi markab bajatay huay iss nay aaj bhee istemaal honay waalay jamley wazaa kiyay jeesay "lehra hawaa gravie" aur "melo jailo". januri 1958 takk wah cleoland mein dabliyo jay dabliyo redio parr chalay gayey jasay inhon nay asee saal joone mein foraa chhod diyaa. agast 1958 takk apnay dabliyo jay dabliyo muahide kay mutabiq aaf aiyar rehney kay baad inhon nay dabliyo aich kay inn cleoland kaa rakh kiyaa jehaan wah apnee maqboliyat kay arooj parr pahunch gayey record hops kii mezbani kartay hoay aur drikola castiom pehney hoay aadhi raat kay baad laiyo shoz kii mezbani kartay hoay.
waah.
dabliyo aich kay kay 18 januri 1960 kuu dabliyo aich awo eel awo bunn gayaa juu iss kii kumm dial position kii wajah say "heelo redio" kii akaasi kartaa hay. yaha station kayee saalon takk "day timer" kay toor parr kaam kartaa rehaa jiss kay liye laas angeles kay gharub aaftaab kay waqat aayee-aey clair chinal segnal kay aif aayee kay liye saain aaf karnaa padaa. iss kaa matlab yaha hoga kahh dabliyo aich awo sardiyon kay doraan shaam 7 bujj kirr 30 mint kay qareeb aur mosam garma kay baaz maheenon mein <aayee ddee 1 bujj kirr 1 mint takk jaari rahay gaa. dabliyo aich awo kayee saal baad raat kay waqat saros haasil karay gaa leakin yaha inn kay 5,000 dunn kay segnal kay barakas sarf 500 waat parr hoga. dee gudd geez" kay naam say mashhur disk jaakiyon kii khususiyat waali eek maqbool topp-40 formate nashar karnay kay baad 1970 kii dahayi kay wast mein wah khabron/taak redio kii taraf maail how gayee. iss waqat takk station saskina redio corporation kii malkiyat mein aaa gayaa jiss nay canton mein dabliyo aine aine-aif ayem haasil kirr liyaa thaa iss amal mein aif ayem station kay kaal saain kuu dabliyo aich eel kiyo mein tabdil kirr diyaa thaa.
dabliyo aich awo kay pehley taak autaar parr kachh shaqsiyat mein nikk anthoni (abb rabad stee redio mein eek execto)yee steve cannon (baad mein dabliyo tye wee aine mein)yee steve flerton (baad mein mutadid clealand stationon parr)yee rune veerab (aaj dabliyo kay bee aine kay saath "rune faal" kay toor parr)yee aur lee "hexav" hammelton (aaj saan diyago mein aiks pee aar aiss parr sunaa gayaa) shaamil haine.
aal newz formate mein eek mukhtasir koshish kay baad walo nay "muddle aaf dee road" mausiqi nashar kii jabb takk kahh martensin nay asay 1987 mein mazhabi formate mein tabdil nahein kiyaa. yaha "muddle aaf dee road" formate 1940yee 1950 aur 1960 kii dahayi kay baday bend aur geeton kaa markab thaa. iss waqat tewan karnay waalay saamayin nay marning drive mein ddaan dempsy tomm joleef naarm merriot broks mortan curse "denails" aaichar aur bread ddios kii pasand sunee hogi. mohkamah khabar mein christy gabz joyan aur ddaan aulson thay. ikhtatam haftah parr dakk viko show sameet khususi programing hoti thee.
1987 kay pehley hasay mein martensin kii kharidari kay baad station nay "asree eisayi" mausiqi kaa programing sharoo kiyaa jiss mein raas toff toila peers aimi graant imperails waait haart fill keegi aur behat say dosray jeesay bunyadi fankaar shaamil thay. geeri meks nay duss saal say ziyadah arsey takk general maneejar kay toor parr khidmaat anjaam dain. mortensin nay station kuu "dee light" teeg kiyaa. station "ayem stereo" mein nashar hotaa hay. keunkah ayem stereo nay teek aaf nahein kiyaa iss kay ziyadah tarr aann aiyar hawalah jaat kuu chhod diyaa gayaa thaa. summer 1996 prograam guide nay abb bhee station kaa hawalah "dabliyo aich awo eel 640 aey ayem stereo" kay toor parr diyaa. inn saalon mein kachh fazayi salahiyaton mein beenn birdzong brine broks aidd bostak jaif dunn dude pairs deane paap jaan watson airak hogg aur bread england shaamil thay. station harr atwaar kuu mezban joone reverse kay saath "20 dee count ddaun megzin" nashar kartaa thaa. dabliyo jay dabliyo-tye wee (faaks 8) kay maahir mausamiyat andry barnair nay taqriba 1994 say lay kirr 1997 mein programing mein tabdili takk braah raast mosam farahim kiyaa. jaan watson canton kay dabliyo aine pee kiyo 95.9 aif ayem mein muntaqil how gayey jasay dabliyo aich eel awo kii tarah "roshni" kay toor parr braand kiyaa gayaa thaa. inhon nay 2022 kay awail mein ejocational mediya foundation kay zariah station kuu khareedne takk wahaan khidmaat anjaam dain.
haftay kay dunon kaa taqriba 20 faisad block programing kay liye waqaf thaa. sabah 9 bajay kay darmiyan.ayem. aur dopahar 1 bajay.ayem. iss station nay ziyadah tarr qomi satah parr maruf eisayi tadrisi programon kuu femli (jaims dobson)yee raabtay mein (charlis stenly)yee bible (jay. warnan mekgi)yee aur kayee deegar. 1995 mein zindagi kay liye sachayi (elsteer beeg) kuu sabah 8 bujj kirr 30 mint parr shaamil kiyaa gayaa.ayem.sabah kay show kuu 30 mint takk mukhtasir karnaa. haftah aur atwaar kii sabah mein mukhtalif qomi aur maqami wazaraton kay peed block programing bhee shaamil thay. eek ghantay takk jaari rehney waala maqami toor parr tayaar kardah taak show 1990 kii dahayi kay awail mein eek waqat kay liye haftay kay dunn kii shaamon mein nashar hawaa.
iss hunner nay kayee makhsus mausiqi kay prograam tayaar kiye. 1989 mein bread england nay eek show kii mezbani sharoo kii jiss mein eisayi raak parr taujah markoz kii gayee jasay "saald raak" kahaa jaataa hay juu 10:00 p say nashar hawaa.ayem haftah kuu aadhi raat takk. baad mein asay "house paarti" kahaa gayaa aur iss kii mezbani jaan hesset nay kii. 1996 mein brine broks nay "classici lunch" kii mezbani sharoo kii jiss mein aisey gaaney shaamil thay juu iss waqat muasir eisayi oldez thay bunyadi toor parr 1970 kii dahayi kay aakhir aur 1980 kii dahayi kay awail say. jee ayem geeri meks kay mutabiq yaha duss saalon mein inn kaa sabb say maqbool music prograam thaa.
1990 kii dahayi kay wast mein kasee waqat mortensin nay studios kuu fair laan say muntaqil kirr diyaa 2780 saoth arlington road parr apnee aif ayem behan dabliyo tye awo aif 98.1 kay saath studios mein shaamil how gayey. aktobar 1996 mein tajarti maqalay krischan recerch report (see aar aar) nay atlaa dee kahh mortensin donon station saleem communications kuu farokhat kirr rehaa thaa. joone 1997 kay pehley haftay mein yaha aalaan kiyaa gayaa kahh pair 8 joone say music programing saleem kay mutasir kunn satellite deliver formats mein say eek mein tabdil how jaaye gee "tareef mein lafz". marning show kay mezban brine aur jaan kaa jamaah 5 joone kuu kheela gayaa aakhri gaana toila peers kaa "duu aayee trust yuu" thaa.
1998 mein saleem nay dabliyo aich awo eel kii karwaiyon kuu apnee aazadi kii sahulat mein muntaqil kirr diyaa.
aakhir kaar music programing kuu saleem kay "thoos anjeel" janubi anjeel kay formate mein tabdil kirr diyaa gayaa eek aur satellite music formate farahim kartaa hay.
2001 kay mosam khazaan mein dabliyo aich awo eel kuu clair chinal communications kuu farokhat kirr diyaa gayaa (juu 2014 mein aayee haart mediya bunn jaaye gaa). iss arsey kay doraan station nay mukhtasir toor parr hott aey see dabliyo kay ddee ddee kuu yakja kiyaa aur joone 2002 mein apnee dosri taak formate (iss baar syndicated taakaron kii khususiyat) kuu apnaya.
28 apreel 2008 cow meet patrick nay eek maqami deer dopahar kaa taak show sharoo kiyaa juu baad mein deer sabah takk chalaa gayaa. patrick kuu dabliyo kay ddee ddee mein sabah kay taweel madti mezban kay toor parr jaana jaataa thaa aur iss nay dabliyo aich awo eel parr dopahar kay aakhir mein show kay saath saath iss kirdaar kuu jaari rakhaa. dasambar 2009 mein patrick nay donon stationon parr apnay prograam chhod diye. jolayi 2009 mein dabliyo aich eel awo nay aif ayem redio bend parr behan station dabliyo aar kiyo kay (106.9 aif ayem) kay aich ddee 2 (degital redio) zeeli chinal kay zariye eek saath nashar karnaa sharoo kiyaa. 12 satambar 2010 cow yaha station kay aich ddee 2 segnal parr kalb feusion programing kii jagah dosray behan station dabliyo kay ddee ddee kay aich ddee 2 parr nashar karnay kay liye muntaqil how gayaa.
programing.
dabliyo aich awo eel kii line app makmal toor parr syndicated hay jiss mein "aaj sabah gorden dail kay saath america kii pehli khabrein"yee "brine clemade show"yee "dee klee traves aind buck sexton show" aur "dee seen hannity show"yee juu pegs jaisi callie tode sikant aur ddio ramsi kay zeer ahtamam prograam shaamil haine. haftay kay aakhir mein paish kardah paishkashon mein "inn dee guarden wad rune walasan"yee "gahar mein geeri saliwan kay saath"yee "liyo leportay dee teek gaaye"yee "bull handle aann dee laa"yee "sunday night laiyo wad bull kanangham"yee "kahein waqat parr aart bail kay saath" aur "coast tuu coast ayem" kay veek aind edition shaamil haine.
dabliyo aich awo ackern zips fitt baal aur basket baal donon kii university aur ackern rabad dicks bees baal team juu kahh klee lend kay sarparaston kay liye aey aey say waabistah hay donon kay liye redio hoam hay.
beruni rawabit. |
0005b96bae4d20995820f43d79e3a1b5994252413297d40f4feaa6e21a51e5e5 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=67399870 | ANA. all in |
ANA. all in
Spanish television series
ANA. all in () is a Spanish legal thriller limited television series adapting the Roberto Santiago's novel "Ana". It is jointly produced by RTVE, Tornasol, DeAPlaneta and ZDF Enterprises. Directed by Salvador García and Gracia Querejeta, the series stars Maribel Verdú for the leading role. It was released on RTVE Play on 21 September 2021.
Premise.
After Alejandro is accused of killing the manager of the Gran Castilla Casino, his sister Ana Tramel (a lawyer at a low ebb) sets up a small team to pick up an unequal fight versus the powerful gambling industry.
The fiction is set in Madrid, and some parts also take place in Pamplona.
Production and release.
Created by Roberto Santiago, the series is an adaptation of his own novel "Ana", and it is produced by the Spanish public broadcaster RTVE together with Tornasol, DeAPlaneta and the German producer ZDF Enterprises. Consisting of 6 episodes featuring a running time of around 60 minutes, filming started in Pamplona in June 2020. The episodes were directed by Salvador García and Gracia Querejeta, whereas the screenplay was written by Santiago himself together with Ángela Armero. RTVE announced the release date of the full series on RTVE Play for 21 September 2021, the same date as the debut of the linear TV run on La 1. The opening of the series features illustrations by Paula Bonet and a theme song ("Una y otra vez") performed by Marlango and Vetusta Morla's Guille Galván.
Accolades.
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References.
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| aana. xokolu bhitorot
aana. ol inn () hoise robertu centiagur uponyax "enaa" obhijujit koraa etaa spanis aainee thriller ximito television dharabahik. iyak aar. ti. bhi., tornus 'lo, diplanetta aaru jade. di. ef. udyugxomuhe jutiyabhabe utpadon kore. charbhadur garchia aaru gracia querezeter dwara porisalito ei dharabahikkhonot mukhyo soritrot obhinoy korise maribel bharduwe. iyak 2021 sonor 21 septemborot aar. ti. bhi. play 'too mukti diya hoisil.
bhitti.
alejendrur uporot grain kestila kesinur menejarok hotya korar obhijug utthapon huwar pisot, teur bhogni enaa tramele (ejon ukil) xoktixali juwa udyugor biruddhe ek oxom juj lo "boloi etaa xoru doll gothon kore.
kolpokahinitu medridot nirman koraa hoise, aaru kisuman ongxo pamplunatu xonghotit hoy.
utpadon aaru mukti.
ei sringkholatu teur nijor uponyax "aana" ror obhijujon aaru iyak spanis rajohuwa xomprosarok artive tornus 'lo, diplanetta aaru german projujok jdf enterprisor xoite ekeloge projujona korise. pray 60 minutor soli thoka xomoyor 6taa khondore gothito, 2020 sonor june maahot pamplunat sitrogrohon aarombho hoisil. khondobur aaru gracia querezeter dwara porisalito hoisil, aanhate sitronatyotu santiyaguwe nijei ekeloge likhisil. artivi-ye 2021 sonor 21 septemborot artivi play-too xompurno sringkholatur muktir tarikh ghuxona kore, laa 1-too rekhij tibhi raanor aatmoprokaxor eke tarikh. sringkholatur aarombhonite paula bonnetor chitro aaru marlangu aaru vetusta morlar gilly galvanor dwara poriwexon koraa etaa thim geet ("unaa waai oh 'traa bhej") aase.
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aanaa. sabgulo
aanaa. oll inn () ekti spanish ligal thriller limited television sirij jaa robarto santiagor uponyas "aanaa" keey abhijojito koreche. etty jouthobhabe rtv, tornsole, diplanetta ebong jdf uddog dwara utpadito hoy. salvadar garcia ebong gracia querzeta porichalito eyi sirije prodhan choritre abhinoy korechen maribel bhardu. etty 21 septembara 2021-ayee rtv play-teey mukti paay.
vitti.
alehandro gryana castilla casinor managerke hotyar abhijoge abhijukto howar porr, taar boone aanaa trummel (ekjon aainjibi) shaktishali jua shilper biruddhe osomo ladai korar jonno ekti chhoto doll gathon korey.
kalpakahiniti madrider prekkhapote nirmito hoyeche ebong kichhu ongsho pamplonateo ghote.
utpadon ebong mukti.
eyi sirijti taanr nijer uponyas "aanaa"-rawr ekti abhijojon ebong etty tornsole, diplanetta ebong german projojok jdf enterprise-err saathe jouthobhabe spanish public broadcaster rtv dwara projojito. pray 60 minuter chalman somoy niye 6tii porbo niye gothito, 2020 saaler june maase pamplonate chitrogrohon shuru hoy. porboguli porichalona korechilen ebong gracia querzeta, jekhane chitronattoti santiago nijei likhechen. rtv 21 septembara 2021-err jonno rtv play-teey sampurna sirijer muktir tarikh ghoshana korey, laa 1-ayee roikhik tibhi raner atmoprokasher ekoi tarikh. sirijer udwodhoni anusthane polla bonneter chitro ebong marlango ebong vetusta morler gill galvan dwara poribeshito ekti thim gaan ("unaa oyai otravez") royeche. |
aenaa. badhaama
aenaa. ola ina () aee spanish kaanuni romaanchak maryadit television shrenee chhe jeey roobertoo santiagoni navalkathaa "aenaa" neey apnaave chhe. tenu utpaadan rtv, tornsol, deplanetta aneey zddf saahso dwara sanyukt reete karvaamaa aave chhe. salvador garcia aneey gracia kwerejeta dwara nirdeshit, aaa shreneema mukhya bhoomika maate maribel vardu chhe. teey 21 september 2021naa roj rtv play parr rajoo karvaamaa aavee hatee.
aadhaar.
alejandro parr grain castilla kesinonaa managerni hatyaano aarop mukvaamaa aavyaa pachhi, tenee bahen aenaa tramel (neecha stare vakeel) shaktishaali jugar udhyog saame asman ladaaine pasand karvaa maate aek naanee teamnee rachnaa karey chhe.
aaa kaalpaneek kathaa medridmaa seeta karvaamaa aavee chhe, aneey ketlaak bhaago pamplonama pann thaay chhe.
utpaadan aneey prakaashan.
aaa shrenee temnee potaani navalkathaa "aenaa" noon rupaantaran chhe aneey tenu nirmaan spanish jaaher prasaarankartaa rtv dwara tornsol, deplanetta aneey german nirmata zddf entreprise saathe maleene karvaamaa aavyu chhe. lagbhag 60 minutena chaaltaa samayne darshaavtaa 6 episodeno samaavesh kartaa, filmankan juuna 2020 maan pamplonama sharoo thayu hatoo. episodenu nirdeshan aneey gracia curagetta dwara karvaamaa aavyu hatoo, jyaare patkathaa pote santiago dwara lakhvaamaa aavee hatee. rtva 21 september 2021 maate rtv play parr sampoorn shreneeni rajuaatni taarikhni jaaherat curry, jeey taarikh laa 1 parr rekheey tivi rannee sharuaatni taarikh chhe. shreneena praarambhmaa paulaa bonnet dwara chitro aneey marlango aneey vetusta morlaanaa gill gelwan dwara rajoo karaayel theem geet ("unaa vaay otraa ways") chhe. |
enaa. sub mein
enaa. aul inn () ack spanish kanuni thriller seemit television shrinkhala haye joe roberto santiago key upanyaas "enaa" koo anukoolit karati haye. iska utpaadan sanyukt roop seey aar. tii. vee., tornsole, deplanetta aur jaid. dee. aff. udyamon dwara kiya jaataa haye. salvador garcia aur gracia querezetta dwara nirdeshit, shrinkhala mein pramukh bhoomika key liye maribel verdu hain. ise 21 sitambar 2021 koo aar. tii. vee. play parr jaari kiya gayaa thaa.
aadhar.
alegendro parr grain castilla casino key prabandhak kii hatyaa kaa aarop lagane key baad, usaki bahan enaa traumel (ack cumm girawat parr ack vakeel) ack chhoti team taiyar karati haye joe ack asman ladaai banaam shaktishali juaa udyog koo chunati haye.
yeh kathaa madrid mein sthaapit haye, aur kuchh bhaag pamplona mein bhee hotey hain.
utpaadan aur vimochan.
dwara banaai gaee, yeh shrinkhala unake apane upanyaas "enaa" kaa ack roopaantaran haye, aur ise spanish saarvajanik prasarak aar. tii. vee. dwara tornsole, deplanetta aur german nirmaata jaid. dee. aff. udyamon key saath milkar nirmit kiya gayaa haye. lagbhag 60 minut key chalane vaale samay vaale 6 episode seey yukt, juuna 2020 mein pamplona mein filmancan shuru huaa. episode kaa nirdeshan aur gracia querezetta ney kiya thaa, jabaki patkatha swayam santigo dwara ack saath likhi gaee thee. rtv ney 21 sitambar 2021 key liye rtv play parr poorna shrinkhala kii release kii tarikh kii ghoshana kii, vahee tarikh jaba laa 1 parr raikhik tv runn kii shuruat hui thee. shrinkhala key udghaatan mein paula bonnet dwara chitra aur marlango aur vetusta morla key gill galwan dwara prastut ack theem geet ("unaa vaaee otraz") haye. | annah. ellah olage
annah. aall inn () embudu rabarto santiago avara kadambari "anaa" annu alavadisikonda spanish leagal thriller seemita duradarshana saraniyagide. idannu artivi, tornasol, diaplaneta mattu jdf udyamagalu jantiyagi utpaadisuttave. salvador garcia mattu gracia querezeta nirdeshanada ee saranialli maribel verdu pramukha patradalli natisiddaare. idu 21 september 2021 randu artivi pleyalli bidugadeyaayitu.
aadhara.
gran castilla casinoda vyavasthapakarannu kole maadida aaropada nantara, avana sahodari anaa traumel (kadime kusitadalliruva vakeela) prabala jujina udyamada viruddha asamana horaatavannu tegedukollalu ondu sanna tandavannu rachisuttaale.
ee katheyannu madridnalli hondisalaagide mattu kelavu bhagagalu pamplonadalli nadeyuttave.
utpaadane mattu bidugade.
ee saraniyu avara swanta kadambari "aanaa" dha roopaantaravaagide mattu idannu spanish saarvajanika prasaraka artivi tornasol, deeplaneta mattu german nirmaapaka jdf enterprisesgalondige saeri nirmiside. sumaru 60 nimishagala chaalaneyalliruva samayavannu olagonda 6 kantugalannu olagondiruva chitrikaranavu 2020rahra joonnalli pamplonadalli praarambhavaayitu. kantugalannu mattu gracia querezeta nirdeshisidaru, aadare chitrakatheyannu swatah santiago barediddaare. artivi 2021rahra september september artivi pleyalli purna saraniya bidugade dinankavannu ghoshisitu, adhe dinankadandu laa laa rekheeya tv runn praarambhavaayitu. saraniya praarambhavu paula bonnet avara vivaranegalannu mattu marlango mattu vetusta morlara gille galwan avaru pradarshisida theem haadannu ("unaa vaii otra vez") olagondide.
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anna. ellaam akathu
anna. roberto santiagoyude noval "anaa" sweekarichu oru spanish leagal thriller limittad television parambarayaanu ool inn (). artivi, tornesol, deeplanetta, isaddief enterprises enniva samyukthamaayaan ithu nirmmikkunnath. salvador garsia gracia kverejettayum chernnu samvidaanam cheytha eee parambarayil maribal verdu pradhana veshathilethunnu. 2021 septambar 21 nuu artivi playil ithu puratthirangi.
aamukham.
graan kaasttila casinoyude maanejare kolappeduthiyathinu alajaandroykkethire kuttam chumathiya sesham, addehathinte sahodari anaa tramel (thaazhnna nilayilulla oru abhibhaashakan) sakthamaaya choothaatta vyavasaayathinethire asamathva poraattam nadatthaan oru cheria teamine roopeekarikkunnu.
madridilaanu katha nadakkunnathu, chila bhagangal pamplonayilum nadakkunnu.
nirmmanavum prakashanavum.
tornesol, deeplanetta, jarmman nirmmaathaav isaddief enterprises ennivarodoppam spanish public broadcaster aartive nirmmikkunna eee parambara addehathinte swantham novalaaya "anaa" yude oru chalachitraavishkaaramaanu. ekadesham 60 minitt dairkhyamulla 6 episodukal ulkkollunna chithreekaranam 2020 juunil pamplonayil aarambhichu. episodukal samvidaanam cheythath aandu gracia kverejettayaanu, athesamayam thirakkatha ezhuthiyathu santiago. aartive 2021 septambar 21 nuu aartive playil poornna seereesinte release theeyathi prakhyaapichu, laa 1 ll leanier tivi rann arangettam kuricha athe theeyathi. parambarayude udghaadanathil poula bonattinte chithreekaranangalum marlango vettasta morla gillie galwan avatharippicha oru theem gaanavum ("unaa vaii otra vess") ulppedunnu.
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aanaa. serve aat
aanaa. aul inn () hii eka spanish kayadeshir tharar maryadit durchitravani malika aahe jee roberto santiyagochya 'eenaa' yaa kadambariche rupantar karate. aar. tii. vhee., tornsole, deplanetta aanee zed. dii. eff. udhyoganni sanyuktapane tyachi nirmiti kelee aahe. salvador garcia aanee gracia kwerejeta yanni digdarshit kelelya yaa maliket maribel verdu mukhya bhoomiket aahe. haah 21 september 2021 roji aar. tii. vhee. plaver pradarshit jhaala.
aadhar.
gran castilla casinochya vyavasthapakachya hatyecha aarop alejandrover jhalyanantar, tyachi baheen eenaa tramel (qamee unchivar vakeel) shaktishali jugar udhyogashi asman ladhai karnyasathi eka lahan sangh tayar karate.
kalpanik katha madridmadhye ghadate aanee kahee bhag pamplonamadhyehi ghadatat.
nirmiti aanee prakashan.
yaa malikechi nirmiti, tyachya swatachya 'eenaa' yaa kadambarivar aadharit aahe aanee tyachi nirmiti spanish sarvajanik prasarak aar. tii. vhee. neey tornsole, deplanetta aanee german nirmata zed. dii. eff. entreprises kelee aahe. sumare 60 minitancha dhavanyacha vel darshavinare 6 bhag asalele chitrikaran juuna 2020 madhye pamplonamadhye suru jhaale. bhaganche digdarshan aanee gracia kwerjeta yanni kele hote, tarr patkatha swatah santiago yanni lihili hotee. aar. tii. vhee. neey 21 september 2021 roji aar. tii. vhee. plaver sampoorn malikechya pradarshanachi tarikh jaheer kelee, jee laa 1 varr rekheey durchitravanichya pradarshanachya tyach tarkhechi tarikh aahe. malikechya prarambhi paula bonnetchi chitre aanee marlango aanee wetsta moralachya gill galvanne sadar kelele theem gaane ("una vaay otra ways") aahe. | ena. sabai bhitra
ena. all inn () ek spainy kanuni thriller simit television shringkhala how jasle roberto santiagoko upanyas "ena" lai anukul banaunchha. yo sanyukta rupma artivi, tornsol, deplanetta rar jdf udyamharudwara utpadan garinchha. salbhador garcia rar gracia kwerjeta dwara nirdeshit, yass shringkhalama maribel bhardu mukhya bhumikama chhan. yo 21 september 2021 maa artivi plelai rilij garieko thiyo.
adhar.
alejandrolai gran castila casinoco prabandhakko hatya gareko arop lagepachhi, unaki bahini ena tramel (cum uchaima ek wakil) ley shaktishali juwa udyog viruddha asaman ladain lyne euta sano tolly gathan garchhin.
katha madridma sett garieko chha, rar kehi bhagharu pamplonama pani hunchhan.
utpadan rar vimochan.
dwara nirmit, yo shringkhala unko afnai upanyas "ena" ko rupantaran how, rar yo spainy sarvajanik prasarankarta artibhidwara tornsol, deplanetta rar german nirmata jdf udyamharusanga milera nirman garieko how. lagbhag 60 minetko chaliraheko samaya bhaeko 6 episodharu samawesh gardai, june 2020 maa pamplonama chhayangkan suru bhayo. episodharu rar gracia curezetadwara nirdeshit garieko thiyo, jabki patakatha santiago afaile sangai lekheka thie. artivile 21 september 2021 kaa lagi artivi plema purna shringkhalako rilij miti ghoshana garyo, lah 1 maa raikhik tivi ranko debueko uhi miti. shringkhalako udghatanma paula bonetdwara chitran rar marlango rar bhetusta morlako gill galbhandwara pradarshan garieko thim geet ("una wai otra ways") samawesh chha.
| aanaa. sabu bhitare
aanaa. all inn () heuchhi eka spanian aaingata romanchkar seemita television sirij jaahaa roberto santiagonka upenyas "aanaa" ku grahan karichhi . ehaa aarr. tii. bhi., tornsol, diplanetta ebong jaded. dii. aif. udyogagudika dwara milita bhabe utpadita hoithae. salvadora garcia ebong gracia kyurejetanka dwara nirdeshita ehi dharabahikare maribel bhardu mukhya bhumikare abhinai karichanti. ehaa 21 september 2021 ray aara. tii. bhi. plere muktilabha karithila.
aadhara.
alehandro gran castilla casino myanejaranku hatya karithiba abhijoga asiba parey, taanka bhaunee aanaa tramel (jane okil, nimna starare) shaktishali juaa shilpa biruddhare eka asman ladhei karibaku eka chhot dala gathan karithile.
ehi kalpanika kahani madridare aadharita, ebong kichhi ansha pamplonare madhya ghatithae .
utpadana ebong muktilabha.
ehi dharabahikati taanka upenyas "aanaa" rahr eka rupantarana ebong ehaa spanian sarbajaneena prasaranakari artivi dwara tornsol, diplanetta ebong german nirmata jdf udyoga sahita mishi nirmita . praiah 60 minitor chaluthiba samajaku darshai darshai episode nei, june june pamplonare suting arambha hoithila. episode gudikar nirdeshana ebong gracia curregetta deithile, jetebele kii screenplaty santijago nije taanka saha mishi lekhithile. 21 september 2021 ray aara. tii. bhi. plere sampurna sirijara muktilabha tarikh ghoshana karithila, laa 1 ray rekhiah tibhi runn arambha heba tarikh sahita samaana tarikh. sirijara udaghaataneere paula bonetnka chitra ebong marlango ebong bhetusta morlanka gill galavananka dwara paribeshana karajaithiba eka thim geeta ("unaa wai otra bhej") rahichhi.
