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c1831460fc4593934be4cdc35cce38b31f2c2db1 | Race_(human_categorization) | Socioeconomic factors, in combination with early but enduring views of race, have led to considerable suffering within disadvantaged racial groups. Racial discrimination often coincides with racist mindsets, whereby the individuals and ideologies of one group come to perceive the members of an outgroup as both racially defined and morally inferior. As a result, racial groups possessing relatively little power often find themselves excluded or oppressed, while hegemonic individuals and institutions are charged with holding racist attitudes. Racism has led to many instances of tragedy, including slavery and genocide. | What is a reason for racism | {
"text": [
"racist mindsets"
],
"answer_start": [
191
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
0c4d96002b795485986902edf223e19f8edf42d7 | Race_(human_categorization) | Socioeconomic factors, in combination with early but enduring views of race, have led to considerable suffering within disadvantaged racial groups. Racial discrimination often coincides with racist mindsets, whereby the individuals and ideologies of one group come to perceive the members of an outgroup as both racially defined and morally inferior. As a result, racial groups possessing relatively little power often find themselves excluded or oppressed, while hegemonic individuals and institutions are charged with holding racist attitudes. Racism has led to many instances of tragedy, including slavery and genocide. | What kind of factor have been a problem with minorities | {
"text": [
"enduring views of race"
],
"answer_start": [
53
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
01c46c53e449fb0769e5439486a519f3e6452b9b | Race_(human_categorization) | Socioeconomic factors, in combination with early but enduring views of race, have led to considerable suffering within disadvantaged racial groups. Racial discrimination often coincides with racist mindsets, whereby the individuals and ideologies of one group come to perceive the members of an outgroup as both racially defined and morally inferior. As a result, racial groups possessing relatively little power often find themselves excluded or oppressed, while hegemonic individuals and institutions are charged with holding racist attitudes. Racism has led to many instances of tragedy, including slavery and genocide. | What makes it hard for racial groups at the bottom to get to the top? | {
"text": [
"Racial discrimination"
],
"answer_start": [
148
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
d98fbb0b9d9598c64e46b7e1565a9a7579d3183e | Race_(human_categorization) | Socioeconomic factors, in combination with early but enduring views of race, have led to considerable suffering within disadvantaged racial groups. Racial discrimination often coincides with racist mindsets, whereby the individuals and ideologies of one group come to perceive the members of an outgroup as both racially defined and morally inferior. As a result, racial groups possessing relatively little power often find themselves excluded or oppressed, while hegemonic individuals and institutions are charged with holding racist attitudes. Racism has led to many instances of tragedy, including slavery and genocide. | Why do people who are subjected to racism suffer? | {
"text": [
"Racism"
],
"answer_start": [
546
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
ab78a336ffd6aafafd04f680d2d428ac4d032e95 | Race_(human_categorization) | Socioeconomic factors, in combination with early but enduring views of race, have led to considerable suffering within disadvantaged racial groups. Racial discrimination often coincides with racist mindsets, whereby the individuals and ideologies of one group come to perceive the members of an outgroup as both racially defined and morally inferior. As a result, racial groups possessing relatively little power often find themselves excluded or oppressed, while hegemonic individuals and institutions are charged with holding racist attitudes. Racism has led to many instances of tragedy, including slavery and genocide. | What kind of sway do minorities have in the community | {
"text": [
"little"
],
"answer_start": [
400
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
924bc99ffbad8eb5873d793fbdc66a2ba6b756a7 | Race_(human_categorization) | Socioeconomic factors, in combination with early but enduring views of race, have led to considerable suffering within disadvantaged racial groups. Racial discrimination often coincides with racist mindsets, whereby the individuals and ideologies of one group come to perceive the members of an outgroup as both racially defined and morally inferior. As a result, racial groups possessing relatively little power often find themselves excluded or oppressed, while hegemonic individuals and institutions are charged with holding racist attitudes. Racism has led to many instances of tragedy, including slavery and genocide. | Who does racism affect negatively? | {
"text": [
"members of an outgroup"
],
"answer_start": [
281
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
2dbf0e2db7909b1d55288a7020647adfb27b4626 | Race_(human_categorization) | Socioeconomic factors, in combination with early but enduring views of race, have led to considerable suffering within disadvantaged racial groups. Racial discrimination often coincides with racist mindsets, whereby the individuals and ideologies of one group come to perceive the members of an outgroup as both racially defined and morally inferior. As a result, racial groups possessing relatively little power often find themselves excluded or oppressed, while hegemonic individuals and institutions are charged with holding racist attitudes. Racism has led to many instances of tragedy, including slavery and genocide. | What is the worst issue stemming from racism? | {
"text": [
"genocide"
],
"answer_start": [
613
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
186e8efbe7c2472b7d2d266b90de3fa647b52470 | Race_(human_categorization) | Socioeconomic factors, in combination with early but enduring views of race, have led to considerable suffering within disadvantaged racial groups. Racial discrimination often coincides with racist mindsets, whereby the individuals and ideologies of one group come to perceive the members of an outgroup as both racially defined and morally inferior. As a result, racial groups possessing relatively little power often find themselves excluded or oppressed, while hegemonic individuals and institutions are charged with holding racist attitudes. Racism has led to many instances of tragedy, including slavery and genocide. | Where does the evil ideas of racism come from? | {
"text": [
"mindsets"
],
"answer_start": [
198
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
a88a170cc3f89f6420534944e0c197dbfc76609b | Race_(human_categorization) | Socioeconomic factors, in combination with early but enduring views of race, have led to considerable suffering within disadvantaged racial groups. Racial discrimination often coincides with racist mindsets, whereby the individuals and ideologies of one group come to perceive the members of an outgroup as both racially defined and morally inferior. As a result, racial groups possessing relatively little power often find themselves excluded or oppressed, while hegemonic individuals and institutions are charged with holding racist attitudes. Racism has led to many instances of tragedy, including slavery and genocide. | Who has the power to discriminate? | {
"text": [
"hegemonic individuals and institutions"
],
"answer_start": [
464
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
6272a90f6a83643396e59980749384accc6601b4 | Race_(human_categorization) | Socioeconomic factors, in combination with early but enduring views of race, have led to considerable suffering within disadvantaged racial groups. Racial discrimination often coincides with racist mindsets, whereby the individuals and ideologies of one group come to perceive the members of an outgroup as both racially defined and morally inferior. As a result, racial groups possessing relatively little power often find themselves excluded or oppressed, while hegemonic individuals and institutions are charged with holding racist attitudes. Racism has led to many instances of tragedy, including slavery and genocide. | What is a reason that minorities aren't doing well economically | {
"text": [
"Socioeconomic factors"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
60a93fee98c46f1c7fdf9fef1f01df3b6c377860 | Race_(human_categorization) | Socioeconomic factors, in combination with early but enduring views of race, have led to considerable suffering within disadvantaged racial groups. Racial discrimination often coincides with racist mindsets, whereby the individuals and ideologies of one group come to perceive the members of an outgroup as both racially defined and morally inferior. As a result, racial groups possessing relatively little power often find themselves excluded or oppressed, while hegemonic individuals and institutions are charged with holding racist attitudes. Racism has led to many instances of tragedy, including slavery and genocide. | How do those in the majority view the character of minorities | {
"text": [
"morally inferior"
],
"answer_start": [
333
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
b7d80f65211fe114b75d7951a9c53681d05b9b64 | Race_(human_categorization) | Socioeconomic factors, in combination with early but enduring views of race, have led to considerable suffering within disadvantaged racial groups. Racial discrimination often coincides with racist mindsets, whereby the individuals and ideologies of one group come to perceive the members of an outgroup as both racially defined and morally inferior. As a result, racial groups possessing relatively little power often find themselves excluded or oppressed, while hegemonic individuals and institutions are charged with holding racist attitudes. Racism has led to many instances of tragedy, including slavery and genocide. | What causes someone to discriminate against someone of a different race? | {
"text": [
"individuals and ideologies of one group come to perceive the members of an outgroup as both racially defined and morally inferior"
],
"answer_start": [
220
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
12574eea09ec23c03687b81a3a955f229c5d08f2 | Race_(human_categorization) | Socioeconomic factors, in combination with early but enduring views of race, have led to considerable suffering within disadvantaged racial groups. Racial discrimination often coincides with racist mindsets, whereby the individuals and ideologies of one group come to perceive the members of an outgroup as both racially defined and morally inferior. As a result, racial groups possessing relatively little power often find themselves excluded or oppressed, while hegemonic individuals and institutions are charged with holding racist attitudes. Racism has led to many instances of tragedy, including slavery and genocide. | Who does racism benefit? | {
"text": [
"hegemonic individuals and institutions"
],
"answer_start": [
464
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
41a8d70b7cc2bbcd07edefb838a4ba2302e7032b | Race_(human_categorization) | Population geneticists have debated whether the concept of population can provide a basis for a new conception of race. In order to do this, a working definition of population must be found. Surprisingly, there is no generally accepted concept of population that biologists use. Although the concept of population is central to ecology, evolutionary biology and conservation biology, most definitions of population rely on qualitative descriptions such as "a group of organisms of the same species occupying a particular space at a particular time" Waples and Gaggiotti identify two broad types of definitions for populations; those that fall into an ecological paradigm, and those that fall into an evolutionary paradigm. Examples of such definitions are: | what is been discussed? | {