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aanaa. sabh kujh ander
aanaa. aal inn () ikk spanish kanunni thriller seemat television luddy haii joe roberto santiago dey nawal "ainaa" noon apnaundi haii. ih sanyukat roop naal aar. tii. vee., tornsol, deeplanetta atey zedd. dee. eff. uddman duaara tiaar keeta jaanda haii. salvador garcia atey garsia querezetta duaara nirdeshit, iss luddy witch maribal verdu neey mukkh bhumika nibhai haii. ih 21 satambar 2021 noon aar. tii. vee. play utte rileez keeti gaee see.
adhaar.
jadon alegendro utte grain castilla casino dey manager dee hattiaa daa dosh lagaiaa jaanda haii, taan uss dee bhainn ainaa traumel (ikk ghatt girawat 'teey ikk vakeel) neey shaktishali juebazi udyog dey virudh ikk asman ladai noon chukkan laee ikk chhoti team sathapat keeti.
glup medrid witch sathapat keeti gaee haii, atey kujh hisse pamplona witch vee hunde hunn.
utpadan atey rileez.
duaara banayi gaee, ih luddy uss dey aapne nawal "enaa" daa ikk rupantaran haii, atey iss noon spanish jantak parsarak aar. tii. vee. duaara tornsol, deeplenetta atey german nirmata zedd. dee. eff. uddman naal mill keey tiaar keeta giaa haii. lagbhag 60 mint dey challan vaale samein dey 6 episodan dee shooting juun 2020 witch pamplona witch shuru hoee see. episodan daa nirdeshan atey gracia querezetta duaara keeta giaa see, jadon kii screenplay khud santigo duaara likhi gaee see. aar. tii. vee. neey 21 satambar 2021 laee aar. tii. vee. play 'teey puurii luddy dee rileez dee mitee daa ailaan keeta, uhee mitee jadon laa 1' teey linier teevi runn dee shuruat hoee see. luddy dey udghatan witch paula bonnet duaara chittar atey marlango atey wetsta morla dey gill galvan duaara pesh keeta giaa ikk theem geet ("unaa vaaee otra ways") haii. |
anayaa. sarvam antare
anayaa. aal inn () iti spen-deshasya kaanooni-thriller-seemita-dooradarshan-shrunkhalaa asti, yaa raberto santiago ityasya "aanaa" iti upanyaasasy anusaranam karoti. aar. tea. vee., tornsol, deeplaneta, jaid. dee. ef. udyamaih cha samyuktaroopena asya utpaadanam bhavati. salvador garcia tathaa gracia kverejetaa ityetabhyam nirdeshite asmin shrunkhalaayaam maaribel vardu iti mukhyapaatram nirvahati. 2021 september 21 dinaanke aar. tea. vee. play ityatra etat pradarshitam.
adharaha.
graan castilla casino ityasya vyavasthaapakam maarayati iti alejandro ityasya aaropah krutah, tasya bhaginee aanaa tramel (alpa-kshite vakila) ekaa laghu-dalam sthapayitva prabalasya joodam-udyogasya viruddham asamaan-yuddham aarabhate.
kathaa madrid-nagare sthitaa asti, kechan bhagaha pamplonaa-nagare api bhavanti.
utpaadanam cha vimochanam cha.
tasya nirmitam, eshaa shrunkhalaa tasya "aanaa" iti swanaamakasya roopaantaranam asti, spen-deshasya saarwajanik-prasarakena artway ityanena tornsol, deeplaneta, german-utpadakena jaid. dee. ef. udyamaih cha saha nirmitaa asti. praayah 60 nimeshasya prachalanam pradarshayantah 6 khandaah yukttaah, 2020 joon-maase pamplonaa-nagare chitragrahanam aarabdham. khandaah tathaa gracia kverejetaa ityanena nirdeshitaah aasan, chitrakathaam svayameva santiago ityanena saha likhitam aasit. aar. tea. vee. ityanena aar. tea. vee. play ityatra 2021 september 21 dinaanke poornashrunkhalaayaah vimochanasya dinaankah ghoshitah, saa eva dinaankah laa 1 ityatra raikhik-dooradarshan-pradarshanasy aarambhah aasit. shrunkhalaayaah udghaatane paulaa bonnet ityanena chitraani, maarlaango tathaa vetusta morla ityasya gile galwan ityanena pradarshitam iti geetarachanam ("unaa vai otraa vej") cha asti. |
annah. anaiththilum
annah. aall inn () enbathu rabardo sandiagovin navalaana "anaa" aii thazhuvi oru spanish satta thriller varaiyarukappatta tholaikaatchi thodaraagum. idhu ardivi, tornazole, deplanetta mattrum estf niruvanangalaal koottaaga thayaarikkappadukirathu. salvador carcia mattrum gracia gwerejetta iyakkiya inthath thodaril marybell verdu mukiya kathaapaaththiraththil nadiththullaar. idhu 21 septumber 2021 andru aarr. dii. vii. plaeyil veliyidappattathu.
munmathiri.
kiraan castilla casinovin maelaalaraik kondradhaaga alejandro meethu kuttram saattappatta piragu, avarathu chakoothari anaa traumel (kuraindha veelchchiyil oru vazhakkarinyar) sakthivaaintha soothaattath tholilukku ethiraaga oru samaththuvamattra sandaiyai edukka oru siriya kuzhuvai amaitthaar.
inththa punaikathai maatrittil amaikkappattullathu, maelum sila pakuthikal paambloanaavilum nadaiperugindrana.
thayaarippu mattrum veliyeedu.
inthath thodar avarathu sontha navalaana "anaa" vinn thazhuvalaagum, maelum idhu spanish podhu oliparappaalaraana ardivi aall tornazole, deplanetta mattrum jerman thayaarippaalar estf niruvanangaludan inainthu thayaarikkappadukirathu. sumar 60 nimida oodum neraththaik konda 6 aththiyaayangkalaik konda padappidippu juun 2020 ill pambloanaavil thodangiyathu. aththiyaayangkal mattrum gracia gwerejetta iyakkiyana, athae neraththil thiraikkathaiyai sandiago avarkaludan inainthu ezhuthinaar. aarr. dii. vii. aarr 21 septumber 2021 andru aarr. dii. vii. plaeyil muzhu thodarin veliyeettu thaethiyai ariviththathu, athae thaethiyil laa 1 ill neriyal tholaikaatchi oottam arimugamaanathu. thodarin thodakkaththil bowlaa ponet vilakkappadangkal mattrum oru theem paadal ("yuna odra vess") ullathu.
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annah. annee lopala
annah. aall inn () anedi raberto santiago navala "anaa" nuu sweekarinche spanish leagal thriller limited television syries. dheenini artv, tornasole, deplanetta mariyu jdf samsthalu samyuktamgaa utpatti chestaayi. salvador garsia mariyu gracia querezeta darsakatvam vahinchina eee siriisloo maribel verdu pradhana paatra pooshinchaaru. idhi 21 september 2021naa artv playloo vidudalaindi.
aavarana.
graan castilla casino managernu hatya chesinatlu alejandro aaropinchabadina taruvaata, athani sodari anaa traumel (takkuva ettulo unna nyaayavaadi) saktivantamaina joodam parisramatho asamaana poraataanni chepattadaaniki oka chinna brundaanni erpaatu chesindi.
eee kalpana modridlo sett cheyabadindi, mariyu konni bhagalu pomplonalo kooda jarugutaayi.
utpatti mariyu vidudala.
eee sireesnu ayana sonta navala "anaa" yokka anusaranagaa roopondinchaaru, dheenini spanish public broadcaster artivi tornasole, deplanetta mariyu german nirmaata jdf entreprises kalisi nirminchaaru. sumaru 60 nimishala nadustunna samayanni kaligi unna 6 episodlatho kuudina chitreekarana juun 2020loe pomplonalo praarambhamaindi. episodlaku mariyu gracia querezeta darsakatvam vahinchagaa, screen plaeni santiago swayamgaa raasaaru. 21 september 2021naa, artv play loe puurti syries vidudala teedeeni artv prakatinchindi, adhe thedhee laa 1loe leanier tv runn praarambhamaina thedhee. syries praarambhamlo paula bonnet yokka drushtaamtaalu mariyu marlango mariyu vetusta morla yokka gille galwan pradarsinchina theem sang ("unaa vai otra vez") unnaayi.
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anaa. sabb andar
anaa. aal inn () eek hispanvi qanuni tharlar mahdud teeli vision seerez hay juu rabarto santigo kay naawal "anaa" kuu dahaal rahee hay. yaha mushtarkah toor parr aar tye wee tornisol deplinata aur zeed ddee aif interprise kay zariye tayaar kiyaa jaataa hay. salwador garshiya aur gracia curageta kii hidayat kaaree mein bannay waali iss seerez mein markazi kirdaar kay liye marible wardo haine. asay 21 satambar 2021 kuu aar tye wee play parr release kiyaa gayaa thaa.
bunyaad.
alegendro parr grain castla casino kay meniger kuu qatal karnay kaa alzaam laganay kay baad iss kii behan ainaa traumil (eek wakeel juu kumm ataar chadhao parr hay) joye kii taqatwar sanaat kay khalaaf ghair masawi ladayi kuu uthanay kay liye eek chhoti see team tashkil deeti hay.
fakshan kuu medrade mein tartib diyaa gayaa hay aur kachh hasay pamplona mein bhee hotay haine.
production aur release.
iss kay zariah takhliq kardah yaha seerez inn kay apnay naawal "anaa" kii mawafiqat hay aur asay hispanvi publik broadcaster artio nay tornasol deplinata aur german producer zeed ddee aif interprise kay saath mill kirr tayaar kiyaa hay. taqriba 60 mint kay chalnay waalay waqat parr mushtamil 6 aqsaat parr mushtamil film bundi joone 2020 mein pamplona mein sharoo hoyee. aqsaat kii hidayat kaaree aur gratia curageta nay kii thee jabkah screen play khood santigo nay iss kay saath mill kirr likhaa thaa. aar tye wee nay 21 satambar 2021 kay liye aar tye wee play parr makmal seerez kii release kii tareekh kaa aalaan kiyaa asee tareekh kuu laa 1 parr lakiri tye wee runn kay aaghaz kay toor parr. seerez kay aaghaz mein polaa bont kii akaasi aur marlango aur vetista morla kay geel gulwan kay zariah paish kardah eek theem gaana ("oonaa waayi otra veez") shaamil hay. |
0005ba63910f1f92fb4695de53c383ea1e2b0bc426c2ef5b133e0aeae95525c6 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4753195 | RESOLFT |
RESOLFT
RESOLFT, an acronym for REversible Saturable OpticaL Fluorescence Transitions, denotes a group of optical fluorescence microscopy techniques with very high resolution. Using standard far field visible light optics a resolution far below the diffraction limit down to molecular scales can be obtained.
With conventional microscopy techniques, it is not possible to distinguish features that are located at distances less than about half the wavelength used (i.e. about 200 nm for visible light). This diffraction limit is based on the wave nature of light. In conventional microscopes the limit is determined by the used wavelength and the numerical aperture of the optical system. The RESOLFT concept surmounts this limit by temporarily switching the molecules to a state in which they cannot send a (fluorescence-) signal upon illumination. This concept is different from for example electron microscopy where instead the used wavelength is much smaller.
Working principle.
RESOLFT microscopy is an optical microscopy with very high resolution that can image details in samples that cannot be imaged with conventional or confocal microscopy. Within RESOLFT the principles of STED microscopy and GSD microscopy are generalized. Structures that are normally too close to each other to be distinguished are read out sequentially.
Within this framework all methods can be explained that operate on molecules that have at least two distinguishable states, where reversible switching between the two states is possible, and where at least one such transition can be optically induced.
In most cases fluorescent markers are used, where one state (A) which is bright, that is, generates a fluorescence signal, and the other state (B) is dark, and gives no signal. One transition between them can be induced by light (e.g. A→B, bright to dark).
The sample is illuminated inhomogeneously with the illumination intensity at one position being very small (zero under ideal conditions). Only at this place are the molecules never in the dark state B (if A is the pre-existing state) and remain fully in the bright state A. The area where molecules are mostly in the bright state can be made very small (smaller than the conventional diffraction limit) by increasing the transition light intensity (see below). Any signal detected is thus known to come only from molecules in the small area around the illumination intensity minimum. A high resolution image can be constructed by scanning the sample, i.e., shifting the illumination profile across the surface.
The transition back from B to A can be either spontaneous or driven by light of another wavelength. The molecules have to be switchable several times in order to be present in state A or B at different times during scanning the sample. The method also works if the bright and the dark state are reversed, one then obtains a negative image.
Resolution below the diffraction-limit.
In RESOLFT the area where molecules reside in state A (bright state) can be made arbitrarily small despite the diffraction-limit.
Upon weak illumination we see that the area where molecules remain in state A is still quite large because the illumination is so low that most molecules reside in state A. The shape of the illumination profile does not need to be altered. Increasing the illumination brightness already results in a smaller area where the intensity is below the amount for efficient switching to the dark state. Consequently, also the area where molecules can reside in state A is diminished. The (fluorescence) signal during a following readout originates from a very small spot and one can obtain very sharp images.
In the RESOLFT concept, the resolution can be approximated by
formula_1
, whereby formula_2 is the characteristic intensity required for saturating the transition (half of the molecules remain in state A and half in state B), and formula_3 denotes the intensity applied. If the minima are produced by focusing optics with a numerical aperture formula_4, the minimal distance at which two identical objects can be discerned is
formula_5 which can be regarded as an extension of Abbe’s equation. The diffraction-unlimited nature of the RESOLFT family of concepts is reflected by the fact that the minimal resolvable distance formula_6 can be continuously decreased by increasing formula_7. Hence the quest for nanoscale resolution comes down to maximizing this quantity. This is possible by increasing formula_3 or by lowering formula_2.
Variants.
Different processes are used when switching the molecular states. However, all have in common that at least two distinguishable states are used. Typically the fluorescence property used marks the distinction of the states, however this is not essential, as absorption or scattering properties could also be exploited.
STED Microscopy.
Within the STED microscopy (STimulated Emission Depletion microscopy) a fluorescent dye molecule is driven between its electronic ground state and its excited state while sending out fluorescence photons. This is the standard operation mode in fluorescence microscopy and depicts state A. In state B the dye is permanently kept in its electronic ground state through stimulated emission. If the dye can fluoresce in state A and not in state B, the RESOLFT concept applies.
GSD microscopy.
GSD microscopy (Ground State Depletion microscopy) also uses fluorescent markers. In state A, the molecule can freely be driven between the ground and the first excited state and fluorescence can be sent out. In the dark state B the ground state of the molecule is depopulated, a transition to a long lived excited state takes place from which fluorescence is not emitted. As long as the molecule is in the dark state, it's not available for cycling between ground and excited state, fluorescence is hence turned off.
SPEM and SSIM.
SPEM (Saturated Pattern Excitation Microscopy) and SSIM (Saturated Structured Illumination Microscopy) are exploiting the RESOLFT concept using saturated excitation to produce "negative" images, i.e. fluorescence occurs from everywhere except at a very small region around the geometrical focus of the microscope. Also non point-like patterns are used for illumination. Mathematical image reconstruction is necessary to obtain positive images again.
RESOLFT with switchable proteins.
Some fluorescent proteins can be switched on and off by light of an appropriate wavelength. They can be used in a RESOLFT-type microscope.
During illumination with light, these proteins change their conformation. In the process they gain or lose their ability to emit fluorescence. The fluorescing state corresponds to state A, the non-fluorescing to state B and the RESOLFT concept applies again. The reversible transition (e.g. from B back to A) takes place either spontaneously or again driven by light. Inducing conformational changes in proteins can be achieved already at much lower switching light intensities as compared to stimulated emission or ground state depletion (some W/cm²). In combination with 4Pi microscopy images with isotropic resolution below 40 nm have been taken of living cells at low light levels.
RESOLFT with switchable organic dyes.
Just as with proteins, also some organic dyes can change their structure upon illumination. The ability to fluoresce of such organic dyes can be turned on and off through visible light. Again the applied light intensities can be quite low (some 100 W/cm²).
References.
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xongkolpo
riz 'loft, reversible chesurable optical flo "rochance tranjisyonor ek xongkhipto naam, ee oti uscho riz' loushyonor xoite optical flo" rochance maikro "scopy kouxolor etaa gutok xusay. maanok dur khyetror drishyoman puhoror alukbigyan byobohar kori aanobik skeloloi biboron ximar bohut tolot etaa rejoliusyon laabh koribo paari.
poromporagot maikro "scopy kouxolor xoite, byobohrito torongodoirghyor pray aadharu komm durotwot owosthito boixistyoxomuhor maajot parthokyo koratu xombhob nohoy (i.ee. drishyoman puhoror baabe pray 200 nm). ei biboron xeema puhoror torongo prokritir uporot aadharito. poromporagot onubikhyon jontrot ximatu byobohrito torongodoirghyo aaru optical pronalir xongkhyagot opersar dwara nirdharon koraa hoy. riz 'loft dharonai onuburok osthayibhabe ene etaa owosthaloi xoloni kori ei xeema otikrom kore zo' too teuluke alukito huwar pisot (flo "ror" chance-) xongket preron koribo nuware. ei dharonatu udahoronsworupe electron maikro "scopyr poraa prithok zo" too iyar poriworte byobohrito torongodoirghyo bohut xoru.
kaam korar niti.
riz 'loft maikro' scopy hoise oti uscho riz 'loushyonor xoite etaa optical maikro' scopy ji nomunaxomuhot sobir xobixex dibo paare jibur poromporagot baa konof 'kell maikro' scopyr xoite image koribo nuwari. riz 'loftor bhitorot stead maikro' scopy aaru gsd maikro 'scopyr nitibur xadharon koraa hoy. xadharonote ijone xijonor oti usorot thoka gathonibur kromanwoye porha hoy.
ei porikathamur bhitorot xokolu poddhoti byakhya koribo paari je komeu dutaa prithok koribo poraa owostha thoka onur uporot kaam kore, zo 'too duyuta owosthar maajot protiwortonjugyo poriworton xombhob, aaru zo' too komeu ene etaa poriworton alukikbhabe probhabito koribo paari.
besibhag khetrote flo "ror" chent marker byobohar koraa hoy, zo "too etaa owostha (e) ji ujjwol, orthat flo" ror "chance xongket utponno kore, aaru aantu owostha (bi) aandhar hoy, aaru kunu xongket nidiye. xeiburor maajot etaa poriworton puhoror dwara prerito hoh 'bob paare (udaa.ji. a → b, ujjwolor poraa andharoloi).
nomunatu ekedhorone alukito koraa hoy aaru etaa sthanot aalukor tibrota oti xoru (aadorxo poristhitit xunyo) hoy. kewol ei sthanot onubur ketiyau ondhokar owosthat nathake (jodi a purbor owostha hoy) aaru xompurnorupe ujjwol owosthat thaake. onubur besibhag ujjwol owosthat thoka elekatu poriworton puhoror tibrota briddhi kori (tolot sauk) oti xoru (poromporagot biboron ximatkoi xoru) koribo paari. enedore sinakto koraa jikunu xongket kewol aalukor nyuntomo tibrotar sariufale thoka xoru oncholor onur porai aahe buli jonaa yaay. etaa uscho rejoliusyonor sobi nomunatu sken kori nirman koribo paari, oh '.ee., aaluk profiletu pristhor uporere sthanantor koraa.
bir poraa e-loi ghuri ohaa poriwortontu hoy swotosfurto hoh 'bob paare baa aan torongodoirghyor puhoror dwara salit hoh' bob paare. nomuna sken korar xomoyot bibhinno xomoyot e baa bi owosthat uposthito thakiboloi onubur keibabaru xoloni koribo poraa hoh 'bob lagibo. jodi ujjwol aaru ondhokar owosthatu biporit hoy, tente poddhotituwe kaam kore, taar pisot etaa netibasok sobi laabh kore.
biboron-ximar tolot rejuliution.
rijolftot onubur owosthat thoka elekatu (ujjwol owostha) biboron-ximar swotweu sweschasare xoru koribo paari.
durbol alukxojjar xomoyot aami dekhisu je onubur oh oh owosthat thoka oncholtu etiyau jothesto dangor kiyonu alukxojja imaan komm je besibhag onui oh oh oh owosthat baax kore. aaluk profailor aakriti xoloni korar proyujon naai. alukxojjar ujjwolota briddhi korar folot itimodhye ek xoru oncholor sristi hoy zo 'too dokhyobhabe ondhokar owosthaloi xoloni huwar baabe tibrota porimanor tolot thaake. pholsworupe, onubur oh oh oh owosthat baax koribo poraa oncholtuu hraax paay. nimnolikhito riroutor xomoyot (flo "ror" chance) xongket etaa oti xoru sthanor poraa utpotti hoy aaru ejonoi oti tikhno sobi laabh koribo paare.
riz 'loft dharonat, riz' loushyontu anumanikbhabe onuman koribo paari
xutro _ 1
, jaar folot xutro _ 2 hoise poriwortontu puron korar baabe proyujoniyo boixistyogot tibrota (onur aadha ongxo oh aaru aadha owosthat thaake), aaru xutro _ 3-e proyug koraa tibrotak xusay. jodi minimatu etaa xongkhyagot opersar xutro _ 4 ror xoite alukbigyan kendro kori utponno koraa hoy, tente dutaa eke bostu sinakto koribo poraa nyuntomo durotwo hoh 'lo
xutro _ 5 jaak ebber xomikoronor xomproxaron hisape gonyo koribo paari. dharonaxomuhor xongkolpo poriyalor biboron-ximahin prokrititu ei xotyor dwara protipholito hoy je nyuntomo xomadhanjugyo durotwor xutro _ 6-koo xutro _ 7 briddhi kori nirontor hraax koribo paari. xeyehe nenoscal rejuliusionor xondhan ei porimantu xorbadhik koriboloi naami aahe. xutro 3 briddhi kori baa xutro 2 hraax kori eitu xombhob.
bibhinno rup.
aanobik owostha xoloni korute bibhinno prokriya byobohar koraa hoy. obosye, xokolure maajot xadharon kotha aase je komeu dutaa prithok koribo poraa owostha byobohar koraa hoy. xadharonote byobohrito flo "ror" chance xompottiye owosthar parthokyo sinhito kore, obosye ee otyawosyokiyo nohoy, kiyonu xuxon baa bischuton boixistyoxomuhou xuxon koribo paari.
stead maikro "scopy.
stead maikro "scopyr bhitorot (uddipito nirgomon obokhyoy maikro" scopy) flo "ror" chance phuton preron korar xomoyot etaa flo "ror" chent daai onu iyar electronic maatir owostha aaru iyar uttejito owosthar maajot salit hoy. eitu flo "ror" chance maikro "sko 'pir maanok opareson mode aaru oh oh" oh "ror owostha prokax kore. rajyot bi rongtu sthayibhabe iyar electronic ground owosthat uddipito nirgomonor joriyote rokha hoy. jodi ronge oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh
ji. ess. di. maikro "scopy.
ji. ess. di. maikro "scopy (ground state diplision maikro" scopy)-u flo "ror" chent marker byobohar kore. oh oh owosthat, onutu maati aaru prothom uttejito owosthar maajot muktobhabe solabo paari aaru flo "ror" chance bahiroloi pothiyabo paari. koo 'laa owosthat onutur maatir owostha nirjon hoy, dirghodiniya uttejito owosthaloi poriworton hoy jaar poraa flo "ror" chance nirgoto nohoy. jetiyaloike onutu ondhokar owosthat thaake, ee maati aaru uttejito owosthar maajot saikel soluwar baabe upolobdho nohoy, xeyehe flo "ror" chance bondho koraa hoy.
spame aaru chim.
spame (sesurated petorno excitation maikro "scopy) aaru chim (sesurated struckchard illumination maikro" scopy)-e sesurated excitation byobohar kori "negative" sobi utpadon koriboloi riz 'loft dharonatur xuxon kori aase, orthat.ee. onubikhyon jontror jyamitik kendror sariufale etaa oti xoru oncholor baahire xokolu thair poraa flo "ror" chance hoy. alukxojjar baabe oh-bindu xodrix aarhiu byobohar koraa hoy. punor itibasok sobi paboloi ganitik sobir punor nirman proyujoniyo.
poribortonjugyo pro 'tinor xoite xomadhan korok.
kisuman flo "ror" chent pro 'tinn upojukto torongodoirghyor puhorere ono aaru off koribo paari. xeibur riz 'loft-type maikro' scopot byobohar koribo paari.
puhoror xoite alukito huwar xomoyot, ei pro 'tinbure teulukor gothon xoloni kore. ei prokriyat teuluke flo "ror" chance prokax korar khyomota laabh kore baa heruway. flo "ror" sing owosthatu oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh reversible trension (ee.ji. b ror poraa a loi) swotosfurtobhabe baa punor puhoror dwara salit hoy. pro 'tinot gothonmulok poriworton preronito nirgomon baa maatir owostha hraax (kisuman dobliu/che. em. 2) ror tulnat itimodhye bohut komm xuising puhoror tibrotat laabh koribo paari. 40 nmor tolor aais "tropic rejuliusionor xoite 4piai maikro" scopy sobir xoite xongmisronot komm puhoror storot jiwito kuxxomuh luwa hoise.
poribortonjugyo joibik rongor xoite riz 'loft.
pro 'tinor dore kisuman joibik rongeu alukito huwar pisot nijor gothon xoloni koribo paare. ene joibik rongro flo "res korar khyomota drishyoman puhoror joriyote ono aaru off koribo paari. punor proyug koraa puhoror tibrota jothesto komm hoh 'bob paare (pray 100 dobliu/che. mii. 2). |
samadhan
reversible saturable optical fluorescence transitioner sangkhipto roop, revolft, khub uchcho rejoliushaner optical fluorescence microscopy kaushalgulir ekti gosthike bojhai. adarsha durborti drishyoman alokbigyan byabohar korey anobik scaler bichchuran seamer onek niche ekti rejoliushana pawa jete paare.
procholito microscopy kaushalgulir sahajye, byabohrito torongodoirgher pray ardheker qama durotte abosthito baisistagulir modhye parthokyo koraa sombhob noy (i.ee. drishyoman alor jonno pray 200 nm). eyi bichchuran seema alor taranga prokritir upor vitti korey. procholito microscope seemati byabohrito torongodoirgho ebong optical systemer sankhyasuchak chhidro dwara nirdharito hoy. sthir dharonati anugulike samoyikbhabe emon ekti abosthai poriborton korey eyi seema atikram korey jekhane taaraa aloksajjar upor ekti (protidipti-) sangket pathate paare naa. eyi dharonati udahoronsorup electron microscopy theke alada jekhane poriborte byabohrito torongodoirgho onek chhoto.
kaajer neeti.
resolft microscopy holl ekti optical microscopy jaar rejoliushana khub beshi, jaa nomunagulite emon biboroner chhobi tulte paare jaa procholito baa confocal microscopy diye chitrayit koraa yaay naa. sthirotar modhye stead microscopy ebong gsd microscopy nitiguli sadharan koraa hoy. jey kathamoguli sadharonoto eke oporer khub kachakachi thaake jaa alada koraa yaay naa seguli kromanusare padaa hoy.
eyi kathamor modhye samasta poddhoti byakhya koraa jete paare jey anugulir upor kaaj korey jaar kompokkhe duti parthokyogyo abostha royeche, jekhane duti abosthar modhye biporitmukhi poriborton sombhob, ebong jekhane kompokkhe ekti eyi dharaner rupantar optically prorochito hotey paare.
beshirbhag khettre fluorescent marker byabohar koraa hoy, jekhane ekti abostha (qaa) jaa ujjal, arthat, ekti fluorescence sangket toiri korey ebong onno abostha (kho) ondhokar hoy ebong konao sangket deyo naa. taader modhye ekti rupantar alo dwara prorochito hotey paare (ee.zii. a → b, ujjal theke ondhokar).
namunati eka abosthane alor tibrota khub chhoto (adarsha poristhitite shunno) soho osomovabe alokito koraa hoy. shudhumatra eyi sthane anuguli kokhonyi ondhokar abosthai thaake naa (jodi a purbo-vidyaman abostha hoy) ebong sampurnarupe ujjal abosthai thaake. jey anchale anuguli beshirbhag ujjal abosthai thaake, taa rupantar alor tibrota baadiye khub chhoto (procholito bichchuran seamer cheye chhoto) koraa jete paare (neeche dekhun). eibhabe sonakto koraa jey konao sangket shudhumatra aloksajjar nyuntama tibrotar ashepasher chhoto elakar onu theke aase boley jaanaa yaay. ekti uchcho rejoliushana chitro namuna scan korey toiri koraa jete paare, i.ee., aloksajja profileke pristho judey sthanantorito korey.
b theke a-teey firey assa swatahsfurta hotey paare baa onno torongodoirgher alo dwara chaalito hotey paare. namuna scan korar somoy bivinno somoye anuguli ayee baa bii abosthai uposthito thucker jonno besh koyekbar poribortonjoggo hotey hobey. jodi ujjal ebong ondhokar abostha biporito hoy tobey poddhotiti kaaj korey, tarpore ekti netibachak chitro pawa yaay.
bichchuran-seamer niche rejoliushana.
drobone anuguli jekhane ekti (ujjal abostha) abosthai thaake, seii anchale bichchuran-seema thaka sotteo nirbichare chhoto koraa jete paare.
durbal aloksajjar upor amra dekhte paai jey anuguli jekhane a abosthai thaake seii anchalti ekhono besh borh kaaron aloksajja eto qama jey beshirbhag anuguli a abosthai thaake. aloksajjar profiler akriti poriborton korar prayojan nei. aloksajjar ujjolota briddhi itimodhyei ekti chhoto elaka porinoto korey jekhane dokkhobhabe ondhokar abosthai suich korar jonno tibrota porimaner niche thaake. falaswarup, anuguli jekhane aaa abosthai thakte paare seii anchaltio hrass paay. nimnolikhito patther somoy (protidipti) sangketti khub chhoto jaiga theke udbhuto hoy ebong ekjon khub teekkhno chitro petey paare.