"text": [
"Population geneticists"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
da3b63685315af013298a6d9c86867a5fcfed723 | Race_(human_categorization) | Population geneticists have debated whether the concept of population can provide a basis for a new conception of race. In order to do this, a working definition of population must be found. Surprisingly, there is no generally accepted concept of population that biologists use. Although the concept of population is central to ecology, evolutionary biology and conservation biology, most definitions of population rely on qualitative descriptions such as "a group of organisms of the same species occupying a particular space at a particular time" Waples and Gaggiotti identify two broad types of definitions for populations; those that fall into an ecological paradigm, and those that fall into an evolutionary paradigm. Examples of such definitions are: | what is the first word in the second paragraph? | {
"text": [
"order"
],
"answer_start": [
123
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
168998183697ac8bd1ed90edbe2b280670cecdc0 | Race_(human_categorization) | Population geneticists have debated whether the concept of population can provide a basis for a new conception of race. In order to do this, a working definition of population must be found. Surprisingly, there is no generally accepted concept of population that biologists use. Although the concept of population is central to ecology, evolutionary biology and conservation biology, most definitions of population rely on qualitative descriptions such as "a group of organisms of the same species occupying a particular space at a particular time" Waples and Gaggiotti identify two broad types of definitions for populations; those that fall into an ecological paradigm, and those that fall into an evolutionary paradigm. Examples of such definitions are: | definition of populstion can be categorized into? | {
"text": [
"two broad types"
],
"answer_start": [
579
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
86a1750504ed1c38d9b1b928e1b73629d13a46ce | Race_(human_categorization) | Population geneticists have debated whether the concept of population can provide a basis for a new conception of race. In order to do this, a working definition of population must be found. Surprisingly, there is no generally accepted concept of population that biologists use. Although the concept of population is central to ecology, evolutionary biology and conservation biology, most definitions of population rely on qualitative descriptions such as "a group of organisms of the same species occupying a particular space at a particular time" Waples and Gaggiotti identify two broad types of definitions for populations; those that fall into an ecological paradigm, and those that fall into an evolutionary paradigm. Examples of such definitions are: | Why is it difficult to define population? | {
"text": [
"most definitions of population rely on qualitative descriptions"
],
"answer_start": [
384
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
d1439e03b8af8c05af0467913c2da0481fd7b878 | Race_(human_categorization) | Population geneticists have debated whether the concept of population can provide a basis for a new conception of race. In order to do this, a working definition of population must be found. Surprisingly, there is no generally accepted concept of population that biologists use. Although the concept of population is central to ecology, evolutionary biology and conservation biology, most definitions of population rely on qualitative descriptions such as "a group of organisms of the same species occupying a particular space at a particular time" Waples and Gaggiotti identify two broad types of definitions for populations; those that fall into an ecological paradigm, and those that fall into an evolutionary paradigm. Examples of such definitions are: | How does the article find the fact that there is no generally accepted concept of population? | {
"text": [
"Surprisingly"
],
"answer_start": [
191
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
92464cfe7e61d94a0ac1a804f612c6aca93fb16f | Race_(human_categorization) | Population geneticists have debated whether the concept of population can provide a basis for a new conception of race. In order to do this, a working definition of population must be found. Surprisingly, there is no generally accepted concept of population that biologists use. Although the concept of population is central to ecology, evolutionary biology and conservation biology, most definitions of population rely on qualitative descriptions such as "a group of organisms of the same species occupying a particular space at a particular time" Waples and Gaggiotti identify two broad types of definitions for populations; those that fall into an ecological paradigm, and those that fall into an evolutionary paradigm. Examples of such definitions are: | What is an example of something upon which most definitions of population rely? | {
"text": [
"a group of organisms of the same species occupying a particular space at a particular time"
],
"answer_start": [
457
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
02f0bd49ca040c62aef9f67d2c13a85ddda21daf | Race_(human_categorization) | Population geneticists have debated whether the concept of population can provide a basis for a new conception of race. In order to do this, a working definition of population must be found. Surprisingly, there is no generally accepted concept of population that biologists use. Although the concept of population is central to ecology, evolutionary biology and conservation biology, most definitions of population rely on qualitative descriptions such as "a group of organisms of the same species occupying a particular space at a particular time" Waples and Gaggiotti identify two broad types of definitions for populations; those that fall into an ecological paradigm, and those that fall into an evolutionary paradigm. Examples of such definitions are: | If they are not biologists, what scientists are those mentioned by the text? | {
"text": [
"Population geneticists"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
e6e7e7496d6aaba47051d0f4d23ba563fe188f67 | Race_(human_categorization) | Population geneticists have debated whether the concept of population can provide a basis for a new conception of race. In order to do this, a working definition of population must be found. Surprisingly, there is no generally accepted concept of population that biologists use. Although the concept of population is central to ecology, evolutionary biology and conservation biology, most definitions of population rely on qualitative descriptions such as "a group of organisms of the same species occupying a particular space at a particular time" Waples and Gaggiotti identify two broad types of definitions for populations; those that fall into an ecological paradigm, and those that fall into an evolutionary paradigm. Examples of such definitions are: | Who are the researchers mentioned in the text? | {
"text": [
"Waples and Gaggiotti"
],
"answer_start": [
549
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
63d6c99e665792335a1f6f7821b9056a8c9aa019 | Race_(human_categorization) | Population geneticists have debated whether the concept of population can provide a basis for a new conception of race. In order to do this, a working definition of population must be found. Surprisingly, there is no generally accepted concept of population that biologists use. Although the concept of population is central to ecology, evolutionary biology and conservation biology, most definitions of population rely on qualitative descriptions such as "a group of organisms of the same species occupying a particular space at a particular time" Waples and Gaggiotti identify two broad types of definitions for populations; those that fall into an ecological paradigm, and those that fall into an evolutionary paradigm. Examples of such definitions are: | What do population geneticists think that can explain race? | {
"text": [
"concept of population"
],
"answer_start": [
48
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
01779229d502b10f407447cc4a5084e699ea0613 | Race_(human_categorization) | Population geneticists have debated whether the concept of population can provide a basis for a new conception of race. In order to do this, a working definition of population must be found. Surprisingly, there is no generally accepted concept of population that biologists use. Although the concept of population is central to ecology, evolutionary biology and conservation biology, most definitions of population rely on qualitative descriptions such as "a group of organisms of the same species occupying a particular space at a particular time" Waples and Gaggiotti identify two broad types of definitions for populations; those that fall into an ecological paradigm, and those that fall into an evolutionary paradigm. Examples of such definitions are: | what was the last word in the passage? | {
"text": [
"are"
],
"answer_start": [
752
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
b41b310c239c2e394bc9d6162b2900c3d314b069 | Race_(human_categorization) | Population geneticists have debated whether the concept of population can provide a basis for a new conception of race. In order to do this, a working definition of population must be found. Surprisingly, there is no generally accepted concept of population that biologists use. Although the concept of population is central to ecology, evolutionary biology and conservation biology, most definitions of population rely on qualitative descriptions such as "a group of organisms of the same species occupying a particular space at a particular time" Waples and Gaggiotti identify two broad types of definitions for populations; those that fall into an ecological paradigm, and those that fall into an evolutionary paradigm. Examples of such definitions are: | What are the population geneticists trying to study? | {
"text": [
"race"
],
"answer_start": [
114
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
7502cc683bb88b81cb9239586d555e313068dab1 | Race_(human_categorization) | Population geneticists have debated whether the concept of population can provide a basis for a new conception of race. In order to do this, a working definition of population must be found. Surprisingly, there is no generally accepted concept of population that biologists use. Although the concept of population is central to ecology, evolutionary biology and conservation biology, most definitions of population rely on qualitative descriptions such as "a group of organisms of the same species occupying a particular space at a particular time" Waples and Gaggiotti identify two broad types of definitions for populations; those that fall into an ecological paradigm, and those that fall into an evolutionary paradigm. Examples of such definitions are: | One needs a definition of population for what purpose? | {
"text": [
"for a new conception of race"
],
"answer_start": [
90
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
53c7f1d0880dd6d396e8fce793857cd742751dc5 | Race_(human_categorization) | The first post-Classical published classification of humans into distinct races seems to be François Bernier's Nouvelle division de la terre par les différents espèces ou races qui l'habitent ("New division of Earth by the different species or races which inhabit it"), published in 1684. In the 18th century the differences among human groups became a focus of scientific investigation. But the scientific classification of phenotypic variation was frequently coupled with racist ideas about innate predispositions of different groups, always attributing the most desirable features to the White, European race and arranging the other races along a continuum of progressively undesirable attributes. The 1735 classification of Carl Linnaeus, inventor of zoological taxonomy, divided the human race Homo sapiens into continental varieties of europaeus, asiaticus, americanus, and afer, each associated with a different humour: sanguine, melancholic, choleric, and phlegmatic, respectively. Homo sapiens europaeus was described as active, acute, and adventurous, whereas Homo sapiens afer was said to be crafty, lazy, and careless. | When were different classifications of characteristics were attributed to racial groups | {