samadhaner dharonai, samadhanti anumanikbhabe anuman koraa jete paare
sootro _ 1
sootro 2 holl rupantarke poripurno korar jonno prayojaniya baisishtagata tibrota (anugulir ardhek aaa ebong ardhek bii abosthai thaake), ebong sootro 3 prayog koraa tibrotake nirdesh korey. jodi minima ekti sankhyasuchak aperture sootro _ 4 soho alokbigganke focus korey toiri koraa hoy, tobey nyuntama durotto jekhane duti abhinno bostu sonakto koraa jete paare taa holl
sootro _ 5 jaa aber samikaraner ekti samprasaran hisabe bibechito hotey paare. sthir poribarer dharonagulir bichchuran-seemahin prokriti eyi satya dwara protifolito hoy jey nyuntama sthir durotto sootro _ 6 sootro _ 7 briddhi korey kromagoto hrass koraa jete paare. taai nanoscale rejoliushaner jonno anusandhan eyi porimanke sorbadhik korar jonno neme aase. sootro 3 briddhi korey baa sootro 2 hrass korey etty sombhob.
roop.
anobik abostha poriborton korar somoy bivinno prokriya byabohar koraa hoy. tobey, sokoler modhye ekti mill royeche jey kompokkhe duti swatantra abostha byabohar koraa hoy. sadharonoto byabohrito protidipti baisistati abosthar parthokyoke chinnito korey, tobey etty aporiharjo noy, kaaron shoshan baa bichchuran baisistagulio kaaje lagano jete paare.
stead microscopy.
stead microscopy (uddipito nirgomon hrass microscopy) modhye ekti fluorescent dye onu taar boidyutin sthol abostha ebong taar uttejito abosthar modhye chaalito hoy jokhon fluorescence fotonguli preron korey. etty fluorescence microscopy-teey standard apareshana mode ebong ekti abostha chitrito korey. bii-teey ranjak podarthoti sthayibhabe taar boidyutik sthol abosthai uddiponar madhyome rakha hoy. jodi rongti aaa abosthai fluoresses korte paare ebong bii abosthai naa hoy, tobey samadhan dharonati prajojya.
gsd microscopy.
gsd microscopy (ground steta diplishana microscopy) fluorescent markero byabohar korey. aaa abosthai, anuti mutty ebong prothom uttejito abosthar modhye abadhe chaalito hotey paare ebong fluorescenske baire pathano jete paare. ondhokar abosthai anur sthol abostha jonoshunno hoye yaay, ekti dirghojibi uttejito abosthai rupantar ghote jaa theke fluorescence nirgoto hoy naa. jotokkhon anuti ondhokar abosthai thaake, totokkhon etty sthol ebong uttejito abosthar modhye saikela chaalaanor jonno upolobdho noy, taai fluorescence bondho koraa hoy.
spame ebong seam.
spame (saturated pattern eksaiteshana microscopy) ebong seam (saturated structured illumination microscopy) saturated eksaiteshana byabohar korey "netibachak" chitro toiri korar jonno samadhaner dharonati kaaje lagache, arthat.ee. microscoper jyamitik kendrostholer charpashe ekti khub chhoto anchal chhada sobb jaiga theke protidipti ghote. aloksajjar jonno aaa-bindu-sadrish nidorshono byabohar koraa hoy. abar itibachak chitro pawar jonno ganitik chitro punarnirman prayojan.
suichjoggo protein diye samadhan korun.
kichhu fluorescent protein upojukto torongodoirgher alo dwara chaalu ebong bondho koraa jete paare. eguli ekti sthir-dharaner microscope byabohar koraa jete paare.
alor saathe aloksajjar somoy, eyi proteinguli taader gathon poriborton korey. eyi prokriyay taaraa fluorescence nirgoto korar khomota orjon korey baa haray. fluorosing abosthati aaa-abosthar saathe mille yaay, aaa-fluorosing abosthati bii-err saathe mille yaay ebong samadhan dharonati abar prajojya hoy. biporitmukhi rupantar (ee.zii. b theke a) swatosfurtobhabe baa abar alo dwara chaalito hoy. uddiponito nirgomon baa sthol abosthar hraser (kichhu dablu/semi2) tulna proteiner gathanmulak poribortonguli itimadhye onek qama suiching alor tibrotai orjon koraa jete paare. 4piai microscopy chitrer saathe 40 nm-err niche isotropic rejoliushaner sangmishrane qama alote jeebito koshguli neoa hoyeche.
poribortonjoggo joibo ranjak diye samadhan korun.
proteiner moto, kichhu joibo ranjako alokito howar porey taader kathamo poriborton korte paare. eyi dharaner joibo ranjakke drishyoman alor madhyome chaalu oo bondho korar khomota thakte paare. abar prayog koraa alor tibrota besh qama hotey paare (pray 100 dablu/semi 2). | samadhan
reversible saturable optical fluorescence transition maatenu tunku naam, resolt, khoob jaj uchch resolution saathe optical fluorescence microscopy taknikonaa juthane soochave chhe. pramanbhut durnaa drashyamaan prakaash opticsno upyog kareene parmaanu scale sudhee vivartan maryadathi ghanoo nichenu resolution melvee shakaay chhe.
paramparagat microscopy takneeko saathe, upyogmaa levaati taranglambai (i.ee. drashyamaan prakaash maate lagbhag 200 nm). aaa vivartan maryada prakashna tarang prakrutee parr aadharit chhe. paramparagat sukshmadarshakma maryada vaparaayelee taranglambai aneey optical systemna aankadaakiy chhidra dwara nakki karvaamaa aave chhe. draavan khyaal anuone asthaayi rupe aevee sthitima ferveene aaa maryaadaane vataavi jaay chhe jemaa teo prakaash parr (pratidipti-) sanket mokali shaktaa nathee. aaa khyaal udaaharan tareeke electron microscopy alag chhe jyaan tenaa badale vaparaayelee taranglambai ghanee ochhi chhe.
kaary siddhaant.
resolt microscopy aee khoob jaj uchch resolution saathe optical microscopy chhe jeey namunaoma chhabi vigato curry shake chhe jeey paramparagat athavaa confocal microscopy saathe chhabi curry shakaati nathee. sthirtaamaa steed microscopy aneey jee. aesa. dii. microscopyna siddhaanto saamaanyikrut chhe. jeey maalkhaa saamanya reete aekbeejathi khoob najik hoya chhe jene alag paadvaa maate krameek reete vanchvama aave chhe.
aaa malkhama tamaam paddhateeo samjavi shakaay chhe keey jeey anooo parr kaama karey chhe jemaa ochhama ochhi beey alag paadee shakaay tevee sthitee hoya chhe, jyaan beey sthiteeo vachche ultavi shakaay tevu parivartan shakya chhe, aneey jyaan ochhama ochhu aek sankraman optically prereet thaee shake chhe.
motabhagna kissaaomaa fluorescent markersno upyog karvaamaa aave chhe, jyaan aek sthitee (aee) jeey tejasvi hoya chhe, etale keey, fluorescence signal utpann karey chhe, aneey beejee sthitee (bii) shyaam hoya chhe, aneey koee sanket aaptee nathee. temnee vachchenu aek sankraman prakaash dwara prereet thaee shake chhe (ee.jee. a → b, tejasvithi shyaam).
namunaane aek jaj sthaane prakashni tivrataa saathe aekroop reete prakashit karvaamaa aave chhe jeey khoob jaj naanee hoya chhe (aadarsh paristhitiomaa shunya). maatra aaa jagyae anooo kyaarey shyaam sthitima b (jooe a aee pahelaathi astitvamaa chhe) maan nathee aneey sampoorn reete tejasvi sthitima rahe chhe. jeey vistaarmaa anooo mote bhaage tejasvi sthitima hoya chhe tene sankraman prakashni tivrataa vadhaarine (neeche juo) khoob jaj naanu (paramparagat vivartan maryada karataa naanu) banaavi shakaay chhe. aama, shodhaayel koipan sanket maatra prakashni laghuttam tivrataani aaspasna naana vistaarmaa anuomathi jaj aave chhe. namunaane skena kareene uchch resolution chhabi banaavi shakaay chhe, etale keey.ee., sapaati parr prakaash ruprekha khasedi.
bii thee aee taraf paachhu sankraman svayamsfurit hoi shake chhe athavaa anya taranglambaina prakaash dwara sanchaalit thaee shake chhe. namunaane skena karatee vakhate viveedh samaye a athavaa b sthitima haajar rahevaa maate anuone ghanee vakhat badalee shakaay tevaa hovaa joiae. jooe tejasvi aneey shyaam sthitee ultavi devaamaa aave too pann aaa paddhati kaama karey chhe, pachhi aek nakaaraatmak chhabi melve chhe.
vivartan-maryadathi nichenu tharaav.
vikshep-maryada hovaa chhataa jyaan anooo (tejasvi sthitee) sthitima rahe chhe teey vistaarne manasvi reete naano banaavi shakaay chhe.
nabalaa prakaash parr aapane joiae chhiae keey jeey vistaarmaa anooo a sthitima rahe chhe teey haju pann khoob motoo chhe kaaran keey prakaash aetalo ochho chhe keey motabhagna anooo a sthitima rahe chhe. prakaash ruprekha aakaar badalvani jaroor nathee. prakashni tejmaa vadhaaro karvaathi pahelethee jaj naana vistaarmaa pariname chhe jyaan tivrataa shyaam sthitima kaaryaksham switching maate rakamthi ochhi hoya chhe. parinaame, jeey vistaarmaa anooo 'aaa' sthitima rahee shake chhe teey pann ghatyu chhe. neechena readout darmiyan (pratidipti) sanket khoob jaj naana sthalethee udbhave chhe aneey koee pann vyaktee khoob jaj tikshna chhabio melvee shake chhe.
sankalp khyalma, sankalpno andaaj aaa reete lagaavi shakaay chhe
sootra _ 1
sootra _ 2 aee sankramanne santrupt karvaa maate jaroori lakshanikta tivrataa chhe (anuono adadho bhaag a aneey adadho bhaag b sthitima rahe chhe), aneey sootra _ 3 laagu karvaamaa aaveli tivrataane soochave chhe. jooe laghuttam chhidra sootra _ 4 saathe optiksane kendrit kareene utpann thaay chhe, too beey samaan padaarthone odakhee shakaay teey nyuntam antar chhe
sootra _ 5 jene abbena samikaranna vistaran tareeke ganee shakaay. vibhavnaona sankalpit kutumbani vivartan-amaryadit prakrutee aee hakeekat dwara pratibimbit thaay chhe keey nyuntam nirakaranksham antar sootra _ 6 neey sootra _ 7 vadhaarine satat ghataadi shakaay chhe. tethee nanoscale resolution maateni shodh aaa jaththaane mahattam karvaa maate aave chhe. aaa sootra _ 3 neey vadhaarine athavaa sootra _ 2 neey ghataadine shakya chhe.
prakaaro.
parmaanu sthiteene badaltee vakhate viveedh prakriyaono upyog thaay chhe. jooe keey, badhaama saamanya chhe keey ochhama ochhi beey alag curry shakaay tevee sthitiono upyog karvaamaa aave chhe. saamanya reete upyogmaa levaati pratidipti meelkat sthitiona bhedne chinhit karey chhe, jooe keey aaa aavashyak nathee, kaaran keey shoshan athavaa skatering gunadharmono pann upyog curry shakaay chhe.
steed microscopy.
steed microscopy (uttejak utsarjan avakshay microscopy) nee andar fluorescent dye parmaanu tenee electronic ground state aneey tenee uttejit sthitee vachche sanchaalit thaay chhe jyaare fluorescence photon mokale chhe. aaa fluorescence microscopyma pramanbhut operation mooad chhe aneey aee sthiteene darshaave chhe. bii rajyamaa, uttejak utsarjan dwara rangne tenee electronic jameenni sthitima kaayamee dhorane rakhvama aave chhe. jooe rung aee sthitima fluoros curry shake chhe aneey bii sthitima nahee, too resolt khyaal laagu padey chhe.
jee. aesa. dii. microscopy.
jee. aesa. dii. microscopy (ground state deplition microscopy) pann fluorescent markersno upyog karey chhe. aaa sthitima, parmaanune jameen aneey pratham uttejit sthitee vachche muktapane chalaavi shakaay chhe aneey fluorescence bahaar mokali shakaay chhe. shyaam sthitima bii anooni jameenni sthitee avikasit thaay chhe, laambaa samay sudhee jivant uttejit sthitima sankraman thaay chhe jemathi pratidipti utsarjit thatee nathee. jyaan sudhee anoo andhaaraani sthitima hoya, teey jameen aneey uttejit sthitee vachche cycle chalaavvaa maate uplabdh nathee, tethee fluorescence bundh karvaamaa aave chhe.
spam aneey sima.
spam (santrupt pattern uttejnaa microscopy) aneey sima (santrupt sanracheet prakaash microscopy) "nakaaraatmak" chhabio utpann karvaa maate santrupt uttejanaano upyog kareene sankalp khyaalno upyog curry rahyaa chhe, etale keey.ee. sukshmadarshaknaa bhaumeetik kendrani aaspasna khoob jaj naana pradesh sivaay darek jagyaaethee pratidipti thaay chhe. prakaash maate biin-bindu jevee patternno pann upyog thaay chhe. hakaaraatmak chhabio fareethi melavaa maate gaanitik chhabinu punarnirmaan jaroori chhe.
switchable protein saathe ukel.
ketlaak fluorescent proteinne yogya taranglambaina prakaash dwara chaalu aneey bundh curry shakaay chhe. teno upyog resolt-prakaarnaa microscopema thaee shake chhe.
prakaash saathe prakaash darmiyan, aaa protein temnee rachnaamaa ferfar karey chhe. aaa prakriyaamaa teo fluorescence chhodvani kshamata melve chhe athavaa gumaave chhe. fluorosing sthitee aee sthiteene anuroop chhe, none-fluorosing sthitee bii aneey resolt khyaal fareethi laagu padey chhe. ultavi shakaay tevu sankraman (ee.jee. b thee a) svayambhu athavaa fareethi prakaash dwara sanchaalit thaay chhe. uttejak utsarjan athavaa jameenni sthitinaa avakshay (ketlaak (ketlaak nee sarkhaamanimaa proteinma conformational ferfaarone prereet karvaa maate prakashni khoob ochhi tivrataa parr pahelethee jaj praapt curry shakaay chhe. 40 nmthi neechena isotropic resolution saathe saathe microscopy chhabio saathe sanyojanmaa neecha prakaash stare jivant kosho levaamaa aavyaa chhe.
badalee shakaay tevaa carbonic rango saathe ukel.
proteinni jaim, ketlaak carbonic rango pann prakaash parr temnee rachnaane badalee shake chhe. aavaa carbonic rangone fluoros karvaanee kshamataane drashyamaan prakaash dwara chaalu aneey bundh curry shakaay chhe. fareethi laagu prakashni tivrataa ekdam ochhi hoi shake chhe (lagbhag 100 doubleu/seey. mee. 2).
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sankalp
reversible saturable optical pratideepti sankraman key liye ack sankshipt naam, resolt, bahut uchch resolution key saath optical pratideepti sookshmadarshi takneekon key ack samooh koo darshaata haye. maanak door kshetra drishya prakaash prakashiki kaa upayog karke aanvik taraju taka vivartan seema seey bahut neeche ack sankalp praapt kiya jaa sakata haye.
paaramparik sookshmadarshi takneekon key saath, una visheshtaon koo alag karna sambhav naheen haye joe upayog kii jaane vaali tarang dairdhya (i.ee. drishya prakaash key liye lagbhag 200 nm). yeh vivartan seema prakaash kii tarang prakriti parr adharit haye. paaramparik sookshmadarshi mein seema kaa nirdhaaran prayukt tarang dairdhya aur optical pranali key sankhyaatmak chhidra dwara kiya jaataa haye. samadhan avadharana iss seema koo asthaayi roop seey anuon koo ack aisee sthiti mein badalkar paar curr letee haye jisamen way roshni parr (pratideepti-) sanket naheen bhej sakate hain. yeh avadharana udaaharan key liye electron microscopy seey alag haye, jahan isake bajaay upayog kii gaee tarang dairdhya bahut cumm haye.
kaary siddhant.
resolve microscopy ack optical microscopy haye jiska resolution bahut adhik hotaa haye joe namoonon mein vivaran kii chhavi banaa sakata haye jise paaramparik yaa confocal microscopy key saath chitrit naheen kiya jaa sakata haye. samadhan key bheetar stead microscopy aur gsd microscopy key siddhanton koo saamaanyikrit kiya jaataa haye. aisee sanrachanaaen joe aam taur parr ack dusare key bahut karib hoti hain jinhen alag kiya naheen jaa sakata haye, unhein kramik roop seey padhaa jaataa haye.
iss dhaanche key bheetar sabhi vidhiyon koo samajhaaya jaa sakata haye kii way anuon parr kaam karate hain jinamen cumm seey cumm dou alag-alag avasthaaen hoti hain, jahaan donon avasthaon key beach prativarti parivartan sambhav haye, aur jahaan cumm seey cumm ack aisaa sankraman optical roop seey prerit kiya jaa sakata haye.
adhikansh mamalon mein pratideepti markers kaa upayog kiya jaataa haye, jahaan ack avastha (aeye) joe ujjwal haye, yaani, ack pratideepti sanket utpann karati haye, aur doosari avastha (bee) kaali hoti haye, aur koee sanket naheen detee haye. unake beach ack sankraman prakaash dwara prerit kiya jaa sakata haye (ee.jee. a → b, chamkile seey kaale).
ack sthiti mein roshni kii teevrata bahut cumm honey (aadarsh paristhitiyon mein shoonya) key saath namoone koo sajaatiya roop seey prakaashit kiya jaataa haye. kewal iss sthaan parr anu kabhi bhee dark state bee mein naheen hotey hain (yadi aeye pahale seey maujood sthiti haye) aur poori tarah seey ujjwal sthiti aeye mein rahate hain. vaha kshetra jahan anu jyaadaatar ujjwal avastha mein hotey hain, sankraman prakaash kii teevrata koo badhaakar (neeche dekhein) bahut chhota (paaramparik vivartan seema seey chhota) banaaya jaa sakata haye. iss prakaar paaya gayaa koee bhee sanket kewal prakaash kii nyuntam teevrata key aspas key chhote kshetra mein anuon seey aataa haye. ack uchch sankalp chhavi kaa nirmaan namoone koo scan karke kiya jaa sakata haye.ee., satah parr roshni profile koo sthanantarit karna.
bee seey aeye mein vaapas sankraman yaa tou sahaj hoe sakata haye yaa kissy anya tarang dairdhya key prakaash dwara sanchaalit hoe sakata haye. namoone koo scan karane key dauran alag-alag samay parr aeye yaa bee avastha mein maujood rahane key liye anuon koo kaee baar badalane yogya honah padata haye. vidhi bhee kaam karati haye yadi ujjwal aur kaali sthiti ulat jaati haye, tou ack nakaratmak chhavi praapt kartaa haye.
vivartan-seema key neeche sankalp.
vikshepan-seema key bavjood usa kshetra mein jahaan anu ack (ujjwal sthiti) avastha mein rahate hain, manmaane dhang seey chhote banaae jaa sakate hain.
kamjor roshni parr humm dekhate hain kii vaha kshetra jahaan anu aeye avastha mein rahate hain, abhee bhee kaafee badaa haye kyonki roshni itani cumm haye kii adhikansh anu aeye avastha mein rahate hain. roshni profile key aakar koo badalane kii aavashyakta naheen haye. roshni kii chamak koo badhaane seey pahale seey hii ack chhote kshetra mein parinam milata haye jahan teevrata kushal roop seey dark state mein badalane key liye matra seey cumm hoti haye. natijatan, vaha kshetra bhee jahan anu aeye avastha mein reh sakate hain, cumm hoe jaataa haye. nimnalikhit pathan key dauran (pratideepti) sanket ack bahut hii chhote sthaan seey utpann hotaa haye aur koee bhee bahut tej chhaviyaan praapt curr sakata haye.
sankalp avadharana mein, sankalp koo anumaanit kiya jaa sakata haye
sootra _ 1
, jisake dwara sootra _ 2 sankraman koo santript karane key liye aavashyak visheshta teevrata haye (anuon kaa aadhaa bhaag aeye aur bee avastha mein aadhaa rahata haye), aur sootra _ 3 lagu teevrata koo darshaata haye. yadi minima kaa utpaadan sankhyaatmak chhidra sootra _ 4 key saath prakashiki koo kendrit karke kiya jaataa haye, tou nyuntam doori jiss parr dou samaan vastuon koo pahachaana jaa sakata haye
sootra _ 5 jise abbe key sameekaran kaa vistaar maanaa jaa sakata haye. avadhaaranaon key sankalp parivaar kii vivartan-aseemit prakriti iss tathya seey parilakshit hoti haye kii nyuntam sankalpaniya doori sootra _ 6 koo sootra _ 7 koo badhaakar lagaatar cumm kiya jaa sakata haye. isaliye nanoscale resolution kii khoj iss matra koo adhikatam karane key liye aatee haye. yeh sootra _ 3 koo badhaane yaa sootra _ 2 koo cumm karane seey sambhav haye.
roop.
aanvik avasthaon koo badalate samay vibhinn prakriyaon kaa upayog kiya jaataa haye. haalaanki, sabhi mein samaantaa haye kii cumm seey cumm dou alag-alag avasthaon kaa upayog kiya jaataa haye. aamtaur parr upayog kii jaane vaali pratideepti sampatti avasthaon key antar koo chihnit karati haye, haalaanki yeh aavashyak naheen haye, kyonki avashoshan yaa prakirnan gunon kaa bhee dohan kiya jaa sakata haye.
stead microscopy.
stead microscopy (uttejit utsarjan avakshay microscopy) key bheetar ack pratideepti dye anu pratideepti photon bhejate samay apani electronic jamini sthiti aur isaki uttejit sthiti key beach sanchaalit hotaa haye. yeh pratideepti sookshmadarshi mein maanak sanchaalan mode haye aur sthiti koo darshaata haye. bee avastha mein dye koo sthaayi roop seey uttejit utsarjan key madhyam seey apani electronic ground sthiti mein rakhaa jaataa haye. yadi dye aeye avastha mein fluoros curr sakati haye aur bee avastha mein naheen, tou resolt avadharana lagu hoti haye.
jee. aiss. dee. microscopy.
jee. aiss. dee. microscopy (ground state depletion microscopy) bhee fluorescent marker kaa upayog kartaa haye. avastha aeye mein, anu koo jameen aur pahali uttejit sthiti key beach swatantra roop seey chalaaya jaa sakata haye aur pratideepti koo baahar bheja jaa sakata haye. dark state bee mein anu kii ground state depopulated hoti haye, ack lambe samay taka rahane vaali uttejit sthiti mein sankraman hotaa haye jisase pratideepti utsarjit naheen hoti haye. jaba taka anu andheri avastha mein haye, yeh jameen aur uttejit avastha key beach saikil chalaane key liye upalabdh naheen haye, isaliye pratideepti bund curr dee jaati haye.
spame aur sima.
spame (santript pattern uttejana sookshmadarshi) aur aiss. aiss. aaee. aim. (santript sanrachit prakaash sookshmadarshi) santript uttejana kaa upayog karke "nakaratmak" chhaviyon kaa utpaadan karane key liye sankalp avadharana kaa upayog curr rahey hain.ee. sookshmadarshi key jyaamitiya kendra key aspas ack bahut chhote seey kshetra koo chhodkar harr jagah seey pratideepti hoti haye. prakaash key liye gair-bindu jaise pattern kaa bhee upayog kiya jaataa haye. sakaratmak chhaviyon koo phir seey praapt karane key liye ganitiya chhavi punarnirmaan aavashyak haye.
switch karane yogya protein key saath sankalp.
kuchh pratideepti proteins koo ack upayukt tarang dairdhya key prakaash dwara chaalu aur bund kiya jaa sakata haye. inca upayog ack sankalp-prakaar sookshmadarshi mein kiya jaa sakata haye.
prakaash key saath roshni key dauran, yeye protein apani sanrachana koo badalate hain. iss prakriya mein way pratideepti utsarjit karane kii apani kshamata praapt karate hain yaa khou dete hain. pratideepti avastha avastha aeye seey mell khaati haye, pratideepti avastha bee seey mell naheen khaati haye aur pratideepti avadharana phir seey lagu hoti haye. prativarti sankraman (ee.jee. bee seey vaapas aeye) yaa tou swatah yaa phir seey prakaash dwara sanchaalit hotaa haye. protein mein prerak anuroop parivartan pahale seey hii uttejit utsarjan yaa jamini avastha mein kamee (kuchh doubleu/semi2)। kii tulanaa mein bahut cumm switching prakaash teevrata parr praapt kiye jaa sakate hain. 4pi sookshmadarshi chhaviyon key saath 40 nm seey cumm samasthaanik resolution key saath cumm prakaash star parr jeevit koshikaon koo liya gayaa haye.
parivartaniya carbonic rangon key saath sankalp.
protein kii tarah, kuchh carbonic rung bhee roshni parr apani sanrachana koo badal sakate hain. aise carbonic rangon koo dekhane kii kshamata koo drishya prakaash key madhyam seey chaalu aur bund kiya jaa sakata haye. phir seey lagu prakaash kii teevrata kaafee cumm hoe sakati haye (kuchh 100 doubleu/semi2)।.