"text": [
"1735"
],
"answer_start": [
705
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
839613dbc37ecb46ad7a8aa8171cbc850d5df16e | Race_(human_categorization) | The first post-Classical published classification of humans into distinct races seems to be François Bernier's Nouvelle division de la terre par les différents espèces ou races qui l'habitent ("New division of Earth by the different species or races which inhabit it"), published in 1684. In the 18th century the differences among human groups became a focus of scientific investigation. But the scientific classification of phenotypic variation was frequently coupled with racist ideas about innate predispositions of different groups, always attributing the most desirable features to the White, European race and arranging the other races along a continuum of progressively undesirable attributes. The 1735 classification of Carl Linnaeus, inventor of zoological taxonomy, divided the human race Homo sapiens into continental varieties of europaeus, asiaticus, americanus, and afer, each associated with a different humour: sanguine, melancholic, choleric, and phlegmatic, respectively. Homo sapiens europaeus was described as active, acute, and adventurous, whereas Homo sapiens afer was said to be crafty, lazy, and careless. | What racial birthplace was favored? | {
"text": [
"European"
],
"answer_start": [
598
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
02bc69fa63ace25d06e0909d4a6a5ef28bed7429 | Race_(human_categorization) | The first post-Classical published classification of humans into distinct races seems to be François Bernier's Nouvelle division de la terre par les différents espèces ou races qui l'habitent ("New division of Earth by the different species or races which inhabit it"), published in 1684. In the 18th century the differences among human groups became a focus of scientific investigation. But the scientific classification of phenotypic variation was frequently coupled with racist ideas about innate predispositions of different groups, always attributing the most desirable features to the White, European race and arranging the other races along a continuum of progressively undesirable attributes. The 1735 classification of Carl Linnaeus, inventor of zoological taxonomy, divided the human race Homo sapiens into continental varieties of europaeus, asiaticus, americanus, and afer, each associated with a different humour: sanguine, melancholic, choleric, and phlegmatic, respectively. Homo sapiens europaeus was described as active, acute, and adventurous, whereas Homo sapiens afer was said to be crafty, lazy, and careless. | What humour did europaeus have? | {
"text": [
"sanguine"
],
"answer_start": [
927
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
07629fc61a4b35abf681c2cf9da401d4b580aec1 | Race_(human_categorization) | The first post-Classical published classification of humans into distinct races seems to be François Bernier's Nouvelle division de la terre par les différents espèces ou races qui l'habitent ("New division of Earth by the different species or races which inhabit it"), published in 1684. In the 18th century the differences among human groups became a focus of scientific investigation. But the scientific classification of phenotypic variation was frequently coupled with racist ideas about innate predispositions of different groups, always attributing the most desirable features to the White, European race and arranging the other races along a continuum of progressively undesirable attributes. The 1735 classification of Carl Linnaeus, inventor of zoological taxonomy, divided the human race Homo sapiens into continental varieties of europaeus, asiaticus, americanus, and afer, each associated with a different humour: sanguine, melancholic, choleric, and phlegmatic, respectively. Homo sapiens europaeus was described as active, acute, and adventurous, whereas Homo sapiens afer was said to be crafty, lazy, and careless. | What humour did americanus have? | {
"text": [
"choleric"
],
"answer_start": [
950
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
30178f7cda0bc46eb78358d783fbf458c0dd0fa1 | Race_(human_categorization) | The first post-Classical published classification of humans into distinct races seems to be François Bernier's Nouvelle division de la terre par les différents espèces ou races qui l'habitent ("New division of Earth by the different species or races which inhabit it"), published in 1684. In the 18th century the differences among human groups became a focus of scientific investigation. But the scientific classification of phenotypic variation was frequently coupled with racist ideas about innate predispositions of different groups, always attributing the most desirable features to the White, European race and arranging the other races along a continuum of progressively undesirable attributes. The 1735 classification of Carl Linnaeus, inventor of zoological taxonomy, divided the human race Homo sapiens into continental varieties of europaeus, asiaticus, americanus, and afer, each associated with a different humour: sanguine, melancholic, choleric, and phlegmatic, respectively. Homo sapiens europaeus was described as active, acute, and adventurous, whereas Homo sapiens afer was said to be crafty, lazy, and careless. | What is Bernier's Nouvelle recognized as? | {
"text": [
"The first post-Classical published classification of humans into distinct races"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
dbad654ebfc9cc8cb4828bace838fd8d44006b94 | Race_(human_categorization) | The first post-Classical published classification of humans into distinct races seems to be François Bernier's Nouvelle division de la terre par les différents espèces ou races qui l'habitent ("New division of Earth by the different species or races which inhabit it"), published in 1684. In the 18th century the differences among human groups became a focus of scientific investigation. But the scientific classification of phenotypic variation was frequently coupled with racist ideas about innate predispositions of different groups, always attributing the most desirable features to the White, European race and arranging the other races along a continuum of progressively undesirable attributes. The 1735 classification of Carl Linnaeus, inventor of zoological taxonomy, divided the human race Homo sapiens into continental varieties of europaeus, asiaticus, americanus, and afer, each associated with a different humour: sanguine, melancholic, choleric, and phlegmatic, respectively. Homo sapiens europaeus was described as active, acute, and adventurous, whereas Homo sapiens afer was said to be crafty, lazy, and careless. | People were separated into? | {
"text": [
"races"
],
"answer_start": [
74
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
5995547f16b6154e7ef84fb25bcffd493522c085 | Race_(human_categorization) | The first post-Classical published classification of humans into distinct races seems to be François Bernier's Nouvelle division de la terre par les différents espèces ou races qui l'habitent ("New division of Earth by the different species or races which inhabit it"), published in 1684. In the 18th century the differences among human groups became a focus of scientific investigation. But the scientific classification of phenotypic variation was frequently coupled with racist ideas about innate predispositions of different groups, always attributing the most desirable features to the White, European race and arranging the other races along a continuum of progressively undesirable attributes. The 1735 classification of Carl Linnaeus, inventor of zoological taxonomy, divided the human race Homo sapiens into continental varieties of europaeus, asiaticus, americanus, and afer, each associated with a different humour: sanguine, melancholic, choleric, and phlegmatic, respectively. Homo sapiens europaeus was described as active, acute, and adventurous, whereas Homo sapiens afer was said to be crafty, lazy, and careless. | How did early scientists classify different races | {
"text": [
"by the different species"
],
"answer_start": [
216
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
db4f8c3bcf714d599527a4155295d8a232b864d1 | Race_(human_categorization) | The first post-Classical published classification of humans into distinct races seems to be François Bernier's Nouvelle division de la terre par les différents espèces ou races qui l'habitent ("New division of Earth by the different species or races which inhabit it"), published in 1684. In the 18th century the differences among human groups became a focus of scientific investigation. But the scientific classification of phenotypic variation was frequently coupled with racist ideas about innate predispositions of different groups, always attributing the most desirable features to the White, European race and arranging the other races along a continuum of progressively undesirable attributes. The 1735 classification of Carl Linnaeus, inventor of zoological taxonomy, divided the human race Homo sapiens into continental varieties of europaeus, asiaticus, americanus, and afer, each associated with a different humour: sanguine, melancholic, choleric, and phlegmatic, respectively. Homo sapiens europaeus was described as active, acute, and adventurous, whereas Homo sapiens afer was said to be crafty, lazy, and careless. | Who first designated different characteristics to racial groups | {
"text": [
"The"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
f3a8033ba83f842ae0b0bb3b859cc273d52e5fba | Race_(human_categorization) | The first post-Classical published classification of humans into distinct races seems to be François Bernier's Nouvelle division de la terre par les différents espèces ou races qui l'habitent ("New division of Earth by the different species or races which inhabit it"), published in 1684. In the 18th century the differences among human groups became a focus of scientific investigation. But the scientific classification of phenotypic variation was frequently coupled with racist ideas about innate predispositions of different groups, always attributing the most desirable features to the White, European race and arranging the other races along a continuum of progressively undesirable attributes. The 1735 classification of Carl Linnaeus, inventor of zoological taxonomy, divided the human race Homo sapiens into continental varieties of europaeus, asiaticus, americanus, and afer, each associated with a different humour: sanguine, melancholic, choleric, and phlegmatic, respectively. Homo sapiens europaeus was described as active, acute, and adventurous, whereas Homo sapiens afer was said to be crafty, lazy, and careless. | What was the differences between human groups marred by? | {
"text": [
"racist ideas"
],
"answer_start": [
474
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
99cc518b1142736f5a73a6d97ba5e571da63cc1e | Race_(human_categorization) | The first post-Classical published classification of humans into distinct races seems to be François Bernier's Nouvelle division de la terre par les différents espèces ou races qui l'habitent ("New division of Earth by the different species or races which inhabit it"), published in 1684. In the 18th century the differences among human groups became a focus of scientific investigation. But the scientific classification of phenotypic variation was frequently coupled with racist ideas about innate predispositions of different groups, always attributing the most desirable features to the White, European race and arranging the other races along a continuum of progressively undesirable attributes. The 1735 classification of Carl Linnaeus, inventor of zoological taxonomy, divided the human race Homo sapiens into continental varieties of europaeus, asiaticus, americanus, and afer, each associated with a different humour: sanguine, melancholic, choleric, and phlegmatic, respectively. Homo sapiens europaeus was described as active, acute, and adventurous, whereas Homo sapiens afer was said to be crafty, lazy, and careless. | What humour did asiaticus have? | {