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reversible saturable optical florocence transitiongala sankshipta roopavaada resolft, hecchina resolution hondiruva optical florocence microscopy tantragala gumpannu soochisuttade. pramanita doorada kshetra gochara belakina dragvignaanavannu balasikondu, aanvika maapakagalavarege vivartana mitiya tumba kelagiruva resolution annu padeyabahudu.
saampradaayika sukshmadarshaka tantragalondige, balasalaada ardhadashtu tarangaantarakkinta kadime dooradalliruva vaishishtyagalannu pratyekisalu sadhyavilla (i.ii. gochara belakugaagi sumaru 200 enn. emm.). ee vivartana mitiyu belakina taranga svaroopavannu aadhariside. saampradaayika sukshmadarshakagalalli mitiyannu balasida tarangaantara mattu optical vevastheya sankhyaatmaka dyutirandhradinda nirdharisalaaguttade. draavana parikalpaneyu anugalannu tatkalikavagi belakina mele (pratideepaka-) sanketavannu kaluhisalu saadhyavaagada sthitige badalaayisuva moolaka ee mitiyannu mirisuttade. ee parikalpaneyu udaaharanege electron microscopyinda bhinnavagide, badalige balasida tarangaantaravu tumba chikkadaagide.
kaarya tatwa.
resolft microscopy atyanta hecchina resolution hondiruva optical microscopiagiddu, saampradaayika athawa confocal microscopiyondige chithrisalaagada maadarigalalli chitrada vivaragalannu hondiruttade. sthiravaada olage stead microscopy mattu gsd microscopy tatvagalannu saamaanyikarisalaagide. samanyavagi paraspara gurutisalu tumba hattiraviruva ranchanegalannu anukramavagi odalaaguttade.
ee choukattinolage ellah vidhaanagalannu vivarisabahudu, adhu kanishta eradu pratyeka sthitiyannu hondiruva anugala mele kaaryanirvahisuttade, allie eradu sthitigala naduve reversible switching saadhyavide, mattu allie kanishta ondu parivartaneyannu optical aagi prerepisabahudu.
hecchina sandarbhagalalli pratideepaka gurutugalannu balasalaaguttade, allie ondu sthitiyu (aa) prakaashamaanavaagiruttade, andare, pratideepaka sanketavannu utpaadisuttade, mattu innondu sthitiyu (bii) gaadhavaagiruttade, mattu yaavude sanketavannu niiduvudilla. avugala naduvina ondu parivartaneyannu belakininda prachodisabahudu (udaa.zii. a → b, prakaashamaanadinda kattaleyavarege).
maadariyu ekaroopavaagi belaguttade mattu ondu sthaanadalli belakina tivrateyu tumba chikkadaagide (adarsha paristhitigalalli shoonya). ee sthaladalli maatra anugalu endigoo bii dark sthitiyalliruvudilla (aa modale astitvadalliruva sthitiyaagiddare) mattu sampoornavaagi aa prakashamana sthitiyalliruttave. anugalu hechchaagi prakashamanavada sthitiyalliruva pradeshavannu parivartaneya belakina tivrateyannu hechchisuva moolaka (kelage nodi) bahala chikkadagisabahudu (saampradaayika vivartana mitiginta chikkadagirabahudu). heegaagi patteyaada yaavude sanketavu belakina kanishta tivrateya suttalina sanna pradeshada anugalinda maatra baruttade endu tilidubandide. maadariyannu scan maaduva moolaka hecchina resolution chitravannu nirmisabahudu, andare.ii., melmaige belakina profile annu badalaayisuttade.
bii yinda aa ge hintiruguva parivartaneyu svayampreritavaagirabahudu athawa mattondu tarangaantarada belakininda chaalitavaagirabahudu. maadariyannu scan maduvaga vividha samayagalli aa athawa bii sthitiyalli iralu anugalannu halavaaru baari badalaayisabahudaagide. prakashamanavada mattu gaadha sthitiyannu himmukhagolisidare, ondu nakaaraatmaka chitravannu padeyuttade.
vivartana-mitiya kelagiruva resolution.
draavanadalli anugalu sthitiyalli (prakashamanavada sthiti) vasisuva pradeshavannu vivartana-mitiya horataagiyoo aniyantritavagi chikkadagisabahudu.
durbala belakina mele anugalu aa sthitiyalli ulidiruva pradeshavu innoo saakashtu doddadagide endu naavu nodutteve ekendare belaku eshtu kadimeyiruvudarinda hecchina anugalu aa sthitiyalli vasisuttave. belakina prophylna aakaaravannu badalaayisuva agatyavilla. belakina holapannu hechchisuvudarinda eegaagale chikka pradeshadalli parinama biruttade, allie dakshateyinda dark statege badalaaguvudakke tivrate pramaanakkinta kadimeyiruttade. idara parinaamavaagi, anugalu aa sthitiyalli vasisabahudada pradeshavu kadimeyaguttade. mundina reedout samayadalli (pratideepaka) sanketavu bahala sanna sthaladinda huttuttade mattu obbaru bahala tikshnavaada chitragalannu padeyabahudu.
resolution parikalpaneyalli, resolution annu andaju maadabahudu
sootra _ 1
sootra _ 2 embudu parivartaneyannu saturate maadalu agatyaviruva vishishta tivrateyagiddu (anugala ardhavu a mattu ardhavu b sthitiyalliruttade), mattu sootra _ 3 anvayisida tivrateyannu soochisuttade. sankhyaatmaka dyutirandhra sootra _ 4 rondige dragvignaanavannu kendrikarisuva moolaka minimavannu utpaadisidare, eradu onde reetiya vastugalannu gurutisabahudaada kanishta antaravendare
sootra _ 5 annu abe sameekaranada vistaraneyendu pariganisabahudu. nirnayaatmaka kutumbada parikalpanegala vivartana-aniyamita svaroopavu, kanishta nirnayisabahudaada doora sutravannu _ 7 sutravannu hechchisuva moolaka nirantaravagi kadime maadabahudu emba amshadinda pratiphalisuttade. aaddarinda nanoscale resolutiongaagi anveshaneyu ee pramaanavannu garishtagolisalu baruttade. sootra _ 3 annu hechchisuva moolaka athawa sootra _ 2 annu kadime maaduva moolaka idu saadhya.
roopaantaragalu.
aanvika sthitigalannu badalaayisuvaaga vividha prakriyegalannu balasalaaguttade. aadaagyoo, kanishta eradu pratyekavaada sthitigalannu balasalaaguttade embudu ellarigoo saamaanyavaagide. samanyavagi balasalaaguva pratideepaka gunalakshanavu sthitigala vyatyaasavannu gurutisuttade, aadaagyoo idu anivaaryavalla, ekendare hirikolluvike athawa chadurisuva gunalaksanagalannu saha balasikollabahudu.
stead microscopy.
stead microscopyolage (uttejaka horasoosuvike savakali microscopy) pratideepaka bannada anuvu pratideepaka photangalannu kaluhisuvaga adara electronic nelada sthiti mattu adara uttejita sthitiya naduve chalisuttade. idu pratideepaka sookshmadarshakadalli pramanita karyacharaneya vidhaanavaagide mattu sthitiyannu chithrisuttade. bii sthitiyalli, prachodita horasoosuvikeya moolaka bannavannu adara vidyunmana nelada sthitiyalli shaashvatavaagi idalaaguttade. bannavu bii sthitiyallade aa sthitiyalli pratideepakavaagi kaanisabahudaadare, resolft parikalpaneyu anvayisuttade.
gsd microscopy.
gsd microscopy (ground state depletion microscopy) saha pratideepaka gurutugalannu balasuttade. aa sthitiyalli, anuvannu nela mattu modala uttejita sthitiya naduve muktavaagi odisabahudu mattu pratideepakavannu horage kaluhisabahudu. dark state bii nalli anuvina nelada sthitiyu janasankhye kadimeyaguttade, deerghakaaladavarege jivantavagiruva uttejita sthitige parivartaneyu nadeyuttade, idarinda pratideepakavu horasusuvudilla. anuvu kattala sthitiyalliruvavarege, adhu nela mattu uttejita sthitiya naduve saikal sawari maadalu labhyaviruvudilla, aaddarinda pratideepakavannu off maadalaaguttade.
spem mattu sim.
spem (saturated pattern excitation microscopy) mattu sim (saturated structured illumination microscopy) galu saturated excitation annu balasikondu resolft parikalpaneyannu balasikondu "runatmaka" chitragalannu utpaadisuttive, andare.ii. sookshmadarshakada jyaamitiya kendrabinduvina suttalina bahala sanna pradeshavannu horatupadisi ellede pratideepakate kandubaruttade. belakugaagi binduvinantahavallada maadarigalannu saha balasalaaguttade. dhanaatmaka chitragalannu matte padeyalu ganitada chitranada punarnirmanavu agatyavagide.
badalayisabahudada proteengalondige pariharisi.
kelavu pratideepaka proteingalannu sookta tarangaantarada belakininda aun mattu off maadabahudu. avugalannu resolft-reetiya sookshmadarshakadalli balasabahudu.
belakinondige belakina samayadalli, ee proteingalu tamma rachaneyannu badalaayisuttave. ee prakriyeyalli avaru pratideepaka dravyaraashiyannu horasoosuva saamarthyavannu galisuttaare athawa kaledukolluttaare. pratideepaka sthitiyu a sthitige anuroopavaagide, bii sthitige pratideepakavallada sthitiyu mattu draavanada parikalpaneyu matte anvayisuttade. reversible transition (ii.zii. bii yinda aa) ge hintirugi) sahajavagi athawa matte belakininda nadesalaaguttade. prachodita horasoosuvike athawa nelada sthitiya savakali (kelavu (kelavu ge holisidare proteingalalli conformational badalaavanegalannu prachodisuva kadime switching belakina tivrategalalli eegaagale saadhisabahudu. 40 enn. emm. ginta kadime isotropic resolution hondiruva hondiruva sookshmadarshakada chitragalondige samyojaneyalli kadime belakina mattadalli jeevanta koshagalannu tegedukollalagide.
badalayisabahudada saavayava bannagalondige resolft.
proteengalanteye, kelavu saavayava varnagalu saha belakina mele tamma rachaneyannu badalaayisabahudu. antaha saavayava varnagalannu pratideepakavaagi balasuva saamarthyavannu gochara belakina moolaka aun mattu off maadabahudu. matte anvayisida belakina tivrategalu saakashtu kadime (sumaru 100 doubleu/sem. mea. 2) agirabahudu.
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pariharam
reversible saturable opttikkal fluorescence traansishanukalude churukkapperaaya resolft, valare uyarnna resolutionulla opttikkal fluorescence microscopy teknikkukalude oru koottatthe soochippikkunnu. staanderd vidoora feeld drishyaprakaasha optiks upayogichu defraction paridhiyil ninnu valare thaazheyulla molecular skeyilukal vare oru resolution labikkum.
parambaraagatha microscopy saankethikavidyakal upayogichu, upayogicha tharamgadairkhyathinte pakuthiyil thaazhe doorathil sthithicheyyunna savisheshathakal verthirichariyaan kazhiyilla (i.iii. drishyaprakaashathinu ekadesham 200 enm). eee vivarachalana paridhi prakaashatthinte taranga swabhaavathe adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu. parambaraagatha microscopukalil paridhi nirnnayikkunnath upayogicha tharamgadairkhyavum opttikkal sisttathinte samkhyaa appercher anusarichaanu. prakaashatthil oru (fluorescence-) signal ayaykkaan kazhiyaatha avasthayilekku thaalkkaalikamaayi thanmaathrakale maattunnathiloode resolft ashayam eee paridhi marikadakkunnu. eee ashayam electron microscopy ninnu vyathyasthamaan, pakaram upayogicha tharamgadairkhyam valare cheruthaanu.
pravartthana thathwam.
parambaraagathamo konfokkal microscopy upayogichu chithreekarikkaan kazhiyaatha saambilukalil vishadaamshangal chithreekarikkaan kazhiyunna valare uyarnna resolutionulla opttikkal microscopy resolft microscopy. resulftinullil sted microscopy, gsd microscopy ennivayude thathwangal saamaanyavalkkarikkappedunu. saadhaaranayaayi verthirichariyaan kazhiyaathavidham parasparam valare aduthulla gadanakal thudarchayaayi vaayikkunnu.
eee chattakkoodinullil kuranjathu rund verthirichariyaan kazhiyunna avasthakalulla thanmaathrakalil pravartthikkunna ellah reethikalum vishadeekarikkaan kazhiyum, avide rund avasthakalkkidayil reversible switching saadhyamaan, atharam oru parivartthanamenkilum optikkalaayi indues cheyyaan kazhiyum.
mikka kesukalilum fluorescent markerukal upayogikkunnu, avide oru avastha (eiii) thilakkamullathu, athaayath, oru fluorescence signal srishtikkunnu, matte avastha (bii) irundathaanu, signal nalkunnilla. avaykkidayilulla oru parivartthanam prakaashathaal prachodippikkappedaam (udha.jii. a → b, irundathu vare).
oru sthaanathu prakasha theevratha valare cheruthaanu (anuyojyamaaya saahacharyangalil poojyamaanu) ennathukondu sample ekathaanamaayi prakashippikkunnu. eee sthalathu maathrame thanmathrakal orikkalum irunda avastha b yill undaakukayulloo (a ennathu munbundaayirunna avasthayaanenkil) koodaathe poornnamaayum thilakkamulla avastha a yill nilanilkkunnu. parivartthana prakasha theevratha vardhippichukondu (chuvade kaanuka) thanmathrakal kooduthalum thilakkamulla avasthayilulla pradesham valare cheruthakkaam (parambaraagatha vivarthana paridhiyekkaal cheruth). athinaal kandethiya eathoru signal prakasha theevrathayude ettavum kuranja chuttumulla cheria pradeshathe thanmaathrakalil ninnu maathrame varunnulloo. sample scan cheythukondu uyarnna resolutionulla oru chithram nirmmikkaan kazhiyum, athaayath.iii., uparithalathiludaneelam prakasha profile maattunnu.
b yill ninnu a yilekkulla parivartthanam swaabhaavikamo mattoru tharamgadairkhyamulla prakaashathaal nayikkappedukayo cheyyaam. sample scan cheyyumbol vyathyastha samayangalil eiii allengil bii avasthayil undaayirikkaan thanmathrakal niravadhi thavana maattaavunnavayaayirikkanam. thelichavum irunda avasthayum vipareethamaayaal, oraalkk negatteevu imej labikkukayum cheythaal eee reethi pravartthikkunnu.
defraction-paridikk thaazheyulla resolution.
vikshepanaparidhi undaayirunnittum thanmathrakal oru (thilakkamulla avastha) avasthayil vasikkunna pradeshathe ekapaksheeyamaayi cheruthakkaam.
prakaashakkurav moolam, mikka thanmaathrakalum a avasthayil vasikkunna prakasham valare kuravaayathinaal, thanmathrakal a avasthayil nilanilkkunna pradesham ippozhum valare valuthaanennu nammal kaanunnu. prakasha profilinte aakruthi mattendathilla. prakasha prakasham vardhippikkunnathu ithinakam thanne irunda avasthayilekku kaaryakshamamaayi maarunnathinulla theevrathayekkaal kurravulla oru cheria pradeshathinu kaaranamaakunnu. thathfalamaayi, thanmaathrakalkk a avasthayil vasikkaan kazhiyunna pradeshavum kurayunnu. thaazhepparayunna reedt samayat (fluorescence) signal valare cheria sthalathu ninnaan uthbhavikkunnath, oraalkk valare moorchayulla chithrangal labikkum.
resolft aashayathil, resolution ekadeshamaayi kanakkakkaam
soothravaakyam _ 1
athil formula _ 2 ennathu parivartthanam poorithamaakkunnathinu aavashyamaaya swabhaava theevrathayaanu (thanmaathrakalude pakuthi bii avasthayil aaaa, pakuthi avasthayil thudarunnu), formula _ 3 prayogikkunna theevrathaye soochippikkunnu. numerical apperchar formula _ 4 upayogichu focus cheythaanu minima nirmmikkunnathenkil, rund samana vasthukkal thirichariyaan kazhiyunna ettavum kuranja dooram
abeyude samavaakyathinte vipuleekaranamaayi kanakkakkavunna formula _ 5. 7 enna soothravaakyam vardhippikkunnathiloode pariharikkaavunna ettavum kuranja dhoora soothravaakyam _ 6 thudarchayaayi kuraykkaan kazhiyumenna vasthuthayaan sangalppangalude rejalaft kudumbatthinte vivaravyathyasa-parimithamallaattha swabhaavam prathifalippikkunnathu. athinaal nanoscale resolutioninaayulla anweshanam eee alavu paramavadhi vardhippikkunnathilke varunnu. formula _ 3 vardhippikkunnathiloode formula _ 2 kuraykkunnathiloodeyo ithu saadhyamaan.
vakabhedangal.
tanmatra avasthakal maattumbol vyathyastha prakriyakal upayogikkunnu. ennirunnaalum, kuranjathu rund verthirichariyaan kazhiyunna avasthakalenkilum upayogikkunnu ennathinu pothuvaayund. saadhaaranayaayi upayogikkunna fluorescence property avasthakalude vyathyaasathe adayaalappeduthunnu, ennirunnaalum ithu aavasyamilla, kaaranam agiranam allengil chitharal gunangalum prayojanappedutthaam.
sted microscopy.
sted microscopy (stimulated emission depletion microscopy) yill oru fluorescent dye thanmatra athinte electronic graundu avasthaykkum athinte uttejita avasthaykkum idayil fluorescence photonukal ayaykkumbol nayikkappedunnu. ithu fluorescence microscopy staanderd ooppareshan modaanu, ithu stettu eye chithreekarikkunnu. bii avasthayil uthejippicha udvamanathiloode chayam athinte electronic graundu avasthayil sthiramaayi sookshikkunnu. bii avasthayilalla eiii avasthayilaanu chaayathinu fluores cheyyaan kazhiyukayenkil, resolft ashayam baadhakamaan.
gsd microscopy.
gsd microscopy (graundu stettu depletion microscopy) fluorescent maarkkarukalum upayogikkunnu. eiii avasthayil, thanmatra nilatthinum aadyathe uttejita avasthaykkum idayil swathanthramaayi oodikkaanum fluorescence puratthekku ayaykkaanum kazhiyum. irunda avasthayil bii thanmaathrayude bhoosthiraavastha janasandrata kurayunnu, deerghakaalam nilanilkkunna aaveshakaramaaya avasthayilekkulla parivartthanam nadakkunnu, athil ninnu fluorescence purathuvidunnilla. thanmatra irunda avasthayilaayirikkunnida kaalam, nilatthinum aaveshabharithaavasthaykkum idayil saikling cheyyaan ithu labhyamalla, athinaal fluorescence oof cheiyunnu.
spem, siim.
spem (saturated paatten eksaitteshan microscopy), siim (saturated structured illumination microscopy) enniva "negatteevu" chithrangal nirmmikkaan saturated eksaitteshan upayogichu resolft ashayam upayogappeduthunnu, athaayath.iii. sookshumadarshiniyude jyaamitheeya focusinu chuttumulla valare cheria pradeshangalilozhike ellaayidathuninnum fluorescence sambhavikkunnu. pooyint poleyallaattha paattenukalum prakaashatthinaayi upayogikkunnu. positteev chithrangal veendum labhikkunnathin ganithashaasthraparamaaya imej punarnirmmaanam aavasyamaanu.
maattaavunna proteinukal upayogichu pariharikkuka.
chila fluorescent proteinukal uchithamaaya tharamgadairkhyamulla velichathiloode oonaakkaanum oofaakkaanum kazhiyum. avaa oru resolft-type microscopyl upayogikkaam.
prakaashathodukoodiya prakaashatthinte samayat, eee proteinukal avayude roopaghadana maattunnu. eee prakriyayil avarkk fluorescence purappeduvikkaanulla kazhivu nedukayo nashtappedukayo cheiyunnu. fluoresing avastha a enna avasthayumaayi poruthappedunnu, floresing allatha avastha b enna avasthayumaayi poruthappedunnu, koodaathe resolft ashayam veendum baadhakamaan. reversible transition (udha.jii. b yill ninnu a) lake svayamprerithamaayo allengil veendum prakaashathaal nayikkappedunnathaayo sambhavikkunnu. uthejippicha udvamanam allengil bhoosthiramaaya ksheenam (chilath dablyu/sem 2) ennivayumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol valare kuranja switching prakasha theevrathayil proteinukalil roopeekarana mattangal undakkaan kazhiyum. 40 enn. emm.-ll thaazheyulla isotropic resolutionulla 4piai microscopy chithrangalumaayi samyojippichu kuranja prakashanirakkil jeevanulla koshangalil ninnu eduthittundu.
maravunna jaiva chayangal upayogichu pariharikkuka.
proteinukaleppole, chila jaiva chayangalkkum prakaashatthil avayude ghadana maattaan kazhiyum. atharam jaiva chayangal fluores cheyyaanulla kazhivu drishyaprakaashathiloode oonaakkaanum oofaakkaanum kazhiyum. veendum prayogicha prakasha theevratha valare kuravaayirikkum (ekadesham 100 dablyu/sem. mee. 2).
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nirakaran
reversible saturable optical fluorescence transition sankshipt roop, resolft, heey atishay uchch resolutions optical fluorescence microscopy tantrancha eka gut darshavate. pramanit door kshetra drishyaman prakash prakashshastracha vapar karoon aanvik pramananparyant vivartan maryadechya agadi khalee eka sankalp prapt keela jaau shakato.
paramparik sukshmadarshakiy tantransah, vaparlelya tarangalambichya (i.eae. drishyaman prakashasathi sumare 200 nm). hii vivartan maryada prakashachya laharichya swarupavar aadharit aahe. paramparik sukshmadarshakanmadhye maryada vaparlelya tarangalambidware aanee prakash pranalichya sankhyatmak chhidradvare nirdharit kelee jaate. dravan sankalpana renunna tatpuratya sthiteet badaloon yaa maryadevar maat karate jyamadhye teey prakashavar (pratidipti-) sanket pathvu shakat naheet. hii sankalpana udaharanarth electron microscopypeksha vegali aahe, jithe tyaeivaji vaparleli taranglambi khoopach qamee aahe.
kamache tattva.
resolt microscopy hii atishay uchch resolution asaleli eka optical microscopy aahe jee paramparik kinwa confocal microscopydware pratima karata yet nasalelya namunyanmadhye tapashilanchi pratima kadhu shakate. nirakarnamadhye stead microscopy aanee jee. ess. dii microscopy tattve samanyikrut kelee jaatat. samanyatah ekmekanshi phaar jawal asalelya rachana anukrame vachalya jaatat.
yaa chaukatit serve paddhati spasht kelya jaau shakatat jyaa kiman done bhinn avastha asalelya renunvar karya karatat, jethe done avasthanmadhye ulat karata yenyajoge badal shakya aahet aanee jethe kiman eka sankraman drukdrushtya prerit kele jaau shakate.
bahutek prakarananmadhye pratideepi chinhak vaparale jaatat, jethe eka avastha (aaa) jee tejaswi aahe, mhanje pratideepi sanket nirman karate aanee dusari avastha (buub) gadad aahe aanee konatahi sanket dett nahee. tyanchyamadhil eka sankraman prakashadvare prerit kele jaau shakate (udaa.jee. a → b, chamakdar teey gadad).
eka thikani prakashachi tivrata khoop qamee (aadarsh paristhitit shoonya) asalyane namuna eksamanpane prakashit keela jaato. keval yaa thikani renu kadhihi gadad sthiteet nasatat (jarr aaa hii aadhipasoon astitvat asaleli sthitee asel tarr) aanee purnapane ujjwal sthiteet rahatat. jyaa bhagat renu bahutekda tejaswi avasthet asatat teey kshetra sankraman prakashachi tivrata vadhavun (khalee pahaa) khoop lahan (paramparik vivartan maryadepeksha lahan) kele jaau shakate. asha prakare aadhalalela konatahi sanket keval prakashachya kiman tivratechya aaspaschya chhotya bhagatil renunmadhun yeto. namuna scan karoon uchch resolution pratima tayar kelee jaau shakate, i.eae., prakash profile prushthbhagavar halwat aahe.
buub pasoon aaa kadey parat yene heey ektar utsfurt asoo shakate kinwa dusya tarangalambichya prakashadvare chalavale jaau shakate. namuna scan kartana vegvegalya velee aaa kinwa buub sthiteet upasthit rahnyasathi renu anek vela badalnyayogya asane aavashyak aahe. jarr tejaswi aanee gadad sthitee ulatali tarr hii paddhat dekhil karya karate, tyanantar ekhadyala nakaratmak pratima milate.
vivartan-maryadechya khaliche sankalp.
vikshepan-maryada asoonahi, renu jyaa sthiteet rahatat tyaa kshetrala (ujjwal sthitee) aniyantritpane lahan kele jaau shakate.
kamkuvat prakashavar aapan pahato qee jyaa bhagat renu aaa sthiteet rahatat teey kshetra ajunahi barech mothe aahe kaaran prakash itka qamee aahe qee bahutek renu aaa sthiteet rahatat. prakash aakruticha aakar badalanyachi garaj nahee. prakashachi chamak vadhavalyamule aadhich eka lahan kshetra tayar hote jithe gadad avasthekade karyakshampane valanyasathi tivrata pramanapeksha qamee asate. parinami, jyaa bhagat renu aaa sthiteet rahoo shakatat teey kshetra dekhil qamee hote. pudhil vachanadarmyan (pratidipti) sanket agadi lahan thikanahun udbhavato aanee ekhadi vyakti atishay tikshna pratima midvu shakate.
nirakaran sankalpanet, sankalpanecha andaj assa lavala jaau shakato qee
sootra _ 1
, jyamadhye sootra _ 2 hii sankramanala paripoorn karnyasathi aavashyak asaleli vaishishtyapurn tivrata aahe (ardhe renu aaa aanee ardhe avasthemadhye buub sthiteet rahatat), aanee sootra _ 3 lagoo keleli tivrata darshavate. jarr sankhyatmak chhidra sootra _ 4 saha prakashshastra kendrit karoon minima tayar keela gela asel, tarr done samaan vastoo jyaa kiman antaravar olakhalya jaau shakatat teey mhanje
sootra _ 5 jeey abbechya samikaranacha vistar manale jaau shakate. sankalpananchya nirakaran kutumbache vivartan-amaryadit swaroop yaa vastusthitidvare pratibimbit hote qee kiman nirakaran karnyayogya antar sootra _ 6 heey sootra _ 7 vadhavun satat qamee kele jaau shakate. mhanoon nanoscale resolutioncha shodh heey praman jastit jaast karnyasathi khalee yeto. heey sootra _ 3 vadhavun kinwa sootra _ 2 qamee karoon shakya aahe.
prakar.
aanvik sthitee badaltana vegvegalya prakriyancha vapar keela jaato. tathapi, sarvanmadhye samaan aahe qee kiman done vegale karata yenyajogya sthitee vaparlya jaatat. samanyatah vaparlela pratidipti gunadharm avasthancha farak darshavito, tathapi heey aavashyak nahee, kaaran shoshan kinwa vikhurnyachya gunadharmancha dekhil vapar keela jaau shakato.
stead microscopy.
stead microscopy (uttejit utsarjan avakshay microscopy) madhye pratidipti photon pathavtana eka pratidipti rung renu tyachya electronic ground sthitee aanee tyachya uttejit sthitee darmyan chalavala jaato. pratidipti sukshmadarshiketil haah manak karyapaddhati aahe aanee aaa sthitee darshavito. buub avasthemadhye, uttejak utsarjanadvare rung tyachya electronic ground sthiteet kayamswarupi thewala jaato. jarr rung aaa sthiteet fluoreses karoo shakat asel aanee buub sthiteet nahee, tarr resolt sankalpana lagoo hote.
jee. ess. dii. sukshmadarshika.
jee. ess. dii. sukshmadarshika (ground steet deplition microscopy) dekhil pratideepi chinhakancha vapar karate. aaa avasthemadhye, renu jaminichya aanee pahilya uttejit avasthechya darmyan muktapane chalavala jaau shakato aanee pratidipti baher pathavali jaau shakate. gadad avasthemadhye buub renuchi jaminichi sthitee loksankhya qamee hote, dirghkal tikananya uttejit avasthemadhye sankraman hote jyatoon pratidipti utsarjit hott nahee. joparyant renu gadad sthiteet aahe, toparyant too jaminivaril aanee uttejit avasthechya darmyan cycle chalvanyasathi upalabdh nahee, tyamule pratidipti bund kelee jaate.
spame aanee ess. ess. aay. emm.
spame (saturated pattern excitation microscopy) aanee ess. ess. aay. emm. (saturated structured illumination microscopy) heey saturated excitation vapar karoon 'nakaratmak' pratima tayar karnyasathi resolveft sankalpanecha vapar karat aahet, mhanje.eae. sukshmadarshakachya bhaumitik kendrabinduchya sabhovatalacha agadi lahan pradesh vagalata sarvatra pratidipti hote. prakashasathi bindupramane nasalele namune dekhil vaparale jaatat. punha sakaratmak pratima midvanyasathi ganiteey pratimechi punarrachana aavashyak aahe.
badalnyayogya prathinansah nirakaran qaraa.
kahee pratideepi prathine yogya tarangalambichya prakashadvare chaloo aanee bund kelee jaau shakatat. tyancha vapar dravan-prakarchya sukshmadarshakamadhye keela jaau shakato.
prakashasah prakashyojana darmyan, hii prathine tyanchi rachana badaltat. yaa prakriyet teey pratidipti utsarjit karanyachi kshamata vadhavtat kinwa gamavatat. pratidipti sthitee aaa sthitishi sambandhit aahe, pratidipti naan honari sthitee buub aanee nirakaran sankalpana punha lagoo hote. ulat karata yenyajoge sankraman (udaa.jee. buub pasoon aaa) varr parat yene ektar utsfurtapane kinwa punha prakashadvare chalavale jaate. uttejit utsarjan kinwa jaminivaril sthititil qamee honyachya (kahee doubleu/semee2) tulanet prathinanmadhye rachnatmak badal ghadavun aanane heey aadhich khoopach qamee switching prakash tivratevar sadhya kele jaau shakate. 40 aine. emm. peksha qamee isotropic resolution asalelya 4 pii. aay. sukshmadarshakiy pratimanchya sanyogane qamee prakash patalivaril jiwant peshinche chhayachitra kadhale gele aahe.
badalnyayogya sendriya rangansah nirakaran qaraa.
prathinanpramanech, kahee sendriya rangadekheel prakashat aalyavar tyanchi rachana badaloo shakatat. asha sendriya ranganchi pratidipti karanyachi kshamata drishyaman prakashadvare chaloo aanee bund kelee jaau shakate. punha lagoo kelelya prakashachi tivrata khoopach qamee asoo shakate (sumare 100 doubleu/semee2). | samadhan
reversible saturable uptical fluorescence transitionko sankshipta naam, resulftle dherai uccha rijolusanko sath uptical fluorescence microscopy prawidhiharuko samuhalai janaunchha. manak sudur khetra drishya prakash uptics prayog garera anawik scaleharuma defraction simabhanda dherai talko resolution prapta garna sakinchha.
paramparagat microscopy prawidhiharuko sath, prayog garieko tarangadairdhyako lagbhag adha bhanda cum durima awasthit suwidhaharu chhutyauna sambhawa chhaina (i.ei. drishya prakashka lagi lagbhag 200 nm). yo vivartan sima prakashko tarang prakritima adharit chha. paramparagat microscopharuma prayog garieko tarangdairdhya rar uptical pranaliko sankhyatmak eperturedwara sima nirdharan garinchha. samadhan awadharanale anuharulai asthayi rupma yasto awasthama pariwartan garera yass simalai parr gardacha jasma tiniharule prakashma (pratidipti-) sanket pathauna sakdainan. yo awadharana udaharanka lagi electron microscopybhanda farak chha jahaan yasako satta prayog garieko tarangdairdhya dherai sano chha.
karya siddhanta.
resolft microscopy dherai uccha resolution bhaeko uptical microscopy how jasle paramparagat wa confocal microscopyko sath chhawi garna nasakne namunaharuma wiwaranharu chhawi garna sakchha. samadhanbhitra stead microscopy rar jiesdi microscopyka siddhantaharu samanyikrit hunchhan. sanrachanaharu june samanyataya ekarkako dherai najik hunchhan jaslai chhutyauna sakindaina kramik rupma padhine garinchha.
yass dhanchabhitra sabai vidhiharu wyakhya garna sakinchha june kamtima dui farak awastha bhaeka anuharuma sanchalan gardacha, jahaan dui awastha beach ulto garna sakine switching sambhawa chha, rar jahaan kamtima euta yasto sankraman uptical rupma prerit garna sakinchha.
dherai jaso awasthama fluorescent markerharu prayog garinchha, jahaan euta awastha (ae) june ujyalo chha, arthat, fluorescence sanket utpanna gardacha, rar arko awastha (bee) andhyaro chha, rar kunai sanket dindaina. tiniharu bichko euta sankraman prakashdwara prerit huna sakchha (uda.zee. a → b, ujyalodekhi andhyaro).
namuna ek sthanma prakashko tiwrata dherai sano (adarsha awasthama shunya) bhaeko sath asamarupma ujyalo chha. yass thaunma matra anuharu kahilyai andhakar awastha b maa hundainan (yadi a pahile nai awasthit awastha how bhane) rar purna rupma ujyalo awastha a maa rahanchha. anuharu prayaha ujyalo awasthama hune kshetralai sankraman prakashko tiwrata badhaera (tall hernuhos) dherai sano (paramparagat vivartan sima bhanda sano) banauna sakinchha. yasari patta lageko kunai pani sanket prakashko nyunatam tiwratako warparko sano kshetrama anuharubata matra aune thaha hunchha. namuna scan garera uccha resolution chhawi nirman garna sakinchha, i.ei., satahama prakash profilelai sthanantaran gardai.
b batt a maa farkane sankraman yaa tata sahaj huna sakchha wa arko tarangadairdhyako prakashdwara sanchalit huna sakchha. namuna scan garda vibhinna samayama ae wa bee awasthama upasthit huna anuharu dherai patak pariwartanyogya hunupardacha. yadi ujyalo rar andhyaro awastha ulto bhayo bhane pani vidhile kaam gardacha, tyasapachhi ekle nakaratmak chhawi prapta gardacha.
vivartan-simabhanda talko samadhan.
samadhanma anuharu (ujyalo awastha) awasthama basne kshetralai vivartan-simako bawajud manmane rupma sano banauna sakinchha.
kamjor prakashma hammy dekhchaun kii anuharu a awasthama rahane khetra ajhai pani dherai thulo chha kinbhane prakash yati cum chha kii adhikansh anuharu a awasthama baschhan. illumination profileko akar pariwartan garna awashyak chhaina. prakashko chamak badhaunda pahile nai sano kshetrama parinam hunchha jahaan tiwrata callo awasthama kushal rupma switch garnaka lagi matra bhanda cum hunchha. falaswarup, anuharu a awasthama basna sakne khetra pani ghatcha. nimna ridautako samayama (pratidipti) sanket dherai sano sthanbata utpanna hunchha rar kasaile dherai tikshna chhawiharu prapta garna sakchha.
samadhan awadharanama, samadhanlai anumanit garna sakinchha
sutra _ 1
, jasdwara sutra _ 2 sankramanlai santripta garnaka lagi awashyak visheshta tiwrata how (anuharuko adha awastha a rar adha awastha b maa rahanchha), rar sutra _ 3 ley lagu garieko tiwratalai janaunchha. yadi minima sankhyatmak aperture sutra _ 4 ko sath uptics kendrit garera utpadan garinchha bhane, nyunatam duri jasma dui saman wastuharu bujhna sakinchha
sutra _ 5 jaslai abbeko samikaranko wistarko rupma manna sakinchha. awadharanaharuko samadhan pariwarko vivartan-asimit prakriti yass tathyabata pratibimbit hunchha kii nyunatam samadhanyogya duri sutra _ 6 lai sutra _ 7 badhaera nirantar ghatauna sakinchha. tyasaile nanoscale rijolusanko khoj yass matralai adhikatam garna tall aunchha. yo sutra _ 3 badhaera wa sutra _ 2 ghataera sambhawa chha.
bhinnataharu.
anawik awasthaharu pariwartan garda vibhinna prakriyaharu prayog garinchha. yadyapi, sabaima saman chha kii kamtima dui bhinna rajyaharu prayog garinchha. samanyataya prayog garieko pratidipti sampattile awasthaharuko bhinnatalai chinha lagaunchha, yadyapi yo awashyak chhaina, kinki awashoshan wa bicchuran gunharu pani dohan garna sakinchha.
stead microscopy.
stead microscopy (uttejit utsarjan hrass microscopy) bhitra ek fluorescent dye anu yasako electronic ground awastha rar yasako uttejit awasthako bichma fluorescence photonharu pathaundai sanchalit hunchha. yo fluorescence microscopyma manak sanchalan mode how rar awastha ae chitran gardacha. bee rajyama, rangko sthayi rupma yasako electronic ground statema uttejit utsarjanko madhyambata rakhinchha. yadi rangle awastha ae maa fluoros garna sakchha rar awastha bee maa hoina bhane, resolft awadharana lagu hunchha.
jiesdi microscopy.
jiesdi microscopy (ground state diplison microscopy) ley pani fluorescent markerharu prayog gardacha. awastha ae maa, anu swatantra rupma jamin rar pahilo uttejit awasthako bichma chalauna sakinchha rar pratidipti bahira pathauna sakinchha. andhyaro awastha bee maa anu ko bhumi awastha janaghanatwa rahit chha, lamo samayasamma jiwit uttejit awasthama sankraman hunchha jasbata pratidipti utsarjit hundaina. jabasamma anu andhyaro awasthama chha, yo jamin rar uttejit awasthako bichma cycle chalaunaka lagi upalabdha chhaina, tyasaile pratidipti banda hunchha.
spame rar sim.
spame (saturated pattern excitation microscopy) rar sim (saturated structured illumination microscopy) ley "nakaratmak" chhawiharu utpadan garna saturated excitation prayog garera resolft awadharanako dohan gariraheka chhan.ei. microscopeko jyamitiya kendra waripari dherai sano khetra bahek sabai thaunbata pratidipti hunchha. prakashka lagi gaira bindu-jasto dhancha pani prayog garinchha. sakaratmak chhawiharu punah prapta garna ganitiya chhawi punarnirman awashyak chha.
pariwartanyogya protinharusanga samadhan garnuhos.
kehi fluorescent protinharu upayukta tarangadairdhyako prakashdwara unn rar aff garna sakinchha. tiniharulai resolft-prakarko microscopema prayog garna sakinchha.
prakashko sath prakashko samayama, yee protinharule tiniharuko sanrachana pariwartan gardacha. yass prakriyama tiniharule pratidipti utsarjan garne kshamata prapta garchhan wa gumaunchhan. pratidipti awastha awastha a sanga mail khanchha, gaira-pratidipti awastha b sanga mail khanchha rar samadhan awadharana feri lagu hunchha. pratiwarti sankraman (uda.zee. b batt a) maa farkane yaa tata swatah wa feri prakashdwara sanchalit hunchha. proteinharuma conformational pariwartanharu utprerit utsarjan wa ground state diplison (kehi w/semi 2) ko tulanama dherai cum switching prakash tiwratama pahile nai prapta garna sakinchha. 40 nm bhanda cum isotropic resolution bhaeka bhaeka microscopy chhawiharusanga sanyojanma cum prakash starma jiwit koshikaharubata liieko chha.
pariwartanyogya jaivik rangharuko sath samadhan garnuhos.
protinharu jastai, kehi jaivik rangharule pani prakashma afno sanrachana pariwartan garna sakchhan. yasta jaivik rangharuko fluoros garne kshamatalai drishya prakashko madhyambata unn rar aff garna sakinchha. feri lagu garieko prakash tiwrata ekdam cum huna sakchha (kehi 100 w/semi 2).
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samadhan
reversible saturable uptical fluorescence transition paain eka sankhipta naama, reolft, ati uccha resolution sahita uptical fluorescence microscopy kaushalara eka gostheeku suchita kare . manaka doora khetra drushyamana aloka aloka bigyana byabahara curry anabika scale parjyanta bichhurana seema thaaru bahuta tale eka resolution prapta karajaipariba .
paramparika microscopy kaushala sahita, byabahruta tarangadairghyara praiah adhaa thaaru comm duratare abasthita baisistyaku pruthaka kariba sambhaba nuhen (i.ee. drushyamana aloka paain praiah 200 enn. emm.). ehi bichhurana seema alokar taranga prakruti upare aadharita . paramparika microscopere ehi seema byabahruta tarangadairghya ebong uptical systemer sankhyagata chhidra dwara nirdharita hue . samadhan dharanati anumananku asthajee bhabare epari eka abasthaku badalai ehi seemaaku atikrama kare jeunthire semane alokikarana parey eka (pratideepti-) sanketa pathaiparibe naahin . ehi dharanati electron microscopy thaaru bhinna, jeunthare byabahruta tarangadairghya bahuta chhot .
karjyara neeti.
resolft microscopy heuchhi eka uptical microscopy jahara resolution bahuta adhika, jaahaa namunare bibaranee chitrana karipariba jaahaa paramparika kimba confocal microscopy sahita chitrana karajaipariba naahin . samadhan madhyare stead microscopy ebong jii. ess. dii microscopy neetigudika sadharanikruta hoithae. jeun sanrachanagudika sadharanatah paraspar ati nikatatar, segudiku kramasah padhajae.
ehi dhancha madhyare samasta paddhati byakhya karajaipariba jaahaa anu upare karjya kare jahara ati kamare duiti bhinna abastha achhi, jeunthare dui abastha madhyare reversible suiching sambhaba, ebong jeunthare ati kamare ehipari gotie paribartana uptical bhabare prerita hoipariba .
adhikansha khetrare pratideepti marker byabahara karajae, jeunthare gotie abastha (qa) jaahaa ujjwala, arthat, eka pratideepti sanketa srusti kare, ebong anya abastha (kha) andhakara, ebong kaunasi sanketa die naahin . semananka madhyare gotie paribartana aloka dwara prerita hoipare (udaa.jii. a → b, ujjwalaru andhara).
namunati eka sthanare aloka tibrata sahita asamaroopare alokita hue jaahaa bahuta chhot (adarsha paristhitire shunya) . kebala ehi sthanare anugudika kebe bii andhakara abasthare bii ray nathanti (jadi a heuchhi purbaru bidyamana abastha) ebong sampurna bhabare ujjwala abasthare a rahithae . jeun anchalare anugudika adhikansha ujjwala abasthare thaae, sehi anchalaku paribartana alokar tibrata brudhi curry ati chhot (paramparika bichhurana seema thaaru chhot) karajaipariba (tale dekhantu). tenu chinhat hoithiba kaunasi sanketa kebala aloka tibratara sarbanimna charipakhare thiba chhot anchalare thiba anugudikaru asithae bolly janaa. namunaku scan curry eka uccha resolution pratichabi nirmana karajaipariba, i.ee., aloka prophailaku prusthare sthanantara kare .
b ru a ku pheribara paribartana swatahsfoorta hoipare kimba anya tarangadairghyara aloka dwara parichalita hoipare . namuna scanning samajare bhinna bhinna samajare anugudika 'aii' kimba 'bii' abasthare rahiba paain aneka thara paribartanajogya hebaku padithae. jadi ujjwala ebong andhakara abastha olata pallot hue, tebe ehi paddhati madhya karjya kare, taa "hele jane nakaratmaka chitra prapta kare .
bichhurana-seema tale samadhan.
jeun anchalare anugudika eka (ujjwala abastha) abasthare baasa karanti, sehi anchalaku bichhurana-seema satwe managadha bhabe chhot karajaipariba.
durbala alokikarana parey aame dekhu je jeun anchalare anugudika a abasthare rahithae, taaha ebe madhya bahuta budd hoithae kaaran alokikarana ete comm hoithae je adhikansha anu a abasthare baasa karithanti. alokachitrara aakruti badalaibara abashyakata naahin. aloka ujjwalata brudhi purbaru eka chhot anchalare parinata hoichhi jeunthare dakhya bhabare andhakara abasthaku badalaiba paain tibrata parimanaru comm . phalaswaroopa, jeun anchalare anugudika 'a' abasthare rahiparanti, taaha madhya hrass paithae. nimnalikhita pathana samajare (pratideepti) sanketa eka ati chhot sthanaru utpanna hue ebong jane bahuta tikhna chitra prapta karipariba .
samadhanara dharanare, samadhanaku aanumanika bhabare akalana karajaipariba
sutra _ 1
, jeunthire sutra _ 2 heuchhi paribartanaku paripurna kariba paain aabasyaka baisistya tibrata (anugudikara adhaa ansha a ebong adhaa ansha b abasthare rahithae), ebong sutra _ 3 prajoga karajaithiba teebrataaku suchita kare . jadi minima eka sankhyagata chhidra sutra _ 4 sahita aloka bigyanaku focus curry utpadita hue, sarbanimna durata jeunthire duiti samaana bastuku chinhat karajaipariba
sutra _ 5 jaahaaku aabenka samikaranara samprasarana bhabare bibechana karajaipare . samadhanakari paribare dharanagudikara bichhurana-seemita prakruti ehi tathya dwara pratiphalita hoithae je sarbanimna samadhanajogya durata sutra-6 ku sutra-7 brudhi curry kramagata bhabare hrass karajaipariba. tenu nanoscale samadhanara sandhan ehi parimanaku sarbadhika kariba paain asithae . sutra 3ku brudhi curry kimba sutra 2ku hrass curry ehaa sambhaba.
bhinnavinna prakara.
anabika abasthagudiku badalaiba samajare bibhinna prakriya byabahruta hue . tebe, samastankara samaana rahichhi je ati kamare duiti bhinna bhinna abastha byabahruta hue . sadharanatah byabahruta pratideepti guna abasthagudikara parthakyaku chinhita kare, tebe ehaa aabasyaka nuhen, kaaran abasoshana kimba bichhurana guna madhya byabahruta hoipare .
stead microscopy.
stead microscopy (uddipita nirgamana hrass microscopy) madhyare eka fluorescent dye anu ehara electronic ground state ebong ehara uttejita abastha madhyare parichalita hue jetebele fluorescence photan pathajae . pratideepti microscopyre ehaa heuchhi manaka kriya paddhati ebong ehaa 'a' abasthaku darshae. bii abasthare, rangaku sthajee bhabe ehara baidyutika ground abasthare uddipita nirgamana madhyamare rakhajae. jadi rangati 'aii' abasthare fluoreses karipare, 'bii' abasthare nuhen, tebe 'resulft' dharana laagu hoithae.
gsd microscopy.
gsd microscopy (ground state diplison microscopy) madhya fluorescent marker byabahara kare . aaa abasthare, anuku bhumi ebong pratham uttejita abastha madhyare mukta bhabare parichalita karajaipariba ebong pratideepti pathajaipariba . andhara abastha 'bii' ray anura bhu-abastha janbasatihin hoithae, eka dirghajibi uttejita abasthaku eka paribartana ghate jeunthiru pratideepti nirgata hue naahin. jeparjyanta anuti andhara abasthare achhi, ehaa bhumi ebong uttejita abastha madhyare cycle chalana paain upalabdha nuhen, tenu pratideepti banda karajae .
spame ebong ess. sii. emm.
spame (samprukta dhancha uttejana microscopy) ebong ess. ess. aai. emm. (samprukta sanrachita aloka microscopy) "nakaratmaka" chitra utpadana kariba paain samprukta uttejana byabahara curry samadhan dharanara upajoga karuchanti, arthat.ee. microscoper jyamitika kendrasthalara charipakhare eka ati chhot anchala byatita anya sabu sthanaru pratideepti ghate . alokikarana paain anah-bindu-sadrusha dhancha madhya byabahruta hue . punarbara sakaratmaka pratichabi paiba paain ganitika pratichabi punahnirmana aabasyaka .
paribartanajogya protein sahita samadhan karantu .
keteka pratideepee protinku upajukta tarangadairghyara aloka dwara chaalu ebong banda karajaipariba. segudiku eka samadhan-prakara microscopere byabahara karajaipariba.
aloka sahita alokikarana samajare, ehi protingudika semanankara gathan badalai thaae . ehi prakrijare semane pratideepti nirgamana karibara khyamata hassel karanti kimba haraithanti. pratideepti abastha sthiti a sahita mela khauchhi, anah-pratideepti sthiti b sahita mela khauchhi ebong samadhan dharana puni laagu hue . pratyabartanajogya paribartana (udaa.jii. b ru a ku feriba) swatahsfoorta bhabare kimba puni aloka dwara parichalita . protingudikare gathanamulaka paribartanaku prabartaiba purbaru hinn uddipita nirgamana kimba ground state diplison (kichhi waa/shay. mea. 2) tulanare bahuta comm swiching alokar teebrataare hassel karajaipariba . 4piai microscopy sahita 40 enn. emm. ru comm isotropic resolution sahita comm aloka starare jibanta kosharu chitra niajaichi .
paribartanajogya jaibika ranga sahita samadhan karantu.
protein bhali, keteka jaibika ranga madhya alokikarana parey nijara gathan badalaipare. ebhali jaibika rangaku fluoros karibara khyamataku drushyamana aloka madhyamare chaalu ebong banda karajaipariba. puni prajoga karajaithiba alokar tibrata yathesta comm hoipare (praiah 100 waa/shay. mea. 2). | hall
reorcible saturable optical florocence transitionan daa ikk sankhep naam, reversible cellurable optical florocence microscopy taknikan dey ikk samooh noon darsaunda haii jiss witch bahut ucch resolution hunda haii. standard phaar feeled visible light optics dee varton naal anoo skelan takk defraction seema toon bahut hethan ikk resolution prapat keeta jaa sakda haii.
ravaiti microscopy taknikan naal, uhanan visheshtavan witch farak karna sambhav naheen haii joe vartiaan gaeeaan tarangan dee lambai (i.ee. dikhai denh vaali roshni laee lagbhag 200 ainn. aimm.). ih vivaran seema parkash dee tarang prakirti utte adharat haii. ravaiti sookham-drishtikon witch seema varti gaee tarang-lambai atey optical system dey sankhiaatmak aperture duaara nirdharat keeti jaandi haii. resolft sankalap anuaan noon asthai taur 'teey ajihi sathiti witch badal keey iss seema noon paar qarr jaanda haii jiss witch uh roshni' teey (florocence-) sanket naheen bhej sakde. ih sankalap udaharan laee electron microscopy toon vakkhra haii jitthe iss dee bajaae varti gaee tarang lambai bahut ghatt haii.
kamm curran daa sidhant.
resolft microscopy ikk optical microscopy haii jiss witch bahut ucch resolution hunda haii joe namuniaan witch chittar dey verve dey sakda haii jiss noon ravaiti jaan confocal microscopy naal naheen darsaiaa jaa sakda. resolft dey ander stead microscopy atey jee. aiss. dee. microscopy dey sidhantan noon aam banaiaa jaanda haii. uh dhanche joe aam taur utte ikk dooje dey bahut nede hunde hunn, uhanan noon kramvaar padhiaa jaanda haii.
iss dhanche dey ander saare tarikiaan noon samjhaiaa jaa sakda haii joe anuaan utte kamm karde hunn jinhan witch ghatto ghatt doou vakkhariaan sathitiaan hundiaan hunn, jitthe dovan sathitiaan dey vichkaar ultan yog switching sambhav haii, atey jitthe ghatto ghatt ikk ajihi tabdili noon optical taur utte prerit keeta jaa sakda haii.
ziaadaatar mamlian witch fluorescent markeran dee varton keeti jaandi haii, jitthe ikk avastha (aii) joe chamakdar haii, bhaav, ikk florocence sanket paida kardi haii, atey duji avastha (bee) goodhi hundi haii, atey koee sanket naheen dindi. uhanan dey vichkaar ikk parivartan parkash duaara prerit keeta jaa sakda haii (ee.jee. a → b, chamakdar toon goodah).
namune noon ikk sathiti witch roshni dee tibarta dey naal bahut ghatt (aadrash sathitiaan witch ziro) dey naal ikko jihi roshni naal parkashman keeta jaanda haii. siraf iss sathaan utte anoo kadey vee dark avastha b witch naheen hunde (jey a pahilan toon maujood avastha haii) atey puurii tarahan chamakdar avastha a witch rahinde hunn. uh khetar jitthe anoo ziaadaatar chamakdar avastha witch hunde hunn, parivartan parkash dee tibarta noon vadha keey bahut chhota (ravaiti vivaran seema toon chhota) banaiaa jaa sakda haii (hethan dekho). iss tarahan koee vee sanket siraf ghatto ghatt roshni dee tibarta dey aale duaale dey chhote khetar witch anuaan toon aaunda haii. ikk ucch resolution chittar namune noon scann karke banaiaa jaa sakda haii, i.ee., satah utte roshni profile noon tabdil karna.
b toon a witch waps tabdili jaan taan swaichlit hoow sakadi haii jaan kise horr tarang-lambai dey parkash duaara sanchalit hoow sakadi haii. namune noon scann curran dauran vakkh-vakkh samein 'teey a jaan b avastha witch maujood rahinn laee anuaan noon kaee vaar badlan yog honaa painda haii. ih vidhi vee kamm kardi haii jey chamakdar atey kaali avastha noon ulta ditta jaanda haii, taan ikk firr ikk nakaratmak chittar prapat karda haii.
vivaran-seema toon hethan daa resolution.
resolft witch uh khetar jitthe anoo ikk (chamakdar avastha) avastha witch rahinde hunn, noon vivarjan-seema dey bavjood manmarzi naal chhota banaiaa jaa sakda haii.
kamzor roshni utte aseen dekhde haan kii uh khetar jitthe anoo a avastha witch rahinde hunn, uh ajey vee kaafi vadda hunda haii kiunki roshni inni ghatt hundi haii kii ziaadaatar anoo a avastha witch rahinde hunn. roshni profile dee shakal noon badlan dee zaroorat naheen haii. roshni dee chamak noon vadhaun dey natije vajon pahilan hii ikk chhota khetar hunda haii jitthe tibarta dark avastha witch kushal tabdili laee matra toon ghatt hundi haii. sitte vajon, uh khetar vee jitthe anoo a avastha witch rahi sakde hunn, ghatt hoow jaanda haii. heth likhe redout dauran (florocence) sanket ikk bahut hii chhote jihe sathaan toon paida hunda haii atey koee vee bahut tikkhi tasviran prapat qarr sakda haii.
resolution sankalap witch, resolution daa anuman lagaiaa jaa sakda haii
farmula _ 1
jiss naal farmula _ 2 parivartan noon santripat curran laee lodindi visheshta tibarta haii (anuaan daa addha hissa avastha a atey addha avastha b witch rahinda haii), atey farmula _ 3 lagu keeti tibarta noon darsaunda haii. jacker ghatto-ghatt drishtikon noon ikk sankhiaatmak aperture farmula _ 4 naal focus karke tiaar keeta jaanda haii, taan ghatto-ghatt doori jiss utte doou ikko jihiaan vastuaan noon pachaniaa jaa sakda haii
farmula _ 5 jiss noon abbe dee samikaran daa vistaar manniaa jaa sakda haii. sankalpan dey hall curran vaale parivaar dee visaran-seemat prakirti iss tatth duaara pratibimbat hundi haii kii ghatto ghatt hall curran yog doori farmula _ 6 noon farmula _ 7 vadha keey nirantar ghataiaa jaa sakda haii. iss laee nanoscale resolution dee khoj iss matra noon vaddh toon vaddh curran laee aaundi haii. ih farmula _ 3 noon vadha keey jaan farmula _ 2 noon ghataa keey sambhav haii.
roop.
anoo avasthavan noon badlan vele vakkh-vakkh prakiriaavan dee varton keeti jaandi haii. halanki, saariaan witch samanta haii kii ghatto ghatt doou vakkhariaan sathitiaan dee varton keeti jaandi haii. aam taur utte varti gaee florocence visheshta avasthavan dey antar noon darsaundi haii, halanki ih zaruri naheen haii, kiunki jazab curran jaan khindaun deeaan visheshtavan daa vee shoshan keeta jaa sakda haii.
stead microscopy.
stead microscopy (utejit nikas qamee microscopy) dey ander ikk fluorescent dye anoo noon iss dee electronic zamini avastha atey iss dee utshahit avastha dey vichkaar chalaiaa jaanda haii jadon kii florocence photon bahr bhejde hunn. ih florocence microscopy witch standard operation mode haii atey avastha a noon darsaunda haii. bee avastha witch rung noon utejit nikas duaara aapni electronic zamini avastha witch pakke taur 'teey rakkhiaa jaanda haii. jey rung a avastha witch floros qarr sakda haii atey b avastha witch naheen, taan resolft sankalap lagu hunda haii.
jee. aiss. dee. microscopy.
jee. aiss. dee. microscopy (graoond state deplition microscopy) vee fluorescent markeran dee varton kardi haii. avastha aii witch, anoo noon zameen atey pahili utshahit avastha dey vichkaar sutantar taur 'teey chalaiaa jaa sakda haii atey florocence noon bahr bhejiaa jaa sakda haii. dark avastha bee witch anoo dee zamini avastha dee aabadi ghatt hoow jaandi haii, ikk lambe samein takk rahinn vaali utshahit avastha witch tabdili hundi haii jiss toon florocence naheen nikaldi. jadon takk anoo hanere witch haii, ih zameen atey utshahit sathiti dey vichkaar cycle chalaun laee upalbadh naheen haii, iss laee florocence bnd haii.
spam atey aiss. aiss. aaee. aim.
spame (santripat pattern utejana microscopy) atey aiss. aiss. aaee. aimm. (santripat sanrachit parkash microscopy) "nakaratmak" chittar tiaar curran laee santripat utejana dee varton karke resolft sankalap daa laabh uthaa rahey hunn.ee. microscope dey geometrical focus dey aale duaale ikk bahut chhote khetar noon chhadd keey harr jagha toon florocence hunda haii. parkash laee gair-bindu varge pattern vee varte jaande hunn. skaratmak chittran noon dubara prapat curran laee ganitik chittar punar nirman zaruri haii.
badlan yog protein naal hall crow.
kujh fluorescent protein noon ikk dhukvin tarang lambai dee roshni duaara chalu atey bnd keeta jaa sakda haii. uhanan noon ikk resolft-kisam dey microscope witch vartiaa jaa sakda haii.
parkash naal roshni dey dauran, ih protein aapni banatar noon badalde hunn. iss prakiriaa witch uh florocence chaddan dee yogta prapat karde hunn jaan guaa dinde hunn. fluorosing avastha avastha a naal mail khaandi haii, gair-fluorosing avastha b naal mail khaandi haii atey resolft sankalap dubara lagu hunda haii. ulat tabdili (ee.jee. b toon waps a) jaan taan aapne aap jaan firr parkash duaara chalaiaa jaanda haii. protein witch prerak anukool tabdiliaan pahilan hii bahut ghatt switching roshni tibarta utte prapat keetiaan jaa sakdiaan hunn joe kii utejit nikas jaan zamini avastha dee qamee (kujh w/saimi 2) dee tulna witch hunn. 40 ainn. aimm. toon ghatt isotropic resolution vaale vaale. aaee. microscopy chittran dey naal sanyojan witch ghatt roshni dey padhran 'teey jeevat saillan dey lae gaye hunn.
badlan yog jaivik rangan naal hall crow.
jiven protein dey naal, kujh jaivik rung vee roshni utte aapni banatar noon badal sakde hunn. ajihe jaivik rangan noon floros curran dee samratha noon dikhai denh vaali roshni raahin chalu atey bnd keeta jaa sakda haii. firr toon lagu keeti roshni dee tibarta kaafi ghatt hoow sakadi haii (lagbhag 100 w/centimeter 2).
| samadhanam
reversible-saturable-optical-fluorescence-transition ityasya sankshiptaroopam, result iti, ati-uccha-resolution-yuktaanaam optical-fluorescence-macroscopy-tantranam samooham soochayati. maanak-durakshetra-drushya-prakasha-shastrasya upayogena, vivartana-simayam apekshayaa bahu nyoonam, aanwik-scale-yaavat, sankalpah praaptum shakyate.
paaramparika-sukshma-pareekshan-tantraih, prayukta-tarangadairghyasya ardhaat nyunaduranteshu sthitanam lakshananam bhedah naa shakyate (i.ee. drushyaprakaashasya krute praayah 200 enn. emm.). eshaa vivartanaseemaa prakashasya tarangaprakrutim aadhrutya asti. paaramparika-sukshmadarshishu parimitihi prayukta-tarangadairghyen, prakaashavyavasthaayaah sankhyaatmak-chhidrena cha nirdharita bhavati. anuhu asthaayeeroopen etaadrushe avasthaayaam parivartya, yatra prakashasya samaye (pratideepti-) sanketam preshayitum naa shaknuvanti, samadhana-avadharana iyam sima atikramayati. eshaa avadharana electron-macroscopy-ityasya apekshayaa bhinnam asti, yatra tasya sthaane prayukta-tarangadairdhyam bahu nyoonam bhavati.
karyasiddhantam.
result-macroscopy iti ati-uccha-sankalpayuktah optical-macroscopy asti yah paarampariken vaa confocal-macroscopy ityanena vaa chitranam naa shakyate teshaam namunaasu vivaranaani chitrayitum shaknoti. resolft madhye stead-macroscopy tathaa jee. ess. dee. macroscopy ityetayoho siddhantaha saamaanyeekrutaah santi. samanyataya parasparm vibhedyetaam ati-sameepasthaani samrachanaah kramashah pathyante.
asmin samrachanaayaah antah sarvaani vidhaanaani vyaakhyaayitum shakyante yaani nyunatinyoonam dwe bhedayogya-avasthaayukteshu anushu karyam kurvanti, yatra dwayoh avasthayoho madhye prativartee-parivartanam shakyate, yatra nyunatinyoonam ekam parivartanam druk-drushtyaa prerayitum shakyate.
adhikaamsheshu pratideepti-marker-ityetaani upayujyante, yatra ekaha avasthaa (a) prakashita, arthaat pratideepti-sanketam janayati, aparah avasthaa (bu) krushnah bhavati, sanketam naa pradadaati. teshaam madhye ekam sankramanam prakashena prerayitum shakyate (udaa.jii. a → b, prakaashah krushnah).
namuna ekasthaane prakashasya teevratayaa atyalpena (aadarsh-avasthaasu shoonyam) saha asamarupena prakaashyate. kevalam asmin sthaane eva anuhu kadaapi krushna-avasthaayaam naa bhavanti (yadi a poorva-vidyamaan-avasthaayaam asti) tathaa cha purnataya prakasha-avasthaayaam eva bhavanti. yatra kshetre anuhu adhikatayaa prakasha-avasthaayaam santi, tatra sankraman-prakasha-teevrataam vardhayitvaa (adhah pashyantu) ateeva laghutaram (paaramparika-vivartana-simayam apekshayaa laghutaram) kartum shakyate. ataha dnyaatam kimapi sanketam kevalam prakashasya nyoonatam-teevrataayaah paritah laghutama-kshetreshu anubhyah eva aagacchati iti dnyaayate. uccha-sankalpa-chitram, pratidarshasya scanning krutvaa nirmaatu, i.ee., prakasha-ruparekham prushtabhaage parivartayati.