"text": [
"melancholic"
],
"answer_start": [
937
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
73b6187daafeaa9ebd803323dbe0b8518bf640e6 | Race_(human_categorization) | The first post-Classical published classification of humans into distinct races seems to be François Bernier's Nouvelle division de la terre par les différents espèces ou races qui l'habitent ("New division of Earth by the different species or races which inhabit it"), published in 1684. In the 18th century the differences among human groups became a focus of scientific investigation. But the scientific classification of phenotypic variation was frequently coupled with racist ideas about innate predispositions of different groups, always attributing the most desirable features to the White, European race and arranging the other races along a continuum of progressively undesirable attributes. The 1735 classification of Carl Linnaeus, inventor of zoological taxonomy, divided the human race Homo sapiens into continental varieties of europaeus, asiaticus, americanus, and afer, each associated with a different humour: sanguine, melancholic, choleric, and phlegmatic, respectively. Homo sapiens europaeus was described as active, acute, and adventurous, whereas Homo sapiens afer was said to be crafty, lazy, and careless. | Non European humans were considered what by the inventor of zoological taxonomy? | {
"text": [
"crafty, lazy, and careless"
],
"answer_start": [
1103
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
8ea75e7f0c54db4ce7391d258d7347478f74a882 | Race_(human_categorization) | Even though there is a broad scientific agreement that essentialist and typological conceptualizations of race are untenable, scientists around the world continue to conceptualize race in widely differing ways, some of which have essentialist implications. While some researchers sometimes use the concept of race to make distinctions among fuzzy sets of traits, others in the scientific community suggest that the idea of race often is used in a naive or simplistic way,[page needed] and argue that, among humans, race has no taxonomic significance by pointing out that all living humans belong to the same species, Homo sapiens, and subspecies, Homo sapiens sapiens. | How is race viewed? | {
"text": [
"sometimes use the concept of race to make distinctions among fuzzy sets of traits"
],
"answer_start": [
280
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
f56fda0c60c539592f92e84add620a3f8a512983 | Race_(human_categorization) | Even though there is a broad scientific agreement that essentialist and typological conceptualizations of race are untenable, scientists around the world continue to conceptualize race in widely differing ways, some of which have essentialist implications. While some researchers sometimes use the concept of race to make distinctions among fuzzy sets of traits, others in the scientific community suggest that the idea of race often is used in a naive or simplistic way,[page needed] and argue that, among humans, race has no taxonomic significance by pointing out that all living humans belong to the same species, Homo sapiens, and subspecies, Homo sapiens sapiens. | The scientists do what to convey they feel there is no need to point out race? | {
"text": [
"argue"
],
"answer_start": [
489
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
778fadbd4fa00726d8dc763ec154e78c216de8f3 | Race_(human_categorization) | Even though there is a broad scientific agreement that essentialist and typological conceptualizations of race are untenable, scientists around the world continue to conceptualize race in widely differing ways, some of which have essentialist implications. While some researchers sometimes use the concept of race to make distinctions among fuzzy sets of traits, others in the scientific community suggest that the idea of race often is used in a naive or simplistic way,[page needed] and argue that, among humans, race has no taxonomic significance by pointing out that all living humans belong to the same species, Homo sapiens, and subspecies, Homo sapiens sapiens. | What has some outlandish views? | {
"text": [
"conceptualize race"
],
"answer_start": [
166
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
9c867d2148ce48c8ae868181c5b4f7d8b89438fc | Race_(human_categorization) | Even though there is a broad scientific agreement that essentialist and typological conceptualizations of race are untenable, scientists around the world continue to conceptualize race in widely differing ways, some of which have essentialist implications. While some researchers sometimes use the concept of race to make distinctions among fuzzy sets of traits, others in the scientific community suggest that the idea of race often is used in a naive or simplistic way,[page needed] and argue that, among humans, race has no taxonomic significance by pointing out that all living humans belong to the same species, Homo sapiens, and subspecies, Homo sapiens sapiens. | What is a homo sapien? | {
"text": [
"humans"
],
"answer_start": [
507
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
46bae9e16f858a8e9bc7aba867c6d765f01258f7 | Race_(human_categorization) | Even though there is a broad scientific agreement that essentialist and typological conceptualizations of race are untenable, scientists around the world continue to conceptualize race in widely differing ways, some of which have essentialist implications. While some researchers sometimes use the concept of race to make distinctions among fuzzy sets of traits, others in the scientific community suggest that the idea of race often is used in a naive or simplistic way,[page needed] and argue that, among humans, race has no taxonomic significance by pointing out that all living humans belong to the same species, Homo sapiens, and subspecies, Homo sapiens sapiens. | The set of traits are considered to be unclear, otherwise called what? | {
"text": [
"fuzzy"
],
"answer_start": [
341
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
479655e77db2460ae987ef2a5c04368164044df4 | Race_(human_categorization) | Even though there is a broad scientific agreement that essentialist and typological conceptualizations of race are untenable, scientists around the world continue to conceptualize race in widely differing ways, some of which have essentialist implications. While some researchers sometimes use the concept of race to make distinctions among fuzzy sets of traits, others in the scientific community suggest that the idea of race often is used in a naive or simplistic way,[page needed] and argue that, among humans, race has no taxonomic significance by pointing out that all living humans belong to the same species, Homo sapiens, and subspecies, Homo sapiens sapiens. | How much agreement on race is there | {
"text": [
"broad scientific agreement"
],
"answer_start": [
23
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
b7a392f6aaa8f253e67dd68d9e20d603a9d52a09 | Race_(human_categorization) | Even though there is a broad scientific agreement that essentialist and typological conceptualizations of race are untenable, scientists around the world continue to conceptualize race in widely differing ways, some of which have essentialist implications. While some researchers sometimes use the concept of race to make distinctions among fuzzy sets of traits, others in the scientific community suggest that the idea of race often is used in a naive or simplistic way,[page needed] and argue that, among humans, race has no taxonomic significance by pointing out that all living humans belong to the same species, Homo sapiens, and subspecies, Homo sapiens sapiens. | Why is a little softly unclear? | {
"text": [
"traits"
],
"answer_start": [
355
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
0eeacabd34e911d6288382b5d1396e3cb8391b2c | Race_(human_categorization) | Even though there is a broad scientific agreement that essentialist and typological conceptualizations of race are untenable, scientists around the world continue to conceptualize race in widely differing ways, some of which have essentialist implications. While some researchers sometimes use the concept of race to make distinctions among fuzzy sets of traits, others in the scientific community suggest that the idea of race often is used in a naive or simplistic way,[page needed] and argue that, among humans, race has no taxonomic significance by pointing out that all living humans belong to the same species, Homo sapiens, and subspecies, Homo sapiens sapiens. | How is race sometimes used | {
"text": [
"no taxonomic significance"
],
"answer_start": [
524
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
8e7c69f1aee3220a6aa3757bd6b5740c67140141 | Race_(human_categorization) | Even though there is a broad scientific agreement that essentialist and typological conceptualizations of race are untenable, scientists around the world continue to conceptualize race in widely differing ways, some of which have essentialist implications. While some researchers sometimes use the concept of race to make distinctions among fuzzy sets of traits, others in the scientific community suggest that the idea of race often is used in a naive or simplistic way,[page needed] and argue that, among humans, race has no taxonomic significance by pointing out that all living humans belong to the same species, Homo sapiens, and subspecies, Homo sapiens sapiens. | The agreement that essentially and typological concepts of race are untenable are considered to be just what? | {
"text": [
"broad scientific"
],
"answer_start": [
23
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
793c142702e09a4c084a8c0d7e6718c5c44befa5 | Race_(human_categorization) | Even though there is a broad scientific agreement that essentialist and typological conceptualizations of race are untenable, scientists around the world continue to conceptualize race in widely differing ways, some of which have essentialist implications. While some researchers sometimes use the concept of race to make distinctions among fuzzy sets of traits, others in the scientific community suggest that the idea of race often is used in a naive or simplistic way,[page needed] and argue that, among humans, race has no taxonomic significance by pointing out that all living humans belong to the same species, Homo sapiens, and subspecies, Homo sapiens sapiens. | How is the theory put into practice? | {
"text": [
"scientists around the world continue to conceptualize race in widely differing ways"
],
"answer_start": [
126
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
ffc2a8b43cd463e917e686a13feebec83d8e807a | Race_(human_categorization) | Even though there is a broad scientific agreement that essentialist and typological conceptualizations of race are untenable, scientists around the world continue to conceptualize race in widely differing ways, some of which have essentialist implications. While some researchers sometimes use the concept of race to make distinctions among fuzzy sets of traits, others in the scientific community suggest that the idea of race often is used in a naive or simplistic way,[page needed] and argue that, among humans, race has no taxonomic significance by pointing out that all living humans belong to the same species, Homo sapiens, and subspecies, Homo sapiens sapiens. | What is significant of the scientific study? | {
"text": [