b taha a paryantam punah sankramanam svayameva vaa anyasya tarangadairghyasya prakashena vaa pravartayitum shakyate. namunaa-scanning-samaye bhinna-bhinna-samayeshu e athavaa bee-avasthaayaam upasthitum anuhu anekavaaram parivartaneeyaani bhavitum arhanti. yadi prakaashah, krushnah cha sthitihi vyutkramitaa bhavati tarhi api paddhatihi karyam karoti, tatah nakaratmakam chitram praapyate.
vivartana-simayam adhah vibhedanam.
vikshepanaseemaayaah avasare api, yatra kshetre anuhu (ujjwala-avasthaayaam) nivasanti, tatt kshetram svecchayaa laghuroopen nirmaatum shakyate.
durbal-prakashasya karanat vayam pashyaamah yat yatra anuhu a-avasthaayaam eva tishtanti, tasya kshetram adyaapi bahu vishaalam asti, yatah prakaashah etaavat nyoonah asti yat adhikaamshaah anuhu a-avasthaayaam nivasanti. prakasha-vivaranasya aakaarasy parivartanam naa aavashyakam. prakashasya prakashasya vardhanaayaah parinaamen poorvamev laghukshetram bhavati yatra teevrataam dakshataya andhakaar-avasthaam prati parivartayitum parimanat nyoonam bhavati. phalatah, yatra anuhu a-avasthaayaam nivaasam kartum shaknuvanti tatt kshetram api nyooneebhavati. nimnalikhitasya pathanakaale (pratideeptih) sanketah atyalpasthanat udbhavati, ateeva teekshnaani chitraani cha praaptum shaknoti.
samadhana-avadhaaranaayaam, sankalpah praayah etaihi anumanyate -
sootram _ 1
sootram _ 2 iti sankramanasya santruptyartham aavashyakam vishishtam teevrataam soochayati (ardha-anuhu a-ardha-avasthaayaam cha sthitau bhavati), sootram _ 3 cha prayuktaam teevrataam soochayati. yadi numerical-aperture-sootram _ 4 ityanena prakashiki-kendranena minimaa-utpaadyate, tarhi nyunatamam dooram yatra samaan-vastudvayam dnyaatum shakyate -
sootram _ 5 yat abe ityasya samikaranasya vistaarah iti manyante. vibhedaka-parimita-swaroopasya vikshepana-vibhedaka-siddhaantasy vibhedaka-siddhaantasy siddhantah, nyoonatam-vibhedaka-door-sootrasya 7 iti sootrasya vardhanayaa nirantaram nyunatam kartum shakyate iti satyena pratibimbate. ataha nanoscale-vibhedakasya anveshanam asya parimanasya adhikatamm kartum anuvartate. sootrasya 3 vardhanayaa vaa sootrasya 2 nyunataya vaa etat shakyate.
bhinnaroopaani.
aanwik-avasthaanaam parivartane vividhaani prakriyam prayujyante. parantu, sarveshu samaanaani santi yat nyunatinyoonam dwe bhedayukte avasthaayaah upayogah bhavati. samanyataya prayuktah pratideeptigunah avasthaanaam bhedam soochayati, tathaapi etat aavashyakam naasti, yatah avashoshanasya athavaa vikshepanasya gunanam api dohanam kartum shakyate.
stead macroscopy.
stead-macroscopy (stimulated-emission-depletion-macroscopy) madhye, fluorescence-fotaan-ityetaan preshayan, ekam fluorescent-dai-anavah tasya vidyunmaan-bhoo-avasthaayaah, uttejita-avasthaayaah cha madhye chaalayati. etat fluorescence macroscopy ityasmin maanak-karyapaddhati asti, tathaa cha a-avasthaam varnayati. bee-raajye, uttejak-nirgamanasya madhyamena varnaha sthayirupena vidyunmaan-bhoo-avasthaayaam sthaapyate. yadi varnaha e-avasthaayaam fluorosis kartum shaknoti, bee-avasthaayaam naa, tarhi result-avadharana prayujyate.
jee. ess. dee. sukshmadarshi.
jee. ess. dee. sukshmadarshi (bhoo-avasthaa-avakshaya-sukshmadarshi) api pratideepti-chihnaan upayujyate. a-avasthaayaam, anuhu bhoomyaah prathamasya uttejitasya avasthaayaah cha madhye swatantratayaa chaalayitum shakyate, pratideeptih cha bahihi preshayitum shakyate. krushna-avasthaayaam bee-madhye anunah bhoo-sthitihi jananibidah bhavati, dirghakalam yaavat uttejita-avasthaam prati sankramanam bhavati yasmaat pratideeptih naa utsarjyate. yaavat anuhu andhakaaraavasthaayaam asti, yaavat bhoo-uttejita-avasthaayaah madhye chakram chalayitum naa upalabhyte, taavat pratideeptih nishkriyah bhavati.
spem tathaa essim.
spem (saturated-pattern-exatation-macroscopy) tathaa ess. ess. aii. emm (saturated-structured-illumination-macroscopy) cha "runaatmak" chitraani nirmaatum saturated-exatation ityasya upayogena result-avadhaaranaayaah upayogah kurvanti.ee. sukshmadakshinayaha jyaamiteeyakendrasy paritah atyalpam kshetram vihaay sarvatra pratideeptih bhavati. prakashartham bindu-sadrushaani naa nidarshanaani api upayujyante. punah sakaratmaka-chitraanaam praaptih ganita-chitra-punarnirmaanasy aavashyakataa asti.
parivartaneeyaprotain ityetaih saha vighatanam karotu.
kechan fluorescent proteins upayukta-tarangadairghyasya prakashena aan-aaf cha kartum shaknuvanti. teshaam upayogah result-prakarasya sookshmadarshake kartum shakyate.
prakashena prakashakale ete proteins swaroopam parivartayanti. prakriyayam te pratideepti-utsarjanam kartum kshamatam praaptavantah athavaa nashtavantah. pratideepti-sthitihi e-sthitihi, bee-sthitihi pratideepti-rahitah, samadhana-avadharana punah prayujyate. prativartee sankraman (ee.jii. b taha a paryantam) tatt tatmeva prakashena vaa punah chaalayati. proteins madhye prerayamaanah samrachanaatmakaparivartanaani, uttejak-nirgamanasya athavaa bhoo-avasthaayaah avakshayasya (kechan doubleu/se. mee. 2) apekshayaa, prakashasya teevrataayaah parivartanam bahu nyunataya poorvamev saadhayitum shakyate. 40 enn. emm. taha nyunasya samasthaanik-vibhedanayuktaih samasthaanik-vibhedanayuktaih. aii. sukshma-chitraihi saha samyojanena, nyoon-prakasha-stareshu jivakoshanam chitraani gruheetaah santi.
parivartaneeyaih jaivika-varnaihi saha vicchedanam karotu.
proteins-ityetaih sadrusham, kechan jaivika-varnaah api prakashasya aadhaaren swanirmaanam parivartayitum shaknuvanti. etadrushanam jaivika-varnaanaam pratideepti-kshamatam drushya-prakashasya madhyamena sakriyam, nishkriyam cha kartum shakyate. punah prayuktasya prakashasya teevrataayaah parimanam bahu nyoonam bhavitum arhati (praayah 100 doubleu/se. mee. 2).
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theerkkamaana
resorft, thalaikeezhaaga niraivurakkoodiya oliyiyal olirum olimaattra maattrangkalukkaana surukkamaana, miga adhiga thelivuththiranudan oliyiyal olirum olii oliminnazhuththa nunnoakki nutpangalin kuzhuvaik kurikkirathu. nilaiyaana tholaithoora pulam pulappadum olii oliyiyalaip payanpaduththi, moolakkooru alavukoalkalukku keezhae ulla vilagal varampirku migavum keezhae oru thelivuththiranaip peralaam.
valakkamaana nunnoakki nutpangaludan, payanpaduththappadum alaineelaththil paathikkum kuraivaana thooraththil amainthulla amsangkalai vaerupaduththip paarkka mudiyaathu (i.eee. pulappadum olikku sumar 200 enm). inththa vilagal varambu oliyin alai iyalbai adippadaiyaagak kondadhu. valakkamaana nunnoakkigalil varambu payanpaduththappatta alaineelam mattrum oliyiyal amaippin enn thulai moolam theermaanikkappadukirathu. theermaanak karutthu inththa varambai thartkaaligamaaga moolakkoorugalai oru nilaikku maattruvathan moolam eerkkirathu, athil avai oliyin meethu (fluorescence-) samignaiyai anuppa mudiyaathu. inththa karutthu eduththukkaattaaga electron nunnoakkiyil irunthu vaerupattathu, adharku pathilaaka payanpaduththappatta alaineelam migavum siriyathu.
vaelai kolgai.
result microscopy enbathu miga adhiga thelivuththiranudan koodiya oru oliyiyal nunnoakki aagum, idhu valakkamaana allathu confocal nunnoakkiyudan padamaakka mudiyaatha maathirigalil pada vivarangkalai uruvaakka mudiyum. vilippulla nilaiyil steat nunnoakki mattrum jii. ess. dii nunnoakki aagiyavattrin kolgaigal podhumaippaduththappaduginra. podhuvaaga vaerupaduththik kaatta mudiyaatha alavukku nerukkamaaga irukkum kattamaippugal thodarchchiyaaga vaasikkappadugindrana.
inththa kattamaippirkul anaitthu muraigalum kurainthapatcham irandu vaerupaduththakoodiya nilaigalaik konda moolakkoorugalil seyalpadugindrana enbathai vilakka mudiyum, angku irandu nilaigalukku idaiyil thalaikeezhaaga maaruvathu saaththiyamaagum, maelum kurainthapatcham aththagaiya oru maattraththai oliyiyal reethiyaaga thoonda mudiyum.
perumpaalaana santharppangalil fluorescent kurippaangal payanpaduththappadugindrana, angku oru nilai (auuu) pirakaasamaaga irukkum, athaavathu, oru fluorescence samignaiyai uruvaakkukirathu, mattra nilai (pii) irundathu, maelum endha samiknaiyaiyum kodukkaathu. avattrukku idaiyaeyaana oru maattram oliyaal thoondappadalaam (e.jii. a → b, pirakaasamaana irunda).
maathiriyaanathu oray maathiriyaaga olirum, oru nilaiyil oliyin theeviram migavum siriyathaaga irukkum (sirantha nilaimaigalin keezh poojjiyam). inththa idaththil mattumae moolakkoorugal irunda nilaiyil orupoathum illai b (a munbae irukkum nilaiyil irunthaal) mattrum muzhumaiyaaga pirakaasamaana nilaiyil irukkum a. moolakkoorugal perumpaalum pirakaasamaana nilaiyil irukkum paguthiyai maattra olii theeviratthai athikarippathan moolam (keezhae kaanka) migavum siriyathaaga (valakkamaana vilagal varambai vida siriyathu) maatralaam. enavae kandariyapatta endhavoru samignaiyum kurainthapatcha oliyin theeviratthaich suttriyulla siriya paguthiyil ulla moolakkoorugalilirunthu mattumae varukirathu. maathiriyai scane seivathan moolam uyar thelivuththiran konda padaththai uruvaakka mudiyum, i.eee., oliyin suyavivaraththai maerparappil maattrukirathu.
b ilirunththu a kku thirumbuvathu thannichchaiyaagavoa allathu mattroru alaineelaththin oliyaal iyakkappadalaam. maathiriyai scane seiyum poathu vevvaeru nerangalil a allathu b nilaiyil irukka moolakkoorugal pala murai maattrakkoodiyathaaka irukka vaendum. pirakaasamaana mattrum irunda nilai thalaikeezhaaga irunthaal, oru murai ethirmaraiyaana padaththai perukirathu.
vilagal-varampirkuk keezhae ulla theermaanam.
vilagal-varambu irunththapoathilum moolakkoorugal oru (pirakaasamaana nilai) nilaiyil vasikkum paguthiyai thannichchaiyaaga siriyathaaga maatralaam.
palaveenamaana oliyin meethu moolakkoorugal a nilaiyil irukkum pakuthi innum migap periyathaaka iruppathai naam kaankiroam, aenenil olii migavum kuraivaaga iruppathaal perumpaalaana moolakkoorugal a nilaiyil vaazhkintrana. oliyoottum vivarakkurippin vadivaththai maattra vaendiya avasiyamillai. oliyin pirakaasaththai athikarippathu aerkanavae oru siriya paguthiyil vilaikirathu, angku theeviram irunda nilaikku thirampada maaruvatharkaana alavaik kaattilum kuraivaaga ullathu. idhan vilaivaaga, moolakkoorugal a nilaiyil vaazhakkoodiya paguthiyum kuraikirathu. pinvarum reeduavuttin poathu (fluorescence) samignai oru siriya idaththilirunththu uruvaagirathu mattrum oruvar migavum koormaiyaana padangkalaip pera mudiyum.
theermaanak karuththil, theermaanaththai thoaraayamaaga mathippidalaam
sooththiram _ 1
idhan moolam, sooththiram _ 2 enbathu maattraththai niraivu seivatharkuth thevaiyaana sirappiyalbu theeviramaagum (moolakkoorugalil paathi nilai a mattrum paathi nilai b ill irukkum), maelum sooththiram _ 3 payanpaduththappadum theeviratthaik kurikkirathu. oru enn thulai sooththiraththudan oliyiyalai maiyappaduththuvathan moolam minimaavai urpaththi seithaal, irandu oray maathiriyaana porutkalaik kandariyakkoodiya kurainthapatcha thooram
sooththiram _ 5 idhu abeyin samanpaattin neettippaagak karudhappadalaam. theermaanak kudumbaththin varaiyarukkappadaatha vaerupaadu-varaiyarukappatta thanmai, kurainthapatcha theerkakkoodiya thoora sooththiraththai _ 7 endra sooththiraththai athikarippathan moolam thodarnthu kuraikka mudiyum endra unmaiyal pirathipalikkirathu. enavae nano alavilaana thelivukkaana thaedal inththa alavai athikarikkirathu. idhu sooththiram _ 3 aii athikarippathan moolamoa allathu sooththiram _ 2 aii kuraippathan moolamoa saaththiyamaagum.
maarupaadugal.
moolakkooru nilaigalai maattrum poathu vevvaeru seyalmuraigal payanpaduththappadugindrana. iruppinum, kurainthapatcham irandu vaerupaduththakoodiya nilaigal payanpaduththappadugindrana enbathu anaiththilum podhuvaanathu. podhuvaaga payanpaduththappadum fluorescence panbu nilaigalin vaerupaattaik kurikkirathu, iruppinum idhu avasiyamillai, aenenil urinchuthal allathu sitharal panbugalum payanpaduththappadalaam.
steat microscopy.
steat nunnoakkikkul (thoondappatta umizhvu kuraippu nunnoakki) oru fluorescent saaya moolakkooru adhan minnanu tharai nilaikku idaiyil iyakkappadukirathu mattrum fluorescence fotankalai anuppum poathu adhan urchaakamaana nilaikku idaiyil iyakkappadukirathu. idhu fluorescence nunnoakkiyil nilaiyaana seyalpaattu murai mattrum nilai a aii siththarikkirathu. maanilaththil b saayam adhan minnanu tharai nilaiyil thoondappatta umizhvu moolam nirantharamaaga vaikkappadukirathu. saayam b nilaiyil illaamal a nilaiyil fluores seiya mudiyum endraal, result karutthu porunthum.
gst nunnoakki.
gst nunnoakki (tharai nilai kuraippu nunnoakki) fluorescent kurippaangalaip payanpaduththukirathu. oru nilaiyil, moolakkoorai tharai mattrum muthal urchaakamaana nilaikku idaiyil suthanthiramaaga iyakka mudiyum mattrum fluorescency veliyae anupalaam. irunda nilaiyil moolakkoorin tharai nilai makkal thogai kuraikkappadugiradhu, neenda kaalam vaalnththa urchaakamaana nilaikku oru maattram nadaiperukirathu, athilirunthu fluorescence veliyidappaduvathillai. moolakkooru irunda nilaiyil irukkum varai, tharai mattrum urchaakamaana nilaikku idaiyil cycle oottuvatharku idhu kidaikkaathu, enavae fluorescence anaikkappadukirathu.
spem mattrum siim.
spem (niraivutra vadivam thoonduthal nunnoakki) mattrum siim (niraivutra kattamaikappatta olii nunnoakki) aagiyavai niraivutra thoonduthalaip payanpaduththi "ethirmarai" padangkalai uruvaakka result karutthai payanpaduththukintrana, athaavathu.eee. nunnoakkiyin vadiviyal myyaththaich suttriyulla migach siriya paguthiyai thavira ellah idangkalilirunthum fluorescence aerpadukirathu. olippaduththuvatharku pulli allaatha vadivangkalum payanpaduththappadugindrana. nermaraiyaana padangkalai meendum pera kanithap pada punaramaippu avasiyam.
maattrakkoodiya purathangkaludan karaitthal.
sila fluorescent purathangkalai porutthamaana alaineelaththin oliyaal iyakkalaam mattrum anaikkalaam. avattrai oru result-vagai nunnoakkiyil payanpaduththalaam.
oliyudan oliyoottum poathu, inththa purathangkal avattrin inakaththai maattrukintrana. inththa seyalpaattil avarkal fluorescence veliyidum thiranaip perukiraarkal allathu izhakkiraargal. flooresing nilai maanilaththirku othirukkirathu, flooresing allaatha nilai b mattrum result karutthu meendum porunthum. maatraththakka maattram (e.jii. b muthal a varai) thaanaagavo allathu meendum oliyaal iyakkappadukirathu. thoondappatta umizhvu allathu tharai nilai kuraippu (sila doublue/semee2) udan oppidumpoathu purathangkalil inakkamaana maattrangkalaith thoonduvathu aerkanavae migak kuraindha maaruthal olii theevirangalil adaiyappadalaam. 40 enm kkum kuraivaana isotropic thelivuththiranudan 4piai nunnoakki padangkaludan inainthu kuraindha olii mattangkalil vaazhum selgal edukkappattullana.
maattrakkoodiya karima saayangaludan karaikkavum.
purathangkalaip poalavae, sila karima saayangalum oliyin meethu avattrin kattamaippai maattra mudiyum. iththagaiya karima saayangalai olirach seiyum thiranai pulappadum olii moolam iyakkalaam mattrum anaikkalaam. meendum payanpaduththappatta olii theevirangal migavum kuraivaaga irukkalaam (sumar 100 doublue/semee2).
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sankalpam
reversible saturable optical fluorescence traansishanlaku sankshipta namam ayina resordt, chaalaa adhika resolutiontho optical fluorescence microscopy paddhatula samuuhaanni suuchistumdi. praamaanika suduura kshetra drushya kaanti drukpathaanni upayoginchi, paramaanu pramaanaala varaku vivartana parimiti kante chaalaa takkuva spashtata pondavacchu.
sampradaaya suukshmadarshini paddhathulatho, upayoginchina tarangadairghyam (i.ii. kanipinche kaanti kosam sumaru 200 nm). eee vivartana parimiti kaanti yokka taranga swabhaavam meeda aadharapadi untundi. sampradaaya suukshmadarshinulaloo parimiti upayoginchina tarangadairghyam mariyu optical vyavastha yokka sankhya eparcharu dwara nirnayinchabadutundi. draavana bhavana anuvulanu tatkalikamga oka sthithiki marchadam dwara eee parimitini adhigamistundi, dheenilo avi prakaasam meeda (pratideepti-) sanketaanni pampalevu. eee bhavana udaaharanaku electron microscopyki bhinnamgaa untundi, dheeniki badulugaa upayoginchina tarangadairghyam chaalaa takkuvagaa untundi.
pani suutram.
result microscopy anedi chaalaa adhika resolutiontho kuudina optical microscopy, idhi sampradaaya ledhaa confocal microscopytho chithreekarinchaleni namoonaalalo chitra vivaraalanu kaligi untundi. sthiramaina lopala stead microscopy mariyu gsd microscopy suutraalu saadhaaraneekarinchabadataayi. saadhaaranamgaa okadaanikokati chaalaa daggaragaa unde nirmaanaalanu varusaga chadavabadatayi.
eee chatramlo, rendu sthithula madhya reversible switching saadhyamayye, mariyu kaneesam oka parivartana opticalga prerepinchagala, kaneesam rendu pratyeka sthithulanu kaligi unna anuvulapai panichese anni paddhatulanu vivarinchavacchu.
chaalaa sandarbhaalalo fluorescent markerlu upayoginchabadataayi, ikkada oka sthithi (eah) prakaasavantamgaa untundi, antey, fluorescence signalnu utpatti chestundi, mariyu itara sthithi (bii) cheekatigaa untundi, mariyu signal ivvadu. vaati madhya oka parivartana kaanti dwara prerepinchabadutundi (udhaa.zii. a → b, prakaasavantamaina nundi cheekati).
oka sthaanam vadda prakaasam teevrata chaalaa takkuvagaa undatam (aadarsha paristhitulalo sunna) thoo namuunaa sajaateeyamgaa prakaasistundi. eee pradaesamloe matrame anuvulu eppuduu cheekati sthithilo undavu (a anedi mundugaa unna sthithilo unte) mariyu puurtigaa prakaasavantamaina sthithilo untaayi. anuvulu ekkuvagaa prakaasavantamaina sthithilo unna praantaanni parivartana kaanti teevratanu penchadam dwara chaalaa chinnadigaa (sampradaaya vivartana parimiti kante chinnadi) cheyavachu (krinda chudandi). anduvalla kanugonabadina edainaa sanketam prakaasam teevrata kaneesa chuttoo unna chinna praantamlooni anuvula nundi matrame vastundi. namuunaanu skaan cheyadam dwara adhika spashtata gala chitraanni nirminchavacchu, antey.ii., uparitalam antataa prakaasam profilenu marchadam.
b nundi a kii tirigi parivartana anedi yaadrucchikamgaa ledhaa maroka tarangadairghyam yokka kaanti dwara nadapabadavacchu. namuunaanu skaan chesetappudu vividha samayaallo a ledhaa b sthithilo undataaniki anuvulu aneka saarlu maarchadaginavigaa undaali. prakaasavantamaina mariyu cheekati sthithi tiragabadithe, oka paddhati kooda panichestundi, appudu oka pratikuula chitraanni pondutundi.
vivartana-parimiti krinda spashtata.
draavanamloo anuvulu oka (prakaasavantamaina sthithi) sthithilo unde praantaanni vivartana-parimiti unnappatikee ekapakshamgaa chinnadigaa cheyavachu.
balaheenamaina prakaasam meeda anuvulu a sthithilo unde praantam ippatikee chaalaa peddadigaa undani manam chustamu endukante prakaasam chaalaa takkuvagaa untundi, chaalaa anuvulu a sthithilo untaayi. prakaasam profile yokka aakaraanni maarchaalsina avasaram ledhu. prakaasam prakaasaanni penchadam valla appatike chinna praantamloo phalitamgaa, saamarthyam gala cheekati sthithiki maaradaaniki teevrata mottam kante takkuvagaa untundi. tatphalitamgaa, anuvulu a sthithilo nivasinchagala praantam kooda taggutundi. eee krindi readawoot samayamlo (fluorescence) signal chaalaa chinna pradaesam nundi udbhavistundi mariyu chaalaa padunaina chitraalanu pondavacchu.
result conceptlo, resolutionnu dheeni dwara anchanaa veyavachu
suutram _ 1
dheeni dwara suutram _ 2 anedi parivartananu santruptaparachadaaniki avasaramaina lakshana teevrata (anuvulalo sagam a mariyu sagam b sthithilo untaayi), mariyu suutram _ 3 vartinche teevratanu suuchistumdi. sankhya eparcharu suutram _ 4 thoo drushti kendrikarinchadam dwara minima utpatti cheyabadithe, rendu saaruupya vastuvulanu gurtinchagala kaneesa dhooram
suutram _ 5 nuu abbe sameekaranam yokka podigimpugaa pariganinchavacchu. suutram _ 7 nii penchadam dwara kaneesa parishkarinchadagina dhoora suutram _ 6 nii nirantaram tagginchavacchane vaastavam dwara spashtamaina bhavana yokka vikshaepana-aparimita swabhaavam pratibimbistumdi. anduvalla nanoscale spashtata kosam anveshana eee parimaanaanni penchadaaniki vastundi. suutram _ 3 nii penchadam dwara ledhaa suutram _ 2 nii tagginchadam dwara idhi saadhyamavutundi.
vaividhyaalu.
paramaanu sthithulanu marchetappudu vividha prakriyalu upayoginchabadataayi. ayithe, kaneesam rendu pratyaekamaina sthithulu upayoginchabadatayani andarikee ummadigaa undhi. saadhaaranamgaa upayoginchina fluorescence property anedi sthithula vyatyaasaanni suuchistumdi, ayithe idhi avasaram ledhu, endukante shoshana ledhaa chedaragotte lakshanaalanu kooda upayoginchukovachhu.
stead microscopy.
stead microscopy (stimulated emission depletion microscopy) lopala fluorescent dye anuvu daani electronic ground state mariyu daani uttejita sthithi madhya nadicheppudu fluorescence photaanlanu pamputundi. idhi fluorescence microscopy praamaanika operation mode mariyu state a nii varnistundi. raashtramlo b, dye daani electronic ground state loe stimulated emission dwara saasvatamgaa unchabadutundi. rangu a sthithilo flores cheyagaligithe mariyu b sthithilo kakapothe, result bhavana vartistundi.
gsd microscopy.
gsd microscopy (ground state depletion microscopy) kooda fluorescent maarkarlanu upayogistundi. oka sthithilo, anuvunu bhoomi mariyu modati uttejita sthithi madhya swechchagaa nadapavacchu mariyu pratideeptini bayataku pampavacchu. cheekati sthithilo anuvu yokka naela sthithi janasaandrata taggutundi, deerghakaalam jeevinchina uttejita sthithiki parivartana jarugutundi, dheeni nundi fluorescence vidudala kaadu. anuvu cheekati sthithilo unnanta varaku, idhi naela mariyu uttejita sthithi madhya saikling kosam andubaatulo undadu, anduvalla fluorescence off cheyabadutundi.
spem mariyu sim.
spem (santrupta namuunaa excitation microscopy) mariyu sim (santrupta nirmaanaatmaka prakaasam microscopy) santrupta excitation upayoginchi "pratikuula" chitraalanu utpatti cheyadaaniki result conceptnu upayoginchukuntunnaayi, antey.ii. suukshmadarshini yokka rekhaganita kendramu chuttoo chaalaa chinna praantam minaha pratichota pratidee nundi pratidee sambhavistundi. kaanti kosam point-lanty namuunaalu kooda upayoginchabadataayi. saanukuula chitraalanu mallee pondadaaniki ganita chitra punarnirmaanam avasaram.
marchagala proteinlatho result.
konni fluorescent proteinlanu tagina tarangadairghyam yokka kaanti dwara aann mariyu off cheyavachu. vaatini result-type microscopelo upayoginchavacchu.
kaantitoe prakaasinchae samayamlo, eee proteins vaati aakrutini maarustaayi. eee prakriyaloo vaaru fluorescensenu vidudala chese saamarthyaanni pondutaaru ledhaa kolpotaru. floressing sthithi a sthithiki anugunamgaa untundi, naan-floressing sthithi bkii anugunamgaa untundi mariyu result bhavana mallee vartistundi. reversible transition (e.zii. b nundi a) varaku yaadrucchikamgaa ledhaa mallii kaanti dwara nadapabadutundi. prerepita udgaaraalu ledhaa ground state depletion (konni doubleu/sem 2) thoo poliste proteinlalo conformational maarpulanu prerepinchadam anedi ippatike chaalaa takkuva switching kaanti teevrata vadda saadhinchavachchu. 40 nm kante takkuva isotropic resolution kaligina 4pii microscopy chitraalato kalipi takkuva kaanti sthaayilalo jeeva kanaalanu teesukunnaru.
marchagala sendriya rangulatho result.
proteinla maadirigaane, konni sendriya rangulu kooda prakaasampai vaati nirmaanaanni marchagalavu. atuvanti sendriya rangulanu flores chese saamarthyaanni kanipinche kaanti dwara aann mariyu off cheyavachu. mallii vartimpajesina kaanti teevrata chaalaa takkuvagaa untundi (sumaru 100 doubleu/sem. mea. 2).
| hall
resolft juu kahh reversable saturable optical fluorocence transitions kaa eek mukhfif hay behat ziyadah resolotion waali optical fluorocence microscopy taknikon kay eek grop kii nishandahi kartaa hay. mayari door kay medaan mein nazar aaney waali roshni kii nazari kaa istemaal kartay hoay salmati paimanay takk inharaf kii hadd say behat neechey eek qarardad haasil kii jaa sakti hay.
rawayati khurdbin taknikon kay saath inn khususiyat mein farq karnaa mumkin nahein hay juu istemaal shadah tool moj kay taqriba nasf say kumm fasilay parr waaqa haine (i.ayee. nazar aaney waali roshni kay liye taqriba 200 aine ayem). yaha inharaf kii hadd roshni kii lehar kii noiyat parr mubni hay. rawayati khurdbin mein hadd kaa tayeen istemaal shadah tool moj aur nazari nazaam kay addi yaperture say hotaa hay. resolft tasavur molecules kuu aarizi toor parr aisi haalat mein tabdil karkay iss hadd kuu abur kartaa hay jiss mein wah roshni parr (fluorocence-) segnal nahein bhej saktay. yaha tasavur misaal kay toor parr electron khurdbin say mukhtalif hay jehaan iss kay bajaye istemaal shadah tool moj behat kumm hay.
kaam kaa asul.