"argue that, among humans, race has no taxonomic significance by pointing out that all living humans belong to the same species, Homo sapiens, and subspecies, Homo sapiens sapiens"
],
"answer_start": [
489
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
a2246664b0f186985e401c1dbef827955eff1a30 | Race_(human_categorization) | Even though there is a broad scientific agreement that essentialist and typological conceptualizations of race are untenable, scientists around the world continue to conceptualize race in widely differing ways, some of which have essentialist implications. While some researchers sometimes use the concept of race to make distinctions among fuzzy sets of traits, others in the scientific community suggest that the idea of race often is used in a naive or simplistic way,[page needed] and argue that, among humans, race has no taxonomic significance by pointing out that all living humans belong to the same species, Homo sapiens, and subspecies, Homo sapiens sapiens. | What might Carolus Linnaeus have to say about race? | {
"text": [
"race has no taxonomic significance"
],
"answer_start": [
515
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
886de08d02031d447a45ff3f352ad4004afa55e2 | Race_(human_categorization) | Even though there is a broad scientific agreement that essentialist and typological conceptualizations of race are untenable, scientists around the world continue to conceptualize race in widely differing ways, some of which have essentialist implications. While some researchers sometimes use the concept of race to make distinctions among fuzzy sets of traits, others in the scientific community suggest that the idea of race often is used in a naive or simplistic way,[page needed] and argue that, among humans, race has no taxonomic significance by pointing out that all living humans belong to the same species, Homo sapiens, and subspecies, Homo sapiens sapiens. | How does the scientist view differ? | {
"text": [
"Even though there is a broad scientific agreement that essentialist and typological conceptualizations of race are untenable"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
d2b2d7795caacd835ea19884ab88ffab20228c6d | Race_(human_categorization) | Even though there is a broad scientific agreement that essentialist and typological conceptualizations of race are untenable, scientists around the world continue to conceptualize race in widely differing ways, some of which have essentialist implications. While some researchers sometimes use the concept of race to make distinctions among fuzzy sets of traits, others in the scientific community suggest that the idea of race often is used in a naive or simplistic way,[page needed] and argue that, among humans, race has no taxonomic significance by pointing out that all living humans belong to the same species, Homo sapiens, and subspecies, Homo sapiens sapiens. | What do scientist agree on about race | {
"text": [
"essentialist and typological conceptualizations of race are untenable"
],
"answer_start": [
55
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
fc4ec5253eff35af7dffbff958ed5f9392f99ea0 | Race_(human_categorization) | Even though there is a broad scientific agreement that essentialist and typological conceptualizations of race are untenable, scientists around the world continue to conceptualize race in widely differing ways, some of which have essentialist implications. While some researchers sometimes use the concept of race to make distinctions among fuzzy sets of traits, others in the scientific community suggest that the idea of race often is used in a naive or simplistic way,[page needed] and argue that, among humans, race has no taxonomic significance by pointing out that all living humans belong to the same species, Homo sapiens, and subspecies, Homo sapiens sapiens. | What is a broad justification that race doesn't matter much in the scheme of things? | {
"text": [
"race has no taxonomic significance"
],
"answer_start": [
515
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
2aeb77ade0ecefc3f3d6b378cc5e674521f67b16 | Race_(human_categorization) | Craig Venter and Francis Collins of the National Institute of Health jointly made the announcement of the mapping of the human genome in 2000. Upon examining the data from the genome mapping, Venter realized that although the genetic variation within the human species is on the order of 1–3% (instead of the previously assumed 1%), the types of variations do not support notion of genetically defined races. Venter said, "Race is a social concept. It's not a scientific one. There are no bright lines (that would stand out), if we could compare all the sequenced genomes of everyone on the planet." "When we try to apply science to try to sort out these social differences, it all falls apart." | If race is a social concept, how is it not definable? | {
"text": [
"genetically"
],
"answer_start": [
382
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
532351e9a42b44ec4085968abfa65ebb3ded1521 | Race_(human_categorization) | Craig Venter and Francis Collins of the National Institute of Health jointly made the announcement of the mapping of the human genome in 2000. Upon examining the data from the genome mapping, Venter realized that although the genetic variation within the human species is on the order of 1–3% (instead of the previously assumed 1%), the types of variations do not support notion of genetically defined races. Venter said, "Race is a social concept. It's not a scientific one. There are no bright lines (that would stand out), if we could compare all the sequenced genomes of everyone on the planet." "When we try to apply science to try to sort out these social differences, it all falls apart." | If race is a social concept, then differences within the human species are of what kind? | {
"text": [
"social"
],
"answer_start": [
655
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
1419e151d96733d6883b7df10bb065bd740d66be | Race_(human_categorization) | Craig Venter and Francis Collins of the National Institute of Health jointly made the announcement of the mapping of the human genome in 2000. Upon examining the data from the genome mapping, Venter realized that although the genetic variation within the human species is on the order of 1–3% (instead of the previously assumed 1%), the types of variations do not support notion of genetically defined races. Venter said, "Race is a social concept. It's not a scientific one. There are no bright lines (that would stand out), if we could compare all the sequenced genomes of everyone on the planet." "When we try to apply science to try to sort out these social differences, it all falls apart." | What did Venter point out about the difficulty of studying races? | {
"text": [
"Race is a social concept. It's not a scientific one"
],
"answer_start": [
423
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
c3daf1f555d954abc4f1cc0bdc9bfa864b622b2d | Race_(human_categorization) | Craig Venter and Francis Collins of the National Institute of Health jointly made the announcement of the mapping of the human genome in 2000. Upon examining the data from the genome mapping, Venter realized that although the genetic variation within the human species is on the order of 1–3% (instead of the previously assumed 1%), the types of variations do not support notion of genetically defined races. Venter said, "Race is a social concept. It's not a scientific one. There are no bright lines (that would stand out), if we could compare all the sequenced genomes of everyone on the planet." "When we try to apply science to try to sort out these social differences, it all falls apart." | What is the profession of Venter? | {
"text": [
"Health"
],
"answer_start": [
62
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
c4634c4653c66c958d5e20e4b482cf07fbb436f2 | Race_(human_categorization) | Craig Venter and Francis Collins of the National Institute of Health jointly made the announcement of the mapping of the human genome in 2000. Upon examining the data from the genome mapping, Venter realized that although the genetic variation within the human species is on the order of 1–3% (instead of the previously assumed 1%), the types of variations do not support notion of genetically defined races. Venter said, "Race is a social concept. It's not a scientific one. There are no bright lines (that would stand out), if we could compare all the sequenced genomes of everyone on the planet." "When we try to apply science to try to sort out these social differences, it all falls apart." | At the start of the millennium, Venter made what discovery that led to him also making a seemingly contradictory conclusion that racial issues can't be explained by science? | {
"text": [
"the genetic variation within the human species is on the order of 1–3%"
],
"answer_start": [
222
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
f1369bf2cfc0ef9d5c13c65f34dead95962dd91c | Race_(human_categorization) | Craig Venter and Francis Collins of the National Institute of Health jointly made the announcement of the mapping of the human genome in 2000. Upon examining the data from the genome mapping, Venter realized that although the genetic variation within the human species is on the order of 1–3% (instead of the previously assumed 1%), the types of variations do not support notion of genetically defined races. Venter said, "Race is a social concept. It's not a scientific one. There are no bright lines (that would stand out), if we could compare all the sequenced genomes of everyone on the planet." "When we try to apply science to try to sort out these social differences, it all falls apart." | Based on the passage, we can infer that if two people differed in scientific ways, what would we observe on their genome maps? | {
"text": [
"bright lines (that would stand out)"
],
"answer_start": [
489
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
eb2aa37491b03249663c8211cc99472203164923 | Race_(human_categorization) | Craig Venter and Francis Collins of the National Institute of Health jointly made the announcement of the mapping of the human genome in 2000. Upon examining the data from the genome mapping, Venter realized that although the genetic variation within the human species is on the order of 1–3% (instead of the previously assumed 1%), the types of variations do not support notion of genetically defined races. Venter said, "Race is a social concept. It's not a scientific one. There are no bright lines (that would stand out), if we could compare all the sequenced genomes of everyone on the planet." "When we try to apply science to try to sort out these social differences, it all falls apart." | What controversial issue is shown to have no scientific basis after the data from the genome mapping presented by Venter and Collins? | {
"text": [
"Race"
],
"answer_start": [
423
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
fce377fafd479954b15a786e3d239e76288cf6b1 | Race_(human_categorization) | Craig Venter and Francis Collins of the National Institute of Health jointly made the announcement of the mapping of the human genome in 2000. Upon examining the data from the genome mapping, Venter realized that although the genetic variation within the human species is on the order of 1–3% (instead of the previously assumed 1%), the types of variations do not support notion of genetically defined races. Venter said, "Race is a social concept. It's not a scientific one. There are no bright lines (that would stand out), if we could compare all the sequenced genomes of everyone on the planet." "When we try to apply science to try to sort out these social differences, it all falls apart." | What should be used to study race? | {
"text": [
"social concept"
],
"answer_start": [
433
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
181a9d3a6b1b9ff1cabcbff27d2325bc43f6a58d | Race_(human_categorization) | Craig Venter and Francis Collins of the National Institute of Health jointly made the announcement of the mapping of the human genome in 2000. Upon examining the data from the genome mapping, Venter realized that although the genetic variation within the human species is on the order of 1–3% (instead of the previously assumed 1%), the types of variations do not support notion of genetically defined races. Venter said, "Race is a social concept. It's not a scientific one. There are no bright lines (that would stand out), if we could compare all the sequenced genomes of everyone on the planet." "When we try to apply science to try to sort out these social differences, it all falls apart." | How did the two scientists issue the communication? | {
"text": [
"jointly"
],
"answer_start": [
69
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
834deddd5cb1385a52fa8ec6067bd6b703d99030 | Race_(human_categorization) | Craig Venter and Francis Collins of the National Institute of Health jointly made the announcement of the mapping of the human genome in 2000. Upon examining the data from the genome mapping, Venter realized that although the genetic variation within the human species is on the order of 1–3% (instead of the previously assumed 1%), the types of variations do not support notion of genetically defined races. Venter said, "Race is a social concept. It's not a scientific one. There are no bright lines (that would stand out), if we could compare all the sequenced genomes of everyone on the planet." "When we try to apply science to try to sort out these social differences, it all falls apart." | Even though the genetic variation within the human species was higher than expected, what conclusion is drawn by the person in the passage? | {
"text": [
"Race is a social concept"
],
"answer_start": [
423
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
c9f257925fba3a4e8323c9a352d82dc7fed87067 | Race_(human_categorization) | Craig Venter and Francis Collins of the National Institute of Health jointly made the announcement of the mapping of the human genome in 2000. Upon examining the data from the genome mapping, Venter realized that although the genetic variation within the human species is on the order of 1–3% (instead of the previously assumed 1%), the types of variations do not support notion of genetically defined races. Venter said, "Race is a social concept. It's not a scientific one. There are no bright lines (that would stand out), if we could compare all the sequenced genomes of everyone on the planet." "When we try to apply science to try to sort out these social differences, it all falls apart." | To what kind of beings does the notion of race apply? | {
"text": [
"human species"
],
"answer_start": [
255
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
1c6be769ac8418ede6786de384f2bf753b11e227 | Race_(human_categorization) | Craig Venter and Francis Collins of the National Institute of Health jointly made the announcement of the mapping of the human genome in 2000. Upon examining the data from the genome mapping, Venter realized that although the genetic variation within the human species is on the order of 1–3% (instead of the previously assumed 1%), the types of variations do not support notion of genetically defined races. Venter said, "Race is a social concept. It's not a scientific one. There are no bright lines (that would stand out), if we could compare all the sequenced genomes of everyone on the planet." "When we try to apply science to try to sort out these social differences, it all falls apart." | What objects did Collins study? | {
"text": [
"human species"
],
"answer_start": [
255
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
5738a367b4694e80bfe92d079f3b8d4ba1d51c24 | Race_(human_categorization) | Craig Venter and Francis Collins of the National Institute of Health jointly made the announcement of the mapping of the human genome in 2000. Upon examining the data from the genome mapping, Venter realized that although the genetic variation within the human species is on the order of 1–3% (instead of the previously assumed 1%), the types of variations do not support notion of genetically defined races. Venter said, "Race is a social concept. It's not a scientific one. There are no bright lines (that would stand out), if we could compare all the sequenced genomes of everyone on the planet." "When we try to apply science to try to sort out these social differences, it all falls apart." | What evidence is the main basis of the argument made by Venter in this passage? | {
"text": [
"data from the genome mapping"
],
"answer_start": [
162
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
3903fd4bf5262855e5c0bf67eacb8f988f5e6607 | Race_(human_categorization) | Craig Venter and Francis Collins of the National Institute of Health jointly made the announcement of the mapping of the human genome in 2000. Upon examining the data from the genome mapping, Venter realized that although the genetic variation within the human species is on the order of 1–3% (instead of the previously assumed 1%), the types of variations do not support notion of genetically defined races. Venter said, "Race is a social concept. It's not a scientific one. There are no bright lines (that would stand out), if we could compare all the sequenced genomes of everyone on the planet." "When we try to apply science to try to sort out these social differences, it all falls apart." | What did Venter conclude? | {
"text": [
"the types of variations do not support notion of genetically defined races"
],
"answer_start": [
333
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
efaba90af75990a011338c8f5e0c0de567609b4b | Race_(human_categorization) | Craig Venter and Francis Collins of the National Institute of Health jointly made the announcement of the mapping of the human genome in 2000. Upon examining the data from the genome mapping, Venter realized that although the genetic variation within the human species is on the order of 1–3% (instead of the previously assumed 1%), the types of variations do not support notion of genetically defined races. Venter said, "Race is a social concept. It's not a scientific one. There are no bright lines (that would stand out), if we could compare all the sequenced genomes of everyone on the planet." "When we try to apply science to try to sort out these social differences, it all falls apart." | Where do the people who are researched live? | {
"text": [
"on the planet"
],
"answer_start": [
584
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
f371fa61a97a0e883b3f561938bd2a73f94ea1ec | Race_(human_categorization) | One problem with these assignments is admixture. Many people have a highly varied ancestry. For example, in the United States, colonial and early federal history were periods of numerous interracial relationships, both outside and inside slavery. This has resulted in a majority of people who identify as African American having some European ancestors. Similarly, many people who identify as white have some African ancestors. In a survey in a northeastern U.S. university of college students who identified as "white", about 30% were estimated to have up to 10% African ancestry. | Why do so many people have so much variation in their family history? | {
"text": [
"colonial and early federal history were periods of numerous interracial relationships"
],
"answer_start": [
127
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
afbc2a2e048accc17e6bbe8d00b4801908bd2634 | Race_(human_categorization) | One problem with these assignments is admixture. Many people have a highly varied ancestry. For example, in the United States, colonial and early federal history were periods of numerous interracial relationships, both outside and inside slavery. This has resulted in a majority of people who identify as African American having some European ancestors. Similarly, many people who identify as white have some African ancestors. In a survey in a northeastern U.S. university of college students who identified as "white", about 30% were estimated to have up to 10% African ancestry. | What is evidence of interracial relationships? | {
"text": [
"In a survey in a northeastern U.S. university of college students who identified as \"white\", about 30% were estimated to have up to 10% African ancestry"
],
"answer_start": [
428
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
782718bf92250d4b54f93549187ac22a3e23f9e6 | Race_(human_categorization) | One problem with these assignments is admixture. Many people have a highly varied ancestry. For example, in the United States, colonial and early federal history were periods of numerous interracial relationships, both outside and inside slavery. This has resulted in a majority of people who identify as African American having some European ancestors. Similarly, many people who identify as white have some African ancestors. In a survey in a northeastern U.S. university of college students who identified as "white", about 30% were estimated to have up to 10% African ancestry. | What tells us that interracial relationships have occurred? | {
"text": [
"In a survey in a northeastern U.S. university of college students who identified as \"white\", about 30% were estimated to have up to 10% African ancestry"
],
"answer_start": [
428
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
daee9365ac15aeff25d9fafb707c991264194d1f | Race_(human_categorization) | One problem with these assignments is admixture. Many people have a highly varied ancestry. For example, in the United States, colonial and early federal history were periods of numerous interracial relationships, both outside and inside slavery. This has resulted in a majority of people who identify as African American having some European ancestors. Similarly, many people who identify as white have some African ancestors. In a survey in a northeastern U.S. university of college students who identified as "white", about 30% were estimated to have up to 10% African ancestry. | What is one sign of interracial relationships? | {
"text": [
"In a survey in a northeastern U.S. university of college students who identified as \"white\", about 30% were estimated to have up to 10% African ancestry"
],
"answer_start": [
428
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
0c5bc4f36e410cb4087754e8477ae02747b9d640 | Race_(human_categorization) | One problem with these assignments is admixture. Many people have a highly varied ancestry. For example, in the United States, colonial and early federal history were periods of numerous interracial relationships, both outside and inside slavery. This has resulted in a majority of people who identify as African American having some European ancestors. Similarly, many people who identify as white have some African ancestors. In a survey in a northeastern U.S. university of college students who identified as "white", about 30% were estimated to have up to 10% African ancestry. | Why do so many black people have white ancestors? | {
"text": [
"in the United States, colonial and early federal history were periods of numerous interracial relationships"
],
"answer_start": [
105
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
81b8ecc66e7fb138f20be5a44b1910c72673b149 | Race_(human_categorization) | One problem with these assignments is admixture. Many people have a highly varied ancestry. For example, in the United States, colonial and early federal history were periods of numerous interracial relationships, both outside and inside slavery. This has resulted in a majority of people who identify as African American having some European ancestors. Similarly, many people who identify as white have some African ancestors. In a survey in a northeastern U.S. university of college students who identified as "white", about 30% were estimated to have up to 10% African ancestry. | Why do people have such broad ethnic origins? | {
"text": [
"colonial and early federal history were periods of numerous interracial relationships"
],
"answer_start": [
127
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