resolft khurdbin eek optical khurdbin hay jiss kii resolotion behat ziyadah hay juu namunon mein tafsilaat kii tasveer banaa saktaa hay jinn kii tasveer rawayati yaa kanfokal khurdbin say nahein lee jaa sakti. resolft kay andar aiss tye ayee ddee khurdbin aur jee aiss ddee khurdbin kay asulon kuu aam kiyaa jaataa hay. wah dahanchay juu aam toor parr eek dosray kay behat qareeb hotay haine jinhein alg nahein kiyaa jaa saktaa inhein tartib waar padhaa jaataa hay.
iss freem wark kay andar inn tamaam tareeqon kii wazahat kii jaa sakti hay juu inn molecules parr kaam kartay haine jinn mein kumm az kumm duu mamtaz riyasatein hoti haine jehaan donon riyasaton kay darmiyan wapsi mumkin hay aur jehaan kumm az kumm eek aisi muntaqli kuu optical toor parr mutharik kiyaa jaa saktaa hay.
ziyadah tarr muamilat mein fluorocent maarkar istemaal kiye jaatay haine jehaan eek haalat (aey) juu roshan hay yauni fluorocence segnal paida karti hay aur dosri haalat (bee) tareek hoti hay aur koyee segnal nahein deeti hay. inn kay darmiyan eek muntaqli roshni say paida how sakti hay (misaal kay toor parr.jee. a → → roshan say tareek).
namunay kuu ghair yaksaan toor parr roshan kiyaa jaataa hay jiss mein roshni kii shadat eek position parr behat kumm hoti hay (misali halaat mein safar). sarf iss jagah parr molecule kabhi bhee tareek haalat b mein nahein hotay haine (agar a pehley say mojud haalat hay) aur makmal toor parr roshan haalat a mein rehtay haine. wah elaqah jehaan molecule ziyadah tarr roshan haalat mein hotay haine muntaqli kii roshni kii shadat mein izafah karkay (neechey dekhein) behat chhota (rawayati inharaf kii hadd say chhota) banaya jaa saktaa hay. iss tarah patah chalaa hay kahh koyee bhee segnal sarf roshni kii shadat kay kumm say kumm aas paas kay chhotay elaqay mein molecules say aataa hay. namunay kuu scaen karkay eek aalee resolotion waali tasveer banayi jaa sakti hay yauni.ayee.roshni kay profile kuu satah parr muntaqil karnaa.
b say a mein wapsi yaa tuu bay saakhta how sakti hay yaa kasee aur tool moj kii roshni say chull sakti hay. namunay kuu scaen karnay kay doraan mukhtalif auqaat mein haalat a yaa b mein mojud rehney kay liye molecules kuu kayee baar tabdil karnay kay qaabil honaa padta hay. agar roshan aur tareek haalat alt jaati hay tuu yaha tariqah bhee kaam kartaa hay phir eek manfi tasveer haasil hoti hay.
inharaf kii hadd say neechey kaa hall.
hall mein wah elaqah jehaan molecules haalat mein rehtay haine (roshan haalat) kuu inharaf kii hadd kay bawajood minn maanee toor parr chhota banaya jaa saktaa hay.
kamzor roshni parr humm dekhtay haine kahh wah elaqah jehaan molecules a haalat mein rehtay haine wah abb bhee kaafi badaa hay keunkah roshni atnee kumm hay kahh ziyadah tarr molecules a haalat mein rehtay haine. roshni kay profile kii shakal kuu tabdil karnay kii zarurat nahein hay. roshni kii chamak mein izafah pehley say hyee eek chhotay elaqay mein hotaa hay jehaan shadat tareek haalat mein mosar tabdili kay liye maqdar say kumm hoti hay. nateejta wah elaqah bhee jehaan molecule a haalat mein rahh saktay haine kumm how jaataa hay. mandarjah zeel reed aaot kay doraan (fluorocence) segnal eek behat hyee chhotay say maqaam say nikalta hay aur koyee bhee behat teez tasavir haasil kirr saktaa hay.
hall kay tasavur mein hall kaa takhmina iss tarah lagaya jaa saktaa hay
farmola _ 1
yee jiss kay tahat farmola _ 2 muntaqli kuu santarpat karnay kay liye darkaar khususiyat kii shadat hay (molecule kaa nasf hasah a aur nasf haalat b mein rehta hay)yee aur farmola _ 3 laago honay waali shadat kii nishandahi kartaa hay. agar munima addi yaperture farmola _ 4 kay saath foksing optics kay zariye tayaar kiyaa jaataa hay tuu kumm say kumm faaslah jiss parr duu eek jaisi ashyaa kaa patah lagaya jaa saktaa hay
farmola _ 5 jasay abee kii masawaat kii tausia samjha jaa saktaa hay. tasvaraat kay hall shadah khaandaan kii tafriq-lamahdud noiyat iss haqeeqat say zahir hoti hay kahh kumm say kumm hall karnay kay qaabil fasilati farmola _ 6 kuu farmola _ 7 mein izafah karkay muslisil kumm kiyaa jaa saktaa hay. iss liye neeno scale resolotion kii talaash iss maqdar kuu ziyadah say ziyadah karnay parr munhasir hay. yaha farmola _ 3 kuu badhaa kirr yaa farmola _ 2 kuu kumm kirr kay mumkin hay.
mukhtalif aqsaam.
salmati haalaton kuu tabdil kartay waqat mukhtalif amal istemaal kiye jaatay haine. tahim sabb mein mushtarik hay kahh kumm az kumm duu mamtaz riyasatein istemaal kii jaati haine. aam toor parr istemaal honay waali fluorocence property haalaton kay farq kii nishandahi karti hay tahim yaha zaruri nahein hay keunkah jazb yaa bikharnay kii khususiyat kaa bhee istehsaal kiyaa jaa saktaa hay.
aiss tye ayee ddee khurdbin.
stud khurdbin (moharrik akhraaj kamee khurdbin) kay andar eek fluorocent daayee molecule kuu fluorocence photon bhejte hoay iss kii electronk zamini haalat aur iss kii parjosh haalat kay darmiyan chalaya jaataa hay. yaha fluorocence khurdbin mein mayari operation moad hay aur haalat a kuu zahir kartaa hay. riyasat bee mein rung kuu moharrik akhraaj kay zariye mustaqil toor parr apnee electronk zamini haalat mein rakhaa jaataa hay. agar rung haalat a mein fluoros kirr saktaa hay aur haalat b mein nahein tuu resolft tasavur laago hotaa hay.
jee aiss ddee khurdbin.
jee aiss ddee khurdbin (zamini haalat mein kamee kaa khurdbin) bhee fluorocent maarkar istemaal kartaa hay. haalat a mein molecule kuu zameen aur pehli parjosh haalat kay darmiyan aazadana toor parr chalaya jaa saktaa hay aur fluorocence kuu baahir bheja jaa saktaa hay. tareek haalat bee mein molecule kii zamini haalat aabaad nahein hoti hay eek taweel arsey takk zindah rehney waali parjosh haalat mein muntaqli hoti hay jiss say fluorocence khaarij nahein hotaa hay. jabb takk molecule tareek haalat mein hay yaha zameen aur parjosh haalat kay darmiyan cycling kay liye dastiyaab nahein hay iss liye fluorocence bund kirr diyaa jaataa hay.
speem aur aiss summ.
speem (saturated pattern exetation microscopy) aur aiss aiss aayee ayem (saturated structured elomenation microscopy) "manfi" tasavir tayaar karnay kay liye saturated exetation kaa istemaal kartay hoay resolft tasavur kaa istehsaal kirr rahay haine yauni.ayee. fluorocence harr jagah say hotaa hay sawaye khurdbin kay hindsi markaz kay ard gird eek behat chhotay say elaqay kay. roshni kay liye ghair naqtah namaa namunay bhee istemaal kiye jaatay haine. masbat tasavir dobarah haasil karnay kay liye riyaziyati tasveer kii tameer noow zaruri hay.
qaabil tabdili protein kay saath hall karein.
kachh fluorocent proteenon kuu munasib tool moj kii roshni say aann aur aaf kiyaa jaa saktaa hay. inhein resolft qasm kay khurdbin mein istemaal kiyaa jaa saktaa hay.
roshni kay saath roshni kay doraan yaha protein apnee tashkil kuu tabdil kartay haine. iss amal mein wah fluorocence khaarij karnay kii salahiyat haasil kartay haine yaa khoo deetay haine. fluorosing haalat haalat a say mutabiqat rakhti hay ghair fluorosing haalat b say mutabiqat rakhti hay aur resolft tasavur dobarah laago hotaa hay. wapsi kii muntaqli (ayee.jee. b say a) takk yaa tuu khood bakhud yaa phir roshni kay zariye chalaye jaatay haine. protein mein tashkilati tabdiliyon kuu moharrik akhraaj yaa zamini haalat mein kamee (kachh dabliyo/see ayem 2) kay muqabilay mein behat kumm tabdili kii roshni kii shadat parr pehley hyee haasil kiyaa jaa saktaa hay. 4 pee aayee khurdbin kay saath mill kirr 40 aine ayem say kumm isotropic resolotion waali tasavir kumm roshni kii satah parr zindah khaliyon say lee gayee haine.
qaabil tabdil namiyati rangon kay saath hall karein.
protein kii tarah kachh namiyati rung bhee roshni kay baad apnee saakhat kuu tabdil kirr saktay haine. iss tarah kay namiyati rangon kuu zahir karnay kii salahiyat kuu nazar aaney waali roshni kay zariye aann aur aaf kiyaa jaa saktaa hay. phir say laago roshni kii shadat kaafi kumm how sakti hay (taqriba 100 dabliyo/see ayem 2).
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0005bddd5cc12a483015712e035af9c91d66f4a95f9181990c239268762de16a | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53130266 | Antonín Přidal |
Antonín Přidal
Antonín Přidal (13 October 1935, Prostějov, Czechoslovakia – 7 February 2017, Brno, Czech Republic) was a Czech translator from English, Spanish and French, and writer, journalist and university lecturer.
Life.
He attended grammar school in Uherské Hradiště. After graduation, he studied, from 1953 to 1958, English and Hispanic Studies at Masaryk University in Brno. In 1982, he received his doctorate.
He collaborated with Czech Radio in Brno from 1960 to 1970. There, he was the author of cycles and a small school of poetry, Shakespeare for beginners and ramblings about books and music, and the co-author of the show See you on Saturday. From the late 1960s are particularly important his radio play All my votes and the Fates. He briefly worked as a script editor at Barrandov Studios from 1990 to 1991.
Subsequently, he worked at the Theatre Faculty of Janáček Academy of Music and Performing Arts (since 1991 as an associate professor and since 1993 as a professor) in the studio of radio and television drama and screenwriting.
In 1998, he received the Prize of Ferdinand Peroutka. In 2007, he was awarded the State Prize for translation work.
He died on 7 February 2017, as announced by the Theatre faculty of the Janáček Academy of Music and Performing Arts.
Works.
Přidal is a noted author of Czech radio play. His most notable works include "Všechny moje hlasy" (1967) and "Sudičky" (1968). Brno-based publisher Větrné issued, in 2006, a selection of his four radio and theatre plays: "Políček č. 111", "Atentát v přízemí", "Noční žokej", "Elektrický nůž", and "Noc potom".
In the early nineties, he was also the author and presenter of the TV series "Klub Netopýr" and "Z očí do očí".
He also wrote essays and philosophical works. In 2008, Second City Committee published of his texts - mostly anonymous - "Kouzlo nechtěného". The committee also came out with texts from his radio series "Potulky knihami a časem" (Barrister and Principal, 2011). In 2015, he published a collection of poems, "Zpovědi a odposlechy".
His translations provided Czech readers with English and Spanish writings of poetry and drama. He translated a number of major prose works of modern English and American literature. The translated books were usually enriched with comprehensive commentary. He is known especially his translation of Leo Rosten's "O K*A*P*L*A*N! My K*A*P*L*A*N!".
References.
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| antonine predale
antonine predal (13 octobor 1935, pro 'stejubh, sekuslubhakia-7 february 2017, brnu, che' koo gonorajyo) ingraji, spanis aaru forasi bhaxar ejon che 'koo onubadok, aaru lekhok, xangbadik aaru biswobidyaloyor probhaxok aasil.
jiwan.
teu uherske haradister byakhyamulok bidyaloyot odhyoyon korisil. snatok degree laabh korar pisot, teu 1953 sonor poraa 1958 sonoloike brnur masarik biswobidyaloyot ingraji aaru hispanik odhyoyon korisil. 1982 sonot teu doctorate degree laabh kore.
teu 1960 sonor poraa 1970 sonoloike brnur chess readyo 'ror xoite xohojugita korisil. taat teu saikel aaru kobitar etaa xoru bidyaloyor lekhok aasil, aarombhonir baabe swexpiyar aaru kitap aaru xongitor bixoye rumbling, aaru onusthantur xoho-lekhok xonibare aapunak dekha yaay. 1960-ror doxokor xexor poraa teur readyo 'too mur xokolu bhut aaru bhagyo bojuwatu bixexbhabe guruttopurno. teu 1990 sonor poraa 1991 sonoloike barandov studio 'too sitronatyo xompadok hisape kaam korisil.
poroborti xomoyot teu readyo 'aaru television naatok aaru sitronatyor studio' too janchek academy owo music endo performing artsor theater onuxodot (1991 sonor poraa xohojugi odhyapok hisape aaru 1993 sonor poraa odhyapok hisape) kaam korisil.
1998 sonot teu fardinand perautoka botaa laabh korisil. 2007 sonot onubador kaamor baabe teuk rajyik botaa prodan koraa hoisil.
2017 sonor 7 februaryt teur mrityu hoy, jitu ghuxona korisil janchek academy owo music endo performing artsor theater onuxodoi.
kaam kore.
predal chek readyo 'natokor egoraki bikhyat lekhok. teur ataitkoi ullekhjugyo kamxomuhor bhitorot aase "bhisesoni muje hlasi" (1967) aaru "sudikki" (1968). brnu-bhittik prokaxok vetroneye 2006 sonot teur sarita readyo 'aaru theater natokor nirbasito ekhon prokax korisiloh "polichek chi. 111, "attentat bhi prijemi", "nusini jukej", "elekriki nuj", aaru "nuk putom".
nobwoir doxokor aarombhonite teu "clube nett 'pir" aaru "jade oh' chi du oh 'chi" naamor tibhi dharabahikor lekhok aaru uposthapok aasil.
teu probondho aaru darxonik gronthou likhisil. 2008 sonot dwitiyo nogor xomitiye teur gronthoxomuh prokax korisil-besibhagei benami-"koujolu nestenehu". xomitikhone teur readyo 'dharabahik "potulki nihami aa sosem" (barrister aaru odhyokhyo, 2011) ror poraa gronthou uliyaisil. 2015 sonot teu "jopuvedi e audup" slacy "naamor kobitar ekhon xongkolon prokax korisil.
teur onubadxomuhe chek pathokxokolok ingraji aaru spanis kobita aaru natokor likhoni prodan korisil. teu aadhunik ingraji aaru aamerikan xahityor keibatau prodhan godyo rosona onubad korisil. onubad koraa kitapbur xadharonote byapok bhasyore xomridho aasil. teu bixexkoi liu rostenor "oh 'key * e * pi * el * e * eno! mur key * e * pi * el * e * eno!".
| antonine predal
antonine predal (13 octobor 1935, prostejov, chekoslovakia-7 february 2017, brono, check projatontro) chhilen ingrezi, spanish ebong farasi bhasar ekjon check onubadok ebong lekhok, sangbadik ebong bishwobidyaloyer probhashok.
jeebon.
tini uherske hardister byakaran bidyalaye padashona corren. snatok howar porr, tini 1953 theke 1958 saal porjonto bronor masaric bishwobidyaloye ingrezi ebong hyspanic niye padashona corren. 1982 saale tini doctorate degree laav corren.
tini 1960 theke 1970 saal porjonto bronote check radior saathe sahojogita korechilen. sekhane tini saikela ebong ekti chhoto kobitar lekhok chhilen, shakespeare chhilen notunder jonno ebong boi oo sangeet somporke rambling, ebong anusthaner soho-lekhok shanibar aponake dekhte paben. 1960-err doshoker shesher dick theke taanr redio amar samasta bhot ebong bhagyoke samprachar korey biseshbhabe guruttopurno. 1990 theke 1991 saal porjonto tini barondov studiote chitronatto sompadok hisebe kaaj corren.
porobortikale, tini redio ebong television natok ebong chitronatter studiote (1991 saal theke sahojogi adhyapak hisabe ebong 1993 saal theke adhyapak hisabe) janacake academy off music anned performing artser theater onushode kaaj korechilen.
1998 saale tini fardinand perautka puraskar laav corren. 2007 saale, anubad kaajer jonno tini rajyo puraskar laav corren.
2017 saaler 7ee february tini maaraa zaan, jaa ghoshana korey janachek academy off music anned performing artser theater anushad.
kaaj korey.
predal check redio natoker ekjon bikhyato lekhok. taanr sabcheye ullekhjoggo kaajer modhye royeche "vishekoni moje hlassy" (1967) ebong "sudikki" (1968). brono-vittik prokashok vetorone 2006 saale taanr charti betar oo natyo natoker ekti nirbachan prakash korenoh "rajnaitik natok. 111, "attentat vee prigemy", "nocini jokez", "ilekriki nuz", ebong "noke pottom".
nabbaiyer doshoker godar dike, tini tibhi sirij "club netopir" ebong "jeeda oc doo oc"-rawr lekhok ebong uposthapoko chhilen.
tini probondho ebong darshonik rachonao likhechilen. 2008 saale, dwitiya city committy taanr gronthoguli prakash korey-beshirbhag benami-"kujlo nechteneho". committy taanr betar sirij "patulki nihami aaa kasem" (barrister ebong adhyakkha, 2011) theke patthyoo berr korey. 2015 saale tini "jopovedi aaa odposlechi" naame ekti kobita sangkalan prakash corren.
taanr anubadguli check pathokder kobita oo natoker ingrezi ebong spanish lekhaguli pradan korechilo. tini adhunik ingrezi ebong markin sahityer besh koyekti prodhan goddo rachona anubad korechen. anubadito boiguli sadharonoto byapok bhashyo diye samriddha koraa hoto. tini bishesh korey leo rosten-err "oo keey * ayee * pii * ell * ayee * enn!"-err anubade porichito. amar keey * ayee * pii * ell * ayee * enn!".
| antone predal
antone pridal (13 october 1935, prostejov, chekoslovakia-7 februari 2017, brano, check ripablika) angreji, spanish aneey franchmanthi check anuvaadak aneey lekhak, patrakaar aneey universityna lacturer hataa.
jeevan.
temane uharskeemaa vyaakaran shaalaama abhyaas karyo hato. snaatak thayaa pachhi, temane 1953 thee 1958 sudhee branoni masarik universityma angreji aneey hyspanic abhyaas karyo. karyo temane doctorateni padvi melvee hatee.
temane 1960 thee 1970 sudhee branomaa check rediyo saathe sahyog karyo. tyaan, teo cycle aneey kaveetani aek naanee shaalaana lekhak hataa, shakespeare navaa nishaal aneey pustako aneey sangeet visheni ghonghaat maate, aneey shonaa saha-lekhak shanivaare tamane maley chhe. chhe daykana antathi khaas kareene mahatvapurn chhe keey temnaa rediyo maaraa tamaam mutt aneey naseeb vagaade chhe. temane 1990 thee 1991 sudhee barandov studiyomaa script editor tareeke kaama karyoo hatoo.
tyarbad, temane rediyo aneey television naatak aneey patkathaa lekhannaa studiyomaa sangeet aneey pradarshan kalaani (1991 thee sahyogi prophesara tareeke aneey 1993 thee prophesara tareeke) jenak academyna theatre facultyma kaama karyoo.
karyoo temne ferdinand parautka puraskar malyo hato. hato temne anuvaad kaary maate raajy puraskar enayat karvaamaa aavyo hato.
sangeet aneey pradarshan kalaani jenak akaadaminaa theatre faculty dwara jaaher karaayel mujab, 7 februari februari roj temnu avsaan thayu.
kaama karey chhe.
predal check rediyo natakna jaanita lekhak chhe. temnee sauthee nondhpaatra kruteeoma "vashechnee moje hlessy" (1967) aneey "sudiki" (1968) noow samaavesh thaay chhe. brono-aadharit prakashak vetarne vetarne temnaa chaar rediyo aneey theatre natakoni pasandagi bahaar paadee hateeh "raajkeey". 111, "attentat vee prisemy", "nokni zokaj", "electric nuz", aneey "noqa potam".
nevunaa daaykaani sharuaatmaa, teo television shrenee "club netopir" aneey "zos osee doo osee" naa lekhak aneey prastutkartaa pann hataa.
temane nibandho aneey daarshneek kruteeo pann lakhee hatee. hatee, beejee shaher sameetiae temnaa lakhaanonu prakaashan karyoo-mote bhaage anaami-"kauzalo natcheneho". sameetiae temnee rediyo shrenee "potulki nihami aee kasem" (barrister aneey aachaary, 2011) naa lakhaano pann bahaar paadya hataa. 2015 maan, temane kaveetaono sangrah prakashit karyo, "zpovedy aee audposlatchy".
temnaa anuvaadoae check vaachakone kaveeta aneey natakna angreji aneey spanish lakhaano puuraa paadya hataa. temane aadhunik angreji aneey american saahityani sankhyaabandh mukhya gadhya kruteeono anuvaad karyo. anuvaadit pustako saamanya reete vyaapak tippanithi samruddh hataa. teo khaas kareene liyo rostannaa "oo keey * aee * pii * aela * aee * aena!" naa temnaa anuvaad maate jaanita chhe. maaraa keey * aee * pii * aela * aee * aena!".
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antone pridal
antone priddle (13 octuber 1935, prostejov, chekoslovakia-7 farwari 2017, brano, check ganarajya) angreji, spanish aur francisi key ack check anuvaadak, aur lekhak, patrakaar aur vishvavidyalaya key vyakhyata they.
jeevan.
unhone urske mein vyaakaran vidyalaya mein padhaai kii. snaatak honey key baad, unhone 1953 seey 1958 taka brano key masarik vishvavidyalaya mein angreji aur unaki spanish padhaai kii. 1982 mein, unhone doctorate kii upaadhi praapt kii.
unhone 1960 seey 1970 taka brano mein check radio key saath sahyog kiya. vahaan, way saikil aur kavita key ack chhote seey school key lekhak they, shuruati logon key liye shekspeare aur kitaabon aur sangeet key baare mein shorgul karate they, aur show key saha-lekhak shaniwar koo aapako dekhate hain. 1960 key dashak key anta seey vishesh roop seey mahatvapurna haye kii unakaa radio merey sabhi maton aur bhaagya koo prasaarit kartaa haye. unhone 1990 seey 1991 taka barrandov studio mein script editor key roop mein kaam kiya.
baad mein, unhone radio aur television naatak aur patkatha lekhan key studio mein sangeet aur pradarshan kalaa kii janak akadami (1991 seey ack sahayogi professor key roop mein aur 1993 seey ack professor key roop mein) key theatre sankaay mein kaam kiya.
1998 mein unhein ferdinand parautka kaa puraskar milaa. 2007 mein, unhein anuvaad kaary key liye raajya puraskar seey sammaanit kiya gayaa thaa.
7 farwari 2017 koo unakaa nidhan hoe gayaa, jaisa kii sangeet aur pradarshan kalaa kii janak akadami key rangmanch sankaay dwara ghoshit kiya gayaa thaa.
kaam kartaa haye.
pridal check radio naatak key ack prasiddh lekhak hain. unaki sabse ullekhaniya kritiyon mein "vashechani moje hlassy" (1967) aur "sudiki" (1968) shamil hain. brano-adharit prakaashak veterne ney 2006 mein unake chaar radio aur rangmanch natakon kaa chayan jaari kiyaah "raajneetik. 111, "attent vee prisemy", "noni zokaj", "alectric nuzz", aur "noke potam".
nabbe key dashak kii shuruat mein, vaha tv shrinkhala "club natoper" aur "za ochi doo ochi" key lekhak aur prastutkarta bhee they.
unhone nibandh aur daarshanik kaary bhee likhe. 2008 mein, doosari shahar samiti ney unake granthon koo prakaashit kiya-jyaadaatar gumnam-"kauzalo necheneho". samiti ney unaki radio shrinkhala "potulki nihami aeye kasem" (barrister aur principle, 2011) key paath bhee jaari kiye. 2015 mein, unhone kavitaon kaa ack sangrah prakaashit kiya, "zapovedi aeye odposchi".
unake anuvaadon ney check pathakon koo kavita aur naatak key angreji aur spanish lekhan pradaan kiye. unhone aadhunik angreji aur americi saahitya key kaee pramukh gadya karyon kaa anuvaad kiya. anuvaadit pustaken aamtaur parr vyaapak tippani seey samriddh hoti theen. unhein vishesh roop seey leo roston key "oh key * aeye * pee * ell * aeye * aine!" key unake anuvaad key liye jaanaa jaataa haye. merey key * aeye * pee * ell * aeye * aine!". |
antonin priddle
antonin predall (13 october 1935, prostejov, chekoslovakia-7 phebravari 2017, brano, jeck ganarajya) inglish, spanish mattu french bhashegala jeck bhaashaantarakaaraagiddaru mattu barahagara, patrakarta mattu vishvavidyaalayada upanyasakaragiddaru.
jeevana.
aata uherske haradisteya vyakarana shaleyalli vyasanga maadidaru. padavi padeda nantara, avaru 1953 rinda 1958 ravarege, branoda masaric vishvavidyaalayadalli inglish mattu hysponic adhyayanagalannu adhyayana maadidaru. 1982ralli avaru doctorate padedaru.
avaru 1960 rinda 1970 ravarege branodalli jeck rediyodondige sahakarisidaru. allie, avaru saikal mattu sanna kavana shaleya lekhakaraagiddaru, aarambhikarigagi shakespeare mattu pustakagalu mattu sangeetada bagge ramblinggalu, mattu kaaryakramada saha-lekhakaru shanivaaradandu nimmannu noduttaare. 1960rahra dashakada antyadinda avara radeo nanna ellah matagalannu mattu bhavishyavannu prasara maaduvudu mukhyavaagide. avaru 1990rinda 1991ravarege barrandov studiyodalli script editor aagi alpavadhiyavarege kelasa maadidaru.
taruvaaya, avaru radeo mattu duradarshana nataka mattu chitrakatheya studiyodalli janasek academy off music und performing artsna rangabhumiya bodhana vibhagadalli (1991 rinda sahayaka pradhyapakaragi mattu 1993 rinda pradhyapakaragi) kelasa maadidaru.
1998ralli aata furdinand perutka prashastiyannu padedaru. 2007ralli, avarige anuvaada kaaryakkaagi raajya prashastiyannu nidalaayitu.
janasek academy off music und performing artsna rangabhoomi bodhakavargavu ghoshisidante, avaru 7 phebravari 2017 randu nidhanaraadaru.
kelasa maaduttaane.
predall avaru jhek radeo naatakada prasiddha lekhakaraagiddaare. avara atyanta gamanarha krutigalalli "vsechni moje hlaasi" (1967) mattu "sudikki" (1968) serive. brow-moolada prakashaka vetern 2006ralli, avara naalku aayda radeo mattu rangabhoomi natakagalannu bidugade maadidaruh "rajakiya natakagalu. 111, "attentat vii prisemy", "nokni jhokej", "electrici nuz", mattu "noke potum".
tombattara dashakada aarambhadalli, avaru "club netopir" mattu "jhad osi doow osi" emba duradarshana saranigala lekhaka mattu niroopakaraagiddaru.
avaru prabandhagalu mattu tatvika krutigalannu saha barediddaare. 2008ralli, eradane nagara samitiyu avara pathyagalannu prakatisitu-hechchaagi anaamadheya-"kaujlo nechteneho". samitiyu avara radeo sarani "potulki nihami aa cassem" (barrister mattu principal, 2011) pathyagalannu saha horatanditu. 2015ralli, avaru "jhpovedi aa odposlechi" emba kavana sangrahavannu prakatisidaru.
avara anuvaadagalu jeck odugarige inglish mattu spanish kavana mattu naatakada barahagalannu odagisidavu. avaru aadhunika inglish mattu american saahityada halavaaru pramukha gadya krutigalannu anuvaadisidaru. anuvaadita pustakagalu samanyavagi samagra vyaakhyaanadinda samruddhavaagiruttave. aata visheshavaagi leo roston avara "oo keey * aa * pii * ell * aa * enn! nanna keey * aa * pii * ell * aa * enn!"endu baredukondiddaare.
| aantonin pridal
engleesh, spanish, franch bhashakalil ninnulla oru check vivarthakanum ezhuthukaaranum pathrapravartthakanum yooniversitti lakchararumaayirunnu aantonin pridal (13 october 1935, prostejovu, checoslovakia-7 februvari 2017, brano, check republic).
jeevitam.
addeham uherske hradisteyile vyaakarana schoolil chernnu. birudaananthara birudathinushesham 1953 muthal 1958 vare addeham brinoyile masaric sarvakalashaalayil engleesh, hyspanic padanangal nadatthi. 1982ll addehathinu doktarettu labhichu.
1960 muthal 1970 vare addeham branoyile check radioyumaayi sahakarichu. avide addeham cycleukaludeyum oru cheria kavita vidyaalayathinteyum rachayithaavaayirunnu, thudakkakkarkkum pusthakangaleyum samgeethatheyum kurichulla shabdangalkkum shakespeare, shaniyazhcha shoyude saha-rachayithaav ningale kaanunnu. kaanunnu avasaanam muthal addehathinte radio ente ellah vottukalum vidhikalum play cheiyunnathu prathyekichum pradhaanamaan. 1990 muthal 1991 vare barandov studiyoyil skript edittaraayi addeham hrasvamaayi pravarthichu.
pinneedu, radio, television naadaka, thirakkathaakruthu studiyoyil janasek akkadami oof music aandu perfoming aartsinte thiyettar faakkalttiyil (1991 muthal associate professorayum 1993 muthal professorayum) addeham pravarthichu.