b20720f8a58153b5540e9970b36f91576509e9a2 | Tuvalu | In July 2012 a United Nations Special Rapporteur called on the Tuvalu Government to develop a national water strategy to improve access to safe drinking water and sanitation. In 2012, Tuvalu developed a National Water Resources Policy under the Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM) Project and the Pacific Adaptation to Climate Change (PACC) Project, which are sponsored by the Global Environment Fund/SOPAC. Government water planning has established a target of between 50 and 100L of water per person per day accounting for drinking water, cleaning, community and cultural activities. | Who is responsible for managing water? | {
"text": [
"Tuvalu Government"
],
"answer_start": [
63
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
8d061a94d2f4e9c672e71170cbb499cdc616bc26 | Tuvalu | In July 2012 a United Nations Special Rapporteur called on the Tuvalu Government to develop a national water strategy to improve access to safe drinking water and sanitation. In 2012, Tuvalu developed a National Water Resources Policy under the Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM) Project and the Pacific Adaptation to Climate Change (PACC) Project, which are sponsored by the Global Environment Fund/SOPAC. Government water planning has established a target of between 50 and 100L of water per person per day accounting for drinking water, cleaning, community and cultural activities. | What socail cause based group did Tuvalu use to help them create a water policy | {
"text": [
"Project and the Pacific Adaptation to Climate Change (PACC) Project"
],
"answer_start": [
289
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
bea96eaa4f39c9c8c205478b74de174d35e692fe | Tuvalu | In July 2012 a United Nations Special Rapporteur called on the Tuvalu Government to develop a national water strategy to improve access to safe drinking water and sanitation. In 2012, Tuvalu developed a National Water Resources Policy under the Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM) Project and the Pacific Adaptation to Climate Change (PACC) Project, which are sponsored by the Global Environment Fund/SOPAC. Government water planning has established a target of between 50 and 100L of water per person per day accounting for drinking water, cleaning, community and cultural activities. | Formerly known as the Ellice Islands | {
"text": [
"Tuvalu"
],
"answer_start": [
63
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
61b5826c6fb4cd1ecb62fefe4d64e01e7cfdde6b | Tuvalu | In July 2012 a United Nations Special Rapporteur called on the Tuvalu Government to develop a national water strategy to improve access to safe drinking water and sanitation. In 2012, Tuvalu developed a National Water Resources Policy under the Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM) Project and the Pacific Adaptation to Climate Change (PACC) Project, which are sponsored by the Global Environment Fund/SOPAC. Government water planning has established a target of between 50 and 100L of water per person per day accounting for drinking water, cleaning, community and cultural activities. | How is water budgeted in Tuvalu intended to be utilized | {
"text": [
"for drinking water, cleaning, community and cultural activities"
],
"answer_start": [
529
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
73c8b9bd27a6ab0ef54a662552430dabc2a3f1d5 | Tuvalu | In July 2012 a United Nations Special Rapporteur called on the Tuvalu Government to develop a national water strategy to improve access to safe drinking water and sanitation. In 2012, Tuvalu developed a National Water Resources Policy under the Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM) Project and the Pacific Adaptation to Climate Change (PACC) Project, which are sponsored by the Global Environment Fund/SOPAC. Government water planning has established a target of between 50 and 100L of water per person per day accounting for drinking water, cleaning, community and cultural activities. | Another name for SOPAC | {
"text": [
"Global Environment Fund"
],
"answer_start": [
385
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
f06ff569894ff6943f1b695f9144d32eb43a77b0 | Tuvalu | In July 2012 a United Nations Special Rapporteur called on the Tuvalu Government to develop a national water strategy to improve access to safe drinking water and sanitation. In 2012, Tuvalu developed a National Water Resources Policy under the Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM) Project and the Pacific Adaptation to Climate Change (PACC) Project, which are sponsored by the Global Environment Fund/SOPAC. Government water planning has established a target of between 50 and 100L of water per person per day accounting for drinking water, cleaning, community and cultural activities. | Besides staying alive, water is used for? | {
"text": [
"cleaning, community and cultural activities"
],
"answer_start": [
549
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
8534a2688300101cd0eedf6cfa33987f997f8332 | Tuvalu | In July 2012 a United Nations Special Rapporteur called on the Tuvalu Government to develop a national water strategy to improve access to safe drinking water and sanitation. In 2012, Tuvalu developed a National Water Resources Policy under the Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM) Project and the Pacific Adaptation to Climate Change (PACC) Project, which are sponsored by the Global Environment Fund/SOPAC. Government water planning has established a target of between 50 and 100L of water per person per day accounting for drinking water, cleaning, community and cultural activities. | What problem needs to be solved | {
"text": [
"improve access to safe drinking water and sanitation"
],
"answer_start": [
121
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
66095947357029ff8e8db2b954997d3454a5c253 | Tuvalu | Captain John Byron passed through the islands of Tuvalu in 1764 during his circumnavigation of the globe as captain of the Dolphin (1751). Byron charted the atolls as Lagoon Islands. Keith S. Chambers and Doug Munro (1980) identified Niutao as the island that Francisco Mourelle de la Rúa sailed past on 5 May 1781, thus solving what Europeans had called The Mystery of Gran Cocal. Mourelle's map and journal named the island El Gran Cocal ('The Great Coconut Plantation'); however, the latitude and longitude was uncertain. Longitude could only be reckoned crudely as accurate chronometers were unavailable until the late 18th century. | What, in the article, happened on during the 64th year of the 18th century? | {
"text": [
"Captain John Byron passed through the islands of Tuvalu"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
dad9fbaabf7dfec332122d5b8c09b00af54522c8 | Tuvalu | Captain John Byron passed through the islands of Tuvalu in 1764 during his circumnavigation of the globe as captain of the Dolphin (1751). Byron charted the atolls as Lagoon Islands. Keith S. Chambers and Doug Munro (1980) identified Niutao as the island that Francisco Mourelle de la Rúa sailed past on 5 May 1781, thus solving what Europeans had called The Mystery of Gran Cocal. Mourelle's map and journal named the island El Gran Cocal ('The Great Coconut Plantation'); however, the latitude and longitude was uncertain. Longitude could only be reckoned crudely as accurate chronometers were unavailable until the late 18th century. | When was The Mystery of Gran Cocal solved? | {
"text": [
"1980"
],
"answer_start": [
217
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
6fda11ef93b6dc36666dfdee8ba47e8aa1f22812 | Tuvalu | Captain John Byron passed through the islands of Tuvalu in 1764 during his circumnavigation of the globe as captain of the Dolphin (1751). Byron charted the atolls as Lagoon Islands. Keith S. Chambers and Doug Munro (1980) identified Niutao as the island that Francisco Mourelle de la Rúa sailed past on 5 May 1781, thus solving what Europeans had called The Mystery of Gran Cocal. Mourelle's map and journal named the island El Gran Cocal ('The Great Coconut Plantation'); however, the latitude and longitude was uncertain. Longitude could only be reckoned crudely as accurate chronometers were unavailable until the late 18th century. | What was established in the 51st year of the 18th century? | {
"text": [
"the Dolphin"
],
"answer_start": [
119
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
c89166cfef602eb05a6e1ac1f89b5926ab08aa50 | Tuvalu | Captain John Byron passed through the islands of Tuvalu in 1764 during his circumnavigation of the globe as captain of the Dolphin (1751). Byron charted the atolls as Lagoon Islands. Keith S. Chambers and Doug Munro (1980) identified Niutao as the island that Francisco Mourelle de la Rúa sailed past on 5 May 1781, thus solving what Europeans had called The Mystery of Gran Cocal. Mourelle's map and journal named the island El Gran Cocal ('The Great Coconut Plantation'); however, the latitude and longitude was uncertain. Longitude could only be reckoned crudely as accurate chronometers were unavailable until the late 18th century. | What was Byron's title? | {
"text": [
"Captain"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
8f771bfd78fb969dc8801747205e453fe91d0193 | Tuvalu | Captain John Byron passed through the islands of Tuvalu in 1764 during his circumnavigation of the globe as captain of the Dolphin (1751). Byron charted the atolls as Lagoon Islands. Keith S. Chambers and Doug Munro (1980) identified Niutao as the island that Francisco Mourelle de la Rúa sailed past on 5 May 1781, thus solving what Europeans had called The Mystery of Gran Cocal. Mourelle's map and journal named the island El Gran Cocal ('The Great Coconut Plantation'); however, the latitude and longitude was uncertain. Longitude could only be reckoned crudely as accurate chronometers were unavailable until the late 18th century. | Ring shaped reefs made of coral is referred to as what? | {
"text": [
"atolls"
],
"answer_start": [
157
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
ea8990356ea1aace0c67231c8ace4eb991338758 | Tuvalu | Captain John Byron passed through the islands of Tuvalu in 1764 during his circumnavigation of the globe as captain of the Dolphin (1751). Byron charted the atolls as Lagoon Islands. Keith S. Chambers and Doug Munro (1980) identified Niutao as the island that Francisco Mourelle de la Rúa sailed past on 5 May 1781, thus solving what Europeans had called The Mystery of Gran Cocal. Mourelle's map and journal named the island El Gran Cocal ('The Great Coconut Plantation'); however, the latitude and longitude was uncertain. Longitude could only be reckoned crudely as accurate chronometers were unavailable until the late 18th century. | Which 17th century sailer described in the text discovered the Lagoon Islands, under a different name in Spanish? | {
"text": [
"Francisco Mourelle de la Rúa"
],
"answer_start": [
260
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
ecb98ba61c36e7128db2cd9f056f53f2acaea3bf | Tuvalu | Captain John Byron passed through the islands of Tuvalu in 1764 during his circumnavigation of the globe as captain of the Dolphin (1751). Byron charted the atolls as Lagoon Islands. Keith S. Chambers and Doug Munro (1980) identified Niutao as the island that Francisco Mourelle de la Rúa sailed past on 5 May 1781, thus solving what Europeans had called The Mystery of Gran Cocal. Mourelle's map and journal named the island El Gran Cocal ('The Great Coconut Plantation'); however, the latitude and longitude was uncertain. Longitude could only be reckoned crudely as accurate chronometers were unavailable until the late 18th century. | The Spanish word for "the" is what? | {
"text": [
"El"
],
"answer_start": [
426
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