1998ll addehathinu ferdinand perautka puraskaaram labhichu. 2007ll vivarthana pravarthanangalkkulla samsthaana puraskaaram addehathinu labhichu.
janasek akkadami oof music aandu perfoming aartsinte thiyettar faakkaltti prakhyaapichathupole 2017 februvari 7 nuu addeham antharichu.
jolie cheiyunnu.
check radio naadakatthinte prashastha rachayithaavaan pridal. addehathinte ettavum sradheyamaaya kruthikalil "vshechi moje hlassy" (1967), "sudiki" (1968) enniva ulppedunnu. 2006ll brins aasthaanamaayulla prasadhakanaaya vetren addehathinte naalu radio, naadakangalil oru thiranjeduppu puratthirakki "polycheck č. 111, "attantatt vii prisemi", "nokni sojekj", "electrici naju", "noock pottam".
thonnoorukalude thudakkathil, "club nettopir", "iss osi doow osi" ennee television parambarakalude rachayithaavum avatharakan koodiyaayirunnu addeham.
addeham lekhanangalum daarshanika kruthikalum ezhuthiyittundu. 2008-ll, randaamathe sitti kammitti addehathinte grandhangal prasidheekarichu-kooduthalum anjjaathamaaya-"kauslo nechaneho". addehathinte radio parambarayaaya "podulki nihami eiii cassem" (baaristtarum principal, 2011) ennathil ninnulla vaachakangalum samiti puratthirakki. 2015ll addeham "spovedy eiii odposlechi" enna kavita samahaaram prasidheekarichu.
addehathinte vivarthanangal check vaayanakkaarkk kavithayudeyum naadakatthinteyum engleesh, spanish rachanakal nalki. aadhunika engleesh, american saahithyathile niravadhi pradhana gadyakrithikal addeham vivarthanam cheythu. vivarthanam cheyyappetta pusthakangal saadhaaranayaayi samagramaya vyaakhyaanangalaal sambannamaayirunnu. lioo rosttante "ooo keey * eiii * pii * eiii * eiii * eiii * enn!" enna kruthiyude vivarthanathiloode addeham prathyekichum ariyappedunnu. ente keey * eiii * pii * eiii * eiii * enn!".
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antonin priddle
antonin priddle (13 aktoobar 1935, prostejov, chekoslovakia-7 februwari 2017, brano, check prajasattak) heey ingraji, spanish aanee french bhashetil check anuvadak aanee lekhak, patrakar aanee vidyapithache vyakhyate hote.
jeevan.
tyanni uharsk yetheel vyakaran shalet shikshan ghetale. padvinantar tyanni 1953 teey 1958 yaa kalat brano yetheel masarik vidyapithat ingraji aanee hyspanic abhyas keela. 1982 madhye tyanna doctorate midali.
tyanni 1960 teey 1970 paryant branomadhil check redioshi sahkarya kele. tethe teey cycle aanee kavitechya eka chhotya shaleche lekhak hote, shakespeare navshikyansathi aanee pustake aanee sangitabaddalachya gondhalasathi aanee karyakramache saha-lekhak shaniwari bhetatat. 1960 chya dashakachya uttaradhapasun, visheshtah tyanche rediovar majhe serve mutt aanee bhavitavya prasarit karane mahattvache aahe. 1990 teey 1991 yaa kalat tyanni barrandov studiomadhye patkatha sampadak mhanoon kaam kele.
tyanantar, tyanni redio aanee durdarshan natak aanee patkatha lekhan studiomadhye (1991 pasoon sahyogi pradhyapak mhanoon aanee 1993 pasoon pradhyapak mhanoon) sangeet aanee sadarikaran kalanchya jansek akadamichya natya vidyashakhet kaam kele.
1998 madhye tyanna ferdinand parautka haah puraskar midala. 2007 madhye tyanna anuvad karyasathi rajya puraskarane sanmanit karnyat aale.
sangeet aanee sadarikaran qalaa akadamichya natya vidyashakhene jaheer kelyapramane, 7 februwari 2017 roji tyanche nidhan jhaale.
kaam karate.
priddle heey check redio natakache prasiddha lekhak aahet. tyanchya sarvat ullekhaneey kamanmadhye 'vsechani moje hlassy' (1967) aanee 'sudiki' (1968) yancha samavesh aahe. brono-aadharit prakashak veterne yanni 2006 madhye tyanchya chaar redio aanee natya natakanchi nivad jaaree keleeh "rajkiy natak. 111, "attentat vhee prisemy", "nokni zokaj", "electricany nuz" aanee "noke potam".
navvadchya dashakachya suruvatila, teey 'club netapir' aanee 'zed ochee doo ochee' yaa durchitravani malikanche lekhak aanee prastutkarta dekhil hote.
tyanni nibandh aanee tatvik kamehi lihili. 2008 madhye, dusya shahar samiteene tyachya granthanche-mukhytah anamik-"kauzalo nechteneho" prakashit kele. samiteene tyanchya 'potulki nihami aaa kasem' (barrister aanee pracharya, 2011) yaa redio maliketil majkoor dekhil baher kadhala. 2015 madhye tyanni 'zpovedi aaa odaposlechi' haah kavitasangrah prakashit keela.
tyachya anuvadanmule check vachakanna ingraji aanee spanish bhashet kavita aanee natake lihili gelee. tyanni aadhunik ingraji aanee american sahityatil anek pramukh gadya granthanche bhashantar kele. anuvadit pustake sahasa sarvasamaveshak bhashyane samruddha kelee jaat asat. teey visheshtah lio rostonchya 'oo keey * aii * pii * ell * aii * aine' chya anuvadasathi olakhale jaatat! majhe keey * aii * pii * ell * aii * aine!". |
antone predal
antone predal (13 october 1935, prostejobh, chekoslobhakia-7 february 2017, brano, check ganatantra) angreji, spanis rar francelli, rar lekhak, patrakar rar vishwavidyalayaka wyakhyata thie.
jiwan.
unle uharskako wyakaran vidyalayama adhyayan gare. snatak garepachhi, unle 1953 dekhi 1958 samma branoko masarik vishwavidyalayama angreji rar hispainik adhyayan gare. sann 1982 maa unle doctorate prapta gare.
unle sann 1960 dekhi 1970 samma branoma check radiosanga sahakarya gare. tyahan, uni cycle rar kawitako euta sano schoolka lekhak thie, shekspeare nawaprawartakharuka lagi rar pustak rar sangitka barema hallauneharuka lagi, rar soka saha-lekhak shanibar bhetchhan. sann 1960 ko dashakko uttaradhadekhi vishesh gari mahatwapurna chha kii unko radiole mera sabai mutt rar bhagyalai bajaunchha. unle sann 1990 dekhi 1991 samma barandov studioma script sampadakko rupma kaam gare.
pachhi, unle radio rar television natak rar patakatha lekhanko studioma sangit rar pradarshan kalako jansek ekedemiko theater sankayama (1991 dekhi associate professorko rupma rar 1993 dekhi professorko rupma) kaam gare.
sann 1998 maa unle ferdinand perautaka puraskar prapta gare. sann 2007 maa unlai anuwad karyaka lagi rajya puraskar pradan garieko thiyo.
sangit rar pradarshan kalako jansek ekedemiko theater sankayale ghoshana gareanusar 7 february 2017 maa unko mrityu bhayo.
kaam garchha.
predal check radio natakka prakhyat lekhak hun. unka sabaibhanda ullekhaniya kritiharuma "bhchechani moje hlassy" (1967) rar "sudiki" (1968) samawesh chhan. brano-adharit prakashak weteranle sann 2006 maa unka charawata radio rar theater natakharuko chayan jaari gareh "rajnitik aaa. 111, "attent v prisemy", "nokni jokej", "electricany nuj", rar "noke potam".
nabbeko dashakko prarambhama, uni television shringkhala "club netopira" rar "jade ochi do ochi" kaa lekhak rar prastota pani thie.
unle nibandha rar darshanik kritiharu pani lekhe. sann 2008 maa, dosro sahar samitile unka pathharu prakashit garyo-prayaha agyat-"kaujlo nechteneho". samitile unko radio shringkhala "potulki nihami ae kasem" (barrister rar principle, 2011) batt pathharu pani bahira lyayo. sann 2015 maa unle "japobhedi ae odaposlechi" namak kawita sangraha prakashit gare.
unka anuwadharule check pathakharulai angreji rar spanis kawita rar natakka lekhanharu pradan gare. unle adhunik angreji rar americi sahityaka dherai pramukh gadya kritiharuko anuwad gare. anuwad garieka pustakharu samanyataya wyapak tippanile samridha thie. uni vishesh gari leo rostonko "o key * ae * pee * ell * ae * enn! mero key * ae * pee * ell * ae * enn!". | antonine predal
antonine predal (13 october 1935, prostejobha, chekoslovakia-7 februari 2017, brano, check ganarajya) ingraji, spanis ebong farasi bhasara jane check anubadaka, ebong lekhaka, sambadika ebong biswabidyalajara adhyapaka thile.
zeeban.
shay uharske hardiere byakarana bidyalajare adhyajana karithile. snataka parey, shay 1953 ru 1958 parjyanta, branore masaric biswabidyalajare ingraji ebong hyspanic adhyajana karithile. 1982 masihare shay doctorate degree hassel karithile.
shay 1960 ru 1970 parjyanta branore check redio sahita sahjog karithile. sethare, shay cycle ebong eka chhot kabita bidyalajara lekhaka thile, shakespeare prarambhika ebong pustaka ebong sangeeta bishajare rumbling paain, ebong shoe 'rahr saha-lekhaka shanibara deane aapananku dekhibe . 1960 dashkar shesh bhagaru tankara redio moe samasta bhot ebong bhagyaku prasarana kariba bisesh gurutwapurna . shay 1990 ru 1991 parjyanta barandov studiore script sampadaka bhabare karjya karithile.
parabarti samajare, shay redio ebong television nataka ebong chitranatya studiore (1991 ru jane sahajogee professor bhabare ebong 1993 ru jane professor bhabare) jancheka ekademy off music ebong parafarming artsra theatre phaakaltire karjya karithile.
1998 masihare shay fordinand perautaka puraskara paithile. 2007 masihare, anubada karjya paain tanku rajya puraskara pradan karajaithila.
2017 masiha februari 7 tarikhare tankara dehant hoithila, jaahaa janasek ekademy off music anded parafarminga artser theatre faculty ghoshana karithile.
kaama kare.
predal check redio natkar jane prasidha lekhaka. tankara sabutharu ullekhaneeah rachanagudika madhyare rahichhi "bhisheni moje hlassy" (1967) ebong "sudikki" (1968). brano-aadharita prakashaka bhetarne 2006 ray tankara charoti redio ebong theatre natkar eka chayan jaari karithileh "polysec č. 111, "attent bhi prisemy", "nosini jokej", "elekriki nuz", ebong "noke potam".
nabbai dashkar prarambhare, shay tibhi sirij "club netopira" ebong "z očí do očí" rahr lekhaka ebong upasthapaka madhya thile.
shay prabandha ebong darshanika rachna madhya lekhithile. 2008 ray, dwiteeja city kamiti taanka pathya bishajare prakash karithile-adhikansha benami-"kaujlo nechteneho" . kamiti taanka redio sirij "potulki nihami aii kasem" (barrister ebong principal, 2011) ru pathya madhya bahara karithila . 2015 ray, shay eka kabita sangraha prakash karithile, "jpobhedi aii odaposalechi" .
tankara anubadagudika check pathakamananku ingraji ebong spanis kabita ebong nataka rachna pradan karithila. shay adhunika ingraji ebong americae sahityara aneka pramukh gadya rachanaku anubada karithile. anubadita pustakagudika sadharanatah byapaka mantabya dwara samruddha heuthila. shay bisesh curry leo rostennka "oh kee * aii * pii * ell * aii * enn! more kee * aii * pii * ell * aii * enn!".
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antonin pridal (13 aktubar 1935, prostejov, chekoslovakia-7 farvari 2017, berno, check ganraj) angrezi, spanish atey franch toon ikk check anuvadak, atey lekhak, pattarkar atey university lacturar see.
jeevan.
uss neey uharsak dey viaakaran school witch padahi keeti. graduation toon baad, usne 1953 toon 1958 takk berno dee masrick university witch angrezi atey hyspanic dee padahi keeti. sann 1982 witch uhanan neey doctorate dee digri prapat keeti.
uss neey 1960 toon 1970 takk berno witch check radio naal sahiyog keeta. utthe, uh cycle atey kavita dey ikk chhote school daa lekhak see, shakespeare shuruat curran valiaan laee atey kitaban atey sangeet baare romblung, atey shoa daa sahi-lekhak shanivar noon tuhanun milda haii. 1960 dey dahake dey akheer toon unhan daa radio merey saare vott atey kismat noon chalaunda haii. unhan neey 1990 toon 1991 takk barendov studios witch ikk script sampadak vajon kamm keeta.
baad witch, usne radio atey television drama atey screeneriting dey studio witch sangeet atey pardarshan qalaa dee janesek academy (1991 toon ikk sehyogi professor vajon atey 1993 toon ikk professor vajon) dey theatre faculty witch kamm keeta.
sann 1998 witch uhanan noon ferdinand protka daa puraskar miliaa. sann 2007 witch uhanan noon anuvad dey kamm laee raaj puraskar naal sanmanit keeta giaa see.
uss dee maut 7 farvari 2017 noon hoee, jiven kii sangeet atey pardarshan qalaa dee jainak academy dey theatre faculty duaara ailaan keeta giaa see.
kamm karda haii.
pridal check radio play daa ikk prasidh lekhak haii. uss deeaan sabh toon mahattavpuran rachnavan witch "vashechani moje hlace" (1967) atey "sudiki" (1968) shamal hunn. berno-adharat parkashak vaetaran neey 2006 witch, aapne chaar radio atey theatre natkan dee ikk chonh jaari kitia "polysec χ. 111, "attentat banaam prisemy", "nochni zokaj", "electrici nooz", atey "noke potam".
nabbe dey dahake dey arambh witch, uh television ladiwar "club natopir" atey "z ochi doow oc" daa lekhak atey peshkar vee see.
unhan neey lekh atey darshnik rachnavan vee likhiaan. 2008 witch, duji city kameti neey uss dey text-ziaadaatar agiaat-"cozlo nechteneho" prakashit keete. kameti neey uss dee radio luddy 'potulki nihami aii kasem' (barrister atey principle, 2011) dey text vee jaari keete. 2015 witch, uhanan neey kavitavan daa ikk sangrah prakashit keeta, "zpovedy aii odosplichi".
uss dey anuvadan neey check pathkan noon kavita atey natak deeaan angrezi atey spanish likhtan pardan keetiaan. unhan neey aadhunik angrezi atey amriki saahit deeaan kaee pramukh vaartak rachnavan daa anuvad keeta. anuvad keetiaan kitaban aam taur utte viaapak tippni naal bharpur hundiaan sunn. uh vishesh taur utte leo roston dey "ou keey * aii * pee * ail * aii * ainn!" dey anuvad laee jaane jaande hunn. merey k * a * p * l * a * n!".
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antonin pridal
antonin pridal (13 october 1935, prostejov, chekoslovakia-7 februvari 2017, brano, check ganaraajyam) aangl-spanish-french-bhashanam check-bhashantarakaha, lekhakah, patrakaarah, vishvavidyaalayasya vyakhyata cha aasit.
jeevati.
saha uherske-pradeshasya vyaakaranavidyaalaye abhyanayt. snaatakapadaveem praapya, saha 1953 taha 1958 paryantam, brano-nagarasya masaarik-vishvavidyaalaye aangl-hispaanik-adhyayanaani abhyanayt. 1982 tame varshe saha doctorate-upaadhim avaapnot.
saha 1960 taha 1970 paryantam brano-nagare check-radio-ityanena saha sahayogam krutavaan. tatra saha chakranam, laghuvidyaalayaah cha lekhakah aasit, pustakanam sangeetasy cha vishaye nava-arambhinam cha krute shekspiyar, tathaa cha karyakramasya saha-lekhakah shanivaasare bhavantam pashyati. 1960 tamasya dashakasy antebhyah, visheshatah mahattvapoornaani santi, tasya radio-madhyamena mama sarve mataani, bhavishyaani cha prasaaryante. saha 1990 taha 1991 paryantam barandov studios ityatra laghu-kaalaparyantam script-sampaadakatven karyam krutavaan.
tadanantaram, saha radio-dooradarshan-naatak-chitralekhana-studio-madhye, janasek-akadami aaf music-and-performing-arts ityasya natya-vibhaage (1991 taha saha-praadhyaapakatven, 1993 taha praadhyaapakatven) karyam krutavaan.
1998 tame varshe saha ferdinand perautakaa iti puraskaram avaapnot. 2007 tame varshe anuvaadakaaryaartham rajyapuraskaraha prapta.
2017 februvari 7 dinaanke saha mrutah, yathaa janasek-akadami aaf music and performing arts ityasya natya-vibhagena ghoshitam.
karyam karoti.
pridal ityayam check-radio-natakasya prasidhah lekhakah asti. tasya atyantam ullekhaneeyaani krutayah "vashechnee moje hlaasee" (1967), "sudisky" (1968) cha santi. brono-aadharitah prakaashakah veterne 2006 tame varshe swasya chatwaarah radio-natakanam cha chayanam praavartitah "polichek chi" iti. 111, "attentat vi prijemee", "nokni zokz", "elektriki nuj", tathaa "noke potom" iti.
nabbatasya dashakasy aarambhe saha "club netopier" tathaa "z ochee do osee" iti dooradarshan-shrunkhalaayaah lekhakah upasthaapakah cha aasit.
saha prabandhaan, daarshanik-rachanaani cha alikhat. 2008 tame varshe dwiteeya-nagar-samitihi tasya granthanam-praayah anamika-"kauzlo nechteneho" iti-prakaashanam krutavatee. samitihi tasya radio-dhaaraavaahikasy "potulki nihami a kasema" (barrister tathaa principal, 2011) ityasya granthaan api prakaashitavatee. 2015 tame varshe saha "zpovedi a odaposlechee" iti kaavyasangraham prakashitavan.
tasya anuvaadaih check-vaachakaah aangl-spanish-bhashayoho kaavya-naatak-lekhanani praaptavantah. saha aadhunik-aangl-american-saahityasya anekeshaam pramukhanam gadya-rachananam anuvaadam krutavaan. anuvaaditaah pustakaani praayah vistruta-vyakhyaya samruddhaani aasan. saha visheshatah leo roston ityasya "o key * e * pee * ell * e * enn!" iti anuvaadasya krute prasidhah asti. mama key * e * pee * ell * e * ena!"iti. |
antonin piridal
antonin piridal (13 october 1935, prostejov, secoslovakia-7 pipravari 2017, pirenchu, seck kudiyarasu) aangkilam, spanish mattrum pirenchu mozhigalaich saerntha oru seck mozhipeyarppaalar mattrum ezhuththaalar, paththirigaiyaalar mattrum palkalaikkazhaga virivuraiyaalar aavaar.
vaazhkkai.
avar uherske haraathisthil ulla ilakkanap pallyil payintraar. pattam pettra piragu, 1953 muthal 1958 varai, birnovil ulla masaric palkalaikkazhagaththil aangkilam mattrum hysphonic padippugalaip padiththaar. 1982 aam aandil, avar munaivar pattam pettraar.
avar 1960 muthal 1970 varai parnoavil seck vaanoliyudan oththulaiththaar. angku, avar suzharchigal mattrum oru siriya kavidhai palliyin ezhuththaalaraagavum, thodakkakkaararkalukkaana shakespeare mattrum puththagangkal mattrum isai pattriya koochal mattrum nigazhchchiyin inai aasiriyarum sanikkizhamai chandipar. 1960kalin pirpaguthiyil irunthu avarathu vanoli enathu anaitthu vaakkugalaiyum athirshtaththaiyum oliparappuvathu migavum mukkiyamaanathu. 1990 muthal 1991 varai parandov studiovil script edittaraaga paniyaattrinaar.
pinnar, vanoli mattrum tholaikaatchi naadagam mattrum tiraikkathai ezhuthum studiovil janasek akaadami off music andd performing ards (1991 muthal oru inai paeraasiriyaraagavum, 1993 muthal paeraasiriyaraagavum) naadaga peedaththil paniyaattrinaar.
1998 aam aandil, avar fertinand berutca parisaip pettraar. 2007 aam aandil, mozhipeyarppup panikkaaga avarukku maanilap parisu vazhangkappattathu.
janasek akaadami off music andd performing ards inn naadaga aasiriyargalaal arivikkappattapadi, avar pipravari 7,2017 andru iranthaar.
vaelai seikirathu.
piridal seck vanoli naadagaththin pugazhpettra ezhuththaalar aavaar. avarathu migavum kurippidatthakka padaippugalil "vsechchini moje hlaasi" (1967) mattrum "sudikki" (1968) aagiyavai adangkum. bretovai thalamaagak konda veliyeettaalar vettarne 2006 aam aandil, avarathu naanku vanoli mattrum naadagangalil oru thaervu veliyittaar "arasiyal chee. 111, "attentat vii prisemy", "nosini joke", "electric nuj", mattrum "noak poadam".
thonnoorugalin murpaguthiyil, avar "kilap netobir" mattrum "isat ochi doow ochi" endra tholaikaatchi thodarkalin ezhuththaalaraagavum thoguppaalaraagavum irunthaar.
avar katturaigal mattrum thathuvap padaippugalaiyum ezhuthinaar. 2008 aam aandil, irandaavathu nagarak kuzhu avarathu noolgalai veliyittathu-perumpaalum anaamathaeyamaaga-"kausloa necheneho". inthak kuzhu avarathu vanoli thodaraana "podulki nihami auuu sassem" (vazhakkarinyar mattrum muthalvar, 2011) ilirunththu uraigalaiyum veliyittathu. 2015 aam aandil, avar "spovadi auuu odospelichi" endra kavithaith thoguppai veliyittaar.
avarathu mozhipeyarppugal seck vaasagargalukku aangkilam mattrum spanish kavidhai mattrum naadaga ezhuththukkalai vazhangkina. naveena aangkilam mattrum america ilakkiyaththin pala mukiya urainadaip padaippugalai avar molipeyarththaar. molipeyarkkappatta puththagangkal podhuvaaga virivaana varnanaiyudan serivoottappattana. avar kurippaaga leoo roston "ooo kae * aee * pii * ell * aee * enn! enn kae * aee * pii * ell * aee * enn!"endru koorinaar.
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antonin pridal
antonin pridal (13 october 1935, prostejov, chekoslovekia-7 fibravari 2017, brano, check republic) inglish, spanish mariyu french nundi vacchina check anuvaadakudu, rachayita, paatrikeyudu mariyu vishwavidyaalaya lecturer.
jeevitam.
athanu uherske haradis looni vyaakarana paatasaalalo chadivaadu. graduation taruvaata, athanu 1953 nundi 1958 varaku, bronoloni masaric vishwavidhyaalayamlo aanglam mariyu hysponic adhyayanalu abhyasinchaadu. 1982loe ayana doctorate pondaaru.
athanu 1960 nundi 1970 varaku brono looni check radioku sahakarinchaadu. akkada, athanu saikils mariyu oka chinna kavitva paatasaala rachayita, pustakaalu mariyu sangeetam gurinchi prarambha mariyu rumblingla kosam shakespeare, mariyu sanivaaram naadu show yokka saha rachayita mimmalni kalustaaru. 1960la chivari nundi ayana radeo naa otlu mariyu adrushtaalannintinii prasaram cheyadam chaalaa mukhyam. 1990 nundi 1991 varaku barandov studiolo script editargaa kontakaalam panicheesaaru.
tadanantaram, athanu radeo mariyu television drama mariyu screen raiting studiolo janasec academy off music und performing arts (1991 nundi associate professorga mariyu 1993 nundi professorga) theatre facultylo panicheesaaru.
1998loe ayana ferdinand perutka bahumatini andukunnaru. 2007loe anuvaada rachanalaku gaanu aayanaku rashtra bahumati labhinchindi.
janasec academy off music und performing arts yokka theatre faculty prakatinchinatlugaa, athanu 7 fibravari 2017naa maraninchaadu.
pani chestundi.
pridal check radeo naatakaaniki pramukha rachayita. athani atyanta mukhyamaina rachanalalo "vshechnee moje hlassy" (1967) mariyu "sudisky" (1968) unnaayi. brono aadhaarita prachuranakarta veterne 2006loe thana naalugu radeo mariyu naatakaala empikanu vidudala chesaru "polichek č. 111, "attentat vii prisemy", "nokni jokage", "elektriki nuz", mariyu "noke potom".
tombhaila praarambhamlo, athanu "club netopir" mariyu "jedd osi doow osi" anae television dharavahikala rachayita mariyu vyaakhyaata kooda.
ayana vyasalu, taatvika rachanalu kooda raasaaru. 2008loe, rendava nagara kamitee athani grandhaalanu prachurinchindi-ekkuvagaa anamaka-"kaujlo nechteneho". eee kamitee athani radeo dharavahikam "potulki nihami eah cassem" (nyaayavaadi mariyu principal, 2011) nundi paataalanu kooda bayataku tecchindi. 2015loe ayana "zpovedi eah odposlechii" anae kavita sankalanaanni prachurinchaaru.
ayana chesina anuvaadaalu check paatakulaku aangla, spanish kavitvam, naataka rachanalanu andinchaayi. ayana aadhunika aangla, american saahityamlooni aneka pradhana gadya rachanalanu anuvadinchaaru. anuvadinchabadina pustakaalu saadhaaranamgaa samagra vyaakhyaanamtho susampannam cheyabaddaayi. ayana mukhyamgaa leo rosten yokka "oo kae * eah * pii * ell * eah * enn!" anuvaadam gurinchi prasiddhi chendaaru. naa k * a * p * l * a * n!"anie paerkonnaaru.
| antonin predal
antoon predal (13 aktobar 1935yee prostiyoj checosalovakia-7 faroori 2017yee burno cheek jamhuria) angrezi hispanvi aur francisi zabaan say taaluq rakhnay waala eek cheek mutarjim aur masnaf sahafi aur university kaa lecturer thaa.
zindagi.
inhon nay yoharsake kay grimer school mein taleem haasil kii. graduation kay baad inhon nay 1953 say 1958 takk barno kii masarik university mein angrezi aur hispanvi taleem haasil kii. 1982 mein inhon nay doctorate kii digri haasil kii.
inhon nay 1960 say 1970 takk barno mein cheek redio kay saath taawan kiyaa. wahaan wah cycle aur shayeri kay eek chhotay say school kay masnaf thay shakespear ibtadayi afraad kay liye aur kitaabon aur mausiqi kay baaray mein hungamah aarayi kartay thay aur show kay shareek masnaf haftah kuu aap say miltay haine. 1960 kii dahayi kay aakhir say khaas toor parr aham hay kahh inn kaa redio miray tamaam woton aur qasmat kuu chalata hay. inhon nay 1990 say 1991 takk barandof studios mein script editor kay toor parr mukhtasir toor parr kaam kiyaa.
iss kay baad inhon nay redio aur teeli vision dramah aur screen ryting kay studio mein jankeek academy aaf music aind performing arts (1991 say batoor aisosi aett professor aur 1993 say batoor professor) kay theater faculty mein kaam kiyaa.
1998 mein inhein ferdinand parotica kaa anaam milaa. 2007 mein inhein tarjume kay kaam kay liye riyasati anaam say nawaza gayaa.
jaisa kahh janasek academy aaf music aind performing arts kay theater faculty nay aalaan kiyaa hay 7 faroori 2017 kuu inn kaa inteqal hawaa.
kaam kartaa hay.
predal cheek redio dramay kay maruf masnaf haine. inn kay sabb say qaabil zakar kaamon mein "wechni mojay halsi" (1967) aur "sodiki" (1968) shaamil haine. bruno mein maqeem naashir vetern nay 2006 mein apnay chaar redio aur theater dramon kaa intekhaab jaari kiyaa: "polycake č. 111yee "ateentat woo presimi"yee "nokni zokeej"yee "electrici noz"yee aur "nook potam".
naway kii dahayi kay awail mein wah tye wee seerez "kalb netper" aur "zeed auchi duu auchi" kay masnaf aur paish kaar bhee thay.
inhon nay mazamin aur falsafiyana kaam bhee likhay. 2008 mein dosri stee committy nay inn kay mutan-ziyadah tarr gumnam-"kozlo nechtenho" shaye kiye. committy nay inn kii redio seerez "potolki canihemy aey kesam" (barrister aur principle 2011) kay mutan bhee saamney laaye. 2015 mein inhon nay nazmon kaa majmuah shaye kiyaa "zapovedi aey odosplachy".
inn kay tarjumon nay cheek qaareen kuu shayeri aur dramah kii angrezi aur hispanvi tehreerein farahim kein. inhon nay jadeed angrezi aur americi adab kay kayee baday nasoos kaa tarjumah kiyaa. tarjumah shadah kitabein aam toor parr jaamaa tabsaray say bharpur hoti thein. wah khaas toor parr liyo rostan kay "awo kay * aey * pee * eel * aey * aine!" kay tarjumah kay liye jaana jaataa hay. miray k * a * p * l * a * n!".
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