1f949fcde9d4baf010b5a831c021d4e519ac59eb | Tuvalu | Captain John Byron passed through the islands of Tuvalu in 1764 during his circumnavigation of the globe as captain of the Dolphin (1751). Byron charted the atolls as Lagoon Islands. Keith S. Chambers and Doug Munro (1980) identified Niutao as the island that Francisco Mourelle de la Rúa sailed past on 5 May 1781, thus solving what Europeans had called The Mystery of Gran Cocal. Mourelle's map and journal named the island El Gran Cocal ('The Great Coconut Plantation'); however, the latitude and longitude was uncertain. Longitude could only be reckoned crudely as accurate chronometers were unavailable until the late 18th century. | Who gave El Gran Cocal its name? | {
"text": [
"Mourelle"
],
"answer_start": [
382
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
61d716d2f48f6299423632e09545b6dcf5e7ee86 | Tuvalu | Captain John Byron passed through the islands of Tuvalu in 1764 during his circumnavigation of the globe as captain of the Dolphin (1751). Byron charted the atolls as Lagoon Islands. Keith S. Chambers and Doug Munro (1980) identified Niutao as the island that Francisco Mourelle de la Rúa sailed past on 5 May 1781, thus solving what Europeans had called The Mystery of Gran Cocal. Mourelle's map and journal named the island El Gran Cocal ('The Great Coconut Plantation'); however, the latitude and longitude was uncertain. Longitude could only be reckoned crudely as accurate chronometers were unavailable until the late 18th century. | What happened during the 81st year of the 18th century? | {
"text": [
"Francisco Mourelle de la Rúa sailed past"
],
"answer_start": [
260
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
6c52307de4fca5b10a36c0fc2653e6975233fdf2 | Tuvalu | Captain John Byron passed through the islands of Tuvalu in 1764 during his circumnavigation of the globe as captain of the Dolphin (1751). Byron charted the atolls as Lagoon Islands. Keith S. Chambers and Doug Munro (1980) identified Niutao as the island that Francisco Mourelle de la Rúa sailed past on 5 May 1781, thus solving what Europeans had called The Mystery of Gran Cocal. Mourelle's map and journal named the island El Gran Cocal ('The Great Coconut Plantation'); however, the latitude and longitude was uncertain. Longitude could only be reckoned crudely as accurate chronometers were unavailable until the late 18th century. | Chronometers can measure time, useful for sailing, but it cannot determine which measurement accurately? | {
"text": [
"latitude"
],
"answer_start": [
487
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
082c8a8b6b25264674cab4fd1cc3157144ca1a0a | Tuvalu | Captain John Byron passed through the islands of Tuvalu in 1764 during his circumnavigation of the globe as captain of the Dolphin (1751). Byron charted the atolls as Lagoon Islands. Keith S. Chambers and Doug Munro (1980) identified Niutao as the island that Francisco Mourelle de la Rúa sailed past on 5 May 1781, thus solving what Europeans had called The Mystery of Gran Cocal. Mourelle's map and journal named the island El Gran Cocal ('The Great Coconut Plantation'); however, the latitude and longitude was uncertain. Longitude could only be reckoned crudely as accurate chronometers were unavailable until the late 18th century. | Why was the location of El Gran Cocal uncertain? | {
"text": [
"accurate chronometers were unavailable"
],
"answer_start": [
569
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
ab04db5aa0c106df2b98f07bdd8b528f000cdd83 | Tuvalu | Captain John Byron passed through the islands of Tuvalu in 1764 during his circumnavigation of the globe as captain of the Dolphin (1751). Byron charted the atolls as Lagoon Islands. Keith S. Chambers and Doug Munro (1980) identified Niutao as the island that Francisco Mourelle de la Rúa sailed past on 5 May 1781, thus solving what Europeans had called The Mystery of Gran Cocal. Mourelle's map and journal named the island El Gran Cocal ('The Great Coconut Plantation'); however, the latitude and longitude was uncertain. Longitude could only be reckoned crudely as accurate chronometers were unavailable until the late 18th century. | A sailer that sailed in the 17th century for the British navy was called? | {
"text": [
"John Byron"
],
"answer_start": [
8
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
6b701e93cbf8ed83f059d537f31f11940eb41a04 | Tuvalu | Captain John Byron passed through the islands of Tuvalu in 1764 during his circumnavigation of the globe as captain of the Dolphin (1751). Byron charted the atolls as Lagoon Islands. Keith S. Chambers and Doug Munro (1980) identified Niutao as the island that Francisco Mourelle de la Rúa sailed past on 5 May 1781, thus solving what Europeans had called The Mystery of Gran Cocal. Mourelle's map and journal named the island El Gran Cocal ('The Great Coconut Plantation'); however, the latitude and longitude was uncertain. Longitude could only be reckoned crudely as accurate chronometers were unavailable until the late 18th century. | What did Byron circumnavigate? | {
"text": [
"the globe"
],
"answer_start": [
95
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
b2d8a1f6e3d143db1867114962b1ae6e869f2219 | Tuvalu | Whether there are measurable changes in the sea level relative to the islands of Tuvalu is a contentious issue. There were problems associated with the pre-1993 sea level records from Funafuti which resulted in improvements in the recording technology to provide more reliable data for analysis. The degree of uncertainty as to estimates of sea level change relative to the islands of Tuvalu was reflected in the conclusions made in 2002 from the available data. The 2011 report of the Pacific Climate Change Science Program published by the Australian Government, concludes: "The sea-level rise near Tuvalu measured by satellite altimeters since 1993 is about 5 mm (0.2 in) per year." | What device was used to measure sea-level rise by the Australian Government? | {
"text": [
"altimeters"
],
"answer_start": [
630
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
c19c8f87913a6716568553c67c61f10daf38f2f9 | Tuvalu | Whether there are measurable changes in the sea level relative to the islands of Tuvalu is a contentious issue. There were problems associated with the pre-1993 sea level records from Funafuti which resulted in improvements in the recording technology to provide more reliable data for analysis. The degree of uncertainty as to estimates of sea level change relative to the islands of Tuvalu was reflected in the conclusions made in 2002 from the available data. The 2011 report of the Pacific Climate Change Science Program published by the Australian Government, concludes: "The sea-level rise near Tuvalu measured by satellite altimeters since 1993 is about 5 mm (0.2 in) per year." | What was improved due to the better recording technology? | {
"text": [
"data"
],
"answer_start": [
277
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
cef3ee52f7798de4ec669940315851b0399cfe22 | Tuvalu | Whether there are measurable changes in the sea level relative to the islands of Tuvalu is a contentious issue. There were problems associated with the pre-1993 sea level records from Funafuti which resulted in improvements in the recording technology to provide more reliable data for analysis. The degree of uncertainty as to estimates of sea level change relative to the islands of Tuvalu was reflected in the conclusions made in 2002 from the available data. The 2011 report of the Pacific Climate Change Science Program published by the Australian Government, concludes: "The sea-level rise near Tuvalu measured by satellite altimeters since 1993 is about 5 mm (0.2 in) per year." | Where are scientists measuring these sea level changes? | {
"text": [
"near Tuvalu"
],
"answer_start": [
596
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
ee5d451994aca999d02e6a08fbf5d0bb321d0893 | Tuvalu | Whether there are measurable changes in the sea level relative to the islands of Tuvalu is a contentious issue. There were problems associated with the pre-1993 sea level records from Funafuti which resulted in improvements in the recording technology to provide more reliable data for analysis. The degree of uncertainty as to estimates of sea level change relative to the islands of Tuvalu was reflected in the conclusions made in 2002 from the available data. The 2011 report of the Pacific Climate Change Science Program published by the Australian Government, concludes: "The sea-level rise near Tuvalu measured by satellite altimeters since 1993 is about 5 mm (0.2 in) per year." | In which nation had questions arose over the changes in sea level prior to 1993? | {
"text": [
"Tuvalu"
],
"answer_start": [
81
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
96aba3698125c76b3428a184819f207be6ff937c | Tuvalu | Whether there are measurable changes in the sea level relative to the islands of Tuvalu is a contentious issue. There were problems associated with the pre-1993 sea level records from Funafuti which resulted in improvements in the recording technology to provide more reliable data for analysis. The degree of uncertainty as to estimates of sea level change relative to the islands of Tuvalu was reflected in the conclusions made in 2002 from the available data. The 2011 report of the Pacific Climate Change Science Program published by the Australian Government, concludes: "The sea-level rise near Tuvalu measured by satellite altimeters since 1993 is about 5 mm (0.2 in) per year." | What were people arguing about? | {
"text": [
"Whether"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
0bd574b8d915b80ca8ee3f368a7aa05cabb15ef8 | Tuvalu | Whether there are measurable changes in the sea level relative to the islands of Tuvalu is a contentious issue. There were problems associated with the pre-1993 sea level records from Funafuti which resulted in improvements in the recording technology to provide more reliable data for analysis. The degree of uncertainty as to estimates of sea level change relative to the islands of Tuvalu was reflected in the conclusions made in 2002 from the available data. The 2011 report of the Pacific Climate Change Science Program published by the Australian Government, concludes: "The sea-level rise near Tuvalu measured by satellite altimeters since 1993 is about 5 mm (0.2 in) per year." | Where is Tuvalu? | {
"text": [
"Pacific"
],
"answer_start": [
486
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
d16e7236600e63e285840fadf80c6bc9c779b7af | Tuvalu | Whether there are measurable changes in the sea level relative to the islands of Tuvalu is a contentious issue. There were problems associated with the pre-1993 sea level records from Funafuti which resulted in improvements in the recording technology to provide more reliable data for analysis. The degree of uncertainty as to estimates of sea level change relative to the islands of Tuvalu was reflected in the conclusions made in 2002 from the available data. The 2011 report of the Pacific Climate Change Science Program published by the Australian Government, concludes: "The sea-level rise near Tuvalu measured by satellite altimeters since 1993 is about 5 mm (0.2 in) per year." | What year were changes made in the methodology of recording sea level changes? | {
"text": [
"1993"
],
"answer_start": [
647
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
118593e7a540d5047026ae2c41b11223833c8b6d | Tuvalu | Whether there are measurable changes in the sea level relative to the islands of Tuvalu is a contentious issue. There were problems associated with the pre-1993 sea level records from Funafuti which resulted in improvements in the recording technology to provide more reliable data for analysis. The degree of uncertainty as to estimates of sea level change relative to the islands of Tuvalu was reflected in the conclusions made in 2002 from the available data. The 2011 report of the Pacific Climate Change Science Program published by the Australian Government, concludes: "The sea-level rise near Tuvalu measured by satellite altimeters since 1993 is about 5 mm (0.2 in) per year." | What was the name of the organization that published a report in 2011? | {
"text": [
"the Pacific Climate Change Science Program"
],
"answer_start": [
482
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
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